ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ satwiki https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%AC%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%9B_%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%9F MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.15 first-letter ᱢᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱨᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱫ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱢᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱣᱤᱠᱤ ᱢᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱣᱤᱠᱤ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱜᱚᱸᱲᱚᱸ ᱜᱚᱸᱲᱚᱸ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ TimedText TimedText talk ᱢᱳᱰᱩᱞ ᱢᱳᱰᱩᱞ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ Event Event talk 0 101 196676 178181 2026-08-12T20:40:25Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196676 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Commonwealth of Australia | common_name = Australia | image_flag = Flag of Australia (converted).svg | alt_flag = A blue field with the Union Flag in the upper hoist quarter, a large white seven-pointed star in the lower hoist quarter, and constellation of five white stars in the fly – one small five-pointed star and four, larger, seven-pointed stars. | image_coat = Coat of Arms of Australia.svg | alt_coat = | national_anthem = [[Advance Australia Fair]]{{lower|0.2em|{{refn|Australia's [[royal anthem]] is "[[God Save the Queen]]", played in the presence of a member of the [[House of Windsor|Royal family]] when they are in Australia. In other contexts, the [[national anthem]] of Australia, "[[Advance Australia Fair]]", is played.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.itsanhonour.gov.au/symbols/anthem.cfm |title=Australian National Anthem|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070701124616/http://www.itsanhonour.gov.au/symbols/anthem.cfm |archive-date=1 July 2007}}<br />{{cite web |url=http://dfat.gov.au/about-us/publications/corporate/protocol-guidelines/Pages/16-other-matters.aspx#163 |title=16. Other matters – 16.3 Australian National Anthem |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923173124/http://dfat.gov.au/about-us/publications/corporate/protocol-guidelines/Pages/16-other-matters.aspx |archive-date=23 September 2015}}<br />{{cite book |title=Parliamentary Handbook of the Commonwealth of Australia |edition=29th |origyear=2002 |year=2005 |chapter=National Symbols |chapterurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611101901/http://www.aph.gov.au/library/handbook/40thparl/national+symbols.pdf |accessdate=7 June 2007 |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611101901/http://www.aph.gov.au/library/handbook/40thparl/national+symbols.pdf |archivedate=11 June 2007|url=http://www.aph.gov.au/library/handbook/40thparl/national+symbols.pdf }}</ref>|name="anthem explanation"}}<!--end lower:-->}}<br /> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File: U.S. Navy Band, Advance Australia Fair (instrumental).ogg]]}}</div> | image_map = Australia with AAT (orthographic_projection).svg | map_caption = Commonwealth of Australia, including the [[Australian Antarctic Territory|Australian territorial claim in the Antarctic]] | alt_map = A map of the eastern hemisphere centred on Australia, using an orthographic projection. | capital = [[Canberra]] | coordinates = {{Coord|35|18|29|S|149|07|28|E|type:city_region:AU}} | largest_city = [[Sydney]] | languages_type = [[National language]] | languages = ᱤᱝᱨᱟᱹᱡᱤ | demonym = {{hlist|[[Australians|Australian]] <br />[[Aussie]] (colloquial)<ref>See entry in the [[Macquarie Dictionary]].</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Collins English Dictionary |year=2009 |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |location=Bishopbriggs, Glasgow |isbn=978-0-00-786171-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/collinsenglishdi0000unkn/page/n27 18] |title-link=Collins English Dictionary }}</ref><!--end hlist:-->}} | religion = {{Collapsible list |titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%; |title = [[Religion in Australia|Various]] |52.1% [[Christianity in Australia|Christianity]] |30.1% [[Irreligion in Australia|No religion]] |2.6% [[Islam in Australia|Islam]] |2.4% [[Buddhism in Australia|Buddhism]] |1.9% [[Hinduism in Australia|Hinduism]] |0.5% [[Sikhism in Australia|Sikhism]] |0.4% [[Judaism in Australia|Judaism]] |0.4% [[Religion in Australia#Other religions|Other]] |{{refn|Religion was an optional question on the Census, so percentages for individual religions do not add up to 100%<ref name="statcan1"/>}} }} | religion_year = 2016 | religion_ref = <ref name="statcan1">{{cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/2071.0~2016~Main%20Features~Religion%20Data%20Summary~70|title=Religion in Australia|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|date=11 July 2018|access-date=26 August 2019}}</ref> | government_type = [[Federalism|Federal]] [[parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[constitutional monarchy]] | leader_title1 = [[Monarchy of Australia|Monarch]] | leader_name1 = [[Elizabeth II]] | leader_title2 = {{nowrap|[[Governor-General of Australia|Governor-General]]}} | leader_name2 = [[David Hurley]] | leader_title3 = [[Prime Minister of Australia|Prime Minister]] | leader_name3 = [[Scott Morrison]] | legislature = [[Parliament of Australia|Parliament]] | upper_house = [[Australian Senate|Senate]] | lower_house = [[House of Representatives (Australia)|House of Representatives]] | sovereignty_type = Independence | sovereignty_note = from the [[United Kingdom]] | established_event1 = [[Federation of Australia|Federation]], [[Constitution of Australia|Constitution]] | established_date1 = 1 January 1901 | established_event2 = [[Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942|Statute of Westminster Adoption Act]] | established_date2 = {{nowrap|9 October 1942 {{small|(with effect<br />from 3 September 1939)}}}} | established_event3 = [[Australia Act 1986|Australia Act]] | established_date3 = 3 March 1986 | area_km2 = 7692024 | area_rank = 6th | percent_water = 0.76 | population_estimate = {{data Australia|poptoday|formatnum}}<ref name="popclock">{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/1647509ef7e25faaca2568a900154b63?OpenDocument|title=Population clock|work=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] website|publisher=Commonwealth of Australia|accessdate=25 October 2019}} The population estimate shown is automatically calculated daily at 00:00 UTC and is based on data obtained from the population clock on the date shown in the citation.</ref> | population_census = 23,401,892<ref>{{Census 2016 AUS|id=036|name=Australia|accessdate=27 June 2017|quick=on}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = {{CURRENTYEAR}} | population_estimate_rank = 54th | population_census_year = 2016 | population_density_km2 = {{#expr:{{Data Australia|poptoday}} / 7692024 round 1}} | population_density_rank = 192nd | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} {{nowrap|[[USD|$]]1.423 trillion<ref name=IMF>{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=88&pr.y=16&sy=2020&ey=2024&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=193&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=Australia |publisher=International Monetary Fund |date=15 October 2019 |accessdate=30 March 2019}}</ref>}} | GDP_PPP_year = 2020 | GDP_PPP_rank = 19th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $54,799 | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 17th | GDP_nominal = {{decrease}} {{nowrap|[[USD|$]]1.375 trillion}} | GDP_nominal_year = 2020 | GDP_nominal_rank = 13th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{decrease}} $52,952 | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 10th | Gini = 34.0 | Gini_year = 2018 | Gini_change = | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.acoss.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Inequality-in-Australia-2018.pdf|title = Inequality in Australia|publisher = University of New South Wales|accessdate = 18 March 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200322083818/https://www.acoss.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Inequality-in-Australia-2018.pdf|archive-date = 22 March 2020}}</ref> | Gini_rank = 22nd | HDI = 0.938<!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2018<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2019.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2019|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|date=2019|accessdate=9 December 2019}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 6th | currency = [[Australian dollar]] | currency_code = AUD | time_zone = [[Time in Australia|Various]] There are minor variations from three basic time zones; see [[Time in Australia]]. | utc_offset = +8; +9.5; +10 | utc_offset_DST = +8; +9.5; +10;<br /> +10.5; +11 | time_zone_DST = [[Time in Australia|Various]] | date_format = {{abbr|dd|day}}/{{abbr|mm|month}}/{{abbr|yyyy|year}}<br />{{abbr|yyyy|year}}-{{abbr|mm|month}}-{{abbr|dd|day}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Style manual for authors, editors and printers |url=https://archive.org/details/stylemanualforau0006unse |date=2002 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons Australia |isbn=978-0-7016-3647-0 |edition=6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/stylemanualforau0006unse/page/171 171]}}</ref> | electricity = 230 V–50 Hz | drives_on = [[Right- and left-hand traffic#Australia|left]] | calling_code = [[+61]] | cctld = [[.au]] | today = }} [[File:Flag_of_Australia.svg|thumb|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱨ]] '''ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ''' ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ [[ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱮᱥ|ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱮᱥ]] ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ [[ᱫᱤᱯ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱗,᱖᱙᱒,᱐᱒᱔ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱭᱟᱱᱵᱮᱨᱟ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱖ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱚᱝᱥᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱰᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱓,᱔᱐᱑,᱘᱙᱑ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ [[ᱥᱤᱰᱱᱤ]] ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱰᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱰᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ '''ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱰᱚᱞᱟᱨ''' ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ==ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ== '''ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚ'''- * ᱯᱚᱯᱩᱣᱟ ᱱᱤᱣᱜᱤᱱᱤ * ᱤᱱᱰᱚᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ * ᱵᱩᱨᱩᱵᱽ ᱛᱟᱭᱢᱮᱨ * ᱥᱚᱞᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱫᱤᱯ * ᱵᱷᱟᱱᱚᱣᱟᱛᱩ * ᱱᱤᱣᱡᱤᱞᱟᱸᱰ ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== ==ᱚᱛᱱᱚ== ==ᱡᱤᱵᱽ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ== [[File:Koala_climbing_tree.jpg|thumb|ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱱᱚᱰᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱡᱤᱵᱽ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ'''- [[ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱟᱨᱩ]], [[ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱞᱟ]], [[ᱮᱢᱩ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ]], [[ᱯᱞᱟᱴᱤᱯᱚᱥ]] ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱾ ==ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ== ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ- ᱱᱤᱣ ᱥᱟᱣᱛ ᱣᱮᱞᱥ, ᱠᱩᱣᱤᱱᱥ ᱞᱟᱸᱰ, ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ, ᱛᱟᱥᱢᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ, ᱵᱷᱤᱠᱴᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱷᱮ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ==ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ== ᱗᱒ᱹ᱗% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ [[ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ]] ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱰᱮ ᱨᱚᱲᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱟᱨᱤᱱ ( ᱒ᱹ᱕%), ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱤᱠ (᱑ᱹ᱔%), ᱠᱟᱱᱴᱚᱱᱤᱡᱽ, ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱴᱟᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱑ᱹ᱒ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱾ ==ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ== ᱵᱤᱱ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱰᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱓᱐ᱹ᱑% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ, ᱒᱒ᱹ᱖% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱛᱷᱞᱤᱠ, ᱑᱘ᱹ᱗% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ, ᱑᱓ᱹ᱓% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱝᱜᱽᱞᱤᱠᱟᱱ, ᱒ᱹ᱖% [[ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ]], ᱒ᱹ᱕% ᱵᱩᱫᱷᱚ, ᱑ᱹ᱙% [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ]] ᱟᱨ ᱐ᱹ᱔% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱭᱱᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ==ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ == ===ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱣᱤᱠᱤ ᱨᱮ=== 1ᱹ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Australia ᱟᱣᱩᱴ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ] 2ᱹ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_Australia ᱢᱮᱱᱞᱮᱸᱰ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ] 3ᱹ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Australia ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ] 4ᱹ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_valleys_of_Australia ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ] 5. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_(continent)#/media ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ] ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{reflist}} * [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Australia ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱢᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ]] f19y0keu2a10fourlsj582say384v9p 0 171 196694 187266 2026-08-12T23:33:08Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 196694 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ᱟ.ᱛᱩ ᱪᱤᱭᱟ.''' ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱟ ᱥᱟ.ᱨᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱵᱚ [[ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲ]] ᱥᱮ ᱠᱷᱮᱨᱣᱟᱲ ᱡᱟ.ᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟ.ᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱢᱟ.ᱱᱢᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱾ ᱟᱵᱚ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱟ.ᱜᱤᱞ ᱦᱟᱯᱲᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮ~ᱞᱮᱝᱜᱮᱫ ᱫᱷᱟ.ᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Santhal, Santhal tribe in India, Festivals of Santhal Tribe |url=http://www.ecoindia.com/tribes/santhal.html |access-date=2026-02-08 |website=www.ecoindia.com |archive-date=2025-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251015085827/https://www.ecoindia.com/tribes/santhal.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱟ.ᱛᱤᱨ ᱜᱮᱥᱮ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱤ ᱡᱟ.ᱱᱤ ᱟ.ᱛᱩ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱡᱚᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱡᱚᱝ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟ.ᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟ.ᱠᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱦᱚᱭ, ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ, ᱫᱟᱜ, ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟ.ᱝ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟ.ᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱪᱟ.ᱲᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟ.ᱛᱷᱟ.ᱣᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱵᱚᱥᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱾ ᱟ.ᱛᱩ ᱴᱚᱞᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟ.ᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱚᱞᱟᱥ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱜᱮ '''ᱟ.ᱛᱩ ᱪᱤᱭᱟ.''' ᱫᱚᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ==ᱚᱠᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ== ᱟ.ᱛᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱤᱭᱟ.ᱭᱟ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱚᱜ ᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱞᱟ.ᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱤᱸᱜᱤ ᱠᱚᱜ ᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱲᱦᱟ. ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱠᱚᱜ ᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱟ.ᱛᱩ ᱪᱤᱭᱟ. ᱞᱟ.ᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱞᱟ.ᱠᱛᱤᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱟᱱᱛᱮ ?== ᱟ.ᱛᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟ.ᱛᱷᱟ.ᱣᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱱᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱭᱟ. ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟ.ᱠᱤᱞᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱫᱷᱩᱞ ᱦᱟᱲᱟᱢ ᱟᱱᱛᱮ ᱴᱷᱟ.ᱣᱠᱟ. ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱪᱤᱭᱟ. ᱞᱟ.ᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱞᱚᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱵᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱟ.ᱜᱩᱱ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱤᱫᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ==ᱟ.ᱛᱩ ᱥᱟ.ᱜᱩᱱ== ᱥᱟ.ᱜᱩᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱞᱟ.ᱠᱛᱤᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱵᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱴᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱠᱚᱠᱚ ᱩᱰᱟ.ᱣ ᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟ ᱦᱟᱯᱮᱱ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱵᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱫᱚᱵᱚ ᱩᱰᱟ.ᱣᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱛᱟ.ᱨᱩᱵ ᱨᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱠᱚᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱟ ᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱫᱚᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟ, "ᱦᱟᱯᱮᱱ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱵᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱠᱤᱥᱩᱛᱤ ᱵᱚᱱ ᱜᱟ.ᱲᱤᱭᱟ.ᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱜᱷᱟᱱᱮ ᱵᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱩᱞᱟ.ᱣ ᱠᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟ.ᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱤᱞᱟ.ᱣ ᱛᱟᱵᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟ ᱾" ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱥᱟ.ᱜᱩᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱜᱮᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱟ.ᱣᱠᱟ. ᱩᱨᱤᱡᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱟ.ᱛᱩ ᱛᱮᱸᱜᱮᱱ ᱞᱟ.ᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱤᱠ ᱴᱷᱟ.ᱣᱠᱟ.ᱭᱟ ᱾ ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} [[Category:!Main category]] ezrtfftw0roj1i2aga9b58emn8i8ndx 0 193 196539 182802 2026-08-12T18:02:59Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196539 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Continent |title = ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ |image = {{Switcher|[[File:Africa (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show national borders|[[File:Africa (orthographic projection) blank.svg|frameless]]|Hide national borders|default=1}} |area = {{convert|30,370,000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} &nbsp;([[List of continents by area|2nd]]) |population = {{UN_Population|Africa}}{{UN_Population|ref}} ({{UN_Population|Year}}; [[List of continents by population|2nd]]) |density = {{pop density|1100000000|30221532|km2|sqmi}} |GDP_nominal = $2.45 trillion (2019; [[List of continents by GDP (nominal)|5th]])<ref name=IMF_Data/> |GDP_PPP = $7.16 trillion (2019; 5th)<ref name=IMF_Data/> |GDP_per_capita = $1,930 (2019; [[List of continents by GDP (nominal)#GDP per capita (nominal) by continents|6th]])<ref name=IMF_Data>{{cite web|title=IMF (WEO April 2019 Edition) GDP nominal and PPP data – international dollar|url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/datasets/WEO/1}}</ref> |demonym = [[List of ethnic groups of Africa|African]] |countries = 54+2 (disputed) |list_countries = List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa |dependencies = {{Collapsible list |list_style = text-align:left; |title = [[List of African dependencies#External territories|External]] (3) | 1 = {{Flag|British Indian Ocean Territory}} | 2 = {{flag|French Southern and Antarctic Lands|name=French Southern Territories}} | 3 = {{flag|Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha}} }} {{Collapsible list |list_style = text-align:left; |title = [[List of African dependencies#Internal territories|Internal]] (9+1 disputed) | 1 = {{flag|Azores}} | 2 = {{flag|Canary Islands}} | 3 = {{flag|Ceuta}} | 4 = {{flag|Madeira}} | 5 = {{flag|Mayotte|local}} | 6 = {{flag|Melilla}} | 7 = {{flagdeco|Spain}} [[Plazas de soberanía]] | 8 = {{flagdeco|South Africa}} [[Prince Edward Islands]] | 9 = {{flag|Réunion|local}} | 10 = ''{{flagdeco|Morocco}} [[Southern Provinces]]'' }} |languages = [[Languages of Africa|1250–3000 native languages]] |time = [[UTC-1]] to [[UTC+4]] |cities = [[List of urban agglomerations in Africa|Largest urban areas]]:<!-- -->{{hlist |item_style=white-space:break; |[[Cairo]] |[[Lagos]] |[[Kinshasa]] |[[Johannesburg]] |[[Luanda]] |[[Khartoum]] |[[Dar es Salaam]] |[[Abidjan]] |[[Alexandria]] |[[Nairobi]] |[[Cape Town]] |[[Kano]] |[[Dakar]] |[[Casablanca]] |[[Addis Ababa]]}} }} [[File:LocationAfrica.png|thumb|ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] [[File:Colonial Africa 1913 map.svg|thumb|Colonial Africa 1913 map]] '''ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ''' ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ [[ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱮᱥ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱖% ᱟᱨ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱒᱐.᱔% ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ <ref>{{Cite book|title=Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/africasayr00sayr|publisher=Twenty-First Century Books|date=1999|location=Brookfield, Conn|isbn=978-0-7613-1367-0|series=The Seven continents|first=April Pulley|last=Sayre|first2=April Pulley|last2=Sayre}}</ref> ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ [[ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱑᱔.᱗᱒ ᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱱᱚᱰᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱰᱮᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱱᱰᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱵᱟᱸᱫᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱠᱮᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱠᱤᱞ ᱜᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱤᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱧᱚᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ 'ᱧᱩᱛᱟᱹᱛ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ]] ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱨᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱚᱨᱜᱟᱱᱟᱭᱡᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱕᱕ ᱜᱚᱴᱮᱡ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱮᱰᱠᱚᱣᱟᱨᱴᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱛᱷᱤᱭᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ [[ᱟᱫᱫᱤᱥ ᱟᱵᱟᱵᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ==ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ== *[[ᱛᱟᱱᱡᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ]] *[[ᱞᱮᱥᱚᱛᱷᱚ]] *[[ᱟᱞᱡᱮᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟ]] *[[ᱠᱟᱢᱮᱨᱩᱱ]] *[[ᱠᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ]] *[[ᱢᱚᱨᱚᱠᱠᱚ]] *[[ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱨ]] *[[ᱤᱛᱷᱤᱭᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟ]] *[[ᱥᱩᱫᱟᱱ]] *[[ᱩᱜᱟᱱᱰᱟ]] *[[ᱪᱟᱫᱽ]] *[[ᱮᱝᱜᱳᱞᱟ]] *[[ᱮᱠᱩᱣᱟᱴᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱜᱤᱱᱤ]] *[[ᱱᱟᱭᱡᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ]] *[[ᱵᱚᱴᱥᱣᱟᱱᱟ]] *[[ᱵᱮᱱᱤᱱ]] *[[ᱵᱩᱨᱠᱤᱱᱟ ᱯᱷᱟᱥᱳ]] *[[ᱵᱩᱨᱩᱱᱰᱤ]] *Cape Verde *Central African Republic *Comoros *Democratic Republic of the Congo *Republic of the Congo *Ivory Coast/Côte d'Ivoire *Djibouti *Eritrea *Eswatini (formerly Swaziland) *Gabon *The Gambia *Ghana *Guinea *Guinea-Bissau *Liberia *Libya *Madagascar *Malawi *Mali *Mauritania *Mauritius *Mozambique *Namibia *Niger *Rwanda *São Tomé and Príncipe *Senegal *Seychelles *Sierra Leone *Somalia *South Africa *South Sudan *Togo *Tunisia *Zambia *Zimbabwe ==ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ== ==ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱚ== [[ᱱᱤᱞᱮ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ]] (ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ) [[ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱚ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ]] (ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱤᱥᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱤᱸᱡᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ) [[ᱱᱟᱤᱡᱮᱨ]] (ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱤᱸᱡᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ) ==ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ== ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱤᱥᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱤᱥᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ, ᱤᱭᱩᱨᱚᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ * ᱒᱔᱐ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ '''ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱚ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱴᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ''' ᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ, ᱫᱟᱹᱠᱷᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱒᱘᱕ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ ᱾ * ᱑᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱤᱥᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ '''ᱱᱤᱞᱚ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ''' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱟᱫᱽ, ᱤᱛᱷᱤᱭᱚᱯᱤᱭᱟ, ᱠᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ, ᱱᱟᱭᱡᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ, ᱥᱩᱫᱟᱱ, ᱫᱟᱹᱠᱷᱤᱱ ᱥᱩᱫᱟᱱ, ᱩᱜᱟᱱᱰᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱛᱟᱧᱡᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱓᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ ᱾ * ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ '''ᱱᱟᱭᱡᱮᱨ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ''' ᱛᱮ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱵᱤᱥᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱤᱥᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ ᱾ * '''ᱠᱷᱚᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ''' ᱛᱮ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱹᱠᱷᱤᱱ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱥᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱔ ᱞᱟᱠᱷ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱚᱜ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱢᱚᱦᱰᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ== ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱜᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱥ (World Book Encyclopedia) ᱚᱝᱥᱟᱨ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ [[ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ]] ᱦᱚᱲ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱠᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱥ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ (Encyclopædia Britannica) ᱚᱝᱥᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱔᱕% ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ, ᱔᱐% ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱐% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱰᱟᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ]], ᱵᱩᱫᱷᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱱᱟᱥᱛᱤᱠ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱫᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ==ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Africa#/media Geography of Africa] ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== 1ᱹ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Africa 2ᱹ http://plasma.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0509/feature1/zoomify/index.html {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.ph/20121206044709/http://plasma.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0509/feature1/zoomify/index.html |date=2012-12-06 }} 3ᱹ https://web.archive.org/web/20100117005910/http://www.usaraf.army.mil/MAP_INTERACTIVE/INTERACTIVE_MAP.swf 4.https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟ.ᱠᱷᱭᱟ.ᱛ}} [[Category:!Main category]] [[Category:Geography]] [[Category:main land]] [[Category:continent]] 66xqdy27v6mbuocshw35g94qegs8xmr 0 229 196452 190230 2026-08-12T16:52:17Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196452 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Karl Marx | honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100|FRSA}}<ref>Marx [http://www.calmview2.eu/RSA/CalmViewA/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=RSA%2fSC%2fIM%2f701%2fS1000&pos=9 became a Fellow] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416202116/http://www.calmview2.eu/RSA/CalmViewA/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=RSA%2fSC%2fIM%2f701%2fS1000&pos=9 |date=2018-04-16 }} of the highly prestigious [[Royal Society of Arts]], London, in 1862.</ref> | image = Karl Marx_001.jpg | caption = Karl Marx in 1875 | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1818|05|05}} | birth_place = [[Trier]], [[Grand Duchy of the Lower Rhine]], [[Kingdom of Prussia]] (now Trier, [[Germany]]) | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1883|03|14|1818|05|05}} | death_place = [[London]], [[England]], [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] | resting_place = [[Tomb of Karl Marx]], [[Highgate Cemetery]], London, England, United Kingdom | residence = Germany, France, Belgium, United Kingdom | nationality = {{unbulleted list|Prussian (1818–1845)|[[Statelessness|Stateless]] (after 1845)}} | spouse = {{marriage|[[Jenny von Westphalen]]|19 June 1843|2 December 1881|end=died}} | children = 7, including [[Jenny Longuet|Jenny]], [[Laura Marx|Laura]], and [[Eleanor Marx|Eleanor]] | father = [[Heinrich Marx]] | mother = [[Henriette Pressburg]] | relatives = {{unbulleted list|[[Louise Juta]] (sister)|[[Jean Longuet]] (grandson)}} | module = {{Infobox philosopher|embed=yes | alma_mater = {{unbulleted list|[[University of Bonn]]|[[University of Berlin]]|[[University of Jena]] ([[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]])<ref name="willamette1">{{cite web | url=http://willamette.edu/cla/classics/careers/marx/index.html | title=Classics: Karl Marx | access-date=2019-06-21 | archive-date=2020-04-16 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416055434/https://www.willamette.edu/cla/classics/careers/marx/index.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>}} | era = [[19th-century philosophy]] | region = [[Western philosophy]] | school_tradition = {{unbulleted list|[[Continental philosophy]]|[[Marxism]]|[[Correspondence theory of truth]]<ref>Bhikhu Parekh, ''Marx's Theory of Ideology'', Routledge, 2015, p. 203.</ref>}} | main_interests = Philosophy, economics, history, politics | notable_ideas = [[:Template:Marxism|Marxist terminology]], [[surplus value]], contributions to the [[labour theory of value]], [[class struggle]], [[Marx's theory of alienation|alienation]] and exploitation of the worker, [[historical materialism|materialist conception of history]] | influences = [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|G.W.F. Hegel]]{{•}} [[Ludwig Feuerbach]]{{•}} [[Charles Darwin]]{{•}} [[Charles Babbage]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://arch.oucs.ox.ac.uk/detail/94555/index.html|title=(ARCH) Babbage pages|website=arch.oucs.ox.ac.uk|access-date=2019-06-21|archive-date=2016-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222104050/http://arch.oucs.ox.ac.uk/detail/94555/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{•}} [[Lycurgus of Sparta]]<ref name="autogenerated1">[[Plutarch]], [http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/lycurgus.html Biography of Lycurgus]</ref>{{•}} [[Aristotle]]{{•}} [[Epicurus]]{{•}} [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]]{{•}} [[Baruch Spinoza]]{{•}} [[Jean Charles Léonard de Sismondi]]<ref name="Paresh">{{cite book |last1=Chattopadhyay |first1=Paresh |title=Marx's Associated Mode of Production: A Critique of Marxism |date=2016 |publisher=Springer |pages=39–41}}</ref>{{•}} [[Friedrich Wilhelm Schulz]]<ref name="Levine">{{cite book |last1=Levine |first1=Norman |title=Divergent Paths: The Hegelian foundations of Marx's method |url=https://archive.org/details/divergentpathshe0000levi |date=2006 |publisher=Lexington Books |page=[https://archive.org/details/divergentpathshe0000levi/page/223 223]}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated144">Jonathan Sperber, ''Karl Marx: A Nineteenth-Century Life'', p. 144</ref>{{•}} [[David Ricardo]]{{•}} [[Adam Smith]]{{•}} [[Adam Ferguson]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hill |first1=Lisa |title=Adam Smith, Adam Ferguson and Karl Marx on the Division of Labour |journal=Journal of Classical Sociology |date=2007 |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=339–66 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275893490}}</ref>{{•}} [[Friedrich Engels]]{{•}} [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon]]{{•}} [[Constantin Pecqueur]]<ref>Allen Oakley, [https://books.google.com/books?id=L949AAAAIAAJ&dq ''Marx's Critique of Political Economy: 1844 to 1860''], Routledge, 1984, p. 51.</ref>{{•}} [[Henri de Saint-Simon]]{{•}} [[Robert Owen]]{{•}} [[William Thompson (philosopher)|William Thompson]]{{sfn|Marx|pp. 397–99}}{{•}} [[Charles Fourier]]{{•}} [[Baron d'Holbach]]<ref>Mehring, Franz, ''Karl Marx: The Story of His Life'' (Routledge, 2003) p. 75</ref>{{•}} [[Justus von Liebig]]<ref>John Bellamy Foster. "Marx's Theory of Metabolic Rift: Classical Foundations for Environmental Sociology", ''American Journal of Sociology'', Vol. 105, No. 2 (September 1999), pp. 366–405.</ref>{{•}} [[Ludwig von Westphalen]]{{•}} [[Max Stirner]]{{•}} [[François-Noël Babeuf]]{{•}} [[Voltaire]]{{•}} [[Giambattista Vico]]{{•}} [[Maximilien Robespierre]]{{•}} [[William Shakespeare]]{{•}} [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]]{{•}} [[Claude Adrien Helvétius]]{{•}} [[François Guizot]]{{•}} [[Moses Hess]] {{•}} [[Victor d'Hupay]] | influenced = [[List of Marxists]] | signature = Karl Marx Signature.svg }} }} '''ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱦᱮᱱᱨᱤᱠ ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱥ''' (᱑᱘᱑᱘ ᱼ ᱑᱘᱘᱓) ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟ., ᱠᱟ.ᱣᱰᱤ-ᱟ.ᱨᱤᱭᱟ. ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ.ᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱕ ᱢᱮ ᱑᱘᱑᱘ ᱥᱟᱞᱮᱨᱮ ᱛᱨᱮᱵᱮᱥ (ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟ) ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱣᱤᱥ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱘᱒᱔ ᱥᱟᱞᱮᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱮᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱮ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱗ ᱵᱚᱨᱥᱚ ᱵᱚᱭᱚᱥ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱩᱱ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣᱜ ᱞᱟ.ᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱳᱱᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟ.ᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱩᱨᱛᱤᱭ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱱᱟ. ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱩᱱᱤ [[ᱵᱚᱨᱞᱤᱱ]] ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱱᱱᱟ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟ.ᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ, ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱥ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱯᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱤᱜᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱟ.ᱰᱤ ᱡᱩᱨ ᱮ ᱢᱩᱦᱱᱤ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱘᱓᱙-᱔᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱤᱢᱚᱠᱨᱤᱴᱳᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱯᱤᱠᱭᱩᱨᱚᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱨᱠᱩᱛᱤᱭᱟ. ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱥ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱚ ᱜᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱰᱚᱠᱴᱚᱨᱮᱴ ᱩᱯᱟᱫᱷᱤ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱠᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ==ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ== '''ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ''' : - ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱦᱮᱱᱨᱤᱠ ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱥ ᱕ ᱢᱮ ᱑᱘᱑᱘, ᱛᱨᱤᱭᱮᱨ, ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱤᱭᱟ '''ᱜᱩᱨ''' ᱺ- ᱑᱔ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱑᱘᱘᱓ (ᱵᱚᱭᱚᱥ ᱖᱔) [[ᱞᱚᱱᱰᱚᱱ]] ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱮᱱ '''ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ''' ᱺ- ᱠᱮᱨᱮᱥᱛᱟᱱ, ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱮ ᱵᱟ.ᱜᱤᱭᱟᱫᱼᱟ (ᱵᱮᱼᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ) '''ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱜᱚᱛᱮ (ᱮᱨᱟ)''' ᱺ- ᱡᱮᱱᱤ ᱣᱮᱥᱴᱯᱷᱮᱞᱚᱱ ==ᱠᱟ.ᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ== ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱥᱟ.ᱛ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱑᱘᱔᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱥ ᱤᱱᱟ. ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱳᱞᱳᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ "ᱨᱟᱭᱱᱮᱥ ᱡᱤᱛᱩᱝ", ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟ. ᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱟ. ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱮᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱠᱷᱟ.ᱱ ᱦᱩᱞᱥᱟ.ᱭ ᱦᱩᱫᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱟ.ᱛᱤᱨ ᱑᱕ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱑᱘᱔᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟ.ᱯᱤ ᱦᱚᱪᱚ ᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱥ ᱯᱮᱨᱤᱥ ᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ "'''ᱫᱚᱥ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱡᱚᱪ'''" ᱡᱟᱨᱵᱩᱥᱚᱨ ᱪᱤᱴᱷᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱤᱜᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱭᱛᱤᱠ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱥ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟ.ᱰᱤᱜᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱘᱔᱕ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ [[ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱦᱚᱪᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱨᱩᱥᱮᱞᱥ ᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱩᱞᱤᱭᱟ. ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱨ "ᱠᱚᱢᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱞᱤᱜᱽ" ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱟ.ᱰᱮ ᱪᱩᱦᱩᱞ ᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱘᱔᱗ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱡᱮᱸᱞᱥ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ 'ᱚᱸᱛᱚᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱡᱽᱵᱟᱫᱽ' ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱩᱪᱷᱟ.ᱱ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ (ᱠᱚᱢᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱢᱟᱱᱤᱯᱷᱮᱥᱴᱳ) ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱠᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱘᱔᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱳᱞᱳᱱ ᱨᱮ 'ᱱᱮᱣᱮ ᱨᱟᱭᱱᱤᱥ ᱡᱤᱛᱩᱝ' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱩᱣᱟ.ᱲ ᱠᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱡᱽᱵᱟᱫᱤ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱫᱮᱥ ᱮᱢ ᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱘᱔᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟ.ᱭ ᱠᱷᱟ.ᱛᱤᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱜᱤᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱯᱮᱨᱤᱥ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱚᱱᱰᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱵᱷᱳᱨ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱜᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱚᱱᱰᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ "ᱠᱚᱢᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱞᱤᱜᱽ" ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱞᱟ.ᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱠᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱠᱷᱟ.ᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱺᱜᱩᱲ ᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱩᱪᱟ.ᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱟ.ᱯᱩᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱮᱣᱮ ᱨᱟᱭᱱᱤᱥ ᱡᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟ.ᱞᱤ ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭ ᱮᱞᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱠᱮᱫ ᱨᱩᱣᱟ.ᱲ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110805112206/http://www.counterpunch.org/roberts10072009.html Dead Labour: Marx and Lenin Reconsidered] by ''Paul Craig Roberts'' * [https://wsws.org/en/special/library/russian-revolution-unfinished-twentieth-century/16.html Hegel, Marx, Engels, and the Origins of Marxism], by David North * [http://chronicle.com/article/In-Praise-of-Marx/127027 ''In Praise of Marx''] ''Terry Eagleton'' synopsising his ''Why Marx was right'' chronicle.com 10 April 2011. * [http://lea.vitis.uspnet.usp.br/arquivos/artkarlmarxanoverviewofhisbiographies.pdf ''Karl Marx: An Overview of his Biographies'', by Angelo Segrillo] * [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article4981065.ece Karl Marx: Did he get it all Right?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812091017/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article4981065.ece |date=2011-08-12 }} by Philip Collins, ''''The Times'''', 21 October 2008 * [http://www.marxists.org/archive/mandel/19xx/marx/ ''Karl Marx'', Ernest Mandel ] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120214101824/http://www.cato.org/pubs/journal/cj11n3/cj11n3-6.pdf Liberalism, Marxism and The State], by ''Ralph Raico'' * [http://www.emis.ams.org/journals/DMJDMV/xvol-icm/19/Dauben.MAN.html Marx, Mao and mathematics: the politics of infinitesimals], by Joseph Dauben * [http://www.isj.org.uk/index.php4?id=486&issue=120 Marxism and Ethics] from ''''International Socialism (magazine)|International Socialism'''' Paul Blackledge (2008) * [http://marxmyths.org/ Marxmyths.org Various essays on misinterpretations of Marx] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427181835/http://marxmyths.org/ |date=2014-04-27 }} * [http://www.iisg.nl/collections/marx/ Portraits of Karl Marx] (''International Institute of Social History'') * [http://www.runmuki.com/paul/writing/marx.html Paul Dorn, The Paris Commune and Marx' Theory of Revolution] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231202/http://www.runmuki.com/paul/writing/marx.html |date=2016-03-03 }} ==ᱥᱟ.ᱠᱷᱭᱟ.ᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} [[Category:!Main category]] c8mjgzyg2pj0ymlqzlnyzm7dkm6nlz0 0 294 196685 186411 2026-08-12T20:48:29Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 8 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196685 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = ᱡᱤᱥᱩ | image = Spas vsederzhitel sinay (cropped1).jpg | caption = {{longitem |ᱫᱟ [[ᱠᱨᱟᱭᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱮᱱᱴᱚᱠᱨᱮᱴᱚᱨ (ᱥᱤᱱᱟᱭ)|ᱠᱨᱟᱭᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱮᱱᱴᱚᱠᱨᱮᱴᱚᱨ]] ᱚᱯᱷ [[ᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱮᱛᱷᱮᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱚᱱᱚᱥᱴᱚᱨᱤ]] ᱨᱮ [[ᱥᱤᱱᱟᱭ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ]], ᱖ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱮᱰᱤ}} | birth_date = {{circa}} [[ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱢᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ|᱖ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱔ ᱵᱤ ᱥᱤ]]{{efn|[[ᱡᱚᱦᱱ ᱯᱤ. ᱢᱮᱭᱟᱨ]] ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱡᱤᱥᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱗ ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱖ ᱵᱤ ᱥᱤᱸ{{sfn|Meier|1991|p=407}}<!-- --> [[ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱨᱟᱦᱱᱟᱨ]] ᱢᱮᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱴᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱸᱰᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱔ ᱵᱤ ᱥᱤ.{{sfn|Rahner|2004|p=732}} <!-- -->[[ᱤ. ᱟᱨ ᱯᱤ. ᱥᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨᱥ]] ᱦᱚᱸ ᱔ ᱵᱤ ᱥᱤ ᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱥᱩᱲ ᱟᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱟ.{{sfn|Sanders|1993|pp=10–11}} <!-- -->[[ᱡᱮᱠ ᱯᱷᱤᱱᱮᱜᱟᱱ]] ᱓ ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱒ ᱵᱤ ᱥᱤ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱤᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱮᱫᱟ.<ref name=Finegan>{{harvnb|Finegan|1998|page=[https://archive.org/details/handbookbiblical00fine/page/n350 319]}}</ref> <!-- -->}} | birth_place = <!--Note: ᱡᱩᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱴᱷᱤᱠ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱩᱫᱽᱜᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ:-->[[ᱦᱮᱨᱚᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ]], [[ᱨᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱢᱛᱨᱟᱢ]]{{sfn|Brown|1977|p=513}} | death_date = ᱮᱰᱤ ᱓᱐ ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱓᱓ (ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱓᱓ ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱓᱘) | death_place = [[ᱡᱮᱨᱥᱟᱞᱮᱢ]], [[ᱡᱩᱰᱤᱭᱟ (ᱨᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱤᱱᱥ)|ᱡᱩᱰᱤᱭᱟ]], ᱨᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱢᱛᱨᱟᱢ | known_for = *ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱮᱴᱨᱚᱞ ᱦᱚᱲ [[ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]] *ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱹᱵᱤ [[ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱰᱨᱩᱡᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ]] *[[ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ (ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱭ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ)|ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ]] ᱨᱮ [[ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱭ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ]] | death_cause = <!---Note: ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱪᱮᱫ (ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ) ᱛᱷᱩᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ; ᱯᱟᱹᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱡᱮ ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱨᱩᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ:--->[[ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱨᱩᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱴᱷᱟ|ᱠᱨᱩᱥᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠᱥᱚᱱ]]<!-- -->{{efn|[[ᱡᱮᱢᱥ ᱰᱟᱱ]] ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱯᱴᱤᱡᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱨᱩᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ "ᱯᱨᱟᱭ ᱡᱷᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ ᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ" ᱟᱨ "ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱛᱟᱛᱭᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ 'ᱯᱨᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱱ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣ' ᱥᱠᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱷᱟᱯ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ" ᱡᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ.{{sfn|Dunn|2003|p=339}} <!-- -->[[ᱵᱟᱨᱴ ᱰᱤ. ᱮᱦᱨᱢᱟᱱ]] ᱢᱮᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱯᱚᱱᱴᱤᱭᱟᱥ ᱯᱟᱭᱞᱟᱴ ᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱠᱨᱩᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱛᱮᱛᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ.{{sfn|Ehrman|1999|p=101}} <!-- -->[[ᱡᱚᱦᱟᱱ ᱰᱚᱢᱤᱱᱤᱠ ᱠᱨᱚᱥᱟᱱ]] ᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱪᱟᱨᱰ ᱡᱤ. ᱣᱟᱴᱥ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱨᱩᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱛᱟᱛᱮᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾.{{sfn|Crossan|Watts|1999|p=96}} <!-- -->ᱯᱟᱹᱣᱞ ᱟᱨ. ᱮᱰᱭ ᱟᱨ [[ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱜᱚᱨᱤ ᱮ. ᱵᱚᱭᱰ]] ᱠᱤᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱨᱩᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮ-ᱤᱥᱟᱭ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ "ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ".{{sfn|Eddy|Boyd|2007|p=173}} <!-- -->}} <!---- Note: ᱫᱟᱭᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱤᱱᱯᱷᱚᱵᱚᱠᱥ ᱟᱞᱚᱢ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱟ᱾ ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱲ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ FAQ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ᱾ ----->| parents = [[ᱢᱮᱨᱤ, ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱟᱭᱳ|ᱢᱮᱨᱤ]], [[ᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱡᱚᱥᱮᱯ|ᱡᱚᱥᱮᱯ]]{{efn|ᱩᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱴᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱢᱮᱨᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱛᱢᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱦᱟᱲᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱭ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ᱾ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱦᱟᱲᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ᱾ ᱡᱚᱥᱮᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱧᱮᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱱᱚᱱᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱜᱚᱥᱯᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ.}} }} '''ᱡᱤᱥᱩ''' (c. 4 BC – c. 30 / 33 AD), ᱫᱚ [[ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ|ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ]] ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱡᱟᱸᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ '''Jesus of Nazareth''' and '''Jesus Christ''' ᱧᱤᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸᱠᱩ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱮ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱩᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱥᱤᱡᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ᱾ [[ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ [[ᱜᱚᱥᱯᱮᱞ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱠᱷᱟᱥ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ [[ᱯᱩᱱ ᱠᱮᱱᱚᱱᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱜᱚᱥᱯᱮᱞ]] [[ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱱᱤᱛ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱠᱩ ᱢᱚᱪᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱛᱮᱜᱮᱭ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾<ref>Dunn, James D. G. (২০১৩)। ''The Oral Gospel Tradition''। Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing। পৃ: 290–291।</ref> ᱟᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱥᱮ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱛᱟᱸᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱᱛᱟᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱠᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱟᱹ᱾ ᱡᱟᱸᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱥᱩᱭ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱜᱠᱩ ᱛᱟᱸᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ᱾ ᱤᱦᱩᱫᱤ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱪᱠᱩ ᱥᱩᱫᱷᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱛ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱮᱛ ᱛᱟᱸᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ᱾ ᱡᱤᱥᱩᱨᱮᱱ ᱪᱮᱞᱟ ᱠᱩᱠᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱦᱩᱭᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱨᱮᱱ ᱪᱮᱞᱟᱠᱩ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱸᱦᱟᱸ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱠᱩ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱚᱱᱟᱜᱮ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱜᱤᱨᱡᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨᱵᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱟ᱾ ᱡᱤᱥᱩᱣᱟᱜ [[ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ]] ᱫᱤᱱ ᱒᱕ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨᱠᱩ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ᱾ ᱡᱤᱥᱩᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱨᱩᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱮᱡᱚᱜ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱰ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱭᱰᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱧᱤᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱵᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱟ᱾ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱩᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱤᱥᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱮᱱ ᱢᱚᱡᱽ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱢᱮᱨᱤ ᱧᱤᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱰᱟᱸᱜᱩᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱲᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱡ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱦᱚᱲᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸᱠᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱥᱨᱤᱡᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱧᱟᱯᱟᱢ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱡᱤᱥᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ [[ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ]] ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱜᱮᱭ ᱱᱩᱵᱤ ᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ᱾<ref>[http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/004-qmt.php#004.157 "Quran 3:46-158"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501064500/http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/004-qmt.php#004.157 |date=2015-05-01 }}।</ref> ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱥᱨᱤᱡᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ᱾ ᱤᱦᱩᱫᱤ ᱠᱳᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱥᱨᱤᱡᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨᱞᱮᱫᱮᱛᱮ ᱠᱨᱩᱥ ᱠᱮᱛᱮᱭ ᱜᱚᱪ ᱚᱪᱚᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱡᱤᱥᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮᱠᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱟ᱾<ref>Jacobs, Joseph; Kohler, Kaufmann; Gottheil, Richard; Krauss, Samuel। [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/8616-jesus-of-nazareth "Jesus of Nazareth"]। ''Jewish Encyclopedia''।</ref> == ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ == {{ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱚᱵᱮ|ᱡᱤᱥᱩ (ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ)|ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱫᱽᱜᱟ.ᱨ|ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ|ᱤᱥᱟᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱳ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ}} [[File:JesusYeshua2.svg|thumb|ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱸᱜᱟ: [[ᱟᱨᱟᱢᱤᱠ]], [[ᱦᱤᱵᱨᱩᱣ]], [[ᱜᱽᱨᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱜᱽᱨᱤᱠ]], [[ᱞᱮᱴᱤᱱ]], ᱟᱨ ''ᱡᱤᱥᱩ'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱤᱝᱨᱟᱡᱤ ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥᱠᱨᱤᱯᱥᱚᱱ|upright=1.35]] ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ [[ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ|ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ]], ᱚᱠᱟ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱵᱟᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ", ᱥᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ᱾<ref name="Britannica">{{Britannica |id=303091 |title=Jesus Christ |first1=E.&nbsp;P. |last1=Sanders |first2=Jaroslav J. |last2=Pelikan}}</ref> ᱚᱱᱠᱟ, ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ "ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱫᱚ [[ᱱᱟᱡᱟᱨᱛᱷ]]".{{efn|ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱭᱵᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱥᱩᱫᱷᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱥᱴᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨᱰ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱚᱱ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾}} ᱱᱟᱥᱟᱨᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱟᱥᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ "ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ [[ᱢᱮᱨᱤ, ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱟᱭᱳ|ᱢᱮᱨᱤ]] ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ [[ᱡᱮᱢᱥ, ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟ|ᱡᱮᱢᱥ]] ᱡᱚᱥ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟ [[ᱡᱚᱥᱮᱥ, ᱡᱮᱢᱥ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ|ᱡᱚᱥᱮᱥ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱡᱩᱫᱩ, ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟ|ᱡᱩᱫᱩ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱟᱭᱢᱚᱱ, ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟ|ᱥᱟᱭᱢᱚᱱ]]", "ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ", ᱟᱨ "[[ᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱡᱚᱥᱯᱷ|ᱡᱚᱥᱯᱷ]] ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ"; ᱡᱚᱦᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ, ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ [[ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯ ᱨᱚᱥᱚᱞ|ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯ]] ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ "ᱱᱟᱥᱟᱨᱛᱷ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱚᱥᱮᱯ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱡᱤᱥᱩ" ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ᱾ ᱤᱝᱨᱟᱡᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ''ᱡᱤᱥᱩ'', ᱜᱽᱨᱤᱠ {{tlit|grc|Iēsous}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ''ᱡᱚᱥᱩᱟ'' (ᱦᱤᱵᱽᱨᱩ {{tlit|he|Yehoshua}}, ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ {{tlit|he|Yeshua}}) ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱩᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ [[ᱯᱷᱚᱠ ᱮᱴᱤᱢᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ]] ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ {{ᱴᱞᱤᱴ|ᱦᱮ|ᱭᱮᱦᱚᱥᱩᱟ}} ᱟᱨ {{ᱴᱞᱤᱴ|ᱦᱮ|ᱭᱮᱥᱩᱟ}} ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ 'ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ' ᱟᱨ ᱧᱩᱱᱩᱢ 'ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ'᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱡᱤᱥᱩ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱭ᱾<ref>ᱢᱮᱛᱷᱤ ᱑:᱒᱑᱾</ref> ==ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ== [[File:Gerard van Honthorst - Adoration of the Shepherds (1622).jpg|thumb|left|ᱥᱮᱯᱷᱟᱨᱰᱥ ᱞᱚᱵᱷ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ [[ᱜᱮᱨᱟᱰ ᱣᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱱᱛᱷᱚᱨᱥᱴ]], ᱑᱖᱒᱒|alt=ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱥᱤᱱ; ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱨᱤᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱷᱮᱨᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱥᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ]] ᱢᱟᱛᱷᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱩᱠ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱢᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱚᱥᱯ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱥᱤᱦ ᱥᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱡᱩᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱞᱩᱠ ᱜᱚᱥᱯᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ: ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱨᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱢᱯᱟᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱞᱩᱠ ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱨᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱺᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱮᱠᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱡᱚᱥᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱛᱞᱮᱢ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱵᱮᱛᱞᱮᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱫᱷᱟ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱷᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱞᱤᱠ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱫᱟᱣ ᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱰᱮ, ᱢᱮᱨᱤᱢ ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱ [[ᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤ]] ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱥᱩᱲ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱯᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ [[File:William Holman Hunt - The Finding of the Saviour in the Temple - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|''[[ᱢᱟᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱱᱛᱮ]]'', ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ [[ᱣᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱞᱢᱮᱱ ᱦᱟᱱᱴ]], ᱑᱘᱖᱐|alt=ᱢᱮᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱥᱮᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ]] ᱢᱟᱛᱷᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱤᱯᱤᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱯᱟᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱬᱟ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱢᱟᱥᱤᱦ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱤᱯᱤᱞ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱤᱯᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱥᱚᱱᱟ, ᱫᱷᱩᱨᱩᱵ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱭᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱥᱩᱱᱛᱷᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱤᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱴᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱴᱢᱟᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱒᱕ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱨᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ [[File:El bautismo de Jesús, por José Ferraz de Almeida Júnior.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''[[ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱯᱴᱤᱡᱢ|ᱢᱟᱥᱤᱦ ᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱯᱴᱤᱡᱢ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ [[ᱡᱚᱦᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱯᱴᱤᱥᱴ]]'', ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ [[ᱡᱚᱥ ᱯᱷᱮᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱰᱤ ᱟᱞᱢᱮᱰᱟ ᱡᱩᱱᱤᱭᱚᱨ]], ᱑᱘᱙᱕|alt=ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱦᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱯᱴᱤᱡᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱥᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱛᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱵ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱭᱟ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ᱾]] ᱓᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮ, ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱦᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱯᱴᱤᱥᱴ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ [[ᱡᱚᱨᱰᱟᱱ]] ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱯᱴᱤᱡᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱱᱛᱨᱟ ᱚᱱᱰᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱔᱐ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ, ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱩᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱦᱟᱝᱠᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱬᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱡ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱥᱚᱭᱛᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱯᱨᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱥᱚᱭᱛᱟᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱨᱚᱫᱷ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱥᱚᱭᱛᱟᱱ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>ᱢᱮᱛᱷᱤ ᱔:᱓-᱑᱑</ref> [[File:Ary Scheffer - The Temptation of Christ (1854).jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱭᱛᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ "ᱢᱟᱥᱤᱦ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱱᱤᱰ" ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, [[ᱮᱨᱤ ᱥᱮᱯᱷᱟᱨ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ, ᱑᱘᱕᱔]] ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱮᱠᱮᱱ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱯᱟᱱᱟᱹᱯᱤᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱮᱞᱠᱟ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟᱭᱤᱡ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱭᱡᱚᱝᱟ᱾ ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱦᱟᱲᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱤᱣᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱟᱛᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱭ᱾ ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱛᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱜᱟᱹᱠᱷᱩᱲ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱵᱟᱭᱵᱮᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱡᱮᱨᱥᱟᱞᱮᱢ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ, ᱚᱠᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱯᱟᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱵᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱫᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱮᱡᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱮᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ᱾ ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱩᱫᱽ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱠᱮᱛ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱩᱫᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾ ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱗ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟᱛ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱡᱚᱦᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱥᱯᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ, ᱕ ᱟᱫᱷᱭᱟᱭ ᱨᱮ, ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱰᱩ ᱦᱚᱲᱮ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱟᱴᱨᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱤᱛᱤᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟᱭ, ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱢᱟᱴᱨᱮᱥ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱵᱟᱛ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱢᱟᱴᱨᱮᱥ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱯᱟᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾ [[File:Última Cena - Juan de Juanes.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|ᱫᱚ [[ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱧᱤᱱᱫᱟᱹ ᱡᱚᱢ]], ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱱ ᱰᱤ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱱ]], ᱑᱕᱖᱒|alt=ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱧᱤᱱᱫᱟᱹ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱾ ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱩᱲᱩᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾]] ᱢᱟᱨᱠ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱑ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱡᱮᱨᱥᱟᱞᱮᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱢᱟᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱨᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱰᱮ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱫᱟᱱ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱲᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱰᱩᱝ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱡ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱩᱢᱵᱽᱲᱩ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱩᱜᱟᱹᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱩᱭᱥᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱜᱚᱥᱯᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱟᱢ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱭᱥᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱢ!” (ᱥᱤᱡᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾) ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱭ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱯᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱠᱨᱩᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱝᱜᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱠᱨᱚᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱩᱫᱽᱫᱷᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱭᱫᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱤᱥᱩᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟᱭᱤᱡ ᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱵᱟᱛ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ, ᱥᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ, ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱚᱥᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱪᱤᱠᱤᱥᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱚᱥᱯᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱵᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟ ᱡᱤᱣᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[File:Christ_at_the_Cross_-_Cristo_en_la_Cruz.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱴ ᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱨᱚᱥ'', ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ [[ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱦᱮᱱᱨᱤᱪ ᱵᱞᱚᱪ]], ᱑᱘᱗᱐|alt=ᱠᱨᱚᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ᱾]] ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱛᱷᱚᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, "ᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱧ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱤᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱧᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱧ ᱧᱮᱞᱟ!" ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱭᱵᱮᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱛᱷᱚᱢᱥ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱕᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ᱾ ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱜᱚᱥᱯᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱩᱠ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱪᱮᱞᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱴᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱥᱯᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱤᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ᱾ == Notes == {{notelist}} {{notelist|30em}} == References == {{reflist|colwidth=20em}} === Sources === {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book |first=Douglas |last=Hare |title=Matthew |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-664-23433-1}} * {{cite book |first=Craig L. |last=Blomberg |author-link=Craig Blomberg |title=Jesus and the Gospels: An Introduction and Survey |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8054-4482-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U5rIPC1UgsgC |publisher=B&H |access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008222031/https://books.google.com/books?id=U5rIPC1UgsgC |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |title=The People's New Testament Commentary |first1=M. Eugene |last1=Boring |first2=Fred B. |last2=Craddock |author-link2=Fred Craddock |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-664-22754-8 |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N0tLXRIiIe0C |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-date=4 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104165219/http://books.google.com/books?id=N0tLXRIiIe0C |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |first=Raymond E. |last=Brown |title=The Birth of the Messiah: A Commentary on the Infancy Narratives in Matthew and Luke |url=https://archive.org/details/birthofmessiahco0000brow_u5l1 |year=1977 |isbn=978-0-385-05907-7 |publisher=Doubleday}} * {{cite book |title=Mary in the New Testament |first=Raymond E. |last=Brown |year=1978 |isbn=978-0-8091-2168-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ML1mnUBwmhcC |publisher=Paulist Press |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-date=17 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140917011141/http://books.google.com/books?id=ML1mnUBwmhcC |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |title=The Gospel and Epistles of John: A Concise Commentary |first=Raymond E. |last=Brown |author-link=Raymond E. Brown |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-8146-1283-5 |publisher=Liturgical Press |url=https://archive.org/details/gospelepistleso00brow}} * {{cite book |last=Brown |first=Raymond E. |title=An Introduction to the New Testament |publisher=Doubleday |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-385-24767-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontone00brow_0}} * {{cite book |last=Carter |first=Warren |author-link=Warren Carter |title=Pontius Pilate: Portraits of a Roman Governor |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-8146-5113-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mvhHcXKK0UEC |publisher=Liturgical Press |access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008222031/https://books.google.com/books?id=mvhHcXKK0UEC |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |title=Studying the Historical Jesus: Evaluations of the State of Current Research |first1=Bruce |last1=Chilton |author-link1=Bruce Chilton |first2=Craig A. |last2=Evans |author-link2=Craig A. Evans |year=1998 |isbn=978-90-04-11142-4 |publisher=Brill |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AJM9grxOjjMC |access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-date=4 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004084608/https://books.google.com/books?id=AJM9grxOjjMC |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |first1=Steven L. |last1=Cox |first2=Kendell H. |last2=Easley |year=2007 |title=Harmony of the Gospels |isbn=978-0-8054-9444-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QjmwuFUksOQC |publisher=B&H |access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008222032/https://books.google.com/books?id=QjmwuFUksOQC |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |editor-first1=Frank L. |editor-last1=Cross |editor-first2=E. A. |editor-last2=Livingstone |title=The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ |isbn=978-0-19-280290-3 |access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-date=15 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515065637/https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |first1=John D. |last1=Crossan |author-link1=John Dominic Crossan |first2=Richard G. |last2=Watts |title=Who Is Jesus?: Answers to Your Questions About the Historical Jesus |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-664-25842-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/whoisjesusanswer00cros}} * {{cite book |last=De Smet |first=Daniel |year=2016 |chapter=Les racines docétistes de l'imamologie shi'ite |language=fr |editor1-last=Amir-Moezzi |editor1-first=Mohammad Ali |editor2-last=De Cillis |editor2-first=Maria |editor3-last=De Smet |editor3-first=Daniel |editor4-last=Mir-Kasimov |editor4-first=Orkhan |title=L'Ésotérisme shi'ite, ses racines et ses prolongements – Shi'i Esotericism: Its Roots and Developments |series=Bibliothèque de l'Ecole des Hautes Etudes, Sciences Religieuses |volume=177 |location=Turnhout |publisher=Brepols |pages=87–112 |doi=10.1484/M.BEHE-EB.4.01163 |isbn=978-2-503-56874-4}} * {{cite book |last=Dickson |first=John |author-link=John Dickson (author) |title=Jesus: A Short Life |publisher=Kregel Publications |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-8254-7802-4}} * {{cite book |last=Dillenberger |first=John |author-link=John Dillenberger |title=Images and Relics: Theological Perceptions and Visual Images in Sixteenth-Century Europe |url=https://archive.org/details/imagesrelicstheo0000dill |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-19-976146-3}} * {{cite book |first1=John R. |last1=Donahue |first2=Daniel J. |last2=Harrington |author-link2=Daniel J. Harrington |title=The Gospel of Mark |publisher=Liturgical Press |year=2002 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xZAIsUZOwSQC |isbn=978-0-8146-5804-8 |access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-date=3 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103010742/http://books.google.com/books?id=xZAIsUZOwSQC |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |last=Doninger |first=Wendy |year=1999 |title=Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions |publisher=Merriam-Webster |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440 |isbn=978-0-87779-044-0}} * {{cite book |first=James D. G. |last=Dunn |author-link=James Dunn (theologian) |title=Jesus Remembered |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-8028-3931-2 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G4qpnvoautgC}} * {{cite book |last1=Eddy |first1=Paul R. |last2=Boyd |first2=Gregory A. |author-link2=Greg Boyd (theologian) |year=2007 |title=The Jesus Legend: A Case for the Historical Reliability of the Synoptic Jesus tradition |publisher=Baker |isbn=978-0-8010-3114-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U26_85NmwPUC |access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008222033/https://books.google.com/books?id=U26_85NmwPUC |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |title=Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium |first=Bart |last=Ehrman |author-link=Bart D. Ehrman |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-19-983943-8 |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://archive.org/details/jesusapocalyptic00ehrm |url-access=registration}} * {{cite book |title=Jesus, Interrupted: Revealing the Hidden Contradictions in the Bible (and Why We Don't Know About Them) |last=Ehrman |first=Bart D. |year=2009 |url=https://archive.org/details/jesusinterrupted00ehrm_0/ |publisher=HarperOne |isbn=978-0-06-117393-6}} * {{cite book |last=Ehrman |first=Bart D. |title=How Jesus Became God |publisher=HarperCollins |year=2014 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dmspAgAAQBAJ |isbn=978-0-06-225219-7}} * {{cite book |first=Bart |last=Ehrman |year=2011 |title=Forged: Writing in the Name of God – Why the Bible's Authors Are Not Who We Think They Are |isbn=978-0-06-207863-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/forged_ehrm_2011_000_10544376 |url-access=registration |publisher=HarperCollins}} * {{cite book |last=Ehrman |first=Bart D. |title=Did Jesus Exist?: The Historical Argument for Jesus of Nazareth |year=2012 |publisher=HarperOne |isbn=978-0-06-208994-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hf5Rj8EtsPkC |access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803200020/https://books.google.com/books?id=hf5Rj8EtsPkC |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |last=Evans |first=Craig A. |author-link=Craig A. Evans |year=2003 |title=The Bible Knowledge Background Commentary: Matthew–Luke |isbn=978-0-7814-3868-1 |publisher=David C. Cook |url=https://archive.org/details/bibleknowledgeba00crai}} * {{cite book |first=Craig A. |last=Evans |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=87x8TqW6MJQC |title=Jesus and His World: The Archaeological Evidence |year=2012a |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press |isbn=978-0-664-23413-3 |access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008222033/https://books.google.com/books?id=87x8TqW6MJQC |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |last=Evans |first=Craig A. |title=Matthew (New Cambridge Bible Commentary) |date=2012b |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-01106-8}} * {{cite book |last=Finegan |first=Jack |title=Handbook of Biblical Chronology |year=1998 |publisher=Hendrickson Publishers |isbn=978-1-56563-143-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/handbookbiblical00fine |url-access=limited}} * {{cite book |first=David N. |last=Freedman |author-link=David Noel Freedman |title=Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible |year=2000 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |isbn=978-0-8028-2400-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P9sYIRXZZ2MC |access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803133406/https://books.google.com/books?id=P9sYIRXZZ2MC |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |last=Friedmann |first=Yohanan |year=1989 |title=Prophecy Continuous: Aspects of Ahmadi Religious Thought and Its Medieval Background |location=Berkeley |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-05772-2}} * {{cite book |first1=Robert W. |last1=Funk |first2=Roy W. |last2=Hoover |author3=The Jesus Seminar |author-link3=Jesus Seminar |title=The Five Gospels |publisher=Scribner |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-02-541949-0}} * {{cite book |first1=Joel B. |last1=Green |first2=Scot |last2=McKnight |first3=I. Howard |last3=Marshall |author-link1=Joel B. Green |author-link2=Scot McKnight |author-link3=I. Howard Marshall |title=Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ntwNm-tOogC |publisher=InterVarsity |year=1992 |page=442 |isbn=978-0-8308-1777-1 |access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008222034/https://books.google.com/books?id=9ntwNm-tOogC |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |title=Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine |last=Grudem |first=Wayne |author-link=Wayne Grudem |year=1994 |publisher=Zondervan |location=Grand Rapids, Michigan |isbn=978-0-310-28670-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/systematictheolo00grud_0}} * {{cite book |first=Stephen L. |last=Harris |title=Understanding the Bible |url=https://archive.org/details/understandingbib0000harr_w2l8 |publisher=Mayfield |year=1985}} * {{cite book |last=Houlden |first=J. Leslie |title=Jesus: The Complete Guide |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-8264-8011-8 |publisher=Continuum |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ey8mZKV_jfkC |access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008222034/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ey8mZKV_jfkC |url-status=live}} * {{cite journal |last1=Humphreys |first1=Colin J. |last2=Waddington |first2=W. G. |date=1992 |url=https://legacy.tyndalehouse.com/tynbul/Library/TynBull_1992_43_2_06_Humphreys_DateChristsCrucifixion.pdf |title=The Jewish Calendar, a Lunar Eclipse and the Date of Christ's Crucifixion |journal=Tyndale Bulletin |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=331–151 |doi=10.53751/001c.30487 |s2cid=189519018 |access-date=21 April 2019 |archive-date=21 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421091510/https://legacy.tyndalehouse.com/tynbul/Library/TynBull_1992_43_2_06_Humphreys_DateChristsCrucifixion.pdf |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |last=Keener |first=Craig S. |title=The Gospel of Matthew: A Socio-Rhetorical Commentary |date=2009b |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans |isbn=978-0-8028-6498-7}} * {{cite book |last=Keener |first=Craig S. |title=The Historical Jesus of the Gospels |url=https://archive.org/details/historicaljesuso0000keen |date=2009 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans}} * {{cite book |last=Keener |first=Craig S. |title=The Historical Jesus of the Gospels |url=https://archive.org/details/historicaljesuso0000keen |year=2012 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans |isbn=978-0-8028-6292-1}} * {{cite book |first1=Andreas J. |last1=Köstenberger |first2=L. Scott |last2=Kellum |first3=Charles L. |last3=Quarles |title=The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8054-4365-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g-MG9sFLAz0C |publisher=B&H |access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-date=27 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727131059/https://books.google.com/books?id=g-MG9sFLAz0C |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |last=Lawson |first=Todd |year=2009 |title=The Crucifixion and the Qur'an: A Study in the History of Muslim Thought |location=Oxford |publisher=Oneworld |isbn=978-1-85168-635-3}} * {{cite book |title=Transfiguration |first=Dorothy A. |last=Lee |author-link=Dorothy Lee (theologian) |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-8264-7595-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cYWwEefwCegC |publisher=Continuum |access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008222034/https://books.google.com/books?id=cYWwEefwCegC |url-status=live}} * {{cite encyclopedia |title=Introduction |first=Amy-Jill |last=Levine |author-link=Amy-Jill Levine |encyclopedia=The Historical Jesus in Context |editor-last1=Levine |editor-last2=Allison |editor-first3=John D. |editor-last3=Crossan |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-00992-6 |year=2006 |editor1-first=Amy-Jill |editor2-first=Dale C. |editor2-link=Dale Allison |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HIp_0N3uPPcC |access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-date=10 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410102712/http://books.google.com/books?id=HIp_0N3uPPcC |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |title=The Misunderstood Jew: The Church and the Scandal of the Jewish Jesus |first=Amy-Jill |last=Levine |author-link=Amy-Jill Levine |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-06-174811-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/TheMisunderstoodJewTheChurchAndTheScandalOfTheJewishJesus |publisher=HarperCollins}} * {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rv8xNoRBtxMC |title=The Resurrection of Jesus: A New Historiographical Approach |publisher=InterVarsity |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-8308-2719-0 |first=Michael R. |last=Licona |access-date=29 July 2015 |archive-date=18 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218101307/https://books.google.com/books?id=rv8xNoRBtxMC |url-status=live}} * {{cite encyclopedia |first=Paul L. |last=Maier |author-link=Paul L. Maier |title=The Date of the Nativity and Chronology of Jesus |encyclopedia=''Chronos'', ''Kairos'', ''Christos'': Nativity and Chronological Studies |editor-last1=Finegan |editor-first2=Jerry |editor-last2=Vardaman |editor-first3=Edwin M. |editor-last3=Yamauchi |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-931464-50-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UCBBY_O88uYC&pg=PA113 |publisher=Eisenbrauns |editor-first=Jack |editor1-link=Jack Finegan |editor3-link=Edwin M. Yamauchi |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-date=7 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907110057/https://books.google.com/books?id=UCBBY_O88uYC&pg=PA113 |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |title=The Synoptics: Matthew, Mark, Luke |first1=Ján |last1=Majerník |first2=Joseph |last2=Ponessa |first3=Laurie W. |last3=Manhardt |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-931018-31-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cqP5xHXGYPQC |publisher=Emmaus Road |access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-date=19 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819025434/https://books.google.com/books?id=cqP5xHXGYPQC |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v26doW8jIyYC&pg=PA4 |title=Christianity: An Introduction |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |last=McGrath |first=Alister E. |author-link=Alister McGrath |year=2006 |pages=4–6 |isbn=978-1-4051-0899-7 |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-date=10 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910073956/https://books.google.com/books?id=v26doW8jIyYC&pg=PA4 |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |last=Meier |first=John P. |author-link=John P. Meier |title=A Marginal Jew: The Roots of the Problem and the Person |url=https://archive.org/details/marginaljewrethi0000john |year=1991 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-14018-7}} * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Meier |first=John P. |title=How do we decide what comes from Jesus |encyclopedia=The Historical Jesus in Recent Research |editor-last1=Dunn |editor-last2=McKnight |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-57506-100-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=37uJRUF6btAC |editor1-first=James D. G. |publisher=Eisenbrauns |editor2-first=Scot |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008222035/https://books.google.com/books?id=37uJRUF6btAC |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |last1=Melton |first1=J. Gordon |year=2010 |chapter=Ahmad, Mirza Ghulam Hazrat |editor1-last=Melton |editor1-first=J. Gordon |editor2-last=Baumann |editor2-first=Martin |title=Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices |volume=1 |pages=54–56 |edition=2nd |isbn=978-1-59884-203-6 |location=Santa Barbara |publisher=ABC-CLIO |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v2yiyLLOj88C&pg=PA55 |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-date=21 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021175959/https://books.google.com/books?id=v2yiyLLOj88C&pg=PA55 |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |last1=Mills |first1=Watson E. |last2=Bullard |first2=Roger A. |year=1998 |title=Mercer Dictionary of the Bible |publisher=Mercer University Press |isbn=978-0-86554-373-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=goq0VWw9rGIC |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-date=18 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018095243/https://books.google.com/books?id=goq0VWw9rGIC |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |last=Morris |first=Leon |author-link=Leon Morris |year=1992 |title=The Gospel According to Matthew |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans |isbn=978-0-85111-338-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-pwaSKcHyEEC |access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-date=2 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802002134/https://books.google.com/books?id=-pwaSKcHyEEC |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |last=Niswonger |first=Richard L. |title=New Testament History |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-310-31201-7 |publisher=Zondervan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uyAXaNnz9sUC}} * {{cite book |last=Pannenberg |first=Wolfhart |author-link=Wolfhart Pannenberg |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zWfvlpURwiIC |title=Jesus: God and Man |year=1968 |isbn=978-0-334-00783-8 |publisher=S. C. M. Press |access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008222035/https://books.google.com/books?id=zWfvlpURwiIC |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |last=Powell |first=Mark A. |author-link=Mark Allan Powell |title=Jesus as a Figure in History: How Modern Historians View the Man from Galilee |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-664-25703-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/jesusasfigureinh0000powe |url-access=registration |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press}} * {{cite book |last=Rahner |first=Karl |author-link=Karl Rahner |title=Encyclopedia of Theology: A Concise ''Sacramentum Mundi'' |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-86012-006-3 |publisher=Continuum |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WtnR-6_PlJAC |access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-date=27 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727115653/https://books.google.com/books?id=WtnR-6_PlJAC |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |title=Who Is Jesus? An Introduction to Christology |first=Thomas P. |last=Rausch |author-link=Thomas Rausch |year=2003 |publisher=Liturgical Press |isbn=978-0-8146-5078-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8OJCa6euw5gC |access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008222036/https://books.google.com/books?id=8OJCa6euw5gC |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |last=Redford |first=Douglas |title=The Life and Ministry of Jesus: The Gospels |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-7847-1900-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dDMQz5BVFbEC |publisher=Standard Publishing |access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008222036/https://books.google.com/books?id=dDMQz5BVFbEC |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |title=Archaeology and the Galilean Jesus: A Re-examination of the Evidence |first=Jonathan L. |last=Reed |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-56338-394-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xrav1ge-A_sC |publisher=Continuum |access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-date=4 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504050031/https://books.google.com/books?id=Xrav1ge-A_sC |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |last=Robinson |first=Neal |year=1991 |title=Christ in Islam and Christianity |url=https://archive.org/details/christinislamchr0000robi |location=Albany |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-0559-8}} * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Robinson |first=Neal |year=2005 |title=Jesus |editor1-last=McAuliffe |editor1-first=Jane Dammen |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān |publisher=Brill |doi=10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQCOM_00099}} * {{cite book |last=Sanders |first=E.&nbsp;P. |author-link=E. P. Sanders |title=The Historical Figure of Jesus |publisher=Allen Lane Penguin Press |year=1993 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lkbTL36ZgPIC |isbn=978-0-14-192822-7 |access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-date=18 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418040039/https://books.google.com/books?id=lkbTL36ZgPIC |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |last1=Theissen |first1=Gerd |author-link1=Gerd Theissen |last2=Merz |first2=Annette |author-link2=Annette Merz |year=1998 |title=The Historical Jesus: A Comprehensive Guide |isbn=978-1-4514-0863-8 |publisher=Fortress Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZU97DQMH6UC |access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-date=5 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805091805/https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZU97DQMH6UC |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |title=The Quest for the Plausible Jesus: The Question of Criteria |first1=Gerd |last1=Theissen |first2=Dagmar |last2=Winter |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-664-22537-7 |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qB5ulgKx4OUC |access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008222036/https://books.google.com/books?id=qB5ulgKx4OUC |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |first=Graham H. |last=Twelftree |author-link=Graham Twelftree |title=Jesus the Miracle Worker: A Historical & Theological Study |isbn=978-0-8308-1596-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/jesusmiraclework00grah/page/95 |year=1999 |publisher=InterVarsity |page=[https://archive.org/details/jesusmiraclework00grah/page/95 95]}} * {{cite book |last=Van Voorst |first=Robert E. |year=2000 |title=Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans |isbn=978-0-8028-4368-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lwzliMSRGGkC |access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-date=19 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819143206/https://books.google.com/books?id=lwzliMSRGGkC |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |title=Expository Dictionary of New Testament Words |url=https://archive.org/details/expositorydictio0000wevi_s5j0 |last=Vine |first=William E. |author-link=William Edwy Vine |year=1940 |publisher=Fleming H. Revell |isbn=978-0-916441-31-9}} * {{cite book |title=Jesus the Jew: A Historian's Reading of the Gospels |last=Vermes |first=Geza |author-link1=Geza Vermes |year=1981 |publisher=First Fortress |location=Philadelphia |isbn=978-0-8006-1443-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RvSEK2HALnwC |access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008222037/https://books.google.com/books?id=RvSEK2HALnwC |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |title=The Bible Knowledge Commentary: New Testament |first1=John F. |last1=Walvoord |author-link1=John Walvoord |first2=Roy B. |last2=Zuck |year=1983 |isbn=978-0-88207-812-0 |publisher=David C. Cook |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DP4UiA4gQNMC |access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008222037/https://books.google.com/books?id=DP4UiA4gQNMC |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |title=The Jesus Quest: The Third Search for the Jew of Nazareth |first=Ben |last=Witherington |author-link=Ben Witherington III |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-8308-1544-9 |publisher=InterVarsity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IE_T3Xh2fyUC |access-date=8 October 2020 |archive-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008222039/https://books.google.com/books?id=IE_T3Xh2fyUC |url-status=live}} {{refend}} ==ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == * [https://curlie.org/Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Christianity/Jesus_Christ/ Jesus] at Curlie (based on DMOZ) * [http://www.latinvulgate.com/christverse.aspx Complete Sayings of Jesus Christ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406022804/http://www.latinvulgate.com/christverse.aspx |date=2018-04-06 }} in parallel Latin and English. * [https://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n79-84784 Works by or about Jesus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226005342/http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n79-84784/ |date=2017-12-26 }} in libraries (WorldCat catalog) ==ᱥᱟ.ᱠᱷᱭᱟ.ᱛ== {{ᱥᱟ.ᱠᱷᱭᱟ.ᱛ}} [[Category:!Main category]] [[Category:ᱡᱤᱥᱩ]] 6y9fvxhx8ppcdpkmsc2rn1i2k6s1lsh 0 1177 196468 191585 2026-08-12T17:00:37Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196468 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox | name = ᱪᱮᱬᱮ | fossil_range = <br />{{fossilrange|121|0|[[Early Cretaceous]] ([[Aptian]]) – [[Holocene|Present]],<ref name=divergence/> 121–0 Mya| | earliest=160.8}} | image = <imagemap> File:Bird Diversity 2013.png|300px rect 0 0 333 232 [[Red-crested turaco]] rect 0 232 333 470 [[Steller's sea eagle]] rect 0 696 333 470 [[Rock dove]] rect 0 928 333 700 [[Southern cassowary]] rect 0 1160 333 930 [[Gentoo penguin]] rect 0 1392 333 1160 [[Bar-throated minla]] rect 666 0 333 232 [[shoebill]] rect 666 232 333 470 [[grey crowned crane]] rect 666 696 333 470 [[Anna's hummingbird]] rect 666 928 333 700 [[rainbow lorikeet]] rect 666 1160 333 930 [[grey heron]] rect 666 1392 333 1160 [[Eurasian eagle-owl]] rect 999 0 333 232 [[white-tailed tropicbird]] rect 999 232 333 470 [[Indian peafowl]] rect 999 696 333 470 [[Atlantic puffin]] rect 999 928 333 700 [[American flamingo]] rect 999 1160 333 930 [[blue-footed booby]] rect 999 1392 333 1160 [[keel-billed toucan]] </imagemap> | display_parents = 3 | taxon = Aves | authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonTree.aspx?id=80129&tree=0.1 | title=Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification, Class Aves | accessdate=11 June 2012 | last=Brands | first=Sheila | date=14 August 2008 | work=Project: The Taxonomicon | archive-date=5 May 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080505214909/http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonTree.aspx?id=80129&tree=0.1 | url-status=dead }}</ref> | subdivision_ranks = Extant [[Order (biology)|orders]] and temporal range | subdivision = {{show |1=See orders |2= * Infraclass [[Palaeognathae]] ** Superorder Struthionimorphae *** [[Struthioniformes]] (Ostrichs) – 58?–0 Mya, Late [[Paleocene]]?–[[Holocene|Present]] ** Superorder [[Notopalaeognathae]] *** [[Rheiformes]] (Rheas) – 56–0 Mya, Late [[Paleocene]]–Present *** [[Tinamiformes]] (Tinamous) – 10–0 Mya, Middle [[Miocene]]–Present *** [[Casuariiformes]] (Casowaries and Emus) – 58.7–0 Mya, Late [[Paleocene]]–Present *** [[Apterygiformes]] (Kiwis) – 23.03–0 Mya, Early [[Miocene]]–Present * Infraclass [[Neognathae]] ** Superorder [[Galloanserae]] *** [[Galliformes]] (Gamebirds) – 45–0 Mya, Middle [[Eocene]]–Present *** [[Anseriformes]] (Waterfowl) – 71–0 Mya, Late [[Cretaceous]] ([[Maastrichtian]])–Present ** Superorder [[Neoaves]] *** [[Phoenicopteriformes]] (Flamingos) – 50–0 Mya, Early [[Eocene]]–Present *** [[Podicipediformes]] (Grebes) – 25–0 Mya, Late [[Oligocene]]–Present *** [[Columbiformes]] (Pigeons and doves) – 23.03–0 Mya, Early [[Miocene]]–Present *** [[Mesitornithiformes]] (Mesites) – No fossil records *** [[Pterocliformes]] (Sandgrouse) – 33.9–0 Mya, Late [[Oligocene]]–Present *** [[Apodiformes]] (swifts, treeswifts and hummingbirds) – 52–0 Mya, Early [[Eocene]]–Present *** [[Caprimulgiformes]] (Nightjars, nighthawks, potoos, oilbirds, frogmouths and owlet-nightjars) – 59.2–0 Mya, Middle [[Paleocene]]–Present *** [[Cuculiformes]] (Cuckoos, anis, etc) – 34–0 Mya, Late [[Miocene]]–Present *** [[Otidiformes]] (Bustards, floricans, etc) – 13–0 Mya, Middle [[Miocene]]–Present *** [[Musophagiformes]] (Turacos and go-away-birds) – 24–0 Mya, Late [[Oligocene]]–Present *** [[Opisthocomiformes]] (Hoatzin) – 33.9–0 Mya, Late [[Eocene]]–Present *** [[Gruiformes]] (Cranes, crakes, rails, wood-rails, fluftais, gallinules, limpkins, trumpeters, finfoots and sungrebes) – 66–0 Mya, Late [[Cretaceous]] ([[Maastrichtian]])–Present *** [[Charadriiformes]] (Plovers, crab plovers, lapwings, seagulls, puffins, auks, sandipipers, buttonquails, stilts, avocets, ibisbills, woodcocks, skuas, etc) – 75–0 Mya, Late [[Cretaceous]] ([[Campanian]])–Present *** [[Gaviiformes]] (Loons) – 70–0 Mya, Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)–Present *** [[Procellariiformes]] (petrels, storm petrels, albatrosses and diving petrels) – 33.9–0 Mya, Early [[Oligocene]]–Present *** [[Sphenisciformes]] (penguins) – 62–0 Mya, Early [[Paleocene]]–Present *** [[Ciconiiformes]] (storks, openbills and jabirus) – 30–0 Mya, Early [[Oligocene]]–Present *** [[Suliformes]] (boobies, gannets, frigatebirds, cormorants, shags and anhingas) – 90–0 Mya, Late [[Cretaceous]] ([[Turonian]])–Present *** [[Pelecaniformes]] (pelicans, ibises, shoebills, egrets, herons, etc) – 66–0 Mya, Late [[Cretaceous]] ([[Maastrichtian]])–Present *** [[Eurypygiformes]] (sunbitterns and kagu) – 56–0 Mya, Late [[Paleocene]]–Present *** [[Phaethontiformes]] (tropicbirds) – 58.7–0 Mya, Late Paleocene–Present *** [[Cathartiformes]] (New World vultures) – 41–0 Mya, Middle [[Eocene]]–Present *** [[Accipitriformes]] (eagles, Old World vultures, secretary-birds, hawks, harriers, etc) – 47–0 Mya, Late Eocene–Present *** [[Strigiformes]] (owls) – 30–0 Mya, Early [[Oligocene]]–Present *** [[Coliiformes]] (mousebirds) – ~65–0 Mya, Early [[Paleocene]]–Present *** [[Leptosomiformes]] (cuckoorollers) – No fossil record *** [[Trogoniformes]] (trogons and quetzals) – 49–0 Mya, Early [[Eocene]]–Present *** [[Bucerotiformes]] (hornbills, hoopoes and wood-hoopoes) – ~40–0 Mya, Middle Eocene–Present *** [[Coraciiformes]] (rollers, bee eaters, todys, kingfishers, etc) – 41.2–0 Mya, Middle Eocene–Present *** [[Piciformes]] (woodpeckers, flickers, toucans, aracaris, motmots, etc) – 56–0 Mya, Early Eocene–Present *** [[Cariamiformes]] (seriema) – 66–0 Mya, Late [[Cretaceous]] ([[Maastrichtian]])–Present *** [[Falconiformes]] (falcons and caracaras) – 50–0 Mya, Early [[Eocene]]–Present *** [[Psittaciformes]] (parrots and cockatoos) – 50–0 Mya, Early Eocene–Present *** [[Passeriformes]] (passerines) – 52.5–0 Mya, Early Eocene–Present }} | synonyms = * Neornithes <small>Gadow, 1883</small> }} [[File: House sparrow04.jpg|thumb|]] ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱠᱬᱟᱹᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱩᱱᱛᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ '''ᱪᱮᱬᱮ''' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book|last=del Hoyo |first=Josep |coauthors=Andy Elliott and Jordi Sargatal |title=[[Handbook of Birds of the World]], Volume 1: Ostrich to Ducks |year=1992 |publisher=[[Lynx Edicions]] |location=Barcelona |isbn=84-87334-10-5}}</ref> ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱮᱣᱤᱥ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱡᱩᱱᱛᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱡᱽ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱑᱐,᱐᱐᱐ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |last=Newton |first= Ian|year=2003 |title=पक्षियों के बायोजियोग्राफी प्रजातीकरण|url=https://archive.org/details/speciationbiogeo0000newt |location=Amsterdam |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=0-12-517375-X| pages=p. 463}}</ref> ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱒" ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱘ ᱯᱷᱩᱴ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱠᱴᱤᱠ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱸᱴᱟᱨᱠᱴᱤᱠ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱜᱮᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱜᱟᱺᱦᱤᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱕᱐ ᱢᱤ. ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱮᱥᱟᱭ ᱠᱤᱞᱚ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱠᱬᱟᱹᱜ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ ᱮᱥᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱡᱤᱵᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱚᱨᱚᱠ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱩᱱᱛᱩᱠ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱠᱬᱟᱹᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱛᱩᱞᱩᱡ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱝ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱤᱠᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ <br>ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱤᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ, ᱦᱚᱴᱚᱜ, ᱜᱩᱸᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱩᱯᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱥᱠᱩᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱷᱚᱱᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ==ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ== ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱤᱞ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱛᱟᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱜ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱚᱲᱚᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱜ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮᱠᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱝ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱜᱮᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱝ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱵᱟᱥ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱝ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱷᱩᱴᱩ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱷᱩᱴᱩ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱮᱢᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱩᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱵᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱝ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱛ ᱞᱟᱴᱟ ᱜᱟᱡᱟᱲ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱛᱩᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱡᱼᱟ ᱾ [[File: Bird Diversity 2013.png|thumb|ᱪᱮᱬᱮ]] ==ᱪᱮᱬᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ== ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱱᱤ ᱱᱤᱱᱤ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ: ᱦᱟᱸᱥ ᱦᱟᱺᱥᱞᱤ, [[ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱜ]], ᱢᱤᱨᱩ, ᱥᱟᱨᱚ, [[ᱠᱚᱭᱮᱞ]], ᱦᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ, [[ᱯᱚᱛᱟᱢ]], [[ᱯᱟᱨᱣᱟ]], [[ᱠᱤᱥᱱᱤ]], ᱴᱤᱡᱴᱚᱲᱚᱜ, ᱴᱤᱴᱤ ᱴᱮᱸᱜᱚᱡ, ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱪᱩᱭ, ᱠᱮᱨᱠᱮᱴᱟ, ᱥᱮᱨᱟᱞᱤ, ᱜᱩᱸᱰᱨᱤ, ᱩᱸᱴ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ, [[ᱜᱷᱟᱲᱣᱟ]], ᱪᱟᱹᱧᱪᱤᱨ, [[ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤ]] ᱩᱲᱤᱡ, ᱛᱩᱫ, ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱩ, ᱠᱩᱲᱤᱫ, ᱯᱟᱡᱷᱟᱲ, [[ᱜᱤᱫᱤ]], ᱨᱤᱪᱤ, ᱠᱚᱜ, ᱞᱩᱵᱩᱜ ᱠᱚᱜ, ᱰᱟᱹᱠ, ᱫᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ, ᱠᱟᱺᱭᱩᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[ᱠᱚᱠᱚᱨ]] ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱜᱮ, ᱱᱩᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱵᱮᱲᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱧᱮᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱩᱰᱩᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱫᱽᱲᱟ, ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱫᱩᱲᱤᱡ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱾ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣᱜ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮᱫᱚ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱲᱟ ᱜᱮᱠᱚ ᱩᱰᱩᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣᱜ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱴᱷᱚᱱᱴᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱢᱩᱥᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱡᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱫᱚᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚᱠᱚ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣᱜ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱛᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱝ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ: ᱥᱤᱢ, ᱜᱮᱰᱮ, ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱾ <ref>{{cite web | title=List of birds of India | website=Wikipedia | date=2007-04-27 | url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_birds_of_India | access-date=2019-08-27}}</ref> ==ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ== ᱟᱫᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱷᱟᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱡᱚ, ᱵᱟᱦᱟ, ᱡᱟᱝ, ᱥᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱤᱞ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱦᱟᱞᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ==ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== * [http://www.birdlife.org/ Birdlife International]—Dedicated to bird conservation worldwide; has a database with about 250,000 records on endangered bird species. * [http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/birdbiogeography1.htm Bird biogeography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070304043432/http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/birdbiogeography1.htm |date=2007-03-04 }} * [http://www.audubon.org/bird/index.html Birds and Science] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100810134957/http://www.audubon.org/bird/index.html |date=2010-08-10 }} from the '''National Audubon Society''' * [http://www.birds.cornell.edu/ Cornell Lab of Ornithology] * [http://www.stanford.edu/group/stanfordbirds/text/essays/completed_essays.html Essays on bird biology] * [http://www.mrnussbaum.com/birdsindex.htm North American Birds for Kids] * [http://www.ornithology.com/ Ornithology] * [http://sora.unm.edu/ Sora]—Searchable online research archive; Archives of the following ornithological journals '''The Auk''', '''Condor (journal)|Condor''', Journal of Field Ornithology, North American Bird Bander, Studies in Avian Biology, Pacific Coast Avifauna, and '''the Wilson Bulletin'''. * [http://ibc.lynxeds.com/ The Internet Bird Collection]—A free library of videos of the world's birds * [http://www.birdpop.org/ The Institute for Bird Populations, California] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100323064035/http://media.library.uiuc.edu/cgi/b/bib/bix-idx?c=bix%3Bcc%3Dbix%3Bsid%3D0c4f6243857204b94fcdebc6dce5d8b2%3Btype%3Dsimple%3Bpage%3Dbrowse%3Binst%3Dbix_10%3Bsort%3Dregion list of field guides to birds], from the International Field Guides database * [http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdidentifier/ RSPB bird identifier]—Interactive identification of all UK birds == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == [[Category:ᱪᱮᱬᱮ]] twclfabe6020wh5k461re6zl72fb3um 0 1315 196575 160241 2026-08-12T18:37:24Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196575 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = ᱵᱤ. ᱟᱨ. ᱟᱢᱵᱮᱰᱠᱚᱨ | honorific_prefix = <!-- Note that we do not add honorifics as per [[WP:NCIN]], specific section [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Indic)#Titles and honorifics|here]]. --> | image = File:Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar.jpg | image_size = | image_upright = | smallimage = <!--If this is specified, "image" should not be.--> | alt = | caption = ᱑᱙᱕᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱤ. ᱟᱨ. ᱟᱢᱵᱮᱫᱽᱠᱚᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱾ | order = | office = [[Member of parliament, Rajya Sabha|Member of Parliament]] of [[Rajya Sabha]] for [[Bombay State]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/alphabeticallist_all_terms.aspx |title=Alphabetical List of All Members of Rajya Sabha Since 1952 |last=Sabha |first=Rajya |website=R Sabha Secretariat |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109030114/http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/alphabeticallist_all_terms.aspx |archive-date=9 January 2010 |quote=Serial Number 69 in the list |df=dmy-all}}</ref> | term_start = 3 April 1952 | term_end = 6 December 1956 | president = [[Rajendra Prasad]] | primeminister = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] | order1 = | office1 = [[Minister of Law and Justice|1st Minister of Law and Justice]] | term_start1 = 15 August 1947 | term_end1 = 6 October 1951 | president1 = [[ᱨᱟᱡᱮᱱᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱫᱽ]] | governor_general1 = [[Louis Mountbatten]]<br/>[[C. Rajagopalachari]] | primeminister1 = [[ᱡᱚᱵᱟᱦᱚᱨᱞᱟᱞ ᱱᱮᱦᱨᱩ]] | parliamentarygroup1 = | constituency1 = | predecessor1 = Position established | successor1 = [[ᱪᱟᱨᱩ ᱪᱚᱱᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱵᱤᱥᱣᱟᱥ]] | order2 = | office2 = [[Constituent Assembly of India|Chairman of the Constitution Drafting Committee]] | term_start2 = 29 August 1947 | term_end2 = 24 January 1950 | order3 = | office3 = Member of the [[Constituent Assembly of India]]<ref name="Firstpost 2015">{{cite web |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/attention-sanghis-when-the-muslim-league-rescued-ambedkar-from-the-dustbin-of-history-2196678.html |title=Attention BJP: When the Muslim League rescued Ambedkar from the 'dustbin of history' |date=15 April 2015 |website=Firstpost|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920032027/http://www.firstpost.com/india/attention-sanghis-when-the-muslim-league-rescued-ambedkar-from-the-dustbin-of-history-2196678.html |archive-date=20 September 2015 |access-date=5 September 2015 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>https://rajyasabhahindi.nic.in/rshindi/constituent_assembly/constituent_assembly_main.asp</ref> | term_start3 = 9 December 1946 | term_end3 = 24 January 1950 | constituency3 = {{•}} [[Bengal|Bengal Province]] (1946-47)<br /> {{•}} [[Bombay Province]] (1947-50) | order4 = | office4 = [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Minister of Labour]] in [[Viceroy's Executive Council]] <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B-2d6jzRmBQC&q=Scheduled+Castes+Federation|title=Dr. Ambedkar: Life and Mission|first=Dhananjay|last=Keer|date=13 August 1971|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=9788171542376|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite book |last1=Jaffrelot |first1=Christophe |title=Dr Ambedkar and Untouchability: Analysing and Fighting Caste |url=https://archive.org/details/drambedkaruntouc0000jaff |year=2005 |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers |location=London |isbn=1850654492 |page=[https://archive.org/details/drambedkaruntouc0000jaff/page/5 5] }}</ref> | term_start4 = 22 July 1942 | term_end4 = 20 October 1946 | governor_general4 = [[Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow|The Marquess of Linlithgow]]<br />[[Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell|The Viscount Wavell]] | predecessor4 = [[ᱯᱷᱮᱨᱚᱡᱽ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱩᱱ]] | order5 = | office5 = [[Leader of the Opposition]] in the [[Bombay Legislative Assembly]]<ref name="Khairmode 1985 245">{{Cite book|title=Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar (Vol. 7)|last=Khairmode|first=Changdev Bhawanrao|publisher=Maharashtra Rajya Sahilya Sanskruti Mandal, Matralaya|year=1985|location=Mumbai|pages=245|language=mr}}</ref><ref name="C. Hurst & Co. Publishers">{{cite book |last1=Jaffrelot |first1=Christophe |title=Dr Ambedkar and Untouchability: Analysing and Fighting Caste |url=https://archive.org/details/drambedkaruntouc0000jaff |year=2005 |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers |location=London |isbn=978-1850654490 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/drambedkaruntouc0000jaff/page/76 76]–77 }}</ref> | term_start5 = 1937 | term_end5 = 1942 | order6 = | office6 = [[1937 Bombay Presidency election|Member of the]] [[Bombay Legislative Assembly]]<ref name="Khairmode 1985 245"/><ref name="C. Hurst & Co. Publishers"/> | term_start6 = 1937 | term_end6 = 1942 | constituency6 = ᱵᱚᱢᱵᱮ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ([[ᱵᱟᱭᱠᱩᱞᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱯᱟᱨᱮᱞ]]) ᱡᱮᱱᱨᱟᱞ ᱩᱨᱵᱟᱱ | order7 = | office7 = Member of the [[Bombay Legislative Council]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar (Vol. 7)|last=Khairmode|first=Changdev Bhawanrao|publisher=Maharashtra Rajya Sahilya Sanskruti Mandal, Matralaya|year=1985|location=Mumbai|pages=273|language=mr}}</ref> | term_start7 = 1926 | term_end7 = 1937 | pronunciation = Bhīmrāo Rāmjī Āmbēḍkar | birth_name = ᱵᱷᱤᱣᱟᱹ ᱨᱟᱢᱡᱤ ᱥᱟᱠᱯᱟᱞ | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1891|4|14}} | birth_place = [[Mhow]] (ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱨ . ᱟᱢᱵᱮᱰᱠᱚᱨ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ), [[ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱯᱨᱟᱱᱛ]], [[ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ|ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ]] <br />(ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ [[ᱵᱷᱤᱢ ᱡᱟᱱᱢᱟᱹᱵᱷᱩᱢᱤ]], [[ᱰᱨ. ᱟᱢᱵᱮᱰᱠᱚᱨ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ]], [[ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱨ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]], [[ᱢᱚᱫᱷᱭᱚ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]]) | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1956|12|6|1891|4|14}} | death_place = Dr. Ambedkar National Memorial (Dr. Ambedkar Parinirvan Bhoomi), [[Delhi]], [[New Delhi]], India | death_cause = | citizenship = India | resting_place = [[Chaitya Bhoomi]], [[Mumbai]] | resting_place_coordinates = {{Coord|19.026149|N|72.834599|E|display=inline,title}} | party = {{*}} [[Independent Labour Party (India)|Independent Labour Party]]<br /> {{*}} [[Scheduled Castes Federation]] | otherparty = {{*}} [[Republican Party of India]] | nationality = [[India]]n | spouse = {{unbulleted list | {{marriage|[[Ramabai Bhimrao Ambedkar|Ramabai Ambedkar]]|1906|1935|end=died}} | {{marriage|[[Savita Ambedkar]]|1948}}}} | children = [[Yashwant Ambedkar]] | parents = | mother = | father = | relatives = ''See'' [[Ambedkar family]] | residence = {{•}} [[Rajgruha]], [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]<br /> {{•}} 26 Alipur road, Dr. Ambedkar National Memorial, [[New Delhi]] | alma_mater = {{Plainlist| * [[University of Mumbai]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]], [[Master of Arts|M.A.]]) * [[Columbia University]] ([[Master of Arts|M.A.]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]]) * [[London School of Economics]] ([[Master of Science|M.Sc.]], [[Doctor of Science|D.Sc.]]) * [[Gray's Inn]] ([[Barrister|Barrister-at-Law]]) }} | profession = {{hlist|Jurist|economist|academic|politician|social reformer|anthropologist|writer}} | known_for = [[Dalit|Dalit rights movement]]<br />Drafting [[Constitution of India]]<br />[[Dalit Buddhist movement]] | awards = [[Bharat Ratna]]<br />(posthumously in 1990) | signature = Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Signature.svg | signature_alt = | website = <!--Military service--> | nickname = | footnotes = }} '''ᱵᱷᱤᱢᱨᱟᱣ ᱨᱟᱢᱡᱤ ᱟᱢᱵᱮᱰᱠᱚᱨ''' (᱑᱔ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱑᱘᱙᱑ - ᱖ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱕᱖) ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱥᱟᱦᱮᱵᱽ [[ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ]] ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱚᱨᱚᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱟᱭ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱤᱡ, ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ-ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱨᱟᱡᱽ-ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱥᱩᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱞᱤᱛ ᱵᱚᱣᱫᱷ ᱦᱩᱞᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱴᱮᱫ (ᱫᱚᱞᱤᱛ) ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱫᱽ ᱵᱟᱣ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱞᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱫᱷᱤᱠᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱭ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱠᱟᱱᱩᱱ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ, ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱫᱤᱥᱣᱟᱹ ᱨᱟᱡᱚ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ== '''ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ''' ᱺ- ᱑᱔ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱑᱘᱙᱑, ᱢᱚᱣ, [[ᱤᱱᱫᱚᱨ]] ᱡᱤᱞᱞᱟ, ᱢᱚᱫᱷᱭᱚᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ, ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱾ '''ᱜᱩᱨ''' ᱺ- ᱖ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱕᱖, (ᱵᱚᱭᱚᱥ ᱖᱕) ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ, ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱾ '''ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱺ-''' ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱾ '''ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ''' ᱺ- ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱥᱟᱦᱮᱵᱽ ᱾ '''ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ''' ᱺ- BA, MA, Ph.D., M.Sc., D.C., LL.D., D.Lit., Bar-at-Law (Total 32 Degrees earned) '''ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ''' ᱺ- ᱵᱚᱢᱵᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ, ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱢᱵᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ [[ᱞᱚᱱᱰᱚᱱ]] ᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱳᱯᱷ ᱮᱠᱚᱱᱚᱢᱤᱠᱥ ᱵᱮᱨᱞᱤᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱾ '''ᱨᱟᱡᱽ-ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱚᱞ''' ᱺ- ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱯᱚᱵᱞᱤᱠᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱾ '''ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ''' ᱺ- ᱵᱚᱣᱫᱷᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ (ᱢᱟᱱᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱟᱛ) ᱾ '''ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱡᱩᱨᱤ''' :- ᱨᱚᱢᱟᱵᱟᱭᱤ ᱟᱢᱵᱮᱫᱽᱠᱚᱨ (ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱑᱙᱐᱖), ᱰᱨᱹ ᱥᱚᱵᱤᱛᱟ ᱟᱢᱵᱮᱰᱠᱚᱨ (ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱑᱙᱔᱘) '''ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ/ᱢᱟᱹᱱ''' :- [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱚᱛᱱᱚ]] (᱑᱙᱙᱐), ᱵᱳᱫᱷᱤᱥᱚᱛᱣᱚ (᱑᱙᱕᱖), 'ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ' ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱢᱵᱤᱭᱟ ᱮᱦᱮᱰ ᱳᱯᱷ ᱫᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱴᱟᱭᱤᱢ (᱒᱐᱐᱔) 'ᱯᱩᱱᱟᱜ' ᱫᱤ ᱢᱮᱠᱚᱨᱥ ᱳᱯᱷ ᱫᱤ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱚᱨᱥ ᱫᱤ ᱜᱨᱮᱴᱮᱥᱴ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ (᱒᱐᱑᱒) ᱾ ᱟᱢᱵᱮᱰᱠᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱯᱩᱞ ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱤᱵᱷᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱪᱮᱛᱮᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱢᱵᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱚᱱᱰᱚᱱ ᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱳᱯᱷ ᱤᱠᱚᱱᱚᱢᱤᱠᱥ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱼᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱚᱠᱴᱚᱨᱮᱴ ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤᱭ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱠᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱩᱱ/ᱨᱟᱭ, ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱼᱟᱹᱨᱤ, ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱼᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱝ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱨᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱠᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱭᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱼᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱚᱨ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱰᱵᱷᱳᱠᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱼᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱟᱹᱲᱼᱫᱷᱟᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱮᱢᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱵᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱪᱷᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱯᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ, ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱼᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱚᱫᱷᱤᱠᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱠᱟᱞᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱞᱤᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱚᱠᱟᱠᱚᱛ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱛᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱕᱖ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱣᱫᱷᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱮ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱙᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱚᱛᱱᱚ, ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱜᱚᱨᱤᱠ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱦᱟᱞᱟᱝ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ== ᱟᱢᱵᱮᱰᱠᱚᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ (ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱢᱚᱫᱷᱭᱚ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ) ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱮᱢᱯ ᱢᱚᱦᱩ ᱟᱹᱛᱩᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱢᱡᱤ ᱢᱟᱞᱳᱡᱤ ᱥᱚᱠᱯᱟᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱢᱟᱵᱟᱭᱤ ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱑᱔ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱸᱵᱚᱰᱚᱵᱮ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱛᱱᱟᱜᱤᱨᱤ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱩᱲᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱩᱲᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱪᱷᱩᱛ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱺᱦᱤᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱫᱽ ᱵᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱰᱨᱹ ᱵᱷᱤᱢᱨᱟᱣ ᱟᱢᱵᱮᱫᱽᱠᱚᱨ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱟᱯᱲᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱤᱥᱴ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱭᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱸᱜᱽᱞᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢᱟᱞ ᱮᱡᱩᱠᱮᱥᱳᱱ ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤᱭ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱚᱣᱛᱚᱢ ᱵᱩᱫᱷᱷᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱢᱵᱮᱰᱠᱚᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱠᱚᱴ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱯᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱵᱷᱤᱢᱨᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱴᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱨᱠᱮᱛ ᱥᱟᱥᱮᱛ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱨᱟᱢᱡᱤ ᱥᱚᱠᱯᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱤᱢᱨᱟᱣ ᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ 'ᱥᱚᱠᱯᱟᱞ' ᱴᱷᱟᱶᱨᱮ "ᱟᱢᱵᱟᱰᱵᱮᱠᱚᱨ " ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱦᱚᱪᱚ ᱠᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱳᱬ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱩᱲᱟᱹᱭ ᱜᱚᱫ ᱠᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱤᱢᱨᱟᱣ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱲ ᱟᱢᱵᱟᱰᱮ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱢᱵᱟᱣᱰᱮᱠᱚᱨ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱤᱥ ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱦᱚᱪᱚ ᱠᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱠᱷᱮ ᱵᱟᱵᱽᱬᱮ ᱢᱟᱪᱮᱛ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱟ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱫᱮᱵᱽ ᱟᱢᱵᱮᱫᱽᱠᱚᱨ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱩᱨ ᱮ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱱᱩᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱢᱵᱟᱣᱰᱮᱠᱟᱨ ᱚᱪᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱤᱥ ᱟᱞᱜᱟ ᱥᱟᱺᱦᱤᱡ "ᱟᱢᱵᱮᱰᱠᱚᱨ" ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱤᱥ ᱮ ᱡᱩᱲᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱫ ᱛᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱵᱮᱰᱠᱚᱨ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱛᱟᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱟᱢᱡᱤ ᱟᱢᱵᱮᱰᱠᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱘᱙᱘ ᱥᱟᱞᱮᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟᱭᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱩᱢᱵᱟᱭ (ᱩᱱ ᱡᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱵᱚᱢᱵᱮ) ᱭ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱟᱢᱵᱮᱰᱠᱚᱨ ᱮᱞᱯᱷᱤᱱᱥᱴᱚᱱ ᱨᱳᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱵᱷᱚᱨᱢᱮᱸᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱭᱤᱥ ᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱚᱪᱷᱩᱛ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹᱭ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱞᱟᱯᱷᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ== ᱜᱟᱭᱚᱠᱣᱟᱰ ᱨᱩᱞᱚᱨ (ruler) ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱑᱓ ᱥᱟᱞᱮᱨᱮ ᱭᱩᱱᱟᱭᱤᱴᱮᱰ ᱱᱮᱥᱳᱱᱥ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱳᱞᱳᱢᱵᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹ ᱜᱟᱲᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱤᱢᱨᱟᱣ ᱟᱢᱵᱮᱰᱠᱚᱨ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱑᱑. ᱕ ᱰᱳᱞᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱠᱳᱞᱟᱨᱥᱤᱯ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱣᱩᱭᱚᱨᱠ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱰᱨ. ᱵᱷᱤᱢᱨᱟᱣ ᱟᱢᱵᱮᱰᱠᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ-ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱛᱷᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱱᱮᱨ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱤᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱤᱨᱟᱹᱣᱥᱟᱲᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱝ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱪᱮᱛᱮᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱵᱟᱥ ᱠᱞᱳᱵᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱮ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱡᱚᱴᱟᱣ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱟᱞ ᱵᱷᱟᱛᱮᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱩᱸᱫᱽᱲᱤᱭ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱑᱖ ᱥᱟᱞᱮᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱝ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱯᱤ. ᱮᱪᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱦᱟᱞᱟᱝ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱤᱵᱷᱳᱞᱭᱩᱥᱳᱱ ᱳᱯᱷ ᱯᱨᱳᱵᱷᱤᱱᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱᱟᱱᱥ ᱤᱱ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱩᱯᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ : ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱦᱤᱛ, ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱠᱴᱚᱨᱮᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱑᱙᱑᱖ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱨ. ᱟᱢᱵᱮᱫᱽᱠᱚᱨ ᱞᱚᱱᱰᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱨᱮᱭ' ᱡᱽ ᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱚᱱᱰᱚᱱ ᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱮᱠᱳᱱᱳᱢᱤᱠᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱩᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ-ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱠᱴᱚᱨᱮᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱦᱚᱪᱚ ᱠᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱠᱳᱞᱟᱨᱥᱤᱯ ᱛᱷᱩᱠᱟᱹᱢᱚᱜ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱲᱦᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱛᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱦᱚᱴᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱰᱷᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱚᱰᱚᱫᱳᱨᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱮᱱᱟ ᱥᱩᱛᱨᱮᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱩᱞᱩᱡ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱟᱴᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱫᱽᱵᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱰᱨ. ᱟᱢᱵᱮᱫᱽᱠᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱢᱚᱠᱚᱧ ᱜᱚᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱹᱠᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱭᱩᱴᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱠᱟᱶᱱᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱡᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱱᱥᱚᱞᱴᱤᱝ ᱵᱤᱡᱽᱱᱮᱥ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱞᱟᱛ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱚ-ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱤᱸᱜᱽᱞᱤᱥ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣᱤᱡ ᱵᱚᱢᱵᱮ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱡᱚᱯᱟᱲᱞᱚᱨᱰ ᱥᱤᱰᱱᱮᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱢᱵᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱰᱱᱮᱢ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱳᱯᱷ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱨᱥ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱤᱠᱚᱱᱚᱢᱤᱠᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ-ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱨᱳᱯᱷᱮᱥᱚᱨ ᱨᱩᱯᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱹᱠᱨᱤᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱒᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱞᱦᱟᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱨᱟᱡᱟ, ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱡᱚᱴᱟᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱞᱚᱱᱰᱚᱱ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱒᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱝ '''ᱯᱨᱚᱵᱞᱮᱢᱥ ᱳᱯᱷ ᱫᱤ ᱨᱩᱯᱤ''' (ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ) ᱭ ᱥᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱞᱚᱱᱰᱚᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ "ᱰᱚᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱳᱯᱷ ᱥᱟᱸᱭᱤᱱᱥ" ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱞ ᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱩᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱹᱛᱚᱜ ᱥᱟᱶ-ᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱨᱤᱥᱴᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱮ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱨ. ᱵᱷᱤᱢᱨᱟᱣ ᱟᱢᱵᱮᱫᱽᱠᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ-ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ, ᱵᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱢᱟᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱘ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱑᱙᱒᱗ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱢᱵᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱯᱤ. ᱮᱪᱰᱤ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱦᱟᱞᱟᱝ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== * http://khabar.ibnlive.com/news/politics/babasaheb-bhimrao-ambedkar-rahul-gandhi-jnu-professor-vivek-kumar-madhya-pradesh-377558.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629104402/http://khabar.ibnlive.com/news/politics/babasaheb-bhimrao-ambedkar-rahul-gandhi-jnu-professor-vivek-kumar-madhya-pradesh-377558.html |date=2015-06-29 }} * http://www.symbiosis-ambedkarmemorial.com/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615035225/http://www.symbiosis-ambedkarmemorial.com/ |date=2011-06-15 }} * http://www.ambedkar.org/ * http://c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbians/bhimrao_ambedkar.html * http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ambedkar/ambedkar_buddha/ lgr1i0bie3600k5wr11zc39pyuufpm7 0 2105 196499 158554 2026-08-12T17:27:00Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196499 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox food | name = ᱢᱚᱢᱚ | image = Momos with garlic chutney.JPG | caption =ᱠᱟᱴᱢᱟᱱᱰᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱢᱚᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱩᱱ ᱪᱟᱴᱱᱤ | alternate_name = | country = [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ]] | region = ᱛᱤᱤᱵᱮᱛ, [ᱞᱟᱰᱟᱟᱠᱷ, ᱠᱚᱱᱭᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ,<ref name="Seow2017"/> and [[Darjeeling#Cuisine|Darjeeling]]<ref name="Seow2017"/> | national_cuisine = [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]],<ref name="Seow2017"/> [[Bhutanese cuisine|Bhutan]] | creator = ᱛᱤᱵᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱜᱤᱨᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ | course | served = | main_ingredient = | variations = ᱥᱚᱭᱚᱝᱝ ᱢᱚᱢᱚ, ᱠᱚᱛᱷᱤ ᱢᱚᱢᱚ, ᱥᱤᱹ ᱢᱚᱢᱚ, ᱯᱦᱨᱟᱭ ᱢᱚᱢᱚ, ᱚᱯᱮᱱ ᱢᱚᱢᱚ | calories = 350 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ 1000 | other = }} '''ᱢᱚᱢᱚ''' ᱫᱚ [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱛᱟᱜ ᱟ.ᱰᱤ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ| ᱢᱚᱢᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱵᱚᱛ, [[ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ]], ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ, ᱠᱚᱭᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱩᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱰᱟᱠᱷ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, ᱠᱚᱭᱮ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱧᱩᱛ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱥᱤᱠᱠᱤᱢ]], ᱟᱥᱟᱢ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱩᱱᱟᱪᱟᱯᱨᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ, ᱯᱟᱪᱷᱮ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ, ᱥᱤᱧᱩᱛ| ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱥ ᱵᱟᱣᱡᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱚᱡᱤ, ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱩᱩᱡᱽ, ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱᱤᱥ ᱜᱭᱚᱡᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱩ ᱞᱮᱡᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱤᱧᱩᱛ ᱩᱯᱚ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱥᱚᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟ.ᱲᱤᱵᱩᱴᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟ.ᱲᱛᱤ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ|<ref name="Seow2017">{{cite book|author=Lynelle Seow|title=CultureShock! India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8s6iDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT202|date=15 January 2017|publisher=Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd|isbn=978-981-4771-98-6|pages=202–}}</ref> ==ᱩᱱᱩᱨᱩᱢ== ᱢᱚᱢᱚ ᱫᱚ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱭᱚᱝ ᱰᱩᱢᱩᱵᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ| ᱢᱚᱢᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ, ᱛᱤᱵᱟᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ/ᱛᱤᱵᱮᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ, ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ /ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱧᱩᱛ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱰᱟᱠᱷ, ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ - ᱠᱚᱭᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱱᱟ.ᱢ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟ.ᱨᱩᱲ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ| ==ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ== [[File:Saffron bun 20051213 001.jpg|thumb|Saffron bun 20051213 001]]ᱥᱟᱱᱥᱤ ᱨᱮ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱱ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱮᱫᱟ,ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱢᱚ (饃饃) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱭᱚᱝ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ '''ᱵᱚᱱ''' ᱢᱮᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟ.ᱨᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ| ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱢᱚ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱛᱤᱵᱚᱛ, ᱥᱤᱧᱩᱛ, ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ <ref>{{cite book|last1=Gordon|first1=Stewart|title=When Asia Was the World: Traveling Merchants, Scholars, Warriors, and Monks Who Created the "Riches of the "East"|url=https://archive.org/details/whenasiawasworld0000gord_z6i9|date=2009|publisher=Da Capo Press |isbn= 978-0306817397| page= [https://archive.org/details/whenasiawasworld0000gord_z6i9/page/13 13]| edition= Reprint|<!--accessdate= 28 January 2015-->}}</ref> ᱠᱚᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ ᱵᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱠᱚᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱚᱢᱚ ᱴᱮᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱣᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ| ᱢᱚᱢᱚ ᱛᱤᱵᱮᱛᱟᱱ ''' ᱢᱚᱜᱽ ᱢᱚᱜᱽ''' ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ| <ref>{{cite book |title=Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wr8TAQAAMAAJ |year=1955 |publisher=Akadémiai Kiadó |page=209}}</ref> ᱢᱚᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱚᱞ ᱡᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ, ᱟᱥᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ: মম; ᱵᱟᱝᱜᱽᱞᱟ: মোমো; ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ: मम; ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱵᱷᱟᱥᱟ: ममचा, मम:; ᱵᱤᱵᱟᱛᱟᱱ: མོག་མོག་, ᱣᱟᱭᱞᱤ: mog mog; ᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱥ: 馍馍; ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱥ: 饃饃; ᱯᱤᱱᱭᱤᱱ: mómo.<ref>Jīn Péng 金鹏 (ed.): ''Zàngyǔ jiǎnzhì'' 藏语简志. Mínzú chūbǎnshè 民族出版社, Beijing 1983, p. 31. This is not the same as dumpling.</ref> ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱵᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱚᱜᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱤᱵᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱭᱟᱥᱯᱚᱨᱟ (ᱛᱤᱵᱚᱛ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱵᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱤᱨᱟ.ᱵᱟᱥ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ| ᱩᱱᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱴᱢᱟᱱᱰᱩ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱤᱨᱟ.ᱵᱟᱥ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ '''ᱱᱮᱣᱟᱨ''' ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱟ.ᱰᱤ ᱪᱚᱞᱩᱛ ᱮᱱᱟ| ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱮᱱ ᱯᱟ.ᱛᱤᱭᱟ.ᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱡᱮ - ᱱᱮᱣᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱵᱮᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱟ.ᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱢᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ| ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱢᱚᱢᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱟᱰᱟᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ| ᱢᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱬᱴᱱ ᱥᱤᱧᱩᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱨᱟᱢᱤᱥ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟ.ᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱚᱢᱚ ᱟᱲᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ| ==ᱵᱷᱮᱱᱮᱜᱟᱨ== ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱢᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱭᱚᱝ ᱢᱚᱢᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱭ ᱢᱚᱢᱚ | ᱢᱚᱢᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱴᱚ ᱥᱚᱝᱜᱮ ᱡᱚᱡᱚ ᱞᱟ.ᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ-ᱟ (ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱞᱚᱠᱟᱨ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱪᱟ.ᱴᱱᱤ ᱦᱚᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ) ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱩᱲᱪᱟ. ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟ.ᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ| <ref>{{cite web|last1=Williams|first1=James|title=Momos Chutney Recipe|url=http://recipickr.com/559/momos-chutney-recipe/|website=ReciPickr.com|access-date=2018-11-19|archive-date=2016-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108025731/http://recipickr.com/559/momos-chutney-recipe/|url-status=dead}}</ref>) ᱥᱩᱭᱯ ᱢᱚᱢᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱢᱚᱥᱚᱞᱟ ᱢᱮᱥᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ| ᱯᱮᱱ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱭᱵ ᱢᱚᱢᱚ ᱠᱚᱛᱷᱤ ᱢᱚᱢᱚ ᱦᱚᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ| ᱥᱚᱭᱚᱝ ᱢᱚᱢᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱨᱟ.ᱥᱤ ᱛᱩᱞᱩᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤ-ᱢᱚᱢᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ| ᱥᱤᱧᱩᱛᱤᱭᱟ. ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱥᱤᱠᱠᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ ᱡᱤᱞᱟ. ᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱠᱚᱲᱟ/ᱵᱚᱲᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱚᱢᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ' ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟ' ᱫᱚ '''ᱛᱷᱤᱝᱢᱚ''' ᱟᱨ '''ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱯᱚ'''ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ| ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱳ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣ ᱒᱐᱑᱘]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱚᱞ ᱫᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ (᱓᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ)]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱟᱰᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱹᱛ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱹᱛ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢᱟᱴ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱹᱛ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱜᱮᱯ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱹᱛ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱹᱛ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱹᱛ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱞᱤᱝᱠ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱹᱛ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱪᱚᱨᱚᱠ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ🏆 ᱓]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱹᱛ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ]] fneju4aunl84t54kqkjzaanziizfwd7 0 2122 196686 159774 2026-08-12T20:49:24Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196686 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:3dultrasound 20 weeks.jpg|thumb|A 3D ultrasound of a human fetus aged 20 weeks]] '''᱓ ᱰᱤ''' ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱛᱤᱠᱪᱷᱟᱹ [[ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ]] ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱞᱴᱨᱟᱥᱟᱶᱩᱱᱰ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱛᱮ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ, ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱨ, ᱢᱚᱲ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨ, ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱰᱟᱹᱣᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱓ᱰᱤ ᱚᱞᱴᱨᱟᱥᱟᱶᱩᱱᱰ ᱢᱮᱱᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱚᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱮ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱓ ᱰᱤ ᱚᱞᱴᱨᱟᱥᱟᱶᱩᱱᱰ ᱵᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱦᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<br> ᱓ᱰᱤ ᱚᱞᱴᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱩᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮᱵᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱦᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱨᱤ ᱦᱭᱟᱱᱰᱺ ᱱᱚᱣᱟᱨᱮ ᱯᱨᱳᱵ ᱱᱟᱥᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱫ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥᱰᱭᱩᱥᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱲᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱡᱷᱚᱛᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱨᱛᱮᱺ ᱱᱚᱣᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱪᱩᱨ ᱵᱤᱦᱩᱨ ᱯᱨᱳᱵᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱯᱨᱳᱵ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱳᱴᱳᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱥᱩᱥᱟᱹᱨ ᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱱᱰᱳᱯᱨᱳᱵᱺ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱨᱳᱵ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱫ ᱥᱩᱥᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥᱰᱭᱩᱥᱚᱨ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱟᱛᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱿ ᱢᱟᱴᱨᱤᱠᱥ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥᱰᱭᱩᱥᱚᱨᱺ ᱵᱤᱢ ᱥᱴᱤᱭᱚᱨᱤᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱷᱚᱛᱚ ᱵᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱵᱤᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱫ ᱯᱤᱨᱟᱢᱤᱰ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱛᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱼᱟ ᱾ <ref>{{Cite book|title=Diagnostic ultrasound : physics and equipment|url=https://archive.org/details/diagnosticultras0000unse_u8o3|last=Hoskins|first=Peter|last2=Martin|first2=Kevin|last3=Thrush|first3=Abigail|date=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-75710-2|edition=2nd|location=Cambridge, UK}}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟ.ᱠᱷᱭᱟ.ᱛ}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == * [http://www.ob-ultrasound.net/history1.html The History of Ultrasounds (including 3D ultrasounds)] * [http://www.ehd.org/index.php The Endowment for Human Development] provides numerous 4D ultrasounds that can be viewed online. * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/3846525.stm Scans uncover secrets of the womb BBC News] * [http://www.ob-ultrasound.net/ingehertz.html About the discovery of medical ultrasonography] * [http://www.ultrasoundtrainers.html Learn how to perform 3D/4d Ultrasounds]{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.askquestions.org/articles/ultrasound Safety Concerns] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513231127/http://www.askquestions.org/articles/ultrasound/ |date=2020-05-13 }} Details a number of health concerns over this unregulated practice * [http://www.sacultrasound.com/3d-ultrasound/ 3D Ultrasound Clinic and Education Facility] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317102718/https://www.sacultrasound.com/3d-ultrasound/ |date=2018-03-17 }} A 3D Ultrasound clinic in Sacramento, CA that specializes in performing 3D ultrasound and training sonographers. [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱛᱤᱠᱪᱷᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟ. ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣ ᱒᱐᱑᱘]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱭᱚᱝ]] alf3ea11z5rik7tf3gwzjhy77lv3l0z 0 2184 196614 139660 2026-08-12T19:18:39Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196614 wikitext text/x-wiki ᱟᱯᱷᱜᱟᱱᱩᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱠᱷ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ - ᱡᱟᱞᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ, ᱜᱟᱡᱤᱱᱤ , ᱠᱟᱵᱩᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮ , ᱠᱟᱱᱫᱽᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟ.ᱰᱤ ᱵᱟ.ᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ <ref name="us2007">{{cite web |author=U.S. State Department |title = Afghanistan - International Religious Freedom Report 2007 |publisher = The Office of Electronic Information, Bureau of Public Affair |date = |url = https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90225.htm |accessdate = 2009-07-04}}</ref> ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱥᱤᱠᱷ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱷᱜᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟ. ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱛᱚ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱤ ᱡᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱤ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱟ.ᱛᱥᱤ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ <ref>Shaista Wahab, Barry Youngerman. [https://books.google.com/books?id=y20MTE0C9kwC&pg=PA18&lpg=PA18&dq=afghan+sikhs+pashto&source=bl&ots=284k8eeeVy&sig=1zpLWmNXYMs3PBhZhKB_JbttRfM&hl=en&ei=mojlTPHxJoz0tgOrgaWxCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CFMQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=afghan%20sikhs%20pashto&f=false ''A brief history of Afghanistan''] Infobase Publishing, 2007. {{ISBN|0-8160-5761-3}}, {{ISBN|978-0-8160-5761-0}}. Pg18</ref> ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱜᱩᱸᱴ ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱑᱒᱐᱐ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱥᱮ ᱘᱐᱐᱐ ᱨᱟ.ᱥᱤᱭᱟ. ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ==ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ== ===ᱠᱟᱵᱩᱞ=== ᱑᱙᱘᱐ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱵᱩᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱒0,000 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟ.ᱲᱛᱤ ᱥᱤᱠᱷ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱑᱙᱙᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱞᱟ.ᱲᱦᱟ.ᱭ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱤᱠᱷ ᱚᱱᱰᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱤᱨ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱟᱠ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱞᱟ.ᱲᱦᱟ.ᱭ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱵᱩᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱟ.ᱞ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱩᱨᱩ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱢᱫᱟᱥᱮᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱵᱩᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱨᱛᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱨᱩ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱴᱤᱠᱟ.ᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ <ref>https://www.thenational.ae/world/asia/afghan-hindus-and-sikhs-celebrate-diwali-without-pomp-and-splendour-amid-fear-1.668735</ref>ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱨᱛᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sikhfoundation.org/people-events/no-home-for-afghanistan-sikhs/|title=No Home for Afghanistan Sikhs – The Sikh Foundation International|website=www.sikhfoundation.org|access-date=2016-03-08|archive-date=2018-01-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106231729/http://www.sikhfoundation.org/people-events/no-home-for-afghanistan-sikhs/|url-status=dead}}</ref>। ===ᱡᱟᱞᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ=== ᱒00᱑ ᱦᱟ.ᱵᱤᱡ, ᱡᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ, ᱑00 ᱥᱤᱠᱷ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱗00 ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="baldauf2001">[http://www.themodernreligion.com/jihad/afghan/sikh.html Sikhs set example for getting along with the Taliban]. By Scott Baldauf, Staff writer of The Christian Science Monitor, 13 April 2001</ref> ᱞᱟ.ᱭ ᱟ.ᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱟ ᱜᱩᱨᱩ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱨᱩ ᱱᱟᱱᱟᱠ ᱫᱮᱵᱽ ᱫᱟᱲᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟ.ᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.tolonews.com/afghanistan/four-killed-jalalabad-explosion |publisher=[[TOLO News|TOLO]] |title=Suicide Attack Targets Sikhs in Jalalabad, 19 Killed |date=July 1, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/07/blast-reported-afghanistan-jalalabad-180701120808551.html |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English]] |title=Deadly blast hits Afghanistan's Jalalabad |date=July 1, 2018 |quote=Ghulam Sanayi Stanekzai, Nangarhar's police chief, said the explosion was caused by a suicide bomber who targeted a vehicle carrying members of the Sikh minority who were travelling to meet the president.}}</ref>| ===ᱠᱟᱱᱫᱽᱦᱟᱨ=== ᱠᱟᱱᱫᱽᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱢᱩᱜᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱥᱤᱠᱷ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱜᱩᱸᱴ ᱒00᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱦᱟ.ᱵᱤᱡ ᱮᱠᱟᱞ ᱑᱕ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.irinnews.org/feature/2002/06/17/focus-hindus-and-sikhs-kandahar|title=Focus on Hindus and Sikhs in Kandahar|website=IRIN|access-date=2016-03-09}}</ref>| ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱠᱷ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱡ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱳᱟᱨᱟ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱜᱟᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱤᱨᱟ.ᱵᱟᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ, ᱟᱯᱷᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱩᱨᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱴᱷᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱠᱷ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱵᱟ.ᱫᱽ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙ ᱥᱟᱭᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱜᱟᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱨᱯᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱴᱷᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱤᱯᱟ.ᱦᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟ.ᱢᱤ ᱞᱟ.ᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱞ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|last=Hew McLeod|first=|title=Sikhism|url=https://archive.org/details/sikhism00mcle|year=1997|publisher=Penguin Books|location=New York|isbn=0-14-025260-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/sikhism00mcle/page/n286 251]}}</ref> । ==ᱜᱤᱨᱟ.ᱵᱟᱥ== ᱑᱙᱙᱐ ᱥᱟᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟ.ᱦᱤᱞ ᱥᱮᱡ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱯᱷᱜᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱠᱷ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱜᱩᱸᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱕0,000 ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ । ᱒᱐᱑᱓ ᱦᱟ.ᱵᱤᱡ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱜᱩᱸᱴ ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱘00 ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱓00 ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱵᱩᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱯᱷᱜᱟᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱠᱷ ᱱᱮᱛᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱟ.ᱵᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱥᱤᱠᱷ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱜᱩᱸᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱓,000 ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱤᱠᱷ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱛᱮ, ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ|ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱛᱮ , ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱠᱷ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱭᱩᱨᱚᱯ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱤᱨᱟ.ᱵᱟᱥᱤ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱳ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣ ᱒᱐᱑᱘]] ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} 81klt8hw539c6bjfi6xfyw0ofq0uya8 0 2190 196577 174303 2026-08-12T18:38:41Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196577 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Osama bin Laden portrait.jpg|thumb|ᱳᱥᱟᱢᱟ ᱵᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱫᱮᱱ]] '''ᱳᱥᱟᱢᱟ ᱵᱤᱱ ᱢᱳᱦᱚᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱵᱤᱱ ᱟᱣᱟᱫᱽ ᱵᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱫᱮᱱ'''<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persianization ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱚᱱᱩᱵᱟᱫᱽ];[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dari_language ᱫᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱦᱚᱸᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ]''.</ref> /oʊˈsɑːmə bɪn ˈlɑːdən/ (Arabic: أسامة بن محمد بن عوض بن لادن‎, ''{{transl|ar|ALA|Usāmah bin Muḥammad bin ʿAwaḍ bin Lādin}}''; ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱑᱐,᱑᱙᱕᱗ᱼᱢᱮ᱒,᱒᱐᱑᱑,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fbi.gov/a-z-index/wanted/wanted_terrorists/usama-bin-laden|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925024039/http://www.fbi.gov/a-z-index/wanted/wanted_terrorists/usama-bin-laden|archive-date=September 25, 2012 |title=FBI – USAMA BIN LADEN |date=September 25, 2012}}</ref> ᱞᱟᱫᱮᱱ ᱯᱟᱱᱼᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱟᱛᱚᱸᱠᱵᱟᱫ ᱥᱚᱸᱜᱚᱴᱷᱚᱱ "ᱟᱞᱼᱠᱣᱮᱫᱟ" ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱵᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱙᱔ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱞᱟᱫᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱭᱮᱢᱮᱱᱤ ᱵᱚᱸᱥᱚ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱹᱬ ᱵᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱫᱮᱱ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱚᱸᱥᱚ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ <ref>{{cite news |title=Yemen still close to al Qaeda's heart |author=ᱥᱤᱣᱮᱨ, ᱢᱟᱭᱠᱮᱞ |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/JB07Ak01.html |newspaper=ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱴᱟᱭᱤᱢᱥ ᱳᱱᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ |date=February 7, 2008 |accessdate=May 6, 2011 |archive-date=July 2, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702080545/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/JB07Ak01.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><br> ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱦᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Awad_bin_Laden ᱢᱳᱦᱚᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱵᱤᱱ ᱟᱣᱟᱫᱽ ᱵᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱫᱮᱱ],ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱣᱫᱤ ᱭᱮᱢᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱫᱷᱨᱟᱢᱟᱣᱛ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱹᱬ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱿ ᱟᱡ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱚᱞᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱱᱤ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟᱭ <ref name=strozier>{{Cite book |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-1-4419-8387-9 |last1=Strozier |first1=Charles B. |last2=Offer |first2=Daniel |last3=Abdyli |first3=Oliger |title=The Leader: Psychological Essays |date=May 24, 2011}}</ref> ᱟᱡ ᱟᱭᱚ ᱟᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱱᱮᱢ ᱥᱤᱨᱚᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱬ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱡᱷᱚᱛᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱮᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱᱟ <ref name=scheuer>{{Cite book |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=978-0-19-973866-3 |last=Scheuer |first=Michael |title=Osama Bin Laden |url=https://archive.org/details/osamabinladen0000sche_b1p3 |date=February 17, 2011}}</ref> ᱳᱥᱟᱢᱟ ᱵᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱫᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱣᱫᱤ ᱟᱨᱚᱵ ᱨᱮᱠᱤᱱ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱗᱙ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ [[ᱟᱯᱷᱜᱟᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮ ᱥᱳᱵᱦᱤᱭᱮᱛ ᱨᱩᱥ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱰᱷᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ [[ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱡᱟᱦᱤᱫᱤᱱ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱳᱜ ᱵᱷᱩᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮᱠᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱛᱮ,ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱡᱩᱜᱟᱹᱣᱛᱮ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱣᱫᱤ ᱟᱨᱚᱵ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱰᱷᱟᱹᱭ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱫ ᱟᱨᱚᱵ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤᱜᱟᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮ ᱠᱚᱢᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ <ref name=fisk1>Robert Fisk (2005). ''The Great War For Civilisation'', p.&nbsp;4.</ref> In 1988, he formed al-Qaeda.<ref name="al-Fadl">http://cryptome.org/usa-v-ubl-02.htm </ref> ᱑᱙᱙᱒ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡ ᱥᱟᱣᱫᱤ ᱟᱨᱚᱵ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱫ ᱟᱡ ᱥᱩᱫᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱩᱴᱷᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱰᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭ ᱪᱟᱹᱞᱩ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱑᱙᱖ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱵᱟᱵ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱟᱡ ᱟᱯᱷᱜᱟᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱰᱷᱟᱹᱭ ᱮ ᱦᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=fisk2>Robert Fisk (2005). ''The Great War For Civilisation'', p.&nbsp;22.</ref> ᱑᱙᱙᱘ ᱥᱟᱞᱨᱮ ᱭᱩ ᱮᱥ ᱮᱢᱵᱟᱥᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱢ ᱜᱤᱰᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱢᱮᱯᱷ ᱵᱤ ᱟᱭᱤ (Federal Bureau of Investigation) ᱦᱟᱜ ᱡᱷᱚᱛᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱮᱨ ᱟᱛᱚᱸᱠᱵᱟᱫ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱫᱮᱱ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱᱟ <br> ᱒᱐᱐᱑ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱭᱩᱱᱟᱴᱮᱰ ᱥᱴᱮᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱷᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ , ᱟᱡ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱦᱚᱪᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱯᱷ ᱵᱤ ᱟᱭᱤ $25&nbsp;ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱮ ᱦᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ .<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fbi.gov/wanted/topten/usama-bin-laden |title=Fbi – Usama Bin Laden |publisher=Fbi.gov |date=August 7, 1998 |accessdate=May 15, 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515104052/http://www.fbi.gov/wanted/topten/usama-bin-laden |archivedate=May 15, 2011 }}</ref> ᱒ ᱢᱮ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱵᱚᱴᱟᱵᱟᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱨᱮ ᱣᱟᱡᱚᱨᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱᱟ,ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱯᱮᱥᱟᱞ ᱱᱟᱵᱷᱟᱞ ᱜᱩᱭᱤᱱᱫᱟ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱩᱴᱤ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱒᱐ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱑ ᱥᱟᱭᱟᱝ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱡᱷᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱤᱵᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱦᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱞ ᱠᱮᱣᱫᱟ ᱥᱚᱸᱜᱚᱴᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱜᱩᱨᱩ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱚᱟᱣᱜ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱚᱛ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=autogenerated4>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/05/02/bin.laden.world.reacts/|title=World leaders React to News of Bin Laden's Death|publisher=CNN|date=May 3, 2011|accessdate=May 2, 2011|archive-date=May 5, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110505043145/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/05/02/bin.laden.world.reacts/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ᱥᱳᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱡ ᱟᱨᱚᱵ ᱫᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱷᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱬᱟ ᱢᱩᱴᱷᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱿ <ref>https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/anti-soviet-warrior-puts-his-army-on-the-road-to-peace-the-saudi-businessman-who-recruited-mujahedin-1465715.html</ref> ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱜᱩᱣᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱟᱞ ᱠᱣᱮᱫᱟ ᱑᱑ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ 2᱙᱗᱗ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱹᱭ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤᱜᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱜᱚᱯᱚᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱫᱟᱹᱭ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mofa.gov.pk/Press_Releases/2011/May/PR_150.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504231453/http://www.mofa.gov.pk/Press_Releases/2011/May/PR_150.htm |dead-url=yes |archive-date=May 4, 2011 |publisher=Pakistani Ministry of Foreign Affairs |date=May 1, 2011 |accessdate=January 9, 2012 |title=Death of Osama bin Ladin |df=}}</ref><ref name="DeathNYT">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/02/world/asia/osama-bin-laden-is-killed.html |title=Bin Laden Dead, US Officials Say |newspaper=The New York Times |first1=Peter |last1=Baker |first2=Helene |last2=Cooper |first3=Mark |last3=Mazzetti |date=May 1, 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110505195308/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/02/world/asia/osama-bin-laden-is-killed.html |archivedate=May 5, 2011 }}</ref><ref name="bbcdead">{{cite web |first1=Aleem |last1=Maqbool |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-13256676 |title=Osama Bin Laden, al Qaeda leader, dead – Barack Obama |date=May 1, 2011 |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=January 12, 2015 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204140706/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-13256676 |archivedate=February 4, 2015 }}</ref> ==ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ== ᱚᱥᱟᱢᱟ ᱵᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱰᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱐ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱑᱙᱕᱗ ᱥᱟᱞᱮᱨᱮ [[ᱨᱤᱭᱟᱫᱽ]], [[ᱥᱟᱣᱫᱤ ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱽ]] ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20060210192537/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/binladen/etc/cron.html</ref> ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱵᱤᱱ ᱚᱣᱟᱫᱽ ᱵᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱫᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱣᱫᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱᱮᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱚᱜᱟᱱᱴ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱨ [[ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱵᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱫᱮᱱ]] ᱟᱜ ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭ ᱟᱯᱟᱛ, ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱢᱤᱫᱟ ᱟᱞ-ᱟᱴᱟᱥ (ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱱᱮᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ) ᱾ ᱑᱙᱙᱘ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱨᱵᱷᱤᱭᱩ ᱨᱮ, ᱵᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱰᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱑᱐ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱑᱙᱕᱗ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱤᱨᱟᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱰᱮᱱ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱰᱫᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱯᱷ.ᱵᱤ.ᱟᱭᱤ. ᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱨᱯᱳᱞ ᱰᱚᱠᱭᱩᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱤᱥᱴᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>https://vault.fbi.gov/osama-bin-laden/Osama%20Bin%20Laden%20Part%2001%20of%2003/view</ref> [[ᱚᱥᱟᱢᱟ ᱵᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱰᱮᱱ]] ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ [[ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱵᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱰᱮᱱ]] ᱦᱟᱢᱤᱫᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱟᱞ-ᱟᱛᱛᱟᱥ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱦᱮᱢᱤᱫᱟ ᱮ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱑᱙᱕᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱞ-ᱟᱴᱟᱥ ᱦᱟᱢᱤᱰᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱮ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟ. ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱫᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱵᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱰᱮᱱ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱤᱱᱰᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱕᱐᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱰᱚᱞᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱳᱥᱟᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱒᱕ᱹ᱓᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱰᱚᱞᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>https://www.economist.com/obituary/2011/05/05/osama-bin-laden</ref> ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱳ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣ ᱒᱐᱑᱘]] 1qqi5aa2zeln0yl3qwmyu2e78c829nf 0 2202 196594 192160 2026-08-12T19:01:51Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196594 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | official_name = ᱭᱟᱝᱜᱳᱱ | native_name = | other_name = ᱨᱮᱝᱜᱩᱱ | settlement_type = ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ | image_skyline = Collage of Yangon.jpg | imagesize = 250px | image_caption = | image_flag = Mm yangon.svg | image_blank_emblem = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|16|51|N|96|11|E|region:MM|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ | subdivision_name = [[ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Administrative divisions of Myanmar|ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ]] | subdivision_name1 = [[ᱭᱟᱝᱜᱳᱱ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ]] | established_title = ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ | established_date = {{circa|1028–1043}} CE | leader_title = ᱢᱮᱭᱚᱨ | leader_name = [[ᱢᱟᱶᱝ ᱢᱟᱶᱝ ᱥᱚᱭ]] | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_urban_km2 = 598.75 | area_metro_km2 = 10170 | elevation_m = | population_density_km2 = auto | population_blank2_title = Religions | population_demonym = | area_code = 01 | registration_plate = YGN | website = {{URL|ycdc.gov.mm}} | timezone = [[Burma Standard Time|MST]] | utc_offset = +6:30 }} '''ᱭᱟᱝᱜᱳᱱ''' ᱵᱟᱝᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱝᱜᱩᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱭᱟᱝᱜᱳᱱ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱐᱖ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news| url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4848408.stm | title =Burma's new capital stages parade |publisher=BBC News | date =27 March 2006 | accessdate =3 August 2006}}</ref> ᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱥᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱤᱡ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱭᱟᱝᱜᱳᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤᱜᱟᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱫᱩᱶᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ<ref name="bygone">{{Cite news|last=Martin |first=Steven |date=30 March 2004 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3578993.stm |title=Burma maintains bygone buildings |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=22 May 2006}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱩᱥᱛᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱚᱱᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news|title=As Myanmar Modernizes, Architectural Gems Are Endangered|url=http://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2014/06/04/299058830/as-myanmar-modernizes-architectural-gems-are-endangered|accessdate=8 April 2017|publisher=NPR|date=4 June 2014}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱵᱩᱫᱽᱫᱷᱚ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱤᱨᱲᱟᱹ ᱥᱣᱮᱰᱟᱜᱚᱱ ᱜᱟᱜᱳᱰᱟ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱤᱱᱡ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱰ ᱢᱚᱜᱚᱞ ᱥᱚᱢᱨᱟᱴ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱫᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== ᱭᱟᱝᱜᱳᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱑ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱭᱟᱸᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱜᱳᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱳᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱩᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱟ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱵᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref>Founded during the reign of King Pontarika, per {{cite book | title=Legendary History of Burma and Arakan | url=https://archive.org/details/legendaryhistor00smitgoog | year=1882 | author=Charles James Forbes Smith-Forbes | publisher=The Government Press | page=[https://archive.org/details/legendaryhistor00smitgoog/page/20 20]}}; the king's reign was 1028 to 1043 per {{cite book | last = Harvey| first = G. E.| title = History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824 | publisher=Frank Cass & Co. Ltd | year = 1925| location = London | page=368}}</ref> ᱰᱟᱜᱳᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱠᱮᱶᱴᱟ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱗᱕᱕ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱟᱞᱚᱣᱝᱜᱽ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱰᱟᱜᱳᱱ ᱜᱚᱵᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱭᱟᱝᱜᱳᱱ ᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱤᱝᱨᱮᱡᱽ-ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱝᱨᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲᱟᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱑᱘᱔᱑ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱴᱟᱣ ᱩᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name=mcy>{{Cite book| title=Megacity yangon: transformation processes and modern developments | author=Kyaw Kyaw | isbn=3-8258-0042-3 |editor1=Frauke Krass |editor2=Hartmut Gaese |editor3=Mi Mi Kyi | pages=333–334 | publisher=Lit Verlag | location=Berlin | year=2006}}</ref> ᱑᱘᱕᱒ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱝᱨᱮᱡᱽ-ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱝᱨᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱟ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱟᱨᱫᱚᱲᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱭᱟᱝᱜᱳᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱜᱚᱵᱚᱞ ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱑᱘᱕᱓ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="autogenerated4">{{cite web|url=http://www.bookrags.com/Yangon |title=Yangon Summary Review and Analysis |publisher=Bookrags.com |date=17 October 2005 |accessdate=17 April 2010}}</ref> ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱨᱚᱠ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱛᱮ "ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ" ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱔᱒ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱙᱔᱕ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱵᱚᱞ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱔᱘ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱟ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱭᱟᱝᱜᱳᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱸᱰᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ==ᱚᱛᱱᱚ== ᱭᱟᱝᱜᱳᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱭᱟᱝᱜᱳᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱜᱳ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱩᱞᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱛᱟᱵᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱹᱢᱩᱸᱫᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱓᱐ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱦᱤᱲᱟᱹᱵ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ GMT +6:30 ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱭᱟᱝᱜᱳᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱭᱫᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱚᱫᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=Peel>{{cite journal | author=Peel, M. C. and Finlayson, B. L. and McMahon, T. A. | year=2007 | title=Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification | journal=Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. | volume=11 | issue=5 | pages=1633–1644 | doi=10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007 | url=http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf | issn=1027-5606 | archive-date=2012-02-03 | access-date=2018-11-13 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203170339/http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱫᱚ ᱢᱮ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱭᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱤᱫ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ ᱒᱙° ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱖° ᱥᱮᱞᱥᱤᱭᱚᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱘° ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱕° ᱥᱮᱞᱥᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱳ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣ ᱒᱐᱑᱘]] ocvhhr73fhxwd3s6l36991jdssbp6pp 0 2210 196487 139671 2026-08-12T17:16:21Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196487 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Flag of Jihad.svg|thumb|ᱡᱤᱦᱟᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱨ]] ᱟᱞ ᱠᱣᱮᱫᱟ(/ælˈkaɪdə, ˌælkɑːˈiːdə/; Arabic: القاعدة‎ al-qāʿidah, IPA: [ælqɑːʕɪdɐ], ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ: "ᱢᱩᱛᱩᱞ", "ᱵᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱫ" ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱩᱢᱤ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱟᱛᱚᱸᱠᱵᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱚᱸᱜᱚᱴᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ [[ᱳᱥᱟᱢᱟ ᱵᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱫᱮᱱ]],ᱟᱵᱫᱩᱞᱞᱟ ᱟᱡᱟᱢ<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.pbs.org/moyers/journal/07272007/alqaeda.html|title=Bill Moyers Journal. A Brief History of Al Qaeda|publisher=PBS.com|date=July 27, 2007|accessdate=March 31, 2012}}</ref> ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱨᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱳᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱬ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱑᱙᱘᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="AntiSoviet">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1670089.stm|title=Al-Qaeda's origins and links|publisher=BBC News|date=July 20, 2004|accessdate=June 3, 2014}}<br/>{{Cite book|last=Cooley |first=John K. |authorlink=John K. Cooley |title=Unholy Wars: Afghanistan, America and International Terrorism |url=https://archive.org/details/unholywarsafghan0000cool_w4p3 |date=Spring 2003 }}</ref><br> ᱟᱞ ᱠᱣᱮᱫᱟ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱠᱚᱴᱚᱨᱵᱟᱫᱤ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱯᱷᱤᱥᱴ ᱡᱤᱦᱟᱫᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱮᱴᱣᱟᱨᱠ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱚᱸᱜᱚᱴᱷᱚᱱ ᱭᱩᱱᱟᱭᱴᱮᱰ ᱱᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱥᱤᱠᱩᱨᱤᱴᱭ ᱠᱟᱣᱱᱥᱤᱞ, ᱱᱟᱴᱳ, ᱭᱩᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱳᱱ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ,ᱭᱩᱵᱟᱭᱴᱮᱰ ᱥᱴᱮᱴᱥ,ᱭᱩᱱᱟᱭᱴᱮᱰ ᱠᱤᱸᱜᱰᱚᱢ, ᱨᱚᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱟᱛᱚᱸᱠᱵᱟᱫ ᱛᱟᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱠᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾᱑᱙᱙᱘ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱭᱩᱱᱟᱭᱴᱮᱰ ᱨᱟᱡᱫᱩᱛ ᱟᱹᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱑ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱬ, ᱒᱐᱐᱒ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱞᱤ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱬ ᱱᱩᱭ ᱥᱚᱸᱜᱚᱴᱷᱚᱱᱼᱟ ᱵᱟᱲᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱫᱷᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤᱜᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱚᱡ, ᱵᱚᱢ ᱜᱤᱰᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟᱭ ᱾ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱑ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱭᱩᱱᱟᱭᱴᱮᱰ ᱥᱴᱮᱴᱥ [[ᱟᱯᱷᱜᱟᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ]] ᱮ ᱦᱟᱢᱞᱟ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱟᱡ "War on Terror" ᱟᱛᱚᱸᱠᱵᱟᱫ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱞᱟᱹᱰᱷᱟᱹᱭ ᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱰᱷᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱞ ᱠᱣᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱡᱚᱴᱟᱣ ᱥᱚᱸᱜᱚᱴᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱸᱫᱟ ᱦᱩᱡᱩᱲᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ [[ᱳᱥᱟᱢᱟ ᱵᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱫᱮᱱ]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱜᱩᱣᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱦᱚᱪᱚᱭᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱚᱸᱜᱚᱴᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱩᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱬ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤᱜᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱢᱵᱤᱸ ᱮᱢᱟᱱᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱬ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>Wright, Lawrence (2006). The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9/11. New York: Knopf. ISBN 0-375-41486-X.</ref> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱟᱯᱷᱜᱟᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ , ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ,[[ᱤᱨᱟᱠ]], ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱫᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱢᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱦᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟᱠᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱞᱟᱫᱮᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱞ ᱠᱣᱮᱫᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱚᱯᱚᱛᱷ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱾ <ref>Wright, Lawrence (2006). The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9/11. New York: Knopf.᱒᱗᱐ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ISBN 0-375-41486-X </ref> ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱷᱮᱱᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱷᱚᱛᱚ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱞᱤᱯᱚᱛᱷ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱢᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮᱫ ᱟᱞᱠᱣᱮᱫᱟ ᱦᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120307084609/http://www.spiegel.de/international/0%2C1518%2C369448%2C00.html "The Future of Terrorism: What al-Qaida Really Wants".][http://www.mi5.gov.uk/output/al-qaidas-ideology.html Der Spiegel. September 11, 2001. Archived from the original] on March 7, 2012. Retrieved October 18, 2011.]</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21525400|title=Dreaming of a caliphate|date=August 6, 2011|newspaper=The Economist|accessdate=May 19, 2012}}</ref><br> ᱠᱤᱨᱚᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱴᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱥᱣᱟᱥᱜᱷᱟᱛ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮᱫ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱿ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱯᱷᱤᱭᱤᱥᱴ ᱡᱤᱦᱟᱫᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱤᱦᱟᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱦᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱤᱨᱚᱲ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱚᱥ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱢᱟᱱᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮᱫ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱦᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱿ ᱟᱞ ᱠᱣᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱦᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱨᱟᱭᱨᱤᱛ ᱚᱥᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱦᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱫ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱚᱫᱳᱞ ᱥᱟᱱᱟ ᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<br> ᱟᱞ ᱠᱣᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱬ ᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱦᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ "ᱠᱟᱯᱷᱤᱨ" ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱦᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱦᱟ, ᱥᱩᱯᱷᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱩᱫᱟᱹᱨ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱭᱟᱠᱚ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱿ ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱭᱟᱡᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱚᱢᱩᱱᱤᱴᱭ ᱵᱚᱢᱵᱤᱸ,ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱵᱚᱢᱵᱤᱸ,ᱟᱥᱳᱣᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱲᱜᱚᱡ, ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱒᱐᱐᱗ ᱵᱟᱜᱫᱟᱫ ᱵᱚᱢᱵᱤᱸ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱾<br> ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱫᱮᱱ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱚᱸᱜᱚᱴᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱟᱹᱜᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱡᱤᱯᱴ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱟᱭᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱞᱼᱲᱟᱣᱟᱦᱤᱨᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱳ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣ ᱒᱐᱑᱘]] ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} 5cn1x800jsj2tszuww3244xf2lq63ah 0 2249 196479 160119 2026-08-12T17:11:01Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196479 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Bali | native_name = {{nobold|{{script|Bali|ᬩᬮᬶ}}}} | native_name_lang = id<!-- ISO 639 code e.g. "id" for Indonesian --> | image_skyline = {{Photomontage | photo1a = Amed banner sunset.jpg | photo2a = GarudaWisnuKencana head.jpg | photo2b = Tanah-Lot Bali Indonesia Pura-Tanah-Lot-01.jpg | photo3a = Panorama of Bali from Besakih - Mother temple.jpg | photo4a = Snorkeling Pemuteran Bali 2.jpg | photo4b = Listening To The Sound of Peace Under The Sunset.jpg | photo5a = Balinese Dancer (Imagicity 1248).jpg | photo5b = Balinese vrouwen in een processie bij een festival in Ubud, -7 Aug. 2009 a.jpg | photo5c = Balinese girl with offering.jpg | size = 280 | spacing = 1 | color = transparent | border = 0 }} | image_alt = | image_caption = From top, left to right:<br/> Sunset over Amed beach with [[Mount Agung]] in the background, [[Garuda Wisnu Kencana]] monument, [[Tanah Lot]] temple, view from top of [[Besakih|Besakih Temple]], scuba diving around Pemuteran, sunset over [[Kuta Beach]], and various traditional Balinese people activities | image_seal = Coat of arms of Bali.svg | seal_alt = | image_flag = File:Flag of Bali.svg <!-- please don't change or delete this parameter. --> | nickname = ''Pulau [[Devata|Dewata]]'' (Island of Deities), Island of Gods, Island of Peace, Morning of The World, Island of Hinduism, Island of Love<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/news/bali-to-host-2013-miss-world-pageant/514130 |title=Bali to Host 2013 Miss World Pageant |work=Jakarta Globe |date=26 April 2012 |accessdate=30 December 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112020324/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/news/bali-to-host-2013-miss-world-pageant/514130 |archivedate=12 January 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref> | motto = {{Script|Bali|ᬩᬮᬶ ᬤ᭄ᬯᬶᬧ ᬚᬬ}}<br />''Bali Dwipa Jaya'' ([[Balinese language|Balinese]])<br />(meaning: Glorious Bali Island) | image_map = Bali in Indonesia (special marker).svg | map_alt = | map_caption = Location of Bali in Indonesia (shown in green) | coordinates = {{coord|8|39|S|115|13|E|region:ID-BA_type:adm1st_scale:1000000|display=inline,title}} | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = Indonesia | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | named_for = | seat_type = Capital<br>{{nobold|(and largest city)}} | seat = [[Denpasar]] | government_footnotes = | leader_party = [[PDI-P]] | leader_title = [[List of Governors of Bali|Governor]] | leader_name = [[I Wayan Koster]] | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 5780 | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_total = 4225384 | population_as_of = 2014 | population_footnotes = | population_density_km2 = auto | population_note = | demographics_type1 = Demographics | demographics1_footnotes = <!-- for references: use<ref> tags --> | demographics1_title1 = [[Ethnic groups]]<ref name=census2010>[http://sp2010.bps.go.id/index.php/site/tabel?tid=321&wid=0 Penduduk Menurut Wilayah dan Agama yang Dianut] (2010 Census). bps.go.id</ref> | timezone1 = [[Time in Indonesia|WITA]] | utc_offset1 = +08 | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code = | area_code_type = | registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of Indonesia|DK]] | blank_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] | blank_info_sec1 = {{increase}} 0.743 ({{fontcolor|green|High}})|Development Index|<nowiki>5th out of 34]] (2017) province of Indonesia</nowiki> | website = [http://www.baliprov.go.id/ www.baliprov.go.id] | footnotes = | type = [[Provinces of Indonesia|Province]] | leader_title2 = Vice Governor | leader_name2 = Tjokorda Oka A. A. Sukawati | demographics1_info1 = {{ublist|item_style=white-space:nowrap;|[[Balinese people|Balinese]] (90%) |[[Javanese people|Javanese]] (7%) |[[Bali Aga|Baliaga]] (1%) |[[Madurese people|Madurese]] (1%)}} | demographics1_title2 = Religion<ref> {{cite book | publisher = Institute of Southeast Asian Studies | title = Indonesia's Population: Ethnicity and Religion in a Changing Political Landscape | url = https://archive.org/details/indonesiaspopula0000sury | year = 2003|isbn=9812302123|author1=Suryadinata, Leo |author2=Arifin, Evi Nurvidya |author3=Ananta, Aris |lastauthoramp=yes }}</ref> | demographics1_info2 = {{ublist|item_style=white-space:nowrap; |[[Hinduism|Hindu]] (83.5%) |[[Islam|Muslim]] (13.4%) |[[Christianity|Christian]] (2.5%) |[[Buddhist]] (0.5%)}} | demographics1_title3 = Languages<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bali.com/bali-languages-translation.html|title=Languages Spoken in Bali|last=bali.com|website=www.bali.com|language=en|access-date=2018-09-16|archive-date=2013-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131222052007/https://www.bali.com/bali-languages-translation.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> | demographics1_info3 = {{ublist|item_style=white-space:nowrap; |[[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] {{small|(official)}} |[[Balinese language|Balinese]] |[[Balinese Malay]] |[[English Language|English]]}} }} {{Infobox islands | name = Bali (island) | image name = BaliLandsat001.jpg | image caption = Bali Island, Indonesia | locator map = | native name = {{Script|Bali|ᬧᬸᬮᭁ​ᬩᬮᬶ}} | native name link = Balinese language | coordinates = | archipelago = [[Lesser Sunda Islands]] | area km2 = 5636 |area footnotes=<ref>{{cite web|title=Luas Wilayah dan Letak Geografis Pulau Bali dan Kabupaten/Kota Tahun 2013|url=http://bali.bps.go.id/tabel_detail.php?ed=601001&od=1&id=1|website=BPS Provinsi Bali|accessdate=31 August 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903191238/http://bali.bps.go.id/tabel_detail.php?ed=601001&od=1&id=1|archivedate=3 September 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | length km = 145 | length footnotes = | width km = 80 | width footnotes = | highest mount = [[Mount Agung]] | elevation m = 3,148 | country = Indonesia | country admin divisions title = [[Provinces of Indonesia|Province]] | country admin divisions = Bali | country largest city = [[Denpasar]] | country largest city population = 834,881 | population = | population as of = | density km2 = | ethnic groups = [[Balinese people|Balinese]], [[Javanese people|Javanese]], [[Sasak]] }} {{Balinese script}} '''ᱵᱟᱞᱤ''' ([[ᱵᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱵᱟᱞᱤ]]: ᬩᬮᬶ) ᱫᱚ [[ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱮᱱ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱵᱟᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱟᱰᱮᱯᱟᱥᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱫᱤᱯᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱱᱩᱥᱟ ᱯᱮᱱᱤᱫᱟ, ᱱᱩᱥᱟ ᱞᱮᱢᱵᱚᱱᱜᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱩᱥᱟ ᱥᱮᱱᱤᱱᱜᱟᱱ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ [[ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱵᱷᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱓ᱹ᱒ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱞᱤ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱵᱟᱞᱤ ᱱᱟᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱞᱤ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱵᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱞᱟᱫᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱪᱷᱮ ᱥᱮᱡ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱕᱓ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱮᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱑᱒ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱸᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱓,᱘᱙᱐,᱗᱕᱗᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱜᱮ [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ]] ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱠᱩ᱾ ᱟᱫᱚ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ, ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱳᱫᱫᱷᱳ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱳᱣᱟ᱾ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱙ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩ ᱛᱟᱸᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱵᱟᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱱᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == ᱡᱤᱥᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱧᱮᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱧᱮᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱱᱴᱚ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱮᱭᱟ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱚᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱮᱡ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱞᱤ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱱᱛᱚ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱮᱭᱟ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱠᱳᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱞᱟᱹᱜᱼᱟ ᱛᱟᱹᱠᱩᱣᱟ᱾ ᱵᱟᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱸᱲᱟ ᱵᱟᱲᱟ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱛᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱵᱟᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱦᱮᱞᱢᱮᱞ, ᱒᱐᱑᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱯᱮᱠ ᱦᱮᱞᱢᱮᱞ ᱟᱨ Miss World ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ == ᱡᱤᱵᱽ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ == ᱵᱟᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱘᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱪᱮᱸᱬᱮ ᱠᱳᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱳᱣᱟ᱾ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱡ ᱵᱟᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱴᱩ ᱡᱤᱵᱽ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱩ ᱛᱟᱸᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱑᱙᱓᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱜᱷ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱤᱫᱤᱭᱟ᱾ == ᱫᱟᱸᱲᱟ ᱵᱟᱲᱟ == ᱯᱮ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱵᱟᱥ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱨᱵᱷᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱸᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱭ ᱤᱱᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱸᱲᱟ ᱵᱟᱲᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱡ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱮ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱸᱲᱟ ᱵᱟᱲᱟ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱚᱡᱟ ᱡᱟᱸᱦᱟᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱡᱩᱜ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱒ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱐᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱡ ᱵᱟᱞᱤ ᱫᱚᱨᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱳᱢᱟ ᱥᱚᱱᱛᱨᱟᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱫᱟᱸᱲᱟ ᱵᱟᱲᱟ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱧᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱱᱚ ᱟᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱟᱥᱛᱮ ᱟᱥᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱴᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱣᱰᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱸᱲᱟ ᱵᱟᱲᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱡ ᱜᱮ ᱪᱟᱹᱞᱩ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ == ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱩ == <gallery> File:Besakih Bali Indonesia Pura-Besakih-01.jpg|Pura Besakih File:Kecak dancers cliffside Uluwatu.jpg|Kecak dancers File:Garuda Wisnu Kencana.jpg|The uncompleted [[Garuda Wisnu Kencana]] park File:Detailed relief of a pura, near Kuta, Bali.JPG|Detailed relief of a pura, near [[Kuta]], Bali File:Pura Bratan Bali.jpg|Pura Bratan File:Balinese Stone Carvings.jpg|Stone carvings in Ubud File:Nusa-Dua Bali Indonesia Statue-of-Bhima-01.jpg|Statue of [[Bhima]], Nusa Dua File:Singapadu Bali Temple-janitors-01.jpg|Singapadu Bali Temple File:Bali dancer, Ramayana.JPG|Bali dancer, [[Ramayana]] 2014 File:Balinese stone guardian.jpg|Balinese stone guardian at [[Ubud Palace]] File:Kuta Bali Indonesia Pura-Batu-Belig-01.jpg|Hand-carved temple guard File:Temple detail in bali.jpg|Sculptural detail from the Temple at Lake Batur File:Ogoh-Ogoh---Ubud Football Field-Red one with kids.jpeg|The Ogoh-Ogoh Festival at Ubud File:Nusa Lembongan Mushroom Beach.JPG|Mushroom Beach, Nusa Lembongan File:Bali Zoo.jpg|Bali Zoo entrance at Sukawati File:Pura Luhur Uluwatu, Uluwatu, Bali (492079830).jpg|Pura Luhur Uluwatu File:The Rock Bar Bali (7188376333).jpg|Sunset view from The Rock Bar at Ayana Resort, Jimbaran Bay File:The View of Kuta Beach, Bali.jpg|Boardwalk at Kuta Beach, Bali </gallery> == ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞᱢᱮ == {{portal|Indonesia}} *[[:en:Balinese Hinduism|Balinese Hinduism]] *[[:en:Balinese architecture|Balinese architecture]] *[[:en:Balinese temple|Balinese temple]] *[[:en:Balinese dance|Balinese dance]] *[[:en:Tourism in Indonesia|Tourism in Indonesia]] *[[:en:Culture of Indonesia|Culture of Indonesia]] == ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{Sister project links|wikt=no|commons=Bali|b=no|n=no|q=no|s=no|v=no|voy=Bali}} * {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Bali|volume=3|short=x}} * {{osmrelation-inline|1615621}} * {{official website|http://www.baliprov.go.id/|Bali provincial government official website}} == ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ == [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱳ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣ ᱒᱐᱑᱘]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] mbe48atu9c7xabub7cvi0uqhwyr1173 0 2342 196540 176347 2026-08-12T18:03:23Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196540 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Georgia | common_name = Georgia | linking_name = Georgia (country) | native_name = {{small|{{nobold|საქართველო}}}} {{small|([[Georgian language|Georgian]])}} <br>{{small|''Sakartvelo''}} | image_flag = Flag of Georgia.svg | image_coat = Greater coat of arms of Georgia.svg | national_motto = <br>[[Dzala ertobashia|ძალა ერთობაშია]]<br>''Dzala Ertobashia''<br>({{Lang-en|"Strength is in Unity"}}) | national_anthem = <br>[[Tavisupleba|თავისუფლება]]<br>''Tavisupleba''<br>({{Lang-en|"Freedom"}})<br>[[File:Georgian national anthem.oga|center]] | image_map = Georgia (orthographic projection with inset).svg | map_caption = Areas under Georgian control shown in dark green; areas outside of that control shown in light green | image_map2 = Georgia — Location Map (2013) - GEO - UNOCHA.svg | capital = [[Tbilisi]]<br>{{smaller|{{Coord|41|43|N|44|47|E|type:city}}}}<br>[[Kutaisi]] {{small|(legislative)}} | coordinates = {{Coord|42|15|N|42|42|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[Tbilisi]] | official_languages = [[Georgian language|Georgian]] <small>(nationwide)</small><br>[[Abkhaz language|Abkhazian]] <small>([[Abkhazian Autonomous Republic|Abkhazian AR]])</small><ref>{{citation |chapter=Article 8 |title=Constitution of Georgia|title-link=Constitution of Georgia (country)}}. In [[Abkhazian Autonomous Republic|Abkhazian AR]], also [[Abkhaz language|Abkhazian]].</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://parliament.ge/uploads/other/28/28803.pdf |title=Constitution of Georgia |website=Parliament of Georgia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210071629/http://parliament.ge/uploads/other/28/28803.pdf |archive-date=10 December 2017}}</ref> | regional_languages = | languages_type = Spoken languages<ref name="geostat.ge" /> | ethnic_groups = 86.8% [[Georgians]]<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;6.2% [[Azerbaijanis]]<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;4.5% [[Armenians]]<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;2.8% other | ethnic_groups_year = 2014 | religion = [[Georgian Orthodox Church]] | demonym = Georgian | government_type = {{nowrap|[[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]]}} [[republic]]<ref name="Nakashidze2016">{{cite book |last=Nakashidze |first=Malkhaz |author-link=<!-- Malkhaz Nakashidze --> |year=2016 |chapter=Semi-presidentialism in Georgia |editor1-last=Elgie |editor1-first=Robert |editor1-link=Robert Elgie (academic) |editor2-last=Moestrup |editor2-first=Sophia |editor2-link=Sophia Moestrup |display-editors= |title=Semi-Presidentialism in the Caucasus and Central Asia |url=https://archive.org/details/semipresidential0000unse_w6s2 |location=London |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |publication-date=15 May 2016 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/semipresidential0000unse_w6s2/page/119 119]–142 |doi=10.1057/978-1-137-38781-3_5 |isbn=978-1-137-38780-6 |lccn=2016939393 |oclc=6039793171 |quote=Nakashidze discusses the adoption and evolution of semi-presidentialism in Georgia since the Rose Revolution in 2004. From 2004 to 2012, political power was concentrated in the hands of the president, under a president-parliamentary variant of semi-presidentialism. Only during the period of cohabitation from 2012 to 2013 was the president's authority challenged. In 2010, the Constitution was amended with effect from 2013, reducing the power of the president considerably, arguably in an attempt by term-limited President Saakashvili to secure a political comeback as a powerful prime minister. Under the new premier-presidential Constitution, powers have been much more evenly distributed with each branch of government exercising its Constitutional powers. |ref=harv }}</ref> | leader_title1 = [[President of Georgia|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Giorgi Margvelashvili]] | leader_title2 = [[Chairperson of the Parliament of Georgia|Chairperson of<br>the Parliament]] | leader_name2 = [[Irakli Kobakhidze]] | leader_title3 = [[Prime Minister of Georgia|Prime Minister]] | leader_name3 = [[Mamuka Bakhtadze]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://1tv.ge/news/saqartvelos-parlamentma-mtavrobas-ndoba-gamouckhada/|title=საქართველოს პარლამენტმა მთავრობას ნდობა გამოუცხადა [ფოტო/ვიდეო] - 1TV|publisher=}}</ref> | legislature = [[Parliament of Georgia|Parliament]] | sovereignty_type = Establishment history | established_event1 = {{nowrap|[[Colchis]] and [[Iberia (Caucasus)|Iberia]]}} | established_date1 = 13th c. BC–580 AD | established_event2 = [[Kingdom of Abkhazia]] | established_date2 = 786–1008 | established_event3 = [[Kingdom of Georgia|Unification]] | established_date3 = 1008 | established_event4 = [[Kingdom_of_Georgia#Final_disintegration|Three Kingdoms]] | established_date4 = 1460 | established_event5 = [[Georgia within the Russian Empire|Russian annexation]] | established_date5 = <br>12 September 1801 | established_event6 = [[Democratic Republic of Georgia|{{nowrap|Independence from}} the Russian Empire]] | established_date6 = <br>26 May 1918 | established_event7 = [[Red Army invasion of Georgia|Soviet re-conquest]] | established_date7 = 25 February 1921 | established_event8 = {{nowrap|Independence from}} {{nowrap|the Soviet Union}} <div style="text-align:right;">Declared<br>Finalized</div> | established_date8 = <br><br>9 April 1991<br>25 December 1991 | established_event9 = {{nowrap|[[Constitution of Georgia (country)|Current constitution]]}} | established_date9 = 24 August 1995 | area_km2 = 69,700 | area_footnote = | area_rank = 119th <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 26,911 | percent_water = | population_estimate = 3,718,200{{Ref label|population|a|}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geostat.ge/index.php?action=page&p_id=152&lang=eng|title=Population|publisher=|accessdate=6 October 2017}}</ref> | population_census = 3,713,804{{Ref label|population|a|}}<ref name="2014 Census">{{cite web|url=http://census.ge/files/results/Census_release_ENG.pdf|title=2014 General Population Census Main Results General Information — National Statistics Office of Georgia|publisher=|accessdate=2 May 2016|archive-date=8 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808154843/http://census.ge/files/results/Census_release_ENG.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2017 | population_estimate_rank = 131st | population_census_year = 2014 | population_density_km2 = 53.5 | population_density_sq_mi = 138.6 | population_density_rank = 137th | GDP_PPP = {{nowrap|$42 billion<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2018&ey=2018&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=53&pr1.y=20&c=915&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= | title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects}}</ref>}} | GDP_PPP_year = 2018 | GDP_PPP_rank = 116th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $11,481<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2018&ey=2018&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=53&pr1.y=20&c=915&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= | title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 107th | GDP_nominal = {{nowrap|$16 billion<ref name="knoema.com">{{cite web |title=Georgia – Gross domestic product |url=https://knoema.com/atlas/Georgia/GDP-PPP-based |access-date=1 November 2017}}</ref>}} | GDP_nominal_year = 2018 | GDP_nominal_rank = 116th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $4,370<ref name="IMF">{{cite web |url= http://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPDPC@WEO/AZE/GEO/ARM/CAQ |title= Georgia |publisher= International Monetary Fund }}</ref> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 112th | Gini = 36.5 <!-- number only --> | Gini_year = 2016 | Gini_change = increase<!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=GE |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank |accessdate=21 June 2018}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.780 <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = 2017 <!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/GEO |title=Human Development Indicators |date=2018 |accessdate=18 September 2018 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme }}</ref> | HDI_rank = 70th | currency = [[Georgian lari]] (₾) | currency_code = GEL | time_zone = GET | utc_offset = +4 | utc_offset_DST = | DST_note = | time_zone_DST = | date_format = | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[+995]] | iso3166code = GE | cctld = [[.ge]] [[.გე]] | official_website = [http://www.gov.ge/ www.gov.ge] | footnote_a = {{Note|population}} Excluding [[Occupied territories of Georgia|occupied territories]]. }} '''ᱡᱚᱨᱡᱤᱭᱟ''' (Georgian: საქართველო, translit.: sakartvelo, IPA: [sɑkʰɑrtʰvɛlɔ] (About this soundlisten)) ᱫᱚ ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱮᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[ᱛᱤᱵᱤᱞᱤᱥᱤ]]᱾ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱳ ᱫᱚᱨᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱥᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱚᱨᱮᱭᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱠᱚᱠᱮᱥᱟᱥ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱮᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱚᱨᱡᱤᱭᱟ᱾ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱠᱚᱠᱮᱥᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱭᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[ᱟᱡᱟᱨᱵᱟᱭᱡᱟᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ]]᱾ ᱡᱚᱨᱡᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱛ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤᱜᱮ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱵᱩᱨᱩᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱨᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱪᱚᱯᱚᱛ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱑᱙᱒᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱨᱡᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱳᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛ ᱤᱣᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮᱭ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱽ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱑᱙᱙᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱯᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱮᱛᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱑᱙᱙᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱷᱤᱨ ᱧᱚ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱥᱛᱮ ᱟᱥᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱡᱽ ᱤᱫᱤᱭᱱᱟ᱾ ᱑᱙᱙᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱳᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱡᱚᱨᱡᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱦᱤᱞ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱥ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱡᱚᱨᱡᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱢᱱᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱞᱟᱫᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱟᱛᱚᱱᱛᱨᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱚ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱨᱡᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ-ᱯᱟᱪᱷᱮ ᱠᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱯᱟᱪᱷᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱵᱠᱷᱟᱡᱤᱭᱟ᱾ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚ ᱫᱚᱨᱮᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱤᱱᱟᱹᱠᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱚᱥᱮᱴᱤᱭᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱮᱱ ᱟᱞᱟᱫᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱟᱵᱠᱷᱟᱡᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱚᱥᱮᱴᱤᱭᱟ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱡ [[ᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱮᱡ ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == [[ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]] ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱨᱡᱤᱭᱟᱨᱮ ᱵᱳᱫᱫᱷᱳ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ Natural Worship ᱛᱟᱸᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱡᱤᱥᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱓᱓᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱢᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱛᱮᱭ ᱜᱷᱳᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ == ᱚᱛᱱᱚ == ᱡᱚᱨᱡᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱛ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ 69,700 km²᱾ ᱡᱚᱨᱡᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ == ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱱᱤᱛᱤ == ᱡᱚᱨᱡᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱱᱤᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱳᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱟᱛᱚᱱᱛᱨᱚ ᱪᱟᱹᱞᱩ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚᱯᱳᱛᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ᱾ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱨᱵᱟᱦᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱚᱛᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱱᱩᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ == ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ == ᱡᱚᱨᱡᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱚᱨᱛᱷᱚᱰᱚᱠᱥ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ᱾ ᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ [[ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ]] ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱑᱐ ᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱳᱣᱟ᱾ ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱯᱚᱥᱴᱳᱞᱤᱠ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱳᱣᱟ ᱒.᱙ ᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ, ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱛᱷᱚᱞᱤᱠ ᱐.᱕ ᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱳ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱳᱣᱟ ᱒.᱕ ᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ᱾ == ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞᱢᱮ == {{portal|Georgia (country)}} *[[:en:Outline_of_Georgia_(country)|Outline of Georgia (country)]] *[[:en:Index_of_Georgia_(country)-related_articles|Index of Georgia (country)-related articles]] == ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{Sister project links|voy=Georgia (country)}} ; Government * [https://www.president.gov.ge/ President of Georgia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224001609/https://www.president.gov.ge/ |date=2016-12-24 }} * [http://gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=ENG Government of Georgia] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110504020904/http://www.mfa.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=ENG Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090105162200/http://tourism.gov.ge/ Department of Tourism and Resorts] * [http://www.amcham.ge/ American Chamber of Commerce in Georgia] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130624094841/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-g/georgia.html Chief of State and Cabinet Members] ; General information * {{CIA World Factbook link|gg|Georgia}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080607040102/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/georgia.htm Georgia] at ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * {{dmoz|Regional/Asia/Georgia}} * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17301647 Georgia profile] from the [[BBC News]] * {{Wikiatlas|Georgia}} * {{osmrelation-inline|28699}} * [http://amsi.ge/ Association of Modern Scientific Investigation – (AMSI)] ; News media * [http://civil.ge/ Civil Georgia, daily news about Georgia] * [http://alertnet.org/db/crisisprofiles/GG_OSS.htm?v=in_detail Crisis profile, Georgia, Abkhazia, S. Ossetia] From [http://alertnet.org/ Reuters Alertnet] * [http://georgiandaily.com/ Georgian Daily] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081017214400/http://www.georgiandaily.com/ |date=2008-10-17 }}, all the latest news from Georgia and related to Georgia * [https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsgeorgia.ru%2F NewsGeorgia] Google Translation into English from the NewsGeorgia (Russian Language) site * [http://www.georgiacaucasus.com/ GeorgiaCaucasus.com] GeorgiaCaucasus.com – online info Magazine dedicated to Georgia and Caucasus ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹᱢ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱳ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣ ᱒᱐᱑᱘]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱹᱛ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ]] jbcd8qxt3963rh9tbyy8x1k4ffyxntl 0 2389 196455 161473 2026-08-12T16:54:37Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196455 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name =ᱭᱮᱨᱮᱵᱷᱟᱱ |native_name= Երևան |native_name_lang = hy | settlement_type = [[ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ]] | image_skyline = {{multiple image | border = infobox | total_width = 290 | image_style = border:0; | perrow = 1/2/2/2/1 | image1 = Երեւան.JPG | image2 = 2014 Erywań, Katedra św. Grzegorza Oświeciciela (05) cropped.jpg | image3 = Armenia - Genocide Monument (5034649480).jpg | image4 = The opera house in Yerevan.jpg | image5 = Jerewan-Matenadaran-msu-wlm-2509.jpg | image6 = View from the Cafesjian Center for the Arts.jpg | image7 = Cascade of Yerevan.JPG | image8 = Հանրապետության Հրապարակ.jpg }} | image_caption = ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ, ᱞᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ: [[ᱟᱨᱟᱨᱟᱛ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ]] ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱭᱮᱨᱮᱵᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱠᱟᱭᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ&nbsp; • [[:en:Saint Gregory the Illuminator Cathedral, Yerevan|ᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱜᱨᱮᱜᱚᱨᱤ ᱠᱮᱛᱷᱤᱰᱨᱚᱞ]] • [[:en:Tsitsernakaberd|Tsitsernakaberd Genocide Memorial]]&nbsp;• [[:en:Yerevan Opera Theatre|ᱚᱯᱮᱨᱟ ᱛᱷᱤᱭᱮᱴᱟᱨ]] • [[:en:Matenadaran|Matenadaran Ancient Manuscripts Museum]] • [[:en:Tamanyan Street|ᱛᱟᱢᱟᱱᱟᱭᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱨ]] • [[:en:Yerevan Cascade|ᱠᱟᱥᱠᱮᱰ]] ᱨᱮ [[:en:Cafesjian Museum of Art|ᱠᱟᱯᱷᱮᱥᱡᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱭᱩᱡᱤᱭᱟᱢ]] • ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ [[:en:Republic Square, Yerevan|ᱨᱤᱯᱟᱵᱽᱞᱤᱠ ᱥᱠᱚᱭᱟᱨ]] | imagesize = 300px |image_flag = Yerevan flag.gif |image_seal = Yerevan coa.gif | mapsize = 230px | map_caption = ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱭᱮᱨᱮᱵᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ | pushpin_map = Armenia#Asia#Europe | pushpin_relief = 1 | coordinates = {{coord|40|10|53|N|44|30|52|E|region:AM|display=inline,title}} | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_footnotes = |subdivision_type = ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ |subdivision_name = ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ |established_title = ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ |established_date = ᱗᱘᱒ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ |leader_title = [[ᱢᱮᱭᱚᱨ]] |leader_name = ᱜᱟᱡᱤᱠ ᱵᱮᱞᱜᱟᱨᱭᱚᱱ |population_as_of = ᱒᱐᱐᱗ |population_footnotes = <ref name="Groong">{{cite web|url=http://groong.usc.edu/news/msg221775.html|title=Armenia's Population 3,229,900 On Jan 1, 2008|accessdate=2008-02-23}}</ref> |population_total = 1,107,800 |population_metro = 1,245,700 |population_density_km2 = 5196.4 |timezone = [[ᱜᱨᱤᱱᱵᱤᱪ ᱢᱩᱱ ᱴᱟᱭᱤᱢ|GMT+4]] |utc_offset = +᱔ |timezone_DST = [[ᱜᱨᱤᱱᱵᱤᱪ ᱢᱩᱱ ᱴᱟᱭᱤᱢ|GMT+5]] |utc_offset_DST = +᱕ |latd=40 |latm=11 |latNS=N |longd=44 |longm=31 |longEW=E |elevation_m = 989.4 |website = [http://www.yerevan.am/ www.yerevan.am] |footnotes = }} '''ᱭᱮᱨᱮᱵᱷᱟᱱ''' ([[ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ]]: Երեւան ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ Երևան) ᱫᱚ [[ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱸᱰᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱔ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱑,᱐᱘᱘,᱓᱐᱐ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱥᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱭᱮᱨᱮᱵᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱢᱤᱱ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱭᱮᱨᱮᱵᱷᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ '''ᱤᱭᱮᱨᱮᱵᱷᱟᱱ''' ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ '''ᱮᱨᱮᱵᱷᱟᱱ''' ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱞ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱡᱟᱱ (Hrazdan) ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱪᱮᱴᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱰᱢᱤᱱᱤᱥᱴᱨᱮᱴᱤᱵᱽ, ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱜᱟᱹᱲ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱾ ᱭᱮᱨᱮᱵᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱘ ᱥᱟᱭᱟᱸᱫ [[ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ|ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ]] ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱗᱘᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱨᱮᱵᱩᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱴᱨᱮᱥ (fortress) ᱠᱚ ᱛᱷᱟᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱴᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref>{{cite book | last =Katsenelinboĭgen | first =Aron | title =The Soviet Union: empire, nation and systems | url =https://archive.org/details/sovietunionempir0000kats | publisher =Transaction | date =1990 | location =New Brunswick | pages =[https://archive.org/details/sovietunionempir0000kats/page/143 143] | isbn=0-88738-332-7}} </ref> ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱮᱨᱮᱵᱩᱱᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱩᱢ ᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱭᱮᱨᱮᱵᱷᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱕ ᱥᱟᱭᱟᱸᱫ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱔ ᱥᱟᱭᱟᱸᱫ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱛᱤᱢᱤᱱ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱭᱛᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="SAE">Baghdasaryan A., Simonyan A. et al. 1977. Երևան (Yerevan). The Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia. Yerevan, Armenian SSR, vol. III, 548-564</ref> ==ᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ== ᱭᱮᱨᱮᱵᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ, ᱞᱚᱞᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ]], ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱚ [[ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ ᱔᱐°C ᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ -᱑᱕ °C (᱕ °F) ᱜᱟᱱ ᱟᱬᱜᱚᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱫᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱓᱕᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ==ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ == ᱭᱮᱨᱮᱵᱷᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱜᱟᱲ (industrial), ᱦᱮᱥᱮᱱ (transportation) ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ (cultural) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱠᱮᱢᱤᱠᱟᱞ, ᱢᱮᱴᱟᱞ, ᱢᱮᱥᱤᱱᱟᱨᱤ, ᱨᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ, ᱯᱞᱟᱥᱴᱤᱠ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ, ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱛᱮᱧ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱜᱟᱹᱲ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ === ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ === ᱱᱮᱦᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱜᱮ, ᱭᱮᱨᱮᱵᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱛᱚᱨᱟᱣᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱢᱚᱰᱚᱨᱱ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱺᱜᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱱᱟᱴ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.armenianow.com/?action=viewArticle&CID=1258&IID=1042&AID=1054 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2018-11-23 |archive-date=2010-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100812130046/http://www.armenianow.com/?action=viewArticle&CID=1258&IID=1042&AID=1054 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ᱡᱮᱝᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱡᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱕ᱼᱤᱯᱤᱞ ᱦᱚᱴᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱚᱱᱮᱵᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱞᱮᱠᱥ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ==ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ== ᱭᱮᱨᱮᱵᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱙᱐ᱼ᱙᱕ % ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱯᱚᱥᱴᱚᱞᱤᱠ ᱪᱚᱨᱪ ᱢᱮᱱᱫᱚ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱭᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱚᱞᱤᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱴᱮᱥᱴᱟᱱᱴ, ᱛᱤᱢᱤᱱ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱚᱨᱛᱷᱚᱰᱚᱠᱥ ᱪᱚᱨᱪ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱭᱮᱨᱮᱵᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱕ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱪᱚᱨᱪ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} == ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{commons|Yerewan}} * [http://www.yerevan.am Yerevan Municipality webpage in Armenian and English] * [http://www.yerevan.ru Yerevan.ru - The capital of Armenia online (Russian)] * [http://www.tacentral.com Erebuni History and excavation description, edited by Rick Ney] * [http://www.ArmeniaNow.com - Online News From Armenia. Edited by John Hughes.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516144258/http://www.armenianow.com/ |date=2008-05-16 }} * [http://www.armeniapedia.org/index.php?title=Yerevan Yerevan article on Armeniapedia] * [http://www.cilicia.com/armo5_yerevan.html Yerevan article on Cilicia.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050209041005/http://www.cilicia.com/armo5_yerevan.html |date=2005-02-09 }} * [http://www.armeniainfo.am/sites/?section=regions_desc&site_id=11 Armenia Info Yerevan page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115111549/http://armeniainfo.am/sites/?section=regions_desc&site_id=11 |date=2016-11-15 }} * [http://www.urbanrail.net/as/yere/yerevan.htm The Yerevan Metro system] * [http://www.haias.net/CD-Yerevan.html Interactive CD - Yerevan Virtual] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060701023857/http://www.haias.net/CD-Yerevan.html |date=2006-07-01 }} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱳ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣ ᱒᱐᱑᱘]] 6nmp3luv66m4o7w0sjws6c9pr2dps5k 0 2393 196519 158412 2026-08-12T17:48:06Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196519 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Adenocarcinoma of the stomach.jpg|thumb|Adenocarcinoma of the stomach]] ᱞᱟᱡ ᱠᱮᱱᱥᱟᱨ (ᱤᱸᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ Stomach cancer ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ gastric cancer),ᱵᱮᱢᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱡ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱟᱹᱣᱼᱟ <ref>{{cite web|title=Stomach (Gastric) Cancer|url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/stomach|website=NCI|accessdate=1 July 2014}}</ref>᱾ ᱞᱟᱡ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱵᱷᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱠᱮᱱᱥᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱡ ᱠᱮᱱᱥᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱦᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ᱠᱚᱲᱟᱢ ᱡᱚᱞᱟᱣ, ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱡ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩ,ᱩᱞᱟᱹ,ᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ<!-- <ref name=NCI2014TxPt> -->,ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱚᱬ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱡᱩᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ, ᱦᱟᱨᱛᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ,ᱩᱞᱟᱹ, ᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱠᱮᱛ,ᱴᱟᱺᱰᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱚᱠᱳᱬ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ<ref name=NCI2014TxPt>{{cite web|title=Gastric Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)|url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/gastric/Patient/page1/AllPages|website=NCI|accessdate=1 July 2014|date=2014-04-17}}</ref> ᱾ ᱞᱟᱡ ᱠᱮᱱᱥᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱠ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱜᱮᱭᱟ (ᱢᱮᱴᱟᱥᱯᱟᱴᱤᱥᱤᱥ) ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱞᱡᱟ, ᱯᱷᱩᱥ ᱯᱷᱩᱥ,ᱡᱟᱝ, ᱯᱮᱨᱤᱴᱳᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱮᱢᱟᱱᱠᱚ <ref>{{cite book|last1=Ruddon|first1=Raymond W.|title=Cancer biology|date=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=9780195175431|page=223|edition=4th |url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=PymZ1ORk0TcC&pg=PA223}}</ref>᱾<br> ᱖᱐% <ref>{{cite book|last1=Sim|first1=edited by Fiona|last2=McKee|first2=Martin|title=Issues in public health|date=2011|publisher=Open University Press|location=Maidenhead|isbn=9780335244225|page=74|edition=2nd |url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=Jn8xC6_UW8YC&pg=PA74}}</ref><ref name=WCR2014/> ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱴᱷᱮᱫ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱦᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱢᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱞᱤᱵᱟᱵᱟᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱡᱤᱵᱟᱬᱩ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱢᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ <!-- <ref name=WCR2014/> -->᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱡᱤᱵᱟᱬᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱡᱤᱵᱟᱬᱩ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟᱠᱚ ᱾ᱯᱩᱸᱜᱤ ᱥᱤᱜᱟᱨᱮᱴ ᱧᱩ, ᱚᱴᱷᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱧᱩ,ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱢᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ <!-- <ref name=WCR2014/> -->᱑᱐% ᱵᱮᱢᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱷᱚᱛᱚ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱸᱡ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱤᱠᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱑% ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓% ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱚ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱟᱹᱞ ᱜᱤᱫᱨᱟᱹ ᱴᱷᱮᱫ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱦᱟᱹᱡᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱦᱮᱨᱮᱰᱤᱴᱟᱨᱭ ᱰᱤᱯᱷᱭᱩᱡ ᱜᱭᱥᱴᱨᱤᱠ ᱠᱮᱱᱥᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱜ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱱᱥᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ᱞᱟᱡ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱰᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱱᱥᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱢᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ<!-- <ref name=WCR2014/> --> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱭᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤᱠ ᱠᱮᱱᱥᱟᱨ<!-- <ref name=WCR2014/> --> ᱿<!-- <ref name=WCR2014/> --> ᱞᱤᱢᱯᱷᱳᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱮᱥᱮᱱᱠᱟᱭᱢᱟᱞ ᱴᱭᱩᱢᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱟᱡ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ <!-- <ref name=WCR2014/> --> ᱟᱹᱰᱤᱜᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱞᱟᱡ ᱠᱮᱱᱥᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱷᱟᱯ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱷᱟᱯ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣᱼᱟ <ref name=WCR2014/> ᱾ ᱮᱱᱰᱳᱥᱠᱳᱯᱤ ᱡᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱵᱟᱭᱚᱥᱯᱤ ᱦᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱢᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱦᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ <!-- <ref name=NCI2014TxPt/> -->ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱢᱮᱴᱟᱥᱴᱟᱥᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱢᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱷᱟᱹᱣᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=NCI2014TxPt/> [[ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ]] ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱸᱡᱮ ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱷᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱡ ᱠᱮᱱᱥᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱜᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name=WCR2014/> <br> ᱯᱩᱸᱜᱤ ᱧᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱰᱟᱠᱛᱚᱨ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱦᱟᱡᱠᱟᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ [Mediterranean diet] ᱠᱮᱱᱥᱟᱨ ᱧᱟᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ | <!-- <ref name=WCR2014/><ref name=NCI2014Prevent/> --> ᱮᱪ ᱯᱟᱭᱞᱳᱨᱤᱡᱤᱵᱟᱬᱩ ᱛᱤᱠᱪᱷᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱯᱮᱱ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱱᱥᱟᱨ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ<ref name=WCR2014/><ref name=NCI2014Prevent>{{cite web|title=Stomach (Gastric) Cancer Prevention (PDQ®)|url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/prevention/gastric/HealthProfessional|website=NCI|accessdate=1 July 2014|date=2014-02-27}}</ref>। ᱞᱟᱜᱮ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱛᱤᱠᱪᱷᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱜᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱦᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ <ref name=WCR2014/> ᱿ ᱚᱯᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ, ᱠᱮᱢᱳᱛᱷᱮᱨᱟᱯᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱟᱨᱜᱮᱴᱮᱰ ᱛᱷᱮᱨᱟᱯᱤ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱫ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱤᱠᱪᱷᱟᱹ ᱭᱟ ᱿<ref name=NCI2014TxPt/> ᱵᱤᱞᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱞᱤᱭᱮᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱤᱠᱪᱷᱟᱹᱭᱟ ᱾ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱟᱹᱭᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱐% ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱤᱞᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱩᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱿ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱡᱤᱭᱱ ᱟᱹᱭᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱘% ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ<ref>{{cite web|title=SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Stomach Cancer|url=http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/stomach.html|website=NCI|accessdate=18 June 2014}}</ref> ᱿ ᱠᱚᱸᱡᱮ ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱖᱕% ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ <ref name=WCR2014/> ᱿<br> ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱠᱮᱱᱥᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱢᱟᱨ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱦᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱩᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱡ ᱠᱮᱱᱥᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱟᱱᱟᱝ (᱗%) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ <ref name=WCR2014Epi/>᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱒ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱙᱕᱐,᱐᱐᱐ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱗᱒᱓,᱐᱐᱐ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ <ref name=WCR2014Epi>{{cite book|title=World Cancer Report 2014|url=https://archive.org/details/worldcancerrepor0000unse_p0u5|date=2014|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=9283204298|chapter=Chapter 1.1}}</ref> ᱿᱑᱙᱓᱐ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱸᱞᱚᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hochhauser|first1=Jeffrey Tobias, Daniel|title=Cancer and its management|date=2010|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|location=Chichester, West Sussex, UK|isbn=9781444306378|page=259|edition=6th |url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=9sW0eCoZFt4C&pg=PA259}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Khleif|first1=Edited by Roland T. Skeel, Samir N.|title=Handbook of cancer chemotherapy|date=2011|publisher=Wolter Kluwer|location=Philadelphia|isbn=9781608317820|page=127|edition=8th |url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=6Nz_87OLrtcC&pg=PA127}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Joseph A Knight|title=Human Longevity: The Major Determining Factors|date=2010|publisher=Author House|isbn=9781452067223|page=339|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=HBY_GxOY_6oC&pg=PA339}}</ref> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱢᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱦᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ <ref name=WCR2014/>ᱨᱮᱯᱷᱨᱤᱡᱮᱨᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱩᱰᱩᱠᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱡᱚ ᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱦᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱢᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱦᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮᱫ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ<ref>{{cite book|last1=Moore|first1=edited by Rhonda J.|last2=Spiegel|first2=David|title=Cancer, culture, and communication|date=2004|publisher=Kluwer Academic|location=New York|isbn=9780306478857|page=139|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=kHLlOePrWgYC&pg=PA139}}</ref> ᱾ [[ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱭᱩᱨᱳᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱡ ᱠᱟᱱᱥᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱧᱤᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱬ ᱡᱟᱥᱛᱤ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱢᱟᱨ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ <ref name=WCR2014>{{cite book|title=World Cancer Report 2014|url=https://archive.org/details/worldcancerrepor0000unse_p0u5|date=2014|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=9283204298|pages=Chapter 5.4}}</ref> ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱣ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱗ ᱞᱟᱠᱷ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱢᱟᱨ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱸ ᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱵᱟᱸᱪᱟᱣ ᱨᱩᱜᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱕% ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱤᱞᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱠᱛᱚᱨ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱫ ᱨᱩᱜᱤ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱭ ᱾ ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{Commons category}} * [[National Cancer Institute]] [http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/gastric/HealthProfessional/page1 Gastric cancer treatment guidelines] * [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=gene&part=hgc GeneReview/NIH/UW entry on Hereditary Diffuse Gastric Cancer] * [http://www.cancervideo.tv/video/H9RYMDU7MA1M/Gastric-Cancer-Surgery Gastric Cancer Surgery] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316002631/http://www.cancervideo.tv/video/H9RYMDU7MA1M/Gastric-Cancer-Surgery |date=2012-03-16 }} ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱛᱤᱠᱪᱷᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟ. ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣ ᱒᱐᱑᱘]] doa6kgmmdolymtz5samj1sbakqzlftf 0 2402 196498 149030 2026-08-12T17:25:41Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196498 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = State of Palestine{{ref label|naming|i|}} |common_name = Palestine |native_name = {{native name|ar|دولة فلسطين|italics=off}}<br>''{{transl|ar|Dawlat Filasṭīn}}'' |image_flag = Flag of Palestine.svg |image_coat = Coat of arms of Palestine.svg |symbol_width = 70px |national_anthem = "{{lang|ar|{{big|فدائي}}}}"<br />{{lower|0.1em|"[[Fida'i]]"<ref>{{cite web|title=Palestinian National Authority |access-date=8 June 2014 |website=World Statesmen.org |url=http://worldstatesmen.org/Palestinian_National_Authority.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140208062450/http://worldstatesmen.org/Palestinian_National_Authority.htm |archive-date=8 February 2014 |deadurl=no |publisher=Ben Cahoon |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Palestine |accessdate=8 June 2014 |website=nationalanthems.info |url=http://www.nationalanthems.info/ps.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331034257/http://www.nationalanthems.info/ps.htm |archive-date=31 March 2014 |format=includes audio |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref>}}<br />"My Redemption"<br><center> </center> |image_map = State of Palestine (orthographic projection).svg |map_width = 220px |map_caption = Territory claimed by the State of Palestine (green)<ref name=only1967/><br>Territory also claimed by Israel (light green) |capital={{unbulleted list |item1_style=white-space:nowrap;margin-bottom:2px;|[[Jerusalem]] {{ref label|capital|ii|}}<ref name=Bissiop433>{{cite book |title=The World: A Third World Guide 1995–96 |url=https://archive.org/details/worldthirdworldg0000unse |editor=Bissio, Robert Remo |location=[[Montevideo]] |publisher=[[ITeM|Instituto del Tercer Mundo]] |year=1995 |page=[https://archive.org/details/worldthirdworldg0000unse/page/443 443] |isbn=978-0-85598-291-1}}</ref><ref name=Lapidoth>{{cite web|first1=Ruth |last1=Lapidoth |author1-link=Ruth Lapidoth |title=Jerusalem: Some Legal Issues |date=2011 |access-date=5 June 2014 |website=The Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies |url=http://www.jiis.org/.upload/lapidoth-jerusalem.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605013337/http://www.jiis.org/.upload/lapidoth-jerusalem.pdf |archive-date=5 June 2014 |deadurl=no |format=PDF |page=26 |quote=The attitude of the Palestinians was expressed inter alia in 1988 and 2002. When the Palestine National Council proclaimed in November 1988 the establishment of a Palestinian State, it asserted that Jerusalem was its capital. In October 2002, the Palestinian Legislative Council adopted the Law on the Capital, which stipulates that Jerusalem is the capital of the Palestinian State, the main seat of its three branches of government. The State of Palestine is the sovereign of Jerusalem and of its holy places. Any statute or agreement that diminishes the rights of the Palestinian State in Jerusalem is invalid. This statute can be amended only with the consent of two-thirds of the members of the Legislative Council. The 2003 Basic Law also asserts that Jerusalem is the capital of the State of Palestine. |df= }} Reprinted from: [[Rüdiger Wolfrum|Wolfrum, Rüdiger]] (ed.) (online 2008, print 2011). ''[[Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law|The Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law]]''. Oxford University Press.</ref> |[[Ramallah]] }} |status = [[List of states with limited recognition|Partially recognized state]], [[United Nations General Assembly observers|UN observer state]]<br>[[International recognition of the State of Palestine|Recognized by 136 UN member states]] |capital_type = {{unbulleted list |item1_style=white-space:nowrap;margin-top:2px;margin-bottom:2px;|Proclaimed capital |Administrative<br>center }} |largest_city = [[Gaza City]] |official_languages = [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |demonym = Palestinian |government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]] [[republic]]<ref name=declaration1988>{{cite web|title=Declaration of Independence (1988) (UN Doc) |date=18 November 1988 |accessdate=8 June 2014 |website=State of Palestine Permanent Observer Mission to the United Nations |url=http://www.un.int/wcm/content/site/palestine/cache/offonce/pid/12353 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608203237/http://www.un.int/wcm/content/site/palestine/cache/offonce/pid/12353 |archive-date=8 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |publisher=United Nations |df= }}</ref><!-- Articles in Wikipedia may not be used as citations; I have cited the published document --> |leader_title1 = [[President of the State of Palestine|President]] |leader_name1 = [[Mahmoud Abbas]]^b |leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of the State of Palestine|Prime Minister]] |leader_name2 = [[Rami Hamdallah]] |leader_title3 = [[Palestinian National Council|Speaker of Parliament]] |leader_name3 = [[Salim Zanoun]] |legislature = [[Palestinian National Council|National Council]] |sovereignty_type = [[State of Palestine#History|Formation]] |established_event1 = [[Palestinian Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]] |established_date1 = 15 November 1988 |established_event2 = [[United Nations General Assembly resolution 67/19|UNGA observer state resolution]] |established_date2 = 29 November 2012 |established_event3 = Sovereignty dispute with [[Israel]] |established_date3 = {{nowrap|''Ongoing''^c{{ref label|control|iii|}}<ref>{{cite web|first1=Maayana |last1=Miskin |title=PA Weighs 'State of Palestine' Passport |date=5 December 2012 |accessdate=8 June 2014 |website=israelnationalnews.com |url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/162844#.U5TD6vmICm6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121207082503/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/162844 |archive-date=7 December 2012 |deadurl=no |publisher=Arutz Sheva |quote=A senior PA official revealed the plans in an interview with ''Al-Quds'' newspaper. The change to 'state' status is important because it shows that 'the state of Palestine is occupied,' he said. |df= }}</ref><ref name="Limitations">{{cite news|title=State of Palestine name change shows limitations|url=https://news.yahoo.com/state-palestine-name-change-shows-limitations-200641448.html|agency=AP|date=17 January 2013|quote=Israel remains in charge of territories the world says should one day make up that state.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130110025703/http://news.yahoo.com/state-palestine-name-change-shows-limitations-200641448.html |archivedate=10 January 2013 }}</ref><!--end nowrap:-->}} |area_km2 = 6,020 <ref>{{cite book |chapterurl=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012/Table03.pdf |chapter=Table 3, Population by sex, annual rate of population increase, surface area and density |title=Demographic Yearbook |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012.htm |date=2012 |publisher=[[United Nations Statistics Division]] |accessdate=28 January 2018 }}</ref> <!-- Area should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> |area_rank = 163rd <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> |area_footnote = |area_sq_mi = 2,320 <!-- Area should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> |percent_water=3.5<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/we.html |title=The World Factbook: Middle East: West Bank |website=cia.gov |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140506164505/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/we.html |archive-date=6 May 2014 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=7 April 2014 |accessdate=8 June 2014 |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref> |area_label2 = [[West Bank]] |area_data2 = 5,860&nbsp;km{{smallsup|2}} |area_label3 = [[Gaza Strip]] |area_data3 = 360&nbsp;km{{smallsup|2}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gz.html |title=The World Factbook: Middle East: Gaza Strip |website=cia.gov |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608204417/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gz.html |archive-date=8 June 2014 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=12 May 2014 |accessdate=8 June 2014 |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref> |population_estimate=4,816,503<ref>{{cite web|title=Estimated Population in the Palestinian Territory Mid-Year by Governorate,1997–2016 |accessdate=8 June 2014 |website=Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics |url=http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_Rainbow/Documents/gover_e.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608204943/http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_Rainbow/Documents/gover_e.htm |archive-date=8 June 2014 |publisher=State of Palestine |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref> |population_estimate_year = 2016 |population_estimate_rank = 123rd |population_census_year = |population_density_km2 = 731 |population_density_sq_mi = 1,895 |population_density_rank = |GDP_PPP = {{nowrap|$11.95 billion^a}} |GDP_PPP_year = 2008^a |GDP_PPP_rank = – |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $2,900^a |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = – |Gini = 35.5 |Gini_year = 2009 |Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |Gini_ref=<ref>{{cite web|title=GINI Index: West Bank and Gaza |accessdate=8 June 2014 |website=The World Bank: Data |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608054636/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI |archive-date=8 June 2014 |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref> |Gini_rank = |HDI = 0.677<!--number only, between 0 and 1--> |HDI_year = 2014<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> |HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> |HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr_2015_statistical_annex.pdf |title=2015 Human Development Report |date=2015 |accessdate=15 December 2015 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme }}</ref> |HDI_rank = 113th |currency = {{unbulleted list |[[Egyptian pound]] ([[ISO 4217|EGP]]) |[[Israeli new shekel]] (ILS) |[[Jordanian dinar]] (JOD)<ref>According to [http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace+Process/Guide+to+the+Peace+Process/Gaza-Jericho+Agreement+Annex+IV+-+Economic+Protoco.htm Article 4 of the 1994 Paris Protocol]. The Protocol allows the Palestinian Authority to adopt multiple currencies. In the [[West Bank]], the Israeli new sheqel and Jordanian dinar are widely accepted; while in the [[Gaza Strip]], the Israeli new sheqel and Egyptian pound are widely accepted.</ref>| (see also [[Palestinian currency]])}} |time_zone = [[Palestine Standard Time]] |utc_offset = +2 |utc_offset_DST = +3 |time_zone_DST = [[Palestine Summer Time]] |date_format = dd/mm/yyyy<!--numeric dates (dd-mm-yyyy, yyyy.mm.dd, etc.) plus era (CE, AD, AH, etc.)--> |drives_on = right |calling_code = [[+970]] |iso3166code = PS |cctld = [[.ps]] |footnote_a = Population and economy statistics and rankings are based on data from the [[Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics|PCBS]]. |footnote_b = Also the leader of the state's government.{{big|{{ref label|PLOChair|iv|}}}} |footnote_c = The territories claimed are under [[Israeli-occupied territories|Israeli occupation]]. |country_code = PLE }} {{Contains Arabic text}} '''ᱯᱮᱞᱮᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱱ''' (Arabic: فلسطين‎ Filasṭīn), officially the State of Palestine[i] (Arabic: دولة فلسطين‎ Dawlat Filasṭīn), ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱮᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱑᱙᱗᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱞᱤᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱤᱠ ᱦᱩᱭᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱯᱮᱞᱮᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱤᱱᱤᱫᱷᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱤ ᱮᱞ ᱳ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ᱾ == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱫᱚᱨᱮᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱑᱐᱔᱒᱙ ᱵᱚᱨᱜᱚ ᱢᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱞᱮᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱥᱢᱟᱱᱤᱭᱳ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱟᱯᱷᱚᱛ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱸᱦᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱯᱟᱹᱦᱤᱞ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱸᱦᱟᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱮᱱ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱸᱦᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱟᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱡᱤᱛᱟᱹᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱛ ᱯᱮᱞᱮᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱠᱳᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱸᱲᱚᱸ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱛ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱚᱨᱚ ᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ ᱢᱳᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱞᱚᱨᱰ ᱵᱮᱞᱯᱷᱳᱨ ᱜᱷᱳᱥᱳᱱᱟᱭ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱡᱤᱛᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱛ ᱦᱟᱥᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱮᱱ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹᱢ ᱞᱮ ᱜᱷᱳᱥᱳᱱᱟᱭᱟ᱾ ᱤᱦᱩᱫᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱠᱩ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱩᱝᱠᱩ ᱠᱩ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱷᱳᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱛ᱾ ᱟᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱮᱲᱮ ᱩᱠᱩ ᱛᱟᱸᱦᱮᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱩᱝᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱫᱟ᱾ ᱟᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱦᱤᱞ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱱᱜᱮ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱠᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱛ ᱰᱚᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱦᱮᱭᱤᱥ ᱵᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽᱢᱮᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱮᱱ ᱤᱦᱩᱫᱤ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱵᱳᱢᱟᱭ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱛᱟᱸᱦᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱷᱟᱱᱢᱳᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱩᱱᱤᱭ ᱠᱩᱞᱤ ᱞᱤᱫᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱟᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱛ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱟᱫᱚ ᱩᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱡᱜᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱤᱧᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱭ ᱠᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱛ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱩᱠᱨᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱡᱟᱸᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮᱞᱮᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱮᱱ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱯᱮᱞᱮᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱴᱷᱮᱡ ᱡᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱛ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱩ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱫᱷᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱱᱟ᱾ ᱯᱟᱹᱦᱤᱞ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱮᱱ ᱑᱙᱑᱘ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱯᱮᱞᱮᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱟᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱡᱜᱮ ᱯᱮᱞᱮᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱡ ᱤᱦᱩᱫᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱠᱳᱣᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱞᱛᱮ ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩ ᱞᱟᱜᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱟᱣ ᱪᱟᱵᱟ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱠᱳᱣᱟ᱾ == ᱚᱛᱱᱚ == ᱯᱮᱞᱮᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱛ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ 6,020 km²᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹᱢ ᱯᱟᱪᱷᱮ ᱥᱮᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱡᱟ ᱥᱤᱢᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱫᱚᱨᱮᱭᱟ, ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱮᱡ ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱨ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱡ ᱤᱡᱽᱨᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ == ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱩ == <gallery> ᱨᱮᱫ:Palestine-Mandate-Ensign-1927-1948.svg|ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱸᱦᱮᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟᱡ ᱯᱮᱞᱮᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱫ:Flag of Palestine.svg|ᱯᱮᱞᱮᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱫ:PalestineAndTransjordan.png|ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱞᱮᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥ ᱡᱚᱨᱰᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱫ:Jerusalem Dome of the rock BW 14.JPG|ᱰᱳᱢ ᱚᱵ ᱡᱮᱨᱩᱡᱟᱞᱮᱢ ᱨᱮᱫ:PalestineP7b-1Pound-1929-donatedtj f.jpg|ᱯᱮᱞᱮᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱣᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱫ:Palestine Mandate Stamp 92.jpg|ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱠ ᱴᱤᱠᱤᱴ ᱨᱮᱫ:British mandate stamp.jpg|ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱠ ᱴᱤᱠᱤᱴ ᱨᱮᱫ:Mill (British Mandate for Palestine currency, 1927).jpg|ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱨᱮᱫ:British Mandate Palestinian passport.jpg|ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱥᱯᱳᱨᱴ ᱨᱮᱫ:Palestine recognition only.svg|ᱯᱮᱞᱮᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱥᱤᱠᱨᱤᱛᱤ ᱠᱳ ᱮᱢᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱫᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹᱢᱠᱩ ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱨᱮᱫ:1759 map Holy Land and 12 Tribes.jpg|ᱯᱮᱞᱮᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱑᱗᱕᱙ ᱨᱮᱫ:Modern Palestine, Illustrated atlas, and modern history of the World, 1851.jpg|ᱯᱮᱞᱮᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱑᱘᱕᱑ ᱨᱮᱫ:1864 Johnson Map of Israel, Palestine, or the Holy Land - Geographicus - Palestine-j-64.jpg|ᱯᱮᱞᱮᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱑᱘᱖᱔ ᱨᱮᱫ:Map of Palestine in Russian, a. 1900.jpg|ᱯᱮᱞᱮᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱑᱙᱐᱐ ᱨᱮᱫ:Palestine according to Eusbius and Jerome - Smith 1915.jpg|ᱯᱮᱞᱮᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱑᱙᱑᱕ ᱨᱮᱫ:BritishMandatePalestine1920.png|ᱯᱮᱞᱮᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱑᱙᱒᱐ ᱨᱮᱫ:Palestine south 1924.jpg|ᱯᱮᱞᱮᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱑᱙᱒᱔ ᱨᱮᱫ:Palestina 1946.jpg|ᱯᱮᱞᱮᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱑᱙᱔᱖ ᱨᱮᱫ:UN Partition Plan Palestine.png|ᱯᱮᱞᱮᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱛ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱛᱤᱥᱚᱝᱜᱷᱚ ᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱛᱟᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱦᱩᱫᱤ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹᱢ, ᱑᱙᱔᱗ </gallery> == ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞᱢᱮ == {{portal|Palestine|Limited recognition|Middle East|Asia}} * [[:en:Palestinian_self-determination|Palestinian self-determination]] * [[:en:Palestinian_territories|Palestinian territories]] * [[:en:Israeli-occupied_territories|Israeli-occupied territories]] * [[:en:Israeli_settlement|Israeli settlement]] * [[:en:Water_Rights_in_Israel-Palestine|Water Rights in Israel-Palestine]] == ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == * [http://www.dipublico.com.ar/english/status-of-palestine-in-the-united-nations-ares6719-full-text/ Status of Palestine in the United Nations (A/RES/67/19) Full Text] * Cross, Tony (24 September 2011). [http://www.english.rfi.fr/americas/20110924-after-abbass-un-bid-are-palestinians-closer-having-state "After Abbas's UN Bid Are Palestinians Closer To Having a State?"]. [[Radio France Internationale]]. Retrieved 2011-9-28. * [http://www.jcpa.org/JCPA/Templates/ShowPage.asp?DRIT=1&DBID=1&LNGID=1&TMID=111&FID=582&PID=2225&IID=5441&TTL=Recognition_of_a_Palestinian_State_%E2%80%93_Premature,_Legally_Invalid,_and_Undermining_any_Bona_F Recognition of a Palestinian state Premature Legally Invalid and Undermining any Bona Fide Negotiation Process] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311092036/http://www.jcpa.org/JCPA/Templates/ShowPage.asp?DRIT=1&DBID=1&LNGID=1&TMID=111&FID=582&PID=2225&IID=5441&TTL=Recognition_of_a_Palestinian_State_%E2%80%93_Premature,_Legally_Invalid,_and_Undermining_any_Bona_F |date=2012-03-11 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20010420191313/http://www.al-bab.com/arab/docs/pal/pal4.htm Political Statement accompanying Palestinian Declaration of Independence] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130131073609/http://www.un.int/wcm/content/site/palestine/ Permanent Observer Mission of Palestine to the United Nations] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120426022554/http://www.carim.org/public/polsoctexts/PS2PAL005_EN.pdf The Historic Compromise: The Palestinian Declaration of Independence and the Twenty-Year Struggle for a Two-State Solution] * [http://www.jcpa.org/art/becker1.htm International Recognition of a Unilaterally Declared Palestinian State: Legal and Policy Dilemmas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115062634/https://www.jcpa.org/art/becker1.htm |date=2022-01-15 }}, by Tal Becker == ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ == [[Category:ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹᱢ]] 7mz0cjnr8m6ebfyt9rahdlp0pidxqn9 0 2417 196617 98885 2026-08-12T19:22:17Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196617 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Armenian national liberation movement.jpg|thumb|ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱩᱞ]] ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱩᱞ (Armenian: Հայ ազգային-ազատագրական շարժում Hay azgayin-azatagrakan sharzhum) ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ<ref>{{cite book|last=Hovannisian|first=Richard G.|title=The Armenian Genocide: History, Politics, Ethics|url=https://archive.org/details/armeniangenocide0000unse_e8v0|year=1992|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=9780312048471|page=[https://archive.org/details/armeniangenocide0000unse_e8v0/page/129 129]|authorlink=Richard G. Hovannisian}}</ref> ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ, ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱩᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱴᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱦᱩᱞ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱞᱟᱰᱷᱟᱹᱭ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱯᱷᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<br> ᱳᱴᱳᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱠᱷᱱᱟᱹᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱫ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱦᱩᱞ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱦᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ᱵᱟᱨᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱦᱩᱞ ᱥᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ ᱡᱩᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱨᱤᱠ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱰᱷᱟᱹᱭ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱰᱷᱟᱹᱭ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱚᱱᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾᱑᱘᱘᱐ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱳᱴᱳᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱫᱽᱨᱤᱥ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱤᱞᱟᱹᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱨᱤᱞᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱰᱷᱟᱹᱭ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱦᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<br> ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱰᱷᱟᱹᱭ ᱡᱷᱚᱜ ᱳᱴᱳᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱤᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱦᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵ ᱛᱮ ᱑᱘᱙᱔ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱙᱒᱓ ᱛᱮ ᱑᱕᱐᱐᱐᱐᱐ᱼ᱒᱐᱐᱐᱐᱐᱐ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱳᱴᱳᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱛᱩᱞᱩᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ<ref>{{cite book|last=Auron|first=Yair|title=The Banality of Indifference: Zionism and the Armenian Genocide|url=https://archive.org/details/banalityofindiff0000auro|year=2000|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=9781412844680|page=[https://archive.org/details/banalityofindiff0000auro/page/44 44]|authorlink=Yair Auron}}</ref> ᱿ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱟᱵᱚ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱮᱱᱳᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱵᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱕ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱙᱑᱕ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱘᱖᱘᱒ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱳᱴᱳᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱟᱲᱚᱭ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱨᱤᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟᱭ, ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱟᱲᱟᱫᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱠᱷ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱨᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱥ ᱟᱨᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱑᱗ ᱛᱮ ᱳᱴᱳᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤᱜᱟᱱ ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱤᱞᱟᱹᱠᱟᱭ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱠᱟᱣᱠᱟᱥᱚᱥ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱒᱘ ᱢᱮ ᱑᱙᱑᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱣᱩᱱᱥᱤᱞ ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮᱫ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱥᱟᱰᱮ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱰᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<br> ᱑᱙᱒᱐ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱳᱞᱥᱮᱵᱷᱤᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱝᱠᱟᱨᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱠᱤᱱ ᱟᱹᱠᱤᱱᱼᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱫ ᱜᱟᱹᱫᱤ ᱨᱮᱠᱤᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤᱥ ᱦᱩᱞᱜᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱦᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱮᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱒᱐ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱰ ᱟᱨᱢᱤ ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱤᱥᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱦᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱒᱑ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱞᱥᱮᱵᱷᱤᱠ ᱨᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱢᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱴᱟᱣ ᱪᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱥᱩᱦᱤ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱵᱷᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟᱠᱚ ᱥᱳᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱫ ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱳᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛ ᱨᱤᱯᱩᱵᱞᱤᱠ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱱᱳᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱨᱤᱯᱷᱩᱡᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ, ᱜᱨᱤᱥ, ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥ, ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱙᱑ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱥᱳᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛ ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱛᱤᱥᱴᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱥᱳᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱩᱱᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱳ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣ ᱒᱐᱑᱘]] sqestm30duwtcrkehk1lezyei2p2pbt 0 2442 196582 138188 2026-08-12T18:50:20Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196582 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ᱵᱮᱸᱠ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ (ᱦᱚᱝᱠᱚᱝ) ᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱮᱰ''' (Chinese: 中國銀行(香港)有限公司) ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱚ ᱛᱮ BOCHK (Chinese: 中銀香港) ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱸᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟ ᱦᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱮᱸᱠ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ (ᱦᱚᱝ ᱠᱚᱝ) ᱥᱚᱢᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱨᱦᱟᱠ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱨᱣᱟ (᱒᱐᱐᱘)<ref>{{Cite book|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|isbn=0-470-22312-X|page=[https://archive.org/details/becomingyourownc0000trip/page/153 153]|last=Trippon|first=James|title=Becoming Your Own China Stock Guru: The Ultimate Investor's Guide to Profiting from China's Economic Boom|url=https://archive.org/details/becomingyourownc0000trip|year=2008}}<!--|accessdate=29 July 2009--></ref>ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱵ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱝ ᱠᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱬᱟ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱸᱠ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱖ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱝ ᱠᱚᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱭᱟᱸᱠ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ (ᱦᱚᱝ ᱠᱚᱝ) ᱦᱟᱜ ᱑᱙᱗ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ <ref>[http://www.bochk.com/dam/bochk/desktop/top/aboutus/ir/docs/finreport/bochkholdings/2016ar/e101_Fullset.pdf BOCHK 2016 Annual Report page 2]]</ref> ᱾ ᱦᱚᱝ ᱠᱚᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱤᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱚᱛᱷᱚᱨᱤᱴᱤ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱵᱮᱸᱠ ᱦᱚᱝ ᱠᱚᱝ ᱰᱚᱞᱟᱨ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱭᱥᱮᱱᱥ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱱᱩᱭ ᱵᱮᱸᱠ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱾<br> ᱵᱭᱟᱸᱠ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ ᱦᱚᱝ ᱠᱚᱝ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱮᱸᱜᱟᱛ ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱛᱷᱟ ᱵᱭᱟᱸᱠ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱤᱱᱥᱭᱩᱨᱟᱱᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱠᱩᱨᱤᱴᱤᱡ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ᱵᱭᱟᱸᱠ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ ᱦᱚᱝ ᱠᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱴᱠᱳ ᱮᱴᱤᱮᱢ ᱟᱱᱰ ᱯᱭᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱚᱢ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱡᱷᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱬᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱢᱤᱱᱵᱤ ᱠᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱝᱠᱚᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱦᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱸᱠ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<br> ᱑ ᱚᱠᱴᱳᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱐᱑ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱝᱠᱚᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱸᱠ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱑᱒ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱫ ᱵᱮᱸᱠ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ ᱦᱚᱝᱠᱚᱝ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱠᱴᱳᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱐᱒ ᱦᱚᱝ ᱠᱚᱝ ᱥᱴᱚᱠ ᱮᱠᱥᱪᱮᱸᱡ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱮᱱᱟ <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/bank-of-china-history/ |title=Bank of China History |publisher=fundinguniverse.com |date= |accessdate=7 July 2018}}</ref>᱾᱒᱐᱑᱖ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱝᱠᱚᱝ ᱵᱮᱸᱠᱼᱟᱜ HK$᱓᱒᱗ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱚᱢᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ HK$᱒᱙ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱵᱷ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ<ref>[http://www.bochk.com/dam/bochk/desktop/top/aboutus/ir/docs/finreport/bochkholdings/2016ar/e104.pdf 2016 Annual Report Financial Highlights]</ref> ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱨᱟᱞ ᱦᱚᱝ ᱠᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱭᱟᱸᱠ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ ᱴᱟᱣᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ <ref>"[http://www.bochk.com/ir/contactus_e.html Contact Us] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110820001414/http://www.bochk.com/ir/contactus_e.html |date=20 August 2011 }}." Bank of China (Hong Kong). Retrieved on 11 September 2011. "Registered Office BOC Hong Kong (Holdings) Limited 52/F Bank of China Tower 1 Garden Road Hong Kong"</ref> ᱾ ᱢᱩᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱝᱠᱚᱝ ᱪᱟᱱᱜᱟ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱘᱘ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱳᱞᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱑᱐᱐᱐ ᱯᱷᱤᱴ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢ ᱦᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== ᱑᱙᱑᱗ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱝ ᱠᱚᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱸᱠ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱵᱮᱸᱠ ᱠᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱿ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱮᱸᱠ ᱱᱚᱰᱮ ᱵᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱸᱠ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱞᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱑᱙᱑᱘ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱭᱮᱱ ᱭᱮᱦ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱨᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱵᱭᱟᱸᱠ ᱾1᱙᱔᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱤᱯᱩᱞᱥ ᱨᱤᱯᱚᱵᱞᱤᱠ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱵᱮᱲᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱝᱠᱚᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱕ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱮᱸᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱦᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱑᱙᱔᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱯᱳ ᱥᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱸᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱕᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱸᱭᱟᱱᱜ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱨᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱵᱮᱸᱠ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱝ ᱠᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱦᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞᱢᱮ== {{Portal|Hong Kong|Companies}} * [[:en:List of banks in Hong Kong|ᱦᱚᱝᱠᱚᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱸᱠ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ]] * ᱵᱮᱸᱠ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ (ᱦᱚᱝ ᱠᱚᱝ)[[:en:Bauhinia Bowl|ᱵᱟᱩᱦᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱵᱚᱣᱞ]] * [[:en:Macanese pataca|ᱢᱭᱟᱠᱟᱱᱥᱮ ᱯᱚᱴᱟᱠᱟ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱳ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣ ᱒᱐᱑᱘]] oy0cys6e10w9jpjpcph6jn6h02gas70 0 2544 196609 184349 2026-08-12T19:15:34Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196609 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ | native_name = {{IAST|ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ}} <!--Do NOT remove this from the infobox as infobox translations and transliterations do not fall under [[WP:INDICSCRIPT]].--> | type = ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ | image_blank_emblem = Emblem of West Bengal.png | blank_emblem_size = 100px | blank_emblem_type = [[Emblem of West Bengal|Emblem]] | image_skyline ={{Photomontage|position=center | photo1a = Howrah Pano 3.jpg | photo2a = Bishnupur Ras Mancha.jpg | photo2b = Bengal Tiger yawning in Sundarban.jpg | photo3a = Malda ~ Adina Mosque 5.JPG | photo3b = Cooch Behar Palace in Cooch Behar.JPG | photo4a = Sunrise @ Digha.jpg | photo4b = Hazarduari Palace West Bengal.JPG | photo5a = Darjeeling.jpg | size = 250 | spacing = 2 | color = | border = 0 | foot_montage = {{nobreak|ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ: [[ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ]] ᱥᱠᱟᱭᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ [[ᱦᱟᱵᱽᱲᱟ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ,}}<br />[[ᱵᱤᱥᱱᱩᱯᱩᱨ]] ᱨᱟᱥᱢᱟᱱᱪᱟ [[ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱩᱲᱟ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮ,<br /> [[ᱵᱟᱸᱜᱟᱞ ᱴᱟᱭᱜᱟᱨ]] [[ᱥᱤᱫᱫᱚᱨᱵᱚᱱ]] ᱨᱮ,<br />[[ᱟᱫᱤᱱᱟ ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱛ]] [[ᱯᱟᱱᱰᱩᱣᱟ|ᱯᱟᱱᱰᱩᱣᱟ]],[[ᱢᱟᱞᱫᱟ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱢᱟᱞᱫᱟ]] ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱳᱪᱵᱤᱨ ᱨᱤᱡᱵᱟᱨᱤ,[[ᱫᱤᱜᱷᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱝᱪᱟᱫᱩ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱯ, ᱦᱟᱡᱟᱨᱫᱩᱭᱟᱨᱤ [[ᱢᱩᱨᱥᱤᱫᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ]], ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱮᱞ [[Happy Valley Tea Estate]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ }} | image_map = IN-WB.svg | map_alt = | map_caption = ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ | mapsize = | latd = | longd = | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_type = | coordinates_display = | coordinates_footnotes = | coordinates_region = | subdivision_type = ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ | subdivision_name = {{flag|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ}} | established_title = ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ | established_date = ᱒᱖ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱙᱕᱐ | parts_type = ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ | parts_style = coll | p1 = {{bulleted list |[[ᱚᱞᱤᱯᱩᱨᱫᱽᱣᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ |ᱟᱞᱤᱯᱩᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨ]] |[[ᱵᱟᱠᱩᱲᱟ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱵᱟᱠᱩᱲᱟ]] |[[ᱵᱤᱨᱵᱷᱩᱢ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱵᱤᱨᱵᱷᱩᱢ]] |[[ᱠᱚᱪ ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱠᱚᱪ ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ]] |[[ᱫᱟᱠᱷᱤᱱ ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱡᱽ ᱯᱩᱨ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱫᱟᱠᱷᱤᱱ ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱡᱽᱯᱩᱨ]] |[[ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ |ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ]] |[[ᱦᱩᱜᱽᱞᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱦᱩᱜᱽᱞᱤ]] |[[ᱦᱟᱵᱽᱲᱟ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱦᱟᱶᱲᱟ]] |[[ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭ ᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ |ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ]] |[[ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱜᱨᱟᱢ]] |[[ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱢᱯᱚᱝ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱢᱯᱚᱝ]] |[[ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ]] |[[ᱢᱟᱞᱫᱟ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱢᱟᱞᱫᱟ]] |[[ᱢᱩᱨᱥᱤᱫᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱢᱩᱨᱥᱤᱫᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ]] |[[ᱱᱚᱫᱤᱭᱟ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱱᱚᱫᱤᱭᱟ]] |[[ᱠᱚᱭᱮ ᱒᱔ ᱯᱟᱨᱜᱟᱱᱟ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱠᱚᱭᱮ ᱒᱔ ᱯᱟᱨᱜᱟᱱᱟ]] |[[ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱵᱚᱨᱫᱷᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱵᱚᱨᱫᱷᱚᱢᱟᱱ]] |[[ᱯᱟᱪᱷᱮ ᱢᱮᱫᱤᱱᱤᱯᱩᱨ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱢᱮᱫᱤᱱᱤᱯᱩᱨ]] |[[ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱵᱚᱨᱫᱷᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱝ ᱵᱚᱨᱫᱷᱚᱢᱟᱱ]] |[[ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱢᱮᱫᱤᱱᱤᱯᱩᱨ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱢᱮᱫᱤᱱᱤᱯᱩᱨ]] |[[ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ]] |[[ᱠᱚᱭᱮ ᱒᱔ ᱯᱟᱨᱜᱟᱱᱟ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱠᱚᱭᱮ ᱒᱔ ᱯᱟᱨᱜᱟᱱᱟ]] |[[ᱩᱛᱛᱟ.ᱨ ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱡᱽ ᱯᱩᱨ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱠᱚᱭᱮ ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱡᱯᱩᱨ]] }} | seat_type = ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ | seat = [[ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ]] | seat1_type = {{ubl | ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ }} | seat1 = ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ | government_footnotes = | governing_body = {{nowrap|[[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ]]}} | leader_title = [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ|ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ]] | leader_name = [[ᱡᱚᱜᱽᱫᱤᱯ ᱫᱷᱚᱱᱠᱷᱚᱲ]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=PTI |title=Centre appoints four new Governors, Jagdeep Dhankar now in charge of West Bengal |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/centre-appoints-four-new-governors-jagdeep-dhankar-now-in-charge-of-west-bengal/article28620154.ece |accessdate=20 July 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=20 July 2019 |language=en-IN}}</ref> | leader_title1 = {{nowrap|[[List of Chief Ministers of West Bengal|ᱥᱤᱨᱟᱹ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ]]}} | leader_name1 = [[ᱢᱚᱢᱚᱛᱟ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨᱡᱤ]] ([[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱛᱨᱤᱬᱢᱩᱞ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ|AITC]]) | leader_title2 = Legislature | leader_name2 = [[:en:West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] (295) | leader_title3 = [[:en:High Courts of India|ᱦᱟᱭ ᱠᱚᱨᱴ]] | leader_name3 = [[ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ ᱦᱟᱭ ᱠᱚᱨᱴ]] | leader_title4 = [[Chief Justice]] | leader_name4 = [[Thottathil B. Radhakrishnan]] | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 88752 | area_note = | area_rank = [[ᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱥᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱮᱫ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ|᱑᱓ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ]] | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_demonym = [[ᱵᱟᱝᱜᱟᱞᱤ|ᱵᱟᱝᱜᱟᱞᱤ]] | population_footnotes = <ref name="2011 pp tableA2">{{cite web |url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_wb.html |title = Area, population, decennial growth rate and density for 2001 and 2011 at a glance for West Bengal and the districts: provisional population totals paper 1 of 2011: West Bengal |publisher = Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |accessdate = 26 January 2012 |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120107060612/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_wb.html |archivedate = 7 January 2012 |df = dmy-all }}</ref> | population_total = 91347736 | population_as_of = ᱒᱐᱑᱑ | population_rank = [[List of states and union territories of India by population|4th]] | population_density_km2 = ᱑,᱐᱒᱙ | population_note = | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | utc_offset1 = +᱐᱕:᱓᱐ | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-WB]] | registration_plate = WB | demographics_type1 = GDP {{nobold|(2017–18)}} | demographics1_footnotes = <ref name="MOSPI">{{cite web|url=http://mospi.nic.in/sites/default/files/press_releases_statements/State_Series_1mar19.xls|title=MOSPI Gross State Domestic Product|last=|first=|date=1 March 2019|website=[[Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation]], [[Government of India]]|archive-url=|access-date=9 June 2019}}</ref> | demographics1_title1 = [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP|Total]] | demographics1_info1 = {{INRConvert|10.20|lc}} | demographics1_title2 = [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita|Per capita]] | demographics1_info2 = {{INRConvert|10.20|lc}} | demographics1_title2 = [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita|Per capita]] | demographics1_info2 = {{INRConvert|95562}} | demographics_type2 = ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ | demographics2_title1 = ᱟᱹᱢᱟᱹᱞᱮᱛ | demographics2_info1 = {{hlist|[[ᱵᱟᱸᱜᱽᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]]|[[ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=www.wb.gov.in|accessdate=30 March 2018}}</ref> }} | demographics2_title2 = ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ | demographics2_info2 = [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ]] ([[ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ]] ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱚᱦᱩᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ [[ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱢᱯᱚᱝ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮ)<ref name=nclmanurep2010 />{{hlist |[[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ]] |[[ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]] |[[ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ]] |[[ᱩᱨᱫᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱩᱨᱫᱩ]] |[[ᱯᱚᱧᱡᱟᱵᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱯᱚᱧᱡᱟᱵᱤ]] |[[ᱠᱟᱢᱛᱟᱯᱩᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱠᱟᱢᱛᱟᱯᱩᱨᱤ]] |[[ᱨᱚᱝᱯᱩᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱚᱝᱥᱤ]] |[[ᱠᱩᱨᱢᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱠᱩᱨᱢᱟᱞᱤ]]<ref name="Hindu" /><ref name=Indiatoday:1 /><ref name=Telegraph:1 />}} (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱛ (ᱵᱞᱚᱠ), ᱢᱚᱦᱩᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱒᱐ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱟᱨᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ) <!-- blank fields (section 1) --> | blank_name_sec1 = [[:en:Human Development Index|HDI]] {{nobold|(2017)}} | blank_info_sec1 = {{increase}} 0.637 (<span style="color:#fc0">medium</span>) · [[:en:List of Indian states and territories by Human Development Index|21st]]<ref name="snhdi-gdl">{{cite web |title=Sub-national HDI – Area Database |url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |website=Global Data Lab |publisher=Institute for Management Research, Radboud University |accessdate=25 September 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923120638/https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |archive-date=23 September 2018 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref> | blank1_name_sec1 = [[:en:Literacy in India|ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ]] {{nobold|(᱒᱐᱑᱑)}} | blank1_info_sec1 = ᱗᱗.᱐᱘%<ref name="2011 pp table3A2">{{cite web |url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_wb.html |title = Sex ratio, 0–6 age population, literates and literacy rate by sex for 2001 and 2011 at a glance for West Bengal and the districts: provisional population totals paper 1 of 2011: West Bengal |publisher = Government of India:Ministry of Home Affairs |accessdate = 29 January 2012 |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120107060612/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_wb.html |archivedate = 7 January 2012 |df = dmy-all }}</ref> | blank2_name_sec1 = [[:en:Human sex ratio|ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱤ]] {{nobold|(᱒᱐᱑᱑)}} | blank2_info_sec1 = ᱙᱕᱐ [[ᱠᱩᱲᱤ|♀]]/᱑᱐᱐ [[ᱠᱚᱲᱟ|♂]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Sex Ratio in West Bengal|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/sexratio.php|website=Census of India 2011|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227054841/http://www.census2011.co.in/sexratio.php|archivedate=27 February 2014}}</ref> | website = {{Official website}} | footnotes = {{note|leg|*}} 294 elected, 1 nominated }} '''ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ''' ᱥᱮ '''ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ''' ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ [[ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮ [[ᱵᱚᱝᱜᱚ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲᱮᱞ ᱙ ᱠᱚᱴᱤ ᱑᱓ ᱞᱟᱠᱷ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚ ᱵᱟᱲᱛᱤ ᱾ ᱦᱚᱲᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱘᱘,᱗᱔᱒ ᱠᱤᱢᱤ (᱓᱔,᱒᱖᱗ ᱢᱟ) ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ [[ᱵᱟᱸᱜᱽᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱝᱜᱟᱞᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱛᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ]] ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱨᱮ [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ]], [[ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ]] ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ]], [[ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ]], [[ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ]], [[ᱥᱤᱠᱠᱤᱢ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱟᱥᱟᱢ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹᱱᱟ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ [[ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ]] ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱦᱟ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱾ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ [[ᱵᱚᱨᱫᱷᱚᱢᱟᱱ]] ᱾ ᱵᱟᱨᱫᱷᱚᱢᱟᱱ, [[ᱟᱥᱟᱱᱥᱳᱞ]], [[ᱥᱤᱞᱤᱜᱩᱲᱤ]], [[ᱫᱩᱨᱜᱟᱯᱩᱨ]] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱸᱜᱽᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱦᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱾ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ ᱦᱮᱢᱟᱞᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, ᱜᱟᱝᱜᱟ ᱵᱚᱫᱤᱯ, ᱨᱟᱲ ᱚᱱᱪᱚᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱨᱮ [[ᱥᱩᱱᱫᱚᱨᱵᱚᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ==ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ== ᱵᱚᱝᱜᱚ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡᱽ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱫ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱪᱟᱹᱞᱩ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ (BCE) ᱑᱐᱐᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱨᱟᱵᱤᱲ ᱩᱯᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡᱽ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ<ref>{{cite web |url= http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field%28DOCID+bd0014%29|title= Bangldesh: early history, 1000&nbsp;B.C.–A.D. 1202 |month=September |year=1988 |work= Bangladesh: A country study|প্রকাশক=Library of Congress |অবস্থান= Washington, D.C. |সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2 March 2012|উক্তি=Historians believe that Bengal, the area comprising present-day Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal, was settled in about 1000 B.C. by Dravidian-speaking peoples who were later known as the Bang. Their homeland bore various titles that reflected earlier tribal names, such as Vanga, Banga, Bangala, Bangal, and Bengal.}}</ref> ᱾ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ''ᱵᱚᱝᱜᱚ'' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱬᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱵᱷᱚᱝᱜᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱥᱮ (ᱵᱚᱝᱜᱚ) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡᱽ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱚᱝᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱝᱜᱚ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱔᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮᱫᱚ West Bengal (ᱳᱣᱮᱥᱴ ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱚᱞ) ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱪᱟᱹᱞᱩ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱡᱽ Paschimbanga (ᱯᱚᱥᱪᱤᱢᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ) ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱛᱟᱵᱽ ᱵᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news |title=West Bengal may be renamed PaschimBanga |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2373155.ece |newspaper= [[The Hindu]]|অবস্থান=Chennai, India|date= 19 August 2011|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=7 February 2012}}</ref> == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == {{ᱢᱩᱬ|ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ|ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ|ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ}} === ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱞᱟᱥᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ === [[File:Sasanka Deva king of Gauda circa 600-630.jpg|thumb|ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱝᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟᱭ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱣᱲᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐,᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱜᱟᱹᱠᱷᱩᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱸᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱘,᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/20000-yr-old-stone-tools-found-in-bengal/articleshow/50849646.cms|title=20,000-yr-old stone tools found in Bengal|publisher=The Times of India|access-date=2016-02-04}}</ref> ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱠᱟᱵᱽᱭᱚ [[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱵᱚᱝᱜᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ|ᱵᱚᱝᱜᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref name="Bharata">{{Cite book|last=Barry|first=O'Brien|title=The Bengal Obituary|year=1848|publisher=W. Thacker & Co|location=London|page=4}}</ref> ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱵᱮᱫᱤᱠ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱵᱚᱝᱜᱚ]], [[ᱨᱟᱲ]], [[ᱯᱩᱱᱰᱨᱚᱵᱚᱨᱫᱷᱚᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱩᱦᱢᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ]]᱾ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱫᱮᱥᱤ ᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱨᱤᱥᱴᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱵᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱜᱨᱤᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱝᱜᱟ ᱱᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱪᱟ ᱨᱮ [[ᱜᱚᱝᱜᱟᱨᱤᱰᱟᱭ]] ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite book|title=Megaesthenes and Arrian|last=McCrindle|first=J.W.|year=1926|publisher=Chuckervertty, Chatterjee & Co.|location=Calcutta}}</ref> ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱩᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱵᱷᱩᱢᱤ]] (ᱵᱟᱨᱢᱟ, ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ, ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭ ᱩᱯᱫᱤᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱢᱟᱛᱨᱟ) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref name="Prasad1977">{{Cite book|last=Prasad|first=Prakash Charan|title=Foreign Trade and Commerce in Ancient India|year=1977|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-053-2|page=176}}</ref> ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ [[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱡᱚᱭ (c. ᱕᱔᱓ – c. ᱕᱐᱕ BCE), ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱚᱝᱜᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ, ᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ (ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ [[ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ]]) ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ [[ᱥᱤᱝᱦᱚᱞ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ]] ᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=http://lakdiva.org/mahavamsa/chap006.html|title=The Coming of Vijaya|work=Mahavamsa|publisher=Lakdiva.org|access-date=2024-01-01}}</ref> [[ᱢᱚᱜᱚᱫᱷ]] ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱗ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱨᱤᱥᱴᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱵᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ [[ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ]] ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱵᱤᱨ]], [[ᱡᱚᱭᱱᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱨ [[ᱜᱚᱣᱛᱚᱢ ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ]], [[ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref name="Keay">{{Cite book|last=Keay|first=John|title=India: A History|url=https://archive.org/details/indiahistory0000keay|year=2000|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=978-0-00-255717-7|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/indiahistory0000keay/page/166 166]–193}}</ref> ᱓ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱨᱤᱥᱴᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱵᱚ ᱨᱮ [[ᱚᱥᱳᱠ]] ᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ, [[ᱢᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱨᱟᱡᱽ]] ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ [[ᱟᱯᱷᱜᱟᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱟᱞᱩᱪᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱓ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱖ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ CE ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ, ᱢᱚᱜᱚᱫᱷ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ [[ᱜᱩᱯᱛᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱨᱟᱡᱽ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ === ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ === [[File:Asia 800ad.jpg|thumb|[[ᱯᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱢᱨᱟᱡᱽ]] ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱩᱯᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾]] ᱜᱩᱯᱛᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ—ᱵᱚᱝᱜᱚ ᱥᱮ [[ᱥᱚᱢᱚᱛᱚᱴ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱜᱚᱣᱲᱚ]]—ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱥᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱝᱠᱚ]] ᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱗ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟᱭ᱾<ref name="Shashanka">{{Cite book|last=Majumdar|first=R.C.|title=History of Ancient Bengal|year=1971|publisher=G. Bharadwaj & Co.|location=Calcutta|pages=56–58}}</ref> ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱥᱛᱷᱤᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, [[ᱯᱟᱞ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ]] ᱘ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ [[ᱥᱮᱱ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ]] ᱠᱚᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ᱾ [[ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ]] ᱫᱚ [[ᱟᱵᱽᱵᱟᱥᱤᱭᱚ ᱠᱷᱤᱞᱟᱯᱷᱚᱛ]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱞᱚ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ [[ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱵᱤᱱ ᱵᱚᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱤᱞᱡᱤ]] ᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱩᱨᱤᱫᱽ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ [[ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱥᱩᱞᱛᱟᱱᱟᱛ]] ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱑᱓᱕᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱥᱩᱞᱛᱟᱱᱟᱛ]] ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱭᱩᱨᱚᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ "ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱹᱬ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ" ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾ ᱑᱕᱗᱖ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱢᱩᱜᱚᱞ ᱥᱟᱢᱨᱟᱡᱽ]] ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱑᱗᱐᱐ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱫᱽᱥᱟᱦ [[ᱚᱣᱨᱚᱝᱜᱚᱡᱮᱵᱽ]] ᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱢᱩᱜᱚᱞ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱱᱚᱵᱟᱵᱽ]] ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱨᱟ-ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱑᱗᱖᱔ ᱨᱮ [[ᱵᱚᱠᱥᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ]] ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱤᱥᱴ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱱᱤ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ [[ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱯᱨᱮᱥᱤᱰᱮᱱᱥᱤ]] ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ === ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ === ᱑᱗᱗᱒ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱙᱑᱑ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ, [[ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ]] ᱫᱚ ᱤᱥᱴ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱥᱨᱚᱭᱟᱞᱴᱤ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱑᱙᱑᱒ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱙᱔᱗ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱤᱱᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱞᱟᱲᱟᱣᱱᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ (᱑᱙᱔᱗)|᱑᱙᱔᱗ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ]] ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱵᱽ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ]] ᱦᱩᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ)᱾ === ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ === ᱑᱙᱔᱗ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱱᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱵᱽ ᱱᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱵᱽ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ (ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱑᱙᱕᱖ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱵᱽ ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ) ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱗᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱑᱙᱕᱐ ᱨᱮ [[ᱠᱩᱪᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ]] ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱑᱙᱕᱕ ᱨᱮ [[ᱪᱚᱱᱫᱚᱱᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ]], ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱟᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ==ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ== ===ᱦᱚᱭᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ=== ==ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱨᱤ== ==ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ== ==ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ== ==ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ== ==ᱰᱮᱢᱚᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤ== {{IndiaCensusPop | title= ᱦᱚᱨᱮᱞ ᱩᱛᱷᱱᱟᱹᱣ | 1951= 26300000 | 1961= 34926000 | 1971= 44312000 | 1981= 54581000 | 1991= 68078000 | 2001= 80176000 | 2011= 91276115 | estimate= | estyear= | estref= | footnote=Source: ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in}}</ref> |1901=16940088|1911=17998769|1921=17474348|1931=18897036|1941=23229552}} ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱰᱮᱱᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱤ ᱪᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱐᱒᱘ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱰᱮᱱᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱜᱩᱴ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱗.᱕᱔ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱟᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱑-᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱢᱩᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱮᱞ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱦᱟᱨ ᱑᱓.᱘᱔ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱟᱨᱟ; ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱦᱚᱲᱮᱞ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱦᱟᱨ ᱑᱗.᱖᱔ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱑᱐᱐᱐ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱙᱕᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱱ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱾ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱠᱷᱱᱟᱹᱛ ᱦᱟᱨ ᱗᱖.᱒᱖ %,ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱚᱰ (Average) ᱗᱔.᱐᱔ % ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱙᱑-᱑᱙᱙᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ, ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱰ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱖᱓.᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱷᱚᱨᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱰ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱖᱑.᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱗᱐ % ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱙᱑-᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱓᱑.᱘᱕ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱟᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ {{Multiple image | align = left | direction = vertical | header = | header_align = <!-- left/right/center --> | header_background = | footer = | footer_align = <!-- left/right/center --> | footer_background = | width = 220 | image1 = Kolkatatemple.jpg | width1 = | alt1 = | caption1 = ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱤᱱᱮᱥᱥᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱞᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ | image2 = Kolkata Tipu Sultan's Mosque3.jpg | width2 = | alt2 = | caption2 = ᱴᱤᱯᱩᱥᱩᱞᱛᱟᱱ ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱫ | image3 = St Paul's Cathedral.jpg | width3 = | alt3 = | caption3 = [[:en:St. Paul's Cathedral, Kolkata|St Paul's Cathedral]] }} ===ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ=== {{Pie chart |label1=[[ᱵᱟᱸᱜᱽᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]]|value1=86.22 |color1=purple |label2=[[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ]]|value2=6.96 |color2=orange |label3=[[ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ]]|value3=2.66 |color3=yellow |label4=[[ᱩᱨᱫᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱩᱨᱫᱩ]]|value4=1.82 |color4=green |label5=[[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ]]|value5=1.27 |color5=red |label6= ᱮᱴᱟᱜ |value6=1.07 |color6= grey |caption=ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ (᱒᱐᱑᱑)<ref name="census2011-langreport">{{cite web |title=Language – India, States and Union Territories |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf |work=Census of India 2011 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General |pages=13–14 |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114073412/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf |archive-date=14 November 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> }} ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱲᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱙᱑,᱓᱔᱗,᱗᱓᱖ (ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱜᱩᱴ ᱦᱚᱲᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱗.᱕ %) ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱚᱲᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱾ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱵᱟᱠᱩᱲᱟ, ᱡᱷᱟᱲᱜᱟᱨᱟᱢ, ᱒᱔ ᱯᱟᱨᱜᱟᱱᱟ, ᱵᱚᱨᱫᱷᱚᱢᱟᱱ, ᱵᱤᱨᱵᱷᱩᱢ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ===ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ=== ==ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ== ==ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ== ==ᱢᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ== ==ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ== ==ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ== * [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ]] * [[ᱵᱟᱸᱜᱽᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== * {{Official website}} * [https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/home West Bengal Tourism] * {{Britannica|640088}} * {{curlie|Regional/Asia/India/West_Bengal|West Bengal}} * {{osmrelation-inline|1960177}} {{Geographic location |Centre = ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ |North = [[ᱥᱤᱠᱠᱤᱢ]] |Northeast = [[ᱪᱩᱠᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱪᱩᱠᱷᱟ]], [[ᱫᱟᱜᱟᱱᱟ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱫᱟᱜᱟᱱᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱟᱢᱴᱥᱮ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]], {{flag|ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ}} |East = [[ᱟᱥᱟᱢ]]<br />[[ᱨᱟᱝᱯᱩᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ|ᱨᱟᱝᱯᱩᱨ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱥᱟᱥᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ]], {{flag|ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ}} |Southeast = [[ᱠᱷᱩᱞᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ]], {{flag|ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ}} |South = ''[[ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ]]'' |Southwest = [[ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ]] |West = [[ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ]]<br />[[ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ]] |Northwest = {{flag|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ}} }} {{West Bengal topics}} {{ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱮᱫ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ}} {{Municipalities of West Bengal}} {{Subject bar |commons=yes |n=yes |n-search=Category:West Bengal |wikt=yes |b=yes |q=yes |s=yes |s-search=Portal:West Bengal |voy=yes |voy-search=West Bengal |d=yes |d-search=Q1356}} {{Coord|22|34|N|88|22|E|type:adm1st_scale:3000000_region:IN-WB|display=title|name=West Bengal}} {{Authority control}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ| ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:1947 establishments in India]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:Bay of Bengal]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱚᱞ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:Bengali-speaking countries and territories]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:English-speaking countries and territories]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:States and territories established in 1947]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱮᱫ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ]] fy50nw41x6504t99f5takxez3ngbi2h 0 2837 196702 196235 2026-08-13T00:24:53Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 196702 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ᱠᱩᱸᱡᱚᱨᱟ.ᱱᱤ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ''' ᱯᱩᱨᱟ. ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ '''ᱱᱚᱢᱚᱭᱨᱚᱠᱯᱚᱢ ᱠᱩᱸᱡᱚᱨᱟ.ᱱᱤ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ''' (ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ : ᱑ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱑᱙᱖᱘) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟ. ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟ. ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱛᱩᱞ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰᱤᱭᱟ. ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ==ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱵᱳᱨᱳ== ᱠᱩᱸᱡᱚᱨᱟ.ᱱᱤ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱤᱨᱟ.ᱞ ᱥᱟᱞᱮᱨᱮ(1st March 1968) ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱬᱤᱯᱩᱨ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱤᱢᱯᱷᱟᱞ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱠᱟ.ᱭᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱭᱤ ᱞᱮᱭᱠᱟᱭᱤ ᱟ.ᱛᱩᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱯᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱞᱟ.ᱜᱤᱫ ᱤᱢᱯᱷᱟᱞ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱱᱰᱟᱢ ᱥᱤᱱᱥᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱱᱟᱞᱟ ᱤᱛᱩᱱ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱨᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱮᱭᱟᱭᱜᱮᱞ ᱤᱨᱟ.ᱞ (1978) ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱤᱛᱩᱱ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱺᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟ.ᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱩᱸᱡᱚᱨᱟ.ᱱᱤ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫᱚᱜ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱱᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱩᱞᱩᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱤᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱦᱮᱯᱮᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟ.ᱰᱤ ᱨᱟ.ᱥᱠᱟ. ᱥᱟᱛᱞᱟᱜᱼᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱾ ᱤᱢᱯᱷᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱵᱩᱫᱷᱚ ᱪᱚᱱᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱥᱚᱱᱮᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟ. ᱜᱟᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱚᱱᱮᱨ ᱮ ᱥᱟ.ᱛ ᱛᱮᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱛᱩᱞ ᱦᱮᱯᱮᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱤᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱜᱮ ᱟ.ᱰᱤ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱫᱼᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱥᱟ.ᱛ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱨᱟᱞ ᱨᱤᱡᱟᱨᱵ ᱯᱩᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱥ (CRPF) ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟ.ᱠᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫᱚᱜ ᱾ ᱯᱩᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱥ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱛᱩᱞ ᱦᱮᱯᱮᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱤᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱟ.ᱰᱤ ᱟ.ᱰᱤ ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣᱱᱟᱣ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱠᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟ.ᱥᱠᱟ. ᱧᱮᱞᱛᱮ ᱑᱙᱙᱖ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱙᱙᱘ (1996-98) ᱫᱷᱟ.ᱵᱤᱡ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱯᱩᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱥ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱛᱩᱞ ᱴᱤᱢ ᱟ.ᱜᱩᱣᱟ.ᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ==ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== ᱑᱙᱘᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱟ.ᱛᱤᱭᱟ.ᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱛᱩᱞ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟ.ᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ (Gold Medal) ᱜᱮ ᱵᱤᱥᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱔᱔kg,᱔᱖kg ᱟᱨ ᱔᱘ kg ᱦᱟ.ᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱔᱘kg ᱦᱟ.ᱴᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱛᱩᱞ ᱦᱮᱯᱮᱨᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟ.ᱫ ᱦᱟ.ᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱘᱗ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱨᱤᱵᱮᱱᱫᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱛᱩᱞ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱟ.ᱛᱤᱭᱟ.ᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱠᱚᱨᱰ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱔᱔kg ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱔᱖kg ᱦᱟ.ᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱙᱙᱔ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱱᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱛᱩᱞ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟ.(Gold Medal) ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱢᱚᱬᱤᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱞᱮᱱ ᱔᱘ kg ᱦᱟ.ᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟ.ᱛᱤᱨ ᱯᱩᱱᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟ. ᱫᱚᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟ.(Silver Medal) ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱛᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱘᱙ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱸᱜᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱪᱮᱥᱴᱮᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟ.ᱨᱤ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱛᱩᱞ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟ.ᱨᱤ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟ.ᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱩᱭᱠᱩ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟ.ᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱛᱩᱞ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟ. ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟ.ᱰᱤ ᱠᱩᱥᱤ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱠᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟ. ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱟ.ᱜᱤᱫ ᱾ ᱚᱲᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱱᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟ.ᱨᱤ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱛᱩᱞ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟ.ᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟ. (Gold medal ) ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱤᱥᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟ.(Silver Medal) ᱜᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱙᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱤᱡᱤᱸ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱙᱔ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱤᱨᱳᱥᱤᱢᱟ ᱮᱥᱤᱟᱱ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱛᱩᱞ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟ.(Bronze Medal) ᱜᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱑᱙᱙᱘ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱵᱮᱸᱠᱚᱠ ᱮᱥᱤᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱛᱩᱞ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟ. ᱵᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ==ᱥᱮᱬᱟ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ== {|class = "wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan=2 width=40|ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ! rowspan=2 width=250|ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ! rowspan=2 width=60|ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ !colspan=4| Snatch (kg) !colspan=4| Clean & Jerk (kg) !rowspan=2 width=40| Total !rowspan=2 width=40| Rank |- ! width=40|1!! width=40|2!! width=40|3!! width=40|Rank!! width=40|1!! width=40|2!! width=40|3!! width=40|Rank |- ! colspan=13|[[World Weightlifting Championships|World Championships]] |- |[[2005 World Weightlifting Championships|᱒᱐᱐᱕]] || align=left|{{flagicon|ᱠᱟᱛ}} [[ᱫᱳᱦᱟ]], [[ᱠᱟᱛᱟᱨ]]|| [[2005 World Weightlifting Championships – Women's 48 kg|᱔᱘ ᱠᱤᱞᱳ]] ||᱗᱕||'''᱗᱘'''||<s> 79||᱗||95||98||'''100'''||᱗||'''178.0'''||7 |- |[[2003 World Weightlifting Championships|᱒᱐᱐᱓]] || align=left|{{flagicon|ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱟ}} [[ᱵᱟᱸᱠᱚᱣᱵᱚᱨ]], [[ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱟ]] || [[2003 World Weightlifting Championships – Women's 48 kg|᱔᱘ ᱠᱤᱞᱳ]] ||᱗᱕||᱗᱗.᱕||'''᱘᱐'''||᱖||97.5||'''102.5'''||<s>105||4||'''182.5'''||5 |- |[[1999 World Weightlifting Championships|᱑᱙᱙᱙]] || align=left|{{flagicon|ᱜᱨᱤᱥ}} [[ᱱᱯᱤᱨᱟᱣᱚᱥ]], [[ᱜᱨᱤᱥ]] || [[᱑᱙᱙᱙ World Weightlifting Championships – Women's 48 kg|᱔᱘ ᱠᱤᱞᱳ]] ||'''᱗᱕'''||<s>80||<s>80||᱑᱐||95||100||'''105'''||{{sica}}||'''180'''||5 |} ==ᱥᱟ.ᱠᱷᱭᱟ.ᱛ== {{ᱥᱟ.ᱠᱷᱭᱟ.ᱛ}} https://www.webcitation.org/6U68ulwpb?url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231171650/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-12-31 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231171650/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-12-31 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117004138/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-11-17 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117004138/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-11-17 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117004138/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2017-11-17 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }} http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== http://www.athens2004.com/en/ParticipantsAthletes/newParticipants?pid=9003801{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} https://web.archive.org/web/20071028023001/http://sportal.nic.in/legenddetails.asp?sno=722&moduleid=&maincatid=48&subid=0&comid=55 http://www.mapsofindia.com/who-is-who/sports/n-kunjarani-devi.html [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱣᱤᱠᱤ ᱞᱚᱵᱽᱥ ᱳᱢᱮᱱ ᱒᱐᱑᱙]] 7axzqt4vnu34f4rr630iu50iqfwzion 0 3206 196687 22227 2026-08-12T20:50:28Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196687 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox deity<!--Wikipedia:WikiProject Hindu mythology--> | type = Hindu | image = Dhumavati.JPG | caption = ᱒᱐ ᱥᱚᱛᱟᱵᱚᱫᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱯᱩᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱳᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱩᱢᱟᱵᱚᱛᱤ ᱫᱟ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱤ ᱠᱚᱯᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱟ ᱦᱟᱴᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱟᱛᱟᱝᱜᱽ ᱠᱟ.ᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱟᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟ.ᱦᱭ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱰᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱟᱜ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ | alt = ᱟᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟ.ᱦᱭ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱰᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱟᱜ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ | name = ᱫᱷᱩᱢᱟᱵᱚᱛᱤ | Devanagari = धूमावती | Sanskrit_transliteration = Dhūmavatī | affiliation = [[ᱯᱟᱨᱵᱚᱛᱤ]]/[[ᱥᱚᱛᱤ (ᱷᱤᱸᱫᱩ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ)|ᱥᱚᱛᱤ]], [[ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱵᱤᱫᱭᱟᱥ]], [[ᱟᱫᱤᱥᱚᱠᱛᱤ]] and [[ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱠᱟᱞᱤ]] | god_of = ᱤᱪᱦᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱚᱱᱤᱡ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ | abode = ᱠᱚᱭᱞᱟᱥ | mantra = ᱟᱢ ᱫᱦᱩᱢ ᱰᱦᱩᱢ ᱫᱷᱩᱢᱟᱵᱚᱛᱤ ᱛᱷᱟ ᱴᱷᱟ ᱥᱣᱟᱦᱟ | consort = ᱥᱤᱵ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ(before widowhood) | weapon = | mount = ᱠᱟ.ᱦᱩ }} '''ᱫᱷᱩᱢᱟᱵᱚᱛᱤ'''(Sanskrit: धूमावती, Dhūmāvatī, ᱢᱟᱱᱮ ᱼ ᱫᱦᱩ.ᱟ.(smoke)) ᱢᱤᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱵᱤᱫᱭᱟᱥ (Mahavidyas) ᱛᱟᱦᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱑᱐ ᱴᱤ ᱵᱦᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱴᱟᱝ ᱛᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤᱠ ᱛᱟᱦᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ '''ᱫᱷᱩᱢᱟᱵᱚᱛᱤ''' ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱭᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱟᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱨᱚᱠ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱟᱭ ᱚᱞᱜᱟ ᱵᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱥᱛᱤ ᱥᱚᱡ ᱵᱟᱡ ᱠᱚᱟᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱟᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱦᱩ ᱪᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱵᱟᱨᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱥᱟᱬᱤ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱮ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱚᱣ ᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱠᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱝᱜᱟᱭᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱ ᱤᱪᱦᱟ ᱢᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱢᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱡᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱯᱩᱨᱚᱬ ᱚᱜ ᱛᱟᱢᱟ, ᱡᱟᱷᱟ ᱨᱟᱜᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱢᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱷᱚ ᱡᱦᱚᱛᱚ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱣ ᱛᱟᱢᱟ, ᱮᱠᱞᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱝ ᱦᱩᱡᱩᱜᱟᱟ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱫᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱷᱤᱠ ᱫᱚᱰᱮᱟᱜᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱩᱵ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱢᱚᱸᱫᱤᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱢᱟ, ᱵᱮᱥᱮᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱢᱥᱟᱱ ᱜᱷᱟᱛ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱩᱡᱚ ᱚᱭᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱰᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱡᱷᱚᱰᱯᱩᱝᱽᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱯ ᱛᱟᱭᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ == ᱯᱩᱡᱟ == ᱫᱷᱩᱢᱟᱵᱚᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱩᱵ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱢᱚᱸᱫᱤᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱛᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱᱟᱥᱤ ᱨᱮ, ᱚᱱᱰᱮ ᱟᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱩᱡᱟᱭᱭᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱠᱟ ᱢᱟᱱᱭᱚᱛ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱽᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱫᱷᱩᱢᱟᱵᱚᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱚᱰ ᱟᱜ ᱤᱪᱦᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱷᱚᱛᱚ ᱜᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱚᱬ ᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱨᱭ ᱵᱚᱠᱚ ᱯᱩᱡᱟ ᱟᱭᱟ ᱪᱮᱰᱟᱫᱟᱜ ᱱᱟ ᱟᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱚᱸᱜᱚᱞ ᱰᱮᱵᱛᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱥᱤᱵ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱠᱦᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱥᱨᱟᱯ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱮᱞᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱸᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱟ.ᱛᱤᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱤᱪᱦᱤ ᱯᱩᱡᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱭᱟ, ᱯᱚᱸᱰᱤᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱫᱷᱩᱢᱟᱵᱚᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱥᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱩᱡᱟ ᱟᱭᱟ, ᱡᱚᱫᱤ ᱢᱟᱰᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱡᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱦᱟᱱ ᱟᱥᱩᱵᱚᱟᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱷᱩᱢᱟᱵᱚᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱷᱚᱰᱢᱚ ᱠᱦᱚᱱ ᱚᱰᱳᱠᱚᱜ ᱫᱷᱩᱟ. ᱠᱟ.ᱛᱤᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱷᱩᱢᱟᱵᱚᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱰᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟᱠᱩᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱩᱢᱟᱵᱟᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱝ ᱯᱩᱡᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱛᱦᱟ ᱪᱤᱫᱟᱜ ᱱᱟ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱸᱰᱤ ᱤᱡ ᱫᱤᱵᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱯᱩᱡᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱦᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮ ᱨᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱵᱩᱡᱦᱴᱷᱟᱣ ᱟᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱩᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱣ ᱟᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱷᱩᱢᱟᱵᱚᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱦᱚᱰ ᱯᱩᱡᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱟᱷᱮᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱥᱮᱱᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱷᱩᱢᱟᱵᱚᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱦᱟᱨᱟᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱠᱟᱨᱟᱛᱢᱚᱠ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱭᱚᱱᱛᱨᱚ ᱛᱤ ᱵᱷᱚᱥᱢᱚ ᱜᱚᱫ ᱠᱟ.ᱟᱭ ᱾ ==ᱤᱸᱜᱨᱟᱡᱤ ᱥᱟ.ᱠᱷᱟᱭᱟᱛ== * [https://www.scribd.com/doc/35788001/dhumavati-sadhana Dhumavati Sadhana] ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== * {{cite book|title=Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition|last=Kinsley|first=David R. |publisher=University of California Press|year=1988| isbn=978-0-520-06339-6|edition=1|pages=161–177|chapter=Tara, Chinnamasta and the Mahavidyas}} * {{cite book|title=Tantric visions of the divine feminine: the ten mahāvidyās|url=https://archive.org/details/tantricvisionsof0000kins_h5e0|last=Kinsley|first=David R.|publisher=University of California Press.|year=1997| isbn=978-0-520-20499-7}} *{{cite book|title=Tantric Yoga and the Wisdom Goddesses: Spiritual Secrets of Ayurveda|url=https://archive.org/details/tantricyogawisdo0000davi|last=Frawley|first=David |date=March 1994|publisher=Lotus Press| isbn=978-0-910261-39-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/tantricyogawisdo0000davi/page/121 121]–128|chapter=Dhumavati: The Grandmother spirit|authorlink =David Frawley }} *{{Cite book|title=Transformations and Transfer of Tantra in Asia and Beyond|last=Zeiler|first=Xenia|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=2012|isbn=|editor-last=Keul|editor-first=István|location=|pages=|chapter=Transformations in the Textual Traditions of Dhumavati}} *{{cite book|last=Bernard|first=Elizabeth Anne|title= Chinnamasta: The Aweful Buddhist and Hindu Tantric Goddess |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=2000|isbn=978-81-208-1748-7}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱣᱤᱠᱤ ᱞᱚᱵᱽᱥ ᱳᱢᱮᱱ ᱒᱐᱑᱙]] a7k1x74pbscw4wdbhoxcawq9pwsfk6w 0 3803 196586 139803 2026-08-12T18:56:00Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196586 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = ᱞᱚᱛᱟ ᱢᱚᱸᱜᱮᱥᱠᱚᱨ | image = Lata Mangeshkar - still 29065 crop.jpg | caption = ᱒᱐᱐᱘ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱚᱛᱟ ᱢᱚᱸᱜᱮᱥᱠᱚᱨ | other names = Didi, Nightingale of India. | image_size = | background = solo_singer | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1929|9|28}} | birth_place = ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱨ, ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱨᱟᱞ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱮᱡᱮᱱᱥᱤ,ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ | death_date = ᱖ February 2022 | death_place = Breach Candy Hospital Trust, Mumbai | occupation = ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱵᱟᱰᱚᱦᱤ | years_active = 1942–present | spouse = none | parents = ᱫᱤᱱᱱᱟᱛᱷ ᱢᱮᱝᱜᱮᱥᱠᱟᱨ<br> ᱥᱮᱣᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱢᱟᱝᱜᱮᱥᱠᱟᱨ | relatives = ᱟᱥᱟ ᱵᱷᱚᱥᱞᱮ (ᱢᱤᱥᱨᱟ).<br/>ᱩᱥᱟ ᱢᱟᱝᱜᱮᱥᱠᱟᱨ (ᱢᱤᱥᱨᱟ).<br/>ᱢᱤᱱᱟ ᱢᱟᱝᱜᱮᱥᱠᱟᱨ (ᱢᱤᱥᱨᱟ).<br/> ᱦᱨᱤᱫᱟᱭᱱᱟᱛᱷ ᱢᱟᱝᱜᱮᱥᱠᱟᱨ (ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟ). | awards = ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱚᱭᱱᱚ ᱒᱐᱐᱑ <br/>ᱯᱚᱫᱽᱢᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱥᱚᱱ ᱑᱙᱖᱙,<br> ᱯᱚᱫᱽᱢᱚ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱩᱥᱚᱱ ᱑᱙᱙᱙,<br> ᱫᱟᱫᱟ ᱥᱟᱦᱮᱫᱽ ᱯᱷᱟᱞᱠᱮ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱟᱹ ᱑᱙᱘᱙,<br> ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱥᱚᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱟᱹ ᱑᱙᱙᱗, <br> ᱮᱱ.ᱴᱤ.ᱟᱨ. ᱱᱮᱥᱚᱱᱟᱞ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱟᱹ ᱑᱙᱙᱙,<br> ᱱᱮᱥᱚᱱᱟᱞ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱟᱹ, Guinness Book of World Records 1984<br>(most recorded artist in history 1948-1987)<br> <small> (only major awards are included here)</small> | website = https://twitter.com/mangeshkarlata }} '''ᱞᱚᱛᱟ ᱢᱚᱸᱜᱮᱥᱠᱚᱨ''' [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱚᱦᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟᱜ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱬᱟ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱟᱹ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱚᱛᱱᱚ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ==ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ== ᱞᱚᱛᱟ ᱑᱙᱒᱙ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱫᱷᱭᱚᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱫᱤᱱᱟ ᱱᱟᱛᱷ ᱢᱚᱸᱜᱮᱥᱠᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱥᱛᱨᱤᱭᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱷᱤᱭᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱵᱟᱰᱚᱦᱤ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱞᱚᱛᱟ ᱟᱡ ᱴᱷᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱮ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱟᱡ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱡ ᱢᱤᱥᱮᱨᱟ ᱟᱥᱟ, ᱩᱥᱟ, ᱢᱤᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡ ᱫᱟᱫᱟ ᱦᱨᱩᱫᱚᱭᱱᱟᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱞᱚᱛᱟ ᱑᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱡᱚᱦᱚ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱭ ᱾ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱡ ᱑᱙᱔᱒ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱡᱤᱭᱤᱱ ᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱚᱛᱟ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱰᱟᱺᱜᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ == ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱡᱤᱭᱤᱱ == ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱡ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱮ ᱮᱛᱳᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱚᱛᱟ ᱑᱙᱔᱒ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱙᱔᱘ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱔᱒ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ 'ᱠᱤᱴᱴᱤ ᱦᱟᱥᱚᱞ' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ [[ᱢᱩᱢᱵᱟᱭ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱚᱠᱟᱞ ᱴᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱦᱟᱨ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ 'ᱟᱯᱠᱤ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱢᱮ' ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ 'ᱢᱚᱡᱵᱩᱨ' ᱟᱨ 'ᱵᱮᱫᱚᱨᱫ' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱥᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱩᱯᱩᱨᱩᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ᱤᱠᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱱᱫᱟᱡ, ᱵᱚᱨᱥᱟᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱞ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱢ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱡ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱥᱤᱱᱢᱟ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱩᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱖᱓ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ [[ᱪᱤᱱ]] ᱞᱟᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ "ᱮ ᱢᱮᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱠᱤ ᱞᱳᱜᱳ" ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱡᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱤᱡ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱡᱚᱵᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱞ ᱱᱮᱦᱮᱨᱩᱭ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱚᱞᱟᱣᱦᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱟ ᱿ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱟᱡ ᱯᱚᱫᱢᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱥᱚᱬ ᱢᱟᱱᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱗᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱙᱘᱐ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱜᱟᱹᱠᱩᱲ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹᱩᱫᱩᱜᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱚᱜᱷᱬᱤᱠᱟᱱᱛ ᱯᱭᱟᱨᱮᱞᱟᱞ, ᱠᱚᱞᱭᱟᱱᱡᱤ, ᱟᱱᱚᱱᱫᱡᱤ , ᱟᱨ ᱰᱤ ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱚᱢ ᱟᱯᱠᱮ ᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱚᱣᱱ, ᱵᱤᱨ ᱡᱟᱨᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱᱴᱤᱠ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱟᱦᱟᱭ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ᱟᱡ ᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱦᱢᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱿ ᱟᱡ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱟᱞᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱨᱮᱠᱚᱨᱰᱤᱧ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱴᱩᱰᱤᱭᱳᱭ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱹᱴᱠᱤ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱛᱟᱭ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱩᱞᱡᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡ ᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ 'ᱱᱟᱢ ᱜᱩᱢ ᱡᱟᱭᱮᱜᱟ, ᱪᱮᱦᱮᱨᱟ ᱭᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱡᱟᱭᱮᱜᱟ, ᱢᱮᱨᱤ ᱟᱣᱟᱡ ᱦᱤ ᱢᱮᱨᱤ ᱯᱮᱦᱮᱪᱟᱱ ᱦᱮᱹᱹᱹ' ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱛᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮᱫ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤᱜᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣ == [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Bal_Thackeray_and_Lata_Mangeshkar_at_70th_Master_Dinanath_Mangeshkar_Awards_(6).jpg|right|thumb|Lata Mangeshkar and Bal Thackeray at the 70th Master Dinanath Mangeshkar Awards in 2012]] * ᱑᱙᱕᱘ - ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱢ ᱯᱷᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱣᱟᱨᱰ * ᱑᱙᱖᱙ - ᱯᱚᱫᱢᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱥᱚᱬ * ᱑᱙᱖᱙ - ᱥᱚᱨᱮᱥ ᱫᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧᱤᱭᱟᱹ * ᱑᱙᱘᱙- ᱫᱟᱫᱟ ᱥᱟᱦᱮᱵ ᱯᱷᱟᱞᱠᱮ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱟᱹ * ᱑᱙᱙᱓ - ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱱᱟ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱟᱹ * ᱑᱙᱙᱗ - ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱥᱚᱬ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱟᱹ * ᱑᱙᱙᱙ - ᱯᱚᱫᱢᱚ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱩᱥᱚᱬ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱟᱹ * ᱒᱐᱐᱑ - ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱚᱛᱱᱚ * ᱒᱐᱐᱙ - ᱓ᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱟᱹ * ᱒᱐᱑᱑- ᱜᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱵᱚᱠ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱣᱟᱨᱞᱰ ᱨᱮᱠᱚᱨᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ == ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱯᱮ == * {{cite book | last = Bichu | first = Dr. Mandar | title = Lata - Voice of the Golden Era | year = 2011 | publisher = [http://www.popularprakashan.com/lata-voice-of-the-golden-era.htm Popular Prakashan] | isbn = 978-81-7991-625-4 }} * {{cite book | last = Bhimani | first = Harish | title = In search of Lata Mangeshkar | year = 1995 | publisher = Indus | isbn = 978-81-7223-170-5 }} * {{cite book | last = Bharatan | first = Raju | title = Lata Mangeshkar: A Biography | year = 1995 | publisher = UBS Publishers Distributors | isbn = 978-81-7476-023-4 }} * {{cite book | last = Kabir | first = Nasreen Munni | title = Lata Mangeshkar: In Her Own Voice | url = https://archive.org/details/latamangeshkarin0000mage | year = 2009 | publisher = Niyogi Books | isbn = 978-81-89738-41-9 }} * {{cite book | last = Lata | first = Mangeshkar | editor = Madhuvanti Sapre and Dinkar Gangal | title = In search of Lata Mangeshkar | language = Marathi | year = 1995 | publisher = Harper Collins/Indus | isbn = 978-81-7223-170-5 }}. A collection of articles written by Lata Mangeshkar since 1952. * {{cite book | last = Nerurkar | first = Vishwas | title = Lata Mangeshkar Gandhar Swaryatra (1945-1989) | language = Hindi | publisher = Vasanti P. Nerukar | location = Mumbai }}. * {{cite book | last = Bichhu | first = Mandar V. | title = Gaaye Lata, Gaaye Lata | language = Hindi | year = 1996 | publisher = Pallavi Prakashan | location = Sharjah | isbn = 978-81-7223-170-5 }}. A collection of articles written by Lata Mangeshkar since 1952. == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{ᱥᱟ.ᱠᱷᱭᱟ.ᱛ}} 863r944dk4h4bhceyino602tsh1sgvz 0 3818 196517 193020 2026-08-12T17:46:51Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196517 wikitext text/x-wiki <br />{{Infobox tennis biography|name=ᱥᱴᱮᱯᱷᱤ ᱜᱨᱟᱯᱷ|fullname=ᱥᱴᱮᱯᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱜᱨᱟᱯᱷ<ref>{{cite web|author1=Bob Carter|title=Graf, queen of the lawn|url=http://espn.go.com/classic/biography/s/Graf_Steffi.html|publisher=[[ESPN]]|access-date=29 May 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050415090420/http://espn.go.com/classic/biography/s/Graf_Steffi.html|archive-date=15 April 2005|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref>|image=Steffi Graf in Hamburg 2010 (cropped).jpg|caption=᱒᱐᱑᱐ᱨᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱯᱷᱤ ᱜᱨᱟᱯᱷ|country={{Flagcountry|FRG}} (1982–1990)<br />{{GER}} (1990–1999)|residence=[[Las Vegas Valley|Las Vegas]], [[Nevada]], U.S.|birth_date={{birth date and age|df=yes|1969|6|14}}|birth_place=[[Mannheim]], West Germany|height={{height|m=1.76}}|turnedpro=18 October 1982|retired=13 August 1999|plays=Right-handed (one-handed backhand)|coach=Peter Graf<br />[[Pavel Složil]] (1986–1991)<br />[[Heinz Günthardt]] (1992–1999)|careerprizemoney=$21,895,277<ref>{{cite web|title=13 women have passed $20 million now|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/5114430/title/13-women-have-passed-%2420-million-now|publisher=[[Women's Tennis Association]] (WTA)|date=3 November 2015|access-date=28 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816150723/http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/5114430/title/13-women-have-passed-$20-million-now|archive-date=16 August 2016|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref> * <small> [[WTA Tour records#WTA career prize money leaders|14th in all-time rankings (female)]]</small>|tennishofyear=2004|tennishofid=stefanie-graf|singlesrecord={{tennis record|won=900|lost=115}}|singlestitles=107 <small>[[WTA Tour records|(3rd all-time)]]</small>|highestsinglesranking=[[List of WTA number 1 ranked tennis players|No. '''1''']] (17 August 1987)|AustralianOpenresult='''W''' ('''[[1988 Australian Open – Women's Singles|1988]]''', [[1989 Australian Open – Women's Singles|1989]], [[1990 Australian Open – Women's Singles|1990]], [[1994 Australian Open – Women's Singles|1994]])|FrenchOpenresult='''W''' ([[1987 French Open – Women's Singles|1987]], '''[[1988 French Open – Women's Singles|1988]]''', [[1993 French Open – Women's Singles|1993]], [[1995 French Open – Women's Singles|1995]], [[1996 French Open – Women's Singles|1996]], [[1999 French Open – Women's Singles|1999]])|Wimbledonresult='''W''' ('''[[1988 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles|1988]]''', [[1989 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles|1989]], [[1991 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles|1991]], [[1992 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles|1992]], [[1993 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles|1993]], [[1995 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles|1995]], [[1996 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles|1996]])|USOpenresult='''W''' ('''[[1988 US Open – Women's Singles|1988]]''', [[1989 US Open – Women's Singles|1989]], [[1993 US Open – Women's Singles|1993]], [[1995 US Open – Women's Singles|1995]], [[1996 US Open – Women's Singles|1996]])|Othertournaments=yes|WTAChampionshipsresult='''W''' ([[1987 Virginia Slims Championships – Singles|1987]], [[1989 Virginia Slims Championships – Singles|1989]], [[1993 WTA Tour Championships – Singles|1993]], [[1995 WTA Tour Championships – Singles|1995]], [[1996 WTA Tour Championships – Singles|1996]])|Olympicsresult='''W''' ('''[[Tennis at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Women's singles|1988]]''')|doublesrecord=173–72|doublestitles=11|highestdoublesranking=No. 3 (3 March 1987)|AustralianOpenDoublesresult=SF ([[1988 Australian Open – Women's Doubles|1988]], [[1989 Australian Open – Women's Doubles|1989]])|FrenchOpenDoublesresult=F ([[1986 French Open – Women's Doubles|1986]], [[1987 French Open – Women's Doubles|1987]], [[1989 French Open – Women's Doubles|1989]])|WimbledonDoublesresult='''W''' ([[1988 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Doubles|1988]])|USOpenDoublesresult=SF ([[1986 US Open – Women's Doubles|1986]], [[1987 US Open – Women's Doubles|1987]], [[1988 US Open – Women's Doubles|1988]], [[1989 US Open – Women's Doubles|1989]])|OthertournamentsDoubles=yes|OlympicsDoublesresult=SF ([[Tennis at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Women's doubles|1988]])|Mixed=yes|mixedrecord={{tennis record|won=9|lost=7}}|mixedtitles=|AustralianOpenMixedresult=2R ([[1991 Australian Open – Mixed Doubles|1991]])|FrenchOpenMixedresult=2R ([[1994 French Open – Mixed Doubles|1994]])|WimbledonMixedresult=SF ([[1999 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed Doubles|1999]])|USOpenMixedresult=1R ([[1984 US Open – Mixed Doubles|1984]])|Team=yes|FedCupresult='''W''' ([[1987 Fed Cup|1987]], [[1992 Fed Cup|1992]])|HopmanCupresult='''W''' ([[1993 Hopman Cup|1993]])|medaltemplates-expand=yes|medaltemplates={{MedalCountry|{{FRG}}}} {{MedalGold | '''[[1988 Summer Olympics|1988 Seoul]]''' | [[Tennis at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Women's Singles|Singles]]}} {{MedalBronze| [[1988 Summer Olympics|1988 Seoul]] | [[Tennis at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Women's Doubles|Doubles]]}} {{MedalCountry|{{Flagu|Germany}}}} {{MedalSilver| [[1992 Summer Olympics|1992 Barcelona]] | [[Tennis at the 1992 Summer Olympics – Women's Singles|Singles]]}}}} [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Steffi_Graf_signature.png|thumb|ᱥᱴᱮᱯᱷᱤ ᱜᱨᱟᱯᱷ ᱟ ᱥᱩᱦᱤ]] '''ᱥᱴᱮᱯᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟ "ᱥᱴᱮᱯᱷᱤ" ᱜᱨᱟᱯᱷ'''<nowiki> (ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱟᱹᱣ : [ˈʃtɛfiː ˈgʁa:f];</nowiki><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/Steffi|title=Duden {{!}} Steffi {{!}} Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition|work=[[Duden]]|accessdate=21 October 2018|language=de|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021232126/https://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/Steffi|archive-date=21 October 2018|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|year=2008|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary}}</ref>ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱑᱔ ᱡᱩᱱ᱑᱙᱖᱙) ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱮᱥᱟᱫᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱴᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱟᱡ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱑ᱞᱩ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱒᱒ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱜᱨᱟᱱᱰ ᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱴᱟᱭᱴᱮᱞ ᱮ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾<ref name="Steffi Graf WTA Year In Detail">{{cite web|title=Steffi Graf Year In Detail|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/players/player/2718/title/steffi-graf#yearindetail|accessdate=24 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130722183123/http://www.wtatennis.com/players/player/2718/title/steffi-graf#yearindetail|archive-date=22 July 2013|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱒᱒ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱴᱟᱭᱴᱮᱞ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱢᱩᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱙᱖᱘ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱳᱯᱮᱱ ᱡᱩᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱱᱟ ᱣᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱢᱥ (᱒᱓) ᱢᱟᱨᱜᱟᱨᱮᱴ ᱠᱳᱨᱴ (᱒᱔) ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱘᱘ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱔ᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱨᱟᱱᱰᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱚᱞᱚᱢᱯᱤᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱫ ᱥᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱞᱟᱢ( Golden Slam ) ᱫᱟᱥᱮ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ.<ref name="Steffi Graf Interview The Guardian">{{cite news|title=Q&A: Steffi Graf|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2013/jun/22/steffi-graf-interview|accessdate=24 June 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|date=22 June 2013|location=London|first=Rosanna|last=Greenstreet|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112112428/http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2013/jun/22/steffi-graf-interview|archive-date=12 January 2014|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱫ ᱟᱡ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱜᱮ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱷᱮᱞᱚᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱜᱨᱟᱱᱰ ᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱯᱩᱯᱩᱱ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱛᱤᱥᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱳᱢᱮᱱᱥ ᱴᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱟᱥᱳᱥᱤᱭᱮᱥᱚᱱ ( Women's Tennis Association (WTA) )ᱟᱨ ᱟᱥᱳᱥᱤᱭᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱴᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱚᱱᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱸᱠᱤᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱨᱟᱯᱷ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱭ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱢᱩᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱓᱗᱗᱗ ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://grove.ufl.edu/~cwarner/people/SGraf.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961230142243/http://grove.ufl.edu/~cwarner/people/SGraf.html|dead-url=yes|archive-date=30 December 1996|title=Steffi Graf|publisher=Grove.ufl.edu|accessdate=17 May 2011}}</ref> ᱟᱡ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱮᱞᱚᱱᱰ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱐᱗ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱴᱟᱭᱴᱮᱞ ᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱨᱴᱤᱱᱟ ᱱᱟᱵᱷᱨᱟᱛᱤᱞᱳᱵᱷᱟ (᱑᱖᱗ ᱴᱟᱭᱴᱮᱞ) ᱟᱨ ᱠᱨᱤᱥ ᱮᱵᱷᱚᱨᱴ (᱑᱕᱗ ᱴᱟᱭᱴᱮᱞ) ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ WTA ᱦᱟᱜ ᱚᱞ ᱴᱟᱭᱤᱢ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹᱨᱮ ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱜᱟᱨᱮᱴ ᱠᱳᱨᱴ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱠᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱜᱷᱮᱞᱚᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱢᱩᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱜᱨᱟᱱᱰᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱢᱚᱬᱮᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ (᱑᱙᱘᱘,᱑᱙᱘᱙,᱑᱙᱙᱓,᱑᱙᱙᱕ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱙᱖) ᱾ ᱜᱨᱟᱯᱷ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱳᱨᱴ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱭ, ᱩᱥᱟᱹᱨᱟ ᱡᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱳᱨ ᱦᱮᱸᱰ ᱰᱨᱟᱭᱤᱵᱷ<ref name="Steffi Graf International Tennis Hall of Fame">{{cite web|url=http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/steffi-graf|title=Steffi Graf|accessdate=2013-06-24|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629104344/http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/steffi-graf|publisher=International Tennis Hall of Fame & Museum|archivedate=29 June 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ᱾ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱩᱯᱩᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱱᱰ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱜᱮᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ <ref name="">{{cite web|url=https://tennismash.com/2016/09/15/10-influential-players-history-tennis/|title=The 10 most influential players in the history of tennis|via=Tennismash|author=Australian Tennis Magazine|publication-date=15 September 2016|publisher=Published by Suzi Petkovski|accessdate=6 January 2019|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924073958/http://tennismash.com/2016/09/15/10-influential-players-history-tennis/|archivedate=24 September 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|author=Robin Finn|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/08/18/sports/on-tennis-graf-is-best-right-just-don-t-ask-her.html|title=ON TENNIS; Graf Is Best, Right? Just Don't Ask Her|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=1999-08-18|accessdate=2017-07-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709103457/http://www.nytimes.com/1999/08/18/sports/on-tennis-graf-is-best-right-just-don-t-ask-her.html|archive-date=9 July 2017|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="grantland1">{{cite web|url=http://grantland.com/the-triangle/steffi-graf-serena-williams/|title=The Shadow of Steffi Graf: Before Serena, Women's Tennis Had Another Unconquerable Force «|website=Grantland.com|date=|accessdate=2017-07-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507173757/http://grantland.com/the-triangle/steffi-graf-serena-williams/|archive-date=7 May 2017|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="bleacherreport1">{{cite web|author=Jeremy Eckstein|url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/2651802-remember-what-made-steffi-graf-a-tennis-legend|title=Remembering What Made Steffi Graf a Tennis Legend|publisher=[[Bleacher Report]]|date=2016-07-13|accessdate=2017-07-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823062206/http://bleacherreport.com/articles/2651802-remember-what-made-steffi-graf-a-tennis-legend|archive-date=23 August 2017|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ᱟᱡ ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱯᱨᱮᱱᱪ ᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱴᱟᱭᱴᱮᱞ ᱮ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ (ᱮᱵᱷᱚᱨᱴ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ) , ᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱣᱤᱢᱵᱮᱞᱰᱚᱱ, ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟᱹ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱚᱯᱮᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱭᱩ ᱮᱥ ᱚᱯᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱟᱭᱴᱮᱞ ᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱑᱙᱗᱘ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱭᱩ ᱮᱥ ᱳᱯᱮᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱰ ᱠᱳᱨᱴ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱩᱱᱡᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱡ ᱜᱨᱟᱱᱰᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱮ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱵᱷᱤᱲᱟᱹᱣ ᱵᱷᱤᱲᱟᱹᱣ ᱜᱨᱟᱯᱷ ᱜᱟᱥ , ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱠᱳᱨᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱨᱟᱱᱰᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱮ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱨᱟᱱᱰᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱟᱡ ᱜᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱥᱟᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱿ ᱜᱨᱟᱯᱷ ᱑᱙᱘᱗ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱮᱨᱮᱸᱪ ᱳᱯᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱙᱙᱐ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ ᱚᱯᱮᱱ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱑᱓ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱮᱠᱞᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱱᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱙ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ᱚᱱᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱑᱙᱘᱘ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱳᱯᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱙᱘᱙ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱳᱯᱮᱱ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱕ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱸᱜᱤᱞ ᱴᱟᱭᱴᱮᱞ ᱮ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱑᱙᱘᱘ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱳᱯᱮᱱ ᱜᱷᱳᱱ ᱑᱙᱘᱙ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱭᱩ ᱮᱥ ᱳᱯᱮᱱ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱑᱙᱘᱙ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱮᱨᱮᱸᱪ ᱳᱯᱮᱱ ᱵᱟᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱫ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱞᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱮᱞ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱳᱱ ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ ᱜᱟᱴᱟᱝ ᱴᱟᱭᱴᱮᱞ ᱮ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟᱱ᱿ ᱚᱱᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱡ ᱓᱑ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱱ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱴᱟᱭᱴᱮᱞ ᱮ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱨᱟᱯᱷ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱷᱚᱛᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱨᱮᱥ ᱴᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤᱜᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱹᱠᱩᱲ ᱴᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱚᱵᱨᱚᱛᱤᱞᱳᱵᱦᱟ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱷᱚᱛ ᱠᱷᱳᱱ ᱥᱚᱨᱮᱥ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹᱨᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱯᱷᱤ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱿<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/08/18/sports/on-tennis-graf-is-best-right-just-don-t-ask-her.html|title=ON TENNIS; Graf Is Best, Right? Just Don't Ask Her|work=The New York Times|date=18 August 1999|accessdate=17 May 2011|first=Robin|last=Finn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714100700/http://www.nytimes.com/1999/08/18/sports/on-tennis-graf-is-best-right-just-don-t-ask-her.html|archive-date=14 July 2011|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref>.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://augustasports.com/stories/121299/oth_tennis.shtml|work=AugustaSports.com|title=Tennis Players of the Century.|accessdate=24 April 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070521071150/http://augustasports.com/stories/121299/oth_tennis.shtml|archive-date=21 May 2007|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> .<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tennischannel.com/goat/71.aspx|work=tennischannel.com|title=The list|accessdate=24 March 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605022801/http://www.tennischannel.com/goat/71.aspx|archivedate=5 June 2012|df=}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱘ Tennis.com ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱷᱚᱛᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱳ ᱜᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱚᱨᱮᱥ ᱜᱷᱮᱞᱚᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱰ ᱢᱤᱰ ᱥᱚᱨᱵᱷᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱭ ᱚᱱᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱯᱷᱤ ᱜᱨᱟᱯᱷ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tennis.com/pro-game/2018/11/goat-vote-steffi-or-serena-ten-went-one-way-you-went-another/78127/|title=GOAT Vote: Steffi or Serena? 'The Ten' went one way; you went another.|website=Tennis.com|access-date=2018-12-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205193729/http://www.tennis.com/pro-game/2018/11/goat-vote-steffi-or-serena-ten-went-one-way-you-went-another/78127/|archive-date=5 December 2018|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ᱟᱠᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱵᱳᱨᱤᱥ ᱵᱮᱠᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱷᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤᱜᱟᱱ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱼᱟ ᱾.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bernstein|first1=Eckhard|title=Culture and Customs of Germany|url=https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof0000bern|date=2004|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, Connecticut|isbn=0-313-32203-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof0000bern/page/47 47]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=René Denfeld|url=https://thetennisisland.com/2015/10/04/tennis-in-reunified-germany-then-and-now/|title=Tennis in Reunified Germany: Then and Now – The Tennis Island|website=Thetennisisland.com|date=|accessdate=2017-07-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811230802/https://thetennisisland.com/2015/10/04/tennis-in-reunified-germany-then-and-now/|archive-date=11 August 2018|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://www.si.com/vault/1989/06/26/120093/serving-her-country-a-grand-slam-may-have-brought-west-germanys-steffi-graf-fame-and-fortune-but-to-the-delight-of-her-countrymen-whove-watched-her-climb-to-the-top-she-remains-one-of-them |access-date=2014-09-19 |archive-date=2019-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822032444/https://www.si.com/vault/1989/06/26/120093/serving-her-country-a-grand-slam-may-have-brought-west-germanys-steffi-graf-fame-and-fortune-but-to-the-delight-of-her-countrymen-whove-watched-her-climb-to-the-top-she-remains-one-of-them |url-status=dead }}</ref> ᱜᱨᱟᱯᱷ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱠ ᱛᱟᱭ ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱩᱱᱡᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱠᱷᱳᱱ ᱡᱤᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱮ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱑ ᱮᱞ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱱᱫᱨᱮ ᱟᱜᱟᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱚᱠᱴᱳᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱐᱑ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱶᱟᱭ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱿ ᱟᱹᱠᱤᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱜᱤᱫᱨᱟᱹᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱱᱟ ᱼᱡᱟᱫᱮᱱ ᱜᱤᱞ ᱟᱴ ᱡᱟᱜ ᱮᱞᱤ ᱿ ᱜᱨᱟᱯᱷ ᱒᱐᱐᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱦᱚᱞ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱯᱷᱮᱢ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱮᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱟᱬᱜᱟᱛ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ == ᱥᱴᱮᱯᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱜᱨᱟᱯᱷ ᱑᱔ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱑᱙᱖᱙ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱜᱨᱟᱯᱷ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱭᱫᱤ ᱥᱟᱞᱠ ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱱᱦᱮᱢ, ᱵᱟᱰᱮᱱᱼᱣᱩᱨᱛᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱯᱩᱲᱥᱟᱹ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱨᱩᱦᱞ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱚᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱢᱟᱭᱠᱮᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱭᱟ ᱾.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thelocal.de/20131202/steffis-svengali-peter-graf-dies|title=Steffi's father Peter Graf dies after cancer battle|website=The Local|date=2 December 2013|accessdate=18 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150611015950/http://www.thelocal.de/20131202/steffis-svengali-peter-graf-dies|archive-date=11 June 2015|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱟᱯᱟᱛ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱨᱮᱥ ᱴᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱳᱪ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱨᱟᱠᱮᱴ ᱪᱮᱫᱞᱮᱠᱟᱢ ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨᱼᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱯᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱴᱮᱯᱷᱤ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱫᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2013/dec/06/local/la-me-passings-20131206|title=PASSINGS: Peter Graf, Robert Dockson|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=6 December 2013|accessdate=18 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141001081719/http://articles.latimes.com/2013/dec/06/local/la-me-passings-20131206|archive-date=1 October 2014|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ᱟᱡ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱳᱨᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱩᱨᱱᱟᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱟᱡ ᱡᱩᱱᱤᱭᱚᱨ ᱵᱮᱲᱟ ᱴᱩᱨᱱᱟᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱮ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱮᱱᱟ , ᱑᱙᱘᱒ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱒ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱘ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱭᱩᱨᱚᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱢᱯᱭᱟᱱᱥᱤᱯ ᱮ ᱫᱟᱥᱮ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞᱯᱮ == {{Portal|Tennis}}{{div col|colwidth=30em}} * [[WTA Tour records]] * [[Grand Slam (tennis)]] * [[List of WTA number 1 ranked players]] * [[List of female tennis players]] * [[List of tennis tournaments]] * [[List of tennis rivalries]] * [[Tennis records of the Open Era - Women's Singles]] * [[Overall tennis records - Womens's Singles]] * [[Graf–Navratilova rivalry]] * [[Graf–Sabatini rivalry]] * [[Graf–Seles rivalry]] {{div col end}} == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ|30em}} 46d30a7wddv7skm74arpdt95u2isjnk 10 4051 196443 82025 2026-08-12T13:49:07Z CommonsDelinker 91 Replacing Flag_of_Afghanistan_(1919–1921).svg with [[File:Flag_of_Afghanistan_(1909–1926).svg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR3|Criterion 3]] (obvious error) · This flag of Afghanistan w 196443 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ {{{1<noinclude>|country showdata</noinclude>}}} | alias = ᱟᱯᱷᱜᱟᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ | flag alias = Flag of Afghanistan (2013–2021).svg | flag alias-1880 = Flag of Afghanistan (1880–1901).svg | flag alias-1901 = Flag of Afghanistan (1901–1919).svg | flag alias-1919 = Flag of Afghanistan (1909–1926).svg | flag alias-1926 = Flag of Afghanistan (1926–1928).svg | flag alias-1928a = Flag of Afghanistan (1928).svg | flag alias-1928 = Flag of Afghanistan (1928–1929).svg | flag alias-1929a = Flag of Afghanistan (1929).svg | flag alias-1929 = Flag of Afghanistan (1929–1931).svg | flag alias-1930 = Flag of Afghanistan (1931–1973).svg | flag alias-1973 = Flag of Afghanistan (1973–1974).svg | flag alias-1974 = Flag of Afghanistan (1974–1978).svg | flag alias-1978a = Flag of Afghanistan (1978).svg | flag alias-1978 = Flag of Afghanistan (1978–1980).svg | flag alias-1980 = Flag of Afghanistan (1980–1987).svg | flag alias-1987 = Flag of Afghanistan (1987–1992).svg | flag alias-1992a = Flag of Afghanistan (1992).svg | flag alias-1992 = Flag of Afghanistan (1992–2001).svg | flag alias-1996 = Flag of Taliban (original).svg | flag alias-1997 = Flag of Taliban.svg | flag alias-2001 = Flag of Afghanistan (2001–2002).svg | flag alias-2002 = Flag of Afghanistan (2002–2004).svg | flag alias-2004 = Flag of Afghanistan (2004–2013).svg | flag alias-2013 = Flag of Afghanistan (2013–2021).svg | flag alias-Taliban = Flag of Taliban.svg | link alias-army = Afghan National Army | flag alias-naval=Flag of the Afghan National Police (English).svg | link alias-naval = Afghan National Police | flag alias-air force=Flag of the Afghan Air Force.svg | link alias-air force = Afghan Air Force | size = {{{size|}}} | name = {{{name|}}} | altlink = {{{altlink|}}} | variant = {{{variant|}}} <noinclude> | var1 = 1880 | var2 = 1901 | var3 = 1919 | var4 = 1926 | var5 = 1928a | var6 = 1928 | var7 = 1929a | var8 = 1929 | var9 = 1930 | var10 = 1973 | var11 = 1974 | var12 = 1978 | var13 = 1978a | var14 = 1980 | var15 = 1987 | var16 = 1992a | var17 = 1992 | var18 = 1996 | var19 = 1997 | var20 = 2001 | var21 = 2002 | var22 = 2004 | var23 = 2013 | var24 = Taliban | redir1 = AFG </noinclude> }} bap5xyke5ohnterbpe53opy8g28bnfe 0 4393 196653 101578 2026-08-12T20:08:13Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196653 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱩᱭᱞᱤ | image = Eudynamys scolopacea - 20080801.jpg | image_caption = ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ (nominate race) | image2 = Asian koel.jpg | image2_caption = ᱠᱚᱲᱟ (nominate race) | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{IUCN|id=22684049 |title=''Eudynamys scolopaceus'' |assessors=[[BirdLife International]] |version=2013.2 |year=2012 |accessdate=26 November 2013}}</ref> | regnum = [[ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟᱨ]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[ᱪᱮᱬᱮ]] | ordo = [[Cuculiformes]] | familia = [[Cuculidae]] | genus = ''[[ᱠᱩᱭᱞᱤ|Eudynamys]]'' | species = '''''E. scolopaceus''''' | binomial = ''Eudynamys scolopaceus'' | binomial_authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]) | range_map=KoelMap.svg | range_map_caption=The distribution of Asian koel in black<ref>{{cite book|author=Johnsgard, PA|year=1997|title=The avian brood parasites: deception at the nest|url=https://archive.org/details/avianbroodparasi0000john|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-511042-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/avianbroodparasi0000john/page/259 259]}}</ref> | synonyms = ''Cuculus scolopaceus''<br /> ''Eudynamis honorata''<br /> ''Eudynamys scolopacea'' }} [[ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱚ [[ᱠᱩᱭᱞᱤ]] (Eudynamys scolopaceus) ᱠᱩᱠᱩᱞᱤᱯᱷᱚᱢᱨᱥ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱩᱭᱞᱤ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱨᱤᱱ [[ᱪᱮᱬᱮ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ। ᱱᱚᱣᱟ [[ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱪᱤᱱ]] ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱥᱟ.ᱠᱷᱭᱟ.ᱛ== {{ᱥᱟ.ᱠᱷᱭᱟ.ᱛ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱹᱛ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱪᱮᱬᱮ]] ajj64w6btd62thb0kf0aohlhxpqvn90 0 4598 196599 27637 2026-08-12T19:04:47Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196599 wikitext text/x-wiki ᱯᱷᱩᱞᱮᱥᱚᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱟᱦᱳᱢ]] ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱥᱤᱣ ᱥᱤᱝᱦᱚ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱨᱟ.ᱱᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ।<ref name="indian review">{{cite web | url=https://indianreview.in/nonfiction/womens-role-in-administration-and-politics-in-early-assam/ | title=Women’s Role in Administration and Politics in Early Assam | publisher=Indian Review | accessdate=29 March 2019 | author=Baruah, Mrs. S. L.}}</ref> ᱟᱦᱳᱢ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱴᱤᱭᱮ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱯᱟ.ᱦᱤᱞ ᱢᱟᱭᱡᱤᱣᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ। ᱯᱟ.ᱦᱤᱞ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱮᱨᱜᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱪᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟ.ᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ। ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱟ ᱯᱷᱩᱞᱢᱩᱛᱤ। ᱥᱤᱣ ᱥᱤᱝᱦᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟᱭ। ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱚᱵᱤᱥᱚ ᱵᱟᱱᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱣ ᱥᱤᱝᱦᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱟᱭᱤᱠ ᱯᱷᱩᱞᱮᱥᱚᱨᱤ ᱡᱤᱢᱟ. ᱠᱟᱫᱟ। ᱠᱟᱲᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱛᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱩᱞᱮᱥᱚᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱠᱛᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱴᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱚᱪᱚᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱮ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱟ.ᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱩᱲᱯᱟᱲ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱤᱭᱟ.ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱭᱥᱱᱚᱵᱽ - ᱢᱚᱣᱟᱢᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ। ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱥᱮᱡ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱢᱚᱣᱟᱢᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱥᱮᱝᱜᱮᱞᱮ ᱥᱟᱞᱜᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ। ==ᱨᱟ.ᱱᱤ ᱚᱡᱚᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱞ== ᱨᱩᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱥᱤᱝᱦᱚ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝᱤᱡ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱥᱩᱛᱟᱱᱯᱷᱟ (᱑᱗᱑᱔-᱑᱗᱔᱔) ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱯᱟᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱩᱰᱩᱵ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ। ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱥᱤᱝᱦᱚ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ। ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱥᱤᱝᱦᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱥᱟᱠᱛᱚᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱨᱟᱢᱚᱱ-ᱡᱚᱛᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱡᱟᱠ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱛᱤᱭᱟ.ᱣᱚᱜ ᱡᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ। ᱑᱗᱒᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱠᱚ ᱞᱟ.ᱭ ᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱵᱟᱝᱢᱟ ᱟᱡ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱯᱚᱛ ᱩᱥᱟ.ᱨᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ-ᱟ। ᱩᱱᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱨᱟᱢᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱱᱫᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱟ.ᱰᱤ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱟ.ᱱᱤ ᱯᱷᱩᱞᱮᱥᱚᱨᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱟᱭ ᱚᱡᱚᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱨᱟᱡᱟᱭ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ᱿ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ।<ref name="Gait">{{cite book | title=A History of Assam | url=https://archive.org/details/historyofassam00gait | publisher=Thacker, Spink & Co. | author=Gait, E. A. | year=1906 | location=Calcutta | pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofassam00gait/page/177 177]-78}}</ref> ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱷᱩᱞᱮᱥᱚᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱷᱚᱢᱮᱥᱚᱨᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱛᱩᱞᱩᱡ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱦᱚ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ। ==ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱟ.ᱢᱤ== ᱯᱷᱩᱞᱮᱥᱚᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱠᱩᱱᱛᱚᱞᱟ ᱥᱚᱥᱛᱚᱨ ᱟᱥᱟᱢᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ। ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱵᱟᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱨᱱ ᱥᱚᱝᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱴᱳᱞᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ। ᱩᱱᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱥᱟᱜᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱣᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱜᱚᱨ ᱜᱟ.ᱰᱭᱟᱭ ᱞᱟ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱣ, ᱵᱤᱥᱱᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱫᱳᱣᱞᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ। ᱛᱤᱱᱟ.ᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱱᱫᱤᱞ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱫᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ। ᱠᱟ.ᱴᱤᱡ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱤᱪᱨᱤᱡ ᱛᱤᱧ ᱪᱤᱫ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱞᱟ.ᱜᱤᱫ ᱟ.ᱰᱤ ᱟ'ᱴᱮ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ। ==ᱜᱩᱨᱚᱜ== ᱜ᱑᱗᱓᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱩᱞᱮᱥᱚᱨᱤ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱷᱩᱲᱤ ᱫᱷᱟ.ᱨᱛᱤ ᱵᱟ.ᱜᱤᱭᱟᱫᱟ। ᱱᱤᱭᱟ. ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱩᱛᱮᱱᱯᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱩᱞᱮᱥᱚᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱥᱨᱟᱛ ᱫᱮᱣᱯᱚᱫᱤ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱢᱵᱤᱠᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱨᱟᱡᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ। ==ᱥᱟ.ᱠᱷᱭᱟ.ᱛ== {{ᱥᱟ.ᱠᱷᱭᱟ.ᱛ}} nks50suagctuu5nj5o5lqnu6ldyb2xh 0 4738 196541 195387 2026-08-12T18:04:55Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196541 wikitext text/x-wiki {{About|ᱛᱟᱣᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱭ|ᱛᱟᱣᱟᱝ}} {{Infobox India district |Name=ᱛᱟᱣᱟᱝ |State=ᱚᱨᱩᱱᱟᱪᱚᱞ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ |HQ=ᱛᱟᱣᱟᱝ |Map=Arunachal Pradesh district location map Tawang.svg |Area=2085 |Population=49950 |Population_footnotes=<ref name="districtcensus">{{cite web | url = http://www.census2011.co.in/district.php | title = District Census 2011 | accessdate = 2011-09-30 | year = 2011 | publisher = Census2011.co.in}}</ref> |Year=2011 |Density= |Urban= |Literacy=৬০.৬%<ref name=districtcensus /> |SexRatio=৭০১<ref name=districtcensus /> |Tehsils= ᱛᱟᱣᱟᱝ, ᱞᱩᱢᱞᱟ, ᱡᱚᱝ |LokSabha=[[ᱚᱨᱩᱱᱟᱪᱚᱞ ᱯᱟᱪᱷᱮ (ᱞᱚᱠ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ)|ᱚᱨᱩᱱᱟᱪᱚᱞ ᱯᱟᱪᱷᱮ]] |Assembly=᱓ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ (ᱞᱩᱢᱞᱟ, ᱛᱟᱣᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱠᱛᱚ) |Highways= |Rain= |Website=http://tawang.nic.in }} ᱛᱟᱣᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ (Tawang district, Pron:/tɑ:ˈwæŋ or təˈwæŋ/) ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱭᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱝ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ [[ᱚᱨᱩᱱᱟᱪᱚᱞ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ৷<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/history-amid-natural-beauty-tawang-in-arunachal-pradesh-has-a-culture-of-its-own/articleshow/51297423.cms|title=Overview of Tawang}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱔᱙,᱙᱕᱐ ᱡᱚᱱᱟ৷<ref>http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1201_PART_B_DCHB_TAWANG.pdf</ref>ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱕᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ [[ᱪᱤᱱ]] ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱛ3 ᱠᱚ ᱫᱟ.ᱵᱤ ᱟ.ᱜᱩ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ৷ <ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/web-edits/behind-tawang-row-two-nations-enslaved-by-history-dalai-lama-arunachal-pradesh-tenzin-gyatso-4602552/|title=Behind Tawang row, two nations enslaved by history}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=India's China War|last=Maxwell|first=Neville|year=1970|publisher=Pantheon|location=New York|isbn=9780224618878|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/12249475/Indias-China-War-Neville-Maxwell|page=65|access-date=2019-08-10|archive-date=2013-11-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101121143/https://www.scribd.com/doc/12249475/Indias-China-War-Neville-Maxwell|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://thediplomat.com/flashpoints-blog/2012/11/27/chinas-new-passport-sparks-controversy/|title=China’s New Passport Sparks Controversy|author=J Michael Cole|publisher=The Diplomat|date=November 27, 2012|accessdate=May 25, 2013}}</ref> ==ᱚᱛᱱᱯᱛ ᱩᱱᱩᱨᱩᱢ== ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱯᱟᱪᱷᱮ ᱠᱟᱢᱮᱝ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱟ.ᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ৷ ᱛᱟᱣᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱱᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱯᱟᱪᱷᱮ ᱠᱟᱢᱮᱝ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ, ᱯᱟᱪᱷᱮ ᱱᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ  [[ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ]] ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱭᱮ ᱱᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ৷ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱔᱙,᱙᱕᱐ ᱡᱚᱱᱟ৷<ref>http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Dist_File/datasheet-1201.pdf</ref> ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱯᱟ, ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱤᱭᱟ. ᱥᱮ ᱟ.ᱫᱤ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱡᱟ.ᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ৷ᱥᱮᱨᱟᱭ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱟ.ᱰᱤ ᱵᱟ.ᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱚᱨᱚᱯ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜ-ᱟ৷<ref>[http://www.newkerala.com/news4.php?action=fullnews&id=71773 Snowfall forces Advani to call off visit to Tawang]</ref> ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== ᱛᱟᱣᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱞ ᱟ.ᱫᱤᱵᱟ.ᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱚᱱᱯᱟ ᱡᱟ.ᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ৷ ᱢᱟ.ᱥᱤ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱕᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟ.ᱥᱤ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱖᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱦᱟ.ᱵᱤᱡ ᱛᱟᱣᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ Lhomon ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ Monyul ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ৷<ref>{{cite book|title=Nepal and Bhutan: Country Studies|url=https://archive.org/details/nepalbhutancount00sava|author=Andrea Matles Savada|publisher=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress|year=1993|isbn=0-8444-0777-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/nepalbhutancount00sava/page/21 21]}}</ref> ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱣᱟᱝ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱟ. ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ৷ ==ᱥᱟᱜᱥᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱯᱟᱴᱤᱧ== ᱴᱚᱣᱟᱜᱴᱝ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱚᱦᱩᱠᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟ.ᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ: ᱛᱟᱣᱟᱝ, ᱞᱩᱢᱞᱟ (Lumla) ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱝ (Jang)৷ ᱛᱟᱣᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱦᱩᱠᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱨᱠᱮᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ: ᱛᱟᱣᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱤᱛᱯᱤ(Kitpi)৷ ᱞᱩᱢᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱱᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱨᱠᱮᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ: ᱵᱚᱝᱠᱷᱟᱨ (Bongkhar), ᱫᱩᱫᱩᱝ ᱜᱷᱚᱨ (Dudunghar), ᱞᱩᱢᱞᱟ (Lumla) ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱢᱤᱛᱷᱟᱝ(Zemithang)৷ ᱚᱱᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱚᱝ ᱢᱚᱦᱩᱠᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨᱠᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ:ᱡᱚᱝ (Jang), ᱢᱩᱠᱛᱚ ( Mukto), ᱛᱷᱤᱝᱵᱩ (Thingbu) ᱟᱨ ᱦᱳᱣ (Lhou)। ᱛᱟᱣᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ [[ᱚᱨᱩᱱᱟᱪᱚᱞ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱥᱚᱢᱚᱥᱴᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱩᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ: ᱞᱩᱢᱞᱟ, ᱛᱟᱣᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱠᱛᱚ৷ <ref name="ceo1">{{cite web|url=http://ceoarunachal.nic.in/Information/ACwiseDistrictwisePCwise.htm|title=Assembly Constituencies allocation w.r.t District and Parliamentary Constituencies|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Arunachal Pradesh website|accessdate=21 March 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813085549/http://ceoarunachal.nic.in/Information/ACwiseDistrictwisePCwise.htm|archivedate=13 August 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ==ᱠᱟ.ᱣᱰᱤ ᱟ.ᱨᱤ== ᱛᱟᱣᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱱᱰᱟᱣᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ৷ ᱛᱟᱣᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱟ.ᱰᱤ ᱵᱟ.ᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟ.ᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱭᱟᱠ ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤ]] ᱠᱚ ᱟ.ᱥᱩᱞ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ৷ ===ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱚᱱᱴᱚᱱ=== ᱛᱟᱣᱟᱝ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱣᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱮᱥᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱟ.ᱛᱤᱨ ᱯᱚᱨᱡᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟ.ᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱮᱱ ᱢᱩᱞ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱚᱱᱟ৷ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱪᱷᱟᱰᱟ ᱥᱮᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱝ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱮᱥ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱞᱟ.ᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱚᱨᱥᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱠᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ৷ <ref>{{cite web|title=International Tourism Mart begins today at Tawang in Arunachal Pradesh|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/10/international-tourism-mart-begins-today-at-tawang-in-arunachal-pradesh/|accessdate=18 October 2013|archive-date=23 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023050709/http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/10/international-tourism-mart-begins-today-at-tawang-in-arunachal-pradesh/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==ᱥᱟ.ᱠᱷᱭᱟ.ᱛ== {{ᱥᱟ.ᱠᱷᱭᱟ.ᱛ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱛ]] p74boay0ngnaaogf58k6nu4ihgrqg4v 0 4833 196472 182096 2026-08-12T17:06:33Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196472 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox element |name =ᱦᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟᱢ |symbol =He |Z =2 |number =2 |abundance = |abundance in earth's crust = |abundance in oceans = |abundance in solar system = |left = [[hydrogen]] |right = [[lithium]] |above = – |below = [[neon|Ne]] |appearance = colorless gas, exhibiting a gray, cloudy glow (or reddish-orange if an especially high voltage is used) when placed in an electric field |image name = Helium discharge tube.jpg |electrons per shell = 2 |phase = |phase comment = |density gplstp = 0.1786 |density gpcm3nrt = |density gpcm3mp = |density gpcm3bp = 0.125 |boiling point K = 4.222 |boiling point C = −268.928 |boiling point F = −452.070 |triple point K = 2.177 |triple point kPa = 5.043 |critical point K = 5.1953 |critical point MPa = 0.22746 |heat fusion = 0.0138 |heat vaporization = 0.0829 |heat capacity = 20.78 |heat capacity ref = <ref>Shuen-Chen Hwang, Robert D. Lein, Daniel A. Morgan (2005). "Noble Gases". ''Kirk Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology''. Wiley. pp. 343–383. [[doi:10.1002/0471238961.0701190508230114.a01]].</ref> |vapor pressure 1 = &nbsp; |vapor pressure 10 = &nbsp; |vapor pressure 100 = 1.23 |vapor pressure 1 k = 1.67 |vapor pressure 10 k = 2.48 |vapor pressure 100 k = 4.21 |vapor pressure comment = (defined by [[International Temperature Scale of 1990|ITS-90]]) |crystal structure = hexagonal close-packed |electronegativity = no data |number of ionization energies = 2 |ionization energy 1 = 2372.3 |ionization energy 2 = 5250.5 |ionization energy 3 = |atomic radius = |atomic radius calculated = |covalent radius = 28 |Van der Waals radius = 140 |magnetic ordering = [[diamagnetic]] |magnetic ordering ref = <ref>[http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elementmagn.pdf Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds], in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press.</ref> |electrical resistivity = |electrical resistivity at 0 = |electrical resistivity at 20 = |thermal conductivity = 0.1513 |thermal conductivity 2 = |thermal diffusivity = |thermal expansion = |thermal expansion at 25 = |speed of sound = 972 |speed of sound rod at 20 = |speed of sound rod at r.t. = |magnetic susceptibility = {{val|−1.88|e=−6}} |magnetic susceptibility ref = &#x20;(298&nbsp;K)<ref>{{cite book |title=CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics|url=https://archive.org/details/crchandbookofche0000unse|last=Weast|first=Robert|publisher=Chemical Rubber Company Publishing|year=1984|isbn=0-8493-0464-4|location=Boca Raton, Florida|pages=E110}}</ref> |Young's modulus = |Shear modulus = |Bulk modulus = |Poisson ratio = |Mohs hardness = |Vickers hardness = |Brinell hardness = |CAS number = 7440-59-7 |naming = after [[Helios]], Greek [[List of Greek mythological figures|god]] of the Sun |predicted by = |prediction date = |discovered by = [[Norman Lockyer]] |discovery date = 1868 |first isolation by = [[William Ramsay]], [[Per Teodor Cleve]], [[Abraham Langlet]] |first isolation date = 1895 |QID = Q560 }}<!-- --><noinclude> {{Infobox element/element navigation|symbol = He}} {{Template reference list}} One of these is a [[WP:REFNAME|named reference]]. It may be cited in the containing article as *<nowiki><ref name = "CIAAW2013" /</nowiki>> for the source ''Atomic weights of the elements 2013'' (from subtemplates used by {{tl|Infobox element}}) {{Documentation|1 = Template:Infobox element/doc}} [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] </noinclude> [[File:2 Helium.png|thumb|ᱛᱟᱨᱟᱞ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟᱢ (helium)]] [[ᱨᱮᱫ:HeNe Laser Build.webm|thumb|ᱦᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟᱢ]] '''ᱦᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟᱢ''' (ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ: helium) ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱥᱟᱭᱱᱤᱠ ᱛᱟᱛᱣᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱮᱥ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱥᱠᱨᱤᱭᱚ ᱥᱮ [[ᱱᱚᱵᱮᱞ ᱜᱮᱥ]] (noble gas) ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱚᱝᱦᱤᱱ, ᱜᱚᱸᱫᱷᱤᱱ, ᱪᱟᱠᱷᱟᱣᱟᱱ, ᱵᱤᱥᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ (ᱱᱚᱱ ᱴᱚᱠᱥᱤᱠ) ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱩ ᱮᱞᱮᱞ ᱒ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱛᱟᱛᱣᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱣᱚᱛᱷᱱᱟᱸᱠ (boiling point) ᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱞᱟᱜ (melting point) ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱨᱚᱣᱚᱭ ᱦᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱯᱚᱫᱟᱨᱛᱷ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱵᱷᱟᱯ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱲ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱲ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱪᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱠ ᱛᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱑.᱙ [[ᱰᱤᱜᱨᱤ ᱠᱮᱞᱣᱤᱱ]] ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱲ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱾ ᱦᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟᱢ ᱚᱠᱨᱤᱭᱚ ᱜᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ He, ᱯᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱩ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱔, ᱯᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱩ ᱮᱞᱮᱞ ᱒, ᱜᱷᱚᱱᱚᱛᱣᱚ ᱐.᱒᱗᱘᱕, ᱠᱨᱚᱸᱛᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱯ - ᱒᱖᱗.᱐᱐ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱟᱞᱟᱱᱚᱸᱠ ᱫᱟᱵᱟᱣ ᱒᱒᱓ ᱦᱟᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱸᱰᱟᱞ, ᱠᱣᱟᱛᱷᱱᱚᱸᱠ -᱒᱓᱗.᱙᱐ ᱥᱮ. ᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱞᱱᱟᱸᱠ -᱒᱗᱒ [[ᱰᱤᱜᱨᱤ ᱥᱮ.]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱥᱛᱷᱟᱭᱤ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤᱠ He3, ᱯᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱩ ᱫᱨᱣᱭᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱓.᱐᱒᱗᱐ ᱟᱨ He4, ᱯᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱩ ᱫᱨᱣᱭᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱔.᱐᱐᱓᱙ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱨᱟᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤᱠ He5, ᱯᱨᱢᱟᱱᱣᱤᱠ ᱫᱨᱣᱭᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱔.᱐᱒᱓᱗ ᱟᱨ [[ᱨᱮᱰᱤᱭᱚ ᱮᱠᱴᱤᱣ]] He6, ᱯᱨᱢᱟᱱᱣᱤᱠ ᱫᱨᱣᱭᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱖.᱐᱒᱗ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱚᱰᱚᱜ== ᱑᱘᱖᱘ ᱤᱥᱣᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱨᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱣᱜᱨᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱨᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱱᱢᱟᱸᱰᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱥᱯᱮᱠᱴᱨᱟᱢ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱭᱩᱱ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ [[ᱥᱚᱰᱤᱭᱟᱢ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱩᱫᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱡᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ [[ᱰᱤ᱓]] ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱡᱮ. ᱱᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱞᱚᱠᱭᱟᱨ (Norman Lockyer) ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱩᱲᱟᱭ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱰᱤ᱓ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱡᱮ. ᱱᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱞᱚᱠᱭᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱩᱲᱟᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱟᱷ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱛᱣᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟᱢ (ᱜᱨᱤᱠ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ, ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱨ) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱦᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟᱢ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱑᱘᱙᱕ ᱤᱥᱣᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱨ [[ᱣᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟᱢ ᱨᱟᱢᱡᱮ]]ᱱ (William Ramsay) ᱫᱚ ᱠᱞᱤᱣᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱱᱟᱢᱟᱠ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱱᱤᱡ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱰᱚᱜ ᱜᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱱᱤᱰ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱤᱫᱷ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱮᱥ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱠᱞᱤᱣᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱱᱩ ᱥᱟᱞᱯᱷᱭᱩᱨᱤᱠ ᱮᱥᱤᱰ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱣᱤᱣᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱤᱨᱣᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱮᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐ ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱤᱥᱟᱛ ᱱᱟᱭᱤᱴᱨᱚᱡᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱟᱭᱤᱴᱨᱚᱡᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱰᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱯᱮᱠᱴᱨᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱤ᱓ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱩᱞᱠᱟ ᱞᱚᱦ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱮᱥ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱨᱟᱢᱡᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱮᱣᱟᱨᱥ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱮᱥ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱩᱪᱷᱢᱚᱛᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱱᱤᱰ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱜ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱮᱥ ᱦᱟᱣᱟᱢᱟᱸᱰᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱨᱟᱢᱡᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱰᱮᱨᱤᱠ ᱥᱚᱰᱤ ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱰᱤᱭᱚ ᱮᱠᱴᱤᱣ ᱯᱚᱫᱟᱨᱛᱷ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱰᱚᱜ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱮᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱦᱟᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱸᱰᱟᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱝ ᱢᱚᱛᱨᱚ ᱨᱮ (᱑᱘,᱖᱐᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱭᱛᱹᱱᱤᱡ, ᱪᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱚᱜᱮᱨᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱮᱡᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱢᱚᱱᱚᱡᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱹᱴᱤ ᱵᱮᱠᱨᱤ ᱦᱩᱤᱚᱣᱟᱛ ᱛᱮᱨᱛᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱒ ᱜᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱢᱤ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱯᱮᱴᱨᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱢ ᱠᱩᱯ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱰᱚᱜ ᱡᱟ ᱜᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱛᱨᱚ ᱒ ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱤᱥᱟᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱤᱫᱤᱠᱟᱛᱮᱜ ᱘ ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱤᱥᱟᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ==ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞᱢᱮ== •[[ᱥᱤᱞᱤᱠᱟᱱ]] </br> •[[ᱦᱟᱭᱰᱨᱳᱡᱟᱱ]] ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== * [http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=a8FJEiI5e6Q The Periodic Table of Videos - Helium] * [http://www.blm.gov/wo/st/en/info/newsroom/2007/january/NR0701_2.html US Government' Bureau of Land Management: Sources, Refinement, and Shortage.] With some History of Helium. * [http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/helium/ U.S. Geological Survey Publicationson Helium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916115230/http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/helium/ |date=2008-09-16 }} beginning 1996 * [http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele002.html It's Elemental – Helium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623192352/http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele002.html |date=2015-06-23 }} ;ᱯᱩᱨᱟ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ * [http://boojum.hut.fi/research/theory/helium.html Helium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050412070034/http://boojum.hut.fi/research/theory/helium.html |date=2005-04-12 }} at the [[Helsinki University of Technology]]; includes pressure-temperature phase diagrams for helium-3 and helium-4 * [http://www.lancs.ac.uk/depts/physics/research/condmatt/ult/index.html Lancaster University, Ultra Low Temperature Physics] - includes a summary of some low temperature techniques ;ᱟᱨ ᱮᱢᱟᱠᱟᱱ * [http://www.phys.unsw.edu.au/PHYSICS_!/SPEECH_HELIUM/speech.html Physics in Speech] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041210113812/http://www.phys.unsw.edu.au/PHYSICS_!/SPEECH_HELIUM/speech.html |date=2004-12-10 }} with audio samples that demonstrate the unchanged voice pitch * [http://www.du.edu/~jcalvert/phys/helium.htm Article about helium and other noble gases] * [http://www.ebyte.it/stan/blog.html#08Feb29 Ebyte article] on helium scarcity and potential effects on [[NMR]] and [[MRI]] communities == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} 7hkpvo1nustftq3nccmtut158vspcun 0 4969 196510 175942 2026-08-12T17:41:57Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196510 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni.jpg|thumb|ᱥᱤᱥᱟ ᱨᱚᱴᱮ</br>Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni]] '''ᱥᱤᱥᱟ ᱨᱚᱴᱮ''' (ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱨᱚᱴᱮ) ᱥᱮᱸᱴᱨᱚ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱᱤᱰᱮ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱤᱡ ᱩᱵᱷᱚᱭᱪᱚᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱞᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ᱾ ᱵᱟᱬᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱥᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱡ ᱨᱚᱴᱮ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱧᱚᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱤᱡ ᱟᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱡ ᱟᱨᱚᱢ- ᱯᱨᱚᱢ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱦᱟᱨᱴ, ᱞᱤᱣᱟᱨ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱴᱷᱨᱟᱸᱛᱨᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱟᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱸᱦᱤᱡ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱟᱸᱛ, ᱦᱟᱨᱛᱟᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱫᱷᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱥᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱡ ᱨᱚᱴᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref name=EoR>{{cite book |editor=Cogger, H.G. & Zweifel, R.G.|author= Zweifel, Robert G.|year=1998|title=Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre0000unse_h2i0|publisher= Academic Press|location=San Diego|pages= [https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre0000unse_h2i0/page/94 94]–95|isbn= 0-12-178560-2}}</ref> ==ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ== ᱑᱘᱗᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱫᱷᱭᱚ ᱣᱚᱨᱛᱤ ᱤᱠᱣᱟᱰᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱢᱩᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱮᱸᱴᱨᱚᱞᱤᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱠᱠᱚ- ᱚᱭᱤᱰᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ]] ᱦᱟᱞᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱚᱥ ᱡᱤᱢᱮᱱᱮᱡᱽ ᱰᱮ ᱞᱟ ᱮᱥᱯᱟᱰᱟ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱑᱙᱕᱐ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱗᱐ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱥᱷᱟᱠ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ, ᱢᱚᱫᱷᱭᱚ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱥᱤᱥᱟ ᱨᱚᱴᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱟᱭ᱾ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱱᱟᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱥᱴᱟ ᱨᱤᱠᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱭ ᱮᱢ ᱥᱟᱣᱮᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱫᱠᱷᱤᱱ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱛᱤᱦᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱸᱦᱤᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱑᱐᱐-᱒᱐᱐ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱡ ᱤᱫᱤᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱭᱟᱨᱟᱬ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱥᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱥᱤᱥᱟ ᱨᱚᱴᱮ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱟᱥᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱞᱩᱥᱚᱱ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾ ==ᱞᱟᱪᱷᱟᱱ== ᱥᱤᱥᱟ ᱨᱚᱴᱮ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱓ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱮ ᱗.᱖ ᱥᱮᱢᱤ ᱩᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱬᱛᱤ ᱮᱢ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱛᱟᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱥᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱚᱢ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱦ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱵᱟᱬᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱛᱮᱢᱟ ᱥᱤᱥᱟ ᱨᱚᱴᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱱᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱝ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱱᱟ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱤᱞᱟᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱺ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱟᱛᱩᱜ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱴᱠᱟᱣ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟ (ᱵᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱚ)᱾ ᱟᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ, ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱱᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟ, ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱤ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾ == ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱨᱟ</br>Genera== ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ '''CENTROLENIDAE''' * Subfamily Centroleninae ** Genus ''[[Centrolene]]'' <small>Jiménez de la Espada, 1872</small> ** Genus ''[[Chimerella]]'' <small>Guayasamin, Castroviejo, Trueb, Ayarzagüena, Rada, Vilá, 2009</small> ** Genus ''[[Cochranella]]'' <small>Taylor, 1951</small> ** Genus ''[[Espadarana]]'' <small>Guayasamin, Castroviejo, Trueb, Ayarzagüena, Rada, Vilá, 2009</small> ** Genus ''[[Nymphargus]]'' <small>Cisneros-Heredia & McDiarmid, 2007</small> ** Genus ''[[Rulyrana]]'' <small>Guayasamin, Castroviejo, Trueb, Ayarzagüena, Rada, Vilá, 2009</small> ** Genus ''[[Sachatamia]]'' <small>Guayasamin, Castroviejo, Trueb, Ayarzagüena, Rada, Vilá, 2009</small> ** Genus ''[[Teratohyla]]'' <small>Taylor, 1951</small> ** Genus ''[[Vitreorana]]'' <small>Guayasamin, Castroviejo, Trueb, Ayarzagüena, Rada, Vilá, 2009</small> * Subfamily Hyalinobatrachinae ** Genus ''[[Celsiella]]'' <small>Guayasamin, Castroviejo, Trueb, Ayarzagüena, Rada, Vilá, 2009</small> ** Genus ''[[Hyalinobatrachium]]'' <small>Ruiz-Carranza & Lynch, 1991</small> – "True" Glass Frogs * Subfamily [[Allophryninae]] Incertae sedis ''[[Ikakogi]]'' <small>Guayasamin, Castroviejo, Trueb, Ayarzagüena, Rada, Vilá, 2009</small> <gallery widths="200px" heights="200px"> File:Glass frog2.jpg|''[[Cochranella albomaculata]]'' from Costa Rica File:Glass frog CR.jpg|''[[Cochranella granulosa]]'' from Costa Rica </gallery> ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071024033938/http://research.amnh.org:80/herpetology/amphibia/index.php Amphibian Species of the World] * [http://www.puce.edu.ec/zoologia/vertebrados/amphibiawebec/anfibiosecuador/centrolenidae.html Centrolenidae in AmphibiaWeb Ecuador] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828055456/http://www.puce.edu.ec/zoologia/vertebrados/amphibiawebec/anfibiosecuador/centrolenidae.html |date=2008-08-28 }} * [http://amphibiaweb.org/lists/Centrolenidae.shtml Centrolenidae in AmphibiaWeb] * [http://centrolenidae.cisneros-heredia.org Glassfrogs (Centrolenidae) Project] * [http://tolweb.org/Centrolenidae/16952 Centrolenidae in the Tree of Life site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825033829/http://tolweb.org/Centrolenidae/16952 |date=2017-08-25 }} * [http://www.itis.usda.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=208050 Centrolenidae in ITIS] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041105085139/http://www.itis.usda.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=208050 |date=2004-11-05 }} * [http://www.cisneros-heredia.org/investigHerps.html#Centro Research on Centrolenidae] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005201441/http://www.cisneros-heredia.org/investigHerps.html#Centro |date=2016-10-05 }} * [http://www.livingunderworld.org/anura/database/centrolenidae/ Centrolenidae in Livingunderworld.org] * [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/classification/Centrolenidae.html Centrolenidae in Animal Diversity Web] * [http://www.natureserve.org/infonatura/speciesIndex/Family_Centrolenidae_123289_1.htm Centrolenidae en InfoNatura] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120409180223/http://www.natureserve.org/infonatura/speciesIndex/Family_Centrolenidae_123289_1.htm |date=2012-04-09 }} * [http://magma.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0409/wallpaper.html Fleischmann’s glass frog at National Geographic] * [http://www.frogsarchive.com Various Frog Species] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925080916/http://frogsarchive.com/ |date=2017-09-25 }} * [http://surprisebitch.tumblr.com] * [http://www.tarakash.in/article/transparent-glass-frog-discovered- {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605163127/http://www.tarakash.in/article/transparent-glass-frog-discovered- |date=2017-06-05 }} ᱥᱤᱥᱟ ᱨᱚᱴᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ]] ==ᱥᱟ.ᱠᱷᱭᱟ.ᱛ== {{ᱥᱟ.ᱠᱷᱭᱟ.ᱛ}} qgumcky09a0b0kb3c3k6irj1blifeft 0 6166 196492 189370 2026-08-12T17:21:43Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196492 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ | native_name = | native_name_lang = | other_name = | other_name_lang= | settlement_type = ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ | image_skyline = Darjeeling.jpg | image_alt = A panoramic view of a hill range. The upper portions of the nearer hillsides have tiled houses, while the farther hillsides and the lower portions of the nearer ones are covered with green bushes. A few coniferous trees are scattered throughout. | image_caption = A view of Darjeeling from the [[Happy Valley Tea Estate]]. | nickname = The Queen of Hills | map_alt = Darjeeling is located at the norther tip of West Bengal, near its boundary with Sikkim. | map_caption = | pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India | pushpin_label_position = right | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India | coordinates = {{coord|27|3|N|88|16|E|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} | subdivision_type1 = ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ | subdivision_name1 = [[ᱯᱩᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] | subdivision_type2 = ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ | subdivision_name2 = [[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]] | established_title = Settled | established_date = 1815, [[Treaty of Sugauli]] | founder = [[East India Company]] | named_for = | government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipality]] | governing_body = [[Darjeeling Municipality]] | leader_title1 = [[ᱪᱮᱭᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱ]] | leader_name1 = Pratibha Rai<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://siliguritimes.com/pratibha-rai-takes-chairperson-darjeeling-municipal-corporation/ |title=Pratibha Rai Takes Over As Chairperson Of Darjeeling Municipal Corporation |website=Siliguri Times |date=17 January 2018 |accessdate=19 November 2018 |archive-date=19 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119132524/https://siliguritimes.com/pratibha-rai-takes-chairperson-darjeeling-municipal-corporation/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> | leader_title2 = [[Vice-Chairman]] | leader_name2 = Sagar Tamang | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_rank = | area_total_km2 = 10.57 | elevation_footnotes = <ref name="DistProf" /> | elevation_m = 2042.16 | population_total = 132016 | population_as_of = 2011 | population_rank = | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_note = | demographics_type1 = Languages | demographics1_title1 = Official | demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Nepali language|Nepali]]<ref name=nclm50>{{cite web |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |title=Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India: 50th report (delivered to the Lokh Sabha in 2014) |page=95 |publisher=National Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |accessdate=13 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archivedate=8 July 2016 }}</ref> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | utc_offset1 = +5:30 | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] | postal_code = 734101 | area_code_type = Telephone code | area_code = 0354 | registration_plate = WB-76 WB-77 | blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency | blank1_info_sec1 = [[Darjeeling (Lok Sabha constituency)|Darjeeling]] | blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency | blank2_info_sec1 = [[Darjeeling (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Darjeeling]] | website = {{URL|www.darjeelingmunicipality.in}} | footnotes = }} '''ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ''' ([[ᱵᱟᱸᱜᱽᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] ᱺ দার্জিলিং) ᱫᱚ [[ᱯᱩᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱢᱟᱞ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ {{convert|6700|ft|1|abbr=on}} ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ [[ᱪᱟ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱰᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱟᱱᱪᱚᱱᱡᱚᱝᱜᱷᱟ]] ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ ᱦᱤᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱳᱱ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱨᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ ᱫᱚ [[ ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ]] ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱮᱰ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱟᱯᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱥᱮᱛ ᱤᱞᱟᱹᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱡᱚᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱰᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙ ᱥᱟᱭᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱚᱢᱚᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣ ᱟᱤᱞᱟᱹᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ [[ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱴᱟᱨᱤ]] ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱨᱟᱛ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱱᱚᱰ ᱮᱪᱟ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱪᱟ ]] ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱭᱵᱨᱤᱰ ᱪᱟ ᱦᱚᱸᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱛᱚᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱦᱚᱸᱠᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱚᱛᱟ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ ᱪᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱮᱜ-ᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱫ ᱟ ᱾ {{sfn|Srivastava|2003|p=4024}} ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ ᱦᱤᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱞ ᱣᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱤᱞᱟᱹᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱧᱡᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱰᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱤᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱤᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱣ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱛᱮᱫᱚ [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ [[ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱪᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ-ᱟ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱪᱮ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱳᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱟᱪᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱰᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ- [[ᱞᱮᱯᱪᱟ]], [[ᱜᱚᱨᱠᱷᱟ]], [[ᱥᱮᱨᱯᱷᱟ]], [[ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱤᱟ ]],[[ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱚᱞᱤ]] ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱾ <ref name="Culture"/> ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱞᱤᱝ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱝᱯᱚᱝ]] ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱘᱐ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱗ [[ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ]] ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ [[ᱜᱚᱨᱠᱷᱟᱞᱟᱸᱱᱰ]] ᱟᱱᱫᱚᱲᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱤᱞᱟᱹᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== [[File:Bringing in the tea leaf, Darjeeling, 1890.jpg|right|thumb|Bringing in the Darjeeling tea harvest, circa 1890.]] [[File:King of Sikkim with a group of Lama, Darjeeling, India, c. 1900.jpg|thumbnail|left|the [[King of Sikkim]] in Darjeeling about 1900]] ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ]], [[ᱥᱤᱠᱠᱤᱢ]], [[ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙ ᱥᱟᱭᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱠᱠᱤᱢ ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱾ {{sfn|Dasgupta|1999|pp=47–48}} ᱱᱚᱰᱮ ᱞᱮᱯᱪᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱤᱨᱟᱴᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ| ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ]] {{refbegin}} * {{cite book | last = Aftab | first = Aaris | year = 2005 | title = Are the Third World cities sustainable? | publisher = Allied Publishers | page = 201 | isbn = 978-81-7764-869-0 | url = https://books.google.com/?id=R1HV6aoINaQC | accessdate = | ref = harv }} * {{cite journal | last = Dasgupta | first = Atis | year = 1999 | title = Ethnic Problems and Movements for Autonomy in Darjeeling | periodical = Social Scientist | volume = 27 | issue = 11–12 | pages = 47–68 | doi = 10.2307/3518047 | jstor = 3518047 | ref = harv | publisher = Social Scientist }} * {{cite book | last1 = de Bruyn | first1 = Pippa|last2=Bain|first2=Keith|last3=Venkatraman|first3=Nilofer|last4=Joshi|first4=Shonar | year = 2008 | title = Frommer's India | publisher = Frommer's | isbn = 978-0-470-16908-7 | url = https://books.google.com/?id=qMqBvtL_nI0C&pg=PA578&dq=how+to+get+to+darjeeling#v=onepage&q=how%20to%20get%20to%20darjeeling&f=false | accessdate = 8 January 2011 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Gerard | first = John | year = 1990 | title = Mountain environments: an examination of the physical geography of mountains | url = https://archive.org/details/mountainenvironm0000gerr | page = [https://archive.org/details/mountainenvironm0000gerr/page/317 317] | publisher = MIT Press | isbn = 978-0-262-07128-4 | ref = harv }} * {{cite journal | doi = 10.1111/j.1467-8306.1995.tb01821.x | last = Kenny | first = Judith | year = 1995 | title = Climate, Race, and Imperial Authority: The Symbolic Landscape of the British Hill Station in India | periodical = Annals of the Association of American Geographers | volume = 85 | issue = 4 | pages = 694–714 | jstor = 2564433 | ref = harv | publisher = [Association of American Geographers, Taylor & Francis, Ltd.] }} * {{cite book | last = Lamb | first = Alastair | year = 1986 | title = British India and Tibet, 1766–1910 | publisher = Taylor & Francis | edition = 2nd | page = 353 | isbn = 978-0-7102-0872-9 | url = https://books.google.com/?id=MY4OAAAAQAAJ | accessdate = | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Mackintosh | first = L.J. | year = 2009 | title = Birds of Darjeeling and India | publisher = BiblioBazaar, LLC | edition = 2nd | page = 322 | isbn = 978-1-116-11396-9 | url = https://books.google.com/?id=xY6nB640PKkC | accessdate = | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Negi | first = Sharad Singh | year = 1992 | title = Himalayan wildlife, habitat and conservation | publisher = Indus Publishing | page = 207 | isbn = 978-81-85182-68-1 | url = https://books.google.com/?id=W88pkms1dXEC | accessdate = | ref = harv }} * {{cite news | last = Sarkar | first = S. | year = 1999 | title = Landslides in Darjeeling Himalayas, India | periodical = Transactions of the Japanese Geomorphological Union | volume = 20 | issue = 3 | pages = 299–315 | issn = 0389-1755 | ref = harv }} * {{cite journal | last = Srivastava | first = Suresh C. | year = 2003 | title = Geographical Indications and Legal Framework in India | periodical = Economic and Political Weekly | volume = 38 | issue = 38 | pages = 4022–4033 | jstor = 4414050 | ref = harv | publisher = Economic and Political Weekly }} * {{cite journal |last=Tamang |first=Jyoti P. |last2=Sarkar |first2=Prabir K |last3=Hesseltine |first3=Clifford W |doi=10.1002/jsfa.2740440410 |year=1988 |title=Traditional Fermented Foods and Beverages of Darjeeling |periodical=Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=375–385 |url=http://ddr.nal.usda.gov/dspace/bitstream/10113/23778/1/IND88052735.pdf |accessdate= |ref=harv |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721071349/http://ddr.nal.usda.gov/dspace/bitstream/10113/23778/1/IND88052735.pdf |archivedate=21 July 2011 }} {{refend}} == ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱚᱲᱦᱤᱱ == {{refbegin}} * {{cite book | last = Bradnock | first = R | last2 = Bradnock | first2 = R | year = 2004 | title = Footprint India Handbook | url = https://archive.org/details/footprintindia0000brad | edition = 13th | publisher = Footprint Handbooks | isbn = 978-1-904777-00-7 }} * {{cite book | last = Brown | first = Percy | year = 1917 | title = Tours in Sikhim and the Darjeeling District | edition = 3rd (1934) | page = 223 | publisher = Calcutta: W. Newman & Co. | asin=B0008B2MIY }} * Forbes, Andrew ; Henley, David (2011). ''China's Ancient Tea Horse Road''. Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. ASIN: B005DQV7Q2 * {{cite book | last = Kennedy | first = Dane | year = 1996 | title = Magic Mountains: Hill Stations and the British Raj | url = http://content.cdlib.org/xtf/view?docId=ft396nb1sf&chunk.id=0&doc.view=printThe | page = 265 | publisher = University of California Press | isbn = 978-0-520-20188-0 }} * {{cite book | last = Lee | first = Ada | year = 1971 | title = The Darjeeling disaster: Triumph through sorrow: the triumph of the six Lee children | publisher = Lee Memorial Mission | asin=B0007AUX00 }} * {{cite journal | year = 1900 | title = Newman's Guide to Darjeeling and Its Surroundings, Historical & Descriptive, with Some Account of the Manners and Customs of the Neighbouring Hill Tribes, and a Chapter on Thibet and the Thibetans | publisher = W. Newman and Co. | isbn = }} * {{cite book | last = [[Lawrence Dundas, 2nd Marquess of Zetland|Ronaldshay]] | first = The Earl of | year = 1923 | title = Lands of the Thunderbolt. Sikhim, Chumbi & Bhutan | url = https://archive.org/details/landsofthunderbo00earl | publisher = London: Constable & Co. | isbn = 81-206-1504-2<!-- (Reprint)--> }} * {{cite book | last = Roy | first = Barun | year = 2003 | title = Fallen Cicada - Unwritten History of Darjeeling Hills | edition = 2003 | page = 223 | publisher = Beacon Publication | isbn = 978-81-223-0684-2 }} * {{cite book | last = Saraswati | first = Baidyanath (ed.) | year = 1998 | title = Cultural Dimension of Ecology | publisher = DK Print World Pvt. Ltd, India | isbn = 978-81-246-0102-0 }} * {{cite book | last = Singh | first = S. | year = 2006 | title = Lonely Planet India | edition = 11th | publisher = Lonely Planet Publications | isbn = 978-1-74059-694-7 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetindi00sari_1 }} * {{cite book | last = Waddell | first = L.A. | year = 2004 | title = Among the Himalayas | publisher = Kessinger Publishing | isbn = 978-0-7661-8918-8 }} {{refend}} pg4nkwf98an6c5rb90npwiyimozffmf 0 6621 196683 171991 2026-08-12T20:45:03Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196683 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = ᱟᱵᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱵᱤ | official_name = ᱟᱵᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱵᱤ | native_name = {{lang|ar|أَبُو ظَبِي}} | settlement_type = [[Capital City]] / [[Metropolis]] | image_skyline = {{Photomontage | photo1a = Абу-Даби (Abu Dhabi) - panoramio (1).jpg | photo2a = Sheikh Zayed Mosque view.jpg | photo2b = | photo3a = Founders Memorial.jpg | photo3b = WAHAT AL KARAMA 1.jpg | size = 280 | spacing = 2 | color = transparent | border = 0 }} | image_caption = Clockwise from top: Abu Dhabi skyline, [[Louvre Abu Dhabi]], [[Wahat Al Karama]] memorial, [[The Founder's Memorial]], [[Sheikh Zayed Mosque]] | image_flag = Flag of Abu Dhabi.svg | flag_size = 120px | image_shield = Emblem of Abu Dhabi.svg | shield_size = 80px | pushpin_map = UAE#Persian Gulf#Middle East#Asia | pushpin_label_position = left | pushpin_relief = yes | pushpin_mapsize = | pushpin_map_caption = Location of Abu Dhabi within UAE | coordinates = {{coord|24|28|N|54|22|E|region:AE-AZ_type:city|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = [[Country]] | subdivision_name = [[United Arab Emirates]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Emirates of the United Arab Emirates|Emirate]] | subdivision_name1 = Abu Dhabi | subdivision_type2 = [[Emirate of Abu Dhabi#Sub-divisions|Municipal region]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Abu Dhabi Central Capital District|Central Capital District]]<ref>name="OBG2016" </<ref> | government_type = [[Municipality]] | leader_title = General Manager of City Municipality | leader_name = HE Saif Badr Al Qubaisi | area_total_km2 = 972 | area_note = | elevation_m = 27 | population_total = 1450000 | population_as_of = 2018 | population_footnotes = <ref name="wg">{{cite web |title=Middle East :: United Arab Emirates |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ae.html |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |accessdate=5 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190104010155/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ae.html }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |title=Middle East :: United Arab Emirates — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ae.html#field-anchor-people-and-society-major-urban-areas-population |website=www.cia.gov |accessdate=15 September 2019 |archive-date=4 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190104010155/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ae.html#field-anchor-people-and-society-major-urban-areas-population |url-status=dead }}</ref> | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = Abu Dhabian, Dhabyani | blank_name = GDP PPP | blank_info = 2014 estimate | blank1_name = Total | blank1_info = [[USD]] 178&nbsp;billion<ref>https://www.brookings.edu/research/global-metro-monitor/</ref> | blank2_name = Per capita | blank2_info = [[USD]] 61,000 | website = [http://www.tamm.abudhabi/ tamm.abudhabi] | timezone = [[Time in the United Arab Emirates|UAE Standard Time]] | utc_offset = +4 }} '''ᱟᱵᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱵᱤ''' (<ref name="name">{{cite web |title=How did Dubai, Abu Dhabi and other cities get their names? Experts reveal all |publisher=UAE Interact |date=3 October 2007 |accessdate=5 April 2013 |url=http://www.uaeinteract.com/news/rss-news.asp?ID=24335|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407043402/http://www.uaeinteract.com/news/rss-news.asp?ID=24335 |archivedate=7 April 2014 }}</ref> ᱫᱚ ᱭᱩᱱᱟᱭᱴᱮᱰ ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱮᱢᱤᱨᱮᱴᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱭᱩ ᱮ ᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱮᱢᱤᱨᱮᱴᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱵᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱵᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱩᱯ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱞᱟ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱫᱷᱤᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱵᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱵᱤ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱑ᱹ᱔᱕ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱾ ,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/abu-dhabi-population/|title=Abu Dhabi Population 2019 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs)|date=May 12, 2019|website=World Population Review|access-date=November 2, 2019|archive-date=June 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605155650/http://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/abu-dhabi-population/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ᱟᱵᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱵᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱚᱴ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱖ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱥᱩᱫᱷᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ 2.9&nbsp;ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱾ <ref>{{cite web|url=https://scad.ae/Release%20Documents/SYB_2018_EN_9Sep%20_Chart%20Correction.pdf|title=Statistical Yearbook of Abu Dhabi 2018|last=|first=|date=|year=2016|website=scad.ae|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821181258/https://www.scad.ae/en/pages/statistics.aspx?topicid=24|archivedate=21 August 2017|access-date=}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱵᱩᱫᱷᱟᱵᱤ ᱮᱢᱤᱨᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱸᱧᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮᱛᱜᱟ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱵᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱵᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱱᱟᱠᱟᱵ, ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱭᱟᱥ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱰᱵᱷᱟᱱᱥ ᱢᱮᱴᱨᱚᱯᱚᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱰᱮᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱤᱱᱠᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ, ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱜᱟᱲ, ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== [[File:الشيخ سلطان بن زايد 19-1-1961.jpg|thumb|upright|Sheikh [[Shakhbut bin Sultan Al Nahyan]], brother of Sheikh [[Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan|Zayed]], ruled Abu Dhabi from 1928 to 1966]] [[File:Umm Al Nar Cup.jpg|thumb|left|Decorated stone cup from [[Umm al-Nar culture|Umm Al Nar site]], Abu Dhabi on display at the [[Louvre Abu Dhabi]]|alt=]] {{See also|Timeline of Abu Dhabi}} ᱟᱵᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱵᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱥᱱᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱭᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱤᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱩᱢ ᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱞᱪᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮ ᱢᱤᱞᱮᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ BCE ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱥᱱᱚᱱᱚᱜ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱵᱽ <ref>{{cite book |last=Potts |first=Daniel |title=Archaeology of the United Arab Emirates |url=https://archive.org/details/archaeologyofuni0000unse |year=2003 |publisher=Trident Press}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱤᱞᱟᱹᱠᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱚᱱᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ <ref name="DCTAD2017">{{citation |work=[[Abu Dhabi Department of Culture & Tourism|Department of Culture and Tourism – Abu Dhabi]] |title=Annual Report 2017 |volume=1 |page=119 |format=pdf |url=https://tcaabudhabi.ae/DataFolder/reports/2017%20Annual%20report%20-%20EN.pdf |year=2017 |access-date=2019-03-09}}</ref> ==ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱚᱢᱚᱱ== '''ᱫᱷᱟᱵᱤ''' ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱤᱠ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱜᱟᱡᱮᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱵᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱵᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ '''ᱜᱟᱡᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱤᱡ ᱟᱟᱯᱛ''' ᱾ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱡᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱵᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱵᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ <ref name="name" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uae-tour.com/ |title=United Arab Emirates|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721122534/http://uae-tour.com/ |archivedate=21 July 2013}}</ref> ==ᱚᱛᱱᱚ== [[File:Abu Dhabi SPOT 1034.jpg|thumb|Abu Dhabi seen from SPOT satellite]] ᱟᱵᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱵᱤ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱚᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱜᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱹᱠᱷᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱩᱯ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱲᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫ᱾ᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱠᱴᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟ ᱯᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱵᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱵᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱫᱤᱭᱟᱛ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱯᱷᱨᱟᱠ ᱯᱚᱞ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱤᱢ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱚᱞ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱛ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫ ᱢᱚᱞᱴᱤ ᱞᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱗ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱷᱚᱱᱴᱟ ᱯᱤᱪᱷᱤ ᱒᱕,᱐᱐᱐ ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱮ ᱫᱟᱹᱲ ᱠᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱵᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱵᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱯᱚᱞ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱪᱟᱹᱞᱩ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ <ref>{{cite web |title=Abu Dhabi Municipality {{!}} Media Center |url=http://www.adm.gov.ae/|work=Municipality of Abu Dhabi City|accessdate=7 February 2011|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110202175555/http://www.adm.gov.ae/|archivedate=2 February 2011}}</ref> ===ᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ=== {{Weather box | width=auto | location = Abu Dhabi | metric first = Yes | single line = Yes | Jan record high C = 33.7 | Feb record high C = 38.1 | Mar record high C = 43.0 | Apr record high C = 44.7 | May record high C = 46.9 | Jun record high C = 48.8 | Jul record high C = 48.7 | Aug record high C = 49.2 | Sep record high C = 47.7 | Oct record high C = 43.0 | Nov record high C = 38.0 | Dec record high C = 33.4 | Jan high C = 24.1 | Feb high C = 26.0 | Mar high C = 29.5 | Apr high C = 34.5 | May high C = 39.3 | Jun high C = 40.8 | Jul high C = 42.1 | Aug high C = 42.9 | Sep high C = 40.4 | Oct high C = 36.5 | Nov high C = 31.1 | Dec high C = 26.3 | Jan mean C = 18.8 | Feb mean C = 19.6 | Mar mean C = 22.6 | Apr mean C = 26.4 | May mean C = 31.2 | Jun mean C = 33.0 | Jul mean C = 34.9 | Aug mean C = 35.3 | Sep mean C = 32.7 | Oct mean C = 29.1 | Nov mean C = 24.5 | Dec mean C = 20.8 | Jan low C = 13.2 | Feb low C = 14.6 | Mar low C = 17.5 | Apr low C = 20.8 | May low C = 23.8 | Jun low C = 26.1 | Jul low C = 28.8 | Aug low C = 29.5 | Sep low C = 26.6 | Oct low C = 23.2 | Nov low C = 18.7 | Dec low C = 15.8 | Jan record low C = 5.0 | Feb record low C = 5.0 | Mar record low C = 8.4 | Apr record low C = 11.2 | May record low C = 16.0 | Jun record low C = 19.8 | Jul record low C = 16.5 | Aug record low C = 17.0 | Sep record low C = 19.0 | Oct record low C = 12.0 | Nov record low C = 10.5 | Dec record low C = 7.1 | Jan precipitation mm = 7.0 | Feb precipitation mm = 21.2 | Mar precipitation mm = 14.5 | Apr precipitation mm = 6.1 | May precipitation mm = 1.3 | Jun precipitation mm = 0 | Jul precipitation mm = 0 | Aug precipitation mm = 1.5 | Sep precipitation mm = 0 | Oct precipitation mm = 0 | Nov precipitation mm = 0.3 | Dec precipitation mm = 5.2 | unit precipitation days = 0.2&nbsp;mm | Jan precipitation days = 1.2 | Feb precipitation days = 2.8 | Mar precipitation days = 2.8 | Apr precipitation days = 1.2 | May precipitation days = 0.1 | Jun precipitation days = 0.0 | Jul precipitation days = 0.0 | Aug precipitation days = 0.1 | Sep precipitation days = 0.0 | Oct precipitation days = 0.0 | Nov precipitation days = 0.2 | Dec precipitation days = 1.5 | Jan humidity = 68 | Feb humidity = 67 | Mar humidity = 63 | Apr humidity = 58 | May humidity = 55 | Jun humidity = 60 | Jul humidity = 61 | Aug humidity = 63 | Sep humidity = 64 | Oct humidity = 65 | Nov humidity = 65 | Dec humidity = 68 | Jan sun= 246.1 | Feb sun= 232.6 | Mar sun= 251.1 | Apr sun= 280.5 | May sun= 342.2 | Jun sun= 336.9 | Jul sun= 314.2 | Aug sun= 307.5 | Sep sun= 302.4 | Oct sun= 304.7 | Nov sun= 286.6 | Dec sun= 257.6 | source 1 = NOAA (1971–1991)<ref name="NOAA">{{cite web |title=Climate Normals for Abu Dhabi |url=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-II/UE/41216.TXT |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] | accessdate=10 February 2013}}</ref> | date=February 2012 }} <center> {| class="wikitable" |+ Abu Dhabi mean sea temperature<ref name="Seatemperature">{{cite web |url=http://www.seatemperature.org/middle-east/united-arab-emirates/abu-dhabi-december.htm |title=Monthly Abu Dhabi water temperature chart |publisher=Seatemperatures.org |accessdate=20 January 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510004654/http://www.seatemperature.org/middle-east/united-arab-emirates/abu-dhabi-december.htm |archivedate=10 May 2015 }}</ref> |- ! Jan ! Feb ! Mar ! Apr ! May ! Jun ! Jul ! Aug ! Sep ! Oct ! Nov ! Dec |- | {{convert|22.2|°C|disp=br}} | {{convert|20.6|°C|disp=br}} | {{convert|22.4|°C|disp=br}} | {{convert|25.0|°C|disp=br}} | {{convert|29.0|°C|disp=br}} | {{convert|31.6|°C|disp=br}} | {{convert|32.7|°C|disp=br}} | {{convert|33.8|°C|disp=br}} | {{convert|33.4|°C|disp=br}} | {{convert|31.5|°C|disp=br}} | {{convert|28.3|°C|disp=br}} | {{convert|24.5|°C|disp=br}} |} </center> ==ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ== ==ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ== ==ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜ== ===ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱨ=== ===ᱫᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨ=== ==ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ== ==ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ== ==ᱠᱷᱮᱞ== ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{wide image|Panoramic view from Marina Village - Abu Dhabi.jpg|1000px|Abu Dhabi skyline as seen from the Marina|align-cap=center}} ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ddjup0lsy1ld7jo2okatr0vuapxz9bk 0 6853 196531 131053 2026-08-12T17:57:00Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 5 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196531 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | name = ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱴᱞᱮᱥ | image = The Fabs.JPG | caption = | alt = | background = group_or_band | origin = [[ᱞᱤᱵᱷᱚᱨᱯᱩᱞ]], ᱤᱸᱜᱞᱟᱸᱲ | genre = ᱯᱚᱯ | label = {{flatlist| * [[ᱯᱟᱨᱞᱚᱯᱷᱚᱱ]] * [[ᱮᱯᱞ]] * [[ᱠᱟᱯᱤᱱᱚᱞ]] }} | associated_acts = {{flatlist| * [[ᱫᱚ ᱠᱣᱮᱨᱤᱢᱮᱱ]] * [[ᱴᱚᱱᱤ ᱥᱮᱨᱤᱰᱮᱱ]] * [[ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱯᱨᱮᱥᱴᱚᱱ]] * [[ᱯᱞᱟᱥᱴᱤᱠ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱮᱸᱰ]] }} | website = {{URL|https://thebeatles.com}} | past_members = * [[ᱡᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱚᱱ]] * [[ᱯᱟᱩᱞ ᱢᱮᱠᱟᱨᱴᱤ]] * [[ᱡᱚᱨᱡ ᱷᱮᱨᱤᱥᱚᱱ]] *[[ᱥᱴᱩᱟᱨᱱ ᱥᱩᱱᱠᱞᱤᱯ]] *[[ᱯᱮᱴᱮ ᱵᱮᱥᱴ]] * [[ᱨᱤᱱᱜᱚ ᱥᱴᱟᱨ]] }} '''ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱴᱞᱮᱥ''' ᱫᱚ ᱤᱝᱜᱽᱞᱮᱸᱰ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱷᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟ.ᱥᱛᱤ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱱᱡᱚᱢᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱸᱰ(Guitar band) ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Hasted|2017|p=425}} ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱤᱝᱨᱟᱡᱤ ᱜᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱸᱰ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱮᱸᱰ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ.ᱛᱥᱟᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭ ᱜᱚᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Frontani|2007|p=125}} ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱵᱮᱸᱰ ᱜᱨᱩᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱤᱝᱜᱽᱞᱮᱸᱰ ᱨᱮᱭᱟ.ᱜ ᱞᱤᱵᱷᱟ.ᱨᱯᱩᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱞᱚᱵ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱛᱮᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱞᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ [[ᱡᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱚᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱯᱟᱩᱞ ᱢᱮᱠᱟᱨᱴᱤ]] ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱱ ᱯᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱦᱟ.ᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱟ.ᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱜ-ᱟ‌. ᱠᱤᱱ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ.ᱜ ᱜᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱸᱰ '''ᱵᱤᱴᱞᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ''' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱜᱚᱫ ᱮᱱᱟᱠᱚ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-19800654|title=From Fab Four to fabulously rich|last=Hotten|first=Russell|date=2012-10-04|access-date=2020-01-08|language=en-GB}}</ref> ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱚᱲ== {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book |last=Astley |first=John |year=2006 |title=Why Don't We Do It In The Road? The Beatles Phenomenon |url=https://books.google.com/?id=JZzwWc6bOlIC&lpg=PP1&dq=Why%20Don't%20We%20Do%20It%20In%20The%20Road%3F%20The%20Beatles%20Phenomenon&pg=PP1#v=onepage |publisher=The Company of Writers |isbn=978-0-9551834-7-8 }} * {{cite book|last=Barrow |first=Tony |year=2005 | title = John, Paul, George, Ringo & Me: The Real Beatles Story |url=https://archive.org/details/johnpaulgeorgeri00barr |publisher=Thunder's Mouth |location=New York|isbn=978-1-56025-882-7 }} * {{cite book|last=Bramwell |first=Tony |year=2006|last2=Kingsland |first2=Rosemary | title = Magical Mystery Tours: My Life with the Beatles |location=New York |publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=978-0-312-33044-6 }} * {{cite book|last=Braun |first=Michael |year=1964 | title = Love Me Do: The Beatles' Progress |location=London |publisher=Penguin |edition=1995 reprint |isbn=978-0-14-002278-0}} * {{cite book|last=Carr |first=Roy |year=1975 |last2=Tyler |first2=Tony |location=New York | title = The Beatles: An Illustrated Record |url=https://archive.org/details/beatlesillustrat0000carr |publisher=Harmony Books |isbn=978-0-517-52045-1}} * {{cite book| title=A Cellarful of Noise| last=Epstein| first=Brian| authorlink = Brian Epstein| year=1964| publisher=[[Byron Preiss]]| isbn=978-0-671-01196-3|oclc=39211052| title-link= A Cellarful of Noise}} * {{cite book |work=Federal Bureau of Investigation |year=2007 |title=The Beatles: The FBI Files |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yqeIM3MY3gAC&lpg=PA1 |publisher=Filibust |isbn=978-1-59986-256-9 |accessdate=31 March 2014 }}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{cite book|last=Harry |first=Bill |location=Poole, Dorset | title = The Book Of Beatle Lists |url=https://archive.org/details/bookofbeatlelist0000harr |publisher=Javelin |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-7137-1521-7}} * {{cite book|last=Kirchherr |first=Astrid |authorlink=Astrid Kirchherr |author2=Voormann, Klaus | title = Hamburg Days |location=Guildford, Surrey |publisher=Genesis Publications |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-904351-73-6|author2-link=Klaus Voormann }} * {{cite book |last=Lennon |first=Cynthia |year=2005 |authorlink=Cynthia Lennon |title=John |url=https://archive.org/details/john0len20lenn |url-access=registration |location=New York |publisher=Crown Publishers |isbn=978-0-307-33855-6 }} * {{cite book|last=Lewisohn |first=Mark |authorlink=Mark Lewisohn |title=The Beatles – All These Years: Volume One: Tune In |publisher=Little, Brown Book Group |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-316-72960-4}} * {{cite book |last=Mansfield |first=Ken |authorlink=Ken Mansfield |title=The White Book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Je7C3JHRs7UC&pg=PP1&dq=The%20White%20Book#v=onepage |publisher=Thomas Nelson |location=Nashville, TN |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-59555-101-6 |accessdate=31 March 2014 }} * {{cite book|last=Martin |first=George |authorlink=George Martin |last2=Pearson |first2=William | title = Summer of Love: The Making of Sgt. Pepper |publisher=Macmillan |location=London |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-333-60398-7}} * {{cite book |last=Riley |first=Tim |title=Lennon: The Man, the Myth, the Music – The Definitive Life |url=https://archive.org/details/lennonmanmythmus00rile |url-access=registration |location=New York |publisher=Hyperion/HarperCollins |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4013-2452-0 }} * {{cite book|last1=Sheffield|first1=Rob|title=Dreaming the Beatles|url=https://archive.org/details/dreamingbeatlesl0000shef|date=2017|publisher=Harper Collins|location=New York|isbn=978-0-06-220765-4}} * {{cite book|last=Turner |first=Steve |authorlink=Steve Turner (writer) | title = A Hard Day's Write: The Stories Behind Every Beatles Song |url=https://archive.org/details/harddayswritesto0000turn_a2y5 |edition=3rd |publisher=Harper Paperbacks |location=New York |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-06-084409-7 }} {{refend}} ==ᱥᱟ.ᱠᱷᱭᱟ.ᱛ== {{reflist}} s4z4jkycg1whq66hnmy7j473enbltub 0 7033 196669 37827 2026-08-12T20:34:18Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196669 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty | image = Painting of Humayun, c. 1700.jpg | name = ᱱᱟᱥᱤᱨ ᱩᱫᱽᱫᱤᱱ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱢᱚᱫᱽ<br>ᱦᱩᱢᱟᱭᱩᱱ <br /> {{script/Nastaliq|نصیرالدین محمد‬ همایون‬}} | title = <br>ᱦᱩᱢᱟᱭᱩᱱ | coronation = 29 December 1530, [[Agra]] | reign-type = ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ | reign-type1 = ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ | reign = 26 December 1530 – 17 May 1540 | reign1 = 22 February 1555 – 27 January 1556 | predecessor = [[Babur]] | successor = [[Sher Shah Suri]] (as Sur Emperor) | succession = 2nd [[Mughal Emperor]] | predecessor1 = [[Sikandar Shah Suri]] (as Sur Emperor) | successor1= [[Akbar]] | birth_name = Nasir-ud-Din Muḥammad<ref name="Mehta86">{{cite book|last1=Mehta|first1=Jaswant Lal|title=Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India|date=1986|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=9788120710153|page=146|language=en}}</ref> | birth_date = 6 March 1508 | birth_place = [[Kabul]] (present-day [[Afghanistan]]) | death_date = {{death date and age|1556|1|27|1508|3|17|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Delhi]], [[Mughal Empire]] (present-day [[India]]) | spouse = [[Bega Begum]] | spouse-type = Consort | spouses = Several, including:{{plainlist| *[[Hamida Banu Begum]] *[[Mah Chuchak Begum]]<ref name="gulbadan">{{cite book|author=[[Gulbadan Begum|Begum, Gulbadan]]|title=The History of Humāyūn (Humāyūn-nāmah)|publisher=Royal Asiatic Society|year=1902|pages=260|isbn=}}</ref> *Khanish Aghacha *Gunwar Bibi<ref>{{cite book|last=Lal|first=Muni|title=Akbar|year=1980|publisher=Vikas|isbn=9780706910766|page=7}}</ref> *Mewa Jan{{sfn|Mukhia|2004|p=124}} *Chand Bibi *Shad Bibi}} | spouses-type = Wives | issue = {{plainlist| *[[Al-aman Mirza]] *[[Akbar the Great]] *[[Mirza Muhammad Hakim]] *Ibrahim Sultan Mirza *Farrukh-Fal Mirza *Aqiqa Sultan Begum *[[Bakshi Banu Begum]] *Jahan Sultan Begum *[[Bakht-un-Nissa Begum]] *[[Sakina Banu Begum]] *Amina Banu Begum}} | full name = Nasir-ud-Din Muḥammad Humayun<ref name="Mehta86"/> | house = [[Timurid dynasty|Barlas Timurid]] | father = [[Babur]] | mother = [[Maham Begum]] | religion = [[Sunni Islam]] (later [[Shia Islam]]) | burial_place = [[Humayun's Tomb]], [[Delhi]] }} '''ᱱᱟᱥᱤᱨ-ᱩᱫᱽ-ᱫᱤᱱ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ''' <ref name="Mehta86"/> (ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ نصیرالدین محمد) (᱖ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱑᱕᱐᱘- ᱒᱗ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱕᱕᱖), ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱢᱟᱭᱩᱱ (ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ همایون) ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱜᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱤᱡ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱯᱟᱡᱽ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱭ ᱨᱟᱯᱟᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ [[ᱟᱯᱷᱜᱟᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ]], [[ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ]], ᱩᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ]] ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱑᱕᱓᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱕᱔᱐ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱟᱨᱷᱚᱸ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟ ᱑᱕᱕᱕ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱕᱕᱖ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ [[ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱨ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱨᱮᱡ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱤᱠᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱠᱮᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱕᱕᱖ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱜᱚᱞ ᱨᱟᱯᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱫᱚᱵᱚᱲ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱕᱓᱐ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱢᱟᱭᱩᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟ ᱵᱟᱵᱟᱭ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱤᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱜᱚᱞ ᱨᱟᱯᱟᱡᱽ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱩᱢᱟᱭᱩᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱫᱤ ᱮᱠᱥᱯᱮᱨᱤᱭᱮᱱᱥ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱒ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱜᱟᱹᱫᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱩᱲᱩᱵ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟ ᱠᱟᱢᱨᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱨᱡᱟ ᱠᱟᱵᱩᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱫᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱤᱡ ᱩᱛᱚᱨᱟᱫᱷᱤᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱩᱢᱟᱭᱩᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱜᱚᱞ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱥᱮᱨ ᱥᱟᱦ ᱥᱩᱨᱤ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱨᱮᱡ ᱚᱪᱚᱭᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱠᱮᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱤᱢᱟᱭᱩᱱ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱱᱚᱰᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱴ ᱠᱟᱞᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱚᱰᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱨᱴ, ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ, ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱫᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱞᱟᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ== ᱞᱟᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱠᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱠᱮᱜ-ᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱥᱮᱨ ᱥᱟᱦ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱥᱤᱨᱰᱤᱦᱤ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨ ᱠᱮᱜ-ᱟᱭ ᱦᱩᱱᱟᱭᱩᱱ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱥᱮᱡᱽ ᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱡᱟ ᱠᱮᱜ-ᱟ - ''ᱤᱧ ᱡᱷᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱩᱱᱫᱩᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱤᱧ ᱟᱲᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱣᱟᱫ ᱢᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ '' ᱞᱟᱦᱚᱨ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱨᱦᱤᱱᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱢ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱣᱩᱱᱰᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱚᱪᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱮ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱨ ᱥᱟᱦ ᱞᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱭ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱜ-ᱟ '' ᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱵᱩᱞ ᱤᱧ ᱟᱲᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ '' ᱟᱢ ᱚᱱᱰᱮᱢ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱠᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱵᱩᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱢᱟᱭᱩᱱᱤᱡ ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟ ᱠᱟᱢᱨᱟᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟ ᱦᱩᱢᱟᱭᱩᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱮᱢᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱢᱨᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨ ᱥᱟᱦ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱮ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟ ᱦᱩᱢᱟᱭᱩᱱ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱮᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱩᱢᱟᱭᱩᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱢᱨᱟᱱ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱠᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱛᱟᱹ ᱠᱮᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱡᱟ ᱵᱟᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ "ᱵᱭᱦᱟ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱞᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱟᱢ ᱮᱦᱤᱨᱠᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ" ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱮᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ <ref name="Multiple8">[[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak|Abul-Fazel]]: "Akbar-nama".</ref> ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== *{{cite book |last=Banerji |first=S. K. |title=Humayun Badshah |date=1938 |url=https://archive.org/details/humayunbadshah035068mbp |publisher=Oxford University Press |ref=harv}} *{{cite book |last=Gascoigne |first=Bamber |authorlink=Bamber Gascoigne |date=1971 |title=The Great Moghuls |location=New York |publisher=Harper & Row |isbn=978-006-011467-1 |ref=harv |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/greatmoghuls00gasc }} *{{cite book |last=Mukhia |first=Harbans |author-link=Harbans Mukhia |date=2004 |title=The Mughals of India |url=https://archive.org/details/mughalsofindia0000mukh_n7o4 |location= Malden, MA |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |isbn=978-0-631-18555-0 |pages= |ref=harv}} *{{cite book |last1=Richards |first1=John F. |authorlink1=John F. Richards |editor-last=Johnson |editor-first=Gordon |date=1993 |series=[[The New Cambridge History of India]] |title=The Mughal Empire |url=https://books.google.com/?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA11 |volume=Part I Volume 5 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-25119-8 |ref=harv}} ==ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ== *{{cite book |last=Begum |first=Gulbadan |authorlink=Gulbadan Begum |others=Translated by [[Annette Beveridge|Annette S. Beveridge]] |title= The History of Humāyūn (Humāyūn-nāmah) (English translation and Persian text) |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofhumayun00gulbrich |year=1902 |publisher=Royal Asiatic Society}}; [http://persian.packhum.org/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D07701010%26ct%3D0 English translation only, as text] *{{cite book|author1=Begam Gulbadam|author2=Annette S. Beveridge|title=The History of Humāyūn (Humāyūn-nāmah)|url=https://books.google.com/?id=N0WSBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA249&dq=turki+woman+married+to#v=onepage&q=turki%20woman%20married%20to&f=false|publisher=Begam Gulbadam|pages=249–|id=GGKEY:NDSD0TGDPA1|year=1972}} *{{cite book |author=Jawhar (fl. 1554) |others=Translated by Charles Stewart |title=The Tezkereh Al Vakiāt: Or, Private Memoirs of the Moghul Emperor Humayun |url=https://archive.org/details/tezkerehalvakiat00jawhuoft |year=1832 |publisher=Oriental Translation Fund}} *''Cambridge History of India'', Vol. III & IV, "Turks and Afghan" and "The Mughal Period". (Cambridge) 1928 *Muzaffar Alam & Sanjay Subrahmanyan (Eds.) ''The Mughal State 1526–1750'' (Delhi) 1998 *[[William Irvine (historian)|William Irvine]] ''The Army of the Indian Moghuls''. (London) 1902. (''Last revised 1985'') *Jos Gommans ''Mughal Warfare'' (London) 2002 *{{EB1911|wstitle=Humayun}} 2m7x0sg6vdb8tvm023u7jeqty7kebek 0 7112 196527 129104 2026-08-12T17:53:31Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196527 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox mountain | name = ᱡᱟᱜᱽᱨᱚᱥ | native_name = {{lang|fa|زاگرۆس}} | photo = Dena2.jpg | photo_caption = ᱡᱟᱜᱽᱨᱚᱥ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱩᱭ, ᱰᱮᱱᱟ | map_image = Zagros Folded Zone.jpg | map_caption = The [[Zagros fold and thrust belt]] in green, with the Zagros Mountains to the right | location = [[Iran]], [[Iraq]] and [[Turkey]]<br/>[[Middle East]] or [[Western Asia]] | elevation_m = 4,409 | type = [[Fold and thrust belt]] | age = [[Carboniferous]] | coordinates = | highest = [[Dena|Qash-Mastan (Dena)]] | length_km = 1600<ref name="britannica">{{cite web|title=Zagros Mountains|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zagros-Mountains|website=Britannica|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica|accessdate=17 August 2017}}</ref> | width_km = 240 }} '''ᱡᱟᱜᱽᱨᱚᱥ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ''' ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ, ᱭᱛᱚᱨ ᱤᱨᱟᱠ ᱟᱨ [[ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱚᱴ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ {{convert|1600|km|mile|abbr=on}} ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱜᱽᱨᱚᱥ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱤᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱵᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱹᱠᱷᱤᱱ ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱵᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱨᱟᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱵᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱜᱟᱭ ᱮᱥᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱫᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱩᱯᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱰᱮᱱᱟ {{Convert|4409|m|ft}} ᱾ == ᱚᱛ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ == [[File:Zagros Mountains, Iran, SRTM Shaded Relief Anaglyph.jpg|thumbnail|[[Shuttle Radar Topography Mission|SRTM Shaded Relief Anaglyph]] of Zagros Mountains]] [[File:Zagros 1992.jpg|thumb|left|The Zagros Mountains from space, September 1992<ref>{{cite web |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=17245 |title=Salt Dome in the Zagros Mountains, Iran|work=[[NASA Earth Observatory]] |accessdate=2006-04-27}}</ref>]] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱩᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱭᱟ ᱯᱞᱮᱴ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱭᱩᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱞᱮᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱞᱮᱴ ᱾ <ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/readersdigestnat00sche|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=0-89577-087-3|editor-last=Scheffel|editor-first=Richard L.|location=United States of America|pages=[https://archive.org/details/readersdigestnat00sche/page/424 422]–423|editor-last2=Wernet|editor-first2=Susan J.}}</ref> ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱭᱟ ᱯᱞᱮᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱞᱮᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱭᱩᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱞᱮᱴ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱮᱯᱮᱞᱟᱣ ᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱚᱱᱰᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ <ref>Nilforoushan F., Masson F., Vernant P., Vigny C., Martinod J., Abbassi M., Nankali H., Hatzfeld D., Bayer R., Tavakoli F., Ashtiani A., Doerflinger E., Daignières M., Collard P., Chéry J., 2003. GPS network monitors the Arabia-Eurasia collision deformation in Iran, Journal of Geodesy, 77, 411–422.</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱷᱮᱯᱮᱞᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱪᱟᱹᱞᱩ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱠᱷᱳᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱛ ᱟᱠᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱰᱮ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱖᱕,᱐᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱕,᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱨᱣᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱱᱤᱫᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱝᱜᱷᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱱᱟ ᱾ <ref>{{cite book |last1=Murray |first1=Tim |title=Milestones in Archaeology: A Chronological Encyclopedia |date=2007 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576071861 |page=454 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EZ7Gj2ocIEsC&pg=PA454 |language=en}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱚᱝᱜᱷᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱐,᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱓᱕ ᱡᱷᱚᱬᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ <ref>{{Cite book|title = The Proto-Neolithic Cemetery in Shanidar Cave|author1=Ralph S. Solecki |author2=Rose L. Solecki |author3=Anagnostis P. Agelarakis |last-author-amp=yes |publisher = [[Texas A&M University Press]]|year = 2004|isbn = 9781585442720|location = |pages = 3–5|url = https://books.google.com/?id=bSVZKJQ5GmIC&lpg=PR6&dq=shanidar&pg=PA3#v=onepage&q=shanidar&f=false}}</ref> == ᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱤᱠᱚ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱚᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱰᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱰᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ {{convert|400|-|800|mm|in|abbr=on}} ᱾ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱰᱮ [[ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱱᱤᱨᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ]] ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱰᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱢᱮ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ-ᱟ, ᱢᱤᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱰᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱯ {{convert|-25|°C|°F|abbr=on}} ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱟᱬᱜᱚᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱛᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜ-ᱟ, ᱱᱤᱨᱚᱱ ᱨᱩᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤᱭᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ]] ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ <ref>{{cite journal |last=Frey |first=W. |author2=W. Probst |title=A synopsis of the vegetation in Iran |journal=Contributions to the vegetation of Southwest Asia |year=1986 |pages=9–43 |editor1-first=Harald |editor1-last=Kurschner |publisher=L. Reichert |location=Wiesbaden, Germany |ISBN=3-88226-297-4}}</ref> {{Weather box |width = auto |location = Amadiya District, Iraq |metric first = Yes |single line = Yes |Jan high C = -0.2 |Feb high C = 1.4 |Mar high C = 6.4 |Apr high C = 12.2 |May high C = 19.3 |Jun high C = 24.8 |Jul high C = 29.7 |Aug high C = 29.6 |Sep high C = 25.6 |Oct high C = 17.7 |Nov high C = 9.7 |Dec high C = 2.7 |year high C = |Jan low C = -8.0 |Feb low C = -6.8 |Mar low C = -2.0 |Apr low C = 3.5 |May low C = 8.8 |Jun low C = 13.0 |Jul low C = 17.3 |Aug low C = 16.9 |Sep low C = 13.0 |Oct low C = 7.2 |Nov low C = 2.1 |Dec low C = -4.3 |year low C = |source 1 =<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.meteovista.com/Middle-East/Iraq/Amedi/4478215 |publisher=Meteovista |title=Climate statistics for Amadiya |accessdate=September 6, 2014}}</ref> |date= September 2014 }} == ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱬᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱵᱽ ᱡᱚᱱᱛᱩ == {{multiple image | align = right | direction = vertical | image1 = The environs of Borujerd (Goldasht).JPG | caption1 = A view of [[Quercus brantii|Persian oak]] forests that dominate the Zagros Mountains | width1 = 220 | image2 = Antoin Sevruguin 7 Men with live lion.jpg | caption2 = Men with a restrained lion in [[Iran]]. This photograph was taken by [[Antoin Sevruguin]], [[circa|ca]]. 1880,<ref name="Sevruguin">{{cite web |author=Sevruguin, A. |title=Men with live lion |publisher=National Museum of Ethnology in Leiden, The Netherlands; Stephen Arpee Collection |url=http://archive.asia.si.edu/iran-in-photographs/sevruguin-negatives.asp |date=1880 |access-date=2018-03-26}}</ref> before the [[Persian lion|lion]]'s extirpation in the country. | width2 = 220 }} ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱟᱹᱛᱤᱧ, ᱩᱡᱟᱹᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱰᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱩᱡᱟᱹᱲ ᱧᱚᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱰᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱡᱤᱵᱽ ᱡᱚᱱᱛᱩ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱬᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱚᱠ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱞᱢᱚᱱᱰ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱰᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[ᱜᱩᱦᱩᱢ]], ᱟᱞᱢᱚᱱᱰ, [[ᱵᱟᱨᱞᱤ]], ᱞᱮᱱᱴᱤᱞ, ᱰᱟᱹᱲᱤᱢ ᱟᱨ [[ᱚᱝᱜᱩᱨ]] ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱾ <ref>{{cite book|last=Cowan|first=edited by C. Wesley|title=The origins of agriculture : an international perspective|year=2006|publisher=University of Alabama Press|location=Tuscaloosa, Ala.|isbn=0-8173-5349-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sl8w4FwWi48C&lpg=PT50&ots=UXs4_JVtCH&dq=pistachio%2Falmond%20steppe&pg=PT50#v=onepage&q=pistachio/almond%20steppe&f=false|edition=[New ed.].|author2=Nancy L. Benco |author3=Patty Jo Watson |accessdate=5 May 2012}}</ref> ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱚᱠ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱰᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱕᱐% ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱤᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱜᱽᱨᱚᱥ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱛᱣᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ <ref>{{cite web |url=http://research.guilan.ac.ir/cjes/.papers/25210.pdf |title=Plant species in Oak (Quercus brantii Lindl.) understory and their relationship with physical and chemical propertiesof soil in different altitude classes in the Arghvan valley protected area, Iran |last1=M. Heydari |last2=H. Poorbabaei |last3=T. Rostami |last4=M. Begim Faghir |last5=A. Salehi |last6=R. Ostad Hashmei |year=2013 |website= |publisher=Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2013, Vol. 11 No.1, pp. 97~110 |accessdate=10 April 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403163132/http://research.guilan.ac.ir/cjes/.papers/25210.pdf |archivedate=3 April 2015}}</ref> == ᱯᱷᱚᱴᱚ ᱜᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤ == <gallery mode="packed"> Oshtoran Kooh.jpg|ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱚᱥᱴᱚᱨᱟᱝᱠᱩ Zagros iraq.png|ᱤᱨᱟᱠᱤ ᱠᱩᱨᱫᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ The Structure Claimed to be the Noah's Ark near the Mount Ararat in Turkey.jpg|ᱱᱚᱣᱟᱥ ᱟᱨᱠ </gallery> == ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ == ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == * ''Zagros'', Photos from Iran, [http://www.livius.org/a/iran/zagros/zagros.html ''Livius''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071121162004/http://www.livius.org/a/iran/zagros/zagros.html |date=2007-11-21 }}. * [http://www.dionysia4u.com The genus Dionysia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204055011/http://www.dionysia4u.com/ |date=2019-12-04 }} * [http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/02/wai/ht02wai.htm Iran, Timeline of Art History] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060906061252/http://www.usfca.edu/westciv/Mesochro.html Mesopotamia 9000–500 B.C.] * [https://www.peakbagger.com/range.aspx?rid=42 Major Peaks of the Zagros Mountains] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱵᱩᱨᱩ]] jpgte7s3ebzvv5nlmczv5lvohkhjnj5 0 7305 196526 146648 2026-08-12T17:52:34Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196526 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Italian - Bracelet - Walters 41269.jpg|thumb|upright=1.75|An Italian [[cameo (carving)|cameo]] bracelet representing the days of the week by their eponymous deities (mid-19th century, [[Walters Art Museum]])]] [[File:CLM 14456 71r detail.jpg|thumb|upright=1.75|Circular diagrams showing the division of the day and of the week, from a [[Carolingian Renaissance|Carolingian]] ms. ([[Codex latinus monacensis|Clm]] 14456 fol. 71r) of [[St. Emmeram Abbey]]. The week is divided into seven days, and each day into 96 ''puncta'' (quarter-hours), 240 ''minuta'' (tenths of an hour) and 960 ''[[moment (time)|momenta]]'' (40th parts of an hour).]] '''ᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱢᱟᱦᱟ''' (ᱮᱢᱟᱦᱟ) ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ, ᱡᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱚᱠᱚᱛ᱾ ==ᱮᱢᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ== ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲ ᱛᱮᱫᱚ ᱮᱢᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ [[ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱥ|ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱵᱚᱫᱫᱷᱚᱛᱟ]] ᱯᱚᱫᱽ, ᱡᱟ ᱚᱱᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱢᱟᱦᱟ]] ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢ᱾ ᱑ ᱮᱢᱦᱟ = ᱗ ᱢᱟᱦᱟ = ᱑᱖᱘ ᱴᱟᱲᱟᱝ (ᱜᱷᱚᱱᱴᱟ)= ᱑᱐,᱐᱘᱐ ᱴᱤᱲᱤᱡ = ᱖᱐᱔,᱘᱐᱐ ᱴᱤᱯᱤᱡ᱾ [[ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ(ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ) ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱵᱚᱨᱥᱚᱯᱚᱧᱡᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, *ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱵᱚᱨᱥᱚᱯᱚᱧᱡᱤᱠᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ = ᱕᱒ ᱮᱢᱦᱟ+᱑ ᱢᱟᱦᱟ (ᱚᱹᱫᱷᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ [[ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚ + ᱒ ᱢᱟᱦᱟ) ==ᱢᱟᱦᱟ== ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱢᱟᱦᱟ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟ ᱡᱩᱛᱩᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱺ #[[ᱥᱤᱸᱜᱮ ᱢᱟᱦᱟ]] #[[ᱚᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱦᱟ]] #[[ᱵᱟᱞᱮ ᱢᱟᱦᱟ]] #[[ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱ ᱢᱟᱦᱟ]] #[[ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱫᱤ ᱢᱟᱦᱟ]] #[[ᱡᱟᱹᱨᱩᱢ ᱢᱟᱦᱟ]] #[[ᱧᱩᱦᱩᱢ ᱢᱟᱦᱟ]] ==ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{Reflist}} *{{cite book |ref=harv |last=Zerubavel |first=Eviatar |title=The Seven Day Circle: The History and Meaning of the Week |date=1989 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd5ZjRsNj4sC |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-98165-9}} ==ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱟᱛ== *{{cite book | last = Colson | first = Francis Henry | authorlink = | title = The Week: An Essay on the Origin and Development of the Seven-day Cycle | url = https://archive.org/details/weekessayonorigi0000fhco | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1926 | oclc = 59110177}} *{{cite EB1911|wstitle=week}} {{Time topics}} {{Time measurement and standards}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Weeks| ]] [[Category:Units of time]] mx2zwe0le57em562g4qoxu6x7sm9stz 0 7432 196637 189569 2026-08-12T19:53:28Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196637 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Rafael - El Parnaso (Estancia del Sello, Roma, 1511).jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|''[[The Parnassus]]'' (1511) by [[Raphael]]: famous poets recite alongside the nine [[Muses]] atop [[Mount Parnassus]].]] ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮᱸ ( ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ [[:en:Poetry|Poetry]]) ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱚᱨᱚᱠ ([[:en:aesthetics|aesthetic]]) ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱫᱟ ([[:en:rhythmic|rhythmic]]) ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱭᱮᱴᱨᱤ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱨᱤᱠ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ (''[[:en:poiesis|poiesis]]'') ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ <ref>{{cite web|title=Poetry|work=Oxford Dictionaries|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2013|url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/poetry?q=poetry|access-date=2019-12-11|archive-date=2013-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618104733/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/poetry?q=poetry}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Poetry|work=Merriam-Webster|publisher=Merriam-Webster, Inc.|year=2013|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/poetry}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Poetry|work=Dictionary.com|publisher=Dictionary.com, LLC|year=2013|postscript=—Based on the Random House Dictionary|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/poetry?s=t}}</ref> ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱤᱠ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ, ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱫᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮᱸ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱤᱞ ([[:en:Nile|Nile]]) ᱥᱚᱥᱱᱚᱜ ᱨᱮ , ᱱᱟᱭᱡᱚᱨ ([[:en:Niger|Niger]]) ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱚᱞᱴᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ <ref>Oral Literature in Africa, Ruth Finnegan, Open Book Publishers, 2012</ref> ᱯᱤᱨᱟᱢᱤᱰ ᱠᱷᱚᱫᱟ ᱨᱮ ([[:en:Pyramid Texts|Pyramid Texts]]) ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮᱸ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱨᱤᱥᱴᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱵᱚ ᱒᱕᱐᱐ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱯᱤᱠ ᱚᱯ ᱥᱚᱱᱰᱟᱭᱮᱴ ([[:en:Epic of Sundiata|Epic of Sundiata]]) ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱨᱤᱭᱚᱴ ([[:en:griot|griot]]) ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱥᱩᱢᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ([[:en:Sumerian language|Sumerian|]]) ᱮᱯᱤᱠ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ, ᱮᱯᱤᱠ ᱚᱯ ᱜᱤᱞᱜᱚᱢᱮᱥ ([[:en:Epic of Gilgamesh|Epic of Gilgamesh]]) ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱾ ᱭᱩᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱮᱥ ([[:en:Eurasia|Eurasia]]) ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱷᱚᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮᱸ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱞᱟᱥᱤᱠ ᱚᱯ ᱯᱚᱭᱮᱴᱨᱤ ([[:en:Classic of Poetry|Shijing]]); ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱩᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱫᱚ ([[:en:Sanskrit literature|Sanskrit]] ''[[:en:Vedas]]''), ᱡᱚᱨᱚᱥᱴᱤᱭᱟᱱᱟᱜᱟ ᱜᱚᱛᱷᱚᱥ ([[:en:Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrian]] [[:en:Gathas|Gathas]]), ᱦᱚᱢᱚᱨᱟᱜ ([[:en:Homer|Homer]]) ᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟᱰ ([[:en:Iliad|Iliad]]) ᱟᱨ ᱚᱰᱤᱥᱮ ([[:en:Odyssey|Odyssey]]) ᱮᱢᱟᱱ । ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱨᱤᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱤᱥᱴᱚᱴᱚᱞᱟᱜ ([[:en:Aristotle|Aristotle]]) ᱯᱚᱭᱮᱴᱨᱤᱠ ᱰᱨᱟᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱚᱲᱚᱠ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮᱸ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱫᱟ, ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱲ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱩᱨ ᱮᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱵᱟᱝᱢᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱱᱤᱫ ([[:en:assonance|assonance]]) ᱚᱱᱩᱯᱨᱟᱥ ([[:en:alliteration|alliteration]]), ᱥᱟᱰᱮ ᱠᱩᱫᱟᱣ ([[:en:onomatopoeia|onomatopoeia]]) ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱲ ᱨᱮ ([[:en:rhythm|rhythm]]) ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮᱸ ᱚᱞ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱤᱠ, ᱵᱷᱚᱲᱚᱠ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱨᱩᱯᱚᱠ ([[:en:metaphor|metaphor]]), ᱩᱯᱚᱢᱟ ([[:en:simile|simile]]) ᱟᱨ ᱚᱲᱚᱝᱠᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱡᱽ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮᱸ ᱪᱚᱨᱚᱠᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ <ref>{{cite book|author1=Strachan, John R|author2=Terry, Richard, G|isbn=978-0-8147-9797-6|title=Poetry: an introduction|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|year=2000|page=119}}</ref> ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮᱸ ([[:en:epic poetry|epic poem]]) ᱮᱯᱤᱠ ᱚᱯ ᱜᱤᱞᱜᱟᱢᱮᱥ (''[[:en:Epic of Gilgamesh|Epic of Gilgamesh]]'') ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱨᱤᱥᱴᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱵᱚ ᱓᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱚᱯᱚᱴᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ [[ᱤᱨᱟᱠ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱞ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱟᱵᱽᱞᱮᱴ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱯᱤᱨᱚᱥ ([[:en:papyrus|papyrus]]) ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ <ref>{{cite book|author= Sanders, NK (trans.)|title= The Epic of Gilgamesh|url= https://archive.org/details/epicofgilgameshp0000unse|publisher= Penguin Books|edition= Revised|year= 1972|pages= [https://archive.org/details/epicofgilgameshp0000unse/page/7 7]–8}}</ref> [[ᱡᱤᱥᱩ]] ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱩᱯᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮᱸ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ '''ᱦᱤᱨᱚᱥ ᱜᱟᱢᱚᱥ''' ᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱤᱱᱟᱱᱱᱟ ᱩᱨᱵᱚᱨᱚᱛᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱭᱤᱥᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ([[:en:Hieros gamos|symbolically married]]) ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱮ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫ-ᱟ ᱾ <ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.ancient.eu/article/750/|title= The World's Oldest Love Poem|author= Mark, Joshua J.|date= 13 August 2014|quote= '[...] What I held in my hand was one of the oldest love songs written down by the hand of man [...].'|access-date= 11 December 2019|archive-date= 27 December 2015|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151227132941/http://www.ancient.eu/article/750/|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name=oldest_poem>{{cite news|last1= ARSU|first1= SEBNEM|title= Oldest Line In The World|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/14/international/europe/14poem.html?_r=0|website= New York Times|publisher= New York Times|accessdate= 1 May 2015 | quote = A small tablet in a special display this month in the Istanbul Museum of the Ancient Orient is thought to be the oldest love poem ever found, the words of a lover from more than 4,000 years ago.}}</ref> ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱨ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱑᱘᱐᱐ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱴᱚᱨᱤ ᱚᱯ ᱥᱤᱱᱩᱦᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮᱸ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ [[File:Manuscript from Shanghai Museum 1.jpg|thumb|right|upright|An early Chinese [[poetics]], the ''Kǒngzǐ Shīlùn'' (孔子詩論), discussing the [[Classic of Poetry|''Shijing'']] (''Classic of Poetry'')]] [[File:Aristoteles Louvre.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Aristotle]]]] ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ]] 10vde8kpfh94us1xi396wy5bi5ri0ua 0 7507 196542 131045 2026-08-12T18:06:21Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196542 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox person | name = ᱥᱭᱟᱢ | birth_name = ᱥᱩᱸᱫᱚᱨ ᱥᱭᱟᱢ ᱪᱟᱰᱰᱟ | image =Shayam (Actor)-By Rashid Ashraf.jpg | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1920|2|20}} | birth_place = [[ᱥᱤᱭᱚᱞᱠᱚᱴ]], [[ᱵᱽᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱯᱚᱸᱡᱟᱵᱽ]] | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1951|4|25|1920|2|20}} | occupation = [[ᱮᱠᱴᱟᱨ]] | education = [[Gordon College (Pakistan)|ᱜᱚᱨᱰᱱ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ]] | spouse = {{marriage|Mumtaz Qureshi ('Taji')|1940|1951}} | children = ᱥᱟᱦᱤᱨ ᱠᱟᱡᱢᱤ (ᱠᱤᱲᱤ ᱜᱤᱫᱟᱹᱨ)<br>ᱥᱟᱠᱤᱨ (ᱠᱚᱲᱟ) | relatives = [[ᱨᱧᱦᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱡᱽᱢᱤ]] (ᱡᱟᱶᱟᱭ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ)<br>[[ᱚᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱡᱽᱢᱤ]] (ᱦᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱵᱩ)<br>ᱱᱤᱫᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱟᱡᱽᱢᱤ (grand-daughter) | years_active = 1942–1951 }} '''ᱥᱩᱸᱫᱚᱨ ᱥᱭᱟᱢ ᱪᱟᱰᱰᱟ''' (᱒᱐ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱣᱚᱨᱤ ᱑᱙᱒᱐- ᱒᱕ ᱟᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱑᱙᱕᱑)<ref name=Upperstall>{{cite web|title=Shyam's Upperstall profile|url=http://www.upperstall.com/people/shyam}}</ref> ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱤᱸᱫᱤ ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱯᱟᱴᱤᱭᱟ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱔᱒ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫ-ᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱮᱫ-ᱟᱭ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱴᱤᱝ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱑᱙᱕᱑ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱟᱜ [[ᱥᱟᱵᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱟ᱾<ref name=mishra>{{cite book |title=Bollywood Cinema |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N5Z9_ysSgW8C&pg=PR13&dq=shyam++%2Bsuperstar&num=100 |last=Mishra |first=Vijay |year=2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-93014-7 |pages=xiii }}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ [[ᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞᱠᱚᱴ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱭᱞᱰ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ [[ᱨᱟᱣᱟᱞᱯᱤᱱᱰᱤ]]<ref>{{cite news | url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/107072/an-evening-with-actor-shyams-family/ | title=An evening with actor Shyam's family | first=Ishtiaq | last=Ahmed | date=2 November 2013 | newspaper=Daily Times | accessdate=18 October 2018 }}</ref> ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱥᱭᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱣᱟᱞᱯᱤᱱᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ [[ᱜᱚᱨᱰᱚᱱ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱮ ᱜᱨᱮᱡᱩᱣᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫ-ᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱤᱡ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱟᱫᱚᱛ ᱦᱮᱥᱮᱭᱱ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱚ]] ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱠᱱᱟᱹᱛ ᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱤᱱᱥᱯᱤᱨᱮᱥᱟᱱ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱠᱱᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ<ref>{{cite book |title=Enlightenment in the Colony |url=https://archive.org/details/enlightenmentinc0000muft |last=Mufti |first=Aamir |year=2007 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-05732-3 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/enlightenmentinc0000muft/page/206 206] }}</ref> ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱠᱤᱱᱟ᱾ ᱑᱙᱕᱗ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱤᱞᱤᱡᱽ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱩᱱᱩᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱴ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱚᱱᱟᱨᱮ [[ᱱᱩᱜᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱞᱛᱟᱱᱟ]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱯᱟᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟᱭ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ, ᱢᱩᱢᱛᱟᱡᱽ ᱠᱩᱨᱮᱭᱥᱤ (ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ "ᱛᱟᱡᱤ") ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱜᱤᱫᱟᱹᱨ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱴᱤᱣᱤ ᱯᱟᱯᱟᱴᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱦᱤᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱡᱽᱢᱤ, ᱯᱟᱯᱟᱴᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱟᱦᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱡᱽᱢᱤ ᱥᱟᱪ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱤᱨ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱜᱤᱫᱟᱹᱨ ( ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ), ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱰᱟᱠᱛᱚᱨ ᱤᱡ ᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱤᱠ ᱭᱩ ᱠᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱙᱕᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱟᱞ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱨᱩᱱᱤᱡ ᱡᱩᱨᱤ, ᱨᱤᱱᱩᱡ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱤᱥᱮᱨᱟ ᱡᱮᱵᱽ ᱠᱩᱨᱮᱭᱥᱤ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱵᱚᱢᱵᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱯᱟᱴᱤᱭᱟ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱡᱩᱨᱤ [[ᱞᱟᱦᱚᱣᱨ]], ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱭᱟᱢ ᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱭᱢᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱢᱩᱢᱛᱟᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱡᱽᱡᱚᱽᱱ ᱚᱸᱟᱟᱨᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾<ref name=APN>{{cite web|url=http://apnaorg.com/articles/ishtiaq-20/|title=Actor Shyam (1920-1951) who died very young|website=apnaorg.com|access-date=2019-12-16|archive-date=2019-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224212502/http://apnaorg.com/articles/ishtiaq-20/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ᱥᱭᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟᱭ ᱺ [[ᱢᱚᱱ ᱠᱤ ᱡᱤᱛ]] (᱑᱙᱔᱔), [[ᱢᱚᱡᱽᱵᱚᱨ]] (᱑᱙᱔᱘), [[ᱢᱤᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ]] (᱑᱙᱕᱐) ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱚᱢᱫᱷᱤ]] (᱑᱙᱕᱐)᱾ ==ᱜᱩᱨ== ᱥᱭᱟᱢ ᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱕᱑ ᱨᱣ ᱥᱟᱵᱟᱥᱛᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱥᱩᱴᱤᱝ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱧᱩᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾<ref name=APN /><ref name=mishra/> ==ᱯᱷᱤᱠᱢ ᱨᱮ== [[ᱛᱟᱦᱤᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱵᱷᱟᱥᱤᱱ]] ᱯᱚᱨᱴᱨᱤ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱫ-ᱟᱭ ᱥᱭᱟᱢ ᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱚ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱭᱚᱯᱤᱠ ᱥᱟᱫᱟᱛ ᱦᱟᱥᱮᱭᱱ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱤᱞᱤᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} 2rs17x60okwrkafdmdecb3jljpkxkvv 0 7644 196506 169714 2026-08-12T17:40:30Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196506 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱜᱟᱶ | official_name = Gurugram <!-- Please do not add any Indic script in this infobox, per WP:INDICSCRIPT policy. --> | settlement_type = ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ | image_skyline = {{Photomontage | photo1a = DLF Gatweway Tower.png{{!}}DLF Gateway Tower | photo2a = HUDA City Center station.jpg | photo2b = AppuGhar Full Park Image Night.jpg | photo4a = AIIS headquarters.jpg | photo4b = Basai Wetland Gurgaon DSC9341 rb crake.JPG | spacing = 2 | position = center | color_border = white | color = white | size = 275 | foot_montage = from top, left to right: [[Cyber City, Gurgaon|DLF Gateway Tower]], HUDA City Centre, Gurugram city Skyline from [[AppuGhar Water Park|Appu Ghar]], [[American Institute of Indian Studies]], [[Basai Wetland]] }} | image_caption = | image_flag = | image_seal = | nickname = Millennium city | image_map = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = India | pushpin_label_position = left | pushpin_map_caption = ᱜᱩᱨᱜᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ ᱨᱮ | coordinates = {{coord|28.456|N|77.029|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ | subdivision_name = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] | subdivision_type2 = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱮᱫ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ|ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | subdivision_type3 = ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ | subdivision_name2 = [[ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ]] | subdivision_name3 = [[ᱜᱩᱨᱜᱟᱶ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | established_title = Settled | established_date = | established_title1 = [[Municipal corporation|Incorporated]] | governing_body = ᱜᱩᱨᱜᱟᱶ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱱᱤᱜᱟᱢ | leader_party = | leader_title = ᱢᱮᱭᱚᱨ | leader_name = ᱢᱚᱫᱷᱩ ᱟᱡᱟᱫᱽ | leader_title1 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] | leader_name1 = ᱩᱢᱮᱥ ᱚᱜᱚᱨᱣᱟᱞ (BJP) | total_type = ᱜᱩᱴ | unit_pref = UK | area_total_sq_mi = 282.7 | area_land_sq_mi = | area_water_sq_mi = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 217 | elevation_ft = 711.9 | population_total = 876,900 | population_footnotes = <ref name=1lakh>{{cite web|title=Cities having population 1 lakh and above, Census 2011|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|website=censusindia.gov.in|accessdate=5 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723151530/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|archive-date=23 July 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> | population_density_km2 = auto | population_as_of = ᱒᱐᱑᱑ | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | utc_offset1 = +᱐᱕:᱓᱐ | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] | postal_code = ᱑᱒᱒xxx | area_code = ᱐᱑᱒᱔ | registration_plate = HR-26 (City) <br /> HR-55 (Commercial) <br /> HR-72 (Sohna ) <br /> HR-76 Pataudi (Gurgaon) | website = {{URL|gurugram.gov.in/}} | pushpin_label = ᱜᱩᱨᱜᱟᱶ | leader_title2 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency | leader_name2 = [[Gurgaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gurgaon Lok Sabha Constituency]] | leader_title3 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency | leader_name3 = ᱜᱩᱨᱜᱟᱶ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ | leader_title4 = Planning agency | leader_name4 = Gurugram Metropolitan Development Authority | demographics_type1 = ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ | demographics1_title1 = ᱟᱹᱢᱟᱹᱞᱮᱛ | demographics1_info1 = ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ | blank_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] {{nobold|(2017)}} | blank_info_sec1 = {{nowrap|{{increase}} 0.889<ref name="unhdi-gdl">{{cite web |title=Government of Haryana– District Database |url=https://in.one.un.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/SDG-Vision-Documnet-Haryana-Final.pdf |access-date=2019-12-26 |archive-date=2019-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930123032/https://in.one.un.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/SDG-Vision-Documnet-Haryana-Final.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ({{color|darkgreen|Very High}})}} · }} '''ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱜᱟᱶ''' ᱫᱚ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞᱤ '''ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱜᱨᱟᱢ''' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ [[ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ]] [[ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ]] ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ [[ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱᱟᱜ ᱓᱐ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ [[ᱪᱚᱱᱰᱤᱜᱚᱰ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱᱟᱜ ᱒᱒᱘ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.makemytrip.com/routeplanner/gurgaon-new-delhi.html|title=Gurgaon to New Delhi Distance, Duration, Driving Direction by Road, Trains, Bus / Car at MakeMyTrip Route Planner|website=www.makemytrip.com|access-date=6 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106171737/https://www.makemytrip.com/routeplanner/gurgaon-new-delhi.html|archive-date=6 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱴᱮᱞᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱤᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thecityfix.com/blog/small-experiment-delhis-suburbs-sparked-national-car-free-movement-amit-bhatt/|title=How a Small Experiment in Delhi's Suburbs Sparked a National Car-Free Movement —|date=5 July 2018|access-date=6 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106171852/http://thecityfix.com/blog/small-experiment-delhis-suburbs-sparked-national-car-free-movement-amit-bhatt/|archive-date=6 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱜᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱘᱗᱖,᱙᱐᱐ ᱥᱟᱢᱚᱴ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ<ref name=1lakh/> ᱾ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱯᱤᱪᱷᱤ ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱓ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱧᱩᱢᱦᱟᱞᱟᱝ ᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ <ref name=percapita3>{{cite news|last=Julka|first=Harsimran|title=IT firms looking beyond Gurgaon, Noida, Greater Noida to other cities in north India|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-09-30/news/30228817_1_gurgaon-satellite-towns-noida|accessdate=2 October 2013|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=30 September 2011|agency=ET Bureau|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105032828/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-09-30/news/30228817_1_gurgaon-satellite-towns-noida|archive-date=5 November 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> ᱑᱙᱗᱐ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱩᱛᱤ ᱥᱩᱡᱩᱠᱤ ᱜᱩᱨᱜᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱜᱟᱲ ᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱱᱚᱰᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ <ref name=forbes>{{cite web|last=Kumar|first=K.P. Narayana|title=Gurgaon: How not to Build a City|url=http://forbesindia.com/article/real-issue/gurgaon-how-not-to-build-a-city/33444/0|publisher=Forbesindia.com|accessdate=2 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928041152/http://forbesindia.com/article/real-issue/gurgaon-how-not-to-build-a-city/33444/0|archive-date=28 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱛ ᱜᱩᱨᱜᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱕᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱯᱤᱥ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ <ref>{{Cite news|title = Jat stir shakes India Inc|url = http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/jat-stir-shakes-india-inc-116022000835_1.html|access-date = 22 February 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160222073504/http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/jat-stir-shakes-india-inc-116022000835_1.html|archive-date = 22 February 2016|url-status = live|df = dmy-all|newspaper = Business Standard India|date = 20 February 2016}}</ref> ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.one.un.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/SDG-Vision-Documnet-Haryana-Final.pdf|title=Government of Haryana - district wise HDI|last=|first=|date=|website=|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930123032/https://in.one.un.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/SDG-Vision-Documnet-Haryana-Final.pdf|archive-date=2019-09-30|access-date=}}</ref> ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱨᱜᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.asianage.com/world/asia/050319/study-shows-7-out-of-top-10-most-polluted-cities-are-in-india-gurugram-the-worst.html|title=7 out of top 10 most polluted cities are in India; Gurgaon the worst: Study|date=5 March 2019|website=The Asian Age|access-date=5 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305124540/http://www.asianage.com/world/asia/050319/study-shows-7-out-of-top-10-most-polluted-cities-are-in-india-gurugram-the-worst.html|archive-date=5 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/reel/video/p0775cm8/inside-the-most-polluted-city-in-the-world|title=Inside the most polluted city in the world|website=BBC Reel|language=en|access-date=21 May 2019}}</ref> ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱜᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱠᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ <ref>{{Cite book|title=The History of India|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofindia0000unse|last=|first=|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc, 2010|isbn=978-1615301225|location=|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofindia0000unse/page/63 63]|date=15 August 2010}}</ref> ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱦᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚᱫᱷᱚᱨ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱫᱚᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gurugram.gov.in/history/|title=History {{!}} Gurugram|website=gurugram.gov.in|language=en-US|access-date=14 September 2018}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ [[ᱭᱟᱫᱩ]] ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱩᱥᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ [[ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵ]] ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱞᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱜᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱣᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱱᱰᱚᱵᱽ ᱠᱚᱭᱤᱡ ᱜᱩᱨᱩ, ᱜᱩᱨᱩ ᱫᱨᱚᱬᱟᱪᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india-gurgaon-to-gurugram-how-the-epic-mahabharata-inspired-haryana-govt-to-change-millennium-city-s-name-323801|title=Gurgaon to Gurugram: How the epic 'Mahabharata' inspired Haryana govt to change millennium city's name|date=13 April 2016|access-date=14 September 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915001956/https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india-gurgaon-to-gurugram-how-the-epic-mahabharata-inspired-haryana-govt-to-change-millennium-city-s-name-323801|archive-date=15 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> ᱔ ᱥᱟᱭᱟᱝ ᱵᱤ ᱥᱤ ᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱨᱭᱚ ᱨᱟᱯᱟᱡᱽ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱟᱹᱛ ᱞᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ <ref>Constance Jones; James D. Ryan (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC Encyclopedia of Hinduism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323232140/https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC |date=23 March 2017 }}. Infobase Publishing. p. xxviii. {{ISBN|978-0-8160-7564-5}}.</ref> ᱑᱒ ᱥᱟᱭᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱚᱝᱥᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱜᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱰᱟᱯᱩᱨᱟ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱪᱟᱦᱟᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱤᱡ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱯᱨᱤᱛᱷᱤᱵᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱪᱚᱣᱦᱟᱱ ᱤᱡ ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟ ᱱᱟᱦᱜᱟᱨᱡᱩᱱ ᱮ ᱵᱤᱫᱽᱨᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱨᱤᱛᱷᱤᱵᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱪᱚᱣᱦᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱽᱨᱚᱦᱚ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱵᱷᱟᱝᱜᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱞᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ <ref>{{cite book |author=R. B. Singh |title=History of the Chāhamānas |publisher=N. Kishore |year=1964 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKs9AAAAIAAJ |oclc=11038728 |page=163 |access-date=22 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323170959/https://books.google.com/books?id=TKs9AAAAIAAJ |archive-date=23 March 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Dasharatha Sharma |title=Rajasthan Through the Ages: From the earliest times to 1316 A.D |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W1dXAAAAMAAJ |year=1966 |publisher=Rajasthan State Archives |page=290 }}</ref> ==ᱚᱛᱱᱚ== ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱜᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ]] ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱛᱚᱨ ᱱᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱᱟ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ [[ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱜᱟᱶ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱹᱠᱷᱤᱱ ᱯᱩᱨᱵᱽ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱲᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱗᱓᱘ᱹ᱘ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱾ <ref>{{cite web|title=Demographics|url=http://www.mcg.gov.in/MCGPortal/MCGurgaonDemographics.aspx|publisher=Municipal Corporation, Gurgaon|access-date=2019-12-27|archive-date=2013-10-11|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131011233312/http://www.mcg.gov.in/MCGPortal/MCGurgaonDemographics.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===ᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ=== {{Weather box | collapsed = | metric first = Y | single line = Y | location = Gurgaon | Jan high C = 21.1 | Feb high C = 24.2 | Mar high C = 30.0 | Apr high C = 36.2 | May high C = 39.6 | Jun high C = 39.3 | Jul high C = 35.1 | Aug high C = 33.3 | Sep high C = 33.9 | Oct high C = 32.9 | Nov high C = 28.3 | Dec high C = 23.0 | year high C = 31.4 | Jan low C = 7.3 | Feb low C = 10.1 | Mar low C = 15.4 | Apr low C = 21.5 | May low C = 25.9 | Jun low C = 28.3 | Jul low C = 26.6 | Aug low C = 25.9 | Sep low C = 24.4 | Oct low C = 19.5 | Nov low C = 12.8 | Dec low C = 8.2 | year low C = 18.8 | rain colour = green | Jan rain mm = 20.3 | Feb rain mm = 15.0 | Mar rain mm = 15.8 | Apr rain mm = 6.7 | May rain mm = 17.5 | Jun rain mm = 54.9 | Jul rain mm = 231.5 | Aug rain mm = 258.7 | Sep rain mm = 127.8 | Oct rain mm = 36.3 | Nov rain mm = 5.0 | Dec rain mm = 7.8 | unit rain days = | Jan rain days = 1.7 | Feb rain days = 1.3 | Mar rain days = 1.2 | Apr rain days = 0.9 | May rain days = 1.4 | Jun rain days = 3.6 | Jul rain days = 10.0 | Aug rain days = 11.3 | Sep rain days = 5.4 | Oct rain days = 1.6 | Nov rain days = 0.1 | Dec rain days = 0.6 | Jan sun = 213.9 | Feb sun = 217.5 | Mar sun = 238.7 | Apr sun = 261.0 | May sun = 263.5 | Jun sun = 198.0 | Jul sun = 167.4 | Aug sun = 176.7 | Sep sun = 219.0 | Oct sun = 269.7 | Nov sun = 246.0 | Dec sun = 217.0|date=October 2013}} ==ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ== ==ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ== ==ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ== ==ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ== ==ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜ== ===ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ ᱦᱚᱨ=== ===ᱨᱮᱞ ᱦᱚᱨ=== ===ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱨ=== ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱱᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟᱦᱟ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱛ]] 49qyj6br5xyt6u9a7h0oshe9w2we67b 0 7870 196466 44112 2026-08-12T16:59:47Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196466 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ᱥᱤᱧ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ]], [[ᱫᱷᱟ.ᱨᱛᱤ|ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱧᱤᱱᱫᱟᱹ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ]] ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨᱚᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭᱟ, ᱚᱠᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ ᱪᱚᱝ ᱧᱤᱱᱫᱟᱹ ᱪᱟᱱᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨᱚᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ, ᱥᱤᱧ ᱪᱟᱱᱫᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱛᱮᱭᱮ ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱ ᱚᱠᱴᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱧᱮᱧᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱧ ᱪᱟᱱᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱫᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱥᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱟᱱᱟᱝᱚᱜᱼᱟ (ᱮᱠᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ)᱾ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱤᱧ ᱪᱟᱱᱰᱚ ᱜᱟᱱᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱟᱢᱵᱟᱟᱥ ᱛᱟᱭᱱᱚᱢ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱪᱟᱱᱫᱚ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱚᱠᱴᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱱᱟ ᱰᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱣ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱥᱤᱧ ᱪᱟᱱᱫᱤ ᱜᱟᱱᱦᱟᱣ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱨᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱟᱫ ᱩᱛᱟᱹᱨᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ<ref>{{cite book | last = Littmann | first = Mark | coauthors = Fred Espenak, Ken Willcox | title = Totality: Eclipses of the Sun | url = https://archive.org/details/totalityeclipses0003litt_z7e0 | publisher = Oxford University Press | date = 2008 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/totalityeclipses0003litt_z7e0/page/18 18]-19 | isbn = 0199532095 }}</ref>᱾ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱣ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱠᱦᱚᱱ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ==ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ== ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱥᱤᱧ ᱪᱟᱱᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱱᱦᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧ ᱪᱟᱱᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱧᱤᱱᱫᱟ ᱪᱟᱱᱫᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱᱮ ᱴᱚᱯᱟᱨ ᱚᱪᱚᱜ-ᱟ| ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱱᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱥᱤᱧ ᱪᱟᱱᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱱᱦᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱦᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧ ᱪᱟᱱᱫᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱸᱦᱮᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱧᱤᱱᱫᱟᱹ ᱪᱟᱱᱫᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧ ᱪᱟᱱᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱴᱚᱯᱟᱨ ᱮᱥᱮᱰ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱭᱟ|ᱧᱤᱱᱫᱟᱹ ᱪᱟᱱᱫᱚ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱴᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱥᱤᱧ ᱪᱟᱱᱫᱚ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱴᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱛᱮ, ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱠᱮᱱ ᱢᱩᱱᱫᱟᱹᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ-ᱟ| ᱦᱟᱭᱵᱽᱨᱤᱰ ᱥᱤᱧ ᱪᱟᱱᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱱᱦᱟᱣ,ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱥᱤᱧ ᱪᱟᱱᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱱᱦᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱱᱟᱢᱠᱚᱱᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱥᱤᱧ ᱪᱟᱱᱰᱚ ᱜᱟᱱᱦᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ|ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱥᱤᱧ ᱪᱟᱱᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱱᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱱᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱥᱤᱧ ᱪᱟᱱᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱱᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ-ᱟ|ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱧ ᱪᱟᱱᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱱᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ| ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱥᱤᱧ ᱪᱟᱱᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱱᱦᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱧᱤᱱᱫᱟᱹ ᱪᱟᱱᱫᱤ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱥᱤᱧ ᱪᱟᱱᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱠᱷᱭ ᱮᱥᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱜ-ᱟ| ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== ===ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱨᱠᱷᱟ=== ᱵᱮᱵᱤᱞᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱥᱱᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧ ᱪᱟᱱᱰᱚ ᱜᱟᱱᱦᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱣᱠᱷᱮᱯ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ|ᱢᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱑᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧ ᱪᱟᱱᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱱᱦᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ|ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱞᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱮᱱ ᱦᱟᱦᱟᱲᱟ ᱢᱤᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ|ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ<ref>[http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEpubs/20090722/TP214169a.pdf পুণৰাবৃবিৰ চক্ৰৰ ইতিহাস পৃ:৯]</ref>, ᱵᱟᱝᱢᱟ ᱑᱘ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱑᱐ ᱢᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱱᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱲᱦᱟᱜ-ᱟ|ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱫᱚᱲᱦᱟ ᱫᱚᱲᱦᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱱᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱱᱦᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱡᱚᱝ ᱟᱱᱟ|ᱟᱪᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱚᱭ ᱛᱷᱤᱨ ᱜᱚᱫᱚᱜ-ᱟ,ᱟᱪᱠᱟ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱵᱮᱲᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱚᱜ-ᱟ, ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱢᱟᱣᱚᱜ-ᱟ,ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱩᱠᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ-ᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ| ==ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱱᱩᱨᱩᱢ== ᱥᱤᱧ ᱪᱟᱱᱰᱚ ᱜᱟᱱᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ, ᱧᱤᱱᱫᱟᱹ ᱪᱟᱱᱫᱚ,ᱥᱤᱧ ᱪᱟᱱᱫᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱯᱩᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱠᱤᱡ ᱧᱟᱯᱟᱢ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱱᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ|ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱤᱧ ᱪᱟᱱᱫᱚ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱝᱜᱤᱧ ᱧᱤᱱᱰᱟᱹ ᱪᱟᱱᱫᱚ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱝᱜᱤᱧ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱔᱐᱐ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱧ ᱪᱟᱱᱫᱚ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱧᱤᱱᱫᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱔᱐᱐ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ|ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱯᱩᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱤᱧ ᱪᱟᱱᱫᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱧᱤᱱᱫᱟᱹ ᱪᱟᱱᱫᱚ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱴᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ-ᱟ,ᱮᱠᱮᱱ ᱵᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱐ᱹ᱕ ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ|ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱲᱦᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱧᱤᱱᱫᱟᱹ ᱪᱟᱱᱫᱚ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱪᱩᱨᱚᱜ ᱜᱟᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱧ ᱪᱟᱱᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱲᱦᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱛᱤ ᱯᱩᱨᱤ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨᱚᱜ ᱜᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ|ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧ ᱪᱟᱱᱫᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱧᱤᱱᱫᱟᱹ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱴᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ-ᱟ|ᱧᱤᱱᱫᱟᱹ ᱪᱟᱱᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱹᱝᱜᱤᱧ ᱛᱮᱭᱮ ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱤᱧ ᱪᱟᱱᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱛᱮᱭᱮ ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭᱟ,ᱩᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱧ ᱪᱟᱱᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱱᱦᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱧᱤᱱᱫᱟᱹ ᱪᱟᱱᱰᱚ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱧ ᱪᱟᱱᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱥᱚᱢᱚᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱱᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱥᱤᱧ ᱪᱟᱱᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱱᱦᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ-ᱟ|ᱦᱟᱭ ᱵᱽᱨᱤᱰ ᱥᱤᱧ ᱪᱟᱱᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱱᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱥᱤᱧ ᱪᱟᱱᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱱᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱥᱤᱧ ᱪᱟᱱᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱱᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ-ᱟ| ==ᱥᱟ.ᱠᱷᱭᱟ.ᱛ== {{ᱥᱟ.ᱠᱷᱭᱟ.ᱛ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ]] jnhc79rcjwbsjfk36jsx51ya8fecfn8 0 8096 196451 180900 2026-08-12T16:51:27Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196451 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Ethnic minority in Myanmar}} {{Redirect|Rohingya|the language|Rohingya language}} {{Use British English|date=December 2012}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}} {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Rohingya people | native_name = | image = Displaced Rohingya people in Rakhine State (8280610831) (cropped).jpg | population = 1,547,778<ref name="Mahmood, Wroe, Fuller, Leaning 2016">{{cite journal |author1=Mahmood |author2=Wroe |author3=Fuller |author4=Leaning|title=The Rohingya people of Myanmar: health, human rights, and identity |journal=Lancet |year=2016 |volume= 389|pages=1–10|url=http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(16)00646-2/abstract |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00646-2 |pmid=27916235 |issue=10081}}</ref>–2,000,000+<ref>{{cite book |first=David |last=Mathieson |title=Perilous Plight: Burma's Rohingya take to the seas |date=2009 |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] |isbn=978-1-56432-485-6 |page=3}}</ref> | regions = [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ]], [[ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]] ([[ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]]), [[ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ]], [[ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]], [[ᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]], [[ᱤᱭᱩᱱᱮᱴᱮᱴ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]], [[ᱤᱱᱫᱚᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ]], [[ᱥᱚᱣᱫᱤ ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱽ]], [[United Arab Emirates]] | region1 = {{flagdeco|Bangladesh}} [[Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh|Bangladesh]] | pop1 = 1,300,000+ (March 2018) | ref1 = <ref name="ReliefWeb">{{cite news|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/bangladesh/who-appeals-international-community-support-warns-grave-health-risks-rohingya|title=WHO appeals for international community support; warns of grave health risks to Rohingya refugees in rainy season|work= ReliefWeb|date=29 March 2018 }}</ref> | region3 = {{flag|Myanmar}} | pop3 = ~400,000 (November 2017) | ref3 = <ref name="dhakatribune.com">{{cite news |url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2017/11/08/rohingya-men-return-rakhine-dead-night/ |title=Why do some Rohingya men return to Rakhine at the dead of night? |newspaper=Dhaka Tribune |date=9 November 2017 |accessdate=22 December 2017}}</ref> | region4 = {{flag|Pakistan}} | pop4 = 350,000 (October 2017) | ref4 = <ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-41566561|title=Myanmar Rohingya: What you need to know about the crisis |work=BBC News |date=19 October 2017 }}</ref> | region5 = {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | pop5 = 190,000 (January 2017) | ref5 = <ref name="myanmar_nationals"/> | region6 = {{flag|Malaysia}} | pop6 = 150,000 (October 2017) | ref6 = <ref name="autogenerated1" /> | region7 = {{flag|UAE}} | pop7 = 50,000 (December 2017) | ref7 = <ref name="autogenerated1" /> | region8 = {{flag|India}} | pop8 = 40,000 (September 2017) | ref8 = <ref>{{cite news|title=India in talks with Myanmar, Bangladesh to deport 40,000 Rohingya|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-myanmar-rohingya-india-idUSKBN1AR0MH|accessdate=17 August 2017|work=Reuters|year=2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=India plans to deport thousands of Rohingya refugees|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/08/india-plans-deport-thousands-rohingya-refugees-170814110027809.html|accessdate=17 August 2017|publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> | region9 = {{flag|United States}} | pop9 = 12,000+ (September 2017) | ref9 = <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-myanmar-refugees/myanmar-refugees-including-muslim-rohingya-outpace-syrian-arrivals-in-u-s-idUSKCN11Q2LK |title=Myanmar refugees, including Muslim Rohingya, outpace Syrian arrivals in U.S.|first=Timothy |last=Mclaughlin|work=Reuters|date=20 September 2016|accessdate=3 September 2017}}</ref> | region10 = {{flag|Thailand}} | pop10 = 5,000 (October 2017) | ref10 = <ref name="BBC News">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-41566561|title=Myanmar Rohingya: What you need to know about the crisis|work=BBC News|date=19 October 2017 }}</ref> | region11 = {{flag|Indonesia}} | pop11 = 1,000 (October 2017) | ref11 = <ref name="BBC News"/> | region12 = {{flag|Japan}} | pop12 = 300 (May 2018) | ref12 = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2017/eap/280826.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529213032/https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2017/eap/280826.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2018-05-29 |title=Report on International religious freedom|publisher=United States Department of State |date=2018-11-20 |accessdate=2018-05-01}}</ref> | region13 = {{flag|Nepal}} | pop13 = 200 (September 2017) | ref13 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://myrepublica.com/feature-article/story/43651/over-200-rohingya-settle-illegally-in-capital.html |title=200 Rohingya Refugees are not being accepted as Refugees and the Nepali Government considers them illegal migrants |quote=An estimated 36,000 Rohingya Refugess living in India |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604182045/http://myrepublica.com/feature-article/story/43651/over-200-rohingya-settle-illegally-in-capital.html |archivedate=4 June 2016 }}</ref> | region14 = {{flag|Canada}} | pop14 = 200 (September 2017) | ref14 = <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/radio/thecurrent/the-current-for-september-8-2017-1.4279354/we-have-the-right-to-exist-rohingya-refugees-call-for-intervention-in-myanmar-1.4279390 |title=200 'We have the right to exist': Rohingya refugees call for intervention in Myanmar|publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref> | region15 = {{flag|Ireland}} | pop15 = 107 (December 2017) | ref15 = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thestateless.com/2017/02/im-really-excited-to-see-my-girls-growing-up-in-ireland.html |first=Sorcha |last=Pollak |title=I'm really excited to see my girls growing up in Ireland |website=The Stateless Rohinga |date=15 February 2015 |accessdate=16 January 2018 |archive-date=2 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702162915/http://www.thestateless.com/2017/02/im-really-excited-to-see-my-girls-growing-up-in-ireland.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | region16 = {{flag|Sri Lanka}} | pop16 = 36 (June 2017) | ref16 = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thestateless.com/2017/05/sri-lanka-navy-detains-rohingya-majority-children.html |title=Sri Lanka Navy detains Rohingya – majority children |website=The Stateless Rohinga |date=12 June 2017 |accessdate=29 January 2018 |archive-date=20 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920045712/http://www.thestateless.com/2017/05/sri-lanka-navy-detains-rohingya-majority-children.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | region17 = {{flag|Finland}} | pop17 = 11 (October 2019) | ref17 = <ref>{{cite web |title=Finland helps Myanmar's Rohingya refugees through the Red Cross |url=https://valtioneuvosto.fi/en/article/-/asset_publisher/suomi-auttaa-myanmarista-paenneita-rohingyoja-punaisen-ristin-kautta |website=Valtioneuvosto}}</ref> | languages = [[Rohingya language|Rohingya]] | religions = Predominantly: [[Sunni Islam]]<br/> minority: [[Hindu]],<ref name=natgeo/><ref>{{cite news |last=Ghoneim |first=Natasha |date=21 January 2019 |title=The Hindu Rohingya who want to return to Myanmar |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/01/hindu-rohingya-return-myanmar-190121163441656.html |work=Al Jazeera}}</ref> [[Christian]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Rohingya Christian Assembly |url=https://www.rohingyachristianassembly.com/ |access-date=29 January 2020 |archive-date=25 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125031224/https://www.rohingyachristianassembly.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> | related-c = | native_name_lang = | related_groups = }} '''ᱨᱳᱦᱤᱱᱝᱜᱟ'''(ˈroʊɪŋjə/, ᱥᱮ /ˈroʊhɪŋjə/; ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱥᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾) ᱨᱳᱦᱤᱝᱜᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱩ ᱦᱩᱭᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱤᱱᱫᱳ-ᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱜᱳᱥᱴᱤ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱖-᱒᱐᱑᱗ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱳᱦᱤᱱᱝᱜᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱪᱞᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱑ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱳᱦᱤᱝᱜᱟ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱰᱷᱤᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱳᱦᱤᱝᱜᱟ ᱜᱤ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱟᱹ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ, ᱛᱷᱚᱲᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱣᱱᱟᱭᱴᱮᱰ ᱱᱮᱥᱚᱱ(UN) ᱨᱳᱦᱤᱝᱜᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱠᱚᱪᱞᱚᱱ ᱟᱪᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮᱭ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾ ᱑᱙᱘᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱢᱤᱡᱽ ᱱᱟᱜᱚᱨᱤᱠ ᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱳᱦᱤᱝᱜᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱱᱟᱜᱚᱨᱤᱠ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾ == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == === ᱢᱨᱚ-ᱤᱣ ᱨᱟᱡᱡᱚ === === ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ === === ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱱᱤ === === ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ === === ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟ === === ᱵᱟᱨᱢᱤᱡᱽ ᱡᱟᱱᱛᱟ === === ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐᱑᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟ ᱫᱟᱝᱜᱟ === == ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ == == ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ == == ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ == * https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE * {{commons category-inline}} {{Ethnic groups in Myanmar}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Rohingya people| ]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Bangladesh]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Myanmar]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Pakistan]] [[Category:Indo-Aryan peoples]] [[Category:Islam in Myanmar]] [[Category:Muslim ethnoreligious groups]] [[Category:Refugees in Indonesia]] [[Category:Refugees in Malaysia]] [[Category:Stateless nationalism in Asia]] [[Category:Stateless people]] == ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱫᱟᱠᱷᱤᱱ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱨᱳᱦᱤᱝᱜᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱚᱪᱞᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱟᱹ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱟᱹ]] === Citations === {{Reflist}} ===Sources=== * {{cite article|last=Charney |first=Michael W.|title=A Comparative Vocabulary of Some of the Languages Spoken in the Burma Empire written by Francis Buchanan |url=https://archive.org/details/AComparativeVocabularyOfSomeOfTheLanguagesSpokenInTheBurmaEmpire |work=[[SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research]] |date=8 April 2018 |accessdate=8 April 2018 |ref={{Sfnref|Charney|2003}}}} * {{Cite book|url=https://www.academia.edu/7994939|title=Rohingya: The name, the movement and the quest for identity <!--Yangon 2013-->|last=Leider|first=Jacques|publisher=Myanmar Egress and the Myanmar Peace Center|year=2013|isbn=|location=|pages=204–255|quote=|ref={{Sfnref|Leider|2013}}}}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{cite book|last=Yegar|first=Moshe|title=Between integration and secession: The Muslim communities of the Southern Philippines, Southern Thailand, and Western Burma / Myanmar|year=2002|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield|Lexington Books]]|location=Lanham, MD|isbn=978-0-7391-0356-2|url=https://archive.org/details/betweenintegrati0000yega|ref={{Sfnref|Yegar|2002}}}} * {{cite book|last=Yegar|first=Moshe|title=Muslims of Burma|url=http://www.netipr.org/policy/downloads/19720101-Muslims-Of-Burma-by-Moshe-Yegar.pdf|year=1972|publisher=Verlag Otto Harrassowitz|location=Wiesbaden|isbn=|ref={{Sfnref|Yegar|1972}}}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/asia/south-east-asia/burma-myanmar/261-myanmar-the-politics-of-rakhine-state.pdf|title=Myanmar:The Politics of Rakhine State |publisher=International Crisis Group |date=22 October 2014 |access-date=8 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106132722/http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/asia/south-east-asia/burma-myanmar/261-myanmar-the-politics-of-rakhine-state.pdf |archive-date=6 November 2014 |ref={{Sfnref|Crisis Group|2014}}}} * {{cite conference |url=http://asiapacific.anu.edu.au/newmandala/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/khin-mg-saw-on-rohingya.pdf |title=The 'Rohingyas', Who Are They? The Origin of the Name 'Rohingya' |author=Khin Maung Saw |year=1994 |editor1=Uta Gärtner |editor2=Jens Lorenz |book-title=Tradition and Modernity in Myanmar: Proceedings of an International Conference held in Berlin from May 7th to May 9th, 1993 |publisher=LIT |location=Münster |pages=89–101 |isbn=978-3-89473-992-8 |ref={{Sfnref|Khin Maung Saw|1993}} |access-date=29 January 2020 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305162959/http://asiapacific.anu.edu.au/newmandala/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/khin-mg-saw-on-rohingya.pdf |url-status=dead }} * {{cite journal |url=https://www.soas.ac.uk/sbbr/editions/file64388.pdf |title=The Development of a Muslim Enclave in Arakan (Rakhine) State of Burma (Myanmar) |journal=[[SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research]] |year=2005 |accessdate=11 September 2017 |author=Aye Chan |ref={{Sfnref|Aye Chan|2005}} |archive-date=12 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130712065830/http://www.soas.ac.uk/sbbr/editions/file64388.pdf |url-status=dead }} * {{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa16/005/2004/en/|title=Myanmar, The Rohingya Minority: Fundamental Rights Denied|website=|publisher=Amnesty International|accessdate=13 August 2005}} * {{cite book |last=Harvey |first= G. E.|title=History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824 |publisher=Frank Cass & Co. Ltd |year=1925 |location=London}} * {{cite book |last=Myint-U |first=Thant |title=The River of Lost Footsteps—Histories of Burma |url=https://archive.org/details/riveroflostfoots0000than_d0r2 |year=2006 |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |isbn=978-0-374-16342-6}} * {{cite book |last=Phayre |first=Lt. Gen. Sir Arthur P. |title=History of Burma |year=1883 |edition=1967 |publisher=Susil Gupta |location=London}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150518085846/http://www.networkmyanmar.org/images/stories/PDF13/aye%20chan%20bwb.pdf "Burma's Western Border as Reported by the Diplomatic Correspondence (1947–1975)"] by Aye Chan * [https://www.ictj.org/our-work/regions-and-countries/burmamyanmar International Center for Transitional Justice, Myanmar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417214453/https://www.ictj.org/our-work/regions-and-countries/burmamyanmar |date=17 April 2021 }} m2iwjd7oxi0viq3si747ct9xfrgx28q 0 8101 196650 196383 2026-08-12T20:06:07Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196650 wikitext text/x-wiki ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ, ᱨᱟᱲᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[File:Father's love (cropped).jpg|thumb|ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ]] [[File:Josephus Laurentius Dyckmans - Paternal advice.jpg|thumb|''Parental Advice'' by [[Josephus Laurentius Dyckmans]], created 1831-1888]] '''ᱵᱟᱵᱟ''' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ [[ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ]] ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱢᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮᱠᱳ ᱦᱚᱦᱚᱣᱟᱭᱟ᱾ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹᱠᱳᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱧᱡᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱛᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱛᱮᱫᱚ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱠᱷᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱟᱹᱜᱩᱭᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱵᱳᱱ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱣᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱳᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱣ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱩᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ ᱫᱩᱠᱷ ᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ [[ᱟᱭᱚ|ᱟᱭᱳ]] ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱵᱟᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱛᱟ, ᱵᱟᱵᱟ, ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ, ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱾ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ [[ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ]] ᱞᱮᱠ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ (x) ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ (y)ᱱᱩᱠᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱢᱤᱞᱚᱱᱼᱟ ᱾ ==ᱥᱚᱛ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ== ᱥᱚᱛ ᱵᱟᱰᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱮᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱢᱚᱢ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱭᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱩᱱᱤᱜᱮ ᱥᱚᱛ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱾ ==ᱯᱤᱞᱪᱷᱩ ᱦᱟᱲᱟᱢ== ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱣ ᱛᱟᱞᱮᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱞ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[ᱯᱤᱞᱪᱷᱩ ᱦᱟᱲᱟᱢ]] ᱜᱮᱭ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ==ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ== * [[Father complex]] * [[Fathers' rights movement]] * [[Paternal age effect]] * [[Patricide]] * [[Paternal bond]] * [[Putative father]] * [[Putative father registry]] * [[Responsible fatherhood]] * [[Shared Earning/Shared Parenting Marriage]] * [[Sociology of fatherhood]] *"Father" can also refer metaphorically to a person who is considered the founder of a body of knowledge or of an institution. In such context the meaning of "father" is similar to that of "founder". See [[List of persons considered father or mother of a field]]. ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{Reflist|2}} ==ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱟᱛ== {{Wiktionary}} {{Commons category|Fathers}} * {{cite book | editor-last = Inhorn | editor-first = Marcia C. | editor-last2 = Chavkin | editor-first2 = Wendy | editor-last3 = Navarro | editor-first3 = José-Alberto | title = Globalized fatherhood | url = https://archive.org/details/globalizedfather0000unse_y3a3 | publisher = Berghahn | location = New York | year = 2015 | isbn = 9781782384373 }} Studies by anthropologists, sociologists, and cultural geographers - * {{cite journal | last1 = Kraemer | first1 = Sebastian | year = 1991 | title = The Origins of Fatherhood: An Ancient Family Process | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_family-process_1991-12_30_4/page/377 | journal = [[Family Process (journal)|Family Process]] | volume = 30 | issue = 4| pages = 377–392 | doi = 10.1111/j.1545-5300.1991.00377.x | pmid=1790784 }} * {{cite book | last = Diamond | first = Michael J. | title = My father before me : how fathers and sons influence each other throughout their lives | publisher = W.W. Norton | location = New York | year = 2007 | isbn = 9780393060607 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/myfatherbeforeme00diam }} * {{cite journal | last = Collier | first = Richard |title= Rethinking men and masculinities in the contemporary legal profession: the example of fatherhood, transnational business masculinities, and work-life balance in large law firms | journal = Nevada Law Journal | volume = 13 | issue = 2 | page = 7 | url = http://scholars.law.unlv.edu/nlj/vol13/iss2/7 | date = 2013 }} {{Family}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:Family]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:Fatherhood]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:Terms for men]] 80lm30z4sul6sx9pbhq1uyoa1ldys29 0 8502 196516 182796 2026-08-12T17:46:18Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196516 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ | nativename = {{lang-or|ଓଡ଼ିଆ|Oṛiā|label=none|translit-std=ISO}} | pronunciation = {{IPA-or|oˈɽia||Or-ଓଡ଼ିଆ.oga}} | states = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] | region = [[ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ]], [[ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ]] | ethnicity = ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ | speakers = {{sigfig|34.5|2}} ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ<!--34.3M India 2011, remainder from Ethn.22--> | date = | ref = <ref name="Ethnologue_ory">{{e22|ory}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Scheduled Languages in descending order of speaker's strength – 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> | speakers2 = '''[[ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ''': {{sigfig|3.6|1}} ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ<ref name="Ethnologue_ory"/> | familycolor =Indo-European | fam1 = [[ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ|ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] | fam2 = [[ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] | fam3 = [[ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ]] | fam4 = [[ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝᱥᱮᱫ]] | script = [[ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ]] <br/>[[ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱵᱨᱮᱞ]] | nation = {{IND}} ([[ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ]])<ref name="odishatv">{{cite web|last1=Bureau|first1=Odishatv|title=Odia as official language from tomorrow; linguists doubtful on efficacy of Act {{!}} Odisha Television Limited|url=http://odishatv.in/odisha/body-slider/odia-as-official-language-from-tomorrow-linguists-doubtful-on-efficacy-of-act-161085/|website=odishatv.in|accessdate=16 August 2016|archive-date=11 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011125238/http://odishatv.in/odisha/body-slider/odia-as-official-language-from-tomorrow-linguists-doubtful-on-efficacy-of-act-161085/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | iso1 = or | iso2 = ori | iso3 = ori | lc1 = ory | ld1 = ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ | lc2 = spv | ld2 = [[ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱟᱞᱯᱩᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱟᱞᱯᱩᱨᱤ]] | lc3 = ort | ld3 = ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱥᱤ ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ (ᱠᱳᱛᱤᱭᱟ) | lc4 = dso | ld4 = Desiya (duplicate of [ort])<ref>Hammarström (2015) Ethnologue 16/17/18th editions: a comprehensive review: online appendices</ref> | lingua = 59-AAF-x | image = [[File:Odia.svg|200px]] | notice = India | glotto = macr1269 | glottoname = partial match | glottorefname = Macro-Oriya | notice2 = IPA }} '''ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ''' ᱥᱮ '''ᱩᱲᱤᱭᱟ''' ([[ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ]]: Odia /əˈdiːə/ or Oriya /ɒˈriːə/; ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ: ଓଡ଼ିଆ) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ|ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ]] ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ|ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ]] ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱟ ।<ref>{{cite web |last1=CENSUS OF INDIA 2011 |title=LANGUAGE |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf |publisher=Government of India |page=12}}</ref><ref name=LSI-Orissa>{{cite book|last=Mahapatra|first=B. P.|title=Linguistic Survey of India: Orissa|year=2002|publisher=Language Division, Office of the Registrar General|location=Kolkata, India|page=14|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-documents/lsi/ling_Orissa.html|accessdate=20 February 2014|format=PDF}}</ref> ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ ᱥᱟᱝ [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱸᱜᱽᱞᱟ]], [[ᱪᱷᱚᱛᱤᱥᱜᱚᱰ|ᱪᱷᱚᱛᱤᱥᱜᱚᱲ]], [[ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ]], [[ᱟᱱᱫᱷᱨᱚ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴ]] ([[ᱥᱩᱨᱚᱛ|ᱥᱩᱨᱚᱴ]]<ref name="Gupta2006">{{cite book|author=Om Gupta|title=Encyclopaedia of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=VY1nTMBQ9vQC|date=1 April 2006|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-8205-389-2}}</ref>) ᱠᱚᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ <ref>[http://ibnlive.in.com/news/oriya-gets-its-due-in-neighbouring-state/181258-60-117.html ''Oriya gets its due in neighbouring state''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120815161939/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/oriya-gets-its-due-in-neighbouring-state/181258-60-117.html |date=2012-08-15 }} Sep 04, 2011</ref><ref>Naresh Chandra Pattanayak.[http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-01/bhubaneswar/29953104_1_oriya-jharkhand-assembly-jharkhand-cabinet ''Oriya second language in Jharkhand''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107021623/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-01/bhubaneswar/29953104_1_oriya-jharkhand-assembly-jharkhand-cabinet |date=2011-11-07 }}.Sep 1, 2011</ref><ref>[http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/BIH-bengali-oriya-among-12-dialects-as-2nd-language-in-jharkhand-2392920.html ''Bengali, Oriya among 12 dialects as 2nd language in Jharkhand''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615085005/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/BIH-bengali-Oriya-among-12-dialects-as-2nd-language-in-jharkhand-2392920.html |date=2013-06-15 }}.PTI 31 August 2011</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/oriya-gets-its-due-in-neighbouring-state/181258-60-117.html |title=Oriya gets its due in neighbouring state- Orissa- IBNLive |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |date=2011-09-04 |accessdate=2012-11-29 |archive-date=2012-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120815161939/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/oriya-gets-its-due-in-neighbouring-state/181258-60-117.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Naresh Chandra Pattanayak Sep 1, 2011, 08.04am IST |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-01/bhubaneswar/29953104_1_oriya-jharkhand-assembly-jharkhand-cabinet |title=Oriya second language in Jharkhand - Times Of India |publisher=Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2011-09-01 |accessdate=2012-11-29 |archive-date=2011-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107021623/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-01/bhubaneswar/29953104_1_oriya-jharkhand-assembly-jharkhand-cabinet |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/BIH-bengali-Oriya-among-12-dialects-as-2nd-language-in-jharkhand-2392920.html |title=Bengali, Oriya among 12 dialects as 2nd language in Jharkhand |publisher=daily.bhaskar.com |date=2011-08-31 |accessdate=2012-11-29 |archive-date=2013-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615085005/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/BIH-bengali-Oriya-among-12-dialects-as-2nd-language-in-jharkhand-2392920.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱥᱛᱨᱤᱭᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱭᱚᱛᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ <ref name=Hindu>{{cite news|title=Odia gets classical language status|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/odia-gets-classical-language-status/article5709028.ece|accessdate=20 February 2014|newspaper=The Hindu|date=20 February 2014}}</ref> <ref name=Rediff>{{cite news|title=Odia set to become classical language|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/odia-set-to-become-classical-language/20140220.htm|accessdate=20 February 2014|newspaper=Rediff.com|date=20 February 2014}}</ref> <ref name=Yahoo>{{cite news|title=Cabinet nod for Odia as classical language|url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/cabinet-nod-odia-classical-language-095412705.html|accessdate=20 February 2014|newspaper=Yahoo News|date=20 February 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|title=Decks cleared for Odia to get classical status|url=http://odishasuntimes.com/32926/classical-tag-odia-long-last/|accessdate=20 February 2014|newspaper=The Odisha Sun Times|date=20 February 2014}}</ref> <ref name=orissareview>{{cite book|last=Swetapadma|first=Mohapatra|title=Recognition of Classical Status for Odia Language|date=August 2013|publisher=Government of Odisha|page=92-93|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2013/aug-sept/engpdf/93-94.pdf}}</ref> <ref>{{cite book|last=Misra|first=Surya Narayan|publisher=Odisha Review|title=Language and Language Policy in India|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2014/mar/engpdf/15-18.pdf}}</ref> ==ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ== ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱲ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ [[ᱯᱩᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱫᱽᱱᱤᱯᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ, [[ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱥᱤᱝᱦᱚᱵᱷᱩᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]], [[ᱟᱱᱫᱷᱨᱚ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱥᱨᱤᱠᱟᱠᱩᱞᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱥᱨᱤᱠᱟᱠᱩᱞᱚᱢ]], [[ᱵᱤᱡᱚᱭᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱵᱤᱡᱚᱭᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱤᱥᱟᱠᱷᱟᱯᱟᱴᱱᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]], [[ᱪᱷᱚᱛᱤᱥᱜᱚᱰ|ᱪᱷᱚᱛᱤᱥᱜᱚᱲ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱯᱩᱨ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱪᱟᱹᱞᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ [[ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱨᱚᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[ᱵᱟᱸᱜᱽᱞᱳᱨ]], [[ᱦᱟᱭᱫᱽᱨᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ]], [[ᱯᱚᱸᱰᱤᱪᱮᱨᱤ]], [[ᱪᱮᱱᱱᱟᱭ]], [[ᱜᱳᱣᱟ]], [[ᱢᱩᱢᱵᱟᱭ]], [[ᱡᱟᱢᱥᱮᱫᱽᱯᱩᱨ]], [[ᱵᱚᱨᱳᱫᱟ]], [[ᱨᱟᱭᱯᱩᱨ]], [[ᱚᱦᱢᱚᱫᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ]], [[ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ]], [[ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ]], [[ᱠᱷᱚᱲᱚᱜᱽᱯᱩᱨ]], [[ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱦᱟᱴᱤ]], [[ᱯᱩᱱᱮ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱤᱞᱵᱷᱟᱥᱟ]] ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱹᱞᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ== ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱜᱚᱸᱜᱷᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱮ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱲᱟᱦᱟᱸᱰᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱰᱟᱦᱟᱸᱰᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ᱒᱐ ᱦᱚᱡᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱪᱷᱚᱨ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nilamani Senapati |first1=Orissa District Gazetteers, Kalahandi |title=Pri-Historical Site of Gudahandi |publisher=Government of Odisha |location=Bhubaneswar |page=35}}</ref>, ᱱᱩᱣᱟᱯᱚᱰᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱑᱐ ᱦᱚᱡᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱪᱷᱚᱨ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱨᱚᱞᱤᱯᱤ<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nilamani Senapati |first1=Orissa District Gazetteers, Kalahandi |title=Pri-Historical Site of Gudahandi |publisher=Government of Odisha |location=Bhubaneswar |page=35-36}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱥᱩᱜᱩᱰᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱠᱨᱚᱢᱠᱷᱳᱞᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱓᱕᱐᱐ ᱵᱚᱪᱷᱚᱨ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱝᱜᱷᱚᱨ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jayaswal |first1=K.P. |title=The Vikramkhol Inscriptin |journal=The Indian antiquary |date=1933 |volume=LXII |page=58-60}}</ref> ᱫᱚ ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱳᱜᱤᱬᱚᱴᱷᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ “ଠ” ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱟᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ <ref>{{cite book |last1=Prusty |first1=Subrat Kumar |title=Comprehensive Criticism of Odia Language and Literature |date=2011 |publisher=A.K. Mishra Publishers pvt.Ltd. |location=Cuttack, Odisha |isbn=978-81-921347-1-0 |page=2-9 |edition=2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Dr. DP Pattanayak |first1=Dr. Subrat Kumar Prusty |title=Classical Odia |year=2013 |url=https://archive.org/details/classicalodia0000patt |publisher=KIS Foundation |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-925616-3-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/classicalodia0000patt/page/16 16] |edition=1}}</ref> ==ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱲᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ== * ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱲᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱽ: * ᱓,᱓᱐,᱑᱗,᱔᱔᱖ (᱒᱐᱐᱑)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.htm|title=ABSTRACT OF SPEAKERS' STRENGTH OF LANGUAGES AND MOTHER TONGUES - 2001|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071124150249/https://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.htm|archivedate=2007-11-24}}</ref> * ᱓,᱗᱕,᱒᱑,᱓᱒᱔ (᱒᱐᱑᱑)<ref>{{cite web |last1=CENSUS OF INDIA 2011 |title=LANGUAGE |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf |publisher=Government of India |page=7}}</ref> * ᱴᱷᱟᱶ: [[ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ]] ([[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ]]) ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{wikivoyage|Odia phrasebook}}{{commonscat}} * {{Curlie|Science/Social_Sciences/Linguistics/Languages/Natural/Indo-European/Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan/Oriya/}} * [[w:or:Main page|ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ]] * Praharaj, G.C. [https://dsalsrv04.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/praharaj/ Purnnachandra Ordia Bhashakosha] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805184601/https://dsalsrv04.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/praharaj/ |date=2020-08-05 }} (Odia-English dictionary). Cuttack: Utkal Sahitya Press, 1931–1940. * [https://books.google.com/books?id=b7tmlF2a7fcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=oriya&as_brr=3 A Comprehensive English-Oriya Dictionary (1916–1922)] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ| ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱵᱨᱟᱦᱢᱤᱠ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]] lodfb4huimes1v541ke481l05h0cmr6 0 8700 196532 192894 2026-08-12T17:57:21Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196532 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for fields and descriptions --> | name = ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ | native_name_lang = <!-- ISO 639-3 {{lang|ori}} instead --> <!-- ISO 639-2 {{lang|bn}} instead --> | settlement_type = | image_skyline = | image_alt = | image_caption = | motto = | image_map = Western India.png | map_alt = | coordinates = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ | subdivision_name = ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ | subdivision_type1 = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱮᱫ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ|ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱮᱫ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ]] | subdivision_name1 = {{plainlist| * [[ᱫᱟᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱟᱵᱮᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱟᱢᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱤᱣ]] * [[ᱜᱳᱣᱟ]] * [[ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴ]] * [[ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ]] * [[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ]] * [[ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ]] '' }} | subdivision_type2 = ᱚᱠᱟ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱡᱷᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ | subdivision_name2 = {{plainlist| * [[ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ]] * [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] * [[ᱢᱚᱫᱷᱭᱚ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ]] * [[ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ|ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ]] (ᱮᱛᱚᱢ) * [[ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ]] (ᱯᱟᱪᱮ) '' }} | subdivision_type3 = ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ | subdivision_name3 = [[ᱢᱩᱢᱵᱟᱭ]] | subdivision_type4 = ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ <span style="font-weight:normal">(᱒᱐᱑᱑)</span> | subdivision_name4 = {{Flatlist|ᱫᱟᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱟᱵᱮᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱟᱢᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱤᱣ: * [[ᱥᱤᱞᱣᱟᱥᱟ]] * [[ᱰᱟᱢᱚᱱ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ|ᱰᱟᱢᱚᱱ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ]] * [[ᱟᱢᱞᱤ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ|ᱟᱢᱞᱤ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ]] * [[ᱰᱤᱣ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ|ᱰᱤᱣ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ]] ᱜᱳᱣᱟ: * [[ᱢᱩᱨᱜᱟᱶ]] * [[ᱢᱟᱨᱜᱟᱶ]] * [[ᱢᱟᱯᱩᱥᱟ]] * [[ᱯᱟᱱᱟᱡᱤ]] * [[ᱠᱩᱨᱪᱚᱨᱮᱢ]] ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴ: * [[ᱚᱦᱢᱚᱫᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ]] * [[ᱥᱩᱨᱚᱛ]] * [[ᱵᱚᱰᱳᱫᱚᱨᱟ]] * [[ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱠᱚᱴ]] * [[ᱵᱷᱟᱣᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ]] ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ: * [[ᱢᱩᱢᱵᱟᱭ]] * [[ᱯᱩᱱᱮ]] * [[ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱯᱩᱨ]] * [[ᱱᱟᱥᱤᱠ]] * [[ᱵᱚᱥᱚᱭ-ᱵᱤᱨᱟᱨ]] }} | blank_name_sec1 = ᱟᱹᱢᱟᱹᱞᱮᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ | blank_info_sec1 = {{Flatlist| * [[ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴᱤ]] * [[ᱠᱚᱱᱱᱚᱲ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱠᱚᱱᱱᱚᱲ]] * [[ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱠᱚᱸᱠᱚᱬᱤ]] * [[ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ]] * [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ]] * [[ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ]] }} | unit_pref = Metric <!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion --> <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | area_footnotes = | area_note = | area_water_percent = | area_rank = | area_total_km2 = 508,032 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | population_total = 173,343,821 | population_as_of = | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[ᱭᱩᱴᱤᱥᱤ+᱐᱕:᱓᱐]]) | utc_offset1 = | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = }} '''ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ''' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱭᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ [[ᱜᱳᱣᱟ]], [[ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ [[ᱫᱟᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱟᱵᱮᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱟᱢᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱤᱣ]] ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱮᱫ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref name="Zonal Council">{{cite web|url=http://interstatecouncil.nic.in/iscs/genesis/|title=INTER-STATE COUNCIL SECRETARIAT, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|accessdate=13 February 2018}}</ref> ᱟᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱪᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ [[ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=WZCC>{{cite web|title=West Zone Cultural Centre|url=http://www.wzccindia.com/index.php?q=Page&slug=about-wczz/|website=wzccindia.com|publisher=Ministry of Culture, [[Government of India]]|accessdate=13 February 2018|archive-date=27 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127234857/http://www.wzccindia.com/index.php?q=Page&slug=about-wczz/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Lalita Prasad Vidyarthi|author2=Binay Kumar Rai|title=The Tribal Culture of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=scgz0Uzn64YC&lpg=PA66&dq=rajasthan%20goa%20maharashtra%20gujarat%20western%20india&pg=PA66#v=onepage&q=rajasthan%20goa%20maharashtra%20gujarat%20western%20india&f=false|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=1977}}</ref> ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱯᱟᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮ [[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ]] ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ [[ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ]] ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref name="GSI">{{Cite web|url=https://www.gsi.gov.in/webcenter/portal/OCBIS/page13/page1734?_adf.ctrl-state=185uiqiyky_34&_afrLoop=2969808392873635#!|title=Geological Survey of India|accessdate=13 February 2018}}</ref> ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱪᱮ ᱢᱟᱭᱱᱚᱨᱤᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ [[ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ]] ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ [[ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ]] ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="NCLM">{{cite web |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |title= Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 52nd report (July 2014 to June 2015) |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, [[Government of India]]}}</ref> [[ᱢᱚᱫᱷᱭᱚ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ]] ᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ <ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HhAvy9B4q7IC&pg=PA85|title=New Development Paradigms and Challenges for Western and Central India|last1=Parthasamy|first1=R.|last2=Iyengar|first2=Sudarshan|publisher=[[Concept Publishing Company]]|year=2006|isbn=9788180692802|page=85|quote=The four States in western India, viz. Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.asia-planet.net/india/madhya.htm|title=West India - Madhya Pradesh|publisher=Asia-Planet|access-date=2020-03-18|archive-date=2012-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120122003802/http://www.asia-planet.net/india/madhya.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Dispossession and Resistance in India: The River and the Rage|url=https://archive.org/details/dispossessionres0000nils|first=Alf Gunvald|last=Nilsen|isbn=9781136994326|page=[https://archive.org/details/dispossessionres0000nils/page/205 205]|publisher=Routledge|year=2010}}</ref> ᱟᱨ [[ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ]], ᱯᱟᱪᱮ [[ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ]] ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ [[ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ|ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ]] ᱚᱠᱚ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱡᱷᱚᱜ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|title=Ecology of Cenchrus grass complex|first1=S.C.|last1=Pandeya|first2=Helmut|last2=Lieth|page=219|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BqnsCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA219|publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]]|date=6 December 2012|isbn=9789401129268}}</ref> ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱛᱟᱨᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱚᱞ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ [[ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱪᱮᱱᱱᱟᱭ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱯᱚᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ]], [[ᱠᱮᱨᱚᱲ]] ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PZF0CrtE2pQC&pg=PA192|title=An Economic History of India: From Pre-colonial Times to 1991|page=190–193|last=Rothermund|first=Dietmar|isbn=9780415088718|publisher=[[Psychology Press]]|year=1993}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱰᱮᱦᱮᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱜᱟᱲ (Industrial) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱦᱨᱤ ᱦᱚᱲᱮᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱾<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindiamaps.net/page/India_WhizMap/IndiaMap.htm| title = Census GIS data| accessdate = 12 March 2008| archive-date = 25 April 2015| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150425105619/http://www.censusindiamaps.net/page/India_WhizMap/IndiaMap.htm| url-status = dead}}</ref> ᱢᱚᱴᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ, ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱜᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ, ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱸᱫᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱥᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ [[ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ]] ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱜᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱠᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ, ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱣᱮᱱ ᱛᱷᱮᱥᱟᱝᱜ (Hwen Thsang) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱥᱤᱸᱫᱷ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱰᱮᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱪᱪᱷ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ), ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱟᱨ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱪᱷᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ) ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱯᱩᱛᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱜᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ), ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱞᱟᱵᱷᱤ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱟᱭᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱡ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ) ᱾<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JhXV4A0mjogC&pg=PA248|page=248|last=Cunningham|first=Sir Alexandar|title=The Ancient Geography of India. I.|volume=1|year=1871|publisher=[[Trübner & Company]]}}</ref>ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱦᱟᱴᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ, ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷ ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱮᱞᱚᱪᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ (ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ)|ᱵᱮᱞᱚᱪᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱨᱚᱝ (art) ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱯᱟᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱰᱷᱚᱝ ᱠᱟᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>Blurton, T. Richard, ''Hindu Art'', p. 187, 1994, British Museum Press, {{ISBN|0 7141 1442 1}}; Michell, George (1990), ''The Penguin Guide to the Monuments of India, p.262, Volume 1: Buddhist, Jain, Hindu'', 1990, Penguin Books, {{ISBN|0140081445}} </ref> [[File:Zonal Councils-sat.svg|thumb|300px|right|States under Western India Zonal Council in ''mauve'']] ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== [[File:India1760 1905.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Maratha Empire in the 18th century.]] ==ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ== [[File:Megwhal woman.jpg|thumb|right|150px|A [[Meghwal]] woman in the [[Hodka]] village, north of [[Bhuj]].]] ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱮ [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱮᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱠᱚᱭ [[ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ]] ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱥᱟᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱮᱡ ᱤᱧᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱵᱽᱨᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱚᱠᱚᱭ [[ᱵᱮᱱᱮ ᱤᱡᱽᱨᱟᱭᱤᱞ]] ᱦᱚᱸᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ ᱾ [[ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴ]] ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱥᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ [[ᱢᱩᱢᱵᱟᱭ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱩᱨᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱧᱟ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱤᱧ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱭᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱣᱫᱷᱫᱚ ᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱨᱮᱭᱟ ᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱮ ᱤᱥᱟᱭ [[ᱜᱳᱣᱟ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱘᱓.᱖᱖% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱑᱐.᱑᱒% ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ, ᱔% ᱵᱳᱫᱷᱫᱚ [[ᱜᱳᱣᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ]] ᱨᱮ ᱤᱥᱟᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱨᱟ ᱰᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱗᱓ ᱞᱟᱠᱷ ᱨᱚᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ, ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱚᱨᱚᱲ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ [[ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴᱤ]] ᱔᱖ ᱞᱟᱠᱷ ᱨᱚᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱸᱠᱬᱤ ᱒.᱕ ᱞᱟᱠᱷ ᱨᱚᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱤᱱᱰᱚᱼᱟᱨᱭᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="2001_census_lang">{{cite web |url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement4.htm| title=2001 Census language data|accessdate=11 March 2008}}</ref>ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ, [[ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱝᱜᱽᱞᱤᱥ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ]] ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱦᱨᱤ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱚᱨᱚᱲ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ ᱾<ref name="Tropf_India_lang_report">{{cite web|url = http://www.lilaproject.org/docs/India%20and%20its%20Languages%20v1.0.pdf|title = Indian and its languages|accessdate = 11 March 2008|archive-date = 8 March 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080308101143/http://www.lilaproject.org/docs/India%20and%20its%20Languages%20v1.0.pdf|url-status = dead}}</ref> [[File:mahalasatemple.jpg|thumb|Mahalasa Temple|200px|left|ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱞᱟᱥᱟ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱜᱳᱣᱟ]] ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱫᱚᱨ ᱗᱖% ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱗᱐.᱕% ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱮᱦᱮᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="nfhs_key_facts">{{cite web|url=http://www.nfhsindia.org/pdf/IN.pdf |title=NFHS fact sheet |accessdate=11 March 2008 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911040900/http://www.nfhsindia.org/pdf/IN.pdf |archivedate=11 September 2008 }}</ref>ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱰᱮᱱᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱒᱙᱐ ᱫᱚᱦᱨᱟ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱫᱚᱨ ᱒.᱒ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱫᱚ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱔.᱗ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="nfhs_key_facts"/> ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{commons category}} {{wikivoyage|ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ}} {{Geographic location|Centre=ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ|North=[[ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]]|Northeast=[[ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]]|East=[[ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]]|Southeast=[[ᱠᱳᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱᱰᱟᱞ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ|ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]]|South=[[ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]]|Southwest=[[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ]]|West=[[ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ]]|Northwest=[[ᱠᱚᱧᱮ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]]}} {{coord|19.0000|N|74.1500|E|source:wikidata-and-enwiki-cat-tree_region:IN|display=title}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ]] 5cbu0b90k2900rnrb8x5v92yow8527w 0 8821 196483 146125 2026-08-12T17:13:48Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196483 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dancer | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1928|09|05}} | image = Damayanti_Joshi_dancer.jpg | caption = dancing | birth_place =[[ᱢᱩᱢᱵᱟᱭ]], ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2004|09|19|1928|09|05}} | death_place =[[ᱢᱩᱢᱵᱟᱭ]], ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ | occupation =ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱤᱜ, choreographer, dance instructor | dances = [[ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱠ]] }} '''ᱫᱚᱢᱚᱭᱚᱱᱛᱤ ᱡᱚᱥᱤ''' (᱕ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱒᱘ ᱼ ᱑᱙ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱐᱔)<ref name="sa">{{cite web|url=http://www.learnkathak.com/kathakfaq.htm |title=Kathak FAQ: Short notes on the popular Kathak dancers |publisher=Nupur Nritya – Sangeet Academy |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414024300/http://www.learnkathak.com/kathakfaq.htm |archivedate=14 April 2010 |df=dmy }}</ref> [[ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱠ]] ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱤᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|last=Gassner|first=John |author2=Edward Quinn|title=The Reader's Encyclopedia of World Drama|url=https://archive.org/details/readersencyclope0000gass|url-access=registration|quote=Damayanti Joshi -inpublisher:icon.|year=2002|publisher=Courier Dover Publications|isbn=0-486-42064-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/readersencyclope0000gass/page/453 453]}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱑᱙᱓᱐ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱭᱰᱟᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱰᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱟ, ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱫᱚ [[ᱡᱚᱭᱯᱩᱨ]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱟᱱᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨᱟᱢ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱫᱽ ᱛᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱩᱢᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱤᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱱᱚᱣ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱟᱱᱮ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱟᱪᱚᱱ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱡᱽ, [[ᱞᱟᱪᱪᱷᱩ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱡᱽ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱷᱩ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱡᱽ]] ᱛᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱴᱨᱟᱰᱤᱥᱚᱱ (tradition) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱤᱭᱩᱟᱸᱥ (nuances) ᱫᱚᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱕᱐ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱢᱵᱟᱭ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱩᱨᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱫᱚ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ <ref>{{cite book|last=Kothari|first=Sunil |authorlink=Sunil Kothari|title=Kathak, Indian classical dance art|year=1989|publisher=Abhinav Publications|page=188}}</ref><ref>Massey, p. 64</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Banerji|first=Projesh |title=Kathak dance through ages|url=https://archive.org/details/kathakdancethrou0000proj_g1j1|year=1983|publisher=Humanities Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/kathakdancethrou0000proj_g1j1/page/43 45]}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱑᱙᱗᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱫᱢᱟ ᱥᱨᱤ, ᱑᱘᱖᱗ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱛᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱟᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱭᱩ.ᱯᱤ. ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱱᱚᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱠ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱾<ref name="hti"/> ==ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫᱚᱜ== ᱑᱙᱒᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱢᱵᱟᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ,<ref>{{cite book|last=Menon|first=Rekha |title=Cultural profiles, (Volume 2)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qkbRAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Damayanti+Joshi%22+-inpublisher:icon&dq=%22Damayanti+Joshi%22+-inpublisher:icon&lr=&cd=37|year=1961|publisher=Inter-National Cultural Centre|page=17}}</ref>ᱱᱩᱭ ᱡᱚᱱᱨᱟᱞ ᱰᱨ. ᱥᱟᱦᱤᱵᱽ ᱥᱤᱝ ᱥᱚᱠᱷᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱦᱩ ᱞᱤᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱷᱤ (ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱨᱳᱭ) ᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚ ᱟ ᱾<ref name=culture>[http://www.hinduismtoday.com/modules/smartsection/item.php?itemid=5159 Giants Who Reawakened Indian Dance], Kusam Joshi, 2011, Hinduism Today, Retrieved 5 September 2016</ref> ᱢᱚᱱᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱤᱜ ᱱᱤᱡᱟᱹ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱟᱫ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱡᱚᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱜᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱥᱤ ᱟᱡ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱵᱷᱟᱛᱥᱟᱞᱟ ᱡᱚᱥᱤ ᱟᱡᱤᱜ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱟᱲᱟᱜ ᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱩᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱡᱟ ᱜᱟᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱩᱠᱷ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ <ref name="hta"/> ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱰᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱱᱰᱤᱛ ᱥᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨᱟᱢ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱫᱽ ᱛᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟ ᱪᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱰᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱚᱠᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱱᱩᱭ ᱑᱕ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱱᱩᱭᱫᱚ ᱭᱩᱨᱚᱯᱤᱭ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱮᱠᱷᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱥᱚᱪᱮᱭᱟᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱢᱚᱭᱚᱱᱛᱤ ᱟᱡ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱪᱟᱠᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ <ref name="hti">{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2005/09/18/stories/2005091800360500.htm|title=TRIBUTE: A life of intricate rhythms|date=18 September 2005|work=The Hindu|access-date=24 March 2020|archive-date=11 November 2012|archive-url=https://archive.ph/20121111044414/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2005/09/18/stories/2005091800360500.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Lakshmi|first=C. S. |author2=Roshan G. Shahani|title=Damayanti, Menaka's daughter: a biographical note based on the Visual History Workshop, February 15, 1998 Issue 8 of Publication (SPARROW)|year=1998|publisher=SPARROW|page=11}}</ref><ref name="hta">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/lr/2004/11/07/stories/2004110700280400.htm|title=A life dedicated to dance|last=Lakshmi|first=C.S.|date=7 November 2004|work=The Hindu}}</ref> ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱤᱜ [[ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱡᱤᱯᱷᱫᱚᱨ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=wire1>{{cite news|newspaper=The Wire|url=https://thewire.in/183843/remembering-shirin-vajifdar-dancer/|title=Remembering Shirin Vajifdar – Pioneer in All Schools of Dance|last=Kothari|first=Sunil|date=3 October 2017|accessdate=4 October 2017}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱩᱢᱵᱟᱭ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱨᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱨᱟᱡᱮᱥᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱱᱟᱴᱭᱟ ᱠᱟᱞᱟ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱟᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱩᱱᱤᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱴᱣᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱨᱩ ᱴᱤ.ᱠᱮ. ᱾ <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2003/01/03/stories/2003010301520800.htm|title=Life dedicated to dance|date=3 January 2003|work=The Hindu|access-date=13 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202113401/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2003/01/03/stories/2003010301520800.htm|archive-date=2 December 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ== ᱑᱙᱕᱐ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱫᱚᱢᱚᱭᱚᱱᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱱᱰᱤᱛ, ᱟᱪᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱨᱟᱡᱽ, [[ᱞᱟᱪᱪᱷᱩ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱡᱽ]] ᱟᱨ ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱟᱱᱮ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ [[ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱩ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱡᱽ]] ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱭᱯᱩᱨ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱟᱱᱮ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱜ ᱜᱩᱨᱩ ᱦᱤᱨᱟᱞᱟᱞ ᱛᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱮᱠᱷᱞᱟ ᱠᱚᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱤᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱤᱡᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱠᱚᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ, ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱩ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|last=Massey|first=Reginald |title=India's kathak dance, past present, future|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yFXkPk3zMeYC&pg=RA1-PA29&dq=%22Damayanti+Joshi%22+-inpublisher:icon&cd=10#v=onepage&q=%22Damayanti%20Joshi%22%20-inpublisher%3Aicon&f=false|year=1999|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=81-7017-374-4|page=29}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱵᱟᱱᱫᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ "[[ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ]]" ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱱᱚᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱤᱸᱫᱤᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱞᱟ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ, ᱠᱷᱮᱭᱨᱟᱜᱟᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱟᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ (᱑᱙᱖᱘) ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱫᱢᱟ ᱥᱨᱤ (᱑᱙᱗᱐) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱢᱢᱟᱱᱤᱛ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|title=Padma Awards |publisher=[[Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)|Ministry of Communications and Information Technology]] |url=http://india.gov.in/myindia/padma_awards.php |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710123059/http://india.gov.in/myindia/padma_awards.php |archivedate=10 July 2011 }}</ref>ᱩᱱᱤ ᱵᱤᱨᱮᱥᱚᱨ ᱜᱚᱣᱛᱟᱢ ᱤᱡ ᱜᱩᱨᱩ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱑᱙᱗᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱟᱱ, [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱰᱚᱠᱭᱩᱢᱮᱱᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ (Documentary film) ᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱠᱩᱢᱟᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱤᱱ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱤᱦ "ᱫᱚᱢᱚᱭᱚᱱᱛᱤ ᱡᱚᱥᱤ" ᱚᱦᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱑᱙᱗᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ {{Citation needed|date=December 2011}} ᱑᱙ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱐᱔ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱫᱚᱨ, ᱢᱩᱢᱵᱟᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱥᱴᱨᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ <ref name="hta"/> ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{Reflist}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Joshi, Damayanti}} [[Category:Performers of Indian classical dance]] [[Category:Kathak exponents]] [[Category:1928 births]] [[Category:2004 deaths]] [[Category:Artists from Mumbai]] [[Category:Teachers of Indian classical dance]] [[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] [[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]] [[Category:Women educators from Maharashtra]] [[Category:Indian dance teachers]] [[Category:Indian female classical dancers]] [[Category:Dancers from Maharashtra]] [[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]] [[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]] [[Category:Women artists from Maharashtra]] [[Category:Educators from Maharashtra]] [[Category:20th-century Indian educators]] cdd01zxfjaooix2zjiamn0de96jsdp5 0 8906 196627 128990 2026-08-12T19:34:11Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196627 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱞᱟ | image = Kumari Kamala.jpg | imagesize = 200px | alt = | caption = ᱑᱙᱕᱐ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱬᱜᱟᱛ ᱚᱠᱛᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱞᱟ | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1934|6|16}} | birth_place = [[ᱢᱚᱭᱩᱨᱚᱢ]], [[ᱢᱟᱰᱨᱟᱥ ᱯᱨᱮᱥᱤᱰᱮᱱᱥᱤ]] | death_date = | death_place = | nationality = ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ | other_names = ᱵᱮᱵᱤ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱞᱟ, ᱠᱚᱢᱞᱟ ᱞᱚᱠᱥᱢᱚᱱ, ᱠᱚᱢᱞᱟ ᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱟᱱ, ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱞᱟ ᱞᱚᱠᱥᱢᱤ ᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱚᱱ | known_for = |spouse = {{plainlist | * [[R. K. Laxman]] (divorced 1960) * T. V. Lakshminarayanan * }} | occupation = Dancer, actress }} '''ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱞᱟ''' (ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱑᱖ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱑᱙᱓᱔) ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱰᱚᱦᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱤᱫᱨᱟᱹ ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱭᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ, ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ, ᱛᱮᱞᱮᱜᱩ, ᱠᱚᱱᱱᱚᱰᱚ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱗᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱷᱡᱷᱩᱵᱷᱩᱨ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱮ ᱢᱟᱪᱮᱛ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ==ᱟᱬᱜᱟᱛ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱠᱚ== ᱱᱤᱛ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱭᱩᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱵᱬᱮ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ <ref>{{cite book|last=Menon|first=Indira|title=The Madras quartet: women in Karnatak music|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9798174360785|year=1999|publisher=Roli Books|isbn=81-7436-078-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9798174360785/page/55 55]}}</ref> ᱟᱡ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱩᱥᱤ ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟ ᱨᱟᱫᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱥᱚᱱᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱚᱢᱵᱮ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱞᱟᱪᱷᱩ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱮ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱚᱸᱠᱚᱨ ᱨᱟᱣ ᱵᱭᱟᱥ ᱴᱷᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱡ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱥᱛᱨᱤᱭᱚ ᱨᱩᱭ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱞᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱨᱤᱭᱮᱞᱥᱮᱞ ᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱰᱮ ᱛᱟᱹᱢᱤᱞ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱢ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱤᱡ ᱮ ᱮᱱ ᱠᱚᱞᱭᱟᱱᱚᱥᱩᱱᱫᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱭᱤᱨ ᱟᱡ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱪᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱭᱤᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱢ ''ᱵᱦᱚᱞᱤᱵᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱸᱜᱷᱚᱢ'' (᱑᱙᱓᱘) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱨᱩᱞ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱫᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱓᱙ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ''ᱨᱟᱢᱟᱱᱟᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱦᱤᱢᱟᱭᱤ'' ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡ ''ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱲᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱢ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱩᱜ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱞᱟ ᱦᱟᱜ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱞᱟ ᱵᱳᱞᱤᱩᱰ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱓᱘ ᱨᱮ ''ᱡᱮᱞᱚᱨ'' ᱑᱙᱔᱓ ᱨᱮ ''ᱠᱤᱥᱢᱚᱛ'' ᱑᱙᱔᱓ ᱨᱮ ''ᱨᱟᱢᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱭᱚ'' ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱢᱞᱟ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱪᱮᱛ ᱠᱚᱴᱴᱩᱢᱚᱱᱱᱚᱨᱠᱳᱭᱤᱞ ᱢᱩᱛᱷᱩᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨᱚ ᱯᱤᱞᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱚᱡᱩᱵᱷᱩᱨ ᱵᱤ ᱨᱚᱢᱚᱭᱟ ᱯᱤᱞᱞᱟᱭ ᱴᱷᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢᱞᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱱᱟᱴᱭᱚᱢ ᱪᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱡ ᱟᱭᱚ ᱢᱟᱰᱨᱟᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱛ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱢ ᱑᱙᱔᱔ ᱨᱮ ''ᱡᱚᱜᱚᱛᱷᱚᱞᱚᱯᱨᱚᱛᱷᱚᱯᱚᱱ'' ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡ ᱯᱟᱢᱯᱩ ᱟᱴᱚᱢ ᱨᱩᱞ ᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱢ ''ᱥᱨᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱞᱤ'' (᱑᱙᱔᱕) ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱨᱩᱞ ᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱔᱕ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ''ᱢᱤᱨᱟ'' ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱟ ᱨᱩᱞ ᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱢ ''ᱱᱟᱢ ᱤᱨᱩ ᱵᱷᱟᱨ'' ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱢᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱮᱬᱟ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ''ᱱᱟᱢ ᱤᱨᱩᱵᱷᱟᱨ'' ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱱᱟᱴᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱩᱥᱨᱟᱹ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱢ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱤᱞᱟᱹᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ "ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱞ" ᱮ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name=hindu>{{cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |title=She danced her way to stardom |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/01/07/stories/2002010700100200.htm |accessdate=25 July 2011 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=7 January 2002 |archive-date=24 March 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020324173526/http://hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/01/07/stories/2002010700100200.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ== ᱟᱡ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱨᱴᱩᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮ ᱞᱚᱠᱥᱢᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱤᱠᱷᱟᱹ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱾<ref name="Hindu14">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/childrens-books-author-kamala-laxman-passes-away/article7878188.ece | title=Children’s books author Kamala Laxman passes away | publisher=[[The Hindu]] | date=14 November 2015 | accessdate=25 December 2015}}</ref> ᱟᱡ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟ ᱴᱤ ᱵᱷᱤ ᱞᱚᱠᱥᱢᱤᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱚᱬ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱑᱙᱘᱓ ᱨᱮᱜᱚᱡ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱞᱚᱠᱥᱢᱤ ᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱬ ᱴᱦᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱭᱛᱟᱭᱟ, ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱟᱭ ᱡᱚᱭᱱᱟᱱᱫᱽ ᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱚᱱ Her second husband, ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱩᱱᱤᱫᱚ ᱭᱩᱱᱟᱭᱴᱮᱰ ᱥᱴᱮᱴᱥ ᱟᱨᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== * [http://www.sribharatakamalalaya.org/kamala.html Official Website] * {{IMDb name |nm0474926}} 09no7xwdeug2oy47byjb8wldrxdkp85 0 9026 196688 179510 2026-08-12T20:51:30Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196688 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Narendra Modi presents Tana-Riri and Pandit Omkarnath Sangeet Awards.jpg|thumb|Narendra Modi presents Tana-Riri and Pandit Omkarnath Sangeet Awards]] '''ᱛᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱨᱤ''' ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱦᱱᱤ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱑᱕᱖᱔ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱡᱟᱣᱟ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱦᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ᱛᱤᱱᱡᱷᱚᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱟᱠᱵᱚᱨ<ref>{{cite book |title=India Guide Gujarat |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780978951702_n0o4 |last=Desai |first=Anjali H. |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780978951702_n0o4/page/226 226] |year=2007 |publisher=India Guide Publications |isbn=9780978951702 }}</ref> ᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱤᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱦᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱦᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱛ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ <ref>{{cite book |title=Akbar and his age |url=https://archive.org/details/akbarhisage0000unse |last=Khan |first=Iqtidar |page=[https://archive.org/details/akbarhisage0000unse/page/264 264] |year=1999 |publisher=Northern Book Centre |isbn=9788172111083 }}</ref> ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱫᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱛ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱱᱚᱨᱚᱥᱤᱝᱦ ᱢᱮᱦᱴᱟ ᱤᱡ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱢ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱥᱟᱨᱢᱤᱥᱴᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱾ ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱥᱱᱟᱜᱚᱨ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱵᱚᱰᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱯᱟᱞᱮ ᱑᱕᱖᱔ ᱥᱟᱞᱮᱨᱮ ᱾ ==ᱵᱤᱨᱵᱷᱟᱱᱴᱟ== ᱯᱟᱹᱦᱤᱞ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱚᱢᱚᱲ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱟᱠᱷᱽᱲᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱟᱠᱵᱚᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱱᱥᱮᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱟᱠᱷᱽᱲᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱱᱥᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱵᱚᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱤᱯᱚᱜ ᱨᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱾ ᱟᱠᱵᱚᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱩᱥᱤ ᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱛᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱤᱯᱚᱜ ᱨᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱟᱴᱠᱟᱨᱚᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱟᱹᱭᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱯᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱱᱥᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚᱨᱮ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱭ ᱟᱴᱠᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱱᱥᱮᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚᱨᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱤᱯᱚᱜ ᱨᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱩᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱵᱤᱥᱛᱤ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱨᱟᱲᱮᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱭ ᱫᱟᱬᱟ ᱠᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱱᱥᱮᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱟᱠᱵᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱱᱥᱮᱱ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱨᱤᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱠᱮᱜ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱤᱯᱚᱜ ᱨᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱱᱥᱮᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱱᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱱᱛᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱠᱵᱚᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱤᱡ ᱯᱷᱚᱳᱡᱤ ᱥᱮᱱᱟᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱟᱢᱡᱟᱫᱽ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱰᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱮ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱵᱮ ᱛᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱨᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱡᱟᱣᱟ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱤᱯᱚᱜ ᱨᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱠᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱱᱟᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱛᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱨᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱫ ᱠᱤᱱᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱵᱤᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱟᱠᱷᱽᱲᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱾ ᱤᱠᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱱᱟᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱢᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱨᱤ ᱠᱤᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱵᱚᱰᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱚᱲᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱪᱮ ᱡᱟᱣᱟ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱵᱩᱰᱷᱤ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧᱼᱟ ᱾ᱟᱠᱵᱚᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱤᱡ ᱥᱮᱱᱟᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱯᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱰᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱰᱷᱟᱹᱭ ᱜᱚᱯᱚᱡ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ,ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱩᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱟᱠᱵᱚᱨ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨ ᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱟᱡᱛᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱰᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱨᱤ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱰᱮᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱤᱠᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱽ ᱠᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱱᱥᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱨᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱰᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱟᱠᱷᱽᱲᱟᱭ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱟᱭ ᱨᱤᱛ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱧᱩᱢ ᱦᱟᱞᱟᱝ== ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱭ ᱨᱤᱛ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝᱼᱟ, ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱠᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱛᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱨᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱰᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱱᱟ-ᱨᱤᱨᱤ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱨᱠᱟᱨ<ref name="DeshGujaratv016">{{cite web | title=Setting of a new Guinness book world record at Tana Riri festival in Vadnagar | website=DeshGujarat News from Gujarat | date=10 November 2016 | url=http://deshgujarat.com/2016/11/10/setting-of-a-new-guiness-book-world-record-at-tana-riri-festival-in-vadnagar/ | accessdate=11 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="DeshGujarat2015">{{cite web | title=Tana Riri festival opens in Vadnagar, north Gujarat | website=DeshGujarat News from Gujarat | date=21 November 2015 | url=http://deshgujarat.com/2015/11/21/tana-riri-festival-opens-in-vadnagar-north-gujarat/ | accessdate=11 February 2017}}</ref> ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ]] q0bdgr3fp3rq2wwrb5r95es8ltl9m10 0 9395 196682 131690 2026-08-12T20:44:09Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196682 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox economist | name = ᱢᱳᱱᱤᱠᱟ ᱫᱟᱥ | native_name = | native_name_lang = | school_tradition = | image = | image_size = | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = ᱑᱙᱔᱙ | birth_place = | death_date = | death_place = | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = | nationality = [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ|ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ]] | institution = [[ᱜᱟᱨᱜᱤ ᱞᱟᱯᱷᱟᱝ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟ.ᱜᱟᱲ]] | field = [[ᱤᱠᱳᱱᱳᱢᱤᱠᱥ]] | alma_mater = | influences = | influenced = | contributions = | awards = | memorials = | spouse = | signature = <!-- file name only --> | module = | repec_prefix = | repec_id = }} ᱰᱚ. '''ᱢᱳᱱᱤᱠᱟ ᱫᱟᱥ''' [[ᱜᱟᱨᱜᱤ ᱞᱟᱯᱷᱟᱝ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟ.ᱜᱟᱲ]] ᱨᱮ ᱤᱠᱳᱱᱳᱢᱤᱠᱥ ᱰᱤᱯᱟᱴᱢᱮᱸᱴ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱪᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ [[ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟ.ᱜᱟᱲ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱥᱟᱨᱪ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ । ସେ ''ᱦᱟᱨ ᱥᱴᱳᱨᱤ ᱥᱳ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱺ ᱴᱮᱞᱥ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱫᱤ ᱜᱟᱞᱥ ᱪᱟᱭᱤᱞᱰ ᱤᱱ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ'' ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟ. ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ,<ref name=Story>{{cite book | last = Das | first = Monica | title = Her story so far: tales of the girl child in India | url = https://archive.org/details/herstorysofartal0000unse | publisher = Penguin Books | location = New Delhi New York, NY | year = 2003 | isbn = 9780143030423 }}</ref> ᱟᱨ ''ᱫᱤ ᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱣᱤᱢᱮᱱ'',<ref name=Other>{{cite book | last = Das | first = Monica | title = The other woman: 16 tales of love and deception | publisher = HarperCollins | location = India | year = 2014 | isbn = 9789351160557 }}</ref> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟ.ᱡ ᱵᱚᱪᱷᱚᱨ ᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ, ᱵᱟᱨᱻᱯᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱟ.ᱰᱤ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ [[Human Development Index]], [[Gender-related Development Index]] ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱜᱻᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱭ ᱫᱚ [[ᱯᱷᱚᱠᱤᱨ ᱢᱳᱦᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱱᱟᱯᱚᱛᱤ]]ᱻᱤᱡ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱢ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ(ଅଣ-ନାତୁଣୀ) ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱝ ᱟᱭᱰᱤᱭᱟ (ଆନ୍ତର୍ଜାତୀୟ ଗଣତନ୍ତ୍ର ଓ ବୈଦ୍ୟୁତିକ ସ‌ହାୟକ ଅନୁଷ୍ଠାନ (IDEA (International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance)) ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱩᱠᱷᱭᱟ. ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱭᱩᱨᱩᱯᱤᱭᱚ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱣᱩᱰᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱛᱨᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱪᱭᱩᱴ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ । ᱱᱩᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ: ''ᱫᱤ ᱭᱩ.ᱮᱥ. ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱨᱤᱵᱽᱭᱩᱥᱚᱱ ᱴᱩ ᱣᱤᱢᱮᱱᱥ ᱨᱟᱭᱤᱴᱥ ᱮᱸᱰ ᱣᱤᱢᱮᱱᱥ ᱤᱱᱠᱞᱩᱡᱚᱱᱺ ᱟᱥᱯᱮᱠᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱰᱤᱢᱳᱠᱨᱟᱥᱤ ᱵᱤᱞᱰᱤᱝ ᱤᱱ ᱥᱟᱣᱩᱛᱷ ᱮᱟᱤᱭᱟ,ᱣᱤᱛᱷ ᱥᱯᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱯᱷᱨᱮᱱᱥ ᱴᱩ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ'' ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ।<ref name=Inclusion>{{Citation | first = Monica | last = Das | contribution = The EU’s contribution to women’s rights and women’s inclusion: Aspects of democracy building in South Asia, with special reference to India | place = Sweden | publisher = International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance - IDEA | date = 15 November 2009 | url = http://www.idea.int/resources/analysis/contribut_womens_rights.cfm | title = Archive copy | access-date = 9 April 2020 | archive-date = 3 March 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230050/http://www.idea.int/resources/analysis/contribut_womens_rights.cfm | url-status = dead }}</ref> ᱱᱩᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱚᱠᱤᱨ ᱢᱳᱦᱚᱱᱻᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱪᱤᱛᱟ.ᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱰᱭᱩᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱤᱨᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱭᱟ, ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱟ.ᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱯᱷᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱟ.ᱭᱩᱨ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟᱭ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟ.ᱰᱤᱜᱟᱱ ᱟ.ᱠᱤᱞᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱪᱤᱛᱟ.ᱨ ''ᱚᱱᱣᱮᱥᱚᱬ''(ଅନ୍ୱେଷଣ) ᱫᱚ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤ ᱤᱫᱤᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱨᱫᱚᱨᱥᱚᱱ ᱢᱭᱩᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ==ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱟ.ᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ== === ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ === * {{cite book | last = ᱫᱟᱥ | first = ᱢᱳᱱᱤᱠᱟ | title = ᱦᱟᱨ ᱥᱴᱳᱨᱤ ᱥᱳ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱺ ᱴᱮᱞᱥ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱫᱤ ᱜᱟᱞᱥ ᱪᱟᱭᱤᱞᱰ ᱤᱱ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ | url = https://archive.org/details/herstorysofartal0000unse | publisher = Penguin Books | location = New Delhi New York, NY | year = 2003 | isbn = 9780143030423 }} * {{cite book | last = Das | first = Monica | title = ᱫᱤ ᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱣᱤᱢᱮᱱᱺ ᱑᱖ ᱴᱮᱞᱥ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱞᱚᱵᱽ ᱮᱸᱰ ᱰᱤᱯᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ | publisher = HarperCollins | location = India | year = 2014 | isbn = 9789351160557 }} === ᱠᱷᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱜᱚᱡᱽ === * {{Citation | first = ᱢᱳᱱᱤᱠᱟ | last = ᱫᱟᱥ | contribution = ᱫᱤ ᱭᱩ.ᱮᱥ. ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱨᱤᱵᱽᱭᱩᱥᱚᱱ ᱴᱩ ᱣᱤᱢᱮᱱᱥ ᱨᱟᱭᱤᱴᱥ ᱮᱸᱰ ᱣᱤᱢᱮᱱᱥ ᱤᱱᱠᱞᱩᱡᱚᱱᱺ ᱟᱥᱯᱮᱠᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱰᱤᱢᱳᱠᱨᱟᱥᱤ ᱵᱤᱞᱰᱤᱝ ᱤᱱ ᱥᱟᱣᱩᱛᱷ ᱮᱟᱤᱭᱟ,ᱣᱤᱛᱷ ᱥᱯᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱯᱷᱨᱮᱱᱥ ᱴᱩ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ | place = Sweden | publisher = International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance - IDEA | date = 15 November 2009 | url = http://www.idea.int/resources/analysis/contribut_womens_rights.cfm | title = Archive copy | access-date = 9 April 2020 | archive-date = 3 March 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230050/http://www.idea.int/resources/analysis/contribut_womens_rights.cfm | url-status = dead }} ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} == ᱵᱟ.ᱲᱛᱤ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == * [http://www.dcrcduac.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=200&Itemid=146 Bio]{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [https://sites.google.com/site/dasmonica/ Monica Das] Personal page {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:ମୋନିକା, ଦାସ}} [[Category:ଜୀବିତ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି]] [[Category:୧୯୪୯ ଜନ୍ମ]] [[Category:ଜାତୀୟ ଚଳଚ୍ଚିତ୍ର ପୁରସ୍କାର ବିଜେତା]] [[Category:ଓଡ଼ିଶାର କର୍ମକର୍ତ୍ତା]] [[Category:ଭାରତୀୟ ମହିଳା ଉପନ୍ୟାସ ଲେଖିକା]] [[Category:ଭାରତୀୟ ମହିଳା କର୍ମକର୍ତ୍ତା]] [[Category:ଓଡ଼ିଶାର ଉପନ୍ୟାସ ଲେଖିକା]] [[Category:ଭାରତୀୟ ଇଂରାଜୀ ଭାଷା ଲେଖିକା]] [[Category:ବଙ୍ଗାଳୀ ଲୋକ]] [[Category:ଏକବିଂଶ ଶତାବ୍ଦୀର ଭାରତୀୟ ଲେଖିକା]] [[Category:ଏକବିଂଶ ଶତାବ୍ଦୀର ଭାରତୀୟ ଉପନ୍ୟାସ ଲେଖିକା]] [[Category:ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଲେଖିକା]] [[Category:ଓଡ଼ିଶାର ସ୍କ୍ରିନ୍ ଲେଖକ]] ti3ap1c8uphxnwpljlvrkfws3h3hyny 0 9550 196646 191004 2026-08-12T20:00:52Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196646 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ''' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱜᱳᱣᱟ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱪᱤᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱒᱒ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web | url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/parta.htm |title=Distribution of the 22 Scheduled Languages- India/ States/ Union Territories – 2001 Census}}</ref> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ [[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ]], [[ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|last=Cardona, Jain|first=George, Dhanesh|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages|year=2007|publisher=Routledge|isbn= 9780415772945|pages=1088 pages (see page:803–804)}}</ref> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}} {{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}} {{Infobox language | name = ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ | nativename = कोंकणी | pronunciation = | ethnicity = [[ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ]] | image = Konkani written in Devanagari script.png | imagesize = 200px | imagecaption = {{longitem|"ᱠᱳᱝᱠᱳᱱᱤ" [[ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ]] ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱛᱮ}} | states = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] | region = [[ᱠᱳᱝᱠᱟᱱ]] ([[ᱜᱳᱣᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ]], [[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ]], ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱚᱨᱟ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱫᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱜᱨᱦᱟᱵᱷᱮᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱭᱩ)<ref name="kenya">{{cite book|last=Whiteley |first=Wilfred Howell |title=Language in Kenya|year= 1974|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=589}}</ref><ref name="curzon">{{cite book|last=Kurzon|first=Denis|title=Where East looks West: success in English in Goa and on the Konkan Coast Volume 125 of Multilingual matters|year=2004|publisher=Multilingual Matters |isbn=978-1-85359-673-5|page=158}}</ref> | speakers = {{sigfig|2.257|2}} ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ | date = | ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=7 July 2018}}</ref> | familycolor = Indo-European | fam1 = [[ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ|ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] | fam2 = [[ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] | fam3 = [[ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ]] | fam4 = ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ | fam5 = ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ-ᱠᱳᱝᱠᱳᱱᱤ | dia1 = '''ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱜᱩᱥᱴᱤ''': ᱠᱚᱱᱱᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ, ᱜᱳᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ, ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ | dia2 = '''ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ''': [[ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱷᱟᱱᱤ]], [[:en:Mangalorean Konkani|ᱢᱮᱝᱜᱟᱞᱳᱨᱮᱭᱟᱹᱱ]], ᱪᱤᱛᱯᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱤ, ᱟᱱᱛᱨᱩᱡᱽ, ᱵᱟᱨᱫᱮᱥᱠᱟᱨᱤ, ᱥᱟᱠᱥᱴᱤ, [[:en:Navayath|ᱫᱟᱞᱫᱤ]], ᱯᱮᱫᱱᱮᱠᱟᱨᱤ, [[:en:Koli Christians|ᱠᱳᱞᱤ]] ᱟᱨ ᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=4LqRXZPJTUoC&pg=PA4230|title=The Indian Encyclopaedia: La Behmen-Maheya|first=Subodh|last=Kapoor|date=10 April 2002|publisher=Cosmo Publications|isbn=9788177552713|via=Google Books}}</ref> | script = '''ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮ''': ᱵᱨᱟᱢᱦᱤ<br>ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨᱤ<br>ᱜᱳᱭᱠᱟᱱᱰᱤ<br />[[ᱢᱳᱰᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ]]<br/>'''ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ''': [[ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ]]&nbsp;(ᱥᱟᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ)<br>[[ᱞᱟᱛᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱯ|ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱ]]<br>[[ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱚᱢ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ|ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱚᱢ]]. | nation = {{flag|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ}} | agency = ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱥᱟᱦᱤᱛᱭᱚ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱳᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱨᱠᱨ<ref name="official">{{cite web|url=http://india.gov.in/allimpfrms/allacts/419.pdf |title=The Goa Daman and Diu Official Language Act |publisher=Government of India |accessdate=5 March 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304010627/http://india.gov.in/allimpfrms/allacts/419.pdf |archivedate=4 March 2009 }}</ref> | iso2 = kok | iso3 = kok | lc1 = gom | ld1 = ᱜᱳᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ | lc2 = knn | ld2 = [[:en:Maharashtrian Konkani|ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ]] | glotto = goan1235 | glottoname = Goan Konkani | glotto2 = konk1267 | glottoname2 = ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ | glottorefname2 = Maharashtrian Konkani | map = Geographic_Distribution_of_Native_Konkani_Speakers.png | mapcaption = ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱳᱝᱠᱳᱱᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱷᱮᱨ | notice = Indic | notice2 = IPA }} ==ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ== ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱜᱩᱥᱴᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤᱼᱠᱳᱝᱠᱳᱱᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤᱼᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱜᱩᱥᱴᱤ]] ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |last1=Masica |first1=Colin P. |title=The Indo-Aryan languages |url=https://archive.org/details/indoaryanlanguag0000masi |date=1991 |page=[https://archive.org/details/indoaryanlanguag0000masi/page/449 449]}}</ref> ==ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ== ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ ''ᱯᱨᱟᱠᱨᱤᱛ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=pak>{{cite book|last=Janardhan|first=Pandarinath Bhuvanendra|title=A Higher Konkani grammar|year=1991|publisher=P.B. Janardhan|pages=540 pages}}</ref> ᱑᱓ ᱯᱤᱲᱦᱤ (century) ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱓ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱤᱲᱦᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ]] ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ ᱥᱚᱱᱛ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[ᱱᱟᱢᱫᱮᱵᱽ]] (᱑᱒᱗᱐-᱑᱓᱕᱐) ᱟᱜ "ᱚᱵᱷᱚᱝᱜᱚ ᱒᱖᱓" ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=nam>{{cite book|title=V.J.P. Saldanha|year=2004|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn= 9788126020287|pages=81 pages}}</ref> ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ : ''ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱨᱤᱢ'', ''ᱠᱳᱱᱠᱟᱱᱤᱢ'', ''ᱜᱳᱢᱟᱱᱴᱟᱠᱤ'', ''ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱢᱟᱱᱟ'' ᱟᱨ ''ᱜᱳᱣᱟᱱᱤ'' ᱾ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱜᱳᱢᱟᱱᱴᱟᱠᱤ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱣᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ''ᱞᱤᱝᱜᱩᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱨᱤᱢ''<ref name="rai">{{cite book|last=Sardessai|first=Manohar Rai|title=A history of Konkani literature: from 1500 to 1992 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi|year=2000|pages=30–70|chapter=Missionary period}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱛᱷᱳᱞᱤᱠ ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱱᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ''ᱞᱤᱝᱜᱩᱣᱟ ᱵᱨᱟᱦᱢᱟᱱᱟ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱫᱚ ''ᱞᱤᱝᱜᱩᱣᱟ ᱠᱳᱱᱠᱟᱱᱤᱢ'' ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱤᱱᱟᱨᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱦᱮᱸ ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ "ᱫᱚᱨᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" ᱾ ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱢᱩᱥᱠᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ''ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱨᱮᱥ'' ᱥᱮ ''ᱠᱟᱱᱱᱟᱰᱟ'' ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫᱩᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== ==ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱪᱷᱮᱨ== [[File:Konkpic.JPG|thumb|ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ [[ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ]] ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ]] ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱫᱚᱨᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱳᱝᱠᱚᱱ]] ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ [[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱳᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ]], [[ᱜᱳᱣᱟ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ [[ᱫᱟᱢᱳᱣᱟᱱ]] ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, [[ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱩᱛᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱱᱱᱚᱲ]] ([[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱱᱱᱚᱲ]]) ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱟᱥᱟᱲᱜᱳᱰ]], [[ᱠᱳᱰᱤ]], [[ᱟᱞᱟᱯᱯᱩᱡᱷᱟ]], [[ᱛᱤᱨᱩᱣᱚᱱᱚᱱᱛᱯᱩᱨᱚᱢ]] ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ, ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱞᱟ, ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱮᱡ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱩᱛᱷᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="kurzon">{{cite book|last=Kurzon|first=Dennis |title=Where East looks West: success in English in Goa and on the Konkan Coast |pages=25–30}}</ref> ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱒᱐᱐᱑ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱒,᱔᱘᱙,᱐᱑᱖ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱳᱝᱠᱳᱱᱤ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.htm |title=Abstract of Speakers' strengths of languages and mother tongues&nbsp;– 2001 |publisher=Census of India |accessdate=10 February 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206233628/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.htm |archivedate=6 February 2012 }}</ref> ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ, ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱒,᱒᱕᱖,᱕᱐᱒ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮᱭ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱐.᱑᱙% ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱗᱘᱘,᱒᱙᱔ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ]] ᱨᱮ, ᱙᱖᱔,᱓᱐᱕ ᱫᱚ [[ᱜᱳᱣᱟ]] ᱨᱮ<ref name="languagedata2011">{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf | title = Census of India 2011, LANGUAGE}}</ref>, ᱓᱙᱙,᱒᱕᱕ ᱫᱚ [[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ]] ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱖᱙,᱔᱔᱙ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱰᱩᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱙ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱑-᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱳᱝᱠᱳᱱᱤ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱙.᱓᱔% ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱥᱛᱷᱤᱛᱤ== ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱫᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ : # ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ, ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ‌ ᱾ # ᱜᱳᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ, ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱠᱮᱛᱷᱳᱞᱤᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱾ # [[ᱩᱨᱫᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱩᱨᱫᱩ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ [[ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ|ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱟᱹ]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱾ # ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱯᱟᱹᱨᱤ; ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱠᱟᱞᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱾ # ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱾ # ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ, ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱜᱳᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱚᱨᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱳᱝᱠᱳᱱᱤ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱛᱮ ᱾ ==ᱨᱚᱱᱚᱲ== ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱨᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱚᱵᱮ, ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱨᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱨᱟᱵᱤᱲ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱜᱟᱵᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱳᱨᱯᱷᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱹᱬ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱜᱮ, ᱠᱳᱝᱠᱳᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱢᱩᱛᱟᱹᱱᱼᱡᱚᱛᱚᱥᱼᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ|ᱢ.ᱡ.ᱠ]] ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ * ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ, ᱛᱚᱱᱚᱲ, ᱜᱩᱱᱩᱱ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱵᱷᱚᱭ ᱛᱚᱛᱥᱚᱢᱚ ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱚᱫᱵᱷᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ===ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ=== ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱛᱚᱛᱥᱚᱢᱚ ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱚᱫᱵᱷᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ {| cellpadding="5px" style="text-align:center; border-collapse:separate; border-spacing:5px; background:white;" |+ '''ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫᱽ:''' |- style="background:lightgrey;" ! ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ ! ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ/ᱯᱨᱟᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫᱽ ! ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ |- style="background:whitesmoke; text-align:center;" ||वाच (ᱛᱚᱛᱥᱚᱢᱚ) ||वच् ||ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ |- style="background:whitesmoke; text-align:center;" ||आफय, आपय (ᱛᱚᱛᱥᱚᱢᱚ) ||आव्हय् ||ᱦᱚᱦᱚ, ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱽ |- style="background:whitesmoke; text-align:center;" ||रांध (ᱛᱚᱛᱥᱚᱢᱚ) ||रांध् ||ᱤᱥᱤᱱ |- style="background:whitesmoke; text-align:center;" ||बरय (ᱛᱚᱫᱵᱷᱚᱵ) ||वर्णय् ||ᱚᱞ |- style="background:whitesmoke; text-align:center;" ||व्हर (ᱛᱚᱫᱵᱷᱚᱵ) ||हर ||ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ |- style="background:whitesmoke; text-align:center;" ||भक (ᱛᱚᱫᱵᱷᱚᱵ) ||भक्ष् ||ᱡᱚᱢ |- style="background:whitesmoke; text-align:center;" ||ल्हेव (ᱛᱚᱫᱵᱷᱚᱵ) ||लेह् ||ᱡᱟᱞ |- style="background:whitesmoke; text-align:center;" || शीन (ᱛᱚᱫᱵᱷᱚᱵ) ||छिन्न ||ᱜᱮᱫ |- style="background:whitesmoke" | colspan="5" style="text-align:center;"|<small>Source: ''Koṅkaṇî Dhatukosh''</small> |} ==ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ== ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱯᱨᱟᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱳᱝᱠᱳᱱᱤ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱨᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱚᱛᱥᱚᱢᱚ (ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱜᱮ), ᱛᱚᱫᱵᱷᱚᱵ (ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱛᱷᱱᱟᱹᱣ), ᱫᱮᱥᱤ (ᱯᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ) ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱛᱚᱨ ᱫᱮᱥᱤ (ᱵᱤᱫᱮᱥᱤ) ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱤᱠ, ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤᱠ ᱾ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱱᱱᱚᱲ, ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱨᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱹᱬ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ==ᱚᱞ ᱛᱚᱦᱚᱨ== [[File:KonkaniNames.PNG|thumb|''ᱠᱳᱝᱠᱳᱱᱤ'' ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ: [[ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ]], [[ᱠᱚᱱᱱᱚᱲ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ|ᱠᱚᱱᱱᱚᱲ]], [[ᱞᱟᱛᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱯ|ᱞᱟᱛᱤᱱ]], [[ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱚᱢ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ|ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱚᱢ]], [[ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱤᱠ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱯ|ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱤᱠ]].]] {{main|ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ}} ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱠᱟ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱣᱦᱟᱨᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱢᱚᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ [[ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ]], [[ᱞᱟᱛᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱯ|ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱ]], [[ᱠᱚᱱᱱᱚᱲ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ|ᱠᱚᱱᱱᱚᱲ]], [[ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱚᱢ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ|ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱚᱢ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱤᱠ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱯ|ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱼᱟᱨᱚᱵᱤᱠ]] ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱚᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱳᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱣᱦᱟᱨᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ====ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱟᱨ ''ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱢᱟᱞᱟ''==== ᱛᱟᱢᱟ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ, ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱪ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ: {|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; height:60px; width:95%" |- | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|अ||{{IAST|a}}<br />{{IPA|/ɐ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|आ||{{IAST|ā}}<br />{{IPA|/ɑː/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|इ||{{IAST|i}}<br />{{IPA|/i/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ई||{{IAST|ī}}<br />{{IPA|/iː/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|उ||{{IAST|u}}<br />{{IPA|/u/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ऊ||{{IAST|ū}}<br />{{IPA|/uː/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ए||{{IAST|e}}<br />{{IPA|/eː/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ऐ||{{IAST|ai}}<br />{{IPA|/aːi/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ओ||{{IAST|o}}<br />{{IPA|/oː/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|औ||{{IAST|au}}<br />{{IPA|/aːu/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|अं||{{IAST|aṃ}}<br />{{IPA|/ⁿ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|अः||{{IAST|aḥ}}<br />{{IPA|/h/}} |} {|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; height:400px; width:95%" |- | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|क||{{IAST|ka}}<br />{{IPA|/k/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ख||{{IAST|kha}}<br />{{IPA|/kʰ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ग||{{IAST|ga}}<br />{{IPA|/ɡ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|घ||{{IAST|gha}}<br />{{IPA|/ɡʱ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ङ||{{IAST|ṅa}}<br />{{IPA|/ŋ/}} |- | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|च||{{IAST|ca}}<br />{{IPA|/c, t͡ʃ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|छ||{{IAST|cha}}<br />{{IPA|/cʰ, t͡ʃʰ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ज||{{IAST|ja}}<br />{{IPA|/ɟ, d͡ʒ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|झ||{{IAST|jha}}<br />{{IPA|/ɟʱ, d͡ʒʱ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ञ||{{IAST|ña}}<br />{{IPA|/ɲ/}} |- | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ट||{{IAST|ṭa}}<br />{{IPA|/ʈ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ठ||{{IAST|ṭha}}<br />{{IPA|/ʈʰ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ड||{{IAST|ḍa}}<br />{{IPA|/ɖ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ढ||{{IAST|ḍha}}<br />{{IPA|/ɖʱ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ण||{{IAST|ṇa}}<br />{{IPA|/ɳ/}} |- | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|त||{{IAST|ta}}<br />{{IPA|/t̪/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|थ||{{IAST|tha}}<br />{{IPA|/t̪ʰ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|द||{{IAST|da}}<br />{{IPA|/d̪/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ध||{{IAST|dha}}<br />{{IPA|/d̪ʱ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|न||{{IAST|na}}<br />{{IPA|/n/}} |- | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|प||{{IAST|pa}}<br />{{IPA|/p/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|फ||{{IAST|pha}}<br />{{IPA|/pʰ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ब||{{IAST|ba}}<br />{{IPA|/b/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|भ||{{IAST|bha}}<br />{{IPA|/bʱ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|म||{{IAST|ma}}<br />{{IPA|/m/}} |- | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|य||{{IAST|ya}}<br />{{IPA|/j/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|र||{{IAST|ra}}<br />{{IPA|/r/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ल||{{IAST|la}}<br />{{IPA|/l/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|व||{{IAST|va}}<br />{{IPA|/ʋ/}} |- | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ष||{{IAST|ṣa}}<br />{{IPA|/ʂ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|श||{{IAST|śa}}<br />{{IPA|/ɕ, ʃ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|स||{{IAST|sa}}<br />{{IPA|/s/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ह||{{IAST|ha}}<br />{{IPA|/ɦ/}} |- | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ळ||{{IAST|ḷha}}<br />{{IPA|//ɭʱ//}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|क्ष||{{IAST|kṣa}}<br />{{IPA|/kʃ/}} | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ज्ञ||{{IAST|jña }}<br />{{IPA|/ɟʝɲ/}} |} {{further|ᱠᱚᱱᱱᱚᱲ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ|ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱚᱢ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ}} ==ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ== [[File:Konkani languages.png|thumb|Venn diagram of the ISO codes of the Konkani languages]] ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱱᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱞᱜᱟ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ, ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱾ ᱨᱚᱲᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, [[ᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱚᱱ ᱜᱳᱵᱤᱱᱫᱽ ᱠᱮᱞᱠᱟᱨ|ᱮᱱ ᱡᱤ ᱠᱮᱞᱠᱟᱨ]] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ * '''ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ''': ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ * '''ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ''': ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱳᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱱᱱᱚᱲ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ * '''ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ''': ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱥᱟᱲᱜᱳᱰ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱱᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ (ᱢᱟᱱᱜᱟᱞᱳᱲ, ᱩᱫᱩᱯᱤ) ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ [[ᱛᱩᱞᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱩᱞᱩ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱠᱚᱱᱱᱚᱲ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱠᱚᱱᱱᱚᱲ]] ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== * [https://www.firstpost.com/living/romi-konkani-the-story-of-a-goan-script-born-out-of-portuguese-influence-which-faces-possible-decline-6510431.html Romi Konkani: The story of a Goan script, born out of Portuguese influence, which faces possible decline, Karthik Malli (Firstpost)] {{Commons category|ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ}} {{Wiktionary|ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ}} {{Wikivoyage|ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ phrasebook}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170916054056/http://v-ixtt.com/ Vauraddeancho Ixtt], Konkani language site * [http://www.konkaninews.com Konkani News]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Konkani language site * [http://www.kittall.com/kitall/index.php Kital] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141115202356/http://www.kittall.com/kitall/index.php |date=15 November 2014 }}, Konkani language site * [http://konkani.chilume.com/ Chilume.com], Konkani Literature * [http://www.nizgoenkar.org/ Niz Goenkar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802235326/http://www.nizgoenkar.org/ |date=2 August 2020 }}, Konkani-English bilingual site * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090208104244/http://goa-world.com/GOA/konkani/ Learn Goan Konkani online] * [http://www.konkaninews.bangalorelivenews.com/ Read Konkani News online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623021734/http://www.konkaninews.bangalorelivenews.com/ |date=23 June 2017 }} * [http://www.ourkarnataka.com/learn_konkani/learn_konkani_main.htm Learn Mangalorean GSB Konkani online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328022341/http://www.ourkarnataka.com/learn_konkani/learn_konkani_main.htm |date=28 March 2014 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060618141228/http://www.mangalorean.com/konkani/archive.php?ltype=Lesson Learn Mangalorean Catholic Konkani online] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080828171254/http://www.goakonkaniakademi.org/konkaniweb/language-literature.htm An excellent article on Konkani history and literature by Goa Konkani Academi] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110502055206/http://manglorean.net/konkani/ Online Manglorean Konkani Dictionary Project] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070112230100/http://www.savemylanguage.org/ Online Konkani (GSB) dictionary] * [http://www.vishwakonkani.org/ World Konkani Centre, Mangalore] * [http://www.konkanverter.com Konkanverter-Konkani script conversion utility] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱵᱨᱟᱦᱢᱤᱠ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱚᱬᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ|ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]] k8tn4wid8fsep5150gmeu06otpok2w8 0 9567 196681 90893 2026-08-12T20:43:20Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196681 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Southern region of Asia}} {{use Indian English|date=May 2014}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}} {{Infobox continent |title = ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ |image = South Asia (orthographic projection) without national boundaries.svg |area = {{convert|5134641|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} |population = 1,814,014,121 (2018){{UN_Population|South Asia}} ([[List of continents by population#Regional and continental .28sub.29totals in 2016|1st]])<ref name = "UN WPP 2019"/><ref name = "UN WPP 2019 2"/> |density = {{convert|362.3|/km2|abbr=on}} |GDP_nominal = $3.461&nbsp;trillion (2018)<ref name="IMF" /> |GDP_PPP = $12.752&nbsp;trillion (2018)<ref name="IMF" /> |GDP_per_capita = $1,908 (nominal)<ref name="IMF"/> <br /> $7,029 (PPP)<ref name="IMF"/> |HDI = {{Increase}}0.642 (''<span style="color:orange">medium</span>'')<ref name="UNDP2019">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr_2019_overview_-_english.pdf |title= Human Development Report 2019 – "Human Development Indices and Indicators"|publisher=[[Human Development Report|HDRO (Human Development Report Office)]] [[United Nations Development Programme]]|pages=22–25 |accessdate=10 December 2019}}</ref> |ethnic_groups = [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]], [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]], [[Dravidian people|Dravidian]], [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]], [[Austro-Asiatic people of South Asia|Austroasiatic]], etc. |religions = [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ]], [[ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ|ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ]], [[ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ|ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ]], [[ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ|ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ]], [[ᱥᱤᱠᱷ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ|ᱥᱤᱠᱷ]], [[ᱡᱳᱭᱱᱳ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ|ᱡᱮᱭᱱ]], [[ᱡᱚᱨᱚᱮᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤ]] |demonym = ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ |countries = {{collapsible list | title = [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia|8 states]] | {{flag|ᱟᱯᱷᱜᱟᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ}} | {{flag|ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ}} | {{flag|ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ}} | {{flag|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ}} | {{flag|ᱢᱟᱞᱫᱤᱯ}} | {{flag|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ}} | {{flag|ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ}} | {{flag|ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ}} }} |list_countries = |dependencies = * {{flag|British Indian Ocean Territory}} |unrecognized = |languages = {{collapsible list | title = Official languages | [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] | [[Dari language|Dari]] ([[Persian language|Persian]]) | [[Dzongkha]] | [[ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ]] | [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ]] | [[Maldivian language|Maldivian]] | [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ]] | [[Pashto]] | [[ᱥᱤᱝᱦᱟᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱤᱝᱦᱟᱞᱟ]] | [[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ]] | [[ᱩᱨᱫᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱩᱨᱫᱩ]] }} {{collapsible list | title = ᱮᱴᱟᱜ&nbsp;ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ | titlestyle = text-align:left;padding-right:4em;font-weight:normal;background-color:white; | bullets = true | '''[[ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱳᱼᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱴᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱚᱼᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱴᱤᱠ]]''': {{hlist | [[ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱤᱠ]] }} | '''[[ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱼᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱴᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱼᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱴᱤᱠ]]''': {{hlist | [[ᱠᱷᱟᱥᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱠᱷᱟᱥᱤ]] | [[ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ]] }} | '''[[ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ]]''': {{hlist | [[Sri Lankan Creole Malay|Ja Basawa]] }} | '''[[ᱰᱨᱟᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱫᱨᱟᱵᱤᱲ]]''': {{hlist | [[Beary language|Beary]] | [[ᱜᱚᱱᱰᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱜᱚᱱᱰᱤ]] | [[ᱠᱚᱱᱱᱚᱰᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱠᱚᱱᱱᱚᱰᱚ]] | [[ᱠᱚᱰᱟᱵᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱠᱚᱰᱟᱵᱟ]] | [[ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ]] | [[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ]] | [[ᱛᱮᱞᱮᱜᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱮᱞᱜᱩ]] | [[ᱛᱩᱞᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱩᱞᱩ]] }} | '''[[ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ|ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱼᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ]]''': {{hlist | [[ᱟᱥᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱟᱥᱟᱢᱤ]] | [[ᱵᱟᱞᱚᱪᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱵᱟᱞᱚᱪᱤ]] | [[ᱵᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱵᱤᱞᱞᱤ]] | [[ᱰᱳᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱰᱚᱜᱽᱨᱤ]] | [[ᱜᱚᱲᱣᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱜᱚᱲᱣᱟᱞᱤ]] | [[ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱛᱤ]] | [[Hindi Belt#Hindi as a dialect continuum|Hindustani dialects]] | [[ᱠᱟᱥᱢᱤᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱠᱟᱹᱥᱢᱤᱨᱤ]] | [[ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ]] | [[ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱣᱱᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱣᱱᱤ]] | [[ᱠᱟᱪᱪᱷᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱠᱟᱪᱪᱷᱤ]] | [[Lahnda]] | [[ᱢᱮᱭᱛᱮᱭ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱢᱟᱭᱛᱷᱤᱞᱤ]] | [[ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ]] | [[ᱢᱟᱨᱣᱟᱲᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱢᱟᱨᱣᱟᱲᱤ]] | [[ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱩᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ]] | [[ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱤ]] | [[Rangpuri language|Rangpuri]] | [[ᱥᱚᱝᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱚᱝᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ]] | [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]] | [[Chittagonian language|Satgaiya]] | [[ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱤ]] | [[Sylheti language|Sylheti]] }} | '''[[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]]''': {{hlist | [[Tamang language|Tamang]] }} | '''[[Turkic languages|Turkic]]''': {{hlist | [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]] | [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]] }} }} |time ={{collapsible list | title = 5 time zones | titlestyle = text-align:left;padding-right:4em;font-weight:normal;background-color:white; | bullets = true | '''[[UTC+04:30]]''': {{hlist | [[Time in Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] }} | '''[[UTC+05:00]]''': {{hlist | [[Time in the Maldives|Maldives]] | [[Time in Pakistan|Pakistan]] }} | '''[[ᱭᱩᱴᱤᱥᱤ+᱐᱕:᱓᱐]]''': {{hlist | [[Time in India|India]] | [[Time in Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]] }} | '''[[UTC+05:45]]''': {{hlist | [[Time in Nepal|Nepal]] }} | '''[[UTC+06:00]]''': {{hlist | [[Bangladesh Standard Time|Bangladesh]] | [[Bhutan Time|Bhutan]] }} }} |internet = [[.af]], [[.bd]], [[.bt]], [[.in]],<br />[[.lk]], [[.mv]], [[.np]], [[.pk]] |calling_code = [[List of country calling codes|Zone 8 & 9]] |cities = <!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]], AND LIST IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER. THANKS! --> {{collapsible list | title = List | titlestyle = text-align:left;padding-right:4em;font-weight:normal;background-color:white; | bullets = true | {{flagicon|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ}} [[ᱚᱦᱢᱚᱫᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ]] | {{flagicon|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ}} [[ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱟᱞᱩᱨᱩ]] | {{flagicon|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ}} [[ᱪᱮᱱᱱᱟᱭ]] | {{flagicon|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ}} [[ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ]] | {{flagicon|ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ}} [[ᱰᱷᱟᱠᱟ]] | {{flagicon|ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ}} [[ᱯᱷᱮᱭᱥᱞᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ]] | {{flagicon|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ}} [[ᱦᱟᱭᱫᱽᱨᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ]] | {{flagicon|ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ}} [[ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱪᱤ]] | {{flagicon|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ}} [[ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ]] | {{flagicon|ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ}} [[ᱞᱟᱦᱚᱨ]] | {{flagicon|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ}} [[ᱢᱩᱢᱵᱟᱭ]] }}{{refn|group=note|Among the top 100 [[List of urban areas by population|urban areas of the world by population]].}} <!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]], AND LIST IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER. THANKS! --> |m49 = <code>᱐᱓᱔</code> – ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ<br /><code>᱑᱔᱒</code> – [[ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]]<br /><code>᱐᱐᱑</code> – [[ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ]] |footnotes = }} '''ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ''' ᱢᱮᱱ ᱛᱮᱫᱚ [[ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱩᱯᱚᱢᱚᱦᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱰᱮᱯᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ [[ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱮ [[ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ]], ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ [[ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== '''ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ''' ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ *[[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ]] *[[ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ]] *[[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ]] *[[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] *[[ᱢᱟᱞᱫᱤᱯ]] *[[ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ]] ==ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== ==ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ== === Citations === {{Reflist|30em}} === Sources === * {{citation|last1=Burnell|first1=P. J.|last2=Calvert|first2=P.|date=1 May 1999|title=The Resilience of Democracy: Persistent Practice, Durable Idea|edition=1st|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|isbn=978-0-7146-8026-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hv6TkML5_HAC&pg=PA271|accessdate=2 November 2019}} * {{Citation | last =Doniger | first =Wendy | year =2010 | title =The Hindus: An Alternative History | publisher = Oxford University Press | url = https://books.google.com/?id=nNsXZkdHvXUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=history+of+hinduism#v=onepage&q=history%20of%20hinduism&f=false |ref=harv |isbn = 9780199593347 }} * {{Citation | last = Flood | first = Gavin D. | authorlink = Gavin Flood | year =1996 | title =An Introduction to Hinduism | publisher = Cambridge University Press |ref = harv }} * {{Citation |last=Gombrich |first=Richard F. | title = in Williams, Paul, ed., Buddhism: Critical Concepts in Religious Studies, 8 volumes | publisher = Routledge | location =London|year=2006|isbn=}} * {{Citation | last = Hiltebeitel | first =Alf | year = 2007 | chapter=Hinduism |editor=Joseph Kitagawa |title=The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture |chapter-format=Digital printing | publisher = Routledge | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/?id=9fyzAAAAQBAJ |ref=harv |isbn = 9781136875908 }} * {{Citation | last1 =Jones | first1 = Constance | last2 = Ryan | first2 = James D. | year =2006 | title =Encyclopedia of Hinduism | publisher = Infobase Publishing | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC |ref=harv| isbn =9780816075645 }} * {{citation|last1=Metcalf|first1=B.|last2=Metcalf|first2=T. R.|author1-link=Barbara Metcalf|author2-link=Thomas R. Metcalf|date=9 October 2006|title=A Concise History of Modern India|edition=2nd|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-68225-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iuESgYNYPl0C}} * {{Citation | last = Michaels | first = Axel | authorlink = Axel Michaels | year = 2004 | title =Hinduism. Past and present | place =Princeton, New Jersey | publisher =Princeton University Press |ref=harv }} * {{Citation | last = Michell | first = George | year = 1977 | title = The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms |publisher = University of Chicago Press | url = https://books.google.com/?id=ajgImLs62gwC&dq=hindu+temples+in+india |ref=harv |isbn = 9780226532301 }} * {{Citation |last=Possehl |first=Gregory L. |authorlink=Gregory Possehl |title=The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective |chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=XVgeAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA154 |date=11 November 2002 |publisher=Rowman Altamira |isbn=978-0-7591-1642-9 |pages=141–156 |chapter=Indus religion |ref=harv }} * {{cite book |last=Ramstedt |first=Martin |year=2004|title=Hinduism in Modern Indonesia: A Minority Religion Between Local, National, and Global Interests |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780700715336 |place=New York |publisher= Routledge |isbn=978-0700715336 }} * {{Citation | last = Samuel | first = Geoffrey | year =2010 | title =The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century | publisher = Cambridge University Press |ref=harv}} * {{Citation | last =Stein | first =Burton | authorlink =Burton Stein | year =2010 | title =A History of India, Second Edition | publisher =Wiley-Blackwell | url = http://www.investigacioneshistoricaseuroasiaticas-ihea.com/files/HISTORYINDIA-BurtonStein.pdf | ref = harv | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140114070555/http://www.investigacioneshistoricaseuroasiaticas-ihea.com/files/HISTORYINDIA-BurtonStein.pdf | archivedate =14 January 2014 | df =dmy-all }} * {{Citation | last =Trainor | first =Kevin | year =2004 | title =Buddhism: The Illustrated Guide | publisher =Oxford University Press | isbn = 978-0-19-517398-7 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_PrloTKuAjwC}} * {{Citation |last=Witzel |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Witzel |year=1995 |title=Early Sanskritization: Origin and Development of the Kuru state |journal=Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies |volume=1 |number=4 |pages=1–26 |url = http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs0104/ejvs0104article.pdf |ref=harv |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611142934/http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs0104/ejvs0104article.pdf |archivedate=11 June 2007 }} 2l3mggp456dcvnl5y6s0jq4847j99ya 0 9705 196603 190622 2026-08-12T19:11:34Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196603 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Writing system |name=ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ |altname=ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱞᱤᱯᱤ, ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱠᱥᱚᱨ<br />{{lang|as|ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଲିପି}}, {{lang|as|ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଅକ୍ଷର}} |type=[[ᱟᱵᱩᱜᱤᱫᱟ]] |languages=[[ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ]], [[ᱠᱩᱭ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱠᱩᱭ]], [[ᱦᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱦᱚ]], [[ᱪᱷᱚᱛᱤᱥᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱪᱷᱚᱛᱤᱥᱜᱚᱲᱤ]] |time=c. 14th century – ᱱᱤᱛ<ref>{{cite book |last1=Salomon |first1=Richard |title=Indian Epigraphy |url=https://archive.org/details/indianepigraphyg0000salo |date=1998 |page=[https://archive.org/details/indianepigraphyg0000salo/page/41 41]}}</ref> |fam1=[[ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱳ-ᱥᱤᱱᱟᱴᱤᱠ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱯ]]^[a] |fam2=[[:en:Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician alphabet]]^[a] |fam3=[[:en:Aramaic alphabet|Aramaic alphabet]]^[a] |fam4=[[ᱵᱨᱚᱦᱚᱢᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ]] |fam5=[[ᱜᱩᱯᱛᱚ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ]] |fam6=[[ᱥᱤᱫᱫᱷᱟᱢ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ]]<ref name="Akshara Orthography 2019 p.27">Handbook of Literacy in Akshara Orthography, R. Malatesha Joshi, Catherine McBride(2019),p.27</ref><ref name="academia">{{cite journal |last1=Rath |first1=Saraju |title=The Oriya Script: Origin, Development and Sources |date=2012 |url=https://www.academia.edu/9999923/The_Oriya_Script_Origin_Development_and_Sources}}</ref> |fam7=[[Gaudi script]]<ref name="salomon">{{cite book |last1=Salomon |first1=Richard |title=Indian Epigraphy |url=https://archive.org/details/indianepigraphyg0000salo |date=1998 |page=[https://archive.org/details/indianepigraphyg0000salo/page/101 101]}}</ref> |children=[[ᱠᱟᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ]] |sisters=[[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ-ᱟᱥᱟᱢᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ]], [[ᱛᱩᱨᱦᱩᱛᱟ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ|ᱛᱩᱨᱦᱩᱛᱟ]], [[ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ]], [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ]]<ref name="Akshara Orthography 2019 p.27">Handbook of Literacy in Akshara Orthography, R. Malatesha Joshi, Catherine McBride(2019),p.27</ref><ref name="salomon"/><ref name="masica">{{cite book |last1=Masica |first1=Colin |title=The Indo-Aryan languages |date=1993 |page=143}}</ref> |unicode=[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0B00.pdf U+0B00–U+0B7F] |iso15924=Orya |sample=Odiya Akshara.png |imagesize=250px |footnotes=[a] The Semitic origin of the Brahmic scripts is not universally agreed upon. }} {{Contains special characters | special = [[ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱚᱞ | fix = Help:Multilingual support#Odia | characters = }} '''ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ''' (ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱛᱮ: ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଲିପି) ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱦᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱛᱮ [[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ]], [[ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ]] ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱜᱚᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱮᱞ== {|class=wikitable |- |୦ ||୧ ||୨ ||୩ ||୪ ||୫ ||୬ ||୭ ||୮ ||୯ ||୵ ||୶ ||୷ ||୲ ||୳ ||୴ |- |᱐||᱑||᱒||᱓||᱔||᱕||᱖||᱗||᱘||᱙||৴||৵||৶||৷||৸||^᱓/_᱔ |- |0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||¹⁄₁₆||⅛||³⁄₁₆||¼||½||¾ |} ==ᱪᱤᱠᱤ== ===ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ=== {|class=wikitable |- |ଅ ||ଆ ||ଇ ||ଈ ||ଉ ||ଊ ||ଋ ||ୠ ||ଌ ||ୡ ||ଏ ||ଐ ||ଓ ||ଔ |- |a||ā||i||ī||u||ū||r̥||r̥̄||l̥||l̥̄||e||ai||o||au |- |{{IPA|[ɔ]}}||{{IPA|[aː]}}||{{IPA|[i]}}||{{IPA|[iː]}}||{{IPA|[u]}}||{{IPA|[uː]}}||{{IPA|[ru]}}||{{IPA|[ruː]}}||{{IPA|[lu]}}||{{IPA|[luː]}}||{{IPA|[eː]}}||{{IPA|[ɔi̯]}}||{{IPA|[ɔ]}}||{{IPA|[ɔu̯]}} |} ===ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ=== {|class=wikitable |- |କ ||ଖ ||ଗ ||ଘ ||ଙ ||ଚ ||ଛ ||ଜ ||ଝ ||ଞ ||ଟ || ଠ ||ଡ ||ଢ ||ଡ଼ ||ଢ଼ ||ଣ ||ତ ||ଥ ||ଦ ||ଧ ||ନ ||ପ ||ଫ ||ବ ||ଵ ||ଭ ||ମ ||ଯ ||ୟ ||ର ||ଲ ||ଳ ||ୱ ||ଶ ||ଷ ||ସ ||ହ |- |ka ||kha ||ga ||gha ||ṅa ||ca ||cha ||ja ||jha ||ña ||ṭa ||ṭha ||ḍa ||ḍha ||ṛa ||ṛha ||ṇa ||ta ||tha ||da ||dha ||na ||pa ||pha ||ba ||va ||bha ||ma ||ya ||ẏa ||ra ||ḷa ||la ||va ||śa ||ṣa ||sa ||ha |- |{{IPA|[kɔ]}}||{{IPA|[kʰɔ]}}||{{IPA|[ɡɔ]}}||{{IPA|[ɡʱɔ]}}||{{IPA|[ŋɔ]}}||{{IPA|[tʃɔ]}}||{{IPA|[tʃʰɔ]}}||{{IPA|[dʒɔ]}}||{{IPA|[dʒʱɔ]}}||{{IPA|[ɲɔ]}}||{{IPA|[ʈɔ]}}||{{IPA|[ʈʱɔ]}}||{{IPA|[ɖɔ]}}||{{IPA|[ɖʱɔ]}}||{{IPA|[ɽɔ]}}||{{IPA|[ɽʱɔ]}}||{{IPA|[ɳɔ]}}||{{IPA|[t̪ɔ]}}||{{IPA|[t̪ʰɔ]}}||{{IPA|[d̪ɔ]}}||{{IPA|[d̪ʱɔ]}}||{{IPA|[nɔ]}}||{{IPA|[pɔ]}}||{{IPA|[pʰɔ]}}||{{IPA|[bɔ]}}|| ||{{IPA|[bʱɔ]}}||{{IPA|[mɔ]}}||{{IPA|[dʒɔ]}}||{{IPA|[jɔ]}}||{{IPA|[rɔ]}}||{{IPA|[ɭɔ]}}||{{IPA|[lɔ]}}||{{IPA|[wɔ]}}||{{IPA|[sɔ]}}||{{IPA|[sɔ]}}||{{IPA|[sɔ]}}||{{IPA|[hɔ]}} |} ==ᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱠᱳᱰ== {{Main|ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ (ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱠᱳᱰ ᱵᱞᱚᱠ)}} ‌ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱠᱳᱰ ᱥᱴᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨᱰ ᱑᱙᱙᱑ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱝᱠᱚᱨᱚᱱ ᱑.0 ᱩᱪᱷᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱠᱳᱰ ᱵᱞᱚᱠ ᱫᱚ U+0B00–U+0B7F: {{ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱠᱳᱰ}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱚᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == * [http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode13.0.0/ch09.pdf The Unicode Standard: Chapter 9] – South and Southeast Asian Scripts (PDF) * [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/oriya.htm Odia alphabet] – From Omniglot ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱪᱤᱠᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱚᱞ ᱛᱚᱦᱚᱨ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱟᱵᱩᱜᱤᱫᱟ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱞ ᱛᱚᱦᱚᱨ]] 1u240jd704cgvdo5pj1qbs01zxfiw09 0 9726 196593 72005 2026-08-12T19:01:24Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196593 wikitext text/x-wiki {{automatic taxobox | image = Double Trouble (4919788838).jpg | image_caption = [[Sandhill crane]]s<br/>(''Antigone canadensis'') | taxon = Gruidae | authority = [[Nicholas Aylward Vigors|Vigors]], 1825 | subdivision_ranks = Genera | subdivision = See text }} '''ᱰᱷᱮᱝᱠᱟ''' ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣᱜ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱱᱴᱟᱨᱴᱤᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱧᱧᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱢᱮᱱᱫᱚ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱩᱰᱩ, ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ, ᱟᱢᱯᱷᱤᱵᱤᱭᱟᱱ (amphibians) ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱱ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱟᱱ ᱡᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱮᱢᱮᱡ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱩᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ (ᱵᱮᱞᱮ/egg) ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱥᱟᱺᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱤᱫᱤᱭᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ (until the next breeding season) ᱾<ref name=EoB>{{cite book |editor=Forshaw, Joseph|author= Archibald, George W.|year=1991|title=Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofan0000jose|publisher= Merehurst Press|location=London|pages= [https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofan0000jose/page/95 95]–96|isbn= 1-85391-186-0}}</ref> ==ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ== [[File:Sandhill bare areas.jpg|thumb|left|The bare area of skin on the face of a [[:en:sandhill crane|sandhill crane]] can change colour or even expand in area when the bird is excited.]] ᱰᱷᱮᱝᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ (tallest) ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣᱜ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱥᱟᱹᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱮᱢᱚᱭᱥᱮᱞᱮ ᱰᱷᱮᱝᱠᱟ ([[:en:demoiselle crane|demoiselle crane]]) ᱫᱚ {{convert|90|cm|in|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱨᱚᱥ ᱰᱷᱮᱝᱠᱟ ([[:en:sarus crane|sarus crane]]) ᱫᱚ {{convert|176|cm|in|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱡᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱚᱴᱚᱜ ᱟᱱ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱠᱲᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱰᱷᱮᱝᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱺᱰᱤ ᱰᱷᱮᱝᱠᱟ ᱢᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱸᱰᱤ ᱰᱷᱮᱝᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱰᱷᱮᱝᱠᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name = "HBW">{{Cite book | first = George | last = Archibald | first2 = Curt | last2 = Meine | editor-first = Josep | editor-last = del Hoyo | editor2-first = Andrew | editor2-last = Elliott | editor3-last = Sargatal | editor3-first = Jordi | contribution = Family Gruidae (Cranes) | title = [[Handbook of the Birds of the World]]. Volume 3, Hoatzin to Auks | year = 1996 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/handbookofbirdso0001unse/page/60 60–81] | place = Barcelona | publisher = Lynx Edicions | isbn = 84-87334-20-2 }}</ref> ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱪᱮᱬᱮ]] c89csmj6e2yc9vls78zsfqwt8ouz2an 0 9763 196587 100770 2026-08-12T18:56:22Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196587 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Nicolas Tassaert-Die vorsichtige Geliebte.jpg|right|thumb|350px|ᱪᱤᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ (᱑᱘᱕᱐ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱱᱴᱤᱝ), ᱠᱚᱱᱰᱳᱢ ᱯᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱡᱮ ᱯᱟᱪᱷᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱤᱜ ᱛᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ - ᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱱᱰᱳᱢ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱵᱮᱵᱦᱟᱨᱚ]] [[Image:Condom usage bw.gif|right|thumb|350px|ᱠᱚᱱᱰᱳᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟ]] '''ᱠᱚᱱᱰᱳᱢ''' ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱞᱩᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ (sexual intercourse) ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚᱜ (pregnancy) ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱱᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢᱟ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢᱟ ᱾<ref name=Hat2007>{{cite book|last1=Hatcher|first1=Robert Anthony|last2=M.D|first2=Anita L. Nelson|title=Contraceptive Technology|date=2007|publisher=Ardent Media|isbn=9781597080019|pages=297–311|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=txh0LpjjhkoC&pg=PA297|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918185600/https://books.google.com/books?id=txh0LpjjhkoC&pg=PA297|archivedate=2017-09-18}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱩᱯᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱪᱷᱚᱛᱨᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ - ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱟᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱱᱰᱳᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱱᱰᱳᱢ ᱞᱮᱴᱮᱠᱥ ( ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ "ᱨᱟᱵᱚᱲ") ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱞᱤᱭᱩᱨᱤᱛᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱞᱟᱥᱴᱤᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱟᱹᱭᱞᱟᱹᱜ ᱵᱟᱝᱢᱟ ᱯᱮᱠᱮᱴ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱫᱚᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱵᱤᱵᱽᱨᱚᱱ == ᱠᱚᱱᱰᱳᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱤᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣᱟ (ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱛᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱢᱮ ) ᱾ ᱠᱚᱱᱰᱳᱢ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱦᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱢᱮ ᱾ •ᱠᱚᱱᱰᱳᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱟᱹᱭᱞᱟᱹᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱞᱚᱢ ᱡᱷᱤᱡᱟ ᱾<ref name="Kippley1996">{{cite book | first=John | last=Kippley |author2=Sheila Kippley | year=1996 | title=The Art of Natural Family Planning | url=https://archive.org/details/artofnaturalfami0000kipp | edition=4th addition | publisher=The Couple to Couple League | location=Cincinnati, OH | page=[https://archive.org/details/artofnaturalfami0000kipp/page/146 146] | isbn=978-0-926412-13-2}}, which cites: :{{cite journal |last=Guttmacher Institute |title=Choice of Contraceptives | journal = The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics | volume = 34 |pages=111–114 |year=1992|pmid=1448019 |issue=885 }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱨᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱷᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱷᱤᱡᱽ ᱢᱮ ᱾ ᱡᱷᱤᱡᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱞᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱨᱟ ᱾ •ᱠᱚᱱᱰᱳᱢ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱢᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱯᱩᱨᱟ ᱯᱩᱨᱤ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱞᱟᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ •ᱠᱚᱱᱰᱳᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱳᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱵᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱢᱮ ᱡᱟᱣ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱡᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱯᱩᱨᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱞᱤᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱮᱡ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ - ᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱞᱟᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱠᱚᱱᱰᱳᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱳᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱭ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱢᱟ ᱾ •ᱠᱚᱱᱰᱳᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱥᱟᱺᱦᱤᱡ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱴᱟᱨ (ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱭᱥᱞᱤᱱ ) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱢᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱱᱰᱳᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱯᱮᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ - ᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱞᱟᱠᱛᱤᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱱᱮᱦᱚᱠ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱣᱟᱭᱤ ᱡᱮᱭᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱪᱤᱢᱚᱲ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱟ ᱾ •ᱥᱤᱢᱮᱱ ᱧᱩᱨ ᱚᱰᱚᱜ (cemen) (ᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱥᱩᱠᱨᱚ - ᱫᱟᱜ ᱚᱰᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ) ᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱫᱟᱲ ᱪᱟᱵᱟ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚᱱᱰᱳᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱪᱚᱫ ᱠᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱪᱚᱫ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱱᱰᱳᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱷᱤᱡᱽ ᱪᱷᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱩᱲᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱣᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱤᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱜ ᱢᱮ ᱾ •ᱢᱩᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱥᱮᱠᱥ - ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚᱱᱰᱳᱢ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱱᱰᱳᱢ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟ ᱛᱤᱥᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱞᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ •ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱩᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱠᱨᱤᱝ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱱᱰᱳᱢ ᱛᱤᱥ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱞᱚᱢ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱰᱥ ᱥᱮ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚᱭ ᱛᱤᱝᱜᱩ ᱚᱪᱚᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱩᱜᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ - ᱟ ᱾ == ᱠᱚᱱᱰᱳᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ == ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚᱭ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ - ᱟ ᱥᱮᱠᱥ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ - ᱟ ᱾ == ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞᱢᱮ == [[ᱮᱰᱥ]] == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} gh6nc2glu3ap5f8vy6reedc4tgvdxap 0 10083 196680 129040 2026-08-12T20:42:34Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196680 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:supply-and-demand.svg|thumb|ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱨᱵᱽ]], ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱤᱫᱤᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱞᱴᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱮᱫ-ᱟ ᱾( ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱵᱽ ᱞᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱟᱬᱜᱚ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ-ᱟ ;ᱫᱚᱨ ᱫᱟᱢ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱽ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ-ᱟ )᱾ :::::> ᱜᱨᱟᱯᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚᱨᱫᱟᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤᱜ-ᱟ (P1 -> P2) ᱚᱱᱰᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱽ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤᱜ-ᱟ (Q1 -> Q2) ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱨᱵᱽ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ᱚᱥᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱨᱵᱽ(D1)ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱫᱚᱨ ᱫᱟᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮᱢ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ,ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱥᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱱᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ |alt=A graph, with quantity on the X-axis and price on the X-axis. A red curve sloping downwards from left to right, labeled D, intersects a blue curve sloping Howard's from left to right, labeled S. The D curve is shifting to the right.]] ᱢᱤᱫ-ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱭᱠᱨᱳᱤᱠᱳᱱᱳᱢᱤᱠᱥ ᱨᱮ '''ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ''' ᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ-ᱟ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱟᱵᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱨ ᱫᱟᱢ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ-ᱟ'''(↑)''', ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱜᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱽ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ-ᱟ '''(↓)'''; ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ,ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱨ ᱫᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ-ᱟ '''(↓)''', ᱚᱱᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱽ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱤᱫᱤ-ᱟ '''(↑)'''" ᱾ <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Microeconomic Theory: Basic Principles and Extensions|url=https://archive.org/details/microeconomicthe0011nich|last=Nicholson|first=Walter|last2=Snyder|first2=Christopher|publisher=South-Western|year=2012|isbn=978-111-1-52553-8|edition=11|location=Mason, OH|pages=27,154}}</ref>ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱨ ᱫᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱽ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱩᱞᱴᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱛᱮ ᱠᱦᱚᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ-ᱟ ᱾ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱᱠᱚ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱽᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱨ ᱫᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱩᱞᱴᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱮᱫᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱣᱴᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱮᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱢ ᱠᱤᱞᱳ ᱯᱤᱪᱷ $᱗᱐ ᱫᱟᱢ ᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱒ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱭ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ ᱮᱫᱨᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱢ ᱠᱤᱞᱳ ᱯᱤᱪᱷ $᱘᱐ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱽ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱨ ᱫᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱽ-ᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱤᱫᱤᱭᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱰᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ-ᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱣᱴᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱡᱜᱟᱹᱨ, ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱨ ᱫᱟᱢ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱪᱮᱴᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱽ ᱜᱚᱨᱟᱠᱷ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ-ᱟ ᱚᱱᱟᱭ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ-ᱟ ᱾<ref>''http://www.investopedia.com/terms/l/lawofdemand.a {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707000853/http://www.investopedia.com/terms/l/lawofdemand.asp |date=2017-07-07 }}sp''; Investopedia, Retrieved 9 September 2013</ref> ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱴᱦᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱰᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱜᱤᱯᱦᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱷᱮᱵᱞᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱮᱞᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ == ᱮᱞᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱭᱤᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱦᱮᱜᱮᱫᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ: :<math>Q_x = f(P_x ; \mathbf Y), \quad \partial f / \partial P_x <0,</math> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱨᱮ<math>Q_x</math> ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ''<math>x</math>'', <math>P_x</math> ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱢ, <math>f</math> ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱽ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ]], <math>\partial f / \partial P_x</math> ᱫᱚ <math>P_x</math>ᱡᱚᱥᱛᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱽ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱟᱛᱨᱟ ᱥᱮᱛᱮᱫ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ <math>\mathbf Y</math> ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ <ref name=":0" /> ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ''<math>x</math>''-ᱰᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ(<math>Q_x</math>) ᱟᱨ <math>y</math>-ᱰᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱢ (<math>P_x</math>) ᱪᱤᱱᱷᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱨᱵ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ-ᱟ , ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱨᱵ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱫᱟᱨᱥᱟᱬ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱬᱜᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱽ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱮᱫᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱮ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱮᱫ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱫᱟᱨᱥᱟᱬ ᱟᱬᱜᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱮ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ == {{Portal|Business and economics}} * [[Revealed preference]] * [[Aggregation problem]] * [[Representative agent]] * [[Methodological individualism]] * [[Demand (economics)]] * Second law of demand ([[price elasticity]] over time) * Third Law of Demand [[Alchian–Allen effect]] * [[Supply and demand]] * [[Law of supply]] == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ]] sv6uzcevd2q3siegm6qy0xpb1e88bl4 0 10126 196628 146727 2026-08-12T19:36:11Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196628 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = ᱵᱟᱨᱢᱤ | altname = ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ | nativename = {{lang|my|မြန်မာစာ }} (ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤ ᱚᱞ)<br />{{lang|my|မြန်မာစကား}} (ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤ ᱨᱚᱲ) | pronunciation = IPA:{{IPA-my|mjəmàzà|}} <br /> {{IPA-my|mjəmà zəɡá|}} | states = [[ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]] | ethnicity = [[ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤᱥ ᱦᱚᱲ|ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤᱥ]] | speakers = {{sigfig|33.2|2}} ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ | date = | ref = ne2007 | speakers2 = ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ: ᱑᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ (no date)<ref>{{e15|mya|Burmese}}</ref> | familycolor = ᱪᱤᱱᱤ-ᱵᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤ | fam2 = ᱞᱳᱞᱳ-ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤᱥ | fam3 = ᱵᱟᱨᱢᱤᱥ | ancestor = [[ᱢᱟᱬᱮ ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤ]] | ancestor2 = [[Middle Burmese]] | script = [[ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ]]<br />[[ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱨᱮᱭᱤᱞ]] | nation = [[File:Flag of Myanmar.svg|22x20px]] [[ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]] ---- {{Flag|ASEAN}} | agency =Myanmar Language Commission | iso1 = my | iso2b = bur | iso2t = mya | iso3 = mya | lc1 = int | ld1 = [[Intha dialect|Intha]] | lc2 = tvn | ld2 = [[Tavoyan dialects]] | lc3 = tco | ld3 = [[Taungyo]] dialects | lc4 = rki | ld4 = [[Rakhine language]] ("Rakhine") | lc5 = rmz | ld5 = Marma ("မရမာ") | lingua = 77-AAA-a | map = Idioma birmano.png | mapsize = 250px | mapcaption = | notice = IPA | glotto = sout3159 | glottorefname = Southern Burmish | region = }} '''ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ''' (ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤᱥ ᱺ မြန်မာဘာသာ) ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱟ-ᱛᱩᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱧᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]] ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤᱥ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱽ ᱛᱮ ᱓.᱓ ᱠᱳᱴᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱑ ᱠᱳᱴᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ᱾ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ]], [[ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]], ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹᱢ|ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚ ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ᱾ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱢᱤ, ᱢᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱱᱟᱪ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱦᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ==ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱝ== ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱤ-ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱧᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱢᱤᱥ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱪᱤᱱᱤ-ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱧᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱨᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱢ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ, ᱯᱤᱭᱩ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ, ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱝᱜᱩᱛ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ᱾{{sfn|Bradley|1993|p=147}} ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱦᱤᱞ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱟᱬᱮ ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤ (Middle Burmese)᱾ ᱢᱟᱢᱬᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱢᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱑ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱖ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱫ (ᱯᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱵᱷᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ) ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱖ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱘ ᱥᱟᱭ (ᱛᱚᱣᱩᱱᱜᱳ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱝᱵᱟᱭᱩᱝ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ) ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱫ᱾ ᱦᱟᱹᱞᱤ (Modern) ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱘ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱫ᱾<ref name="herbert">{{cite book|last=Herbert|first=Patricia|title=South-East Asia: Languages and Literatures: a Select Guide|url=https://archive.org/details/southeastasialan0000unse|author2=Anthony Crothers Milner|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|year=1989|isbn=9780824812676|pages=[https://archive.org/details/southeastasialan0000unse/page/5 5]}}</ref><ref name="lapolla">{{cite book|last=Wheatley|first=Julian|title=Sino-Tibetan Languages|publisher=Routledge|year=2013|isbn=9781135797171|editors=Randy J. LaPolla, Graham Thurgood|chapter=12. Burmese}}</ref> ===ᱢᱟᱬᱮ ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤ=== [[File:Myazedi-Inscription-Burmese.JPG|thumb|The [[Myazedi inscription]], dated to AD 1113, is the oldest surviving stone inscription of the Burmese language.]] ᱑᱑ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱒ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱬᱮ ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱚᱞ ᱯᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱫ ᱑᱐᱓᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱬᱮ ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ===ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤ=== ===ᱦᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤ (Modern)=== ==ᱪᱤᱠᱤ== [[File:Vendeurs de plantes médicinales vers Kyaiktiyo Paya.jpg|thumb|Sampling of various Burmese script styles]] ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱞᱟ᱾ ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱓᱓ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱒ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱠ (spaces) ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱦᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣ ᱥᱩᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱠ ᱵᱮᱵᱦᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱵᱩᱜᱤᱫᱟ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱨᱚᱦᱟᱢᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱦᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ==ᱨᱚᱱᱚᱲ== ==ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ== ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱲᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱨᱵᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱢᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱱᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱣ ᱡᱚᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱨᱚᱥᱚᱯᱚᱦᱚᱫ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱝᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ (Style) ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾ ==ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{Portal|Language}} * {{Wikivoyage-inline|Burmese phrasebook}} * [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/burmese.htm Omniglot: Burmese Language] * [http://www.burmeselesson.com/ Learn Burmese online] * [http://www.seasite.niu.edu/Burmese/ Online Burmese lessons] * [http://www.soas.ac.uk/sea/burmese/ Burmese language resources] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090901020843/http://www.soas.ac.uk/sea/burmese/ |date=2009-09-01 }} from [[School of Oriental and African Studies|SOAS]] * {{Cite web| title = E-books for children with narration in Burmese | work = Unite for Literacy library | accessdate = 2014-06-21 | url = http://www.uniteforliteracy.com/ }} * [http://mcf.org.mm/myanmar-unicode.html Myanmar Unicode and NLP Research Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126204423/http://mcf.org.mm/myanmar-unicode.html |date=2022-01-26 }} * [http://www.myanmarlanguage.org/article/download-unicode-fonts-and-keyboards Myanmar 3 font and keyboard] * [http://www.myanmar-dictionary.org/ Burmese online dictionary] ([[Unicode]]) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110810232141/http://ayar.co/ Ayar Myanmar online dictionary] * [https://symbl.cc/en/unicode/blocks/myanmar/ Myanmar unicode character table] * [https://code.google.com/p/kanaung/downloads/list Download KaNaungConverter_Window_Build200508.zip from the Kanaung project page and Unzip] [https://code.google.com/p/kanaung/downloads/detail?name=KaNaungConverter_Window_Build200508.zip&can=2&q= Ka Naung Converter Engine] ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱪᱤᱱᱟᱼᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] jtt09j8zwkxh4xjmwr2kn0ocor5nq7z 0 10144 196546 196322 2026-08-12T18:10:29Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196546 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = {{raise|0.2em|ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱱᱛᱤᱭᱮᱱ}} | native_name = {{flatlist| *{{lang|lo|ວຽງຈັນ}} *{{native name|lo|ວຽງຈັນທນ໌}}}}{{native name|fr|Ville de Vientiane}} | native_name_lang = lo | settlement_type = ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> | image_skyline = Vientiane montage.jpg | image_caption = ᱜᱷᱩᱲᱤ ᱥᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ: Temple at That Luang, Haw Phra Kaew, That Dam, That Luang Stupa, Mekong Riverside, Patuxai, Wat Si Saket | image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|type=shape|stroke-width=2|stroke-color=#000000|zoom=9}} | pushpin_map = |pushpin_relief= | coordinates = | subdivision_type = ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ | subdivision_name = [[File:Flag of Laos.svg|22x20px]] [[ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ]] | subdivision_type1 = ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ.&nbsp; ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ | subdivision_name1 = Vientiane Prefecture | timezone1 = [[UTC+7]] ([[Indochina Time|ICT]]) | established_title = ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ | established_date = 9th century<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lao.unfpa.org/en/publications/results-population-and-housing-census-2015-english-version|title=Results of Population and Housing Census 2015|format=PDF|author=Lao Statistics Bureau|date=21 October 2016|accessdate=8 January 2018}}</ref> | leader_title = Mayor | leader_name = | area_total_km2 = 130 | elevation_m = 174 | elevation_ft = 570 | population_total = 820,940<ref name="census15">{{cite web |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/DYB2004/Table03.pdf |title=Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density |author=United Nations Statistics Division |accessdate=9 November 2007}}</ref> |population_as_of = 2015 Census | population_density_km2 = auto }} '''ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱱᱛᱤᱭᱮᱱ''' ({{IPAc-en|v|i|,|ɛ|n|t|i|ˈ|ɑː|n}} {{Respell|vi|EN|ti|AHN}},<ref>{{cite book|last=Wells|first=John|authorlink=John C. Wells|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/longmanpronuncia0000unse|publisher=Pearson Longman|edition=3rd|date=3 April 2008|isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0}}</ref> ᱞᱟᱣ [[wikt:ວຽງຈັນ|ວຽງຈັນ]], ᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱺ เวียงจันทน์) ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ [[ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ]] ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ ᱟᱨ [[ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] ᱵᱚᱰᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱨ [[ᱢᱮᱠᱚᱝ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ]] ᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱱᱛᱤᱭᱮᱱ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱑᱕᱖᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱛᱟᱦᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱱᱛᱤᱭᱮᱱ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱛᱟᱦᱮ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱩᱛᱷᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱦᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱘᱒᱐,᱐᱐᱐᱾ ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱱᱛᱤᱭᱮᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱛᱛᱚ (monument) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱪᱮᱫᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱺ ''ᱯᱷᱟ ᱛᱷᱟᱴ ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱝ'' ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱤᱡᱚᱢ ᱟᱭᱠᱚᱱ (icon) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱟᱨᱦᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱢᱩᱨᱩᱫ ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱪᱮᱫᱞᱮᱠᱟ '' ᱦᱟᱣ ᱯᱷᱨᱟ ᱠᱮᱣᱟ'' ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱰᱮ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ-ᱯᱚᱪᱮ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱭ ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱕᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱕ ᱛᱚᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ==ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ== ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ''ᱯᱟᱞᱤ'' ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡᱽ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱱᱛᱤᱭᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱚᱸᱱᱫᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ᱾ ᱢᱚᱰᱟᱨᱱ ᱞᱟᱳ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱱᱛᱤᱭᱮᱱ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱦᱟᱲᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾ ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱱᱛᱤᱭᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱪ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱫ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱭᱮᱱ (ᱞᱟᱳ ᱺ ຈັນທນ໌) ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱫ ᱪᱚᱸᱱᱫᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱴᱷ᱾ ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱱᱛᱤᱭᱮᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱫ ᱪᱚᱸᱱᱫᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ᱾ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ "ᱪᱚᱸᱱᱫᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ" ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ (ຈັນທຣ໌, ᱫᱚ Sanskrit चन्द्र ᱪᱟᱱᱽᱨᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ) ᱟᱨ "ᱪᱚᱱᱫᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ" (ຈັນທນ໌, ᱫᱚ Sanskrit चन्दन ᱪᱚᱸᱱᱫᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ) ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱰᱟᱨᱱ ᱞᱟᱳ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ຈັນ ᱪᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱞᱟ᱾ ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== [[File:Buddha sculptures at That Luang.jpg|thumb|[[Buddha]] sculptures at Pha That Luang]] [[File:Vat Phra Kèo.JPG|thumb|[[Haw Phra Kaew]] or Temple of the Emerald Buddha]] [[File:PhaThatLuang.jpg|thumb|[[Pha That Luang]]]] ==ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ== ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱱᱛᱤᱭᱮᱱ [[ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] ᱵᱚᱰᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱨ [[ᱢᱮᱠᱚᱝ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ]] ᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱳᱠᱮᱥᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱑᱗°᱕᱘'N ᱟᱨ ᱑᱐᱒°᱓᱖'E ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱴᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱗᱔ ᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ (᱕᱗᱐ ᱯᱷᱩᱴ) ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dateandtime.info/citycoordinates.php?id=1651944 |title=Geographic coordinates of Vientiane, Laos. Latitude, longitude, and elevation above sea level of Vientiane |website=dateandtime.info |সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2019-10-28 |access-date=2020-06-06 |archive-date=2021-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307060330/https://dateandtime.info/citycoordinates.php?id=1651944 |url-status=dead }}{{cite web |url=https://dateandtime.info/citycoordinates.php?id=1651944 |title=Geographic coordinates of Vientiane, Laos. Latitude, longitude, and elevation above sea level of Vientiane |website=dateandtime.info |সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2019-10-28 |access-date=2020-06-06 |archive-date=2021-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307060330/https://dateandtime.info/citycoordinates.php?id=1651944 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱱᱛᱤᱭᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱓᱐ ᱠᱤᱢᱤ² ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ===ᱦᱚᱭ‌ ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ=== {{Weather box |location = Vientiane |metric first = Yes |single line = Yes |Jan record high C = 35.6 |Feb record high C = 37.8 |Mar record high C = 40.0 |Apr record high C = 41.1 |May record high C = 38.9 |Jun record high C = 37.8 |Jul record high C = 36.1 |Aug record high C = 37.2 |Sep record high C = 38.9 |Oct record high C = 38.9 |Nov record high C = 34.4 |Dec record high C = 33.4 |year record high C = 41.1 |Jan high C = 28.4 |Feb high C = 30.3 |Mar high C = 33.0 |Apr high C = 34.3 |May high C = 33.0 |Jun high C = 31.9 |Jul high C = 31.3 |Aug high C = 30.8 |Sep high C = 30.9 |Oct high C = 30.8 |Nov high C = 29.8 |Dec high C = 28.1 |year high C = 31.1 |Jan low C = 16.4 |Feb low C = 18.5 |Mar low C = 21.5 |Apr low C = 23.8 |May low C = 24.6 |Jun low C = 24.9 |Jul low C = 24.7 |Aug low C = 24.6 |Sep low C = 24.1 |Oct low C = 22.9 |Nov low C = 19.3 |Dec low C = 16.7 |year low C = 21.8 |Jan record low C = 0.0 |Feb record low C = 7.6 |Mar record low C = 12.1 |Apr record low C = 17.1 |May record low C = 20.0 |Jun record low C = 21.1 |Jul record low C = 21.2 |Aug record low C = 21.1 |Sep record low C = 21.2 |Oct record low C = 12.9 |Nov record low C = 8.9 |Dec record low C = 5.0 |year record low C = 0.0 |rain colour = green |Jan rain mm = 7.5 |Feb rain mm = 13.0 |Mar rain mm = 33.7 |Apr rain mm = 84.9 |May rain mm = 245.8 |Jun rain mm = 279.8 |Jul rain mm = 272.3 |Aug rain mm = 334.6 |Sep rain mm = 297.3 |Oct rain mm = 78.0 |Nov rain mm = 11.1 |Dec rain mm = 2.5 |year rain mm = 1660.5 |Jan rain days = 1 |Feb rain days = 2 |Mar rain days = 4 |Apr rain days = 8 |May rain days = 15 |Jun rain days = 18 |Jul rain days = 20 |Aug rain days = 21 |Sep rain days = 17 |Oct rain days = 9 |Nov rain days = 2 |Dec rain days = 1 |year rain days = |Jan humidity = 70 |Feb humidity = 68 |Mar humidity = 66 |Apr humidity = 69 |May humidity = 78 |Jun humidity = 82 |Jul humidity = 82 |Aug humidity = 84 |Sep humidity = 83 |Oct humidity = 78 |Nov humidity = 72 |Dec humidity = 70 |year humidity = 75 |Jan sun = 254.4 |Feb sun = 214.3 |Mar sun = 216.8 |Apr sun = 226.3 |May sun = 207.1 |Jun sun = 152.9 |Jul sun = 148.6 |Aug sun = 137.1 |Sep sun = 137.7 |Oct sun = 247.7 |Nov sun = 234.3 |Dec sun = 257.5 |year sun = 2434.7 |source 1 = World Meteorological Organization,<ref> {{cite web | title = World Weather Information Service - Vientiane (1951-2000) | url = http://www.worldweather.org/121/c00235.htm | publisher = World Meteorological Organization | accessdate = 14 May 2010}}</ref> [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]] (extremes 1907–1990)<ref name = DWD> {{cite web | url = http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_489400_kt.pdf | title = Klimatafel von Vientiane (Viangchan) / Laos | work = Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world | publisher = Deutscher Wetterdienst | language = German | accessdate = 23 January 2016}}</ref> |source 2 = NOAA (sun and humidity)<ref name="NOAA">{{cite web | url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_II/LA/48940.TXT | title = Vientiane Climate Normals 1961−1990 | publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | accessdate = 29 November 2013}}</ref> |date=August 2010 }} ==ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ== ==ᱦᱮᱡᱽᱥᱮᱱ== ==ᱧᱮᱞ ᱡᱚᱝ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ== ==ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ== ==Healthcare== ==ᱟᱨᱦᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ== ==ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== ==ᱟᱨᱦᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣ== * Askew, Marc, William Stewart Logan, and Colin Long. ''Vientiane: Transformations of a Lao Landscape''. London: Routledge, 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-415-33141-8}} * Sharifi et al., ''Can master planning control and regulate urban growth in Vientiane, Laos?''. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2014. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169204614001777 DOI: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.07.014] * Flores, Penelope V. ''Good-Bye, Vientiane: Untold Stories of Filipinos in Laos''. San Francisco, CA: Philippine American Writers and Artists, Inc, 2005. {{ISBN|978-0-9763316-1-2}} * Renaut, Thomas, and Arnaud Dubus. ''Eternal Vientiane''. City heritage. Hong Kong: Published by Fortune Image Ltd. for Les Editions d'Indochine, 1995. * Schrama, Ilse, and Birgit Schrama. ''Buddhist Temple Life in Laos: Wat Sok Pa Luang". Bangkok: Orchid Press, 2006. {{ISBN|978-974-524-073-5}} * Women's International Group Laos. ''Vientiane Guide''. Vientiane: Women's International Group, 1993. ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== 5d01m4mfg0nv715imvx1m68j6q808sk 0 10165 196673 188835 2026-08-12T20:37:43Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196673 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = ᱦᱳ ᱪᱤ ᱢᱤᱱ ᱥᱤᱴᱤ | native_name = Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh | native_name_lang = vi | other_name = ᱥᱟᱭᱜᱚᱱ<br>Sài Gòn | settlement_type = ᱢᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱤᱯᱟᱞᱤᱴᱤ | image_skyline = {{multiple image | border = infobox | total_width = 280 | image_style = border:1; | perrow = 1/2/2/2 | image1 = | image2 = Ópera, Ciudad Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 2013-08-14, DD 02.JPG | image3 = Xuan Binh than, pho di bo nguyen hue, phuong Ben nghe, quan 1, tp hcmvn - panoramio.jpg | image4 = Ho Chi Minh City People's Committee Building01.jpg | image5 = Notre Dame Cathedral Ho Chi Minh city (39543912241).jpg | image6 = Bến Thành market, Phường Bến Thành, Quận 1, TPHCM, Việt Nam Chợ Bến Thành - panoramio.jpg | image7 = Independence Palace(Reunification Palace).JPG }} | image_caption = '''ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ, ᱞᱮᱜᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ:''' ᱦᱳ ᱪᱤ ᱢᱤᱱ ᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱥᱠᱟᱭᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ, Municipal Theatre, Nguyen Hue flower street around Tết holiday, Ho Chi Minh City Hall, Notre-Dame Cathedral Basilica of Saigon, ᱵᱮᱱ ᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ, ᱯᱷᱩᱱᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱯᱮᱯᱤᱥ | image_seal = | nickname = Pearl of the Far East | image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|type=shape|stroke-width=2|stroke-color=#000000|zoom=8|frame-lat=10.62|frame-long=106.75}} | map_caption = Interactive map outlining Ho Chi Minh City | image_map1 = Thanh pho Ho Chi Minh in Vietnam.svg | mapsize1 = | map_caption1 = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_caption = Location within | pushpin_relief = yes | coordinates = | subdivision_type = [[ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹᱢ|ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ]] | subdivision_name = [[File:Flag of Vietnam.svg|22x20px]] [[ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ]] | subdivision_type2 = ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ | subdivision_name2 = ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝᱼᱠᱚᱧᱮ | established_title = Settled | established_date = ᱑᱖᱙᱘ | established_title2 = Municipality status | established_date2 = ᱒ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱑᱙᱗᱖ | parts_type = ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ | parts = ᱑᱙ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ & ᱕ ᱨᱩᱨᱟᱞ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ | government_type = ᱢᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱤᱯᱟᱞᱤᱴᱤ | leader_title1 = Secretary of [[Communist Party of Vietnam|CPV]] | leader_name1 = [[Nguyễn Thiện Nhân]] | area_footnotes = <ref name="Statistic office"/><ref>Metro:<br>Thành Phố Hồ Chí Minh; Đồng Nai; Bình Dương</ref> | area_total_km2 = 2061.2 | area_total_sq_mi = 795.83 | area_metro_km2 = 10,619.4 | area_metro_sq_mi = 4100.17 | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 19 | elevation_ft = 63 | population_total = 8,993,082 | population_metro = 13,542,900 | population_as_of = 1/4/2019 | population_footnotes = <ref name="Statistic office">{{cite web|url=https://www.gso.gov.vn/default_en.aspx?tabid=774|title=Area, population and population density by province|website=GENERAL STATISTICS OFFICE of VIETNAM|access-date=26 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106125842/http://gso.gov.vn/default_en.aspx?tabid=774|archive-date=6 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> | population_density_km2 = auto | population_density_metro_km2 = 1,275 | population_rank = [[List of cities in Vietnam|1st]] | population_demonym = Saigonese | demographics_type1 = GDP ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]]) | demographics1_footnotes = &nbsp;(2019)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pso.hochiminhcity.gov.vn/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=839a060b-2a91-4a24-8f5c-028880b0049d&groupId=18|title=TÌNH HÌNH KINH TẾ XÃ HỘI Tháng 12 và năm 2018|website=Statistical Office in Ho Chi Minh City|language=Vietnamese|access-date=4 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190104231111/http://www.pso.hochiminhcity.gov.vn/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=839a060b-2a91-4a24-8f5c-028880b0049d&groupId=18|archive-date=4 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> | demographics1_title1 = Total | demographics_type2 = GDP (nominal) | demographics2_footnotes = &nbsp;(2019)<ref>{{cite web| url=http://motthegioi.vn/xa-hoi/thoi-su-xa-hoi/tphcm-gdp-binh-quan-dau-nguoi-cuoi-nam-2015-dat-hon-5500-usd-243196.html| title=TP.HCM: GDP bình quân đầu người cuối năm 2015 đạt hơn 5.500 USD| url-status=dead| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208130316/http://motthegioi.vn/xa-hoi/thoi-su-xa-hoi/tphcm-gdp-binh-quan-dau-nguoi-cuoi-nam-2015-dat-hon-5500-usd-243196.html| archivedate=8 December 2015| df=dmy-all}}</ref> | demographics2_title1 = Total | demographics2_info1 = US$61.7&nbsp;billion | area_code = 28 | area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in Vietnam|Area codes]] | website = {{URL| www.hochiminhcity.gov.vn}} | leader_title2 = Chairman of People's Committee | leader_name2 = Nguyễn Thành Phong | leader_title3 = Chairperson of People's Council | leader_name3 = Nguyễn Thị Lệ | demographics1_info1 = US$236.1&nbsp;billion | demographics1_title2 = Per capita | demographics1_info2 = US$26,253 | demographics2_title2 = Per capita | demographics2_info2 = US$6,862 | timezone = [[Time in Vietnam|ICT]] | utc_offset = +07:00 | timezone_DST = }} '''ᱦᱳ ᱪᱤ ᱢᱩᱱ ᱥᱤᱴᱤ''' (ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢᱤ ᱺ Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh) ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ '''ᱥᱟᱭᱜᱚᱱ''' (ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢᱤ ᱺ Sài Gòn) ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱽ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱗᱑,᱒᱓,᱓᱔᱐ ᱜᱟᱱ (᱑.᱓ ᱠᱳᱴᱤ ᱢᱮᱴᱨᱚᱯᱚᱞᱤᱴᱚᱱ ᱚᱱᱪᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ) ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.gso.gov.vn/default.aspx?tabid=512&idmid=5&ItemID=19279 | title=Báo cáo sơ bộ Tổng điều tra Dân số và nhà ở 2019 | date= 2019| publisher=GSO | accessdate=20 March 2020| url-status=live }}</ref> ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱭᱜᱚᱱ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱰᱮᱯᱟᱥᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱜᱩᱴ ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱒᱐᱖᱑ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ (᱗᱙᱖ sq ᱢᱟᱭᱤᱞ) ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱑᱙᱕᱕ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱙᱗᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱭᱜᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱛᱟᱦᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱥᱟᱭᱜᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱳ ᱪᱤ ᱢᱤᱱ ᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com.au/travel/craft-brews-and-skyline-views-the-ultimate-ho-chi-minh-city-itinerary.aspx|title=Craft brews and skyline views the ultimate Ho Chi Minh City itinerary|publisher=National Geographic|accessdate=23 November 2019|archive-date=5 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705022350/https://www.nationalgeographic.com.au/travel/craft-brews-and-skyline-views-the-ultimate-ho-chi-minh-city-itinerary.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ== ᱦᱳ ᱪᱤ ᱢᱤᱱ ᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱸᱵᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ, ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚᱭ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ᱾ ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱟᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚᱨ (port) ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ<ref name=SaigonHis>{{Cite book |title=Saigon: A History |url=https://archive.org/details/saigonhistory0000vong |last=Vo |first=Nghia M. |date=2011 |publisher=McFarland |language=en}}</ref><ref name="salkin-96">{{Cite book |title=Asia and Oceania |series=International Dictionary of Historic Places |volume=5 |pages=353–354 |author=Robert M. Salkin |author2=Trudy Ring |editor=Paul E. Schellinger |editor2=Robert M. Salkin |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=1996 |isbn=1-884964-04-4}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱨᱤᱭᱮ ᱱᱚᱠᱚᱨ ([[ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱮᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱠᱷᱟᱢᱮᱨ]] ᱺ ព្រៃនគរ) ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ᱾<ref name="nghiamvo-1623">{{cite book |url=http://www.sacei07.org/women10.jsp |title=The Women of Vietnam |series=Saigon Arts, Culture & Education Institute Forum |author1=Nghia M. Vo |author2=Chat V. Dang |author3=Hien V. Ho |publisher=Outskirts Press |date=2008-08-29 |isbn=1-4327-2208-5 |access-date=20 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200648/http://www.sacei07.org/women10.jsp |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Chandler4>{{Cite book |title=A History of Cambodia |last=Chandler |first=David |publisher=Westview Press |year=2008 |edition=4th}}</ref><ref name=SEAHis>{{Cite book| title=The Cambridge history of Southeast Asia |last=Tarling |first=Nicholas |date=2000 |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref><ref name="HistDict"/> ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱦᱚ ᱠᱚᱢᱵᱚᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱤᱭᱮ ᱱᱚᱠᱚᱨ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾<ref name=Chandler4/><ref name=SEAHis/> ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱡ ᱜᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱤᱱ (嘉定) ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱑᱘᱖᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱭᱜᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱦᱳ ᱪᱤ ᱢᱤᱱ ᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱗᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ [[ᱦᱳ ᱪᱤ ᱢᱤᱱ]] ᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱦᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱭᱜᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== [[File:Saigon City Hall, 1968.jpg|thumb|left|Saigon City Hall (1968)]] [[File:Saigon_street_scene.jpg|thumb|Street view of Saigon in 1968]] [[File:Saigon_Opera_House,_1967.jpg|thumb|Saigon Opera House in 1967]] ==ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ== ᱦᱳ ᱪᱤ ᱢᱤᱱ ᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ-ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ [[ᱦᱟᱱᱚᱭ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱗᱖᱐ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱴᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱙ ᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ (᱖᱒ ᱯᱷᱩᱴ) ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱜᱩᱴ ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱒᱐᱙᱕ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ (᱘᱐᱙ sq ᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ)᱾ ===ᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ=== {{Weather box |metric first=Y |single line=Y |location = ᱨᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱱ ᱱᱦᱟᱴ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ, ᱦᱳ ᱪᱤ ᱢᱤᱱ ᱥᱤᱴᱤ |temperature colour = |Jan record high C = 36.4 |Feb record high C = 38.7 |Mar record high C = 39.4 |Apr record high C = 40.0 |May record high C = 39.0 |Jun record high C = 37.5 |Jul record high C = 35.2 |Aug record high C = 35.0 |Sep record high C = 35.3 |Oct record high C = 34.9 |Nov record high C = 35.0 |Dec record high C = 36.3 |year record high C = 40.0 |Jan high C = 31.6 |Feb high C = 32.9 |Mar high C = 33.9 |Apr high C = 34.6 |May high C = 34.0 |Jun high C = 32.4 |Jul high C = 32.0 |Aug high C = 31.8 |Sep high C = 31.3 |Oct high C = 31.2 |Nov high C = 31.0 |Dec high C = 30.8 |year high C = 32.3 |Jan mean C = 26.0 |Feb mean C = 26.8 |Mar mean C = 28.0 |Apr mean C = 29.2 |May mean C = 28.8 |Jun mean C = 27.8 |Jul mean C = 27.5 |Aug mean C = 27.4 |Sep mean C = 27.2 |Oct mean C = 27.0 |Nov mean C = 26.7 |Dec mean C = 26.0 |year mean C = 27.4 |Jan low C = 21.1 |Feb low C = 22.5 |Mar low C = 24.4 |Apr low C = 25.8 |May low C = 25.2 |Jun low C = 24.6 |Jul low C = 24.3 |Aug low C = 24.3 |Sep low C = 24.4 |Oct low C = 23.9 |Nov low C = 22.8 |Dec low C = 21.4 |year low C = 23.7 |Jan record low C = 13.8 |Feb record low C = 16.0 |Mar record low C = 17.4 |Apr record low C = 20.0 |May record low C = 20.0 |Jun record low C = 19.0 |Jul record low C = 16.2 |Aug record low C = 20.0 |Sep record low C = 16.3 |Oct record low C = 16.5 |Nov record low C = 15.9 |Dec record low C = 13.9 |year record low C = 13.8 |rain colour = green |Jan rain mm = 13.8 |Feb rain mm = 4.1 |Mar rain mm = 10.5 |Apr rain mm = 50.4 |May rain mm = 218.4 |Jun rain mm = 311.7 |Jul rain mm = 293.7 |Aug rain mm = 269.8 |Sep rain mm = 327.1 |Oct rain mm = 266.7 |Nov rain mm = 116.5 |Dec rain mm = 48.3 |year rain mm = |Jan humidity = 72 |Feb humidity = 70 |Mar humidity = 70 |Apr humidity = 72 |May humidity = 79 |Jun humidity = 82 |Jul humidity = 83 |Aug humidity = 83 |Sep humidity = 85 |Oct humidity = 84 |Nov humidity = 80 |Dec humidity = 77 |year humidity = 78 |Jan rain days = 2.4 |Feb rain days = 1.0 |Mar rain days = 1.9 |Apr rain days = 5.4 |May rain days = 17.8 |Jun rain days = 19.0 |Jul rain days = 22.9 |Aug rain days = 22.4 |Sep rain days = 23.1 |Oct rain days = 20.9 |Nov rain days = 12.1 |Dec rain days = 6.7 |Jan sun = 245 |Feb sun = 246 |Mar sun = 272 |Apr sun = 239 |May sun = 195 |Jun sun = 171 |Jul sun = 180 |Aug sun = 172 |Sep sun = 162 |Oct sun = 182 |Nov sun = 200 |Dec sun = 226 |year sun = 2490 |source 1 = Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology,<ref name=IBST>{{cite web | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20180722172120/http://ibst.vn/DATA/nhyen/QCVN%2002-2009%20BXD%20So%20lieu%20tu%20nhien.pdf | archivedate = 22 July 2018 | url = http://ibst.vn/DATA/nhyen/QCVN%2002-2009%20BXD%20So%20lieu%20tu%20nhien.pdf | title = Vietnam Building Code Natural Physical & Climatic Data for Construction | publisher = Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology | language = Vietnamese | accessdate = 23 July 2018}}</ref> Asian Development Bank<ref name=adb>{{cite web | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20180723165910/https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/linked-documents/46391-001-ieeab-04.pdf | archivedate = 23 July 2018 | url = http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/linked-documents/46391-001-ieeab-04.pdf | title = Viet Nam: Ha Noi and Ho Chi Minh City Power Grid Development Sector Project | publisher = Asian Development Bank | accessdate = 27 January 2015}}</ref> |source 2 = [[World Meteorological Organization]] (rainfall)<ref name=WMO >{{cite web | url = http://worldweather.wmo.int/082/c00309.htm | title = World Weather Information Service – Ho Chi Minh City | publisher = World Meteorological Organization | accessdate = 5 September 2012 | archive-url = https://www.webcitation.org/6HgvAk0YA?url=http://worldweather.wmo.int/082/c00309.htm | archive-date = 27 June 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> |date= February 2011}} ==ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ== [[File:Ayuntamiento, Ciudad Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 2013-08-14, DD 09.JPG|thumb|[[Ho Chi Minh City Hall]] at night]] [[File:Vista de Ciudad Ho Chi Minh desde Bitexco Financial Tower, Vietnam, 2013-08-14, DD 13.JPG|thumb|Night view of the city from Bitexco Financial Tower]] ᱦᱳ ᱪᱤ ᱢᱤᱱ ᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱤᱯᱟᱞᱤᱴᱤ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱦᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱔ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱝ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ (᱒᱐᱐᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ)᱾ [[File:Sai Gon districts coloured numbered.svg|thumb|Administrative divisions of HCMC's urban districts<br>1–12. Districts 1 to 12<br>13. Bình Thạnh<br>14. Bình Tân<br>15. Gò Vấp<br>16. Phú Nhuận<br>17. Tân Bình<br>18. Tân Phú<br>19. Thủ Đức]] ==ᱰᱮᱢᱚᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤ== ==ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ== ==ᱦᱮᱡᱽᱥᱮᱱ== ==ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ== ==ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ== ==ᱧᱮᱞ ᱡᱚᱝ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ== ==ᱟᱨᱦᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ== ==ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{Sister project links|voy=Ho Chi Minh City|s=Special:Search/"Ho Chi Minh City" OR Saigon}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20100218043919/http://hochiminhcity.gov.vn/ Official website] (in Vietnamese and English) *[http://www.eng.hochiminhcity.gov.vn/Pages/default.aspx Ho Chi Minh City People's Council] *{{osmrelation-inline|1973756}} {{Geographic location |Centre = Ho Chi Minh City |North = [[Bình Dương Province]] |Northeast = |East = [[Đồng Nai Province]] |Southeast = [[Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu Province]] |South = [[Tiền Giang Province]] |Southwest = |West = [[Long An Province]] |Northwest = [[Tây Ninh Province]] }} ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== lhppiidbelb1c264gb4v6uslqo74ko3 0 10189 196641 176508 2026-08-12T19:56:08Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196641 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = ᱯᱷᱮᱱᱚᱢ ᱯᱮᱱ | official_name = {{nobold|{{lang|km|ក្រុងភ្នំពេញ}}}}<br>Phnom Penh City ·{{nativename|fr|Ville de Phnom Penh}} | native_name = {{small|{{nobold|{{lang|km|រាជធានីភ្នំពេញ}}}}}} | other_name = | nickname = '''Pearl of Asia''' (pre-1960s)<br>The Charming City | settlement_type =Autonomous municipality<ref>{{cite web |title=ISO 3166 — Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions: Cambodia KH |url=https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:KH |website=ISO |accessdate=28 October 2018}}</ref> | motto = | image_skyline = Phnom Penh Montage.png | image_caption = | image_size = | image_flag = | image_seal = Seal of Phnom Penh.svg | image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|type=shape|stroke-width=2|stroke-color=#000000|zoom=9}} | pushpin_map = Cambodia#Asia | pushpin_label_position = left | pushpin_map_caption = Location within Cambodia##Location within Asia | pushpin_mapsize = | subdivision_type = [[ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹᱢ|ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ]] | subdivision_name = [[File:Flag of Cambodia.svg|22x20px]] [[ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]] | parts_type = ᱥᱟᱵᱰᱤᱵᱷᱤᱥᱟᱱ | parts_style = para | p1 = ᱑᱔ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ (ᱠᱷᱟᱱ)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://phnompenhpost.com/national/government-establishes-new-districts-town-better-management|title=Government establishes new districts, town for better management|first=Koemseoun|last=Soth|work=[[The Phnom Penh Post]]|date=31 January 2019|accessdate=9 July 2019|quote=Two new districts, Boeung Keng Kang and Kamboul, have been added to Phnom Penh, the sub-decree states.|archive-date=30 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230062417/https://phnompenhpost.com/national/government-establishes-new-districts-town-better-management|url-status=dead}}</ref> | government_footnotes = | government_type = [[Municipal council]] | leader_title = [[Governor of Phnom Penh|Governor]] | leader_name = Khuong Sreng | leader_party = [[Cambodian People's Party|CPP]] | leader_title1 = [[National Assembly of Cambodia|National Assembly]] | leader_name1 = {{composition bar|12|125}} | established_title = ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ | established_date = ᱑᱓᱗᱒ | established_title2 = ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ | established_date2 = ᱑᱔᱓᱔ - ᱑᱔᱙᱗ | established_title3 = Regained status | established_date3 = ᱑᱘᱖᱕ | named_for = [[Wat Phnom]] | unit_pref = <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 679 <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> | area_rank = [[Administrative divisions of Cambodia|24th]] | area_urban_km2 = | population_as_of = 2019 census | population_footnotes = <ref name=census2019>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nis.gov.kh/nis/Census2019/Provisional%20Population%20Census%202019_English_FINAL.pdf|title=General Population Census of the Kingdom of Cambodia 2019|publisher=[[Ministry of Planning (Cambodia)|Ministry of Planning]]|work=National Institute of Statistics|date=June 2019|accessdate=12 August 2019}}</ref> | population_note = | population_total = {{increase}} 2,129,371 | population_rank = 1st | population_density_km2 = 3,136 | population_density_rank = 1st | population_demonym = Phnom Penher<br />({{lang-fr|Phnom Penhois(e)}}) | timezone = ICT | utc_offset = +07:00 | coordinates = {{coord|11|34|10|N|104|55|16|E|region:KH_type:city|display=inline,title}} | elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use tags--> | elevation_m = 11.89 | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code = +855 (023) | blank_name = | blank_info = a | blank1_name = | blank1_info = | blank_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2017) | blank_info_sec1 = 0.712<ref name="GlobalDataLab">{{Cite web|url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/|title=Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab|website=hdi.globaldatalab.org|language=en|access-date=2018-09-13}}</ref><br/>{{color|#0c0|high}} · [[List of Cambodian provinces by Human Development Index|1st]] | website = [http://www.phnompenh.gov.kh/ www.phnompenh.gov.kh/] | footnotes = }} '''ᱯᱷᱮᱱᱚᱢ ᱯᱮᱱ''' ({{IPAc-en|(|p|ə|)|ˌ|n|ɒ|m|_|ˈ|p|ɛ|n|,_|ˌ|p|n|ɒ|m|_|-}};<ref>{{cite book|last=Wells|first=John|authorlink=John C. Wells|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/longmanpronuncia0000unse|publisher=Pearson Longman|edition=3rd|date=3 April 2008|isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/phnom_penh|title=Phnom Penh {{!}} Definition of Phnom Penh in US English by Oxford Dictionaries|authors=Oxford Dictionaries|website=Oxford Dictionaries {{!}} English|publisher=Oxford University Press|access-date=2019-06-06|archive-date=2019-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606011214/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/phnom_penh|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/phnom-penh|title=Phnom Penh definition and meaning|authors=Collins English Dictionary|website=Collins English Dictionary|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers|language=en|access-date=2019-06-06}}</ref> ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱮᱨ ᱺ ភ្នំពេញ, romanizedᱺ phnum pɨñ,{{IPA-km|pʰnʊm ˈpɨɲ|IPA}}; literally "[[Wat Phnom|Penh]]'s Hill"), ᱢᱟᱬᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱨᱚᱝ ᱪᱟᱠᱛᱳᱢᱩᱠ ᱥᱮᱨᱤᱢᱳᱝᱠᱩᱞ ([[ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱮᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱮᱨ]]ᱺ ក្រុងចតុមុខសិរីមង្គល) ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱛᱳᱱᱞᱮ ᱥᱟᱯ, [[ᱢᱮᱠᱚᱝ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ|ᱢᱮᱠᱚᱝ]] ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ ᱩᱯᱚᱱᱤᱵᱮᱥ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ, ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱯ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ==ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ== ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== ᱑᱘᱖᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱡ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱱᱮᱨᱚᱰᱚᱢ ᱯᱟᱹᱦᱤᱞ (᱑᱘᱖᱐-᱑᱙᱐᱔) ᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱭᱟᱢ ᱯᱚᱠᱠᱷᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱟᱝ ᱰᱩᱝ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱱᱚᱢ ᱯᱮᱱ ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲᱮ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱘᱗᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱟᱥᱤ ᱩᱯᱳᱱᱤᱵᱮᱥᱤᱠ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱩ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱟᱸᱦᱟᱸᱨᱮ ᱩᱝᱠᱩ ᱤᱥᱠᱩᱞ, ᱦᱳᱴᱮᱹᱞ, ᱠᱟᱨᱟᱜᱟᱨ, ᱵᱮᱨᱟᱠ, ᱵᱮᱝᱠ, ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱱ, ᱴᱮᱹᱞᱤᱜᱨᱟᱯᱷ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱮᱢᱟᱱᱛᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱤᱱᱟᱹᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱪᱤᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱛ ᱓᱐᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱩ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱟᱸᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱷᱩᱱᱤᱠ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱛᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱭᱱᱟ᱾ ==ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ== ᱱᱚᱢ ᱯᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ-ᱯᱟᱪᱷᱮ ᱥᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱱᱰᱟᱞ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱴᱳᱱᱟᱞᱤ ᱥᱮᱯ, ᱢᱮᱠᱚᱝ, ᱵᱟᱥᱟᱠ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱲᱮᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟᱠᱩ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱢ ᱯᱮᱱ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱠᱩ ᱧᱩ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱢ ᱯᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱰᱮᱯᱟᱥᱮ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱩᱵᱟᱹ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱢ ᱯᱮᱱ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱑.᱘᱙ ᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱟᱡᱷᱮ ᱢᱟᱡᱷᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱫᱩᱵᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱢ ᱯᱮᱱ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱑°᱓᱓′ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱚᱠᱠᱷᱟᱝᱥᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱐᱔°᱕᱕′ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱫᱨᱟᱜᱷᱤᱢᱟᱝᱥᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ===ᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ=== {{Weather box |location = ᱯᱷᱮᱱᱚᱢ ᱯᱮᱱ (temperature: ᱑᱙᱘᱘–᱒᱐᱑᱓, extremes: ᱑᱙᱐᱖–᱒᱐᱑᱓) |metric first = Y |single line = Y |Jan record high C = 36.1 |Feb record high C = 38.1 |Mar record high C = 40.0 |Apr record high C = 40.5 |May record high C = 40.0 |Jun record high C = 39.2 |Jul record high C = 37.2 |Aug record high C = 37.8 |Sep record high C = 35.5 |Oct record high C = 36.1 |Nov record high C = 34.4 |Dec record high C = 37.2 |Jan high C = 31.6 |Feb high C = 33.2 |Mar high C = 34.6 |Apr high C = 35.3 |May high C = 34.8 |Jun high C = 33.8 |Jul high C = 32.9 |Aug high C = 32.7 |Sep high C = 32.2 |Oct high C = 31.4 |Nov high C = 31.1 |Dec high C = 30.8 |year high C = 32.9 |Jan mean C = 26.6 |Feb mean C = 28.0 |Mar mean C = 29.4 |Apr mean C = 30.2 |May mean C = 30.0 |Jun mean C = 29.2 |Jul mean C = 28.7 |Aug mean C = 28.5 |Sep mean C = 28.2 |Oct mean C = 27.2 |Nov mean C = 27.1 |Dec mean C = 26.3 |year mean C = 28.3 |Jan low C = 21.8 |Feb low C = 22.8 |Mar low C = 24.3 |Apr low C = 25.5 |May low C = 25.6 |Jun low C = 24.9 |Jul low C = 24.8 |Aug low C = 24.6 |Sep low C = 24.4 |Oct low C = 24.2 |Nov low C = 23.2 |Dec low C = 21.9 |year low C = 24.0 |Jan record low C = 12.8 |Feb record low C = 15.2 |Mar record low C = 19.0 |Apr record low C = 17.8 |May record low C = 20.6 |Jun record low C = 21.2 |Jul record low C = 20.1 |Aug record low C = 20.0 |Sep record low C = 21.1 |Oct record low C = 17.2 |Nov record low C = 16.7 |Dec record low C = 14.4 |rain colour = green |Jan rain mm = 12.1 |Feb rain mm = 6.6 |Mar rain mm = 34.8 |Apr rain mm = 78.8 |May rain mm = 118.2 |Jun rain mm = 145.0 |Jul rain mm = 162.1 |Aug rain mm = 182.7 |Sep rain mm = 270.9 |Oct rain mm = 248.1 |Nov rain mm = 120.5 |Dec rain mm = 32.1 |Jan humidity = 73 |Feb humidity = 71 |Mar humidity = 71 |Apr humidity = 73 |May humidity = 77 |Jun humidity = 78 |Jul humidity = 80 |Aug humidity = 81 |Sep humidity = 84 |Oct humidity = 84 |Nov humidity = 78 |Dec humidity = 73 |year humidity = 77 |unit rain days = 0.1 mm |Jan rain days = 1.2 |Feb rain days = 1.1 |Mar rain days = 3.4 |Apr rain days = 6.8 |May rain days = 15.9 |Jun rain days = 17.0 |Jul rain days = 18.1 |Aug rain days = 18.3 |Sep rain days = 21.5 |Oct rain days = 19.3 |Nov rain days = 10.2 |Dec rain days = 4.5 |Jan sun = 260 |Feb sun = 226 |Mar sun = 267 |Apr sun = 240 |May sun = 202 |Jun sun = 192 |Jul sun = 143 |Aug sun = 174 |Sep sun = 129 |Oct sun = 202 |Nov sun = 213 |Dec sun = 242 |year sun=2490 |source 1 = [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]]<ref name = DWD> {{cite web | url = http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_489910_kt.pdf | title = Klimatafel von Phnom Penh / Kambodscha | work = Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world | publisher = Deutscher Wetterdienst | language = German | accessdate = January 23, 2016}}</ref> |source 2 = [[Danish Meteorological Institute]] (sun, 1931–1960)<ref name=DMI>{{cite web | last1 = Cappelen | first1 = John | last2 = Jensen | first2 = Jens | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20130427173827/http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf | archivedate = April 27, 2013 | url = http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf | work = Climate Data for Selected Stations (1931–1960) | title = Cambodia – Phnom Penh | page = 44 | publisher = Danish Meteorological Institute | language = Danish | accessdate = March 9, 2013}}</ref> |date=October 2011}} ==ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ== ==ᱰᱮᱢᱚᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤ== ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱢ ᱯᱮᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱒,᱑᱒᱙,᱓᱗᱑ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱳᱣᱟ᱾ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱛᱟᱸᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱚᱱᱚᱛᱛᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱚᱨᱜᱚ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱓,᱑᱓᱖ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ᱾ ᱑᱙᱗᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱴ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱔ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱴᱩ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱢ ᱯᱮᱱ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱷᱮᱢᱟᱨᱚᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱠᱩ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱩ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱛᱷᱟᱭ, ᱵᱩᱰᱚᱝ, ᱢᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱯᱨᱮᱹ, ᱠᱩᱭᱮ, ᱪᱚᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱢᱚᱥ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮᱱᱠᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱳᱣᱫᱷᱳ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱟᱹᱜᱩᱭᱫᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱮᱢᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱤᱝᱨᱮᱡᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱟᱥᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱡᱟᱠ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ==ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ== ==ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ== ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱢ ᱯᱮᱱ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱯᱚᱨᱡᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱥᱤᱞᱯᱳ, ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱤᱡᱡᱚ, ᱠᱤᱪᱨᱤᱪ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱴᱩ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱠᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱨᱠᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱤᱡᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱛᱥᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ==ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ== ==ᱦᱮᱡᱽᱥᱮᱱ== ==ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== * [http://www.phnompenh.gov.kh/ Official city website] *[http://worldclock.com/asia/cambodia/time-in-phnom-penh/ Time in Phnom Penh] *{{Wikivoyage-inline|Phnom Penh}} *{{OSM|n|560229438}} *{{osmrelation-inline|2199033}} ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== sq6wuxnu9ca4np9fhg6xa4ejrsib7mn 0 10200 196640 158852 2026-08-12T19:55:34Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196640 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}} {{Infobox person | image = Ketan Mehta (cropped).jpg | name = ᱠᱮᱛᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱦᱛᱟ | birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1952}} | birth_place = [[ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱛ]], ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ | death_date = | death_place = | othername = | occupation = ᱰᱤᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ,ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ | yearsactive = ᱑᱙᱗᱕ ᱠᱷᱚᱱᱟᱜ }} '''ᱠᱮᱛᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱦᱛᱟ''' (ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱑᱙᱕᱒) ᱫᱚ ᱵᱦᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱰᱤᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ |ᱱᱩᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱗᱕ ᱠᱷᱚᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱚᱠᱭᱩᱢᱮᱱᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱮᱞᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱰᱤᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭᱮᱫᱟ |<ref>{{cite book |title= Cinemas of India|last=Thorval |first= Yves|authorlink= |author2= |year=2000 |publisher=Macmillan India|location= |isbn= 0-333-93410-5|pages= [https://archive.org/details/cinemasofindia0000thor/page/181 181]–182|url=https://archive.org/details/cinemasofindia0000thor}}</ref> ==ᱟᱬᱜᱟᱛ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ== ᱠᱮᱛᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ [[ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱱᱚᱵᱽᱥᱟᱨᱤ]] ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ | ᱠᱮᱛᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱚᱨᱫᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱴᱮᱞ ᱵᱤᱫᱽᱭᱟᱲᱚᱭᱚ]], [[ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ | ᱟᱨ [[ᱯᱷᱤᱚᱞᱢ ᱮᱸᱰ ᱴᱮᱞᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱪᱭᱩᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱯᱩᱱᱮ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chakpak.com/celebrity/ketan-mehta/biography/11860 |title=Biography|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120729154308/http://www.chakpak.com/celebrity/ketan-mehta/biography/11860 |archivedate=29 July 2012 }}</ref> ==ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ== ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱯᱷ᱾ᱭᱮᱪᱚᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱰᱚᱠᱭᱩᱢᱮᱱᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱴᱮᱞᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱤᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ | ᱠᱮᱛᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱰᱤᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱴᱮᱞᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱡ ᱫᱚ – ''[[ᱠᱟᱯᱴᱮᱱ ᱵᱷᱚᱭᱢ]]'' ᱟᱨ ''[[ᱢᱤᱥᱴᱚᱨ ᱭᱳᱜᱤ (ᱴᱤᱵᱤ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱡᱽ)|ᱢᱤᱥᱴᱚᱨ ᱭᱳᱜᱤ]]'' ᱠᱟᱱᱟ |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0576559/ |title= Ketan Mehta|author= |date= |work= |publisher= IMDb|accessdate=27 January 2010}}</ref> ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱰᱤᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢᱮᱰᱤ, ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲ, ᱫᱩᱠᱷ, ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱᱥ, ᱛᱟᱯᱟᱢ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ | ᱠᱮᱛᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱥᱨ ᱴᱮᱞᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱪᱭᱩᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱦᱚᱴᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱱ [[ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱯᱮᱥ ᱨᱤᱥᱨᱪ ᱚᱨᱜᱟᱱᱤᱡᱮᱥᱚᱱ]] ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱞᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱯᱨᱚᱰᱭᱩᱥᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ | ᱚᱱᱰᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱡᱷᱚᱛᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱫᱷᱤᱠᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱟ, ᱟᱡ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱮ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹ ᱫᱟᱜᱲᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱭ | ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱛᱚᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ : “ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱳᱵᱷᱤᱜᱽᱭᱚᱸᱛᱟ ᱛᱟᱭ | ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴ ᱫᱟᱲᱟᱸᱱ, ᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱧᱟᱯᱟᱢ, ᱟᱢ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱᱟᱜᱼᱮᱢ ᱴᱷᱤᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱮᱢ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ | ᱚᱱᱟ ᱳᱵᱷᱤᱜᱽᱭᱚᱸᱛᱟ ᱜᱮᱤᱧᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱥᱟᱹᱨᱟ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ |”<ref>Meer, Ameena http://bombsite.com/issues/29/articles/1262 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514080436/http://bombsite.com/issues/29/articles/1262 |date=14 May 2013 }} Fall 1989, Retrieved 13 May 2013</ref> ᱠᱮᱛᱚᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱫᱚ, ''[[ᱵᱷᱚᱵᱟᱱᱤ ᱵᱷᱚᱵᱟᱭᱤ]]'' ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱛᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ | ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱮᱠᱷᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ [[ᱱᱚᱱᱴᱮᱥ]], [[ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥ]] ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱥᱠᱳ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ | ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱩᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹᱭ ᱧᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ | ''[[ᱢᱤᱨᱪᱤ ᱢᱚᱥᱟᱞᱟ]]'' ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱟᱡ ᱦᱟᱣᱟᱭᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱥᱴ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱟᱣᱟᱨᱰ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0576559/awards|title=Awards|publisher=IMDB}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱕᱒ ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱭᱩᱱᱟᱭᱴᱮᱰ ᱥᱴᱮᱴᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱤᱞᱤᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ | ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱴᱮᱨᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱯᱷᱮᱥᱴᱤᱵᱟᱞ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱡᱩᱨᱤ ᱢᱮᱢᱵᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ | ᱠᱮᱛᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱚᱨᱫᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱞᱞᱚᱵᱽ ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱤ ᱯᱚᱴᱮᱞ]]ᱼᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ''[[ᱥᱚᱨᱫᱟᱨ (᱑᱙᱙᱓ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ)|ᱥᱚᱨᱫᱟᱨ]]'' ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ | ᱱᱩᱭ ᱒᱐᱑᱔ ᱨᱮ ''[[ᱨᱚᱝᱫᱮ ᱨᱚᱥᱤᱭᱟ]]'', ᱟᱨ ''[[ᱢᱟᱸᱡᱷᱤ ᱫᱤ ᱢᱟᱶᱴᱮᱱ ᱢᱮᱱ]]'' ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱤᱞᱤᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ |''ᱢᱟᱸᱡᱷᱤ ᱫᱤ ᱢᱟᱶᱴᱮᱱ ᱢᱮᱱ'' ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ [[ᱱᱚᱣᱟᱡᱩᱫᱽᱫᱤᱱ ᱥᱤᱫᱽᱫᱤᱠᱤ]] ᱞᱤᱰ ᱨᱳᱞ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ | ==ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ== * [[ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱟᱣᱟᱨᱰ (ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ)|ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱟᱣᱟᱨᱰ]] ** ᱑᱙᱘᱑: [[ᱱᱟᱨᱜᱤᱥ ᱫᱚᱛᱛᱚ ᱟᱣᱟᱨᱰ ᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱵᱮᱥᱴ ᱯᱷᱤᱭᱮᱪᱚᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱚᱱ ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱤᱱᱴᱤᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥᱚ|ᱵᱮᱥᱴ ᱯᱷᱤᱭᱮᱪᱚᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱚᱱ ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱤᱱᱴᱤᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥᱚ]]: ''[[ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽᱱᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱟᱭᱤ]]'' ** ᱑᱙᱙᱔: [[ᱱᱟᱨᱜᱤᱥ ᱫᱚᱛᱛᱚ ᱟᱣᱟᱨᱰ ᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱵᱮᱥᱴ ᱯᱷᱤᱭᱮᱪᱚᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱚᱱ ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱤᱱᱴᱤᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥᱚ|ᱵᱮᱥᱴ ᱯᱷᱤᱭᱮᱪᱚᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱚᱱ ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱤᱱᱴᱤᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥᱚ]]: ''[[ᱥᱚᱨᱫᱟᱨ (᱑᱐᱐᱓ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ)|ᱥᱚᱨᱫᱟᱨ]]'' * [[᱑᱕ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝᱼᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱥᱠᱳ ᱤᱱᱴᱚᱨᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱯᱷᱮᱥᱴᱤᱵᱟᱞ]]: ᱜᱳᱞᱰᱮᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ : ''[[ᱢᱤᱨᱪ ᱢᱚᱥᱟᱞᱟ]]''<ref name="Moscow1987">{{cite web|url=http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1987 |title=15th Moscow International Film Festival (1987) |accessdate=18 February 2013 |work=MIFF|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116194338/http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1987 |archivedate=16 January 2013 }}</ref> * ᱒᱐᱑᱐: [[ᱳᱮᱰᱨᱮ ᱫᱮᱥ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ ᱮᱴ ᱫᱮᱥ ᱞᱮᱴᱴᱮᱨᱥ]] (ᱯᱷᱮᱨᱸᱪ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/entertainment/sudhir-mishra-ketan-mehta-felicitated-by-french-government_100397001.html|title=Sudhir Mishra, Ketan Mehta felicitated by French government|date=16 July 2010|access-date=10 June 2020|archive-date=30 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030170354/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/entertainment/sudhir-mishra-ketan-mehta-felicitated-by-french-government_100397001.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[ᱯᱡᱤᱞᱢ ᱯᱷᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱣᱟᱨᱰ]] ** ᱑᱙᱙᱓: [[ᱯᱡᱤᱞᱢ ᱯᱷᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱣᱟᱨᱰ ᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱵᱮᱥᱴ ᱰᱚᱠᱭᱩᱢᱮᱱᱴᱟᱨᱤ|ᱵᱮᱥᱴ ᱰᱚᱠᱭᱩᱢᱮᱱᱴᱟᱨᱤ]] : ''ᱚᱞ ᱤᱱ ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱞᱤ'' * ᱒᱐᱑᱐ Honoured with Life Membership of International Film And Television Club of [[Asian Academy of Film & Television]] by Sandeep Marwah * ᱒᱐᱑᱕: Honoured with Global Cinema Award by Sandeep Marwah at 8th Global Film Festival Noida. * ᱒᱐᱑᱕: Honoured with Standing Ovation Award by [[Siby Malayil]] at [[All Lights India International Film Festival]] ==ᱱᱤᱡᱮᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ== ᱠᱮᱛᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ [[ᱫᱤᱯᱟ ᱥᱟᱦᱤ]], ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱠᱴᱨᱮᱥ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ | ᱫᱤᱯᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ | ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ '' ᱢᱟᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱢᱥᱟᱵᱽ'', ''ᱳᱦ ᱰᱟᱨᱞᱤᱝ! ᱭᱮᱦ ᱦᱮ ᱡᱤᱱᱫᱮᱜᱤ'' ᱟᱨ ''ᱟᱨ ᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱨ'' | ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[ᱢᱟᱭᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱟᱰᱵᱷᱟᱱᱥ ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱢᱟᱴᱤᱠᱥ]] ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱭᱟ ᱰᱤᱡᱤᱴᱟᱞ ᱥᱴᱩᱰᱤᱭᱚ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱭᱥᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ | ᱱᱩᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱺᱫᱷᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭᱤᱡ [[ᱩᱥᱟ ᱢᱮᱦᱛᱟ]]ᱼᱤᱡ ᱵᱷᱚᱬᱡᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ | ᱟᱡ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟ, ᱰᱚᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱭᱚᱛᱤᱱ ᱢᱮᱦᱛᱟ, ᱫᱚ [[ᱢᱮᱫᱟᱱᱛᱚ]] ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱪᱭᱩᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱠᱨᱤᱴᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱠᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱱᱮᱥᱛᱷᱮᱥᱤᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤ, [[ᱜᱩᱨᱜᱟᱶ]], ᱦᱚᱨᱭᱟᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ |<ref>{{cite web|title=Dr Yatin Mehta|url=http://www.medanta.org/DoctorProfile.aspx?Key=113|work=Our Doctors|publisher=Medanta- The Medicity|accessdate=6 April 2011|archive-date=4 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804223807/http://www.medanta.org/DoctorProfile.aspx?Key=113|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|title=Dr. (Lt. Col) Nirad Mehta|url=http://www.hindujahospital.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=241&Itemid=33&catId=3|work=Dr Nirad Mehta|publisher=Hinduja Hospital|accessdate=6 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616052638/http://www.hindujahospital.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=241&Itemid=33&catId=3|archive-date=16 June 2013}}</ref> == ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱷᱤ == ===ᱰᱤᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ=== *''[[ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽᱱᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱟᱭᱤ]]'' (᱑᱙᱘᱐) *''[[ᱦᱳᱞᱤ (᱑᱙᱘᱔ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ)|ᱦᱳᱞᱤ]]'' (᱑᱙᱘᱔) *''[[ᱢᱤᱨᱪ ᱢᱚᱥᱟᱞᱟ]]'' (᱑᱙᱘᱕) *''[[ᱢᱤᱥᱴᱚᱨ ᱭᱳᱜᱤ (ᱴᱤᱵᱤ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱡᱽ)|ᱢᱤᱥᱴᱚᱨ ᱭᱳᱜᱤ]]'' (᱑᱙᱘᱘) *''[[ᱦᱤᱨᱚ ᱦᱤᱨᱟᱞᱟᱞ]]'' (᱑᱙᱘᱙) *''[[ᱢᱟᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱢᱥᱟᱵᱽ]]'' (᱑᱙᱙᱓) *''[[ᱥᱚᱨᱫᱟᱨ (᱑᱐᱐᱓ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ)|ᱥᱚᱨᱫᱟᱨ]]'' (᱑᱙᱙᱓) *''[[ᱳᱦ ᱰᱟᱨᱞᱤᱝ! ᱭᱮᱦ ᱦᱮ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ]]'' (᱑᱙᱙᱕) *''[[ᱟᱨ ᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱨ]]'' (᱑᱙᱙᱗) *''[[ᱠᱟᱯᱴᱮᱱ ᱵᱷᱭᱳᱢ]]'' (ᱴᱤᱵᱤ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱡᱽ) (᱑᱙᱙᱘) *''[[ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱯᱟᱱᱰᱮ : ᱫᱤ ᱨᱟᱭᱡᱤᱝ]]'' (᱒᱐᱐᱕) *''[[ᱴᱟᱭᱤᱢ ᱵᱚᱢᱵᱽ ᱙/᱑᱑]]'' (ᱴᱤᱵᱤ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱡᱽ) (᱒᱐᱐᱕) *''[[ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱚᱥᱤᱭᱟ]]'' (᱒᱐᱑᱔) *''[[ᱢᱟᱸᱡᱷᱤ - ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱶᱴᱮᱱ ᱢᱮᱱ]]'' (᱒᱐᱑᱕) *''[[ᱛᱳᱵᱮ ᱛᱮᱠ ᱥᱤᱝ (ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ)|ᱛᱳᱵᱮ ᱛᱮᱠ ᱥᱤᱝ]]'' (᱒᱐᱑᱘) ===ᱯᱨᱚᱰᱭᱩᱥᱚᱨ=== *''[[ᱦᱳᱞᱤ (᱑᱙᱘᱙ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ)|ᱦᱳᱞᱤ]]'' (᱑᱙᱘᱔) *''[[ᱢᱟᱭᱟ ᱢᱟᱢᱥᱟᱵᱽ]]'' (᱑᱙᱙᱓) *''[[ᱴᱟᱭᱤᱢ ᱵᱚᱢᱵᱽ ᱙/᱑᱑]]'' (ᱴᱤᱵᱤ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱡᱽ) (᱒᱐᱐᱕) *''[[ᱨᱟᱢᱟᱭᱚᱬ : ᱫᱤ ᱮᱚᱤᱠ]]'' (᱒᱐᱑᱐) *''[[ᱛᱮᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱮᱨᱮ]]'' (᱒᱐᱑᱑) *''[[ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱚᱥᱤᱭᱟ]]'' (᱒᱐᱑᱔) *''[[ᱢᱳᱴᱳ ᱯᱚᱛᱞᱩ : ᱠᱤᱝ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱠᱤᱝᱥ]]'' (᱒᱐᱑᱖) == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{ᱥᱟ.ᱠᱷᱭᱟ.ᱛ}} == ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{Commons category|Ketan Mehta}} * {{IMDb name|0576559}} {{National Film Award Special Jury Award Feature Film}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mehta, Ketan}} [[Category:Film and Television Institute of India alumni]] [[Category:People from Navsari district]] [[Category:Hindi-language film directors]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Indian male screenwriters]] [[Category:1952 births]] [[Category:Gujarati-language film directors]] [[Category:20th-century Indian film directors]] [[Category:Film producers from Gujarat]] [[Category:21st-century Indian film directors]] [[Category:Film directors from Gujarat]] [[Category:Special Jury Award (feature film) National Film Award winners]] [[Category:Directors who won the Best Film on National Integration National Film Award]] 5ic3h9smc7yfq4d7fu3dt6xbc9x1pfw 0 10250 196555 161386 2026-08-12T18:18:04Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196555 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ᱯᱩᱸᱡᱤᱵᱟᱫᱽ''' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱦᱟᱸᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱵᱷ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤᱠ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ <ref>{{cite book|last=Zimbalist, Sherman and Brown|first=Andrew, Howard J. and Stuart|title=Comparing Economic Systems: A Political-Economic Approach|publisher=Harcourt College Pub|date=October 1988|isbn=978-0-15-512403-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/comparingeconomi0000zimb_q8i6/page/6 6–7]|quote=Pure capitalism is defined as a system wherein all of the means of production (physical capital) are privately owned and run by the capitalist class for a profit, while most other people are workers who work for a salary or wage (and who do not own the capital or the product).|url=https://archive.org/details/comparingeconomi0000zimb_q8i6/page/6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Rosser|first1=Mariana V.|last2=Rosser|first2=J Barkley|title=Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy|url=https://archive.org/details/comparativeecono0000ross_v4p7|publisher=MIT Press|date=23 July 2003|isbn=978-0-262-18234-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/comparativeecono0000ross_v4p7/page/7 7]|quote=In capitalist economies, land and produced means of production (the capital stock) are owned by private individuals or groups of private individuals organized as firms.}}</ref><ref>Chris Jenks. ''Core Sociological Dichotomies''. "Capitalism, as a mode of production, is an economic system of manufacture and exchange which is geared toward the production and sale of commodities within a market for profit, where the manufacture of commodities consists of the use of the formally free labor of workers in exchange for a wage to create commodities in which the manufacturer extracts surplus value from the labor of the workers in terms of the difference between the wages paid to the worker and the value of the commodity produced by him/her to generate that profit." London; Thousand Oaks, CA; New Delhi. Sage. p. 383.</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Challenge of Global Capitalism : The World Economy in the 21st Century|last=Gilpin |first=Robert |isbn=9780691186474|oclc=1076397003|date=5 June 2018 }}</ref> [[File:Supply-and-demand.svg|thumb|Supply-and-demand]] [[File:Anti-capitalism color— Restored.png|thumb|Pyramid of Capitalist System (1911)]] [[File:20090109 stock index-01.jpg|thumb|20090109 stock index-01]] [[File:New Internationalist - Alternatives to Capitalism July 2015, Issue 484.jpg|thumb|New Internationalist - Alternatives to Capitalism July 2015, Issue 484]] [[File:TravailEnfantUSXIX.jpg|thumb|TravailEnfantUSXIX]] ᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱢᱯᱚᱛᱤ, ᱯᱩᱸᱡᱤ ᱡᱟᱨᱣᱟ, ᱠᱩᱲᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱩᱞᱭᱟᱹ, ᱟᱢᱛᱮ ᱮᱯᱮᱢ, ᱫᱚᱨ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱸᱡᱤᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱬ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱩᱸᱡᱤᱵᱟᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱥᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱚᱽ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱩᱸᱡᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱸᱡᱤ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱛᱩᱞᱩᱡ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ <ref>Heilbroner, Robert L. [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_C000053 "Capitalism"]. Steven N. Durlauf and Lawrence E. Blume, eds. ''The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics''. 2nd {{abbr|ed.|edition}} (Palgrave Macmillan, 2008) {{DOI|10.1057/9780230226203.0198}}</ref><ref>Louis Hyman and Edward E. Baptist (2014). ''[http://books.simonandschuster.com/American-Capitalism/Louis-Hyman/9781476784311 American Capitalism: A Reader].'' [[Simon & Schuster]]. {{ISBN|978-1-4767-8431-1}}.</ref> <br> ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱨᱟᱹᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭ ᱯᱩᱸᱡᱤᱵᱟᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱰᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱚᱨᱪᱟ ᱦᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱵᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱦᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ <ref>{{cite book|last=Gregory and Stuart|first=Paul and Robert|title=The Global Economy and its Economic Syste ms|url=https://archive.org/details/globaleconomyits0000greg|publisher=South-Western College Pub|date=28 February 2013|isbn=978-1-285-05535-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/globaleconomyits0000greg/page/107 107]|quote=Real-world capitalist systems are mixed, some having higher shares of public ownership than others. The mix changes when privatization or nationalization occurs. Privatization is when property that had been state-owned is transferred to private owners. [[Nationalization]] occurs when privately owned property becomes publicly owned.}}</ref> ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱭ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱞᱮᱥᱥᱮ ᱯᱦᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱟᱲᱟᱼᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱸᱡᱤᱵᱟᱫᱽ, ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱯᱩᱸᱡᱤᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱯᱩᱸᱡᱤᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱸᱡᱤᱵᱟᱫᱽ, ᱵᱦᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ, ᱫᱤᱥᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱦᱮᱜᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱨᱟᱲᱟ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱤᱡ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱴᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱱᱟ <ref name="Modern Economics 1986, p. 54">''Macmillan Dictionary of Modern Economics'', 3rd Ed., 1986, p. 54.</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last=Bronk|first=Richard|title=Which model of capitalism?|url=http://oecdobserver.org/news/archiv%20estory.php/aid/345/Which_model_of_capitalism_.html|url-status=live|magazine=[[OECD Observer]]|publisher=OECD|date=Summer 2000|volume=1999|issue=221–22|pages=12–15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406200423/http://oecdobserver.org/|archivedate=6 April 2018|accessdate=6 April 2018}}</ref> ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱟᱲᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱢᱯᱛᱤ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹᱭᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱼᱥᱮᱱᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱲᱟ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱛ ᱯᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ <ref name="Stilwell">Stilwell, Frank. "Political Economy: the Contest of Economic Ideas". First Edition. Oxford University Press. Melbourne, Australia. 2002.</ref><br> ᱯᱩᱸᱡᱤᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱞᱚᱪᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱟ, ᱯᱩᱸᱡᱤᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱛᱩᱞᱩᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱜᱩᱴ ᱯᱩᱸᱡᱤᱵᱟᱹᱫᱤ ᱜᱩᱥᱴᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤᱠᱟᱭ ᱢᱩᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱩᱥᱴᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱟᱣ ᱮᱨᱮᱲ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣᱟᱭ; ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱞᱟᱹᱭ, ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱚᱲ, ᱥᱟᱪᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱵᱷ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱟ; ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱼᱵᱟᱨᱟᱵᱟᱹᱨᱤ, ᱫᱩᱨᱱᱤᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱱ ᱚᱥᱛᱤᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱤᱱᱡᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱼᱟ ᱯᱩᱸᱡᱤᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱦᱮᱯᱮᱨᱟᱣ ᱛᱩᱞᱩᱡ ᱥᱚᱨᱮᱥ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱣᱴᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱼᱟ, ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ, ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣ ᱟ, ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱴᱷᱮᱫ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱚᱲ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱡ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱭ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱹᱬᱚᱜ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱹᱛᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱠᱷ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟ ᱾<br> [[File:Sao Paulo Stock Exchange.jpg|thumb|São Paulo Stock Exchange]] ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞᱢᱮ == {{div col begin|colwidth=27em}} * [[:en:Anti-capitalism|Anti-capitalism]] * [[:en:Capitalism (disambiguation)|Capitalism (disambiguation)]] * [[:en:Christian views on poverty and wealth|Christian views on poverty and wealth]] * [[:en:Communism|Communism]] * [[:en:Corporatocracy|Corporatocracy]] * [[:en:Crony capitalism|Crony capitalism]] * [[:en:Economic sociology|Economic sociology]] * [[:en:Free market|Free market]] * [[:en:Global financial crisis in September 2008|Global financial crisis in September 2008]] * [[:en:Humanistic economics|Humanistic economics]] * [[:en:Invisible hand|Invisible hand]] * [[:en:Late capitalism|Late capitalism]] * ''[[:en:Le Livre noir du capitalisme|Le Livre noir du capitalisme]]'' – 1998 French book (''The Black Book of Capitalism'') * [[:en:Market socialism|Market socialism]] * [[:en:Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought|Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought]] * [[:en:Post-capitalism|Post-capitalism]] * [[:en:Post-Fordism|Post-Fordism]] * [[:en:Rent-seeking]] * [[:en:State monopoly capitalism|State monopoly capitalism]] * [[:en:Sustainable capitalism|Sustainable capitalism]] {{div col end}} ovjmfg3nwuf9dtjd5zqxtupj2xkwwx3 0 10253 196589 186135 2026-08-12T18:57:28Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196589 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Agardh, Jacob Georg (av Oscar Björck 1893).jpg|right|thumb|ᱡᱟᱠᱚᱵ ᱡᱭᱚᱨᱡ ᱟᱜᱟᱨᱰᱷ(᱑᱘᱑᱓&ndash;᱑᱙᱐᱑) ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱤᱡ Oscar Björck, ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ - ᱑᱘᱙᱓]] ᱡᱟᱠᱚᱵ ᱡᱭᱚᱨᱡ ᱟᱜᱟᱨᱰᱷ(᱘ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱘᱑᱓ ᱞᱩᱸᱰ, ᱥᱣᱤᱰᱮᱱ - ᱑᱗ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱟᱨᱭ ᱑᱙᱐᱑<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sok.riksarkivet.se/Sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=5591|title=Jacob G Agardh - Svenskt Biografiskt Lexikon|website=sok.riksarkivet.se|accessdate=20 September 2019|archive-date=18 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918031912/https://sok.riksarkivet.se/sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=5591|url-status=dead}}</ref> ᱞᱤᱸᱰ, ᱥᱣᱮᱰᱤᱴᱮᱱ) ᱫᱚ ᱥᱣᱤᱫᱤᱥ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱥᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱣᱚᱭᱜᱭᱟᱱᱤᱠ, ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱠᱚᱼᱞᱚᱡᱤᱥᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱮᱠᱥᱚᱼᱱᱚᱢᱤᱥᱴ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |author=Hunt Botanical Library, Carnegie-Mellon University |page=[https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict0000hunt/page/4 4] |title=Biographical Dictionary of Botanists Represented in the Hunt Institute Portrait Collection|url=https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict0000hunt | publisher=G. K. Hall & Co.| place=Boston| year= 1972| isbn=0-8161-1023-9}}</ref> ᱟᱢᱤᱡ ᱵᱮᱴᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱥᱵᱚᱛᱤ ᱣᱚᱭᱜᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱚᱨ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱮᱴᱟᱼᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱟᱹᱰᱚᱞᱯᱷ ᱟᱜᱟᱰᱷ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱑᱘᱕᱔ ᱼ ᱑᱘᱗᱙ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱞᱩᱸᱰ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱚᱨ ᱯᱚᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name=amcyc>{{Cite AmCyc|wstitle=Agardh, Karl Adolf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite NIE|url=https://archive.org/stream/newinternational01gilm#page/191/mode/1up |title=Jacob Georg Agardh|year=1905}}</ref> ᱟᱜᱟᱰᱷ ᱑᱘᱖᱒ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱥᱯᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱵᱟᱜᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱸᱪ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ''Botaniska trädgården'' ᱚᱠᱟᱫᱚ ᱞᱩᱸᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |author=Botaniska trädgården |url=http://www.botaniskatradgarden.se/201-238-history_in_english.htm |title=A Brief History of the Lund University Botanical Garden |accessdate=2010-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718120156/http://www.botaniskatradgarden.se/201-238-history_in_english.htm |archive-date=2011-07-18 }}</ref> ᱑᱘᱔᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ [[Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱥᱭᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱟᱭ. ᱾ ᱟᱜᱟᱰᱷ ᱫᱚ Foreign Honorary Member of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] ᱑᱘᱗᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱚᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟᱠᱚ ᱾<ref name=AAAS>{{cite web|title=Book of Members, 1780-2010: Chapter A|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterA.pdf|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|accessdate=6 April 2011}}</ref> ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱠᱚ ᱟᱜᱟᱰᱷᱼᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ [[Mary Philadelphia Merrifield]] ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱱᱮᱪᱩᱨᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱭ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱥᱣᱤᱫᱮᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱪᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱡ ᱾<ref name="Creese2000">{{cite book |last=Creese |first=Mary R. S. |title=Ladies in the Laboratory? American and British Women in Science, 1800-1900: A Survey of Their Contributions to Research|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=amtGAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA31|date=1 January 2000|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-585-27684-7|page=31}}</ref> ==ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ== ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱞ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ, ''Species, Genera et Ordines Algarum'' (4 vols., Lund, 1848–63) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ {{botanist|J. Agardh|Agardh, Jacob Georg}} == ᱟᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱢᱟᱱ== ᱑.Elected to the [[German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina]] (1836)<br> ᱒. [[Royal Physiographic Society in Lund]] (since 1837, 1858-1860 as secretary)<br> ᱓. [[Royal Science and Literature Society in Gothenburg]] (since 1848)<br> ᱔.[[Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]] (since 1849)<br> ᱕.[[Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala]] (since 1865)<br> ᱖.[[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] (seit 1878)<br> ᱗. [[Honorary Doctor]] from [[University of Copenhagen]] (1879)<br> ᱘.Corresponding member of the [[Académie des sciences]] (1885)<br> ᱙.[[Linné Medal]] (1897) == ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱚᱞ‌ᱠᱚ == ᱑.Theoria systematis plantarum; accedit familiarum phanerogamarum in series naturales dispositio, secundum structuræ normas et evolutionis gradus instituta.<br> ᱒. Species, genera et ordines Algarum == ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ == ᱑. N. J. Andersson: 2. Agardh, Jacob Georg. In: Nils Linder (Hrsg.): Nordisk familjebok konversationslexikon och realencyklopedi. 1. Auflage. Band 1: A–Barograf. Gernandts boktryckeri, Stockholm 1876, Sp. 251–252 (schwedisch, runeberg.org)<br> ᱒. T. Kork: 3. Jakob Georg A. In: Bernhard Meijer (Hrsg.): Nordisk familjebok konversationslexikon och realencyklopedi. 2. Auflage. Band 1: A–Armati. Nordisk familjeboks förlag, Stockholm 1904, Sp. 330–331 (schwedisch, runeberg.org).<br> ᱓. 2. Agardh, Jakob Georg. In: Herman Hofberg, Frithiof Heurlin, Viktor Millqvist, Olof Rubenson (Hrsg.): Svenskt biografiskt handlexikon. 2. Auflage. Band 1: A–K. Albert Bonniers Verlag, Stockholm 1906, S. 13–14 (schwedisch, runeberg.org).<br> ᱔. C. Hansen Ostenfeld: Agardh [↱a.gard], Jacob Georg. In: Christian Blangstrup (Hrsg.): Salmonsens Konversationsleksikon. 2. Auflage. Band 1: A–Arbejdergilder. J. H. Schultz Forlag, Kopenhagen 1915, S. 296 (dänisch, runeberg.org).<br> ᱕. N. Svedelius: Jacob G Agardh. In: Svenskt biografiskt lexikon. Band 1, 1918, S. 268 ff. (sok.riksarkivet.se).<br> ᱖. Robert Zander: Zander Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen. Hrsg. von Fritz Encke, Günther Buchheim, Siegmund Seybold. 13., neubearbeitete und erweiterte Auflage. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1984, ISBN 3-8001-5042-5. ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} == ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣᱼᱢᱮ == * {{cite encyclopedia|last = Eriksson|first = G.|date = 1970|title = Agardh, Jacob Georg|encyclopedia = [[Dictionary of Scientific Biography]]|volume = 1|location = New York|publisher = Charles Scribner's Sons|pages = 70–71|isbn = 0-684-10114-9}} * [http://kiki.huh.harvard.edu/databases/publication_search.php?mode=details&id=1141 Theoria Systatis Plantarum; Accredit Familiarum Phanerogarum in Series Naturales Disposito, Secundum Structurae Normas et Evolutionis Gradus Instituta. Lund Apr–Sep 1858] == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱ]] t0fot7ejmwenbx5k36bb818dz6ckf3x 0 10258 196691 193613 2026-08-12T20:54:16Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196691 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist | name = ᱣᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹᱢ ᱟᱭᱴᱚᱱ | image = William Aiton.jpg | birth_date = 1731 | birth_place = [[Hamilton, Scotland|Hamilton]], [[Scotland]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1793|02|02|1731|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Kew]], [[England]] | resting_place = [[St. Anne's Church, Kew|St. Anne's Church]], Kew, England | fields = [[Botany]] | influences = [[Philip Miller]] | known_for = Director of [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] | children = [[William Townsend Aiton]] }} '''ᱣᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹᱢ ᱟᱭᱴᱚᱱ''' (᱑᱗᱓᱑{{snd}}᱒ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱟᱨᱭ ᱑᱗᱙᱓) ᱫᱚ ᱥᱠᱚᱴᱤᱥ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱥᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱣᱚᱭᱜᱭᱟᱱᱤᱠ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱟᱭᱴᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱢᱤᱞᱴᱚᱱ, ᱥᱠᱚᱴᱞᱮᱸᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱢᱟᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱨᱮᱱᱤᱝ ᱮ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱡ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱑᱗᱕᱔ ᱨᱮ [[ᱞᱚᱱᱰᱚᱱ]] ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱡ, ᱚᱱᱰᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱷ ᱢᱤᱞᱞᱚᱨᱼᱤᱡ ᱮᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱸᱴ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱯᱚᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ''ᱪᱮᱞᱥᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱡᱤᱠ ᱜᱟᱨᱰᱮᱱ'' ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱩᱯᱨᱤᱱᱴᱮᱱᱰᱮᱸᱴ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱑᱗᱕᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ''ᱨᱚᱭᱟᱞ ᱵᱚᱴᱚᱱᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱜᱟᱨᱰᱮᱱ'' ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱰᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱰᱮ ᱜᱚᱡᱽ ᱵᱷᱩᱨ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱚᱜᱤᱪᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤᱜᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱱᱚ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱑᱗᱘᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵᱼᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱴᱚᱥ ᱠᱮᱣᱮᱱᱥᱮᱥ (Hortus Kewensis) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱴᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ <ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=1|wstitle=Aiton, William|volume=1|page=448}}</ref>{{sfn|Aiton|1789}} ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱯᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱡ ᱫᱚ St. Anne's Church (ᱠᱤᱣ, ᱤᱝᱞᱚᱸᱰ) ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="Aiton grave">{{cite web |url=https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/5912461 |title=William Aiton |publisher=[[Find a Grave]] |date=31 October 2001 |accessdate=16 January 2013 |author=Nisinger, Connie}}</ref> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱮᱰᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱮᱰᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ''ᱦᱚᱨᱴᱩᱥ'' ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ, ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱘᱑᱐-᱑᱘᱑᱓ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱮᱰᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟᱼᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱯᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱴᱟ 'ᱣᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹᱢ ᱴᱟᱩᱱᱥᱮᱸᱰ ᱟᱭᱴᱚᱱ' ᱟᱫᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name="EB1911" /> ᱚᱭᱴᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ specific epithet ''aitonis'' ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱠᱚᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ<ref name="Eggli Newton 2004">{{cite book |last=Eggli |first=Urs |last2=Newton |first2=Leonard E. |title=Etymological Dictionary of Succulent Plant Names |publisher=Springer |location=Berlin, Heidelberg |year=2004 |isbn=978-3-540-00489-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u2n5vusQ1DEC&pg=PA4 |access-date=10 November 2018 |page=4}}</ref> ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱯᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱦᱤᱲᱤᱧ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱜᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ/ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣᱼᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱥᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱣᱤᱜᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱯᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤᱜᱟᱱ ᱣᱤᱥᱛᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱜᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱨᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱴᱮᱠᱥᱚᱼᱱᱚᱢᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱼᱟᱜ ᱾ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟᱼᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱯᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱡ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱟᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱮᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱵ ᱦᱩᱛᱠᱟᱹᱢ ᱟᱰᱤᱜᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱚᱜᱤᱪᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱚᱞᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱪᱚᱭᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ == * {{cite book |last=Aiton |first=W. |authorlink=William Aiton |title=Hortus Kewensis |url=http://www.botanicus.org/item/31753000624095 |publisher=[[George Nicol (bookseller)|George Nicol]] |location=London |year=1789 |ref=harv |access-date=2020-06-14 |archive-date=2020-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614143449/http://www.botanicus.org/item/31753000624095 |url-status=dead }} ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} == ᱵᱤᱵᱞᱤᱭᱚᱜᱨᱟᱯᱷᱭ == <br> ᱑. Pagmenta, Frank (2009) ''The Aitons: Gardeners to their Majesties''. [[Richmond, London#Societies|Richmond Local History Society]]. {{ISBN|9780955071751}} {{DNB Poster|Aiton, William (1731-1793)|William Aiton}}<br> ᱒. {{cite encyclopedia |last=Taylor |first=George |title=Aiton, William |encyclopedia=[[Dictionary of Scientific Biography]] |volume=1 |pages=88–89 |publisher=[[Charles Scribner's Sons]] |location=New York |year=1970 |isbn=0-684-10114-9}}<br> ᱓. {{cite book |last=Brummitt |first=R. K. |author2=C. E. Powell |title=Authors of Plant Names |url=https://archive.org/details/authorsofplantna0000unse |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |year=1992 |isbn=1-84246-085-4}}<br> == ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱯᱮ == * {{Eminent Scotsmen|Aiton, William|1|41}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱ]] ble71cane2sihgpiffdtl6han6hitzi 0 10421 196576 160601 2026-08-12T18:38:03Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196576 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- modelled after [[Seoul]] and [[Daegu]] --> | name = {{raise|0.1em|ᱯᱤᱭᱚᱝᱤᱭᱟᱝ}} | official_name = Pyongyang Directly Governed City<br />{{lang|ko|{{nobold|평양직할시}}<br />{{nobold|平壤直轄市}}}} | native_name = {{lower|0.1em|{{nobold|평양시}}<br />{{nobold|平壤市}}}} | native_name_lang = ko | settlement_type = [[Direct-controlled municipality|Directly governed city]] | translit_lang1 = &nbsp; | image_skyline = Pyongyang montage.png | imagesize = | image_caption = ᱜᱷᱩᱲᱤ ᱥᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ: ᱯᱤᱭᱚᱝᱤᱭᱟᱝ ᱥᱠᱟᱭᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ [[ᱛᱟᱭᱮᱫᱳᱝ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ]]; ᱡᱩᱪᱮ ᱴᱟᱣᱟᱨ; Arch of Triumph; Tomb of King Tongmyong; ᱯᱤᱭᱚᱝᱤᱭᱟᱝ ᱢᱮᱴᱨᱚ; ᱢᱤᱫᱩᱜ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ; ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱢᱥᱩᱥᱟᱱ ᱯᱮᱞᱮᱥ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱥᱟᱱ | image_seal = | nickname = <span style="line-height:1.5em;"> (류경/{{lang|ko|柳京}}){{nbsp|2}}<small>([[ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ]])<br />"Capital of Willows"</small></span><ref>{{cite book |last=Funabashi |first=Yoichi |title=The Peninsula Question: A Chronicle of the Second Northern Korean Nuclear Crisis |url=https://archive.org/details/peninsulaquestio0000funa |publisher=[[Brookings Institution Press]] |location=Washington, DC |year=2007 |page=[https://archive.org/details/peninsulaquestio0000funa/page/50 50] |isbn=978-0-8157-3010-1}}</ref> | image_map = Pyongyang North Korea.png | map_caption = ''ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱤᱭᱚᱝᱤᱭᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ'' | pushpin_relief = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_caption = | coordinates = | coor_pinpoint = <!-- can be used to specify exactly where/what the coordinates refer to --> | subdivision_type = [[ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹᱢ|ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ]] | subdivision_name = [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟ]] | subdivision_type1 = ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name1 = ᱯᱤᱭᱚᱝᱤᱭᱟᱝ | subdivision_name2 = | parts_type = ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ | parts_style = <!-- =list (for list), coll (for collapsed list), para (for paragraph format) Default is list if up to 5 items, coll if more than 5--> | parts = ᱑᱘ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ, ᱒ ᱠᱟᱣᱩᱱᱴᱤᱠᱮ (ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱝ) | p1 = | government_footnotes = | government_type = | leader_title = | leader_name = <!--add (no-break space) to leader names to disable automatic links--> | leader_title1 = Chairman of Pyongyang People's Committee | leader_name1 = [[Cha Hui-rim]]<ref name="hrnk.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.hrnk.org/uploads/pdfs/Collins_PyongyangRepublic_FINAL_WEB.pdf|title=Pyongyang Republic, Robert Collins p. 54|website=Hrnk.org|access-date=2020-06-20|archive-date=2017-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202000628/https://www.hrnk.org/uploads/pdfs/Collins_PyongyangRepublic_FINAL_WEB.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | unit_pref = <!--Enter: Imperial, to display imperial before metric--> | area_footnotes = <ref>{{citation |title=The Statesman's Yearbook 2016: The Politics, Cultures and Economies of the World |editor=Nick Heath-Brown |page=720}}</ref> | area_total_km2 = 2000 <!-- ALL fields with measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> | population_total = 2,870,000<ref>[https://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=100&oid=001&aid=0009218621"北 작년 평양 인구 287만명…50만명 이상 도시 3개"]</ref> | population_as_of = 2016 | population_density_km2 = auto | translit_lang1_type1 = [[Hangul|Chosŏn'gŭl]] | translit_lang1_info1 = {{lang|ko|{{linktext|평양|직할시}}}} | translit_lang1_type2 = [[Hanja|Hancha]] | translit_lang1_info2 = {{lang|ko|{{linktext|平壤|直轄市}}}} | translit_lang1_type3 = {{nowrap|[[McCune–Reischauer]]}} | translit_lang1_info3 = P'yŏngyang Chikhalsi | translit_lang1_type4 = {{nowrap|[[Revised Romanization of Korean|Revised Romanization]]}} | translit_lang1_info4 = Pyeongyang Jikhalsi | translit_lang1_type5 = {{nowrap|[[McCune–Reischauer#North Korean variant|Official North Korean variant]]}} | translit_lang1_info5 = Phyŏngyang Jikhalsi | p2 = [[Pyongchon-guyok]] | p3 = [[Potonggang-guyok]] | p4 = [[Moranbong-guyok]] | p5 = [[Sosong-guyok]] | p6 = [[Songyo-guyok]] | p7 = [[Tongdaewon-guyok]] | p8 = [[Taedonggang-guyok]] | p9 = [[Sadong-guyok]] | p10 = [[Taesong-guyok]] | p11 = [[Mangyongdae-guyok]] | p12 = [[Hyongjesan-guyok]] | p13 = [[Ryongsong-guyok]] | p14 = [[Samsok-guyok]] | p15 = [[Ryokpo-guyok]] | p16 = [[Nakrang-guyok]] | p17 = [[Sunan-guyok]] | p18 = [[Unjong-guyok]] | p19 = [[Kangdong-gun]] | p20 = [[Kangnam-gun]] <!-- Politics ----------------->| leader_title2 = Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea Pyongyang City Committee | leader_name2 = [[Kim Yong-hwan (politician)|Kim Yong-hwan]]<ref>[https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20200301048600504 “김정은 '최고권력' 조직지도부장 해임 파격…기강잡기 칼 빼들다”. 《연합뉴스》. 2020년 3월 1일. 2020년 3월 1일에 확인함.]</ref> | timezone = [[Time in North Korea|Pyongyang Time]] | utc_offset = +9 }} '''ᱯᱤᱭᱚᱝᱤᱭᱟᱝ''' ([[ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ]]ᱺ 평양; P’yŏngyang) ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ [[ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱯᱤᱭᱚᱝᱤᱭᱟᱝ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱪᱮᱼᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱮᱫ [[ᱛᱟᱭᱮᱫᱳᱝ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ]] ᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ|ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱫᱚᱨᱮᱭᱟ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱐᱙ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ (᱖᱘ ᱢᱟᱭᱤᱞ) ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱘ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱲᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱓,᱒᱕᱕,᱒᱘᱘ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾ ᱯᱤᱭᱚᱝᱤᱭᱟᱝ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ, ᱥᱤᱞᱯᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱡᱽᱥᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱫᱚᱯᱷᱛᱚᱨ (ᱚᱲᱟᱜ) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱯᱤᱭᱚᱝᱤᱭᱟᱝ ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱱᱮ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ (kingdom) ᱜᱳᱡᱳᱥᱮᱭᱳᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱳᱜᱩᱨᱮᱭᱳ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱛᱟᱦᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱪᱤᱱ-[[ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱰᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱫᱷᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱦᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱞᱯᱚ (industrial) ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱯ ᱦᱮᱡᱽ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱑᱙᱔᱘ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱯᱤᱭᱚᱝᱤᱭᱟᱝ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱦᱚ [[ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱰᱷᱟᱹᱭ]] ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱱᱫᱩᱯ ᱞᱚᱴᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱩᱥᱟᱹᱨᱟ ᱜᱮ [[ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱴ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ]] ᱜᱚᱨᱚ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ==ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ== {{stack|{{Infobox Korean name |image=Pyongyang (East Asian characters).svg |image_size=115px |caption="Pyongyang" in ''[[Chosŏn'gŭl]]'' (top) and ''[[hanja]]'' (bottom) |hanja={{linktext|平壤}} |hangul={{linktext|평양}} |text=[[Literal translation|lit.]] "Flat Soil" |mr=P'yŏngyang |rr=Pyeongyang |context=north }}}} ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱤᱥᱚᱝ, ᱦᱟᱣᱟᱝᱥᱳᱝ, ᱨᱟᱠᱨᱟᱝ, ᱥᱳᱜᱭᱚᱝ, ᱥᱳᱫᱳ, ᱦᱳᱜᱭᱟᱝ, ᱪᱟᱝᱜᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱭᱡᱳ (ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ) ᱱᱚᱱᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ᱾ ᱒᱐ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ [[ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ|ᱠᱷᱨᱤᱥᱴᱟᱱᱤᱴᱤ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱡᱚᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱯᱤᱭᱚᱝᱤᱭᱟᱝ ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱱᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫ ᱨᱮ "ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱨᱩᱡᱟᱞᱮᱢ" ᱢᱮᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ᱾<ref name=AsiaTimesNick>{{cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Korea/GC16Dg03.html|last=Lankov|first=Andrei|title=North Korea's missionary position|work=Asia Times Online|date=16 March 2005|quote=By the early 1940s Pyongyang was by far the most Protestant of all major cities of Korea, with some 25–30% of its adult population being church-going Christians. In missionary circles this earned the city the nickname "Jerusalem of the East".|accessdate=25 January 2013|archive-date=2 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202232508/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Korea/GC16Dg03.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=DailyBeastNick>{{cite web|url= http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2007/09/15/prayer-in-pyongyang.html |last=Caryl|first=Christian|title=Prayer in Pyongyang|work=The Daily Beast|publisher= The Newsweek/Daily Beast Co |date= 15 September 2007|quote= It's hard to say how many covert Christians the North has; estimates range from the low tens of thousands to 100,000. Christianity came to the peninsula in the late 19th century. Pyongyang, in fact, was once known as the 'Jerusalem of the East.'|accessdate=25 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523004545/http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2007/09/15/prayer-in-pyongyang.html|archive-date=23 May 2012}}</ref> ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== ==ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ== ᱯᱤᱭᱚᱝᱤᱭᱟᱝ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱪᱮᱼᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱦᱟᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱩᱯᱚ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ([[ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ|ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱫᱚᱨᱮᱭᱟ]]) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱕᱐ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ (᱓᱑ ᱢᱟᱭᱤᱞ) ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱜᱟ-ᱟ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱮᱫᱳᱝ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱪᱮᱼᱞᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱤᱝᱜᱤ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱯᱤᱭᱚᱝᱤᱭᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱹᱢᱩᱝ ᱚᱱᱪᱚᱞ ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱩᱯᱚ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱹᱢᱩᱝ ᱚᱱᱪᱚᱞ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱪᱟᱭᱮᱨᱭᱚᱝ ᱥᱟᱹᱢᱩᱝ ᱚᱱᱪᱚᱞ, ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱕᱐᱐ sq ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ===ᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ=== ==ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ== ==ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱝ== ==ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ== ==ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ== ==ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱰᱸ== ==ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ== ==ᱟᱨᱦᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ== ==ᱟᱨᱦᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣ ᱢᱮ== *{{cite book|author=Kim Chun-hyŏk|title=Panorama of Pyongyang|year=2014|publisher=Foreign Languages Publishing House|location=Pyongyang|isbn=978-9946-0-1176-9|url=http://www.korean-books.com.kp/KBMbooks/en/book/common/11004.pdf#.pdf}} *[[Christian Kracht|Kracht, Christian]], Eva Munz & Lukas Nikol. ''[[The Ministry of Truth (Kracht book)|The Ministry of Truth: Kim Jong Il's North Korea]]''. Feral House, October 2007. {{ISBN|978-1-93259527-7}}. *Meuser, Philipp (ed.): ''Pyongyang. Architectural Guide. Essays by Ahn Chang-mo and Christian Posthofen.'' Berlin 2012. {{ISBN|978-3-86922-187-8}}. *Springer, Chris. ''Pyongyang: The Hidden History of the North Korean Capital.'' Saranda Books, 2003. {{ISBN|963-00-8104-0}}. *Willoughby, Robert. ''North Korea: The Bradt Travel Guide.'' Globe Pequot, 2003. {{ISBN|1-84162-074-2}}. *Dormels, Rainer. North Korea's Cities: Industrial facilities, internal structures and typification. Jimoondang, 2014. {{ISBN|978-89-6297-167-5}} ==ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{Commons category}} {{Wikinews category}} {{Wikiquote}} {{wikivoyage}} {{Wiktionary}} * [http://www.dprk360.com/360/pyongyang_aerial_view/ Interactive virtual tour] Aerial view of Pyongyang city * [http://www.dprk360.com/highres/pyongyang01.html Super High Resolution Image] Panoramic view of Pyongyang city *{{youtube|D4hLctBvojE|22-minute video of bus ride through Pyongyang, DPRK}} * [http://www.nkeconwatch.com/north-korea-uncovered-google-earth North Korea Uncovered], ([[North Korea Uncovered|North Korea Google Earth]]), a comprehensive mapping of North Korea, including all of the locations mentioned above, on [[Google Earth]] * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3113352.stm Holidays in Pyongyang] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20141120180535/http://en.isten.me/city/pyongyang.html Instagram photos of Pyongyang] * [https://koreanologie.univie.ac.at/fileadmin/user_upload/p_koreanologie/North_Korean_Cities/Phyongsong/Phyongsong.pdf City profile of Pyongyang] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202112944/https://koreanologie.univie.ac.at/fileadmin/user_upload/p_koreanologie/North_Korean_Cities/Phyongsong/Phyongsong.pdf |date=2017-02-02 }} * {{Curlie|Regional/Asia/North_Korea/Pyongyang}} ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== pnyynbgu14psgym74rt1bkhhg1hzcf0 0 10530 196649 196419 2026-08-12T20:05:20Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 8 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196649 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redirect|Bhaktivedanta|the college under same name|Bhaktivedanta College}} {{short description|Indian spiritual teacher and the founder-preceptor of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (1896-1977)}} {{EngvarB|date=February 2015}} {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}} {{Infobox person | name = ᱚᱵᱷᱚᱭ ᱪᱚᱨᱚᱬᱟᱨᱚᱵᱤᱱᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱤᱵᱮᱫᱟᱱᱛᱚ ᱥᱣᱟᱢᱤ | monastic_name = ᱚᱵᱷᱚᱭ ᱪᱚᱨᱚᱬᱟᱨᱚᱵᱤᱱᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱤᱵᱮᱫᱟᱱᱛᱚ ᱥᱣᱟᱢᱤ | honorific-prefix = ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ | honorific-suffix = ᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱩᱯᱟᱫᱚ | image = Prabhupada singing (Germany 1974).jpg | alt = | caption = ᱑᱙᱗᱔ ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱭᱤᱵᱮᱫᱚᱱᱛᱚ ᱥᱣᱟᱢᱤ | religion = [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]] | philosophy = [[ᱚᱪᱤᱱᱛᱭᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱫᱚ ᱚᱵᱷᱮᱫᱚ]] | denomination = [[ᱵᱚᱭᱥᱱᱚᱵᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]] | sect = [[ᱜᱚᱣᱰᱤᱭᱚ ᱵᱚᱭᱥᱱᱚᱵᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]] | lineage = ᱵᱽᱨᱚᱦᱢᱚ-ᱢᱟᱫᱷᱚᱵᱚ-ᱜᱚᱣᱰᱤᱭᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱯᱨᱚᱫᱚᱭᱟ | temple = ᱜᱚᱣᱰᱤᱭᱚ ᱢᱚᱛᱷᱚ, ᱤᱥᱠᱚᱱ | other_name = | nationality = ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ | birth_name = ᱚᱵᱷᱟᱭ ᱪᱚᱨᱚᱬ ᱫᱮ | native_name_lang = ᱵᱚᱝᱜᱚᱲᱟᱵᱷᱟᱥᱟ | birth_date = {{birth date|1896|09|01|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ]], [[ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱚᱞ‌ᱯᱨᱮᱥᱤᱰᱮᱱᱥᱤ]], [[ᱵᱽᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1977|11|14|1896|09|01|df=yes}} | death_place = [[ᱵᱽᱨᱩᱱᱫᱟᱵᱚᱱ]], [[ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ]], ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ | resting_place = ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱤᱵᱮᱫᱟᱱᱛᱚ ᱥᱣᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱫᱷᱤ]], [[ᱵᱽᱨᱩᱱᱫᱟᱵᱚᱱ]] | resting_place_coordinates = | alma_mater = [[ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟ.ᱜᱟᱲ|ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱥᱠᱳᱴᱳᱥ ᱪᱚᱨᱪ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ]] ([[ᱵᱤ.ᱮ.]])<ref name="Info"/> | location = [[ᱵᱽᱨᱩᱱᱫᱟᱵᱚᱱ]], ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ | period = ᱑᱙᱖᱖–᱑᱙᱗᱗ | consecration = | predecessor = [[ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱤᱵᱮᱫᱟᱱᱛᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱚᱥᱣᱚᱛᱤ ᱴᱷᱟᱠᱩᱨ|ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱤᱵᱮᱫᱟᱱᱛᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱚᱥᱣᱚᱛᱤ]] | reason = | rank = | teacher = [[ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱤᱵᱮᱫᱟᱱᱛᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱚᱥᱣᱚᱛᱤ ᱴᱷᱟᱠᱩᱨ|ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱤᱵᱮᱫᱟᱱᱛᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱚᱥᱣᱚᱛᱤ]] | reincarnation_of = | students = | works = ''[[ᱵᱷᱚᱜᱚᱵᱚᱛ ᱜᱤᱛᱟ ᱮᱡᱽ ᱤᱴ ᱤᱡᱽ|ᱵᱷᱚᱜᱚᱵᱚᱛ ᱜᱤᱛᱟ ᱮᱡᱽ ᱤᱴ ᱤᱡᱽ]]'', ''[[Bhāgavata Purāṇa#Translations|ᱥᱨᱤᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱵᱷᱚᱜᱚᱵᱚᱛᱚᱢ]]'', ''ᱪᱚᱭᱛᱚᱱᱭᱚ ᱪᱚᱨᱤᱛᱟᱢᱨᱩᱛᱚ'' | initiation = ᱜᱚᱣᱰᱤᱭᱚ ᱵᱚᱭᱥᱱᱚᱵᱚ [[ᱫᱤᱠᱷᱥᱟ]] | initiation_date = ᱑᱙᱓᱓ | initiation_place = | initiator = [[ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱤᱵᱮᱫᱟᱱᱛᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱚᱥᱣᱚᱛᱤ ᱴᱷᱟᱠᱩᱨ|ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱤᱵᱮᱫᱟᱱᱛᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱚᱥᱣᱚᱛᱤ]] | ordination = ᱜᱚᱣᱰᱤᱭᱚ [[ᱟᱚᱱᱭᱟᱥ]], ᱑᱙᱕᱙, [[ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱤ ᱯᱨᱚᱜᱽᱭᱟᱸᱱᱚ ᱠᱮᱥᱚᱵᱚ ᱜᱳᱥᱣᱟᱢᱤ|ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱤ ᱯᱨᱚᱜᱽᱭᱟᱸᱱᱚ ᱠᱮᱥᱚᱵᱚ ᱜᱳᱥᱣᱟᱢᱤ]] | previous_post = | present_post = | post = [[ᱜᱩᱨᱩ]], [ᱟᱪᱟᱨᱭᱚ]] | website = [http://iskcon.org/ Official Website of ISKCON] [http://www.prabhupada.net Official Website of Prabhupada] | background = #ffbb99 }} {{Contains special characters|Indic}} '''ᱚᱵᱷᱚᱭ ᱪᱚᱨᱚᱬᱟᱨᱚᱵᱤᱱᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱤᱵᱮᱫᱟᱱᱛᱚ ᱥᱣᱟᱢᱤ''' (᱑ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱘᱙᱖ – ᱑᱔ ᱱᱚᱣᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱗᱗) ᱫᱚ '''ᱚᱵᱷᱟᱭᱭ ᱪᱚᱨᱚᱬ ᱫᱮ''' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱯᱤᱨᱤᱪᱩᱣᱟᱞ ᱢᱟᱪᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ [[ᱤᱱᱴᱚᱨᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱥᱳᱥᱟᱭᱴᱤ ᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱱᱥᱤᱭᱚᱥᱱᱮᱥ]]<ref name="Srivatsa" /> (ᱤᱥᱠᱚᱱ) ‌ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ "ᱦᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚ ᱢᱳᱵᱷᱢᱮᱸᱴ"(Hare Krishna Movement) ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱥᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱳᱵᱷᱢᱮᱸᱴ ᱵᱟᱲᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱣᱟᱢᱤ ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱤᱯᱚᱫᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ [[ᱪᱚᱭᱛᱚᱱᱭᱚ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱩ|ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚ ᱪᱚᱭᱛᱚᱱᱭᱚ]] ᱫᱚ ᱾<ref name="auto">{{cite encyclopedia | url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9039249/Hare-Krishna#218723.hook|title=Hare Krishna |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|publisher=www.britannica.com |accessdate=9 April 2015 |first = John Gordon|last = Melton| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411111942/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9039249/Hare-Krishna | archivedate=11 April 2008|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=http://prabhupada.krishna.com/|title=His Divine Grace A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada|website=prabhupada.krishna.com|access-date=24 June 2020|archive-date=29 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150829034321/http://prabhupada.krishna.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{cite web|url=http://berksbhaktiyoga.org/srilaprabhupada/|title=Who is Srila Prabhupada?}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{cite web|url=http://www.backtogodhead.in/avatar-credentials-by-his-divine-grace-a-c-bhaktivedanta-swami-prabhupada/|title=Avatar Credentials by his Divine Grace A.C. Prabhupada}}</ref> ᱱᱩᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱥᱠᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ('''ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚ''') ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ '''ᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱩᱯᱟᱫᱚ''' ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱭ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱚᱞᱤᱠᱚᱛᱟ]] ᱨᱟ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱰᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱥᱠᱳᱴᱤᱥ ᱪᱚᱨᱪ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ]] ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name="Info">{{cite book|last=Jones|first=Constance|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofhi0000jone|year=2007|publisher=Infobase Publishing|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8160-5458-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofhi0000jone/page/77 77]–78}}</ref> ᱑᱙᱕᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱩᱭ ᱱᱳᱵᱷᱟᱭᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱩᱱᱥᱤᱭᱮᱴ ([[ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱯᱨᱚᱥᱛᱷᱚ]]) ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱨᱮ,<ref name="SDG6">{{Harvnb|Goswami|2002|loc=Vol.1 Chapter 6}}</ref> ᱱᱩᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ, ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱢᱟᱥᱤᱴᱤᱠᱟᱞ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ <ref name="Rodes" /><ref name = "SDG4"/> ᱑᱙᱕᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱩᱭ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱚᱱᱭᱟᱥᱚ]] ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱭᱥᱱᱚᱵᱚ ᱥᱠᱨᱤᱯᱪᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢᱮᱱᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱚᱞ ᱮ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱟᱹᱣᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name = "SDG9"/> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱚᱭᱥᱱᱚᱵᱚ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱭ ᱫᱟᱬᱟ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱧᱟᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱖᱖ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱤᱥᱠᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name = kk2/><ref name="ex23">{{Harvnb|Ekstrand|Bryant|2004|p=23}}</ref> ᱤᱥᱠᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱩᱭ ᱫᱚ As the founder of ISKCON, he "ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱣᱮᱥᱴᱚᱨᱱ ᱠᱟᱶᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱞᱪᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱴᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Harvnb|Klostermaier|2007|p=309}}</ref> ᱱᱩᱭ ᱫᱚ [[ᱟᱱᱴᱤ-ᱠᱚᱞᱴ ᱢᱳᱵᱷᱢᱮᱸᱴ|ᱟᱱᱴᱤ-ᱠᱚᱞᱴ ᱜᱽᱨᱳᱯᱥ]]‌ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱱᱫᱟ ᱟᱫᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ [[ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟᱭᱤᱭᱟ.|ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟᱭᱤᱭᱟᱹ]], ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱡᱮ. ᱥᱴᱤᱞᱥᱚᱱ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱦ, [[ᱦᱟᱨᱵᱷᱮᱭ ᱠᱚᱠᱥ]], [[ᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱥᱤᱱ]] ᱟᱨ ᱛᱷᱳᱢᱟᱥ ᱦᱤᱯᱠᱤᱱᱥ ᱮᱴᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱩᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱩᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name="Vasan2">{{Harvnb|Vasan|Lewis|2005|p=129}}</ref> ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱡᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱣᱰᱤᱭᱚ ᱢᱳᱵᱷᱢᱮᱸᱴ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.vrindavan.org/English/Books/GM/GMII.html#BranchesGM| title=Branches of the Gaudiya Math| publisher=www.vrindavan.org| accessdate=30 May 2008| last=Paramadvaiti| first=Swami B. A.| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704175744/http://www.vrindavan.org/English/Books/GM/GMII.html#BranchesGM| archivedate=4 July 2008| url-status=dead}}</ref> ᱱᱩᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ,ᱭᱩᱨᱩᱯ,ᱭᱩᱱᱟᱭᱴᱮᱰ ᱥᱴᱮᱴ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱛᱮ ᱱᱩᱭ [[ᱪᱟᱨᱤᱥᱢᱟᱴᱤᱠ ᱚᱛᱷᱚᱨᱤᱴᱤ|ᱪᱟᱨᱤᱥᱢᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱞᱤᱰᱚᱨ]] ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 24579924|title = Unrecognized charisma? A study and comparison of five charismatic leaders: Charles Taze Russell, Joseph Smith, L Ron Hubbard, Swami Prabhupada and Sun Myung Moon|journal = Max Weber Studies|volume = 12|issue = 2|pages = 185–204|last1 = Chryssides|first1 = George D.|year = 2012|doi = 10.15543/MWS/2012/2/4}}</ref><ref>"in an evaluation of the nature of the [[guru]], [[Larry Shinn]], a scholar of religions, utilised [[Max Weber]]'s analysis of charisma in order to understand Prabhupada and the issue of leadership in [[ISKCON]]..."status as charismatic leader" {{Harvnb|Knott|1997|loc=Chapter: Prabhupada and role of guru}}</ref><ref name="Shinn87">{{Harvnb|Shinn|1987|p=49}}</ref> ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱜᱟᱛ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱜᱚᱣᱰᱤᱭᱚ ᱵᱚᱭᱥᱱᱚᱵᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤᱴᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱦᱚᱪᱚ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱜᱩᱨᱩ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ [[ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱤᱥᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱛᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱚᱥᱣᱚᱛᱤ]]‌ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name = kk2>{{Harvnb|Klostermaier|2007|p=217}}</ref> ᱑᱙᱗᱗ ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱟᱡ ᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱴᱚ ᱞᱮᱫ, ᱤᱥᱠᱚᱱ, ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱜᱟᱛ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ''[[ᱵᱷᱚᱜᱚᱵᱚᱛ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱬᱚ]]'' ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱭᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱯᱠᱟᱹ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱠᱨᱤᱯᱪᱚᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto3"/><ref name="Smullen">{{cite web | url = http://iskconnews.org/bbt-reaches-half-a-billion-books-distributed-since-1965,4286/ | title = BBT reaches half a billion books distributed since 1965 | accessdate = 27 February 2014 | last = Smullen | first = Madhava | date = 12 February 2014 | publisher = ISKCON News | archive-date = 3 March 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140303235748/http://iskconnews.org/bbt-reaches-half-a-billion-books-distributed-since-1965,4286/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{Reflist}} Sources <!--Only references that are actually used and cited in the article should be placed here. List only books and journals (not websites of newspaper sources). Try maintaining a standard formatting style and add ISBN numbers if possible. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Cite_sources for further details.--> {{refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite book | last = Goswami | first = Satsvarupa dasa | year = 2002 | authorlink = Satsvarupa dasa Goswami | title = Srila Prabhupada Lilamrta Vol 1–2 | publisher = [[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]] | location = [[Los Angeles]] | edition = 2nd | isbn = 0-89213-357-0 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last1 = Ekstrand | first1 = Maria | last2 = Bryan | first2 = Edwin H. | year = 2004 | title = The Hare Krishna movement: the postcharismatic fate of a religious transplant | url = https://archive.org/details/harekrishnamovem0000unse_b8x3 | publisher = Columbia University Press | location = New York | isbn = 0-231-12256-X | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Rhodes | first = Linda | year = 2001 | title = The challenge of the cults and new religions | publisher = Zondervan | location = Grand Rapids, Mich | isbn = 0-310-23217-1 | ref = harv | url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780310232179 }} * {{Cite book | last1 = Vasan | first1 = Mildred | last2 = Lewis | first2 = James P. | year = 2005 | title = Cults (contemporary world issues) | url = https://archive.org/details/cultsreferenceha0000lewi | publisher = ABC-CLIO | location = Santa Barbara, Calif | isbn = 1-85109-618-3 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last1 = Cole | first1 = Richard | last2 = Dwayer | first2 = Graham | year = 2007 | title = The Hare Krishna movement: forty years of chant and change | url = https://archive.org/details/harekrishnamovem0000unse | publisher = I. B. Tauris | location = London | isbn = 978-1-84511-407-7 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Goswami | first = Satsvarupa dasa | year = 1984 | edition = abr | authorlink = Satsvarupa dasa Goswami | title = Prabhupada: he built a house in which the whole world can live | publisher = [[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]] | location = [[Los Angeles]] | isbn = 0-89213-133-0 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | editor-last = Gelberg | editor-first = Steven J | year = 1983 | title = Hare Krishna, Hare Krishna: five distinguished scholars on the Krishna movement in the West. | url = https://archive.org/details/harekrishnaharek00gelb | author=Harvey Cox | author2=Larry D. Shinn | author3=Thomas J. Hopkins | author4=A.L. Basham | author5=Shrivatsa Goswami | location = New York | publisher = Grove Press | ref = {{sfnRef|Cox et al.|1983}} }} * {{Cite book | last = Klostermaier | first = Klaus K. | authorlink = Klaus Klostermaier | year = 2000 | title = Hinduism: a short history | location = Oxford | publisher = Oneworld Publications | isbn = 1-85168-213-9 | ref = harv | url = https://archive.org/details/hinduismshorthis0000klos }} * {{Cite book | last = Klostermaier | first = Klaus K | authorlink = Klaus Klostermaier | year = 2007 | edition = 3rd | title = A survey of Hinduism | url = https://archive.org/details/surveyofhinduism0003klos | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-7914-7081-7 | publisher = State University of New York Press | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Bhaktivedanta | first = A. C. | year = 2003 | title = The Science of self-realization | publisher = [[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]] | location = [[Los Angeles]] | isbn = 91-7149-447-2 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite journal | last = Shinn | first = Larry D | authorlink = Larry Shinn | editor-last = Bromley | editor-first = David G | editor-link = David G. Bromley | year = 1987 | title = The future of an old man's vision. ISKCON in the twenty-first century | journal = The Future of New Religious Movements | pages = 123–140 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=NHNeOx8UZJYC&pg=PA123&dq=New+Vrindavan%5D%5D+in+West+Virginia | ref = CITEREFShinnBromley1987 | isbn = 978-0-86554-238-9}} * {{Cite journal | last = Knott | first = Kim | year = 1997 | title = Insider and outsider perceptions of Prabhupada | journal = [[ISKCON Communications Journal]] | pages = 5: 1 | url = http://content.iskcon.org/icj/5_1/5_1knott.html | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Knott | first = Kim | year = 2005 | contribution = Insider/outsider perspectives in the study of religions | title = The Routledge companion to the study of religion | publisher = Routledge | editor-first = John | editor-last = Hinnells | page = [https://books.google.com/?id=XmRGuH6eopMC&pg=PA243 243] | isbn = 978-0-415-33311-5 }} * {{Cite book | last = Shinn | first = Larry D. | authorlink = Larry Shinn | year = 1987 | title = The dark lord: cult images and the Hare Krishnas in America | url = https://archive.org/details/darklordcultimag0000shin | publisher = Philadelphia: Westminster Press | isbn = 0-664-24170-0 | oclc = 15017927 | ol = 2737873M | ref = harv }} * {{Cite journal | last1 = Goswami | first1 = Srivatsa | year = 1983 | title = Review: Srila Prabhupada-Lilamrta | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-asian-studies_1983-08_42_4/page/986 | journal = Journal of Asian Studies | volume = 42 | issue = 4 | pages = 986–988 | doi = 10.2307/2054828 | ref = {{sfnRef|Goswami et al.|1983}} | issn = 0021-9118 | jstor = 2054828 | last2 = Dasa Goswami | first2 = Satsvarupa | last3 = Cox | first3 = Harvey | last4 = Hopkins | first4 = Thomas J. | last5 = Judah | first5 = J. Stillson}} * {{cite book | editor-last = Sharma | editor-first = Jagdish Saran | year = 1981 | title = Encyclopaedia Indica | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=PQkMAAAAIAAJ | oclc = 8033900 | ol = 13760440M | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last1 = Shinn | first1 = Larry D | authorlink1 = Larry Shinn | last2 = Bromley | first2 = David G | authorlink2 = David G. Bromley | title = Krishna consciousness in the West | url = https://archive.org/details/krishnaconscious0000unse | publisher = Bucknell University Press | location = Lewisburg [Pa.] | year = 1989 | isbn = 0-8387-5144-X | ref = harv}} {{refend}} ==ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== * https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada {{Commons category|Prabhupada}} {{Wikiquote}} * [http://vedabase.com/ Official online multilingual library of A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada] * {{Curlie|Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Hinduism/Gurus_and_Saints/Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada/}} * {{Internet Archive author |sname=A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada}} * http://harekrishnathing.com/ * https://ibtimes.com/swami-prabhupada-founder-hare-krishna-movement-virulent-racist-anti-semite-1412102 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801163242/https://www.ibtimes.com/swami-prabhupada-founder-hare-krishna-movement-virulent-racist-anti-semite-1412102 |date=1 August 2023 }} * https://harekrishnatruthout.wordpress.com/tag/women/ * https://www.srilaprabhupadalila.org/ *[https://vrajvrindavan.com/srila-prabhupada/ Srila Prabhupada Complete Biography (1896-1977)] {{Vaishnava philosophy}} {{Navboxes|title=A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada Navigational boxes | titlestyle = background:#A4D8ED; |list= {{Caitanya sampradaya}} {{Modern Gaudiya Vaishnavas}} {{Modern Hindu writers}} {{Hindu reform movements}} {{Religious pluralism}} {{Bengal Renaissance}} {{George Harrison}} }} {{Portal bar|Biography|Philosophy|Hinduism|India|Religion}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Prabhupada, A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami}} [[Category:1896 births]] [[Category:1977 deaths]] [[Category:20th-century Hindu religious leaders]] [[Category:20th-century Indian philosophers]] [[Category:Ascetics]] [[Category:Bhakti movement]] [[Category:Bengali Hindus]] [[Category:Bengali people]] [[Category:Devotees of Krishna]] [[Category:Gaudiya religious leaders]] [[Category:Hindu philosophers]] [[Category:Hindu revivalists]] [[Category:International Society for Krishna Consciousness]] [[Category:Indian Hare Krishnas]] [[Category:Indian Hindu monks]] [[Category:Indian Hindu missionaries]] [[Category:Indian male philosophers]] [[Category:Indian Hindu religious leaders]] [[Category:Indian Hindu spiritual teachers]] [[Category:Indian Vaishnavites]] [[Category:Kirtan performers]] [[Category:Khol players]] [[Category:Scholars from Kolkata]] [[Category:Scottish Church College, Calcutta alumni]] [[Category:Spiritual practice]] [[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]] [[Category:Vaishnava saints]] [[Category:Vedanta]] [[Category:Hindu acharyas]] [[Category:20th-century Indian singers]] [[Category:Translators of the Bhagavad Gita]] otnt5q7w4kh464r5nyw8wosgroztngv 0 10566 196512 57028 2026-08-12T17:43:05Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196512 wikitext text/x-wiki ᱟᱜᱽᱱᱮᱥ ᱨᱚᱵᱟᱹᱴᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱨᱵᱮᱨ FRS (᱒᱓ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱟᱨᱭ ᱑᱘᱗᱙ - ᱒᱒ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱨᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱ ᱢᱚᱨᱯᱷᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤᱥᱴ, ᱦᱤᱛᱟᱹᱞᱤᱭᱟ, ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱚᱥᱚᱯᱷᱟᱹᱨ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱟᱨ ᱮᱱᱟᱴᱚᱢᱤᱥᱴ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱱᱰᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱦᱮᱞᱮ ᱟᱡ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱨᱮᱡ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱼᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱨᱩᱛᱷᱩᱢ ᱢᱟᱭ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱟᱭ ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱭᱟᱞ ᱥᱚᱥᱟᱭᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱞᱚᱱᱰᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱥᱭᱚ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ‌ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱛᱩᱛᱩᱭ ᱡᱷᱚᱜ ᱨᱚᱭᱟᱹᱞ ᱥᱚᱥᱟᱭᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱞᱚᱱᱰᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱨᱚᱦᱚᱬ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱮᱱᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱭᱩᱜᱫᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱡ ᱒᱔ ᱢᱟᱭ ᱑᱙᱔᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱤᱱᱱ ᱥᱚᱥᱟᱭᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱞᱚᱱᱰᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱞᱰ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ {{Infobox scientist | name = ᱟᱜᱽᱱᱮᱥ ᱟᱨᱵᱮᱨ | image = Agnes Arber circa 1916.jpg | image_size = | alt = | caption = Arber circa 1916 | birth_name = Agnes Robertson | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1879|02|23}} | birth_place = [[Primrose Hill]], London | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1960|03|22|1879|02|23}} | death_place = [[Cambridge]] | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline,title}} --> | residence = | citizenship = | nationality = | fields = [[Plant morphology]], [[plant anatomy]] | workplaces = | alma_mater = [[University College, London|University College]], London <small>(BSc, 1899)</small><br>[[Newnham College]] <small>(1902)</small><br>University College, London <small>(Sc.D., 1905)</small> | thesis_title = | thesis_url = | thesis_year = | doctoral_advisor = | academic_advisors = | doctoral_students = | notable_students = | known_for = | author_abbrev_bot = | author_abbrev_zoo = | influences = [[Ethel Sargant]] | influenced = | awards = Gold Medal of the [[Linnean Society of London]] <small>(1948)</small><br> Fellow of the Royal Society <small>(1946)</small><br> President, Botany Section, British Association for the Advancement of Science <small>(1921)</small> | signature = <!--(filename only)--> | signature_alt = | website = <!-- {{URL|www.example.com}} --> | footnotes = | spouse = [[Edward Alexander Newell Arber]] (m. 1909) | children = Muriel Agnes (1913–2004){{sfn|Friend|2012}} }} ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱣᱱᱴᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱭᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱚᱠᱚᱴᱤᱞᱮᱰᱚᱱ (monocotyledon) ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱭᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱒᱐ ᱥᱮᱱᱪᱩᱨᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ development of morphological studies ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱥᱚᱨᱪ ᱫᱷᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱡ philosophy in botany ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ nature of biological research ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱞᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ==ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱᱤ== ᱟᱜᱱᱮᱥ ᱟᱨᱵᱮᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱓ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱟᱨᱭ ᱑᱘᱗᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱚᱱᱰᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱦᱮᱱᱨᱭ ᱨᱚᱵᱟᱹᱨᱴᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱜᱤᱫᱨᱟᱹ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱛᱨᱚᱠᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱟᱡ ᱟᱭᱚ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱜᱱᱮᱥ ᱞᱭᱩᱥᱤ ᱴᱚᱨᱱᱚᱨ‌‌ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱠᱤᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱜᱤᱫᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ [[ᱰᱚᱱᱥᱞᱰ ᱥᱴᱨᱩᱟᱱ ᱨᱚᱵᱟᱹᱨᱴᱥᱚᱱ]],‌ [[ᱡᱟᱱᱮᱴ ᱨᱵᱟᱹᱨᱴᱥᱚᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱢᱟᱨᱜᱟᱨᱮᱴ ᱨᱚᱵᱟᱹᱨᱴᱥᱚᱱ]] <ref name=Hanshaw>Hanshaw Thomas, H. (1960) "Agnes Arber, 1879–1960 ''Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society'' Vol.6 (Nov 1960)</ref> ᱟᱨᱵᱮᱨ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱡᱷᱚᱜ ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱩᱱ ᱡᱷᱚᱜ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱞᱚᱱᱰᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱞᱤᱜᱮᱴ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱰᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱤᱡ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥᱮᱥ ᱵᱟᱹᱥ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱹᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱠᱷᱱᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱢᱚᱨᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱥᱴᱚᱨ ᱮᱰᱤᱛᱷ ᱟᱭᱤᱴᱠᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱸᱲᱚᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱤᱭᱚ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱮᱜᱼᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱑᱘᱙᱔ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱥᱚᱨᱪ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱮᱜᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱒᱒ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱦᱩᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} == ᱵᱟᱪᱦᱟᱣ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱰ == {{refbegin}} ᱑. {{cite book|last1=Arber|first1=Agnes|authorlink=Agnes Arber|title=Herbals: their origin and evolution. A chapter in the history of botany, 1470–1670|date=1912|edition=1st|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/31068#/summary|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|ref=harv}}<br> ᱒. {{cite book|last1=Arber|first1=Agnes|authorlink=Agnes Arber|title=Herbals: their origin and evolution. A chapter in the history of botany, 1470–1670|date=1938|origyear=1912 (reissue 1953)|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-1-108-01671-1|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zlEBXHIr_oAC|ref=harv}}<br> ᱓. {{cite book|last1=Arber|first1=Agnes|authorlink=Agnes Arber|editor-last=Stearn|editor-first=William T.|editorlink=William T. Stearn|title=Herbals: their origin and evolution. A chapter in the history of botany, 1470–1670|date=1986|origyear=1912; 2nd ed. 1938|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-33879-0|edition=3rd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6nxQx8aYmMMC|ref=harv}}<br> ᱔.{{cite book | title=Water Plants: A Study of Aquatic Angiosperms | url=https://archive.org/details/waterplantsstudy00arberich | publisher=Cambridge | year=1920|isbn=|location=|pages=|quote=| author=Arber, A. |doi = 10.5962/bhl.title.95477}}<br> ᱕.{{cite book|last1=Arber|first1=Agnes|authorlink=Agnes Arber|title=Monocotyledons: a morphological study.|date=1925|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=9781108013208|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tLqsSESGpbEC|ref=harv}}<br> ᱖.{{cite book | author=Arber, A. | title=The Gramineae | url=https://archive.org/details/lbg.633.1.1847 | publisher=Cambridge | year=1934}}<br> ᱗.{{cite book|last1=Arber|first1=Agnes|authorlink=Agnes Arber|title=The Natural Philosophy of Plant Form|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dvc8AAAAIAAJ|date=1950|publisher=[[CUP Archive]]|id=GGKEY:HCBB8RZREL4|ref=harv}}<br> ᱘.{{cite book | author=Arber, A. | title=The Mind and The Eye | publisher=Cambridge | year=1954}}<br> ᱙.{{cite book | author=Arber, A. | title=The Manifold and the One | publisher=John Murray | year=1957}}<br> {{refend}} {{Botanist|A.Arber|Arber, Agnes}} kyblura9jk0rqpg3b4qs2i5vso9ljrq 0 10654 196618 179488 2026-08-12T19:23:00Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196618 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox anatomy | Name = ᱛᱟᱨᱮᱱ | Latin = articulatio humeri | Greek = | Image = Left shoulder.jpg | Caption = | Width = 300 | Image2 = Gray327.png | Caption2 = Capsule of shoulder-joint (distended). Anterior aspect. | Precursor = | System = | Artery = | Vein = | Nerve = | Lymph = }} ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱞᱟᱵᱷᱤᱠᱚᱞ (collarbone), ᱥᱠᱮᱯᱩᱞᱟ (shoulder blade), ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱢᱮᱨᱚᱥ (upper arm bone) ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠ ᱡᱮ ᱮᱥᱳᱥᱤᱭᱮᱴ ᱢᱚᱥᱚᱞᱥ, ᱞᱤᱜᱟᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱮᱱᱰᱚᱱᱥ᱾ ᱟᱨᱴᱤᱠᱩᱞᱮᱥᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱛᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱛᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱜᱽᱞᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱢᱚᱨᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ, ᱛᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱡᱟᱨ ᱡᱳᱭᱱᱴ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱟᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱽᱨᱳᱰᱞᱤ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱠᱨᱳᱢᱤᱭᱳᱠᱞᱮᱵᱷᱤᱠᱩᱞᱚᱨ ᱡᱳᱭᱱᱴ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ, ᱛᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱳᱭᱱᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱭᱩᱢᱚᱨᱚᱥ ᱥᱠᱮᱭᱯᱩᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱜᱽᱞᱮᱱᱟᱹᱭᱰ ᱠᱮᱵᱷᱤᱴᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱩᱲᱩᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱛᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱥᱴᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=ᱛᱟᱨᱮᱱ|url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/shoulder|journal=The Free Dictionary}}</ref> ᱛᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱳᱭᱱᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱡᱳᱭᱱᱴ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱳᱣᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱳᱠᱮᱴ ᱡᱳᱭᱱᱴ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱩᱯᱩ]] ᱨᱳᱴᱮᱴ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱥᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨᱚᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱧᱚᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨᱚᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱮᱫ-ᱟ᱾ == ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱣ == ᱛᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱳᱣᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱳᱠᱮᱴ ᱡᱳᱭᱱᱴ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱦᱚᱢᱚᱨᱚᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱠᱮᱭᱯᱩᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱥᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ - ᱞᱤᱜᱟᱢᱮᱱᱴᱥ, ᱢᱚᱥᱚᱞᱥ, ᱴᱮᱱᱰᱚᱱᱥ - ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱴᱮᱭᱱ ᱮᱫ-ᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ Clavicle, humerus ᱟᱨ Scapula, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱽᱞᱮᱱᱳᱭᱰ ᱠᱮᱵᱷᱤᱴᱤ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ, ᱮᱠᱨᱳᱢᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱳᱨᱟᱠᱚᱭᱰ ᱯᱨᱳᱥᱮᱥ᱾ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱳᱭᱱᱴ ᱛᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱳᱭᱱᱴ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ (ᱥᱮ ᱜᱽᱞᱮᱱᱳᱭᱰ ᱡᱳᱭᱱᱴ), ᱥᱠᱮᱭᱯᱩᱞᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱢᱚᱨᱚᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱽᱞᱮᱱᱳᱭᱰ ᱯᱨᱳᱥᱮᱥ᱾ ᱮᱠᱨᱳᱢᱤᱭᱳᱠᱞᱟᱵᱷᱤᱠᱩᱞᱟᱨ ᱡᱳᱭᱱᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱴᱮᱨᱱᱳᱠᱞᱟᱵᱷᱤᱠᱩᱞᱟᱨ ᱡᱳᱭᱱᱴ ᱛᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱵᱷᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱮᱫᱟᱭ᱾ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱦᱭᱟᱞᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱨᱴᱤᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ (called articular cartilage) ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱽᱞᱟᱭᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Elsevier's Integrated Anatomy and Embryology|url=https://archive.org/details/elseviersintegra0000boga|last=Bogart|first=Bruce|publisher=Elsevier|year=2007|isbn=978-1-4160-3165-9|location=|pages=246–260|quote=|via=}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱡᱳᱭᱱᱴ ᱥᱯᱮᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱱᱳᱵᱷᱤᱭᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱢᱵᱽᱨᱟᱱ (membrane) ᱛᱮ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱡᱳᱭᱱᱴ ᱥᱯᱮᱥ ᱵᱮᱲᱦᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱥᱚᱞᱥ- rotator cuff, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱳᱭᱱᱴ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ - ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱥᱚᱞᱥ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ provide stability and facilitate movement ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱵᱚᱨᱥᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢᱤ ᱥᱮᱭᱠ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱝ, ᱡᱤᱞ ᱢᱚᱥᱚᱞᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱱᱰᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱜᱽᱞᱟᱭᱰᱤᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱣ ᱮᱢᱟᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱳᱴᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱯᱷ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱠᱨᱳᱢᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱳᱱᱤ ᱟᱨᱠ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱮᱫ-ᱟ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ]] 685mzn5quwf7oyfmdtrnvptvpgohld4 0 11262 196507 196069 2026-08-12T17:40:52Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196507 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = ᱩᱫᱚᱭᱯᱩᱨ | other_name | settlement_type = ᱢᱮᱴᱨᱚᱯᱚᱞᱤᱥ | image_skyline = {{Photomontage | photo1a = Evening view, City Palace, Udaipur.jpg | photo2a = Udaipur palace night.jpg | size=260 }} | image_alt = ᱩᱫᱚᱭᱯᱩᱨ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ | image_caption = From Top to Bottom: Evening view of the city, [[City Palace, Udaipur|City Palace complex]] | nickname = "City of Lakes" | pushpin_map = India | pushpin_label_position = right | pushpin_map_alt = ᱩᱫᱚᱭᱯᱩᱨ | pushpin_map_caption = ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ | coordinates = {{coord|24.58|N|73.68|E|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ | subdivision_name = {{IND}} | subdivision_type1 = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱮᱫ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ|ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | subdivision_type2 = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ|ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | subdivision_name1 = [[ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ]] | subdivision_name2 = [[ᱩᱫᱚᱭ ᱯᱩᱨ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱩᱫᱚᱭᱯᱩᱨ]] | established_date = 1559 A.D. | founder = ᱨᱟᱱᱟ ᱩᱫᱚᱭ ᱥᱤᱝ II | named_for = | governing_body = ᱩᱫᱚᱭᱯᱩᱨ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱱᱤᱜᱟᱢ | leader_title = ᱢᱟᱭᱚᱨ | leader_name = ᱜᱚᱵᱤᱱᱫᱽ ᱥᱤᱝ ᱴᱟᱠ([[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱱᱛᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ|BJP]]) | unit_pref = Metric | elevation_m = 600 | population_total = ᱔᱕᱑,᱑᱐᱐ | population_as_of = ᱒᱐᱑᱑ | population_footnotes=<ref name="c2011-c92"/> | population_density_km2 = | literacy_rate = 89.66 | population_metro = ᱔᱗᱔,᱕᱓᱑ | demographics_type1 = ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ | demographics1_title1 = ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ | demographics1_info1 = [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ]] | demographics1_title2 = ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ | demographics1_info2 = [[ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ]] | demographics1_title3 = ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ | demographics1_info3 = [[ᱢᱮᱣᱟᱲᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱢᱮᱣᱟᱲᱤ]] | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | utc_offset1 = +5:30 | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] | postal_code = ᱓᱑᱓᱐᱐᱑- ᱓᱑᱓᱐᱒᱔ | area_code = +᱙᱑- ᱒᱙᱔ | area_code_type = ᱴᱮᱞᱤᱯᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱤᱰ | registration_plate = RJ-27 | blank1_name_sec1 = ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ | blank1_info_sec1 = [[ᱡᱚᱫᱷᱯᱩᱨ]], [[ᱪᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨᱜᱟᱲ]], [[ᱠᱚᱴᱟ, ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ|ᱠᱚᱴᱟ]], [[ᱚᱦᱢᱚᱫᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ]], [[ᱡᱚᱭᱯᱩᱨ]], [[ᱟᱡᱽᱢᱮᱨ]], [[ᱤᱱᱫᱚᱨ]], [[ᱫᱩᱝᱜᱟᱨᱯᱩᱨ]], [[ᱵᱟᱝᱥᱣᱟᱲᱟ]] | blank2_name_sec1 = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]] | blank2_info_sec1 = [[Semi-arid climate#Hot semi-arid climates|BSh]] | website = {{URL|www.udaipur.rajasthan.gov.in}} |}} '''ᱩᱫᱚᱭᱯᱩᱨ''' ᱫᱚ "ᱡᱷᱤᱞ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ" ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮ [[ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|title=Udaipur City Census 2011 data|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/92-udaipur.html|website=census2011.co.in|publisher=Census Population 2015 Data|accessdate=31 August 2015}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱯᱩᱛᱟᱱᱟ ᱮᱡᱮᱸᱥᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱣᱟᱲ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱑᱕᱕᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱯᱩᱛ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱥᱚᱫᱤᱭᱟ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱟᱜ ᱩᱫᱚᱭ ᱥᱤᱝ ᱒ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name="UDAIPUR 2014">UDAIPUR: Since 1553 CE!-Its Founding & a Concise Photo Fact-File. Ranawat, P. S., 2014. {{ISBN|978-81-929881-0-8}}. Kumbha Exclusives, India.</ref> ᱛᱤᱥ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱪᱤᱛᱛᱚᱨᱜᱟᱲ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱛᱴᱚᱨᱜᱟᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱫᱚᱭᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱪᱤᱛᱴᱚᱨᱜᱟᱲ ᱚᱠᱵᱚᱨ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱛᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱑᱘᱑᱘ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱛᱤᱥ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ,<ref>{{cite web|title=HIstory of Udaipur |url=http://udaipur.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/udaipur/en/about-udaipur/history.html|website=udaipur.rajasthan.gov.in|accessdate=7 September 2015}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱢᱮᱣᱟᱲ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱛᱤᱥ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱔᱗ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=udaipur.org.uk>{{cite web|title=Udaipur History|url=http://www.udaipur.org.uk/history.html|website=udaipur.org.uk|publisher=Udaipur India|accessdate=31 August 2015|archive-date=2 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102162335/http://www.udaipur.org.uk/history.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ [[ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴ]] ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱨᱟᱣᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱸᱡᱽ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱛᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱷᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱛᱤᱞᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱤᱱᱮ ᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ [[ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱖᱕᱐ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ [[ᱢᱩᱢᱵᱟᱭ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱘᱐᱐ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱤᱧᱟ, ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱴᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, [[ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴ]] ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱡ ᱜᱷᱟᱴ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱩᱫᱚᱭᱯᱩᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱴᱨᱤ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱵᱷ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|title=Udaipur Location|url=http://www.udaipur.org.uk/location.html|website=Udaipur.org.uk|publisher=Udaipur India|accessdate=9 September 2017|archive-date=2 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102162451/http://www.udaipur.org.uk/location.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ᱩᱫᱚᱭᱯᱩᱨ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱱᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱟᱯ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ, ᱨᱮᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ== [[File:Udaipur's Landscape.jpg|thumb|800px|center|<div class="center">Udaipur's landscape during monsoon.</div>]] ==ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ== {{IndiaCensusPop|state= |title= ᱩᱫᱚᱭᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱜᱨᱚᱛᱷ |1891= 46700 |1901= 45600 |1911= 46000 |1921= |1931= |1941= 59600 |1951= 89600 |1961= 111100 |1968= 133400 |1971= 162900 |1981= 229800 |1991= 308600 |2001= 389438 |2011= 474531 |footnote= source:<ref name="censusindia1">{{cite web|url=http://www.populstat.info/Asia/indiat.htm|title=Historical Census of India}}</ref> }} {{bar box |title=ᱩᱫᱚᱭᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ |titlebar=#Fcd116 |left1=ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ |right1=ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱚᱲᱟ |float=left |bars= {{bar percent|[[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ]]|orange|72.90}} {{bar percent|[[ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ|ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ]]|green|15.67}} {{bar percent|[[ᱡᱳᱭᱱᱳ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ|ᱡᱳᱭᱱᱳ]]|pink|9.86}} {{bar percent|[[ᱥᱤᱠᱷ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ|ᱥᱤᱠᱷ]]|black|0.8}} {{bar percent|[[ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ|ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ]]|blue|0.63}} {{bar percent|[[ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ|ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ]]|yellow|0.02}} |caption=Distribution of religions |footnote= source:<ref name="censusindia2">{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/92-udaipur.html|title=Census 2011-Religions practised}}</ref> }} ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱩᱫᱚᱭᱯᱩᱨ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱔᱕᱑,᱑᱐᱐ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱩᱯᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱔᱗᱔,᱕᱓᱑ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="c2011-c92">{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/92-udaipur.html|title=Udaipur City Census 2011 data|work=Census2011|accessdate=22 December 2017}}</ref> ==ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ== ᱩᱫᱚᱭᱯᱩᱨ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱛ, ᱨᱮᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ [[File:Airport-Udaipur Terminal.JPG|thumb|[[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱱᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱟᱯ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ]]]] ;ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ [[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱱᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱟᱯ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Airport website|url=http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/udaipur_technicalinfo.jsp }}</ref> ᱢᱤᱫᱨᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱰᱚᱢᱮᱥᱴᱤᱠ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱩᱫᱚᱭᱯᱩᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱯᱜᱽᱨᱟᱦ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱜᱼᱟ ᱩᱫᱚᱭᱯᱩᱨ ᱫᱚ [[ᱡᱚᱭᱯᱩᱨ]], [[ᱢᱩᱢᱵᱟᱭ]], [[ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ]], [[ᱪᱮᱱᱱᱟᱭ]], ᱟᱣᱨᱚᱸᱜᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ, [[ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱟᱞᱩᱨᱩ]], [[ᱦᱟᱭᱫᱨᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ]], [[ᱥᱩᱨᱚᱛ]] ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱨᱚᱬᱟᱥᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱱᱛᱟᱨᱟ ᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ, ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱜᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱥᱯᱟᱭᱤᱥ ᱡᱮᱴ ᱽᱟᱹᱞᱩ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ;ᱨᱮᱞ ᱩᱫᱚᱭᱯᱩᱨ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱱᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱟᱯ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱩᱫᱚᱭᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ᱩᱫᱚᱭᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱰᱮᱦᱮᱨ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱨᱟ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱢᱟᱭᱥᱩᱨ, ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱩᱨᱟᱦᱚ, [[ᱟᱞᱣᱟᱨ]], [[ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ]], [[ᱢᱩᱢᱵᱟᱭ]], [[ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ]], [[ᱨᱚᱛᱞᱚᱢ]], ᱵᱨᱚᱰ ᱜᱮᱡᱽ ᱱᱮᱴᱣᱟᱨᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱴᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ [[ᱤᱱᱫᱚᱨ]], [[ᱩᱡᱡᱮᱱ]], [[ᱢᱩᱢᱵᱟᱭ]], [[ᱥᱩᱨᱚᱛ]], [[ᱵᱚᱰᱳᱫᱚᱨᱟ]], [[ᱜᱣᱟᱞᱤᱭᱚᱨ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱚᱦᱢᱚᱫᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱨᱚᱰ ᱜᱮᱡᱽ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|title=Departures from UDZ/Udaipur City|url=http://indiarailinfo.com/departures/udaipur-city-udz/158|website=indiarailinfo.com|publisher=Indiarailinfo.com|accessdate=9 July 2015}}</ref> ;ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱜᱚᱞᱰᱮᱱ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱠᱚᱬ, ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ (NH) ᱗᱖ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ (NH) ᱘, [[ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱢᱩᱢᱵᱟᱭ]] ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱗᱐᱐ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.roaddistance.in/delhi/delhi-to-udaipur-distance/by-road/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2020-07-10 |archive-date=2020-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710065315/https://www.roaddistance.in/delhi/delhi-to-udaipur-distance/by-road/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{reflist|2}} * {{cite web|url=http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V24_091.gif|title=Udaipur State (also called Mewar)|year=1909|publisher=[[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]]|volume=24|page=85|access-date=2020-07-10|archive-date=2020-07-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713200417/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V24_091.gif|url-status=dead}} * {{cite book|title=Maharana: the story of the rulers of Udaipur|url=https://archive.org/details/maharanastoryofr0000mast|first=Brian|last=Masters|publisher=Mapin Pub.|year=1990|isbn=0-944142-28-1}} * Mehra, S, Mehra, S. P. & Sharma, K. K. (2012). Importance of aquatic avifauna in southern Rajasthan, India. Pg. 159–183. (In: Rawat., M. & Dookia, S. (eds.) Biodiversity of Aquatic Resources, Daya Publishing House, Delhi, 2012) (978-81-7035-789-6) * Mehra, S, Mehra, S. P. & Sharma, K. K. (2012). Aquatic Avifauna: Its Importance for Wetland conservation in Rajasthan, India. Pg. 179–190. (In: Mathur, S. M.; Shrivastava, V. K. & Purohit, R. C. (eds.) Conservation of Lakes and Water Resources Management strategies, Himanshu Publications, Udaipur, 2011) (978-81-7906-263-0) Mehra, S, Mehra, S. P. & Sharma, K. K. (2011). Aquatic avifauna of Aravalli Hills Rajasthan, India. pp.&nbsp;145–167 (In Gupta, V. K. & Verma, A. K. (eds.) Animal Diversity, Natural History and Conservation Vol. I, Daya Publishing House, Delhi, 2011) ({{ISBN|978-81-7035-752-0}}) * Sharma, K. K. & Mehra, S. P. (2007). Need of studies on anuran in habitats of southern Rajasthan. Frogleg 13: 12–16. * Islam, M. Z. & Rahmani, A. R. (2004). Important Bird Areas of India: Priority Sites for Conservation. Indian Bird Conservation Network: Bombay Natural History Society and BirdLife International (UK). Pp. xviii + 1133. ({{ISBN|0-19-567333-6}}) == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{Wikiquote}} * [http://www.udaipur.rajasthan.gov.in/ Udaipur District Govt website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116012207/https://udaipur.rajasthan.gov.in/ |date=2022-01-16 }} * [http://www.discoverudaipur.in/ Udaipur city Portal] * [http://www.udaipurian.com/ Udaipur's one of the famous blog] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717044523/http://www.udaipurian.com/ |date=2020-07-17 }} * [https://udaipur.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/udaipur/en/home.html Official website] {{Subject bar|commons=yes |s=yes}} {{ᱩᱫᱚᱭᱯᱩᱨ}} {{ᱩᱫᱚᱭᱯᱩᱨ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ}} {{ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:Udaipur| ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:Smart cities in India]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:Cities and towns in Udaipur district]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:Former capital cities in India]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:Populated places established in 1559]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:1559 establishments in Asia]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:Former capitals of Mewar]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:AWB]] i5laz2b413brj861kwc8hax9m234qyy 0 11312 196708 146800 2026-08-13T02:35:49Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 196708 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱤᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ | official_name = | native_name = {{nobold|ရခိုင်နိုင်ငံတော်<!--UNICODE, DO NOT ZAWGYI-->}} | native_name_lang = my | other_name = ᱟᱨᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ | flag = {{FIAV|normal}} |Location of Rakhine in myanmarsettlement_type = [[ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ|ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | translit_lang1 = [[MLC Transcription System|Rakhine]] | translit_lang1_type1 = [[ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤᱥ]] | translit_lang1_info1 = {{lang|my-Latn|ra.hkuing: prany nai}} | translit_lang1_type2 = [[ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱤᱱ]] | translit_lang1_info2 = {{lang|rki-Latn|Rakhai Pray Nay}} | image_flag = Flag of Rakhine.svg | image_seal = Rakhine State Seal.jpg | image_map = Rakhine Country in Myanmar.svg | mapsize = 200px | map_caption = ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱤᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ, (ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱟ) | pushpin_map = <!-- Myanmar --> | coordinates = {{coord|19|30|N|94|0|E|region:MM_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ | subdivision_name = [22x20px]] [[ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]] | subdivision_type1 = ᱚᱱᱪᱚᱞ | subdivision_name1 = West coastal | seat_type = ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ | seat = [[ᱥᱤᱛᱣᱮ]] | leader_party = [[:en:National League for Democracy|ᱮᱱᱮᱞᱰᱤ]] | leader_title = Chief Minister | leader_name = [[:en:Nyi Pu (chief minister)|ᱱᱩᱭ ᱯᱩ]] | leader_title1 = Cabinet | leader_name1 = ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱤᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ | leader_title3 = Judiciary | leader_name3 = Rakhine State High Court | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_total_km2 = 36778.0 | area_rank = 8th | population_total = 3,188,807<ref name="census-2014">{{cite book|title=Census Report|publisher=Ministry of Immigration and Population|location=Naypyitaw|date=May 2015|series=The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census|volume=2|page=17|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B067GBtstE5TeUlIVjRjSjVzWlk/view}}</ref> | population_as_of = ᱒᱐᱑᱔ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ | population_density_km2 = auto | population_rank = 8th | population_demonym = Rakhine / Arakanese | demographics_type1 = Demographics | demographics1_title1 = Ethnicities | timezone1 = [[Myanmar Standard Time|MMT]] | utc_offset1 = +06:30 | website = {{url|rakhinestate.gov.mm}} | unemployment_rate = | leader_title2 = Legislature | leader_name2 = [[:en:Rakhine State Hluttaw|Rakhine State Hluttaw]] | demographics1_info1 = [[ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ|ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱤᱱ]], [[ᱨᱳᱦᱤᱝᱜᱟ]], ᱠᱟᱢᱮᱭᱱ, ᱪᱤᱱ, ᱢᱨᱳ, ᱠᱷᱟᱢᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ | demographics1_title2 = ᱪᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ | demographics1_info2 = [[ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ|ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ]], [[ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ]], [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ]], [[ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ|ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ]] ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ | blank_name_sec2 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2017) | blank_info_sec2 = 0.520<ref name="GlobalDataLab">{{Cite web|url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/|title=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab|website=hdi.globaldatalab.org|language=en|access-date=2018-09-13}}</ref><br/>{{color|#900|low}} · [[List of administrative divisions of Myanmar by Human Development Index|13th]] }} '''ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱤᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ''' ([[ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤᱥ]] ᱺ ရခိုင်နိုင်ငံတော်, ᱢᱟᱬᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ''ᱟᱨᱟᱠᱟᱱ'') [[ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]] ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ [[ᱪᱤᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]], ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱫ [[ᱢᱟᱜᱳᱣᱮ]] ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, [[ᱵᱟᱜᱳ]] ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ᱟᱭᱮᱭᱟᱨᱣᱟᱫᱤ]] ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱥᱮᱫ [[ᱵᱚᱝᱜᱚ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ]] ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱥᱮᱫ [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱪᱚᱴᱴᱚᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ]] ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ [[ᱟᱨᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱩᱨᱩᱢᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱥᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱤᱱ ᱭᱳᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱤᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱓᱖,᱗᱖᱒ ᱪᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱤᱢᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[ᱥᱤᱛᱣᱮ]] ᱾ ==ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ== ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱤᱱ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ [[ᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱯᱟᱞᱤ]] ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ''ᱨᱚᱠᱠᱷᱟᱯᱩᱨᱟ'' (ᱥᱚᱝᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱺ ᱨᱟᱠᱥᱚᱯᱩᱨᱟ) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡᱽ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱫ ᱨᱟᱠᱠᱷᱚᱥᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱾ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱱᱪᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱟᱞᱚᱭᱮᱰ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱮᱵᱦᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kaladanpress.org/index.php/scholar-column-mainmenu-36/36-rohingya/696-the-etymology-of-arakan-rohingya-and-rakhine.html|title=The etymology of Arakan, Rohingya and Rakhine|last=Ashraf Alam|first=Mohamed|date=20 June 2007|website=kaladanpress.org|access-date=|archive-date=25 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625073304/https://kaladanpress.org/index.php/scholar-column-mainmenu-36/36-rohingya/696-the-etymology-of-arakan-rohingya-and-rakhine.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱼᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://witaward.com/project/aung_khant_min/rakhine-state.php|title=The Golden Land The Rakhine State|last=KHANT MIN|first=AUNG|date=2016|website=witaward.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114081712/http://witaward.com/project/aung_khant_min/rakhine-state.php|archive-date=2017-01-14|url-status=dead|access-date=24 November 2011}}</ref> ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱤᱱ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱫ "ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱭ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱮ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭ" ᱾ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱱᱪᱟᱞ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱤᱱᱮᱯᱨᱮᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱤᱱᱮᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱨᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱟᱨᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱦᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱵᱦᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱧᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱵᱦᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref group=note>For example, see Staff (2009) [http://www.pcgn.org.uk/Burma%200907.pdf "An Introduction To The Toponymy Of Burma"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031143028/http://www.pcgn.org.uk/Burma%200907.pdf |date=31 October 2008 }} The Permanent Committee of Geographic Names (PCGN), United Kingdom</ref> ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== ==ᱰᱮᱢᱚᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤ== {{Historical populations |footnote = |source = 2014 Myanmar Census<ref name="census-2014"/> |᱑᱙᱗᱓ |1,712,838 |᱑᱙᱘᱓ |2,045,559 |᱒᱐᱑᱔ |3,188,807 }} ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱤᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱜᱟ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱤᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱓,᱑᱑᱘,᱙᱖᱓ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱳᱦᱤᱝᱜᱟ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱳᱦᱤᱝᱜᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱨᱟᱢᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱭᱩᱝ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱪᱚᱞ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱱᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱷᱮᱴ, ᱠᱟᱢᱮᱭᱱ, ᱪᱤᱱ, ᱢᱨᱳ, ᱪᱟᱠᱢᱟ, ᱠᱷᱟᱢᱤ, ᱫᱟᱭᱱᱮᱴ, ᱵᱟᱝᱜᱟᱞᱤ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱢᱟᱜᱨᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱧᱡᱽ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ===ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ=== {{clear}} {{Pie chart |thumb = right |caption = ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱤᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ (᱒᱐᱑᱕)<ref name="TUR">{{cite book | url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B067GBtstE5TSl9FNElRRGtvMUk | title=The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census Census Report Volume 2-C | publisher=Department of Population Ministry of Labour, Immigration and Population MYANMAR | author=Department of Population Ministry of Labour, Immigration and Population MYANMAR | year=July 2016 | pages=12–15}}</ref> |title = |label1 = ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ |value1 = 63.32 |color1 = Yellow |label2 = ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ |value2 = 34.18 |color2 = Green |label3 = ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ |value3 = 1.4 |color3 = DodgerBlue |label4 = ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ |value4 = 0.5 |color4 = Orange |label5 = ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱥᱤ ᱪᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ |value5 = 0.1 |color5 = GreenYellow |label6 = ᱮᱴᱟᱜ |value6 = 0.0 |color6 = DeepPink }} ᱞᱟᱭᱼᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱤᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱘᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱙᱘.᱖᱓% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱑.᱑᱙% ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ== [[File:Map of Rakhine (Arakan) State in Myanmar.png|thumb|280px|ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱤᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱯ]] ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱤᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱝ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱒᱐᱐᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱺ * ᱥᱤᱛᱣᱮ (᱑᱒,᱕᱐᱔&nbsp;ᱠᱤᱢᱤ²; ᱑,᱐᱙᱙,᱕᱖᱘ ᱦᱚᱲ) * ᱢᱨᱟᱩᱠᱼᱩ (ᱥᱤᱛᱣᱮ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ) * ᱢᱟᱭᱩᱱᱜᱫᱟᱣ (᱓,᱕᱓᱘&nbsp;ᱠᱤᱢᱤ²; ᱗᱖᱓,᱘᱔᱔ ᱦᱚᱲ) * ᱠᱭᱟᱩᱠᱯᱷᱭᱩ (᱙,᱙᱘᱔&nbsp;ᱠᱤᱢᱤ²; ᱔᱕᱘,᱒᱔᱔ ᱦᱚᱲ) * ᱛᱷᱟᱱᱥᱣᱮ (᱑᱐,᱗᱕᱓&nbsp;ᱠᱤᱢᱤ²; ᱒᱙᱖,᱗᱓᱖ ᱦᱚᱲ) * ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱤᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ: ᱓᱖,᱗᱗᱘&nbsp;ᱠᱤᱢᱤ²; ᱒,᱙᱑᱕,᱐᱐᱐ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱜᱩᱴ ᱑᱗ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱑,᱑᱖᱔ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱛᱣᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ==ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ== ==ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ== ==ᱦᱮᱡᱽᱥᱮᱱ== ==ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ== ==ᱦᱚᱨᱢᱚᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ== ==ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{Commons category}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161011223314/http://www.bmsusa.org/ Buddhist Missionary Society] * [http://www.asaj.biz Arakan Social Association Japan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221054423/http://www.asaj.biz/ |date=2019-12-21 }} * [http://www.arakan.net Arakan Literature] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207050948/http://www.arakan.net/ |date=2018-12-07 }} '''Political Party of Arakan (ALD)''' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100818142606/http://www.ald-exile.org/index.php Arakan League For Democracy – Elected party in 1990 ] '''Rakhine independence-affiliated''' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051029161230/http://www.rakharoma.org/ Arakan Internet Journal] '''Arakanese News/Information''' * [http://www.rohingyablogger.com Rohingya Blogger – Volunteers ] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100105042628/https://narinjara.com/index.asp Narinjara News (NN) – independent ] * [http://www.arakanreview.net Arakan Review (AR) – Non Profit Organization] '''Sittwe and Kyaukpyu SEZ routes to Ruili Yunnan''' * Taipei American Chamber of Commerce; Topics Magazine, Analysis, November 2012. [http://www.amcham.com.tw/content/view/3715/538/ Myanmar: Southeast Asia's Last Frontier for Investment], BY DAVID DUBYNE * Oilseedcrops.org; Editor Article, Transit routes from western China through Myanmar. [http://www.oilseedcrops.org/myanmar-the-missing-link-from-western-china-to-indias-n-e-states/ Myanmar: the Missing Link from Western China to India’s N.E. States] {{Geographic location |Centre = {{flag|Rakhine State}} |North = {{flag|Chin State}} |Northeast = |East = {{flag|Magway Region}}<br>{{flag|Bago Region}} |Southeast = {{flag|Ayeyarwady Region}} |South = |Southwest = ''[[ᱵᱚᱝᱜᱚ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ]]'' |West = |Northwest = [[ᱪᱚᱴᱴᱚᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ]], {{flag|ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ}} }} ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== o2j5c4mhd8wmm0iy70z8fxu36aefp1u 0 11933 196522 153073 2026-08-12T17:49:41Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196522 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist | honorific_prefix = | name = | honorific_suffix = | native_name = | native_name_lang = | image = Anna Atkins 1861.jpg | image_size = | alt = | caption = Portrait from 1861 | birth_date = {{birth date |df=yes|1799|03|16}} | birth_place = [[Tonbridge|Tunbridge]], [[Kent]], England | death_date = {{death date and age |df=yes|1871|06|09 |1799|03|16}} | death_place = Halstead Place, [[Sevenoaks (district)|Sevenoaks]], [[Kent]], England | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = <!--{{coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}--> | other_names = | residence = | citizenship = | nationality = | fields = [[Botany]], [[Photography]] | workplaces = | patrons = | education = | alma_mater = | thesis_title = <!--(or | thesis1_title = and | thesis2_title = )--> | thesis_url = <!--(or | thesis1_url = and | thesis2_url = )--> | thesis_year = <!--(or | thesis1_year = and | thesis2_year = )--> | doctoral_advisor = <!--(or | doctoral_advisors = )--> | academic_advisors = | doctoral_students = | notable_students = | known_for = Very early botanical photographs, 1843 book ''Photographs of British Algae: Cyanotype Impressions'' (1st book illustrated with photographic images) | influences = {{ublist|[[John George Children]]|[[William Henry Fox Talbot]]|[[John Herschel]]}} | influenced = | awards = | author_abbrev_bot = | author_abbrev_zoo = | spouse = John Pelly Atkins | partner = <!--(or | partners = )--> | children = | signature = <!--(filename only)--> | signature_alt = | website = <!--{{URL|www.example.com}}--> | footnotes = }} '''ᱟᱱᱱᱟ ᱟᱹᱴᱠᱤᱱᱥ''' (née '''Children'''; ᱑᱖ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱑᱗᱙᱙ ᱼ ᱙ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱑᱘᱗᱑<ref name=Grove>{{cite web |title=Art encyclopedia. The Concise Grove Dictionary of Art. Anna Atkins |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2002 |url=http://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/abstract/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000004852 |accessdate=15 March 2019}}</ref>) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱤᱝᱨᱟᱡᱤ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name=Parr>{{cite book |last1=Parr |first1=Martin |first2=Gerry |last2=Badger |author2-link=Gerry Badger |title=The Photobook: a history |volume=1 |publisher=Phaidon |year=2004 |location=London |isbn = 0-7148-4285-0}}</ref><ref name=James>{{cite book |last=James |first=Christopher |title=The Book of Alternative Photographic Processes |edition=2nd |publisher=Delmar Cengage Learning |year=2009 |location=Clifton Park, NY |url=https://archive.org/details/bookofalternativ0000jame |isbn=978-1-4180-7372-5 |accessdate=11 August 2009 |url-access=registration }}</ref><ref name=NYPLSeeing>{{cite news |publisher=[[New York Public Library]] |title=Seeing is believing. 700 years of scientific and medical illustration. Photography. Cyanotype photograph. Anna Atkins (1799–1871). |date=23 October 1999 – 19 February 2000 | url =http://seeing.nypl.org/235bt.html| accessdate =11 August 2009}}</ref> ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱠᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱟᱭ ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱮ ᱟᱲᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name=James/><ref name=NYPLSeeing/><ref name=Schaaf>{{cite book |last1=Atkins |first1=Anna |first2= Larry J. |last2=Schaaf |first3=Hans P., Jr. |last3=Kraus |title=Sun Gardens: Victorian photograms |url=https://archive.org/details/sungardensvictor0000scha |publisher=Aperture |year=1985 |location=New York |isbn=0-89381-203-X }}</ref><ref name=Clarke>{{cite book |last=Clarke |first=Graham |title=The Photograph |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1997 | location = Oxford |isbn=0-19-284248-X |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/photograph00clar }}</ref> ==ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱡᱤᱣᱚᱱ== ᱟᱴᱠᱤᱱᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱩᱱᱵᱨᱤᱡ, ᱠᱮᱸᱴ, ᱤᱝᱞᱟᱸᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱗᱙᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱟᱡ ᱟᱭᱳᱼᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱦᱮᱥᱴᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱱᱱᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟᱼᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱦᱱ ᱡᱭᱚᱨᱡ ᱪᱤᱞᱰᱨᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱡᱷᱚᱜ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱑᱘᱐᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡ ᱟᱭᱚᱳᱼᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱢᱤᱥᱴ, ᱡᱟᱱᱛᱩ ᱡᱟᱱ, ᱢᱤᱱᱮᱨᱟᱞᱚᱡᱤᱥᱴ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟᱼᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱢᱟᱨᱠ ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱨᱟ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱥᱷᱮᱞᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱘᱒᱕ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱡᱚᱦᱱ ᱯᱮᱞᱞᱭ ᱟᱹᱴᱠᱤᱱᱥ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟᱭᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱦᱱ ᱯᱮᱞᱞᱭ ᱫᱚ [[ᱞᱚᱱᱰᱚᱱ]] ᱯᱟᱪᱮ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱ ᱯᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱞᱥᱴᱮᱰ ᱯᱮᱞᱮᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱰ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱴᱠᱤᱱᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱸᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱣᱮᱱᱚᱟᱠᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱞᱥᱴᱮᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱴᱠᱤᱱᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱥᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱻ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱑᱘᱓᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱚᱱᱰᱚᱱ ᱡᱤᱣ ᱡᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱥᱟᱭᱴᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ==ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ== ᱡᱚᱦᱱ ᱡᱭᱚᱨᱡ ᱪᱤᱱᱰᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱦᱱ ᱯᱮᱠᱞᱭ ᱟᱴᱠᱤᱱᱥ ᱫᱟ ᱣᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹᱢ ᱦᱮᱱᱨᱭ ᱯᱷᱚᱠᱥ‌ ᱴᱟᱞᱵᱚᱴ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ‌ ᱾ ᱟᱱᱱᱟ ᱟᱴᱠᱤᱱᱥ ᱴᱟᱞᱵᱟᱴ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱴᱟᱵᱞᱚᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱤᱱᱵᱷᱮᱱᱥᱚᱱ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱮ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱚᱴᱚᱡᱮᱱᱤᱠ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱞᱚᱴᱭᱯᱤᱥ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱠᱚ ᱑᱘᱔᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱴᱠᱤᱱᱥ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱮᱢᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱹᱞᱩ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱴᱠᱤᱱᱥ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱱᱥᱴᱟᱱᱥ ᱯᱷᱚᱠᱥ ᱴᱟᱞᱵᱚᱴ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱟᱹᱣ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱬ ᱚᱵᱷᱟᱵ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱱ‌ ᱟᱸᱴ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ==ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱯ ᱥᱩᱪᱤ== * {{cite book|last=Atkins|first=Anna|title=Photographs of British Algae: Cyanotype Impressions (Sir John Herschel's Copy)|year=2020|orig-year=1843|publisher=Gerhard Steidl Druckerei und Verlag|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Anna_Atkins_Photographs_of_British_Alg%C3%A6/ADvZtQEACAAJ?hl=en|isbn=9783958295100}} * {{cite book|last=Atkins|first=Anna|title=The Perils of Fashion|location=London|year=2013|orig-year=1853|oclc=220806058|publisher=Colburn and Co|isbn=9781230431840}} * {{cite book|last=Atkins|first=Anna|title=The Colonel: a story of fashionable life. By the author of "The Perils of Fashion"|location=London|publisher=Hurst & Blackett|year=1853|oclc=264999460}} * {{cite book|last=Atkins|first=Anna|title=Memoir of J. C. Children, including some unpublished poetry by his father and himself|location=London|publisher=John Bowye Nichols and Sons|year=1853|id={{OCLC|54191950|556415937}}}} * {{cite book|last=Atkins|first=Anna|title=Murder will Out: a story of real life. By the author of "The Colonel", etc|location=London|year=1859|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mUdWAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|id={{OCLC|855529436|23919904}}|publisher=Routledge, Warne, & Routledge}} * {{cite book|last=Atkins|first=Anna|title=A Page from the Peerage. By the author of "The Colonel"|location=London|year=1863|id={{OCLC|23919986|557432962|156090327}}|publisher=T. Cautley Newby}} ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} gvbpeouo7ckjunrtr2orciyasbb48ol 0 11954 196585 177749 2026-08-12T18:55:13Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196585 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | official_name = ᱪᱟᱢᱵᱟ | native_name = | settlement_type = ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ | image_skyline = Chamba from across the river, Himachal Pradesh.jpg | imagesize = | image_caption = Chamba town from across the river | image_flag = | flag_size = | image_seal = | seal_size = | nickname = | motto = | image_map = | mapsize = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = India | pushpin_label_position = bottom | pushpin_mapsize = | pushpin_map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|32|34|12|N|76|7|48|E|display=inline}} | subdivision_type = ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ | subdivision_name = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] | subdivision_type1 = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱮᱫ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ|ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | subdivision_type2 = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ|ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | subdivision_name1 = [[ᱦᱤᱢᱟᱪᱚᱞ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ]] | subdivision_name2 = [[ᱪᱟᱢᱵᱟ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | established_title = Founded | established_date = ᱙᱒᱐ | government_footnotes = | government_type = | leader_title = | leader_name = | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_magnitude = | area_total_km2 = | area_land_km2 = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = ᱙᱙᱖ | population_total = ᱑᱙,᱙᱓᱓ | population_as_of = ᱒᱐᱑᱑ | population_rank = ᱦᱤᱢᱟᱪᱚᱞ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱙ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ | population_footnotes = | population_density_km2 = | population_note = | postal_code_type = Post code | postal_code = ᱑᱗᱖᱓᱑᱐ , ᱑᱗᱖᱓᱑᱔ | area_code = +᱙᱑-᱑᱘᱙᱙᱒-xxxxx | registration_plate = '''HP-48 and HP-73''' | website = {{URL|http://hpchamba.nic.in/}} | footnotes = | timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | utc_offset = +5:30 | blank_name = | blank_info = | name = ᱪᱟᱢᱵᱟ }} '''ᱪᱟᱢᱵᱟ''' [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]]ᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ [[ᱦᱤᱢᱟᱪᱚᱞ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ]] ᱨᱮ [[ᱪᱟᱢᱵᱟ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱑ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱞᱤ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱵᱤ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ (ᱴᱨᱟᱸᱥᱼᱦᱮᱢᱟᱞ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱚᱸᱵᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱪᱟᱢᱵᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="ChamBiaL rajput">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/?id=ToONShWeEB0C&pg=PA22&lpg=PA22&dq=ChamBiaL+rajput | title=Dogra legends art and culture | publisher=Indus Publishing, 1998 | author=Aśoka Jeratha | location=Chamba | pages=271 pages | isbn=9788173870828| year=1998 }}</ref> ==ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ== [[File:Chamba mountains.jpg|thumb|right|320px|Panorama of the upper part of the town and mountains surrounding it]] ᱪᱟᱢᱵᱟ ᱪᱟᱢᱵᱟ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱮᱰᱠᱩᱣᱟᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ [[ᱡᱟᱹᱢᱢᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱥᱢᱤᱨ (ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱮᱫ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ)|ᱡᱟᱹᱢᱢᱩ ᱠᱟᱹᱥᱢᱤᱨ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱞᱟᱫᱟᱠᱷ]] ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱧᱮᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ [[ᱞᱟᱦᱚᱞ]] ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱨᱟ ᱵᱟᱸᱜᱷᱟᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ [[ᱠᱟᱝᱜᱽᱲᱟ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱠᱟᱝᱜᱽᱲᱟ]] ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ [[ᱯᱚᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱯᱟᱴᱷᱟᱱᱠᱚᱴ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱑,᱐᱐᱖ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱓,᱓᱐᱑ ᱯᱷᱤᱴ) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=tourim>{{Cite web|url=http://www.himachalpradeshtourismindia.com/chamba/|title=About Chamba|accessdate=28 October 2009|publisher=Himachal Pradesh Tourism Department|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090831160704/http://www.himachalpradeshtourismindia.com/chamba/|archive-date=31 August 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:RaviRiver-Chamba.JPG|thumb|left|ᱪᱟᱢᱵᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱤᱸᱡᱤᱱᱟ [[ᱨᱟᱵᱤ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ]]]] ==ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ== ᱒᱐᱐᱑ ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ,<ref name="GR|India">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=16 June 2004|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=1 November 2008|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> ᱪᱟᱢᱵᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱒᱐,᱓᱑᱒ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱕᱒% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱔᱘% ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱟᱢᱵᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱫᱚᱨ ᱘᱑% ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ; ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱘᱕% ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱗᱗% ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|title=Census of India|work=Chamba at Srno932|accessdate=5 April 2010|publisher=Census of India |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999 |archivedate=16 June 2004}}</ref> ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱠᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱚᱨᱚᱲ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱪᱚᱢᱵᱮᱞᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ [[ᱯᱚᱧᱡᱟᱵᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱯᱚᱧᱡᱟᱵᱤ]] ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱛᱚ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱡ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱰᱮᱦᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱥᱤᱠᱷ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱟᱯᱟᱴᱤᱧ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ==ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ== ;ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ- ᱪᱟᱢᱵᱟ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱯᱚᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱢᱨᱤᱛᱥᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱪᱟᱢᱵᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱔᱐ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱤᱧᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱢᱨᱤᱛᱥᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱟᱢᱵᱟ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱮᱠᱥᱤ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱟᱜᱟᱞ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱮᱨ ᱫᱟᱨᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱩᱨᱯᱩᱨ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱦᱩᱸᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱦᱲᱩ ᱦᱚᱦᱚ ᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱤᱧ ᱵᱚᱱᱤᱠᱷᱮᱛ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱢᱵᱟ ᱟᱞᱜᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱤᱧ ᱑᱘᱐ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ;ᱨᱮᱞ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ- ᱪᱟᱢᱵᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱔᱐ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱤᱧᱟ ᱯᱟᱴᱷᱟᱱᱠᱚᱴ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱴᱷᱟᱱᱠᱚᱴ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ [[ᱢᱩᱢᱵᱟᱭ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱴᱨᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱮᱠᱥᱤ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱢᱵᱟ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨ ᱫᱟᱨᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱾ ;ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ- ᱪᱟᱢᱵᱟ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱢᱟᱞ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ, ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢᱥᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ᱪᱚᱱᱰᱤᱜᱚᱲ|ᱪᱚᱱᱰᱤᱜᱚᱰ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱣᱚᱦᱚᱱ ᱱᱤᱜᱟᱢ ᱵᱟᱥ ᱪᱟᱢᱵᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== *{{cite book|author=Archer, W. G|title=Indian Paintings from the Punjab Hills: A Survey and History of Pahari Miniature Painting|url=https://archive.org/details/indianpaintingsf0000arch|publisher=Sotheby Parke Bernet|year=1973|isbn=0-85667-002-2}} *{{Cite journal|last= Bhatnagar |first=Manu|agency=Indian Heritage Cities Network |publisher=UNESCO|title= Chamba Urban evolution of an ancient town in the Himalaya |pages=39–44|accessdate=26 October 2009|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0016/001622/162292E.pdf|journal=Journal of the Development and Research Organization for Nature, Arts and Heritage |volume=5 |issue=1|year=2008}} * {{cite book|last=Bharati|first=K.R|title= Chamba Himalaya: amazing land, unique culture|accessdate=26 October 2009|url=https://books.google.com/?id=VO9cP6LYR8wC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Chamba#v=onepage&q=&f=false|publisher= Indus Publishing|year=2001|isbn= 81-7387-125-6}} *{{cite book|author=Bradnock, Robert & Roma|url=https://books.google.com/?id=TyZGp_YVzb8C&dq=Akhand+Chandi+palace+college|title=Footprint Indian Himalaya Handbook:The Travel Guide|publisher=Footprint Travel Guides|year=2000|isbn=1-900949-79-2}} *{{cite book|last=Handa|first= O.C|title= Temple architecture of the western Himalaya: wooden temples|work=Chamunda Devi temple at Chamba|accessdate=28 October 2009|url=https://books.google.com/?id=_KmaKomlI-UC&pg=PA131&dq=Chamba#v=onepage&q=Chamba&f=false|publisher= Indus Publishing|year=2001|isbn=81-7387-115-9}} *{{cite book|last=Handa|first= O.C|title= Gaddi land in Chamba: its history, art & culture : new light on the early ...|work= Gaddi Land in Chamba Stone temples|url=https://books.google.com/?id=2EaFNQ7Zfl8C&pg=PA174&dq=Chamba#v=onepage&q=&f=false|publisher= Indus Publishing|year=2005|isbn=81-7387-174-4}} * {{cite book|last=Scotland|first=Church of| title=The Church of Scotland home and foreign mission record, Volume 24|work= Chamba, laying the foundation stone of the New Church|url=https://books.google.com/?id=pFErAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA136&lpg=RA1-PA136&dq=Church+of+Scotland,+Chamba#v=onepage&q=Church%20of%20Scotland%2C%20Chamba&f=false |publisher=Church of Scotland|year=1899}} *{{cite book|author1=Sharma, K.P. |author2=Sethi, S.M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TQwKtSFn9FMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Costumes+and+ornaments+of+Chamba&cd=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false|title=Costumes and ornaments of Chamba|publisher=Indus Publishing|year=1997|isbn=81-7387-067-5}} *{{cite book|author=Sharma, K.P.|url=https://books.google.com/?id=Gz4ZAxYR6igC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Folk+dances+of+Chamb%C4%81#v=onepage&q=&f=false|title=Folk dances of Chambā|publisher=Indus Publishing|year=2004|isbn=81-7387-166-3}} *Negi, Baldev Singh (2012), Single Line Administration and Tribal Development in Himachal Pradesh, Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany, {{ISBN|978-3-8473-3461-3}}. *Rana, Kulwant Singh, Negi, Baldev Singh (2012), Changing Cropping Pattern in the Tribal Areas of Himachal Pradesh: with special reference to Pangi Valley, Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany, {{ISBN|978-3-8473-7695-8}}. *Negi, Baldev Singh (2012), Village Studies in Northern India: a case study of Devikothi,Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany, {{ISBN|978-3-8473-4743-9}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{Wikivoyage|Chamba (Himachal Pradesh)|Chamba}} {{commons category|Chamba}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110609024125/http://www.mybhaderwah.com/ MyBhaderwah - The heaven on earth] * [http://hpchamba.nic.in/ Chamba district website] *[https://www.visualyatra.com/chalal-and-kasol-parvati-valley/ Nearby Valley] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815155638/https://www.visualyatra.com/chalal-and-kasol-parvati-valley/ |date=2020-08-15 }} [[Category:Chamba, Himachal Pradesh| ]] [[Category:920 establishments]] [[Category:Cities and towns in Chamba district]] [[Category:10th-century establishments in India]] 4abc6d6wcz1ly284ll5349mtj4pcmvq 0 12410 196482 196421 2026-08-12T17:13:21Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196482 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ᱵᱩᱠᱟᱹ''' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱸᱱᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱹᱜᱽᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱜᱚᱜᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱤᱫᱨᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱧᱩᱭ ᱟᱛᱟᱝᱟᱸ᱾ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚᱠᱚ ᱜᱮᱛᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱮᱸᱪ ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱮᱛ ᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱢᱚᱪᱟ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱫᱚᱠᱚ ᱮᱥᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱡᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮ-ᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱵᱩᱨᱩᱜ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡᱽ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ᱾ ᱡᱟ ᱟᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱩᱠᱟᱹ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱸ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱡᱽᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭᱮ ᱜᱟᱲᱦᱟᱸᱜᱼᱟ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱟ᱾ == ᱵᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ == ᱤᱝᱨᱮᱡᱤ ᱟᱨᱴᱤᱠᱮᱞ ᱜᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱲ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱩᱥᱟᱹᱨᱟᱹ ᱜᱮ ᱜᱟᱵᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ==Structure== {{See also|Umbilical vein|Umbilical artery}} [[File:Da Vinci Vitruve Luc Viatour.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The navel is the centre of the circle in this drawing of the ''[[Vitruvian Man]]'' by [[ᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱᱟᱨᱫᱚ ᱫᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱧᱪᱤ|Leonardo da Vinci]]]] The umbilicus is used to visually separate the abdomen into quadrants.<ref name="Openstax Anatomy & Physiology">{{cite web | url=http://cnx.org/content/col11496/latest/ | title=Anatomy & Physiology | publisher=Openstax college at Connexions | access-date=November 16, 2013}}</ref> The umbilicus is a prominent scar on the abdomen, with its position being relatively consistent among humans. The skin around the waist at the level of the umbilicus is supplied by the tenth thoracic [[spinal nerve]] (T10 [[dermatome (anatomy)|dermatome]]). The umbilicus itself typically lies at a vertical level corresponding to the junction between the L3 and L4 [[vertebrae]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Ellis |first=Harold |title=Clinical Anatomy: Applied Anatomy for Students and Junior Doctors |publisher=Wiley |location=New York |year=2006 |isbn=1-4051-3804-1 }}{{page needed|date=August 2015}}</ref> with a normal variation among people between the L3 and L5 vertebrae.<ref>{{cite book |chapterurl=http://www.dartmouth.edu/~humananatomy/part_5/chapter_25.html |title=Basic Human Anatomy: A Regional Study of Human Structure |first1=Ronan |last1=O'Rahilly |first2=Fabiola |last2=Müller |first3=Stanley |last3=Carpenter |first4=Rand |last4=Swenson |chapter=Abdominal walls |publisher=Dartmouth Medical School |year=2004 |access-date=2020-07-30 |archive-date=2011-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920102902/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~humananatomy/part_5/chapter_25.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Parts of the adult navel include the "umbilical cord remnant" or "umbilical tip", which is the often protruding scar left by the detachment of the umbilical cord. This is located in the center of the navel, sometimes described as the ''belly button''. Around the cord remnant, is the "umbilical collar", formed by the dense fibrous [[umbilical ring]]. Surrounding the umbilical collar is the periumbilical skin. Directly behind the navel is a thick fibrous cord formed from the umbilical cord, called the [[urachus]], which originates from the bladder.<ref name=Parts>{{cite journal |last1=Khati |first1=Nadia J. |last2=Enquist |first2=Erik G. |last3=Javitt |first3=Marcia C. |title=Imaging of the Umbilicus and Periumbilical Region |journal=Radiographics |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=413–4 |year=1998 |doi=10.1148/radiographics.18.2.9536487|pmid=9536487 }}</ref> {{clear}} ===Forms=== {{Commons category}} The navel is unique to each individual due to its being a scar, and various general forms have been classified by medical practitioners.<ref>{{cite book |last=Shiffman |first=Melvin |title=Adult Umbilical Reconstruction: Principles and Techniques |publisher= Springer |location=Switzerland |year=2017 |isbn=978-3-319-43885-6 |page=53 |chapter=7.3 }}</ref> <ref name=Types>{{cite book |last=Mohamed |first=Fahmy |chapter=Umbilicus Types and Shapes |publisher=Springer |location=Egypt |year=2018 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-62383-2_22 |pages=105–8 |title=Umbilicus and Umbilical Cord |isbn=978-3-319-62382-5 }}</ref> *'''Outie''': A navel consisting of the umbilical tip protruding past the periumbilical skin is an outie. Essentially any navel which is not concave. **'''Swirly/Spiral''': A rare form in which the umbilical cord scar literally forms a swirl shape. **'''Split''': The protruding umbilical cord scar extends outwards, but is cleft in two by a fissure which extends part or all the way through the umbilical cord scar. This form is similar in appearance to a coffee bean. **'''Protrusion''': The umbilical cord remnant is completely divulged, exposing the full umbilical scar. **'''Circlet''': Although the entirety of the umbilical cord remnant sits out with the umbilical collar, the centre of the knot is inset by a deep fissure. Unlike a split outie, in this form the fissure is contained centrally and does not extend past the umbilical cord remnant in any direction, much akin to a 'donut' shape.<ref>{{cite book |last=Stephen Cullen |first=Thomas |title=Umbilicus |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/embryologyanatom00culluoft |publisher= W.B.Saunders Company |location=Australia |year=1916 |isbn=978-0-7334-2609-4 |page=1.1–1.7 |chapter=2 }}</ref> *'''Innie''': A navel in which the umbilical tip does not protrude past the periumbilical skin. Any navel which is concave. **'''Round shaped''': Round navels are completely circular with no hooding. **'''Vertical shaped''': Some navels present in the form of a more elongate hollow parallel with the [[Linea alba (abdomen)|linea alba]]. **'''Oval''': This form consists of three variants; superior hooding, inferior hooding, no hooding. **'''T-shaped''': As the name states, the scar is in the shape of a T, and may have superior hooding to various extent. **'''Horizontal''': The scar is least visible as the natural lines of the [[tendinous intersection]] fold over the scar. *'''Distorted''': Any navel which does not fit well into any of the other categories. <gallery widths="200" heights="200"> File:Carlson Twins.jpg|Both [[Carlson Twins|Carlson twins]] have swirly navels File:T-shaped navel.jpg|A t-shaped navel File:Navel 2 - Picture by Giovanni Dall'Orto, July 25 2010.jpg|One of many variations of an outie File:Belly Button.jpg|An innie navel </gallery> ==Clinical significance== [[File:Navel after a laparoscopic procedure.jpg|thumb|The navel of an adult male a few days after a laparoscopic procedure to remove the appendix.|The navel of an adult male a few days after a [[Laparoscopy|laparoscopic procedure]] to remove the [[Appendix (anatomy)|appendix]].]] ===Disorders=== Outies are sometimes mistaken for [[umbilical hernia]]s; however, they are a completely different shape with no health concern, unlike an umbilical hernia. The navel (specifically abdominal wall) would be considered an umbilical hernia if the protrusion were 5 [[centimeter]]s or more. The diameter of an umbilical hernia is usually 1/2 inch or more.<ref name="pmid11369993">{{cite journal |last1=Meier |first1=Donald E. |last2=OlaOlorun |first2=David A. |last3=Omodele |first3=Rachael A. |last4=Nkor |first4=Sunday K. |last5=Tarpley |first5=John L. |title=Incidence of Umbilical Hernia in African Children: Redefinition of 'Normal' and Reevaluation of Indications for Repair |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_world-journal-of-surgery_2001-05_25_5/page/645 |journal=World Journal of Surgery |volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=645–8 |year=2001 |pmid=11369993 |doi=10.1007/s002680020072 }}</ref> Navels that are concave are nicknamed "innies".<ref>Ceccanti, Silvia, et al. "Umbilical cord sparing technique for repair of congenital hernia into the cord and small omphalocele." Journal of Pediatric Surgery 52.1 (2017): 192-196.</ref> While the shape of the human navel may be affected by longterm changes to diet and exercise, unexpected change in shape may be the result of [[ascites]].<ref>{{cite web |first=Steven K. |last=Herrine |title=Ascites |url=http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/liver_and_gallbladder_disorders/manifestations_of_liver_disease/ascites.html |publisher=[[The Merck Manuals]]}}</ref> {{clear left}} In addition to change in shape being a possible side effect from [[ascites]] and [[umbilical hernia]]s, the navel can be involved in umbilical [[sinus (anatomy)|sinus]] or fistula, which in rare cases can lead to menstrual or fecal discharge from the navel. Menstrual discharge from the umbilicus is a rare disorder associated with umbilical [[endometriosis]].<ref name="BagadeGuirguis2009">{{cite journal |last1=Bagade |first1=Pallavi V |last2=Guirguis |first2=Mamdouh M |title=Menstruating from the umbilicus as a rare case of primary umbilical endometriosis: a case report |journal=Journal of Medical Case Reports |volume=3 |issue= |page=9326 |year=2009 |pmid=20062755 |pmc=2803849 |doi=10.1186/1752-1947-3-9326 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://pediatriceducation.org/2008/06/02/ |title=What's Wrong With His Belly Button? |date=June 2, 2008 |first=Donna M. |last=D'Alessandro }}{{self-published inline|date=August 2015}}{{MEDRS|date=August 2015}}</ref> ===Other disorders=== *[[Omphalitis]], an inflammatory condition of the umbilicus in the [[neonate|newborn]], usually caused by a bacterial infection.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cunningham|first = F. |title=Williams Obstetrics: The Newborn |year=2010|url=https://archive.org/details/williamsobstetri0000unse_x7d0|publisher=McGraw-Hill |edition=24th }}</ref><ref>Fleisher, Gary R. Textbook of Pediatric Emergency Medicine. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006, p.&nbsp;928.</ref> * Omphalophobia is the fear of belly buttons. People suffering from Omphalophobia are terrified of belly buttons—their own or, in some cases, those of others. They do not like touching their belly buttons (or even other people touching it). Sometimes just seeing a belly button is enough to make them feel disgusted or terrified. ===Surgery=== To minimize scarring, the navel is a recommended site of incision for various surgeries, including transgastric appendicectomy,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kaehler |first1=G. |last2=Schoenberg |first2=M. B. |last3=Kienle |first3=P. |last4=Post |first4=S. |last5=Magdeburg |first5=R. |title=Transgastric appendicectomy |journal=British Journal of Surgery |volume=100 |issue=7 |pages=911–5 |year=2013 |pmid=23575528 |doi=10.1002/bjs.9115 |lay-url=http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/259007.php |laysource=Medical News Today |laydate=April 12, 2013 }}</ref> [[gall bladder]] surgery,<ref>{{cite press release |title=SRMC Surgeon Offers Gallbladder Removal through Belly Button Incision with da Vinci® System |publisher=Southeastern Health |date=December 9, 2013 |url=http://www.srmc.org/main/aboutfastfact/aboutnewsarticles/892-srmc-surgeon-offers-gallbladder-removal-through-belly-button-incision-with-da-vincir-system.html |accessdate=August 16, 2015 |archive-date=April 21, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421164009/http://www.srmc.org/main/aboutfastfact/aboutnewsarticles/892-srmc-surgeon-offers-gallbladder-removal-through-belly-button-incision-with-da-vincir-system.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the [[umbilicoplasty]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bruekers |first1=Sven E. |last2=van der Lei |first2=Berend |last3=Tan |first3=Tik L. |last4=Luijendijk |first4=Roland W. |last5=Stevens |first5=Hieronymus P. J. D. |title='Scarless' Umbilicoplasty |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-plastic-surgery_2009-07_63_1/page/15 |journal=Annals of Plastic Surgery |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=15–20 |year=2009 |pmid=19546666 |doi=10.1097/SAP.0b013e3181877b60 }}</ref> procedure itself. ==Fashion, society and culture== {{Further|Cultural views on the navel}} The public exposure of the male and female [[midriff]] and bare navel was considered [[taboo]] at times in the past in [[Western culture]]s, being considered [[Modesty|immodest]] or [[indecent exposure|indecent]]. Female navel exposure was banned in some jurisdictions, but community perceptions have changed to this now being acceptable.<ref name="news">{{cite news|title=New code may reveal navel |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=eLtPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=gFMDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3939,2026891&dq=navel+reveal |accessdate=20 April 2012 |newspaper=Mohave Daily Miner |date=24 March 1985}}</ref> The [[crop top]] is a shirt that often exposes the belly button and has become more common among young men and women.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/features/men-s-crop-top-seem-to-be-trending-thanks-to-kid-cudi-the-social-media-and-the-catwalk-9678555.html|title=Kid Cudi Mens Crop Top Trending|website=www.independent.co.uk|access-date=30 January 2019}}</ref> Exposure of the male navel has rarely been stigmatised and has become particularly popular in recent years, due to the strong resurgence of the male crop top and male [[navel piercing]].<ref name="Crop">{{cite web |title= Crop Top Comeback |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcthree/article/a8a41390-c35c-44be-b868-c7947211ea2e |accessdate=14 September 2018 |newspaper=BBC |date=28 August 2018}}</ref> The navel and midriff are often also displayed in [[bikini|bikinis]], or when [[low-rise pants]] are worn. While the West was relatively resistant to navel-baring clothing until the 1980s, it has long been a fashion with [[India]]n women,<ref name="Mukulika">Banerjee, Mukulika & Miller, Daniel (2003) ''The Sari''. Oxford; New York: Berg {{ISBN|1-85973-732-3}}{{page needed|date=August 2015}}</ref> often displayed with [[Sari]]s or [[Lehenga]]s. The [[Japanese people|Japanese]] have long had a special regard for the navel. During the early [[Jōmon period]] in northern Japan, three small balls indicating the breasts and navel were pasted onto flat clay objects to represent the female body. The navel was exaggerated in size, informed by the belief that the navel symbolized the center where life began.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=First Indications of Symbolic Expression |pages=114–5 |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yrla4QyhFasC&pg=PA114 |first=Nelly |last=Naumann |authorlink=Nelly Naumann |year=2000 |title=Japanese Prehistory: The Material and Spiritual Culture of the Jōmon Period |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |isbn=978-3-447-04329-8}}</ref> In Arabic-[[Levant]]ine culture, [[Belly dance|belly dancing]] is a popular art form that consists of dance movements focused on the torso and navel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellydance.org/articles/bellydance_history/|title=Belly Dance History – A History of Belly Dancing « Belly Dance org|website=www.bellydance.org|access-date=2018-12-24}}</ref> [[Buddhism]] refers to the [[chakra]] of the navel as the [[manipura]]. In [[qigong]], the navel is seen as the main energy centre, or [[dantian]]. In [[Hinduism]], the [[Kundalini|Kundalini energy]] is sometimes described as being located at the navel. <gallery widths="240" heights="240"> File:Navel piercing.jpg|Two women with navel piercings File:Belly Dance (4252337733).jpg|Belly dancers File:Elia Markopoulos at an NECW event in Malden, MA 1-13-12.jpg|A man wearing a crop top File:Yosakoi Performers at Kochi Yosakoi 2006 17.jpg|Japanese women performing a traditional Japanese dance [[Yosakoi]] in navel-exposing attire in the Yosakoi Matsuri 2006 at [[Kōchi, Kōchi|Kōchi]] </gallery> ==See also== * [[Navel fetishism]] * [[Alvinolagnia]] * [[Omphaloskepsis]] * [[Skin flora#Umbilical microbiome|Umbilical microbiome]] * [[Omphalos hypothesis]] == References == {{Reflist}} == Further reading == * {{cite journal |last1=Moreau |first1=Corrie S. |last2=Hulcr |first2=Jiri |last3=Latimer |first3=Andrew M. |last4=Henley |first4=Jessica B. |last5=Rountree |first5=Nina R. |last6=Fierer |first6=Noah |last7=Lucky |first7=Andrea |last8=Lowman |first8=Margaret D. |last9=Dunn |first9=Robert R. |title = A Jungle in There: Bacteria in Belly Buttons are Highly Diverse, but Predictable |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=7 |issue=11 |pages=e47712 |year=2012 |pmid=23144827 |pmc=3492386 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0047712 |bibcode=2012PLoSO...747712H }} *{{cite journal |last1=Gabriele |first1=Raimondo |last2=Conte |first2=Marco |last3=Egidi |first3=Federico |last4=Borghese |first4=Mario |title=Umbilical metastases: current viewpoint |journal=World Journal of Surgical Oncology |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=13 |year=2005 |pmid=15723695 |pmc=552325 |doi=10.1186/1477-7819-3-13 }} *{{cite journal |last1=Piskun |first1=Gregory |last2=Rajpal |first2=Sanjeev |title=Transumbilical Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Utilizes No Incisions Outside the Umbilicus |journal=Journal of Laparoendoscopic & Advanced Surgical Techniques |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=361–4 |year=1999 |pmid=10488834 |doi=10.1089/lap.1999.9.361 }} *{{cite journal |last1=Craig |first1=Stefan B. |last2=Faller |first2=Mary S. |last3=Puckett |first3=Charles L. |title=In Search of the Ideal Female Umbilicus |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_plastic-and-reconstructive-surgery_2000-01_105_1/page/389 |journal=Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery |volume=105 |issue=1 |pages=389–92 |year=2000 |pmid=10627008 |doi=10.1097/00006534-200001000-00062 }} *{{cite web |title=New meaning to 'navel-gazing': Scientists study belly button bacteria |date=April 14, 2011 |url=http://bodyodd.nbcnews.com/_news/2011/04/14/6466035-new-meaning-to-navel-gazing-scientists-study-belly-button-bacteria |publisher=[[NBC News]] |work=Body Odd |access-date=July 30, 2020 |archive-date=July 26, 2016 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20160726085907/http://bodyodd.nbcnews.com/_news/2011/04/14/6466035-new-meaning-to-navel-gazing-scientists-study-belly-button-bacteria |url-status=dead }} *{{cite web |url = http://navels.yourwildlife.org |title = Belly Button Biodiversity Project |access-date = 15 April 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160730002157/http://navels.yourwildlife.org/ |archive-date = 30 July 2016 |url-status = dead }} {{-}} {{human anatomical features}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Abdomen]] pol24mpa2z6r1a9nr9dfaheu0t6m80c 0 12471 196624 61652 2026-08-12T19:30:27Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196624 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder |honorific-prefix = ᱥᱩᱛᱨᱮᱛ |name = ᱢᱟᱣᱡᱮᱫᱚᱝ |native_name = 毛泽东 |image = File:Mao Zedong in 1959 (cropped).jpg |imagesize = |caption = ᱑᱙᱕᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱣ |office = |deputy = |term_start = |term_end = |predecessor = |successor = |office2 = |term_start2 = |term_end2 = |premier2 = |deputy2 = |predecessor2 = |successor2 = |office3 = |deputy3 = |term_start3 = |term_end3 = |predecessor3 = |successor3 = |office4 = |term_start4 = |term_end4 = |deputy4 = |premier4 = |predecessor4 = |successor4 = |birth_name = |birth_date = {{birth date|1893|12|26}} |birth_place = ᱥᱟᱣᱥᱟᱱ, ᱭᱩᱱᱟᱱ, ᱠᱤᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱴᱷᱤ |death_date = {{death date and age|1976|9|9|1893|12|26}} |death_place = ᱵᱮᱭᱡᱤᱝ, ᱪᱤᱱ |death_cause = ᱦᱟᱨᱴ ᱮᱴᱮᱠ |resting_place = ᱵᱮᱭᱡᱤᱝ |party = ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ |otherparty = |spouse = |children = ᱑᱐ |alma_mater = |signature = Mao Zedong signature.svg |footnotes = |titlestyle = background-color:#FCF;text-align:center; |title = Central institution membership |bullets = on | 1964–1976: Member, [[National People's Congress]] | 1954–1959: Member, National People's Congress | | 1938–1976: [[Historical membership of the Politburo Standing Committee|Member]], 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th Politburo | 1938–1976: Member, [[6th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China|6th]], [[7th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China|7th]], [[8th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China|8th]], [[9th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China|9th]], [[10th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China|10th]] Central Committee }} ᱢᱟᱣ ᱡᱮᱫᱚᱝ (ᱤᱝᱨᱟᱹᱡᱤᱺ Mao Zedong) ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱮᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ| ᱑᱘᱙᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱒᱖ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱢᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱭᱩᱱᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ (Hunan Province) ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱣ ᱥᱟᱱ (Shaoshan) ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱺᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱮᱱ ᱪᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱧᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ| ᱪᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱢᱟᱣ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱪᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱚᱭᱚᱜ ᱚᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱥ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ| ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱥᱮᱨ ᱦᱩᱫᱤᱥ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱢᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱛᱦᱮᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱴᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱪᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱢᱩᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱩᱠᱷ ᱫᱟᱹᱱᱫᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ| ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱢᱩᱱᱤᱥ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱩᱠᱷ ᱫᱟᱹᱱᱫᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱥᱠᱟᱨ ᱩᱯᱟᱹᱭ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱚᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱦᱩᱞ| ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱥᱩᱵᱟ> ᱯᱩᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱚᱞ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱛᱮ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱯᱟᱛ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱚᱞ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱠᱦᱚᱨᱚᱪᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱯᱟᱧᱪᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱡ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱲ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ| ==ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱟᱨᱤ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ== ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱭᱱᱚᱢ ᱑᱙᱒᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱣ ᱡᱮᱫᱚᱝ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱱᱤᱣᱩᱥ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱟᱵᱟᱱᱫᱷᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱥᱮ-ᱴᱩ ᱥᱤᱣ (Chen-Tu-Hsiu) ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱢᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱝᱦᱟᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱨᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱱᱤᱣᱥ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ| ᱑᱙᱒᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱭᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱭ ᱪᱮᱠ ᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱴᱮ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱱᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ| ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱣ- ᱥᱮ ᱫᱚᱝ ᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱱᱴᱤᱭᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱨᱚᱪᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱰᱤᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱽ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱛᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱪᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱟᱱᱫᱚᱲ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱩᱨᱩᱵᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ| ==ᱜᱩᱨ== ᱑᱙᱔᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱒᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱭ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱩᱠᱷ ᱢᱩᱦᱤᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱑᱙᱗᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱙ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱢᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱷᱩᱲᱤ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤᱭᱟᱫᱟ| ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱥᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱰᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱦ ᱦᱯᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱟᱧᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱣᱟ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱲ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱᱟ| ==ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱯᱩᱧᱡᱤ== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Carter |first=Peter |title=Mao |url=https://archive.org/details/mao0000cart |year=1976 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=London |isbn=978-0192731408 |ref=Car76}} * {{cite book |last1=Chang |first1=Jung |last2=Halliday |first2=Jon |authorlink1=Jung Chang |authorlink2=Jon Halliday |title=[[Mao: The Unknown Story]] |year=2005 |publisher=Ted Smart |location=London |isbn=978-0224071260 |ref=Cha05}} * {{cite book |last=Dikötter |first=Frank |authorlink=Frank Dikötter |title=[[Mao's Great Famine|Mao's Great Famine: The History of China's Most Devastating Catastrophe, 1958–62]] |year=2010 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing PLC |location=London |isbn=978-0747595083 |ref=Dik10}} * {{cite book |last=Feigon |first=Lee |title=Mao: A Reinterpretation |url=https://archive.org/details/maoreinterpretat0000feig |year=2002 |publisher=Ivan R. Dee |location=Chicago |isbn=978-1566634588 |ref=Fei02}} * {{cite book |last=Gao |first=Mobo |title=The Battle for China's Past: Mao and the Cultural Revolution |year=2008 |publisher=Pluto Press |location=London |isbn=978-0745327808 |ref=Gao08}} * {{cite book |last=Hollingworth |first=Clare |authorlink=Clare Hollingworth |title=Mao and the Men Against Him |year=1985 |publisher=Jonathan Cape |location=London |isbn=978-0224017608 |ref=Hol85}} * {{cite book |title=[[The Private Life of Chairman Mao|The Private Life of Chairman Mao: The Memoirs of Mao's Personal Physician]] |last=Li |first=Zhisui |authorlink=Li Zhisui |year= 1994 |publisher=Random House |location=London |isbn=978-0701140186 |ref=Li94}} * {{cite book |last1=MacFarquhar |first1=Roderick |authorlink1=Roderick MacFarquhar |last2=Schoenhals |first2=Michael |title=Mao's Last Revolution |year=2008 |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |isbn=978-0674027480 |ref=Mac08}} * {{cite book |last=Schram |first=Simon |authorlink=Stuart R. Schram |title=Mao Tse-Tung |url=https://archive.org/details/maotsetung0000schr |year=1966 |publisher=Penguin Books |location=London |isbn=978-0140208405 |ref=Sch66}} {{refend}} ==ᱥᱟ.ᱠᱷᱭᱟ.ᱛ== {{ᱥᱟ.ᱠᱷᱭᱟ.ᱛ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱨᱟᱡᱟᱨᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ]] nsezkjtfinkp2pmo6q0lj5ltlu38nqm 0 12542 196486 61951 2026-08-12T17:15:49Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196486 wikitext text/x-wiki ==ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱠᱚ== {| "style="margin:auto;" class="wikitable" ! colspan="11" | ᱵᱩᱨᱩ |- ! rowspan=2 | ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ! rowspan=2 | Local Name & Meaning ! rowspan="2" |ᱡᱤᱞᱟ ! colspan=2 | ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ! rowspan=2 | ᱦᱟ.ᱴᱤᱧ ! rowspan=2 | Excavation ! rowspan=2 | ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ! ! ! rowspan=2 | ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱨ |- ! ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (m) ! ᱯᱷᱤᱴ (ft) ! ! |- | [[ᱥᱚᱜᱚᱨᱢᱟᱛᱷᱟ]] || ''ᱥᱚᱜᱚᱨᱢᱟᱛᱷᱟ'' (ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ), "ᱵᱤᱥᱣᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ",<ref name="Unsworth584">{{cite book |title= Everest – The Mountaineering History |url= https://archive.org/details/bwb_w8-ajz-271 |last=Unsworth |first=Walt |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2000 |publisher=Bâton Wicks|location= |isbn=978-1-898573-40-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bwb_w8-ajz-271/page/584 584]|edition=3rd}}</ref><br> |ᱥᱳᱞᱩᱠᱷᱩᱢᱵᱩ || ᱘᱘᱔᱘ || ᱒᱙᱐᱒᱙ || ᱑ || ᱑᱙᱕᱓ || ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱚᱢᱟᱱᱰᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱵ ᱱᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱥᱚᱜᱚᱨᱢᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭ ᱱᱤᱠᱩᱱᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ । ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱷᱳᱢᱳᱞᱳᱰᱰᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ-ᱟ । | | ||[[File:Everest kalapatthar crop.jpg|thumb|ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱯᱴᱴᱷᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱚᱜᱚᱨᱢᱟᱛᱷᱟ]] |- |[[ᱠᱚᱧᱪᱚᱱᱡᱚᱝᱜᱷᱟ]] || ''Kangchen Dzö-nga'', "ᱩᱥᱩᱞ snow ᱛᱮ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡᱽ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ" |ᱛᱟᱯᱞᱮᱡᱩᱝ ||᱘᱕᱘᱖ || ᱒᱘᱑᱖᱙ || ᱓ || ᱑᱙᱕᱕ || ᱠᱚᱭᱮ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱯᱮᱡᱩᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱠᱠᱤᱢ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ । | | ||[[File:Kanchenjunga from Tiger Hills.JPG|thumb|ᱠᱚᱧᱪᱚᱱᱡᱚᱝᱜᱷᱟ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ]] |- |[[ᱞᱦᱳᱛᱥᱮ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ]]|| "ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ The top of the mountain" |ᱥᱳᱞᱩᱠᱷᱩᱢᱵᱩ || ᱘᱕᱑᱖ || ᱒᱗᱙᱔᱐ || ᱔ || ᱑᱙᱕᱖ || ᱠᱚᱭᱮ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ । | | ||[[File:Lhotse-fromChukhungRi.jpg|thumb|ᱞᱦᱳᱛᱥᱮ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ]] |- |[[मकालु (स्पष्टता)|ᱢᱚᱠᱟᱞᱩ]]|| "ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ" |ᱥᱚᱸᱠᱷᱩᱣᱟᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ|| ᱘᱔᱖᱒ || ᱒᱗᱗᱖᱕ || ᱕ || ᱑᱙᱕᱕ ||ᱠᱚᱭᱮ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ । | | ||[[File:Mount Makalu Area 21.jpg|thumb|ᱢᱚᱠᱟᱞᱩ. ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ]] |- |[[चोयु हिमाल|ᱪᱳᱭᱩ]]||''Qowowuyag'', "Turquoise Goddess" |ᱥᱳᱞᱩᱠᱷᱩᱢᱵᱩ || ᱘᱒᱐᱑ || ᱒᱖᱙᱐᱕|| ᱖ || ᱑᱙᱕᱔ || On Nepal-PRC (Tibet) border, west of Mt. Everest. | | ||[[File:ChoOyu-fromGokyo.jpg|thumb|ᱪᱳᱭᱩ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ]] |- |[[ᱫᱷᱚᱣᱞᱟᱜᱤᱨᱤ]]|| "ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ" | ||᱘,᱑᱖᱗ || ᱒᱖,᱗᱖᱔|| ᱗ || ᱑᱙᱖᱐ || ᱯᱟ.ᱪᱤᱢ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱜᱚᱱᱰᱚᱠᱤ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ | | |- |[[ᱢᱚᱱᱟᱥᱞᱩ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ]]||Kutang, "Mountain of the Spirit" |ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟ || ᱘,᱐᱑᱖ || ᱒᱖,᱗᱖᱘|| ᱘ || ᱑᱙᱖ || Central Nepal, east of [[Pokhara]]. | | |- |[[ᱚᱱᱱᱚᱯᱩᱨᱱᱚ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ]]|| "ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱠᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ" |ᱠᱟᱥᱠᱤ ||᱘,᱐᱙᱑ || ᱒᱖,᱖᱔᱖ || ᱑᱐ || ᱑᱙᱖᱐ || ᱠᱚᱭᱮ ᱯᱳᱠᱷᱚᱨᱟ ᱥᱮᱡᱽᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ | | ||[[File:Annapurna Base Camp (9).JPG|thumb|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱚᱱᱱᱚᱯᱩᱨᱱᱚ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ]] |- |[[Shishapangma]]|| ''Xixiabangma'', "Crest Above The Grassy Plains", Gosainthan | || ᱘,᱐᱑᱓ || ᱒᱖,᱒᱘᱙ || ᱑᱔ || ᱑᱙᱖᱔ || Tibet, PRC, about 10&nbsp;km north of Nepal border. | | |- |[[ᱜᱭᱟᱪᱩᱝ ᱠᱟᱝ]]|| unknown | || ᱗,᱙᱖᱒ || ᱒᱖,᱐᱘᱙ || ᱑᱖ || ᱑᱙᱖᱔ || On Nepal-PRC (Tibet) border. Highest mountain under ᱘,᱐᱐᱐ meters. | | |- |[[नुबचे|ᱱᱩᱯᱛᱥᱮ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ]]|| "West Peak" in Tibetan | || ᱗,᱘᱖᱑ || ᱒᱖,᱗᱙᱑ || ᱑᱒ (ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ) || ᱑᱙᱖᱑ || ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ [[ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱞᱟᱝᱜᱩᱨ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ]] | | |- |[[ᱞᱟᱝᱴᱟᱝ ᱞᱤᱨᱩᱝ]] || "ᱞᱟᱝᱛᱟᱝᱜᱽ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ" |ᱨᱚᱥᱩᱣᱟ || ᱗,᱒᱗ || ᱒᱓,᱗᱑ || || ᱑᱙᱗᱘ || ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱥᱟ ᱯᱟᱜᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ । | | ||[[File:Mountain of Langtang (16).JPG|thumb|ᱞᱟᱝᱛᱟᱝᱜᱽ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ]] |- |[[ᱢᱟᱪᱷᱟᱯᱩᱪᱷᱨᱮ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ]]|| "ᱦᱟᱠᱩ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱢᱰᱚᱞ" |ᱠᱟᱥᱠᱤ || ᱖,᱙᱙᱓ || ᱒,᱙᱔᱓ || || ᱑᱙᱖᱓ (short of actual summit.) || ᱚᱱᱱᱚᱯᱩᱨᱱᱚ ᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱣᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱪᱷᱟᱯᱩᱪᱷᱚᱨ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱚᱨᱚᱠ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ। ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱱᱩᱶᱟ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱮᱡᱽᱜ ᱢᱟᱱᱟ ᱜᱤᱭᱟ। | | ||[[File:Mt. Macchapucchhere (18).JPG|thumb|ᱢᱟᱪᱷᱟᱯᱩᱪᱷᱨᱮ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱱᱫᱨᱠᱚ ᱟᱛᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ]] |- |[[ᱰᱳᱨᱡᱮᱞᱟᱠᱯᱟ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ]]|| "ᱞᱟᱝᱛᱟᱝᱜᱽ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱮ" | || ᱖,᱐᱙᱖ || ᱒,᱘᱖᱔ || || ᱑᱙᱒ (short of actual summit.) || ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱚᱢᱟᱱᱰᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱭᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱡᱽ ᱯᱤᱨᱟᱢᱤᱰ(Pyramid) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ । | | ||[[File:Chisapani Sundarijal (32).JPG|thumb|ᱥᱤᱵᱷᱚᱯᱩᱨᱤ ᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭ ᱱᱤᱠᱩᱱᱡᱽ (National grove ) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱨ]] |- |[[ᱟᱢᱟᱫᱟᱣᱞᱟᱢ]]||"ᱟᱭᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱴᱚᱜᱽ" | || ᱖᱘᱔᱘ || ᱒᱕᱖᱗ || || ᱑᱙᱖᱑ || Considered by some{{Who|date=January 2010}} to be one of the most beautiful peaks in the Himalayas. In [[Khumbu]] region, Nepal. | | ||[[File:Amadblam (2).JPG|thumb|ᱟᱢᱟᱫᱟᱣᱞᱟᱢ]] |- |[[ᱢᱮᱨᱟ Peak]]||"-" | || - || - || || - || - | | ||[[File:Mera Peak 10033.JPG|thumb|Mera Peak 10033]] |- |[[ᱦᱤᱢᱪᱩᱞᱤ]]||"-" | || - || - || || - || ᱚᱱᱱᱚᱯᱩᱨᱱᱚ ᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱣᱤᱨ ᱢᱟᱪᱷᱟᱯᱩᱪᱷᱚᱨ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱡᱩᱰᱟ.ᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ । | | ||[[File:Mt. Macchapucchhere (29).JPG|thumb|ᱦᱤᱢᱪᱩᱞᱤ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ]] |- |[[ᱜᱳᱣᱨᱤᱥᱚᱸᱠᱚᱨ]]||"ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ Measure" |ᱫᱳᱞᱚᱠᱷᱟ|| ᱗,᱑᱓᱔ || ᱒᱓,᱔᱐᱖ || || ᱑᱙᱗᱙ || ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ Measure ᱱᱩᱶᱟ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ Base ᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ-ᱟ । | | ||[[File:Gaurishankar Mountain from Kalinchowk-2.jpg|thumb|ᱜᱳᱣᱨᱤᱥᱚᱸᱠᱚᱨ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ]] |- |} == ᱱᱩᱶᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱯᱮ == {{commons|Mountains in Nepal}} *[[List of unclimbed mountains of Nepal]] * [[List of highest mountains]] {{Asia in topic|List of mountains in}} [[Category:Mountains of Nepal|*]] [[Category:Lists of mountains by country|Nepal]] [[Category:Lists of landforms of Nepal|Mountains]] [[Category:Lists of mountains of Asia]] 4scg32ybecalcjmozlolyhe45e1tae2 0 12662 196467 185556 2026-08-12T17:00:11Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196467 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ | nativename = {{lang|fa|فارسی}} ({{transl|fa|fārsi}}), {{lang|tg|форсӣ}} ({{transl|tg|forsī}}) | pronunciation = {{IPA-fa|fɒːɾˈsiː||Farsi.ogg}} | states = {{hlist|style=line-height:1.3em; | [[ᱤᱨᱟᱱ]]<ref name="Samadi">{{cite book |last=Samadi |first=Habibeh |title=Assessing Grammar: The Languages of Lars |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781847696373 |year=2012 |publisher=Multilingual Matters |isbn=978-1-84769-637-3 |author2=Nick Perkins |editor=Martin Ball |editor2=David Crystal |editor3=Paul Fletcher |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781847696373/page/169 169]}}</ref> | [[ᱟᱯᱷᱜᱟᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ]]<ref name="Samadi" /> ([[ᱫᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱫᱟᱨᱤ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ) | [[ᱛᱟᱡᱤᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ]]<ref name="Samadi" /> ([[ᱛᱟᱡᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱟᱡᱤᱠ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ) | [[ᱩᱡᱽᱵᱮᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ]] (ᱛᱟᱡᱤᱠ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ) | [[ᱤᱨᱟᱠ]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iraq |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |title=IRAQ |accessdate=7 November 2014}}</ref> | [[ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱢᱮᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Tajiks in Turkmenistan |url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/15201/TX |website=People Groups}}</ref> (ᱛᱟᱡᱤᱠ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ) | [[ᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟ]]<ref>{{cite book |ref=harv |last1=Pilkington |first1=Hilary |last2=Yemelianova |first2=Galina |title=Islam in Post-Soviet Russia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mAfS-PFRLYkC&pg=PA27 |year=2004 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-203-21769-6 |page=27 |quote=Among other indigenous peoples of Iranian origin were the Tats, the Talishes and the Kurds.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |ref=harv |last1=Mastyugina |first1=Tatiana |last2=Perepelkin |first2=Lev |title=An Ethnic History of Russia: Pre-revolutionary Times to the Present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xd3ZnfyRgncC&pg=PA80 |year=1996 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-29315-3 |page=80 |quote=The Iranian Peoples (Ossetians, Tajiks, Tats, Mountain Judaists)}}</ref> | [[ᱟᱡᱟᱨᱵᱟᱭᱡᱟᱱ]]<ref name="Windfuhr">Windfuhr, Gernot: ''The Iranian Languages'', Routledge 2009, p. 418.</ref>}} | speakers = ᱗᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ<ref>{{cite web |url=https://asianstudies.unc.edu/persian/|title=Persian {{!}} Department of Asian Studies |language=en-US |access-date=2 January 2019 |quote=There are numerous reasons to study Persian: for one thing, Persian is an important language of the Middle East and Central Asia, spoken by approximately 70 million native speakers and roughly 110 million people worldwide.}}</ref> | speakers2 = (ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱑᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ)<ref name="Windfuhr" /> | familycolor = Indo-European | fam1 = [[ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ|ᱤᱱᱫᱳ-ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] | fam2 = [[ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱤᱱᱫᱳ-ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] | fam3 = [[ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] | fam4 = [[ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] | fam5 = [[ᱠᱚᱧᱮ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱠᱚᱧᱮ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] | ancestor = [[ᱢᱟᱬᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] | ancestor2 = [[ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ]] | dia1 = [[ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ]] | dia2 = [[ᱥᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱫᱟᱨᱤ]] | dia3 = [[ᱛᱟᱡᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱟᱡᱤᱠ]] | dia4 = ᱵᱩᱠᱷᱳᱨᱤ | dia5 = ᱯᱟᱦᱞᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱤ | dia6 = ᱦᱟᱡᱟᱨᱟᱜᱤ | dia7 = ᱟᱭᱢᱚᱠ | dia8 = ᱡᱩᱫᱮᱣ-ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ | dia9 = ᱫᱮᱦᱣᱟᱨᱤ | dia10 = ᱡᱩᱫᱮᱣ ᱛᱟᱛ<ref name="Windfuhr" /> | dia11 = ᱠᱟᱣᱠᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱛ<ref name="Windfuhr" /> | dia12 = ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱳ ᱛᱟᱛ<ref name="Windfuhr" /> | stand1 = [[ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ]] | stand2 = [[ᱫᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱫᱟᱨᱤ]] | stand3 = [[ᱛᱟᱡᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱟᱡᱤᱠ]] | script = {{startplainlist|class=nowrap}} * [[ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ]] ([[ᱤᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱟᱯᱷᱜᱟᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ]]) * [[ᱛᱟᱡᱤᱠ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ]] ([[ᱛᱟᱡᱤᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ]]) * [[ᱦᱤᱵᱨᱩ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ]] * ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱵᱨᱮᱭᱤᱞ {{endplainlist}} | nation = {{plainlist| * [[File:Flag of Iran.svg|22x20px]] [[ᱤᱨᱟᱱ]] (ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ)<ref name="Iran Constitution">[[Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran]]: Chapter II, Article 15: "The official language and script of Iran, the [[lingua franca]] of its people, is Persian. Official documents, correspondence, and texts, as well as text-books, must be in this language and script. However, the use of regional and tribal languages in the press and mass media, as well as for teaching of their literature in schools, is allowed in addition to Persian."</ref> * [[File:Flag of Afghanistan.svg|22x20px]] [[ᱟᱯᱷᱜᱟᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ]] ([[ᱫᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱫᱟᱨᱤ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ) * [[File:Flag of Tajikistan.svg|22x20px]] [[ᱛᱟᱡᱤᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ]]} ([[ᱛᱟᱡᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱟᱡᱤᱠ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ)}} | agency = {{startplainlist}} * [[:en:Academy of Persian Language and Literature|Academy of Persian Language and Literature]] ([[ᱤᱨᱟᱱ]]) {{endplainlist}} | iso1 = fa | iso2b = per | iso2t = fas | iso3 = fas | lc1 = pes | ld1 = [[Western Persian|Iranian Persian]] | lc2 = prs | ld2 = [[Dari language|Dari]] | lc3 = tgk | ld3 = [[Tajik language|Tajik]]<!--This and the following codes aren't part of the macrolanguage per SIL--> | lc4 = aiq | ld4 = [[Aimaq dialect]] | lc5 = bhh | ld5 = [[Bukhori dialect]] | lc7 = haz | ld7 = [[Hazaragi dialect]] | lc8 = jpr | ld8 = [[Judeo-Persian]] | lc9 = phv | ld9 = [[Pahlavani language|Pahlavani]] | lc10 = deh | ld10 = [[Dehwari language|Dehwari]] | lc11 = jdt | ld11 = [[Judeo-Tat]] | lc12 = ttt | ld12 = [[Tat language (Caucasus)|Caucasian Tat]] | lingua = {{longitem|58-AAC (Wider Persian)<br />{{nowrap| > 58-AAC-c (Central Persian)}}}} | image = Farsi.svg | imagesize = 100px | imagecaption = ''Fārsi'' written in [[Persian calligraphy]] ([[Nastaʿlīq]]) | map = Persian Language Location Map.svg{{!}}border | mapcaption = ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱭ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ (including dialects) | map2 = Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan.svg{{!}}border | mapcaption2 = {{legend|red|ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ}} | notice = IPA | listclass = hlist | glotto = fars1254 | glottorefname = Farsic-Caucasian Tat }} '''ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ''' ({{lang|fa|فارسی}}, ''{{transl|fa|ALA|ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ}}'', {{IPA-fa|fɒːɾˈsiː||Farsi.ogg}}) ᱫᱚ [[ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱲ-ᱮᱫ [[ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ|ᱤᱱᱫᱳ-ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ [[ᱤᱨᱟᱱ]], [[ᱛᱟᱡᱤᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱟᱯᱷᱜᱟᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ]] ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ [[ᱤᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ''ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ'' (فارسی), ᱟᱯᱷᱜᱟᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ''ᱫᱮᱨᱤ'' (دری) ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱡᱤᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ''ᱛᱟᱡᱤᱠ'' (Тоҷикӣ / Toçikī / تاجيكی) ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱦᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ==ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱝ== ==ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ== ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== ==ᱨᱚᱱᱚᱲ== ==ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ== ==ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{Sister project links | wikt=Category:Persian language | commons=Category:Persian language | b=no | n=no | q=no | s=no | v=no | voy=Persian phrasebook | species=no | d=no | display=Persian}} {{InterWiki|code=fa}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090830061043/http://www.persianacademy.ir/ Academy of Persian Language and Literature official website] (ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ) * [http://www.persian-language.com/ Assembly for the Expansion of the Persian Language official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606090527/http://www.persian-language.com/ |date=2017-06-06 }} (ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121209222040/http://persianlanguage.ir/ Persian language Resources] (ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ) * [http://www.parstimes.com/language/ Persian Language Resources], parstimes.com * [http://alefbaye2om.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Ma_farsi_balad_im_EN.pdf Persian language tutorial books for beginners] * [[Soleiman Haim|Haim, Soleiman]]. [http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/hayyim/ New Persian–English dictionary]. Teheran: Librairie-imprimerie Beroukhim, 1934–1936. uchicago.edu * [[Steingass, Francis Joseph]]. [http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/steingass/ A Comprehensive Persian–English dictionary]. London: Routledge & K. Paul, 1892. uchicago.edu * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060720065425/http://www.pavelicpapers.com/documents/odpor/index.html UCLA Language Materials Project:] [https://web.archive.org/web/20170923082042/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=63&menu=004 Persian], ucla.edu * [http://www.kolahstudio.com/?p=620 How Persian Alphabet Transits into Graffiti], Persian Graffiti * [https://archive.org/details/mike_worldmentoringacademy_03b Basic Persian language course (book + audio files)] USA Foreign Service Institute (FSI) * [http://pauctle.com/fatr Persian<>Turkish dictionary] You can use ? character instead of an unknown letter. It provides results from Steingass's Persian-English dictionary, too. [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱟᱯᱷᱜᱟᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱤᱨᱟᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱟᱡᱟᱨᱵᱟᱭᱡᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱵᱟᱦᱚᱨᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱛᱟᱡᱤᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱩᱡᱽᱵᱮᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱠᱚᱠᱮᱥᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱠᱩᱭᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ| ]] ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== od9rt6fk3k9zh7bgqdv8m7531q0891t 0 12680 196660 196345 2026-08-12T20:20:12Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196660 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = ᱠᱟᱸᱪᱤᱯᱩᱨᱚᱢ | official_name = | native_name = | native_name_lang = | other_name = ᱠᱟᱸᱪᱤᱯᱩᱨᱚᱢ, ᱠᱟᱸᱪᱤ | settlement_type = ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱯᱟᱞᱤᱠᱟ | image_skyline = Kailasanathar temple Kanchipuram (16).jpg | image_alt = ᱠᱟᱭᱞᱟᱥᱟᱱᱟᱛᱷᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ | image_caption = [[ᱠᱟᱸᱪᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱞᱟᱥᱟᱱᱟᱛᱷᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ|ᱠᱟᱭᱞᱟᱥᱟᱱᱟᱛᱷᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ]], 685–705, the oldest temple in the city | nickname = ᱠᱟᱸᱪᱤ, ᱞᱩᱢᱟᱹᱝ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ, ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ | map_alt = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu#India | pushpin_label_position = left | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|12.8387|N|79.7016|E|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ | subdivision_name = {{IND}} | subdivision_type1 = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱮᱫ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ|ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | subdivision_type2 = ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤ | subdivision_type3 = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ|ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | subdivision_name1 = [[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞᱱᱟᱰᱩ]] | subdivision_name2 = [[ᱛᱚᱝᱰᱟᱭᱢᱟᱱᱰᱟᱞᱟᱢ|ᱛᱚᱝᱰᱟᱭ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ]] | established_title = <!-- Established --> | established_date = | founder = | named_for = | government_type = ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱯᱟᱞᱤᱠᱟ | governing_body = ᱠᱟᱸᱪᱤᱯᱩᱨᱚᱢ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱯᱟᱞᱤᱠᱟ | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = | area_rank = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_total = ᱑᱖᱔᱒᱖᱕ | population_as_of = ᱒᱐᱑᱑ | population_footnotes = | population_density_km2 = auto | population_rank = | population_demonym = | demographics_type1 = ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ | demographics1_title1 = ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | utc_offset1 = +᱐᱕:᱓᱐ | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] | postal_code = ᱖᱓᱑᱕᱐᱑-᱖᱓᱑᱕᱐᱓ | area_code = ᱐᱔᱔ | area_code_type = ᱴᱮᱞᱤᱯᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱳᱰ | registration_plate = TN-21 | website = {{URL|kanchi.tn.nic.in}} | footnotes = | demographics1_info1 = [[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ]] }} '''ᱠᱟᱸᱪᱤᱯᱩᱨᱚᱢ''', ᱚᱠᱚᱭ '''ᱠᱟᱸᱪᱤ''' ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ '''ᱠᱟᱸᱪᱤ''' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞᱱᱟᱰᱩ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ [[ᱪᱮᱱᱱᱟᱭ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱗᱒ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱔᱕ ᱢᱤᱞ) ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱤᱧᱟ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ : ᱴᱚᱸᱰᱤᱢᱚᱱᱰᱚᱞᱚᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱑.᱖᱐᱕ ᱜᱟᱺᱴ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱔.᱔᱘᱑ ᱜᱟᱺᱴ ᱢᱤᱞ) ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱑᱖᱔,᱒᱖᱕ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ== ᱠᱟᱸᱪᱤᱯᱩᱨᱚᱢ {{Coord|12.8387|N|79.7016|E||display=}} ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱗᱒ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱔᱕ ᱢᱤᱞ) ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱮᱱᱱᱟᱭ ᱨᱮ, ᱵᱮᱜᱽᱣᱟᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱯᱟᱞᱚᱨ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱑.᱖ ᱜᱟᱺᱴ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱔.᱕ ᱜᱟᱺᱴ ᱢᱤᱞ) ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱴᱮᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱘᱓.᱒ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱒᱗᱓ ᱯᱷᱤᱴ) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfn|About City|2011}} ᱠᱟᱸᱪᱤᱯᱩᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱷᱚᱞᱟᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ{{sfn|About City|2011}} ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfn|K.V.|1975|pp=1–4}} ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱰᱮᱦᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ,{{sfn|K.V.|1975|pp=1–4}} ==ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ== [[File:Kanchi Kudil kanchipuram.jpeg|thumb|200px|right|alt=House with thatched roof|A house depicting old living style of Kanchipuram]] {{Historical populations |align = left |state=collapsed |1871|37275 |1881|37312 |1891|42547 |1901|46164 |1911|53864 |1921|61376 |1931|65258 |1941|74685 |1951|84810 |1961|92714 |1971|110657 |1981|131013 |1991|144955 |2001|153140 |2011|164265 |footnote=Sources: * 1871: {{sfn|Hunter|1885}} * 1901 – 1991:{{sfn|Kanchipuram Master Plan|2001}} * 2001:{{sfn|Kanchipuram : Census 2011}} * 2011:{{sfn|Kanchipuram population|2012}} }} ᱗ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱱᱚᱮᱥᱤᱝ ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ, ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱑᱐ ᱜᱟᱺᱴ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱓.᱙ ᱜᱟᱺᱴ ᱢᱤᱞ) ᱨᱮ ᱟᱴᱮᱛ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱠᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱑᱐,᱐᱐᱐ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Rao|2008|p=142}} {{bar box|title=Religious census|titlebar=#ddd|left1=Religion|right1=Percent(%)|float=left|bars={{bar percent|[[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ]]|Orange|93.38}}{{bar percent|[[ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ|ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ]]|Green|5.24}}{{bar percent|[[ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ|ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ]]|purple|0.83}}{{bar percent|[[ᱡᱳᱭᱱᱳ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ|ᱡᱳᱭᱱᱳ]]|Blue|0.4}}{{bar percent|[[ᱥᱤᱠᱷ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ|ᱥᱤᱠᱷ]]|yellow|0.01}}{{bar percent|[[ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ|ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ]]|Gold|0.01}}{{bar percent|ᱮᱴᱟᱜ|grey|0.11}}{{bar percent|[[Irreligion|No religion]]|violet|0.01}}}} ᱒᱐᱑᱒ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱠᱟᱸᱪᱤᱯᱩᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱑,᱒᱙᱕ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱑᱖᱔,᱓᱘᱔ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱙᱒᱙ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱰᱮᱦᱮᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾{{sfn|National Sex Ratio 2011}} ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭ ᱵᱚᱪᱷᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱩᱢᱚᱨ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱑᱕,᱙᱕᱕, ᱘,᱑᱕᱘ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱗,᱗᱙᱗ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱮᱨ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱓.᱕᱕% ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱐.᱐᱙% ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱗᱒.᱙᱙% ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱵᱟᱨᱟ ᱵᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱱᱮᱢ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱗᱙.᱕᱑% ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾{{sfn|National Sex Ratio 2011}} ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱔᱑᱘᱐᱗ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ== ==ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ== ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟ.ᱠᱷᱭᱟ.ᱛ}} {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite map|publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]]|url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/seismo/static/seismo-zone.htm|title=Seismic Zoning Map|accessdate=12 November 2012|year=2008|ref={{sfnRef|Seismic Zoning map|2008}}|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140603143951/http://www.imd.gov.in/section/seismo/static/seismo-zone.htm|archivedate=3 June 2014}} * {{cite report|publisher=India Meteorological Department|url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/seismo/static/Glossary.pdf|title=Seismology glossary|accessdate=12 November 2012|year=2008|ref={{sfnRef|Seismology glossary|2008}}|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929052118/http://www.imd.gov.in/section/seismo/static/Glossary.pdf|archivedate=29 September 2011}} * {{cite report|title=Kanchipuram local plan|last=Kanchipuram local plan|url=http://www.kanchi.tn.nic.in/kpm_localplan.pdf|publisher=Kancheepuram Municipality|year=2006|accessdate=8 June 2012|ref=harv|archive-date=12 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412200214/http://www.kanchi.tn.nic.in/kpm_localplan.pdf|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite report | author = Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India | date = 2007 | title = District ground water brochure – Kancheepuram district | url = http://cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/TamilNadu/Kancheepuram.pdf | publisher = Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India | section = | docket = | accessdate = 30 September 2012 |ref=harv }} * {{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-18/chennai/32298697_1_tambaram-forest-nanmangalam-reserve-forest-dimeria-acutipes-and-cyondon|title=Nanmangalam forest will get wall as shield|accessdate=26 June 2012|work=The Hindu|date=18 June 2012|ref={{sfnRef|''The Hindu''|18 June 2012}}|archive-date=12 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612140250/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-18/chennai/32298697_1_tambaram-forest-nanmangalam-reserve-forest-dimeria-acutipes-and-cyondon|url-status=dead}} * {{cite news |url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3433503.ece|title = Medicinal garden set up near Kancheepuram |accessdate=26 June 2012|work=The Hindu|date=19 May 2012|ref={{sfnRef|''The Hindu''|19 May 2012}} }} * {{cite news |url = http://www.thehindu.com/arts/history-and-culture/article2128525.ece|title = Deprived of original élan |accessdate=26 June 2012|work=The Hindu|date=23 June 2011|ref={{sfnRef|''The Hindu''|23 June 2011}} }} * {{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/govt-ropes-in-tcs-for-muchawaited-iiit-project/955160/|title=Govt ropes in TCS for much-awaited IIIT project|last=Dave|first=Kapil |date=29 May 2012|work=The Indian Express|accessdate=15 June 2012|location=Chennai|ref={{sfnRef|''The Indian Express''|29 May 2012}}}} * {{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/article3451242.ece?ref=wl_industry-and-economy|title=L&T opens first rail construction training centre near Chennai|last=T.E.|first=Raja Simhan |date=24 May 2012|work=The Business Line|accessdate=15 June 2012|location=Chennai|ref={{sfnRef|''The Businessline''|24 May 2012}}}} * {{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-29/chennai/28312502_1_gi-tag-gi-registry-gi-protection|title=GI tag: TN trails Karnataka with 18 products|date=29 August 2010|work=The Times of India|accessdate=26 June 2012|ref={{sfnRef|''The Times of India''|29 August 2010}}|archive-date=3 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103144531/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-29/chennai/28312502_1_gi-tag-gi-registry-gi-protection|url-status=dead}} * {{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-12-27/news/30561514_1_silk-sarees-kanchipuram-weavers|title=Government eases norms for gold-silver mix in Kanchipuram sarees|last=Sangeetha Kandavel, Sanjay Vijyakumar|date=27 December 2011|work=The Economic Times|accessdate=14 May 2012|location=Chennai|ref={{sfnRef|''The Economic Times''|27 December 2011}}|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305041816/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-12-27/news/30561514_1_silk-sarees-kanchipuram-weavers|url-status=dead}} * {{cite news|title= Kancheepuram weavers disillusioned |url=http://election.rediff.com/slide-show/2009/may/07/slide-show-1-constituency-tour-to-kancheepuram-in-tamil-nadu.htm|work=rediff|accessdate = 8 June 2012|date=7 May 2009|ref={{sfnRef|''rediff''|7 May 2009}}}} * {{cite news |last=Viswanathan |first=S |title=A history of agitational politics |work=Frontline, The Hindu publishing |date=23 April 2004 |url=http://www.flonnet.com/fl2108/stories/20040423007201600.htm |ref={{sfnRef|''Frontline''| 23 April 2004}} |accessdate=19 December 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302175523/http://www.flonnet.com/fl2108/stories/20040423007201600.htm |archivedate= 2 March 2008 }} * {{cite web|title=Population By Religious Community – Tamil Nadu|year=2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|format=XLS|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|accessdate=13 September 2015|ref={{sfnRef|Population by religion|2013}}}} * {{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals – Kanchipuram|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=680447|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|accessdate=26 January 2014|ref={{sfnRef|Kanchipuram 2011 census}}|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924144123/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=680447|archivedate=24 September 2015}} * {{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/index.html|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|accessdate=26 January 2014|ref={{sfnRef|National Sex Ratio 2011}}}} * {{cite web|title=Religious places in Kanchipuram|url=http://www.tamilnadutourism.org/places/citiestowns/Kanchipuram01.aspx?catid=010106P03|publisher=Tamil Nadu Tourism Development Corporation|year=2011|accessdate = 26 June 2012|ref={{sfnRef|Religious places in Kanchipuram|2011}}}} * {{cite web|title= University of Madras – affiliated colleges|url=http://cdc.unom.ac.in/|publisher=University of Madras|accessdate = 8 June 2012|year=2012|ref={{sfnRef|University of Madras – affiliated colleges|2012}} }} * {{cite web|title= AICTE list of approved institutes|url=http://www.aicte-india.org/downloads/mis/Engg_Tech.htm|accessdate = 8 June 2012|year=2012|publisher=AICTE|ref={{sfnRef|AICTE list of approved institutes|2012}} }} * {{cite web|title=Arignar Anna Memorial Cancer Institute and Hospital|url=http://www.tnhealth.org/megh34.htm|publisher=Department of Health, Government of Tamil Nadu|accessdate=8 June 2012|year=2012|ref={{sfnRef|TN Health Department – Arignar Anna Memorial Cancer Institute and Hospital|2012}}|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120831052351/http://www.tnhealth.org/megh34.htm|archive-date=31 August 2012}} * {{cite web|title=Meeenakshi Medical College and Research Institute|url=http://www.mmchri.res.in/|publisher=Meenakshi Medical College|accessdate=8 June 2012|year=2012|ref={{sfnRef|Meeenakshi Medical College and Research Institute|2012}}|archive-date=10 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120610205929/http://www.mmchri.res.in/|url-status=dead}} * {{cite web|title= Deemed University List|url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/deemeduniversitylist.aspx?id=31&Unitype=4|publisher=University Grants Commission|accessdate = 8 June 2012|year=2012|ref={{sfnRef|Deemed University list|2012}} }} * {{cite web|title=Train Running Information|url=http://www.trainenquiry.com/o/PassingThroughTrains_Display.aspx?sel_val=CJ++&queryDisplay=KANCHIPURAM%2c+CJ++&time=24&name=&code=|year=2012|publisher=Indian Railways|accessdate=8 June 2012|ref={{sfnRef|Train Running Information|2012}}}}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{cite web|title=TNSTC Villupuram|url=http://tnstcvpm.com/contact-us/|publisher=Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation|accessdate=8 June 2012|year=2011|ref={{sfnRef|TNSTC Villupuram|2011}}|archive-date=3 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120703014513/http://tnstcvpm.com/contact-us/|url-status=dead}} * {{cite web|title=Educational institutes of Kanchipuram|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/kancheepuram/srv-edu.htm|publisher=Kanchipuram Municipality|accessdate=8 June 2012|year=2011|ref={{sfnRef|Educational institutes of Kanchipuram|2011}}|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20121218154807/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/kancheepuram/srv-edu.htm|archivedate=18 December 2012}} * {{cite web|title=Kanchipuram district police|url=http://www.tnpolice.gov.in/PDFS/kpm.pdf|publisher=Tamil Nadu Police|year=2011|accessdate = 26 June 2012|ref={{sfnRef|Kanchipuram district police|2011}} }} * {{cite web|title=Kanchipuram City Banks|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/kancheepuram/srv_bank.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121218160520/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/kancheepuram/srv_bank.html|archive-date=18 December 2012|publisher=Kanchipuram Municipality|accessdate=8 June 2012|year=2011|ref={{sfnRef|Kanchipuram City Banks|2011}}}} * {{cite web|title=Bus routes, Train schedules, Air schedules|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/kancheepuram/srv-routes.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121218152014/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/kancheepuram/srv-routes.html|archive-date=18 December 2012|publisher=Kanchipuram Municipality|accessdate=8 June 2012|year=2011|ref={{sfnRef|Bus routes, Train schedules, Air schedules|2011}}}} * {{cite web|title=About City|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu|year=2011|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/kancheepuram/abt-city.htm|accessdate=26 June 2012|ref={{sfnRef|About City|2011}}|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111227080706/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/Kancheepuram/abt-city.htm|archive-date=27 December 2011}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.kanchi.tn.nic.in/tourism%20place.html|title=Tourist places in Kanchipuram|publisher=National Informatics centre|year=2012|accessdate=26 June 2012|ref={{sfnRef|Tourist places in Kanchipuram|2012}}|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423094259/http://www.kanchi.tn.nic.in/tourism%20place.html|archivedate=23 April 2012}} *{{cite web|url=http://kanchi.nic.in/history.htm|year=2011|title=Historical Importance of Kanchipuram|publisher=National Informatics centre|accessdate=26 June 2012|ref={{sfnRef|Historical Importance of Kanchipuram|2011}}|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060518021820/http://kanchi.nic.in/history.htm|archivedate=18 May 2006}} * {{cite web|title=Kanchipuram population|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/kancheepuram/sal_population.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121218193047/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/kancheepuram/sal_population.html|archive-date=18 December 2012|publisher=Kanchipuram municipality|accessdate=14 September 2012|year=2012|ref={{sfnRef|Kanchipuram population|2012}}}} * {{cite web|title=Region Details|url=http://www.tangedco.gov.in/region.html#madu|publisher=Tamil Nadu Electricity Board|accessdate=26 June 2012|year=2011|ref={{sfnRef|TNEB region details|2011}} }} * {{cite web|title=Solid waste management|publisher=Kanchipuram Municipality|location=India|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/kancheepuram/sal_solidwastemanagement.htm|year=2011|accessdate=13 September 2012|ref={{sfnref|Waste management programme|2011}}|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091229105010/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/Kancheepuram/sal_solidwastemanagement.htm|archive-date=29 December 2009}} * {{cite web|title=Kanchipuram water supply|location=India|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/kancheepuram/sal_watersupply.htm|year=2011|publisher=Kanchipuram Municipality|accessdate=13 September 2012|ref={{sfnref|Kanchipuram water supply|2011}}|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306164504/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/kancheepuram/sal_watersupply.htm|archive-date=6 March 2014}} * {{cite web|title=Kanchipuram sewage and sanitation|location=India|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/kancheepuram/sal_sewerage.htm|publisher=Kanchipuram Municipality|year=2011|accessdate=13 September 2012|ref={{sfnref|Kanchipuram sewage and sanitation|2011}}|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091229105005/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/Kancheepuram/sal_sewerage.htm|archive-date=29 December 2009}} * {{cite web|title=State of Rural wireline broadband|publisher=BSNL, Tamil Nadu Circle|location=Tamil Nadu|url=http://ccatn.gov.in/usofiles/usoschemes/bbtn.htm|year=2011|accessdate=26 June 2012|ref={{sfnRef|BSNL|2011}}|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718161317/http://ccatn.gov.in/usofiles/usoschemes/bbtn.htm|archivedate=18 July 2013}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.dickpm.in/profile.htm|publisher=Department of Industries and Commerce district industries centre, Kanchipuram District|title=Kanchipuram Industrial profile|year=2012|accessdate=26 June 2012|ref={{sfnRef|Kanchipuram Industrial profile|2012}}|archive-date=31 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331120624/http://www.dickpm.in/profile.htm|url-status=dead}} * {{cite web|title=Kanchipuram Municipality – Chairman|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/kancheepuram/who_chairperson.htm|publisher=Kanchipuram Municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu|year=2011|accessdate=26 June 2012|ref={{sfnRef|Kanchipuram Municipality – Chairman|2011}}|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110111191348/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/kancheepuram/who_chairperson.htm|archive-date=11 January 2011}} * {{cite web|title=Kanchipuram Municipality – Commissioner|year=2011|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/kancheepuram/who-comm.htm|publisher=Kanchipuram Municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu|accessdate=26 June 2012|ref={{sfnRef|Kanchipuram Municipality – Commissioner|2011}}|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218164314/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/Kancheepuram/who-comm.htm|archive-date=18 February 2010}} * {{cite web |title=Vice Chairman of Kanchipuram municipality |url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/kancheepuram/who_Deputy_chairperson.htm |year=2011 |publisher=Kanchipuram Municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu |accessdate=26 June 2012 |ref={{sfnRef|Vice-Chairman of Kanchipuram municipality|2011}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202065337/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/kancheepuram/who_Deputy_chairperson.htm |archive-date=2 February 2009}} * {{cite web|title=MLA of Kanchipuram|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/members/profile/037.htm|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu |accessdate=26 June 2012|year=2011 |ref={{sfnRef|MLA of Kanchipuram|2011}}}} * {{cite web|title=Members of parliamentary constituencies in Tamil Nadu|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/government/loksaba|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu |accessdate=26 May 2014|year=2014|ref={{sfnRef|MP of Kanchipuram|2014}} }} * {{cite web|title=List of municipalities in Tamil Nadu|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/cma/list_of_municipalities.htm|publisher=Commissionerate of Municipal Administration, Government of Tamil Nadu|year=2011|ref={{sfnRef|List of municipalities in Tamil Nadu|2011}}}} * {{cite web|title=About municipality|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/kancheepuram/abus_municip.htm|publisher=Commissionerate of Municipal Administration, Government of Tamil Nadu|year=2011|accessdate=26 June 2012|ref={{sfnRef|About municipality|2011}}|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120221030512/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/kancheepuram/abus_municip.htm|archive-date=21 February 2012}} *{{cite web|title=Commissionerate of Municipal Administration |year=2011 |url=http://www.tn.gov.in/cma/chart5.htm |publisher=Commissionerate of Municipal Administration |accessdate=26 June 2012 |ref={{sfnRef|Commissionerate of Municipal Administration|2011}} |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106103849/http://www.tn.gov.in/cma/chart5.htm |archivedate= 6 November 2012 }} * {{cite web|title=Election Report – Full Statistical Report |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/ElectionStatistics.aspx|publisher=Election Commission of India|year=2011 |accessdate=26 June 2012|ref={{sfnRef|Election Report – Full Statistical Report|2011}} }} * {{cite web|title=Kanchipuram : Census 2011|publisher=Population Census India (web), Ministry of Home Affairs|year=2001|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/View_Village_Population.aspx?pcaid=7641&category=U.A. |accessdate=26 June 2012 |ref={{sfnRef|Kanchipuram : Census 2011}}}} * {{cite web|title=Kanchipuram Master Plan|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu|year=2001|url=http://www.kanchi.tn.nic.in/kpm_localplan.pdf|accessdate=26 June 2012|ref={{sfnRef|Kanchipuram Master Plan|2001}}|archive-date=12 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412200214/http://www.kanchi.tn.nic.in/kpm_localplan.pdf|url-status=dead}} * {{cite web|title=Industries in Kanchipuram|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/kancheepuram/srv_industry.htm|year=2011|publisher=Kanchipuram Municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu|accessdate=26 June 2012|ref={{sfnRef|Industries in Kanchipuram|2011}}|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121219003842/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/kancheepuram/srv_industry.htm|archive-date=19 December 2012}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.kanchi.tn.nic.in/varadaraja.htm |title=Gateway to Kanchipuram district – Varadaraja Temple |year=2011 |publisher=Kanchipuram District administration |accessdate=26 June 2012 |ref={{sfnRef|Gateway to Kanchipuram district – Varadaraja Temple|2011}}|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730053553/http://www.kanchi.tn.nic.in/varadaraja.htm |archivedate=30 July 2013 }} *{{Cite book |last=Aiyangar |first=Sakkottai Krishnaswami |title=Ancient India: Collected Essays on the Literary and Political History of |year=2004 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-206-1850-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=htArUg0OMpcC&pg=PA128|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book |last=Ayyar |first=P. V. Jagadisa |title=South Indian shrines: illustrated |year=1991 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-206-0151-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLSGFW1uZboC&pg=PA70|ref=harv}} * {{cite book | last = Browne | first = Charles Alfred | title = An introduction to the geography and history of India, and the countries | publisher = P.R. Hunt, American Mission Press | year = 1843 | url = https://archive.org/details/anintroductiont04symogoog | page = [https://archive.org/details/anintroductiont04symogoog/page/n241 228] |ref=harv}} * {{cite book | last = Chakrabarty | first = Bidyut | title = Indian Politics and Society Since Independence | publisher = Routledge | year = 2008 | pages = 110–111 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QzQHZ178C24C | isbn = 978-0-415-40868-4|ref=harv}} * {{cite book | last = Dalal | first = Roshan | title = The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths | publisher = Penguin Books India | year = 2006 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pNmfdAKFpkQC&pg=PA185 | isbn = 978-0-14-341517-6|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|title=Economic and political weekly, Volume 30|page=2396|publisher=Sameeksha Trust|last=Economic and political weekly|year=1995 |ref=harv }} * {{cite book|title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada|last=Gopal|first=Madan|year= 1990|editor=K.S. Gautam|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|ref=harv}} * {{cite book | last = Gupta | first = Subhadra Sen | title = Tirtha: holy pilgrim centres of the Hindus : saptapuri & chaar dhaam | publisher = Rupa & Co | year = 2001 | page = 56 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bH7XAAAAMAAJ&q=kanchi+brahma+worshipped+vishnu&dq=kanchi+brahma+worshipped+vishnu | isbn = 81-7167-564-6|ref=harv}} * {{cite book | last = Kuttan | first = Mahadevan |first2=P.V. |last2=Arunachalam | title = The Great Philosophers of India | publisher = Author House | year = 2009 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=nERVRxj22W0C&pg=PA245 | isbn = 978-1-4343-7780-7|ref=harv}} * {{cite book | last = Human Rights Watch | title = Human Rights Watch, The small hands of slavery: Bonded Child Labour in India | publisher = hrw.org | date = January 2003 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kE3k35T5tDUC&pg=PA62 | accessdate = 12 June 2012|ref=harv}} * {{cite book | last = Human Rights Watch/Asia | title = Human Rights Watch, The small hands of slavery: Bonded Child Labour in India |isbn = 1-56432-172-X | publisher = hrw.org | year = 1995 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=NfX3sRoJ3rYC&pg=PA82 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book | last = Husain | first = Majid | title = Understanding: Geographical: Map Entries: for Civil Services Examinations |isbn = 978-0-07-070288-2 | publisher = Tata McGraw Hill | year = 2011 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_9VGKfQ-sQsC&pg=RA6-PA4 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|title=Imperial Gazetteer of India|edition=2|volume=6|first=W. W.|last=Hunter|year=1885|publisher=Trubner & Co|place=London|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|title=Student's Britannica: India (Set of 7 Vols.) 39|volume=7|first=Indu Ramchandani|last=Hoiberg |year=2000|publisher= Encyclopædia Britannica (India) Private Limited |place=New Delhi|isbn=0-85229-760-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kEj-2a7pmVMC&pg=PA174&dq=kanchipuram+%2B+hoiberg#v=onepage|ref=harv}} * {{cite book | last = Imperial Gazetteer of India | title = Madras: The presidency; mountains, lakes, rivers, canals, and historic areas – Provincial Series Madras | publisher = Superintendent of Government Printing | location = Calcutta | year=1908 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=xXglUxeS_WkC&pg=PA544|ref=harv}} * {{cite book | title=History of the Tamils from the Earliest Times to the Present Day| last= Iyengar| first= P. T. Srinivasa | authorlink= P. T. Srinivasa Iyengar| year=1929| publisher= University of Madras| location=Madras| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ERq-OCn2cloC|ref=harv| isbn=978-81-206-0145-1}} * {{cite book|title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges|volume=3|year=2007|first=Tony|last=Jaques|isbn= 978-0-313-33536-5|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|title=The Pallavas|first=Tony|last=Jouveau-Dubreuil|year=1994|isbn= 81-206-0574-8|publisher=Asian Educational Services|location=New Delhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6o9XCT3XiaMC|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|title=Chennai|year=2000|publisher=Orient Longman Limited|first=Rina|last=Kamath|isbn=81-250-1378-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bw2vDg2fTrMC&pg=PA127|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|title=Anna: The Life and Times of C.N. Annadurai|year=2010|publisher=Penguin Books India|first=R.|last=Kannan|isbn=978-0-670-08328-2|ref=harv}} * {{cite book | first= John | last= Keay| year=2001 | title= India: A History | url= https://archive.org/details/indiahistoryfrom0000unse | publisher= Grove Press | isbn= 0-8021-3797-0|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book |last=Harvey |first=G.E |title=History of Burma|year=2000 |publisher=Asian Educational Services|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vmIVhKXwrFcC&pg=PA56|ref=harv|isbn=9788120613652 }} * {{Cite book |last=K.V. |first=Raman |title=Sri Varadarajaswami Temple, Kanchi: A Study of Its History, Art and Architecture |year=1975 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |location=New Delhi |isbn=8170170265 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=myK8ZYEIu4YC&pg=PA36|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Let's Go|title=Let's Go India & Nepal 8th Edition|year=2004|publisher=Let's Go Publications|location=NY|isbn=0-312-32006-X|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oM2ZqMfg7hYC&pg=PA584|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|last=Malalasekera|first=G.P.|title=The Pali Literature of Ceylon|year=1973|publisher=Buddhist Publication Society|location=Colombo|isbn=955-24-0118-6|pages=112–113|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book | last=McRae | first=John R. | date=2000 | contribution=The Antecedents of Encounter Dialogue in Chinese Ch'an Buddhism | contribution-url=http://kr.buddhism.org/zen/koan/John_McRae.htm | editor-last=Heine | editor-first=Steven | editor2-last=Wright | editor2-first=Dale S. | title=The Kōan: Texts and Contexts in Zen Buddhism | publisher=Oxford University Press | ref=harv | access-date=2020-08-17 | archive-date=2012-07-25 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725041529/http://kr.buddhism.org/zen/koan/John_McRae.htm | url-status=dead }} *{{Cite book |last=Pochhammer|first=Wilhelm von|title=India's Road to Nationhood: A Political History of the Subcontinent |year=2005|publisher=Allied Publishers (P) Ltd.|location=Mumbai|isbn=81-7764-715-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mHLB4m75pisC&pg=PA99|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book |last=Rao|first=P.V.L. Narasimha |title=Kanchipuram – Land of Legends, Saints & Temples|year=2008|publisher=Readworthy Publications (P) Ltd.|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-93-5018-104-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HJFldI75dRcC&pg=PA161|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book |last=R.G.|first=Grant|title=1001 Battles That Changed the Course of World History |year=2011|publisher=Random House Digital, Inc.|location=United States|isbn=9780789322333|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s4njwZGrZg4C&pg=PA465|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book |last=Ramaswamy |first=Vijaya |title=Historical dictionary of the Tamils |year=2007|publisher=Scarecrow Press, INC.|location=United States|isbn=978-0-470-82958-5|ref=harv}} * {{cite book | first= K. A. Nilakanta | last= Sastri | year=2008 | title= A History of South India| edition= 4th| publisher= Oxford University Press | location= New Delhi, India|ref=harv}} * {{cite book | first= K. A. Nilakanta| last=Sastri| authorlink=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri | origyear= 1935| year= 1935| title= The Cōlas| url= https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.6792| publisher= [[University of Madras]] | location= Madras|ref=harv}} * {{cite book | first= Prakashanand | last= Saraswati| year=2001 | title= The True History and the Religion of India: A Concise Encyclopedia of| edition= 1st| publisher= Motilal Banarsidass | location= New Delhi, India| isbn=81-208-1789-3 |ref=harv|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IhLN2I9yTTkC&pg=PA492}} * {{cite book | last = Sharma | first = Varanasi Raj Gopal | title = Kanchi Kamakoti Math, a myth | publisher = Ganga-Tunga Prakashan | year = 1987 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=T5DXAAAAMAAJ&q=Sarvagnya+Peetha&dq=Sarvagnya+Peetha | isbn = 0-415-40868-7|ref=harv}} * {{cite book | last = Sharma | first = Tej Ram | title = Personal and Geographical Names in the Gupta Inscriptions | publisher = Concept Publishing Company | year = 1978 | url = https://archive.org/details/personalgeograph00sharuoft | page = [https://archive.org/details/personalgeograph00sharuoft/page/255 255] | isbn = 0-415-40868-7|ref=harv}} * {{cite book | last = Smith | first = Vincent Aruthur Smith | title = The Early History of India from 600 B.C. to the Muhammadan Conquest including the invastion of Alexander the Great | publisher = Clarendon Press | year = 1914 |edition =3rd | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=b9a1AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA474 |ref=harv}} *{{Cite book |last=Soundara Rajan |first=Kodayanallur Vanamamalai |title=Concise classified dictionary of Hinduism|year=2001|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|location=New Delhi |isbn=81-7022-857-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lAWS49f8HKoC&pg=PA27|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|title=Kanchipuram through the ages|first=C. R.|last=Srinivasan|publisher=Agam Kala Prakashan|year=1979|ref=harv}} * {{cite book | last = Thapar | first = Romila | title = Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300 |isbn = 0-520-24225-4 |location = California | publisher =University of California Press | year = 2001 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=-5irrXX0apQC&pg=PA344&dq=kanchipuram+education#v=onepage | accessdate = 15 June 2012|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book |last=Trainor|first=Kevin |title=Buddhism The Illustrated Guide |url=https://archive.org/details/buddhismillustra0000unse_l2c4|year=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=0-19-517398-8|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal | last=Zvelebil | first=Kamil V. | title=The Sound of the One Hand | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-oriental-society_january-march-1987_107_1/page/125 | journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society | volume=107 | issue=1 | year=1987 | pages=125–126 | doi =10.2307/602960 | publisher=Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 107, No. 1 | jstor=602960 |authorlink=Kamil Zvelebil|ref=harv}} {{refend|ref=harv}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{Wikiquote}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120107005041/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/kancheepuram/ Kancheepuram Municipality] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20170724005741/http://hridayindia.in/kanchipuram/ Kanchipuram HRIDAY city] *[http://www.kanchi.tn.nic.in/ Kancheepuram district administration website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908064506/http://www.kanchi.tn.nic.in/ |date=2017-09-08 }} *[http://www.finerareprints.com/frederickson-antique-prints/hindu-temple-at-conjeveram-in-india-24534 Antique print of Hindu Temple At Conjeveram in 1890] <!-- See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian cities]] for details --> [[Category:Kanchipuram| ]] [[Category:Cities and towns in Kanchipuram district]] [[Category:Hindu holy cities]] [[Category:Shakti Peethas]] [[Category:Former capital cities in India]] [[Category:Ancient Indian cities]] [[Category:Buddhism amongst Tamils]] [[Category:Holy cities]] [[Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]] 8kwwpseye1dwppbj2q2axejdmta48ao 0 12972 196600 168975 2026-08-12T19:05:44Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196600 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = ᱪᱚᱴᱴᱚ ᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ | altname = | nativename = চিটাইঙ্গা | pronunciation = [siʈaiŋga] | states = [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ]] | ethnicity = [[ᱵᱟᱝᱜᱟᱞᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ|ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] | region = [[ᱪᱚᱴᱴᱚᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ| ᱪᱚᱴᱴᱚᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱᱰ]] | image = চাঁটগাঁইয়া.svg | imagesize = 200px | speakers = ᱑ᱹ᱖ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ | date = ᱒᱐᱐᱖ | ref = e18 | speakers2 = to {{sigfig|15.9|2}} million (2007)<ref name="NE100">[[Nationalencyklopedin]] "Världens 100 största språk 2007" The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007</ref> | familycolor = ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ-ᱤᱣᱩᱨᱚᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ | fam2 = ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ-ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ | fam3 = ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ-ᱟᱨᱡᱚ | fam4 = ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ | fam5 = | fam6 = | script = N/A | iso3 = ctg | glotto = chit1275 | glottorefname = Chittagonian | linglist = ctg | lingua = 73-DEE-aa | notice = IPA }} [[File:Bengali dialects political map.svg|thumb|{{Legend|green|ᱪᱟᱴᱜᱟᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱚᱨᱚᱲ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ}}]] ᱪᱚᱴᱴᱚ ᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ, ᱪᱟᱴᱜᱟᱸᱭᱟ, ᱪᱤᱴᱟᱭᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱴᱴᱚ ᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ- ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱮᱱ ᱪᱚᱞᱤᱛ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ- ᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ| ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱱ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱵᱟᱝᱜᱟᱞᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ<ref>{{Cite book|last=Masica|first1=Colin|author-link=Colin Masica|year=1991|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages|url=https://archive.org/details/indoaryanlanguag0000masi|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/indoaryanlanguag0000masi/page/25 25]}}</ref>| ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱴᱟᱜᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱹᱯᱟᱹᱝᱜᱤᱧ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱴᱠᱟᱨᱚᱜ-ᱟ<ref name="Ethnologue">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ctg|title=Chittagonian A language of Bangladesh|publisher=Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition|year=2009|accessdate=3 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Masica|first1=Colin|author-link=Colin Masica|year=1991|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages|url=https://archive.org/details/indoaryanlanguag0000masi|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/indoaryanlanguag0000masi/page/16 16]}} "The dialect of Chittagong, in southeast Bangladesh, is different enough to be considered a separate language."</ref>| ᱒᱐᱐᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑ ᱠᱚᱴᱤ ᱖᱐ ᱞᱟᱠᱷ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱᱟ<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/ethno_docs/distribution.asp?by=size|title=Summary by language size|publisher=Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition|year=2009|accessdate=3 February 2013}}</ref>| ==ᱦᱟᱯᱟᱴᱤᱧ== ᱪᱚᱴᱴᱚ ᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ-ᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱧᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱳᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱝ ᱟᱥᱟᱢᱤᱥ-ᱵᱟᱰᱝᱞᱟ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱮᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ| ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱧᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ- ᱥᱤᱞᱴᱷᱤᱭᱟ, ᱨᱚᱦᱤᱝᱜᱤᱭᱟ, ᱪᱟᱠᱢᱟ, ᱟᱥᱟᱟᱢᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ| ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ-ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ-ᱤᱣᱩᱨᱚᱯᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ-ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱱᱟ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ-ᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ-ᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ<ref name="Ethnologue2">{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ctg|title=Chittagonian A language of Bangladesh|publisher=Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition|year=2009|accessdate=3 February 2013}}</ref>| ==ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱪᱚᱴᱴᱚ ᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹ== {| class="wikitable" !ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ !ᱥᱟᱟᱱᱴᱟᱞᱤ ᱢᱟᱱᱮ !ᱥᱟᱝᱜᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ !ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱞᱤ ᱢᱟᱱᱮ |- |'''ᱯᱷᱚᱴᱳ''' ᱤᱭᱟᱱ |'''ᱯᱷᱚᱴᱳ''' |'''ᱯᱷᱚᱴᱩ''' ᱜᱤᱱ |'''ᱯᱷᱚᱴᱳ'''ᱠᱚ |- |'''ᱛᱷᱟᱛᱟ''' ᱩᱭᱟ |'''ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ''' |'''ᱯᱷᱟᱛᱟ''' ᱜᱤᱱ |'''ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ'''ᱠᱚ |- |'''ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨ''' ᱜᱟᱱ |'''ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ''' |'''ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨ''' ᱜᱤᱱ |'''ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ'''ᱠᱚ |- |'''ᱯᱷᱟᱨ''' ᱜᱩᱭᱟ |'''ᱵᱩᱨᱩ''' |'''ᱯᱷᱟᱨ''' ᱜᱩᱭᱟ |'''ᱵᱩᱨᱩ'''ᱠᱚ |- |'''ᱫᱮᱵᱟᱞ''' ᱤᱭᱟᱱ |'''ᱫᱮᱣᱟᱞ''' |'''ᱫᱮᱵᱟᱞ''' ᱤᱭᱩᱱ |'''ᱫᱮᱣᱟᱞ'''ᱠᱚ |- |'''ᱠᱤᱛᱟᱯ''' ᱩᱭᱟ |'''ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ''' |'''ᱠᱤᱛᱟᱯ''' ᱩᱱ |'''ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ'''ᱠᱚ |- |'''ᱢᱟᱱᱩᱭᱥ''' ᱩᱭᱟ |'''ᱢᱟᱱᱣᱟ''' |'''ᱢᱟᱱᱩᱭᱥ''' ᱩᱱ |'''ᱢᱟᱱᱣᱟ'''ᱠᱚ |- |ᱩᱜᱽᱜᱩᱭᱟ '''ᱯᱷᱟᱛᱟ''' / '''ᱯᱷᱟᱛᱟ'''ᱩᱜᱽᱜᱩᱭᱟ |ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱮᱱ '''ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ''' |ᱦᱚᱫᱩᱭᱤᱱ '''ᱯᱷᱟᱛᱟ''' / '''ᱯᱷᱟᱛᱟ''' ᱦᱚᱫᱩᱭᱤᱱ |ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ'''ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ''' |- |ᱮᱠᱠᱟᱱ '''ᱯᱷᱚᱴᱳ''' / '''ᱵᱷᱚᱴᱳ''' ᱮᱠᱠᱟᱱ |ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱮᱱ '''ᱯᱷᱚᱴᱳ''' |ᱦᱚᱫᱤᱜᱤᱱ '''ᱯᱷᱚᱴᱩ''' / ᱦᱚᱫᱤᱭᱤᱱ '''ᱯᱷᱚᱴᱳ''' / '''ᱯᱷᱚᱴᱳ''' ᱦᱚᱫᱤᱜᱤᱱ |ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ '''ᱯᱷᱚᱴᱳ''' |} ==ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱪᱚᱴᱴᱚ ᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱹᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹ== {| class="wikitable" !ᱪᱚᱴᱴᱚ ᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ !ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱞᱤ ᱢᱟᱱᱮ |- |ᱟᱸᱭ '''ᱵᱟᱛ''' ''ᱦᱟᱭ'' |ᱤᱧ '''ᱫᱟᱠᱟᱧ''' ''ᱡᱚᱢᱟ'' |- |ᱤᱸᱛᱤ '''ᱴᱤᱹᱵᱤᱹ''' ''ᱪᱟᱨ'' |ᱩᱱᱤ '''ᱴᱤᱹᱵᱷᱤᱹ''' ''ᱧᱮᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ'' |- |ᱤᱸᱛᱮ '''ᱥᱟᱭᱨᱠᱮᱞᱚ'''ᱛ ''ᱪᱚᱨᱮᱨ'' |ᱩᱱᱤ '''ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱮ''' ᱨᱮ ''ᱫᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ'' |- |ᱤᱛᱟᱨ '''ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱟ''' ''ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱮᱨ'' |ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱠᱚ '''ᱠᱷᱤᱞᱟᱹᱰ''' ''ᱠᱟᱱᱟ'' |} ==ᱚᱞ ᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ== ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱨᱟᱵᱤᱠ ᱞᱤᱯᱤ ᱞᱟᱲᱪᱟᱲᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱᱟ| ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱞᱤᱯᱤ ᱵᱮᱣᱦᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ| ==ᱥᱟ.ᱠᱷᱭᱟ.ᱛ== {{ᱥᱟ.ᱠᱷᱭᱟ.ᱛ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] c8ezphitfhx8rh1cgkct0k92c93nmmw 0 13001 196633 194100 2026-08-12T19:48:01Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196633 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ | nativename = {{lang|hy|հայերէն/հայերեն}} ''hayeren'' | pronunciation = {{IPA-hy|hɑjɛˈɾɛn|}} | states = [[ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱟᱨᱴᱥᱚᱠᱷ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱟᱛᱚᱱᱛᱨᱚ|ᱟᱨᱴᱥᱟᱠᱷ]]. | speakers = ᱖.᱗ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ | date = | dateprefix = c.&nbsp; | ref = e18 | familycolor = ᱤᱱᱫᱳ-ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ | ancestor2 = [[:en:Classical Armenian|ᱥᱞᱟᱥᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] | ancestor3 = [[:en:Middle Armenian|ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] | stand1 = [[:en:Eastern Armenian|ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] | stand2 = [[:en:Western Armenian|ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] | script = {{plainlist| *[[ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ]] *[[ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱨᱮᱭᱤᱞ]]}} | nation = {{plainlist| [[File:Flag of Armenia.svg|22x20px]] [[ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ]] *[[File:Flag of Artsakh.svg|22x20px]] [[ᱟᱨᱴᱥᱟᱠᱷ]] ([[ᱱᱟᱜᱳᱨᱱᱳᱼᱠᱟᱨᱟᱵᱟᱠᱷ]])}} | minority = {{collapsible list |'''ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱥᱴᱮᱴᱟᱥ:'''<ref>{{cite web |title=THE ARMENIAN LANGUAGE AS AN ENDANGERED LANGUAGE IN EUROPE: A contribution to the European Roadmap for Linguistic Diversity |url=https://agbueurope.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/17/2015/12/Contribution-to-the-NPLD-Roadmap-for-Language-Diversity-Armenian-AGBU-Europe-and-C.-Gulbenkian.pdf |website=agbueurope.org |publisher=[[AGBU]] Europe |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214094854/https://agbueurope.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/17/2015/12/Contribution-to-the-NPLD-Roadmap-for-Language-Diversity-Armenian-AGBU-Europe-and-C.-Gulbenkian.pdf |archivedate=14 December 2019 |date=2015 |quote=Western Armenian has an official status as a minority language in several EU countries, including Cyprus, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary and Poland.}}</ref> | [[ᱥᱟᱭᱯᱨᱟᱥ]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hadjilyra |first1=Alexander - Michael |title=The Armenians of Cyprus |url=https://publications.gov.cy/en/assets/user/publications/ARMENIANS/EN/Armenians_EN_2016.pdf |website=publications.gov.cy |publisher=Press and Information Office, Republic of Cyprus |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214093009/https://publications.gov.cy/en/assets/user/publications/ARMENIANS/EN/Armenians_EN_2016.pdf |archivedate=14 December 2019 |page=15 |quote=According to the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages of the Council of Europe, Armenian was recognised as a minority language of Cyprus as of 1 December 2002.}}</ref> | [[ᱦᱟᱝᱜᱮᱨᱤ]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kenesei |first1=István |title=Minority languages in Hungary |url=http://www.efnil.org/documents/conference-publications/dublin-2009/09-Dublin-Kenesei-Mother.pdf |website=efnil.org |publisher=European Federation of National Institutions for Language |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214103329/http://www.efnil.org/documents/conference-publications/dublin-2009/09-Dublin-Kenesei-Mother.pdf |archivedate=14 December 2019 |date=2009 |quote=As far as indigenous (autochthonous) minority languages are concerned, Hungarian legislation acknowledges the languages in the following list [...]: Armenian, Boyash, Bulgarian, Croatian, German, Greek, Polish, Romani, Romanian, Ruthenian, Serbian, Slovak, Slovene, Ukrainian, and Hungarian Sign Language (HSL).}}</ref> | [[ᱤᱨᱟᱠ]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Iraqi Constitution: Article 4|url=http://www.iraqinationality.gov.iq/attach/iraqi_constitution.pdf|publisher=The Republic of Iraq Ministry of Interior General Directorate for Nationality|accessdate=16 June 2014|quote=The right of Iraqis to educate their children in their mother tongue, such as Turkmen, Syriac, and Armenian shall be guaranteed in government educational institutions in accordance with educational guidelines, or in any other language in private educational institutions.|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128152712/http://www.iraqinationality.gov.iq/attach/iraqi_constitution.pdf|archivedate=28 November 2016}}</ref> | [[ᱯᱳᱞᱮᱱᱰ]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Zych |first1=Maciej |title=New Polish legislation regarding national, ethnic and linguistic minorities |url=http://ksng.gugik.gov.pl/pliki/new_polish_legislation_regarding_national_ethnic_and_linguistic_minorities.pdf |website=gugik.gov.pl |publisher=Head Office of Geodesy and Cartography of Poland |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214104740/http://ksng.gugik.gov.pl/pliki/new_polish_legislation_regarding_national_ethnic_and_linguistic_minorities.pdf |archivedate=14 December 2019 |page=2 |quote=There are 9 national minorities: Belorussian, Czech, Lithuanian, German, Armenian, Russian, Slovak, Ukrainian and Jewish; and 4 ethnic minorities - Karait, Lemko, Roma and Tartar.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Pisarek |first1=Walery |title=The relationship between official and minority languages in Poland |url=http://www.efnil.org/documents/conference-publications/dublin-2009/16-Dublin-Pisarek-Mother.pdf |website=efnil.org |publisher=European Federation of National Institutions for Language |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214104352/http://www.efnil.org/documents/conference-publications/dublin-2009/16-Dublin-Pisarek-Mother.pdf |archivedate=14 December 2019 |page=118 |date=2009 |quote=In a Statement made by the Republic of Poland with relation to the ratification of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, Belarusian, Czech, Hebrew, Yiddish, Karaim, Kashubian, Lithuanian, Lemkian, German, Armenian, Romani, Russian, Slovak, Tatar and Ukrainian were recognized as minority languages.}}</ref> | [[ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Saramandu |first1=Nicolae |last2=Nevaci |first2=Manuela |title=MULTILINGVISM ŞI LIMBI MINORITARE ÎN ROMÂNIA [MULTILINGUALISM AND MINORITY LANGUAGES IN ROMANIA] |url=http://www.dri.gov.ro/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Multilingvism-si-limbi-minoritare-in-Romania.pdf |publisher=[[:ro:Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan - Alexandru Rosetti”|Institute of Linguistics "Iorgu Iordan - Alexandru Rosetti"]], [[Romanian Academy]] |page=25 |language=ro |date=2009 |quote=În cazul României, 10 limbi beneficiază de protecţie generală (albaneză, armeană, greacă, italiană, idiş, macedoneană, poloneză, romani, ruteană, tătară) şi 10 limbi beneficiază de protecţie sporită (bulgară, cehă, croată, germană, maghiară, rusă, sârbă, slovacă, turcă, ucraineană).}}</ref> | [[ᱤᱣᱠᱨᱮᱱ]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/5029-17| title=Law of Ukraine "On Principles of State Language Policy" (Current version – Revision from 01.02.2014) |publisher=rada.gov.ua|work=Document 5029-17, Article 7: Regional or minority languages Ukraine, Paragraph 2|date=1 February 2014|accessdate=30 April 2014|language =uk|quote=Стаття 7. Регіональні мови або мови меншин України [...] 2. У контексті Європейської хартії регіональних мов або мов меншин до регіональних мов або мов меншин України, до яких застосовуються заходи, спрямовані на використання регіональних мов або мов меншин, що передбачені у цьому Законі, віднесені мови: російська, білоруська, болгарська, вірменська, гагаузька, ідиш, кримськотатарська, молдавська, німецька, новогрецька, польська, ромська, румунська, словацька, угорська, русинська, караїмська, кримчацька.}}</ref> | '''ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱼᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱥᱴᱮᱴᱟᱥ:''' | [[ᱡᱚᱨᱡᱤᱭᱟ]] ([[ᱥᱚᱢᱚᱴᱥᱮᱠᱷ-ᱡᱟᱵᱷᱟᱠᱮᱴᱤ]]){{efn|Armenian has no legal status in Samtske-Javakheti, but it is widely spoken by its Armenian population, which is concentrated in Ninotsminda and Akhalkalaki districts (over 90% of the total population in these two districts).<ref>{{cite book|last=Hille|first=Charlotte|title=State Building and Conflict Resolution in the Caucasus|url=https://archive.org/details/statebuildingcon00hill|url-access=limited|year=2010|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|location=Leiden, Netherlands|isbn=9789004179011|page=[https://archive.org/details/statebuildingcon00hill/page/n255 241]}}</ref> There were 144 state-funded schools in the region as of 2010 where Armenian is the main language of instruction.<ref>{{cite news|title=Javakhk Armenians Looks Ahead to Local Elections|url=http://asbarez.com/78867/georgias-armenian-minority-looks-ahead-toward-local-elections/|accessdate=26 May 2014|newspaper=[[Asbarez]]|date=31 March 2010|quote=Javakheti for use in the region's 144 Armenian schools&nbsp;...|archive-date=25 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141439/http://asbarez.com/78867/georgias-armenian-minority-looks-ahead-toward-local-elections/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Mezhdoyan|first=Slava|title=Challenges and problems of the Armenian community of Georgia|url=http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/MinorityIssues/Session5/statements/ItemV/3.%20EuropeanArmenianFederationJustice%20andDemocracy.pdf|publisher=European Armenian Federation for Justice and Democracy|accessdate=26 May 2014|location=Tbilisi|date=28 November 2012|quote=Armenian schools in Georgia are fully funded by the government&nbsp;...}}</ref>}} | [[ᱞᱮᱵᱟᱱᱚᱱ]]{{efn|The Lebanese government recognizes Armenian as a minority language,<ref>{{cite web|title=About Lebanon|url=http://www.cas.gov.lb/index.php/about-lebanon-en|publisher=Central Administration of Statistics of the Republic of Lebanon|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140526152210/http://www.cas.gov.lb/index.php/about-lebanon-en|archivedate=26 May 2014|quote=Other Languages: French, English and Armenian}}</ref> particularly for educational purposes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 44 of the Convention. Third periodic reports of states parties due in 2003: Lebanon|url=http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/45377eb00.pdf|publisher=[[Committee on the Rights of the Child]]|accessdate=26 May 2014|page=108|date=25 October 2005|quote=Right of minorities to learn their language. The Lebanese curriculum allows Armenian schools to teach the Armenian language as a basic language.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Sanjian|first=Ara|title=Armenians and the 2000 Parliamentary Elections in Lebanon|url=http://www.groong.org/ro/ro-20000907.html|work=Armenian News Network / Groong|publisher=[[University of Southern California]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140526153117/http://www.groong.org/ro/ro-20000907.html|archivedate=26 May 2014|quote=Moreover, the Lebanese government approved a plan whereby the Armenian language was to be considered from now on as one of the few 'second foreign languages' that students can take as part of the official Lebanese secondary school certificate (Baccalaureate) exams.}}</ref>}} | [[ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤ]]{{efn|In education, according to the [[Treaty of Lausanne (1923)|Treaty of Lausanne]]<ref>{{cite book|first=Jilali|last=Saib|contribution=Languages in Turkey|editor1-last=Extra|editor1-first=Guus|editor2-last=Gorter|editor2-first=Durk|title=The Other Languages of Europe: Demographic, Sociolinguistic and Educational Perspectives|url=https://archive.org/details/otherlanguagesof0000unse_r1e4|year=2001|publisher=Multilingual Matters|location=Philadelphia|isbn=9781853595097|page=[https://archive.org/details/otherlanguagesof0000unse_r1e4/page/423 423]|quote=No other language can be taught as a mother language other than Armenian, Greek and Hebrew, as agreed in the Lausanne Treaty&nbsp;...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Okçabol|first1=Rıfat|contribution=Secondary Education in Turkey|editor1-last=Nohl|editor1-first=Arnd-Michael|editor2-last=Akkoyunlu-Wigley|editor2-first=Arzu|editor3-last=Wigley|editor3-first=Simon|title=Education in Turkey|year=2008|publisher=Waxmann Verlag|location=Berlin|isbn=9783830970699|page=65|quote=Private Minority Schools are the school established by Greek, Armenian and Hebrew minorities during the era of the Ottoman Empire and covered by Lausanne Treaty.}}</ref>}} | [[ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ([[ᱠᱮᱞᱤᱯᱷᱳᱨᱱᱤᱭᱟ]]){{efn|Various [[California executive branch|state]] government agencies in California provide Armenian translations of their documents, namely the [[California Department of Social Services]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Armenian Translations |url=http://www.cdss.ca.gov/cdssweb/PG25.htm |publisher=California Department of Social Services |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140526153235/http://www.cdss.ca.gov/cdssweb/PG25.htm |archivedate=26 May 2014 }}</ref> [[California Department of Motor Vehicles]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Վարորդների ձեռնարկ [Driver's Manual] |url=https://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/wcm/connect/09a5b933-9869-4504-ac90-fe54366771b3/dl600A.pdf?MOD=AJPERES |publisher=California Department of Motor Vehicles |year=2016 |accessdate=October 29, 2016 |archive-date=January 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112155947/https://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/wcm/connect/09a5b933-9869-4504-ac90-fe54366771b3/dl600A.pdf?MOD=AJPERES |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[California superior courts]].<ref>{{cite web |title=English/Armenian Legal Glossary |url=http://www.saccourt.ca.gov/general/legal-glossaries/docs/armenian-western-legal-glossary.pdf |publisher=Superior Court of California, County of Sacramento |accessdate=26 May 2014 |date=22 June 2005 |archive-date=9 October 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.saccourt.ca.gov/general/legal-glossaries/docs/armenian-western-legal-glossary.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the city of [[Glendale, California|Glendale]], there are street signs in Armenian.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rocha |first=Veronica |title=New Glendale traffic safety warnings in English, Armenian, Spanish |url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2011/01/glendales-new-traffic-safet-signs-in-english-armenian-and-spanish.html |accessdate=26 May 2014 |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=11 January 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Aghajanian |first=Liana |title=Intersections: Bad driving signals a need for reflection |url=http://articles.glendalenewspress.com/2012-09-04/opinion/tn-gnp-0904-intersections-bad-driving-signals-a-need-for-reflection_1_luxury-cars-car-accident-bad-drivers |accessdate=26 May 2014 |newspaper=Glendale News-Press |date=4 September 2012 |quote=...trilingual street signs in English, Armenian, and Spanish at intersections... |archive-date=25 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141440/http://articles.glendalenewspress.com/2012-09-04/opinion/tn-gnp-0904-intersections-bad-driving-signals-a-need-for-reflection_1_luxury-cars-car-accident-bad-drivers |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} }} | agency = ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱤᱭᱩᱴ ([[:en:Armenian National Academy of Sciences|ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ]])<ref>{{cite web|title=H. Acharian Institute of Language|url=http://www.sci.am/resorgs.php?oid=34&langid=1|website=sci.am|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141005040613/http://www.sci.am/resorgs.php?oid=34&langid=1|archivedate=5 October 2014|quote=Main Fields of Activity: investigation of the structure and functioning, history and comparative grammar of the Armenian language, exploration of the literary Eastern and Western Armenian Language, dialectology, regulation of literary language, development of terminology}}</ref> | iso1 = hy | iso2b = arm | iso2t = hye | lc1 = hye | ld1 = ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ | lc2 = hyw | ld2 = ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ | lc3 = xcl | ld3 = ᱠᱞᱟᱥᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ | lc4 = axm | ld4 = ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ | lingua = 57-AAA-a | map = Armenian Language distribution map.png | mapcaption = ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱠᱚᱠᱮᱥᱟᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱝ ᱪᱷᱮᱨ | map2 = Map-of-speakers-of-armenian.png | mapcaption2 = {{Legend|#023858|ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ}} {{Legend|#0570b0|ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱥᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ}} {{Legend|#74a9cf|ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜ ᱥᱯᱤᱠᱟᱨ}} | notice = IPA | protoname = [[ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱳ-ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] | glotto = arme1241 | glottorefname = ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱠ | ethnicity = ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱱ }} '''ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ''' ([[:en:Classical Armenian orthography|classical]]: {{lang|hy|հայերէն}}; [[:en:Armenian orthography reform|reformed]]: {{lang|hy|հայերեն}} {{transl|hy|ISO|ᱦᱟᱭᱮᱨᱮᱱ}}) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱤᱱᱫᱳ-ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ|ᱤᱱᱫᱳ-ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱳ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱠᱟᱞᱟ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲᱠᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱔᱐᱕ AD ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱥᱨᱳᱯ ᱢᱟᱥᱴᱳᱴ ᱮ ᱪᱟᱹᱞᱩ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== ==ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ== ==ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ== *[[ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] ==ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{sister project links|voy=Armenian (Eastern) phrasebook |ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ |wikt=Category: ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ}} {{InterWiki|code=hy}} {{WikisourceWiki|code=hy}} * [http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/eieol/armol-0-X.html Armenian Lessons] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216045300/http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/eieol/armol-0-X.html |date=2016-02-16 }} (free online through the [https://web.archive.org/web/20160523020601/http://www.utexas.edu/cola/lrctr/ Linguistics Research Center] at UT Austin) * [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Armenian_Swadesh_list Armenian Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words] (from Wiktionary's [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists Swadesh list appendix]) * [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/armenia-iv ARMENIA AND IRAN iv. History, discussion, and the presentation of Iranian influences in Armenian Language over the millennia] * [http://nayiri.com/ Nayiri.com] (ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱰᱤᱠᱥᱤᱱᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱭᱵᱮᱨᱤ) * [http://dictionaries.arnet.am/ dictionaries.arnet.am] ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ [[:en:XDXF|ᱮᱠᱥᱰᱤᱮᱠᱥᱮᱯᱷ]] ᱟᱨ [[:en:Stardict|ᱥᱴᱟᱨᱰᱤᱠᱴ]] ᱰᱤᱠᱥᱤᱱᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ * [https://magaghat.ai/grabar Grabar] (ᱠᱞᱟᱥᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱨᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ) * [https://բառարան.հայ բառարան.հայ] - ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱰᱤᱠᱥᱤᱱᱟᱨᱤ ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} klnlevyos80mlgj9xygv3igzbid91p0 0 13015 196588 105540 2026-08-12T18:56:46Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196588 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ᱮᱲᱮ''' (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟ) ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ‌ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book|title=Lying and deception : theory and practice|url=https://archive.org/details/lyingdeceptionth0000thom|author=Carson, Thomas L.|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0199654802|oclc=769544997}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mahon|first=James Edwin|date=2008-02-21|title=The Definition of Lying and Deception|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2016/entries/lying-definition/|journal=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|volume=|pages=|via=|access-date=2018-12-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318065300/https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2016/entries/lying-definition/|archive-date=2019-03-18|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mahon|first=James Edwin|date=2008|title=Two Definitions of Lying|journal=International Journal of Applied Philosophy|volume=22|issue=2|pages=211–230|doi=10.5840/ijap200822216|issn=0739-098X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|date=2018-11-15|editor-last=Meibauer|editor-first=Jörg|title=The Oxford Handbook of Lying|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198736578.001.0001|isbn=978-0198736578}}</ref> ᱮᱲᱮ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱷᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱮᱢᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱥᱮ ᱰᱷᱚᱝ ᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱭ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ‌ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱜ ᱾ ᱮᱲᱮ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱛᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱮᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱨᱟᱢᱟᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱜᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱤᱨᱟᱫᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱚᱜᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱭᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱲᱮ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱮᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱮ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱟᱭ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱯᱟᱹᱦᱤᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱮᱲᱮ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱮᱫᱟᱭ, ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱮᱣᱟ ᱮᱲᱮ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ == ᱮᱲᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ == == ᱛᱟᱨᱤᱯᱷ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱲᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣ == ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱮ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱮᱲᱮ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱮᱭᱟᱭ, ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱢ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱜᱮᱢ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱠᱟ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱩᱥᱤ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱲᱮ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱭᱟᱭ ᱾ == ᱮᱲᱮ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ == == ᱮᱲᱮ ᱠᱛᱟᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ == === ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞᱢᱮ === == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} qttvq5i3pkqvo8wksout9gmzi7hp416 0 13057 196566 102833 2026-08-12T18:30:45Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196566 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Figure 28 02 07.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Figure showing the progression of the menstrual cycle and the different hormones contributing to it.]] <!-- Definition and symptoms --> '''ᱢᱮᱱᱥᱪᱩᱨᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱟᱞ''' (ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱣᱟᱨᱤ,ᱯᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱰᱥ) ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱡᱟᱹ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱨᱤᱯᱨᱳᱰᱟᱠᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱟᱢ ( ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱫᱚuterus ᱟᱨ ovaries) ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚᱜ (Pregnancy) ᱨᱮ ᱟᱞᱜᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=Silverthorn>{{cite book |last1 = Silverthorn |first1 = Dee Unglaub | name-list-format = vanc |title = Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach |edition=6th |publisher = Pearson Education |location = Glenview, IL |year = 2013 | isbn = 978-0-321-75007-5 |pages=850–890}}</ref><ref name=Sherwood>{{cite book |last1 = Sherwood |first1 = Laurelee | name-list-format = vanc |title = Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems |url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781285128382_8 | edition=8th |publisher = Cengage |location = Belmont, California | year = 2013 |isbn = 978-1-111-57743-8 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781285128382_8/page/735 735]–794}}</ref> ᱳᱥᱤᱴᱮᱥ (oocytes) ᱨᱤᱯᱨᱳᱰᱠᱥᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱠᱛᱤᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ , ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ (Pregnancy) ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱮᱫ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱥᱴᱨᱳᱡᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱥᱪᱩᱨᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱟᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱲᱟᱹᱭ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱩᱴᱮᱨᱟᱥ (uterus) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱭᱱᱤᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱴᱟᱜ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ (egg) ᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱮᱫ-ᱟ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱣᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ; Uterus ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱴᱟ ᱥᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱭᱥᱨᱳᱯᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱵᱷᱨᱩᱱ ᱫᱚ nutrients ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱟᱱ (implantation) ᱮᱫᱟᱭ। ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱯᱨᱮᱜᱽᱱᱮᱱᱥᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱟᱥᱛᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱥᱤᱠ ᱥᱮ "ᱟᱣᱫᱷᱤ" ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱥᱪᱩᱨᱮᱥᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱞᱚᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱘᱐% ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱨᱤᱯᱳᱨᱴ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱤᱞ ᱞᱚᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱥᱤ (acne), ᱴᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨ ᱵᱽᱨᱤᱥᱴ (tender breasts), ᱞᱟᱦᱨᱟᱜ ( bloating), ᱞᱟᱝᱜᱟ (feeling tired), ᱠᱮᱥᱠᱮᱥᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱮᱫᱚᱥᱟ (irritability and mood) ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱞᱚᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱨᱯᱷᱮᱥ ᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱒᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱐% ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ premenstrual syndrome ᱢᱮᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱮᱫ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱓ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱘% ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱜᱚᱢᱵᱷᱤᱨ (severe) ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱯᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱰᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱯᱮ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱭᱚᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱳᱱᱟᱨᱪ (menarche) ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱚᱠᱟ-ᱚᱠᱟ ᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱮᱫ-ᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} 4sfnft99x6wjgwj3a2yisk8q4nwttuo 0 13129 196562 179350 2026-08-12T18:23:10Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196562 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writing system |name = ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ |altname = {{lang|ta|தமிழ்}} |type = [[ᱟᱵᱩᱜᱤᱫᱟ]] |time = c. 400 CE – present<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rajan |first=K. |title=Territorial Division as Gleaned from Memorial Stones |jstor=29757518 |journal=East and West |publisher=Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente (IsIAO) |publication-date=December 2001 |volume=51 |issue=3/4 |page=363 }} (table showing Tamil in row for the 601–800 period)</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Diringer |first1=David |title=Alphabet a key to the history of mankind |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.57042 |date=1948 |page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.57042/page/n385 385]}}</ref> |languages = [[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ]]<br/>[[ᱠᱚᱱᱤᱠᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱠᱚᱱᱤᱠᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ]]<br/>[[ᱵᱟᱫᱟᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱵᱟᱫᱟᱜᱟ]]<br/>[[ᱤᱨᱩᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱨᱩᱞᱟ]]<br/>[[ᱯᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱯᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ]]<br/>[[ᱥᱳᱶᱨᱟᱥᱴᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱳᱶᱨᱟᱥᱴᱚ]] |fam1=[[ᱵᱨᱚᱦᱚᱢᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ]] |fam2=[[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ-ᱵᱨᱚᱦᱚᱢᱤ]] |fam3=[[ᱯᱚᱞᱞᱚᱵ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ]]{{sfn|Mahadevan|2003|p=209}}{{sfn|Mahadevan|2003|p=212}} |sisters=[[ᱜᱨᱚᱱᱛᱷᱚ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ|ᱜᱨᱚᱱᱛᱷᱚ]], [[ᱢᱟᱬᱮ ᱢᱳᱱ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ|ᱢᱳᱱ]], [[ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱮᱨ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ|ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱮᱨ]], [[ᱠᱟᱣᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ|ᱠᱟᱣᱤ]] |unicode = {{ublist |class=nowrap |[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0B80.pdf U+0B80–U+0BFF] {{smaller|Tamil}} |[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U11FC0.pdf U+11FC0–U+11FFF] {{smaller|Tamil Supplement}}}} |iso15924 = ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ |sample = Word Tamil.svg |imagesize=250px }} '''ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ''' (தமிழ் அரிச்சுவடி, ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱟᱨᱤᱪᱪᱩᱵᱟᱴᱤ) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱟᱵᱩᱜᱤᱫᱟ]] ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱦᱚᱲ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]], [[ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ]], [[ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱟᱯᱩᱨ]], [[ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱦᱟᱨᱼᱟ ᱾ ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== ==ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ== ==ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱠᱚ== ===ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="text-align:center" |- style="background:#eeeeee; font-size:90%;" ! ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ !! ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ !! [[:en:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] |- |<big>{{lang|ta|க}}</big>|| ᱠᱟ || {{IPA|[k]}}, {{IPA|[ɡ]}}, {{IPA|[x]}}, {{IPA|[ɣ]}}, {{IPA|[h]}} |- |<big>{{lang|ta|ங}}</big>|| ᱧᱟ || {{IPAblink|ŋ}} |- |<big>{{lang|ta|ச}}</big>|| ᱪᱟ || {{IPA|[t͡ʃ]}}, {{IPA|[d͡ʒ]}}, {{IPA|[ʃ]}}, {{IPA|[s]}}, {{IPA|[ʒ]}} |- |<big>{{lang|ta|ஞ}}</big>|| ᱧᱟ || {{IPA|[ɲ]}} |- |<big>{{lang|ta|ட}}</big>|| ᱴᱟ || {{IPA|[ʈ]}}, {{IPA|[ɖ]}}, {{IPA|[ɽ]}} |- |<big>{{lang|ta|ண}}</big>|| ᱱᱟ || {{IPA|[ɳ]}} |- |<big>{{lang|ta|த}}</big>|| ᱛᱟ || {{IPAblink|t̪}}, {{IPAblink|d̪}}, {{IPAblink|ð}} |- |<big>{{lang|ta|ந}}</big>|| ᱱᱟ || {{IPA|[n]}} |- |<big>{{lang|ta|ப}}</big>|| ᱯᱟ || {{IPA|[p]}}, {{IPA|[b]}}, {{IPAblink|β}} |- |<big>{{lang|ta|ம}}</big>|| ᱢᱟ || {{IPA|[m]}} |- |<big>{{lang|ta|ய}}</big>|| ᱭᱟ || {{IPA|[j]}} |- |<big>{{lang|ta|ர}}</big>|| ᱨᱟ || {{IPA|[ɾ]}} |- |<big>{{lang|ta|ல}}</big>|| ᱞᱟ || {{IPA|[l]}} |- |<big>{{lang|ta|வ}}</big>|| ᱵᱟ || {{IPA|[ʋ]}} |- |<big>{{lang|ta|ழ}}</big>|| ᱞᱟ || {{IPAblink|ɻ}} |- |<big>{{lang|ta|ள}}</big>|| ᱞᱟ || {{IPAblink|ɭ}} |- |<big>{{lang|ta|ற}}</big>|| ᱲᱟ || {{IPA|[r]}}, {{IPA|[t]}}, {{IPA|[d]}} |- |<big>{{lang|ta|ன}}</big>|| ᱱᱟ || {{IPA|[n]}} |- |<big>{{lang|ta|ஶ}}</big>|| ᱥᱟ || {{IPA|[ɕ]}}, {{IPA|[ʃ]}} |- |<big>{{lang|ta|ஜ}}</big>|| ᱡᱟ || {{IPA|[d͡ʒ]}} |- |<big>{{lang|ta|ஷ}}</big>|| ᱥᱟ || {{IPA|[ʂ]}} |- |<big>{{lang|ta|ஸ}}</big>|| ᱥᱟ || {{IPA|[s]}} |- |<big>{{lang|ta|ஹ}}</big>|| ᱦᱟ || {{IPA|[h]}} |} ===ᱨᱟᱦᱟ === {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="text-align:center;" |- style="background:#eeeeee; font-size:90%;" ! ᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱨ !! ᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ !! [[:en:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ |- |<big>{{lang|ta|அ}}</big> | -<ref>পূর্বনির্ধারিত সহজাত স্বরবর্ণ</ref>|| {{IPAblink|ʌ}} || ᱚ |- |<big>{{lang|ta|ஆ}}</big>|| ா || {{IPA|[ɑː]}} || ᱟ |- |<big>{{lang|ta|இ}}</big>|| ி || {{IPA|[i]}} || ᱤ |- |<big>{{lang|ta|ஈ}}</big>|| ீ || {{IPA|[iː]}} || ᱤ |- |<big>{{lang|ta|உ}}</big>|| ு || {{IPA|[u]}}, {{IPA|[ɯ]}} || ᱩ |- |<big>{{lang|ta|ஊ}}</big>|| ூ || {{IPA|[uː]}} || ᱩ |- |<big>{{lang|ta|எ}}</big>|| ெ || {{IPA|[e]}} || ᱮ |- |<big>{{lang|ta|ஏ}}</big>|| ே || {{IPA|[eː]}} || ᱮᱮ |- |<big>{{lang|ta|ஐ}}</big>|| ை || {{IPA|[ʌj]}} || ᱟᱭ |- |<big>{{lang|ta|ஒ}}</big>|| ொ || {{IPA|[o]}} || ᱳ |- |<big>{{lang|ta|ஓ}}</big>|| ோ || {{IPA|[oː]}} || ᱳᱳ |- |<big>{{lang|ta|ஔ}}</big>|| ௌ || {{IPA|[ʌʋ]}} || ᱟᱣ |- |} ===ᱮᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ=== {| class=wikitable border="1" style="text-align:center;" |- ! ᱐ || ᱑ || ᱒ || ᱓ || ᱔ || ᱕ || ᱖ || ᱗ || ᱘ || ᱙ || ᱑᱐ || ᱑᱐᱐ || ᱑᱐᱐᱐ |- |- ! ௦ || ௧ || ௨ || ௩ || ௪ || ௫ || ௬ || ௭ || ௮ || ௯ || ௰ || ௱ || ௲ |- |} {| class=wikitable border="1" style="text-align:center;" |- ! ᱫᱤᱱ/ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ || ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ || ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ || ᱰᱮᱵᱤᱴ || ᱫᱷᱟᱨ || ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ || ᱨᱩᱯᱤ || ᱮᱞᱠᱷᱟ |- |- ! ௳ || ௴ || ௵ || ௶ || ௷ || ௸ || ௹ || ௺ |- |} ==ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱠᱳᱰ== ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ [[ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱠᱳᱰ]] ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱟᱱ ᱑.᱐.᱐ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱙᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱠᱳᱰ ᱵᱞᱚᱠ ᱫᱚ U+0B80–U+BFF {{Unicode chart Tamil}} ==ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ== *[[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱵᱽᱨᱮᱭᱤᱞ|ᱛᱟᱹᱢᱤᱞ ᱵᱽᱨᱮᱭᱤᱞ]] ==ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{commons category-inline}} * [http://www.ibiblio.org/tamil/paadanool/pdf/introduction.pdf Tamil Alphabet & Basics] (PDF) * [http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/plc/tamilweb/book/chapter1/node5.html#SECTION00120000000000000000 Phonetics of spoken Tamil] * [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0B80.pdf Unicode Chart] - For Tamil ([[Portable Document Format|PDF]]) * [http://www.tamilvu.org/coresite/download/TACE16_Report_English.pdf TACE 16] (PDF) *[http://www.learntamil.com Learn Tamil] *[http://eluthu.com/user/tamil-padi/index.php Tamil Letters] *[http://pkwapps.info/unicode/tamil/ Tamil Unicode Keyboard] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003024616/http://pkwapps.info/unicode/tamil/ |date=2020-10-03 }} ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱚᱞ ᱛᱚᱦᱚᱨ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱪᱤᱠᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] iokdoyl8t1k2oz45b8zlhxdic040nwc 0 13137 196606 65126 2026-08-12T19:14:14Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196606 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Indian bandit, politician}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}} {{Infobox officeholder | office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] ([[11th Lok Sabha]]) | term_start = 1996 | term_end = 1998 | constituency = [[Mirzapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mirzapur]] | office2 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] ([[13th Lok Sabha]]) | term_start2 = 1999 | term_end2 = 26 July 2001 | constituency2 = [[Mirzapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mirzapur]] | name = ᱯᱷᱩᱞᱚᱱ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ | image = [[File:Phoolan Devi.jpg|thumb]] | imagesize = | caption = | nationality = Indian | birth_name = Phoolan Mallah | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1963|8|10}} | birth_place = [[Jalaun district|Patherakala]], Uttar Pradesh, India | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2001|7|26|1963|8|10}} | death_place = New Delhi, India | death_cause = Assassination by shooting | occupation = [[Dacoit]], politician | party = [[Samajwadi Party]] }} '''ᱯᱷᱩᱞᱳᱱ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ''' ([[ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ]]:Phoolan Devi, [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ]] फूलन देवी) ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ|ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱ [[ᱰᱟᱹᱠᱟᱹᱛ]] ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱱᱤᱛᱤ ᱵᱤᱫᱽ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ᱾ ᱤᱠᱷᱟᱹᱱ ''ᱫᱩᱥᱥᱩ ᱨᱟᱱᱤ'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[ᱢᱟᱞᱞᱟ]] ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱨᱮ ᱑᱙᱖᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱯᱷᱩᱞᱚ. ᱫᱚ᱾ ᱱᱩᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱲᱤᱡᱽ ᱦᱮᱨᱮᱞ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱞᱚᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱛᱮᱨᱥᱝ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ==ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵᱽ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ== [[ᱩᱛᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ]] [[ᱡᱳᱣᱞᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱟ ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱣᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱞᱞᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱪ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref name="Henry_Hindi_1994">{{cite book | title = A Hindi movie | url = https://archive.org/details/hindimovie0000scho | author = Henry Scholberg | publisher = Indus ([[HarperCollins]] India) | year = 1994 | isbn = 978-81-7223-097-5 | page = [https://archive.org/details/hindimovie0000scho/page/24 24] }}</ref> ᱢᱟᱞᱞᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾ ᱢᱟᱞᱞᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱪ ᱫᱚ [[ᱞᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ]] ᱴᱷᱮᱞᱟᱣ [[ᱢᱟᱹᱡᱷᱤ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱠᱚ᱾ ᱯᱷᱩᱞᱳᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱯᱟᱛᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱬᱤᱫ ᱮᱠᱚᱨ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱟ᱾ ᱟᱡᱽ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱳᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱸᱥ ᱝᱚ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱷᱹᱨᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱮᱨᱟ ᱛᱟᱠᱤᱱ ᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚᱨᱮ ᱰᱤᱢᱟᱢᱟᱱ-ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱸ᱾ ==ᱰᱟᱹᱠᱟᱹᱛ ᱢᱩᱴᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱩᱞᱳᱱ== [[ᱰᱟᱹᱠᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚᱞ]] ᱯᱷᱩᱞᱚᱱ ᱫᱚᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱢᱲᱩ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱤᱭᱟ᱾ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱯᱷᱩᱞᱳᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱽ ᱱᱤᱡ ᱤᱪᱷᱟᱹ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱰᱟᱹᱠᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚᱨᱮᱭ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱡᱡᱚᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ [[ᱵᱟᱵᱩ ᱜᱩᱡᱡᱚᱨ]]᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱤᱨ ᱢᱟᱭᱟ ᱢᱤᱫᱦᱚᱲᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ==ᱜᱚᱡᱽ ᱚᱪᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ== ᱥᱨᱤᱨᱟᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱠᱩᱨ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱨᱩ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱠᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱩᱨᱩ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ᱾ ==ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{Reflist|20em}} ==ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱟᱛ== * [http://www.people.virginia.edu/~pm9k/gifs/ZoForth/Pholan/phoolan.html A collection of links related to Phoolan Devi] . * {{cite web |title=The Phoolan Devi Murder home page |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/phoolan.htm |publisher=Rediff.com}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070602015649/http://www.crimelibrary.com/gangsters_outlaws/cops_others/phoolan_devi/index.html Crime Library article on Phoolan Devi] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Devi, Phoolan}} [[Category:1963 births]] [[Category:2001 deaths]] [[Category:People from Jalaun district]] [[Category:1979 crimes]] [[Category:Assassinated activists]] [[Category:2000s murders in India]] [[Category:2001 crimes in India]] [[Category:2001 murders in Asia]] [[Category:Converts to Buddhism from Hinduism]] [[Category:Female organized crime figures]] [[Category:Indian Buddhists]] [[Category:Indian politicians convicted of crimes]] [[Category:Indian prisoners and detainees]] [[Category:Indian robbers]] [[Category:Indian women in politics]] [[Category:Outlaws]] [[Category:People from Mirzapur district]] [[Category:People murdered in India]] [[Category:11th Lok Sabha members]] [[Category:13th Lok Sabha members]] [[Category:Political crimes]] [[Category:Deaths by firearm in India]] [[Category:Murdered criminals]] [[Category:Assassinated Indian politicians]] [[Category:21st-century women politicians]] 3c1yhofdqlhmwizhgz4zzcytuzcv13u 0 13181 196511 130521 2026-08-12T17:42:26Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196511 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ | altname = {{lang|new|𑐣𑐾𑐥𑐵𑐮 𑐨𑐵𑐳𑐵}}, ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱵᱷᱟᱥᱟ | nativename = {{lang|new|नेवाः भाय्}}, ''ᱱᱮᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱭ'' | states = [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ]] | region = | ethnicity = ᱑.᱒᱖ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ [[ᱱᱮᱣᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ]] (᱒᱐᱐᱑ ᱦᱚᱲᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ?)<!--appears together w 2001 census speaker figure--><ref name=e15>{{e15|new|Newar}}</ref> | speakers = {{sigfig|861,000|2}} (᱒᱐᱐᱑ ᱦᱚᱲᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ) | date = | ref = e18 | refname = Newar | familycolor = Sino-Tibetan | fam2 = [[:en:Newaric languages|ᱱᱮᱣᱟᱨᱤᱠ]] | ancestor = Classical Newari | dia1 = [[:en:Dolakhae dialect|Dolakhae]] | dia2 = Sindhupalchok | dia3 = Kathmandu | dia4 = Lalitpur | dia5 = Bhaktapur | dia6 = Panauti | dia7 = Banepa | dia8 = Hetauda | dia9 = Dhulikhel | dia10 = Chitlang | image = NepalBhasa word in Ranjana&Prachalit script2.png.gif | imagesize = 250px | imagecaption = "ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱵᱷᱟᱥᱟ" ᱚᱞ [[ᱨᱚᱧᱡᱚᱱᱟ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ]] ᱟᱨ [[:en:Prachalit Nepal script|ᱯᱨᱚᱪᱚᱞᱤᱛ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ]] ᱛᱮ | script = [[ᱨᱚᱧᱡᱚᱱᱟ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ]], [[:en:Pracalit script|ᱯᱨᱚᱪᱚᱞᱤᱛ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ]] ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ, ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ [[ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ]] ᱛᱮ | agency = [[:en:Nepal Bhasa Academy|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱵᱷᱟᱥᱟ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ]] | iso2 = new | iso2comment = Nepal Bhasa, Newari | lc1 = new | ld1 = Newari | lc2 = nwx | ld2 = Middle Newar | linglist = new | lingname = Newari | linglist2 = nwx | lingname2 = Middle Newar | glotto = newa1247 | glottorefname = Subfamily: Newar | notice = IPA | revived-category = | map = | extinct = }} [[Image:Nepal lipi inscription 1952.jpg|thumb|200px|Copper plate inscription at [[Swayambhunath]], dated [[Nepal Sambat]] 1072 (1952&nbsp;AD)]] '''ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ''' ([[ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ|ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ]]: नेपाल भाषा) ᱥᱮ '''ᱱᱮᱣᱟᱨᱤ'''<ref>{{cite book |first=Carol |last=Genetti |author-link=Carol Genetti |title=A Grammar of Dolakha Newar |url=https://archive.org/details/grammarofdolakha0000gene_c2x1 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |year=2007 |isbn=978-3-11-019303-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/grammarofdolakha0000gene_c2x1/page/10 10] |quote=Some people in Newar community, including some prominent Newar linguists, consider the derivational suffix ''-i'' found in the term Newari to constitute an 'Indianization' of the language name. These people thus hold the opinion that the term Newari is non-respectful of Newar culture. }}</ref> ᱥᱮ '''ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱵᱷᱟᱥᱟ'''<ref>{{cite book | author=Maharjan, Resha | title=The Journey of Nepal Bhasa: From Decline to Revitalization (M.Phil. thesis)|publisher=UIT The Arctic University of Norway |year=2018}}</ref> ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱪᱤᱱᱟ-ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ|ᱪᱤᱱᱟᱼᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ]] ᱨᱮᱱ ᱱᱮᱣᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱟ ᱾ ==ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ== ==ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱪᱷᱮᱨ== ==ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ== ==ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ== ==ᱚᱞ ᱛᱚᱦᱚᱨ== ==ᱨᱚᱱᱚᱲ== ==ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{InterWiki|code=new}} {{Wikibooks|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱵᱷᱟᱥᱟ}} * Michael Noonan, [http://www.uwm.edu/~noonan/Recent%20Language%20Contact.pdf Recent Language Contact in the Nepal Himalaya (PDF)]. *[http://www.omniglot.com/writing/ranjana.htm Newari/Ranjana script page on Omniglot] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120822144418/http://www2.pair.com/webart/mysqllex/ntr_sword.html Online Nepal Bhasa dictionary] *[http://www.unicode.cafedeweb.com/ type in Nepali Unicode and Nepal bhasha] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111114020530/http://unicode.cafedeweb.com/ |date=2011-11-14 }} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱪᱤᱱᱟᱼᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== jiinhbt3tc4xjy5yb2j4v53g4i0yezz 0 13239 196454 179682 2026-08-12T16:54:04Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196454 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name=ᱞᱳᱢᱵᱟᱨᱰ |nativename={{lang|lmo|lombard/lumbaart}} ([[:en:Western Lombard language|WL]])<br/>{{lang|lmo|lombard}} ([[:en:Eastern Lombard|EL]]) |states= [[ᱤᱴᱟᱞᱤ]], [[ᱥᱩᱭᱡᱟᱨᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] |region=ᱤᱴᱟᱞᱤ<ref name=JMI>{{cite book |title=One Europe, many nations: a historical dictionary of European national groups |url=https://archive.org/details/oneeuropemanynat0000mina |first=James |last=Minahan |year=2000 |place=Westport}}</ref><ref name=CMO>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of the world's endangered languages |first=Christopher |last=Moseley |year=2007 |place=New York}}</ref><ref name=AFI>{{cite book |title=Minority language planning and micronationalism in Italy |first=Paolo |last=Coluzzi |year=2007 |place=Berne}}</ref> *[[ᱞᱳᱢᱵᱟᱨᱫᱤᱭᱟ]] *[[ᱯᱤᱰᱢᱚᱱᱴ]] *[[ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱴᱟᱭᱨᱳᱞ]] *[[ᱴᱨᱮᱱᱴᱤᱱᱳ]]<br /> ᱥᱩᱭᱡᱟᱨᱞᱮᱱᱰ[[:en:Canton of Grisons|ᱜᱨᱤᱥᱚᱱᱥ]] *[[:en:Ticino|ᱴᱤᱠᱤᱱᱳ]]<br /> ᱵᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ<ref name="auto">Spoken in [[Botuverá]], in [[Brazil]], municipality established by Italian migrants coming from the valley between [[Treviglio]] and [[Crema, Lombardy|Crema]]. A thesis of [[Leiden University]] about ''Brasilian Bergamasque'': [https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/52581/Thesis.pdf?sequence=1].</ref> *[[ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱟᱨᱤᱱᱟ]] |speakers= ᱓.᱙ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ (᱒᱐᱐᱒) |date= |ref=e18 |familycolor=Indo-European |fam2=[[ᱤᱴᱟᱞᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱤᱴᱟᱞᱤᱠ]] |fam3=[[ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱᱥ]] |fam4=[[ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱᱥ]] |fam5=[[ᱜᱟᱞᱳᱼᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱜᱟᱞᱳᱼᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱᱥ]] |fam6=[[ᱜᱟᱞᱳᱼᱤᱴᱟᱞᱤᱠ]] |dia1=[[:en:Western Lombard dialect|ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱞᱳᱢᱵᱟᱨᱰ]] |dia2=[[:en:Eastern Lombard dialect|ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱞᱳᱢᱵᱟᱨᱰ]] |iso3=lmo |glotto=lomb1257 |glottorefname=Lombard |lingua=51-AAA-oc & 51-AAA-od |notice=IPA |map=File:Lombard language situation map.svg |map2=Idioma lombardo.PNG |mapcaption2=Lombard-speaking areas in blue, with transition dialects between Lombard and [[:en:Emilian language|Emilian]] in a lighter shade. The green line marks the passage from Western to Eastern varieties. }} '''ᱞᱳᱢᱵᱟᱨᱰ''' (lumbàart, lumbard ᱥᱮ lombard) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱᱥ]] ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱤᱴᱟᱞᱤ|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱤᱴᱟᱞᱤ]] ᱨᱮᱱ ᱓,᱕᱐᱐,᱐᱐᱐ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱤᱴᱟᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱞᱳᱢᱵᱟᱨᱫᱤᱭᱟ]], ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱟᱰᱮᱯᱟᱥᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ [[ᱯᱤᱰᱢᱚᱱᱴ]] ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ [[ᱥᱩᱭᱡᱟᱨᱞᱮᱱᱰ]]ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱞᱳᱢᱵᱟᱨᱰ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ [[ᱚᱠᱥᱤᱴᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱚᱠᱥᱤᱴᱟᱱ]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Lombard |title=Lombard |author= |date= |website=thefreedictionary.com |access-date=30 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thelocal.ch/20170302/18-interesting-facts-about-switzerlands-fourth-language-romansh |title=18 interesting facts about Switzerland's fourth language, Romansh |last=Bishop |first=Caroline |date=2 March 2017 |website=www.thelocal.ch}}</ref> [[ᱯᱤᱭᱮᱢᱳᱱᱴᱮᱭᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱯᱤᱭᱮᱢᱳᱱᱴᱮᱭᱤᱥ]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Bonfadini|first=Giovanni|title=lombardi, dialetti|url=http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/dialetti-lombardi_%28Enciclopedia-dell%27Italiano%29/|work=[[Enciclopedia Treccani]]|trans-title=Lombard dialects|language=it}}</ref> ᱟᱨ [[:en:Romansh language|ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱨᱼᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ==ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ== ==ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ== ==ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ== ==ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ== ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{InterWiki|code=lmo|language=Lombard}} * [http://www.lengualombarda.org/440114785 Far Lombard] This Lombard language association website is a place where you can learn lombard through texts and audio visual materials. * [https://www.lingualombarda.it/index.php Lombard language digital library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031091347/https://www.lingualombarda.it/index.php |date=2020-10-31 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100617174127/http://www.orbilat.com/Languages/Lombard/ Learn Lombard online] * [http://it.wikibooks.org/wiki/Insubre/Copertina Learn Lombard Italian site] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050921094359/http://www.ti.ch/Decs/DC/CDE/ Centro di dialettologia e di etnografia del Cantone Ticino]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060101003809/http://www.ti.ch/decs/dc/cde/temi/documentiorali.asp Repubblica e Cantone Ticino] Documenti orali della Svizzera italiana. (ᱤᱴᱟᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱛᱮ) * [http://associazioni.provincia.so.it/idevv/ Istituto di dialettologia e di etnografia valtellinese e valchiavennasca] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060422040428/http://associazioni.provincia.so.it/idevv/ |date=2006-04-22 }}. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051123045803/http://www.ti.ch/decs/dc/cde/temi/lessico.asp?menu=11 LSI - Lessico dialettale della Svizzera italiana]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050305060240/http://www.rtsi.ch/scrittori/ RTSI: Acquarelli popolari], some video and audio documents (interviews, recordings, etc. of writers from [[Ticino]]) in [[Ticinese dialect|Ticinese]] varieties (please notice that the [[metalanguage]] of this site is Italian, and that some of the interviews are in Italian rather than in Ticinese Lombard). * [http://www.helsinki.fi/~tasalmin/europe_index.html#potentially UNESCO Red Book on Endangered Languages: Europe. Potentially endangered languages], where Lombard is classified as a potentially endangered language. * [http://www4.ti.ch/decs/dcsu/ac/cde/pubblicazioni/vocabolario-dei-dialetti-della-svizzera-italiana/ VSI - Vocabolario dei dialetti della Svizzera italiana]. * [http://inlombard.eu5.net/index.html in_lombard] website dedicated to the Lombard language (ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ) * [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\ier\rom&first=0 Lombard basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱴᱟᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱭᱩᱨᱳᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]] sp3vkb7ttoiare4xu3wv1t4uh3cokoy 0 13282 196663 192890 2026-08-12T20:26:29Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196663 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name=ᱥᱤᱝᱦᱚᱞᱤ |altname=Sinhala |image=සිංහල in Noto Serif Sinhala Black.svg |nativename={{lang|si|සිංහල}}<br>''Siṁhala'' |pronunciation={{IPA-si|ˈsiŋɦələ|IPA}} |states = [[ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ]] |ethnicity = [[ᱥᱤᱝᱦᱚᱞᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ]] |speakers = {{sigfig|17|4.2}} ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ (᱒᱐᱑᱒) |date = |ref =<ref name=ethnologuesinhala>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/sin|title=Sinhala|work=Ethnologue|access-date=2017-04-06}}</ref> |speakers2=᱓ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ [[ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ (᱒᱐᱑᱒)<ref name=ethnologuesinhala/> |familycolor=Indo-European |fam2=[[ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] |fam3=[[ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ]] |fam4=[[:en:Indo-Aryan languages#Southern Zone languages|Southern Zone]] |fam5=[[:en:Indo-Aryan languages#Insular Indic|Insular Indic]] |ancestor=[[:en:Elu|Elu]] |dia1=[[:en:Vedda language|ᱵᱮᱫ]] (perhaps a creole) |script={{plainlist| *[[ᱥᱤᱝᱦᱚᱞᱤ ᱪᱤᱞᱤ]] *[[ᱥᱤᱝᱦᱚᱞᱤ ᱵᱽᱨᱮᱭᱤᱞ]] ([[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤ ᱵᱽᱨᱮᱭᱤᱞ]])}} |nation={{flag|ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ}} |iso1=si |iso2=sin |iso3=sin |lingua=59-ABB-a |glotto=sinh1246 |glottorefname=Sinhala |notice=Indic |notice2=IPA }} '''ᱥᱤᱝᱦᱚᱞᱤ''' (ᱥᱤᱝᱦᱚᱞᱤ: සිංහල) ᱫᱚ [[ᱤᱱᱫᱳ-ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ|ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ]] ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱ ᱑.᱖ ᱠᱳᱴᱤ [[ᱥᱤᱝᱦᱚᱞᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ]] ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=pop42&gp=Activities&tpl=3|title=Census of Population and Housing 2011|website=www.statistics.gov.lk|access-date=2017-04-06|archive-date=2018-03-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310011932/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=pop42&gp=Activities&tpl=3|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="ethnologuesinhala"/> ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱽ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱝᱦᱚᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱔᱐ ᱞᱟᱠᱷ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱳᱭᱞᱳ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/PDF/Population/p9p11%20Speaking.pdf |title=Census of Population and Housing 2001 |publisher=Statistics.gov.lk |accessdate=16 November 2013 |archive-date=12 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712053634/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/PDF/Population/p9p11%20Speaking.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ᱾ ᱥᱤᱝᱦᱚᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱝᱦᱚᱞᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ]] ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱚᱞᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱬᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[ᱵᱨᱚᱦᱚᱢᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="auto2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fcQSAAAAMAAJ|title=History of the Evolution of the Sinhala Alphabet|last=Jayarajan|first=Paul M.|date=1976-01-01|publisher=Colombo Apothecaries' Company, Limited|language=en}}</ref> ᱥᱤᱝᱦᱚᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ [[ᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱥᱟᱶ [[ᱛᱷᱮᱨᱵᱟᱫᱽ|ᱛᱷᱮᱨᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ]] ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱼᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱝᱦᱚᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤᱜᱟᱱ ᱜᱚᱸᱲᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱬᱮ [[:en:Elu|ᱥᱤᱝᱦᱚᱞᱤ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱚᱞ]] ᱠᱚ ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ [[ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]] ᱦᱮᱡ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱥᱤᱤ (BCE) ᱢᱩᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ== ᱥᱤᱝᱦᱚᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱥᱚᱝᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱚᱝᱠᱨᱤᱛ]] ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ [[:en:सिंह|ᱥᱤᱝᱦᱟᱹ]], "[[ᱡᱟᱴᱟᱠᱩᱞ|ᱠᱩᱞ]]" ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱝᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ<ref>{{Cite journal| last=Caldwell | first=Robert | author-link=Robert Caldwell | title=A comparative grammar of the Dravidian or South-Indian Family of Languages | url=https://archive.org/details/comparativegramm00caldrich | publisher=Trübner & Co. | place=London|year=1875|page=[https://archive.org/details/comparativegramm00caldrich/page/n133 86]}}</ref> ᱾ ᱵᱷᱟᱜᱚᱵᱚᱛ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱝᱦᱚᱞᱤ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱝᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{citation needed|date=May 2020}} ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== ==ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ== [[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ]] ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱰᱨᱟᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱳᱱᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱜᱮ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱰᱨᱟᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱨᱚᱯᱚᱲ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱾ ===ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱚ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ=== ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱩᱯᱚᱱᱤᱵᱮᱥ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱮᱵᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱝᱦᱚᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟᱜᱟᱱ [[ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱯᱳᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ]], [[ᱰᱟᱪ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱰᱟᱪ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ]] ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱚᱞ ᱛᱚᱦᱚᱨ== {{Main|ᱥᱤᱝᱦᱚᱞᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ}}[[File:ආයුබෝවන් in Noto Sans Sinhala.svg|thumb|{{Lang|si|ආයුබෝවන්}} (''āyubōvan'') means "welcome", literally wishing one a long life]] [[ᱥᱤᱝᱦᱚᱞᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ]], ''ᱥᱤᱝᱦᱚᱞᱤ ᱦᱳᱫᱤᱭᱟ'' ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ [[ᱵᱨᱚᱦᱚᱢᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱝᱦᱚᱞᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ|ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱨᱚᱱᱛᱷᱚ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱝᱦᱚᱞᱤ [[ᱪᱤᱞᱤ]] ᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱜᱩᱴ ᱖᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱑᱘ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱔᱒ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱥᱤᱝᱦᱚᱞᱤ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ (ᱥᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ ᱥᱤᱝᱦᱚᱞᱤ) ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱕᱗ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ (᱑᱖ ᱨᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱟᱨ ᱔᱑ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ) ᱜᱮ ᱫᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ==ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ== ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱥᱤᱝᱦᱚᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱛᱷᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱥᱤᱤ (BCE) ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ== * Gair, James: ''Sinhala and Other South Asian Languages'', New York 1998. *{{cite book | last = Indrapala | first = Karthigesu | title = The evolution of an ethnic identity: The Tamils in Sri Lanka C. 300 BCE to C. 1200 CE| publisher = Vijitha Yapa | year = 2007 | location = Colombo | isbn = 978-955-1266-72-1|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|last1=Perera|first1=H.S.|last2=Jones|first2=D.|year=1919|title=A colloquial Sinhalese reader in phonetic transcription|place=Manchester|publisher=Longmans, Green & Co|url=https://archive.org/stream/colloquialsinhal00pererich|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|last=Van Driem |first=George|title=Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |date=15 Jan 2002|isbn=978-90-04-10390-0|ref=harv}} ==ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{Wiktionary|सिंहल|Sinhala}} {{InterWiki|code=si}} {{Wikivoyage|Sinhala phrasebook|Sinhala|a phrasebook}} * [[Charles Henry Carter]]. [http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/carter/ A Sinhalese-English dictionary.] Colombo: The "Ceylon Observer" Printing Works; London: Probsthain & Co., 1924. * Simhala Sabdakosa Karyamsaya. [http://www.dictionary.gov.lk/ Sanksipta Simhala Sabdakosaya.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130715084337/http://www.dictionary.gov.lk/ |date=2013-07-15 }} Kolamba : Samskrtika Katayutu Pilibanda Departamentuva, 2007–2009. * [http://www.maduraonline.com/ Madura Online English-Sinhala Dictionary and Language Translator] * [http://www.lanka.info/dictionary/EnglishToSinhala.jsp Kapruka Sinhala dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318102613/http://www.lanka.info/dictionary/EnglishToSinhala.jsp |date=2014-03-18 }} * [http://www.sinhaladictionary.org/ Sinhala dictionary resources online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012190522/http://www.sinhaladictionary.org/ |date=2020-10-12 }} * [http://www.alooha.net/language_dictionary_English_eng_Sinhala_sin.html Sinhala Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805032522/http://www.alooha.net/language_dictionary_english_eng_sinhala_sin.html |date=2019-08-05 }} * [http://www.alooha.net/language_script_Sinh_sin.html Sinhala Script] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101013747/http://www.alooha.net/language_script_Sinh_sin.html |date=2018-11-01 }} * [http://sinhala-online.com/ Sinhala dictionary (Beta)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202002719/http://sinhala-online.com/ |date=2019-12-02 }} * [http://appstore.com/sinhalaforios Sinhala for iOS] * [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=sachith.com.dictionary.offline&hl=en Sinhala Dictionary for Android] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} jzg0ukq8nd53e0xp0t6c2vvlkdgq474 0 13389 196504 174486 2026-08-12T17:37:26Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 10 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196504 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|17th-century French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist}} {{Redirect|Descartes}} {{Infobox philosopher | region = [[Western philosophy]]<br>[[Dutch philosophy]]<br>[[French philosophy]] | era = [[17th-century philosophy]]<br>[[Age of Enlightenment]] | image = Frans Hals - Portret van René Descartes.jpg | caption = Portrait after [[Frans Hals]]{{efn|Although the uncertain authorship of this most iconic portrait of Descartes was traditionally attributed to Frans Hals, there is no record of their meeting. During the 20th century the assumption was widely challenged.<ref>[[Steven Nadler|Nadler, S.]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=a2yYDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover ''The Philosopher, The Priest, and The Painter''] (Princeton: [[Princeton University Press]], 2013), pp. 174–198.</ref>|group=n}} | name = René Descartes | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1596|03|31}} | birth_place = [[Descartes, Indre-et-Loire|La Haye en Touraine]], [[Touraine]], [[Kingdom of France]] | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1650|2|11|1596|03|31}} | death_place = [[Stockholm]], [[Swedish Empire]] | education = {{plainlist| *[[Prytanée National Militaire|Collège Royal Henry-Le-Grand]] (1607–1614) *[[University of Poitiers]] (LL.B., 1616) *[[University of Franeker]] (no degree) *[[Leiden University]] (no degree) }} | nationality = French | school_tradition = {{plainlist| *[[Rationalism]] *[[Cartesianism]] *[[Mechanism (philosophy)|Mechanism]] *[[Innatism]]<ref>Tad M. Schmaltz, ''Radical Cartesianism: The French Reception of Descartes'', [[Cambridge University Press]], 2002, [https://books.google.com/books?id=pIYcUBCOrNgC&lpg=PP1&hl=de&pg=PA257 p. 257].</ref>{{rp|257}} *[[Foundationalism]]<ref name=SEP-FTJ>{{cite encyclopedia | url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/justep-foundational/#4 | title=Foundationalist Theories of Epistemic Justification | encyclopedia=[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] | date=21 February 2000 | accessdate=19 August 2018 | author=Fumerton, Richard}}</ref> *[[Conceptualism]]<ref>[[David Bostock (philosopher)|Bostock, D.]], ''Philosophy of Mathematics: An Introduction'', Wiley-Blackwell, 2009, [https://books.google.com/books?id=pdf99SaeOe4C&lpg=PP1&hl=de&pg=PA43 p. 43]: "All of Descartes, Locke, Berkeley, and Hume supposed that mathematics is a theory of our ''ideas'', but none of them offered any argument for this conceptualist claim, and apparently took it to be uncontroversial."</ref>{{rp|43}} *[[Augustinianism]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Gutting|first=Gary |title=Pragmatic Liberalism and the Critique of Modernity|url=https://archive.org/details/pragmaticliberal0000gutt|url-access=registration|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/pragmaticliberal0000gutt/page/116 116]|quote=Modernity begins with Descartes's mutation of Augustinianism. Taylor emphasizes that "Descartes is in many ways profoundly Augustinian".|isbn= 9780521649735|year=1999 }}</ref> *[[Indirect realism]]<ref>[[John W. Yolton|Yolton, J. W.]], ''Realism and Appearances: An Essay in Ontology'', Cambridge University Press, 2000, [https://archive.org/details/realismappearanc0000yolt/page/136 p. 136].</ref>{{rp|136}} *[[Correspondence theory of truth]]<ref>[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/truth-correspondence/ "The Correspondence Theory of Truth"] (''[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]'')</ref> *[[Corpuscularianism]]<ref>Gaukroger, S., ''Descartes: An Intellectual Biography'', Clarendon Press, 1995, [https://books.google.com/books?id=QVwDs_Ikad0C&pg=PA228 p. 228].</ref> *[[Medieval theological voluntarism|Theological voluntarism]]<ref name="Gilson"/>}} | main_interests = [[Epistemology]], [[metaphysics]], [[mathematics]], [[physics]], [[cosmology]] | influences = {{hlist|[[Plato]]|[[Aristotle]]|[[Archimedes]]|[[Ibn al-Haytham|Alhazen]]|[[Al-Ghazali]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Marenbon |first=John | author-link=John Marenbon |title=Medieval Philosophy: an historical and philosophical introduction |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=JX2CAgAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&hl=de&pg=PA174 174] |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2007 |url=http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415281133 |isbn=978-0-415-28113-3}}</ref>|[[Averroes]]|[[Avicenna]]|[[Anselm of Canterbury|Anselm]]| [[Elisabeth of the Palatinate]]|[[Augustine of Hippo|Augustine]]|[[Stoics]]|[[Thomas Aquinas|Aquinas]]|[[William of Ockham|Ockham]]|[[Francisco Suárez|Suárez]]|[[Marin Mersenne|Mersenne]]|[[Sextus Empiricus]]|[[Michel de Montaigne|Montaigne]]|[[Jacobus Golius]]|[[Isaac Beeckman|Beeckman]]|[[William Harvey|Harvey]]<ref>H. Ben-Yami, ''Descartes' Philosophical Revolution: A Reassessment'', Palgrave Macmillan, 2015, p. 76.</ref>|[[François Viète|Viète]]<ref>H. Ben-Yami, ''Descartes' Philosophical Revolution: A Reassessment'', Palgrave Macmillan, 2015, p. 179: "[Descartes'] work in mathematics was apparently influenced by Viète's, despite his denial of any acquaintance with the latter’s work."</ref>|[[Duns Scotus]]<ref name="Gilson">[[Étienne Gilson]] argued in ''La Liberté chez Descartes et la Théologie'' (Alcan, 1913, pp. 132–147) that Duns Scotus was not the source of Descartes's [[Medieval theological voluntarism|Voluntarism]]. Although there exist doctrinal differences between Descartes and Scotus "it is still possible to view Descartes as borrowing from a Scotist Voluntarist tradition" (see: John Schuster, ''Descartes-Agonistes: Physico-mathematics, Method & Corpuscular-Mechanism 1618–33'', Springer, 2012, [https://books.google.com/books?id=W3M4fwdOCqcC&lpg=PP1&hl=de&pg=PA363 p. 363], n. 26).</ref>|[[Teresa of Ávila]]<ref name="CM2017"/>}} | influenced = Virtually all subsequent [[Western philosophy]], especially [[Baruch Spinoza|Spinoza]], [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz|Leibniz]], [[John Locke]], [[Nicolas Malebranche]], [[Antoine Arnauld]], [[Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet]],<ref>[http://www.1902encyclopedia.com/B/BOS/jacques-benigne-bossuet.html "Jacques Bénigne Bossuet, French prelate and historian (1627–1704)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129105817/http://www.1902encyclopedia.com/B/BOS/jacques-benigne-bossuet.html |date=29 January 2016 }} from the Encyclopædia Britannica, 10th Edition (1902)</ref> [[Blaise Pascal]], [[Christiaan Huygens]], [[Isaac Newton]], [[Voltaire]], [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]], [[David Hume]], [[Edward Gibbon]], [[Immanuel Kant]], [[Edmund Husserl]], [[Noam Chomsky]] | notable_ideas = {{collapsible list| *''[[Cogito ergo sum]]'' *[[Cartesian doubt|Method of doubt]] *[[Subject (philosophy)|Subjectivity]] *[[Method of normals]] *[[Analytic geometry]] *[[Cartesian coordinate system]] *[[Mind–body problem]] *[[Cartesian dualism]]<br>([[Interactionism (philosophy of mind)|interactionism]], [[trialism]]) *[[Cartesian circle]] *[[Foundationalism]] *''[[Mathesis universalis]]'' *[[Folium of Descartes]] *[[Dream argument]] *[[Evil demon]] *[[Conservation of momentum]] (''quantitas motus'') *[[Balloonist theory]] *[[Wax argument]] *[[Trademark argument]] *[[Causal adequacy principle]] *''[[Mental substance|Res cogitans]]''/''[[res extensa]]'' distinction *[[Conatus#In Descartes|Conatus]] }} | thesis_title = Untitled LL.B. thesis | thesis_url = https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes-works/tlatin.html | thesis_year = 1616 | signature = [[File:Firma Descartes.svg|150px]]<br>'''Coat of arms'''<br>[[File:Blason de la famille Descartes.svg|100px]] }} {{Descartes}} {{Catholic philosophy}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2013}} '''ᱨᱚᱱᱮ ᱫᱮᱠᱟᱨᱛ''' ([[ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱟᱥᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱟᱥᱤ]]: René Descartes) ᱫᱚᱭ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱯᱜᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ [[ᱫᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱠ]], [[ᱮᱞᱠᱷᱟ|ᱜᱚᱱᱤᱛ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥᱚᱜ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ|ᱵᱤᱜᱜᱟᱱᱤ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱧᱪᱚ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱟᱨᱥᱟᱱᱤᱠ ᱥᱤᱠᱨᱤᱛᱤ ᱮᱭ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱫᱚᱭᱤᱛᱛᱚ]] ᱫᱟᱨᱥᱚᱱᱤᱠ ᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ [[ᱡᱮᱢᱮᱛᱤ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱤᱡᱽ ᱜᱚᱱᱤᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱯᱟᱭᱮ ᱩᱸᱰᱩᱠ ᱦᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱡᱽ ᱜᱚᱱᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱦᱮᱢᱮᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱩᱛᱩᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱᱟᱭ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾ ==ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡᱽ ᱵᱮᱲᱟ== ᱫᱮᱠᱟᱨᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱕᱙᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱓᱑ ᱢᱧᱨᱪ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱦᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱟᱡᱽ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱳᱣᱟᱠᱤᱢ ᱫᱮᱠᱟᱨᱛ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱽ ᱜᱚᱜᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱱ ᱵᱨᱚᱥᱟᱨ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟ (ᱯᱤᱭᱮᱨ) ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟ (ᱡᱟᱵ) ᱠᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮ ᱠᱟᱵᱟ᱾ ᱟᱡᱽ ᱶᱟᱵᱟ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱠᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱢᱤᱥᱴᱮᱴ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱵᱟᱭ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱪ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ-ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱮᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱡᱟᱱ ᱵᱨᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱫᱮᱠᱟᱨᱛ ᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱭ ᱵᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱭᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱤᱯ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱮᱠᱟᱨᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱽᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟ-ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱽ ᱵᱩᱰᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱭ ᱱᱟ᱾ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱜᱮ ᱤᱭᱚᱨᱚᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱜᱟᱨᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ==ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ== ᱑᱐ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱖᱐᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱮᱠᱟᱨᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱨᱟᱭᱟᱞ ᱟᱸᱨᱤ-ᱞᱚ-ᱜᱽᱨᱚ (ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱟᱥᱤ Collège Royal Henry-Le-Grand) ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱦᱟ ᱷᱟᱠᱟᱫᱤᱭᱟ᱾ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ-ᱫᱚ ᱑᱖᱑᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡᱽ-ᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱷᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱑᱖᱑᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱣᱟᱛᱤᱭᱮ (Poitiers) ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱟᱫᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱩᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱮᱣᱟᱱᱤ ᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱠᱟᱨᱚᱞᱮᱭᱟ (baccalauréat ᱩᱪᱪᱚ ᱢᱟᱫᱷᱚᱢᱤᱠ ᱥᱚᱱᱚᱫᱽ) ᱞᱟᱱᱥᱮᱥ-ᱮ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾ ==ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ== ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱛᱚᱨᱮ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ [[ᱢᱟᱸᱱᱢᱤ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱢᱚᱦᱟ ᱵᱤᱥᱥᱚ]] ᱶᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱤᱪᱪᱷᱟ ᱦᱮᱜ ᱟᱫᱤᱭᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱛ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱜ ᱫᱮᱠᱟᱨᱛ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱸ ᱜᱮᱭ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱛ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ [[ᱤᱩᱨᱳᱯ]] [[ᱢᱚᱫᱷᱚᱡᱩᱜᱽ]] ᱠᱜᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱚᱱᱢᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱚᱱᱢᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡᱽ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱲᱜᱚᱸ ᱦᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱱᱤᱨᱵᱷᱚᱨ-ᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱛᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱛᱚᱴᱟ ᱩᱭᱮᱳᱯ -ᱮ ᱫᱟᱲᱟ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ-ᱟ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱜᱮ [[ᱥᱚᱠᱨᱮᱴᱩᱥ ᱟᱛᱷᱮᱱᱥᱮᱨ]] ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱜᱟᱞᱚᱡᱽ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱠᱛᱚᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱷᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱮᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ [[ᱥᱮᱱᱟᱵᱟᱦᱤᱱᱤ]] ᱪᱟᱠᱨᱤ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱩᱭᱮᱳᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱡᱚᱜᱽ ᱦᱩᱭᱮᱱ ᱨᱟᱭᱟ᱾ ᱥᱮᱱᱟᱵᱟᱦᱤᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱥᱦᱮ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱪᱮᱫᱠᱚᱭ ᱪᱮᱠᱟᱭᱮᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮᱱ ᱦᱩᱫᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱤᱠᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱑᱖᱑᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱱᱟᱵᱟᱦᱤᱱᱤ ᱪᱟᱠᱨᱤ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤᱭᱟᱫᱟ᱾ ==ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== ===Notes=== {{Notelist}} ===Citations=== {{Reflist}} ===Sources=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |editor-first1=Siegrid |editor-last1=Agostini |editor-first2=Hélène |editor-last2=Leblanc |volume=Le fondement de la science. Les dix premières années de la philosophie cartésienne (1619–1628) |url=http://www.cartesius.net/doc/pubblicazioni/Examina_Philosophica_1.pdf |title=Examina Philosophica. I Quaderni di Alvearium |year=2015}} * {{cite book |last=Boyer |first=Carl |authorlink=Carl Benjamin Boyer |year=1985 |title=A History of Mathematics |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmathema0000boye_w0x5 |location=Princeton, NJ |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-02391-5}} * {{cite book |last=Carriero |first=John |year=2008 |title=Between Two Worlds |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-13561-8}} * {{cite book| title=Cartesian Linguistics: A Chapter in the History of Rationalist Thought | url=https://archive.org/details/studiesinlanguag0000unse_z7u8 | publisher=Harper & Row | location=New York | year=1966 | author=Chomsky, Noam |authorlink=Noam Chomsky | isbn=978-1-877275-34-0}}; (2009) Third Edition, edited with a new introduction by James McGilvray, Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-521-70817-3}} * {{cite book |last=Clarke |first=Desmond |authorlink=Desmond Clarke |year=2006 |title=Descartes: A Biography |url=https://archive.org/details/descartesbiograp0000clar |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-82301-2}} * {{cite book |last=Costabel |first=Pierre |authorlink=:fr:Pierre Costabel |year=1987 |title=René Descartes – Exercices pour les éléments des solides |location=Paris |publisher=[[Presses Universitaires de France]] |isbn=978-2-13-040099-8}} * {{cite book |last=Cottingham |first=John |authorlink=John Cottingham |year=1992 |title=The Cambridge Companion to Descartes |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-36696-0}} * {{cite book |last=Duncan |first=Steven M. |year=2008 |title=The Proof of the External World: Cartesian Theism and the Possibility of Knowledge |location=Cambridge |publisher=James Clarke & Co |isbn=978-0-227-17267-4 |url=http://www.lutterworth.com/jamesclarke/jc/titles/proofew.htm |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223092646/http://www.lutterworth.com/jamesclarke/jc/titles/proofew.htm |archivedate=23 December 2008 |df=dmy-all }} * Farrell, John. "Demons of Descartes and Hobbes." ''Paranoia and Modernity: Cervantes to Rousseau'' (Cornell UP, 2006), chapter 7. * {{cite book |last=Garber |first=Daniel |authorlink=Daniel Garber (philosopher)|year=1992 |title=Descartes' Metaphysical Physics |url=https://archive.org/details/descartesmetaphy0000garb |location=Chicago |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-28219-0}} * {{cite book |last1=Garber |first1=Daniel |last2=Ayers |first2=Michael |authorlink2=Michael R. Ayers |year=1998 |title=The Cambridge History of Seventeenth-Century Philosophy |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory0001unse_w9c8 |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-53721-6}} * {{cite book |last=Gaukroger |first=Stephen |authorlink=Stephen Gaukroger |year=1995 |title=Descartes: An Intellectual Biography |url=https://archive.org/details/descartesintelle0000gauk |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-823994-9}} * Gillespie, A. (2006). [https://web.archive.org/web/20100618050955/http://stir.academia.edu/documents/0011/0112/Gillespie_Descartes_demon_a_dialogical_analysis_of_meditations_on_first_philosophy.pdf Descartes' demon: A dialogical analysis of 'Meditations on First Philosophy.'] Theory & Psychology, 16, 761–781. * {{cite book |last=Grayling |first=A.C. |authorlink=A. C. Grayling |year=2005 |title=Descartes: The Life and times of a Genius |url=https://archive.org/details/descarteslifetim0000gray |location=New York |publisher=Walker Publishing Co., Inc. |isbn=978-0-8027-1501-2}} * [[Martin Heidegger|Heidegger, Martin]] [1938] (2002) ''The Age of the World Picture'' in [https://books.google.com/books?id=QImd2ARqQPMC&pg=PA66 ''Off the beaten track''] pp.&nbsp;57–85 * {{cite book |last=Keeling |first=S. V. |year=1968 |title=Descartes |url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_S0-BKQ-201 |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |id= }} * {{cite book |last=Melchert |first=Norman |authorlink=Norman Melchert |year=2002 |title=The Great Conversation: A Historical Introduction to Philosophy |url=https://archive.org/details/greatconversatio00norm |url-access=registration |location=New York |publisher=McGraw Hill |isbn=978-0-19-517510-3}} * Monnoyeur, Françoise (November 2017), ''Matière et espace dans le système cartésien'', Paris, Harmattan, 266 pages. {{ISBN|978-2-343-13394-2}}. * Moreno Romo, Juan Carlos, ''Vindicación del cartesianismo radical'', Anthropos, Barcelona, 2010. * Moreno Romo, Juan Carlos (Coord.), ''Descartes vivo. Ejercicios de hermenéutica cartesiana'', Anthropos, Barcelona, 2007 * {{cite book |last=Naaman-Zauderer |first=Noa |year=2010 |title=Descartes' Deontological Turn: Reason, Will and Virtue in the Later Writings |url=https://archive.org/details/descartesdeo_naam_2010_000_10456381 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-76330-1}} * [[Antonio Negri|Negri, Antonio]] (2007) ''The Political Descartes'', Verso. * {{cite book |last=Ozaki |first=Makoto |year=1991 |title=Kartenspiel, oder Kommentar zu den Meditationen des Herrn Descartes |location=Berlin |publisher=Klein Verlag. |isbn=978-3-927199-01-9}} * Sasaki Chikara (2003). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=H1H1CAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Descartes’s Mathematical Thought'']. (Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, 237.) xiv + 496 pp., bibl., indexes. Dordrecht/Boston/London: Kluwer Academic Publishers. * {{cite book |last=Schäfer |first=Rainer |year=2006 |title=Zweifel und Sein – Der Ursprung des modernen Selbstbewusstseins in Descartes' cogito |location=Wuerzburg |publisher=Koenigshausen&Neumann |isbn=978-3-8260-3202-8}} * Serfati, Michel, 2005, "Géometrie" in [[Ivor Grattan-Guinness]], ed., ''Landmark Writings in Western Mathematics''. Elsevier: 1–22. * {{cite book |last=Sorrell |first=Tom |year=1987 |title=Descartes |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press. |isbn=978-0-19-287636-2 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/descartes0000sore }} * {{cite book |last=Vrooman |first=Jack Rochford |title=René Descartes: A Biography |url=https://archive.org/details/renedescartesbio00vroo |publisher=Putnam Press |year=1970}} * {{cite journal |first1=Richard A. |last1=Watson |authorlink1=Richard Watson (philosopher) |title=René Descartes |journal=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc |date=2012 |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/158787/Rene-Descartes |accessdate=31 March 2012}} * Watson, Richard A. (2007). Cogito, Ergo Sum: a life of René Descartes. David R Godine. 2002, reprint 2007. {{isbn|978-1-56792-335-3}}. Was chosen by the New York Public library as one of "25 Books to Remember from 2002" * {{cite journal |last=Woo |first=B. Hoon |title=The Understanding of Gisbertus Voetius and René Descartes on the Relationship of Faith and Reason, and Theology and Philosophy |journal=Westminster Theological Journal |year=2013 |volume=75 |number=1 |url=https://www.academia.edu/3325870 |pages=45–63}} {{refend}} ndcct1y76kaunoor8a7062op4o8fsux 0 13506 196461 103390 2026-08-12T16:57:26Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196461 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Russian federal subject |en_name = ᱥᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱯᱱᱟᱹᱛ (ᱭᱟᱠᱩᱛᱤᱭᱟ) |ru_name = Республика Саха (Якутия) |loc_name1 = Саха Өрөспүүбүлүкэтэ |loc_lang1 = ᱭᱟᱠᱩᱛ |image_map = Map of Russia - Sakha (Yakutia) (Crimea disputed).svg |coordinates = {{coord|66|24|N|129|10|E|type:adm1st_region:RU|display=inline,title}} |image_coa = Coat of Arms of Sakha (Yakutia).svg |coa_caption = [[:en:Coat of arms of the Sakha Republic|Coat of arms]] |image_flag = Flag of Sakha.svg |flag_caption = [[Flag of the Sakha Republic|Flag]] |anthem = [[National Anthem of the Sakha Republic]]<br /><center>[[File:Anthem of the Sakha Republic.ogg]]</center> |anthem_ref = |holiday = |holiday_ref = |political_status = ᱨᱤᱯᱟᱵᱽᱞᱤᱠ |political_status_link = ᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱯᱱᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ |federal_district = [[:en:Far Eastern Federal District|ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ]] |economic_region = [[:en:Far Eastern economic region|ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ]] |adm_ctr_type = ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ |adm_ctr_name = [[ᱭᱟᱠᱩᱛᱥ]] |adm_ctr_ref = <ref name=Min2002 /> |official_lang_list = [[ᱥᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱟᱠᱷᱟ]] |official_lang_ref = |pop_2010census = 958,528 |pop_2010census_rank = 55th |urban_pop_2010census = 64.1% |rural_pop_2010census = 35.9% |pop_2010census_ref = |pop_density = |pop_density_as_of = |pop_density_ref = |pop_latest = |pop_latest_date = |pop_latest_ref = |area_km2 = 3083523 |area_km2_rank = 1st |area_km2_ref = <ref name="area" /> |established_date = April&nbsp;27, 1922 |established_date_ref = <ref name=Min2002>{{cite book|last=Minahan|first=James|title=Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: S-Z|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofst0002mina|year=2002|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|pages=1630ff}}</ref> |license_plates = 14 |ISO = RU-SA |gov_as_of = May 2018 |leader_title = [[Head of the Sakha Republic|Head]] |leader_title_ref = <ref name="HeadLegis">[http://sakha.gov.ru/node/17668 Constitution of the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic]&nbsp;53.1</ref> |leader_name = [[Aysen Nikolayev]] |legislature = [[State Assembly of the Sakha Republic|State Assembly (''Il Tumen'')]] |legislature_ref = | timezone_link = Time in Sakha | timezone1_location = most <small>(excluding districts in UTC+10:00 and UTC+11:00 time zones)</small> | timezone1 = [[Yakutsk Time]] | utc_offset1 = +09:00 | timezone2_location = [[Oymyakonsky]], [[Ust-Yansky]] and [[Verkhoyansky]] districts | timezone2 = [[Vladivostok Time]] | utc_offset2 = +10:00 | timezone3_location = [[Abyysky]], [[Allaikhovsky]], [[Momsky]], [[Nizhnekolymsky]], [[Srednekolymsky]] and [[Verkhnekolymsky]] districts | timezone3 = [[Magadan Time]] | utc_offset3 = +11:00 |website = {{url|http://sakha.gov.ru/}} |website_ref = |date = May 2018 |timezone4 = see [[#Time_zones|Time zones]] }} '''ᱥᱟᱠᱷᱟ''', '''ᱭᱟᱠᱩᱛᱤᱭᱟ''' ᱥᱮ '''ᱭᱟᱠᱩᱴᱤᱭᱟ''' ([[ᱨᱩᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ]]: Якутия, [[ᱭᱟᱠᱩᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱭᱟᱠᱩᱛ]]: Саха Сирэ) ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱯᱱᱟᱹᱛ (republic) ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ '''ᱥᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱯᱱᱟᱹᱛ''' (ᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ: Республика Саха, ᱭᱟᱠᱩᱛ: Саха Өрөспүүбүлүкэтэ) ᱾ [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Flag of Sakha.svg|thumb|]] ᱒᱐᱑᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱙᱕᱘,᱕᱒᱘ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱓᱐,᱘᱓,᱕᱒᱓ ᱪᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱤᱢᱤ (᱑᱑,᱙᱐,᱕᱕᱕ ᱪᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱭᱤᱞ) ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱟᱹᱯᱱᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ [[:en:List of the largest country subdivisions by area|ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ [[:en:Far Eastern Federal District|ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱢᱞᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱫᱷᱮᱠ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱡᱽ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ [[ᱭᱟᱠᱩᱴᱥ]] ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤᱜᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱷᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱭᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱜᱳᱞᱟᱨᱫᱷ (northern hemisphere) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱲ [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱠᱷᱳᱭᱟᱱᱥ]] ᱟᱨ ᱳᱭᱢᱮᱭᱟᱠᱳᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱠᱳᱨᱰ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱭᱟᱠᱩᱛ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱭᱟᱲ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ -᱓᱕° ᱥᱮᱞᱥᱤᱟᱹᱥ (-᱓᱑° ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱮᱱᱦᱟᱭᱤᱴ) ᱾ ᱥᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱳᱭᱞᱳ ᱥᱮᱸᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱞᱜᱟᱡᱮᱞ ᱩᱥᱩᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱴᱩᱝᱜᱩᱥᱤᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱞᱮᱳᱥᱤᱵᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱮᱵᱷᱮᱱᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱭᱩᱠᱟᱜᱷᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱥᱚᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱛᱟᱦᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱳᱭᱠᱟᱞ ᱫᱟᱨᱦᱟ ᱟᱰᱮᱯᱟᱥᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡᱽ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤ ᱥᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱙ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱖ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱢᱩᱫ ᱨᱮ ''ᱞᱮᱱᱟ'' ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱤᱨᱟᱹᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Pastoralism|ᱡᱟᱡᱚᱠ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ]] ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱜᱩᱛᱚᱨᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ==ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ== ==ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ== ==ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ== ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== ==ᱰᱮᱢᱚᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤ== ᱒᱐᱑᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱙,᱕᱘,᱕᱒᱘ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱟᱹᱯᱱᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱤᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱐.᱓᱑ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ==ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ== [[ᱨᱩᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱭᱟᱠᱩᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱟᱠᱷᱟ]] ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱭᱟᱠᱩᱛ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱔᱐% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱭᱟᱠᱩᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ==ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ== ==ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ== ᱥᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱜᱩᱴ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱕᱐% ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱥᱤᱞᱯᱚ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱠᱷᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱭᱟᱠᱩᱴᱥ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞᱰᱟᱱ, ᱢᱤᱨᱱᱤ, ᱱᱮᱨᱤᱝᱜᱤ, ᱯᱳᱠᱟᱨᱵᱷᱚᱥᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱫᱟᱪᱱᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱞᱯᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱤᱨᱟᱹ ᱥᱚᱱᱟ, ᱴᱤᱱ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱜᱮ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱥᱤᱞᱯᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱦᱮᱡᱽᱥᱮᱱ== ==ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ== ==ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ== ==ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ== ==ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} 31jly7q2byvdk6nnwajsyh0k5awl24m 0 13543 196642 179317 2026-08-12T19:56:35Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196642 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱢᱟᱱᱛᱟᱱ | official_name = | image_shield = {{#property:p94}} | image_flag = {{#property:p41}} | image_map = Central Kalimantan in Indonesia.svg | map_alt = | map_caption = ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱢᱟᱱᱛᱟᱱ ᱾ | coordinates = {{coord|2|13|S|113|55|E|region:ID_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}} | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_footnotes = | established_title = | established_date = | motto = ''Isen Mulang'' <br />(Persistent) | founder = | named_for = | seat_type = ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ<br />{{nobold|ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ}} | seat = [[ᱯᱟᱞᱟᱝᱠᱟ ᱨᱟᱭᱟ]] | government_footnotes = | leader_party = | leader_title = Governor | leader_name = [[Sugianto Sabran]] | governing_body = Central Kalimantan Provincial Government | leader_title2 = Vice Governor | leader_name2 = {{ill|Said Ismail|id}} | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 153564.5 | area_rank = [[Provinces of Indonesia|2nd]] | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_total = 2649803 | population_as_of = mid 2019 | population_footnotes = <ref>Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2019.</ref> | population_density_km2 = auto | population_note = | demographics_type1 = Demographics | demographics1_footnotes = <ref>{{cite book |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |title=Indonesia's Population: Ethnicity and Religion in a Changing Political Landscape |year=2003 |url=https://archive.org/details/indonesiaspopula0000sury|accessdate=}}</ref> | demographics1_title1 = [[Ethnic groups in Indonesia|Ethnic groups]] | timezone1 = [[Time in Indonesia|WIB]] ([[UTC+7]]) | utc_offset1 = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code = | area_code_type = | blank_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] 2019 | blank_info_sec1 = {{increase}} 0.709 ({{fontcolor|green|High}}) | blank1_name_sec1 = HDI rank | blank1_info_sec1 = [[List of Indonesian provinces by Human Development Index|21st in Indonesia]] (2019) | website = {{url|http://www.kalteng.go.id/|kalteng.go.id}} | footnotes = | type = [[ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | demographics1_info1 = {{nowrap|46% [[Dayak people|Dayak]]{{br}}22% [[Javanese people|Javanese]]{{br}}21% [[Banjar people|Banjarese]]{{br}} 3.9% [[Malay people|Malay]]{{br}}1.9% [[Madurese people|Madurese]] {{br}}4.8% other}}<ref name="sensusSuku2010">{{cite book |author1=Aris Ananta |author2=Evi Nurvidya Arifin |author3=M. Sairi Hasbullah |author4=Nur Budi Handayani |author5=dan Agus Pramono |publisher = Institute of Southeast Asian Studies dan BPS – Statistics Indonesia|title = Demography of Indonesia’s Ethnicity|date =|year = 2015|url =|accessdate = |isbn = }}</ref> | demographics1_title2 = [[Religion in Indonesia|Religion]] (2017)<ref name="KalTeng">{{cite web|url=https://kalteng.bps.go.id/publication/2018/08/16/ceed046d35684aefde786f04/provinsi-kalimantan-tengah-dalam-angka-2018.html|title=Provinsi Kalimantan Tengah Dalam Angka 2018|last=|first=|publisher=BPS Kalimantan Tengah|accessdate=13 September 2018}}</ref> | demographics1_info2 = {{nowrap|70.0% [[Islam]]<br />16.4% [[Protestant]]<br /> 8.09% [[Hindu]]/[[Kaharingan]]<br /> 4.56% [[Catholic]]<br />0.65% [[Buddhism]]<br />0.1% other}} | demographics1_title3 = [[ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ]] | demographics1_info3 = {{nowrap|[[ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] <small>(ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ)</small><br />[[ᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭ]]<br />[[Bugis language|Bugis]]<br />[[Dayak languages|Dayak]]<br />[[Chinese language|Chinese]] ([[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]] and [[Teochew dialect|Teochew]])}} }} '''ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱢᱟᱱᱛᱟᱱ''' ([[ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ]]: Kalimantan Tengah) ᱫᱚ [[ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱵᱳᱨᱱᱤᱭᱳ]] ᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ [[ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱢᱟᱱᱛᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱫᱚ [[ ᱯᱟᱞᱟᱝᱠᱟ ᱨᱟᱭᱟ]] ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱒ ᱞᱟᱠᱷ ᱦᱚᱲ<ref>Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.</ref> ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱒᱔.᱙ ᱞᱟᱠᱷ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ (᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ) ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱮᱞᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱒,᱖᱔᱙,᱘᱐᱓<ref>Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2019.</ref> ᱾ ᱑᱙᱙᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱩᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱮᱞ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱓.᱐% ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱡᱽ ᱛᱟᱦᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱦᱚᱲᱮᱞ ᱫᱚᱨ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱛᱟᱦᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱐ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱡᱽ ᱑.᱘% ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱢᱟᱱᱛᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱳᱨᱱᱤᱭᱳ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱰᱟᱭᱟᱠ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱢᱟᱱᱛᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮᱱ ᱰᱟᱭᱟᱠ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ [[ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ|ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱟᱹ]] ᱥᱟᱞᱛᱟᱱᱟᱛ ᱵᱟᱱᱡᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱰᱷᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱰᱟᱭᱟᱠ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱢᱟᱱᱛᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱡᱽ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤᱭᱮᱫᱽ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱕᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱢᱟᱱᱛᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱟᱭᱟᱠ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱥᱟᱭᱚᱛᱛᱚᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱮᱢᱟᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱒᱓ ᱢᱮ ᱑᱙᱕᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱮᱞ ᱑᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱑᱙᱕᱗ (Presidential Law No. 10 Year 1957) ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱢᱟᱱᱛᱟᱱ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ==ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ== ==ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ== ==ᱦᱮᱡᱽᱥᱮᱱ== ===ᱨᱮᱞ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ=== [[ᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱢᱟᱱᱛᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱢᱟᱱᱛᱟᱱ]] ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱫ ᱠᱩᱭᱞᱟᱹ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱨᱮᱞ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱪᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱟᱠᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱪᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱒.᱔ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱚᱞᱟᱨ ᱾ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱡᱽ ᱒᱐᱑᱗ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ<ref>[http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/02/08/russian-firm-signs-mou-build-24-billion-railway.html Russian firm signs MoU to build $2.4 billion railway]</ref> ᱾ ==ᱰᱮᱢᱚᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤ== ===ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ=== {{bar box |title=ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱢᱟᱱᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ (᱒᱐᱑᱐ ᱦᱚᱲᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ)<ref name="BPS̠Religion̠2010">{{cite web| title = Population by Region and Religion in Indonesia | work = [[Badan Pusat Statistik|BPS]] | year = 2010 | url = http://sp2010.bps.go.id/index.php/site/tabel?tid=321&wid=0}}</ref> |titlebar= |left1=ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ |right1=% |float=right |bars= {{bar percent|ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ|Green|74.31}} {{bar percent|ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱮᱥᱴᱟᱱ|Violet|15.97}} {{bar percent|ᱮᱴᱟᱜ|Grey|6.26}} {{bar percent|ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱛᱷᱟᱞᱤᱠ|Purple|2.63}} {{bar percent|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ|Orange|0.50}} {{bar percent|ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱩᱞᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ|Brown|0.19}} {{bar percent|ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ|Gold|0.11}} {{bar percent|ᱠᱚᱱᱯᱷᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱥ|Magenta|0.02}} {{bar percent|Not Stated|Black|0.01}} }} ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱢᱟᱱᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱗᱔.᱓᱑% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱤᱥᱟᱢ, ᱑᱘.᱖% [[ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ|ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ]] (᱑᱕.᱙᱗% ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱮᱥᱴᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱒.᱖᱓% ᱠᱮᱛᱷᱟᱞᱤᱠ), ᱐.᱕᱐% ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ, ᱐.᱑᱑% ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱖.᱒᱖% ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name="BPS̠Religion̠2010" /> ===ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ=== ==== ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://espace.curtin.edu.au/bitstream/handle/20.500.11937/35283/120656_12034_49851.pdf?sequence=2 |access-date=2020-11-29 |archive-date=2020-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030165812/https://espace.curtin.edu.au/bitstream/handle/20.500.11937/35283/120656_12034_49851.pdf?sequence=2 |url-status=dead }}</ref>==== {| class="wikitable" style="vertical-align:bottom;" |- ! ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ! ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ! ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ! ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ! ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ! % ᱦᱚᱲᱮᱞ |- | Banjarese | 99% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 24.6% |- | Javanese | 96% | 4% | 0% | 0% | 18.8% |- | Ngaju Dayak | 43% | 44% | 13% | 0% | 18.0% |- | Sampit Dayak | 82% | 9% | 9% | 0% | 9.6% |- | Bakumpai | 99% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 7.5% |- | Madurese | 100% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 3.5% |- | Katingan Dayak | 37% | 22% | 32% | 9% | 3.3% |- | Maanyan | 4% | 86% | 9% | 1% | 2.8% |- | Tomun Dayak | 18% | 56% | 17% | 2% | 2.2% |- | Sundanese | 99% | 1% | 0% | 0% | 1.4% |- | Dusun Dayak | 9% | 29% | 63% | 0% | 1.1% |- | Siang Dayak | 6% | 40% | 48% | 4% | 0.9% |- | Manyan Dayak | 20% | 70% | 10% | 0% | 0.7% |- | Ot Danum | 10% | 51% | 38% | 0% | 0.6% |- | Other non-Dayak | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1.3% |- | Other Dayak | NA | NA | NA | NA | 5.0% |} ===ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ=== ==ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ== ==ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== * {{official website|http://www.kalteng.go.id}} (ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱛᱮ) * Official statistics for the province, provided by the Indonesian Central Bureau of Statistics, may be accessed (Indonesian language) at [http://kalteng.go.id/goto.asp?URL=http://kalteng.bps.go.id Badan Pusat Statistik Propinsi Kalimantan Tengah] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128144700/http://kalteng.go.id/goto.asp?URL=http%3A%2F%2Fkalteng.bps.go.id |date=2017-01-28 }}. [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱢᱟᱱᱛᱟᱱ| ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱵᱳᱨᱱᱤᱭᱳ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱢᱟᱱᱛᱟᱱ]] ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} by1n9u4psuo8cmo4k6eilq054z7ianz 0 13585 196613 196066 2026-08-12T19:18:01Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196613 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = ᱠᱩᱨᱫᱤᱥ | nativename = {{lang|ku-Latn|Zimanê kurdî}} / {{lang|ku-Arab|زمانی کوردی}} | image = Kurdish_Language.svg | imagesize = 120px | imagecaption = | states = [[ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤ]], [[ᱤᱨᱟᱠ]], [[ᱤᱨᱟᱱ]], [[ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱟᱡᱟᱨᱵᱟᱭᱡᱟᱱ]] | region = [[ᱠᱩᱨᱫᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ]], [[ᱟᱱᱟᱛᱳᱞᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱠᱚᱠᱮᱥᱟᱥ]], [[ᱠᱷᱳᱨᱟᱥᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱠᱷᱳᱨᱟᱥᱟᱱ]], [[:en:Kurdish diaspora|ᱠᱩᱨᱫᱤᱥ ᱯᱨᱚᱵᱟᱥᱤ]] | ethnicity = [[ᱠᱩᱨᱫᱤᱥ ᱦᱚᱲ|ᱠᱩᱨᱫᱤᱥ]] | speakers = c. ᱒᱐–᱓᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ (᱒᱐᱐᱐–᱒᱐᱑᱐ ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ) | date = | ref = <ref name="pop"> [[SIL Ethnologue|SIL ''Ethnologue'']] gives estimates, broken down by dialect group, totalling 31 million, but with the caveat of "Very provisional figures for Northern Kurdish speaker population". ''Ethnologue'' estimates for dialect groups: Northern: 20.2M (undated; 15M in Turkey for 2009), Central: 6.75M (2009), Southern: 3M (2000), Laki: 1M (2000). The Swedish {{lang|sv|[[Nationalencyklopedin]]|italic=yes}} listed Kurdish in its "{{lang|sv|Världens 100 största språk 2007|italic=no}}" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), citing an estimate of 20.6 million native speakers. </ref> | familycolor = [[ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ|ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] | fam2 = [[ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] | fam3 = [[ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] | fam4 = [[ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱯᱟᱪᱮ]] | fam5 = [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱯᱟᱪᱮ]] | stand1 = [[ᱠᱩᱨᱢᱟᱱᱡᱤ]] | stand2 = [[ᱥᱳᱨᱟᱱᱤ]] | ancestor = | ancestor2 = | dia1 = [[ᱠᱩᱨᱢᱟᱱᱡᱤ|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱠᱩᱨᱫᱤᱥ]] <small>(ᱠᱩᱨᱢᱟᱱᱡᱤ)</small> | dia2 = [[ᱥᱳᱨᱟᱱᱤ|ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱩᱨᱫᱤᱥ]] <small>(ᱥᱳᱨᱟᱱᱤ)</small> | dia3 = [[ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱠᱩᱨᱫᱤᱥ]] <small>(ᱯᱟᱞᱣᱟᱱᱤ, Xwarîn)</small> | script = [[:en:Kurdish alphabets#Hawar alphabet|ᱦᱟᱣᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ]] <small>([[ᱞᱟᱛᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱯ]]; ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ)</small><br />[[:en:Kurdish alphabets#Sorani alphabet|ᱥᱳᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ]]<br/><small>([[ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱤᱠ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱯ|ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱼᱟᱨᱚᱵᱤᱠ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ]]; ᱤᱨᱟᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ)</small><br />[[:en:Kurdish alphabets#Cyrillic script|ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱞᱤᱠ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱯ]] <small>(ᱢᱟᱬᱮ ᱥᱳᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛ ᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ)</small><br/>[[ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ]] <small>(᱑᱙᱒᱑-᱒᱙ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱳᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛ ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ)</small><ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=MacCagg|editor1-first=William O.|editor2-last=Silver|editor2-first=Brian D.|title=Soviet Asian Ethnic Frontiers|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780080246376|date=1979|publisher=[[Pergamon Press]]|isbn=9780080246376|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780080246376/page/94 94]|quote=Since the most active Soviet Kurdish center has been and continues to be Yerevan, the first alphabet used for publishing Kurdish in the USSR was the Armenian alphabet.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|script-title=ru:Курдский язык|url=http://www.krugosvet.ru/enc/gumanitarnye_nauki/lingvistika/KURDSKI_YAZIK.html|publisher=[[Krugosvet]]|language=ru|quote=...в Армении на основе русского алфавита с 1946 (с 1921 на основе армянской графики, с 1929 на основе латиницы).}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Khamoyan|first1=M.|title=[[Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia]] Volume 12|chapter=Քրդերեն [Kurdish language]|date=1986|page=492|language=hy|quote=...գրկ. լույս է տեսնում 1921-ից հայկ., 1929-ից՝ լատ., 1946-ից՝ ռուս. այբուբենով...}}</ref> | dia4 = [[ᱞᱟᱠᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱞᱟᱠᱤ]]<ref name="Iranatlas" >{{cite web |title=Atlas of the Languages of Iran A working classification |url=http://iranatlas.net/index.html?module=module.classification |website=Languages of Iran |accessdate=25 May 2019}}</ref> | iso1 = ku | iso2 = kur | iso3 = kur | lc1 = ckb | ld1 = [[ᱥᱳᱨᱟᱱᱤ]] | lc2 = kmr | ld2 = [[ᱠᱩᱨᱢᱟᱱᱡᱤ]] | lc3 = sdh | ld3 = [[:en:Southern Kurdish|ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱠᱩᱨᱫᱤᱥ]] | lc4 = lki | ld4 = [[ᱞᱟᱠᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] | lingua = 58-AAA-a (North Kurdish incl. Kurmanji & Kurmanjiki) + 58-AAA-b (Central Kurdish incl. Dimli/Zaza & Gurani) + 58-AAA-c (South Kurdish incl. Kurdi) | glotto = kurd1259 | glottorefname = Kurdish | nation = [[File:Flag of Iraq.svg|22x20px]] [[ᱤᱨᱟᱠ]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Iraq's Constitution of 2005 |url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Iraq_2005.pdf?lang=en |accessdate=14 April 2019 |page=4}}</ref>{{efn|Official at state level}} *[[File:Flag of Kurdistan.svg|22x20px]] [[ᱠᱩᱨᱫᱤᱥ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Kurdistan: Constitution of the Iraqi Kurdistan Region |url=https://unpo.org/article/538?id=538 |accessdate=14 April 2019 |archive-date=4 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704072456/https://unpo.org/article/538?id=538 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[File:Flag of Rojava.svg|22x20px]] [[ᱨᱳᱡᱟᱵᱷᱟ]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Social Contract - Sa-Nes |url=http://rojavabenelux.nl/?page_id=1862 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209113945/http://rojavabenelux.nl/?page_id=1862 |archive-date=9 December 2018 |publisher=Self-Administration of North & East Syria Representation in Benelux |accessdate=22 March 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Rojava could be a model for all Syria |url=https://www.nationalia.info/interview/1905/rojava-could-be-a-model-for-all-syria |accessdate=22 March 2019 |work=[[Salih Muslim]] |agency=Nationalita |date=29 July 2014}}</ref> | minority =[[File:Flag of Armenia.svg|22x20px]] [[ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Pavlenko|first=Aneta|title=Multilingualism in post-Soviet countries|year=2008|publisher=Multilingual Matters|location=Bristol, UK|isbn=978-1-84769-087-6|pages=18–22}}</ref> | notice = IPA | map = Idioma kurdo.PNG | mapcaption = <div class="center">[[ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱨᱫᱤᱥ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ</div> | map2 = Kurdish languages map.svg | mapcaption2 = <div class="center">ᱠᱩᱨᱫᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱨᱫᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱨᱚᱲᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ</div> {{col-begin}} {{col-break}} {{legend|#156a33|[[ᱠᱩᱨᱢᱟᱱᱡᱤ]]}} {{legend|#00a239|[[ᱥᱳᱨᱟᱱᱤ]]}} {{legend|#00e450|[[:en:Southern Kurdish|ᱠᱚᱧᱮ]]}} {{col-break}} {{legend|#ffd700|[[ᱡᱟᱡᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱡᱟᱡᱟ]]}} {{legend|#ff8a00|[[ᱜᱳᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱜᱳᱨᱟᱱᱤ]]}} {{legend|#ce9bd8|ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱞ ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ}} {{col-end}} }} '''ᱠᱩᱨᱫᱤᱥ''' ᱥᱮ '''ᱠᱩᱨᱫᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ''' ᱫᱚ [[ᱤᱨᱟᱱ]], [[ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤ]], [[ᱤᱨᱟᱠ]], [[ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱠᱮᱥᱟᱥ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱ [[ᱠᱩᱨᱫᱤᱥ ᱦᱚᱲ]] ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱒ - ᱓ ᱠᱳᱴᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱩᱨᱫᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱩᱨᱫᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ, ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱩᱨᱫᱤᱥ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱢᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ<ref name="ref22mepeg">[http://books.google.com/books?id=yHnNCKlkhHoC The Kurdish Issue in Turkey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140921075526/http://books.google.com/books?id=yHnNCKlkhHoC |date=21 ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ 2014 }}, Stavroula Chrisdoulaki, GRIN Verlag, 2010, ISBN 978-3-640-76700-7, ''... The Kurdish language belongs to Iranian languages, which is a branch of Indo-Iranian of the Indo-European languages ... There are two main dominant dialects: the Kurmanji – which is spoken mostly by the northern Kurds – and the Surani – which is spoken mostly by the southern Kurds ...''</ref> ᱾ ==ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ == ==ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱡᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱳᱨᱟᱱᱤ== ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== ==ᱨᱚᱱᱚᱲ== ==ᱚᱞ ᱛᱚᱦᱚᱨ== ==ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ== ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱤᱨᱟᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] m8lcfqi9uaerxq9mm7yw07s0ujb7po7 0 13851 196564 101660 2026-08-12T18:24:42Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196564 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = ᱠᱳᱨᱥᱤᱠᱟᱱ | nativename = {{lang|co|corsu}}, {{lang|co|lingua corsa}} | pronunciation = {{IPA-co|ˈkorsu|}}, {{IPA-co|ˈkɔrsu|}} | states = [[ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥ]]<br>[[ᱤᱴᱟᱞᱤ]] | region = [[ᱠᱳᱨᱥᱤᱠᱟ]]<br>[[ᱥᱟᱨᱰᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟ]] (<small>[[ᱢᱟᱫᱫᱟᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱫᱤᱯᱠᱚ]]</small>) | speakers = ᱑᱕᱐,᱐᱐᱐ [[ᱠᱳᱨᱥᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱨᱮ (᱒᱐᱑᱓)<!--data only supports 1 sig fig--> | date = | ref = e23 | speakers2 = | familycolor = Indo-European | fam1 = [[ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ|ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] | fam2 = [[ᱤᱴᱟᱞᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱤᱴᱟᱞᱤᱠ]] | fam3 = [[ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱᱥ]] | fam4 = [[ᱤᱴᱟᱞᱳᱼᱰᱟᱞᱢᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱤᱴᱟᱞᱳᱼᱰᱟᱞᱢᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] | fam5 = [[ᱛᱩᱥᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱩᱥᱠᱟᱱ]]<ref>{{cite book|title=The Romance Languages|url=https://archive.org/details/romancelanguages0000unse_g1g5|first=Martin |last= Harris|first2= Nigel|last2= Vincent|year= 1997|isbn=0-415-16417-6|publisher=Routledge|location=London}}</ref> | dia1 = [[:en:Corsican language#Northern Corsican|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱠᱳᱨᱥᱤᱠᱟᱱ]] | dia2 = [[:en:Corsican language#Southern Corsican|ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱠᱳᱨᱥᱤᱠᱟᱱ]] | dia3 = | dia4 = | script = [[ᱞᱟᱛᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱯ]] ([[:en:Corsican alphabet|ᱠᱳᱨᱥᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ]]) | minority = [[File:Flag of France.svg|20 px]] [[ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥ]] ([[File:Flag of Corsica.svg|20 px]] [[ᱠᱳᱨᱥᱤᱠᱟ]]) | agency = ''ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ‌ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ'' | iso1 = co | iso2 = cos | lc1 = cos | ld1 = Corsican | lc2 = | ld2 = | lc3 = | ld3 = | lingua = 51-AAA-p | glotto = cors1241 | glottoname = Corsican | glottorefname = | glotto2 = sass1235 | glottoname2 = Sassarese Sardinian | glottorefname2 = | map = Idioma corso.png | map2 = Parlers de Corse.jpg | mapcaption2= ᱠᱳᱨᱥᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱢᱮᱯ | notice = IPA }} '''ᱠᱳᱨᱥᱤᱠᱟᱱ''' (''corsu''; ''lingua corsa'') ᱫᱚ [[ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱᱥ]] ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱤᱴᱟᱞᱳᱼᱰᱟᱞᱢᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱤᱴᱟᱞᱳᱼᱰᱟᱞᱢᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[:en:Mediterranean Sea|ᱚᱞ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱫᱚᱨᱮᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱳᱨᱥᱤᱠᱟ]] ([[ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥ]]) ᱫᱤᱯ‌ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱟ ᱾ ==ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ== ==ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ== ==ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ== ==ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱦᱚᱲ== ==ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ== ==ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱬᱚᱱ ᱚᱞ== {| class="itwiki_template_toc" width="100%" style="text-align:center" !bgcolor="#EFEFEF"| [[File:Flag of Italy.svg|border|20px]] ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱠ ᱤᱴᱟᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ: I passatempi !bgcolor="#EFEFEF"| [[File:Bandiera Elba.svg|border|20px]] ᱛᱩᱥᱠᱟᱱ ([[:en:Elba|ᱮᱞᱵᱟ]]): I passatempi !bgcolor="#EFEFEF"| [[File:Coat of Arms of Corsica.svg|border|20px]] ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱠᱳᱨᱥᱤᱠᱟᱱ: I passatempi !bgcolor="#EFEFEF"| [[File:Coat of Arms of Corsica.svg|border|20px]] ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱠᱳᱨᱥᱤᱠᱟᱱ: I passatempi !bgcolor="#EFEFEF"| [[File:Gallo del Giudicato di Gallura.svg|border|20px]] ᱜᱮᱞᱩᱨᱤᱡ: Li passatempi !bgcolor="#EFEFEF"| [[File:Sassari-Stemma.png|border|20px]] ᱥᱟᱥᱥᱟᱨᱮᱥᱮ: Li passatempi |- | Sono nato in Corsica e ci ho passato gli anni migliori della mia giovinezza. | Sò nato in Corsica e c'hajo passato li méglio anni de la mi' giovinezza. | Sò natu in Corsica è c'aghju passatu i più belli anni di a mio giuventù. | Sòcu natu in Còrsica e v'agghju passatu i mèddu anni di a me ghjuvintù. | Sòcu natu in Còssiga e v'agghju passatu li mèddu anni di la mè ciuintù. | Soggu naddu in Còssiga e v'aggiu passaddu li megli'anni di la me' pizzinìa. |- | Ricordo, quando eravamo ragazzi, che le nostre mamme ci mandavano da soli a fare il bagno. | Mi mentovo, quand'èremo bàmboli, che le nosse ma' ci mandàveno da ssoli a fa' 'l bagno. | M'arricordu, quand'èramu zitelli, chì e nostre mamme ci mandavanu soli à fà u bagnu. | M'ammentu, quand'érami zitéddi, chì i nosci mammi ci mandàiani da par no' a fàcci u bagnu. | M'ammentu, candu érami stéddi, chi li nostri mammi ci mandàani da pal noi a fàcci lu bagnu. | M'ammentu, cand'érami minori, chi li nosthri mammi zi mandàbani a fazzi lu bagnu a la sora. |- | Allora la spiaggia era piena di sabbia, senza scogli né rocce e si stava in mare delle ore fino a quando, paonazzi dal freddo poi ci andavamo a rotolare in quella sabbia bollente dal sole. | Allora la piaggia era piena di rena, senza scogli né greppe e stàvemo in mare fino a quando, ingrozzichiti, c'andàvemo a rivorta' 'n chidda rena bollente dal sole. | Tandu a piaghja era piena di rena, senza scogli né cotule é ci ne stàvamu in mare per ore fin'à quandu, viola per u freddu, dopu ci n'andavamu a vultulàcci in quella rena bullente da u sole. | Tandu a piaghja ghjéra piena di rèna, senza scódda né ròcchi è si staghjìa in mari ori fin'a quandu, viola da u fritu, andàghjìami a vultulàcci in quidda rèna buddènti da u soli. | Tandu la piaghja éra piena di rèna, senza scóddi e né ròcchi e si stagghjìa in mari ori fin'a candu, biaìtti da lu fritu, andaghjìami a vultulàcci in chidda rèna buddènti da lu soli. | Tandu l'ippiaggia era piena di rena, chena ischogliu né rocca e si isthazzìa a mogliu ori finz'a candu, biaìtti da lu freddu, andàbami a busthurazzi in chidda rena buddendi da lu sori. |- | Poi l'ultimo tuffo per levarci la sabbia attaccata alla pelle e ritornavamo a casa che il sole era già calato, all'ora di cena. | Poi l'urtimo ciutto pe' levacci la rena attaccata a la pella e tornàvemo 'n casa che 'l sole era già ciuttato, a l'ora di cena. | Po' l'ultima capiciuttata per levacci a rena attaccata à a pelle è vultavamu in casa chì u sole era digià calatu, à ora di cena. | Dapo', l'ultima capuzzina pa' livàcci a réna attaccata a à péddi e turràiami in casa chì u soli era ghjà calatu, à l'ora di cena. | Dapoi, l'ultima capuzzina pa' bucàcci la réna attaccata a la péddi e turràami in casa chi lu soli éra ghjà calatu, a l'ora di cena. | A dabboi, l'ùlthimu cabuzzoni pa bugganni la rena appizzigadda a la peddi e turràbami a casa chi lu sori era già caraddu, a l'ora di zinà. |- | Quando faceva buio, noi ragazzi ci mandavano a fare granchi, con la luce, che serviva per mettere l'esca agli ami per pescare. | Quando veniva buio, a no' bàmboli ci mandàveno a fa' granchi, colla luce, che ci voléveno pe' mette' l'ami pe' pescà. | Quand'ellu facìa bughju, à noi zitèlli ci mandàvanu à fà granchi, cù u lume, chì ci vulìa per innescà l'ami per a pesca. | Quandu facìa bughju, à no' zitéddi ci mandàiani à fà granci, cù a luci, chi ci vulìa par inniscà l'ami pà piscà. | Candu facìa bugghju, a noi stéddi ci mandàani a fa' granchi, cù la luci, chi vi vulìa pa' accindì (attivà) l'ami pa' piscà. | Candu si fazìa buggiu, a noi pizzinni zi mandàbani a piglià granchi, cu' la luzi, chi vi vurìa pa innischà l'amu pa pischà. |- | Ne raccoglievamo in quantità, poi in casa li mettevamo in un sacchetto chiuso in cucina. | Ne aricogliévemo a guaro, po' 'n casa li mettévemo in de 'n sacchetto chiuso 'n cucina. | N'arricuglìamu à mandilate piene, po' in casa i punìamu nu un sacchéttu chjosu in cucina. | N'arricuglivàmi à mandili pieni, è dapoi in casa i mittìami drent'à un sacchettu chjusu in cucina. | N'accapitàami a mandili pieni, e dapoi in casa li mittìami indrent'a un sacchéddu chjusu in cucina. | Ni pigliàbami umbè, e dabboi in casa li punìami drentu a un sacchettu sarraddu i' la cuzina. |- | Una mattina in cui ci eravamo alzati che era ancora buio, quando siamo andati a prendere il sacchetto era vuoto e i granchi giravano per tutte le camere, e c'è voluta più di mezz'ora per raccoglierli tutti. | Una matina che c'èremo levati ch'era sempre buio, quando simo andati a piglià 'l sacchetto era voto e li granchi giràveno pe' tutte le càmmere, e c'è voluto più di mezz'ora ad aricoglieli tutti. | Una mane chì c'èramu arritti ch'èra sempre bughju, quandu simu andati à piglià u sacchettu ellu èra biotu è i granchi giravanu per tutte e camere, è ci hè vulsuta più di méz'ora à ricoglieli tutti. | Una matìna chì ci n'érami pisàti chi ghjéra sempri bughju, quandu sèmu andati à piddà u sacchéttu iddu éra biotu è i granci ghjiràiani pà tutti i càmari, e ci hè vuluta più di méz'ora pà ricapizzulàlli tutti. | Una matìna chi ci n'érami pisàti chi éra sempri lu bugghju, candu sèmu andati a piddà lu sacchéddu iddu éra bòitu e li granchi ghjràani pa' tutti li càmbari, e v'è vuluta più di mez'ora pa' accapitàlli tutti. | Un manzanu chi zi n'érami pisaddi chi era ancora buggiu, candu semmu andaddi a piglià lu sacchettu eddu era bioddu e li granchi giràbani pa tutti li càmmari, e v'è vurudda più di mezz'ora pa accuglinniri tutti. |} ==ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ== ==ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{InterWiki |code = co }} {{Commons category|Corsican language}} {{Wikiversity}} {{Wikivoyage|Corsican phrasebook|Corsican|a phrasebook}} * [http://omniglot.com/writing/corsican.htm Corsican language, alphabet and pronunciation] * {{cite web |publisher = L'ADECEC (Association pour le Développement des Etudes Archéologiques, Historiques, linguistiques et Naturalistes du Centre-Est de la Corse) |title = INFCOR: Banca di dati di a lingua corsa |url = http://infcor.adecec.net/ |access-date=2008-06-13 }} * {{cite web |title = Patre Nostru |url = http://www.prayer.su/corsican/common/ |website = prayer.su |access-date = 2008-06-25 }} * {{cite web |title = Traduction Corse – Latin |url = http://pagesperso-orange.fr/gbatti-alinguacorsa/lexiques/lex-cl.htm#HAUT |publisher = A lingua corsa |access-date = 2008-06-13 }} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱤᱴᱟᱞᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱥᱟᱨᱰᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱠᱳᱨᱥᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ| ]] ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟ.ᱠᱷᱭᱟ.ᱛ}} 1tdvtke1wclwpub991dxxqu5qtbi7ag 0 13938 196508 196363 2026-08-12T17:41:21Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196508 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱮᱱᱛᱷᱨᱚᱯᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ''' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱱᱛᱷᱨᱚᱯᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱰ (ᱟᱨᱠᱚᱞᱳᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞ, ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞ, ᱠᱟᱞᱪᱨᱟᱞ, ᱞᱤᱝᱜᱽᱣᱤᱥᱴᱤᱠᱥ) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮᱯᱨᱳᱣᱪ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ-ᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱱᱰᱤᱝᱥ, ᱮᱱᱛᱷᱨᱚᱯᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱦᱟᱭᱨᱤᱝ ᱨᱤᱥᱟᱨᱪ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥᱯᱷᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱠᱳᱞᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱰᱚᱠᱥᱚᱱ, ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱛᱷᱭᱩᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱᱟᱜ ᱤᱱᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱢᱩᱞᱴᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱥ, ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱮᱱᱛᱷᱨᱚᱯᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱪᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱡᱽ ᱤᱥᱮᱬᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱭᱩᱨᱳᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱢᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱥᱮᱬᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱛᱷᱭᱩᱨᱤ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brodkin |first1=Karen |first2=Sandra |last2=Morgen |first3=Janis |last3=Hutchinson |title=Anthropology as White Public Space |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-anthropologist_2011-12_113_4/page/545 |journal=American Anthropologist |year=2011 |volume=113 |issue=4 |pages=545–556 | doi = 10.1111/j.1548-1433.2011.01368.x }}</ref> == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱮᱱᱛᱷᱨᱚᱯᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱗᱐ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱚᱱᱯᱷᱳᱞᱰ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ: ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱮᱱᱛᱷᱨᱚᱯᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ, ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱱᱛᱷᱨᱚᱯᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱮᱱᱛᱷᱨᱚᱯᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱾<ref name="LewinIntro">{{cite book | last = Lewin | first = Ellen | title = Feminist anthropology: a reader | url = https://archive.org/details/feministanthropo0000unse_j9t2 | year = 2006 | publisher = Blackwell | location = Malden | isbn = 978-1405101967 }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ, ᱑᱙ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱱᱪᱩᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱛᱛᱨᱟᱨᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱞᱟᱥ ᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱤᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book | last = Parezo | first = Nancy | title = Hidden scholars: women anthropologists and the Native American Southwest | url = https://archive.org/details/hiddenscholars0000unse | year = 1993 | publisher = University of New Mexico Press | location = Albuquerque| isbn = 978-0826314284 }}</ref> == ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱱᱤᱡᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ == ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱮᱱᱛᱷᱨᱚᱯᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱮᱠᱮᱰᱢᱤ ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱥᱴᱨᱮᱱᱰᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱸᱴ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱱᱥᱚᱨᱱᱤᱝ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱞᱤᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱮᱱᱛᱷᱨᱚᱯᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱯᱨᱮᱱᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱮᱱᱨᱤᱛᱛᱟ ᱢᱩᱨ ᱟᱨᱜᱽᱰ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱚᱱᱥᱮᱯᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱱᱟᱞᱟᱭᱴᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱮᱱᱛᱷᱨᱚᱯᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱤᱱᱠᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱝᱜᱩ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ-ᱟ: ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱨᱴᱮᱭᱱ ᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱯᱥᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱭᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} 54j8u2n3ebpbu8vp0tmlnv110d1sklh 0 14120 196449 196349 2026-08-12T16:49:51Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196449 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writing system |name=ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ |altname = {{lang|und-Deva|देवनागरी}} |sample=Chandas typeface specimen.svg |caption=ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱯ (ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ, ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱪ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ) [[:en:Chandas font|ᱪᱟᱱᱫᱟᱥ ᱯᱳᱱᱴ]] ᱛᱮ {{better source needed|reason=This Infobox needs a better image; the font name is too prominent and has nothing to do with Devanagari per se.|date=February 2021}} |type=[[ᱟᱵᱩᱜᱤᱫᱟ]] |languages=[[ᱚᱯᱚᱵᱷᱨᱚᱢᱥᱚ]], [[ᱚᱵᱚᱫᱷᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱚᱵᱚᱫᱷᱤ]], [[ᱵᱷᱤᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱵᱷᱤᱞᱤ]], [[ᱵᱷᱳᱡᱽᱯᱩᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱵᱷᱳᱡᱽᱯᱩᱨᱤ]], [[ᱵᱳᱲᱳ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱵᱳᱲᱳ]], [[ᱵᱨᱚᱡᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]], [[ᱪᱷᱚᱛᱤᱥᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱪᱷᱚᱛᱤᱥᱜᱚᱲᱤ]], [[ᱰᱳᱜᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱰᱳᱜᱽᱨᱤ]], [[ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴᱤ]], [[ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱᱵᱷᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱᱵᱷᱤ]], [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ]], [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤ]], [[ᱠᱟᱥᱢᱤᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱠᱟᱥᱢᱤᱨᱤ]], [[ᱠᱳᱝᱠᱳᱱᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱠᱳᱝᱠᱳᱱᱤ]], [[ᱢᱚᱜᱚᱫᱷᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱢᱟᱜᱟᱦᱤ]], [[ᱢᱟᱭᱛᱷᱤᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱢᱳᱹᱭᱛᱷᱤᱞᱤ]], [[ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ]], [[ᱢᱟᱨᱣᱟᱲᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱢᱟᱨᱣᱟᱲᱤ]], [[ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟᱹᱨᱤ]], [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱥᱤ|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ]], [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ]], [[ᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱯᱟᱞᱤ]], [[ᱯᱟᱦᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱯᱟᱦᱟᱨᱤ]] (ᱯᱚᱧᱡᱟᱵᱤ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ), [[ᱯᱨᱟᱠᱨᱤᱛ]], [[ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤ]], [[ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱯᱩᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱟᱫᱽᱨᱤ]], [[ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ]], [[ᱥᱮᱨᱯᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱮᱨᱯᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱤ]], [[ᱥᱩᱨᱚᱡᱽᱯᱩᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱩᱨᱚᱡᱽᱯᱩᱨᱤ]], ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ |time='''ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ''': ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱯᱤᱲᱦᱤ&nbsp;ᱥᱤ.ᱤ<ref name=gazett/> '''ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ''': ᱗ᱟᱱ ᱯᱤᱲᱦᱤ&nbsp;ᱥᱤ.ᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱮᱛᱚᱜ<ref name="taylor2003">{{Citation | title=History of the Alphabet: Aryan Alphabets, Part 2 | author=Isaac Taylor | year=1883 | isbn=978-0-7661-5847-4 |publisher= Kegan Paul, Trench & Co | url=https://archive.org/stream/alphabet00unkngoog#page/n348/mode/2up/|page=333 | quote=''...&nbsp;In the Kutila this develops into a short horizontal bar, which, in the Devanagari, becomes a continuous horizontal line ... three cardinal inscriptions of this epoch, namely, the Kutila or Bareli inscription of 992, the [[Chalukya]] or Kistna inscription of 945, and a Kawi inscription of 919 ... the Kutila inscription is of great importance in Indian epigraphy, not only from its precise date, but from its offering a definite early form of the standard Indian alphabet, the Devanagari ...''}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Oxford University Press| isbn = 978-0-19-509984-3| last = Salomon| first = Richard| title = Indian epigraphy: a guide to the study of inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan languages| url = https://archive.org/details/indianepigraphyg0000salo| location = Oxford| series = South Asia research| date = 1998|pages=[https://archive.org/details/indianepigraphyg0000salo/page/39 39]–41}}</ref> |region=India and Nepal |fam1=[[:en:Proto-Sinaitic script|ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭᱼᱥᱤᱱᱟᱭ]]^[a] |footnotes=[a] The Semitic origin of the Brahmic scripts is not universally agreed upon. |fam2=[[ᱵᱨᱟᱢᱦᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ|ᱵᱨᱟᱢᱦᱤ]] |fam3=[[ᱜᱩᱯᱛᱳ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ|ᱜᱩᱯᱛᱳ]] |fam4=[[ᱥᱤᱫᱫᱷᱚᱢ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ|ᱥᱤᱫᱫᱷᱚᱢ]]<ref name=daniels>{{cite journal |last1=Daniels |first1=P.T. |title=Writing systems of major and minor languages |date=January 2008}}</ref><ref name="masica">{{cite book |last1=Masica |first1=Colin |title=The Indo-Aryan languages |date=1993 |page=143}}</ref> |fam5=[[ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ|ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ]] |sisters=[[ᱱᱟᱸᱱᱫᱤᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ]]<br />[[ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱷᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱯ|ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱷᱤ]]<br />[[ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ|ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴᱤ]]<br />[[ᱢᱳᱰᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ|ᱢᱳᱰᱤ]] |children= |unicode=[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0900.pdf U+0900–U+097F] Devanagari, <br />[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UA8E0.pdf U+A8E0–U+A8FF] Devanagari&nbsp;Extended, <br />[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1CD0.pdf U+1CD0–U+1CFF] Vedic&nbsp;Extensions |iso15924=Deva }} {{brahmic}} '''ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ''' ([[ᱥᱚᱝᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ]]: देवनागरी, [[ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ|ᱡᱼᱟᱼᱪ]]: ˌ[d̪eːʋəˈnɑːɡəɾiː], '''ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ''' (नागरी) ᱦᱚᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱫᱚ [[ᱵᱨᱟᱢᱦᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ|ᱵᱨᱟᱢᱦᱤ]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱵᱩᱜᱤᱫᱟ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ]], [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ]], [[ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ]], [[ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱤ]], [[ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨᱤ]], [[ᱵᱷᱤᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱵᱷᱤᱞᱤ]], [[ᱢᱟᱨᱣᱟᱲᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱢᱟᱨᱣᱟᱲᱤ]], [[ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱠᱳᱝᱠᱳᱱᱤ]], [[ᱵᱷᱳᱡᱽᱯᱩᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱵᱷᱳᱡᱽᱯᱩᱨᱤ]], [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ]], [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱟᱨ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱮᱡ [[ᱠᱟᱥᱢᱤᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱠᱟᱥᱢᱤᱨᱤ]] ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱾ ==ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ== ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== ==ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱠᱚ== ==ᱮᱱᱠᱳᱰᱤᱝᱥ== ==ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱠᱤᱵᱳᱨᱰ ᱩᱱᱩᱫᱩᱜ== ==ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ== ==ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{Wikibooks|ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ}} {{Commons category multi|Devanagari stroke order|Devanagari pronunciation}} {{Wikivoyage|Learning Devanagari}} * [http://hindi-store.tipsadda.com/search/label/tools Devnagari Unicode Legacy Font Converters] * [http://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/ Digital Nagari fonts], University of Chicago * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090318134358/http://www.wazu.jp/gallery/Fonts_Devanagari.html Devanagari in different fonts], Wazu, Japan (Alternate collection: [http://luc.devroye.org/indic.html Luc Devroye's comprehensive Indic Fonts], McGill University) * {{Google books|0bkMAAAAIAAJ|Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency|page=30}}, Rudradaman's inscription in Sanskrit Nagari script from 1st through 4th century&nbsp;CE (coins and epigraphy), found in Gujarat, India, pages 30–45 * [http://www.currentscience.ac.in/cs/Volumes/100/02/0150.pdf Numerals and Text in Devanagari] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122093529/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/cs/Volumes/100/02/0150.pdf |date=2020-11-22 }}, 9th century temple in Gwalior Madhya Pradesh, India, Current Science * {{cite journal |last1=Maurer |first1=Walter H. |title=On the Name Devanāgarī |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-oriental-society_january-march-1976_96_1/page/101 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |date=1976 |volume=96 |issue=1 |pages=101–104 |doi=10.2307/599893 |jstor=599893}}‌ 4txyoixe4um3hyovsrkmit76e5v7acw 0 15900 196554 130250 2026-08-12T18:17:21Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196554 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name=ᱯᱟᱝᱜᱟᱥᱤᱱᱟᱱ |altname=ᱯᱟᱝᱜᱟᱥᱤᱱᱮᱱᱤᱥ |nativename=''Salitan Pangasinan'' |pronunciation = {{IPA-all|paŋɡasiˈnan|}}<ref name=BentonGrammar>{{cite book|last=Benton|first=Richard A.|year=1971|title=Pangasinan Reference Grammar|url=https://archive.org/details/pangasinanrefere0000bent|location=Honolulu|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-7910-5}}</ref>{{rp|36}} |states=[[ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ]] |region=[[ᱤᱞᱳᱠᱟᱱᱳᱥ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ]] (ᱜᱚᱴᱟ [[ᱯᱟᱝᱜᱟᱥᱤᱱᱟᱱ]], ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱯᱟᱪᱮ [[ᱞᱟ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ]])<br/>[[ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱞᱩᱡᱚᱱ]] (ᱠᱚᱧᱮ [[ᱴᱟᱨᱞᱟᱠ]], ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱯᱟᱪᱮ [[ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱵᱷᱟ ᱮᱠᱤᱡᱟ]], ᱠᱚᱧᱮ [[ᱡᱟᱢᱵᱮᱞᱮᱥ]])<br/>[[:en:Cordillera Administrative Region|ᱠᱳᱨᱰᱤᱞᱮᱨᱟᱥ]] (ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱯᱟᱪᱮ [[ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱩᱭᱮᱰ]])<br/>[[ᱠᱟᱜᱟᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ]] (ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱯᱟᱪᱮ [[ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱡᱽᱠᱟᱭᱟ]]) |ethnicity=[[ᱯᱟᱝᱜᱟᱥᱤᱱᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ|ᱯᱟᱝᱜᱟᱥᱤᱱᱟᱱ]] |speakers={{sigfig|1.16|2}} ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ (᱑᱙᱙᱐ ᱦᱚᱲᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ) |ref=e18 |date= |speakers2=ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱘ ᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱮᱫ ᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ<ref>Philippine Census, 2000. Table 11. Household Population by Ethnicity, Sex and Region: 2000</ref> |familycolor=Austronesian |fam1=[[ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] |fam2=[[ᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭᱼᱯᱚᱞᱤᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭᱼᱯᱚᱞᱤᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] |fam3=[[ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ]] |fam4=[[ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ]] |fam5=[[ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱞᱩᱡᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱞᱩᱡᱚᱱ]] |fam6=[[ᱢᱮᱥᱳᱼᱠᱚᱨᱰᱤᱞᱮᱨᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱢᱮᱥᱳᱼᱠᱚᱨᱰᱤᱞᱮᱨᱟᱱ]] |fam7=[[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱰᱤᱞᱮᱨᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱰᱤᱞᱮᱨᱟᱱ]] |fam8=ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱰᱤᱞᱮᱨᱟᱱ |script=[[ᱞᱟᱛᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱯ|ᱞᱟᱛᱤᱱ]] ([[ᱟᱵᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ|ᱯᱟᱝᱜᱟᱥᱤᱱᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ]])<br/>ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ: ''[[ᱵᱟᱭᱵᱟᱭᱤᱱ]]'' |nation=[[ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] |agency=[[:en:Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino|Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino]] (ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱥᱚᱱ) |iso2=pag |iso3=pag |glotto=pang1290 |glottorefname=Pangasinan |map=Pangasinan language maximum extent.png |mapcaption=ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱝᱜᱟᱥᱤᱱᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱟ ᱾ |mapsize=220px |notice=IPA |lingua=[http://linguasphere.info/?page=linguascale&linguacode=31-CGA-f 31-CGA-f] }} '''ᱯᱟᱝᱜᱟᱥᱤᱱᱟᱱ''' (Pangasinense) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ [[ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ [[ᱞᱩᱡᱚᱱ]] ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱹᱢᱩᱱ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ [[ᱯᱟᱝᱜᱟᱥᱤᱱᱟᱱ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ [[ᱴᱟᱨᱞᱟᱠ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ [[ᱯᱟᱝᱜᱟᱥᱤᱱᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ]] ᱠᱚᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱝᱜᱟᱥᱤᱱᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱯᱟᱪᱮ [[ᱞᱟ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ]], ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ [[ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱩᱭᱮᱰ]], [[ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱡᱽᱠᱟᱭᱟ]], [[ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱵᱷᱟ ᱮᱠᱤᱡᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱡᱟᱢᱵᱮᱞᱮᱥ]] ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱝᱜᱟᱥᱤᱱᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹᱭ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧᱟ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱟ ᱾ ==ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ== ==ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱪᱷᱮᱨ== ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== ==ᱚᱞ ᱛᱚᱦᱚᱨ== ==ᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ== ==ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹ== ==ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{InterWiki|code=pag}} * [https://news.mb.com.ph/2018/12/15/reviving-a-dying-language/ Pangasinan as a dying language] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403190452/https://news.mb.com.ph/2018/12/15/reviving-a-dying-language/ |date=2019-04-03 }} * [http://bansa.org/dictionaries/pag/ Bansa Pangasinan-English Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215062243/http://www.bansa.org/dictionaries/pag/ |date=2017-12-15 }} * [http://pag.wiktionary.org Pangasinan Wiktionary] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170503020518/http://language.psy.auckland.ac.nz/austronesian/ Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database] * [http://punch.dagupan.com Sunday Punch] * [http://www.sunstar.com.ph/pangasinan Sun Star Pangasinan] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060426013017/http://pangasinanstar.prepys.com/ Pangasinan Star] * [http://www.dalityapi.com/ Pangasinan: Preservation and Revitalization of the Pangasinan Language and Literature] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008135138/https://www.dalityapi.com/ |date=2019-10-08 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071017200326/http://www.manilatimes.net/national/2007/sept/03/yehey/top_stories/20070903top6.html Globalization killing Pangasinan language] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090704210246/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/features/features/view_article.php?article_id=70216 Pangasinan language is alive and kicking (Philippine Daily Inquirer, June 8, 2007)] * [http://www.manilatimes.net/national/2007/sept/02/yehey/top_stories/20070902top1.html Dying languages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302181144/http://www.manilatimes.net/national/2007/sept/02/yehey/top_stories/20070902top1.html |date=2009-03-02 }} * [https://books.google.com/books?id=dbFAiatnnjEC&printsec=frontcover&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=false Pangasinan-Spanish Dictionary], by Lorenzo Fernandez Cosgata, published in 1865. [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭᱼᱯᱚᱞᱤᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== gi0zud97kv2n9vbjk8i9x37vzkym61a 0 16500 196668 103416 2026-08-12T20:33:11Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196668 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Continent |title = ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ |image = East Asia (orthographic projection).svg |area = {{convert|11840000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}&nbsp;([[List of continents by area|3rd]]) |population = ᱑.᱖ ᱵᱤᱞᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ (᱒᱐᱒᱐; [[List of continents by population|᱔ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ]]) |density = 141.9/km² (54.8/sq mi) |GDP_nominal = $25.6 trillion (2021)<ref name="IMFWEOCN">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2020/October/weo-report?c=924,532,158,542,546,948,528,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,&sy=2020&ey=2020&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=subject&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database |date=October 2020 |website=International Monetary Fund |access-date=10 November 2020}}</ref> |GDP_PPP = $37 trillion (2021) |GDP_per_capita = $16,000 (nominal) |demonym = [[ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ|ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] |countries = {{collapsible list | list_style = text-align:left; | title = [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia|᱖ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ]] | 1 = {{flag|ᱪᱤᱱ}} | 2 = {{flag|ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ}} | 3 = {{flag|ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟ}} | 4 = {{flag|ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟ}} | 5 = {{flag|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟ}} | 6 = {{flag|ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ}} }} |dependencies = {{collapsible list | list_style = text-align:left; | title = [[Special administrative regions of China|2 autonomous dependencies]] | 1 = {{flag|ᱦᱚᱝᱠᱚᱝ}} ([[ᱪᱤᱱ]]) | 2 = {{flag|ᱢᱟᱠᱟᱣ}} ([[ᱪᱤᱱ]]) }} |languages = [[ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱪᱤᱱᱤ]], [[ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱᱤ]], [[ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ]], [[ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ]], [[ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱤᱵᱽᱵᱚᱛᱤ]], [[ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ|ᱮᱴᱟᱜᱟᱜ]] |time = [[ᱭᱩᱴᱤᱥᱤ+᱐᱗:᱐᱐]], [[ᱭᱩᱴᱤᱥᱤ+᱐᱘:᱐᱐]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱭᱩᱴᱤᱥᱤ+᱐᱙:᱐᱐]] |cities = [[ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱚ|ᱥᱚᱦᱨᱤ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱚ]]:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf|title=Demographia.com}}</ref><br>{{hlist|[[ᱵᱮᱡᱤᱝ|ᱵᱤᱡᱤᱝ]] |[[ᱥᱟᱝᱜᱷᱟᱭ]]|[[ᱴᱚᱠᱭᱚ]] |[[ᱥᱮᱣᱚᱞ]] |[[ᱭᱚᱠᱚᱦᱟᱢᱟ]] |[[ᱩᱞᱟᱱᱵᱟᱴᱚᱨ]] |[[ᱛᱟᱭᱯᱮᱭ]] |[[ᱦᱚᱝᱠᱚᱝ]] |[[ᱢᱟᱠᱟᱣ]] |[[ᱥᱮᱱᱡᱷᱮᱱ]] |[[ᱳᱥᱟᱠᱟ]] }} |m49 = <code>᱐᱓᱐</code> – ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ<br /><code>᱑᱔᱒</code> – [[ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]]<br /><code>᱐᱐᱑</code> – [[ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ]] }} '''ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ''' ᱫᱚ [[ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱠᱟ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱼᱠᱟᱞᱪᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱮᱯᱷᱤᱱᱮᱰ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=encarta-east-asia>{{cite web |url = http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_1861672714/East_Asia.html |title = East Asia |access-date = 2008-01-12 |work = [[Encarta]] |publisher = Microsoft |quote = the countries and regions of Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, Mongolia, South Korea, North Korea and Japan. |archive-url = https://www.webcitation.org/5kwbU9Hqq?url=http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_1861672714/East_Asia.html |archive-date=2009-10-31 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Modern East Asia: An Introductory History |last=Miller |first=David Y. |publisher=Routledge |year=2007 |isbn=978-0765618221 |pages=xxi–xxiv }}</ref> ᱾ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ [[ᱪᱤᱱ]], [[ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ]], [[ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ]] ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Kort 2005 7">{{cite book |title=The Handbook Of East Asia |last=Kort |first=Michael |publisher=Lerner Publishing Group |year=2005 |isbn=978-0761326724 |page=[https://archive.org/details/handbookofeastas0000kort/page/7 7] |url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofeastas0000kort/page/7 }}</ref><!--<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www1.essex.ac.uk/armedcon/world/asia/east_asia/default.htm |title=Country Profiles: East Asia |website=Children and Armed Conflict Unit at the University of Essex }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=East Asia |url = https://link.springer.com/journal/12140 |publisher=Springer Netherlands }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.dictionary.com/browse/east-asia |title=East Asia |website=Dictionary.com }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://asiasociety.org/china-korea-and-japan-forgiveness-and-mourning |title=China, Korea and Japan: Forgiveness and Mourning |last=Seybolt |first= Peter J. |website=Center for Asian Studies |publisher=Center for Asian Studies }}</ref><ref name="Asian History Module Learning">{{cite book |title=Asian History Module Learning |publisher=Rex Bookstore Inc. |year= 2002 |isbn=978-9712331244 |page=186 }}</ref><ref name="Salkind 2008 56">{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Educational Psychology |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaeduc00salk |url-access=limited |last=Salkind |first=Neil J. |publisher=Sage Publications |year=2008 |isbn = 978-1412916882 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaeduc00salk/page/n85 56] }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=A History of East Asia: From the Origins of Civilization to the Twenty-First Century |last=Holcombe |first= Charles |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0521731645 |page = 3 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/which-countries-are-part-of-east-asia.html |title=Which Countries Are Part of East Asia?|last=Kiprop |first= Victor |website=World Atlas}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/asia-and-the-pacific/sub-regions/east-asia/ |title=East Asia |website=Amnesty International}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Wastewater Sludge |last = Spinosa |first=Ludovico |publisher=Iwa Publishing |year=2007 |isbn=978-1843391425 |page=57 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Neoliberal Australia and US Imperialism in East Asia |url=https://archive.org/details/neoliberalaustra0000paul |last = Paul |first=Erik |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2012 |isbn=978-1137272775 |page=[https://archive.org/details/neoliberalaustra0000paul/page/114 114]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Solution-Focused Brief Therapy: A Multicultural Approach |url=https://archive.org/details/solutionfocusedb0000unse |last = Kim |first=Johnny |publisher= Sage Publications |year=2013 |isbn=978-1452256672 |page=[https://archive.org/details/solutionfocusedb0000unse/page/55 55]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title = East Asian Development Model: Twenty-first century perspectives |last= Shiping |first= Hua |last2=Hu |first2= Amelia |publisher=Routledge |year=2014 |isbn=978-0415737272 |edition=1st |publication-date = 2014-12-09 |page=3 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title = The Global Prehistory of Human Migration |last=Ness |first=Immanuel |last2= Bellwood |first2= Peter |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |year=2014 |isbn= 978-1118970591|edition=1st |publication-date = 2014-11-10 |page=217 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Public Administration in East Asia: Mainland China, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan |last = Berman |first=Evan M. |publisher= CRC Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-1420051902 |page=10}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title = Sanitation, Latrines and Intestinal Parasites in Past Populations |last= Mitchell |first=Piers D. |publisher= Routledge|year=2015 |isbn=978-1472449078|page = 150}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title = Christianities in Asia |url = https://archive.org/details/christianitiesin0000unse_h7b3 |last= Phan |first=Peter |publisher= Wiley-Blackwell|year=2010 |isbn= 978-1405160902|page = xxiii}}</ref>--> ᱪᱤᱱ, ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱟᱵᱟᱣ, ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ (Division) ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱞᱚᱛ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱚᱝᱠᱚᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱠᱟᱣ, ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱩᱣᱟᱥᱤᱼᱰᱮᱯᱮᱱᱰᱮᱱᱴ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ, ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱰᱮᱦᱮᱨ ᱚᱴᱚᱱᱚᱢᱚᱥ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟᱱᱴᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱭᱵᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ [[ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ]] ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱭᱠᱨᱚᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ (ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱜᱩᱴ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱳᱥᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱤᱞᱟᱥᱤᱯᱷᱤᱰ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ==ᱢᱩᱬ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ== {{Main|ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ}} {{ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱦᱨᱤ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ}} <gallery widths="640" heights="220"> File:Beijing skyline from northeast 4th ring road (cropped).jpg|[[ᱵᱤᱡᱤᱝ]] ᱫᱚ ᱯᱤᱯᱩᱞᱥ ᱳᱯᱷ ᱨᱤᱯᱟᱵᱽᱞᱤᱠ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ File:Guangzhou skyline.jpg|[[ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱝᱡᱚᱣ]] ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱒,᱒᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱮᱦᱮᱨ ᱵᱚᱪᱷᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱥᱤᱞᱠ ᱨᱚᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱴᱟᱨᱢᱤᱱᱟᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱡᱽ ᱜᱷᱟᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ File:Hong Kong Harbour Night 2019-06-11.jpg|[[ᱦᱚᱝᱠᱚᱝ]] ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱞᱚᱵᱟᱞ ᱯᱷᱤᱱᱟᱱᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱱᱚᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ File:150124 At Yasakakamimachi Kyoto Japan01n.jpg|[[ᱠᱭᱚᱴᱚ]] ᱫᱚ ᱜᱮᱞᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱤᱢᱯᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ File:Osaka Umeda Sky Building Panoramablick 05.jpg|[[ᱳᱥᱟᱠᱟ]] ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱱᱚᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ File:Mirae Scientists Street - Nordkorea 2015 - Pjöngjang (22971791331).jpg|[[ᱯᱭᱚᱝᱭᱟᱝ]] ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱨᱟᱭᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ File:Lujiazui 2016.jpg|[[ᱥᱟᱝᱜᱷᱟᱭ]] ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱤᱡᱤ ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱮᱱᱚᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱡᱽ ᱜᱷᱟᱴ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱞᱚᱵᱟᱞ ᱯᱷᱤᱱᱟᱱᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ File:Seoul (South Korea).jpg|[[ᱥᱤᱭᱚᱞ]] ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱜᱞᱚᱵᱟᱞ ᱴᱮᱪᱱᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ File:Taipei, Taiwan CBD Skyline.jpg|[[ᱛᱟᱭᱯᱮ]] ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱟᱹᱯᱱᱟᱹᱛ (ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱮᱠᱴᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱩᱥᱩᱞᱼᱴᱮᱪ ᱟᱜ ᱤᱱᱰᱟᱹᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ File:Shinjuku skyline, Tokyo - Sony A7R (11831328835).jpg|[[ᱴᱚᱠᱭᱚ]] ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ File:Gandan Monastery 24.JPG|᱒᱐᱐᱘ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱑ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱶ [[ᱩᱞᱟᱱᱵᱟᱴᱚᱨ]] ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ File:XiAn qujiang.jpg|[[ᱥᱤᱣᱟᱱ]] ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ [[ᱪᱟᱝᱜᱟᱱ]] ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱞᱪᱟᱨ File:Pass over Eastern Asia to Philippine Sea and Guam.ogv|ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱤᱮᱥᱮᱥ ᱥᱮᱦᱮᱫ, ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱥᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ, ᱪᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱼᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱣᱤᱰᱤᱭᱳ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱢ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱮᱢ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱢ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟᱢ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱭᱩᱡᱤᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱵᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ </gallery> ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{commons category|ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ}} {{Wiktionary}} {{Wikivoyage|ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ}} <!-- {{Wikipedia-Books}} --> * [http://www.welt-atlas.de/datenbank/karten/karte-0-9016.gif High resolution map of East Asian region] {{Asia topics}} {{East Asian topics |state = expanded}} {{Geographic location | Centre = ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ | North = [[ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] | Northeast = [[ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]]<br />[[ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ]] | East = [[ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ]] | Southeast = [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ]] | South = [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]]<br />[[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] | Southwest = [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] | West = [[ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] | Northwest = [[ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]]<br />[[ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] }} {{Authority control}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ| ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱭᱩᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:Articles containing Mongolian script text]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:Articles containing video clips]] opvsnf39nmwq4mksq4563jjjvx9vw8i 0 16568 196679 79595 2026-08-12T20:42:04Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196679 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Gastrulation.png|thumb|ᱜᱮᱥᱴᱨᱩᱞᱮᱥᱟᱱ]] ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱜᱮᱥᱴᱨᱩᱞᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱢᱵᱽᱨᱟᱭᱳᱱᱤᱠ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ ᱵᱽᱞᱟᱴᱩᱞᱟ (ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱠᱟᱞ-ᱞᱟᱭᱟᱨᱰ ᱥᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱯᱷᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ) ᱜᱮᱥᱴᱨᱩᱞᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱞᱴᱤ ᱞᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Gilbert|first=Scott F. |title=Developmental biology|url=https://archive.org/details/apu.571.8.gil.33750|date=2016|author2=Michael J. F. Barresi|isbn=978-1-60535-470-5|edition=Eleventh |location=Sunderland, Massachusetts|oclc=945169933}}</ref> ᱜᱮᱥᱴᱨᱩᱞᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ, ᱤᱢᱵᱽᱨᱟᱭᱳ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱤᱯᱤᱛᱷᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱜᱮᱥᱴᱨᱩᱞᱮᱥᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱤᱢᱵᱽᱨᱟᱭᱳ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱞ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱᱮᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱤᱯᱷᱨᱮᱱᱥᱤᱭᱮᱥᱟᱱ ᱴᱩ ᱥᱴᱮᱵᱽᱞᱤᱥ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱥᱤᱠ (Basic) ᱮᱠᱥᱮᱥ ᱥᱮᱴ (e.g. dorsal-ventral, anterior-posterior), ᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱴᱚᱨᱱᱟᱞᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽᱰ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱮ ᱥᱮᱞ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱯᱮᱠᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=mundlos2009>Mundlos 2009: [https://books.google.com/books?id=FlfPSpBvKLgC&pg=PA422 p. 422]</ref><ref name="mcgeady-2004-p.34">McGeady, 2004: p. 34</ref> ᱤᱱ ᱴᱨᱟᱯᱞᱟᱥᱴᱤᱠ ᱚᱨᱜᱮᱱᱤᱡᱽᱢ, ᱜᱮᱥᱴᱨᱩᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱨᱤᱞᱟᱢᱤᱱᱟᱨ ("three-layered"). ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱨᱢ ᱞᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱠᱴᱚᱰᱚᱨᱢ/ectoderm (outer layer), ᱢᱮᱡᱚᱰᱚᱨᱢ (Middle layer), ᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱰᱚᱰᱟᱨᱢ (inner layer). ᱰᱤᱯᱞᱳᱵᱽᱞᱟᱥᱴᱤᱠ ᱚᱨᱜᱮᱡᱽᱢ ᱨᱮ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱤᱱᱰᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟ (Cnidaria) ᱟᱨ ᱴᱮᱱᱳᱷᱚᱨᱟ (Ctenophora), ᱜᱮᱥᱴᱨᱩᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱤᱠᱴᱚᱰᱟᱨᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱰᱚᱰᱟᱨᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=mundlos2009>Mundlos 2009: [https://books.google.com/books?id=FlfPSpBvKLgC&pg=PA422 p. 422]</ref><ref name="mcgeady-2004-p.34">McGeady, 2004: p. 34</ref> ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ layers ᱚᱠᱟ - ᱚᱠᱟ‌ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱭᱯᱚᱵᱽᱞᱟᱥᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱯᱤᱵᱽᱞᱟᱥᱴ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱨᱤᱯᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱽ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱢᱚᱰᱮᱞ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ == ᱜᱮᱥᱴᱨᱩᱞᱮᱥᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱨᱞᱟᱭᱱᱤᱝ ᱥᱤᱢᱤᱞᱟᱨᱤᱴᱤᱡᱽ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱮᱥᱴᱨᱩᱞᱮᱥᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱢᱚᱰᱮᱞᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱠᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱞᱜᱟ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱮᱣᱞᱚᱯᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱮᱥᱴᱨᱩᱞᱮᱥᱟᱱ ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱴᱮᱥᱴ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ: *[[ᱢᱚᱞᱭᱩᱥᱠ ]](Mollusc) *[[ᱥᱤ ᱩᱨᱪᱤᱱ]] (Sea urchin) *[[ᱯᱷᱨᱚᱜᱽ]] (Frog) *[[ᱪᱤᱠᱮᱱ]] (Chicken) == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} 0iez3wt13ph3dz4a3nxpafla09r1c70 0 16935 196561 127974 2026-08-12T18:22:21Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196561 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = ᱢᱟᱨᱣᱟᱲᱤ | nativename = मारवाड़ी, مارواڑی, 𑅬𑅐𑅭𑅯𑅐𑅲𑅑 | pronunciation = {{IPA-hi|mɑɾvɑɽi|}} | states = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] | ethnicity = [[ᱢᱟᱨᱣᱟᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ|ᱢᱟᱨᱣᱟᱲᱤ]] | region = [[ᱢᱟᱨᱣᱟᱲ]] | speakers = ᱗.᱘ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ, ᱛᱷᱚᱲᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ (᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱦᱚᱲᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ) | date = | speakers2 = (ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱜᱼᱟ) | ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=7 July 2018}}</ref> | familycolor = Indo-European | fam1 = [[ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ|ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] | fam2 = [[ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] | fam3 = [[ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ]] | fam4 = [[ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱯᱟᱪᱮᱭᱟᱭ]]<ref>[http://homepages.fh-giessen.de/kausen/klassifikationen/Indogermanisch.doc Ernst Kausen, 2006. ''Die Klassifikation der indogermanischen Sprachen''] ([[Microsoft Word]], 133 KB)</ref> | fam5 = ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱣᱟᱲᱤ | script = [[ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ]]<br />[[ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱤᱠ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱯ|ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱼᱟᱨᱚᱵᱤᱠ]]<br />[[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱡᱚᱱᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ|ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱡᱚᱱᱤ]](ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱟᱱᱟᱜ) | iso1 = | iso2 = mwr | iso3 = mwr | lc1 = dhd | ld1 = [[ᱰᱷᱩᱱᱰᱷᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱰᱷᱩᱱᱰᱷᱟᱨᱤ]] | lc2 = rwr | ld2 = ᱢᱟᱨᱣᱟᱲᱤ (ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ) | lc3 = mve | ld3 = ᱢᱟᱨᱣᱟᱲᱤ (ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ) | lc4 = wry | ld4 = [[ᱢᱟᱨᱣᱟᱲᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱢᱮᱨᱣᱟᱲᱤ]] | lc5 = mtr | ld5 = [[ᱢᱮᱣᱟᱲᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱢᱮᱣᱟᱲᱤ]] | lc6 = swv | ld6 = [[ᱥᱮᱠᱷᱟᱣᱟᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱮᱠᱷᱟᱣᱟᱛᱤ]] | lc7 = hoj | ld7 = [[ᱦᱟᱲᱳᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱦᱟᱲᱳᱛᱤ]] | lc8 = gig | ld8 = [[ᱜᱳᱣᱟᱲᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱜᱳᱣᱟᱲᱤᱭᱟ]] | lc9 = ggg | ld9 = [[ᱜᱩᱨᱜᱩᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱜᱩᱨᱜᱩᱞᱟ]] | glotto = none | glotto2 = raja1256 | glottoname2 = ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ | glottorefname2 = Rajasthani | map = Marwari map.PNG | mapcaption = ᱰᱤᱯ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱢᱟᱨᱣᱟᱲᱤ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱣᱟᱲᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱟ }} '''ᱢᱟᱨᱣᱟᱲᱤ''' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤ]] ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ [[ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱨᱣᱟᱲᱤ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱛᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ [[ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱᱟ]], ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ [[ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ (ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱒᱐᱑᱑) ᱗᱘ ᱞᱟᱠᱷ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤ]] ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱨᱣᱟᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ]], [[ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ]], [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ]] ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱡᱚᱱᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ|ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱡᱚᱱᱤ]] ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱣᱟᱲᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱥᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ [[ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱤᱠ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱯ|ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱼᱟᱨᱚᱵᱤᱠ]] ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ [[ᱢᱟᱨᱣᱟᱲᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ]] ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱱᱛᱮᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ [[ᱵᱤᱠᱟᱱᱮᱨ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱡᱚᱫᱷᱯᱩᱨ]] ᱥᱩᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱨᱚᱲᱚᱜᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱣᱟᱲᱤ ᱟᱨ [[ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴᱤ]] ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ]] ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ, ''ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱡᱚᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱠᱷᱟ'' ᱥᱮ ''ᱢᱚᱨᱩ ᱜᱚᱨᱡᱚᱨ'' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|title=Revealing India's past: recent trends in art and archaeology|author=Ajay Mitra Shastri|author2=R. K. Sharma |author3=Devendra Handa |publisher=Aryan Books International|year=2005|isbn=978-81-7305-287-3 |page=227|quote=It is an established fact that during 10th-11th century.....Interestingly the language was known as the Gujjar Bhakha..}}</ref> ==ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ== ᱢᱟᱨᱣᱟᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱨᱣᱟᱲᱤ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱛᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ [[ᱵᱷᱚᱯᱟᱞ]] ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱑ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱗.᱙ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱣᱟᱲᱤ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |url=http://censusindia.gov.in |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ (ᱵᱳᱞᱤᱭᱟ) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ : ''ᱛᱷᱟᱞᱤ'' (ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ [[ᱡᱮᱥᱮᱞᱢᱮᱨ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮᱼᱯᱟᱪᱮ [[ᱡᱚᱫᱷᱯᱩᱨ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱟ), ''ᱵᱟᱜᱽᱲᱤ'' ([[ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱᱟ]] ᱥᱩᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ), ''ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱟᱣᱛᱤ'', ''ᱥᱤᱨᱳᱦᱤ'', ''ᱜᱳᱫᱽᱣᱟᱲᱤ'' ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book| last = Masica| first = Colin P.|author-link = Colin Masica| title = The Indo-Aryan languages| url = https://archive.org/details/indoaryanlanguag0000masi| series = Cambridge language surveys| date = 1991| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-23420-7| pages = [https://archive.org/details/indoaryanlanguag0000masi/page/12 12], 444}}</ref> ==ᱢᱩᱴᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ== ᱢᱟᱨᱣᱟᱲᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ (ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱨᱫᱩ) ᱾ ==ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱨᱟᱹᱭ== ==ᱚᱞ ᱛᱚᱦᱚᱨ== ᱢᱟᱨᱣᱟᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱛᱚᱵᱮ [[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱡᱚᱱᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ|ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱡᱚᱱᱤ]] ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ [[ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱤᱠ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱯ|ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱼᱟᱨᱚᱵᱤᱠ]] ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱷᱚᱨᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱥᱩᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ {| class="wikitable" |+caption | ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱼᱟᱨᱚᱵᱤᱠ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱣᱟᱲᱤ<ref>{{cite web|url=https://omniglot.com/writing/marwari.htm|title=marwari|website=omniglot.com|access-date=6 january 2021}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=december 2020}} !ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ !ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱼᱟᱨᱚᱵᱤᱠ !ᱞᱟᱛᱤᱱ ![[ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ|ᱡ.ᱟ.ᱪ.]] |- |अ |— |a |ə |- |आ |ﺍ |ā |ɑ |- |इ |ـِ |i |ɪ |- |ई |ﺍیِ |ī |i |- |उ |ـُ |u |ʊ |- |ऊ |ﺍۇ |ū |u |- |ए |اے |e |e |- |ओ |ﺍو |o |o |- |अं | rowspan="8" |— |ã |ə̃ |- |आं |ā̃ |ɑ̃ |- |इं |ĩ |ɪ̃ |- |ईं |ī̃ |ĩ |- |उं |ũ |ʊ̃ |- |ऊं |ū̃ |ũ |- |एं |ẽ |ẽ |- |ओं |õ |õ |- |क |ک |k |k |- |ख |کھ |kh |kʰ |- |ग |گ |g |g |- |घ |گھ |gh |gʱ |- |च |چ |c |t͡ʃ |- |छ |چھ |ch |t͡ʃʰ |- |ज |ج |j |d͡ʒ |- |झ |جھ |jh |d͡ʒʰ |- |ट |ٹ |ṭ |ʈ |- |ठ |ٹه |ṭh |ʈʰ |- |ड |ڈ |ḍ |ɖ |- |ढ |ڈه |ḍh |ɖʰ |- |ॾ |ڏ |d̤ |ᶑ |- |ॾ़ |ڏه |d̤h |ᶑʰ |- |ण |ݨ |ṇ |ɳ |- |ण़ |ݨه |ṇh |ɳʰ |- |त |ت |t |t̪ |- |थ |تھ |th |t̪ʰ |- |द |د |d |d̪ |- |ध |ده |dh |d̪ʰ |- |न |ن |n |n |- |ऩ |نھ |nh |nʰ |- |प |پ |p |p |- |फ |پھ |ph |pʰ |- |ब |ب |b |b |- |भ |بھ |bh |bʰ |- |ॿ |ٻ |b̤ |ɓ |- |ॿ़ |ٻه |b̤h |ɓʰ |- |म |م |m |m |- |म़ |مھ |mh |mʰ |- |य |ےٜٜ |y |j |- |र |ر |r |ɾ |- |ड़ |رؕ |r̤ |ɽ |- |ढ़ |رؕه |r̤h |ɽʰ |- |ज़ |ز |z |z |- |ॼ़ |زه |zh |zʰ |- |ल |ل |l |l |- |ल़ |لھ |lh |lʰ |- |ळ |ݪ |ḷ |ɭ |} ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{Incubator|code=rwr}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070716011927/http://www.freewebs.com/hanvant/rajasthani_dictionary.htm Hanvant's Rajasthani Dictionary] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] hepuoospyy9q1eneguxtg1707ah4r8b 0 16951 196465 179919 2026-08-12T16:59:27Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196465 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱞᱤ | official_name = | native_name = | settlement_type = ᱢᱮᱴᱨᱚᱯᱚᱞᱤᱥ | image_skyline = {{Photomontage | photo2a = Dohra Road panorama 02.jpg{{!}}Bareilly Skyline | photo1b = Barielly Sharif Dargah Barielly UP.jpg{{!}}Bareilly Sharif Dargah | photo1a = Chunna Miyan Temple Bareilly 02.jpg{{!}}Lakshminarayan Temple | photo3a = Bareilly Junction Dharamshala 01.jpg{{!}}A Dharamshala near Bareilly Junction | photo3b = Jhumka Bareilly city 03.jpg{{!}}Jhumka Chowk | photo3c = Phoenix United bareilly .jpg{{!}}Phoenix United Mall | photo4a = Bareillycollege.gif{{!}}Bareilly College | spacing = 2 | position = center | color_border = white | color = white | size = 275 | foot_montage = }} | motto = | image_map = | map_caption = ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱞᱤ, [[ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ]] | pushpin_map = India | coordinates = {{coord|28.364|79.415|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ | subdivision_name = {{IND}} | subdivision_type1 = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱮᱫ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ|ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | subdivision_type2 = ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ | subdivision_name1 = [[ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ]] | subdivision_name2 = [[ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱞᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | established_title = | established_date = ᱑᱖᱕᱗ | established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> | established_date2 = | established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> | established_date3 = | government_footnotes = | government_type = | leader_title = MP | leader_name = [[ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱚᱥ ᱜᱟᱝᱣᱟᱨ]] ([[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱛᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ|ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ]]) | leader_title1 = MLA | leader_name1 = ᱟᱨᱩᱱ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ (ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ) <br /> ᱨᱟᱡᱮᱥ ᱚᱜᱽᱨᱚᱣᱟᱞ (ᱠᱮᱸᱴ) | unit_pref = | area_footnotes = <ref name='Bareilly Nagar Nigam'>{{cite web|title=Bareilly Nagar Nigam|url=http://mohua.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/25UP_bareily_sfcp-min.pdf|website=mohua.gov.in|access-date=22 November 2020}}</ref> | area_magnitude = | area_total_km2 = 106 | area_metro_km2 = 123 | area_metro_footnotes = <ref name='Bareilly Nagar Nigam'/><ref name="dchba">{{cite book|title=District Census Handbook Bareilly Part-A|publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Uttar Pradesh|location=[[Lucknow]]|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0919_PART_A_DCHB_BAREILLY.pdf|page=692}}</ref> | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 268 | population_total = 903,668 | population_as_of = ᱒᱐᱑᱑ | population_footnotes = <ref name="Census2011Gov"/> | population_metro = 933,671 | population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="Census2011Gov"/><ref name="dchba"/> | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱞᱤᱛᱮ / ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ | population_note = | demographics_type1 = [[ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] | demographics1_title1 = ᱟᱹᱢᱟᱹᱞᱮᱛ | demographics1_info1 = [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=20 December 2018|url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref> | demographics1_title2 = ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ&nbsp;ᱟᱹᱢᱟᱹᱞᱮᱛ | demographics1_info2 = [[ᱩᱨᱫᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱩᱨᱫᱩ]]<ref name="langoff"/> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | utc_offset1 = | postal_code_type = PIN codes | postal_code = ᱒᱔᱓᱐᱐᱑<br /> ᱒᱔᱓᱑᱒᱒ | area_code = | registration_plate = UP-25 | website = [http://bareilly.nic.in bareilly.nic.in] | footnotes = | population_blank1_title = ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱤ | population_blank1 = ᱘᱙᱕ [[ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ|♀]]/1000 [[ᱠᱚᱲᱟ|♂]] | leader_title2 = ᱢᱟᱭᱚᱨ | leader_name2 = ᱩᱢᱮᱥ ᱜᱚᱣᱛᱟᱢ ([[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱛᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ]] }} '''ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱞᱤ''' ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱞᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱞᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱚᱦᱤᱞᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ [[ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱱᱚᱣ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱕᱒ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱑᱕᱗ ᱢᱤᱞ) ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ [[ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱕᱐ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱑᱕᱕ ᱢᱤᱞ) ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱘᱙᱘,᱑᱖᱗ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱶ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱮᱞᱼᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱬᱮᱜᱮᱞᱼᱯᱩᱱ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">{{Cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0919_PART_B_DCHB_BAREILLY.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=21 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114012959/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0919_PART_B_DCHB_BAREILLY.pdf |archive-date=14 November 2015 |url-status = live}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱟᱢᱜᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ==ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ== {{multiple image|perrow = 2|total_width=300|caption_align=center | align = right | image1 = Deoraniyan mini Bypass Bareilly.jpg | image2 = Nakatiya river.jpg | image3 = Ramganga river Bareilly 01.jpg | footer = ᱫᱮᱣᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ (ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱥᱮᱫ) ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱠᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟ (ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ), ᱨᱟᱢᱜᱟᱝᱜᱟ (ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱫ) ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱫ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱤᱸᱜᱤᱱᱟ ᱾ }} ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ {{coord|28|10|N|78|23|E}} ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ [[ᱯᱤᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱛ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱟᱦᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱯᱩᱨ]], ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ [[ᱨᱟᱢᱯᱩᱨ]], ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱨᱮ [[ᱩᱫᱷᱚᱢᱥᱤᱝ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ]] ([[ᱩᱛᱚᱨᱟᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ]]) ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ [[ᱵᱚᱫᱟᱭᱩᱝ]] ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱷᱚᱞᱟᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱦ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱛ ᱵᱟᱲᱜᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱨ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ''ᱛᱚᱨᱟᱭ'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱛᱟᱹᱨᱩᱵ, ᱵᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱥᱩᱠᱨᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱨᱚᱫᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ (ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱜᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟ) ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=EB1911/> ==ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ== {{Historical populations | 1847| 92208 | 1853| 101507 | 1865| 105649 | 1872| 102982 | 1881| 113417 | 1891| 121039 | 1901| 133167 | 1911| 129462 | 1921| 129459 | 1931| 144031 | 1941| 192688 | 1951| 208083 | 1961| 272828 | 1971| 326106 | 1981| 449425 | 1991| 590661 | 2001| 720315 | 2011| 903668 | title= Historical Population of Bareilly | align = left |footnote= Source: 1847-1865 - Bareilly district Gazetteer 1911<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.243997|title=3350 Bareilly A Gazetteer Vol 13 (1911)|via=Internet Archive}}</ref><br />1872-1891 – [[Imperial Gazetteer of India]]<ref name="igoi1901">{{cite web |title=Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 7, page 12 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V07_018.gif |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |access-date=18 August 2019 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000831/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V07_018.gif |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />1901-2011 - District Census Handbook Bareilly<ref name="dchba" /> }} ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱞᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱙᱐᱓,᱖᱖᱘ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱔᱗᱖,᱙᱒᱗ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱔᱒᱖,᱗᱔᱑ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱘᱙᱕ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱖ ᱵᱚᱪᱷᱚᱨ ᱩᱢᱚᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱐᱗,᱓᱒᱓ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱕᱔᱓,᱕᱑᱕ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱖᱐.᱑% ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱖᱖. ᱕% ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱕᱕.᱗% ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱗+ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱫᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱖᱘.᱓% ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱫᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱗᱒.᱗% ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱫᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱖᱓.᱒% ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱮᱨ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱗᱑,᱒᱑᱕ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱒,᱗᱗᱑ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ, ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱑᱖᱖᱒᱒᱒ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Census2011Gov">{{cite web |title=Census of India: Bareilly |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=150936 |access-date=11 October 2019}}</ref> ==ᱦᱮᱡ ᱥᱮᱱ== ===ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ=== [[File:NH 24 Bareilly 02.jpg|thumb|left|[[ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱕᱓᱐ (ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ)|NH 530]] ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱨᱟᱢᱯᱩᱨ, ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ|ᱨᱟᱢᱯᱩᱨ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾]] ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱓᱐ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ [[ᱩᱛᱚᱨᱟᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱛᱟᱨᱜᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ [[ᱟᱱᱫᱷᱨᱚ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱵᱤᱡᱚᱭᱣᱟᱰᱟ]] ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱔᱐ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱑᱒᱖᱗.᱕ ᱢᱤᱞ) ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱛᱟᱨᱜᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱙ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱣᱤᱡᱚᱭᱣᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱤᱵᱽᱨᱟᱦᱤᱢᱯᱟᱴᱱᱟᱢ ᱩᱯᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱖᱕ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱵᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱞᱤ, [[ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱱᱚᱣ]], [[ᱤᱞᱞᱟᱦᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ]], [[ᱡᱟᱵᱟᱞᱯᱩᱨ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱨᱟᱭᱯᱩᱨ]] ᱥᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="nh">{{cite web|title=Rationalization of Numbering Systems of National Highways|url=http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|website=Department of Road Transport and Highways|access-date=21 April 2017|page=30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201124738/http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|archive-date=1 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱤᱜ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ NH 530 (ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱞᱤ-ᱨᱟᱢᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ),<ref name="nh" /> NH 530B (ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱞᱤ-ᱢᱚᱛᱷᱩᱨᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ)<ref name="new">{{Cite web|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2018/183660.pdf|title=New national highways declaration notification|website=[[The Gazette of India]] - [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=18 March 2019}}</ref> ᱟᱨ NH 730B (ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱞᱤ-ᱵᱤᱥᱟᱞᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ) ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="new" /> ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱓᱗ (ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱞᱤ&ᱱᱮᱭᱱᱤᱛᱟᱞ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ) ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱢ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ; <ref name=UPPWDSHList>{{cite web |title=Complete Road_Detail's_SH |url=http://uppwd.up.nic.in/pdf/SH_Road_List.pdf |publisher=Public Works Department, [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] |access-date=23 October 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611081808/http://uppwd.up.nic.in/pdf/SH_Road_List.pdf |archive-date=11 June 2016 }}</ref> MDR 29 W ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱚᱱᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱦᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱥᱜᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱞᱟᱥᱯᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== ; Notes {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ; Works * {{cite book |first=Iqbal |last=Husain |title=The Rise and Decline of the Ruhela Chieftaincies in 18th Century India |location=Delhi |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1994 }} * {{cite book |last=Rao |first=M.A. |year=1988|title=Indian Railways |url=https://archive.org/details/indianrailways0000raom |location=New Delhi |publisher=National Book Trust |isbn=8123725892 }} * {{cite book |last1=Lal |first1=Hira |title=City and Urban Fringe: A Case Study of Bareilly |date=1987 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7022-190-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NQBRrP4HOAkC |access-date=18 February 2020 |language=en}} * {{cite book |last1=Mohammad |first1=Tufail |title=Local Finance and Urban Economic Development in U. P. — A Case Study of Shahjahanpur and Bareilly |date=1986 |publisher=Department of Economics, Aligarh Muslim University |url=http://ir.amu.ac.in/3189/1/T%203514.pdf |access-date=15 April 2021 |language=en}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{Commons category}} {{Wikivoyage|ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱞᱤ}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190810060301/https://bareilly.nic.in/ Official Website of Bareilly] {{Bareilly division topics}} {{ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱞᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ}} {{ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ}} {{Authority control}} {{ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ}} {{DEFAULTSORT:ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱞᱤ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱞᱤ| ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱞᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱨᱚᱦᱤᱞᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:Populated places established in 1657]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱖᱕᱗ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ]] 380a8gag9bsqm1ia42eauhu2g6cm9nv 0 16963 196543 196366 2026-08-12T18:07:16Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196543 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muscle | Name = Levator ani | Latin = Musculus levator ani | Image = Gray404.png | Caption = Left Levator ani seen from within. | Image2 = Gray1079.png | Caption2 = [[Coronal section]] through the male anal canal. B. Cavity of [[urinary bladder]] V.D. [[Vas deferens]]. S.V. [[Seminal vesicle]]. R. Second part of [[rectum]]. A.C. [[Anal canal]]. L.A. Levator ani. I.S. [[Internal anal sphincter]]. E.S [[External anal sphincter]]. | Origin = Inner surface of the side of the [[lesser pelvis]] | Insertion = Inner surface of [[coccyx]], levator ani of opposite side, and into structures that penetrate it. | Blood = [[Inferior gluteal artery]] | Nerve = '''[[pubococcygeus]]''' and '''[[iliococcygeus]]''': *[[levator ani nerve]] ([[sacral spinal nerve 4|S4]]) *[[inferior rectal nerve]] from [[pudendal nerve]] ([[sacral spinal nerve 3|S3]], [[sacral spinal nerve 4|S4]]) *[[coccygeal plexus]]<ref name=Moore217>Essential Clinical Anatomy. K.L. Moore & A.M. Agur. Lippincott, 2nd ed. 2002. Page 217</ref> <br> '''[[puborectalis]]''': *[[sacral spinal nerve 3|S3]], [[sacral spinal nerve 4|S4]]. *[[levator ani nerve]]<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Wallner C, Maas C, Dabhoiwala N, Lamers W, Deruiter M | title = Evidence for the innervation of the puborectalis muscle by the levator ani nerve |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurogastroenterology-and-motility_2006-12_18_12/page/1121 | journal = Neurogastroenterol Motil | volume = 18 | issue = 12 | pages = 1121–1122 | year = 2006 | pmid = 17109696 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2006.00846.x| s2cid = 29088779 }}</ref> | Action = Supports the [[viscera]] in [[pelvic cavity]] }} [[File:3D Medical Animation Levator Ani structure.jpg|alt=3D medical illustration presenting Levator ani|thumb|260x260px|3D medical illustration presenting Levator ani]] '''ᱞᱮᱣᱟᱴᱳᱨ ᱟᱱᱤ''' ('''levator ani''') ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱥᱚᱞᱥ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱽᱨᱚᱰ, ᱯᱟᱛᱞᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱯᱮᱞᱣᱤᱥ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱤᱫᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱞᱮᱣᱚᱴᱳᱨ ᱟᱱᱤ ᱢᱚᱥᱚᱞᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱚᱱᱮᱱᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ:- ᱯᱭᱩᱵᱳᱠᱳᱥᱤᱡᱮᱭᱟᱥ (the pubococcygeus), ᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱠᱳᱥᱤᱡᱤᱭᱚᱥ (the iliococcygeus), ᱟᱨ ᱯᱭᱩᱵᱳᱨᱮᱠᱴᱮᱞᱤᱥ (the puborectalis) ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |last1=Drake |first1=Richard |last2=Vogl |first2=A. Wayne |last3=Mitchell |first3=Adam |title=Gray's Anatomy for Students |url=https://archive.org/details/graysanatomyfors0000drak_k1q8 |date=2015 |publisher=Elsevier |edition=Third}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱨᱯᱷᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱯᱮᱞᱣᱤᱥ ᱠᱮᱵᱷᱤᱴᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱮᱪᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮᱞᱣᱤᱠ ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱳᱥᱤᱡᱮᱭᱚᱥ ᱢᱚᱥᱚᱞᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮᱞᱣᱤᱠ ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱮᱫᱟᱭ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮᱞᱣᱤᱠ ᱰᱟᱭᱯᱷᱨᱟᱜᱽᱢ (pelvic diaphragm) ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱨᱤᱭᱚᱥ ᱥᱴᱨᱚᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱮᱞᱣᱤᱠ ᱠᱮᱵᱷᱤᱴᱤ ᱵᱷᱤᱥᱮᱨᱟᱞ ᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱮᱣᱟᱴᱳᱨ ᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮᱞᱣᱤᱠ ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨ ᱢᱚᱥᱚᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱮᱠᱴ ᱣᱟᱡᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱨᱜᱮᱡᱽᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱮᱠᱴ ᱨᱤᱫᱚᱢᱤᱠᱟᱞᱤ ᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name="Chapple2006">{{cite book|author=Christopher R. Chapple|title=Multidisciplinary Management of Female Pelvic Floor Disorders|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KknXFtQr5O4C&pg=PA4|year=2006|publisher=Churchill Livingstone|isbn=978-0-443-07272-7|pages=4–}}</ref> == ᱞᱮᱣᱟᱴᱳᱨ ᱟᱱᱤ == ᱞᱮᱣᱟᱴᱳᱨ ᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ [[ᱯᱭᱩᱵᱳᱠᱳᱥᱤᱡᱮᱭᱟᱥ]](the pubococcygeus), [[ᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱠᱳᱥᱤᱡᱤᱭᱚᱥ]](the iliococcygeus), ᱟᱨ [[ᱯᱭᱩᱵᱳᱨᱮᱠᱴᱮᱞᱤᱥ]](the puborectalis) ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱠᱞᱤᱱᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱥᱤᱜᱽᱱᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠᱮᱱᱴᱥ== ᱞᱮᱣᱟᱴᱳᱨ ᱟᱱᱤ ᱥᱤᱱᱰᱨᱳᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱣᱟᱴᱳᱨ ᱟᱱᱤ ᱢᱚᱥᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱳᱤᱥᱳᱰᱤᱠ ᱨᱮᱠᱴᱟᱞ ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩ ᱥᱯᱟᱡᱽᱢ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ== <gallery> File:Gray236.png|ᱨᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱦᱤᱯ ᱵᱳᱱ. ᱤᱱᱴᱚᱨᱱᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱨᱯᱷᱮᱥ ᱾ File:Gray402.png|Coronal section of pelvis, showing arrangement of fasciæ. Viewed from behind. File:1116 Muscle of the Male Perineum.png|Muscles of male perineum. File:Levator ani.png File:Gray539.png|The arteries of the pelvis. File:Gray837.png|Sacral plexus of the right side. File:Gray1076.png|Iliac colon, sigmoid or pelvic colon, and rectum seen from the front, after removal of pubic bones and bladder. File:Gray1077.png|The posterior aspect of the rectum exposed by removing the lower part of the sacrum and the coccyx. File:Gray1136.png|Male pelvic organs seen from right side. File:Human anus-en.svg|Anatomy of the human anus. </gallery> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} 600twftljprdsrxsoqcytsb2urneb0e 0 17058 196689 156328 2026-08-12T20:52:33Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196689 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox continent |title = ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ |image = Southeast Asia (orthographic projection).svg |area = {{convert|4545792|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} | elevation_max_ft = 19,295 | elevation_max_point = [[Hkakabo Razi]] |population = {{UN_Population|South-Eastern Asia}} ([[List of continents by population#Regional and continental .28sub.29totals in 2016|3rd]]){{UN_Population|ref}} |density = {{convert|135.6|/km2|abbr=on}} |GDP_nominal = $3.317 trillion ([[exchange rate]])<ref name="IMF" /> |GDP_PPP = $9.727 trillion<ref name=ACIF2013>{{cite book|title=ASEAN Community in Figures (ACIF) 2013|date=Feb 2014|publisher=ASEAN|location=Jakarta|isbn=978-602-7643-73-4|page=1|edition=6th|url=http://www.asean.org/images/resources/2014/May/2.%20Feb%202014%20-%20ASEAN%20Community%20in%20Figures%202013.pdf|access-date=9 May 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904103519/http://www.asean.org/images/resources/2014/May/2.%20Feb%202014%20-%20ASEAN%20Community%20in%20Figures%202013.pdf|archive-date=4 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> |GDP_per_capita = $5,017 (exchange rate)<ref name="IMF" /> |HDI = {{increase}} 0.723 |ethnic_groups = '''[[List of indigenous peoples#Southeast Asia|ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱜᱮᱱᱚᱥ (ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ)]]'''<br> [[ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱼᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱴᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱴᱤᱠ]], [[ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ|ᱟᱥᱴᱨᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱱᱮᱜᱽᱨᱤᱴᱳ]], [[ᱞᱳᱞᱳ-ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ|ᱞᱳᱞᱳ-ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱛᱟᱭ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]]<br> '''[[ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ|ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ]]'''<br> [[ᱦᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱱᱤ|ᱦᱟᱱ]] |Religions = [[ᱮᱱᱤᱢᱤᱥᱢ]], [[ᱵᱩᱫᱽᱫᱷᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ|ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ]], [[ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ|ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ]], [[Confucianism]], [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ]], [[ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ|ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ]], [[ᱛᱟᱭ ᱯᱷᱚᱞᱠ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ|ᱛᱟᱭ ᱯᱷᱚᱞᱠ]], [[Taoism]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢᱤ ᱯᱷᱚᱞᱠ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ|ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢᱤ ᱯᱷᱚᱞᱠ]] |demonym = ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ |countries = {{collapsible list | list_style = text-align:left; | title = [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia|᱑᱑]] | 1 = {{flag|ᱵᱨᱩᱱᱟᱭ}} | 2 = {{flag|ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ}} | 3 = {{flag|ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ}}{{NoteTag|[[List of transcontinental countries|Transcontinental country]].}} | 4 = {{flag|ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ}} | 5 = {{flag|ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ}} | 6 = {{flag|ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ}} | 7 = {{flag|ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ}} | 8 = {{flag|ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱟᱯᱩᱨ}} | 9 = {{flag|ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ}} | 10 = {{flag|ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱛᱤᱢᱳᱨ}} | 11 = {{flag|ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ}} }} |unrecognized = |dependencies = {{collapsible list | list_style = text-align:left; | {{flagicon|India}} [[ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱠᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱯᱩᱧᱡᱤᱰᱷᱤᱯ]] ([[ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱮᱫ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]]) | {{flag|ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱢᱟᱥ ᱫᱤᱯ}} ([[Australian external territories|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ]]) | {{flag|ᱠᱳᱠᱳᱥ (ᱠᱤᱞᱤᱝ) ᱫᱤᱯ}} ([[Australian external territories|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ]]) }} |languages = {{collapsible list | list_style = text-align:left; | title = ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ | [[ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤ]] | [[ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ]] | [[ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱚ]] | | [[ᱠᱷᱢᱮᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱠᱷᱢᱮᱨ]] | [[ᱞᱟᱣ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱞᱟᱣ]] | [[ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] | [[ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭ]] | [[ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱠ ᱪᱤᱱᱤ|ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱟᱨᱤᱱ]] | [[ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ]] | [[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ]] | [[ᱛᱮᱛᱩᱢ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱮᱛᱩᱢ]] | [[ᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱷᱟᱭ]] | [[ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢᱤ]] }} {{collapsible list | title = ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ | titlestyle = text-align:left;padding-right:4em;font-weight:normal;background-color:whitesmoke; | bullets = true | '''[[ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱳᱼᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱴᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱚ-ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱴᱤᱠ]]''':<br />[[ᱟᱨᱟᱵᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱟᱨᱟᱵᱤᱠ]] | '''[[ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱼᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱴᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱼᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱴᱤᱠ]]''': {{hlist | [[ᱢᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱢᱚᱱ]] | [[ᱱᱤᱠᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱱᱤᱠᱚᱵᱚᱨ]] | [[ᱚᱥᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ|ᱚᱥᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] }} | '''[[ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ]]''': {{hlist | [[ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱚᱜᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱚᱜᱽ]] | [[ᱛᱮᱛᱩᱢ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱮᱛᱩᱢ]] | [[ᱡᱟᱣᱟᱱᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱡᱟᱣᱟᱱᱤᱥ]] | [[ᱥᱩᱸᱰᱟᱱᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱩᱸᱰᱟᱱᱤ]] | [[ᱥᱤᱵᱩᱟᱱᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱤᱵᱩᱟᱱᱚ]] | [[ᱢᱟᱫᱩᱨᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱢᱟᱫᱩᱨᱤᱥ]] | [[ᱤᱞᱳᱠᱟᱱᱳ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱞᱳᱠᱟᱱᱳ]] | [[ᱦᱤᱞᱤᱜᱮᱱᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱦᱤᱞᱤᱜᱮᱱᱚᱱ]] | [[ᱢᱤᱱᱟᱝᱠᱟᱵᱟᱣ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱢᱤᱱᱟᱝᱠᱟᱵᱟᱣ]] | [[ᱵᱚᱴᱚᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱵᱚᱴᱚᱠ]] | [[ᱵᱤᱠᱚᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱵᱤᱠᱚᱞ]] | [[ᱵᱟᱱᱡᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱵᱟᱱᱡᱟᱨ]] | [[ᱵᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱵᱟᱞᱤ]] | [[ᱣᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱣᱟᱨᱟᱭ]] | [[ᱠᱟᱯᱟᱢᱯᱟᱝᱜᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱠᱟᱯᱟᱢᱯᱟᱝᱜᱟᱱ]] | [[ᱯᱟᱝᱜᱟᱥᱤᱱᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱯᱟᱝᱜᱟᱥᱤᱱᱟᱱ]] | [[ᱢᱟᱥᱵᱟᱛᱮᱱᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱢᱟᱥᱵᱟᱛᱮᱱᱚ]] | [[ᱵᱩᱜᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱵᱩᱜᱤᱥ]] | [[ᱪᱟᱢᱳᱨᱳ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱪᱟᱢ]] | [[ᱮᱥᱮᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱮᱥᱮᱱᱤᱡᱽ]] | [[ᱤᱵᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱵᱟᱱ]] | [[ᱫᱩᱥᱩᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱫᱩᱥᱩᱱ]] | [[ᱠᱟᱫᱟᱡᱮᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱠᱟᱫᱟᱡᱮᱱ]] | [[ᱞᱩᱱ ᱵᱟᱣᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱞᱩᱱ ᱵᱟᱣᱟᱝ/ᱞᱩᱱᱫᱟᱭᱮᱦ]] | [[ᱢᱚᱠᱮᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱢᱚᱠᱮᱱ]] }} | '''[[Creole languages|Creoles]]''': {{hlist | [[Chavacano]] | [[Tok Pisin language|Tok Pisin]] | [[Kristang language|Kristang]] | [[Betawi language|Betawi]] | [[Ambonese Malay|Ambonese]] }} | '''[[ᱰᱨᱟᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱫᱨᱟᱵᱷᱤᱲ]]''': {{hlist | [[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ]] | [[ᱛᱮᱞᱮᱜᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱮᱞᱮᱜᱩ]] | [[ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱚᱢ]] }} | '''[[Great Andamanese languages|Great Andamanese]]''': {{hlist | [[Aka-Jeru language|Aka-Jeru (Present Great Andamanese)]] }} | '''[[ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ|ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ]]''': {{hlist | [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] | ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ | ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ | [[ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ]] | ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ | ᱤᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ | ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤ | ᱰᱟᱪ | [[ᱥᱤᱝᱦᱚᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱤᱝᱦᱚᱞᱤ]] | [[ᱨᱚᱦᱤᱝᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱨᱚᱦᱤᱝᱭᱟ]] | [[ᱩᱨᱫᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱩᱨᱫᱩ]] }} | '''[[Ongan languages|Ongan]]''': {{hlist | [[Onge language|Onge]] | [[Jarawa language (Andaman Islands)|Jarawa]] | [[Sentinelese language|Sentinelese]] ? }} | '''[[ᱛᱟᱭ–ᱠᱟᱫᱟᱭ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱟᱭ–ᱠᱟᱫᱟᱭ]]''': {{hlist | [[ᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱷᱟᱭ]] | [[ᱞᱟᱣ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱞᱟᱣ]] | [[ᱥᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱟᱱ]] }} | '''[[ᱪᱤᱱᱟᱼᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ|ᱪᱤᱱᱤ-ᱛᱤᱵᱽᱵᱚᱛᱤ]]''': {{hlist | [[ᱵᱩᱨᱢᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱵᱩᱨᱢᱤ]] | [[Rakhine language|Rakhine]] | [[Karen languages|Karen]] | [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] | [[Cantonese]] | [[Min Chinese|Min]] | [[Hmar language|Hmar]] | [[ᱢᱤᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱢᱤᱡᱚ]] | [[ᱡᱳᱢᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱡᱳᱢᱤ]] | [[Thadou language|Thadou]] | [[Meitei language|Meitei]] }} |[[ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]] — ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥ }} |time = {{collapsible list | title = {{nowrap|5 time zones}} | titlestyle = text-align:left;padding-right:4em;font-weight:normal;background-color:whitesmoke; | {{bulleted list | [[ᱭᱩᱴᱤᱥᱤ+᱐᱕:᱓᱐|'''ᱭᱩᱴᱤᱥᱤ+᱐᱕:᱓᱐''': ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱠᱚᱵᱚᱨ&nbsp;ᱯᱩᱧᱡᱤᱰᱷᱤᱯ]] | [[ᱭᱩᱴᱤᱥᱤ+᱐᱖:᱓᱐|'''ᱭᱩᱴᱤᱥᱤ+᱐᱖:᱓᱐''': ᱠᱚᱠᱚᱥ&nbsp;(ᱠᱤᱞᱤᱝ) ᱫᱤᱯ • ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]] | [[ᱭᱩᱴᱤᱥᱤ+᱐᱗:᱐᱐|'''ᱭᱩᱴᱤᱥᱤ+᱗:᱐᱐''': ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ • ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱢᱟᱥ&nbsp;ᱫᱤᱯ • ᱤᱱᱰᱚᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ • ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ • ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ • ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ]] | [[ᱭᱩᱴᱤᱥᱤ+᱐᱘:᱐᱐|'''ᱭᱩᱴᱤᱥᱤ+᱘:᱐᱐''': ᱵᱨᱩᱱᱮᱭ • ᱤᱱᱰᱚᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ • ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ • ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ • ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱟᱯᱩᱨ]] | [[ᱭᱩᱴᱤᱥᱤ+᱐᱙:᱐᱐|'''ᱭᱩᱴᱤᱥᱤ+᱙:᱐᱐''': ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱛᱤᱢᱳᱨ • ᱤᱱᱰᱚᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] }} }} |internet = [[.bn]], [[.id]], [[.kh]], [[.la]], [[.mm]], [[.my]], [[.ph]], [[.sg]], [[.th]], [[.tl]], [[.vn]] |calling_code = [[List of country calling codes|Zone 6 & 8]] |cities = <!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]], AND LIST PER ALPHABETICAL ORDER. THANKS! --> {{Collapsible list | title = ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ | {{flagicon|ᱵᱨᱩᱱᱟᱭ}} [[ᱵᱟᱱᱫᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱤ ᱵᱮᱜᱟᱣᱟᱱ]] | {{flagicon|ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ}} [[ᱯᱷᱮᱱᱚᱢ ᱯᱮᱱ]] | {{flagicon|ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ}} [[ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱨᱛᱟ]] | {{flagicon|ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ}} [[ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱱᱛᱤᱭᱮᱱ]] | {{flagicon|ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ}} [[ᱠᱩᱣᱟᱞᱟ ᱞᱟᱢᱯᱩᱨ]] | {{flagicon|ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ}} [[Nay Pyi Daw]] | {{flagicon|ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ}} [[ᱢᱟᱱᱤᱞᱟ]] | {{flagicon|ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱟᱯᱩᱨ}} [[ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱟᱯᱩᱨ]] | {{flagicon|ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ}} [[ᱵᱮᱝᱠᱚᱠ]] | {{flagicon|ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱛᱤᱢᱳᱨ}} [[ᱫᱤᱞᱤ]] | {{flagicon|ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ}} [[ᱦᱟᱱᱚᱭ]] }} {{Collapsible list | title = ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ | {{flagicon|ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ}} [[Bandung]] | {{flagicon|ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ}} [[Bekasi]] | {{flagicon|ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ}} [[ᱵᱮᱝᱠᱚᱠ]] | {{flagicon|ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ}} [[Can Tho]] | {{flagicon|ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ}} [[Da Nang]] | {{flagicon|ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ}} [[Cebu City]] | {{flagicon|ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ}} [[Davao City]] | {{flagicon|ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ}} [[Denpasar]] | {{flagicon|ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ}} [[Depok]] | {{flagicon|ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ}} [[George Town, Penang|George Town]] | {{flagicon|ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ}} [[ᱦᱟᱱᱚᱭ]] | {{flagicon|ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ}} [[ᱦᱟᱭ Phong]] | {{flagicon|ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ}} [[ᱦᱳ ᱪᱤ ᱢᱤᱱ ᱥᱤᱴᱤ]] | {{flagicon|ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ}} [[ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱨᱛᱟ]] | {{flagicon|ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ}} [[ᱠᱩᱣᱟᱞᱟ ᱞᱟᱢᱯᱩᱨ]] | {{flagicon|ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ}} [[Makassar]] | {{flagicon|ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ}} [[ᱢᱟᱱᱤᱞᱟ]] | {{flagicon|ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ}} [[ᱢᱮᱫᱟᱱ]] | {{flagicon|ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ}} [[Quezon City]] | {{flagicon|ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ}} [[Semarang]] | {{flagicon|ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱟᱯᱩᱨ}} [[ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱟᱯᱩᱨ]] | {{flagicon|ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ}} [[Surabaya]] | {{flagicon|ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ}} [[Tangerang]] | {{flagicon|ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ}} [[ᱭᱮᱝᱜᱳᱱ]] | {{flagicon|ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ}} [[Yogyakarta]] }} |m49 = <code>035</code> – ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ<br /><code>142</code> – [[ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] <br /><code>001</code> – [[ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ]] |footnotes = <!-- PLEASE LIMIT THE CITIES LISTED HERE TO CITIES LISTED IN [[List of urban areas by population]]. ALSO, PLEASE LIMIT THE NUMBER OF CITIES TO THE 3 LARGEST CITIES OF EACH ASEAN NATION. THANKS! --> <!-- PLEASE DO NOT ADD BANGLADESH, NORTHEAST INDIA, CHRISTMAS ISLAND OR THE COCOS (KEELING) ISLANDS TO THIS LIST. THE DEFINITION OR THE ADDITION OF THESE COUNTRIES OR TERRITORIES TO SOUTHEAST ASIA IS NOT A COMMONLY ACCEPTED DEFINITION/PRACTICE BY ORGANISATIONS SUCH AS THE UNITED NATIONS AND THE CIA. BANGLADESH AND NORTHEAST INDIA ARE COMMONLY ACCEPTED AS PART OF SOUTH ASIA WHILE CHRISTMAS ISLAND OR THE COCOS (KEELING) ISLANDS ARE COMMONLY ACCEPTED AS PART OF AUSTRALIA/OCEANIA. THE CURRENT COUNTRIES LISTED HERE (BRUNEI, CAMBODIA, EAST TIMOR/TIMOR LESTE, INDONESIA, LAOS, MALAYSIA, MYANMAR/BURMA, THE PHILIPPINES, SINGAPORE, THAILAND, AND VIETNAM) ARE THE MOST ACCEPTED DEFINITION OF SOUTHEAST ASIA. PLEASE DISCUSS CHANGES REGARDING THE ADDITION OF ABOVE-MENTIONED ENTITIES IN THE TALK PAGE. PLEASE ALSO REFER TO THE CURRENT MAPS OF SOUTHEAST ASIA BEING USED FOR THIS ARTICLE FOR FURTHER INFORMATION. --> }} '''ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ''' ᱫᱚ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱜᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱚᱜᱚ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱧᱮᱼᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/map_of_southeast_asia.htm | title = Map of Southeast Asia Region | author = Klaus Kästle | date = 10 September 2013 | website = Nations Online Project | publisher = One World – Nations Online | access-date = 10 September 2013 | quote = Southeast Asia is a vast subregion of Asia, roughly described as geographically situated east of the Indian subcontinent, south of China, and northwest of Australia. The region is located between the Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal in the west, the Philippine Sea, the South China Sea, and the Pacific Ocean in the east.}}</ref> ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱨᱮ [[ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱸᱜᱚᱞ ᱠᱚᱪᱟ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ, ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ [[ᱳᱥᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ [[ᱢᱟᱞᱫᱤᱯ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱒᱖ ᱮᱴᱚᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱡᱚᱜᱚᱼᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱝᱥᱤᱠ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱞᱚᱨᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱜᱚᱼᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱮᱦᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱜᱚᱞᱚᱨᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱛᱤᱢᱳᱨ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ|ᱤᱱᱰᱚᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱦᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱜᱮ ᱤᱠᱭᱩᱴᱚᱨ ᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ : # [[ᱢᱩᱬ ᱚᱛ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], ᱚᱠᱟ ᱤᱱᱰᱚᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱯᱨᱟᱭᱫᱤᱯ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ''ᱤᱱᱰᱚᱪᱤᱱ'' ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ [[ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ]], [[ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]], ᱯᱨᱟᱭᱫᱤᱯᱤᱭ ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, [[ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ]] ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ # [[ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], ᱚᱠᱟ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭ ᱫᱤᱯᱜᱩᱴ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚ ''[[ᱱᱩᱥᱚᱱᱛᱟᱨᱟ]]'' ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ [[ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱠᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱯᱩᱧᱡᱤᱰᱷᱤᱯ]] ([[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]]), [[ᱵᱨᱩᱱᱟᱭ]], [[ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱛᱤᱢᱳᱨ]], [[ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ|ᱤᱱᱰᱚᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱟᱯᱩᱨ]] ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NuW3BgAAQBAJ&q=Taiwan+%22Maritime+Southeast+Asia%22&pg=PA7|title=Maritime Southeast Asia to 500|last=Shaffer|first=Lynda Norene|date=2015-02-18|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-46520-1|language=en}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱔,᱕᱐᱐,᱐᱐᱐ ᱜᱟᱺᱴ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱑,᱗᱐᱐,᱐᱐᱐ ᱜᱟᱺᱴ ᱢᱤᱞ) ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱑᱐.᱕% ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱚᱛ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱓% ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱖᱕᱕ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱮᱦᱮᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱘.᱕% ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱟᱜ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/asia-population/|title=Population of Asia (2018) - Worldometers|website=www.worldometers.info|language=en|access-date=2018-12-30}}</ref> ᱵᱷᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱵᱷᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱨᱚᱲᱮᱫ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱞᱪᱟᱨᱟᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱡᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|last1=Zide; Baker|first1=Norman H.; Milton E.|title=Studies in comparative Austroasiatic linguistics|date=1966|publisher=Foreign Language Study}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱮᱥᱚᱥᱤᱭᱮᱥᱚᱱ (ᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ) ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ, ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ, ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ, ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱞᱪᱟᱨᱟᱞ ᱡᱩᱢᱤᱫᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|title=ASEAN Member States|url=http://asean.org/asean/asean-member-states/|website=ASEAN}}</ref> ==ᱰᱮᱯᱷᱤᱱᱮᱥᱚᱱ== [[File:Map of Southeast Asia.jpg|thumb|297x297px|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ]] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱶ, ᱒᱐ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱛᱟᱵᱽᱫᱤ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱤᱭᱩᱨᱚᱯᱤᱭ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱤᱥᱴ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱡᱽ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱥᱳᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ''[[ᱱᱟᱱᱭᱟᱝ (ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ)|ᱱᱟᱱᱭᱟᱝ]]'' ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱮᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱠᱚᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ "ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ" ᱾ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱚᱜᱚᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱲᱥᱤ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱪᱟᱨᱟᱞ ᱤᱯᱷᱮᱠᱴ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱚᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱭᱩᱨᱚᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱤᱱᱰᱚᱪᱤᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱒᱐ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱛᱟᱵᱽᱫᱤ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱫᱚ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱝᱥᱤᱥᱤ ᱤᱱᱰᱚᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ (ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ, ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱜᱷᱮᱨᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱤᱭᱩᱨᱚᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=Wallace>{{Cite book | last = Wallace | first = Alfred Russel | author-link = Alfred Russel Wallace | title = The Malay Archipelago | url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_pZ4hwlbaOkwC | publisher = Macmillan | year = 1869 | location = London | page = [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_pZ4hwlbaOkwC/page/n10 1] }}</ref> [[ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ''ᱤᱱᱥᱩᱞᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ'' (ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱜᱩᱴ) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱠᱚᱭᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱤᱱᱰᱚᱪᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ [[ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱮᱥᱠᱨᱤᱯᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lach; Van Kley|first1=Donald F.; Edwin J|title=Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume III|url=https://archive.org/details/asiainmakingofeu0003dona|date=1998|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|isbn=978-0-226-46768-9}}</ref> ==ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ== [[File:Southeast asia.svg|thumb|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱱᱚᱠᱥᱟ]] ᱤᱱᱰᱚᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱽ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱯᱜᱩᱴ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ (ᱥᱤᱟᱭᱤᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱯᱷᱮᱠᱴᱵᱩᱠ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ) ᱾ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱤᱱᱰᱚᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱤᱯᱜᱩᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱰᱮᱦᱮᱨ ᱵᱷᱚᱞᱠᱟᱱᱚ ᱮᱠᱴᱤᱵᱽ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹ ᱥᱩᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱨᱟ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱱᱤᱭᱩ ᱜᱤᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱕,᱐᱓᱐ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱑᱖,᱕᱐᱓ ᱯᱷᱤᱴ) ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱯᱩᱣᱟ, ᱤᱱᱰᱚᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱱᱠᱟᱠ ᱡᱟᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱵᱟᱜᱼᱟ; ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱚᱨᱚᱯ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱕,᱙᱖᱗ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱑᱙,᱕᱗᱗ ᱯᱷᱤᱴ) ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱠᱟᱠᱟᱵᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ, ᱢᱟᱣᱩᱱᱴ ᱮᱵᱷᱨᱮᱥᱴ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱡᱷᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ==ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ== [[File:Southeast Asia population distribution.png|thumb|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱪᱷᱟᱨᱟᱣ (ᱤᱱᱰᱚᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ) ᱾]] ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱥᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱔,᱕᱐᱐,᱐᱐᱐ ᱜᱟᱺᱴ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱑,᱗᱐᱐,᱐᱐᱐ ᱜᱟᱺᱴ ᱢᱤᱞ) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱘ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ, ᱖᱖᱕ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟᱠᱚ, ᱤᱱᱰᱚᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱣᱟ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱮᱦᱮᱨ ᱠᱚ (᱑᱔᱓ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ, ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱱᱰᱚᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱖᱘ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱜ ᱪᱷᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱵᱷᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱡᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱓᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱵᱤᱫᱮᱥᱤ ᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱢᱟᱥ ᱫᱤᱯ]], [[ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ|ᱤᱱᱰᱚᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ]], [[ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱟᱯᱩᱨ]] ᱟᱨ ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ]] ᱨᱮ [[ᱦᱳᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ|ᱦᱳᱣᱟ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{sisterlinks|d=Q11708|voy=Southeast Asia}} * [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/graphics/ref_maps/physical/pdf/southeast_asia.pdf Topography of Southeast Asia in detail] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623132231/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/graphics/ref_maps/physical/pdf/southeast_asia.pdf |date=2015-06-23 }} ([[Portable Document Format|PDF]]) ([https://web.archive.org/web/20120916231056/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/graphics/ref_maps/pdf/southeast_asia.pdf previous version]) * {{Webarchive |url=https://archive.today/20121212135345/http://www.lib.uci.edu/libraries/collections/sea/sasian.html |date=12 December 2012 |title=Southeast Asian Archive at the University of California, Irvine}} * [http://sea.lib.niu.edu/ Southeast Asia Digital Library] at Northern Illinois University * {{Webarchive |url=https://archive.today/20030225003006/http://www.lib.uci.edu/libraries/collections/sea/seaexhibit/ |date=25 February 2003 |title="Documenting the Southeast Asian Refugee Experience", exhibit at the University of California, Irvine, Library}} * [http://seasiavisions.library.cornell.edu/ Southeast Asia Visions, a collection of historical travel narratives] Cornell University Library Digital Collection * [http://www.southeastasia.org/ Official website of the ASEAN Tourism Association] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730083033/https://www.southeastasia.org/ |date=2021-07-30 }} * [http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/42850/rec/1 Art of Island Southeast Asia], a full text exhibition catalogue from The Metropolitan Museum of Art {{ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ}} {{ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ}} {{Authority control}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ| ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ]] nq69kexavlwnbxi8lnw2o1kajearbky 0 17077 196528 172313 2026-08-12T17:54:40Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196528 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->| name = ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ | native_name_lang = <!-- ISO 639-3 {{lang|ori}} instead --> <!-- ISO 639-2 {{lang|bn}} instead --> | settlement_type = | image_skyline = Northeast india.png | image_alt = | image_caption = | motto = | image_map = Northeast India.svg | map_alt = Northeast india map.png | coordinates = {{coords|26|91|dim:500km_region:IN|display=title,inline}} | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = [[ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ]] | subdivision_name = {{flag|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ}} | subdivision_type1 = ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ | subdivision_name1 = {{flatlist| * '''[[ᱚᱨᱩᱬᱟᱪᱚᱞ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ]]''' * '''[[ᱟᱥᱟᱢ]]''' * '''[[ᱢᱟᱱᱤᱯᱩᱨ]]''' * '''[[ᱢᱮᱜᱷᱟᱞᱚᱭ]]''' * '''[[ᱢᱤᱡᱚᱨᱟᱢ]]''' * '''[[ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱞᱮᱱᱰ]]''' * '''[[ᱥᱤᱠᱠᱤᱢ]]''' * '''[[ᱛᱨᱤᱯᱩᱨᱟ]]''' }} | subdivision_type2 = ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ | subdivision_name2 = [[ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱦᱟᱴᱤ]] | subdivision_type3 = ᱢᱩᱬ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ (᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ)<ref name="Indian cities by population">{{Cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |title=Indian cities by population}}</ref> | subdivision_name3 = {{plainlist| * [[ᱚᱜᱚᱨᱛᱟᱞᱟ]] * [[ᱟᱭᱡᱚᱞ]] * [[ᱤᱢᱯᱷᱟᱞ]] * [[ᱤᱴᱟᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ]] * [[ᱥᱤᱞᱪᱚᱨ]] * [[ᱥᱤᱞᱚᱝ]] * [[ᱰᱤᱵᱽᱨᱩᱜᱚᱲ]] * [[ᱰᱤᱢᱟᱯᱩᱨ]] * [[ᱠᱚᱦᱤᱢᱟ]]}} <!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion --> <!-- for references: use <ref> tags -->| unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 262,179 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_rank = | area_note = | population_total = 45,772,188 | population_as_of = ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ | population_density_km2 = 173 | population_demonym = | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time]] | utc_offset1 = +5:30 | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | blank_name_sec1 = ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ | blank_info_sec1 = {{Flatlist| * [[ᱚᱥᱚᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱟᱥᱟᱢᱤ]] * [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] * [[ᱵᱳᱰᱳ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱵᱳᱰᱳ]] * [[ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱤ]] * [[ᱜᱟᱨᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱜᱟᱨᱚ]] * [[ᱠᱷᱟᱥᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱠᱷᱟᱥᱤ]] * [[ᱠᱚᱠᱵᱚᱨᱚᱠ]] * [[ᱢᱤᱡᱳ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱢᱤᱡᱚ]] * [[ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤ]] * [[ᱟᱯᱟᱛᱟᱱᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱟᱯᱟᱛᱟᱱᱤ]] * [[ᱱᱭᱤᱥᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱱᱭᱤᱥᱤ]] * [[ᱜᱟᱞᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱜᱟᱞᱚ]] * [[ᱟᱰᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱟᱰᱤ]] * [[ᱢᱮᱭᱛᱷᱮᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱢᱮᱭᱛᱷᱮᱞᱤ]] * [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ]] * [[ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ]] * [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ]] }} | coordinates_region = | official_name = ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ (NER) }} '''ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ''' ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱯᱨᱤᱡᱮᱱᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱮᱫ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ|ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ - [[ᱚᱨᱩᱬᱟᱪᱚᱞ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ]], [[ᱟᱥᱟᱢ]], [[ᱢᱟᱱᱤᱯᱩᱨ]], [[ᱢᱮᱜᱷᱟᱞᱚᱭ]], [[ᱢᱤᱡᱚᱨᱟᱢ]], [[ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱞᱮᱱᱰ]], [[ᱛᱨᱤᱯᱩᱨᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱤᱠᱠᱤᱢ]] ᱾<ref name="North Eastern Council"/> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱲᱥᱤ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱕,᱑᱘᱒ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱓,᱒᱒᱐ ᱢᱤᱞ) (ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱙᱙ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱚᱲᱟ) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱼ ᱑,᱓᱙᱕ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱘᱖᱗ ᱢᱤᱞ) ᱛᱤᱵᱽᱵᱚᱛ ᱚᱴᱚᱱᱚᱢᱚᱥ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ, ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱨᱮ [[ᱪᱤᱱ]], ᱑,᱖᱔᱐ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱑,᱐᱒᱐ ᱢᱤᱞ) ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ [[ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]] ᱥᱟᱶ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱑,᱕᱙᱖ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱙᱙᱒ ᱢᱤᱞ), ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱙᱗ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱖᱐ ᱢᱤᱞ), ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱧᱮᱼᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ [[ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱔᱕᱕ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱒᱘᱓ ᱢᱤᱞ) ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱥᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱖᱓,᱒᱓᱐ ᱜᱟᱺᱴ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱑᱐᱑,᱒᱕᱐ ᱜᱟᱺᱴ ᱢᱤᱞ) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="Borders of Northeast India">{{Cite web |url=http://fincomindia.nic.in/writereaddata/html_en_files/oldcommission_html/fincom13/discussion/report14.pdf |title=Problems of border areas in Northeast India}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱘ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱭᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱶ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref name="North Eastern Council">{{cite web |url=http://necouncil.nic.in/ |title=North Eastern Council |access-date=25 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415001111/http://necouncil.nic.in/ |archive-date=15 April 2012 }}</ref> ᱚᱠᱚᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱑᱙᱗᱑ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱛᱷᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱠᱴᱤᱝ ᱮᱡᱮᱸᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱮᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱮᱱᱟᱭᱤᱥᱤ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱥᱤᱠᱠᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱐᱒ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱩᱠ᱐ᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱟᱱᱮᱠᱴᱤᱵᱤᱴᱤ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ [[ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱦᱟᱴᱤ]] ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== [[File:Joppen1907BritishBengalBritishBurmaA.jpg|left|220px|thumb|<center>᱑᱘᱓᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱾</center>]] [[File:1907-east-bengal-assam3.jpg|thumb|220px|{{center|᱑᱙᱐᱗ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱥᱟᱢ}}]] ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱥᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱼᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱴᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱼᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱴᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱨᱚᱨᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱤᱵᱽᱵᱚᱛᱤᱼᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱝᱜᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱴᱟᱺᱰᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱕᱐᱐ ᱤᱥᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱤᱱᱰᱚᱼᱟᱭᱡᱚ ᱨᱚᱨᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ [[ᱭᱩᱱᱟᱱ]] ᱯᱨᱤᱯᱷᱮᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[ᱠᱨᱟᱼᱫᱟᱭ (ᱛᱟᱭᱼᱠᱟᱫᱟᱭ)|ᱠᱨᱟᱼᱫᱟᱭ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ===ᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱢᱤᱥᱨᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ=== [[ᱥᱤᱠᱠᱤᱢ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱛᱮ [[ᱚᱨᱩᱬᱟᱪᱚᱞ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ]], [[ᱟᱥᱟᱢ]], [[ᱢᱮᱜᱷᱟᱞᱚᱭ]], [[ᱢᱟᱱᱤᱯᱩᱨ]], [[ᱢᱤᱡᱚᱨᱟᱢ]], [[ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱛᱨᱤᱯᱩᱨᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱨ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱮᱫ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ|ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ''ᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱢᱤᱥᱨᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ'' ᱠᱚᱫᱚ<ref>{{Cite web|title = The Seven Sisters|url = https://greenerpasturesind.wordpress.com/about/|access-date = 2015-07-30}}</ref> ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱙᱗᱒ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱨᱤᱯᱩᱨᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱡᱟᱨᱱᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱡᱭᱚᱛᱤ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱫᱽ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱤᱭᱟ<ref name="The Land of Seven Sisters">{{Cite book |title=The Land of seven sisters |last=Saikia |first=J. P |publisher=Directorate of Information and Public Relations, Assam |year=1976 |location=Place of publication not identified |language=en|oclc = 4136888}}</ref> ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱰᱤᱭᱳ ᱴᱳᱠ ᱥᱳ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ 'ᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱢᱤᱥᱨᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱚᱛ' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱢᱤᱥᱨᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱨᱰᱮᱯᱮᱱᱰᱮᱱᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱨᱟᱵᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱵ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱮᱠᱷᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱜᱚᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱠᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ==ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ== ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱔᱖ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱖᱘ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟ ᱹᱹᱹᱥᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱰᱮᱱᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱓᱘᱒ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱜᱟᱺᱴ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱟᱵᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱓᱙᱗ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱜᱟᱺᱴ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱰᱮᱱᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱨᱩᱬᱟᱪᱚᱞ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱪᱷᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱫᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱗᱔ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱮᱦᱮᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱢᱮᱜᱷᱟᱞᱚᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱙.᱘ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱜᱨᱚᱛᱷ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱨᱚᱛᱷ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙.᱖᱙ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱮᱦᱮᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ; ᱟᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱐.᱕ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Nagaland records negative decadal growth">{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/Nagaland-records-negative-growth-in-decadal-population/article14666718.ece |title=Nagaland records negative decadal growth}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:0.9em;background:#ffffff;width:100%;text-align:right;" |- ! ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ! ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ! ᱠᱚᱲᱟ !! ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ! ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱤ ! ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ % ! ᱫᱮᱦᱟᱛ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ! ᱥᱚᱦᱨᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ! ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ (km²) ! ᱰᱮᱱᱥᱤᱴᱤ (/km²) |- | style="background:#f7f7fe;text-align:left;"|ᱚᱨᱩᱬᱟᱪᱚᱞ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ || ᱑,᱓᱘᱓,᱗᱘᱗ || ᱗᱑᱓,᱙᱑᱒ || ᱖᱖᱙,᱘᱑᱕ || ᱙᱓᱘ || ᱖᱕.᱓᱘ || ᱘᱗᱐,᱐᱘᱗ | ᱒᱒᱗,᱘᱘᱑ || ᱘᱓,᱗᱔᱓ || ᱑᱗ |- | style="background:#f7f7fe;text-align:left;"|ᱟᱥᱟᱢ || ᱓᱑,᱒᱐᱕,᱕᱗᱖ || ᱑᱕,᱙᱓᱙,᱔᱔᱓ || ᱑᱕,᱒᱖᱖,᱑᱓᱓ || ᱙᱕᱘ || ᱗᱒.᱑᱙ || ᱒᱓,᱒᱑᱖,᱒᱘᱘ | ᱓,᱔᱓᱙,᱒᱔᱐ || ᱗᱘,᱔᱓᱘ || ᱓᱙᱗ |- | style="background:#f7f7fe;text-align:left;"|ᱢᱟᱱᱤᱯᱩᱨᱤ || ᱒,᱕᱗᱐,᱓᱙᱐ || ᱑,᱒᱙᱐,᱑᱗᱑ || ᱑,᱒᱘᱐,᱒᱑᱙ || ᱙᱙᱒ || ᱗᱙.᱒᱑ || ᱑,᱕᱙᱐,᱘᱒᱐ || ᱕᱗᱕,᱙᱖᱘ | ᱒᱒,᱓᱒᱗ || ᱑᱒᱒ |- | style="background:#f7f7fe;text-align:left;"|ᱢᱮᱜᱷᱟᱞᱚᱭ || ᱒,᱙᱗᱖,᱘᱘᱙ || ᱑,᱔᱙᱑,᱘᱓᱒ || ᱑,᱔᱗᱕,᱐᱕᱗ || ᱙᱘᱙ || ᱗᱔.᱔᱓ || ᱑,᱘᱖᱔,᱗᱑᱑ || ᱔᱕᱔,᱑᱑᱑ | ᱒᱒,᱔᱒᱙ || ᱑᱓᱒ |- | style="background:#f7f7fe;text-align:left;"|ᱢᱤᱡᱚᱨᱟᱢ || ᱑,᱐᱙᱗,᱒᱐᱖ || ᱕᱕᱕,᱓᱓᱙ || ᱕᱔᱑,᱘᱖᱗ || ᱙᱗᱖ || ᱙᱑.᱓᱓ || ᱔᱔᱗,᱕᱖᱗ || ᱔᱔᱑,᱐᱐᱖ | ᱒᱑,᱐᱘᱑ || ᱕᱒ |- | style="background:#f7f7fe;text-align:left;"|ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱞᱮᱱᱰ || ᱑,᱙᱗᱘,᱕᱐᱒ || ᱑,᱐᱒᱔,᱖᱔᱙ || ᱙᱕᱓,᱘᱕᱓ || ᱙᱓᱑ || ᱗᱙.᱕᱕ || ᱑,᱖᱔᱗,᱒᱔᱙ || ᱓᱔᱒,᱗᱘᱗ | ᱑᱖,᱕᱗᱙ || ᱑᱑᱙ |- | style="background:#f7f7fe;text-align:left;"|ᱥᱤᱠᱠᱤᱢ || ᱖᱑᱐,᱕᱗᱗ || ᱓᱒᱓,᱐᱗᱐ || ᱒᱘᱗,᱕᱐᱗ || ᱘᱙᱐ || ᱘᱑.᱔᱒ || ᱔᱘᱐,᱙᱘᱑ || ᱕᱙,᱘᱗᱐ || ᱗,᱐᱙᱖ | ᱘᱖ |- | style="background:#f7f7fe;text-align:left;"|ᱛᱨᱤᱯᱩᱨᱟ || ᱔,᱑᱗᱓,᱙᱑᱗ || ᱒,᱐᱘᱗,059 || ᱒,᱐᱘᱖,᱘᱕᱘ || ᱙᱖᱐ || ᱙᱑.᱕᱘ || ᱒,᱖᱓᱙,᱑᱓᱔ || ᱑,᱕᱓᱔,᱗᱘᱓ | ᱑᱙,᱔᱘᱖ || ᱓᱕᱐ |} ===ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ=== {{main|ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ|ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ}} ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:0.9em;background:#ffffff;text-align:center;min-width:70%;" ! ᱨᱮᱸᱠ !! ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ !! ᱴᱟᱭᱤᱯ !!ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ !!ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ !!ᱨᱮᱸᱠ !! ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ !! ᱴᱟᱴᱤᱯ !!ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ !!ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ |- | style="background:#f7f7fe;"|᱑ || [[ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱦᱟᱴᱤ]] ||align="center"|ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ||ᱟᱥᱟᱢ || align="right" | ᱙᱖᱘,᱕᱔᱙||style="background:#f7f7fe;"|᱙ || [[ᱡᱚᱨᱦᱟᱴ]] ||ᱥᱚᱦᱨᱤ ᱜᱩᱴ ||ᱟᱥᱟᱢ|| align="right" | ᱑᱕᱓,᱘᱘᱙ |- | style="background:#f7f7fe;"|᱒ || [[ᱚᱜᱚᱨᱛᱟᱞᱟ]] ||style="background:#fEE0F2;"|ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ||ᱛᱨᱤᱯᱩᱨᱟ || align="right" | ᱖᱒᱒,᱖᱑᱓|| style="background:#f7f7fe;"|᱑᱐ || [[ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱶ]] ||ᱥᱚᱦᱨᱤ ᱜᱩᱴ ||ᱟᱥᱟᱢ|| align="right" | ᱑᱔᱗,᱔᱙᱖ |- | style="background:#f7f7fe;"|᱓ || [[ᱤᱢᱯᱷᱟᱞ]] ||align="center"|ᱥᱚᱦᱨᱤ ᱜᱩᱴ ||ᱢᱟᱱᱤᱯᱩᱨ|| align="right" | ᱔᱑᱔,᱒᱘᱘||style="background:#f7f7fe;"|᱑᱑ || [[ᱵᱚᱝᱟᱭ ᱜᱟᱶ|ᱵᱚᱝᱜᱟᱭᱜᱟᱶ]] ||ᱥᱚᱦᱨᱤ ᱜᱩᱴ ||ᱟᱥᱟᱢ|| align="right" | ᱑᱓᱙,᱖᱕᱐ |- | style="background:#f7f7fe;"|᱔ || [[ᱰᱤᱢᱟᱯᱩᱨ]] ||style="background:#fEE0F2;"|ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ||ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱞᱮᱱᱰ|| align="right" | ᱑᱓᱙,᱗᱖᱙|| style="background:#f7f7fe;"|᱑᱒ || [[ᱛᱤᱱᱥᱩᱠᱤᱭᱟ]] ||ᱥᱚᱦᱨᱤ ᱜᱩᱴ ||ᱟᱥᱟᱢ|| align="right" | ᱑᱒᱖,᱓᱘᱙ |- | style="background:#f7f7fe;"|᱕ || [[ᱥᱤᱞᱚᱝ]] ||ᱥᱚᱦᱨᱤ ᱜᱩᱴ ||ᱢᱮᱜᱷᱟᱞᱚᱭ|| align="right" | ᱓᱕᱔,᱓᱒᱕|| style="background:#f7f7fe;"|᱑᱓ || [[ᱛᱮᱡᱽᱯᱩᱨ]] ||ᱥᱚᱦᱨᱤ ᱜᱩᱴ ||ᱟᱥᱟᱢ|| align="right" | ᱑᱐᱒,᱕᱐᱕ |- | style="background:#f7f7fe;"|᱖ || [[ᱟᱭᱡᱚᱞ]] ||style="background:#fEE0F2;"|ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ||ᱢᱤᱡᱚᱨᱟᱢ|| align="right" | ᱒᱙᱑,᱘᱒᱓|| style="background:#f7f7fe;"|᱑᱔ || [[ᱠᱚᱦᱤᱢᱟ]] ||ᱥᱚᱦᱨᱤ ᱜᱩᱴ ||ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱞᱮᱱᱰ|| align="right" | ᱑᱐᱐,᱐᱐᱐ |- | style="background:#f7f7fe;"|᱗ || [[ᱥᱤᱞᱪᱚᱨ]] ||ᱥᱚᱦᱨᱤ ᱜᱩᱴ ||ᱟᱥᱟᱢ|| align="right" | ᱒᱒᱙,᱑᱓᱖|| style="background:#f7f7fe;"|᱑᱕ || [[ᱜᱟᱝᱴᱚᱠ]] ||style="background:#fEE0F2;"|ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ||ᱥᱤᱠᱠᱤᱢ || align="right" |᱙᱘,᱖᱕᱘ |- | style="background:#f7f7fe;"|᱘ || [[ᱰᱤᱵᱽᱨᱩᱜᱚᱲ]] ||ᱥᱚᱦᱨᱤ ᱜᱩᱴ ||ᱟᱥᱟᱢ|| align="right" | ᱑᱕᱔,᱒᱙᱖|| style="background:#f7f7fe;"|᱑᱖ || [[ᱤᱴᱟᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ]] ||style="background:#fEE0F2;"|ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ||ᱚᱨᱩᱬᱟᱪᱚᱞ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ|| align="right" | ᱙᱕,᱖᱕᱐ |- | colspan="10" align="left"| ''UA'': ᱥᱚᱦᱨᱤ ᱜᱩᱴ<ref>http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf</ref> |- |} ==ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ== == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==Sources cited == <!--- not looking to expand this list! These were used to construct the original article which should now be footnoted ---> {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Casson |first=Lionel |author-link=Lionel Casson |title=The Periplus Maris Erythraei: Text With Introduction, Translation, and Commentary |url=https://archive.org/details/periplusmarisery0000unse |year=1989 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn = 978-0-691-04060-8 }} * {{Citation| last = Sircar| first = D C| contribution = Pragjyotisha-Kamarupa| year = 1990| title = The Comprehensive History of Assam| editor-last = Barpujari| editor-first = H K| volume = I| pages = 59–78| place = Guwahati| publisher = Publication Board, Assam}} * {{cite book |last1=Dikshit |first1=K. |last2=Dikshit |first2=Jutta |title=North–East India: Land, People and Economy |publisher=Springer Netherlands |year=2014 |pages=149–173 |chapter=Weather and Climate of North–East India |isbn=978-94-007-7054-6 |ref={{sfnRef|Dikshit|2014}} |doi=10.1007/978-94-007-7055-3_6 }} * {{Linguistic Survey of India|5| chapter = Assamese| year = 1967| orig-year = 1903| pages = 393–398| place = New Delhi| publisher = Motilal Banarasidass| chapter-url = https://archive.org/stream/rosettaproject_asm_detail-2#page/n0/mode/2up}} * {{cite book |last = Lahiri |first = Nayanjot |title = Pre-Ahom Assam: Studies in the Inscriptions of Assam between the Fifth and the Thirteenth Centuries AD |publisher = Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt Ltd |year = 1991}} * {{Citation|last=Masica|first=Colin P.|author-link=Colin Masica|year=1993|title=Indo-Aryan Languages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J3RSHWePhXwC|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521299442}} * {{Citation |last=Moral |first=Dipankar |year=1997 |title=North-East India as a Linguistic Area |journal=Mon-Khmer Studies |volume=27 |pages = 43–53 |url = http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/moral1997north.pdf}} * {{Citation| editor-last=Sharma | editor-first=Benudhar | title=An Account of Assam | publisher=Assam Jyoti | place=Gauhati | year=1972}} * {{Citation |last=Taher |first=M |chapter = Assam: An Introduction |year=2001 |title=Geography of Assam |editor-last = Bhagawati |editor-first = A K |pages=1–17 |place=New Delhi |publisher=Rajesh Publications }} * {{cite book |last=Watters |first=Thomas |title = On Yuan Chwang's Travels in India |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0VIoAAAAYAAJ |access-date=29 January 2013 |year=1905 |publisher=Royal Asiatic Society |location=London |volume=2 |isbn=9780524026779 |editor1-last=Davids |editor1-first=T. W. Rhys |editor2-last=Bushell |editor2-first=S. W. }} * {{citation |last=Nandy |first= S N |title=Agro-Economic Indicators—A Comparative Study of North-Eastern States of India |journal=Journal of Land and Rural Studies |volume= 2 |pages= 75–88 |year=2014 |doi= 10.1177/2321024913515127 |s2cid= 128485864 }} * {{citation |last=van Driem |first=George |chapter="Glimpses of the Ethnolinguistic Prehistory of Northeastern India".|year=2012|title= Origins and Migrations in the Extended Eastern Himalayas |editor-last= Huber |editor-first= Toni |place= Leiden |publisher= Brill }} * {{Cite book|last=Sadangi|first=H. C.|title=Emergent North-East: A Way Forward|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|year=2008|isbn=9788182054370|location=|pages=}} {{refend}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{Commons category|ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ}} {{Sister project links|ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ|voy=ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ}} * [http://mdoner.gov.in Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region] * [http://knowindia.gov.in/states-uts/ Know India/States] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818054533/http://knowindia.gov.in/states-uts/ |date=2017-08-18 }} * [http://www.northeasttourism.gov.in Northeast India Tourism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202062326/http://www.northeasttourism.gov.in/ |date=2020-12-02 }} * {{Wikivoyage-inline}} {{-}} {{Geographic location | Centre = {{flagicon|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ}} ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ | North = {{flagicon|ᱪᱤᱱ}} [[ᱛᱤᱵᱽᱵᱟᱛᱤ ᱚᱴᱚᱱᱚᱢᱚᱥ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ]], ᱪᱤᱱ | Northwest = {{flagicon|ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ}} ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ | East = {{flagicon|ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ}} ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ | Southeast = {{flagicon|ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ}} ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ | Southwest = {{flagicon|ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ}} ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ | West = [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ|ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ (ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ)]], {{flagicon|ᱱᱮᱞᱟᱞ}} ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ }} {{ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ|state=collapsed}} {{Authority control}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ| ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱮᱞᱡᱚᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ]] 2vp2emuptla6sinvllm9kirrtw6hn7c 0 17138 196604 182809 2026-08-12T19:12:16Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196604 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱠᱷ | altname = Kurux, Oraon | nativename = कुड़ुख़, কুড়ুখ, କୁଡ଼ୁଖ | image = Kurukh in Kurukh Banna and Tolong Siki.png | imagealt = 'Kuṛux' or 'Kuṅṛux' in Kurukh Banna alphabet (top) and Tolong Siki alphabet (bottom) | imagecaption = 'ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱠᱷ' ᱥᱮ 'ᱠᱩᱸᱨᱩᱠᱷ' ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱠᱷ ᱵᱟᱱᱱᱟ(ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ) ᱟᱨ ᱛᱚᱞᱚᱝ ᱥᱤᱠᱤ (ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ) ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱯ ᱛᱮ | states = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] | region = [[ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ]], [[ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ]], [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]], [[ᱪᱷᱚᱛᱤᱥᱜᱚᱰ]], [[ᱟᱥᱟᱢ]], [[ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ]], [[ᱛᱨᱤᱯᱩᱨᱟ]]<ref name="Kurux"/> | ethnicity = {{unbulleted list|[[ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱠᱷ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ]]|[[ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ]]}} | speakers = ᱒.᱒᱘ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ (᱒᱐᱐᱒-᱒᱐᱑᱑) | date = | ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=2018-07-07}}</ref><ref name="Kurux">{{Cite news|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/kru|title=Kurux|work=Ethnologue|access-date=2018-07-11|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/kxl|title=Kurux, Nepali|work=Ethnologue|access-date=2018-07-11|language=en}}</ref> | familycolor = Dravidian | fam1 = [[ᱰᱨᱟᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱫᱨᱟᱵᱤᱲ]] | fam2 = ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱫᱨᱟᱵᱤᱲ | fam3 = ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱠᱷ–ᱢᱟᱞᱴᱚ | dia1 = ᱩᱨᱟᱶ | dia2 = [[ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ|ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱱ]] | dia3 = ᱫᱷᱟᱸᱜᱚᱨ | script = [[ᱛᱚᱞᱚᱝ ᱥᱤᱠᱤ]]<br/>[[ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ]]<br/>[[ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱠᱷ ᱵᱟᱱᱱᱟ]] | iso2 = kru | iso3 = kru | lc1 = xis | ld1 = Kisan | glotto = kuru1301 | glottorefname = Kurux | nation = {{flag|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ}} * [[ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ]] (additional) * [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] (additional) }} '''ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱠᱷ'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/nepa1253|title=Dialect: Nepali Kurux|website=glottolog.org|language=en|accessdate=2025-11-24}}</ref> ᱫᱚ [[ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ]], [[ᱪᱷᱚᱛᱤᱥᱜᱚᱰ]], [[ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ]], [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]], [[ᱟᱥᱟᱢ]], [[ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ]] ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱩᱨᱟᱶ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱮᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱨᱟᱵᱤᱲ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ [[ᱛᱨᱤᱯᱩᱨᱟ]], ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ]] ᱨᱮ ᱖᱕,᱐᱐᱐, [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ]] ᱨᱮ ᱒᱘,᱖᱐᱐ ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮ ᱕,᱐᱐᱐ ᱩᱨᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱮᱫ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱨᱟ ᱩᱨᱟᱶ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ [[ᱵᱨᱟᱦᱩᱭ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱵᱨᱚᱦᱩᱭ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱢᱟᱞᱴᱳ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱢᱟᱞᱴᱳ (ᱯᱟᱦᱟᱲᱤ)]] ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ [[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱩᱯᱛᱯᱨᱟᱭ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱪᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ "ᱞᱚᱦᱚᱡᱩᱨᱤ" ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=guardian-unesco-list>{{cite web|last1=Evans|first1=Lisa|title=Endangered Languages: The Full List|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/apr/15/language-extinct-endangered|work=The Guardian}}</ref> ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱱ ᱒᱐᱖,᱑᱐᱐ ᱨᱚᱨᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ==ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱵᱷᱤᱵᱟᱜᱽ== ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱠᱷ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱨᱟᱵᱤᱲ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱫᱨᱟᱵᱤᱲ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ,<ref>{{cite book |last=Stassen |first=Leon |title=Intransitive Predication |url=https://archive.org/details/intransitivepred0000stas |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |series = Oxford Studies in Typology and Linguistic Theory |year=1997 |isbn=978-0199258932 |page=[https://archive.org/details/intransitivepred0000stas/page/220 220] }}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱣᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱦᱟᱲᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱯᱟᱦᱟᱲᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ,<ref>PS Subrahmanyam, "Kurukh", in [[ELL2]]. ''Ethnologue'' assigns Nepali Kurux a separate iso code, ''kxl''.</ref> [[File:DravidianTree.png|thumb|ᱫᱨᱟᱵᱤᱲ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ==ᱚᱞ== ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱠᱷ ᱫᱚ [[ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ]] ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, [[ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ]], ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ, ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ, [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ]] ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱤᱱᱰᱚᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱯ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱙᱙ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱚᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱚᱬ ᱩᱨᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱠᱷ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱴᱚᱞᱚᱝ ᱥᱤᱠᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱯ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱚᱞᱚᱝ ᱥᱤᱠᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱯ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱒᱐᱐᱗ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱶᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱠᱷ ᱥᱟᱦᱤᱛᱭᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱴᱚᱞᱚᱝ ᱥᱤᱠᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱯ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱠᱷ ᱞᱤᱴᱨᱮᱨᱤ ᱥᱚᱥᱟᱭᱴᱤ ᱳᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱴ ᱮ ᱫᱮᱠᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ==ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱪᱷᱟᱨᱟᱣ== ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱠᱷ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱮᱦᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ [[ᱪᱷᱚᱛᱤᱥᱜᱚᱰ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱨᱟᱭᱜᱟᱲ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱨᱟᱭᱜᱚᱲ]], [[ᱥᱩᱨᱜᱩᱡᱟ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱥᱟᱨᱜᱩᱡᱟ]], [[ᱡᱚᱥᱯᱩᱨ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱡᱚᱥᱯᱩᱨ]], [[ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱜᱩᱢᱞᱟ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱜᱩᱢᱞᱟ]], [[ᱨᱟᱺᱪᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱨᱟᱺᱪᱤ]], [[ᱞᱚᱦᱟᱨᱫᱟᱜᱟ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱞᱚᱦᱟᱨᱫᱟᱜᱟ]], [[ᱞᱟᱛᱮᱦᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱞᱟᱛᱮᱦᱟᱨ]], [[ᱥᱤᱢᱰᱮᱜᱟ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱥᱤᱢᱰᱮᱜᱟ]], [[ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱥᱩᱜᱩᱰᱟ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ|ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱥᱩᱜᱩᱰᱟ]], [[ᱥᱩᱱᱫᱚᱨᱜᱚᱰ ᱡᱤᱞᱞᱟᱹ|ᱥᱩᱱᱫᱚᱨᱜᱚᱲ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱚᱞᱯᱩᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱞᱟᱹ|ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱚᱞᱯᱩᱨ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱠᱷ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ [[ᱟᱥᱟᱢ]], [[ᱛᱨᱤᱯᱩᱨᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭ ᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱡᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱰᱮᱦᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱪᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Kurux">{{Cite news|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/kru|title=Kurux|work=Ethnologue|access-date=2018-07-11|language=en}}</ref> ==ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱩᱴ== ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱑,᱖᱓᱔,᱐᱐᱐ ᱳᱨᱟᱶ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱑᱙,᱐᱐᱐ ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱒᱓% ᱫᱚ ᱳᱨᱟᱶ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱑᱖% ᱫᱚ ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱷᱚᱛᱤᱥᱜᱚᱰ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱠᱷ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱠᱷ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ==ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ== ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱠᱷ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ]], [[ᱪᱷᱚᱛᱤᱥᱜᱚᱰ]], [[ᱢᱚᱫᱷᱭᱚ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ]], [[ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ]], [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱟᱥᱟᱢ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱾<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/revitalising-a-language/article17395995.ece Revitalising a language - The Hindu]</ref> ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== *{{cite book|author=Ferdinand Hahn|title=Kuruḵh̲ (Orā̃ō)-English dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_frNJAQAAIAAJ|access-date=25 August 2012|year=1903|publisher=Bengal Secretariat Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_frNJAQAAIAAJ/page/n133 126]–}} *{{cite book|author=Ferdinand Hahn|title=Kuruḵẖ grammar|url=https://archive.org/details/kurukhgrammar00hahnuoft|access-date=26 August 2012|year=1900|publisher=Bengal Secretariat Press}} *{{cite book|title=Kuruk̲h̲ folk-lore: in the original|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZbS5AAAAIAAJ|access-date=25 August 2012|year=1905|publisher=The Bengal Secretariat Book Depot}} *[http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\drv\ned&limit=-1 Kurukh basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database] *[http://omniglot.com/writing/tolongsiki.htm Omniglot's page on Tolong Siki] {{ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ}} {{ᱫᱨᱟᱵᱤᱲ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ}} {{DEFAULTSORT:ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱠᱷ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:Agglutinative languages]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱫᱨᱟᱵᱤᱲ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]] <!-- for Kurukh --> [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:Subject–object–verb languages]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱵᱨᱟᱦᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱯ]] 3y6is7lf17lcp3p0wzqau2aammg6zlh 0 17147 196550 103829 2026-08-12T18:13:45Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196550 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱝᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱪᱚᱜ''' ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱥᱚᱝᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱩᱯᱩᱨᱩᱢ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱝᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱪᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[ᱡᱚᱵᱟᱦᱚᱨᱞᱟᱞ ᱱᱮᱦᱨᱩ|ᱯᱚᱸᱰᱮᱛ ᱡᱚᱣᱦᱚᱨᱞᱟᱞ ᱱᱮᱦᱨᱩ]] ᱾ ᱑᱙᱔᱖ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱑᱓ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱫᱚᱨᱵᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱝᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱯᱨᱳᱥᱛᱟᱵᱽ ᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ<ref>{{cite book|author1=M Laxmikanth|title=Indian Polity|url=https://archive.org/details/indianpolity4the0000laxm_4ed|publisher=McGraw Hill Education|isbn=978-1-25-906412-8|page=4.5|edition=4th|chapter=4|year=2013}}</ref>, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱝᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱪᱚᱜ ᱾ [[File:Preample,the constitution of India,mumbai university.jpg|thumb|right|210px|ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ '''ᱥᱚᱝᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ''' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱪᱚᱜ]] ==ᱵᱚᱪᱚᱜ== {{cquote |ᱟᱵᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱨᱮᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱩᱣᱟᱹ, ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱫᱚ '''ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱚᱵᱷᱳᱹᱣᱢ, ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱼᱟᱹᱨᱤ, ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱵᱮᱼᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟᱹᱨᱤ, ᱫᱤᱥᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ''' ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱱᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜᱜᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱛᱮ<br /> ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱼᱟᱹᱨᱤ, ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ, ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱼᱟᱹᱨᱤ '''ᱥᱚᱛᱭᱟ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ''', ᱨᱚᱲ, ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ '''ᱯᱷᱩᱱᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ''' ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<br /> '''ᱢᱮᱞᱟᱱ''' ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱼᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱮᱞᱟᱱᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ,<br/> ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ, ᱫᱤᱥᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱩᱨᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱡᱩᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱱᱚᱦᱚᱫ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ '''ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲ''' ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ,<br /> ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧ ᱵᱟᱨᱜᱮᱞ ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱔᱙ ᱦᱤᱞᱳᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱚᱝᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱛᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱚᱱ ᱟᱞᱟᱭ ᱥᱳᱯᱨᱳᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ }} ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == ==ᱵᱷᱮᱫᱽ ᱵᱷᱟᱜᱟᱸᱣ== ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟ.ᱠᱷᱭᱟ.ᱛ}} 5vcbxztl08ryp5xsfnwo1k99py23b3f 0 17362 196536 129265 2026-08-12T18:01:27Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196536 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = ᱢᱟᱡᱩᱨᱚ | image_skyline = {{Photomontage |photo1a=Republic of the Marshall Islands Capitol Building.gif |photo2a=Majuro main road.jpg |photo2b=US Navy 090914-N-9689V-001 tudents at the Majuro Cooperative School raise the Republic of Marshall Islands flag at a flag raising ceremony during a Pacific Partnership 2009 community service project.jpg |photo2c=Sunset - Majuro.jpg |photo3a=A_fisherman_on_Majuro,_Marshall_Islands,_February_2012._Photo-_Erin_Magee_-_DFAT_(12426170833).jpg |photo3b=Alphabet_marshallais.jpg |photo3c=The_Marshall_Islands_-_Majuro_-_Burial_grounds.jpg |photo4a=Majuro_banner.jpg |photo5a=Majuro_(40325973).jpg |photo5b=Eneko_Islet_05.JPG |photo5c=Landscape,_Majuro,_Marshall_Islands,_February_2012._Photo-_Erin_Magee_-_DFAT_(12426188673).jpg |photo6a=Majuro_in_the_marshall_islands_(40325365).jpg |photo6b=Majuro_Satellite.PNG |photo7a=Eneko_Islet_01.jpg | size = 270 | position = center | spacing = 1 | color = transparent | border = 0 | foot_montage = }} | image_caption = Montage of Majuro | image_seal = | seal_size = | image_map = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_caption = Location of Majuro in Marshall Islands | coordinates = {{coord|7|05|N|171|23|E|display=title}} | settlement_type = | subdivision_type = ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ | subdivision_name = {{flag|ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱫᱤᱯᱠᱚ}} | subdivision_type1 = Island Chain | subdivision_name1 = [[ᱨᱟᱴᱚᱠ ᱪᱮᱭᱱ]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | official_name = | native_name = | other_name = | nickname = | motto = | anthem = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | established_title = ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ | established_date = ᱑᱘᱘᱔ | established_title1 = | established_date1 = | parts_type = | parts_style = | p1 = | leader_title = ᱢᱮᱭᱚᱨ | leader_name = Ladie Jack | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | leader_title3 = | leader_name3 = | leader_title4 = | leader_name4 = | government_type = | government_footnotes = | population_as_of = ᱒᱐᱑᱑ | population_footnotes = | population_note = | population_total = 27797 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_rank = | timezone = MHT | utc_offset = +᱑᱒ | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | postal2_code_type = | postal2_code = | area_code_type = | area_code = | website = | blank_name_sec1 = | blank_info_sec1 = | blank1_name_sec1 = | blank1_info_sec1 = | blank2_name_sec1 = | blank2_info_sec1 = | blank3_name_sec1 = | blank3_info_sec1 = | blank4_name_sec1 = | blank4_info_sec1 = | blank5_name_sec1 = | blank5_info_sec1 = | blank6_name_sec1 = | blank6_info_sec1 = | blank7_name_sec1 = | blank7_info_sec1 = | blank_name_sec2 = ᱫᱮᱥᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ | blank_info_sec2 = [[ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞᱤ]] | blank1_name_sec2 = | blank1_info_sec2 = | blank2_name_sec2 = | blank2_info_sec2 = | blank3_name_sec2 = | blank3_info_sec2 = | blank4_name_sec2 = | blank4_info_sec2 = | blank5_name_sec2 = | blank5_info_sec2 = | blank6_name_sec2 = | blank6_info_sec2 = | blank7_name_sec2 = | blank7_info_sec2 = | footnotes = }} '''ᱢᱟᱡᱩᱨᱚ''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|æ|dʒ|ər|oʊ}}; [[ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞᱤ]]: ''{{lang|mh|Mājro}}''<ref name="es7AM">{{cite web|url=http://www.trussel2.com/MOD/LocM.htm#M%C4%81jro|title=M|work=trussel2.com|access-date=29 May 2015}}</ref>) ᱫᱚ [[ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱫᱤᱯᱠᱚ|ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱫᱤᱯᱜᱩᱴ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ [[ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱖᱔ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱞ ᱮᱴᱚᱞ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱫᱤᱯᱜᱩᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱴᱚᱠ (ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ) ᱪᱮᱭᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱞᱮᱡᱤᱥᱞᱟᱴᱤᱵᱽ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱙.᱗ ᱜᱟᱺᱴ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱓.᱗ ᱜᱟᱺᱴ ᱢᱤᱞ) ᱚᱛ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱙᱕ ᱜᱟᱺᱴ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱑᱑᱔ ᱜᱟᱺᱴ ᱢᱤᱞ) ᱞᱮᱜᱩᱱ ᱮ ᱜᱷᱮᱨᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱫᱤᱯᱜᱩᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱚᱵᱟᱞ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ, ᱢᱟᱡᱩᱨᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱠᱲᱟ ᱚᱛ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱡᱩᱨᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱜ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱚᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱑᱘᱘᱕ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ, ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱢᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱫᱤᱯᱜᱩᱴ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱠᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱡᱩᱨᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱫᱽ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="wcbdx">{{cite web |title=Protectorates and Twists: Law, History and the Annexation of German New Guinea |url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/AUYrBkIntLaw/1983/1.pdf}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱛᱞᱟᱣ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱗᱘ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱫᱤᱯᱜᱩᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱭᱠᱨᱚᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱫᱤᱯᱜᱩᱴ ᱟᱹᱯᱱᱟᱹᱛ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱢᱟᱡᱩᱨᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱛᱤᱡᱮᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱞᱟᱱ ᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱚᱞᱩᱤᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱭᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ, ᱰᱮᱞᱟᱯᱼᱩᱞᱤᱜᱟᱼᱡᱚᱨᱤᱴ (DUD), ᱒᱐᱑᱒ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱒᱐,᱓᱐᱑ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱡᱩᱨᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱡᱽ ᱜᱷᱟᱴ, ᱥᱚᱯᱯᱤᱝ (shopping) ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱡᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱡᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱴᱮᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱡᱩᱨᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱦᱟᱣᱟᱭ, ᱢᱟᱭᱠᱨᱚᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ, ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱵᱟᱛᱤ, ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱣᱨᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱰᱭᱩᱞ ᱡᱮᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱡᱮᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱚᱢᱮᱥᱴᱤᱠ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="bFY62">{{Cite web|title=Majuro Marshall Islands International Airport (MAJ) Routes - Destinations {{!}} Airportia|url=https://www.airportia.com/marshall-islands/marshall-islands-international-airport/routes/|access-date=2020-10-20|website=www.airportia.com|language=en}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ== [[File:Majuro_Atoll-USA-P-Gilberts-15.jpg|thumb|Schematic overview of Majuro]] ᱮᱴᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ, ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱰᱮᱞᱟᱯᱼᱩᱞᱤᱜᱟᱼᱡᱚᱨᱤᱴ (ᱰᱤᱭᱩᱰᱤ) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱕᱐ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱕᱐ ᱢᱤᱞ), ᱞᱚᱣᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱤᱠᱥᱯᱮᱱᱰ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="jcCQU">{{Cite book|title=Capital cities around the world : an encyclopedia of geography, history, and culture|url=https://archive.org/details/capitalcitiesaro0000cybr|last=A.|first=Cybriwsky, Roman|isbn=9781610692489|location=Santa Barbara, California|oclc=862077105|date = 2013-05-23}}</ref> ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱑᱐ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱚᱣᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱚᱞ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱴᱩᱸᱰᱟᱹᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ Djarrit ᱰᱮᱦᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ===ᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ=== {{Weather box|width=auto |location = ᱢᱟᱡᱩᱨᱚ |single line = Yes |Jan high F = 85.5 |Feb high F = 85.9 |Mar high F = 86.1 |Apr high F = 86.1 |May high F = 86.4 |Jun high F = 86.3 |Jul high F = 86.4 |Aug high F = 86.7 |Sep high F = 86.9 |Oct high F = 86.9 |Dec high F = 85.9 |Nov high F = 86.6 |year high F = 86.3 |Jan low F = 77.8 |Feb low F = 77.9 |Mar low F = 78.0 |Apr low F = 78.1 |May low F = 78.3 |Jun low F = 77.9 |Jul low F = 77.8 |Aug low F = 77.9 |Sep low F = 77.9 |Oct low F = 77.8 |Nov low F = 77.9 |Dec low F = 77.7 |year low F = 77.9 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation inch = 8.28 |Feb precipitation inch = 7.62 |Mar precipitation inch = 7.55 |Apr precipitation inch = 9.63 |May precipitation inch = 9.86 |Jun precipitation inch = 10.93 |Jul precipitation inch = 11.93 |Aug precipitation inch = 11.42 |Sep precipitation inch = 12.14 |Oct precipitation inch = 13.27 |Nov precipitation inch = 13.23 |Dec precipitation inch = 11.56 |year precipitation inch = 127.42 |unit precipitation days = 0.01 in |Jan precipitation days = 19.3 |Feb precipitation days = 16.1 |Mar precipitation days = 17.6 |Apr precipitation days = 18.9 |May precipitation days = 22.1 |Jun precipitation days = 23.1 |Jul precipitation days = 24.3 |Aug precipitation days = 22.9 |Sep precipitation days = 22.9 |Oct precipitation days = 23.4 |Nov precipitation days = 22.9 |Dec precipitation days = 22.7 |year precipitation days = 256.2 |Jan humidity = 77.7 |Feb humidity = 77.1 |Mar humidity = 79.0 |Apr humidity = 80.7 |May humidity = 81.9 |Jun humidity = 81.1 |Jul humidity = 80.5 |Aug humidity = 79.3 |Sep humidity = 79.4 |Oct humidity = 79.4 |Nov humidity = 79.9 |Dec humidity = 79.7 |year humidity = 79.6 |Jan sun = 224.4 |Feb sun = 218.6 |Mar sun = 252.8 |Apr sun = 219.4 |May sun = 224.8 |Jun sun = 210.8 |Jul sun = 217.0 |Aug sun = 232.2 |Sep sun = 217.8 |Oct sun = 205.4 |Nov sun = 191.4 |Dec sun = 197.4 |year sun = 2612.0 |Jan percentsun = 61 |Feb percentsun = 66 |Mar percentsun = 67 |Apr percentsun = 60 |May percentsun = 58 |Jun percentsun = 56 |Jul percentsun = 56 |Aug percentsun = 61 |Sep percentsun = 60 |Oct percentsun = 55 |Nov percentsun = 54 |Dec percentsun = 54 |year percentsun = 59 |source 1 = NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961−1990)<ref name="khZof">{{cite web | url = ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/1981-2010/products/station/RMW00040710.normals.txt | publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | title = MH Majuro WBAS AP | access-date = 11 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="P0PW0">{{cite web | url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__V/U1/91376.TXT | title = WMO climate normals for Majuro, PI 1961−1990 | publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] | access-date = 11 March 2015}}</ref> |date=November 2011 }} ==ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞᱮᱞ== ᱢᱩᱬ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱤᱼᱭᱩᱼᱰᱤ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ : ᱰᱮᱞᱟᱯᱼᱩᱞᱤᱜᱟᱼᱡᱚᱨᱤᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱜᱩᱴ (ᱮᱴᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱞᱤᱥᱴᱤᱰ) ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ, ᱢᱟᱡᱩᱨᱚ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱗,᱗᱙᱗ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ== ==ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ== ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{Commons category}} {{wikivoyage|ᱢᱟᱡᱩᱨᱚ}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20101223043232/http://www.oceandots.com/pacific/marshall/majuro.php Marshall Islands site] * {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223043232/http://www.oceandots.com/pacific/marshall/majuro.php |date=December 23, 2010 |title=Entry at Oceandots.com }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060524212102/http://www3.uakron.edu/majuro/Laura-Majuro.html Recent photos of the rural portions of Majuro] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060503232750/http://www3.uakron.edu/majuro/Tekulve/ World War II photos of Majuro] * [http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/eastman/eastman.htm Battle of Kwajalein and Enewetak] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922190356/http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/eastman/eastman.htm |date=2013-09-22 }} {{Portal bar|Islands|Oceania}} {{Marshall Islands topics}} {{List of Oceanian capitals by region}} {{Authority control}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱢᱟᱡᱩᱨᱚ| ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:Atolls of the Marshall Islands]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:Capitals in Oceania]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:Pacific Ocean theatre of World War II]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:Populated places in the Marshall Islands]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:Ratak Chain]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:United States Navy in World War II]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:1884 establishments in Oceania]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:Populated places established in 1884]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:AWB]] 00ii7pra084qncc5v5nx59muzspvdci 0 17378 196491 82688 2026-08-12T17:19:25Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196491 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = ᱵᱩᱭᱮᱱᱳᱥ ᱟᱭᱨᱮᱥ ᱥᱟᱭᱚᱛᱛᱥᱟᱥᱤᱛ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ | image_skyline = {{Photomontage | photo1a = Buenos Aires at night.jpg | photo2a = Port skyline & Women's Bridge.jpg | photo2b = Casa Rosada buenos aires.JPG | photo3a = Caminito Buenos Aires Argentina.jpg | photo3b = Congreso Nacional Buenos Aires.jpg | photo4a = Buenos Aires - Obelisco.jpg | photo4b = Buenos Aires-Catedral Metropolitana (exterior).jpg | spacing = 1 | position = center | color_border = white | color = white | size = 280 | foot_montage = ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ᱞᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ: [[:en:Buenos Aires Central Business District|ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱮᱱᱮᱞ, [[:en:Puente de la Mujer|ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱸᱠᱳ]], [[:en:Casa Rosada|ᱠᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱳᱥᱟᱫᱟ]], [[:en:La Boca|ᱞᱟ ᱵᱳᱠᱟ]] ᱨᱮ [[:en:Caminito|ᱠᱟᱢᱳᱱᱤᱛᱳ]] ᱮᱞᱞᱤ, [[:en:Palace of the Argentine National Congress|ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ ᱯᱮᱞᱮᱥ]], [[:en:Obelisk of Buenos Aires|Obelisco]] on the intersection of [[:en:9 de Julio Avenue|9 de Julio]] and [[:en:Avenida Corrientes|Corrientes]] avenues and the [[:en:Buenos Aires Metropolitan Cathedral|Metropolitan Cathedral]]. }} | image_caption = | image_flag = Bandera de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires.svg | image_shield = Escudo de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires.svg | nickname = [[:en:Río de la Plata|ᱮᱞ ᱯᱞᱟᱛᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱟᱹᱱᱤ ({{lang|es|La reina del Plata}})<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.perfil.com/sociedad/en-la-reina-del-plata-solo-el-3-de-las-calles-tiene-nombre-de-mujer.phtml |title=En la 'Reina del Plata', sólo el 3% de las calles tiene nombre de mujer |language=es |last=Corsalini |first=Claudio |date=4 February 2017 |access-date=25 November 2017 |work=Perfil |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201103329/http://www.perfil.com/sociedad/en-la-reina-del-plata-solo-el-3-de-las-calles-tiene-nombre-de-mujer.phtml |archive-date=1 December 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Short history">{{cite book |title=Argentina: A Short History |url=https://archive.org/details/argentinashorthi0000lewi |first=Colin M. |last=Lewis |publisher=Oneworld Publications |location=Oxford |year=2002 |isbn=1-85168-300-3 }}</ref><br/>ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱨᱤᱥ ({{lang|es|La París de Sudamérica}})<ref>{{cite web |last1=Green |first1=Toby |title=The Paris of South America |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/the-paris-of-south-america-5365543.html |work=[[The Independent]] |access-date=9 June 2020 |date=4 February 2001 }} </ref> | image_map = | mapsize = 150px | map_caption = ᱟᱨᱡᱮᱱᱴᱤᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ | pushpin_map = Argentina#South America | pushpin_relief = 1 | coordinates = {{coord|34|36|12|S|58|22|54|W|region:AR|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ | subdivision_name = [[ᱟᱨᱡᱮᱱᱴᱤᱱᱟ]] | established_title = ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ | established_date = ᱒ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱙᱓᱖ ([[:en:Pedro de Mendoza|ᱯᱮᱫᱽᱨᱳ ᱫᱮᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱫᱳᱡᱟ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ)<br/>᱑᱑ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱑᱕᱘᱐ ([[:en:Juan de Garay|ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱮᱹ ᱜᱟᱨᱟᱭ]]) | government_type = [[:en:Autonomous city|ᱥᱟᱭᱚᱛᱛᱥᱟᱥᱤᱛ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ]] | governing_body = [[:en:Buenos Aires City Legislature|ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱡᱤᱥᱞᱮᱪᱟᱨ]] | leader_title = [[:en:List of mayors and chiefs of government of Buenos Aires|ᱢᱮᱭᱚᱨ]] | leader_name = [[:en:Horacio Rodríguez Larreta|ᱦᱳᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱳ ᱨᱳᱰᱨᱤᱜᱮᱡᱽ ᱞᱟᱨᱮᱛᱟ]] ([[:en:Republican Proposal|PRO]]) | leader_title1 = ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱨᱳᱴ | leader_name1 = [[:en:Martín Lousteau|ᱢᱟᱨᱴᱤᱱ ᱞᱩᱭᱥᱴᱳᱣ]] ([[:en:Radical Civic Union|ᱭᱩ.ᱥᱤ.ᱟᱨ]]), [[:en:Guadalupe Tagliaferri|ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱫᱟᱞᱩᱯᱮ ᱛᱟᱜᱽᱞᱤᱭᱟᱯᱷᱮᱨᱤ]] ([[:en:Republican Proposal|ᱯᱤ.ᱟᱨ.ᱳ]]), [[:en:Mariano Recalde|ᱢᱟᱨᱴᱤᱱᱳ ᱨᱮᱠᱟᱞᱫᱮ]] ([[:en:Frente de Todos (2019 coalition)|ᱮᱯᱷ.ᱰᱤ.ᱴᱤ]]) | area_total_km2 = 203 | area_land_km2 = 203 | area_land_sq_mi = 78.5 | area_metro_km2 = 4758 | area_metro_sq_mi = 1837 | elevation_m = 25 | elevation_ft = 82 | population_as_of = ᱒᱐᱑᱐ ᱦᱚᱲᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ | population_footnotes = <ref name=indecpop/> | population_density_km2 = auto | population_urban = ᱒,᱘᱙᱑,᱐᱘᱓ | population_metro = 15,594,428 | population_rank = [[:en:List of cities in Argentina by population|1st]] | timezone1 = [[ᱟᱨᱡᱮᱱᱴᱤᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ|ᱮ.ᱟᱨ.ᱴᱤ]] | utc_offset1 = −᱓ | timezone1_DST = <!--NO--> | utc_offset1_DST = <!--NO--> | area_code = [[:en:Argentine telephone numbering plan|᱐᱑᱑]] | website = {{Official URL}} (ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ) | population_demonyms = {{lang|es|[[porteño]]}} (m), {{lang|es|porteña}} (f) <!-- Spanish demonyms are always displayed in lower-case --> | blank_name = [[ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱩᱛᱷᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱩᱱᱩᱫᱩᱜ|ᱮᱭᱤᱪ.ᱰᱤ.ᱟᱭ]] ᱒᱐᱑᱘ | blank_info = 0.867 <span style="color:#090">Very High</span> ([[List of Argentine provinces by Human Development Index|1st]])<ref name="ArgentinaHDI">{{cite web |url= https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/ARG/?levels=1%2B4&interpolation=0&extrapolation=0&nearest_real=0&years=2018&colour_scales=national |title= Subnational Human Development Index (4.0) |language= en |publisher=Globaldatalab |access-date= 25 August 2017}}</ref> | settlement_type = [[ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ]] ᱟᱨ [[:en:autonomous city|ᱥᱟᱭᱚᱛᱛᱥᱟᱥᱤᱛ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ]] | native_name = {{lang|es|Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires}} | official_name = }} '''ᱵᱩᱭᱮᱱᱳᱥ ᱟᱭᱨᱮᱥ''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|b|w|eɪ|n|ə|s|_|ˈ|ɛər|iː|z}} ᱥᱮ {{IPAc-en|-|ˈ|aɪ|r|ɪ|s}};<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|year=2001 |title=ᱵᱩᱭᱮᱱᱳᱥ ᱟᱭᱨᱮᱥ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ |encyclopedia=The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language |publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]] |location=Boston |url=http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/Buenos%20Aires |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718134051/http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/Buenos%20Aires |archive-date=18 July 2011 }}</ref> {{IPA-es|ˈbwenos ˈajɾes|-|Es Buenos Aires.ogg}}),<ref>{{citation|last=Wells|first=John C.|year=2008|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary|edition=3rd|publisher=Longman|isbn=9781405881180}}</ref> ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ '''ᱵᱩᱭᱮᱱᱳᱥ ᱟᱭᱨᱮᱥ ᱥᱟᱭᱚᱛᱛᱥᱟᱥᱤᱛᱚ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ''' ({{lang-es|link=no|Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires}}) ᱫᱚ [[ᱟᱨᱡᱮᱱᱴᱤᱱᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱫᱚᱨᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨᱮ, [[ᱨᱤᱭᱳ ᱫᱮᱹ ᱞᱟ ᱯᱞᱟᱛᱟ]] ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ "ᱵᱩᱭᱮᱱᱳᱥ ᱟᱭᱨᱮᱥ" ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ "ᱵᱷᱟᱜᱮ ᱦᱚᱭ", ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱖ ᱟᱱ ᱯᱤᱲᱦᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ "ᱨᱤᱭᱮᱞ ᱫᱮᱹ ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱥᱛᱨᱟ ᱥᱮᱱᱳᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱮᱞ ᱵᱩᱭᱮᱱ ᱟᱭᱨᱮ" ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱤᱴᱟᱞᱤ]], [[ᱥᱟᱨᱰᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱰᱳᱱᱟ ᱵᱳᱱᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱩᱭᱮᱱᱳᱥ ᱟᱭᱨᱮᱥ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ [[ᱵᱩᱭᱮᱱᱳᱥ ᱟᱭᱨᱮᱥ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱭᱚᱛᱛᱥᱟᱥᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱘᱘᱐ ᱨᱮ, ᱜᱮᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱵᱩᱭᱮᱱᱳᱥ ᱟᱭᱨᱮᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱩᱭᱮᱱᱳᱥ ᱟᱭᱨᱮᱥ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱪᱚᱜ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱑᱙᱙᱖ ᱨᱮ [[:en:List of mayors and chiefs of government of Buenos Aires|ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱟᱹ]] ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱭᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱟᱨᱡᱮᱱᱴᱤᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮᱭ ᱵᱚᱦᱟᱞ ᱞᱮ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱸᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱩᱭᱮᱱᱳᱥ ᱟᱭᱨᱮᱥ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ [[ᱵᱩᱭᱮᱱᱳᱥ ᱟᱭᱨᱮᱥ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱫᱚ ᱑.᱕᱖ ᱠᱳᱴᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ [[ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱮᱹᱴᱨᱚᱯᱚᱞᱤᱴᱚᱱ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="indecpop">{{cite web |url = http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/preliminares/cuadro_totalpais.asp |title = Censo 2010. Resultados provisionales: cuadros y grá |access-date=25 February 2011 |language=es |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101220143832/http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/preliminares/cuadro_totalpais.asp |archive-date=20 December 2010 }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱤᱭᱩᱨᱚᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱴᱮᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ [[ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ|ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱹᱬ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="adventurelife">{{cite web |url=http://www.adventure-life.com/articles/buenos-aires-83 |title=Buenos Aires History and Culture |publisher=[[Adventure Life]] |access-date=28 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916190255/http://www.adventure-life.com/articles/buenos-aires-83/ |archive-date=16 September 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> ᱵᱩᱭᱮᱱᱳᱥ ᱟᱭᱨᱮᱥ ᱑᱙᱕᱑ ᱨᱮ [[:en:1951 Pan American Games|ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱯᱮᱱ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ]] ᱟᱨ [[:en:1978 FIFA World Cup|᱑᱙᱗᱘ ᱯᱷᱤᱯᱷᱟ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱠᱟᱯ]] ᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱮᱦᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱩᱭᱮᱱᱳᱥ ᱟᱭᱨᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ [[:en:2018 Summer Youth Olympics|᱒᱐᱑᱘ ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱚᱞᱮᱢᱯᱤᱠ]]<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web |url=http://www.olympic.org/news/buenos-aires-elected-as-host-city-for-2018-youth-olympic-games/202222 |title=Buenos Aires elected as Host City for 2018 Youth Olympic Games |publisher=[[International Olympic Committee]] |date=4 July 2013 |access-date=13 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711112820/http://www.olympic.org/news/buenos-aires-elected-as-host-city-for-2018-youth-olympic-games/202222 |archive-date=11 July 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> ᱟᱨ [[:en:2018 G20 Buenos Aires summit|᱒᱐᱑᱘ ᱡᱤ᱒᱐ ᱫᱩᱯᱨᱩᱵ]] ᱦᱩᱭᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.clarin.com/politica/Argentina-elegida-sede-G-20_0_1603039808.html |title=Argentina fue elegida sede del G-20 para 2018 |first=Natasha |last=Niebieskikwiat |work=clarin.com |access-date=29 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160628140647/http://www.clarin.com/politica/Argentina-elegida-sede-G-20_0_1603039808.html |archive-date=28 June 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> ᱵᱩᱭᱮᱱᱳᱥ ᱟᱭᱨᱮᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱮ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ|ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱮ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ]] ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱑᱙ ᱟᱱ ᱯᱤᱲᱦᱤ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱤᱢᱤᱜᱽᱨᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱚᱸᱭ ᱟᱛᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱩᱭᱮᱱᱳᱥ ᱟᱭᱨᱮᱥ ᱫᱚ [[ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱱᱮᱜᱟᱨ (diverse) ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.buenosaires.gob.ar/cultos/turismo-religioso |author=Buenos Aires Ciudad |title=Turismo Religioso |language=es |access-date=25 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105115134/http://www.buenosaires.gob.ar/cultos/turismo-religioso |archive-date=5 January 2016 }}</ref> ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== ==ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ== ==ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ== ==ᱦᱚᱲᱮᱞ== ==ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ== ==ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ== ==ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{Sister project links|auto=1|wikt=1|s=1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Buenos Aires (city)|d=Q1486}} * [http://www.buenosaires.gov.ar/ Official government website] (ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110308173123/http://opencities.britishcouncil.org/web/index.php?monitor_en OPENCities Monitor participant] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140409210017/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/estimaciones-serie34.pdf Population estimates] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20060511074651/http://wwwa.britannica.com/ebi/article-9273392 ''Encyclopædia Britannica''] *[http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761571750/Buenos_Aires_(city).html Microsoft Encarta] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20040228000720/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761571750/Buenos_Aires_(city).html Archived] 2009-10-31) * {{OSM relation|1224652}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ]] ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱟᱹᱛ== mnxc6kiq9f5h2bymdipg5t7si8kk48q 0 17432 196693 192629 2026-08-12T23:22:43Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 196693 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = ᱞᱚᱝ ᱵᱤᱪ | settlement_type = ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ | official_name = ᱞᱚᱝ ᱵᱤᱪ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ | image_skyline = LBCmontagebytisoy.JPG | imagesize = | image_caption = Images from top, left to right: Long Beach skyline from [[Bluff Park, Long Beach, California|Bluff Park]], retired [[RMS Queen Mary|RMS ''Queen Mary'']], [[Aquarium of the Pacific]] Blue Cavern exhibit, TTI Terminal at [[Port of Long Beach]], [[Villa Riviera]], [[A Line (Los Angeles Metro)|Metro A Line]], Long Beach Lighthouse | image_flag = Flag of Long Beach, California.png | image_seal = Seal of Long Beach, California.png | nickname = "Aquatic Capital of America"<ref name="lbpost.com">[http://www.lbpost.com/sports/3797-long-beach-officially-aquatic-capital-of-america Long Beach Officially Aquatic Capital Of America] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130223073646/http://www.lbpost.com/sports/3797-long-beach-officially-aquatic-capital-of-america |date=February 23, 2013 }}. Lbpost.com (October 8, 2008). Retrieved on July 29, 2013.</ref> | motto = "ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ" | image_map = LA County Incorporated Areas Long Beach highlighted.svg | mapsize = 250x200px | map_caption = Location within [[Los Angeles County, California|Los Angeles County]] in the U.S. state of [[California]] | pushpin_map = Los Angeles#USA California Southern#California#USA | pushpin_label = ᱞᱚᱝ ᱵᱤᱪ | pushpin_map_caption = Location within the Los Angeles metropolitan area##Location within California##Location within the United States | pushpin_relief = 1 | coordinates = {{coord|33|46|6|N|118|11|44|W|region:US-CA|display=it}} | subdivision_type = ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ | subdivision_name = {{Flagu|United States|size=23px}} | subdivision_type1 = [[ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ|ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | subdivision_name1 = {{Flag|California|size=23px}} | subdivision_type2 = ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ | subdivision_name2 = {{Flagicon image|Flag of Los Angeles County, California.svg|size=23px}} [[ᱞᱚᱥ ᱮᱧᱡᱮᱞᱥ]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Combined Statistical Area|CSA]] | subdivision_name3 = [[ᱜᱨᱮᱴᱟᱨ ᱞᱚᱥ ᱮᱧᱡᱮᱞᱥ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ|ᱞᱚᱥ ᱮᱧᱡᱮᱞᱥ-ᱞᱚᱝ ᱵᱤᱪ]] | subdivision_type4 = [[Metropolitan statistical area|MSA]] | subdivision_name4 = [[Los Angeles metropolitan area|Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim]] | established_title = [[Municipal corporation|Incorporated]] | established_date = December 13, 1897<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.calafco.org/docs/Cities_by_incorp_date.doc |title=California Cities by Incorporation Date |format=Word |publisher=California Association of [[Local Agency Formation Commission]]s |access-date=August 25, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103002921/http://www.calafco.org/docs/Cities_by_incorp_date.doc |archive-date=November 3, 2014 }}</ref> | government_type = ᱠᱚᱱᱥᱤᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱡᱚᱨ | leader_title =ᱢᱮᱭᱚᱨ | leader_name = [[ᱨᱚᱵᱮᱨᱴ ᱜᱟᱨᱥᱤᱭᱟ (ᱠᱮᱞᱤᱯᱷᱚᱨᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ)|ᱨᱚᱵᱮᱨᱴ ᱜᱟᱨᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]])<ref>{{cite web | url = http://longbeach.gov/mayor/ | title = Mayor | publisher = City of Long Beach | access-date = October 9, 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191029163324/http://www.longbeach.gov/mayor/ | archive-date = October 29, 2019 | url-status = live }}</ref> | leader_title1 = [[City council]]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://longbeach.gov/officials/ | title = City Council | publisher = City of Long Beach | access-date = October 9, 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191029163244/http://www.longbeach.gov/officials/ | archive-date = October 29, 2019 | url-status = live }}</ref> | leader_name1 = Mary Zendejas<br />Cindy Allen<br />Suzie Price<br />Daryl Supernaw<br />Stacy Mungo<br />Suely Saro<br />Roberto Uranga<br />Al Austin<br />Rex Richardson (Vice Mayor) | leader_title2 = ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱡᱚᱨ | leader_name2 = Tom Modica<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.longbeach.gov/citymanager/ | title = ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱡᱚᱨ | publisher = ᱞᱚᱝ ᱵᱤᱪ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ, ᱠᱮ | access-date = ᱙ ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱙ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191029163910/http://www.longbeach.gov/citymanager/ | archive-date = October 29, 2019 | url-status = live }}</ref> | leader_title3 = City auditor | leader_name3 = Laura L. Doud<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.cityauditorlauradoud.com/index.shtml | title = Laura Doud : Long Beach City Auditor | publisher = Long Beach City Auditor Laura Doud | access-date = January 29, 2015 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150130003732/http://www.cityauditorlauradoud.com/index.shtml | archive-date = January 30, 2015 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> | leader_title4 = City prosecutor | leader_name4 = Doug Haubert<ref>{{cite web | url = http://cityprosecutordoughaubert.com/meet_prosecutor/default.html | title = Meet the Prosecutor | publisher = City of Long Beach | access-date = January 9, 2015 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150109234325/http://cityprosecutordoughaubert.com/meet_prosecutor/default.html | archive-date = January 9, 2015 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> <!-- Area------------------>| total_type = City | unit_pref = Imperial | area_footnotes = <ref name="CenPopGazetteer2019">{{cite web|title=2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_place_06.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=July 1, 2020}}</ref> | area_total_sq_mi = 80.35 | area_land_sq_mi = 50.70 | area_water_sq_mi = 29.64 | area_total_km2 = 208.10 | area_land_km2 = 131.32 | area_water_km2 = 76.77 | area_water_percent = 2.22 <!-- Elevation ------------>| elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite GNIS|1652747|Long Beach}}</ref> | elevation_ft = 52 <!-- Population ----------->| population_as_of = [[᱒᱐᱑᱐ ᱡᱩᱢᱤᱫᱽ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ|᱒᱐᱑᱐]] | population_footnotes = <ref name=quif>{{cite web|url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06/0643000.html |title=Long Beach (city) QuickFacts |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=March 11, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804073433/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06/0643000.html |archive-date=August 4, 2012 }}</ref> | population_total = 462257 | pop_est_as_of = ᱒᱐᱑᱙ | pop_est_footnotes = | population_est = 462628 | population_rank = ᱞᱚᱥ ᱮᱧᱡᱮᱞᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱒ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ<br/>[[List of largest California cities by population|7th]] in California<br />[[List of United States cities by population|43rd]] in the United States | population_density_sq_mi = 9123.91 | population_metro = 13,131,431 | population_density_metro_sq_mi = auto | population_blank1_title = [[Combined statistical area|CSA]] | population_blank1 = 17,877,006 | population_blank1_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|title=American Fact Finder – Results|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/PEP/2014/GCTPEPANNR.US41PR|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=April 7, 2015|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212195629/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/PEP/2014/GCTPEPANNR.US41PR|archive-date=February 12, 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> <!-- Time zones ----------->| timezone = [[Pacific Time Zone|Pacific]] | utc_offset = – ᱐᱘:᱐᱐ | timezone_DST = PDT | utc_offset_DST = – ᱐᱗:᱐᱐ | postal_code_type = [[ZIP Code]]s<ref>{{cite web | url = https://tools.usps.com/go/ZipLookupAction!input.action | title = ZIP Code(tm) Lookup | publisher = [[United States Postal Service]] | access-date = November 17, 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120211202238/https://tools.usps.com/go/ZipLookupAction!input.action | archive-date = February 11, 2012 | url-status = live }}</ref> | postal_code = 90801–90810, 90813–90815, 90822, 90831–90835, 90840, 90842, 90844, 90846–90848, 90853, 90895, 90899 | area_code_type = [[North American Numbering Plan|Area code]] | area_code = [[Area code 562|᱕᱖᱒]] | blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS]] code | blank_info = {{FIPS|06|43000}} | blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature IDs | blank1_info = {{GNIS 4|1652747}}, {{GNIS 4|2410866}} | website = {{URL|www.longbeach.gov}} | population_density_km2 = 3522.77 }} '''ᱞᱚᱝ ᱵᱤᱪ''' ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱮᱞᱤᱯᱷᱳᱨᱱᱤᱭᱟ|ᱠᱮᱞᱤᱯᱷᱚᱨᱱᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱞᱚᱥ ᱮᱧᱡᱮᱞᱥ]] ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱒᱐᱒᱐ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱔᱖᱖,᱗᱔᱒ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱩᱢᱤᱫᱽ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱔᱒ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾{{cite web|url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06/0643000.html |title=Long Beach (city) QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau |work=census.gov |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804073433/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06/0643000.html |archive-date=August 4, 2012 }}</ref> ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱪᱟᱨᱴᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ,<ref name="about">{{cite web|url=http://longbeach.gov/jobs/map/about/|title=About the City|publisher=City of Long Beach, CA|access-date=February 13, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721205734/http://www.longbeach.gov/jobs/map/about/|archive-date=July 21, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> ᱞᱚᱝ ᱵᱤᱪ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱞᱤᱯᱷᱚᱨᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱗ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱘᱙᱗ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱞᱚᱝ ᱵᱤᱪ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱥ ᱮᱧᱡᱮᱞᱥ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱠᱮᱞᱤᱯᱷᱚᱨᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱚᱝ ᱵᱤᱪ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱥ ᱮᱧᱡᱮᱞᱥ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱒ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱒᱐ ᱢᱤᱞ) ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.longbeach.gov/uploadedfiles/common_content/longbeachfactsataglance.pdf | title=City of Long Beach | access-date=June 3, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608013526/http://www.longbeach.gov/uploadedFiles/Common_Content/LongBeachFactsAtAGlance.pdf | archive-date=June 8, 2015 | url-status=live }}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱚᱝ ᱵᱤᱪ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱡᱽ ᱜᱷᱟᱴ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱩᱢᱤᱫᱽ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱤᱡᱤ ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱮᱱᱚᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱡᱽ ᱜᱷᱟᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱯᱤᱝ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱡᱽ ᱜᱷᱟᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.polb.com/about/default.asp | title=About the Port | work=Port of Long Beach website | access-date=December 28, 2007 | archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/65ki5TIfm?url=http://www.polb.com/about/default.asp | archive-date=February 27, 2012 | url-status=dead }}</ref> ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱚᱠᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱡᱷᱤᱜ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱠᱩᱧ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== ==ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ== [[File:Long Beach CA Photo Don Ramey Logan.jpg|thumb|ᱞᱚᱝ ᱵᱤᱪ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ (᱒᱐᱑᱐)]] ᱞᱚᱝ ᱵᱤᱪ ᱓᱓° ᱔᱗' ᱠᱚᱧᱮ, ᱑᱑᱘° ᱑᱐' ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱚᱥ ᱮᱧᱡᱮᱞᱥ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱒ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ(᱒᱐ ᱢᱤᱞ) ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱢᱤᱫᱽ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱥᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱓᱓.᱒ ᱜᱟᱺᱴ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱕᱑.᱔᱓᱗ ᱜᱟᱺᱴ ᱢᱤᱞ) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱓᱐.᱓ ᱜᱟᱺᱴ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱕᱐.᱒᱙᱓ ᱜᱟᱺᱴ ᱢᱤᱞ) ᱚᱛ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱒.᱙᱖ ᱜᱟᱺᱴ ᱢᱤᱞ (᱑.᱑᱔᱔ ᱜᱟᱺᱴ ᱢᱤᱞ) (᱒.᱒᱒%) ᱫᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱚᱝ ᱵᱤᱪ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱜᱽᱱᱚᱞ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱥᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱷᱮᱨᱟᱣ ᱮᱥᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ== ===᱒᱐᱑᱐=== [[File:Race and ethnicity 2010- Long Beach (5560461606).png|thumb|Map of racial distribution in Long Beach, 2010 U.S. Census. Each dot is 25 people: <span style="color:#f00;">'''White'''</span>, <span style="color:#00f;">'''Black'''</span>, <span style="color:#00ff80">'''Asian'''</span>, <span style="color:#ff8000">'''Hispanic'''</span> or '''Other''' (yellow)]] ᱒᱐᱑᱐ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱢᱤᱫᱽ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl=06:0643000|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140715094627/http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl=06:0643000|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 15, 2014|title=2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA – Long Beach city|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|access-date=July 12, 2014}}</ref> ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱞᱚᱝ ᱵᱤᱪ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱔᱖᱒,᱒᱕᱗ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱰᱮᱱᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱙,᱑᱙᱑.᱓ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱢᱤᱞ (᱓,᱕᱔᱘.᱘/ᱜᱟᱺᱴ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱚᱝ ᱵᱤᱪ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱠᱟᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱑᱓,᱐᱖᱖ (᱔᱖.᱑%) ᱯᱩᱸᱰ, ᱖᱒,᱖᱐᱓ (᱑᱓.᱕%) ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱤ, ᱓,᱔᱕᱘ (᱐.᱗%) ᱢᱩᱬ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱤ, ᱕᱙᱔᱙᱖ (᱑᱒.᱙%) ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ (᱔.᱕% ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱚ, ᱐.᱙% ᱠᱚᱢᱵᱚᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ,᱐.᱙% ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱᱤ, ᱐.᱔% ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱐.᱔% ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟᱭ, ᱐.᱒% ᱛᱷᱟᱭ, ᱐.᱑% ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱴᱤᱭᱟᱱ, ᱐.᱑% ᱦᱟᱢᱚᱝ), ᱕,᱒᱕᱓ (᱑.᱑%) ᱯᱮᱥᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨ (᱐.᱘% ᱥᱟᱢᱚᱱ, ᱐.᱑% ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱢᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ, ᱐.᱑% ᱴᱚᱸᱜᱟᱱ), ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱙᱓,᱙᱓᱐ (᱒᱐.᱓%) ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱰᱮᱦᱮᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱔,᱔᱕᱑ (᱕.᱓%) ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱠ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱛᱤᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱘᱘,᱔᱑᱒ ᱦᱚᱲ (᱔᱐.᱘%) ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱓᱒.᱙% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱠᱥᱤᱠᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140305164937/http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_DP_DPDP1&prodType=table Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010] ". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved June 7, 2012.</ref> ᱒᱐᱑᱐ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱮᱨᱼᱦᱤᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱠ ᱜᱚᱨᱚᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱙.᱔% ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱒᱐᱗᱐ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱘᱖.᱒% ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ== ==ᱠᱟᱞᱪᱟᱨ== ==ᱥᱟᱜᱟᱲᱚᱢ== ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱞᱚᱝ ᱵᱤᱪ]] ls1pqqaa6eqiykj6s7uvo9fq52qhcf1 0 17619 196580 196335 2026-08-12T18:48:13Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196580 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = ᱠᱚᱥᱛᱩᱨᱵᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ | image = Kasturba.jpg | alt = ᱠᱚᱥᱛᱩᱨᱵᱟᱭ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ | birth_name = ᱠᱚᱥᱛᱩᱨᱵᱟᱭ ᱜᱚᱠᱩᱞᱫᱟᱥ ᱠᱚᱯᱟᱲᱤᱭᱟ | birth_date ={{birth date|df=yes|1869|4|11}} | birth_place = [[ᱯᱳᱨᱵᱚᱱᱫᱟᱨ]], [[ᱯᱳᱨᱵᱚᱱᱫᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]], [[ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱤᱭᱟᱣᱟᱲ ᱮᱡᱮᱸᱡᱤ]], [[ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ|ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] (ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ [[ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]]) | death_date ={{death date and age|df=yes|1944|2|22|1869|4|11}} | death_place = [[ᱟᱜᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱯᱮᱞᱮᱥ]], [[ᱯᱩᱱᱮ|ᱯᱩᱱᱟ]], [[ᱵᱚᱢᱵᱮ ᱯᱨᱮᱥᱤᱰᱮᱱᱥᱤ]], ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ (ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ [[ᱯᱩᱱᱮ]], [[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ]], ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ) | other_names = ᱠᱚᱥᱛᱩᱨᱵᱟ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱱᱫᱟᱥ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ<br>ᱠᱚᱥᱛᱩᱨᱵᱟ ᱜᱚᱠᱩᱞᱫᱟᱥ ᱠᱚᱯᱟᱲᱤᱭᱟ | father = ᱜᱚᱠᱩᱞᱟᱫᱟᱥ ᱠᱚᱯᱟᱲᱤᱭᱟ | mother = ᱵᱷᱨᱚᱡᱽᱠᱩᱸᱣᱚᱨᱵᱟ ᱠᱚᱯᱟᱲᱤᱭᱟ | spouse ={{marriage|[[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱛᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ]]|᱑᱘᱘᱓}} | children ={{hlist|[[ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱞᱟᱞ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ|ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱞᱟᱞ]]|[[ᱢᱚᱱᱤᱞᱟᱞ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ|ᱢᱚᱱᱤᱞᱟᱞ]]|[[ᱨᱟᱢᱫᱟᱥ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ|ᱨᱟᱢᱫᱟᱥ]]|[[ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱫᱟᱥ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ|ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱫᱟᱥ]]}} | occupation = ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ }} '''ᱠᱚᱥᱛᱩᱨᱵᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ''' ᱫᱚ (᱑᱑ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱑᱘᱖᱙ ᱼ ᱒᱒ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱙᱔᱔) ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤᱫᱚ ᱑᱘᱘᱓ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ [[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱛᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ|ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱱᱫᱟᱥ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ]] ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱡ ᱡᱟᱶᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ, ᱱᱩᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱞᱟᱲᱟᱣᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱰᱮᱦᱮᱨ ᱟᱸᱴ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱟᱡ ᱡᱟᱶᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱟᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱩᱜ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱠᱮ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱑᱑ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱥᱛᱩᱨᱵᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Safe Motherhood Day & Flowers For Expecting Mothers |url=https://www.aimsindia.com/blog/national-safe-motherhood-day-flowers-for-expecting-mothers/ |access-date=2025-12-04 |language=en-US}}</ref> ==ᱱᱤᱡᱮᱨᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ== ᱠᱚᱥᱛᱩᱨᱵᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱑ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱑᱘᱖᱙ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱠᱩᱞᱫᱟᱥ ᱠᱚᱯᱟᱲᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱨᱚᱡᱽᱠᱩᱸᱣᱚᱨᱵᱟ ᱠᱚᱯᱟᱲᱤᱭᱟ ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱛᱤ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱚᱫᱷ ᱵᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ [[ᱯᱳᱨᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚᱨ]] ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=forgotten>{{cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Arun and Sunanda|title=The Forgotten Woman|url=https://archive.org/details/forgottenwomanun0000gand|year=1998|publisher=Zark Mountain Publishers|location=Huntsville, AR|isbn=1-886940-02-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/forgottenwomanun0000gand/page/314 314]}}</ref> ᱠᱚᱥᱛᱩᱨᱵᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱭ ᱑᱘᱘᱓ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ, ᱑᱔ ᱵᱚᱪᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱥᱛᱩᱵᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱑᱓ ᱵᱚᱪᱷᱚᱨ [[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱛᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ|ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱱᱫᱟᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱢᱪᱟᱸᱫᱽ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ]] ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱩᱱᱤᱠᱤᱱ ᱟᱭᱳᱼᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱮᱸᱡᱽ ᱢᱮᱨᱤᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Mohanty2011">{{cite journal |last1=Mohanty |first1=Rekha |year=2011 |title=From Satya to Sadbhavna |journal=Orissa Review |issue=January 2011 |pages=45–49 |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2011/Jan/engpdf/january.pdf#page=58 |access-date=23 February 2012}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤᱠᱤᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭᱜᱮᱞᱼᱵᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Tarlo|first=Emma|title=Married to the Mahatma: The Predicament of Kasturba Gandhi|journal=Women: A Cultural Review|volume=8|issue=3|pages=264–277|doi=10.1080/09574049708578316|year=1997}}</ref> ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱡ ᱡᱟᱶᱟᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, "ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱤᱧ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱭ ᱰᱮᱦᱮᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱧ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱟᱵᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ, ᱢᱮᱨᱮᱢᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾" ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱠᱤᱥᱚᱨ ᱫᱩᱞᱦᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱱᱤᱛᱟᱹᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ (ᱟᱡ ᱡᱟᱶᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥᱚᱸᱴ ᱩᱢᱚᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ) ᱟᱡ ᱟᱭᱳᱼᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡ ᱡᱟᱶᱟᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ ᱵᱤᱛᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name="Husband">Gandhi (1940). [http://wikilivres.ca/wiki/The_Story_of_My_Experiments_with_Truth/Part_I/Playing_the_Husband Chapter "Playing the Husband"]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120701002125/http://wikilivres.ca/wiki/The_Story_of_My_Experiments_with_Truth/Part_I/Playing_the_Husband |date=1 July 2012 }}.</ref> ==ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ== [[File:Gandhi-Tagore.jpg|upright|300px|thumb|᱑᱙᱔᱐ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱤᱱᱤᱠᱮᱛᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ [[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱛᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ]] ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱥᱛᱩᱨᱵᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱸᱜᱟᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱵᱤ [[ᱨᱚᱵᱤᱱᱫᱽᱨᱚᱱᱟᱛᱷ ᱴᱮᱜᱳᱨ]]]] ᱠᱚᱥᱛᱩᱨᱵᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱑᱙᱐᱔ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱛᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱡᱟᱶᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱰᱚᱨᱵᱚᱱ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱱᱤᱠᱥ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱞᱢᱮᱸᱴ ᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱑᱓ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱨᱚᱵᱟᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱫᱩᱨᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱚᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨᱮᱥ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱓ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱑᱓ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱸᱴ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱡᱟ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱩᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Hiralal|first=Kalpana|title=Rethinking Gender and Agency in the Satyagraha Movement of 1913|journal=Journal of Social Sciences|volume=25|pages=94–101}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Kapadia|first=Sita|title=Windfall: Tribal Women Come Through|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_womens-studies-quarterly_fall-winter-1989_17_3-4/page/140|jstor=40003104|journal=Women's Studies Quarterly|volume=17|issue=3/4|pages=140–149|year=1989}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱞ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱸᱥ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ==ᱥᱟ.ᱠᱷᱭᱟ.ᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== * [http://www.gandhiashramsabarmati.org/index.php/en/the-mahatma/gandhi-and-kasturba Gandhi and Kasturba] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ, ᱠᱚᱥᱛᱩᱨᱵᱟ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱘᱖᱙ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱔᱔ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱛᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ|ᱠᱚᱥᱛᱩᱨᱵᱟ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤᱣᱟᱫᱤ]] [[Category:ᱯᱳᱨᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚᱨ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱦᱚᱲ]] doop21m81tugx2qfxh8natihv0h1k1a 0 17927 196557 157500 2026-08-12T18:19:45Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196557 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = ᱥᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ | native_name = | image_map = Saran division.svg | map_caption = ᱥᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ | coordinates = {{coord|25.7848|N|84.7274|E|source:kolossus-dewiki|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = ᱥᱤᱥᱚᱢ | subdivision_name = {{flag|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ}} | subdivision_type1 = ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ | subdivision_name1 = [[ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ]] | established_title = ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ | established_date = | seat_type = ᱦᱮᱰᱠᱩᱣᱟᱴᱚᱨ | seat = [[ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱨᱟ]] | parts_type = ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ | parts_style = para | p1 = [[ᱥᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱥᱟᱨᱚᱱ]] | leader_title = ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱥᱱᱟᱨ | leader_name = ᱱᱚᱨᱢᱚᱫᱮᱥᱚᱨ ᱞᱟᱞ [Additional Charge] <ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Govt-shifts-12-IAS-officials-five-get-additional-charge/articleshow/47226320.cms | title=Govt shifts 12 IAS officials, five get additional charge | work=The Times of India | date=10 May 2015 | access-date=18 May 2015}}</ref> | area_total_km2 = | population_total = 9,819,311 | population_as_of = ᱒᱐᱑᱑ | website = {{url|sarandivision.bih.nic.in}} | type = [[ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ | p2 = [[ᱥᱤᱣᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱥᱤᱣᱟᱱ]] | p3 = [[ᱜᱚᱯᱟᱞᱜᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ|ᱜᱚᱯᱟᱞᱜᱚᱸᱡᱽ]] }} '''ᱥᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ''' ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱨᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱦᱮᱰᱠᱩᱣᱟᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ (᱒᱐᱐᱕), ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱠᱟ [[ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱨᱟ]] ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ, [[ᱥᱤᱣᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]], [[ᱜᱚᱯᱟᱞᱜᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ|ᱜᱚᱯᱟᱞᱜᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱦᱚᱸᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[ᱦᱟᱛᱷᱣᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ]] ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱩᱢᱤᱦᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱢᱤᱱᱫᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱑,᱓᱖᱕ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱓᱐᱑,᱐᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱮᱦᱮᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref>{{cite book | first = Anand A. | last = Yang | title = Bazaar India: Markets, Society, and the Colonial State in Bihar | url = https://archive.org/details/bazaarindiamarke0000yang | publisher = [[University of California Press]] | year = 1999 | isbn = 978-0-520-21100-1 | pages = 305 (at page 69) }}</ref> ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} {{Saran Division topics}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ| ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚ]] 4em3p0w0z41w0vwzq0uklegnv7nzy38 0 18013 196497 196339 2026-08-12T17:25:18Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196497 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Indian political party |name = ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ |abbreviation = ᱟᱭᱹᱮᱱ.ᱥᱤ |logo = [[File:INC Logo.png|150px]] |colorcode = {{Indian National Congress/meta/color}} |founder = [[ᱮᱞᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱦᱤᱭᱩᱢ]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/here-is-a-list-of-past-presidents-of-indian-national-congress-4967084/ | title=Indian National Congress: From 1885 till 2017, a brief history of past presidents | publisher=The Indian Express | work=Kanishka Singh | date=5 December 2017 | accessdate=28 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/sagely-leader-dadabhai-naoroji/cid/1820580 | title=Sagely leader: Dadabhai Naoroji | publisher=[[Telegraph India]] | work=Praveen Davar | date=30 June 2021 | accessdate=28 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/ao-hume-father-of-indian-national-congress-who-was-distrusted-by-the-british-indians/246141/ | title=AO Hume, 'Father' of Indian National Congress who was distrusted by the British & Indians | publisher=ThePrint | work=DEEKSHA BHARDWAJ | date=6 June 2019 | accessdate=28 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/cong-founder-was-district-collector-of-etawah/articleshow/50346572.cms | title=Cong founder was district collector of Etawah | work=[[The Times of India]] | last=Sinha |first=Arunav | date=28 December 2015 | accessdate=28 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="Wedderburn2002">{{cite book|author=Sir William Wedderburn|title=Allan Octavian Hume: Father of the Indian National Congress, 1829-1912 : a Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dFqgAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=28 July 2021|year=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-565287-1|page=42}}</ref><ref name="Kanta">{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24701107 | author=Kanta Kataria | title=A.o. Hume: His Life and Contribution to the Regeneration of India | journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science | year=2013 | volume=74 | issue=2 | pages=245–252| jstor=24701107 }}</ref> |president = [[Mallikarjun Kharge]] |presidium = [[Congress Working Committee]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/congress-working-committee-to-take-up-leadership-issue-on-august-10/article28969567.ece|title=Congress Working Committee to take up leadership issue today|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=9 August 2019|access-date=10 August 2019|last1=Phukan|first1=Sandeep}}</ref> |ppchairman = [[ᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/congress-plays-down-sonia-gandhis-retirement-remark/article21670732.ece|title=A day before Rahul takes over, Sonia says she'll retire|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=16 December 2017|access-date=17 December 2017}}</ref> |loksabha_leader =[[ᱚᱫᱷᱤᱨ ᱨᱚᱧᱡᱚᱱ ᱪᱳᱶᱫᱷᱩᱨᱤ]] <!-- The leader of the Congress Parliamentary Party is NOT necessarily the Lok Sabha leader. --> |rajyasabha_leader = [[ᱢᱟᱞᱤᱠᱟᱨᱡᱩᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱲᱜᱮ]]<br />([[:en:Leader of the Opposition (Rajya Sabha)|ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱱᱮᱛᱟ]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/mallikarjun-kharge-to-be-leader-of-opposition-of-rajya-sabha-1768440-2021-02-12|title=Mallikarjun Kharge to replace Ghulam Nabi as Leader of Opposition, Congress to inform Rajya Sabha|first1=Rahul Shrivastava New|last1=DelhiFebruary 12|first2=2021UPDATED|last2=February 12|first3=2021 13:08|last3=Ist|website=India Today}}</ref> |foundation = {{Start date and years ago|df=yes|p=y|1885|12|28}} |headquarters = ᱒᱔, [[ᱟᱠᱵᱚᱨ ᱨᱳᱰ]], [[ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ]]-᱑᱑᱐᱐᱐᱑<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesofindia.com/india/rent-relief-unlikely-for-congresss-delhi-properties/articleshow/64441958.cms |title=Rent relief unlikely for Congress's Delhi properties |work=The Times of India |access-date=16 August 2018}}</ref> |publication = ''ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ ᱥᱟᱱᱫᱮᱥ''<br />''[[ᱱᱮᱥᱟᱱᱟᱞ ᱦᱮᱨᱟᱞᱰ]]'' |students = [[ᱥᱮᱥᱟᱱᱟᱞ ᱥᱴᱩᱰᱮᱱᱴ ᱤᱣᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ]] |youth = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ]] |women = [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ]] |labour = [[:en:Indian National Trade Union Congress|ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱱᱮᱥᱟᱱᱟᱞ ᱴᱨᱮᱰ ᱤᱣᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ]] |peasants = |think tank = |membership = |ideology = <!---DO NOT add any other ideology without discussion and [[WP:RS|reliable sources]] otherwise it would be removed immediately.---> {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; | [[:en:Big tent|ᱵᱤᱜᱽ ᱴᱮᱱᱰ]]<ref name="Barrington2009">{{cite book|author=Lowell Barrington|title=Comparative Politics: Structures and Choices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3uuAtazupnAC&pg=PA379|year=2009|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-618-49319-7|page=379}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Meyer|first1=Karl Ernest|last2=Brysac|first2=Shareen Blair|title=Pax Ethnica: Where and How Diversity Succeeds|url=https://archive.org/details/paxethnicawhereh0000meye|url-access=registration|access-date=7 April 2016|year=2012|publisher=PublicAffairs|isbn=9781610390484|page=[https://archive.org/details/paxethnicawhereh0000meye/page/50 50]}}</ref> | [[:en:Secularism|ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱵᱮᱼᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟᱹᱨᱤ]]<ref name="J.Soper">{{cite book |last1=Soper |first1=J. Christopher |last2=Fetzer |first2=Joel S. |date=2018 |title=Religion and Nationalism in Global Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y7BoDwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |pages=200–210 |isbn=978-1-107-18943-0 }}</ref> }} |position = <!--DO NOT add any other political position without discussion otherwise it would be removed immediately. --> {{nowrap|[[:en:Centrism|ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱟᱨ]]<ref name="WP">{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/05/31/indias-election-results-were-more-than-modi-wave/ |title=India's election results were more than a 'Modi wave'|quote=The BJP's primary rival, the centrist Indian National Congress (Congress), won only 52 seats. |work=[[Washington Post]] |access-date=31 May 2019}}</ref> ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[:en:Centre-left politics|ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱟᱨ-ᱞᱮᱯᱷᱴ]]<ref name="British-Journal">{{cite journal|last1=Saez|first1=Lawrence|last2=Sinha|first2=Aseema|title=Political cycles, political institutions and public expenditure in India, 1980–2000|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-journal-of-political-science_2010-01_40_1/page/91|journal=British Journal of Political Science|volume=40|issue=1|year=2010|pages=91–113|doi=10.1017/s0007123409990226|s2cid=154767259}}</ref>}} |international = [[:en:Progressive Alliance|ᱯᱤᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥᱤᱵᱷ ᱮᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱᱥ]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://progressive-alliance.info/participants/|title=Progressive Alliance Participants|work=Progressive Alliance|access-date=20 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150302142054/http://progressive-alliance.info/participants/|archive-date=2 March 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />[[:en:Socialist International|ᱥᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱨᱱᱮᱥᱚᱱᱟᱞ]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.socialistinternational.org/viewArticle.cfm?ArticlePageID=931|title=Full Member Parties of Socialist International|work=Socialist International}}</ref> |eci = [[:en:List of political parties in India|ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ]]<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Political Parties and Election Symbols main Notification Dated 18.01.2013|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/OrdersNotifications/ElecSym19012013_eng.pdf|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=9 May 2013|location=India|year=2013}}</ref> |alliance =[[United Progressive Alliance]]<br />([[India|All India]])<br />[[Secular Progressive Alliance]]<br />([[Tamil Nadu]])<br />[[Maha Vikas Aghadi]]<br />([[Maharashtra]])<br />[[Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)|Mahagathbandhan]]<br />([[Bihar]])<br />[[Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)|Mahagathbandhan]]<br />([[Jharkhand]])<br />[[Secular Progressive Front]]<br />([[Manipur]])<br />[[United Democratic Front (India)|United Democratic Front]]<br />([[Kerala]])<br />[[Sanjukta Morcha]]<br />([[West Bengal]]) |loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|50|543|hex=#00BFFF}} ('''᱕᱔᱐''' MPs & '''᱓''' ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ) |rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|40|245|hex=#00BFFF}} ('''᱒᱓᱖''' MPs & '''᱙''' ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ)<ref name=pp>{{cite web|url=http://164.100.47.5/newlob/party_position.pdf|title=Party Position in the Rajya Sabha|publisher=Rajya Sabha|access-date=14 July 2018}}</ref> | state_seats_name = [[ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] | state_seats = {{Composition bar|727|4036|hex=#00BFFF}} ('''᱔᱐᱒᱕''' MLAs & '''᱑᱑''' ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ) | state2_seats_name = | state2_seats = {{Composition bar|55|426|hex=#00BFFF}} ('''᱓᱙᱐''' MLCs & '''᱓᱖''' ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ) |no_states = {{Composition bar|6|31|hex=#00BFFF}} ('''᱒᱘''' ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ & '''᱓''' UTs) |colours = {{colour box|{{Indian National Congress/meta/color}}}} [[:en:Sky blue|ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱞᱤᱞ]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/parliamentaryconstituencies/results.html|title=India General (Lok Sabha) Election 2014 Results|work=mapsofindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://election-results.ibnlive.in.com/live|title=Election Results India, General Elections Results, Lok Sabha Polls Results India – IBNLive|work=in.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420063442/http://election-results.ibnlive.in.com/live|archive-date=20 April 2015}}</ref> |symbol = [[File:Hand INC.svg|150px]] |flag = [[File:INC Flag Official.jpg|150px]] |website = {{URL|https://www.inc.in/}} |general_secretary=*[[ᱯᱨᱤᱭᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ]] *[[:en:K. C. Venugopal|ᱠᱮ.ᱥᱤ. ᱵᱷᱮᱱᱩᱜᱳᱯᱟᱞ]] *[[ᱢᱩᱠᱩᱞ ᱣᱟᱥᱱᱤᱠ]] *[[ᱦᱟᱨᱤᱥ ᱨᱟᱣᱟᱛ]] *[[ᱳᱢᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱸᱰᱤ]] *[[:en:Tariq Anwar (politician)|ᱛᱟᱨᱤᱠ ᱟᱱᱣᱟᱨ]] *[[:en:Randeep Singh Surjewala|ᱨᱚᱸᱫᱤᱯ ᱥᱤᱝ ᱥᱩᱨᱡᱮᱣᱟᱞᱟ]] *[[:en:Jitendra Singh (Congress politician)|ᱡᱤᱛᱮᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱥᱤᱝ]] *[[ᱚᱡᱚᱭ ᱢᱟᱠᱮᱱ]]|leader=[[ᱨᱟᱦᱩᱞ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ]]}} {{Indian National Congress sidebar}} '''ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ''' ('''ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ''' ᱥᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ '''ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ''', ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱚ ᱛᱮ: '''INC''') ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indian-National-Congress|title=Indian National Congress|access-date=26 February 2018|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref> ᱑᱘᱘᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱵᱽᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ]] ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱥᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱸᱫᱳᱲ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙ ᱟᱱ ᱯᱤᱲᱦᱤ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ [[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱛᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ]] ᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱩᱱᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱟᱱᱫᱳᱞᱳᱱ|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱩᱱᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱟᱸᱫᱳᱲ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱥᱤ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== ===ᱯᱷᱩᱱᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ=== ===ᱯᱷᱩᱱᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ=== ==ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ== [[File:Congress Loksabha Vote percent all time.png|thumb|right|275px|alt= INC general elections vote percentage|ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ ᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱳᱴ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ]] [[File:Congress Loksabha seats all time.png|thumb|right|275px|alt= INC seasts in lower house of Indian parliament|ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ ᱟᱜ ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱢᱟᱹᱪᱤ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ]] [[File:Congress Rajya sabha seats all time.png|thumb|right|275px|alt=INC seats in upper house of Indian parliament|ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ ᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱭᱚᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱢᱟᱹᱪᱤ]] {| class="sortable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 2px #000000 solid; font-size: x-big; width="70%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="1" |+ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ! style="width:25%;"Style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white" | ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ! style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white" | ᱞᱮᱡᱤᱥᱞᱮᱪᱟᱨ ! style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white" | ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ! style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white" | ᱡᱤᱛᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱟᱹᱪᱤ ! style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white" | ᱢᱟᱹᱪᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ! style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white" | ᱵᱷᱳᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱚᱲᱟ ! style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white" | ᱵᱷᱳᱴ swing ! style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white" | ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ! style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white" | ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱟᱹᱛ(ᱠᱚ) |- style="text-align:center;" |[[:en:1934 Indian general election|᱑᱙᱓᱔]] |[[:en:Central Legislative Assembly|᱕ ᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] |[[ᱵᱷᱩᱞᱟᱵᱷᱟᱭ ᱫᱮᱥᱟᱭ]] |{{Composition bar|42|147|{{Indian National Congress/meta/color}}}} |{{increase}} ᱔᱒ |{{n/a}} |{{n/a}} | {{n/a}} |<ref name=T1>"Elections in India The New Delhi Assembly, Congress Party's Position", ''The Times'', 10 December 1934, p15, Issue 46933</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" |[[:en:1945 Indian general election|᱑᱙᱔᱕]] |[[:en:Central Legislative Assembly|᱖ ᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] |[[ᱥᱚᱨᱚᱫᱽ ᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱵᱳᱥ]] |{{Composition bar|59|102|{{Indian National Congress/meta/color}}}} |{{increase}} ᱑᱗ |{{n/a}} |{{n/a}} | {{partial|[[:en:Interim Government of India|Interim Government of India]] (᱑᱙᱔᱖–᱑᱙᱔᱗)}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/fullscreen.html?object=110|title=-- Schwartzberg Atlas -- Digital South Asia Library|website=dsal.uchicago.edu|access-date=2021-10-15|archive-date=2021-01-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107120130/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/fullscreen.html?object=110|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" |[[:en:1951 Indian general election|᱑᱙᱕᱑]] |[[:en:1st Lok Sabha|᱑ ᱞᱩ ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] |rowspan=3|[[ᱡᱚᱵᱟᱦᱚᱨᱞᱟᱞ ᱱᱮᱦᱨᱩ]] |{{Composition bar|364|489|{{Indian National Congress/meta/color}}}} |{{increase}} ᱓᱖᱔ |᱔᱔.᱙᱙% |{{n/a}} |{{yes2|ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ}} |<ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on Lok Sabha Elections 1951-52 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_11_51_LS.PDF }}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" |[[:en:1957 Indian general election|᱑᱙᱕᱗]] |[[:en:2nd Lok Sabha|᱒ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] |{{Composition bar|371|494|{{Indian National Congress/meta/color}}}} |{{increase}} ᱗ |᱔᱗.᱗᱘% |{{increase}} ᱒.᱗᱙% |{{yes2|ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ}} |<ref name="GE1957V1">{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1957/Vol_I_57_LS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 : To the Second Lok Sabha Volume-I | work=Election Commission of India | page=5 | access-date=11 July 2015}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" |[[:en:1962 Indian general election|᱑᱙᱖᱒]] |[[:en:3rd Lok Sabha|᱓ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] |{{Composition bar|361|494|{{Indian National Congress/meta/color}}}} |{{decrease}} ᱑᱐ |᱔᱔.᱗᱒% |{{decrease}} ᱓.᱐᱖% |{{yes2|ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ}} |<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf | title=Statistical Report On General Elections, 1962 To The Third Lok Sabha | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=30 April 2014 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140718185518/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf|archive-date= 18 July 2014}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" |[[:en:1967 Indian general election|᱑᱙᱖᱗]] |[[:en:4th Lok Sabha|᱔ ᱟᱱ ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] |rowspan=4|[[ᱤᱸᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱜᱟᱹᱱᱫᱷᱤ]] |{{Composition bar|283|520|{{Indian National Congress/meta/color}}}} |{{decrease}} ᱗᱘ |᱔᱐.᱗᱘% |{{decrease}} ᱒.᱙᱔% |{{yes2|ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ}} |<ref name="General Election of India 1967">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf |title=General Election of India 1967, 4th Lok Sabha |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=13 January 2010 |page=5 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718185108/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" |[[:en:1971 Indian general election|᱑᱙᱗᱑]] |[[:en:5th Lok Sabha|᱕ ᱟᱱ ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] |{{Composition bar|352|518|{{Indian National Congress/meta/color}}}} |{{increase}} ᱖᱙ |᱔᱓.᱖᱘% |{{increase}} ᱒.᱙᱐% |{{yes2|ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ}} |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf |title=General Election of India 1971, 5th Lok Sabha |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=13 January 2010 |page=6 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175452/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" |[[:en:1977 Indian general election|᱑᱙᱗᱗]] |[[:en:6th Lok Sabha|᱖ ᱟᱱ ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] |{{Composition bar|153|542|{{Indian National Congress/meta/color}}}} |{{decrease}} ᱑᱙᱙ |᱓᱔.᱕᱒% |{{decrease}} ᱙.᱑᱕% |{{no2|ᱵᱤᱨᱳᱫᱷᱤ}} |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf |title=General Election of India 1977, 6th Lok Sabha |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=13 January 2010 |page=6 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718185438/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" |[[:en:1980 Indian general election|᱑᱙᱘᱐]] |[[:en:7th Lok Sabha|᱗ ᱟᱱ ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] |{{Composition bar|351|542|{{Indian National Congress/meta/color}}}} |{{increase}} ᱑᱙᱘ |᱔᱒.᱖᱙% |{{increase}} ᱘.᱑᱗% |{{yes2|ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ}} |<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175926/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf EIC</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" |[[:en:1984 Indian general election|᱑᱙᱘᱔]] |[[:en:8th Lok Sabha|᱘ ᱟᱱ ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] |rowspan=2|[[ᱨᱟᱡᱤᱵᱽ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ]] |{{Composition bar|415|533|{{Indian National Congress/meta/color}}}} |{{increase}} ᱖᱔ |᱔᱙.᱐᱑% |{{increase}} ᱖.᱓᱒% |{{yes2|ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ}} |<ref>https://eci.gov.in/files/file/4118-general-election-1984-vol-i-ii/?do=download&r=9755&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=6df04992cf2c2fe96a9487465b425663</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" |[[:en:1989 Indian general election|᱑᱙᱘᱙]] |[[:en:9th Lok Sabha|᱙ ᱟᱱ ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] |{{Composition bar|197|545|{{Indian National Congress/meta/color}}}} |{{decrease}} ᱒᱑᱘ |᱓᱙.᱕᱓% |{{decrease}} ᱙.᱔᱘% |{{no2|ᱵᱤᱨᱳᱫᱷᱤ}} |<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9dDH9q7nVQ8C&pg=PA124|title=Indian Parliamentary Democracy|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|year=2003|isbn=978-81-269-0193-7|page=124}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" |[[:en:1991 Indian general election|᱑᱙᱙᱑]] |[[:en:10th Lok Sabha|᱑᱐ ᱟᱱ ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] |rowspan=2|[[ᱯᱤ ᱵᱷᱤ ᱱᱚᱨᱥᱤᱢᱦᱟ ᱨᱟᱣ]] |{{Composition bar|244|545|{{Indian National Congress/meta/color}}}} |{{increase}} ᱔᱗ |᱓᱕.᱖᱖% |{{decrease}} ᱓.᱘᱗% |{{yes2|ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ}} |<ref name=IPU>{{Cite web|title=1991 India General (10th Lok Sabha) Elections Results|url=https://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1991-election-results.html|access-date=2020-09-07|website=www.elections.in}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" |[[:en:1996 Indian general election|᱑᱙᱙᱖]] |[[:en:11th Lok Sabha|᱑᱑ ᱟᱱ ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] |{{Composition bar|140|545|{{Indian National Congress/meta/color}}}} |{{decrease}} ᱑᱐᱔ |᱒᱘.᱘᱐% |{{decrease}} ᱗.᱔᱖% |{{partial|Opposition, later [[Confidence and supply|outside support]] for [[United Front (India)|UF]]}} |<ref>{{cite book|last=Vohra|first=Ranbir|title=The Making of India|url=https://archive.org/details/makingofindiahis0002vohr|year=2001|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|location=Armonk|pages=[https://archive.org/details/makingofindiahis0002vohr/page/282 282]–284|isbn=978-0-7656-0712-6}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" |[[:en:1998 Indian general election|᱑᱙᱙᱘]] |[[:en:12th Lok Sabha|᱑᱒ ᱟᱱ ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] |[[ᱥᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨᱟᱢ ᱠᱮᱥᱟᱨᱤ]] |{{Composition bar|141|545|{{Indian National Congress/meta/color}}}} |{{increase}} ᱑ |᱒᱕.᱘᱒% |{{decrease}} ᱒.᱙᱘% |{{no2|Opposition}} |<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/archive/ge98/index_ge.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=16 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727214722/http://eci.nic.in/archive/ge98/index_ge.htm |archive-date=27 July 2018 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" |[[:en:1999 Indian general election|᱑᱙᱙᱙]] |[[:en:13th Lok Sabha|᱑᱓ ᱟᱱ ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] |rowspan="3" |[[ᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ]] |{{Composition bar|114|545|{{Indian National Congress/meta/color}}}} |{{decrease}} ᱒᱗ |᱒᱘.᱓᱐% |{{increase}} ᱒.᱔᱘% |{{no2|ᱵᱤᱨᱳᱫᱷᱤ}} |<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/archive/ge1999/index_ge1.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=16 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201105036/http://eci.nic.in/archive/ge1999/index_ge1.htm |archive-date=1 February 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" |[[:en:2004 Indian general election|᱒᱐᱐᱔]] |[[:en:14th Lok Sabha|᱑᱔ ᱟᱱ ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] |{{Composition bar|145|543|{{Indian National Congress/meta/color}}}} |{{increase}} ᱓᱑ |᱒᱖.᱗% |{{decrease}} ᱑.᱖% |{{yes2|ᱡᱳᱴ}} |<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/archive/GE2004/pollupd/pc/GE_NatSnapshot.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=16 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727220231/http://eci.nic.in/archive/GE2004/pollupd/pc/GE_NatSnapshot.htm |archive-date=27 July 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" |[[:en:2009 Indian general election|᱒᱐᱐᱙]] |[[:en:15th Lok Sabha|᱑᱕ ᱟᱱ ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] |{{Composition bar|206|543|{{Indian National Congress/meta/color}}}} |{{increase}} ᱖᱑ |᱒᱘.᱕᱕% |{{increase}} ᱒.᱐᱒% |{{yes2|ᱡᱳᱴ}} |<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/second-upa-wincrowning-glory-for-sonia%5Cs-ascendancy/61892/on|title=Second UPA win, a crowning glory for Sonia's ascendancy|date=16 May 2009|work=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=13 June 2009}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" |[[:en:2014 Indian general election|᱒᱐᱑᱔]] |[[:en:16th Lok Sabha|᱑᱖ ᱟᱱ ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] |rowspan="2" |[[ᱨᱟᱦᱩᱞ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ]] |{{Composition bar|44|543|{{Indian National Congress/meta/color}}}} |{{decrease}} ᱑᱖᱒ |᱑᱙.᱓% |{{decrease}} ᱙.᱒᱕% |{{no2|ᱵᱤᱨᱳᱫᱷᱤ}} |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/terms_of_houses.aspx|title=Terms of Houses, Election Commission of India|access-date=10 June 2013}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" |[[:en:2019 Indian general election|᱒᱐᱑᱙]] |[[:en:17th Lok Sabha|᱑᱗ ᱟᱱ ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] |{{Composition bar|52|543|{{Indian National Congress/meta/color}}}} |{{increase}} ᱘ |᱑᱙.᱕% |{{increase}} ᱐.᱒% |{{no2|ᱵᱤᱨᱳᱫᱷᱤ}} |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-48389130|title=Modi thanks India for 'historic mandate'|date=23 May 2019|access-date=29 May 2019|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528223438/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-48389130|archive-date=28 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> |} <!-- ==Legislative assembly results == {| class="sortable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 2px #000000 solid; font-size: x-big; font-family: verdana" width="70%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="1" |- ! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white" | Year ! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white" | State/UT ! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white" | Total seats ! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white" | Won ! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white" | Vote % ! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white" | LS.19 Vote% ! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white" | G/ Op |--style="background-color:#FFFFCC;" |TBD |[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|J & K*]] |90 |* |* |28.5 |* |- |Rowspan=5|2021 |[[Assam]] |126 |29 |29.6 |35.4 |O |- |[[Kerala]] |140 |21 |25.1 |'''37.3''' |O |- |[[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]* |30 |2 |15.7 |'''56.3''' |O |- |[[Tamil Nadu]] |234 |18 |4 |12.8 |'''G''' |- |[[West Bengal]] |294 |0 |3 |5.6 |O |- |Rowspan=2|2020 |[[Bihar]] |243 |19 |9.5 |7.7 |O |- |[[Delhi]]* |70 |0 |4.3 |22.5 |O |- |Rowspan=7|2019 |[[Andhra Pradesh]] |175 |0 |1.2 |1.3 |O |- |[[Arunachal Pradesh]] |60 |4 |16.8 |20.7 |O |- |[[Haryana]] |90 |31 |28.1 |28.4 |O |- |[[Jharkhand]] |81 |16 |13.9 |15.6 |'''G''' |- |[[Maharashtra]] |288 |44 |15.9 |16.3 |'''G''' |- |[[Odisha]] |147 |9 |16.1 |13.8 |O |- |[[Sikkim]] |32 |0 |0.8 |1.1 |O |- |Rowspan=9|2018 |[[Chhattisgarh]] |90 |'''68''' |'''43''' |40.9 |'''G''' |- |[[Karnataka]] |224 |80 |'''38.1''' |31.2 |O |- |[[Madhya Pradesh]] |230 |'''114''' |40.9 |34.5 |O |- |[[Meghalaya]] |60 |'''21''' |'''28.5''' |'''48.3''' |O |- |[[Mizoram]] |40 |5 |30 |0 |O |- |[[Nagaland]] |60 |0 |2.1 |48.1 |O |- |[[Rajasthan]] |200 |'''100''' |'''39.3''' |34.2 |'''G''' |- |[[Telangana]] |119 |19 |28.4 |29.5 |O |- |[[Tripura]] |60 |0 |1.8 |25.3 |O |- |rowspan=7|2017 |[[Goa]] |40 |'''17''' |28.4 |42.9 |O |- |[[Gujarat]] |182 |77 |41.4 |32.1 |O |- |[[Himachal Pradesh]] |68 |21 |41.7 |27.3 |O |- |[[Manipur]] |60 |'''28''' |35.1 |24.6 |O |- |[[Punjab, India|Punjab]] |117 |'''77''' |'''38.5''' |'''40.1''' |'''G''' |- |[[Uttar Pradesh]] |403 |7 |6.2 |6.3 |O |- |[[Uttarakhand]] |70 |11 |33.5 |31.4 |O |- |'''Total''' |'''[[India]]''' |4033 |836 |20.7 |19.5 |5 |} *Bold indicates if '''Largest Party/Vote share''' --> ==ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱭᱩ.ᱴᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ== ==ᱥᱚᱝᱥᱚᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ== ===ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ=== ==ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{Wikiquote}} {{Commons and category|Indian National Congress}} * [https://www.inc.in/ ᱢᱩᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹ ᱣᱮᱵᱽᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ] * {{Curlie|Regional/Asia/India/Society_and_Culture/Politics/Parties/Indian_National_Congress}} ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱟᱹᱛ== rxvuma7u1oqk01vmi0jvpvb93cj003n 0 18119 196473 132981 2026-08-12T17:06:55Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196473 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | official_name = ᱨᱤᱭᱟᱫᱽ | native_name = {{lang|ar|الرياض}} | settlement_type = [[ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ]] / [[ᱢᱮᱴᱨᱚᱯᱚᱞᱤᱥ]] <!-- images, nickname, motto --->| image_skyline = | image_caption = | image_size = 285px | image_flag = | flag_size = 125px | image_seal = | nickname = | motto = | map_caption = Location in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia | pushpin_map = Saudi Arabia#Arab world | pushpin_label_position = left | pushpin_relief = yes | pushpin_mapsize = | pushpin_map_caption = ᱥᱟᱣᱫᱤ ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱤᱭᱟᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ | coordinates = {{coord|24|38|N|46|43|E|region:SA|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ | subdivision_name = [[ᱥᱟᱣᱫᱤ ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱽ]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Provinces of Saudi Arabia|Province]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Riyadh Province]] | leader_title = | leader_name = | leader_title1 = ᱨᱤᱭᱟᱫᱽ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ | leader_name1 = [[ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱥᱚᱞ ᱵᱤᱱ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱣᱫᱤ]] | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_magnitude = | area_total_km2 = 1973 | elevation_m = 599 | population_total = 7,676,654 | population_as_of = ᱒᱐᱑᱘ | population_footnotes = <ref name="maaal">{{cite web |url=https://www.maaal.com/archives/20190404/121198 |title=هيئة تطوير مدينة الرياض توافق على طلبات مطورين لإنشاء 4 مشاريع سياحية وترفيهية |language=ar |date=4 April 2019 |access-date=24 May 2019 |archive-date=4 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404195829/https://www.maaal.com/archives/20190404/121198 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | population_density_km2 = auto | population_density_sq_mi = | population_metro = | population_note = | postal_code_type = Postal Code | postal_code = (5 digits) | area_code = 011 | website = [http://www.arriyadh.com/eng/ High Commission for the Development of Riyadh] [https://www.alriyadh.gov.sa/en/ Riyadh Municipality] | leader_title2 = ᱨᱤᱭᱟᱫᱽ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱮᱭᱚᱨ | leader_name2 = [[ᱯᱨᱤᱸᱥ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱥᱚᱞ ᱵᱤᱱ ᱚᱵᱽᱫᱩᱞᱚᱡᱤᱡᱽ|ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱥᱚᱞ ᱵᱤᱱ ᱚᱵᱽᱫᱩᱞᱚᱡᱤᱡᱽ ᱚᱞᱼᱢᱩᱠᱨᱤᱱ]] | timezone = [[UTC+03:00#Arabia Standard Time|AST]] | utc_offset = +᱐᱓:᱐᱐ | name = | elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Elevation Finder|url=https://www.freemaptools.com/elevation-finder.htm|access-date=2021-05-14|website=www.freemaptools.com}}</ref> }} '''ᱨᱤᱭᱟᱫᱽ''' ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱟᱣᱫᱤ ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱽ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱯᱨᱟᱭᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱡᱚᱫᱽ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱞᱚᱫᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱯᱷᱩᱫᱽ ᱡᱤᱛᱤᱞ ᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ, ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱴᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱖᱐᱐ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱒,᱐᱐᱐ ᱯᱷᱤᱴ) ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ,<ref>{{cite web|date=8 December 2018|title=Geographic Location of Riyadh|url=https://riyadh.sa/en/city/l/AboutRiyadh/item/li/city/13521|access-date=24 May 2019|publisher=Riyadh Development Authority}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱠᱮ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱕ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱧᱮᱞᱡᱚᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱜᱮᱞᱼᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱮᱦᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱧᱮᱞᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱤᱭᱟᱫᱽ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱗.᱖ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱣᱫᱤ ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ, ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ [[ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name="maaal"/> ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== ==ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ== ==ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ== ==ᱦᱮᱡ ᱥᱮᱱ== ===ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ=== [[File:SV ERJ-170 at RUH (3004177752).jpg|thumb|Saudi Arabian Airlines ERJ-170 at Riyadh King Khalid International Airport]] [[File:Riyadh aerial highway.jpg|thumb|Riyadh aerial highway]] ᱨᱤᱭᱟᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱤᱝ ᱠᱷᱟᱞᱤᱫᱽ ᱡᱮᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ]] (KKIA), ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱕ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱗ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱮᱦᱮᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱮᱱᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱵᱟᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="AN">{{cite news|url=http://www.arabnews.com/news/452856|title=Expansion to up Riyadh airport capacity to 35 m|newspaper=Arab News|access-date=24 November 2013}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱛ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱽ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ===ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ=== ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱤᱝ ᱨᱚᱰ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱭᱮ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱪᱮ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱨᱤᱝ ᱨᱚᱰ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱭᱮ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱤᱝ ᱯᱷᱚᱦᱚᱫᱽ ᱨᱚᱰ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜᱼᱟ,{{Sfn|Ham|2004|p=81}} ᱢᱚᱠᱠᱟ ᱨᱚᱰ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝᱼᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱓ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱤᱯᱞᱚᱢᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱠᱣᱚᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣᱼᱟ ᱾ ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} '''Bibliography''' {{See also|Timeline of Riyadh#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography of the history of Riyadh}} * {{cite book|last=Craze|first=Joshua|title=The Kingdom: Saudi Arabia and the Challenge of the 21st Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tkqzb-k7qGYC&pg=PA41|year=2009|publisher=Hurst Publishers|isbn=978-1-85065-897-9}} * {{cite book|last=Cybriwsky|first=Roman A.|title=Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qb6NAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA258|date=23 May 2013|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-61069-248-9}} * {{cite book|last=Elsheshtawy|first=Yasser|title=The Evolving Arab City: Tradition, Modernity and Urban Development|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O8Zz-2AtuIwC&pg=PA124|date=27 May 2008|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-12821-1}} * {{cite book|last=Facey|first=William|title=Riyadh, the Old City: From Its Origins Until the 1950s|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dITBAAAAIAAJ|date=1 January 1992|publisher=Immel Publishing|isbn=978-0-907151-32-6}} * {{cite book|last=Farsy|first=Fouad|title=Modernity and Tradition: The Saudi Equation|url=https://archive.org/details/modernitytraditi0000fars|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/modernitytraditi0000fars/page/22 22]|year=1990|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-7103-0395-0}} * {{cite book|last=Ham|first=Anthony|title=Saudi Arabia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PddTr1X7hEgC&pg=PA81|year=2004|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74059-667-1}} * {{cite journal |title=The Impact of Planning on Growth and Development in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 1970-1990 |author1= Saud Al-Oteibi |author2=Allen G. Noble |author3=Frank J. Costa |journal= GeoJournal |volume=29 |date=February 1993 |ref= {{harvid|Al-Oteibi|1993}} }} * {{cite book|last1=Menoret|first1=Pascal|title=Joyriding in Riyadh: Oil, Urbanism and Road Revolt|url=https://archive.org/details/joyridinginriyad0000mnor|date=2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press}} * {{cite book|last=Jordan|first=Craig |title=The Travelling Triathlete: A Middle – Aged Man's Journey to Fitness|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6loHxdxxqBEC&pg=PA88|year=2011|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=978-1-4670-0081-9}} * {{cite book|last1=Sloan|first1=Stephen|last2=Anderson|first2=Sean K.|title=Historical Dictionary of Terrorism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aVcG7EkuPgAC&pg=PA605|date=3 August 2009|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-6311-8}} * {{cite book|last=Sonbol|first=Amira|title=Gulf Women|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a2BtIjMscqcC&pg=PT99|date=29 March 2012|publisher=Bloomsbury Qatar Foundation Publishing|isbn=978-99921-94-84-3|edition=English}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{Commons category|ᱨᱤᱭᱟᱫᱽ}} * {{Official website}} * {{Wikivoyage-inline}} {{Portal|ᱥᱟᱣᱫᱤ ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱽ}} {{ᱨᱤᱭᱟᱫᱽ}} {{Saudi cities}} {{Capitals of Arab countries}} {{Arab Capital of Culture}} {{List of Asian capitals by region}} {{Asian Games Host Cities}} {{Authority control}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱨᱤᱭᱟᱫᱽ| ]] 16zqn7cx46m2avws19ydej15p2vzmmk 0 18190 196674 146453 2026-08-12T20:38:18Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196674 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = ᱟᱨᱴᱥᱟᱠᱷ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱯᱱᱟᱹᱛ |common_name = ᱟᱨᱴᱥᱟᱠᱷ |native_name = {{native name|hy|Արցախի Հանրապետություն|paren=omit}}<br /><small>{{transl|hy|Artsakhi Hanrapetutyun}}</small><br />{{native name|ru|Нагорно-Карабахская Республика|paren=omit}}<br /><small>{{transl|ru|Nagorno-Karabakhskaya Respublika}}</small> |image_flag = Flag of Artsakh.svg |image_coat = Coat of arms of Artsakh.svg |national_anthem = {{native name|hy|[[Azat u ankakh Artsakh|Ազատ ու Անկախ Արցախ]]|italics=off}}<br />{{lower|0.1em|''Azat u Ankakh Artsakh''}} {{nbsp|2}}([[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Armenian)|transliteration]])<br />"Free and Independent Artsakh" |image_map = Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (orthographic projection).svg |map_caption = <small>Territory controlled by Artsakh in dark green, claimed territory in light green.</small> |capital = [[ᱥᱴᱮᱯᱟᱱᱠᱮᱨᱴ]] |coordinates = {{Coord|39|52|N|46|43|E|type:city|display=inline,title}} |largest_city = ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ |official_languages= [[ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ]]^a<br/>[[ᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ]]^b<ref>{{cite web |title=Парламент Карабаха признал русский язык официальным языком республики |url=https://www.rbc.ru/rbcfreenews/605c83739a79474363e6eab3 |website=www.rbc.ru|publisher=[[RBK Group]]|language=ru|access-date=4 August 2021}}</ref> |government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[republic]]^c |leader_title1 = [[President of Artsakh|President]] |leader_name1 = [[Arayik Harutyunyan]] |leader_title2 = [[President of the National Assembly of Artsakh|President of the National Assembly]] |leader_name2 = [[Arthur Tovmasyan]] |legislature = [[National Assembly (Artsakh)|National Assembly]] |sovereignty_type = Independence {{nobold|from the [[Soviet Union]]}} |established_event1= Autonomy |established_date1 = {{nowrap|2 September 1991<ref>{{cite book |last=Zürcher |first=Christoph |author-link=:de:Christoph Zürcher |title=The Post-Soviet Wars: Rebellion, Ethnic Conflict, and Nationhood in the Caucasus |url=https://archive.org/details/postsovietwarsre0000zrch |year=2007 |publisher=New York University Press |location=New York |isbn=9780814797099 |page=[https://archive.org/details/postsovietwarsre0000zrch/page/168 168] |edition=[Online-Ausg.].}}</ref>}} |established_event2= {{nowrap|[[1991 Nagorno-Karabakh independence referendum|Declared]]}} |established_date2 = 10 December 1991 |area_km2 = |area_rank= |area_sq_mi = <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |area_footnote = |percent_water= |population_estimate= 120,000 |population_census = 150,932 |population_estimate_year=March 2021<ref>{{cite web |title=Nikol Pashinyan, Arayik Harutyunyan chair meeting on ongoing and upcoming programs to be implemented in Artsakh |url=https://www.primeminister.am/en/press-release/item/2021/03/25/Nikol-Pashinyan-meeting/ |website=primeminister.am |publisher=The Office to the Prime Minister of the Republic of Armenia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513113421/https://www.primeminister.am/en/press-release/item/2021/03/25/Nikol-Pashinyan-meeting/ |archive-date=13 May 2021 |date=25 March 2021 |quote=...today most of the population - about 120,000 citizens - live in Artsakh...}}</ref> |population_census_year = 2015<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stat-nkr.am/hy/2010-11-24-10-40-02/597--2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416093350/http://www.stat-nkr.am/hy/2010-11-24-10-40-02/597--2015|archive-date=16 April 2016 |title=ԼՂՀ 2015Թ. ՄԱՐԴԱՀԱՄԱՐԻ ՆԱԽՆԱԿԱՆ ՕՊԵՐԱՏԻՎ ՑՈՒՑԱՆԻՇՆԵՐԻ ՄԱՍԻՆ|publisher=STAF NKRE |date=30 March 2016 |access-date=30 March 2016}}</ref> |population_census_rank = 191st |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi= <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |demonym = Artsakhi |GDP_PPP = $713 million |GDP_PPP_year = 2019 |GDP_PPP_rank = n/a |GDP_PPP_per_capita= $4,803 |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = n/a |Gini = <!--number only--> |Gini_year= |Gini_change= <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |Gini_ref= |Gini_rank= |HDI= <!--number only--> |HDI_year= |HDI_change= <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |HDI_ref= |HDI_rank= |iso3166code = AM |currency = {{unbulleted list | [[Artsakh dram]] | [[Armenian dram]] }} |currency_code= AMD |time_zone = [[Armenia Time|AMT]] |utc_offset = +4 |drives_on = right |calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in the Republic of Artsakh|+374]] 47^d |cctld = [[.am]], [[.հայ]] |footnote_a = The constitution guarantees "the free use of other languages spread among the population". |footnote_b = From 2021 |footnote_c = Head of state and head of government, after the post of prime minister was abolished following a [[2017 Nagorno-Karabakh constitutional referendum|constitutional referendum]]. |footnote_d = +374 97 for mobile phones. |status = [[International recognition of Artsakh|Unrecognised state]]<br>[[Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations#Members|Recognised by 3 non-UN members]] |today=}} '''ᱟᱨᱴᱥᱟᱠᱷ''' ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨᱴᱥᱟᱠᱷ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱯᱱᱟᱹᱛ [[ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] ᱱᱟᱜᱳᱨᱱᱳ ᱠᱟᱨᱟᱵᱟᱠᱷ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱯᱱᱟᱹᱛ ᱮᱱ.ᱠᱮ.ᱟᱨ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱠᱮᱥᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[ᱟᱡᱟᱨᱵᱟᱭᱡᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱟᱨᱴᱥᱟᱠᱷ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱱᱟᱜᱳᱨᱱᱳ-ᱠᱟᱨᱟᱵᱟᱠᱷ ᱥᱟᱭᱚᱛᱛᱥᱟᱥᱤᱛ ᱳᱵᱽᱞᱟᱥᱴ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱟᱸᱰᱮᱯᱟᱥᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱥᱮᱫ [[ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ [[ᱤᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱟᱨᱴᱥᱟᱠᱷ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[ᱥᱴᱮᱯᱟᱱᱠᱮᱨᱴ]]᱾ ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== ==ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ== ==ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱴᱟᱨᱤ== ==ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱞᱚᱛ== ==ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ== ==ᱦᱚᱲᱮᱞ== ==ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ== ==ᱦᱮᱡᱥᱮᱱ== ==ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ== ==ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ== ==ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{wikivoyage|ᱱᱟᱜᱳᱨᱱᱳ-ᱠᱟᱨᱟᱵᱟᱠᱷ}} {{commons category|ᱟᱨᱴᱥᱟᱠᱷ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱯᱱᱟᱹᱛ}} ; ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱣᱮᱵᱽᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ * [http://www.nkr.am/en/ Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Artsakh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917193936/http://nkr.am/en/ |date=2017-09-17 }} * [http://www.nkrusa.org/ Office of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, Washington D.C.] * [http://www.stat-nkr.am/ National Statistical Service of NKR] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206093817/http://www.stat-nkr.am/ |date=2008-02-06 }} * [http://www.president.nkr.am/ President of the Nagorno Karabagh Republic] ; ᱢᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ * [https://artsakh.org.uk/ Articles and Photography on Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh) from UK Photojournalist Russell Pollard] * [https://roadtoartsakh.am/ Road to Artsakh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505205314/https://roadtoartsakh.am/ |date=2021-05-05 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080226062839/http://www.karabakh-open.com/src/index.php?id=0&lang=en Karabakh-Open] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20020812004807/http://www.artsakhtert.com/eng/index.php "Azat Artsakh", Artsakh Government's newspaper] ; ᱮᱴᱟᱜ * [https://artsakhombuds.am/en Human Rights Ombudsman] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107144558/https://artsakhombuds.am/en |date=2021-11-07 }} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱨᱮᱯᱮᱪᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ]] ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱹᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} 6woef46ne7s20ywqv3l2rfl5lvqwns2 0 18205 196670 179308 2026-08-12T20:36:26Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196670 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Continent |title = ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ |image = Central America (orthographic projection).svg |area = {{convert|521876|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} |population = 47,448,336 (᱒᱐᱑᱖ ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ) |density = {{convert|91|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |demonym = ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ |GDP_nominal = $203.73 billion ([[exchange rate]]) (2013) <br/> $370.52 billion ([[purchasing power parity]]) (2013). |GDP_per_capita = $4,783 (exchange rate) (2013) <br/> $8,698 (purchasing power parity) (2013). |countries = {{unbulleted list|{{flag|ᱵᱮᱞᱤᱡᱽ}}| {{flag|ᱠᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱨᱤᱠᱟ}}|{{flag|ᱮᱞ ᱥᱚᱞᱵᱟᱰᱳᱨ}}|{{flag|ᱜᱣᱟᱨᱮᱢᱟᱞᱟ}}|{{flag|ᱦᱚᱱᱰᱩᱨᱟᱥ}}|{{flag|ᱱᱤᱠᱟᱨᱟᱜᱩᱣᱟ}}|{{flag|ᱯᱟᱱᱟᱢᱟ}}}} |dependencies = [[File:Flag of San Andrés y Providencia.svg|20px|border]] [[Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina]] (belonging to {{flag|Colombia}}) |languages = {{Plainlist| * [[ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱤᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ|ᱤᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ]] * [[ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ]] * [[ᱢᱟᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]] * [[ᱜᱮᱨᱤᱯᱷᱩᱱᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱜᱮᱨᱤᱯᱷᱩᱱᱟ]] * [[ᱵᱮᱞᱤᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱨᱤᱭᱚᱞ|ᱠᱨᱤᱭᱚᱞ]] * [[ᱢᱮᱥᱳᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ|ᱢᱮᱥᱳᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]] }} |time = [[ᱭᱩᱴᱤᱥᱤ-᱐᱖|ᱭᱩᱴᱤᱥᱤ -᱐᱖:᱐᱐]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[ᱭᱩᱴᱤᱥᱤ-᱐᱕|ᱭᱩᱴᱤᱥᱤ -᱐᱕:᱐᱐]] |cities = {{unbulleted list |{{flagicon|ᱜᱣᱟᱴᱮᱢᱟᱞᱟ}} [[ᱜᱣᱟᱴᱮᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ]]<!--1,104,890--> |{{flagicon|ᱮᱞ ᱥᱚᱞᱵᱟᱰᱳᱨ}} [[ᱥᱟᱞ ᱥᱚᱞᱵᱟᱰᱳᱨ]] <!--2,000,000--> |{{flagicon|Nicaragua}} [[Managua]]<!--2,201,000--> |{{flagicon|ᱦᱩᱱᱰᱩᱨᱟᱥ}} [[Tegucigalpa]]<!--1,126,534--> |{{flagicon|ᱯᱟᱱᱟᱢᱟ}} [[ᱯᱟᱱᱟᱢᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ]]<!--880,691--><!--540,898--> |{{flagicon|ᱦᱚᱱᱰᱩᱨᱟᱥ}} [[ᱥᱟᱱ ᱯᱮᱰᱨᱚ ᱥᱩᱞᱟ]]<!--538,101--> |{{flagicon|ᱠᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱨᱤᱠᱟ}} [[San José, Costa Rica|San José]]<!--347,281--> |{{flagicon|ᱯᱟᱱᱟᱢᱟ}} [[San Miguelito District|San Miguelito]]<!--293,745--> |{{flagicon|El Salvador}} [[Santa Ana, El Salvador|Santa Ana]]<!--245,241--> |{{flagicon|El Salvador}} [[San Miguel, El Salvador|San Miguel]]<!--221,783--> | }} |m49 = <code>᱐᱑᱓</code> – ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ<br /><code>᱔᱑᱙</code> – [[ᱞᱟᱴᱤᱱ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ]]<br /><code>᱐᱑᱙</code> – [[ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ]]<br /><code>᱐᱐᱑</code> – [[ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ]] }} '''ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ''' ᱫᱚ [[ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱠᱥᱤᱠᱳ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱢᱵᱤᱭᱟ, ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱮᱵᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ [[ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ]] ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ : [[ᱵᱮᱞᱤᱡᱽ]], [[ᱮᱞ ᱥᱚᱞᱣᱟᱰᱳᱨ]], [[ᱜᱣᱟᱴᱮᱢᱟᱞᱟ]], [[ᱦᱚᱱᱰᱩᱨᱟᱥ]], [[ᱱᱤᱠᱟᱨᱟᱜᱩᱣᱟ]] ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱱᱟᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱔᱔.᱕᱓ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ (᱒᱐᱑᱖) ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱾{{cite web|website=World Population Review|title=Central America Population 2020|language=en|url=http://worldpopulationreview.com/continents/central-america-population/|access-date=February 9, 2020|archive-date=January 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120080259/https://worldpopulationreview.com/continents/central-america-population}} ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱳᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱰᱟᱭᱵᱚᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱦᱚᱴᱥᱯᱚᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱜᱣᱟᱴᱮᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱱᱟᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== ==ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ== ==ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ== ᱒᱐᱑᱘ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱔᱗,᱔᱔᱘,᱓᱓᱓ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾{{UN Population|ref}} ᱕᱒᱓,᱗᱘᱐ ᱜᱟᱺᱴ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱒᱐᱒,᱒᱓᱐ ᱜᱟᱺᱴ ᱢᱤᱞ) ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱰᱮᱱᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱙᱑ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱜᱟᱺᱴ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱒᱔᱐/ᱜᱟᱺᱴ ᱢᱤᱞ) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ==ᱠᱟᱞᱪᱟᱨ== ==ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ== ==ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ== ==ᱥᱟᱜᱟᱲᱚᱢ== ==ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ== == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} {{cite book |author=Hoopes, John W. and Oscar Fonseca Z. |year=2003 |title=Goldwork and Chibchan Identity:Endogenous Change and Diffuse Unity in the Isthmo-Colombian Area |url=http://www.doaks.org/GoldandPower/GoldandPower02.pdf |format=Online text reproduction |location=Washington, DC |publisher=Dumbarton Oaks |isbn=978-0-8263-1000-2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225191811/http://www.doaks.org/GoldandPower/GoldandPower02.pdf |archive-date=25 February 2009}} {{cite journal|last1=Argueta|first1=O|last2=Huhn|first2=S|last3=Kurtenbach|first3=S|last4=Peetz|first4=P|title=Blocked democracies in Central America|journal=GIGA Focus International Edition|issue=5|pages=1–8|year=2011|issn=1862-3581|url=http://www.giga-hamburg.de/dl/download.php?d=/content/publikationen/pdf/gf_international_1105.pdf|access-date=2021-11-08|archive-date=2013-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719072524/http://www.giga-hamburg.de/dl/download.php?d=/content/publikationen/pdf/gf_international_1105.pdf|url-status=dead}} {{cite journal|last1=Astiz|first1=L|last2=Kanamori|first2=H|last3=Eissler|first3=H|title=Source characteristics of earthquakes in the Michoacan seismic gap in Mexico|journal=Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America|volume=77|issue=4|pages=1326–46|year=1987|doi=10.1785/BSSA0770041326|bibcode=1987BuSSA..77.1326A|url=http://authors.library.caltech.edu/49188/1/1326.full.pdf}} {{cite journal|last=Augelli|first=JP|title=The Rimland-Mainland concept of culture areas in Middle America|journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers|volume=52|issue=2|pages=119–29|year=1962|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.1962.tb00400.x|jstor=2561309}} {{cite web|author=British Embassy San Salvador|title=Extra-Regional Observer of Central American Integration System|work=Strengthening UK relationships with El Salvador|publisher=Government Digital Service|location=London|date=10 June 2013|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/world-location-news/extra-regional-observer-of-central-american-integration-system|access-date=4 January 2015}} <!--unused<ref name=Burchfield2004>{{cite book|last=Burchfield|first=RW|author-link=Robert Burchfield|title=Fowler's modern English usage|url=https://archive.org/details/fowlersmoderneng0000fowl|edition=3rd|page=[https://archive.org/details/fowlersmoderneng0000fowl/page/48 48]|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2004|isbn=978-0-19-861021-2}}</ref>--> {{cite news|last=Carroll|first=R|title=Ortega banks on tourism to beat poverty|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|location=London|date=6 January 2007|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/jan/07/rorycarroll.theobserver|access-date=3 January 2015}} {{cite web|author=Central Intelligence Agency|author-link=Central Intelligence Agency|title=The world factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|location=Washington, D.C.|year=2019|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/|access-date=2021-11-08|archive-date=2009-09-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090912045414/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/|url-status=dead}} {{cite web|author=Central Intelligence Agency|author-link=Central Intelligence Agency|title=World exports by country|work=The world factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|location=Washington, D.C.|year=2014|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2078.html#74|access-date=1 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504222805/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2078.html#74|archive-date=4 May 2012|url-status=dead}} {{cite web|author=Central Intelligence Agency|author-link=Central Intelligence Agency|title=Export partners of Guatemala|work=The world factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|location=Washington, D.C.|year=2014|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2050.html#gt|access-date=2021-11-08|archive-date=2018-12-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206230311/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2050.html#gt|url-status=dead}} {{cite news|last=Cuellar|first=M|title=Foreign direct investments and tourism up|newspaper=Channel 5 Belize|publisher=Great Belize Productions Ltd.|location=Belize|date=1 March 2013|url=http://edition.channel5belize.com/archives/82643|access-date=4 January 2015|archive-date=19 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019211111/http://edition.channel5belize.com/archives/82643|url-status=dead}}{{cite book|author=IBP, Inc|title=Central America Economic Integration and Cooperation Handbook Volume 1 Strategic Information, Organizations and Programs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9AWWBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA8|year=2009|isbn=978-1-4387-4280-9|page=8}} {{cite journal|last1=Harvey|first1=CA|last2=Komar|first2=O|last3=Chazdon|first3=R|last4=Ferguson|first4=BG|title=Integrating agricultural landscapes with biodiversity conservation in the Mesoamerican hotspot|journal=Conservation Biology|volume=22|issue=1|pages=8–15|year=2008|doi=10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00863.x|pmid=18254848|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5597044|doi-access=free}} {{cite conference|last=Holland|first=CL|title=Ethnic and religious diversity in Central America: a historical perspective|date=November 2005|conference=2005 Annual Meeting of the Society for the Scientific Study of Religion|pages=1–34|url=http://www.prolades.com/Ethnic_Religious_Diversity_CAM-Holland.pdf|access-date=4 January 2015|archive-date=10 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010135550/http://www.prolades.com/Ethnic_Religious_Diversity_CAM-Holland.pdf|url-status=dead}} <!--<ref name=Hubbard2015>{{cite web|last=Hubbard|first=K|title=The biggest cities in Central America|work=Central America statistics, facts & figures for every country|publisher=About.com|location=New York City|year=2015|url=http://gocentralamerica.about.com/od/tripplanning/a/Central-America-Cities.htm|access-date=2015-01-01}}</ref>--> {{cite book|author=International Monetary Fund|author-link=International Monetary Fund|title=World economic outlook October 2014: legacies, clouds, uncertainties|work=World economic and financial surveys|publisher=International Monetary Fund|location=Washington, D.C.|year=2014|isbn=978-1-4843-8066-6|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/02/pdf/text.pdf|access-date=1 January 2015}} {{cite web|author=International Monetary Fund|author-link=International Monetary Fund|title=Gross domestic product based on purchasing-power-parity (PPP) valuation of country GDP|work=World economic outlook database, April 2012|publisher=International Monetary Fund|location=Washington, D.C.|year=2012|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2012/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=50&pr.y=15&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=311%2C336%2C213%2C263%2C313%2C268%2C316%2C343%2C339%2C273%2C218%2C278%2C223%2C283%2C228%2C288%2C233%2C293%2C238%2C361%2C321%2C362%2C243%2C364%2C248%2C366%2C253%2C369%2C328%2C298%2C258%2C299&s=PPPGDP&grp=0&a=|access-date=1 January 2015}} {{cite web|author=International Monetary Fund|author-link=International Monetary Fund|title=Report for selected countries and subjects|work=World economic outlook database, April 2012|publisher=International Monetary Fund|location=Washington, D.C.|year=2012|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2012/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=83&pr.y=7&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=311%2C336%2C213%2C263%2C313%2C268%2C316%2C343%2C339%2C273%2C218%2C278%2C223%2C283%2C228%2C288%2C233%2C293%2C238%2C361%2C321%2C362%2C243%2C364%2C248%2C366%2C253%2C369%2C328%2C298%2C258%2C299&s=NGDPD&grp=0&a=|access-date=1 January 2015}} {{cite web|last=Inman|first=C|title=Impacts on developing countries of changing production and consumption patterns in developed countries: the case of ecotourism in Costa Rica|publisher=[[INCAE Business School]]|location=Alajuela, Costa Rica|year=1997|url=http://fama2.us.es:8080/turismo/turismonet1/economia%20del%20turismo/turismo%20y%20medio%20ambiente/ECOTOURISM%20IN%20COSTA%20RICA.PDF|access-date=1 January 2015|archive-date=4 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100104065920/http://fama2.us.es:8080/turismo/turismonet1/economia%20del%20turismo/turismo%20y%20medio%20ambiente/ECOTOURISM%20IN%20COSTA%20RICA.PDF|url-status=dead}} {{cite web|last=Butler|first=RA|title=Belize forest information and data|work=Tropical rainforests: deforestation rates tables and charts|publisher=Mongabay.com|location=Menlo Park, California|year=2006|url=http://rainforests.mongabay.com/deforestation/2000/Belize.htm|access-date=1 January 2015}} {{cite web|last=Butler|first=RA|title=Costa Rica forest information and data|work=Tropical rainforests: deforestation rates tables and charts|publisher=Mongabay.com|location=Menlo Park, California|year=2006|url=http://rainforests.mongabay.com/deforestation/2000/Costa_Rica.htm|access-date=1 January 2015}} {{cite web|last=Butler|first=RA|title=El Salvador forest information and data|work=Tropical rainforests: deforestation rates tables and charts|publisher=Mongabay.com|location=Menlo Park, California|year=2006|url=http://rainforests.mongabay.com/deforestation/2000/El_Salvador.htm|access-date=1 January 2015}} {{cite web|last=Butler|first=RA|title=Guatemala forest information and data|work=Tropical rainforests: deforestation rates tables and charts|publisher=Mongabay.com|location=Menlo Park, California|year=2006|url=http://rainforests.mongabay.com/deforestation/2000/Guatemala.htm|access-date=1 January 2015}} {{cite web|last=Butler|first=RA|title=Honduras forest information and data|work=Tropical rainforests: deforestation rates tables and charts|publisher=Mongabay.com|location=Menlo Park, California|year=2006|url=http://rainforests.mongabay.com/deforestation/2000/Honduras.htm|access-date=1 January 2015}} {{cite web|last=Butler|first=RA|title=Nicaragua forest information and data|work=Tropical rainforests: deforestation rates tables and charts|publisher=Mongabay.com|location=Menlo Park, California|year=2006|url=http://rainforests.mongabay.com/deforestation/2000/Nicaragua.htm|access-date=1 January 2015}} {{cite web|last=Butler|first=RA|title=Panama forest information and data|work=Tropical rainforests: deforestation rates tables and charts|publisher=Mongabay.com|location=Menlo Park, California|year=2006|url=http://rainforests.mongabay.com/deforestation/2000/Panama.htm|access-date=1 January 2015}} {{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=[[Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary|Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary]]|title=Central America|publisher=Merriam-Webster.com|url=http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/Central%20America|access-date=1 January 2015}} {{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of world climatology|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaworl00oliv|url-access=limited|last1=Taylor|first1=MA|last2=Alfaro|first2=EJ|editor-last=Oliver|editor-first=JE|edition=1st|series=Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series|chapter=Central America and the Caribbean, Climate of|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaworl00oliv/page/n203 183]–9|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|location=New York|year=2005|isbn=978-1-4020-3264-6|doi=10.1007/1-4020-3266-8_37}} {{cite news|last=Ramos |first=A |title=Belize protected areas 26% – not 40-odd percent |newspaper=[[Amandala]] |location=Belize City |date=2 July 2010 |url=http://www.amandala.com.bz/index.php?id=10030 |access-date=1 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514200537/http://www.amandala.com.bz/index.php?id=10030 |archive-date=14 May 2011 }} {{cite journal|last1=Redo|first1=DJ|last2=Grau|first2=HR|last3=Aide|first3=TM|last4=Clark|first4=ML|title=Asymmetric forest transition driven by the interaction of socioeconomic development and environmental heterogeneity in Central America|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=109|issue=23|pages=8839–44|year=2012|doi=10.1073/pnas.1201664109|pmc=3384153|pmid=22615408|bibcode=2012PNAS..109.8839R|doi-access=free}} {{cite news|last=Rodríguez|first=A|title=Costa Rica registró la llegada de más de 2,4 millones de turistas en 2013|trans-title=Costa Rica registered the arrival of more than 2.4 million tourists in 2013|newspaper=[[La Nación (San José)|La Nación]]|location=San José, Costa Rica|date=16 January 2014|language=es|url=http://www.nacion.com/economia/Costa-Rica-registra-millones-turistas_0_1390861044.html|access-date=2 January 2015}} {{cite news|last=Rojas|first=JE|title=Turismo, principal motor de la economía durante el 2004|trans-title=Tourism, the principal engine of the economy in 2004|newspaper=[[La Nación (San José)|La Nación]]|location=San José, Costa Rica|date=29 December 2004|language=es|url=http://wvw.nacion.com/ln_ee/2004/diciembre/29/economia0.html|access-date=2 January 2015|archive-date=4 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104232155/http://wvw.nacion.com/ln_ee/2004/diciembre/29/economia0.html|url-status=dead}} {{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/news/nicaragua-exceeds-one-mn-foreign-tourists-for-first-time-news-international-km4ladiidea.html |title=Nicaragua exceeds one mn foreign tourists for first time |publisher=Sify.com |access-date=30 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017082140/http://www.sify.com/news/nicaragua-exceeds-one-mn-foreign-tourists-for-first-time-news-international-km4ladiidea.html |archive-date=17 October 2018 |url-status=dead }} {{cite news|title=2012: a remarkable year for Belize's tourism industry|newspaper=[[The San Pedro Sun]]|location=San Pedro, Belize|date=8 February 2013|url=http://www.sanpedrosun.com/travel-and-tourism/2013/02/08/2012-a-remarkable-year-for-belizes-tourism-industry/|access-date=4 January 2015}} {{cite news|title=Taiwan cuts ties with Costa Rica over recognition for China|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/07/world/asia/07iht-costa.1.6036203.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=19 October 2014}} {{cite news|title=Extreme poverty increases in Nicaragua in 2013, study finds|agency=[[American Free Press]]|date=13 November 2014|url=http://www.ticotimes.net/2014/11/13/extreme-poverty-increases-in-nicaragua-in-2013-study-finds|access-date=2 January 2015}} {{cite web|author=United Nations Statistics Division|author-link=United Nations Statistics Division|title=Standard country or area codes for statistical use (M49)|publisher=United Nations Statistics Division|location=New York City|year=2017|url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methodology/m49/|access-date=25 September 2019}} {{cite web|author=Departamento de Estadísticas ICT|url=http://www.visitcostarica.com/ict/backoffice/treeDoc/files/Anuario%20de%20Turismo%202006%20(VERSION%20FINAL).pdf|title=Anuário estadísticas de demanda 2006|publisher=Intituto Costarricense de Turismo|year=2006|language=es|access-date=13 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302194925/http://www.visitcostarica.com/ict/backoffice/treeDoc/files/Anuario%20de%20Turismo%202006%20(VERSION%20FINAL).pdf|archive-date=2 March 2011|url-status=dead}} {{cite web|url=http://www.webng.com/jerbarker/home/eia-toolkit/downloads/Van04/RojasVancouver.pdf|title=Central America|access-date=8 December 2016|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006185346/http://www.webng.com/jerbarker/home/eia-toolkit/downloads/Van04/RojasVancouver.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2014}} {{cite web|url=http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_TT_Competitiveness_Report_2013.pdf|author=Jennifer Blanke and Thea Chiesa, Editors|year=2013|title=Travel & tourism competitiveness report 2013|publisher=[[World Economic Forum]], Geneva, Switzerland|access-date=14 April 2013}} [http://www.westminster.edu/staff/athrock/BELIZE/Reef.html Belize Barrier Reef case study] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605060903/http://www.westminster.edu/staff/athrock/BELIZE/Reef.html |date=5 June 2013 }}. Westminster.edu. Retrieved on 21 October 2011. {{cite journal|last=White|first=RA|title=The Guatemala earthquake of 1816 on the Chixoy-Polochic fault|journal=Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America|volume=75|issue=2|pages=455–73|year=1985|url=http://bssa.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/75/2/455}} {{WWF ecoregion|id=nt0112|name=Central American montane forests|access-date=20 August 2013}} {{WWF ecoregion|id=nt0167|name=Talamancan montane forests|access-date=19 October 2014}}F ecoregion|id=nt0303|name=Central American pine-oak forests|access-date=4 November 2012}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070314083919/http://www.bartleby.com/61/8/C0200800.html American Heritage Dictionaries, Central America]. * Central America. ''[http://www.columbiagazetteer.org/The Columbia Gazetteer of the World Online]{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}''. 2006. New York: Columbia University Press. * [[Consuelo Hernández|Hernández, Consuelo]] (2009). Reconstruyendo a Centroamérica a través de la poesía. ''Voces y perspectivas en la poesia latinoamericana del siglo XX''. Madrid: Visor. {{Sisterlinks|voy=ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ|d=Q27611}} * [http://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552494/search?query=geographic-region%3A%22Mexico%2C+Central+America+and+the+Caribbean%22&rpp=20&sort_by=0&order=DESC&submit=Go Central America Video Links] from the [https://web.archive.org/web/20160115205405/https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552494 Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives] * [http://lanic.utexas.edu/country/central/LANIC Central America country pages]{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.teachingcentralamerica.org/ Teaching Central America] {{Authority control}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ| ]] 4qubqvcrd9t1ur7ozo0ha688bro3zb8 0 18281 196462 172733 2026-08-12T16:57:54Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196462 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = ᱠᱷᱟᱲᱤᱭᱟ | nativename = खड़िया, ଖଡ଼ିଆ | region = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ([[ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ]], [[ᱪᱷᱚᱛᱤᱥᱜᱚᱰ|ᱪᱷᱚᱛᱤᱥᱜᱚᱲ]], [[ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ]]). | ethnicity = [[ᱠᱷᱟᱲᱤᱭᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ|ᱠᱷᱟᱲᱤᱭᱟ]] | speakers = ᱒᱙᱗,᱖᱑᱔, ᱠᱷᱟᱲᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱖᱙% (᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱦᱚᱲᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ) | date = | ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues – 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=2018-07-07}}</ref> | familycolor = Austroasiatic | fam1 = [[ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱼᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱴᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱼᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱴᱤᱠ]] | fam2 = [[ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ]] | fam3 = [[ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ#ᱦᱟᱹᱯᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ]] | script = [[ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ]], [[ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ|ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱞᱟᱛᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱯ|ᱞᱟᱛᱤᱱ]] | iso3 = khr | glotto = khar1287 | glottorefname = ᱠᱷᱟᱲᱤᱭᱟ | nation = {{IND}} * [[ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ]] (ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ) }} [[File:WIKITONGUES- Nicolas speaking Sadri, Kharia, and Sambalpuri.webm|thumb|ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱟᱲᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱦᱚᱲ, [[ᱪᱤᱱ]] ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾]] '''ᱠᱷᱟᱲᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ''' ᱫᱚ [[ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱼᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱴᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱼᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱴᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱ [[ᱠᱷᱟᱲᱤᱭᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ]] ᱠᱚᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== ᱯᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[ᱯᱚᱞ ᱥᱤᱰᱣᱮᱞ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱼᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱴᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱔᱐᱐᱐-᱓᱕᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱨᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾<ref>Sidwell, Paul. 2018. [https://www.academia.edu/36689736/Austroasiatic_Studies_state_of_the_art_in_2018 Austroasiatic Studies: state of the art in 2018] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503013417/https://www.academia.edu/36689736/Austroasiatic_Studies_state_of_the_art_in_2018 |date=2019-05-03 }}. Presentation at the Graduate Institute of Linguistics, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan, 22 May 2018.</ref> ==ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ== ᱠᱷᱟᱲᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱲᱤᱭᱟ-ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱝ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]]᱾ ==ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ== ᱠᱷᱟᱲᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ|ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The Munda languages|url=https://archive.org/details/mundalanguages0000unse|date=2008|publisher=Routledge|others=Anderson, Gregory D. S.|isbn=9780415328906|location=London|pages=[https://archive.org/details/mundalanguages0000unse/page/434 434]|oclc=225385744}}</ref> *[[ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ]] **[[ᱥᱤᱢᱰᱮᱜᱟ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] **[[ᱜᱩᱢᱞᱟ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] *[[ᱪᱷᱚᱛᱤᱥᱜᱚᱰ|ᱪᱷᱚᱛᱤᱥᱜᱚᱲ]] **[[ᱥᱩᱨᱜᱩᱡᱟ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] **[[ᱨᱟᱭᱜᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] *[[ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ]] **[[ᱥᱩᱱᱫᱚᱨᱜᱚᱰ ᱡᱤᱞᱞᱟᱹ|ᱥᱩᱱᱫᱚᱨᱜᱚᱰ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== *[http://www.ling.hawaii.edu/austroasiatic/AA/Munda/Dictionaries/Kharia.txt ᱚᱱᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱲᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱨᱟᱹᱭ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234201/http://www.ling.hawaii.edu/austroasiatic/AA/Munda/Dictionaries/Kharia.txt |date=2016-03-03 }} {{Commons category|ᱠᱷᱟᱲᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱼᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱴᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱪᱷᱚᱛᱤᱥᱜᱚᱲ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱞᱟᱛᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱯ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ]] 2rt4ktdg2ahxjted5vch66l1p1me0b5 0 18347 196678 172748 2026-08-12T20:41:32Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196678 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name=ᱵᱳᱱᱰᱟ |altname=ᱨᱮᱢᱳ |nativename=ବଣ୍ଡା |region=[[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] | ethnicity = [[ᱵᱳᱱᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ|ᱵᱳᱱᱰᱟ]] |speakers=᱙,᱐᱐᱐ (᱒᱐᱐᱒) |date= |ref=e18 |familycolor=Austroasiatic |fam1=[[ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱼᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱴᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱼᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱴᱤᱠ]] |fam2=[[ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ]] |fam3=[[ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ#ᱦᱟᱹᱯᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ|ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ]] |fam4=ᱜᱩᱴᱳᱵᱽ-ᱨᱮᱢᱳ |script=[[ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ|ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]]<ref>{{Ethnologue18|bfw}}</ref> |iso3=bfw |glotto=bond1245 |glottorefname=Bondo }} '''ᱵᱳᱱᱰᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ''', '''ᱵᱳᱱᱰᱳ''' ᱥᱮ '''ᱨᱮᱢᱳ''' ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱫᱚ [[ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱼᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱴᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱼᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱴᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ [[ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ]] ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱟ᱾<ref name=":0" /> ᱑᱙᱕᱑ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱒,᱕᱖᱘ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱵᱳᱱᱰᱟ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾<ref name="LSI">N. Gopalakrishnan, ''[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-Documents/LSI/lsi_Orissa/18_orissa_vol_page_no_257_272.pdf Linguistic Survey of India]'', p. 271</ref> [[ᱮᱥ.ᱟᱭ.ᱮᱞ ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱨᱱᱮᱥᱚᱱᱟᱞ|ᱮᱥ.ᱟᱭ.ᱮᱞ]] ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱒᱐᱐᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱮᱞᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱙,᱐᱐᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/bfw/|title=Bondo|work=Ethnologue|access-date=2017-05-04}}</ref> ==ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱢᱤᱫ== ᱵᱳᱱᱰᱳ ᱫᱚ [[ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱼᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱴᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱼᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱴᱤᱠ]] ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ]] ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref name="e18" /> ᱵᱳᱱᱰᱳ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱚᱞ ᱛᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱲ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱵᱳᱱᱰᱳ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ [[ᱜᱩᱴᱳᱵᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱜᱩᱴᱳᱵᱽ]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨᱼᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱵᱳᱱᱰᱳ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱴᱳᱵᱽ-ᱨᱮᱢᱳ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The Munda Languages|url=https://archive.org/details/mundalanguages0000unse|last=Anderson|first=Gregory|publisher=Routledge|year=2008|isbn=9780415328906|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/mundalanguages0000unse/page/557 557]–631}}</ref> ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== ᱵᱳᱱᱰᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱢ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ [[ᱵᱳᱱᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱚ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱛᱮ, ᱵᱳᱱᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱛᱮ "ᱨᱮᱢᱳ" ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱦᱚ ᱡᱚᱸᱜᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ/ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ, ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱚ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱥᱮ "ᱨᱮᱢᱳᱥᱟᱢ" ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite book|title=Tribal and Indigenous People of India: Problems and Prospects|last=Dash|first=Jagannatha|last2=Pati|first2=Rabindra|publisher=APH Publishing Corporation|year=2002|isbn=978-8176483223|location=New Delhi|pages=136–144}}</ref> ==ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱪᱷᱮᱨ== ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱞᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱢᱳ (ᱵᱳᱱᱰᱟ) ᱟᱨ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱮᱢᱳ (ᱵᱳᱱᱰᱟ)᱾<ref name=":0" /> ===ᱯᱞᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱢᱳ=== ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱳᱱᱰᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱢᱟᱞᱠᱟᱱᱜᱤᱨᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱞᱟᱹ|ᱢᱟᱞᱠᱟᱱᱜᱤᱨᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱠᱷᱟᱭᱨᱯᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱓᱕ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱑᱙᱔᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱒,᱕᱖᱕ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱯᱞᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱢᱳ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱗᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱔,᱗᱖᱔ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱒ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱫ ᱓,᱕᱐᱐ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱢᱳ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭᱟ᱾<ref name=":2" /> ===ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱮᱢᱳ=== ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱳᱱᱰᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱭᱯᱩᱨ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱟ᱾<ref name=":0" /> ᱒᱐᱐᱒ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱕,᱕᱗᱐ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref name=":2" /> ==ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱜᱥᱮᱞᱮᱡ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ== ===ᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ=== ᱵᱳᱱᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱦᱟ [[ᱟᱲᱟᱝᱪᱤᱠᱤ]] ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ :/a, e, i, o, u/᱾<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=DeArmond|first=Richard|date=1976|title=Proto-Gutob-Remo-Gtaq Stressed Monosyllabic Vowels and Initial Consonants|jstor=20019157|journal=Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications|volume=13|issue=13|pages=213–217}}</ref> ==ᱨᱚᱱᱚᱲ== ===ᱟᱹᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ=== ᱵᱳᱱᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ [[ᱢᱩᱛᱟᱹᱱ-ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱥ-ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ|ᱢ.ᱡ.ᱠ]] (ᱢᱩᱛᱟᱹᱱ-ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱥ-ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ) ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱜᱟᱵᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱜᱟᱵᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾<ref name=":1" /> ==ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹ== {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" !ᱵᱳᱱᱰᱟ !ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ |- |''baʔ'' |ᱵᱟᱵᱟ |- |''iyɔŋ'' |ᱟᱭᱚ |- |''remɔ'' |ᱦᱚᱲ |- |''mpɔr'' |ᱡᱟᱶᱟᱭ |- |''kunui'' |ᱵᱟᱹᱦᱩ |- |''bɔrai'' |ᱠᱟᱹᱠᱤ |- |''busã'' |ᱠᱟᱠᱟ |- |''tata'' |ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱢᱵᱟ |- |''ya/iya'' |ᱵᱩᱰᱤ ᱜᱚ/ᱢᱟᱢᱟ ᱜᱚ |- |''maŋ'' |ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱫᱟ |- |''miŋ'' |ᱫᱟᱹᱭ |- |''ileʔǐ'' |ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱢ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ |- |''masɔ'' |ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱜᱽᱱᱟᱹ |} ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== *[http://www.ling.hawaii.edu/austroasiatic/AA/Munda/Dictionaries/Remo Patricia Donegan & David Stampe’s Online Remo Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909053440/http://www.ling.hawaii.edu/austroasiatic/AA/Munda/Dictionaries/Remo |date=2021-09-09 }} *[http://remo.swarthmore.edu/ ᱨᱮᱢᱳ ᱴᱩ ᱤᱝᱜᱽᱞᱤᱥ ᱴᱚᱠᱤᱝ ᱰᱤᱠᱥᱮᱱᱟᱨᱤ] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱼᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱴᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ]] 0t5ksjbslk517hyy0k10h3haknis2vp 0 18510 196480 192955 2026-08-12T17:12:09Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196480 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Writing system |name = ᱛᱮᱹᱞᱮᱜᱩ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ |altname = తెలుగు లిపి |type = [[ᱟᱵᱩᱜᱤᱫᱟ]] |time = c. ᱑᱓᱐᱐ CE–ᱱᱤᱛ<ref name=epigraphy/> |languages = [[ᱛᱮᱹᱞᱮᱜᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱮᱹᱞᱮᱜᱩ]]<br />[[ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ]]<br />[[ᱜᱳᱱᱰᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] |fam1=[[ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱦᱢᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ]] |fam2=[[ᱵᱷᱟᱴᱴᱤᱯᱨᱳᱞᱩ]]<ref>Handbook of Literacy in Akshara Orthography, R. Malatesha Joshi, Catherine McBride(2019),p.29</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Salmon|1999|page=35}}</ref> |fam3=[[ᱠᱟᱫᱟᱢᱵᱽ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ]] |fam4=[[ᱛᱮᱹᱞᱮᱜᱩ-ᱠᱚᱱᱱᱚᱲ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ]]<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.engr.mun.ca/~adluri/telugu/language/script/script1d.html | title=Evolution of Telugu Character Graphs | access-date=2013-07-22 | archive-date=2009-09-23 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923234606/http://www.engr.mun.ca/~adluri/telugu/language/script/script1d.html | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.engr.mun.ca/~adluri/telugu/language/script/chart.jpg |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-25 |archive-date=2020-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724101434/http://www.engr.mun.ca/~adluri/telugu/language/script/chart.jpg |url-status=dead }}</ref> |footnotes=[ᱚ] ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱦᱢᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱢᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣᱟ᱾ |sisters=[[ᱠᱚᱱᱱᱚᱲ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ|ᱠᱚᱱᱱᱚᱲ]] |unicode=[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0C00.pdf U+0C00–U+0C7F] |iso15924 = Telu |sample=Telugu in Suranna font.png |imagesize=200px }} {{Contains special characters|Indic}} '''ᱛᱮᱹᱞᱩᱜᱩ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ''' ([[ᱛᱮᱹᱞᱮᱜᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱮᱹᱞᱮᱜᱩ]]: తెలుగు లిపి; ''ᱛᱮᱹᱞᱩᱜᱩ ᱞᱤᱯᱤ'') ᱫᱚ [[ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱦᱢᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤᱠᱚ|ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱦᱢᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱟᱵᱩᱜᱤᱫᱟ]] ᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱛᱮᱞᱮᱝᱜᱟᱱᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱟᱱᱫᱷᱨᱚ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ]] ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱ [[ᱛᱮᱹᱞᱮᱜᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱛᱮᱹᱞᱮᱜᱩ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ]] ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ [[ᱜᱳᱱᱰᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱪᱟᱞᱩᱠᱭᱚ]] ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱷᱚᱰᱟᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱝᱜᱤ ᱪᱟᱞᱩᱠᱭᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱛᱮᱹᱞᱮᱜᱩ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱚᱱᱱᱚᱲ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱢᱤᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱦᱢᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱟᱫᱟᱢ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ|ᱠᱟᱫᱟᱢ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱷᱟᱴᱴᱤᱯᱨᱳᱞᱩ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ|ᱵᱷᱟᱴᱴᱤᱯᱨᱳᱞᱩ]] ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱘ ᱨᱮ, ᱛᱮᱹᱞᱮᱜᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱹᱬ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱟᱹᱫᱟᱹᱞ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱞᱟᱥᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=44340|title=Declaration of Telugu and Kannada as classical languages|work=Press Information Bureau|publisher=Ministry of Tourism and Culture, Government of India|access-date=31 October 2008}}</ref> ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== [[ᱢᱳᱣᱨᱡᱳ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ|ᱢᱳᱣᱨᱡᱳ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ]] ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ [[ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱦᱢᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ]] ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ [[ᱠᱨᱟᱥᱱᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ]] ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ [[ᱵᱷᱟᱴᱴᱤᱯᱨᱳᱞᱩ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ]] ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ [[ᱜᱳᱣᱛᱚᱢ ᱵᱩᱫᱽᱫᱷᱚ|ᱵᱩᱫᱽᱫᱷᱚ]] ᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>Antiquity of Telugu language and script: http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/20/stories/2007122054820600.htm</ref><ref>[http://www.buddhavihara.in/ancient.htm Ananda Buddha Vihara<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930085421/http://www.buddhavihara.in/ancient.htm |date=2007-09-30 }}</ref> ᱥᱩᱨᱼᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ [[ᱜᱷᱟᱸᱴᱟᱥᱟᱞ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱢᱟᱥᱩᱞᱤᱢᱚᱴᱴᱚᱱᱚᱢ]] ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]] ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ [[ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.wuys.com/news/Article_Show.asp?ArticleID=8303 |title=The Great Stupa at Nagarjunakonda in Southern India-【佛学研究网】 佛教文化网 中国佛教网 中国佛学网 佛教信息网 佛教研究 佛学讲座 禅学讲座 吴言生说禅<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2021-11-25 |archive-date=2014-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104182905/http://www.wuys.com/news/Article_Show.asp?ArticleID=8303 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ᱵᱷᱟᱴᱴᱤᱯᱨᱳᱞᱩ ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱦᱢᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱕ᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱭᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ [[ᱠᱟᱫᱟᱢᱵᱽ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ]] ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱗ᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱭᱚᱛ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮᱹᱞᱮᱜᱩ-ᱠᱚᱱᱱᱚᱰ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ (ᱥᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ [[ᱠᱚᱱᱱᱚᱲ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱠᱚᱱᱱᱚᱲ]] ᱪᱤᱠᱤ) ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite book |last1=Diringer |first1=David |title=Alphabet a key to the history of mankind |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.57042 |date=1948 |page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.57042/page/n381 381]}}</ref> ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱑᱓᱐᱐ ᱥᱤ.ᱤ ᱠᱚᱛᱮ, ᱛᱮᱹᱞᱮᱜᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱱᱱᱚᱲ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾<ref name=epigraphy>Indian Epigraphy: a guide to the study of inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan languages, by Richard Solomon, Oxford University Press, 1998, p.41, {{ISBN|0-19-509984-2}}</ref><ref>The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems by Florian Coulmas, p. 228</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Murthy|first1=K.N.|last2=Rao|first2=G.U.|title=4.5 Telugu Script|url=http://www.tdil.meity.gov.in/pdf/Vishwabharat/5/4.5.pdf|access-date=2021-11-25|archive-date=2021-06-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626115704/http://tdil.meity.gov.in/pdf/Vishwabharat/5/4.5.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱸᱰᱮᱛ [[ᱟᱞᱼᱵᱤᱨᱩᱱᱤ]] ᱛᱮᱹᱞᱮᱜᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱜᱮ "ᱟᱱᱫᱷᱨᱤ" ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮᱭ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾<ref> {{cite book |author=Al-biruni |author-link=Al-biruni |title=English translation of 'Kitab-ul Hind' |publisher=National Book Trust |location=New Delhi}} </ref> ==ᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ== ᱛᱮᱹᱞᱮᱜᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱮᱼᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱱ [[ᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ]] ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱜᱟᱵᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱜ (Diacritic) ᱨᱩᱯ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ {| class="wikitable" |- align="center" ! ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ || భ (ᱵᱷᱚ) ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ || [[:en:ISO 15919|ᱟᱭ.ᱮᱥ.ᱳ]] || [[ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ|ᱡ.ᱟ.ᱪ]] ! ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ || భ (ᱵᱷᱚ) ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ || [[:en:ISO 15919|ᱟᱭ.ᱮᱥ.ᱳ]] || [[ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ|ᱡ.ᱟ.ᱪ]] |- align="center" | style="font-size:18pt;" | అ || style="font-size:18pt;" | భ || a || {{IPA|/a/}} | style="font-size:18pt;" | ఆ || style="font-size:18pt;" | భా || ā || {{IPA|/aː/}} |- align="center" | style="font-size:18pt;" | ఇ || style="font-size:18pt;" | భి || i || {{IPA|/i/}} | style="font-size:18pt;" | ఈ || style="font-size:18pt;" | భీ || ī || {{IPA|/iː/}} |- align="center" | style="font-size:18pt;" | ఉ || style="font-size:18pt;" | భు || u || {{IPA|/u/}} | style="font-size:18pt;" | ఊ || style="font-size:18pt;" | భూ || ū || {{IPA|/uː/}} |- align="center" | style="font-size:18pt;" | ఋ || style="font-size:18pt;" | భృ || r̥ || {{IPA|/ɾu/}} ([[syllabic r]]) | style="font-size:18pt;" | ౠ || style="font-size:18pt;" | భౄ || r̥̄ || {{IPA|/ɾuː/}} |- align="center" | style="font-size:18pt;" | ఌ || style="font-size:18pt;" | భౢ || l̥ || {{IPA|/lu/}} (syllabic l) | style="font-size:18pt;" | ౡ || style="font-size:18pt;" | భౣ || l̥̄ || {{IPA|/lu:/}} |- align="center" | style="font-size:18pt;" | ఎ || style="font-size:18pt;" | భె || e || {{IPA|/e/}} | style="font-size:18pt;" | ఏ || style="font-size:18pt;" | భే || ē || {{IPA|/eː/}} |- align="center" | style="font-size:18pt;" | ఐ || style="font-size:18pt;" | భై || ai || {{IPA|/aj/}} |- align="center" | style="font-size:18pt;" | ఒ || style="font-size:18pt;" | భొ || o || {{IPA|/o/}} | style="font-size:18pt;" | ఓ || style="font-size:18pt;" | భో || ō || {{IPA|/oː/}} |- align="center" | style="font-size:18pt;" | ఔ || style="font-size:18pt;" | భౌ || au || {{IPA|/aw/}} |} ᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱜᱟᱵᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱥᱮ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ (ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ: a, u, o)᱾ ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱜ (diacritic) ᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱜᱟᱵᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱮ ᱟᱹᱨᱩᱭᱟ᱾ ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹ: {| style="background:transparent;" | style="font-size:18pt;" | ఖ + ఈ (ీ) → ఖీ || {{IPA|/kʰa/}} + {{IPA|/iː/}} → {{IPA|/kʰiː/}}</tr> | style="font-size:18pt;" | జ + ఉ (ు) → జు || {{IPA|/dʒa/}} + {{IPA|/u/}} → {{IPA|/dʒu/}}</tr> |} ==ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ== {| class="wikitable" |- align="center" ! ᱨᱩᱯ || [[:en:ISO 15919|ᱟᱭ.ᱮᱥ.ᱳ]] || [[ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ|ᱡ.ᱟ.ᱪ]] ! ᱨᱩᱯ || [[:en:ISO 15919|ᱟᱭ.ᱮᱥ.ᱳ]] || [[ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ|ᱡ.ᱟ.ᱪ]] ! ᱨᱩᱯ || [[:en:ISO 15919|ᱟᱭ.ᱮᱥ.ᱳ]] || [[ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ|ᱡ.ᱟ.ᱪ]] ! ᱨᱩᱯ || [[:en:ISO 15919|ᱟᱭ.ᱮᱥ.ᱳ]] || [[ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ|ᱡ.ᱟ.ᱪ]] ! ᱨᱩᱯ || [[:en:ISO 15919|ᱟᱭ.ᱮᱥ.ᱳ]] || [[ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ|ᱡ.ᱟ.ᱪ]] |- align="center" | style="font-size:14pt;" | క || k || {{IPA|/k/}} | style="font-size:14pt;" | ఖ || kh || {{IPA|/kʰ/}} | style="font-size:14pt;" | గ || g || {{IPA|/ɡ/}} | style="font-size:14pt;" | ఘ || gh || {{IPA|/ɡʱ/}} | style="font-size:14pt;" | ఙ || ṅ || {{IPA|/ŋ/}} |- align="center" | style="font-size:14pt;" | చ || ch || {{IPA|/tʃ/}} | style="font-size:14pt;" | ఛ || chh || {{IPA|/tʃʰ/}} | style="font-size:14pt;" | జ || j || {{IPA|/dʒ/}} | style="font-size:14pt;" | ఝ || jh || {{IPA|/dʒʱ/}} | style="font-size:14pt;" | ఞ || ñ || {{IPA|/ɲ/}} |- align="center" | style="font-size:14pt;" | ట || ṭ || {{IPA|/ʈ/}} | style="font-size:14pt;" | ఠ || ṭh || {{IPA|/ʈʰ/}} | style="font-size:14pt;" | డ || ḍ || {{IPA|/ɖ/}} | style="font-size:14pt;" | ఢ || ḍh || {{IPA|/ɖʱ/}} | style="font-size:14pt;" | ణ || ṇ || {{IPA|/ɳ/}} |- align="center" | style="font-size:14pt;" | త || t || {{IPA|/t/}} | style="font-size:14pt;" | థ || th || {{IPA|/tʰ/}} | style="font-size:14pt;" | ద || d || {{IPA|/d/}} | style="font-size:14pt;" | ధ || dh || {{IPA|/dʱ/}} | style="font-size:14pt;" | న || n || {{IPA|/n/}} |- align="center" | style="font-size:14pt;" | ప || p || {{IPA|/p/}} | style="font-size:14pt;" | ఫ || ph || {{IPA|/pʰ/}} | style="font-size:14pt;" | బ || b || {{IPA|/b/}} | style="font-size:14pt;" | భ || bh || {{IPA|/bʱ/}} | style="font-size:14pt;" | మ || m || {{IPA|/m/}} |- align="center" | style="font-size:14pt;" | య || y || {{IPA|/j/}} | style="font-size:14pt;" | ర || r || {{IPA|/ɾ/}} | style="font-size:14pt;" | ల || l || {{IPA|/l/}} | style="font-size:14pt;" | వ || v || {{IPA|/ʋ/}} | style="font-size:14pt;" | ళ || ḷ || {{IPA|/ɭ/}} |- align="center" | style="font-size:14pt;" | శ || ś || {{IPA|/ʃ/}} | style="font-size:14pt;" | ష || ṣ || {{IPA|/ʂ/}} | style="font-size:14pt;" | స || s || {{IPA|/s/}} | style="font-size:14pt;" | హ || h || {{IPA|/h/}} | style="font-size:14pt;" | ఱ || ṟ || {{IPA|/r/}} |} ==ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ== {| class="wikitable" |- align="center" ! ᱨᱩᱯ || [[:en:ISO 15919|ᱟᱭ.ᱮᱥ.ᱳ]] ! ᱨᱩᱯ || [[:en:ISO 15919|ᱟᱭ.ᱮᱥ.ᱳ]] ! ᱨᱩᱯ || [[:en:ISO 15919|ᱟᱭ.ᱮᱥ.ᱳ]] ! ᱨᱩᱯ || [[:en:ISO 15919|ᱟᱭ.ᱮᱥ.ᱳ]] |- align="center" | style="font-size:14pt;" | అం || aṁ | style="font-size:14pt;" | అఁ || an̆ | style="font-size:14pt;" | అః || aḥ | style="font-size:14pt;" | క్ || k |} ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹ: {| style="background:transparent;" | style="font-size:14pt;" width="150px" | క + ్ → క్ {{nbsp|2}} || {{IPA|[ka]}} + {{IPA|[∅]}} → {{IPA|[k]}}</tr> | style="font-size:14pt;" | క + ఁ → కఁ || {{IPA|[ka]}} + {{IPA|[n]}} → {{IPA|[kan̆]}}</tr> | style="font-size:14pt;" | క + ం → కం || {{IPA|[ka]}} + {{IPA|[m]}} → {{IPA|[kaṁ]}}</tr> | style="font-size:14pt;" | క + ః → కః || {{IPA|[ka]}} + {{IPA|[h]}} → {{IPA|[kaḥ]}}</tr> |} ==ᱮᱞ== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:200%;" |- style="font-size:50%" !᱐ || ᱑ || ᱒ || ᱓ || ᱔ || ᱕ || ᱖ || ᱗ || ᱘ || ᱙ |- | ౦ || ౧|| ౨|| ౩|| ౪|| ౫|| ౬|| ౭|| ౮|| ౯ |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:200%;" |- style="font-size:50%" !{{frac|᱐|᱔}} || {{frac|᱑|᱔}} || {{frac|᱒|᱔}} || {{frac|᱓|᱔}} || {{frac|᱐|᱑᱖}} || {{frac|᱑|᱑᱖}} || {{frac|᱒|᱑᱖}} || {{frac|᱓|᱑᱖}} |- | ౸ || ౹ || ౺ || ౻ || ౦ || ౼ || ౽ || ౾ |} ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ: {{lang|te|౹}}, {{lang|te|౺}}, ᱟᱨ {{lang|te|౻}} ᱫᱚ {{frac|᱑|᱖᱔}}, {{frac|᱒|᱖᱔}}, {{frac|᱓|᱖᱔}}, {{frac|᱑|᱑᱐᱒᱔}}, ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱟᱨ {{lang|te|౼}}, {{lang|te|౽}}, ᱟᱨ {{lang|te|౾}} ᱫᱚ {{frac|᱑|᱒᱕᱖}}, {{frac|᱒|᱒᱕᱖}}, {{frac|᱓|᱒᱕᱖}}, {{frac|᱑|᱔᱐᱙᱖}}, ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n3156.pdf|title=Telugu Measures and Arithmetic Marks|author=Nāgārjuna Venna|work=JTC1/SC2/WG2 N3156|publisher=International Organization for Standardization|access-date=July 29, 2012}}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱠᱳᱰ== {{ᱢᱩᱬ|ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱠᱳᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱮᱹᱞᱮᱜᱩ}} ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ, ᱑᱙᱙᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱮᱹᱞᱮᱜᱩ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱠᱳᱰ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱑.᱐ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱛᱮᱹᱞᱮᱜᱩ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱠᱳᱰ ᱵᱞᱚᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ U+0C00–U+0C7F: {{ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱠᱳᱰ ᱪᱟᱨᱴ ᱛᱮᱹᱞᱮᱜᱩ}} ==ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== * [https://www.ethnologue.com/language/tel ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱷᱱᱳᱞᱚᱜᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ - ᱛᱮᱹᱞᱮᱜᱩ] ([[ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ]] ᱛᱮ) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120623001614/http://specials.msn.co.in/ilit/Telugu.aspx ᱢᱟᱭᱠᱨᱳᱥᱚᱯᱷᱴ - ᱛᱮᱹᱞᱮᱜᱩ ᱟᱫᱮᱨ ᱥᱟᱯᱟᱵᱽ] * [http://www.language-archives.org/language/tel OLAC resources in and about the Telugu language] * [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/telugu.htm Omniglot - ᱛᱮᱹᱞᱮᱜᱩ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ] * [http://www.telugudictionary.org ᱛᱮᱹᱞᱮᱜᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱰᱤᱠᱥᱮᱱᱟᱨᱤ] *[https://telugualphabet.arichee.com ᱛᱮᱹᱞᱮᱜᱩ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208145120/https://telugualphabet.arichee.com/ |date=2021-12-08 }} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱪᱤᱠᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱚᱞ ᱛᱚᱦᱚᱨ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱞ ᱛᱚᱦᱚᱨ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱟᱵᱩᱜᱤᱫᱟ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱦᱢᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ]] ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱹᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟ.ᱠᱷᱭᱟ.ᱛ}} 4vszqbr1zle6grxehmo4snd5ajdclez 0 19326 196548 178050 2026-08-12T18:11:44Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196548 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = ᱚᱣᱨᱚᱝᱜᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ | native_name = <!-- Please do not add any Indic script in this infobox, per WP:INDICSCRIPT policy. --> | native_name_lang = | settlement_type = ᱢᱮᱴᱨᱚᱯᱚᱞᱤᱥ | image_skyline = {{multiple image | border = infobox | total_width = 280 | perrow = 1/2/2 | image1 = Bibi ka Maqbara - Bird's eye view.JPG | image2 = Juna-Bazar Aurangabad India.jpg | image3 = Ajanta Cave 26 Dagoba with praying monks.jpg | image4 = Grishneshwar temple in Aurangabad district.jpg | image5 = Aurangabad - Daulatabad Fort (95).JPG | footer_align = center | footer = From top, then left to right: Skyline featuring [[Bibi Ka Maqbara]], a typical market street (Juna Bazaar), [[Daulatabad Fort]], [[Grishneshwar Temple]], [[Aurangabad Caves]] }} | image_alt = | nickname = [[ᱚᱣᱨᱚᱝᱜᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ|ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ]] | map_caption = | pushpin_map = India | pushpin_label_position = right | coordinates = {{coord|19.88|N|75.32|E|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ | subdivision_name = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] | subdivision_type1 = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱮᱫ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ|ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | subdivision_type2 = ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ | subdivision_type3 = ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ | subdivision_type4 = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ|ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | subdivision_name1 = [[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ]] | subdivision_name2 = [[ᱢᱚᱨᱟᱴᱷᱣᱟᱲᱟ]] | subdivision_name3 = [[ᱚᱣᱨᱚᱝᱜᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ|ᱚᱣᱨᱚᱝᱜᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ]] | subdivision_name4 = [[ᱚᱣᱨᱚᱝᱜᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ, ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ|ᱚᱣᱨᱚᱝᱜᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ]] | established_title = ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ | established_date = ᱑᱖᱑᱐ | founder = [[ᱢᱚᱞᱤᱠ ᱟᱢᱵᱟᱨ]] | leader_title = ᱚᱣᱨᱚᱝᱜᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱᱟᱞ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱥᱚᱱᱟᱨ | leader_name = ᱥᱩᱱᱤᱞ ᱠᱮᱱᱫᱽᱨᱮᱠᱚᱨ (IAS) | leader_title1 = ᱚᱣᱨᱚᱝᱜᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱯᱩᱞᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱥᱚᱱᱟᱨ | leader_name1 = ᱰᱨ ᱱᱤᱠᱷᱤᱞ ᱜᱩᱯᱛᱟ (IPS) | leader_title2 = ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱚᱫᱽ | leader_name2 = [[ᱤᱢᱛᱤᱭᱟᱡᱽ ᱡᱟᱞᱤᱞ]] ([[AIMIM]]) | area_total_km2 = 139 | elevation_m = 568 | population_total = 1,175,116 | population_as_of = 2011 | population_footnotes = <ref name="Census2011"/> | population_density_km2 = auto | population_metro = 1,193,167 | population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="Paper 2"/> | population_rank = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]]: ᱓᱒ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ<br/>[[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ]]:᱖ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ<br/>[[ᱢᱚᱨᱟᱴᱷᱣᱟᱲᱟ]]: ᱑ | population_blank1_title = ᱢᱮᱴᱨᱚ ᱨᱮᱸᱠ | population_blank1 = ᱔᱓ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ | population_demonym = ᱚᱣᱨᱚᱝᱜᱟᱵᱟᱫᱤ | blank_name = ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ | blank_info = [[ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=14 January 2019|page=108|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | utc_offset1 = +᱐᱕:᱓᱐ | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] | postal_code = ᱔᱓᱑ ᱐᱐᱑ | area_code = ᱐᱒᱔᱐ | area_code_type = ᱴᱮᱞᱤᱯᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱳᱰ ᱐᱒᱔᱐ | registration_plate = MH 20 | leader_title3 = ᱢᱮᱭᱚᱨ | leader_name3 = ᱱᱟᱱᱫᱽᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱜᱷᱳᱰᱮᱞᱮ | leader_title4 = ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱭᱚᱠ | leader_name4 = * * [[ᱥᱚᱱᱡᱚᱭ ᱥᱤᱨᱥᱚᱛ]] ([[ᱚᱣᱨᱚᱝᱜᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ (ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ)|ᱚᱣᱨᱚᱝᱜᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ]]) * [[ᱚᱛᱩᱞ ᱢᱚᱨᱮᱥᱚᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱽ]] ([[ᱚᱣᱨᱚᱝᱜᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ (ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ)|ᱚᱣᱨᱚᱝᱜᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ]]) * ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱤᱯ ᱡᱟᱭᱥᱚᱣᱟᱞ ([[ᱚᱣᱨᱚᱝᱜᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ (ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ)|ᱚᱣᱨᱚᱝᱜᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ]]) | official_name = | named_for = [[ᱚᱣᱨᱚᱝᱜᱚᱡᱮᱵᱽ]] }} '''ᱚᱣᱨᱚᱝᱜᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ''' ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱚᱣᱨᱚᱝᱜᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ, ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ|ᱚᱣᱨᱚᱝᱜᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱮᱰᱠᱩᱣᱟᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱨᱟᱴᱷᱣᱟᱲᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sohoni|first1=Pushkar|title=Aurangabad with Daulatabad, Khuldabad and Ahmadnagar.|date=2015|publisher=Jaico|location=Mumbai|isbn=9788184957020}}</ref> ᱰᱮᱠᱠᱚᱱ ᱴᱨᱮᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ, ᱚᱣᱨᱚᱝᱜᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱑,᱗᱕,᱑᱑᱖ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱜᱟᱶ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱬᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱮ ᱮᱞ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱦᱨᱤ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱢ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱠᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱥᱢᱤ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱨ. ᱵᱟᱵᱟᱥᱟᱦᱮᱵᱽ ᱟᱢᱵᱮᱰᱠᱚᱨ ᱢᱚᱨᱟᱴᱷᱣᱟᱲᱟ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱧᱮᱞᱡᱚᱝ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱡᱚᱱᱛᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱞᱳᱨᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱠᱷᱨᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱧᱮᱞᱡᱚᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱑᱙᱘᱓ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=Madan>{{cite book |title=India through the ages |url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada |last=Gopal |first=Madan |year=1990 |page=[https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/174 174] |editor=K.S. Gautam |publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}</ref> ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱧᱮᱞᱡᱚᱝ ᱞᱩᱵᱷᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱣᱨᱚᱝᱜᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱠᱷᱨᱚ, ᱫᱚᱣᱞᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱠᱤᱞᱟ, ᱜᱨᱤᱥᱱᱮᱥᱚᱨ ᱢᱩᱫᱽᱨᱤ, ᱡᱟᱢᱟ ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ, ᱵᱤᱵᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱠᱵᱚᱨᱟ, ᱦᱤᱢᱟᱭᱚᱛ ᱵᱟᱜᱽ, ᱯᱚᱸᱪᱚᱠᱠᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱞᱤᱢ ᱟᱞᱤ ᱡᱷᱤᱞ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱚᱣᱨᱚᱝᱜᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱫᱚ "ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ" ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ, ᱚᱣᱨᱚᱝᱜᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱜᱟᱲ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ (AURIC) ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱤᱥᱢᱟᱨᱴ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱜᱨᱤᱱᱯᱷᱤᱞᱰ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱜᱟᱲ ᱤᱥᱢᱟᱨᱴ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/aurangabad/indias-first-industrial-integrated-smart-city-set-for-inauguration/articleshow/70999244.cms|title=India's first industrial integrated smart city set for inauguration|date=6 September 2019|website=The Times of India|access-date=6 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/business/story/pm-modi-opens-first-greenfield-industrial-smart-city-in-aurangabad-1596666-2019-09-07|title=PM Modi opens first greenfield industrial smart city in Aurangabad|date=7 September 2019|website=India Today|access-date=7 September 2019}}</ref> ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== [[File:Zaibunissa palace.jpg|thumb|right|[[ᱡᱮᱵᱽ-ᱩᱱ-ᱱᱤᱥᱟ]] ᱦᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱞ, ᱚᱣᱨᱚᱝᱜᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱾]] ''ᱠᱷᱟᱠᱤ'' ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱚᱦᱢᱚᱫᱽᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱩᱞᱛᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱨᱛᱚᱡᱟ ᱱᱤᱡᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱦ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱢᱚᱞᱤᱠ ᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ, ᱠᱷᱟᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱖᱒᱖ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱞᱤᱠ ᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>Qureshi Dulari, "Tourism Potential in Aurangabad," p.6</ref> ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱵᱮᱴᱟ ᱯᱷᱚᱛᱮᱦ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱥᱟᱠᱥᱤᱰ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ''ᱠᱷᱟᱠᱤ'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ''ᱯᱷᱚᱛᱮᱦᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ'' ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱖᱓᱓ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱤ ᱥᱤᱯᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱣᱞᱛᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱠᱤᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱶ, ''ᱯᱷᱚᱛᱮᱦᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ'' ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱱᱤᱡᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱦᱤ ᱰᱚᱢᱤᱱᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱜᱚᱞᱟᱜ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sohoni|first1=Pushkar|title=Aurangabad with Daulatabad, Khuldabad, and Ahmadnagar|date=2015|publisher=Deccan Heritage Foundation; Jaico|location=Aurangabad|isbn=9788184957020}}</ref> ᱖᱕᱓ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱩᱜᱚᱞ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱚᱣᱨᱚᱝᱡᱮᱵᱽ ᱮ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱰᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱚᱠᱠᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱥᱚᱨᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱞ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱚᱛᱮᱦᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱣᱨᱚᱝᱜᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱣᱨᱚᱝᱜᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱚᱡᱟ ᱡᱷᱚᱦ ᱚᱣᱨᱚᱝᱡᱮᱵᱽ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱠᱷᱩᱡᱤᱥᱛᱟ ᱵᱚᱱᱭᱟᱫᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{Citation needed|date=December 2021}} ==ᱦᱚᱭᱫᱟᱜ== {{Weather box|width=auto | location = ᱚᱣᱨᱚᱝᱜᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ([[ᱚᱣᱨᱚᱝᱜᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ]]) 1981–2010, extremes 1952–2012 | metric first = Yes | single line = Yes | Jan record high C = 34.2 | Feb record high C = 37.8 | Mar record high C = 40.6 | Apr record high C = 43.6 | May record high C = 43.6 | Jun record high C = 43.0 | Jul record high C = 37.1 | Aug record high C = 35.6 | Sep record high C = 37.0 | Oct record high C = 37.6 | Nov record high C = 34.6 | Dec record high C = 33.6 | year record high C = 43.6 | Jan high C = 29.2 | Feb high C = 31.8 | Mar high C = 35.7 | Apr high C = 38.6 | May high C = 39.4 | Jun high C = 34.7 | Jul high C = 30.2 | Aug high C = 29.0 | Sep high C = 30.4 | Oct high C = 31.6 | Nov high C = 30.2 | Dec high C = 28.7 | year high C = 32.5 | Jan low C = 12.2 | Feb low C = 14.2 | Mar low C = 18.5 | Apr low C = 22.4 | May low C = 24.4 | Jun low C = 23.4 | Jul low C = 22.2 | Aug low C = 21.5 | Sep low C = 21.2 | Oct low C = 18.5 | Nov low C = 14.7 | Dec low C = 11.8 | year low C = 18.8 | Jan record low C = 1.2 | Feb record low C = 1.9 | Mar record low C = 7.1 | Apr record low C = 10.2 | May record low C = 14.2 | Jun record low C = 18.5 | Jul record low C = 18.4 | Aug record low C = 17.2 | Sep record low C = 12.6 | Oct record low C = 8.3 | Nov record low C = 1.9 | Dec record low C = 1.2 | year record low C = 1.2 | rain colour = green | Jan rain mm = 3.3 | Feb rain mm = 2.2 | Mar rain mm = 6.0 | Apr rain mm = 3.9 | May rain mm = 19.5 | Jun rain mm = 137.4 | Jul rain mm = 164.8 | Aug rain mm = 170.7 | Sep rain mm = 175.8 | Oct rain mm = 76.8 | Nov rain mm = 19.2 | Dec rain mm = 10.1 | year rain mm = 789.7 | Jan rain days = 0.3 | Feb rain days = 0.3 | Mar rain days = 0.5 | Apr rain days = 0.3 | May rain days = 1.7 | Jun rain days = 7.4 | Jul rain days = 10.8 | Aug rain days = 10.3 | Sep rain days = 8.7 | Oct rain days = 4.0 | Nov rain days = 1.2 | Dec rain days = 0.7 | year rain days = 46.2 |time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | Jan humidity = 37 | Feb humidity = 31 | Mar humidity = 26 | Apr humidity = 25 | May humidity = 28 | Jun humidity = 54 | Jul humidity = 70 | Aug humidity = 73 | Sep humidity = 66 | Oct humidity = 48 | Nov humidity = 44 | Dec humidity = 41 |year humidity = 45 |source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals> {{cite web | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf | archive-date = 5 February 2020 | url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf | title = Station: Aurangabad (Chikalthana)(A) Climatological Table 1981–2010 | work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010 | publisher = India Meteorological Department | date = January 2015 | pages = 55–56 | access-date = 3 April 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes> {{cite web | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf | archive-date = = 5 February 2020 | url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf | title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012) | publisher = India Meteorological Department | date = December 2016 | page = M137 | access-date = 3 April 2020}}</ref> }} ==ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ== [[File:Ahilyabai Holkar Chowk.jpg|thumb|ᱚᱦᱤᱞᱭᱟᱵᱟᱭ ᱦᱚᱞᱠᱚᱨ ᱪᱷᱚᱠ, ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱚᱰ, ᱚᱣᱨᱚᱝᱜᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ]] ==ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ== {{IndiaCensusPop | title = ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱜᱨᱚᱛᱷ | 1901 = 10000 | 1911 = 34902 | 1921 = 36876 | 1931 = 36870 | 1941 = 50924 | 1951 = 66636 | 1961 = 97701 | 1971 = 165253 | 1981 = 301000 | 1991 = 592000 | 2001 = 902179 | 2011 = 1421879 | estimate = | estyear = | estref = | footnote = Source:Census of India<ref name="Paper 2">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/prov_results_paper2_indiavol2.html|title=Census of India : Provisional Population Totals Paper 2 of 2011 : India (Vol II)|access-date=29 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101081255/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/prov_results_paper2_indiavol2.html|archive-date=1 November 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Gazetteer">[Govt of Maharashtra Aurangabad Gazetteer. Section – The People (population)]</ref> }} ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱚᱣᱨᱚᱝᱜᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱑,᱑᱗᱕,᱑᱑᱖ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱖᱐᱙,᱒᱐᱖ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱕᱖᱕,᱙᱑᱐ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱖ ᱵᱚᱪᱷᱚᱨ ᱩᱢᱚᱨ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱕᱘,᱗᱗᱙ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱣᱨᱚᱝᱜᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱗᱘᱙,᱒᱒᱔ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱗᱕.᱖᱗% ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱗᱙.᱓᱔% ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱗᱑.᱗᱒% ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱣᱨᱚᱝᱜᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱗+ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱫᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱘᱗.᱕% ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱫᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱙᱒.᱒% ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱫᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱘᱒.᱕% ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱮᱨ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱒᱙,᱒᱒᱓ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱕,᱒᱔᱐ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱣᱨᱚᱝᱜᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱓᱖᱖᱕᱙ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Census2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India: Aurangabad |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=617719 |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=1 October 2019}}</ref> ===ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ=== {{Pie chart |thumb = right |caption = ᱚᱣᱨᱚᱝᱜᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱱᱤᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ (᱒᱐᱑᱑)<ref name="MCorpLang">{{cite web |title=C-1 Population By Linguistic Community – Maharashtra |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16T/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX |publisher=Census |access-date=29 December 2019}}</ref> |label1 = [[ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ]] |value1 = 59.09 |color1 = Orange |label2 = [[ᱩᱨᱫᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱩᱨᱫᱩ]] |value2 = 23.40 |color2 = Green |label3 = [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ]] |value3 = 11.98 |color3 = red |label4 = ᱮᱴᱟᱜᱟᱜ |value4 = 5.53 |color4 = gray }} [[ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ]] ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱢᱟᱹᱞᱮᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="langoff"/> ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱮᱫ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ [[ᱩᱨᱫᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱩᱨᱫᱩ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="MCorpLang"/> === ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ === {{Pie chart |thumb = right |caption = ᱚᱣᱨᱚᱝᱜᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ (᱒᱐᱑᱑)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=C-1 Population By Religious Community – Maharahstra |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS |publisher=Census |access-date=29 December 2019}}</ref> |label1 = [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ]] |value1 = 51.07 |color1 = Orange |label2 = [[ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ]] |value2 = 30.79 |color2 = Green |label3 = [[ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ|ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ]] |value3 = 15.17 |color3 = Blue |label4 = [[ᱡᱳᱭᱱᱳ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ|ᱡᱮᱭᱱ]] |value4 = 1.62 |color4 = red |label5 = [[ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ|ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ]] |value5 = 0.85 |color5 = DodgerBlue |label6 = [[ᱥᱤᱠᱷ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ|ᱥᱤᱠᱷ]] |value6 = 0.29 |color6 = Gold |label7 = ᱮᱴᱟᱜᱟᱜ |value7 = 0.21 |color7 = Gray }} ᱚᱣᱨᱚᱝᱜᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱮᱦᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ (᱕᱑%) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱓᱐% ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ, ᱑᱕.᱒% ᱫᱚ ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱑.᱖% ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱭᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ==ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ== ==ᱥᱟᱜᱟᱲᱚᱢ== {{mapframe|frame=yes|type=point|zoom=SWITCH:4,6,10|switch=zoomed out, zoomed mid, zoomed in}} ===ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱦᱚᱨ=== ᱚᱣᱨᱚᱝᱜᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱦᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ᱦᱟᱭᱫᱽᱨᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ]], [[ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ]], [[ᱢᱩᱢᱵᱟᱭ]], ᱵᱮᱸᱜᱽᱞᱚᱨ, [[ᱚᱦᱢᱚᱫᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ]], [[ᱩᱫᱚᱭᱯᱩᱨ]], [[ᱛᱤᱨᱩᱯᱟᱛᱤ]], [[ᱵᱤᱥᱟᱠᱷᱟᱯᱟᱴᱱᱟᱢ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱛᱤᱨᱩᱣᱚᱱᱚᱱᱛᱯᱩᱨᱚᱢ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱘ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ, ᱦᱟᱡᱽ ᱯᱟᱥᱮᱱᱡᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱱᱚᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref> {{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_direct-haj-flights-from-Aurangabad_1208532|title=Direct Haj flights from Aurangabad|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=22 November 2008|access-date=14 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916224403/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_direct-haj-flights-from-aurangabad_1208532|archive-date=16 September 2012|url-status=live}} </ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/Aurangabad_passengerinfo.jsp|title=Aurangabad Airport AAI website|access-date=5 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705013632/http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/aurangabad_passengerinfo.jsp|archive-date=5 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===ᱨᱮᱞ=== ᱚᱣᱨᱚᱝᱜᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱱᱫᱮᱲ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱠᱚᱱᱫᱨᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽᱼᱢᱚᱱᱢᱟᱰ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ, ᱦᱟᱭᱫᱽᱨᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ, [[ᱞᱟᱛᱩᱨ]] ᱨᱚᱰ, ᱢᱚᱱᱢᱟᱰ, ᱢᱩᱢᱵᱟᱭ, [[ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱯᱩᱨ]], ᱱᱟᱱᱫᱮᱲ, ᱱᱟᱥᱤᱠ ᱨᱚᱰ ᱱᱤᱡᱟᱢᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ [[ᱯᱩᱱᱮ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱞ ᱡᱩᱲᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱣᱨᱚᱝᱜᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱱᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱣᱟᱞᱩᱡᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱴᱨᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱰᱤᱯᱤᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾[https://www.lokmat.com/aurangabad/aurangabad-metro-metro-run-double-decker-bridge-shendra-dmic-waluj-a320/] ᱢᱩᱢᱵᱟᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱯᱩᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱭ ᱤᱥᱯᱤᱰ ᱨᱮᱞ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱷᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱤᱯᱤᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱣᱨᱚᱝᱜᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱸᱜᱩᱱᱟ ᱾ ===ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ=== MSRTC ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱨᱟᱞ ᱵᱟᱥ ᱤᱥᱴᱮᱱᱰ, ᱚᱣᱨᱚᱝᱜᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱫᱤᱥᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱜᱟᱲᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱥ ᱰᱤᱯᱳ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱥ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱳᱞᱟ ᱠᱮᱵᱥ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱣᱨᱚᱝᱜᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱥ ᱒ᱼ᱓ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ [[ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ]], [[ᱡᱚᱭᱯᱩᱨ]], [[ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱦᱟᱭᱫᱽᱨᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ]] ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ MSRTC ᱵᱟᱥ ᱫᱚ [[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱲᱥᱤ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱤᱱᱫᱚᱨ]], [[ᱩᱡᱡᱮᱱ]], [[ᱥᱩᱨᱚᱛ]], [[ᱵᱚᱰᱳᱫᱚᱨᱟ]], [[ᱠᱷᱟᱸᱰᱣᱟ]], [[ᱵᱩᱨᱦᱚᱱᱯᱩᱨ]], [[ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱜᱚᱱ]], [[ᱵᱷᱚᱯᱟᱞ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱣᱨᱚᱝᱜᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱜᱟᱲᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱣᱨᱚᱝᱜᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱥᱢᱟᱨᱴ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱵᱟᱥ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ <gallery mode="packed" heights="134"> Aurangabad Airport New Terminal Building.jpg|ᱚᱣᱨᱚᱝᱜᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ Aurangabad-Railway-Station.jpg|ᱚᱣᱨᱚᱝᱜᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ </gallery> ==ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ== ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{Commons category|ᱚᱣᱨᱚᱝᱜᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ}} * {{wikivoyage-inline|ᱚᱣᱨᱚᱝᱜᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ}} * [http://Aurangabad.nic.in Aurangabad District website] {{Geographic location |Northwest = |North = [[ᱡᱟᱞᱜᱟᱶ]] |Northeast = |West = [[ᱱᱟᱥᱤᱠ]] |Centre = ᱚᱣᱨᱚᱝᱜᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ, ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ |East = [[ᱡᱟᱞᱱᱟ|ᱡᱟᱞᱱᱟ, ᱵᱤᱰ]] |Southwest = |South = [[ᱚᱦᱢᱚᱫᱽᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ]] |Southeast = }} {{ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱮᱞᱢᱚᱲᱚᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ}} {{Authority control}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱚᱣᱨᱚᱝᱜᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ,ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ| ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱚᱣᱨᱚᱝᱜᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ, ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] rqhezodplk01ln3v606oh3rxpmr452b 0 19832 196556 101878 2026-08-12T18:19:00Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196556 wikitext text/x-wiki {{for|᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱢᱟ|ᱡᱚᱭ ᱵᱷᱤᱢ (ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱢᱟ)}} '''ᱡᱚᱭ ᱵᱷᱤᱢ''' ({{Translation|"ᱦᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱵᱷᱤᱢ", "ᱡᱟᱭᱡᱤᱱ ᱵᱷᱤᱢ"}}) ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱠᱤᱛ|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱝᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱜᱟᱹᱠᱷᱩᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱥᱩᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[ᱵᱤ. ᱟᱨ. ᱟᱢᱵᱮᱫᱽᱠᱚᱨ]] ᱨᱮᱱ ᱩᱱᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱫᱽᱜᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ (ᱥᱞᱳᱜᱟᱱ) ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱮᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱵᱮᱫᱽᱠᱚᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite book |last=Christophe Jaffrelot |title=Dr Ambedkar and untouchability: analysing and fighting caste |url=https://archive.org/details/drambedkaruntouc0000jaff |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-85065-449-0 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/drambedkaruntouc0000jaff/page/154 154]–155}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=जय भीम का नारा सबसे पहले किसने दिया, कैसे हुई शुरुआत? |language=hi |work=BBC News हिंदी |url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/india-59297949 |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref> ᱑᱙᱓᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱡᱚᱭ ᱵᱷᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱛᱷᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱥᱟᱦᱮᱵᱽ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱩᱱᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱵᱩ ᱮᱞ. ᱮᱱ. ᱦᱟᱨᱫᱟᱥ (᱑᱙᱐᱔-᱑᱙᱓᱙)<ref>{{Cite news |title='जय भीम' हा नारा कुणी दिला? 'जय भीम' म्हणण्याची पद्धत केव्हापासून सुरू झाली? |language=mr |work=BBC News मराठी |url=https://www.bbc.com/marathi/india-59279965 |access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=जय भीम का नारा सबसे पहले किसने दिया, कैसे हुई शुरुआत? |language=hi |work=BBC News हिंदी |url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/india-59297949 |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱚᱛᱟ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱩᱛᱨᱮᱛ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tripathi |first=Ashish |last2=Apr 18 |first2=Arunav Sinha / TNN / Updated |last3=2016 |title=Chronologically 'Jai Bhim' is older than 'Jai Hind': Experts {{!}} Lucknow News – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/chronologically-jai-bhim-is-older-than-jai-hind-experts/articleshow/51876821.cms |access-date=8 November 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title='जय भीम' हा नारा कुणी दिला? 'जय भीम' म्हणण्याची पद्धत केव्हापासून सुरू झाली? |language=mr |work=BBC News मराठी |url=https://www.bbc.com/marathi/india-59279965 |access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱮᱱ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱷᱤᱠ ᱥᱟᱺᱦᱤᱡ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱢᱵᱮᱫᱽᱠᱚᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱑᱘᱑᱘ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tripathi |first=Ashish |date=18 April 2016 |title=Chronologically 'Jai Bhim' is older than 'Jai Hind': Experts |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Chronologically-Jai-Bhim-is-older-than-Jai-Hind-Experts/articleshow/51876821.cms |access-date=15 July 2017}}</ref> [[File:B.R. Ambedkar in 1950.jpg|thumb|ᱵᱤ. ᱟᱨ. ᱟᱢᱵᱮᱫᱽᱠᱚᱨ]] ᱡᱚᱭ ᱵᱷᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱚᱞ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱵᱚᱦᱩᱡᱚᱱ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱡᱽ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ]] (ᱵᱤ.ᱮᱥ.ᱯᱤ), [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱤᱯᱟᱵᱽᱞᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ]] (ᱟᱨ.ᱯᱤ.ᱟᱭ), ᱥᱮ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱴᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱫᱽᱜᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Mahendra |date=31 December 2016 |title=Eye on Dlits, PM Modi launches Bhim pay app |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/eye-on-dalits-pm-launches-bhim-pay-app/articleshow/56265741.cms |access-date=15 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=G |first=Sampath |date=14 October 2016 |title=When Jai Bhim meets Lal Salaam |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/When-Jai-Bhim-meets-Lal-Salaam/article16070409.ece |access-date=15 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Tripathi |first=Ashish |date=18 April 2016 |title=Chronologically 'Jai Bhim' is older than 'Jai Hind': Experts |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Chronologically-Jai-Bhim-is-older-than-Jai-Hind-Experts/articleshow/51876821.cms |access-date=15 July 2017}}</ref> ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== ==ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ== [[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ]] ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱼᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ 'ᱡᱚᱭ ᱵᱷᱤᱢ' ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite news|title='जय भीम' हा नारा कुणी दिला? 'जय भीम' म्हणण्याची पद्धत केव्हापासून सुरू झाली?|language=mr|work=BBC News मराठी|url=https://www.bbc.com/marathi/india-59279965|access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref> ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ [[ᱱᱚᱨᱮᱱᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱢᱳᱫᱤ]] [[ᱟᱢᱵᱮᱫᱽᱠᱚᱨ ᱡᱚᱭᱚᱱᱛᱤ]] ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱦᱮᱞᱢᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ''ᱡᱚᱭ ᱵᱷᱤᱢ'' ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮ ᱡᱚᱦᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱭ᱾ ᱢᱳᱫᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱵᱮᱫᱽᱠᱚᱨ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ 'ᱡᱚᱭ ᱵᱷᱤᱢ' ᱩᱫᱽᱜᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱮ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/uttar-pradesh/jai-bhim-nationalism-pm-modis-poll-cry-in-uttar-pradesh/articleshow/68881569.cms|title=PM Modi slogan: Jai Bhim, nationalism PM Modi's poll cry in Uttar Pradesh|newspaper=The Economic Times|last1=Chaturvedi|first1=Rakesh Mohan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/news/jai-bhim-chants-pm-on-ambedkar-anniversary/articleshow/68880789.cms|title = 'Jai Bhim,' chants PM on Ambedkar anniversary – Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>https://www.narendramodi.in/picture-story/dr-ambedkar-in-the-words-of-pm-modi</ref><ref>https://www.india.com/news/india/dr-bhimrao-ambedkar-was-vishwa-manav-says-narendra-modi-1106664/</ref> 'ᱡᱚᱭ ᱵᱷᱤᱢ' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱹᱢᱤᱞ ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱵᱮᱫᱽᱠᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱞᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, :ᱡᱚᱭ ᱵᱷᱤᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ.... :ᱡᱚᱭ ᱵᱷᱤᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲ.... :ᱡᱚᱭ ᱵᱷᱤᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱷᱟᱬ :ᱧᱩᱛᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ.... :ᱡᱚᱭ ᱵᱷᱤᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱥᱟᱼᱥᱟᱭ :ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱫ ᱫᱟᱜ! ==ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ== * ''[[ᱡᱚᱭ ᱵᱷᱤᱢ (ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱢᱟ)|ᱡᱚᱭ ᱵᱷᱤᱢ]]'' (᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱢᱟ) ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} 9amxj8gd88zhro0q9eohynwvvfxop2g 0 22027 196547 114218 2026-08-12T18:11:17Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196547 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox adult biography | name = ᱞᱳᱝ ᱰᱳᱝ ᱥᱤᱞᱵᱷᱟᱨ | image = | caption = | birth_name = ᱰᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱠ ᱟᱨᱛᱷᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱰ | birth_date = {{birth_year and age|1960}} | birth_place = ᱞᱟᱱᱰᱟᱱ, ᱭᱩᱱᱟᱭᱴᱮᱰ ᱠᱤᱝᱰᱳᱢ | spouse = | height = | alias = | website = }} '''ᱞᱳᱝ ᱰᱳᱝ ᱥᱤᱞᱵᱷᱟᱨ''' ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱽᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱨᱤᱴᱟᱭᱟᱨᱰ ᱯᱚᱨᱱ ᱯᱟᱞᱟᱴᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱨᱮ [[ᱞᱟᱱᱰᱟᱱ]], ᱤᱝᱜᱽᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱛᱷᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱰ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱯᱟᱱᱤᱠ ᱴᱨᱮᱡᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱤᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱯᱟᱴ ᱞᱳᱝ ᱡᱳᱱ ᱥᱤᱞᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱛ ᱛᱟᱭᱟ᱾ == ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ == ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱨᱟᱛᱤᱥᱴᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱑᱙ ᱤᱧᱪ (᱔᱖ ᱥᱮᱢᱤ) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Trebay|first=Guy|date=October 1999|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gWIEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA84|title=There's Just One Thing You Need to Know About Jonah Falcon. 13.5 Inches (And Now You Do.)|magazine=[[Out (magazine)|Out]]|volume=8|issue=4|publisher=[[Here Publishing]]|pages=83–85|access-date=17 July 2022|via=Google Books|quote=For purposes of comparison it might help to consider that this is larger than the penises of 99.99 percent of all living males, probably including Milton Berle; larger than the mythical penis of gangster John Dillinger (so legendary that FBI agents were reputed to have amputated it and kept it preserved in a jar); larger even than the penis of almost every porn star, with the possible exception of Long Dong Silver, whose rarely erect 18-inch penis figured so prominently in the congressional hearings on the confirmation of Supreme Court Justice Clarance Thomas.}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱗᱐ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱱᱪᱩᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱘᱐ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱭᱩᱠᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱭᱩ ᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱱᱭᱩᱰ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱵᱟᱲᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱯᱷᱚᱴᱚᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱟᱨ ᱡᱮ ᱢᱤᱛᱰᱟᱞ ᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱦᱚᱭ ᱛᱚ ᱥᱤᱞᱵᱷᱟᱨ "ᱟᱹᱰᱩ ᱥᱚᱢᱯᱟᱱᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ.... ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱯᱤᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ ᱥᱮ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱤᱧᱪ",<ref>{{cite book|last=Hansen|first=Dian|year=2008|chapter=The Myth...Long Dong Silver|title=The Big Penis Book|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9783836502139|location=Cologne|publisher=[[Taschen]]|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9783836502139/page/358 358]|isbn=978-3-8365-0213-9}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱥᱞᱤᱞ ᱥᱩᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱠᱞᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite book|last=Hansen|first=Dian|year=2008|chapter=The Myth...Long Dong Silver|title=The Big Penis Book|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9783836502139|location=Cologne|publisher=Taschen|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9783836502139/page/357 357]|isbn=978-3-8365-0213-9}}</ref> == ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞᱢᱮ == {{Portal|Biography}} * [[ᱢᱤᱞᱴᱳᱱ ᱵᱟᱨᱞᱮ]] * [[ᱡᱳᱱ ᱰᱤᱞᱤᱝᱜᱟᱨ]] * [[ᱡᱚᱱᱟᱦ ᱯᱷᱟᱞᱠᱳᱱ]] * [[ᱵᱽᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱯᱚᱨᱱᱚᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱯᱟᱴᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱠᱟ]] == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} * [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ : ᱵᱽᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱯᱚᱨᱱᱚᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱯᱟᱴᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱠᱟ]] 7v2ttiatvhybc1wmhy9mmfj8m9v07in 0 22131 196521 114818 2026-08-12T17:49:11Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196521 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Greek god of love and sex}} {{About|the Greek god Eros|the philosophical and psychological use of the word|Eros (concept)|other uses}} {{Infobox deity | type = ᱜᱨᱤᱠ | name = ᱤᱨᱚᱥ | image = Eros Farnese MAN Napoli 6353.jpg | alt = | cult_center = ᱛᱷᱮᱥᱯᱤᱭᱟᱭ | caption = ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲ ᱵᱚᱝᱜᱟ | god_of = ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲ ᱵᱚᱝᱜᱟ | member_of = | abode = | symbol = ᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱨ | consort = | parents = | siblings = | children = ᱦᱮᱰᱚᱱ | mount = | Roman_equivalent = | Hinduism_equivalent = ᱠᱟᱢᱫᱮᱵᱽ<ref>James Lochtefeld (2002), The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Volume 1, Rosen Publishing, New York, ISBN 0-8239-2287-1, page 340</ref> }} ᱤᱨᱚᱥ (ᱤᱝᱨᱟᱹᱡᱤ: Eros) ᱫᱚᱭ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱜᱨᱤᱠ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱵᱚᱝᱜᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱤᱣᱯᱤᱰ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱚᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱹᱦᱤᱞ ᱵᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱜᱟᱵᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱫᱷᱟᱯ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱦᱨᱟ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱮᱯᱷᱨᱚᱰᱟᱭᱴᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱮᱨᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ᱾ ᱤᱨᱚᱴᱤᱥ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱠᱷᱲᱟᱹᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ᱾ ==ᱜᱟᱵᱟᱱ== ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱟᱜ ᱜᱨᱤᱠ ᱰᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱚᱥ ᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱵᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱨᱠᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱡᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ, ᱠᱚᱢᱥᱚᱜᱽᱱᱤ, ᱪᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱥᱚᱥᱛᱚᱨ, ᱜᱨᱤᱠ-ᱨᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱦᱟᱲᱟ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱚᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱮᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱦᱤᱞ ᱵᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱜᱟᱵᱟᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟᱢᱟᱰ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱟᱹᱣ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱟᱜᱟᱹᱭᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱚᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱯᱷᱨᱚᱰᱟᱭᱴᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱜᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱵᱟᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱡᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱨ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱚᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱫᱲᱟᱮ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ ᱢᱩᱴᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱜᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱩᱢᱟᱹᱨᱟᱱ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ<ref>"Eros", in S. Hornblower and A. Spawforth, eds., ''The Oxford Classical Dictionary''.</ref>᱾ ᱤᱨᱚᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱚᱴᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ (ᱯᱟᱹᱠᱷᱲᱟᱺᱜ ᱟᱱ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲ ᱵᱚᱝᱜᱟᱠᱚ) ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱮᱱ ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱨᱮᱞᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱥᱩᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ<ref>{{Cite book|title=Cassell's Encyclopedia of Queer Myth, Symbol and Spirit|url=https://archive.org/details/cassellsencyclop0000conn|last=Conner |first=Randy P. |author2=Sparks, David Hatfield|author3=Sparks, Mariya |year=1998 |publisher=Cassell |location=UK |isbn=0-304-70423-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/cassellsencyclop0000conn/page/133 133]}}</ref>᱾ ᱦᱮᱨᱟᱠᱞᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱨᱢᱤᱥ ᱛᱟᱹᱠᱤᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱤᱨᱚᱚᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱵᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱬᱟ ᱮᱱᱟᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱸᱸ ᱛᱟᱭᱟ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱦᱮᱨᱮᱞ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱦᱨᱟ, ᱫᱟᱲᱮ, ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱲᱟᱝᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ<ref>{{Cite book|title=Cassell's Encyclopedia of Queer Myth, Symbol and Spirit|url=https://archive.org/details/cassellsencyclop0000conn|last=Conner |first=Randy P. |author2=Sparks, David Hatfield|author3=Sparks, Mariya |year=1998 |publisher=Cassell |location=UK |isbn=0-304-70423-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/cassellsencyclop0000conn/page/132 132]}}</ref>᱾ ==ᱥᱟ.ᱠᱷᱭᱟ.ᱛ== {{ᱥᱟ.ᱠᱷᱭᱟ.ᱛ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱜᱨᱤᱠ ᱵᱚᱝᱜᱟ]] 84ifsx9o55zm799kq2ww0oti47y2w1r 0 22141 196630 116626 2026-08-12T19:41:01Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196630 wikitext text/x-wiki ᱜᱟᱨᱞᱤ ᱜᱟᱨᱞ (ᱤᱝᱨᱟᱹᱡᱤ: Girly girl) ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱭᱡᱤᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱥᱮᱯᱮᱧ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵᱚᱜ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱟᱭᱡᱤᱣᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱦᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱟᱥ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱤᱭᱟ, ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱞᱟᱯᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱨᱤᱡ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ, ᱢᱮᱠ ᱟᱯ ᱵᱮᱣᱦᱟᱨ, ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱥᱚ ᱵᱮᱣᱦᱟᱨ, ᱥᱠᱟᱨᱴ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱭᱡᱤᱣ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱟᱡᱟᱨᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ<ref>Linda Duits, ''Multi-Girl-Culture'' (2008) p. 141</ref> ᱾ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱣᱜᱮ ᱚᱯᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱣᱦᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱟᱥ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱵᱽᱲᱮᱡ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱫᱷᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ<ref>M. O'Sullivan/A. MacPhail, ''Young People's Voices'' (2010) p. 37-8</ref><ref> {{Cite book |last=Nicholls |first=Emily |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2kJmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA259 |title=Negotiating Femininities in the Neoliberal Night-Time Economy: Too Much of a Girl? |date=2018-07-24 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-93308-5 |pages=259 |language=en}}</ref>᱾ ==ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ== ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱞᱴᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱚᱢ ᱵᱚᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱨᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱮᱱ "ᱦᱮᱨᱮᱞ ᱦᱚᱲ" ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱑ ᱥᱟᱭᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱫᱚᱚ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚᱞᱯᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱭᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ==ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱵᱟᱱᱫᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱴᱷᱟᱹᱱ== ᱯᱟᱹᱪᱷᱤᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱭᱡᱤᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱧ ᱵᱤᱫᱽᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱩᱯ, ᱮᱥᱮᱞ ᱦᱟᱨᱛᱟ, ᱱᱟᱱᱦᱟ ᱰᱟᱱᱰᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤ ᱡᱟᱝᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱵ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱠᱚᱢᱟᱣ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ<ref>{{cite book|last=Lesnik-Oberstein|first=Karín|title=The Last Taboo: Women and Body Hair|url=https://archive.org/details/lasttaboowomenbo0000unse|year=2010|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-8323-5|edition=Paperback}}</ref><ref name="Davis2003">{{cite book|last=Davis|first=Kathy|title=Dubious Equalities and Embodied Differences: Cultural Studies on Cosmetic Surgery|url=https://archive.org/details/dubiousequalitie00davi|url-access=limited|year=2003|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|location=Lanham|page=[https://archive.org/details/dubiousequalitie00davi/page/n101 93]|isbn=0-7425-1421-8}}</ref>᱾ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱧᱚᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾ ᱡᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱞᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱵ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱭᱡᱤᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱣᱫᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱞᱟᱯᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱭᱡᱤᱣ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱸᱷᱟᱛᱮ ᱑᱙᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱞᱟᱯᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱤᱞ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ==ᱥᱟ.ᱠᱷᱭᱟ.ᱛ== {{ᱥᱟ.ᱠᱷᱭᱟ.ᱛ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱜᱨᱤᱠ ᱵᱚᱝᱜᱟ]] 6jye9mgq5dlktm72ffp85bbsbc9ar8l 0 23555 196560 160167 2026-08-12T18:21:37Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196560 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = ᱡᱮ. ᱟᱨ. ᱰᱤ. ᱴᱟᱴᱟ | image = J.R.D. Tata (1955).jpg | caption = ᱑᱙᱕᱕ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱟᱴᱟ | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1904|7|29}} | birth_place = [[ᱯᱮᱨᱤᱥ]], ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥ | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1993|11|29|1904|7|29}} | death_place = [[ᱡᱤᱱᱮᱵᱷᱟ]], ᱥᱩᱭᱡᱟᱨᱞᱮᱱᱰ | citizenship = ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥ (᱑᱙᱐᱔–᱑᱙᱒᱘)<br />ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ (᱑᱙᱒᱙–᱑᱙᱙᱓) | alma_mater = | honorific_prefix = [[Air vice marshal (India)|Honarary Air Vice Marshal]] | honorific_suffix = [[Legion of Honour|LH]] | occupation = ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ | spouse = ᱛᱷᱮᱢᱞᱟ ᱴᱟᱴᱟ | parents = [[ᱨᱚᱛᱚᱱᱡᱤ ᱫᱟᱫᱟᱵᱷᱟᱭ ᱴᱟᱴᱟ]]<br />[[ᱥᱩᱡᱟᱱ ᱵᱨᱤᱭᱨᱮ|ᱥᱩᱡᱟᱱ "ᱥᱩᱱᱤ" ᱵᱨᱤᱭᱨᱮ]] | relatives = [[ᱴᱟᱴᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ]] ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ | awards = [[ᱯᱚᱫᱽᱢᱚ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱩᱥᱚᱱ]] (᱑᱙᱕᱕)<br/>ᱞᱤᱡᱟᱱ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱚᱱᱟᱨ (᱑᱙᱘᱒)<br/>[[ᱰᱟᱭᱱᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱜᱩᱜᱮᱱᱦᱟᱭᱤᱢ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ]] (᱑᱙᱘᱘)<br/>[[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱚᱛᱱᱚ]] (᱑᱙᱙᱒) | known_for = [[ᱴᱟᱴᱟ ᱠᱚᱱᱥᱚᱞᱴᱮᱱᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱷᱤᱥᱮᱥ]], [[ᱴᱟᱴᱟ ᱢᱳᱴᱳᱨᱥ]], [[ᱴᱟᱭᱴᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱜᱟᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ]], [[ᱵᱷᱳᱞᱴᱟᱥ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱷᱟᱶᱰᱟᱨ }} '''ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱜᱤᱨ ᱨᱚᱛᱚᱱᱡᱤ ᱫᱟᱫᱟᱵᱷᱟᱭ ᱴᱟᱴᱟ''' {{post-nominals|list=ᱮᱞ.ᱮᱪ.}} (᱒᱙ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱑᱙᱐᱔ – ᱒᱙ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱙᱓) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱯᱟᱭᱞᱚᱴ, ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱜᱟᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱟᱴᱟ ᱜᱨᱩᱯ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮᱛ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱟᱴᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱚᱛᱚᱱᱡᱤ ᱫᱟᱫᱟᱵᱷᱟᱭ ᱴᱟᱴᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱮᱨᱟ ᱥᱩᱡᱟᱱ ᱵᱨᱤᱭᱨᱮ ᱤᱡ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱟᱡ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱒᱙ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱞᱟᱭᱥᱮᱸᱥ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱯᱟᱭᱞᱚᱴ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱟᱴᱟ ᱠᱚᱱᱥᱚᱞᱴᱮᱱᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱷᱤᱥᱮᱥ, ᱴᱟᱴᱟ ᱢᱳᱴᱳᱨᱥ, ᱴᱟᱭᱴᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱜᱟᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱴᱟᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱞᱴ, ᱵᱷᱳᱞᱴᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ [[ᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱴᱟᱴᱟ ᱜᱨᱩᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱜᱟᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱷᱟᱶᱰᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱘᱓ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ ᱞᱤᱡᱤᱚᱱ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱚᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱕᱕ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱙᱒ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱮᱥ ᱚᱥᱚᱢᱚᱨᱤᱠ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱟᱹᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱯᱚᱫᱽᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱩᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱚᱛᱱᱚ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱫ ᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>A report in Vohuman.org {{cite web|title=Vohuman|url=http://www.vohuman.org/Article/JRD%20Tata%20--%20On%20the%20Islands%20of%20Tata,%20In%20the%20Ocean%20of%20India.htm|author=Amalsad, Meher Dadabhoy|access-date=11 April 2007|archive-date=4 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070504020037/http://www.vohuman.org/Article/JRD%20Tata%20--%20On%20the%20Islands%20of%20Tata,%20In%20the%20Ocean%20of%20India.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> ==ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ== ᱡᱮ. ᱟᱨ. ᱰᱤ. ᱴᱟᱴᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱙ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱑᱙᱐᱔ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ [[ᱯᱮᱨᱤᱥ]], [[ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱚᱛᱚᱱᱡᱤ ᱫᱟᱫᱟᱵᱷᱟᱭ ᱴᱟᱴᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱸᱥᱤᱥᱤ ᱮᱨᱟ ᱥᱩᱡᱟᱱᱮ "ᱥᱩᱱᱤ" ᱵᱨᱤᱨᱮ ᱤᱡ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tatacentralarchives.com/history/biographies/15%20jrdtata.htm |title=J. R. D. TATA |publisher=Tata Central Archives |access-date=7 October 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029202535/http://www.tatacentralarchives.com/history/biographies/15%20jrdtata.htm |archive-date=29 October 2013 }}</ref> ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱜᱟᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[ᱡᱟᱢᱥᱮᱫᱽᱡᱤ ᱴᱟᱴᱟ]] ᱭᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱪᱤᱭ ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱤᱥᱨᱟ ᱥᱤᱞᱞᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱢᱤᱥᱨᱟ ᱨᱳᱫᱟᱵᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱢᱮᱥᱮᱫᱽ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱭᱟ) ᱴᱟᱴᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱢᱩᱢᱵᱟᱭ|ᱵᱚᱢᱵᱮ]] ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱛᱷᱮᱰᱨᱮᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱱ ᱠᱳᱱᱚᱱ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱜᱼᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱴᱟᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱱᱰᱚᱱ, [[ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ]], ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱱ ᱡᱷᱚᱜ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱴᱟᱴᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ [[ᱞᱚᱱᱰᱚᱱ]] ᱮ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱮᱹ ᱟᱨᱹ ᱰᱤᱹ ᱟᱡ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱫᱚ ᱔᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱚᱛᱚᱱᱡᱤ ᱫᱟᱫᱟᱵᱷᱟᱭ ᱴᱟᱴᱟ ᱟᱡ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱒᱓ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱮᱹ ᱟᱨᱹ ᱰᱤᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱤᱝᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱡᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱨᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱨᱤᱡᱽ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱱᱡᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟᱨᱤᱝ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱮᱹ ᱟᱨᱹ ᱰᱤᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱱᱟᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱨᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱱᱟᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱢᱵᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱵᱤᱛᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱸᱥᱤᱥᱤ ᱥᱮᱱᱟᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱥᱯᱟᱦᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱨᱮᱡᱤᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾{{sfn|Pai|2004|p=9}} ᱴᱟᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥᱤᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱞ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱨᱤᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱴᱟᱭᱤᱯ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>R.M. Lala: Beyond the Last Blue Mountains, Life of J. R. D. Tata</ref> ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱸᱥᱤᱥᱤ ᱥᱮᱱᱟᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱟᱜᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱟᱴᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱒᱙ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱟᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥᱤᱥᱤ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱲᱟᱜ ᱜᱤᱰᱤ ᱠᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱤᱡ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱸᱥᱤᱥᱤ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱮᱱᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱮᱹ ᱟᱨᱹ ᱰᱤᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱜᱽᱱᱳᱥᱴᱤᱠ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ==ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ== ᱴᱟᱴᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱟᱬᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱟᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱭᱤᱡ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ, ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱩᱭ ᱵᱞᱮᱨᱤᱭᱚᱴ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱪᱮᱱᱮᱞ ᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢ ᱤᱡ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤᱫᱚ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱜ ᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱐ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱙᱒᱙ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱟᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱞᱟᱭᱥᱮᱸᱥ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news |title=Bombay Flying Club First Annual Report |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1929/1929-1%20-%200670.html |work=[[Flight Global]] |date=1 August 1929 |access-date=16 September 2011 |archive-date=6 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306101309/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1929/1929-1%20-%200670.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ "ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱤᱵᱷᱤᱞ ᱮᱵᱷᱟᱭᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ" ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱓᱒ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱮᱭᱟᱨᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ, ᱴᱟᱴᱟ ᱮᱭᱟᱨᱞᱟᱭᱮᱱᱥ ᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱜᱼᱟᱭ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱑᱙᱔᱖ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱜᱼᱟᱭ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱᱼᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱵᱷᱤᱞ ᱵᱷᱤᱱᱴᱮᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱟᱴᱟ ᱮᱭᱟᱨᱞᱟᱭᱮᱱᱥ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱒᱙ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱮᱹ ᱟᱨᱹ ᱰᱤᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱭᱥᱮᱱᱥ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ==ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ== [[File:JRD Tata 1994 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|᱑᱙᱙᱔ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱴᱟᱢᱯ ᱨᱮ]] ᱴᱟᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱔᱘ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱜᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱮᱯᱴᱮᱱ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱥᱤᱠ ᱯᱷᱟᱛᱟ [[ᱯᱤᱢᱯᱨᱤ ᱪᱤᱸᱪᱣᱟᱲ]] ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱰᱚᱵᱚᱞ ᱰᱮᱠᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ''ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱚᱛᱱᱚ ᱡᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱤ ᱴᱟᱴᱟ ᱳᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱵᱨᱤᱡᱽ'' ᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾ ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{Commons category|ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱜᱤᱨ ᱨᱚᱛᱚᱱᱡᱤ ᱫᱟᱫᱟᱵᱷᱟᱭ ᱴᱟᱴᱟ}} {{Wikiquote}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20100205064010/http://www.tatacentralarchives.com/history/family_tree/family_tree.pdf Tata Family Tree] * [http://www.tatasteel100.com/people/index-jrd.asp Brief Lifestory of JRD Tata] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030193637/http://www.tatasteel100.com/people/index-jrd.asp |date=30 October 2019 }} * {{Cite book|last=Lala|first=R. M.|title=Beyond the Last Blue Mountain: the Authorised Biography of J.R.D. Tata|url=https://archive.org/details/beyondlastbluemo0000lala|publisher=Viking|year=1992|isbn=0-670-84430-6}} * {{Cite book|editor-last=Mambro|editor-first=Arvind|title=J.R.D. Tata Letters|url=https://archive.org/details/apu.pmb.338.092.tat.g11288|publisher=Rupa|year=2004|isbn=81-291-0513-6}} * [http://www.newindiadigest.com/lala.htm Biography at newindiadigest.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113011733/http://www.newindiadigest.com/lala.htm |date=13 January 2020 }} * [http://www.tata.com/aboutus/articles/inside.aspx?artid=UxG8Uwjyiks= Biography at tata.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130814171946/http://www.tata.com/aboutus/articles/inside.aspx?artid=UxG8Uwjyiks= |date=14 August 2013 }} *{{cite book|last=Lala|first=R.M.|title=Beyond the last blue mountain : a life of J.R.D. Tata|url=https://archive.org/details/beyondlastbluemo0000lala|year=1993|publisher=Viking|location=New Delhi, India|isbn=978-0-14-016901-0|edition=New & updated}} {{DEFAULTSORT:ᱴᱟᱴᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱜᱤᱨ ᱨᱚᱛᱚᱱᱡᱤ ᱫᱟᱫᱟᱵᱷᱟᱭ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱐᱔ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱙᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱢᱩᱢᱵᱟᱭ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱢᱩᱢᱵᱟᱭ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱴᱟᱴᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱴᱟᱴᱟ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ]] fk69i55l8njy3dj0z2okkteehm7rtyx 0 23598 196544 122983 2026-08-12T18:08:47Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196544 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = ᱨᱚᱛᱚᱱᱡᱤ ᱴᱟᱴᱟ | image = Sir Ratan Tata.jpg | birth_date = {{birth date|1871|1|20|df=y}} | birth_place = ᱵᱚᱢᱵᱮ, [[ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ|ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1918|9|5|1871|1|20|df=y}} | alma_mater = [[ᱵᱚᱢᱵᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ]] | spouse = ᱱᱟᱵᱟᱡᱽᱵᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱴ | father = [[ᱡᱟᱢᱥᱮᱫᱽᱡᱤ ᱴᱟᱴᱟ]] | children = [[ᱱᱟᱵᱷᱟᱞ ᱴᱟᱴᱟ]] (ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ) | relatives = [[ᱫᱳᱨᱚᱵᱽᱡᱤ ᱴᱟᱴᱟ]] (ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟ)<br />[[ᱨᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱴᱟᱴᱟ]] (ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ) }} '''ᱥᱟᱨ ᱨᱚᱛᱚᱱᱡᱤ ᱴᱟᱴᱟ''' (᱒ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱘᱗᱑ - ᱕ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱑᱘) ᱫᱚ [[ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ]] ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ==ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱᱤ== ᱨᱚᱛᱚᱱᱡᱤ ᱴᱟᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱢᱵᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤ [[ᱡᱟᱢᱥᱮᱫᱽᱡᱤ ᱴᱟᱴᱟ]] ᱭᱤᱡ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱨᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱴᱟᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱢᱵᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱸᱴ ᱡᱮᱵᱤᱭᱚᱨᱥ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱐᱔ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱴᱟᱴᱟ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱨᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱴᱟᱴᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟ [[ᱫᱳᱨᱚᱵᱽᱡᱤ ᱴᱟᱴᱟ]] ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱢᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱑᱙᱐᱕ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ [[ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱟᱞᱩᱨᱩ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱰᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱨᱤᱥᱟᱨᱪ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱭᱩᱴ (ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱭᱩᱴ, IISC) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱑᱒ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ [[ᱴᱟᱴᱟ ᱥᱴᱤᱞ]] ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱪᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ । ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱴᱟᱴᱟ ᱤᱱᱰᱚᱥᱴᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱜᱷᱟᱴ (᱑᱙᱑᱕) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱢᱵᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱤᱞᱮᱠᱴᱨᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱣᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱤᱱᱰᱚᱥᱴᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱨᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱴᱟᱴᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱑᱖ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱜᱮ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ [[ᱤᱝᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] ᱨᱮ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱭᱚᱨᱠ ᱦᱟᱣᱩᱥ, ᱴᱣᱤᱠᱮᱱᱦᱮᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱵᱩᱴᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱑᱒ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱚᱱᱰᱚᱱ ᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱠᱚᱱᱚᱢᱤᱠᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱰᱢᱤᱱᱤᱥᱴᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱛᱱᱚ ᱴᱟᱴᱟ ᱰᱤᱯᱟᱨᱴᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱨ [[ᱞᱚᱱᱰᱚᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ]] ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱨᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱴᱟᱴᱟ ᱯᱷᱚᱸᱰ ᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱐᱙ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱕᱐᱐ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱫᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥᱵᱷᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ [[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱛᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ]] ᱫᱚ ᱕᱐,᱐᱐᱐ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ (᱒᱐᱒᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱔᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ) ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱝᱜᱽᱞᱳ-ᱵᱳᱣᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book |last=Guha |first=Ramchandra |title=Gandhi Before India |url=https://archive.org/details/gandhibeforeindi0000guha_a5v9 |publisher=Penguin Books India |year=2013 |isbn=9780143429647 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/gandhibeforeindi0000guha_a5v9/page/385 385]–386; 400}}</ref> ==ᱱᱤᱡᱮᱨᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ== [[File:Ratanji Tata Mausoleum Brookwood.jpg|thumb|right|ᱵᱨᱩᱠᱣᱩᱰ ᱢᱟᱲᱜᱷᱟᱴᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱛᱚᱱᱡᱤ ᱴᱟᱴᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ]] ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱘᱙᱓ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱵᱟᱡᱽᱵᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱴ ᱥᱟᱶᱮ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱑᱕ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱤᱝᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱵᱷᱟᱞ ᱴᱟᱴᱟ ᱮ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱖ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱑᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱝᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱣᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱤᱵᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ (ᱡᱚᱢᱥᱮᱫᱽᱡᱤ ᱴᱟᱴᱟ) ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱚᱱᱰᱚᱱ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱵᱨᱩᱠᱣᱩᱰ ᱢᱟᱲᱜᱷᱟᱴᱤ, ᱣᱳᱠᱤᱝ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ==ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ== ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== * [http://www.srtt.org/ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱨᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱴᱟᱴᱟ ᱴᱨᱟᱥᱴ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱣᱮᱵᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ] {{DEFAULTSORT:ᱴᱟᱴᱟ, ᱨᱚᱛᱚᱱ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱘᱗᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱑᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱴᱟᱴᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ|ᱨᱚᱛᱚᱱᱡᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱢᱩᱢᱵᱟᱭ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱢᱩᱢᱵᱟᱭ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] nm6ysuzfemw8i9m3wf5pj4b9f936mi3 0 23890 196503 125845 2026-08-12T17:35:34Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 5 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196503 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox music genre|name=Hardcore punk|other_names=Hardcore|image=Minor-threat-malcolm-riviera.jpg|image_size=260|caption=[[Minor Threat]] performing in 1981|stylistic_origins={{hlist|[[Punk rock]]|[[proto-punk]]<ref name=PunkBoys/>}}<!-- please don't make any unexplained changes -->|cultural_origins=Late 1970s to early 1980s, [[Southern California]],<ref name=Rebelwit>{{Cite book |last=Ellis |first=Iain |year=2008 |title= Rebels Wit Attitude: Subversive Rock Humorists |url=https://archive.org/details/rebelswitattitud0000elli |publisher= Counterpoint Press |page=172 |isbn= 978-1593762063}}</ref><ref name=Punkbiz>{{Cite book |last= Thompson |first=Stacy |date=February 1, 2012 |title=Punk Productions: Unfinished Business |publisher=SUNY Press |page=71 |isbn= 978-0791484609}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last= James F. Short|first= Lorine A. Hughes|date= January 1, 2006|title= Studying Youth Gangs|publisher= Rowman Altamira|page= [https://archive.org/details/studyingyouthgan0000unse/page/149 149]|isbn= 978-0759109391|url= https://archive.org/details/studyingyouthgan0000unse/page/149}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Moore |first=Ryan |date= December 1, 2009 |title= Sells like Teen Spirit: Music, Youth Culture, and Social Crisis |publisher=NYU Press |page=50 |isbn=978-0814796030}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Waksman |first=Steve |date= January 5, 2009 |title= This Ain't the Summer of Love: Conflict and Crossover in Heavy Metal and Punk |url=https://archive.org/details/thisaintsummerof0000waks |publisher= University of California Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/thisaintsummerof0000waks/page/210 210] |isbn= 978-0520943889}}</ref><ref name=CultWars>{{Cite book |last=Chapman |first=Roger |year=2010 |title= Culture Wars |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |page=449 |isbn= 978-0765622501}}</ref> [[Vancouver]], [[Knoxville, Tennessee|Knoxville]],<ref name="blush296"/> [[San Francisco]],<ref name=CultWars/><ref name=PunkBoys>{{Cite book|last=Leblanc|first=Lauraine|year=1999|title=Pretty in Punk: Girls' Gender Resistance in a Boys' Subculture|url=https://archive.org/details/prettyinpunkgirl0000lebl|publisher=Rutgers University Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/prettyinpunkgirl0000lebl/page/49 49]|isbn=9780813526515}}</ref> [[Washington, D.C. area]]<ref name=CultWars/>|derivatives={{hlist|[[Alternative rock]]|[[black metal]]<ref>{{cite book | title=Pop When the World Falls Apart: Music in the Shadow of Doubt | url=https://archive.org/details/popwhenworldfall0000unse | publisher=Duke University Press | year=2012 | page=[https://archive.org/details/popwhenworldfall0000unse/page/279 279] | isbn=978-0822351085 | editor=Weisbard, Eric}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title=Encyclopedia of heavy metal music | url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofhe0000phil | publisher=Greenwood Press |author1=Phillips, William |author2=Cogan, Brian |name-list-style=amp | year=2009 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofhe0000phil/page/109 109], 234 | isbn=978-0313348006}}</ref>|[[crustcore]]<ref name="Rise of Crust">{{cite web|last=Von Havoc |first=Felix |title=Rise of Crust |publisher=Profane Existence |date=January 1, 1984 |url=http://www.havocrex.com/press/article/3/83 |access-date=June 16, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080615163312/http://www.havocrex.com/press/article/3/83 |archive-date=June 15, 2008 }}</ref>|[[death metal]]|[[emo]]|[[grunge]]|[[noise rock]]|[[post-hardcore]]|[[screamo]]|[[skate punk]]|[[speed metal]]|[[street punk]]|[[thrash metal]]|[[nu metal]]}}|subgenrelist=List of hardcore punk subgenres|subgenres=* [[D-beat]] * [[powerviolence]] * [[beatdown hardcore]] * [[melodic hardcore]] * [[thrashcore]] * [[Christian hardcore]]|fusiongenres=* [[Crossover thrash]] * [[deathcore]] * [[digital hardcore]] * [[grindcore]] * [[jazzcore]] * [[mathcore]] * [[metalcore]] * [[Nintendocore]] * [[ska punk|skacore]] * [[sludge metal]]|regional_scenes=* [[Australian hardcore|Australia]] * [[Music of Belgium#Punk|Belgium]]<ref name="H8000">{{cite AV media |people=Hans Verbeke |date=2019 |title=H8000 Documentary — Anger & Distortion; 1989–1999 |language=nl}}</ref> * [[Punk in Brazil|Brazil]] * {{nowrap|[[Punk rock in California|California]] ([[nardcore|Southern California]])}} * [[Canadian hardcore punk|Canada]] * [[Italian hardcore|Italy]] * [[Japanese hardcore|Japan]] * [[Punk rock in Spain|Spain]] * [[Punk in Sweden|Sweden]] * [[Hardcore punk in the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]|local_scenes=*[[Popular music of Birmingham#Punk rock|Birmingham]] *[[Buenos Aires Hardcore|Buenos Aires]] * [[Boston hardcore|Boston]] * [[Chicago hardcore|Chicago]] * [[Detroit hardcore|Detroit]] * [[Music in Leeds#Punk rock|Leeds]] * [[Minneapolis hardcore|Minneapolis]] * [[New York hardcore|New York]] * [[Washington, D.C. hardcore|Washington, D.C.]]|other_topics=* [[Anarcho-punk]] * [[DIY ethic]] * [[extreme metal]] * [[hatecore]] * [[hardcore hip hop]] * [[Hardcore (electronic dance music genre)|hardcore techno]] * [[hardcore skinhead]] * [[Hardline (subculture)|hardline]] * [[horror punk]] * [[moshing]] * [[Oi!]] * [[positive hardcore]] * [[punk subculture]] * [[straight edge]] * [[youth crew]]}} ᱦᱟᱨᱰᱠᱳᱨ ᱯᱚᱸᱠ (ᱦᱟᱨᱰᱠᱳᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱚᱸᱠ ᱨᱚᱠ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱡᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱵᱠᱚᱞᱪᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱗᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱸᱠ ᱨᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱩᱥᱟᱹᱨᱟ, ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱟᱨᱠᱮᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥᱤᱥᱠᱳ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱠᱮᱞᱤᱯᱷᱳᱨᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱸᱠ ᱥᱠᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱯᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱣᱮᱥᱴᱚᱱ ᱰᱤ.ᱥᱤ. ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱭᱩ ᱭᱚᱨᱠ ᱯᱚᱸᱠ ᱨᱚᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱚ-ᱯᱚᱸᱠ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫ [[ᱥᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥᱤᱥᱠᱳ|ᱥᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱱᱥᱤᱠᱳ]] ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱤᱱ ᱠᱮᱞᱯᱷᱟᱨᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱝᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ , ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱩᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱛᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫ ᱦᱤᱯᱤ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱨᱩᱴᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱣᱟᱥᱤᱝᱴᱚᱱ, ᱰᱤ.ᱥᱤ.|ᱳᱣᱟᱥᱴᱤᱝᱴᱚᱱ]] ᱰᱤᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ [[ᱱᱤᱭᱩ ᱭᱚᱨᱠ|ᱱᱤᱭᱩᱨᱠ]] ᱯᱟᱱᱠ ᱨᱚᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱳᱭᱞᱳ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵᱼᱯᱟᱱᱠ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱮᱥᱮᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱚᱨᱰᱠᱳᱨ ᱯᱟᱱᱠ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱵᱤᱨᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ " ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱣᱜᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ " ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ " ᱨᱟᱡᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱨᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>Campbell, Michael. </ref> ᱦᱚᱨᱰᱠᱳᱨ ᱫᱚ 1980 ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱤᱱ ᱡᱩᱠᱛᱚᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱛ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ , ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ [[ᱞᱚᱥ ᱮᱧᱡᱮᱞᱥ|ᱞᱟᱥ ᱮᱱᱡᱮᱞᱥ]] , [[ᱥᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥᱤᱥᱠᱳ|ᱥᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱱᱥᱤᱠᱳ]] , ᱳᱣᱟᱥᱴᱤᱝᱴᱚᱱ , ᱰᱤ ᱥᱤ , ᱵᱳᱥᱴᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱭᱳᱣᱚᱨᱠ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱩᱠᱛᱚ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱾ ᱦᱚᱨᱰᱠᱳᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱟᱥᱚᱨᱤ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱩᱯᱼᱞᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱰᱞᱟᱭᱮᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱩᱭᱟᱹᱱ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱚᱨᱰᱠᱳᱨ ᱫᱚ 1980 ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱨᱤᱠᱟᱣᱰ ᱞᱮᱵᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱛᱨᱚᱝᱜᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱮᱞᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱤ ᱟᱭ ᱳᱭ ᱱᱤᱠᱚᱥ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱸᱦᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱨᱚᱝᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱷᱨᱟᱥ ᱢᱮᱴᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱥᱮᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱤᱜᱤᱞᱮ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ == ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱾ == [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Bad_brains_1983.jpg|left|thumb|215x215px|ᱵᱮᱰ ᱵᱨᱮᱱᱥ ᱮᱴ 9:30 ᱠᱞᱵ ᱳᱣᱟᱥᱴᱤᱝᱴᱚᱱ ᱰᱤ ᱥᱤ 1983]] ᱦᱚᱨᱰᱠᱳᱨ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱴᱤᱵᱷᱮᱱ ᱵᱞᱟᱥ ' ᱢᱚᱭᱤᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱷᱨᱮᱴ ' ᱼ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱠᱟᱭᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ' ᱰᱟᱭᱤᱼᱦᱟᱨᱰ ' ᱢᱚᱱᱚᱥᱚᱴᱚᱠ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱜᱤᱞᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱟᱢ ᱦᱟᱨᱰᱠᱳᱨ ' ᱼ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢᱟᱜ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ , ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱨᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱠ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱟᱱ ᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱾<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Blush |first=Steven |date=March 2, 2016 |title=WHAT IS HARDCORE? |url=http://greenroom-radio.com/2016/03/02/what-is-hardcore/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809212902/http://greenroom-radio.com/2016/03/02/what-is-hardcore/ |archive-date=August 9, 2017 |access-date=July 1, 2017 |website=greenroom-radio.com}}</ref> ᱰᱨᱟᱣᱩᱱᱰ ᱤᱱ ᱥᱩᱱᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱑᱙᱗᱐ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱰᱠᱳᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱯᱟᱱᱠᱼᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱵᱩᱴᱟᱹ ᱚᱡᱮ ᱫᱚ " ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱵᱷᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱮᱥᱮᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱨᱳᱢᱮᱱᱴᱤᱠ ᱦᱚᱭᱟᱨᱠᱟᱴ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱠᱤᱱᱱᱤ ᱜᱚᱞᱮᱠ ᱴᱟᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱴᱮᱨᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ <ref>{{Cite web |last=Symonds |first=Rene |date=August 16, 2007 |title=Features – Soul Brothers: DiS meets Bad Brains |url=http://www.drownedinsound.com/articles/2307017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011095854/http://drownedinsound.com/articles/2307017 |archive-date=October 11, 2008 |access-date=February 12, 2010 |publisher=Drowned in Sound}}</ref> ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱜᱚᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱞᱳᱣᱟᱨ ᱩᱯᱚᱼᱥᱚᱝᱜᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱨᱩᱛᱚᱱᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱰᱠᱳᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱭᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱝᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮᱥᱴᱼᱯᱟᱱᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱳᱣᱮᱵᱷ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=Westhoff |first=Ben |date=October 15, 2013 |title=What Does 'Hardcore' Mean In Different Music Genres? |url=http://www.laweekly.com/music/what-does-hardcore-mean-in-different-music-genres-4169502 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817041452/http://www.laweekly.com/music/what-does-hardcore-mean-in-different-music-genres-4169502 |archive-date=August 17, 2017 |access-date=June 13, 2017 |website=Laweekly.com |publisher=LA Weekly}}</ref> ᱦᱚᱨᱰᱠᱳᱨ ᱯᱟᱱᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱰᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫ ᱯᱟᱱᱠ ᱨᱚᱠ ᱥᱮᱹᱨᱮᱹᱧ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫ ᱥᱳᱭᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣᱟᱜ ᱾ ᱵᱤᱞᱵᱳᱨᱰ ᱢᱮᱜᱟᱡᱤᱱ ᱮᱞᱤ ᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ , ᱦᱚᱨᱰᱠᱳᱨ ᱥᱳ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱤᱝᱥᱟ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ 2002 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱨᱰᱳᱣᱚᱨ ᱫᱟᱰ ᱠᱮᱱᱱᱰᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱜᱚᱞ ᱡᱮᱞᱞᱳ ᱵᱤᱭᱟᱯᱷᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱳᱭᱞᱳ ᱦᱚᱨᱰᱠᱳᱨ ᱨᱤᱠᱟᱨᱰ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ " " 60 ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱦᱳᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱝᱞ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱢᱠᱟᱨ ''ᱴᱨᱮᱱ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱰᱩᱢᱥᱰᱮ'' ᱾ ' 60 ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱥᱟᱡᱚᱥᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱠᱳᱰ ᱤᱧ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nardwuar Vs. Jello Biafra: New Introduction by Kristen K.: Originally ran in Razorcake #08, 2002 By Nardwuar – Razorcake |url=https://razorcake.org/archive-nardwuar-vs-jello-biafra-new-introduction-by-kristen-k-originally-ran-in-razorcake-08-2002/ |access-date=2023-04-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> === ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱾ === ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ " ᱵᱮᱼᱥᱩᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱨᱥ ᱯᱟᱱᱠ ᱨᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱾<ref>The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition copyright ©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. </ref> ᱦᱚᱨᱰᱠᱳᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮᱝᱠ ᱨᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱢᱚᱱᱟᱨ ᱡᱳᱱᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱨᱯᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱹᱛᱤᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Blush |first=Steven |date=March 2, 2016 |title=WHAT IS HARDCORE? |url=http://greenroom-radio.com/2016/03/02/what-is-hardcore/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809212902/http://greenroom-radio.com/2016/03/02/what-is-hardcore/ |archive-date=August 9, 2017 |access-date=July 1, 2017 |website=greenroom-radio.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBlush2016">Blush, Steven (March 2, 2016). </cite></ref> ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱱᱠ ᱨᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱱᱟᱭᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱰᱠᱳᱨ ᱯᱟᱱᱠ ᱵᱮᱱᱰ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧᱤᱭᱟᱹ / guitar/bass/drum ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢᱮᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱩᱛᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱞ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱡᱳᱨ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱳᱭᱳᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱞᱟᱥ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ , " ᱥᱤᱠᱚᱥ ᱯᱮᱥᱴᱚᱞ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱦᱚᱸ ᱨᱚᱠ ' ᱮᱱ ' ᱨᱳᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱚᱠ ᱵᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱮᱹᱞᱳᱰ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱚᱨᱰᱠᱳᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱨᱩᱫᱤᱠᱮᱞ ᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱠᱷᱼᱠᱨᱳᱥ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱚᱞ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱟᱝᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱲ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱾<ref name="blush">{{Cite journal|last=Blush|first=Steven|date=January 2007|title=Move Over My Chemical Romance: The Dynamic Beginnings of US Punk|journal=[[UNCUT (magazine)|Uncut]]}}</ref> آلᱢᱩᱥᱤᱠ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱨᱰᱠᱳᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱵᱚᱞᱩᱯᱨᱤᱱᱴ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱹᱨᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="allmusic.com">{{Cite web |last=Pop/Rock – Punk/New Wave – Hardcore Punk |title=Hardcore Punk &#124; Significant Albums, Artists and Songs |url=https://www.allmusic.com/style/hardcore-punk-ma0000002641 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605132203/http://www.allmusic.com/style/hardcore-punk-ma0000002641 |archive-date=June 5, 2014 |access-date=August 20, 2014 |website=AllMusic}}</ref> ᱦᱚᱨᱰᱠᱳᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱳᱣᱟᱵᱷ ᱥᱮᱹᱨᱮᱹᱧ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱼᱥᱩᱠᱩᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱨᱩᱴᱟᱹ ᱾<ref name="auto4">Williams, Sarah. </ref> ᱦᱚᱨᱰᱠᱳᱨ " ᱮᱥᱪᱮᱣᱮᱰ " ᱱᱱᱤᱭᱮᱱᱥ " ᱴᱤᱠ [ ᱟᱨ ] ᱚᱵᱷᱟᱝᱴᱼᱜᱟᱨᱰᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱩᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱴᱮᱢᱯᱳ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱵᱮᱣᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ " ᱜᱚᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱛᱤ " ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱡᱳᱨ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="auto4" /> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} gjg6eu0ye9opmufk08f99bmtqt387j5 0 24334 196513 125081 2026-08-12T17:43:38Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196513 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film|name=ᱯᱷᱟᱱᱴᱟᱡᱽᱢ|image=Fantasm1976Poster.jpg|image_size=|caption=ᱟᱹᱥᱴᱨᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ [[ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱯᱚᱥᱴᱟᱨ]]|director=[[Richard Franklin (director)|Richard Bruce]]|writer=[[ᱨᱚᱥ ᱰᱤᱢᱥᱮ]]|story=[[Antony I. Ginnane]]|producer=Antony I. Ginnane|starring={{plainlist| * [[John Holmes (pornographic actor)|John Holmes]] * [[Uschi Digard|Uschi Digart]] * [[Rene Bond]] * Mary Gavin * [[William Margold|Bill Margold]] }}|narrator=|cinematography=[[Vince Monton]]|editing=Tony Patterson<br>{{small|(as Ford Footpole)}}|music=|studio={{plainlist| * [[Australian International Film Corporation|Australian International Films]] * TLN Film Productions }}|distributor=Filmways Australasian Distributors|released={{Film date|1976|07|16|df=y}}|runtime=90 minutes|country=Australia|language=English|budget=A$50,000<ref name="pike">{{cite book|first1=Andrew |last1=Pike |first2=Ross |last2=Cooper |title=Australian Film 1900–1977: A Guide to Feature Film Production |url=https://archive.org/details/australianfilm190000andr |location=Melbourne |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998 |page=[https://archive.org/details/australianfilm190000andr/page/301 301]}}</ref>|gross=A$650,000 (Australia)<ref name="ginnane">Beilby, Peter; Murray, Scott (January/February 1979). "Antony I. Ginnane". [[Cinema Papers]]: 175.</ref>}} [[Category:Articles with short description]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> '''''ᱯᱷᱟᱱᱴᱟᱡᱽᱢ''''' ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱗᱖ ᱥᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱯᱷᱴᱠᱚᱨ ᱯᱳᱨᱱᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱤᱪᱟᱨᱰ ᱯᱷᱟᱝᱠᱞᱤᱱ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱥᱩᱰᱚᱱᱤᱢ (under a pseudonym) ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ <nowiki>''ᱯᱷᱟᱱᱴᱟᱡᱽᱢ ᱠᱚᱢᱮᱥ ᱟᱜᱮᱭᱱ''</nowiki> ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱮᱱ ᱥᱮᱠᱣᱮᱞ ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱞᱤᱱ ᱤᱜᱽᱞᱮᱥᱴᱚᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ == ᱯᱞᱚᱴ == ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱚᱱᱼᱥᱟᱠᱷᱤᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱨᱯᱷᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱡᱩᱱᱜᱮᱱᱴ ᱮᱹ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱭᱩᱰ ᱫᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱡᱳᱜᱟᱹᱣ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ , ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱢᱩᱫᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ * ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱤᱭᱩᱴᱤ ᱥᱮᱞᱩᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱠᱮᱥ * ᱯᱷᱚᱞᱮ ᱯᱷᱮᱴᱤᱥᱤᱡᱚᱢ * ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱥᱵᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱡᱚᱢ ᱾ * ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱞᱤᱥ ᱾ * ᱡᱤᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱹᱨᱰᱩ ᱾ * ᱴᱨᱮᱱᱥᱵᱷᱮᱥᱴᱤᱡᱚᱢ ᱾ * ᱳᱭᱮᱰᱤᱯᱟᱥ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱞᱮᱠᱥ (ᱮᱞᱤᱠᱴᱨᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱞᱮᱠᱥ) ᱾ == ᱯᱟᱴ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> == ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ == ᱑᱙᱗᱔ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱗᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱱᱴᱚᱱᱤ ᱯᱳᱭᱞᱳ ᱜᱤᱱᱟᱱᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱳᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱳᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ' ᱱᱩᱨᱥᱮᱥ ' ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱨᱤᱠᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ 250,000 ᱰᱚᱞᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱡᱮᱴ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ 150,000 ᱰᱚᱞᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱡᱮᱴ ᱨᱮ ''ᱥᱮᱥᱤ ᱞᱤᱴᱤᱞ ᱢᱮ'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱡᱮᱥ ᱯᱟᱨᱞᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱨᱟᱭᱤᱢ ᱰᱨᱟᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱴ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ 50,000 ᱰᱚᱞᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱪᱟᱨᱰ ᱯᱷᱟᱝᱠᱞᱤᱱᱞᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ , ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱜᱤᱱᱟᱱ ' ᱫᱟ ᱴᱩᱨᱮ ᱥᱴᱳᱨᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ''ᱮᱥᱠᱤᱢᱳ ᱱᱟᱞ'' ' ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱞᱟᱹᱛ ᱵᱤᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱟᱝᱠᱞᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱤᱱᱟᱱ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱤᱠᱤᱼᱦᱚᱨᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱠᱮᱥ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱝᱠᱞᱤᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱢᱮᱰᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱳᱥ ᱰᱤᱢᱥᱮᱭ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱠᱨᱤᱯᱴ ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫ-ᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱱᱴᱮᱞ (Fantale) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱣᱮᱰᱤᱥ ᱥᱮᱠᱥ ᱮᱰᱩᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ Language of Love ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ᱯᱷᱟᱝᱠᱞᱤᱱᱞᱤᱱ ᱾<blockquote>ᱢᱮᱰᱤᱠᱮᱞ ' ᱛᱮᱨᱟᱯᱤ ' ᱥᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱦᱳᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢᱟᱜ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱳᱯᱴᱠᱳᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱢ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ , ᱟᱢ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱴᱠᱳᱨᱮᱢ ᱮᱢ ᱢᱮ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱚᱡᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱮ ᱟᱢ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱱᱼᱯᱼᱯ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ , ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱚᱡᱮᱛᱮ ᱡᱮ ᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱟᱢ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱚᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱢ ᱟᱢ ᱾ ᱟᱢ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱥᱤᱠᱥᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾</blockquote>ᱜᱤᱱᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱟᱝᱠᱞᱤᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱮᱥᱴᱮᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱴᱷ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱴᱷᱚᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱱᱟᱴ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱝᱠᱞᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱵᱷᱤᱱᱥ ᱢᱚᱱᱴᱚᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱥ ᱮᱱᱡᱮᱞᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱳᱜᱟᱡᱳᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱩᱴ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱭᱩ ᱮᱥ ᱥᱤᱼᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱝᱞᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱭᱼᱥᱚᱭᱟᱨ ᱰᱩᱜ ᱱᱟᱯᱯ ᱯᱚᱨᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱠᱚᱥᱴᱤᱝ ᱮᱡᱮᱱᱴ ᱵᱤᱞ ᱢᱟᱨᱜᱳᱞᱰ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱳᱜᱟᱡᱳᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱩᱠᱛᱚᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱴᱤᱭᱩᱴ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱢᱟᱦᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱩᱴᱤᱭᱴ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱦᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱟᱝᱠᱞᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ , ᱡᱚᱱ ᱵᱞᱩᱛᱦᱚᱞ , ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱜ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱯᱟᱴᱷ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ , ᱩᱱᱤ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱰᱤᱞᱳᱜ ᱮᱰᱼᱞᱤᱵ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱱ ᱦᱳᱞᱚᱢᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ 400 ᱰᱚᱞᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ , ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ 200 ᱰᱚᱞᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱟᱝᱠᱞᱤᱱᱞᱤᱱ ᱾<blockquote>ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱞ ᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱨᱰᱠᱳᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱤᱧ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ , ᱤᱧᱟᱹᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ ᱯᱩᱞᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ , ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱤᱧᱟᱹᱜ ᱥᱩᱴᱤᱭᱩᱴ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ , ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱮ , ᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱰᱠᱳᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱤᱧ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱧ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱢ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱢᱮ , ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱯᱟᱴᱷᱚᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ , ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱱᱥᱤᱠᱳ ᱥᱮ ᱤᱭᱩᱨᱳᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱰᱠᱳᱨ ᱯᱳᱨᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱼᱴᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱥᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱼᱟ , ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱟᱱᱟᱴ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱢ ᱥᱮᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱩᱠ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱲ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ</blockquote>ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱴᱷᱚᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱷᱟᱝᱠᱞᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ , ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱳᱭᱞᱳ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱥᱴᱮᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱷᱟᱲᱟ == ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢᱟᱜ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱞᱴ ᱠᱳᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ , ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱮᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱱᱥᱳᱨ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱨᱟᱭ 45 ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱤᱱᱰ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱴᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱤ ᱵᱤ ᱮᱯᱷ ᱥᱤ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱤᱭᱩᱠᱮᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢᱟᱜ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱮᱡ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱛᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱠᱥ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱘ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱗᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱣᱤᱱᱥᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱖᱕᱐,᱐᱐᱐ ᱰᱚᱞᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱯᱷᱮᱱᱴᱟᱥᱚᱢ'' ᱠᱚᱢᱮᱥ ᱮᱜᱮᱭ (1977) ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱠᱩᱭᱮᱞ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱟᱝᱠᱞᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ , ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱜᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ''ᱯᱮᱨᱤᱠ'' ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<blockquote>ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱤᱧ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱫᱦᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ , ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱤᱧ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱢ ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱧ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱧᱟᱹᱜ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢᱳᱜᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣᱼᱟ , ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱮ ᱤᱧ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱞᱤᱥᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱼ ᱤᱧ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱠᱳᱯᱳᱯᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢᱳᱜᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱡᱮᱛᱮ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱡᱮᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱧ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱥᱮ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱢᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ , ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ , ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱤᱪᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱛᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱤᱪᱚᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱮᱼᱟ ᱾</blockquote> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱗᱐ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱥᱴᱨᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱟᱥᱴᱨᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱥᱚᱨᱴ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:Pages with unreviewed translations]] o13lr9guxtke8hoia4aghjvbzgt2nqk 0 24362 196634 129740 2026-08-12T19:51:27Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196634 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Australian place | type = ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ | name = ᱦᱚᱨᱥᱟᱢ | state = vic | image = Horsham street.jpg | caption = Firebrace Street, Horsham's main street, in 2006 | coordinates = {{coord|36|43|S|142|12|E|display=inline,title}} | use_lga_map = yes | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Victoria | pop = 20,429 | pop_year = 2021 | pop_footnotes =<ref name=ABSSUA/> | postcode = 3400 | elevation= 128 | dist1 = 297 | dir1 = NW | location1= [[Melbourne]] | dist2 = 427 | dir2 = SE | location2= [[Adelaide]] | dist3 = 188 | dir3 = WNW | location3= [[Ballarat]] | dist4 = 313 | dir4 = S | location4= [[Mildura]] | lga = Rural City of Horsham | county = [[County of Borung|Borung]] | stategov = [[Electoral district of Lowan|Lowan]] | fedgov = [[Division of Mallee|Mallee]] | maxtemp = 22.1 | mintemp = 7.3 | rainfall = 385.7 | est = }} '''ᱦᱚᱨᱥᱟᱢ''' ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱵᱷᱤᱠᱴᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟ, ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱣᱤᱢᱮᱨᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱣᱤᱢᱮᱨᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱤᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱦᱚᱨᱥᱟᱢ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱢᱮᱞᱵᱳᱨᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱐ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱑᱙᱐ ᱢᱤᱞ) ᱠᱚᱧᱮᱼᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱦᱚᱨᱥᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱒᱐,᱔᱒᱙ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=ABSSUA>{{Cite web |title=2021 Horsham, Census All persons QuickStats {{!}} Australian Bureau of Statistics |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/LGA23190 |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=www.abs.gov.au}}</ref> ᱦᱚᱨᱥᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱥᱟᱢ ᱯᱳᱞᱠᱟᱞ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱞᱵᱳᱨᱱ, ᱜᱤᱞᱚᱝ, ᱵᱮᱞᱟᱨᱟᱴ, ᱵᱮᱱᱰᱤᱜᱳ, ᱵᱳᱰᱳᱝᱜᱟ, ᱢᱤᱞᱰᱩᱨᱟ, ᱥᱮᱯᱟᱨᱴᱚᱱ, ᱣᱟᱨᱱᱟᱢᱵᱩᱞ, ᱴᱨᱟᱞᱜᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱱᱜᱟᱨᱟᱴᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱠᱴᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱑᱑ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱤᱨᱟᱹᱵᱟᱥᱤ ᱡᱮᱢᱥ ᱢᱚᱱᱠᱴᱚᱱ ᱰᱟᱨᱞᱚᱴ ᱟᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱤᱝᱜᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱥᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙ ᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱛᱟᱵᱫᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐ ᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱛᱟᱵᱫᱤᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱷᱤᱠᱴᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱳᱞ ᱵᱤᱨᱤᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱑᱐ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱳᱭᱤᱢᱢᱮᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱷᱤᱠᱛᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱚᱨᱥᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱔᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱐᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱤᱰᱮᱥᱴ ᱴᱟᱣᱩᱱ<ref name="autogenerated2007">{{cite web | url=http://www.hrcc.vic.gov.au/main.cfm?CategoryID=8&contentfile=infopage&topicid=58 | title=Horsham Rural City Council | access-date=30 October 2007 | author=HRCC |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070831072502/http://www.hrcc.vic.gov.au/main.cfm?CategoryID=8&contentfile=infopage&topicid=58 <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 31 August 2007}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱤᱠᱴᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱤᱰᱤᱥᱴ ᱴᱟᱣᱩᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱞ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |author=Sylwia |date=17 November 2021 |url=https://www.kvb.org.au/horsham-named-the-tidiest-of-them-all/ |title=Horsham named the Tidiest of them all |publisher=Keep Victoria Beautiful |access-date=5 May 2022 |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809065346/https://www.kvb.org.au/horsham-named-the-tidiest-of-them-all/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== ===ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝᱼᱠᱳᱞᱳᱱᱤᱡᱮᱥᱚᱱ=== ᱜᱨᱟᱢᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟ ᱴᱨᱚᱵ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱣᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱓-᱔,᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱒,᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱚᱵᱤᱨᱡᱤᱱᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱵᱩᱫ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=Wettenhall>{{cite book |last=Wettenhall |first=Gib |date=1999 |title=The People of Gariwerd: The Grampians Aboriginal Heritage |url=https://archive.org/details/peopleofgariwerd0000wett |location=Melbourne |publisher=Aboriginal Affairs Victoria |pages=[https://archive.org/details/peopleofgariwerd0000wett/page/6 6]–9 |isbn=095771310X}}</ref> ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣᱟᱜ ᱩᱯᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱭᱢᱢᱮᱨᱟ ᱢᱮᱜᱯᱷᱟᱩᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱰᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name=Wettenhall/> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱯᱷᱞᱤᱴ ᱟᱜ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱡᱟᱨᱫᱳᱭᱟ ᱦᱚᱲᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱳᱴᱡᱳᱞ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱨᱮ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱵᱷᱤᱠᱴᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱩᱯᱚᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱳᱨ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=Aboriginal>{{cite book |last1=Reid |first1=John |last2=Lovett |first2=Keith H. |last3=Blake |first3=les J. |date=1996 |title=Road Board to Restructure: The History of the Shire of Wimmera |location=Bacchus Marsh |publisher=Joval |pages=1–4 |isbn=095881127X}}</ref> ᱤᱭᱩᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱚ ᱛᱚᱞᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱡᱟᱨᱰᱳᱣᱟᱫᱡᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ (ᱳᱭᱮᱢᱵᱟᱼᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱩᱯᱟᱹᱭ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱷᱤᱠᱴᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ) ᱳᱭᱮᱢᱢᱢᱟᱨᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dixon |first1=R.M.W. |last2=Moore |first2=Bruce |last3=Ramson |first3=W.S. |last4=Thomas |first4=Mandy |date=2006 |title=Australian Aboriginal Words in English |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=36 |isbn=9780195540734}}</ref> ᱩᱭᱤᱢᱢᱮᱨᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱚᱵᱤᱨᱡᱤᱱᱮᱞ ᱦᱚᱲᱠᱚ ᱟᱨᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱨᱟᱢᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱯᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱰᱩ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name=Wettenhall/> ᱤᱭᱩᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱥᱴᱚᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱯᱟᱹᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱥᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱵᱚᱨᱟᱡᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=Aboriginal/> ᱵᱷᱤᱠᱴᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟᱼᱮᱵᱮᱱᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱚᱵᱤᱨᱡᱤᱱᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱘᱗᱐ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱘᱘᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱳᱨᱟᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱚᱰᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱜᱤᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱑᱘᱙᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱐᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱚᱵᱤᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=Aboriginal/> ===ᱤᱭᱩᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱚ ᱛᱚᱞᱟᱥ=== ᱑᱘᱓᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱑᱘ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱢᱮᱡᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱢᱟᱥ ᱢᱤᱥᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱤᱭᱩᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱚ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱭᱢᱢᱟᱨᱟ ᱱᱟᱹᱭ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brooke |first1=Brian |last2=Finch |first2=Alan |date=1982 |title=A Story of Horsham: A Municipal Century |url=https://archive.org/details/storyofhorshammu0000broo |location=Horsham |publisher=The City of Horsham |page=[https://archive.org/details/storyofhorshammu0000broo/page/3 3] |isbn=0959831215}}</ref> ᱵᱤᱰᱟᱹᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱮᱰᱣᱟᱨᱰ ᱟᱭᱮᱨ ᱯᱳᱨᱴ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱰᱤᱞᱤᱰ ᱢᱩᱫᱽᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱚᱛᱚᱢ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱛᱚᱞᱟᱥ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱑᱘᱓᱘ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱑᱔ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱫᱟ ''ᱮᱰᱤᱞᱤᱰ ᱜᱮᱡᱮᱴ'' ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ " ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱾<ref name=Eurpoean>{{cite book |last1=Reid |first1=John |last2=Lovett |first2=Keith H. |last3=Blake |first3=les J. |date=1996 |title=Road Board to Restructure: The History of the Shire of Wimmera |location=Bacchus Marsh |publisher=Joval |page=9 |isbn=095881127X}}</ref> ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} kt5hxwil1gpuxsp76rg2fugciwcyvev 0 24804 196471 176782 2026-08-12T17:06:13Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196471 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ|ᱳᱲᱤᱥᱟ]]''' ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ [[ᱠᱚᱲᱤᱝᱜᱚ]]ᱠᱚᱲᱤᱝᱜᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱳᱰᱨᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ , [[ᱠᱚᱲᱤᱝᱜᱚ]], ᱦᱤᱨᱟᱠᱷᱚᱱᱰᱚ, ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱠᱟᱱᱛᱚᱨᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱩᱛᱠᱚᱲᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ , ᱳᱲᱤᱥᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱜᱟᱹᱲ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ , ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱡᱮᱛᱮ ᱾ ᱑᱕᱖᱘ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱕᱖᱘ ᱠᱷᱨᱤᱥᱴᱟᱵᱽᱫᱚ ᱨᱮ [[ᱠᱚᱲᱟᱯᱟᱦᱟᱰᱚ ᱾|ᱠᱚᱲᱟᱯᱟᱦᱟᱰᱚ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛᱼᱮ ᱩᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ == ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ == {{Main|ᱠᱟᱲᱤᱝᱜᱚ (historical region)}} === ᱠᱚᱲᱤᱝᱜᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ (c. 1100 – 261 BCE) === {{Main|ᱠᱚᱲᱤᱝᱜᱚ (historical region)}} ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱱᱤᱛᱤ ᱵᱤᱜᱽᱜᱟᱱ ᱥᱩᱫᱟᱢᱟ ᱢᱤᱥᱨᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱠᱚᱲᱤᱝᱜᱚ [[ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱯᱚᱫᱚ]] ᱫᱚ [[ᱯᱩᱨᱤ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱜᱚᱱᱡᱟᱢ]] ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|author=Sudāmā Miśra|title=Janapada state in ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dua1AAAAIAAJ|year=1973|publisher=Bhāratīya Vidyā Prakāśana}}</ref> ==== ᱠᱚᱲᱤᱝᱜᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ (I) (c. 1100 – 700 BCE) ==== {{main|ᱠᱚᱲᱤᱝᱜᱚ (Mahabharata)}} [[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ]] ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ [[ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱬ]] ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, 'ᱠᱟᱲᱤᱝᱜᱚ' ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱟᱲᱤᱝᱜᱚ]] ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱱᱤᱛᱟᱝ [[ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱳᱥᱴᱟᱞ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱚᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱥᱤᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=enHindu>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World, Volume 1|year=1992|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w9pmo51lRnYC&q=Bali%20Kalinga%20Vanga&pg=PA18|author=Gaṅgā Rām Garg|isbn=9788170223740|access-date=28 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ancientvoice.wikidot.com/mbh:kalingas|title=Kalingas|website=www.ancientvoice.wikidot.com|access-date=29 November 2018}}</ref> ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ 'ᱥᱨᱩᱛᱟᱭᱩᱫᱷᱟ' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱲᱤᱝᱜᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱚᱣᱨᱚᱵᱚ]] ᱠᱮᱢᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="maha">{{cite book|title=The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa, Second Book Sabha Parva|publisher=Echo Library|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sPpAfsrooXsC&q=mahabharata%20Srutayudha%20kalinga&pg=PA10|author=Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa|date=March 2008|access-date=28 October 2012|page=10|isbn=9781406870442}}</ref> ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱜᱚᱵᱤᱱᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱛᱛᱟᱱᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱝᱜᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ 'ᱥᱟᱛᱛᱟᱵᱷᱩ' ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱫᱽ ᱚᱞᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ <ref name="hem">{{cite book|last=Raychaudhuri|first=Hemchandra|title=Political History Of Ancient India|year=2006|publisher=Genesis Publishing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h1KObc_qaXYC&q=Mahagovinda%20Suttanta%20kalinga&pg=PA75|access-date=25 October 2012|page=75|isbn=9788130702919}}</ref> ;ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ - * ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱝᱜᱚ, ([[ᱠᱟᱲᱤᱝᱜᱚ]] ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ) * ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱳᱰᱨᱚ, ([[ᱳᱰᱨᱚ]] ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ) * [[ᱥᱨᱩᱛᱟᱭᱩᱫᱷᱟ]] * ᱥᱨᱩᱛᱟᱭᱩᱥ * ᱢᱟᱱᱤᱢᱟᱛ * ᱪᱤᱛᱨᱟᱝᱜᱚᱫᱟ * ᱥᱩᱵᱟᱦᱩ * ᱵᱤᱨᱟᱥᱮᱱ * ᱥᱩᱫᱟᱛᱛᱟ * ᱱᱟᱞᱤᱠᱤᱨᱟ * ᱭᱟᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨᱟᱡᱽ * ᱫᱚᱱᱛᱚᱵᱟᱠᱠᱷᱟ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱚᱱᱛᱚᱵᱟᱠᱷᱨᱟ (᱙ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱵᱫᱤ ᱵᱤᱥᱤ) * [[ᱟᱵᱟᱠᱤᱱᱱᱟᱭᱚ ᱠᱟᱨᱟᱠᱟᱱᱰᱩ]] (᱙ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱵᱫᱤ ᱵᱤᱥᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱘ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱵᱫᱤ ᱵᱤᱥᱤ) * ᱵᱟᱥᱩᱯᱟᱞᱟ (᱘ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱵᱫᱤ ᱵᱤᱥᱤ) ==== ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱝᱜᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ (II) (c. 700 – 350 BCE) ==== ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱫᱚ "[[ᱪᱩᱞᱞᱟᱠᱟᱲᱤᱝᱜᱚ ᱡᱟᱛᱚᱠᱚ]]" ᱟᱨ "[[ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱝᱜᱚᱵᱚᱫᱷᱤ ᱡᱟᱛᱚᱠᱚ]]" ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ, ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱠᱟᱲᱤᱝᱜᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱫᱚᱱᱰᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ [[ᱟᱥᱢᱟᱠᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱤᱫᱚᱨᱵᱷᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱲᱤᱝᱜᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ;ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱠᱚ- * ᱫᱚᱱᱰᱚᱠᱤ * ᱢᱚᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱲᱤᱝᱜᱚ * [[ᱪᱩᱞᱞᱟᱠᱟᱲᱤᱝᱜᱚ]] * [[ᱠᱚᱲᱤᱝᱜᱚ II]] (c. 7th – 6th century BCE) ;ᱫᱟᱛᱷᱚ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱲᱤᱝᱜᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ - ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱲᱤᱝᱜᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ "[[ᱫᱟᱛᱷᱚ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ]]" ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟ.ᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ;ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ- * ᱵᱨᱚᱢᱦᱟᱫᱚᱛᱛᱚ (c. 6th – 5th century BCE) * ᱥᱚᱛᱟᱵᱷᱩ * ᱠᱟᱥᱤᱨᱟᱡᱽ * ᱥᱩᱱᱚᱱᱫᱟ * ᱜᱩᱦᱟᱥᱤᱵᱟ ==== ᱠᱟᱲᱤᱝᱜᱚ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱩᱨᱭᱚᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ (c. 350 – 261 BCE) ==== ;ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱠᱚ- * ᱵᱨᱚᱦᱢᱚᱫᱤᱛᱤᱛᱭᱚ (c. 4th century BCE) His son, prince 'Soorudasaruna-Adeettiya' was exiled and as per [[History of Maldives|Maldivian history]], established the first kingdom [[List of sultans of the Maldives#Kingdom of Dheeva Maari, Solar dynasty (Adeetta Vansa)|Dheeva Maari]] and laid the foundation of the Adeetta dynasty.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mohamed |first=Naseema |title=First Settlers |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/arch_0044-8613_2005_num_70_1_3970 |journal=Note on the Early History of the Maldives |date=2005 |page=9 |doi=10.3406/arch.2005.3970 |access-date=21 March 2021 }}</ref> *''Unknown rulers'' * ''Unknown'' (till 261 BCE), ruler of Kalinga at time of [[Kalinga War|Mauryan annexation of Kalinga]].<ref name=Indika>[[Pliny the Elder]] (77 CE), ''[[Natural History (Pliny)|Natural History]] VI'', 22.1, quoting [[Megasthenes]] (3rd century BCE), ''[[Megasthenes#Indica|Indika]]'', Fragm. LVI.</ref> After [[Kalinga War]] (261 BCE), Kalinga Kingdom became a part of [[Mauryan Empire]], after which Kalinga Kingdom was succeeded by [[Mahameghavahana dynasty|Mahameghavahana Empire]] between 230–190 BCE which ruled till 350 CE.<ref name="Sahu">{{Cite journal|last=Sahu|first=J. K.|date=1977|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=38|pages=49–54|issn=2249-1937|jstor=44139050|title=The Meghas of Kosala}}</ref> === Kalinga under Magadha Empire (c. 345 – 225 BCE) === {{see also|Magadha|Magadha Empire}} ==== Under Nanda Empire (c. 345 – 322 BCE) ==== {{Main|Nanda dynasty}} Kalinga was believed to be briefly annexed by Mahapadma Nanda. * [[Mahapadma Nanda]] (380–340 BCE) * Pandhuka * Panghupati * Bhutapala * Rashtrapala * Govishanaka * Dashasidkhaka * Kaivarta * Mahendra * [[Dhana Nanda]] (322–321 BCE) When [[Chandragupta Maurya]] rebelled against the [[Nandas]], Kalingas broke away from the empire of [[Magadha]]. ==== Under Maurya Empire (c. 261 – 225 BCE) ==== {{Main|Maurya Empire}} Ashoka invaded Kalinga in 261 BCE. Kalinga broke away from the Mauryan empire during the rule of Dasharatha. [[File:Maurya Empire, c.250 BCE 2.png|thumb|Maurya Empire at Ashoka's regin in 250 BCE]] * [[Ashoka]] (274–232 BCE) * [[Dasharatha Maurya]] (232–224 BCE) === Mahameghavahana Empire (c. 225 BCE – 350 CE) === {{Main|Mahameghavahana dynasty}} [[File:Hathigumpha inscription.JPG|thumbnail|right|Hātigumfā inscription of Emperor Kharavela at Udayagiri Hills.]] Mahamegha Vahana was the founder of the Kalingan [[Chedi Kingdom|Chedi or Cheti Dynasty]].<ref name=gene>{{cite book|last=Reddy|year=2005|title=General Studies History 4 Upsc|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWfeU9eQd5YC&q=Kharavela%20and%20Mahameghavahana&pg=SL1-PA55|access-date=25 October 2012|page=A-55|isbn=9780070604476}}</ref><ref name=mani>{{cite book|last=Mani|first=Chandra Mauli|title=A Journey Through India's Past|year=2005|publisher=Northern Book Centre|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HSoE8qR-5BgC&q=Chedi%20dynasty&pg=PA51|access-date=25 October 2012|page=51|isbn=9788172111946}}</ref> The names of Sobhanaraja, Chandraja, Ksemaraja also appear in context.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.498985|title=Ancient India, History of Ancient India for 1000 years in four volumes. [From 900 B.C. to 100 A.D.]. Volume IV.|publisher=Shashikant & Co.|year=1941|location=Baroda|pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.498985/page/n149 103]}}</ref> But, Kharavela is the most well known among them. The exact relation between Mahamegha Vahana and Kharavela is not known.<ref name="gene"/> *Vasu *Mahamegha Vahana *Sobhanaraja *Chandraja *Ksemaraja *Vakradeva (or) Virdhharaja *[[Kharavela]] (c. 193 BCE–155 BCE) *Kudepasiri Vakradeva ll *Vaduka *Galaveya It is not known that, if Vakadeva was a successor or predecessor of Kharavela.<ref>{{cite book|last=Raychaudhuri|first=Hemchandra|title=Political History Of Ancient India|year=2006|publisher=Genesis Publishing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h1KObc_qaXYC&q=Cheti%20Dynasty&pg=PA348|access-date=25 October 2012|page=348|isbn=9788130702919}}</ref> From the inscriptions and coins discovered at [[Guntupalle, Eluru district|Guntupalli]] and [[Velpuru]], Andhra Pradesh, we know of a series of rulers with the suffix ''Sada'' who were possibly distant successors of Kharavela.<ref name=jaina>{{cite book|title=Studies in Jaina Art and Iconography and Allied Subjects|year=1995|publisher=Abhinav Publications|pages=31|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fETebHcHKogC&q=Mahishaka%20%20Guntupalli%20inscription&pg=PA31|author=R. T. Vyas|author2=Umakant Premanand Shah|isbn=9788170173168|access-date=12 November 2012}}</ref> * Mana-Sada * Siri-Sada * Maha-Sada * Sivamaka-Sada * Asaka-Sada === Murunda dynasty (150 – 250 CE) === {{main|Murunda dynasty}} *Gana (c. 2nd cen CE)<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44156572 |publisher=Indian History Congress |last=Mohanty |first=Prafulla Kumar |title=Growth of Urban Society in Early Odisha |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=2015 |volume=76 |page=114 |jstor= 44156572 }}</ref> *[[Dhamadamadhara]] (Dharmatamadharasya) (c. 3rd century CE)<ref>{{cite journal |last=Pelliot |first=Paul |author-link1= Paul Pelliot |date=1903 |title=Le Fou-nan |url=http://www.persee.fr/doc/befeo_0336-1519_1903_num_3_1_1216 |access-date=12 April 2021 |language=fr |journal=Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient |volume=3 |page=292 |doi=10.3406/befeo.1903.1216 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Coedès |first= George |editor=Walter F. Vella |others=trans.Susan Brown Cowing |title=The Indianized States of Southeast Asia|url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/115019/2/b11055005.pdf |year=1968 |pages=46–47 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=978-0-8248-0368-1 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2011/Nov/engpdf/32-38.pdf |title=Kalinga and Funan : A Study in Ancient Relations |author=Benudhar Patra |date=November 2011 |publisher=Orissa Review |access-date=4 April 2021 |archive-date=2 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302022951/http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2011/Nov/engpdf/32-38.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Satavahana Empire (ca. 60–199 CE)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ollett |first1=Andrew |title=Language of the Snakes |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.doa.049 |date=2017 |publisher=University of California Press |jstor=10.1525/j.ctt1w8h1vk |pages=[https://archive.org/details/dli.doa.049/page/n203 189]–190 }}</ref> === {{main|Satavahana dynasty}} [[Gautamiputra Satakarni]] is known to have invaded Kalinga during his reign.<ref name=govt>{{cite web|title=Detail History of Orissa|url=http://www.orissa.gov.in/history1.htm|publisher=[[Government of Odisha]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061112195307/http://www.orissa.gov.in/history1.htm|archive-date=12 November 2006}}</ref> The ''[[Nashik]] [[prashasti]]'' inscription of Gautamiputra's mother during the reign of [[Vasisthiputra Sri Pulamavi|Vasisthiputra Pulumavi]], located in the [[Nasik Caves]], states that his orders were obeyed by the [[Rajamandala|circle]] of all kings and calls him the lord of mount [[Mahendra Mountains|Mahendra]] among a list of other mountains.<ref>{{cite book |author=R. G. Bhandarkar |editor= Robert Kennaway Douglas |title=Transactions of the Second Session Held at London, in September, 1874 |chapter=The Nasik Cave Inscriptions |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-IUpAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA306 |year=1876 |publisher=Trübner |pages=311}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya |title=Some Early Dynasties of South India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=78I5lDHU2jQC&pg=PA77 |year=1974 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-2941-1 |pages=78–79}}</ref> * [[Gautamiputra Satakarni|Gautamiputra Sri Satakarni]] (c. 60–84 CE) * [[Vasisthiputra Sri Pulamavi|Vasisthiputra Sri Pulumavi]] (c. 84–119 CE) * [[Vashishtiputra Satakarni|Vasisthiputra Sri Satakarni]] (c. 119–148 CE) * Vasisthiputra Sivasri Pulumavi (c. 148–156 CE) * [[Shivaskanda Satakarni|Vasisthiputra Sriskanda Satakarni]] (c. 156–170 CE) * [[Yajna Sri Satakarni|Gautamiputra Sriyajña Satakarni]] (c. 171–199 CE) tfukatxeyv2132wfrrqs3frc1ieq81i 0 24843 196450 127672 2026-08-12T16:50:44Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196450 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ᱢᱟᱞᱣᱟᱭ ᱨᱚᱲ''' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ '''ᱯᱚᱧᱡᱟᱵᱤ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ''' ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱯᱚᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ '''ᱢᱟᱞᱣᱟᱭ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ''' ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Jamshid Ali |title=Politics of Coalition Governments in Punjab |publisher=Madaan Publications |year=2006 |pages=32 |quote=Malwa region lies in the southern side of Satluj river. It includes the largest of all the three regions of the state. The dialects of Punjabi language define regional identities. Malwa is defined by Malwai, Majha by Majhai and ...}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Mandeep |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62536488 |title=Punjab Today |publisher=Deep & Deep Publications |others=Harvinder Kaur |year=2005 |isbn=81-7629-702-X |location=New Delhi |pages=11 |oclc=62536488 |quote=The people of the region speak the Malwa dialect, which is similar to Punjabi. Malwa is surrounded by the river Sutlej in the north, the river Ghaggar in the south, the Shivalik Hills in the east and Pakistan in the west.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/388481759 |title=Worldmark encyclopedia of cultures and daily life |date=2009 |publisher=Gale |others=Jeneen Hobby, Timothy L. Gall, Gale |isbn=978-1-4144-4893-0 |edition=2nd |location=Farmington Hills, Mich. |pages=808 |oclc=388481759 |quote=The other important Punjabi dialects are Malwa, Doabi, Powadhi, Dogri, and Bhattiani.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Duggal |first=Kartar Singh |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21934816 |title=Philosophy and Faith of Sikhism |date=1988 |publisher=Himalayan International Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy of the U.S.A |isbn=0-89389-109-6 |location=Honesdale, Pa. |pages=77 |oclc=21934816 |quote=According to the renowned Sikh Scholar, the late Principal Teja Singh, Punjabi is the language that the people of the Punjab have spoken from time immemorial. A living language keeps on changing its complexion. During the course of history, this change in complexion may result in the language being transformed beyond recognition. Punjabi has undergone this metamorphosis time and again and yet it remains Punjabi, the language to which the people in this part of the country belong. Even today the language spoken by the people living in Pothoar is different in flavor from the one spoken in Malwa, as much as the language spoken in Malwa is different in taste from that of Majha. It is said that the dialects in India start changing about every 30 kilometers. Like all other Indian languages, Punjabi, too, has a number of dialects. They can be as diverse as Pahari, spoken in the north, and Lehndi, prevalent in the south.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Munday |first=Jeremy |authorlink=Jeremy Munday |title=Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications |publisher=Routledge |year=2009 |isbn=9781135198190 |edition=2nd |pages=138 |quote=A further factor is added by the setting of the novel in an isolated village in the Malwa region of Punjab. The poorly educated characters converse with each other in the local Malwai dialect of Punjabi. Their colloquial dialogue constitutes a crucial element of the fictional discourse, with the third person narrator portraying characters and situations through the character's speech rhythms and the cultural environment they evoke.}}</ref> {{Short description|Dialect of Punjabi}} {{distinguish|text=the [[Malvi language]] of Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh}}{{Infobox language | name = Malwai | familycolor = Indo-European | nativename = ਮਲਵਈ ਬੋਲੀ • {{Uninastaliq|ملوئی بولی}} | states = [[India]], [[Pakistan]] | region = Malwa region of [[Punjab]] | ethnicity = Malwai Punjabis | fam1 = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] | fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] | fam4 = [[Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages|Northwestern]] | fam5 = [[Punjabi dialects|Punjabi]] | ancestor = [[wikt:Old Punjabi|Old Punjabi]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Haldar |first1=Gopal |title=Languages of India |date=2000 |publisher=National Book Trust, India |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788123729367 |page=149 |quote=The age of Old Punjabi: up to 1600 A.D. […] It is said that evidence of Old Punjabi can be found in the Granth Sahib.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bhatia |first1=Tej K. |title=Punjabi: A Cognitive-Descriptive Grammar |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=9781136894602 |page=XXV |edition=Reprint |quote=As an independent language Punjabi has gone through the following three stages of development: Old Punjabi (10th to 16th century). Medieval Punjabi (16th to 19th century), and Modern Punjabi (19th century to Present).}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Christopher Shackle |author2=Arvind Mandair |title=Teachings of the Sikh Gurus : selections from the Scriptures |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon, Oxon |isbn=9781136451089 |edition=First |chapter=0.2.1 – Form |quote=Surpassing them all in the frequent subtlety of his linguistic choices, including the use of dialect forms as well as of frequent loanwords from Sanskrit and Persian, Guru Nanak combined this poetic language of the Sants with his native Old Punjabi. It is this mixture of Old Punjabi and old Hindi which constitutes the core idiom of all the earlier Gurus.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Frawley |first1=William |title=International encyclopedia of linguistics |date=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=9780195139778 |page=423 |edition=2nd}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Austin |first1=Peter |title=One thousand languages : living, endangered, and lost |url=https://archive.org/details/onethousandlangu0000unse |date=2008 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=9780520255609 |page=[https://archive.org/details/onethousandlangu0000unse/page/115 115]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Braj B. Kachru |author2=Yamuna Kachru |author3=S. N. Sridhar |title=Language in South Asia |date=2008 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781139465502 |page=411}}</ref> | script = [[Gurmukhī alphabet|Gurmukhī]]<br>[[Shahmukhi alphabet|Shahmukhi]] | isoexception = dialect | fam6 = Eastern Punjabi }} {{Punjabis}} [[File:Punjabi dialects.png|thumb|Dialects of Punjabi Map]] ==ᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ== '''ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ''' '''ᱯᱚᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ''' ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ [[ᱢᱟᱞᱣᱟᱭ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱨᱚᱲ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱯᱷᱤᱨᱚᱡᱯᱩᱨ]], [[ᱯᱷᱚᱡᱤᱞᱠᱟ]], [[ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱤᱫᱽᱠᱳᱴ]], [[ᱢᱩᱠᱛᱚᱨ]], [[ᱢᱳᱜᱟ]], [[ᱵᱷᱟᱛᱤᱱᱫᱟ]], [[ᱥᱚᱝᱜᱨᱩᱨ]], [[ᱯᱟᱴᱤᱭᱟᱞᱟ]], [[ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱞᱟ]], [[ᱢᱟᱱᱥᱟ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱞᱩᱫᱷᱤᱭᱟᱱᱟ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱜᱽᱨᱚᱣᱚᱱ, ᱨᱟᱭᱠᱳᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱩᱫᱷᱤᱭᱟᱱᱟ (ᱯᱟᱪᱮ) ᱴᱮᱦᱥᱤᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ '''ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ''' ᱰᱤᱜᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱞᱣᱟᱭ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱸ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱥᱤᱨᱥᱟ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱵᱽᱣᱟᱞᱤ, ᱠᱚᱞᱟᱱᱣᱟᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱴᱮᱦᱥᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱚᱛᱮᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱴᱤᱭᱟ ᱴᱮᱦᱥᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ '''ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ''' [[ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱨᱤ ᱜᱟᱝᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ [[ᱦᱚᱱᱩᱢᱟᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱟ ᱾ '''ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ''' [[ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮ ᱑᱙᱔᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱦᱟᱨᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == a3z79scni89d50t866e9vwkd030w1rn 0 24911 196684 128227 2026-08-12T20:46:27Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196684 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ᱠᱚᱣᱨᱚᱵᱤ''' (Hindi, Urdu) ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱩᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱟ ᱾ {{Infobox language | name = ᱠᱚᱣᱨᱚᱵᱤ | altname = Khaṛībolī | nativename = | pronunciation = | states = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] | region = [[Delhi]], [[Haryana]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] ([[Rohilkhand]]), [[Rajasthan]], [[Uttarakhand]] | speakers = ? | ref = | date = | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] | fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] | fam4 = [[Hindi languages|Central Zone]] | fam5 = [[Western Hindi]] | isoexception = dialect | glotto = none | lingua = 59-AAF-qd | notice = Indic | notice2 = IPA | nation = | image = | imagescale = 1.45 | imagecaption = | map = Kauravi_language_map.png | mapcaption = Khariboli Dialect Area in the northern subcontinent }} ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨᱟᱜ [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱩᱨᱫᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱫᱚ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ [[ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱮᱦᱞᱟᱵᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ [[ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱤᱵᱳᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ Dehlavi, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ Hindavi (ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ Hindustani) ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] (ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱥᱩᱞᱛᱟᱱᱚᱛ) ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱫᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱾ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱨᱚᱵᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱢᱤᱱᱮᱥᱚᱱ (gemination) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱨᱚᱡᱽ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱚᱣᱟᱫᱷᱤ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱣᱨᱚᱵᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩᱥᱛᱟᱱ]] ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧᱟᱜ [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱩᱨᱫᱩ]] ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Masica2007">{{cite book |last1=Masica |first1=Colin P. |title=Old and New Perspectives on South Asian Languages: Grammar and Semantics |url=https://archive.org/details/oldnewperspectiv0000unse |date=2007 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers |isbn=978-81-208-3208-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/oldnewperspectiv0000unse/page/51 51] |language=en |quote=Braj and Awadhi in early and middle stages preserve old case endings -hi, etc, while Khari Boli (Old Hindi) and Dakkhini seem to have lost these endings in the Apabhramsa period.}}</ref><ref name="MatthewsShackleHusain1985">{{cite book |last1=Matthews |first1=David John |last2=Shackle |first2=C. |last3=Husain |first3=Shahanara |title=Urdu literature |url=https://archive.org/details/urduliterature0000matt |date=1985 |publisher=Urdu Markaz; Third World Foundation for Social and Economic Studies |isbn=978-0-907962-30-4 |language=en |quote=But with the establishment of Muslim rule in Delhi, it was the Old Hindi of this area which came to form the major partner with Persian. This variety of Hindi is called Khari Boli, 'the upright speech'.}}</ref> ==ᱡᱟ.ᱛᱤᱭᱟ.ᱨᱤ ᱦᱟ.ᱴᱤᱧ== '''ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱤᱵᱳᱞᱤ''' ᱫᱚ [[ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ]] ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱯᱟᱪᱮ [[ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ [[ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨᱟᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱟ ᱾ [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱳᱵᱽᱥ (doabs) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ==ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱣᱨᱚᱵᱤ== ᱠᱚᱣᱨᱚᱵᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱞᱮᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱢ ᱞᱳᱜ, [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱴᱮᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱥᱤᱯᱤ ᱳᱯᱮᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ [[ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ]] ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == 3gtcryjw3gkm1z4u0rccpjebc2u7xt9 0 25514 196677 136979 2026-08-12T20:40:50Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196677 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox protected area | name = ᱯᱷᱚᱱᱚᱢ ᱠᱩᱞᱮᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ | alt_name = Jayavarman-Norodom Phnom Kulen National Park | iucn_category = II | iucn_ref =<ref name="wdpa">{{cite web |author=Protected Planet |date=2018 |title=Phnom Kulen National Park |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/phnom-kulen-national-park |publisher=United Nations Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre |access-date=26 Dec 2018}}</ref> | photo = PhnomKulen.jpg | photo_width = | photo_caption = Waterfall in Phnom Kulen National Park | map = Cambodia | relief = yes | map_width = | map_caption = Phnom Kulen National Park | location = [[Svay Leu District]], [[Siem Reap Province]], [[ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]] | nearest_city = [[ :en:Siem Reap|ᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱮᱯ]] | coordinates = {{coord|13.6062|N|104.0957|E|region:KH|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | area = {{convert|373.76|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} | established = 1993<ref name="wdpa" /> | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | governing_body = | website = }} {{Contains special characters|Khmer}} '''ᱯᱷᱚᱱᱚᱢ ᱠᱩᱞᱮᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ''' ([[ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱮᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]]: ឧទ្យាន ជាតិ ភ្នំ គូលែន) ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱢ ᱨᱤᱯ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱚᱱᱚᱢ ᱠᱩᱞᱮᱱ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱢᱚᱥᱥᱤᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱙᱓ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱓᱗᱓.᱗᱖ km2 (144.31 sq mi) ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱭᱟᱵᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ-ᱱᱚᱨᱚᱫᱚᱢ ᱯᱷᱚᱱᱚᱢ ᱠᱩᱞᱮᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ([[ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱮᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]]: ឧទ្យាន ជាតិ ព្រះជ័យ វរ្ម័ន-នរោត្តម ភ្នំ គូលែន) ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱷᱢᱮᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱦᱮᱱᱫᱽᱨᱚᱯᱟᱨᱵᱚᱛᱟ (ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱤᱱᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ) ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱡᱚᱭᱚᱵᱚᱨᱢᱚᱱ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱟᱡ ᱜᱮ ᱪᱟᱠᱨᱟᱵᱷᱚᱨᱛᱤᱱ (ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ) ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮᱭ ᱵᱤᱠᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱩᱱᱰᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>[[#Higham2001|Higham, 2001]]: pp. 54–59</ref> == ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱣᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ == [[File:Indra Musée Guimet 1097 1.jpg|thumb|right|200px| ᱤᱱᱫᱽᱨᱟ. ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱚᱛ ᱠᱚᱠᱤ (ᱯᱷᱚᱱᱚᱢ ᱠᱩᱞᱮᱱ) ᱙ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ]] ᱯᱷᱚᱱᱚᱢ ᱠᱩᱞᱮᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱥᱣᱟᱭ ᱞᱤᱭᱩ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱤᱢ ᱨᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱤᱱᱥᱟᱞ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱔᱘ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱓᱐ ᱢᱟᱭᱤᱞ) ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱚᱛ ᱵᱟᱱᱴᱮᱭ ᱥᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱕ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱑᱖ ᱢᱟᱭᱤᱞ) ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱩᱞᱮᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ, ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱡᱚᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kulenrevealed.org/2018/07/07/7-reasons-phnom-kulen/|title=7 Reasons Phnom Kulen is a Must See in Siem Reap|date=2018-07-07|website=Kulen Revealed|access-date=2018-12-21|archive-date=2022-12-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218171704/https://kulenrevealed.org/2018/07/07/7-reasons-phnom-kulen/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="camgov">{{cite web|url=http://www.cambodia.gov.kh/unisql1/egov/english/sight.view.html?doc_oid=@176%7C1%7C1|title=Sightseeing Koulen Mountain|publisher=Cambodian government|date=2003-11-19|access-date=2009-09-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080909025951/http://www.cambodia.gov.kh/unisql1/egov/english/sight.view.html?doc_oid=%40176%7C1%7C1|archive-date=2008-09-09|url-status=dead}}</ref> ᱪᱩᱯ ᱯᱨᱤᱭᱟ ([[ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱮᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]]: ជប់ ព្រះ) ᱫᱚ ᱑᱖ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱥᱱᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ [[File:2011-06-27-030 Phnom Kulen.jpg|thumb|ᱞᱤᱝᱜᱟ, ᱑,᱐᱐᱐]] ᱠᱵᱟᱞ ᱥᱯᱮᱟᱱ ᱚᱛ-ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ "ᱵᱷᱮᱞᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱑᱐᱐᱐ ᱞᱤᱝᱜᱟᱥ" ([[ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱮᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]]: លិង្គ១០០០) ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱠᱵᱟᱞ ᱥᱯᱮᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱢ ᱨᱤᱯ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱭᱳᱱᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱤᱝᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱴᱩ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱠᱤᱝ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑.᱕ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱡᱩᱜᱽᱞ ᱴᱨᱟᱠ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱴᱨᱤᱠᱤᱝ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜ ᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱰᱟᱪ ᱠᱟᱢᱞᱩᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱮᱨᱮᱥᱟ ([[ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱮᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]]: ព្រះលាន ស្តេច គំលង់) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱮᱨᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱴᱟᱨᱟᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱞᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱯᱨᱤᱭᱚ ᱚᱝ ᱛᱷᱳᱢ ([[ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱮᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]]: ព្រះអង្គ ធំ) ᱫᱚ ᱘ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱒᱖ ᱯᱷᱩᱴ) ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱪᱟ.ᱫᱽ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱨᱵᱟᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ । ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱨᱤᱭᱚ ᱟᱝ ᱛᱷᱳᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱱᱚᱢ ᱠᱩᱞᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ᱾ ᱪᱟᱢ ᱯᱟ ([[ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱮᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]]: ដើមចំប៉ា) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱨᱤᱭᱚ ᱟᱝ ᱛᱷᱳᱢ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ, ᱪᱷᱳᱠ ᱨᱩᱣᱚᱴ ([[ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱮᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]]: ឆ័តរួត), ᱯᱨᱤᱭᱚ ᱵᱚᱴ ᱪᱳᱱ ᱴᱩᱠ (Preah Bat Choan Tuk), ᱯᱤᱭᱩᱝ ᱪᱷᱳᱠ ([[ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱮᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ពើង ឆ័ត), ᱯᱤᱭᱩᱝ ᱮᱭ ᱥᱳ ([[ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱮᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]]: ពើង ឥសូ) ᱟᱨ ᱯᱤᱭᱩᱝ ᱮᱭ ᱥᱮᱭ ([[ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱮᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]]: ពើង ឥសី) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ==ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱱᱟ== ᱯᱷᱚᱱᱚᱢ ᱠᱩᱞᱮᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ: * ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ: 4 - 5 ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (13 - 16 ᱯᱷᱩᱴ) ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ 25 ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (82 ᱯᱷᱩᱴ) ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱾ * ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ: ᱑᱕-᱒᱐ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱔᱙-᱖᱖ ᱯᱷᱩᱴ) ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱕ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱔᱙ ᱯᱷᱩᱴ) ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱾ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱚᱱᱚᱢ ᱠᱩᱞᱮᱱ ᱴᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱣᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ== ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱵᱟᱰᱚᱦᱤ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱷ ᱥᱴᱟᱨᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱱᱚᱢ ᱠᱩᱞᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱩᱫᱤᱥ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱞᱮᱫ-ᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱓᱖ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮᱭ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱳᱝ ᱪᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮᱭ ᱵᱤᱠᱱᱟᱹᱛ ᱞᱮᱫ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱗᱓ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱗᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱ ᱵᱩᱞᱵᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱨᱩᱱᱳ ᱰᱮᱜᱮᱱᱥ ᱯᱷᱚᱱᱢ ᱠᱩᱞᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱭᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱤᱱᱵᱮᱱᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱯᱤᱝ ᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱭᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱰᱮᱵᱞᱚᱯᱢᱮᱸᱴ ᱯᱷᱚᱸᱰᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱱᱚᱢ ᱠᱩᱞᱮᱱ ᱯᱨᱚᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱭᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱥᱛᱟᱱᱟᱞ ᱰᱮᱵᱞᱚᱯᱢᱮᱸᱴ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱒᱐᱑᱓ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱣᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱴᱤᱢ ᱯᱷᱚᱱᱚᱢ ᱠᱩᱞᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱦᱮᱱᱫᱽᱨᱚᱯᱟᱨᱵᱟᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱯ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱤᱝᱨᱟᱹᱡᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱤᱝᱨᱟᱹᱡᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱤᱝᱨᱟᱹᱡᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱤᱝᱨᱟᱹᱡᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱤᱝᱨᱟᱹᱡᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱤᱝᱨᱟᱹᱡᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱤᱝᱨᱟᱹᱡᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱾<ref name=Herald>{{cite news | url=http://www.smh.com.au/world/lost-horizons-mediaeval-city-uncovered-20130614-2o9p3.html | title=Lost horizons: mediaeval city uncovered | newspaper=[[Sydney Morning Herald]] | last=Murdoch | first=Lindsay | date=15 June 2013 | access-date=15 June 2013}}</ref> ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ== *{{cite book|title=Angkor: Cambodia's wondrous khmer temples|url=https://archive.org/details/angkorcambodiasw0000roon|last=Rooney|first=Dawn F.|year=2005|edition=5th|publisher=Odissey|isbn=978-962-217-727-7|ref=Rooney2005}} *{{cite book|last=Higham|first=Charles|author-link=Charles Higham (archaeologist)|title=The Civilization of Angkor|year=2001|publisher=Phoenix|isbn=1-84212-584-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tp5j33zX5bwC|ref=Higham2001}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080909025951/http://www.cambodia.gov.kh/unisql1/egov/english/sight.view.html?doc_oid=%40176%7C1%7C1 page on Phnom Kulen] from the official website of Kingdom of Cambodia *[http://angkorguide.net/monuments/phnom_kulen.htm AngkorGuide.Net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110414144456/http://www.angkorguide.net/monuments/phnom_kulen.htm |date=2011-04-14 }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20091230210019/http://www.peaceofangkorweb.com/PKulen.htm PeaceOfAngkorWeb.com] *[http://www.andybrouwer.co.uk/phk.html Andy Brouwer's blog] on the less-visited angkorian temples of Phnom Kulen *[https://web.archive.org/web/20100706084022/http://blog.andybrouwer.co.uk/2008_06_01_archive.html Andy Brouwer's blog] on newest archeological activities in Phnom Kulen *[http://adfkulen.org website of Phnom Kulen Program] and a [https://web.archive.org/web/20101205205752/http://www.archaeologychannel.org/content/film/phnomkulen.htm documentary] on its activities *[http://www.mekong-protected-areas.org/cambodia/pa-map.htm Protected areas in Cambodia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927190625/http://www.mekong-protected-areas.org/cambodia/pa-map.htm |date=2011-09-27 }} flct6qfm1sd7zi9ye6zszbnpvcguq0m 0 25530 196590 174497 2026-08-12T18:58:05Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196590 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱩᱭᱩᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ''' ([[ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱮᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]]: សារមន្ទីរជាតិ) ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱩᱭᱩᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱣᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱢᱩᱭᱩᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=Brew>{{cite web|author=Brew, Melanie|url=https://www.phnompenhpost.com/real-estate/i-want-move-chey-chumneas-phnom-penh|title=I want to move to ... Chey Chumneas, Phnom Penh |newspaper=[[Phnom Penh Post]]|date=2008-12-17|accessdate=2020-05-13}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱭ ᱪᱩᱢᱱᱤᱭᱟᱥ, ᱯᱱᱚᱢ ᱯᱮᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ == [[File:Aerila View of National Museum of Cambodia.jpg|thumb|ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱨᱤᱞᱟ ᱧᱮᱞ]] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱢᱮᱨ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱠᱩᱞᱯᱴᱩᱨᱟᱞ, ᱠᱷᱢᱮᱨ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱢᱤᱠᱥ, ᱵᱨᱚᱱᱡᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱷᱱᱳᱜᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱔,᱐᱐᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱨᱟᱭ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱷᱢᱮᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱫᱚ [[ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ [[ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ]] ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱢ ᱯᱮᱱᱦ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱑᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱞ ᱯᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱢᱟᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱥᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱑᱓ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱗᱘ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱸᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱴᱷᱤ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱥᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱱᱤᱥᱴᱨᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱠᱚᱞᱪᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱱ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ (Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts) ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱢᱮᱨ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱴᱮᱠᱪᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱑᱙᱑᱗ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱒᱔ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱒᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱖᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢᱵᱚᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ, ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱮᱧᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱪᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|title=Museum History|url=http://www.cambodiamuseum.info/museum_history.html|access-date=2021-05-02|website=www.cambodiamuseum.info}}</ref> ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== ᱡᱚᱨᱡᱽ ᱜᱨᱚᱥᱞᱤᱭᱟᱨ (᱑᱘᱘᱗-᱑᱙᱔᱕), ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱠᱩᱨᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱤᱞᱰᱤᱝ ᱰᱤᱡᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧ ⁇ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱴᱮᱠᱪᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢᱵᱚᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱳᱴᱟᱭᱯ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱞᱳᱱᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱑᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱑᱕ ᱟᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟ. ᱵᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱑᱓ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱑᱙᱒᱐ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱢᱮᱨ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱥᱤᱥᱳᱣᱟᱛ, ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥᱚᱣ-ᱢᱟᱨᱤᱭᱚᱥ ᱵᱚᱰᱳᱣᱤᱱ, ᱨᱤᱥᱤᱰᱮᱱᱴ-ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨᱤᱭᱚᱨ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤ. ᱜᱨᱚᱥᱞᱤᱭᱟᱨ, ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱰᱤᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱠᱚᱱᱥᱟᱨᱵᱷᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱒᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱞ ᱰᱤᱡᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱞᱜᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱡᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱵᱽ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱟᱵᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ==ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ== {{Gallery | title= | width = 200 | height = 200 | lines=1 | align=center |File:Reclining Vishnu (Angkor).jpg|Reclining [[Vishnu]] from [[West Mebon]], [[Angkor]]. Made of Bronze, statue is from 11th century. |File:Garuda (Koh Ker style).jpg| Garuda in [[Koh Ker]] style. Made of sandstone, statue is from 10th century ([[Angkor|Angkor period]]). |File:Trimurti (from Angkor, Siem Reap).jpg|[[Trimurti]] from Angkor. Made of sandstone, statue dates back to 11th century. |File:Shiva Ling.jpg|[[Lingam]] from [[Angkor|Angkor period]]. Discovered in [[Battambang Province]] and is made of Bronze, Quartz & Silver. |File:Paan Dan.jpg|Peacock shaped [[Paan dan]]. Made of Brass, the case dates to 17th or 18th century and belongs to [[Longvek]] in Cambodia. |File:Elephant bell.jpg|Elephant bell made of bronze from the Angkor period. }} ==ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ== *Jessup, Helen Ibbitson, et al. (2006). ''Masterpieces of the National Museum of Cambodia.'' Norfolk, CT: Friends of Khmer Culture. 112 pages. {{ISBN|978-99950-836-0-1}}, {{ISBN|99950-836-0-4}} *Khun, Samen (4th ed., revised 2013). ''The New Guide to the National Museum—Phnom Penh.'' Phnom Penh, Cambodia: Ariyathoar. 203 pages. {{ISBN|978-99963-799-2-5}} (for availability, email: museum_cam@camnet.com.kh) *{{cite book | title=Museums of Southeast Asia| url=https://archive.org/details/museumsofsouthea0000lenz| last=Lenzi| first=Iola| year=2004| publisher=Archipelago Press| location=Singapore| isbn=981-4068-96-9| pages=[https://archive.org/details/museumsofsouthea0000lenz/page/200 200]}} ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== *[http://www.seocreator-blog24.tk/ Cambodia Travel Guide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424125056/http://www.seocreator-blog24.tk/ |date=2016-04-24 }} {{commons category|National Museum of Cambodia}} * [http://www.cambodiamuseum.info National Museum of Cambodia homepage] *[http://www.devata.org/2010/04/cambodia%E2%80%99s-national-museum-marks-90th-anniversary/ Article: ''Cambodian National Museum Marks 90th Anniversary''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100423175923/http://www.devata.org/2010/04/cambodia%E2%80%99s-national-museum-marks-90th-anniversary/ |date=2010-04-23 }} *[http://www.devata.org/2010/04/treasures-of-khmer-culture-national-museum-of-cambodia/ Article: ''Treasures of Khmer Culture — The National Museum of Cambodia''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100425072642/http://www.devata.org/2010/04/treasures-of-khmer-culture-national-museum-of-cambodia/ |date=2010-04-25 }} * [http://www.culturalprofiles.net/Cambodia/Directories/Cambodia_Cultural_Profile/-26.html Cambodia Cultural Profile (Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts/Visiting Arts)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120624034302/http://www.culturalprofiles.net/cambodia/directories/cambodia_cultural_profile/-26.html |date=2012-06-24 }} f6ab9j8m2e86pr7t6u16ma6bv6961qj 0 25531 196592 136095 2026-08-12T19:00:55Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196592 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ᱛᱩᱳᱞ ᱥᱞᱮᱝ ᱡᱮᱱᱳᱥᱟᱭᱰ ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ''' ([[ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱮᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]]: សារមន្ទីរ ឧក្រិដ្ឋកម្ម ប្រល័យពូជសាសន៍ទួលស្លែង, [[:en:Romanization of Khmer|romanized]]: Saromontir Ukredth Kamm Braly Pouchsasa Tuol Sleng) ᱥᱮ ᱛᱩᱳᱞ ᱥᱞᱮᱝ ([[ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱮᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]]: ទួលស្លែង, Tuŏl Slêng; lit. "Hill of the Poisonous Trees" ᱥᱮ "Strychnine Hill") ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] ᱡᱮᱱᱳᱥᱟᱭᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱮ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱚᱱᱚᱢ ᱯᱮᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱗᱕ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱙᱗᱙ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱷᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱩᱡᱽ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱠᱩᱨᱤᱴᱤ ᱯᱨᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱒᱑ (ᱥ-᱒᱑; [[ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱮᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]]: មន្ទីរស-᱒᱑) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱗᱖ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱙᱗᱙ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ, ᱛᱩᱞ ᱥᱞᱮᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐,᱐᱐᱐ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱩᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱱᱴᱮᱵᱚᱞ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱩᱫᱷᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱩᱞᱤᱥ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱑᱕᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱙᱖ ᱛᱩᱞ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>Locard, Henri, [http://www.paulbogdanor.com/left/cambodia/locard.pdf State Violence in Democratic Kampuchea (1975-1979) and Retribution (1979-2004)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030013853/http://www.paulbogdanor.com/left/cambodia/locard.pdf |date=2013-10-30 }}, ''European Review of History'', Vol. 12, No. 1, March 2005, pp.121–143.</ref> On ᱒᱖ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱒᱐᱑᱐ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱴ ᱨᱮᱱ Extraordinary Chambers ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱵᱽ ᱠᱚᱱᱵᱷᱮᱱᱥᱚᱱ ᱑᱙᱔᱙ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱤᱨᱟᱹ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ Kang Kek Iew ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eccc.gov.kh/en/case/topic/1|website=Extraordinary Chambers of the Courts of Cambodia|access-date=September 5, 2017|title=Case 001 &#124; Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC)|archive-date=December 23, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223002456/https://www.eccc.gov.kh/en/case/topic/1|url-status=dead}}</ref> ᱒ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱐ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹᱭ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-53994189|title=Cambodia genocide: Khmer Rouge prison chief Comrade Duch dies|work=BBC News|date=2 September 2020}}</ref> ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== [[Image:Tuol Sleng cells.jpg|thumb|Most of the school rooms were divided into cells]] [[Image:S-21 cellules.JPG|thumb|[[Prison cell|Cells]]]] [[Image:Tuol Sleng Barbed Wire.jpg|thumb|[[Razor wire]] around the perimeter]] [[Image:Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum Cells.jpg|thumb|Inside the museum]] ᱠᱮᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱩᱡᱽ ᱟᱜ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱛᱩᱞ ᱥᱣᱟᱭ ᱯᱨᱮᱭ ᱦᱟᱭ ᱤᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱱᱚᱨᱚᱫᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱦᱟᱱᱩᱠ ᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱮᱢᱯᱞᱮᱠᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱤᱞᱰᱤᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱑᱙᱗᱖ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱛᱟᱵᱽ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱞᱰᱤᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱤ-᱒᱑ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ Khmer Rouge ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱞᱮᱠᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ "Security Prison 21" (S-21) ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ: ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} == ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == *Vann Nath: ''A Cambodian Prison Portrait. One Year in the Khmer Rouge's S-21''. White Lotus Co. Ltd., Bangkok 1998, {{ISBN|974-8434-48-6}} (An eyewitness report. The author's paintings of many scenes from the prison are on display in the Tuol Sleng museum today.) *[[David P. Chandler|Chandler, David]]: ''Voices from S-21. Terror and history inside Pol Pot's secret prison''. University of California Press, 1999. {{ISBN|0-520-22247-4}} (A general account of S-21 drawing heavily from the documentation maintained by the prison's staff.) *[[Nic Dunlop|Dunlop, Nic]]: "The Lost Executioner: A Story of the Khmer Rouge". Walker & Company, 2006. {{ISBN|0-8027-1472-2}} (A first-person encounter with Comrade Duch, who ran S-21. The author's discovery of Duch led to the latter's arrest, and imprisonment.) *Douglas Niven & Chris Riley: "The Killing Fields". Twin Palms Press, 1996. {{ISBN|978-0-944092-39-2}} (Original photographs from S-21 prison, printed from original negatives by two American photographers.) *{{cite book | title=Museums of Southeast Asia| url=https://archive.org/details/museumsofsouthea0000lenz| last=Lenzi| first=Iola| year=2004| pages=[https://archive.org/details/museumsofsouthea0000lenz/page/200 200] pages| publisher=Archipelago Press| location=Singapore| isbn=981-4068-96-9}} *{{cite book | title=Survivor| url=https://archive.org/details/survivortriumpho0000chum| last=Mey| first=Chum |author-link=Chum Mey| year=2012| pages=108 pages| publisher=Documentation Center of Cambodia| location= Phnom Penh| isbn=978-99950-60-24-4}} *Piergiorgio Pescali: "S-21 Nella prigione di Pol Pot". La Ponga Edizioni, Milan, 2015. {{ISBN|978-8897823308}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{Commons category|Tuol Sleng}} * {{official|url=http://www.tuolsleng.gov.kh}} * [http://www.tuolsleng.com/ Photographs from S-21] – The original prisoner photographs from Tuol Sleng (S-21). * [http://www.edwebproject.org/sideshow/khmeryears/s21.html The horrors of Tuol Sleng] * [http://www.cambodiatribunal.org/ Cambodia Tribunal Monitor] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071031010442/http://chgs.umn.edu/museum/exhibitions/cambodian/s21.html Photographic archive of S-21 prisoners] - [[University of Minnesota]] qr0b6mnlh15qfzeuaokcrpkuc3dvmhl 0 25567 196456 135975 2026-08-12T16:55:43Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196456 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ᱯᱮᱱᱯᱷᱳᱞᱰ ᱯᱟᱨᱠ''' (Chinese:彭福公園) ᱫᱚ [[ᱦᱚᱝᱠᱚᱝ]] ᱡᱚᱠᱮ ᱠᱞᱚᱵ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱷᱟ ᱴᱤᱱ, ᱦᱚᱝᱠᱚᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱠᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱠ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱠᱮ ᱠᱞᱚᱵᱽ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱨᱟᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱡᱚᱨ ᱟᱨᱱᱚᱨᱰ ᱯᱮᱱᱯᱷᱚᱞᱰ ᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱗᱒ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱙᱗᱙ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐ ᱮᱠᱚᱨ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱴᱚᱯᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱵᱽ ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱤᱜᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱳᱲᱳ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱳᱨᱥ ᱨᱮᱥᱴᱤᱝ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == ᱑᱑ ᱢᱮ ᱑᱙᱗᱙ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱯᱷᱤᱞᱰ ᱯᱟᱨᱠ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱑᱗ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱠᱮ ᱠᱞᱚᱵᱽ ᱵᱳᱨᱰ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱥᱴᱤᱣᱟᱨᱰᱥ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮᱛ, ᱥᱴᱤᱣᱟᱨᱰᱥ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱝᱥᱚᱫ ᱨᱮ, ᱯᱟᱨᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱡᱚᱨ-ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱨᱟᱞ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱟᱨᱰ ᱯᱮᱱᱯᱷᱳᱞᱰ ᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮᱭ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟ. ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱥᱴᱩᱰᱮᱨ "ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱨᱟᱞ ᱯᱮᱱᱯᱷᱳᱞᱰ ᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱴᱩᱰᱮᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱥᱴᱩᱰᱮᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾"<ref>{{cite news|title=Track gets a Penfold Park|work=South China Morning Post|date=18 September 1979|page=1}}</ref> ᱡᱚᱠᱮᱭ ᱠᱞᱚᱵᱽ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱱᱮᱡᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱠᱮᱭ ᱯᱮᱱᱯᱷᱳᱞᱰ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱠ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱭ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱮᱭ ᱢᱟᱱᱮᱡᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱤᱡᱟᱨᱵᱽ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|title=Ribbon-cutting Ceremony, Arch Gate, Penfold Park, 1980|url=http://www.hkmemory.hk/collections/hkjc/All_Items/Images/201201/t20120130_48610.html|website=The Hong Kong Jockey Club Archives|publisher=Hong Kong Memory Project|accessdate=10 July 2014|quote=The Park was initially opened as the Infield Park in May 1979 and changed its name to Penfold Park in late 1979 to commemorate the retirement of the Club’s then general manager, General Bernard Penfold.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Bray|first1=Denis|title=Hong Kong: Metamorphosis|url=https://archive.org/details/hongkongmetamorp0000bray|date=2001|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|location=Hong Kong|page=[https://archive.org/details/hongkongmetamorp0000bray/page/168 168]}}</ref> ᱥᱟᱨᱥ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱯᱟᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱞᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱡᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱳᱝᱠᱚᱝ ᱡᱚᱠᱮ ᱠᱞᱚᱵᱽ (Hong Kong Jockey Club) ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱐᱘ ᱚᱞᱤᱢᱯᱤᱠ ᱚᱠᱮᱥᱴᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱴᱨᱮᱱᱤᱝ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱮᱱᱯᱷᱳᱞᱰ ᱯᱟᱨᱠ ᱒᱐᱐᱗ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱐᱘ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱗ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱒᱐᱐᱙ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ, ᱯᱟᱨᱠ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱯᱷᱮᱪᱟᱨᱥ == <gallery> HK PenfoldPark LakeEntrance.JPG|Lake entrance Penfold Park Olympic Cauldron 2010.jpg|Olympic cauldron Penfold Park Children Playground 2010.jpg|Children Playground </gallery> ==ᱩᱰᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ== ᱒᱒ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ, ᱦᱳᱝᱠᱚᱝ ᱡᱚᱠᱮ ᱠᱞᱚᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮᱱᱯᱷᱚᱞᱰ ᱯᱟᱨᱠ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>[http://corporate.hkjc.com/corporate/corporate-news/english/2015-09/news_2015092201404.aspx Penfold Park opens year-round with extended hours Bringing more joyful moments to people and pets alike] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925152441/http://corporate.hkjc.com/corporate/corporate-news/english/2015-09/news_2015092201404.aspx |date=2015-09-25 }}, HKJC CORPORATE NEWS, 22 September 2015</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Summer (May - Sep) ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Winter (Oct – Apr) |- | Sha Tin Day Race (normally Sat or Sun) | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | 09:00-11:30 |- | Sha Tin Night Race (normally Wed) | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | 09:00-17:00 |- | Non-racedays <nowiki>*</nowiki>except opening at 09.30 on barrier trials (normally Tue & Fri) | style="text-align: center;" | 09:00<nowiki>*</nowiki>-19:30 | style="text-align: center;" | 09:00<nowiki>*</nowiki>-18:30 |} ==ᱦᱤᱜᱩᱜ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜ== *[[Fo Tan station]] or [[Racecourse station (MTR)|Racecourse station]] ==ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞᱢᱮ== {{commons category|Penfold Park}} == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == ax99eoiw78j772sd2itz0kgkgu1e2j1 0 25685 196495 196410 2026-08-12T17:23:53Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196495 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|People of Andaman archipelago}} {{pp-pc|small=yes}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}} {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Andamanese | native_name_lang = | image = Andaman tribals fishing (c. 1870).jpg | image_caption = Members of an unspecified Andamanese tribe fishing in {{circa|1870}} | population = {{Circa|over 500}} | total_year = | regions = {{flag|India}}<br /> [[Andaman Islands]] | languages = [[Great Andamanese languages]]<br/>[[Ongan languages]] ([[Onge language|Onge]], [[Jarawa language (Andaman Islands)|Jarawa]])<br/>[[Sentinelese language|Sentinelese]]{{refn|group=note|Because of their complete isolation, nearly nothing is known about the Sentinelese language, which is therefore [[Unclassified language|unclassified]].<ref name=ZAZA>{{Cite journal |last1=Zide |first1=Norman |last2=Pandya |first2=Vishvajit |year=1989 |title=A Bibliographical Introduction to Andamanese Linguistics |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-oriental-society_october-december-1989_109_4/page/639 |journal=[[Journal of the American Oriental Society]] |volume=109 |issue=4 |pages=639–651 |doi=10.2307/604090 |jstor=604090}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Moseley |first=Christopher |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dQt6XWloU10C |title=Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages |date=2007 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-7007-1197-0 |pages=342 |language=en |access-date=16 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118202917/https://books.google.com/books?id=dQt6XWloU10C |archive-date=18 January 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 July 2013 |title=Chapter 8: The Tribes |url=http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/chapter8/text8.htm#sentineli |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507061710/http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/chapter8/text8.htm#sentineli |archive-date=7 May 2013 |access-date=5 December 2018}}</ref> It has been recorded that the Jarawa language is mutually unintelligible with the Sentinelese language.<ref name=ZAZA /><ref>{{cite report |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Ad_Campaign/drop_in_articles/06-Enumeration_of_Primitive_Tribes_in_A&N_Islands.pdf#page=3 |title=Enumeration of Primitive Tribes in A&N Islands: A Challenge |quote=The first batch could identify 31 Sentinelese. The second batch could count altogether 39 Sentinelese consisting of male and female adults, children and infants. During both the contacts the enumeration team tried to communicate with them through some Jarawa words and gestures, but, Sentinelese could not understand those verbal words. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141211011020/http://censusindia.gov.in/Ad_Campaign/drop_in_articles/06-Enumeration_of_Primitive_Tribes_in_A%26N_Islands.pdf#page=3 |archive-date=11 December 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> There is uncertainty as to the range of overlap with the Onge language, if any.<ref>There {{cite book |last=Pandit |first=T. N. |title=The Sentinelese |url=https://archive.org/details/sentinelese0000pand |publisher=Seagull Books |year=1990 |isbn=978-81-7046-081-7 |location=Kolkata |page=[https://archive.org/details/sentinelese0000pand/page/21 21]–22 |oclc=24438323}}</ref> The [[Anthropological Survey of India]]'s 2016 handbook on Vulnerable Tribe Groups considers them mutually unintelligible.<ref name="Pilot1887">{{cite book |title=The Bay of Bengal Pilot |date=1887 |publisher=[[United Kingdom Hydrographic Office]] |series=Admiralty |location=London |page=257 |chapter={{not a typo|North Sentinel}} |oclc=557988334 |ref=Pilot1887 |access-date=5 March 2019 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OuGgAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA257 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517164949/https://books.google.com/books?id=OuGgAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA257 |archive-date=17 May 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>}} | religions = [[Andamanese peoples#Religion|Andamanese animism]] | related_groups = }} '''ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ''' ᱫᱚ [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱠᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱫᱤᱯᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱝᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱪᱷᱞᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=List of notified Scheduled Tribes |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107225208/http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2013 |access-date=15 December 2013 |publisher=Census India |page=27}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱜᱨᱤᱛᱳ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱧᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱᱥ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱥ-ᱵᱟᱥ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱟᱹᱜᱩᱭᱮᱜ-ᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱖,᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱜᱽᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱢᱚᱠᱥᱚᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== ᱑᱘ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ, ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ, ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱴᱤᱠᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ-ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱤᱡᱮᱨᱟᱜ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱛᱷᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite wikisource|chapter=Chapter 13|wslink=The Travels of Marco Polo/Book 3|plaintitle=The Travels of Marco Polo| vauthors = Polo M |year=1294}}</ref> ==ᱣᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ== ᱪᱳᱵᱮᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱱᱰᱤᱠᱳᱴ (᱒᱐᱑᱓) ᱭᱚᱡᱱᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱯᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱖,᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ [[ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref name="Chabey-Endicott2103">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chaubey G, Endicott P | title = The Andaman Islanders in a regional genetic context: reexamining the evidence for an early peopling of the archipelago from South Asia | journal = Human Biology | volume = 85 | issue = 1–3 | pages = 153–72 | year = 2013 | pmid = 24297224 | doi = 10.3378/027.085.0307 | s2cid = 7774927 | url = https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2055&context=humbiol }}</ref>{{refn|group=note|Chaubey and Endicott (2013):<ref name="Chabey-Endicott2103" /><br />* "these estimates suggest that the Andamans were settled less than ~26 ka and that differentiation between the ancestors of the Onge and Great Andamanese commenced in the Terminal Pleistocene." (p.167)<br />* "In conclusion, we find no support for the settlement of the Andaman Islands by a population descending from the initial out-of-Africa migration of humans, or their immediate descendants in South Asia. It is clear that, overall, the Onge are more closely related to Southeast Asians than they are to present-day South Asians." (p.167)}} Wang et al ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ (2011)<ref name="Wang2011">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wang HW, Mitra B, Chaudhuri TK, Palanichamy MG, Kong QP, Zhang YP | title = Mitochondrial DNA evidence supports northeast Indian origin of the aboriginal Andamanese in the Late Paleolithic | journal = Journal of Genetics and Genomics = Yi Chuan Xue Bao | volume = 38 | issue = 3 | pages = 117–22 | date = March 2011 | pmid = 21477783 | doi = 10.1016/j.jgg.2011.02.005 }}</ref> ==ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ== ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ : * ᱡᱟᱨᱟᱣᱟ<ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=Table A-11 (Appendix) DISTRICT WISE SCHEDULED TRIBE POPULATION (FOR EACH TRIBE SEPARATELY) |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/SC_ST/PCA-A11_Appendix/ST-35-PCA-A11-APPENDIX.xlsx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112010546/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/SC_ST/PCA-A11_Appendix/ST-35-PCA-A11-APPENDIX.xlsx |archive-date=12 January 2021 |archive-format=XLSX |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |format=XLSX}}</ref> * ᱚᱸᱜᱮ/ᱚᱝᱜᱮ * ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱᱤ<ref name="telegraph3">{{cite web |date=5 February 2010 |title=Language lost as last member of Andaman tribe dies |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/7161422/Language-lost-as-last-member-of-Andaman-tribe-dies.html |access-date=3 January 2017 |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London}}</ref><ref name="telegraph22">{{cite news |date=10 February 2010 |title=Lives Remembered: Boa Sr |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/7207731/Lives-Remembered.html |url-status=dead |access-date=22 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213125406/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/7207731/Lives-Remembered.html |archive-date=13 February 2010}}</ref> * ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱤᱱᱮᱞᱮᱥ<ref name="vanDriem20012">{{Citation |title=Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region: Containing an Introduction to the Symbiotic Theory of Language |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fiavPYCz4dYC |year=2001 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-12062-4 |quote=''... The Aka-Kol tribe of Middle Andaman became extinct by 1921. The Oko-Juwoi of Middle Andaman and the Aka-Bea of South Andaman and Rutland Island were extinct by 1931. The Akar-Bale of Ritchie's Archipelago, the Aka-Kede of Middle Andaman and the A-Pucikwar of South Andaman Island soon followed. By 1951, the census counted a total of only 23 Greater Andamanese and 10 Sentinelese. That means that just ten men, twelve women and one child remained of the Aka-Kora, Aka-Cari and Aka-Jeru tribes of Greater Andaman and only ten natives of North Sentinel Island ...'' |vauthors=van Driem G}}</ref>[[File:Andamanese Onge.png|thumb|An Andamanese family on the [[Great Andaman]] island in 2006.]] ==ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ== ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟᱹ [[ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ, ᱰᱨᱟᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ, ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱼᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱴᱤᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱱᱳᱼᱛᱤᱵᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱾<ref name=":3">{{cite journal | vauthors = Zide N, Pandya V |title=A Bibliographical Introduction to Andamanese Linguistics | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-oriental-society_october-december-1989_109_4/page/639 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |date=1989 |volume=109 |issue=4 |pages=639–651 |doi=10.2307/604090 |jstor=604090}}</ref> ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱳᱥᱴᱨᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ, ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱚᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱯᱟᱥᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Blevins J |title=A Long Lost Sister of Proto-Austronesian?: Proto-Ongan, Mother of Jarawa and Onge of the Andaman Islands |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |date=2007 |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=154–198 |id={{Project MUSE|218676}} {{ProQuest|2440008920}} |doi=10.1353/ol.2007.0015 |s2cid=143141296 }}</ref> ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ - ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ: ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱳᱝᱜᱟᱱ ᱾<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Abbi A |title=A Grammar of the Great Andamanese Language: An Ethnolinguistic Study |date=2013 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-24612-6 |doi=10.1163/9789004246126 |url=https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/32556/1/32556%20Abbi%202013%20Front%20Pages.pdf }}{{page needed|date=March 2021}}</ref> ==ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ== [[File:The American Museum journal (c1900-(1918)) (18160801391).jpg|thumb|right|230px|᱒᱐ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱᱥ ᱪᱟᱥᱵᱟᱥ/ᱥᱮᱸᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱩᱴ]] ᱱᱤᱩᱡᱽ ᱰᱮᱥᱠ ᱺ ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱱᱤᱩᱡᱽ ᱰᱮᱥᱠ ᱺ ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱥᱟ. ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱦᱩᱲᱩ ᱪᱟᱥ, ᱪᱟᱥ ᱵᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱧᱩ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱨᱩᱯ, ᱟᱫᱽᱡᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱦᱟᱨᱯᱩᱱᱟ᱾ ᱑᱙ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱩᱞᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱩᱞᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱩᱞᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱩᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name ="Bordes">{{cite book| vauthors = Bordes F |title=Leçons sur le Paléolithique|page=229|publisher=CNRS Éditions|year=2003|isbn=978-2-271-05836-2|quotation=Récemment encore les Indigènes des îles Andaman ne savaient pas allumer le feu, et le conservaient dans des caches, qu'ils rallumaient à l'occasion avec des brandons empruntés aux peuples voisins.|author-link=François Bordes}}</ref> ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱤᱵᱤᱥᱠᱩᱥ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱵᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱝᱜᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱥᱵᱟᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱴ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱥᱮ ᱛᱟᱹᱠᱤᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book|title = The Aboriginal Inhabitants of the Andaman Islands|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=NnBAiQnFLpgC|publisher = Mittal Publications|date = 1 January 1932 | vauthors = Man EH, Ellis AJ }}</ref> ==ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ== ==ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ== [[File:Great Andamanese scarification pattern - 1901.jpg|thumb|upright|"Scarification pattern among the Great Andamanese in the late 19th century. Nothing is known of the origins or antiquity of this custom among the Andamanese."]] ==ᱱᱳᱴ== {{reflist|group=note}} == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == *[https://web.archive.org/web/20131020185236/http://www.andaman.org/ The Andamanese by George Weber] *[http://awa.survivalinternational.org/news/tribes/jarawa News by Survival International]{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927020220/http://awa.survival-international.org/news/video/jarawa Videos by] [[Survival International]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱥᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱠᱚᱵᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱥᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ]] 1s9jgzsehcd3o115qogt7jwz7bkol6n 0 25935 196525 137854 2026-08-12T17:51:53Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196525 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox station | name = ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱞᱤ ᱡᱚᱸᱠᱥᱚᱱ | style = ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱞ | type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] ᱠᱚᱢᱭᱩᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱞ, ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱞ | image = [[File:Blyrlw.jpg|300px]] | address = ᱥᱤᱵᱷᱤᱞᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ, ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱞᱤ, [[ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ]], | country = {{flagu|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ}} | coordinates = {{Coord|28.3369682|79.410857|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline}} | map_type = India | map_dot_label = ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱞᱤ ᱡᱚᱸᱠᱥᱚᱱ | elevation = {{convert|174|m|ft}} | owned = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱞ]] | operator = [[ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ|ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ]], <br> [[ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ|ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ]] | platforms = ᱔ + ᱒ (᱓ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ) | tracks = ᱑᱐ | structure = ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱰᱟᱨᱰ | parking = ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ | bicycle = ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ | status = ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ | accessible = {{Access icon|20px}} Available | code = {{Indian railway code | code = BE, <br> BRY | zone = [[ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ]], <br> [[ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ]] | division = {{rwd|ᱢᱚᱨᱟᱫᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ}}, <br> {{rwd|ᱤᱡᱽᱡᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ}} }} | opened = ᱑᱘᱗᱒ | closed = | rebuilt = | electrified = ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ | former = | mpassengers = | passengers = ᱔᱐᱐,᱐᱐᱐ | pass_system = | pass_year = | pass_percent = | map_locator = | image_size = | image_caption = ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱞᱤ ᱡᱚᱸᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱵᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ | line = * [[ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱱᱚᱣ–ᱢᱚᱨᱟᱫᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ]], * ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱱᱚᱣ-ᱥᱤᱛᱟᱯᱩᱨ-ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱤᱢᱯᱩᱨ-ᱯᱤᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱛ-ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱞᱤ-ᱠᱟᱥᱜᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ * ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱞᱤ-ᱪᱟᱱᱫᱚᱣᱥᱤ-ᱢᱚᱨᱟᱫᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱞᱩᱯ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ | other = ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱨᱟᱞ ᱵᱟᱥ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ, ᱴᱮᱠᱥᱤ ᱥᱴᱮᱸᱰ, ᱚᱴᱚ ᱥᱴᱮᱸᱰ | mapframe = ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ }} '''ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱞᱤ ᱡᱚᱸᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ''' (ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱰ:- '''BE''', '''BRY''') ᱫᱚ [[ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱞᱤ]] ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱤᱡᱽᱡᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱨᱟᱫᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱮᱰᱠᱩᱣᱟᱴᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>[http://indianrailwaynotes.files.wordpress.com/2010/07/north-eastern-railway.pdf Northeastern Railway]</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Rao |first=M.A. |year=1988|title=Indian Railways |url=https://archive.org/details/indianrailways0000raom |location=New Delhi |publisher=National Book Trust |isbn=8123725892 |page=[https://archive.org/details/indianrailways0000raom/page/37 37]}}</ref><ref name="r">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/financecode/ADMIN_FINANCE/AdminFinanceCh1_Data.htm |title=Chapter 1 – Evolution of Indian Railways-Historical Background |publisher=Ministry of Railways website |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601024404/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/financecode/ADMIN_FINANCE/AdminFinanceCh1_Data.htm |archive-date=1 June 2009 }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱱᱚᱣ-ᱢᱚᱨᱟᱫᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱱᱚᱣ-ᱥᱤᱛᱟᱯᱩᱨ-ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱤᱢᱯᱩᱨ-ᱯᱤᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱛ-ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱞᱤ-ᱠᱟᱥᱜᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱴᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱴᱚᱯ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱞᱤ ᱡᱚᱸᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱨᱚᱰ ᱜᱮᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱜᱮᱡᱽ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ, ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱞᱤ ᱡᱚᱸᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱨᱚᱰ ᱜᱮᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱜᱮᱡᱽ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱱᱚᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱵᱨᱚᱰ ᱜᱮᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱞᱦᱟᱨ, ᱥᱟᱦᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱯᱩᱨ, ᱦᱟᱨᱫᱚᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱱᱚᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱤᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱴ-ᱢᱤᱞᱟᱱᱤ-ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱤᱢᱯᱩᱨ-ᱥᱤᱛᱟᱯᱩᱨ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱱᱚᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱜᱮᱡᱽ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱜᱮᱡᱽ ᱵᱨᱚᱰᱜᱚᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantrains.org/station-details/?code=BE&name=BAREILLY |title=Bareilly Jn Trains, Bareilly Jn Railway Timetable |publisher=www.ndiantrains.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514034132/http://www.indiantrains.org/station-details/?code=BE&name=BAREILLY |archive-date=14 May 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://indiarailinfo.com/train/17092/337/336/0/13370400| work=indiarailinfo| title=Meerut City-Lucknow Rajya Rani Express | date=7 February 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://indiarailinfo.com/train/158/466/337| work=indiarailinfo| title=Mumbai LTT Bareilly Express}}</ref> ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== ᱓᱑ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱑᱘᱗᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱱᱚᱣ-ᱠᱟᱱᱯᱩᱨ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱵᱚᱫᱷ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱳᱦᱤᱞᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱱᱚᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱱᱚᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱱᱰᱤᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ [[ᱦᱟᱨᱫᱚᱭ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱑᱘᱗᱒ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=orr>{{cite web | url = http://management.ebooks6.com/The-Oudh-Rohilkhand-Railway-download-w23852.pdf | title = The Oudh and Rohilkhand Railway | publisher = Management E-books6 | access-date = 30 May 2013 }}{{Dead link|date=October 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱑ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱘᱗᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱞᱤ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱵᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=orr /> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ, ᱢᱚᱨᱟᱫᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱟᱱᱫᱚᱣᱥᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱨᱮᱞ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱑᱘᱗᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ; ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱞᱤ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱵᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱒ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱘᱗᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name=orr /> ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱨᱟᱫᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱢᱯᱩᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱞ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱞᱤ-ᱢᱚᱨᱟᱫᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱠᱳᱨᱰ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱔ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱘᱙᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱘ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱑᱘᱙᱔ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name=orr /> ᱘ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱘᱔ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱳᱨᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱱᱫᱚᱣᱥᱤ ᱞᱩᱯ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=orr /> ==ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ== ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ [[ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱱᱚᱣ]], [[ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ]], [[ᱡᱟᱹᱢᱢᱩ]], [[ᱟᱢᱨᱤᱛᱥᱚᱨ]], [[ᱟᱢᱵᱟᱞᱟ]], [[ᱡᱚᱞᱚᱱᱫᱷᱚᱨ]], [[ᱯᱚᱴᱷᱟᱱᱠᱚᱴ]], [[ᱞᱩᱫᱷᱤᱭᱟᱱᱟ]], [[ᱜᱳᱨᱟᱠᱷᱯᱩᱨ]], [[ᱵᱟᱨᱟᱬᱚᱥᱤ]], [[ᱫᱷᱟᱱᱵᱟᱫᱽ]], ᱢᱚᱣ, [[ᱜᱟᱡᱤᱯᱩᱨ]], [[ᱦᱟᱵᱽᱲᱟ]], [[ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱦᱟᱴᱤ]], [[ᱯᱟᱴᱱᱟ]], [[ᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟ]], [[ᱟᱞᱤᱜᱚᱲ]], [[ᱢᱚᱨᱟᱫᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ]], [[ᱵᱚᱫᱟᱭᱩᱝ]], [[ᱰᱮᱦᱨᱟᱰᱩᱱ]], [[ᱯᱨᱚᱭᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱡᱽ|ᱟᱞᱞᱟᱦᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ]], ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱜᱳᱫᱟᱢ, [[ᱢᱩᱢᱵᱟᱭ]], [[ᱚᱦᱢᱚᱫᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ===ᱤᱞᱮᱠᱴᱨᱤᱠ ᱵᱟᱥ=== ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱤᱞᱮᱠᱴᱨᱤᱠ ᱵᱟᱥ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱖ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ, ᱒᱐᱒᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱓ ᱭᱟ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱖ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱒᱕ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱓ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱥ ᱕ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱤᱫᱽᱯᱩᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱳᱡᱤᱯᱩᱨᱟ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ===ᱢᱮᱴᱨᱚ=== ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱞᱤ ᱢᱮᱴᱨᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱨᱚᱥᱨᱳᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱟᱨᱢᱤᱱᱟᱞ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾{{citation needed|date=March 2019}} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;" |- !ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ !ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ !ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ !ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ<br />(ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ) !colspan="2"| ᱴᱟᱨᱢᱤᱱᱟᱞ |- | {{color box|Yellow}} ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ|| style="text-align:center;"| ᱯᱞᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ|| style="text-align:center;"|᱒᱐||style="text-align:center;"|᱒᱑.᱕᱔||ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱞᱤ ᱡᱚᱸᱠᱥᱚᱱ||ᱵᱷᱳᱡᱤᱯᱩᱨᱟ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱨᱟᱞ |} ===ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱜᱟᱲ=== ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱕᱐ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱘ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱤᱱᱰᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱤ.ᱮᱞ. ᱟᱜᱽᱨᱳ ᱤᱱᱰᱚᱥᱴᱨᱤᱡᱽ ᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱮᱰ, ᱨᱟᱢᱟ ᱥᱭᱟᱢᱟ ᱯᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱰᱚᱥᱴᱨᱤᱡᱽ, ᱚᱢᱚᱨ ᱮᱞᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱞᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱠᱮᱢᱤᱠᱮᱞᱥ ᱯᱨᱟᱭᱵᱷᱮᱴ ᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱮᱰ, ᱚᱢᱚᱨ ᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱚᱬ ᱤᱱᱰᱚᱥᱴᱨᱤᱡᱽ ᱯᱨᱟᱭᱵᱷᱮᱴ ᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱮᱰ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱤᱱᱰᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱢᱚᱨ ᱮᱞᱚᱢ ᱮᱸᱰ ᱮᱞᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱠᱮᱢᱤᱠᱟᱞᱥ ᱯᱨᱟᱭᱵᱷᱮᱴ ᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱮᱰ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱮᱞᱚᱢ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ==ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱨᱤ== <gallery widths=180> Blyrlw.jpg|ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱞᱤ ᱡᱚᱸᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱮᱞ Bareillyjunctionb249373.jpg|ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱞᱤ ᱡᱚᱸᱠᱥᱚᱱ File:Bejn.jpg|ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱞᱤ ᱡᱚᱸᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱯᱞᱮᱴᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢ File:Bareilly Junction at night.jpg|ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱞᱤ ᱡᱚᱸᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱴᱮᱠᱥᱤ ᱥᱴᱮᱸᱰ </gallery> ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{commons category|ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱞᱤ ᱡᱚᱸᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱡᱚᱸᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱢᱚᱨᱟᱫᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱞᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ]] or2zem5wedr8hk98nl1vtsc55b8mh53 0 26038 196574 191165 2026-08-12T18:36:11Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196574 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer | name = ᱢᱟᱱᱩ ᱮᱥ. ᱯᱤᱞᱞᱟᱭ | image = Manu Pillai.jpg | alt = | caption = ᱒᱐᱒᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱤᱞᱞᱟᱭ | birth_date = ᱑᱙᱙᱐ (᱓᱓-᱓᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ) | birth_place = [[:en:Mavelikkara|ᱢᱟᱣᱮᱞᱤᱠᱠᱟᱨᱟ]], [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]], ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ | death_date = | death_place = | resting_place = | occupation = ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ. | language = [[ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱚᱢ]] | nationality = | education = | alma_mater = [[:en:Fergusson College|ᱯᱷᱮᱜᱩᱥᱳᱱ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ]]<br/>[[:en:King's College London|ᱠᱤᱝᱥ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱞᱚᱱᱰᱚᱱ]] | period = | genre = | subject = | movement = | notableworks = | spouse = | children = | relatives = | website = | awards = }} '''ᱢᱟᱱᱩ ᱮᱥ. ᱯᱤᱞᱞᱟᱭ''' (ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱑᱙᱙᱐) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news|last=Balakrishnan|first=Paran|date=28 October 2021|title=Manu Pillai, the wonderkid among Indian historical writers|work=[[The Telegraph (India)]]|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/books/manu-pillai-the-wonderkid-among-indian-historical-writers/cid/1836261|access-date=29 October 2021}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱨᱟᱵᱷᱮᱱᱠᱳᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱤᱱᱥᱞᱤ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ, ᱫᱤ ᱤᱵᱷᱳᱨᱤ ᱴᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱨᱟᱵᱷᱮᱱᱠᱳᱨ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱥᱮᱛᱩ ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱥᱢᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱭ ᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱴᱷᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ == ᱢᱟᱱᱩ ᱮᱥ. ᱯᱤᱞᱟᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱙᱐ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱵᱷᱮᱞᱤᱠᱠᱟᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱱᱮ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱱᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱜᱩᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱠᱚᱱᱚᱢᱤᱠᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱞᱚᱱᱰᱚᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱝᱥ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱮᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱱᱩᱭ ᱫᱚ [[ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ]] ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱛᱚᱨᱩᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱚᱱᱰᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱚᱨᱰ ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱱ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱢᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱨᱞᱤᱭᱟᱢᱮᱱᱴᱨᱤ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫ-ᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/manu-s-pillai-and-dr-shashi-tharoor/22376183|title=Manu S Pillai and Dr Shashi Tharoor|date=2020-01-05|website=mid-day|language=en|access-date=2020-01-20}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱱᱤᱞ ᱠᱷᱤᱞᱱᱟᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱵᱤᱥᱤ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱡᱽ ᱤᱱᱠᱟᱨᱱᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ-ᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱕᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱗ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/unwind/no-easy-answers/articleshow/68292976.cms|title=No easy answers|last=Mallya|first=Vinutha|date=March 7, 2019|website=Pune Mirror|language=en|access-date=2020-01-20|archive-date=2020-08-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807162948/https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/unwind/no-easy-answers/articleshow/68292976.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/books-and-art/210116/travancore-surprises.html|title=Travancore surprises|last=Cris|date=21 January 2016|work=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=27 September 2017}}</ref><ref name="Pillai 2017">{{cite web|url=https://www.harpercollins.com/author/|title=Manu S. Pillai|last=Pillai|first=Manu S.|date=2017-12-01|website=HarperCollins Publishers: World-Leading Book Publisher|access-date=2020-01-20}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱱᱰᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱝᱥ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱤ.ᱮᱪ.ᱰᱤ. ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/studentTheses/rajahs-ranis-deity-and-company|title=Hindu Kingship in Travancore, c. 1750-1950|date=2023-02-01|website=Rajahs, Ranis, Deity, and Company|language=en-GB|access-date=2023-08-10}}</ref> ==ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ== * {{cite book|last=ᱯᱤᱞᱞᱟᱭ|first=ᱢᱟᱱᱩ ᱮᱥ. |title=[[The Ivory Throne: Chronicles of the House of Travancore]]|publisher=ᱦᱟᱨᱯᱟᱨᱠᱳᱞᱤᱱ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ|year=2015|isbn=978-93-5177-642-0|oclc=933390381}} *{{cite book|last1=ᱪᱚᱯᱨᱟ|first1=ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱱᱟ|last2=ᱯᱤᱞᱞᱟᱭ|first2=ᱢᱟᱱᱩ ᱮᱥ. |title=Bhutan Echoes|publisher=ᱛᱟᱥᱣᱤᱨ|year=2016|isbn=978-1-68419-890-0|oclc=1019840227}} * {{cite book|last=ᱯᱤᱞᱞᱟᱭ|first=ᱢᱟᱱᱩ ᱮᱥ. |title=Rebel Sultans: The Deccan from Khilji to Shivaji|publisher=ᱡᱩᱜᱮᱨᱱᱟᱣᱴ|year=2018|isbn=978-93-86228-73-4|oclc=1035266740}} * {{cite book|last=ᱯᱤᱞᱞᱟᱭ|first=ᱢᱟᱱᱩ ᱮᱥ. |title=The Courtesan, the Mahatma & the Italian Brahmin : Tales from Indian History|publisher=ᱠᱳᱱᱴᱮᱠᱥ|year=2019|isbn=978-93-88689-78-6|oclc=1127387282}} * {{cite book|last=ᱯᱤᱞᱞᱟᱭ|first=ᱢᱟᱱᱩ ᱮᱥ. |title=FALSE ALLIES : India's Maharajahs in the Age of Ravi Varma |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9789391165895|publisher=ᱡᱩᱜᱟᱨᱱᱟᱣᱴ|year=2021|isbn=978-9391165895}} == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱙0 ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱮᱨᱞᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ]] exg5sup2z5ebxyn7w0f22m0wcmbfwh1 0 26202 196470 190999 2026-08-12T17:03:39Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196470 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ᱜᱨᱮᱥᱤ''' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ]] ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |title=Handbook of twentieth-century literatures of India |url=https://archive.org/details/handbookoftwenti0000unse |last=Natarajan |first=Nalini |author2=Emmanuel Sampath Nelson |pages=[https://archive.org/details/handbookoftwenti0000unse/page/198 198]–199 |year=1996 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-28778-7 }}</ref> ᱑᱙᱙᱑ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ''ᱯᱚᱫᱤᱭᱟᱨᱚᱝᱜᱤᱯᱳᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱵᱚᱛᱤ'' ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |title=Growing up as a woman writer |url=https://archive.org/details/growingupaswoman0000unse |last=Jain |first=Jasbir |page=[https://archive.org/details/growingupaswoman0000unse/page/352 352] |year=2007 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-2547-3 }}</ref> ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱞᱚᱞᱤᱛᱷᱚᱢᱵᱤᱠᱟ ᱟᱱᱛᱟᱨᱡᱚᱱᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ (᱑᱙᱙᱕), ᱛᱷᱚᱯᱤᱞ ᱨᱚᱵᱤ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ (᱑᱙᱙᱗), ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱠᱩᱲᱤᱜᱟᱞᱚᱪ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ (᱑᱙᱙᱘) ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱦᱤᱛᱭᱚ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ (᱒᱐᱐᱐) ᱾<ref>{{cite book |title=Katha prize stories, Volume 8 |url=https://archive.org/details/kathaprizestorie0008unse |last=Dharmarajan |first=Geeta |page=305 |year=1998 |publisher=[[Katha Books]] |isbn=978-81-85586-85-4 }}</ref> ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱟᱨᱚᱠᱣᱟᱛᱷᱤᱞ, ᱨᱟᱱᱫᱩ ᱥᱣᱚᱯᱱᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚᱞ, ᱠᱚᱵᱷᱮᱨᱤᱭᱩᱰ ᱱᱮᱨᱩ, ᱤᱮᱡᱵᱩ ᱯᱮᱱᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱠᱚᱞ, ᱯᱟᱱᱤᱠᱟᱱᱱᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ, ᱜᱨᱟᱡᱤᱭᱩᱰ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱠᱚᱞ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ [[ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ]], [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ]], [[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱛᱮ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱰᱤᱯᱟᱨᱴᱢᱮᱱᱴ, ᱟᱞ-ᱟᱢᱤᱱ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ, ᱮᱰᱟᱛᱷᱟᱞᱟ, ᱟᱞᱩᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱮᱰ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱱᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ, "ᱵᱮᱵᱤ ᱰᱚᱞ", ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱞᱳᱰᱨᱟᱢᱟᱴᱤᱠ ᱠᱩᱠᱞᱤ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟ. ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|first=Latha |last=Anantharaman |location=New Delhi|date=14 May 2021|title=Book review: 'Baby Doll' by Gracy|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/leisure/story/20210524-book-review-baby-doll-by-gracy-1802653-2021-05-14|access-date=2021-10-02|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> == ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ == # ᱑᱙᱙᱕: ᱞᱚᱞᱤᱛᱟᱢᱵᱤᱠᱟ ᱟᱱᱛᱟᱨᱡᱚᱱᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ (᱑᱙᱙᱕) # ᱑᱙᱙᱗: ᱛᱷᱚᱯᱤᱞ ᱨᱚᱵᱤ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ - ᱵᱷᱨᱚᱱᱛᱚᱱ ᱯᱩᱠᱚᱞ # ᱑᱙᱙᱘: ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱠᱩᱲᱤᱜᱟᱞᱚᱪ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ - "ᱯᱚᱧᱪᱟᱞᱤ" # ᱒᱐᱐᱐: ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱦᱤᱛᱭᱚ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ (ᱠᱩᱲᱤᱜᱟᱞᱚᱪ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ) - ᱨᱟᱱᱫᱩ ᱥᱣᱚᱯᱱᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚᱞ<ref>{{cite web |title=---::: KERALA SAHITYA AKADEMI :::--- |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/ml_aw1.htm |website=www.keralasahityaakademi.org}}</ref> # ᱒᱐᱒᱐: ᱠᱮᱱᱫᱨᱚ ᱥᱟᱦᱤᱛᱭᱚ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ "ᱵᱚᱡᱽᱛᱷᱟᱯᱮᱴᱟ ᱯᱩᱪᱟ" (Translation: "Blessed Cat")<ref>{{cite web |title=Gracy bags Bal Sahitya Puraskar; Abin Joseph wins Yuva Puraskar. |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/features/books/gracy-bags-bal-sahitya-puraskar-abin-joseph-wins-yuva-puraskar-1.5836738 |website=www.english.mathrubhumi.com |date=17 July 2021 |access-date=13 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=അബിന്‍ ജോസഫിന് കേന്ദ്ര സാഹിത്യ അക്കാദമി യുവ പുരസ്‌കാരം |url=https://www.kairalinewsonline.com/2021/07/16/424545.html |work=Kairali News {{!}} Kairali News Live l Latest Malayalam News |date=16 July 2021 |access-date=30 January 2024 |archive-date=17 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717053822/https://www.kairalinewsonline.com/2021/07/16/424545.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ/ᱵᱟᱭᱚᱜᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤ == * ᱯᱚᱫᱤᱭᱟᱨᱚᱝᱜᱤᱯᱳᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱵᱚᱛᱤ (᱑᱙᱙᱑) * ᱱᱚᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵᱟᱛᱤᱞ * ᱨᱟᱱᱫᱩ ᱥᱣᱚᱯᱱᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚᱞ * ᱵᱨᱚᱸᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱠᱚᱞ * ᱠᱟᱵᱷᱮᱨᱤᱭᱩᱰ ᱱᱮᱨᱩ * ᱤᱮᱡᱩ ᱯᱮᱱᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱠᱚᱞ (ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ) * ᱯᱟᱱᱤᱠᱟᱱᱱᱩ * ᱜᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱩᱰ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱠᱚᱞ * ᱢᱩᱛᱷᱨᱚᱛᱷᱤᱠᱟᱨᱟ * ᱳᱨᱩ ᱪᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱤᱵᱤᱛᱷᱟᱛᱷᱤᱱᱴᱮ ᱥᱤᱨᱳᱨᱮᱠᱷᱚᱞ (ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ) * ᱩᱫᱟᱞ ᱵᱷᱟᱡᱤᱠᱚᱞ (ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ) * Apadha Sancharikalkku oru kaipusthakam (ᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ) * ᱵᱚᱡᱷᱛᱟᱯᱮᱴᱟ ᱯᱩᱪᱟ (ᱵᱟᱞᱟᱥᱟᱦᱤᱛᱷᱭᱟᱢ) == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} pusr65ux66dhj4g452gs3qivp8ckv8e 0 26386 196496 158285 2026-08-12T17:24:21Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196496 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥᱤ ᱠᱮᱞᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨ''' ([[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]]: বাংলা সাল, ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ) ᱜᱨᱮᱜᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱞᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤ ᱠᱮᱞᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱣᱦᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱞᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱮᱞᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫ ᱥᱟᱶ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱑᱕᱘᱔ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱑᱐/᱑᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱜᱷᱚᱞ ᱥᱚᱢᱨᱟᱴ ᱟᱠᱵᱚᱨ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ '''ᱛᱚᱨᱤᱠᱷᱼᱮᱼᱤᱞᱟᱦᱤ''' (ᱰᱤᱵᱷᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ) ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱴᱮᱸᱦᱟᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱚᱢᱚᱨᱛᱚ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱟᱠᱵᱚᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱮᱥᱮᱨ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱮᱞᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱞ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱶ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱨ (ᱴᱮᱠᱥ) ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱮᱞᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱛᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱮᱠᱥ <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-32555|title=Our fiscal year should be based on Bangla calendar|date=17 April 2008|work=The Daily Star}}</ref> ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱠᱮᱞᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱢᱟᱦᱟ, [[ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱵᱳᱭᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷ|ᱯᱳᱞᱮᱞᱟ ᱵᱳᱭᱥᱟᱠᱷ]], ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱤ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ == ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ == ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱵᱩᱫᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ,[[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮ [[ᱥᱚᱠᱟᱵᱽᱫᱚ]] ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱣᱦᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱦᱚᱲᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱠᱨᱟᱢᱤ ᱠᱮᱞᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱣᱦᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾ ᱕᱗ ᱠᱷᱤᱥᱴᱚᱯᱩᱨᱵᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱵᱤᱠᱠᱨᱚᱢᱟᱫᱤᱛᱚ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱮᱞᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱟᱛᱳ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱜᱟᱸᱛᱟᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱠᱮᱞᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ "ᱵᱤᱠᱨᱳᱢᱟᱰᱤᱛᱳ" ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ , ᱕᱗ ᱠᱷᱤᱥᱴᱚᱯᱩᱨᱵᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱠᱮᱞᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨ ᱕᱙᱓ ᱠᱷᱤᱥᱴᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱵᱟᱫ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ == ᱟᱠᱵᱚᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱮᱥᱮᱨ == ᱪᱟᱥ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱲ ᱠᱮᱞᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱴᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ <ref name="banglapedia1">{{Cite web |title=Bangabda - Banglapedia |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bangabda |access-date=2017-04-27 |publisher=En.banglapedia.org}}</ref> ᱟᱠᱵᱚᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱩᱜᱷᱚᱞ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱳ ᱠᱮᱞᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱡᱽᱱᱟ ᱟᱹᱫᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱱᱟᱴ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱚᱡᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱮᱞᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱲ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱮᱞᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮᱞᱼᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱦᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱟᱠᱵᱚᱨ ᱟᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱥᱴᱨᱚᱱᱚᱢᱟᱛ ᱯᱷᱚᱛᱩᱞᱞᱟ ᱥᱤᱨᱚᱡᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱱᱛᱮᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱞᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱸᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱡᱽᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱠᱷᱟᱡᱽᱱᱟ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱹ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱑᱕᱘᱔ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱮᱢᱯᱮᱨᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱵᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱮᱠᱥ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱠᱮᱞᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱪᱟᱹᱞᱩ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ᱾<ref name="meghna">{{Cite book|title=The Bangladesh Reader: History, Culture, Politics|url=https://archive.org/details/bangladeshreader0000unse|last=Guhathakurta|first=Meghna|last2=Schendel|first2=Willem van|publisher=Duke University Press|year=2013|isbn=9780822353188|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bangladeshreader0000unse/page/17 17]–18}}</ref><ref name="Chakrabarti114">{{cite book|author1=Kunal Chakrabarti|author2=Shubhra Chakrabarti|title=Historical Dictionary of the Bengalis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QVOFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA114|year=2013|publisher=Scarecrow|isbn=978-0-8108-8024-5|pages=114–115}}</ref><ref name="banglapedia1" /> == ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱳ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱨᱥᱩᱢ == ᱠᱮᱞᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨ <ref name="banglapedia1">{{Cite web |title=Bangabda - Banglapedia |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bangabda |access-date=2017-04-27 |publisher=En.banglapedia.org}}</ref> ᱑᱒ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱳ ᱟᱨ ᱖ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱨᱥᱩᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ == ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟ (ᱮᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ) == ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ <ref name="banglapedia1">{{Cite web |title=Bangabda - Banglapedia |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bangabda |access-date=2017-04-27 |publisher=En.banglapedia.org}}</ref> ᱗ ᱢᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ {| class="wikitable" !ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱢᱟᱦᱟ !ᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ !ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ |- |ᱨᱚᱵᱤᱵᱟᱨ |[[ᱥᱤᱸᱜᱮ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ|ᱥᱤᱸᱜᱤ]] |[[ᱥᱤᱸᱜᱤ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ|ᱥᱤᱸᱜᱤ]] |- |ᱥᱳᱢᱵᱟᱨ |[[ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ|ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱳ]] |[[ᱚᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ|ᱚᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱦᱟ]] |- |ᱢᱳᱝᱜᱚᱞᱵᱟᱨ |[[ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ|ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ]] |[[ᱵᱟᱞᱮ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ|ᱵᱟᱞᱮ ᱢᱟᱦᱟ]] |- |ᱵᱩᱫᱷᱵᱟᱨ |[[Mercury (planet)|ᱮᱞᱟᱝ]] |[[ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ|ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱ ᱢᱟᱦᱟ]] |- |ᱵᱨᱤᱦᱳᱥᱯᱳᱛᱤᱵᱟᱨ |[[ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ|ᱨᱟᱡᱟ]] |[[ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱫᱤ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ|ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱫᱤ ᱢᱟᱦᱟ]] |- |ᱥᱩᱠᱨᱳᱵᱟᱨ |[[ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ|ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ]] |[[ᱡᱟᱹᱨᱩᱢ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ|ᱡᱟᱹᱨᱩᱢ ᱢᱟᱦᱟ]] |- |ᱥᱳᱱᱤᱵᱟᱨ |[[ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ|ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ]] |[[ᱧᱩᱦᱩᱢ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ|ᱧᱩᱦᱩᱢ ᱢᱟᱦᱟ]] |} == ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ == ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱞ (ᱵᱤ.ᱮᱥ) ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱦᱟᱨᱼᱟ᱾ <ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh |url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/pdf_part.php?id=367}}</ref> ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱠᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱯᱮᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ "ᱟᱵᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱠᱦᱤᱛ ᱫᱩᱯᱲᱩᱵᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ, ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱢᱟᱦᱟ, ᱑᱓᱗᱙ ᱵᱤ.ᱮᱥ, ᱑᱙᱗᱒ ᱠᱷᱤᱥᱴᱚᱵᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱳᱱ ᱢᱟᱦᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱮ ᱟᱸᱜᱚᱪ ᱮᱫᱟ, ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱞᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱠᱦᱤᱛ ᱞᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱞᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱕᱙᱓ ᱠᱷᱨᱤᱥᱴᱟᱵᱽᱫᱚ᱾ ==ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱠᱚ== ===ᱰᱷᱟᱠᱟ ᱡᱮᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱵᱽ=== [[ᱰᱷᱟᱠᱟ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱵᱽ]] ᱫᱚ ᱰᱷᱟᱠᱟ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱰᱷᱟᱠᱟ, ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱮᱼᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ᱾<ref name="sw11Feb2011">{{cite news |date=11 February 2011 |title=Music without Boundaries |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/magazine/2011/02/02/cover.htm |work=Star Weekend Magazine |publisher=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |access-date=28 August 2012 |archive-date=22 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222121754/http://archive.thedailystar.net/magazine/2011/02/02/cover.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="ds6Feb2011">{{cite news |title=A World of Music Descends on Dhaka |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=172943 |newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |access-date=28 August 2012 |archive-date=22 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222082526/http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=172943 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===ᱯᱚᱦᱮᱞᱟ ᱵᱳᱭᱥᱟᱠᱷ=== [[ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱵᱳᱭᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷ|ᱯᱚᱦᱮᱞᱟ ᱵᱚᱭᱥᱟᱠᱷ]] (Poila Baishak) ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱚᱞᱤ ᱠᱮᱞᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱮᱞᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱮ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱔ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]], ᱛᱨᱤᱯᱩᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱥᱟᱢ (ᱵᱟᱨᱟᱠ ᱵᱷᱮᱞᱤ) ᱨᱮ ᱑᱕ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ᱾<ref name="Sinha2016p159">{{cite book |author1=Kapila D. Silva |author2=Amita Sinha |title=Cultural Landscapes of South Asia: Studies in Heritage Conservation and Management |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tc1CDQAAQBAJ |year=2016 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-317-36592-1 |pages=159–162}}</ref><ref name="BBC Hinduism">{{cite web |title=BBC – Religion: Hinduism – Vaisakhi |publisher=[[BBC]] |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/hinduism/holydays/vaisakhi.shtml |access-date=22 January 2012}}</ref><ref>Crump, William D. (2014), [https://books.google.com/books?id=cDTfCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA114 Encyclopedia of New Year's Holidays Worldwide], MacFarland, page 114</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lD_2J7W_2hQC&pg=PA633 |title=Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations &#91;2 volumes&#93;: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations |isbn=9781598842067 |last1=Gordon Melton |first1=J. |date=13 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/ushering-in-noboborsho-in-a-thousand-voices-20153 |title=Ushering in Noboborsho in a thousand voices |work=The Daily Star |date=16 April 2014 |access-date=2016-03-19}}</ref> ===ᱯᱚᱦᱮᱞᱟ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱞᱜᱩᱱ=== [[ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱ|ᱯᱚᱦᱮᱞᱟ ᱯᱷᱟᱞᱜᱩᱱ]] (Basanta Utsab) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱚᱞᱤ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱞᱜᱩᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref name=history>{{cite news |title=Pohela Falgun celebrated |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=174151/ |newspaper=The Daily Star |date=14 February 2011 |access-date=3 February 2024 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074436/http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=174151/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ᱑᱙᱙᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱷᱟᱠᱟ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/falgun-celebration-how-it-all-began-1360324 |title=Falgun Fest at DU: How it all began |date=13 February 2017 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=2017-04-19 |language=en}}</ref> ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱞᱜᱩᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱨᱮᱜᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱞᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱑᱓ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nepcal.com/date_conv.php |title=Nepali Date Converter |publisher=banned-books.info |access-date=2013-06-21}}</ref> ===ᱱᱚᱵᱟᱱᱱᱚ=== ᱱᱚᱵᱟᱱᱱᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱚᱞᱤ ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱜᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/event/nobanno-celebrations-chittagong-172822 |title=Nobanno celebrations in Chittagong |work=The Daily Star |date=16 November 2015 |access-date=2016-03-19}}</ref> ===ᱵᱤᱡᱩ=== ᱵᱤᱡᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱠᱢᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱵᱤᱡᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱹᱛ-ᱥᱚᱝᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱠᱮᱞᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱵᱤᱡᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Chakmas – Bizhu Dance |url=http://ttaadc.nic.in/folkCultureofTripura.pdf |publisher=Information Cultural Affairs & Tourism Department, Tripura |access-date=10 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402002735/http://www.ttaadc.nic.in/folkCultureofTripura.pdf |archive-date=2 April 2013 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> ===ᱵᱚᱨᱥᱟ ᱩᱫᱽᱥᱚᱵᱽ=== [[ᱵᱚᱨᱥᱟ ᱩᱛᱥᱚᱵᱽ]] ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱨᱥᱟ ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱩᱛᱥᱚᱵᱽ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱢᱚᱱᱥᱩᱱ ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱽ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱥᱟᱲ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱨᱮᱜᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱽ ᱛᱮ ᱑᱕ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ, ᱰᱨᱟᱢᱟ, ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱚᱲᱦᱮᱸ, ᱥᱠᱨᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱢᱟ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱽ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/lifestyle/14760-come-rain-or-shine-monsoon-festivals-around-asia.html |title=Come rain or shine: Monsoon festivals around Asia |date=29 May 2015 |work=The Myanmar Times |access-date=7 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.newstoday.com.bd/index.php?option=details&news_id=2444961&date=2016-06-16 |title='Barsha Festival' held in city |work=The News Today |access-date=7 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408083345/http://www.newstoday.com.bd/index.php?option=details&news_id=2444961&date=2016-06-16 |archive-date=2017-04-08}}</ref> ===ᱱᱳᱣᱠᱟ ᱵᱳᱭᱤᱪ=== ᱱᱳᱣᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱭᱤᱪ ᱵᱚᱴ ᱨᱮᱥ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱥᱳᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱰᱨᱟᱜᱚᱱ ᱵᱚᱴ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱯᱮᱰᱞᱤᱝ ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱑᱙᱗᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱳᱣᱤᱝ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱮᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱳᱣᱤᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱢᱴᱟᱣᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/whats-on/whats-on-news/free-festival-street-food-dragon-14826783 |publisher=[[Birmingham Mail]] |last=Bentley |first=David |date=29 July 2018 |title=Free festival with street food and dragon boat racing returns to Birmingham}}</ref> ===ᱚᱥᱴᱚᱠ ᱜᱤᱛ=== ᱟᱥᱴᱚᱠ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱟᱥᱴᱚᱠ ᱰᱟᱱᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱪᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱝᱜᱟᱞᱤ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱹᱛ ᱥᱚᱝᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱯᱮ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ "ᱱᱤᱞᱮᱨ/ᱥᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱡᱟᱱ" ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱞᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱜᱟᱡᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱚᱠ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ===ᱟᱠᱷᱲᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ=== ᱟᱠᱷᱚᱲᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱘ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱠᱩᱞᱩᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱢᱱᱤᱫᱷᱤ ᱜᱩᱯᱛᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱨᱳᱢᱳᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ᱾ ᱱᱟᱵᱚᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱤᱥᱴᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite book |title=Saṃsada Bāṃlā sāhityasaṅgī |isbn=978-81-7955-007-6 |last1=Das |first1=Sisir Kumar |year=2003}}</ref> ===ᱠᱚᱵᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ=== ᱠᱚᱵᱤᱜᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱚᱞᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱜᱟᱵᱟᱱᱤᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹᱭ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱪᱲ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱫᱟ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱜᱟᱵᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱵᱤᱱᱟᱪ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ===ᱜᱟᱡᱤᱨ ᱯᱳᱛ=== ==ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== rj7l2z2ic9g9ofsygbdvojk6sqxlfbv 0 26880 196558 160472 2026-08-12T18:20:08Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196558 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group | group = ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ | native_name = ᱦᱚᱲᱚ ᱠᱚ, ᱦᱚᱲ | native_name_lang = | image = Old Munda Men, Dinajpur, 2010 by Biplob Rahman.jpg | image_caption = ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ, [[ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱡᱽᱯᱩᱨ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ, ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ|ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱡᱽᱯᱩᱨ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]], [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ]] | image_alt = | image_upright = | total = {{circa|᱒᱒.᱙&nbsp;ᱞᱟᱠᱷ}} | total_year = | total_source = | total_ref = | genealogy = | regions = {{flag|ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ}} {{flag|ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ}} {{flag|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ}} | region1 = {{flag|ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ}} | pop1 = ᱒᱒,᱒᱘,᱖᱖᱑ | ref1 = <ref name="census">{{Cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/ST.html |title=A-11 Individual Scheduled Tribe Primary Census Abstract Data and its Appendix |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=18 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107124005/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/ST.html |archive-date=7 January 2022}}</ref> | region2 = [[ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ]] | pop2 = {{space|5}} ᱑᱓,᱒᱙,᱒᱒᱑ | region3 = [[ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ]] | pop3 = {{space|5}} ᱕,᱘᱔,᱓᱔᱖ | region4 = [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] | pop4 = {{space|5}} ᱓,᱖᱖,᱓᱘᱖ | region5 = [[ᱪᱷᱚᱛᱛᱤᱥᱜᱚᱲ]] | pop5 = {{space|5}} ᱑᱕,᱐᱙᱕ | region6 = [[ᱛᱨᱤᱯᱩᱨᱟ]] | pop6 = {{space|5}} ᱑᱕,᱕᱔᱔ | region7 = [[ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ]] | pop7 = {{space|5}} ᱑᱔,᱐᱓᱘ | region8 = [[ᱢᱚᱫᱷᱭᱚ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ]] | pop8 = {{space|5}} ᱕,᱐᱔᱑ | region9 = {{flag|ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ}} | pop9 = ᱖᱐,᱑᱙᱑ (᱒᱐᱒᱑) | ref9 = <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/b343a8b4_956b_45ca_872f_4cf9b2f1a6e0/2022-07-28-14-31-b21f81d1c15171f1770c661020381666.pdf |title=Table 1.4 Ethnic Population by Group and Sex |year=2021 |publisher=Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics |page=33 |language=bn |access-date=15 August 2022 |archive-date=13 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813235827/https://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/b343a8b4_956b_45ca_872f_4cf9b2f1a6e0/2022-07-28-14-31-b21f81d1c15171f1770c661020381666.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> | region10 = {{flag|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ}} | pop10 = ᱒,᱓᱕᱐ (᱒᱐᱑᱑) | languages = [[ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟᱨᱤ]]<ref name="Osada">{{cite book |last1=Osada |first1=Toshiki |editor1-last=Anderson |editor1-first=Gregory |title=The Munda languages |url=https://archive.org/details/mundalanguages0000unse |date=19 March 2008 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |isbn=978-0-415-32890-6 |chapter=3. Mundari |quote=...the designation Munda is used for the language family. Mundari, on the other hand, refers to an individual language, namely the language of Munda people.}}</ref>• [[ᱠᱩᱨᱢᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱯᱟᱧᱪᱯᱟᱨᱜᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ]]{{*}}[[ᱥᱟᱫᱽᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱟᱫᱽᱨᱤ]]{{*}}[[ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]]{{*}}[[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]]{{*}}[[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ]] | religions = {{hlist |[[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ]] (᱔᱑.᱓%)|[[ᱥᱟᱨᱱᱟ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ|ᱥᱟᱨᱱᱟ]] (᱒᱘.᱑%)|[[ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ|ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ]] (᱒᱗.4᱔%)}}<ref name="Cen2011">{{cite web |title=ST-14 Scheduled Tribe Population By Religious Community |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/SCST-Series/ST14.html |website=Census of India |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, India |access-date=15 October 2017 |archive-date=15 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015214556/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/SCST-Series/ST14.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Srivas">{{cite journal |last1=Srivastava |first1=Malini |s2cid=73737689 |title=The Sacred Complex of Munda Tribe |journal=Anthropologist |year=2007 |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=327–330 |doi=10.1080/09720073.2007.11891020 |url=http://krepublishers.com/02-Journals/T-Anth/Anth-09-0-000-000-2007-Web/Anth-09-4-000-07-Abst-PDF/Anth-09-4-327-07-417-Srivastava-M/Anth-09-4-327-07-417-Srivastava-M-Tt.pdf |access-date=22 October 2017 |archive-date=17 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517132805/http://krepublishers.com/02-Journals/T-Anth/Anth-09-0-000-000-2007-Web/Anth-09-4-000-07-Abst-PDF/Anth-09-4-327-07-417-Srivastava-M/Anth-09-4-327-07-417-Srivastava-M-Tt.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|327}}<ref>{{Cite news |title=Tribals who convert to other religions will continue to get quota benefits: Jual Oram {{!}} India News |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/tribals-who-convert-to-other-religions-will-continue-to-get-quota-benefits-jual-oram/articleshow/65379249.cms |access-date=10 July 2021 |work=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=12 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712091834/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/tribals-who-convert-to-other-religions-will-continue-to-get-quota-benefits-jual-oram/articleshow/65379249.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> | related_groups = [[ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ]] {{hlist | [[ᱵᱷᱩᱢᱤᱡᱽ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ|ᱵᱷᱩᱢᱤᱡᱽ]]|[[ᱦᱳ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ|ᱦᱳ]]|[[ᱠᱷᱟᱲᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ|ᱠᱷᱟᱲᱤᱭᱟ]]|[[ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱲ|ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱝ]]|[[ᱦᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ|ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱞ]]}} | footnotes = }} '''ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ''' ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱩᱯᱚᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ [[ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱼᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱴᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱴᱤᱠ]] ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱚᱲᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ [[ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟᱨᱤ]] ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱼᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱴᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱴᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 2012 |title=Adivasi Volume 52, Number 1&2 |url=http://www.stscodisha.gov.in/pdf/June-Dec-2012-Vol-1-2.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108183956/http://www.stscodisha.gov.in/pdf/June-Dec-2012-Vol-1-2.pdf |archive-date=8 November 2016 |website=Web Archive}}</ref> ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱪᱷᱳᱴᱟᱜᱽᱯᱩᱨ ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱷᱩᱢᱤ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, ᱳᱲᱤᱥᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾ <ref name="BD">{{Cite web |title=Mundari Language |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/unr |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420113123/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/unr |archive-date=20 April 2021 |access-date=20 October 2017 |website=Ethnologue |publisher=SIL International}}</ref> ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱫᱷᱚᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱨᱼᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ, ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱨᱤᱯᱩᱨᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱤᱨᱟᱹᱵᱟᱥᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱥᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ᱾ <ref>{{Cite web |title=Homepage |url=http://tribesindia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=792&Itemid=104&lang=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214182942/http://tribesindia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=792&Itemid=104&lang=en |archive-date=14 December 2017 |access-date=14 December 2017}}</ref>[[ᱛᱨᱤᱯᱩᱨᱟ|ᱛᱨᱤᱯᱩᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ]] ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱲᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱨᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ == ᱧᱩᱢ ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱴᱭᱟᱹᱨ == ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱪᱷᱳᱴᱟᱜᱽᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱛᱳ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟᱼᱢᱟᱱᱠᱤ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱮᱡ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱟᱛᱳ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2018 |title=History of Munda Tribe Language : Mundari |url=https://mundariversity.com/history-munda-tribe-language-mundari/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020013818/https://mundariversity.com/history-munda-tribe-language-mundari/ |archive-date=20 October 2022 |access-date=20 October 2022 |publisher=mundariuniversity}}</ref> ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱳᱠᱳ ᱥᱮ ᱦᱳ ᱠᱳ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱡᱚᱝᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ᱾ᱨᱚᱵᱟᱨᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱠᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ <ref>{{Cite web |last=Parkin |first=Robert |year=1993 |title=Second Reply to Pfeffer |url=https://www.anthro.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/anthro/documents/media/jaso24_2_1993_158_163.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916201633/https://www.anthro.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/anthro/documents/media/jaso24_2_1993_158_163.pdf |archive-date=16 September 2020 |access-date=18 December 2020 |website=[[University of Oxford]] |page=161 |quote=The term 'Munda' is of Sanskritic origin and therefore not original in any sense to Austroasiatic speakers, although it has come to be used by one tribe as an alternative to their own term 'Horo' (Le. Roy's group; cf. Pfeffer above, p. 154; also Parkin 1990: 17, 23).}}</ref>, "ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ" ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ [[ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱼᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱴᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱴᱤᱠ]] ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱨᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ. ᱯᱨᱟᱥᱚᱫ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, "ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ" ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱳ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱫ "ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫ"᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱩᱯᱚᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ <ref>{{Cite web |last=Alpa Shah |year=2003 |title=An Anthropological Study of Rural Jharkhand, India |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/46519807.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108161436/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/46519807.pdf |archive-date=8 November 2022 |access-date=8 November 2022 |page=88}}</ref> (᱑᱙᱗᱖) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱯᱚᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱣᱦᱟᱨ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/lifestyle/amp/scientists-solve-genetic-puzzle-surrounding-mundas-63548|title=Scientists solve genetic puzzle surrounding Mundas|date=12 March 2019|access-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925014616/https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/lifestyle/amp/scientists-solve-genetic-puzzle-surrounding-mundas-63548|archive-date=25 September 2022|publisher=down-to-earth.org}}</ref>ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱚᱣᱞ ᱥᱤᱰᱣᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱔,᱐᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓,᱕᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱯᱠᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾ (ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱑᱕᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ) ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱹᱰᱤᱜᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱭᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ [[ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱚᱦᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱮᱢᱩᱱᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱥ ᱥᱟᱨᱢᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱛᱮ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱮᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱑᱕᱐᱐ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱕᱐᱐ ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱢᱩᱫᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱵᱳᱭᱫᱤᱠ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱝᱜᱟ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱵᱟᱨᱵᱟᱨᱨᱟ ᱮᱹ ᱳᱭᱮᱥᱴ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱠᱚ [[ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱧᱤᱨ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱢᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ "ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ" ᱨᱮ ᱜᱤᱨᱟᱹᱵᱟᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱸᱦᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ, ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ [[ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ]] ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱚᱡᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱥᱟᱦᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱡᱚᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱝᱜᱟ ᱢᱮᱞᱟᱱ <ref>{{Cite web |last=John Peterson |date=October 2021 |title=The spread of Munda in prehistoric South Asia -the view from areal typology To appear in: Volume in Celebration of the Bicentenary of Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute (Deemed University) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355078227 |access-date=1 September 2022}}</ref> ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾ [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Group_Photo_of_Mundas_-_Chota_Nagpur_1903.jpg|thumb|᱑᱙᱐᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱷᱳᱴᱟᱜᱽᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ]] ᱑᱘᱐᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ,[[ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ]] ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱲᱟ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱢᱤᱱᱫᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱷᱚᱠ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱲᱦᱮ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱑᱘᱒᱓-᱓᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱳᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ, ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱢᱟᱱᱠᱤ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱡᱮᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱤᱠᱳᱫᱟᱨ, ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱱᱠᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱨᱯᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱛᱳ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱩᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱢᱟᱥ ᱩᱭᱤᱞᱠᱤᱱᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱑᱙ ᱥᱚᱛᱟᱵᱫᱤ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱭᱤᱡ [[ᱵᱤᱨᱥᱟ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ]] ᱵᱷᱟᱲᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ [[ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ]] ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱮᱨᱤᱞᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱠᱳᱢᱯᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱦᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/jharkhand-amit-shah-launches-scheme-for-villages-of-freedom-fighters-khunti-4848635/|title=Jharkhand: Amit Shah launches scheme for villages of freedom fighters|last=Pandey|first=Prashant|date=18 September 2017|work=The Indian Express|access-date=21 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114151130/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jharkhand-amit-shah-launches-scheme-for-villages-of-freedom-fighters-khunti-4848635/|archive-date=14 November 2019|language=en-US}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱛᱦᱚᱸ [[ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ|ᱡᱷᱟᱲᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ]] ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (February 2022)">better<span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>source<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>needed<nowiki></span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Birsa-Munda-Biography.jpg|thumb|᱑᱘᱐᱐ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱨᱥᱟ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ]] <ref>{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=List of Schedule Castes |url=http://socialjustice.nic.in/aboutdivision1.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140923060507/http://socialjustice.nic.in/aboutdivision1.php |archive-date=23 September 2014 |publisher=Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Government of India}}</ref>ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱸᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱷᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱥᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱦᱟᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ (ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱨᱮ)᱾ == ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱤᱥ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚ == ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱞᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱤᱞᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ-ᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱤᱥ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱟᱛ ᱵᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱟᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱜᱤᱫᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱭᱳ-ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱞᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱳᱴᱮᱢ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱠᱞᱟᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ:   == ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ == === ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱵᱽ === ᱪᱟᱥ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱲᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱜᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱵᱽ, ᱯᱷᱟᱜᱩ, ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱢ, [[ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱵᱽ|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱵ]]ᱽ, [[ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱩᱞ|ᱥᱚᱨᱦᱩᱞ]] ᱟᱨ ᱥᱳᱦᱨᱟᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱡᱟᱹᱱ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱼᱟ᱾ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱡᱟᱹᱱ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Mundas, Munda Tribe in Jharkhand India, Occupation of Mundas |url=http://www.ecoindia.com/tribes/munda.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116025801/http://www.ecoindia.com/tribes/munda.html |archive-date=16 November 2019 |access-date=26 March 2016 |website=ecoindia.com}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱫᱚᱭᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[Singbonga|ᱥᱤᱝᱵᱟᱝᱜᱟ ᱾]] === ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ === [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Adiwasi_dance.jpg|thumb|ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟᱨᱤ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ]] === ᱟᱠᱷᱲᱟ === * ''Horadiri'' - It is the stone in which family tree is written. * ''Chalpadiri'' or ''Saasandiri'' - It is the stone in remarking boundary of any village and its limits. * ''Magodiri'' - This is the headstone of a social criminal who committed polygamy or unsocial marriage. * ''Ziddiri'' - This is the stone placed over burial of placenta and dried navel part of a newborn.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Menhirs and cultural diffusion: megalithic practices in Central-eastern India &#124; Antiquity Journal |url=https://www.antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/mendaly352 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218142113/https://www.antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/mendaly352 |archive-date=18 December 2019 |access-date=22 December 2019 |website=antiquity.ac.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://scroll.in/article/878468/the-constitution-set-in-stone-adivasis-in-jharkhand-are-using-an-old-tradition-as-a-novel-protest|title=The Constitution set in stone: Adivasis in Jharkhand are using an old tradition as a novel protest|work=Scroll.in|access-date=31 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731125000/https://scroll.in/article/878468/the-constitution-set-in-stone-adivasis-in-jharkhand-are-using-an-old-tradition-as-a-novel-protest|archive-date=31 July 2018}}</ref> [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Munda_House_at_"_State_Tribal_Fair-_2020_"_,_Bhubaneswar,_India.jpg|thumb|᱒᱐᱒᱐ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱯᱟᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱚᱰᱟᱜ, ᱵᱷᱩᱵᱟᱱᱮᱥᱣᱟᱨ ]] === ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱯᱟᱱᱛᱷᱟ === .<ref name="academia.edu">{{Cite journal|last=Sanjay Nath|year=2015|title=Pages from the Old Records: A Note on 'The "Kols" of Chota-Nagpore' by E.T. Dalton|url=https://www.academia.edu/42298290|url-status=live|page=19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025154052/https://www.academia.edu/42298290|archive-date=25 October 2022|access-date=25 October 2022}}</ref> === ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱞᱚᱛ === == ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ == == ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱴᱤᱠᱥ == .<ref name="Kumar2007">{{Cite journal|displayauthors=6|vauthors=Kumar V, Reddy AN, Babu JP, Rao TN, Langstieh BT, Thangaraj K, Reddy AG, Singh L, Reddy BM|date=March 2007|title=Y-chromosome evidence suggests a common paternal heritage of Austro-Asiatic populations|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|volume=7|pages=47|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-7-47|pmc=1851701|pmid=17389048|doi-access=free}}</ref> == ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ == * [[ᱫᱚᱭᱟᱢᱚᱱᱤ ᱵᱟᱨᱞᱟ]] (ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱒᱐᱐᱔–᱒᱐᱑᱓), ᱠᱷᱚᱵᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ * ᱯᱩᱱᱟ ᱵᱷᱮᱝᱨᱟ, ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱱᱮᱛᱟ * ᱱᱤᱨᱟᱢ ᱮᱱᱟᱢ ᱦᱳᱨᱳ, ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱱᱮᱛᱟ * ᱟᱢᱨᱤᱛ ᱞᱩᱜᱩᱱ (ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱑᱙᱖᱒), [[ᱜᱽᱨᱤᱠ]] ᱨᱮᱱ ᱮᱢᱵᱟᱥᱮᱰᱚᱨ,<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 October 2019 |title=Amrit Lugun has been appointed as the next Ambassador of India to Greece |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/31896/Amrit+Lugun+has+been+appointed+as+the+next+Ambassador+of+India+to+Greece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414185759/https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/31896/Amrit+Lugun+has+been+appointed+as+the+next+Ambassador+of+India+to+Greece |archive-date=14 April 2023 |access-date=11 March 2022 |website=mea.gov.in}}</ref> ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱚᱯᱚᱲᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱴᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ<ref>{{Cite web |title=SAARC Secretariat |url=http://saarc-sdmc.nic.in/saarc_secretariat.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403005743/http://saarc-sdmc.nic.in/saarc_secretariat.asp |archive-date=3 April 2015 |access-date=23 January 2015 |website=saarc-sdmc.nic.in}}</ref> * ᱟᱱᱩᱡᱽ ᱞᱩᱜᱩᱱ (ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ,᱑᱙᱘᱖), ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱵᱷᱩᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱜᱟᱨᱣᱟᱞ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/hindi-stalwarts-praise-tribal-poet-000000197.html|title=Hindi stalwarts praise tribal poet|last=Ganguly|first=M. +date=11 Aug 2011|access-date=26 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112214729/https://in.news.yahoo.com/hindi-stalwarts-praise-tribal-poet-000000197.html|archive-date=12 November 2014|publisher=Yahoo! News}}</ref> * ᱢᱩᱱᱢᱩᱱ ᱞᱩᱜᱩᱱ, ᱯᱷᱩᱴᱵᱚᱞ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ * [[ᱚᱨᱡᱩᱱ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ]] (ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱑᱙᱘᱖), ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱱᱮᱛᱟ * [[ᱵᱤᱨᱥᱟ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ]] (᱑᱘᱗᱕-᱑᱙᱐᱐), ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱩᱞᱜᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱱᱮᱛᱟ * [[ᱡᱚᱭᱯᱟᱞ ᱥᱤᱝ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ]] (᱑᱙᱐᱓-᱑᱙᱗᱐), ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱱᱮᱛᱟ, ᱦᱚᱠᱤ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ * [[ᱡᱳᱥᱮᱯᱷ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ]], ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱱᱮᱛᱟ * [[ᱠᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ]] (ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱑᱙᱓᱖), ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱱᱮᱛᱟ * ᱞᱟᱠᱥᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ, ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱱᱮᱛᱟ * ᱱᱤᱞᱠᱟᱛᱚ ᱥᱤᱝ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ (ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ,᱑᱙᱖᱘), ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱱᱮᱛᱟ * [[ᱨᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱭᱟᱞ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ]] (᱑᱙᱓᱙-᱒᱐᱑᱑), ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱟᱹᱠᱷᱩᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ * [[ᱥᱩᱠᱨᱟ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ]] (ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱒᱐᱑᱖ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱒᱐), ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱱᱮᱛᱟ * [[ᱛᱩᱲᱚᱥᱤ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ]] (ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱑᱙᱔᱗), ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ * [[ᱨᱳᱦᱤᱫᱟᱥ ᱥᱤᱝ ᱱᱟᱜᱽ]] (᱑᱙᱓᱔-᱒᱐᱑᱒), "[[ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱱᱤ]]" ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱟᱹᱣᱤᱡ * ᱢᱟᱥᱤᱨᱟ ᱥᱩᱨᱤᱱ, ᱦᱚᱠᱤ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ * ᱨᱟᱡᱤᱵᱷ ᱛᱚᱯᱱᱚ (ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱑᱙᱗᱔), [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱨᱟᱭᱵᱷᱮᱴ ᱥᱮᱠᱨᱮᱴᱟᱨᱤ, ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱮᱸᱠ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱮᱠᱡᱤᱠᱩᱴᱤᱵ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱨ ᱮᱰᱵᱷᱟᱭᱡᱟᱨ == ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ == == ᱱᱳᱴ ᱠᱚ == == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} === ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱚᱞ === * {{Cite book}} == ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱢᱮ == * Parkin, R. (1992). ''The Munda of central India: an account of their social organisation''. Delhi: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-563029-7}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-19-563029-7|0-19-563029-7]] * Omkar, P.(2018). "Santhal tribes present in India" like Jharkhand, Odisha, and West Bengal... Belavadi. * Omkar, patil.(2018). "Kola tribes"... == ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == * ᱥᱚᱨᱱᱟᱼ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱹᱥ ᱮᱥᱴᱰᱤ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱩᱯᱚᱡᱟᱛᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱾ * ᱥᱤᱱᱞᱚᱝᱼ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱩᱯᱚᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱾&nbsp; * "ᱢᱩᱱᱫᱟᱥ" ᱾ ᱮᱱᱥᱟᱭᱠᱞᱳᱯᱮᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱟᱱᱤᱠᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱚᱞᱤᱭᱩᱢ ᱾ 18 (11 ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ) ᱾ 1911. ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱤᱵᱮᱲ ᱾  * ᱟᱨ ᱳᱭᱮ ᱟᱭ | ᱟᱨ ᱳᱭᱮᱟᱭ, ᱞᱩᱱᱰᱥ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱳᱭᱮᱭᱟᱭ (ᱮᱥᱴᱨᱳ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱴᱤᱠ ᱤᱱᱴᱮᱱᱡᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱤᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱨᱮᱯᱳᱡᱤᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱳᱣᱟᱨᱠᱮᱥᱮᱹᱥ) * <nowiki>http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-A6AA-C</nowiki> @view ᱟᱨ ᱳᱣᱟᱭᱟᱭ ᱰᱤᱡᱮᱴᱮᱞ ᱟᱨᱠᱟᱭᱵᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱱᱫᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱾ {{Ethnic groups in Bangladesh}}{{Ethnic groups in Nepal}}{{Scheduled tribes of India}}{{Hill tribes of Northeast India}}{{Scheduled tribes in Orissa}}{{Tribes of Jharkhand}}{{Ethnicity}}{{Authority control}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ]] t0lx9q4teeuf9prfznsgiju4uptmin4 196559 196558 2026-08-12T18:20:10Z KiranBOT 9533 removed AMP tracking from URLs ([[:m:User:KiranBOT/AMP|details]]) ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|report error]]) v2.2.9s 196559 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group | group = ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ | native_name = ᱦᱚᱲᱚ ᱠᱚ, ᱦᱚᱲ | native_name_lang = | image = Old Munda Men, Dinajpur, 2010 by Biplob Rahman.jpg | image_caption = ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ, [[ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱡᱽᱯᱩᱨ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ, ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ|ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱡᱽᱯᱩᱨ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]], [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ]] | image_alt = | image_upright = | total = {{circa|᱒᱒.᱙&nbsp;ᱞᱟᱠᱷ}} | total_year = | total_source = | total_ref = | genealogy = | regions = {{flag|ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ}} {{flag|ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ}} {{flag|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ}} | region1 = {{flag|ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ}} | pop1 = ᱒᱒,᱒᱘,᱖᱖᱑ | ref1 = <ref name="census">{{Cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/ST.html |title=A-11 Individual Scheduled Tribe Primary Census Abstract Data and its Appendix |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=18 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107124005/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/ST.html |archive-date=7 January 2022}}</ref> | region2 = [[ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ]] | pop2 = {{space|5}} ᱑᱓,᱒᱙,᱒᱒᱑ | region3 = [[ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ]] | pop3 = {{space|5}} ᱕,᱘᱔,᱓᱔᱖ | region4 = [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] | pop4 = {{space|5}} ᱓,᱖᱖,᱓᱘᱖ | region5 = [[ᱪᱷᱚᱛᱛᱤᱥᱜᱚᱲ]] | pop5 = {{space|5}} ᱑᱕,᱐᱙᱕ | region6 = [[ᱛᱨᱤᱯᱩᱨᱟ]] | pop6 = {{space|5}} ᱑᱕,᱕᱔᱔ | region7 = [[ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ]] | pop7 = {{space|5}} ᱑᱔,᱐᱓᱘ | region8 = [[ᱢᱚᱫᱷᱭᱚ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ]] | pop8 = {{space|5}} ᱕,᱐᱔᱑ | region9 = {{flag|ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ}} | pop9 = ᱖᱐,᱑᱙᱑ (᱒᱐᱒᱑) | ref9 = <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/b343a8b4_956b_45ca_872f_4cf9b2f1a6e0/2022-07-28-14-31-b21f81d1c15171f1770c661020381666.pdf |title=Table 1.4 Ethnic Population by Group and Sex |year=2021 |publisher=Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics |page=33 |language=bn |access-date=15 August 2022 |archive-date=13 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813235827/https://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/b343a8b4_956b_45ca_872f_4cf9b2f1a6e0/2022-07-28-14-31-b21f81d1c15171f1770c661020381666.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> | region10 = {{flag|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ}} | pop10 = ᱒,᱓᱕᱐ (᱒᱐᱑᱑) | languages = [[ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟᱨᱤ]]<ref name="Osada">{{cite book |last1=Osada |first1=Toshiki |editor1-last=Anderson |editor1-first=Gregory |title=The Munda languages |url=https://archive.org/details/mundalanguages0000unse |date=19 March 2008 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |isbn=978-0-415-32890-6 |chapter=3. Mundari |quote=...the designation Munda is used for the language family. Mundari, on the other hand, refers to an individual language, namely the language of Munda people.}}</ref>• [[ᱠᱩᱨᱢᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱯᱟᱧᱪᱯᱟᱨᱜᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ]]{{*}}[[ᱥᱟᱫᱽᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱟᱫᱽᱨᱤ]]{{*}}[[ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]]{{*}}[[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]]{{*}}[[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ]] | religions = {{hlist |[[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ]] (᱔᱑.᱓%)|[[ᱥᱟᱨᱱᱟ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ|ᱥᱟᱨᱱᱟ]] (᱒᱘.᱑%)|[[ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ|ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ]] (᱒᱗.4᱔%)}}<ref name="Cen2011">{{cite web |title=ST-14 Scheduled Tribe Population By Religious Community |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/SCST-Series/ST14.html |website=Census of India |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, India |access-date=15 October 2017 |archive-date=15 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015214556/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/SCST-Series/ST14.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Srivas">{{cite journal |last1=Srivastava |first1=Malini |s2cid=73737689 |title=The Sacred Complex of Munda Tribe |journal=Anthropologist |year=2007 |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=327–330 |doi=10.1080/09720073.2007.11891020 |url=http://krepublishers.com/02-Journals/T-Anth/Anth-09-0-000-000-2007-Web/Anth-09-4-000-07-Abst-PDF/Anth-09-4-327-07-417-Srivastava-M/Anth-09-4-327-07-417-Srivastava-M-Tt.pdf |access-date=22 October 2017 |archive-date=17 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517132805/http://krepublishers.com/02-Journals/T-Anth/Anth-09-0-000-000-2007-Web/Anth-09-4-000-07-Abst-PDF/Anth-09-4-327-07-417-Srivastava-M/Anth-09-4-327-07-417-Srivastava-M-Tt.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|327}}<ref>{{Cite news |title=Tribals who convert to other religions will continue to get quota benefits: Jual Oram {{!}} India News |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/tribals-who-convert-to-other-religions-will-continue-to-get-quota-benefits-jual-oram/articleshow/65379249.cms |access-date=10 July 2021 |work=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=12 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712091834/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/tribals-who-convert-to-other-religions-will-continue-to-get-quota-benefits-jual-oram/articleshow/65379249.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> | related_groups = [[ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ]] {{hlist | [[ᱵᱷᱩᱢᱤᱡᱽ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ|ᱵᱷᱩᱢᱤᱡᱽ]]|[[ᱦᱳ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ|ᱦᱳ]]|[[ᱠᱷᱟᱲᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ|ᱠᱷᱟᱲᱤᱭᱟ]]|[[ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱲ|ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱝ]]|[[ᱦᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ|ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱞ]]}} | footnotes = }} '''ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ''' ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱩᱯᱚᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ [[ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱼᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱴᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱴᱤᱠ]] ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱚᱲᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ [[ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟᱨᱤ]] ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱼᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱴᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱴᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 2012 |title=Adivasi Volume 52, Number 1&2 |url=http://www.stscodisha.gov.in/pdf/June-Dec-2012-Vol-1-2.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108183956/http://www.stscodisha.gov.in/pdf/June-Dec-2012-Vol-1-2.pdf |archive-date=8 November 2016 |website=Web Archive}}</ref> ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱪᱷᱳᱴᱟᱜᱽᱯᱩᱨ ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱷᱩᱢᱤ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, ᱳᱲᱤᱥᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾ <ref name="BD">{{Cite web |title=Mundari Language |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/unr |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420113123/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/unr |archive-date=20 April 2021 |access-date=20 October 2017 |website=Ethnologue |publisher=SIL International}}</ref> ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱫᱷᱚᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱨᱼᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ, ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱨᱤᱯᱩᱨᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱤᱨᱟᱹᱵᱟᱥᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱥᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ᱾ <ref>{{Cite web |title=Homepage |url=http://tribesindia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=792&Itemid=104&lang=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214182942/http://tribesindia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=792&Itemid=104&lang=en |archive-date=14 December 2017 |access-date=14 December 2017}}</ref>[[ᱛᱨᱤᱯᱩᱨᱟ|ᱛᱨᱤᱯᱩᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ]] ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱲᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱨᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ == ᱧᱩᱢ ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱴᱭᱟᱹᱨ == ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱪᱷᱳᱴᱟᱜᱽᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱛᱳ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟᱼᱢᱟᱱᱠᱤ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱮᱡ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱟᱛᱳ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2018 |title=History of Munda Tribe Language : Mundari |url=https://mundariversity.com/history-munda-tribe-language-mundari/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020013818/https://mundariversity.com/history-munda-tribe-language-mundari/ |archive-date=20 October 2022 |access-date=20 October 2022 |publisher=mundariuniversity}}</ref> ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱳᱠᱳ ᱥᱮ ᱦᱳ ᱠᱳ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱡᱚᱝᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ᱾ᱨᱚᱵᱟᱨᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱠᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ <ref>{{Cite web |last=Parkin |first=Robert |year=1993 |title=Second Reply to Pfeffer |url=https://www.anthro.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/anthro/documents/media/jaso24_2_1993_158_163.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916201633/https://www.anthro.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/anthro/documents/media/jaso24_2_1993_158_163.pdf |archive-date=16 September 2020 |access-date=18 December 2020 |website=[[University of Oxford]] |page=161 |quote=The term 'Munda' is of Sanskritic origin and therefore not original in any sense to Austroasiatic speakers, although it has come to be used by one tribe as an alternative to their own term 'Horo' (Le. Roy's group; cf. Pfeffer above, p. 154; also Parkin 1990: 17, 23).}}</ref>, "ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ" ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ [[ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱼᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱴᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱴᱤᱠ]] ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱨᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ. ᱯᱨᱟᱥᱚᱫ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, "ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ" ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱳ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱫ "ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫ"᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱩᱯᱚᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ <ref>{{Cite web |last=Alpa Shah |year=2003 |title=An Anthropological Study of Rural Jharkhand, India |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/46519807.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108161436/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/46519807.pdf |archive-date=8 November 2022 |access-date=8 November 2022 |page=88}}</ref> (᱑᱙᱗᱖) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱯᱚᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱣᱦᱟᱨ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/lifestyle/scientists-solve-genetic-puzzle-surrounding-mundas-63548|title=Scientists solve genetic puzzle surrounding Mundas|date=12 March 2019|access-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925014616/https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/lifestyle/amp/scientists-solve-genetic-puzzle-surrounding-mundas-63548|archive-date=25 September 2022|publisher=down-to-earth.org}}</ref>ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱚᱣᱞ ᱥᱤᱰᱣᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱔,᱐᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓,᱕᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱯᱠᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾ (ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱑᱕᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ) ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱹᱰᱤᱜᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱭᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ [[ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱚᱦᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱮᱢᱩᱱᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱥ ᱥᱟᱨᱢᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱛᱮ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱮᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱑᱕᱐᱐ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱕᱐᱐ ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱢᱩᱫᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱵᱳᱭᱫᱤᱠ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱝᱜᱟ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱵᱟᱨᱵᱟᱨᱨᱟ ᱮᱹ ᱳᱭᱮᱥᱴ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱠᱚ [[ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱧᱤᱨ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱢᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ "ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ" ᱨᱮ ᱜᱤᱨᱟᱹᱵᱟᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱸᱦᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ, ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ [[ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ]] ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱚᱡᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱥᱟᱦᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱡᱚᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱝᱜᱟ ᱢᱮᱞᱟᱱ <ref>{{Cite web |last=John Peterson |date=October 2021 |title=The spread of Munda in prehistoric South Asia -the view from areal typology To appear in: Volume in Celebration of the Bicentenary of Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute (Deemed University) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355078227 |access-date=1 September 2022}}</ref> ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾ [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Group_Photo_of_Mundas_-_Chota_Nagpur_1903.jpg|thumb|᱑᱙᱐᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱷᱳᱴᱟᱜᱽᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ]] ᱑᱘᱐᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ,[[ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ]] ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱲᱟ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱢᱤᱱᱫᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱷᱚᱠ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱲᱦᱮ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱑᱘᱒᱓-᱓᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱳᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ, ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱢᱟᱱᱠᱤ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱡᱮᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱤᱠᱳᱫᱟᱨ, ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱱᱠᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱨᱯᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱛᱳ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱩᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱢᱟᱥ ᱩᱭᱤᱞᱠᱤᱱᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱑᱙ ᱥᱚᱛᱟᱵᱫᱤ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱭᱤᱡ [[ᱵᱤᱨᱥᱟ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ]] ᱵᱷᱟᱲᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ [[ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ]] ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱮᱨᱤᱞᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱠᱳᱢᱯᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱦᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/jharkhand-amit-shah-launches-scheme-for-villages-of-freedom-fighters-khunti-4848635/|title=Jharkhand: Amit Shah launches scheme for villages of freedom fighters|last=Pandey|first=Prashant|date=18 September 2017|work=The Indian Express|access-date=21 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114151130/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jharkhand-amit-shah-launches-scheme-for-villages-of-freedom-fighters-khunti-4848635/|archive-date=14 November 2019|language=en-US}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱛᱦᱚᱸ [[ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ|ᱡᱷᱟᱲᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ]] ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (February 2022)">better<span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>source<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>needed<nowiki></span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Birsa-Munda-Biography.jpg|thumb|᱑᱘᱐᱐ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱨᱥᱟ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ]] <ref>{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=List of Schedule Castes |url=http://socialjustice.nic.in/aboutdivision1.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140923060507/http://socialjustice.nic.in/aboutdivision1.php |archive-date=23 September 2014 |publisher=Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Government of India}}</ref>ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱸᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱷᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱥᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱦᱟᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ (ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱨᱮ)᱾ == ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱤᱥ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚ == ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱞᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱤᱞᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ-ᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱤᱥ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱟᱛ ᱵᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱟᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱜᱤᱫᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱭᱳ-ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱞᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱳᱴᱮᱢ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱠᱞᱟᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ:   == ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ == === ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱵᱽ === ᱪᱟᱥ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱲᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱜᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱵᱽ, ᱯᱷᱟᱜᱩ, ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱢ, [[ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱵᱽ|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱵ]]ᱽ, [[ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱩᱞ|ᱥᱚᱨᱦᱩᱞ]] ᱟᱨ ᱥᱳᱦᱨᱟᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱡᱟᱹᱱ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱼᱟ᱾ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱡᱟᱹᱱ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Mundas, Munda Tribe in Jharkhand India, Occupation of Mundas |url=http://www.ecoindia.com/tribes/munda.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116025801/http://www.ecoindia.com/tribes/munda.html |archive-date=16 November 2019 |access-date=26 March 2016 |website=ecoindia.com}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱫᱚᱭᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[Singbonga|ᱥᱤᱝᱵᱟᱝᱜᱟ ᱾]] === ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ === [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Adiwasi_dance.jpg|thumb|ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟᱨᱤ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ]] === ᱟᱠᱷᱲᱟ === * ''Horadiri'' - It is the stone in which family tree is written. * ''Chalpadiri'' or ''Saasandiri'' - It is the stone in remarking boundary of any village and its limits. * ''Magodiri'' - This is the headstone of a social criminal who committed polygamy or unsocial marriage. * ''Ziddiri'' - This is the stone placed over burial of placenta and dried navel part of a newborn.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Menhirs and cultural diffusion: megalithic practices in Central-eastern India &#124; Antiquity Journal |url=https://www.antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/mendaly352 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218142113/https://www.antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/mendaly352 |archive-date=18 December 2019 |access-date=22 December 2019 |website=antiquity.ac.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://scroll.in/article/878468/the-constitution-set-in-stone-adivasis-in-jharkhand-are-using-an-old-tradition-as-a-novel-protest|title=The Constitution set in stone: Adivasis in Jharkhand are using an old tradition as a novel protest|work=Scroll.in|access-date=31 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731125000/https://scroll.in/article/878468/the-constitution-set-in-stone-adivasis-in-jharkhand-are-using-an-old-tradition-as-a-novel-protest|archive-date=31 July 2018}}</ref> [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Munda_House_at_"_State_Tribal_Fair-_2020_"_,_Bhubaneswar,_India.jpg|thumb|᱒᱐᱒᱐ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱯᱟᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱚᱰᱟᱜ, ᱵᱷᱩᱵᱟᱱᱮᱥᱣᱟᱨ ]] === ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱯᱟᱱᱛᱷᱟ === .<ref name="academia.edu">{{Cite journal|last=Sanjay Nath|year=2015|title=Pages from the Old Records: A Note on 'The "Kols" of Chota-Nagpore' by E.T. Dalton|url=https://www.academia.edu/42298290|url-status=live|page=19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025154052/https://www.academia.edu/42298290|archive-date=25 October 2022|access-date=25 October 2022}}</ref> === ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱞᱚᱛ === == ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ == == ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱴᱤᱠᱥ == .<ref name="Kumar2007">{{Cite journal|displayauthors=6|vauthors=Kumar V, Reddy AN, Babu JP, Rao TN, Langstieh BT, Thangaraj K, Reddy AG, Singh L, Reddy BM|date=March 2007|title=Y-chromosome evidence suggests a common paternal heritage of Austro-Asiatic populations|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|volume=7|pages=47|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-7-47|pmc=1851701|pmid=17389048|doi-access=free}}</ref> == ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ == * [[ᱫᱚᱭᱟᱢᱚᱱᱤ ᱵᱟᱨᱞᱟ]] (ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱒᱐᱐᱔–᱒᱐᱑᱓), ᱠᱷᱚᱵᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ * ᱯᱩᱱᱟ ᱵᱷᱮᱝᱨᱟ, ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱱᱮᱛᱟ * ᱱᱤᱨᱟᱢ ᱮᱱᱟᱢ ᱦᱳᱨᱳ, ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱱᱮᱛᱟ * ᱟᱢᱨᱤᱛ ᱞᱩᱜᱩᱱ (ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱑᱙᱖᱒), [[ᱜᱽᱨᱤᱠ]] ᱨᱮᱱ ᱮᱢᱵᱟᱥᱮᱰᱚᱨ,<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 October 2019 |title=Amrit Lugun has been appointed as the next Ambassador of India to Greece |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/31896/Amrit+Lugun+has+been+appointed+as+the+next+Ambassador+of+India+to+Greece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414185759/https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/31896/Amrit+Lugun+has+been+appointed+as+the+next+Ambassador+of+India+to+Greece |archive-date=14 April 2023 |access-date=11 March 2022 |website=mea.gov.in}}</ref> ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱚᱯᱚᱲᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱴᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ<ref>{{Cite web |title=SAARC Secretariat |url=http://saarc-sdmc.nic.in/saarc_secretariat.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403005743/http://saarc-sdmc.nic.in/saarc_secretariat.asp |archive-date=3 April 2015 |access-date=23 January 2015 |website=saarc-sdmc.nic.in}}</ref> * ᱟᱱᱩᱡᱽ ᱞᱩᱜᱩᱱ (ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ,᱑᱙᱘᱖), ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱵᱷᱩᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱜᱟᱨᱣᱟᱞ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/hindi-stalwarts-praise-tribal-poet-000000197.html|title=Hindi stalwarts praise tribal poet|last=Ganguly|first=M. +date=11 Aug 2011|access-date=26 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112214729/https://in.news.yahoo.com/hindi-stalwarts-praise-tribal-poet-000000197.html|archive-date=12 November 2014|publisher=Yahoo! News}}</ref> * ᱢᱩᱱᱢᱩᱱ ᱞᱩᱜᱩᱱ, ᱯᱷᱩᱴᱵᱚᱞ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ * [[ᱚᱨᱡᱩᱱ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ]] (ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱑᱙᱘᱖), ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱱᱮᱛᱟ * [[ᱵᱤᱨᱥᱟ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ]] (᱑᱘᱗᱕-᱑᱙᱐᱐), ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱩᱞᱜᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱱᱮᱛᱟ * [[ᱡᱚᱭᱯᱟᱞ ᱥᱤᱝ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ]] (᱑᱙᱐᱓-᱑᱙᱗᱐), ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱱᱮᱛᱟ, ᱦᱚᱠᱤ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ * [[ᱡᱳᱥᱮᱯᱷ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ]], ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱱᱮᱛᱟ * [[ᱠᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ]] (ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱑᱙᱓᱖), ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱱᱮᱛᱟ * ᱞᱟᱠᱥᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ, ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱱᱮᱛᱟ * ᱱᱤᱞᱠᱟᱛᱚ ᱥᱤᱝ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ (ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ,᱑᱙᱖᱘), ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱱᱮᱛᱟ * [[ᱨᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱭᱟᱞ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ]] (᱑᱙᱓᱙-᱒᱐᱑᱑), ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱟᱹᱠᱷᱩᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ * [[ᱥᱩᱠᱨᱟ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ]] (ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱒᱐᱑᱖ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱒᱐), ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱱᱮᱛᱟ * [[ᱛᱩᱲᱚᱥᱤ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ]] (ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱑᱙᱔᱗), ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ * [[ᱨᱳᱦᱤᱫᱟᱥ ᱥᱤᱝ ᱱᱟᱜᱽ]] (᱑᱙᱓᱔-᱒᱐᱑᱒), "[[ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱱᱤ]]" ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱟᱹᱣᱤᱡ * ᱢᱟᱥᱤᱨᱟ ᱥᱩᱨᱤᱱ, ᱦᱚᱠᱤ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ * ᱨᱟᱡᱤᱵᱷ ᱛᱚᱯᱱᱚ (ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱑᱙᱗᱔), [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱨᱟᱭᱵᱷᱮᱴ ᱥᱮᱠᱨᱮᱴᱟᱨᱤ, ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱮᱸᱠ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱮᱠᱡᱤᱠᱩᱴᱤᱵ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱨ ᱮᱰᱵᱷᱟᱭᱡᱟᱨ == ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ == == ᱱᱳᱴ ᱠᱚ == == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} === ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱚᱞ === * {{Cite book}} == ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱢᱮ == * Parkin, R. (1992). ''The Munda of central India: an account of their social organisation''. Delhi: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-563029-7}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-19-563029-7|0-19-563029-7]] * Omkar, P.(2018). "Santhal tribes present in India" like Jharkhand, Odisha, and West Bengal... Belavadi. * Omkar, patil.(2018). "Kola tribes"... == ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == * ᱥᱚᱨᱱᱟᱼ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱹᱥ ᱮᱥᱴᱰᱤ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱩᱯᱚᱡᱟᱛᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱾ * ᱥᱤᱱᱞᱚᱝᱼ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱩᱯᱚᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱾&nbsp; * "ᱢᱩᱱᱫᱟᱥ" ᱾ ᱮᱱᱥᱟᱭᱠᱞᱳᱯᱮᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱟᱱᱤᱠᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱚᱞᱤᱭᱩᱢ ᱾ 18 (11 ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ) ᱾ 1911. ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱤᱵᱮᱲ ᱾  * ᱟᱨ ᱳᱭᱮ ᱟᱭ | ᱟᱨ ᱳᱭᱮᱟᱭ, ᱞᱩᱱᱰᱥ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱳᱭᱮᱭᱟᱭ (ᱮᱥᱴᱨᱳ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱴᱤᱠ ᱤᱱᱴᱮᱱᱡᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱤᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱨᱮᱯᱳᱡᱤᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱳᱣᱟᱨᱠᱮᱥᱮᱹᱥ) * <nowiki>http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-A6AA-C</nowiki> @view ᱟᱨ ᱳᱣᱟᱭᱟᱭ ᱰᱤᱡᱮᱴᱮᱞ ᱟᱨᱠᱟᱭᱵᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱱᱫᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱾ {{Ethnic groups in Bangladesh}}{{Ethnic groups in Nepal}}{{Scheduled tribes of India}}{{Hill tribes of Northeast India}}{{Scheduled tribes in Orissa}}{{Tribes of Jharkhand}}{{Ethnicity}}{{Authority control}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ]] sq5f4if5w29ladb8o6no5fvjj5lj8p7 0 27166 196639 179857 2026-08-12T19:54:24Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196639 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox station | name = ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱜᱳᱫᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ | type = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱞ]] ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ | style = ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱞ | image = [[File:Kathgodam NIGHT.jpg|300px]] | caption = ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱜᱚᱫᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨᱟᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱭᱱᱤᱛᱟᱞ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ | address = ᱮᱱ.ᱮᱪ. ᱘᱗, [[ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱜᱳᱫᱟᱢ]], [[ᱱᱮᱭᱱᱤᱛᱟᱞ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]], [[ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨᱟᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ]] | country = {{flag|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ}} | line = | other = ᱚᱴᱳ ᱥᱴᱮᱸᱰ | coordinates = {{coord|29.2666|79.5467|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}} | map_type = India Uttarakhand#India | elevation = {{convert|518|m|ft}} | structure = ᱥᱴᱟᱱᱰᱟᱨᱰ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ | platform = ᱓ | depth = | levels = | tracks = ᱖ | parking = ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ | bicycle = ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ | opened = | closed = | rebuilt = | electrified = ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ | ADA = | code = {{Indian railway code | code = KGM | zone = [[ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ]]<ref>{{cite book|title=The Indian Railway Gazette, Volume 68|date=1970|page=351|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m_7VAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=10 January 2017}} "KATHGODAM is a railway station on the North Eastern Railway."</ref> |division = {{rwd|ᱤᱡᱽᱡᱚᱛᱯᱩᱨ}} }} | status = ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ | owned = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱞ]] | operator = [[ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ|ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ]] | former = | passengers = | pass_year = | pass_percent = | pass_system = | mpassengers = | services = <!-- Only use S-rail/S-line Templates here, without start or end --> }} '''ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱜᱳᱫᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ''' (ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱳᱰ: '''KGM''') ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨᱟᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱱᱮᱭᱱᱤᱛᱟᱞ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱭᱱᱤᱛᱟᱞ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱕ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱞᱫᱣᱟᱱᱤ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱜᱚᱫᱟᱢ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱳᱰ ᱫᱚ KGM ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱤᱡᱽᱡᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱮᱰᱠᱩᱣᱟᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱐᱑ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱞᱮᱴᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱵᱨᱚᱰ-ᱜᱮᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱰᱤᱡᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ==ᱴᱷᱟᱶ== ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱜᱚᱫᱟᱢ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱵᱷᱟᱞᱤᱠ ᱦᱤᱞᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱩᱴᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kapadia|first1=Harish|title=Across peaks & passes in Kumaun Himalaya|date=1999|publisher=Indus Publ. Co|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788173870965|page=215}} "Kathgodam: Railway Station at the foothill of the Shiwaliks. It is major entrance point to several areas of the Kumaun."</ref> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱱᱮᱭᱱᱤᱛᱟᱞ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱕ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kishore|first1=B.R.|title=India : a travel guide|date=2008|publisher=Fusion Books|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788128400674|page=278|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=COHI7LlpkSAC|accessdate=11 January 2017}} "NAINITAL; Railway Station : Kathgodam 35 kms [sic]"</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱴᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱖᱒᱕ ᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱓᱓ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱸᱛᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|title=Departures from KGM/Kathgodam (3 PFs)|url=http://indiarailinfo.com/departures/kathgodam-kgm/951|accessdate=20 January 2016}}</ref> ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱜᱳᱫᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱣᱩᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱢᱟᱞ ᱵᱳᱨᱳ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Pandey" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱳᱞᱤᱠᱳᱴ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱭᱱᱤᱴᱟᱞ<ref>{{cite book|last1=Abram|first1=David|title=The Rough Guide to India|date=2003|publisher=Rough Guides|location=New York|isbn=9781843530893|page=364|edition=5th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kAMik_6LbwUC|accessdate=11 January 2017}} "Shared taxis and Jeeps regularly ply the route between Tallital, Haldwani and Kathgodam, the latter being the main railway station for Nainital."</ref> ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱞᱢᱳᱫᱟ, ᱨᱟᱱᱤᱜᱷᱟᱴ, ᱵᱟᱭᱡᱽᱱᱟᱛᱷ, ᱜᱣᱟᱞᱚᱫᱚᱢ, ᱵᱟᱜᱮᱥᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱯᱤᱛᱷᱳᱨᱟᱜᱚᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Pandey">{{cite book|last1=Pandey|first1=Dinesh Chandra|last2=Pandey|first2=Puran C.|title=Environmental Resources and Tourism Development in the Himalaya|publisher=Anamika Publishers & Distributors|isbn=9788179750544|page=82|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ttw6oHeVTrwC|accessdate=10 January 2017|year=2003}}</ref> ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== ᱑᱙ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱜᱳᱫᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱖᱖ ᱢᱤᱞ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱨᱳᱦᱤᱞᱠᱩᱸᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱣᱩᱱ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱜᱳᱫᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱞᱤ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱡᱮᱨᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|title=Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 18, page 329 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V18_335.gif|website=dsal.uchicago.edu|accessdate=11 January 2017|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214252/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V18_335.gif|url-status=dead}} "The only Railway is the Rohilkhand-Kumaun line from Bareilly to Kathgodam at the foot of the hills below Naini Tal"</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Hunter|first1=W. W.|title=The Imperial Gazetteer of India|url=https://archive.org/details/imperialgazettee10hunt|date=1886|publisher=Trubner & Co.|location=London|page=[https://archive.org/details/imperialgazettee10hunt/page/399 397]}} "The Kumaun-Rohilkhand railway, a private line, connects Bareli with Kathgodam (108 kilometers), at the foot of the Himalayas, on the road to Naini Tal."</ref> ᱑ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱙᱔᱓ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱣᱚᱫᱷ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱨᱦᱩᱛ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱳᱦᱤᱞᱠᱩᱸᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱣᱩᱱ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rao|first1=M.A.|title=Indian Railways|date=1988|publisher=National Book Trust|location=New Delhi|page=37}}</ref> ᱑᱔ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱑᱙᱕᱒ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱚᱣᱚᱫᱷ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱨᱦᱩᱛ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱫᱚ [[ᱟᱥᱟᱢ]] ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱢᱵᱮ, ᱵᱟᱲᱳᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱯᱩᱨ-ᱟᱪᱷᱱᱮᱨᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱑᱖ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/financecode/ADMIN_FINANCE/AdminFinanceCh1_Data.htm|title=Chapter 1 – Evolution of Indian Railways-Historical Background|publisher=Ministry of Railways website}}</ref> ==ᱥᱮᱵᱟ== ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱜᱚᱫᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱜᱳᱫᱟᱢ ᱥᱚᱛᱟᱵᱽᱫᱤ ᱮᱠᱥᱯᱨᱮᱥ,<ref>{{cite news|title=Kathgodam Shatabdi daily from May 5|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/kathgodam-shatabdi-daily-from-may-5/article8506575.ece|accessdate=10 January 2017|agency=PTI|work=The Hindu|date=22 April 2016|location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Duttagupta|first1=Samonway|title=Did you know? This new train can take you to these 5 offbeat places in Uttarakhand!|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/did-you-know-this-new-train-can-take-you-to-these-5-offbeat-places-in-uttarakhand-nainital-kathgodam-shatabdi-indian-railways-irctc/1/660604.html|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=India Today|date=6 May 2016}}</ref> ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱱᱚᱣ ᱡᱚᱸᱠᱥᱚᱱ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱜᱳᱫᱟᱢ ᱮᱠᱥᱯᱨᱮᱥ,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Yadav|first1=Ankit|title=City welcomes Lko-Kathgodam express train|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/City-welcomes-Lko-Kathgodam-express-train/articleshow/46158534.cms|accessdate=10 January 2017|agency=TNN|work=The Times of India|date=7 February 2015|location=Lucknow}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Rajnath Singh to Inaugurate Lucknow–Kathgodam Express|url=http://www.ndtv.com/lucknow-news/rajnath-singh-to-inaugurate-lucknow-kathgodam-express-737264|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=NDTV.com|agency=PTI|publisher=NDTV|date=5 February 2015|location=Lucknow}}</ref> ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱜᱳᱫᱟᱢ ᱮᱠᱥᱯᱨᱮᱥ,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Siddiqui|first1=Shahla|last2=Upadhyay|first2=Vineet|title=Dense fog throws throws train, road travel out of gear|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/Dense-fog-throws-throws-train-road-travel-out-of-gear/articleshow/45621377.cms|accessdate=10 January 2017|agency=TNN|work=The Times of India|date=23 December 2014|location=Dehradun/Haldwani}} "Railway officials said because of the delay, pairing trains like Kathgodam Express, which runs between Dehradun to Kathgodam, is also running late. As a result, short distance travelling by locals has been affected."</ref> ᱨᱟᱱᱤᱠᱷᱮᱴ ᱮᱠᱥᱯᱨᱮᱥ,<ref>{{cite news|title=Trains via Ghaziabad to be diverted|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Trains-via-Ghaziabad-to-be-diverted/articleshow/10448083.cms|accessdate=10 January 2017|agency=TNN|work=The Times of India|date=22 October 2011|location=Lucknow}} "15014 Kathgodam–Delhi Jn Rankihet Express will be diverted to run via Moradabad–Tapri–Shamli."</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Mullick|first1=Rohit|title=Railways introduces new Rohtak–Panipat passenger train|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Railways-introduces-new-Rohtak-Panipat-passenger-train/articleshow/14558122.cms|accessdate=10 January 2017|agency=TNN|work=The Times of India|date=1 July 2012|location=Chandigarh}} "Similarly, Kathgodam–Delhi–Ranikhet express has been extended up to Jodhpur and it would benefit the people of Gurgaon, Pataudi Road and Rewari, said railway officials."</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Singh|first1=Rao Jaswant|title=Modernize Gurgaon station, run EMUs to Delhi, MP urges Prabhu|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/Modernize-Gurgaon-station-run-EMUs-to-Delhi-MP-urges-Prabhu/articleshow/46375065.cms|accessdate=10 January 2017|agency=TNN|work=The Times of India|date=26 February 2015|location=Gurgaon}}</ref> ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨᱟᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ ᱥᱚᱢᱯᱟᱨᱠ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱮᱠᱥᱯᱨᱮᱥ,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-uttaranchal-sampark-kranti-express-15035/1699/349/951|title = 15035/Uttaranchal Sampark Kranti Express - Old Delhi to Kathgodam NER/North Eastern Zone - Railway Enquiry}}</ref> ᱵᱟᱜᱷ ᱮᱠᱥᱯᱨᱮᱥ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news|last1=Tiwari|first1=Mrigank|title=Armed goons commit dacoity onboard Howrah Kathgodam Bagh Express|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/Armed-goons-commit-dacoity-onboard-Howrah-Kathgodam-Bagh-Express/articleshow/46266420.cms|accessdate=10 January 2017|agency=TNN|work=The Times of India|date=16 February 2015|location=Bareilly}}</ref> ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱜᱳᱫᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱴ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱣᱩᱱ ᱮᱠᱥᱯᱨᱮᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱜᱳᱫᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ {{stnlnk|ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱱᱚᱣ ᱡᱚᱸᱠᱥᱚᱱ}} ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱱᱮᱭᱱᱤᱛᱟᱞ ᱮᱠᱥᱯᱨᱮᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ-ᱜᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱨᱮᱱ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱡᱽ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ==ᱵᱮᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ== ᱒᱙ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱑᱙᱕᱓ ᱥᱟᱞᱮᱨᱮ ᱒᱑:᱔᱐ ᱴᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ, ᱓᱐᱗ ᱰᱟᱩᱱ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱜᱚᱫᱟᱢ–ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱞᱤ ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱟᱞ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱥᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱮᱨᱤ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱜᱳᱫᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱱᱤᱛᱟᱞ ᱮᱠᱥᱯᱨᱮᱥ ᱯᱟᱴᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱬᱜᱚ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱴᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱤᱱᱡᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱳᱪ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱞᱴᱤ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱠᱳᱪ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱴᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱬᱜᱚ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱳᱪ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/55531/1/lsd_01_03_02-05-1953.pdf Page no.12</ref> ==ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱨᱤ== <gallery> File:Kathgodam Railway Station 1.jpg|ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱜᱳᱫᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱯᱞᱮᱴᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢ ᱒ ᱟᱨ ᱓ File:Kathgodam Railway Station 08-Oct-2021.jpg|ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱜᱳᱫᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ </gallery> ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱱᱮᱭᱱᱤᱛᱟᱞ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱡᱽᱡᱚᱛᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ]] 33y9vimntyiwmjvqjuooeejce1llrik 0 27571 196530 179404 2026-08-12T17:55:48Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196530 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox building | name = ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱱ, ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ | image = Raj Bhaban 1.jpg | image_size = 280 px | caption = ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ | coordinates = {{coord|22.567261|88.347520|display=inline,title}} | start_date = ᱑᱗᱙᱙ | completion_date = ᱑᱘᱐᱓ | room_count = ᱙᱐ | elevator_count = | current_tenants = [[ᱥᱤ. ᱵᱷᱤ. ᱟᱱᱚᱱᱫᱽ ᱵᱳᱥ]], ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱯᱟᱞ | cost = ᱑᱓ ᱞᱟᱠ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ (᱑,᱓᱐᱐,᱐᱐᱐) <br /> (£63,300)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kolkatacitytours.com/raj-bhavan-kolkata/,%20https://www.kolkatacitytours.com/raj-bhavan-kolkata/|title=Raj Bhavan &#124; Kolkata City Tours}}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | floor_area = ᱘᱔,᱐᱐᱐ ᱜᱟᱺᱴ ᱯᱷᱩᱴ | architect = [[ᱪᱟᱨᱞᱮᱥ ᱣᱭᱟᱴ (ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱴᱮᱠᱴ)|ᱪᱟᱨᱞᱮᱥ ᱣᱭᱟᱴ]] | engineer = | main_contractor = | developer = | owner = [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ]] | references = }} '''ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱱ''' ᱫᱚ [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱯᱟᱞ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱘᱐᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ]] ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ '''ᱜᱚᱵᱚᱨᱱᱢᱮᱸᱴ ᱦᱟᱣᱩᱥ''' ᱢᱮᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱘᱕᱘ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱥᱴ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱠᱨᱟᱣᱱ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱞᱵᱮᱰᱤᱭᱚᱨ ᱮᱥᱴᱮᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱣᱟᱭᱤᱥ-ᱨᱳᱭ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱑᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱞᱤᱴᱮᱱᱮᱱᱮᱱᱴ ᱜᱚᱵᱷᱚᱨᱱᱚᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱔᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱯᱟᱞ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱯᱟᱞ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== [[File:Page 568 Life in India or Madras, the Neilgherries, and Calcutta.png|thumb|300px|᱑᱘᱕᱕ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ]] [[File:Rajbahavan.jpg|thumb|left|300px|ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱯᱷᱨᱚᱱᱴ, [[ᱥᱟᱢᱩᱣᱟᱞ ᱵᱳᱨᱱ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ]] ᱑᱙᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱚᱥ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱸᱴ ᱯᱤᱴᱚᱨᱥᱵᱚᱨᱜᱽ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱹᱬ, ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news|author = William, Dalrymple |title = White Mughals |publisher = Penguin Books|year = 2002|page = 407}}</ref> ᱑᱗᱙᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱜᱚᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱨ-ᱡᱮᱱᱨᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ 'ᱵᱚᱠᱤᱝᱜᱷᱟᱢ ᱦᱟᱣᱩᱥ' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱤᱨᱟᱴ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱛᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱱᱟᱣᱟᱵᱽ ᱢᱳᱦᱚᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Dasgupta">{{Cite news|author = Das Gupta, Prosenjit |title = 10 Walks in Calcutta |url = https://archive.org/details/10walksincalcutt0000gupt |publisher = Harper Collins|year = 2000|page = [https://archive.org/details/10walksincalcutt0000gupt/page/5 5]}}</ref> ᱑᱗᱙᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱜᱚᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱨ-ᱡᱮᱱᱨᱟᱞ ᱨᱤᱪᱟᱨᱰ ᱣᱮᱞᱥᱞᱤ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ "ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱞ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱢᱟ, ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ", ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱞ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=FdQcZfuj3i8C |title=SJM Research Journal |volume= 25–26|publisher= Salar Jung Museum|year=1988|page=24}}</ref> ᱯᱩᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ £᱖᱓,᱒᱙᱑ (ᱱᱤᱛ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱫᱚ £᱓.᱘ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ) ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news|author = William, Dalrymple |title = White Mughals |publisher = Penguin Books|year = 2002|page = 346}}</ref> ᱣᱮᱞᱥᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱥᱴ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱚᱸᱰ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱘᱐᱕ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱤᱝᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱦᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=https://collection.nam.ac.uk/detail.php?acc=1999-12-5-1|title=Richard (Colley), 1st Marquess of Wellesley, KP, Governor General of India, 1804|publisher=National Army Museum|access-date=4 January 2024}}</ref> ᱑᱘᱕᱘ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱥᱴ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱠᱨᱟᱣᱱ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱞᱵᱮᱰᱤᱭᱚᱨ ᱮᱥᱴᱮᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱣᱟᱭᱤᱥ-ᱨᱳᱭ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=suites>{{cite web|url=https://www.asian-voice.com/News/India/Colonial-names-removed-from-Kolkata-Raj-Bhawan-suites|title=Colonial names removed from Kolkata Raj Bhawan suites|date=12 April 2017|newspaper=Asian Voice|access-date=4 January 2024}}</ref> ᱑᱘᱙᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱚᱴᱤᱥ ᱮᱞᱤᱵᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱮᱞᱤᱵᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |date=17 August 2014 |title=We must continue to listen to the market |url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/we-must-continue-to-listen-to-the-market-says-otis-elevator-md/article6324345.ece |access-date=17 July 2016 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref> ᱑᱙᱑᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ [[ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ]] ᱛᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱣᱟᱭᱤᱥ-ᱨᱳᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱨ-ᱡᱮᱱᱨᱟᱞ ᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱣᱟᱭᱤᱥ-ᱨᱳᱭ ᱦᱟᱣᱩᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱯᱷᱴᱤᱱᱮᱱᱴ ᱜᱚᱵᱷᱚᱨᱱᱚᱨ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱵᱮᱞᱵᱷᱮᱰᱤᱭᱚᱨ ᱦᱟᱣᱩᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱜᱚᱵᱷᱚᱨᱱᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱛᱷᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱵᱷᱚᱨᱱᱢᱮᱸᱴ ᱦᱟᱣᱩᱥ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book|last=Danvers|first=F.C.|title=Bengal: Its Chiefs, Agents, and Governors|date=22 June 2016|publisher=Forgotten Books|isbn=978-1332869954|pages=21–22}}</ref> ==ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱴᱮᱠᱪᱟᱨ== [[File:Kedleston Hall 02.jpg|250px|thumb|[[ᱠᱮᱰᱞᱥᱴᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱞ]]]] ᱜᱚᱵᱚᱨᱱᱢᱮᱸᱴ ᱦᱟᱣᱩᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱯᱴᱮᱱ ᱪᱟᱨᱞᱥ ᱣᱭᱟᱴ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱰᱟᱨᱵᱤᱥᱟᱭᱚᱨ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱮᱰᱞᱥᱴᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Roy">Roy, Nishitranjan,''Swasato Kolkata Ingrej Amaler Sthapathya'', {{in lang|bn}}, pp. 48, 1st edition, 1988, Prtikhan Press Pvt. Ltd.</ref> ᱵᱤᱞᱰᱤᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱭᱳ-ᱠᱞᱟᱥᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱚᱠ ᱚᱵᱷᱚᱨᱴᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱑᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱠᱟᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱞᱚᱨᱰ ᱠᱟᱨᱡᱚᱱ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱣᱟᱭᱤᱥ-ᱨᱳᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱵᱷᱚᱨᱱᱚᱨ-ᱡᱮᱱᱨᱟᱞ (᱑᱘᱙᱙-᱑᱙᱐᱕) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ayers|first=Sydney|date=July 2019|title=An English Country House in Calcutta: mapping networks between Government House, the statesman John Adam, and the architect Robert Adam|url=https://journals.openedition.org/abe/6193|journal=ABE Journal|volume=14-15}}</ref> ᱠᱟᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱵᱚᱨᱱᱢᱮᱸᱴ ᱦᱟᱣᱩᱥ ᱫᱚ “ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱥᱚᱵᱽᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱬᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ” ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮᱭ ᱵᱤᱠᱱᱟᱹᱛ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Doig">{{Cite news|author = Desmond, Doig |title = An Artist's Impression |publisher = The Statesman}}</ref> ᱑᱘᱖᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱮᱞᱜᱤᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱘ ᱟᱱ ᱟᱨᱞ, ᱣᱟᱭᱤᱥ-ᱨᱳᱭ ᱡᱮᱢᱥ ᱵᱨᱩᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱴᱟᱞᱤᱠ ᱰᱚᱢ ᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱚᱨᱰ ᱠᱟᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱡᱽᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱤᱯᱷᱴ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ 'ᱵᱟᱨᱰ ᱠᱮᱡᱽ ᱞᱤᱯᱷᱴ' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ) ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Doig" /> [[File:KolkataRajbhavanGate.JPG|thumb|left|250px|ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱠᱮᱰ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ]] ==ᱤᱱᱴᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱨ== ᱯᱮ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱯᱤᱸᱰᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱦᱳᱞ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱖᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱩᱴᱨᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Doig" /> ᱒᱐᱑᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱯᱟᱞ ᱠᱮᱥᱚᱨᱤ ᱱᱟᱛᱷ ᱛᱨᱤᱯᱟᱴᱷᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱩᱭᱴᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱᱟᱭᱴᱮᱰ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ - ᱯᱨᱤᱱᱥ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱣᱮᱞᱥ ᱥᱩᱭᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ [[ᱨᱚᱵᱤᱱᱫᱽᱨᱚᱱᱟᱛᱷ ᱴᱮᱜᱳᱨ]] ''ᱠᱟᱠᱥ'' ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ; ᱣᱮᱞᱮᱥᱞᱮ ᱥᱩᱭᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱜᱚᱨ ''ᱠᱟᱠᱥ'' ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ; ᱰᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱩᱭᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱸᱪᱚᱱᱡᱚᱝᱜᱟ ''ᱠᱟᱠᱥ'' ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ; ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱨᱥᱚᱱ ᱥᱩᱭᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱤᱵᱮᱠᱟᱱᱚᱱᱫᱚ ''ᱠᱟᱠᱥ'' ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱾<ref name=suites/> ===ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱭᱤᱴ ᱠᱚ=== ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱩᱭᱤᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱤᱱᱥ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱣᱮᱞᱥ ᱥᱩᱭᱤᱴ ᱨᱮ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ]], ᱡᱚᱜᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱣᱮᱞᱥᱮᱞᱤ ᱥᱩᱭᱤᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱣᱤᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱰᱩᱯᱷᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱩᱭᱤᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱣᱤᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱩᱭᱤᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱨᱥᱚᱱ ᱥᱩᱭᱤᱴ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ===ᱰᱨᱟᱭᱤᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱟᱭᱱᱤᱝ ᱨᱩᱢ ᱠᱚ=== '''ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱰᱨᱟᱭᱤᱝ ᱠᱩᱴᱨᱤ:''' ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱰᱨᱟᱭᱤᱝ ᱨᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱨᱟ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ '''ᱞᱤᱞ ᱰᱨᱟᱭᱤᱝ ᱠᱩᱴᱨᱤ:''' ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱵᱷᱚᱨᱱᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱯᱮᱲᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ '''ᱢᱟᱹᱴᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱰᱟᱭᱱᱤᱝ ᱠᱩᱴᱨᱤ:''' ᱞᱤᱞ ᱰᱟᱭᱱᱤᱝ ᱨᱩᱢ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱥᱮᱱᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱩᱯᱩᱲᱩᱵ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ===ᱦᱚᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ=== '''ᱛᱷᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱩᱴᱨᱤ:''' ᱛᱷᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱩᱴᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱤᱪᱟᱨᱰ ᱣᱮᱞᱥᱞᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱨᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱤᱯᱩ ᱥᱩᱞᱛᱟᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱨᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱛᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ, ᱥᱩᱵᱟᱥ ᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱵᱳᱥ, ᱡᱚᱵᱟᱦᱚᱨᱞᱟᱞ ᱱᱮᱦᱨᱩ ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱨᱚᱭ]] ᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱛᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱨᱚᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱥ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ '''ᱠᱟᱣᱩᱱᱥᱤᱞ ᱪᱮᱢᱵᱟᱨ:''' ᱜᱚᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱨ ᱡᱮᱱᱨᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱥᱚᱫᱽ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱨᱮᱥᱤᱰᱮᱱᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱣᱩᱱᱥᱤᱞ ᱪᱮᱢᱵᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱯᱟᱞ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱩᱯᱩᱲᱩᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱚᱛᱱᱚ]] ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱨᱰ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱣᱩᱱᱥᱤᱞ ᱪᱮᱢᱵᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ '''ᱢᱟᱨᱵᱚᱞ ᱦᱚᱞ''' ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱟᱭᱵᱷᱮᱴ ᱢᱤᱫᱩᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ '''ᱵᱮᱸᱠᱣᱮᱴ ᱦᱚᱞ:''' ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱳᱨᱤᱠ ᱯᱤᱞᱟᱨ, ᱯᱷᱞᱣᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱱᱰᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱢᱚᱦᱳᱜᱚᱱᱤ ᱴᱮᱵᱩᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱸᱠᱣᱮᱴ ᱦᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱮᱞᱤᱡᱟᱵᱮᱛᱷ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱮᱲᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱨᱚᱢᱚᱡᱽ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ==ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱜᱟᱞᱮᱨᱤ== ===ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ=== <gallery class="center"> Rajbhavan1.jpg|ᱡᱚᱱ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱴᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱴᱠᱤ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱵᱚᱨᱱᱢᱮᱸᱴ ᱦᱟᱣᱩᱥ, ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ FraserCalcuttaGovernmentHouse.jpg|ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱘᱑᱙ ᱡᱮᱢᱥ ᱵᱮᱭᱞᱤ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱡᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱮᱞᱡᱚᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱵᱮᱞ ᱡᱩᱱᱤᱭᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ Rajbahavan.jpg|ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ - ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ, ᱥᱟᱢᱩᱣᱟᱞ ᱵᱳᱨᱱ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱣᱛᱷ ᱯᱷᱨᱚᱱᱴ Samuel Davis - New Government House at Calcutta - B1977.14.177 - Yale Center for British Art.jpg|ᱥᱟᱢᱩᱣᱟᱞ ᱰᱮᱵᱤᱥ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ Gouvernementshuis te Calcutta in India, KITLV 152331.tiff|ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱵᱷᱚᱨᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱦᱟᱣᱩᱥ, ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱫ ᱧᱮᱞ, ᱑᱙᱓᱕ </gallery> ===ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ=== <gallery class="center"> Government House - Kolkata 2011-12-18 0188.JPG|ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱦᱩᱲᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱱ Raj Bhavan 3.jpg|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱱ Raj Bhaban 2.jpg|ᱟᱨᱠᱮᱰ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱱ Governor's House.jpg|ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱱ ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ </gallery> ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{Commons category|ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱱ (ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ)}} * [http://rajbhavankolkata.nic.in/ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱣᱮᱵᱽᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ] * {{cite web |url=http://www.acarm.org/view.asp?ItemID=3&tname=tblComponent3&oname=Projects&pg=activities&opt=projects |title=Government House |website=Association of Commonwealth Archivists and Records Managers}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.wmcarey.edu/carey/wmward/Misc%20html/govhouse.html |title=Government House, Calcutta |website=William Carey University |access-date=2024-06-16 |archive-date=2016-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820144707/http://www.wmcarey.edu/carey/wmward/Misc%20html/govhouse.html |url-status=dead }} * {{cite web |url=http://www.catchcal.com/kaleidoscope/places_to_visit/raj_bhawan.asp |title=Raj Bhavan |website=Catchcal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510223840/http://www.catchcal.com/kaleidoscope/places_to_visit/raj_bhawan.asp |archive-date=10 May 2008}} * {{cite web |url=http://kolkata.clickindia.com/tourism/rajbhawan.html/ |title=Raj Bhavan |website=clickindia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508013709/http://kolkata.clickindia.com/tourism/rajbhawan.html |archive-date=8 May 2012}} *[https://www.britishempire.co.uk/art/calcuttahouse.htm Government House, Calcutta] Undated 19th Century painting {{ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱱ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱘᱐᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱡᱚᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] jth303khw77ejkjivc9ca1d1bn2ydim 0 28254 196524 156690 2026-08-12T17:51:00Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196524 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ᱯᱤᱯᱤᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹᱝ''' ᱫᱚ [[ᱞᱮᱯᱤᱰᱚᱯᱴᱮᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱲ [[ᱨᱚᱯᱟᱞᱚᱥᱮᱨᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱠᱬᱟᱹᱜᱼᱟᱱ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱡᱤᱲᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱚᱝᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱠᱬᱟᱹᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱞᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱤᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱞᱜᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱴᱟᱴᱠᱟ ᱴᱟᱴᱠᱟᱭ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱪᱮᱴᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱮᱰᱤᱞᱚᱭᱰᱤᱭᱟ (ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱤᱱ ᱡᱩᱠᱛᱚᱨᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱳᱛᱷᱼᱵᱚᱴᱴᱟᱨᱯᱷᱞᱟᱭ) ᱟᱨ ᱯᱮᱯᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱᱚᱭᱰᱤᱭᱟ (ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ) ᱼ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱤᱯᱤᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱨᱟᱭ ᱕᱖ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱞᱤᱭᱚᱥᱤᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱚᱱᱟᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱑᱐᱑ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱨᱮᱴᱟᱥᱤᱭᱚᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Kawahara|first=Akito Y.|last2=Storer|first2=Caroline|last3=Carvalho|first3=Ana Paula S.|last4=Plotkin|first4=David M.|last5=Condamine|first5=Fabien L.|last6=Braga|first6=Mariana P.|last7=Ellis|first7=Emily A.|last8=St Laurent|first8=Ryan A.|last9=Li|first9=Xuankun|last10=Barve|first10=Vijay|last11=Cai|first11=Liming|date=2023-05-15|title=A global phylogeny of butterflies reveals their evolutionary history, ancestral hosts and biogeographic origins|journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution|volume=7|issue=6|pages=903–913|bibcode=2023NatEE...7..903K|doi=10.1038/s41559-023-02041-9|issn=2397-334X|pmc=10250192|pmid=37188966}}</ref> {{Automatic taxobox | name = ᱯᱤᱯᱤᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹᱝ | fossil_range = [[ᱠᱨᱮᱴᱟᱥᱤᱭᱚᱥ]]–[[ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱥᱮᱱ|ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ]], {{fossilrange|101.4|0|earliest=50}} | image = Fesoj - Papilio machaon (by).jpg | image_caption = ''[[ᱯᱟᱯᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚ ᱢᱟᱠᱟᱣᱚᱱ]]'' | taxon = Rhopalocera | authority = | subdivision_ranks = ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ | subdivision = * ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ [[ᱦᱮᱰᱤᱞᱚᱭᱰᱤᱭᱟ]]: ** [[ᱦᱮᱰᱤᱞᱤᱰᱟᱭᱮ]] * ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ [[ᱯᱟᱯᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱᱚᱭᱰᱤᱭᱟ]]: ** [[ᱦᱮᱥᱯᱮᱨᱤᱰᱟᱭᱮ]] ** [[ᱞᱤᱠᱟᱭᱮᱱᱤᱰᱟᱭᱮ]] ** [[ᱱᱤᱢᱯᱷᱟᱞᱤᱰᱟᱭᱮ]] ** [[ᱯᱟᱯᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱᱤᱰᱟᱭᱮ]] ** [[ᱯᱟᱭᱨᱤᱰᱟᱭᱮ]] ** [[ᱨᱤᱭᱚᱱᱤᱰᱟᱭᱮ]] }} ᱯᱤᱯᱤᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱪᱚᱠ ᱾|ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ]] ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱢᱮᱴᱟᱵᱚᱞᱚᱥ ᱛᱤᱡᱩᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ (ᱢᱮᱴᱟᱢᱚᱨᱯᱷᱚᱥᱤᱥ) ᱠᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Butterfly Life Cycle |url=https://ansp.org/exhibits/online-exhibits/butterflies/lifecycle/ |access-date=2024-08-15 |website=ansp.org |language=en}}</ref> ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱠᱬᱟᱹᱜᱼᱟᱱ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱᱠᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ (ᱠᱟᱴᱮᱨᱯᱤᱞᱟᱨᱥ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱮᱭᱟ) ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜᱼᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱴᱮᱨᱯᱤᱞᱟᱨ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱡ ᱪᱚᱝ ᱴᱟᱴᱠᱟᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱩᱛᱟᱹᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱨᱟᱭᱥᱟᱞᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱯᱮᱴ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[ᱢᱮᱴᱟᱢᱳᱨᱯᱷᱳᱥᱤᱥ|ᱢᱮᱴᱟᱢᱚᱨᱯᱷᱚᱥᱤᱥ]] ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱯᱩᱯᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱨᱛᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱛᱤᱡᱩᱭ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱠᱬᱟᱹᱜ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱦᱟᱣᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨᱻᱮ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱜᱟᱵᱟᱱ == [[File:Common_brimstone_butterfly_(Gonepteryx_rhamni)_male_in_flight.jpg|thumb|ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱫ ᱯᱤᱯᱤᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹᱝᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=BugsBritannica2/> ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱵᱽᱨᱤᱢᱥᱴᱚᱱ (''[[ᱜᱚᱱᱮᱯᱴᱮᱨᱤᱠᱥ ᱨᱟᱢᱱᱤ]]'') ᱾]] [[ᱚᱠᱥᱯᱷᱚᱨᱰ ᱤᱝᱨᱟ.ᱡᱤ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ.ᱵᱟ.ᱱᱫᱤ|ᱚᱠᱥᱯᱷᱚᱰ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱨᱟᱹᱭ]] ᱫᱤᱫᱷᱟᱹ [[ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ]] ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ''ᱵᱳᱴᱚᱨᱯᱷᱞᱮᱣᱚᱡᱽ'' ᱠᱷᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩᱣᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ, ᱵᱳᱴᱚᱨᱼᱯᱷᱞᱟᱭ; ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚ [[ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱰᱚᱪ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱ]] ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜᱟᱜ ᱰᱚᱪ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ (ᱵᱷᱞᱤᱱᱰᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱠᱢᱟᱴᱟᱨᱞᱤᱝ) ᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱥᱣᱟᱹ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱾ ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱭᱤᱢᱥᱴᱚᱱ (ᱜᱚᱱᱮᱯᱴᱮᱨᱤᱠᱥ ᱦᱟᱢᱱᱤ) ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ; ᱮᱴᱟᱜᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱤᱯᱤᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱤᱨᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱸᱥ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣᱜ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱵᱚᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱟᱸᱥ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱲᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣᱜ ᱛᱮ ᱾<ref name="BugsBritannica2">{{cite book|last1=Marren|first1=Peter|last2=Mabey|first2=Richard|author1-link=Peter Marren|author2-link=Richard Mabey|title=Bugs Britannica|url=https://archive.org/details/bugsbritannica0000marr|date=2010|publisher=Chatto and Windus|isbn=978-0-7011-8180-2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bugsbritannica0000marr/page/196 196]–205}}</ref><ref>Donald A. Ringe, ''A Linguistic History of English: From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic'' (Oxford: Oxford, 2003), 232.</ref> kgsvezoznsk8ge71xzteqmq0ba6pr2b 0 28337 196605 153818 2026-08-12T19:12:27Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196605 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox element |name =ᱥᱚᱰᱤᱭᱟᱢ |symbol =Na |Z =11 |number =11 |abundance= |abundance in earth's crust= |abundance in oceans= |abundance in solar system= |left=[[ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱱ]] |right=[[:en:magnesium|magnesium]] |above=[[:en:lithium|Li]] |below=[[:en:potassium|K]] |appearance=silvery white metallic |image name=Na (Sodium).jpg |electrons per shell=2, 8, 1 |phase= |phase comment= |density=0.9688&nbsp;g/cm³<ref name="Arblaster 2018" /> |density conditions=(at&nbsp;20°&nbsp;C) |density gplstp= |density gpcm3nrt= |density gpcm3nrt 2= |density gpcm3mp=0.927 |melting point K=370.944 |melting point C=97.794 |melting point F=208.029 |boiling point K=1156.090 |boiling point C=882.940 |boiling point F=1621.292 |triple point K= |triple point kPa= |critical point K=2573 |critical point MPa=35 |critical point comment=''(extrapolated)'' |heat fusion=2.60 |heat fusion 2= |heat vaporization=97.42 |heat capacity=28.230 |vapor pressure 1=554 |vapor pressure 10=617 |vapor pressure 100=697 |vapor pressure 1 k=802 |vapor pressure 10 k=946 |vapor pressure 100 k=1153 |vapor pressure comment= |crystal structure=body-centered cubic |crystal structure Pearson symbol=cI2 |lattice constant=''a''&nbsp;=&nbsp;428.74&nbsp;pm (at&nbsp;20&nbsp;°C)<ref name="Arblaster 2018">{{cite book |last=Arblaster |first= John W. |title=Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements |publisher=ASM International |publication-place=Materials Park, Ohio |date=2018 |isbn=978-1-62708-155-9}}</ref> |electronegativity=0.93 |number of ionization energies=4 |ionization energy 1=495.8 |ionization energy 2=4562 |ionization energy 3=6910.3 |atomic radius=186 |atomic radius calculated= |covalent radius=166±9 |Van der Waals radius=227 |magnetic ordering=[[:en:paramagnetism|paramagnetic]] |magnetic ordering ref=<ref>[http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elementmagn.pdf Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds], in {{RubberBible86th}}</ref> |electrical resistivity unit prefix=n |electrical resistivity at 0= |electrical resistivity at 20=47.7 |thermal conductivity=142 |thermal conductivity 2= |thermal diffusivity= |thermal expansion=<!-- see thermal expansion comment --> |thermal expansion comment={{val|69.91|e=−6}}/K (at&nbsp;20&nbsp;°C)<ref name="Arblaster 2018" /> |thermal expansion at 25= |speed of sound= |speed of sound rod at 20=3200 |speed of sound rod at r.t.= |Young's modulus=10 |Shear modulus=3.3 |Bulk modulus=6.3 |Poisson ratio= |Mohs hardness=0.5 |Vickers hardness= |Brinell hardness=0.69 |CAS number=7440-23-5 |magnetic susceptibility= {{val|+16.0|e=−6}} |magnetic susceptibility ref= &#x20;(298&nbsp;K)<ref>{{Cite book|title=CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics|url=https://archive.org/details/crchandbookofche0000unse|last=Weast|first=Robert|publisher=Chemical Rubber Company Publishing|year=1984|isbn=0-8493-0464-4|location=Boca Raton, Florida|pages=E110}}</ref> |predicted by= |prediction date= |discovery and first isolation by=[[:en:Humphry Davy|Humphry Davy]] |discovery date=1807 |named by= |named date= |history comment label= |history comment= |QID=Q658 }} '''ᱥᱚᱰᱤᱭᱟᱢ''' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱢᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱮᱞᱮᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱴᱚᱢᱤᱠ ᱮᱞ ᱑᱑ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ''Na'' (ᱱᱟᱴᱨᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ) ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[:en:Alkali metal|ᱟᱞᱠᱟᱞᱤ ᱢᱮᱴᱟᱞ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱴᱨᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ [[:en:Isotopes of sodium|ᱟᱭᱥᱳᱴᱳᱯ]] ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱛᱮ, ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱱᱟᱴᱨᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱴᱨᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱑᱑Na᱒᱓ ᱟᱭᱤᱥᱳᱴᱚᱯ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱚᱰᱤᱭᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱴᱚᱢᱤᱠ ᱢᱟᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱒᱒.᱙᱘᱙᱘ ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == * [http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/011.htm ᱥᱚᱰᱤᱭᱟᱢ] ''[[:en:Periodic Videos|ᱯᱤᱨᱤᱭᱳᱰᱤᱠ ᱴᱮᱵᱟᱞ]]'' ᱨᱮ (ᱱᱳᱴᱷᱤᱝᱜᱟᱢ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ) [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱚᱰᱤᱭᱟᱢ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱮᱢᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱮᱞᱤᱢᱮᱱᱴ]] 4x2ycnnnh4xgojg4us29l31drtinchn 0 28462 196667 154794 2026-08-12T20:30:49Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196667 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox airport | name = ᱵᱷᱩᱡᱽ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ | image = Bhuj Airport.JPG | image-width = 250 | IATA = BHJ | ICAO = VABJ | location = [[ᱵᱷᱩᱡᱽ]], ᱠᱟᱹᱪ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ, [[ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] | pushpin_map = India Gujarat#India | pushpin_label = '''BHJ''' | type = ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ/ᱥᱚᱨᱣᱚᱡᱟᱹᱱᱤᱠ | owner = | operator = {{Plainlist| * [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱭ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ]] * [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱥᱚᱫᱽ]] }} | owner-oper = | city-served = [[ᱵᱷᱩᱡᱽ]] | elevation-f = 257 | elevation-m = 78 | coordinates = {{coord|23|17|16|N|069|40|13|E|type:airport|display=inline,title}} | website = | metric-elev = | metric-rwy = | r1-number = 05/23 | r1-length-f = 8,205 | r1-length-m = 2,501 | r1-surface = Asphalt concrete | stat-year = April 2023 – March 2024 | stat1-header = ᱫᱮᱡᱚᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ | stat1-data = 66,652 ({{increase}} 45.7%) | stat2-header = ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱮᱡ-ᱥᱮᱱ | stat2-data = 1,577 ({{increase}} 32.4%) | stat3-header = ᱠᱟᱨᱜᱳ ᱴᱳᱱᱮᱡᱽ | stat3-data = — | footnotes = ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ: [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱥᱚᱫᱽ]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k24Annex3.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=30 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k24Annex2.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=30 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure IV – Freight Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k24Annex4.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=30 August 2024}}</ref> }} '''ᱵᱷᱩᱡᱽ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ''' (IATA: BHJ, ICAO: VABJ) ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱪ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱵᱷᱩᱡᱽ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱭ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱔ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="technical">{{Cite web|title=Technical Information-Bhuj|url=http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/bhuj_technicalinfo.jsp|publisher=Airports Authority of India|access-date=30 August 2024|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221140258/http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/bhuj_technicalinfo.jsp|archive-date=21 February 2014}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱕᱗ ᱯᱷᱩᱴ (᱗᱘ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ) ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱘᱓᱒ ᱮᱠᱚᱨ (᱓᱓᱗ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱟᱨ) ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱫᱳ-ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱖᱐ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="hidebound">{{cite news|title= The Quake's Silent Ally: A Hidebound Bureaucracy |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/04/world/the-quake-s-silent-ally-a-hidebound-bureaucracy.html |first=John |last=Burns |date=4 February 2001|work=The New York Times|access-date=30 August 2024}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱡᱽ ᱨᱩᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱢᱚᱛᱟ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱥ ᱤᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱵᱩᱱᱠᱟᱨ/ᱵᱤᱞᱰᱤᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱩᱲᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱭᱟᱨᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱱᱠᱮᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱳᱪ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱥ ᱜᱨᱟᱣᱩᱱᱰ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱩᱰᱩᱠᱚᱜ ᱴᱟᱨᱢᱤᱱᱟᱞ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱥᱮᱱᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=tsol>{{cite book|last=Bhatkal|first=Satyajit|title=The Spirit of Lagaan|url=https://archive.org/details/spiritoflagaan0000bhat|year=2002|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=9788179910030|pages=[https://archive.org/details/spiritoflagaan0000bhat/page/104 104]}}</ref> == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == ᱑᱙᱗᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱤᱱᱫᱳ-ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤ ᱵᱚᱢ ᱜᱤᱰᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱢ ᱵᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱯᱟᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱔ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱓᱕ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱙᱒ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱒ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱨᱚᱠᱮᱴ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱢᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="twinwar">{{cite book|last=Sagar |first=Krishna Chandra |title=The War of the Twins |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XM5oZYYvEmYC&pg=PA212|year=1997|publisher=Northern Book Centre|isbn=978-81-7211-082-6|page=212}}</ref> ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱫᱷᱚᱯᱚᱨ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱗᱒ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱕᱐,᱐᱐᱐ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="rebuilt">{{cite news|title=Women rebuilt Bhuj airstrip destroyed in '71 Pak attack |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-25/rajkot/28319257_1_bhuj-strip-bunkers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106083244/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-25/rajkot/28319257_1_bhuj-strip-bunkers |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 November 2013 |date=25 July 2010|work=The Times of India|location=Bhuj|access-date=30 August 2024}}</ref> ᱑᱙᱗᱑ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱠᱚᱢᱟᱱᱰᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱠᱣᱟᱰᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱤᱰᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱡᱚᱭ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱨᱱᱤᱠ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱳᱯᱷᱤᱥᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱕᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱖᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱰᱤ.ᱮᱥ.ᱥᱤ. ᱯᱚᱨᱥᱚᱱᱟᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤ ᱵᱚᱢᱵᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ == ᱮᱭᱟᱨᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱮᱥᱴᱤᱱᱮᱥᱚᱱ == [[File:Airport Bhuj.jpg|thumbnail|ᱫᱮᱡᱚᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ]] <!-- Please use only independent sources. The airport and airline itself are not independent sources. --> {{Airport-dest-list |[[ᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ]]|[[ᱪᱷᱚᱛᱨᱚᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱥᱤᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱡᱮᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ|ᱢᱩᱢᱵᱟᱭ]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/ArenaJet/status/1742851269004611968|title=Air India to launch Mumbai-Bhuj flights from March 1|work=JetArena|accessdate=30 August 2024}}</ref> |[[ᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱸᱥ ᱮᱭᱟᱨ]]| [[ᱪᱷᱚᱛᱨᱚᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱥᱤᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱡᱮᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ|ᱢᱩᱢᱵᱟᱭ]] |[[ᱤᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ]]|[[ᱥᱟᱨᱫᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱚᱞᱞᱚᱵᱽᱵᱷᱟᱭ ᱯᱟᱴᱮᱞ ᱡᱮᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ|ᱚᱦᱚᱢᱫᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ]]}} == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070104051239/http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/bhuj_generalinfo.jsp ᱵᱷᱩᱡᱽ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱥᱚᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱵᱷᱩᱡᱽ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱵᱷᱩᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱜᱟᱲᱚᱢ]] bw02dpgag1zjsjnyto6iptgkgi76s6d 0 28515 196570 155350 2026-08-12T18:33:41Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196570 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox element |engvar ={{{engvar|}}} |name =nitrogen |symbol =N |Z =7 |number =7 |abundance= |abundance in earth's crust= |abundance in oceans= |abundance in solar system= |left=[[carbon]] |right=[[oxygen]] |above=– |below=[[phosphorus|P]] |appearance=colorless gas, liquid or solid |image name=Fluessiger Stickstoff.jpg |electrons per shell=2, 5 |phase= |phase comment= |density gplstp=1.2506 |density gplstp comment=at 0 °C, 1013 mbar |density gplstp ref=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/gas-density-d_158.html|title=Gases - Density |website=The Engineering Toolbox|access-date=27 January 2019}}</ref> |density gpcm3nrt= |density gpcm3nrt 2= |density gpcm3mp= |density gpcm3bp=0.808 |melting point prefix=(N₂) |melting point K=63.23<ref name=CRC71>{{cite book | last = Lide | first = David R. | title = CRC Handbook of Physics and Chemistry | url = https://archive.org/details/crchandbookofche00lide | publisher = CRC Press, inc. | edition = 71st | date = 1990–1991 | location = Boca Raton, Ann Arbor, Boston | pages = 4-22 (one page) | language = en}}</ref> |melting point C=−209.86<ref name=CRC71/> |melting point F=−345.75<ref name=CRC71/> |boiling point prefix=(N₂) |boiling point K=77.355 |boiling point C=−195.795 |boiling point F=−320.431 |triple point K=63.151 |triple point kPa=12.52 |critical point K=126.21 |critical point MPa=3.39 |heat fusion=(N₂) 0.72 |heat fusion 2= |heat vaporization=(N₂) 5.57 |heat capacity=(N₂) 29.124 |vapor pressure 1=37 |vapor pressure 10=41 |vapor pressure 100=46 |vapor pressure 1 k=53 |vapor pressure 10 k=62 |vapor pressure 100 k=77 |vapor pressure comment= |crystal structure=hexagonal |crystal structure Pearson symbol=hP4 |lattice constants=''a''&nbsp;=&nbsp;411.6&nbsp;pm<br />''c''&nbsp;=&nbsp;673.4&nbsp;pm (at&nbsp;[[Triple point|t.p.]])<ref name="Arblaster 2018">{{cite book |last=Arblaster |first= John W. |title=Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements |publisher=ASM International |publication-place=Materials Park, Ohio |date=2018 |isbn=978-1-62708-155-9}}</ref> |electronegativity=3.04 |number of ionization energies=4 |ionization energy 1=1402.3 |ionization energy 2=2856 |ionization energy 3=4578.1 |atomic radius= |atomic radius calculated= |covalent radius=71±1 |Van der Waals radius=155 |magnetic ordering=diamagnetic |electrical resistivity= |electrical resistivity at 0= |electrical resistivity at 20= |thermal conductivity=25.83×10⁻³ |thermal conductivity 2= |thermal diffusivity= |thermal expansion= |thermal expansion at 25= |speed of sound=353 |speed of sound comment=(gas, at&nbsp;27&nbsp;°C) |speed of sound rod at 20= |speed of sound rod at r.t.= |magnetic susceptibility= |magnetic susceptibility ref= |Young's modulus= |Shear modulus= |Bulk modulus= |Poisson ratio= |Mohs hardness= |Vickers hardness= |Brinell hardness= |CAS number=17778-88-0 |CAS number comment=<br>7727-37-9 (N₂) |predicted by= |prediction date= |discovered by=[[Daniel Rutherford]] |discovery date=1772 |first isolation by= |first isolation date= |named by=[[Jean-Antoine Chaptal]] |named date=1790 |history comment label= |history comment= |QID=Q627 }} '''ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱚᱡᱟᱹᱱ''' ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱢᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱮᱞᱤᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱢᱵᱳᱞ ᱫᱚ N ᱟᱨ ᱢᱳᱞᱮᱠᱩᱞᱟᱹᱨ ᱮᱞᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱗ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱨᱚᱡᱟᱹᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱳᱱ ᱢᱮᱴᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱣᱟᱨᱛ ᱥᱟᱨᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱢᱩᱴ ᱑᱕ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱣᱟᱞ ᱮᱞᱤᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱳᱱᱠᱟ ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱨᱚᱡᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱣᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱳᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱞᱤᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱜᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱥᱜᱟᱝᱜᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱳᱨ ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱨᱟᱪᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱠ ᱛᱟᱯᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱵᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ, ᱮᱞᱤᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱢᱳᱞᱮᱠᱩᱞᱟᱹᱨ N2 ''ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ'' ᱛᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱚᱝᱦᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱦᱤᱱ ᱫᱽᱣᱤᱢᱳᱞᱮᱠᱩᱞᱟᱹᱨ ᱜᱮᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ N2 ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱞᱟᱭᱢᱮᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱗᱘% ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱤᱥᱥᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱨᱟᱪᱩᱨ ᱠᱮᱢᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱯᱨᱟᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱨᱚᱡᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱯᱟᱣᱩᱱᱰᱠᱳ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟ-ᱥᱛᱷᱤᱨᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱤᱭᱟᱹᱛᱮ, ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱳᱞᱤᱰ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧᱠᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱨᱚᱡᱟᱹᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱩᱨᱞᱟᱵᱷ ᱜᱤᱭᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱥᱠᱳᱴᱤᱥ ᱰᱳᱠᱴᱟᱹᱨ ᱰᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞ ᱨᱟᱹᱫᱟᱹᱨᱯᱷᱳᱨᱰ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱗᱗᱒ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱛᱚᱞᱟᱥ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱣᱤᱞᱦᱮᱢ ᱥᱮᱞᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱱᱨᱤ ᱠᱮᱭᱣᱮᱸᱰᱤᱥ ᱰᱚ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟᱭ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ''ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱨᱚᱡᱟᱹᱱ'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥ-ᱦᱩᱫᱤᱥ ᱮᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥᱤᱥᱤ ᱠᱮᱢᱤᱥᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱱ ᱡᱤᱱ ᱮᱱᱴᱚᱱᱤ-ᱠᱞᱟᱣᱩᱰ ᱪᱮᱯᱴᱟᱹᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱗᱙᱐ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱨᱚᱡᱟᱹᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱨᱤᱠ ᱮᱥᱤᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱨᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱮᱸᱴᱳᱱᱤ ᱞᱟᱣᱚ-ᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱤᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱦᱤᱞ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱽᱨᱤᱠᱺ ἀζωτικός "ᱪᱤᱞᱤ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ" ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱡᱳᱴ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥ-ᱦᱩᱫᱤᱥᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱠᱩᱞ - ᱵᱟᱹᱠᱩᱞ ᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱟᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱤᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱨᱚᱡᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱯᱟᱣᱩᱱᱰ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱰᱨᱨᱡᱤᱱ, ᱮᱡᱟᱭᱤᱰᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱡᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱯᱟᱣᱩᱱᱰᱠᱳ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱤᱝᱜᱽᱞᱤᱥ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ == ᱱᱟᱭᱨᱚᱡᱟᱹᱱ == ᱢᱳᱞᱤᱠ ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱨᱚᱡᱟᱹᱱ ᱳᱱᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱨᱮᱥᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱣᱤᱝᱜᱽ ᱮᱵᱽᱡᱟᱹᱨᱵᱽ ᱠᱮᱠᱱᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱯᱡᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱳᱞᱤᱠ ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱨᱚᱡᱟᱹᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱒/᱓ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱫᱽ ᱯᱮᱠᱮᱡᱤᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱳᱢᱟᱨᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞ ᱵᱮᱣᱦᱟᱨᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱥᱠᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ (ᱳᱠᱥᱤᱡᱟᱹᱱ ᱨᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ) ᱜᱮᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡᱼᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱨᱟᱭᱳᱡᱮᱱᱤᱠ ᱟᱹᱱᱩᱯᱨᱟᱭᱳᱜᱽᱠᱳ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱨᱟᱞ ᱢᱮᱴᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱣᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱩᱫᱽᱭᱳᱜᱤᱠ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱨᱩᱲᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱯᱟᱣᱩᱱᱰ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱟᱢᱳᱱᱤᱭᱟ, ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱨᱤᱠ ᱮᱥᱤᱰ, ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱟᱱᱤᱠ ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱨᱮᱴ (ᱯᱨᱟᱬᱳᱫᱟᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱣᱤᱥᱯᱷᱳᱴᱟᱠ), ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱟᱭᱰᱟᱭᱰ]], ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱨᱚᱡᱟᱹᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱢᱳᱞᱤᱠ ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱨᱚᱡᱟᱹᱱ ((N≡N) ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ [[ᱴᱨᱤᱯᱟᱹᱞ ᱵᱳᱱᱰ]], ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱟᱹᱱ ᱢᱚᱢᱚ-ᱳᱠᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ (CO) ᱛᱟᱭᱳᱢ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱮ ᱰᱟᱭᱴᱚᱢᱤᱠ ᱢᱳᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱵᱳᱱᱰ, ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱨᱚᱡᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱮᱢᱤᱠᱟᱹᱞ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱣᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤᱠᱳ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱰᱟᱠᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ N2 ''ᱫᱚ'' ᱵᱮᱣᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱯᱟᱣᱩᱱᱰᱠᱳ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱸᱴ ᱦᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱥᱤᱸᱛᱷᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱨᱚᱰᱟᱠᱴ ᱟᱢᱳᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱨᱮᱴ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱯᱨᱚᱰᱟᱠᱴ ᱩᱨᱣᱟᱨᱟᱠ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱩᱨᱣᱟᱨᱟᱠ ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱨᱮᱴ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱟᱱᱟᱞᱤᱠᱳ ᱨᱮ ᱭᱩᱴᱚᱯᱷᱤᱠᱮᱥᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱯᱳᱞᱭᱩᱥᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱩᱨᱣᱟᱨᱟᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱮᱨᱡᱤ ᱥᱴᱳᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ, ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱨᱚᱡᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱟᱹᱱᱤᱠ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱯᱟᱣᱩᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱷᱟᱴᱟᱠ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱤᱱᱮᱨᱡᱤ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱨᱤᱡ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱨᱟᱢᱤᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱟᱹᱨᱜᱽᱞᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭᱱᱚ-ᱮᱠᱨᱤᱞᱮᱴ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == == ᱜᱩᱱ == == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == * [http://www.balashon.com/2008/07/neter-and-nitrogen.html ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱨᱚᱡᱟᱹᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ] 8wdsf1cx84vgxn04sxxkwvr7v2k3124 0 28720 196647 156493 2026-08-12T20:02:10Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196647 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox airport | name = ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱢᱯᱮᱴ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ | image = Airport, Terminal JP6932691.jpg | IATA = BPM | ICAO = VOHY | pushpin_map = India Telangana#India | pushpin_relief = | pushpin_map_caption = | pushpin_label = '''BPM''' | pushpin_label_position = right | type = ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ/ᱫᱤᱥᱣᱟᱹ | owner-oper = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱯᱨᱟᱫᱷᱤᱠᱚᱨᱚᱱ]] | city-served = [[ᱦᱟᱭᱫᱨᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ]] | location = [[ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱢᱯᱮᱴ]], [[ᱛᱮᱞᱮᱝᱜᱟᱱᱟ]], ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ | opened = {{start date|1936|06}} | passenger_services_ceased = {{end date|2008|03|23|df=y}} | elevation-f = 1,744 | elevation-m = {{convert|1744|ft|0|disp=number}} | coordinates = {{coord|17|27|11|N|078|28|03|E|type:airport|display=inline}} | r1-number = 09/27 | r1-length-f = {{convert|3230|m|0|disp=number}} | r1-length-m = 3,230 | r1-surface = Macadam | metric-elev = yes | metric-rwy = yes }} '''ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱢᱯᱮᱴ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ''' (IATA: '''BPM''', ICAO: '''VOHY''') ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱦᱟᱭᱫᱨᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ]], [[ᱛᱮᱞᱮᱝᱜᱟᱱᱟ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱢᱯᱮᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱱᱨᱚᱞ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱨᱮ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱭ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱢᱯᱮᱴ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱓᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱭᱫᱽᱨᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱯᱨᱤᱱᱥ ᱥᱴᱮᱴ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱢᱯᱮᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱱᱟᱹᱛᱟᱭᱱᱚᱢ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱓ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱒᱐᱐᱘ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱢᱥᱚᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ [[ᱨᱟᱡᱤᱵᱽ ᱜᱟᱹᱱᱫᱷᱤ ᱡᱮᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ]] ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱵᱮᱜᱽᱢᱯᱮᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== ᱑᱙᱓᱔-᱑᱙᱓᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱨ ᱚᱥᱢᱟᱱ ᱚᱞᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱦᱟᱭᱫᱨᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱱᱤᱡᱟᱢ, [[ᱦᱟᱭᱫᱨᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱢᱯᱮᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱠᱮᱫ-ᱟ ᱾<ref name="th308e">{{cite news | title=One thing the seventh Nizam dreaded the most | work=The Hindu | date=13 March 2008 | author=Ifthekhar, J. S.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.95469/ | title=Report on the Administration of H.E.H. the Nizam's Dominions for the Year 1344 Fasli (6th October 1934 A.D. to 6th October 1935 A.D.) | publisher=Government Central Press | year=1938 | p=84}}</ref> ᱦᱟᱭᱫᱨᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱥᱴᱮᱴ ᱮᱭᱟᱨᱳ ᱠᱞᱚᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱓᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱢᱯᱮᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱪᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱫᱽᱨᱟᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱴᱟᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱠᱤᱢᱯᱮᱴ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱢᱯᱮᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.102928/ | title=H.E.H. the Nizam's Government Statistical Year Book 1349 Fasli (1940 A. D.) (With Comparative Statistics from 1344 Fasli) | publisher=Government Central Press | author=Hussain, Mazhar | year=1943 | p=865}}</ref> ᱑᱙᱓᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱡᱟᱢ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱞᱵᱷᱚᱨ ᱡᱩᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱨᱤᱱᱥᱮᱥ ᱫᱩᱨ-ᱮ-ᱥᱮᱦᱣᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱟᱨᱢᱤᱱᱟᱞ ᱵᱤᱞᱰᱤᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱞᱵᱷᱚᱨ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱩᱱᱰᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name="ht308">{{cite news | title=Now kids play cricket at Hyderabad's old airport | work=Hindustan Times | date=28 March 2008 | agency=Indo-Asian News Service | id={{ProQuest|470318367}}}}</ref><ref name="ti514">{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/pm-reddy-an-aviator-and-engineer-par-excellence/articleshow/34607401.cms | title=PM Reddy: An aviator and engineer par excellence | work=The Times of India | date=4 May 2014 | accessdate=28 September 2024 | author=Shahid, Sajjad}}</ref> ᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱡᱟᱢ ᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱰᱤᱯᱟᱨᱴᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱦᱟᱭᱫᱨᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱫᱽᱨᱟᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱟᱞᱩᱨᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ [[ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱰᱷᱟᱹᱭ]] ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="oup23">{{cite book | url=https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192864208.003.0005 | title=The Aeroplane and the Making of Modern India | publisher=Oxford University Press | author=Iqbal, Aashique Ahmed | year=2023 | pages=191–192 | isbn=978-0-19-286420-8}}</ref> ᱑᱙᱔᱐ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱟᱞᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱩᱛᱷᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱢᱯᱮᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱨᱚᱞ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨᱮᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱮᱵᱤᱭᱮᱥᱚᱱ (Directorate of Civil Aviation) ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱫᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱨᱚᱭᱮᱞ ᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱔᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱮᱱ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾<ref name="oup23" /><ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianairforce.nic.in/training-command/ | title=Training command | work=Indian Air Force | accessdate=28 September 2024 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207000409/https://indianairforce.nic.in/training-command/ | archivedate=7 December 2021}}</ref> ᱢᱮ ᱑᱙᱔᱖ ᱨᱮ, ᱰᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱭᱟᱨᱵᱷᱤᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱢᱯᱮᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱸᱜᱽᱞᱳᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="ie546">{{cite news | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_6s-AAAAIBAJ&pg=PA5 | title=Deccan Airways inaugurated | work=The Indian Express | date=25 May 1946 | accessdate=28 September 2024 | page=5}}</ref> ᱕ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱦᱟᱡᱽ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/1st-haj-flight-took-off-with-just-18-pilgrims/articleshow/65145510.cms | title=1st Haj flight took off with just 18 pilgrims | work=The Times of India | date=26 July 2018 | accessdate=26 February 2024 | author=Akbar, Syed}}</ref> ᱑᱙᱔᱘ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱭᱫᱽᱨᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱠᱤᱢᱯᱮᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱰᱩᱠ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱢᱯᱮᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱡᱟᱨ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.85207/ | title=The Hyderabad Government Bulletin on Economic Affairs | publisher=Hyderabad State Government | year=1947–1948 | volume=1 | editor=Iyengar, S. Kesava | p=686}}</ref> ᱢᱮ ᱑᱙᱕᱐ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱨᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱢᱯᱮᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nLw-AAAAIBAJ&pg=PA2 | title=Begumpet Aerodrome opened to scheduled services | work=The Indian Express | date=9 May 1950 | accessdate=28 September 2024 | page=2}}</ref> ᱑᱙᱖᱕ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱨᱟᱵᱷᱮᱞ ᱡᱮᱴᱥ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱱᱣᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/cftri.timesofindiadire0000njna/ | title=The Times of India Directory & Yearbook, Including Who's Who | year=1967 | editor=Nanporia, N. J. | p=252}}</ref> ᱑᱙᱗᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱭᱟᱨᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱᱥ ᱦᱟᱭᱫᱨᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱗ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱢᱵᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱵᱷᱮᱞ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal | title=Effective 1st April, 1977 (Updated 4.7.77) | journal=Indian Airlines Schedules | pages=[https://www.timetableimages.com/ttimages/ic/ic77/ic77-1.jpg Route map], [https://www.timetableimages.com/ttimages/ic/ic77/ic77-2.jpg table 2]}}</ref> ᱑᱙᱗᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱴᱟᱨᱢᱤᱱᱟᱞ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ<ref>{{cite news | title=Helping city soar to greater heights | work=The Hindu | date=7 March 2008 | author=Srinivas, M.}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱗᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱢᱯᱮᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱕᱐,᱐᱐᱐ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱥᱮᱱᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite book | title=Airports of the World | url=https://archive.org/details/airportsofworld0000stro | publisher=Putnam | author=Stroud, John | year=1980 | location=London | page=[https://archive.org/details/airportsofworld0000stro/page/166 166] | isbn=9780370300375}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱑᱙᱙᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱨᱡᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱣᱮᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/iaf-grounds-hyderabad-international-airport-plan-197051201049_1.html | title=IAF Grounds Hyderabad International Airport Plan | work=Business Standard | date=12 May 1997 | accessdate=28 September 2024 | author=Ahmed, M. | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422002735/http://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/iaf-grounds-hyderabad-international-airport-plan-197051201049_1.html | archivedate=22 April 2016}}</ref> ᱑᱙᱙᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱱᱫᱷᱨᱚ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱭᱫᱨᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱐ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱢᱥᱚᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱮᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾<ref name="bs305">{{cite news | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/work-on-hyd-intl-airport-to-start-on-march-16-105031501031_1.html | title=Work on Hyd intl airport to start on March 16 | work=Business Standard | date=2005-03-15 | accessdate=28 September 2024 | author=Reddy, B. Dasarath}}</ref> ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱢᱯᱮᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱮᱱᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱴᱟᱨᱢᱤᱱᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾<ref name="bl506">{{cite news | title=Promise of world-class experience | work=The Hindu BusinessLine | date=2006-05-15 | author=P. V., Sivakumar}}</ref> ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱢᱯᱮᱴ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="bl506">{{cite news | title=Promise of world-class experience | work=The Hindu BusinessLine | date=2006-05-15 | author=P. V., Sivakumar}}</ref> ᱦᱟᱭᱫᱽᱨᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱤᱱᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱢᱮᱥᱭᱩᱴᱤᱠᱚᱞ ᱤᱱᱰᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱥᱟᱹᱨᱟ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱔ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱥᱚᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱱᱥᱚᱨᱥᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱱᱥᱮᱥᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱢᱯᱮᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱨᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱚᱯᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱒᱐᱐᱕ ᱨᱮ, ᱞᱩᱯᱷᱛᱷᱟᱸᱥᱟ ᱦᱟᱭᱫᱨᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱠᱯᱩᱨᱴ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱱᱥᱚᱯ ᱯᱷᱞᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱵᱽ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱚᱴᱚᱨᱤᱴᱤ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱡᱮᱴ ᱵᱨᱤᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱨᱠᱤᱝ ᱥᱴᱚᱸᱰ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱒᱐᱐᱖ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱒᱐᱐᱗ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱕.᱘ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱔᱔% ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ Begumpet ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱰᱩᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱯᱟᱥᱮᱡᱚᱨ ᱯᱷᱞᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱓ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱒᱐᱐᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱐.᱐᱕ ᱴᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱝᱠᱚᱠ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱮᱭᱟᱨᱵᱷᱤᱡᱽ ᱤᱱᱴᱚᱨᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱯᱷᱞᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱟᱡᱤᱵᱽ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ ᱡᱮᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱢᱯᱮᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱖ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱐ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱓ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ==ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ== ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱨᱟᱱᱣᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱐᱙/᱒᱗ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ 3,230 by 45 metres (10,597 ft × 148 ft) ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱠᱟᱰᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aim-india.aai.aero/eaip-v2-02-2024/index-en-GB.html | title=Aeronautical Information Publication for Begumpet | work=Airports Authority of India | date=2024-01-11 | accessdate=28 September 2024}}</ref> ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱢᱯᱮᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱟᱭᱵᱷᱮᱴ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news | title=Begumpet airport turns a boon for tycoons | work=The Hindu | date=2009-01-05 | author=Srinivas, M.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=IAF Training Command chief visits Air Force Station | work=The Hindu | date=2022-11-26 | id={{ProQuest|2740097609}}}}</ref> ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱢᱯᱮᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱥᱳ ᱣᱤᱝᱥ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱰᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤ ᱪᱮᱢᱵᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱮᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱟᱫᱷᱤᱠᱟᱨᱤ (Airports Authority of India) ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱒᱐᱐᱘ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱮᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news | title=India Aviation show proves a big hit | work=The Hindustan Times | date=2008-10-18 | agency=Indo-Asian News Service | author=Shafeeq, Mohammed | id={{ProQuest|471446306}}}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Major airlines, officials give Hyderabad's Wings India aero show a miss | work=Mint | date=2018-03-10 | id={{ProQuest|2012330275}}}}</ref> ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱨᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱚᱯᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱢᱯᱮᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱭᱫᱨᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱴᱟᱨᱢᱤᱱᱟᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱟᱨᱢᱤᱱᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ [[ᱮᱱ. ᱴᱤ. ᱨᱟᱢᱟ ᱨᱟᱣ]]; [[ᱨᱟᱡᱤᱵᱽ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱾<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/hyderabad_generalinfo.jsp | title=Hyderabad Airport | work=Airports Authority of India | accessdate=28 September 2024 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071121234220/http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/hyderabad_generalinfo.jsp | archivedate=2007-11-21}}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{commons category|Begumpet Airport}} * {{Official website|https://www.aai.aero/en/airports/hyderabad}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱛᱮᱞᱮᱝᱜᱟᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱠᱚ]] nftucqglwec2t84tgd2w56g47xsmw6r 0 28875 196648 187280 2026-08-12T20:02:37Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196648 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = ᱡᱚᱢᱱᱟᱞᱟᱞ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱡᱽ | image = Jamnalal Bajaj 1970 stamp of India.jpg | image_size = 250px | caption = ᱑᱙᱗᱐ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱥᱴᱮᱢᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱡᱽ | birth_name = ᱡᱚᱢᱱᱟᱞᱟᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱤᱨᱟᱢ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱡᱽ | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1889|11|04}} | birth_place = ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱯᱩᱛᱟᱱᱟ ᱮᱡᱮᱱᱥᱤ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱥᱤ ᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱥ, [[ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ|ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1942|02|11|1889|11|04|df=yes}} | death_place = [[ᱣᱟᱨᱫᱷᱟ]], ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱤᱱᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱨᱟᱨ, [[ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ|ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] | occupation = {{hlist|[[ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ]]|[[ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ]]}} | networth = | spouse = {{marriage|[[ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱠᱤ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱡᱽ]]|1902}} | children = ᱕ }} '''ᱡᱚᱢᱱᱟᱞᱟᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱤᱨᱟᱢ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱡᱽ''' (᱔ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱘᱘᱙ – ᱑᱑ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱙᱔᱒) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{cite news|last=Tikoo|first=Rajiv|date=2 January 2000|title=The Gandhian spirit|work=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]|publisher=Indian Express Group|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/old/fe/daily/20000102/fex02044.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219212810/http://www.financialexpress.com/old/fe/daily/20000102/fex02044.html|archive-date=19 December 2013}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱒᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱡᱽ ᱜᱨᱩᱯ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱨᱩᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱔ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱖ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱴᱚᱠ ᱵᱚᱠᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱤᱥᱴᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news|last=Kalesh|first=Baiju|date=6 April 2012|title=In Bajaj family, business sense over-rules ties|work=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]|publisher=Indian Express Group|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/in-bajaj-family-business-sense-overrules-ties/933331/}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱛᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ]] ᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱩᱨᱼᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱡᱚᱢᱱᱟᱞᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱟᱹᱱᱤᱡ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bajaj|first1=Rahul|author-link=Rahul Bajaj|date=16 September 2017|title=Jamnalal Bajaj embodied Gandhi's ethics to such an extent that Mahatma 'adopted' him as 5th son|work=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/news-makers/story/20170925-jamnalal-bajaj-mahatma-gandhi-nationalism-simon-commission-salt-satyagraha-1044644-2017-09-16}}</ref> ==ᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ== ᱡᱚᱢᱱᱟᱞᱟᱞ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱘᱘᱙ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱥᱤ ᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱥ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱤᱨᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱤᱵᱟᱭ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱑᱘᱙᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱣᱟᱨᱫᱷᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤ ᱥᱮᱛᱷ ᱵᱚᱪᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱥᱤ ᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱥ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱱᱟᱞᱟᱞ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱰᱤᱜᱟᱱ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ-ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱡᱚᱢᱱᱟᱞᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱛᱷ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ, ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱩᱧᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book |last=Weber |first=Thomas |title=Gandhi as Disciple and Mentor |url=https://archive.org/details/gandhiasdisciple0000webe |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2004 |isbn=9781139456579 |location=United Kingdom |pages=[https://archive.org/details/gandhiasdisciple0000webe/page/104 104]–105}}</ref> ᱥᱮᱴᱷ ᱵᱚᱪᱷᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱭᱤᱡ ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ ᱯᱮᱲᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱨᱮᱥ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱢᱱᱟᱞᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱠᱤ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱮ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nanda |first=Bal Ram |title=In Gandhi's Footsteps The Life and Times of Jamnalal Bajaj |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1990 |pages=9}}</ref> ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱴᱷ ᱵᱚᱪᱷᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱢᱱᱟᱞᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱴᱷ ᱵᱚᱪᱷᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱒᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱢᱱᱟᱞᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱡᱽ ᱤᱱᱰᱚᱥᱴᱨᱤ ᱜᱨᱩᱯ ᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ==ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟᱭᱤᱡ== ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱛᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱡᱚᱢᱱᱟᱞᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱱ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱟᱦᱤᱢᱥᱟ (ᱵᱮ-ᱦᱤᱸᱥᱟᱹ), ᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱯᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱞᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱥᱛᱟ, ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱞ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱛ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱤᱪᱨᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱵᱚᱨᱢᱚᱛᱤ ᱟᱥᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱮᱦᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱳᱴᱤᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱹᱦᱩ ᱡᱟᱱᱠᱤ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱥᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱢᱱᱟᱞᱟᱞ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bajajauto.com/about-us/the-company |title=History of Bajaj Auto}}</ref> ==ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ== ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱡᱽ ᱚᱴᱚ ᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱮᱰ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ, ᱜᱨᱩᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱠᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱮᱰ, ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱡᱽ ᱤᱞᱮᱠᱴᱨᱤᱠᱮᱞᱥ ᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱮᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱡᱽ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱮᱰ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱤᱡ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ [[ᱨᱟᱦᱩᱞ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱡᱽ]] ᱫᱚ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ, ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱡᱽ ᱚᱴᱚ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ==ᱞᱮᱜᱮᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱢᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱠᱚ== ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱭᱩᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱢᱱᱟᱞᱟᱞ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱡᱽ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱭᱩᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱡᱽᱢᱮᱸᱴ ᱥᱴᱟᱰᱤᱡᱽ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[ᱢᱩᱢᱵᱟᱭ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱵᱽ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱱ ᱟᱱᱫᱷᱮᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ, ᱡᱮᱵᱤ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱢᱱᱟᱞᱟᱞ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱡᱽ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱱᱟᱞᱟᱞ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱡᱽ ᱯᱷᱚᱣᱩᱱᱰᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱑᱙᱗᱘ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱣ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Jamnalal Bajaj Award |url=http://www.jamnalalbajajfoundation.org/the_foundation/about_jbf |publisher=Jamnalal Bajaj Foundation |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329004951/http://www.jamnalalbajajfoundation.org/the_foundation/about_jbf |archive-date=29 March 2012 }}</ref> ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱢᱮ== * ''In Gandhi's Footsteps : The Life and Times of Jamnalal Bajaj'' by B. R. Nanda, Oxford University Press, USA. {{ISBN|978-0-19-566343-3}} * {{cite book |title=Jamnalal Bajaj: Gandhiji's 'fifth son'|author=Shriman Narayan|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India |year=1974}} * Janmabhumi Se Bandha Man: Jamnalal Bajaj Va Rajasthan.[https://www.jamnalalbajajfoundation.org/jamnalal-bajaj/books?p=5 Jamnalal Bajaj Foundation books] ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{Commons category|ᱡᱚᱢᱱᱟᱞᱟᱞ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱡᱽ}} {{DEFAULTSORT:ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱡᱽ, ᱡᱚᱢᱱᱟᱞᱟᱞ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱘᱘᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱔᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱡᱽ ᱜᱩᱴ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱡᱽ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ|ᱡᱚᱢᱱᱟᱞᱟᱞ]] e0u1mpkc6hgef9bjqmaejfzm1v16z88 0 29090 196643 187972 2026-08-12T19:57:20Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196643 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group | group = ᱥᱟᱨᱪᱚᱯᱥ | image = | caption = | pop = ᱒᱑᱒,᱕᱐᱐{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} | popplace = Eastern [[Bhutan]] ([[Lhuntse District|Lhuntse]], [[Trashiyangtse District|Trashiyangtse]], [[Mongar District|Mongar]], [[Pemagatshel District|Pemagatshel]], [[Trashigang District|Trashigang]], [[Samdrup Jongkhar District|Samdrup Jongkhar]])<br>[[Southwest China]] ([[Tibet Autonomous Region]])<br/><br> [[Northeast India]] ([[Assam]] and [[Arunachal Pradesh]] (Monpa tribes: Khalaktang, Dirang; Memba tribe: Tuting)) | langs = [[Tshangla language|Tshangla]]{{·}}[[Monpa people#Languages|ᱢᱚᱱᱯᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]]{{·}}[[Dzongkha]]{{·}}[[Tibetic languages|Tibetan Languages]] | rels = [[Tibetan Buddhism]]{{·}}[[Bon]] | related-c = [[Monpa people|Monpa]]{{·}}[[Ngalop people|Ngalop]]{{·}}[[Tibetan people]] }} '''ᱥᱟᱨᱪᱚᱯᱥ''' ([[ᱡᱚᱝᱠᱷᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱡᱚᱝᱠᱷᱟ]]: ཤར་ཕྱོགས་པ, Wylie: shar phyogs pa; "Easterner") ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱛᱤᱵᱮᱴᱟᱱ, ᱫᱟᱹᱠᱷᱤᱱ ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱵ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱹᱠᱷᱤᱱ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱵ ᱡᱤᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7uIjCQAAQBAJ&q=sharchop+South+Asian+mix&pg=PA79 | title=A Political and Economic Dictionary of South Asia| isbn=9781135355760| last1=Schottli| first1=Jivanta| last2=Mitra| first2=Subrata K.| last3=Wolf| first3=Siegried| date=2015-05-08}}</ref> ==ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ== ᱥᱟᱨᱪᱚᱯᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱰᱚ-ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞᱚᱭᱤᱰ [dubious – discuss] ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱟᱢ, ᱟᱨᱩᱱᱟᱪᱟᱞ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ, ᱥᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱵᱟᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000unse_a9j4|publisher=Routledge|year=2005|isbn=1-57958-468-3|editor-last=Skutsch|editor-first=Carl|location=New York|pages=218}}</ref> c. ᱑᱒᱐᱐ – ᱥᱤ᱾ ᱘᱐᱐ ᱵᱤ ᱥᱤ᱾<ref>{{cite web|title=Culture of Bhutan|url=http://www.everyculture.com/A-Bo/Bhutan.html|work=Countries and Their Cultures|publisher=Advameg, Inc.|access-date=30 September 2013}}</ref>   Van Driem (1993) ᱫᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱥᱟᱨᱪᱚᱯᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱯᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱚᱫᱮᱥᱤ ᱛᱤᱵᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱦᱚᱲ (pre-Ngalop)ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ᱾ᱡᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥᱛᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱱᱤᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱨᱪᱚᱯᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite web|title=U.S. Committee for Refugees World Refugee Survey 1999 - Bhutan|url=http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6a8c413.html|work=United States Committee for Refugees and Immigrants|access-date=29 September 2013|date=1 January 1999}}</ref> ᱥᱟᱨᱪᱚᱯᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ᱾<ref name=vanDriem93>{{cite web |url=http://repository.forcedmigration.org/pdf/?pid=fmo:3003 |format=PDF |last=van Driem |first=George L. |author-link=George van Driem |title=Language Policy in Bhutan |publisher=[[School of Oriental and African Studies|SOAS]] |location=[[London]] |year=1993 |access-date=2011-01-18 |archive-date=2010-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101101084255/http://repository.forcedmigration.org/pdf/?pid=fmo%3A3003 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=vanDriem1>{{cite book|first=George |last=van Driem |year=2001 |title=Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region |publisher=Brill |page=915 ''et seq.''}}</ref> ==ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ== ᱥᱟᱨᱪᱚᱯᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱵ ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐᱑᱐ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱗᱐᱘,᱕᱐᱐ ᱾ <ref name=CIA/> ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱥᱟᱨᱪᱚᱯᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱱᱤᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱤᱵᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱮᱱᱜᱟᱞᱳᱯ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref name=CS-EG>{{Country study|author=Robert L. Worden |country=Bhutan |abbr=bt |section=Ethnic Groups |editor=Andrea Matles Savada |date=September 1991 |pd=yes}}</ref>ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱮᱱᱜᱟᱞᱳᱯ, ᱥᱟᱨᱪᱚᱯᱥ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ 1980 ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ 72% ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾<ref name=CS-EG/><ref name=CS-s>{{Country study|author=Robert L. Worden |country=Bhutan |abbr=bt |section=Society |editor=Andrea Matles Savada |date=September 1991 |pd=yes}}</ref> ᱑᱙᱘᱑ ᱥᱮᱱᱥᱟᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱥᱟᱨᱪᱚᱯᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱓᱐% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱮᱱᱜᱟᱞᱳᱯᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱗% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/bhutan/backgrounders/index.html |title=Bhutan Backgrounder |work=SATP online |publisher=South Asia Terrorism Portal |date=2002-09-20 |access-date=2011-07-10}}</ref> ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱯᱷᱮᱠᱴᱵᱩᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ "ᱵᱷᱚᱴᱮ" ᱮᱱᱜᱟᱞᱳᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱨᱪᱚᱯᱥ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱦᱤᱞ ᱕᱐% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱓᱕᱔,᱒᱐᱐ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾<ref name=CIA>[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bhutan/ Bhutan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530134529/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bhutan/ |date=2022-05-30 }}. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].</ref>ᱥᱟᱨᱪᱚᱯᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱓:᱒ ᱚᱱᱥᱚᱝᱠᱷᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱱᱜᱟᱞᱳᱯ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱨᱪᱚᱯᱥ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱒᱑᱒,᱕᱐᱐ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ==ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ== ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱥᱟᱨᱪᱚᱯᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱤᱥᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱤᱵᱮᱛᱚ-ᱵᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ; ᱠᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱳᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ᱾<ref name=SIL1>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=BT |title=Languages of Bhutan |work=[[Ethnologue]] Online |publisher=[[SIL International]] |location=[[Dallas]] |year=2006 |access-date=2011-01-18}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ [[ᱡᱚᱝᱠᱷᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱡᱚᱝᱠᱷᱟ]] ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱩᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱵ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱚᱥᱚᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ ᱾  ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱡᱤᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱳᱰᱳ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱥᱟᱝᱜᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱯᱟ (ᱢᱮᱱᱵᱟ) ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱰᱚᱜ, ᱱᱤᱝᱪᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱤᱨᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱴᱤᱱᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱤᱥᱟᱝᱜᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱩᱱᱟᱪᱟᱞ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱚᱱᱯᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱠᱴᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱨᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾<ref>[[Roger Blench|Blench, Roger]] (2014). Sorting out Monpa: The relationships of the Monpa languages of Arunachal Pradesh.</ref> ==ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ== ᱥᱟᱨᱪᱚᱯᱥ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱞᱟᱥ-ᱟᱨ-ᱵᱟᱨᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ, ᱯᱮ ᱥᱮ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱩᱨᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref name=CS-EG/> ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ 1969 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref name=FAO>{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/v8380e/V8380E01.htm |title=Shifting Cultivation in Bhutan: A Gradual Approach to Modifying Land Use Patterns |publisher=[[FAO]] |work=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations online |year=1987 |access-date=2011-03-13}}</ref> ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱨᱪᱚᱯᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱛ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱥᱩᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱴᱨᱤᱞᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟᱞ (matrilineal) ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱭᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Fact Sheet Bhutan. Women in Agriculture, Environment and Rural Production |url=ftp://ftp.fao.org/Gender/BHU.PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518092735/ftp://ftp.fao.org/Gender/BHU.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-date=2017-05-18 |publisher=[[FAO]] |work=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations online |access-date=8 Sep 2017 }}</ref> ==ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱟᱢ== ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱨᱪᱚᱯᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱛᱮᱛᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱛᱤᱵᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱵᱩᱫᱽᱫᱷᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱭᱟ, ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱰᱩᱣᱟᱨᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱱᱤᱢᱤᱡᱥᱟᱢ (Animism)ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱭᱟ᱾<ref name=CS-EG/> ===ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ=== *[[Ethnic groups in Bhutan]] **[[Monpa people]] **[[Ngalop people]] **[[Lhotshampa]] **[[Toto people]] *[[Demographics of Bhutan]] ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{reflist}} {{Bhutanese society}} [[Category:Ethnic groups in Bhutan]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Tibet]] mwf768slwogtbutif9w9ja1p19xsh4k 0 29160 196598 159497 2026-08-12T19:04:12Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196598 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Bhutanese religious festival}} {{redirect|Tsechu|Tsechu in Arunachal Pradesh|Chumi Gyatse Falls}} [[File:Dance of the Black Hats with Drums, Paro Tsechu 4.jpg|thumb|[[ᱰᱷᱚᱞ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱮᱱᱫᱮ ᱴᱩᱯᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ]], [[Paro, Bhutan|Paro]], April 2006]] [[File:Dance of the Black Hats with Drums, Paro Tsechu 5.jpg|thumb|[[ᱦᱮᱱᱫᱮ ᱴᱩᱯᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ]], [[Paro]] Tsechu festival of dances, 2006]] '''ᱥᱮᱪᱩ''' ([[ᱡᱚᱝᱠᱷᱟ]]: ding ward, literally "day ten") ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱱᱰ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱪᱩ ᱫᱚ [[ᱛᱤᱵᱮᱛᱟᱱ]] ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱜᱭᱩ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱨᱩᱠᱯᱟ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱪᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱩᱢᱤᱫᱚᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱝᱜᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱛᱚᱞ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ᱾ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱞᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref name="dr">[http://portal.unesco.org/culture/fr/file_download.php/93012f1857c2e04571e63ffeeaf409d2dobson.pdf Dancing on the demon's back: the dramnyen dance and song of Bhutan]{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}, by Elaine Dobson, John Blacking Symposium: Music Culture and Society, Callaway Centre, University of Western Australia, July 2003</ref>  [[ᱛᱷᱤᱢᱯᱩ]] ᱥᱮᱪᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱚ ᱥᱮᱪᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱧᱮᱧᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱪᱩ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱤᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱵᱮᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite book|last1=Brockman|first1=Norbert C.|title=Encyclopedia of Sacred Places|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofsa0001broc|date=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara|isbn=9781598846553|page=565|edition=2nd}}</ref> [[File:Tshechu Compilation-Oct2013.webm|thumb|[[᱒᱐᱑᱓]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱪᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱤᱱ ]] ==ᱥᱮᱪᱩ ᱥᱮᱫᱽᱨᱟ== ᱥᱮᱪᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱨᱩᱛ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱢ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱚᱱ, ᱢᱟᱥᱠ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱨᱟᱞ ᱵᱷᱤᱱᱮᱴ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱥᱮ ᱙ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱝᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱪᱮᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱪᱷᱞᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱱᱛ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱱᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref name = "dr"/>   ᱡᱟᱣᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱥᱟᱸᱫᱷᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱱᱫᱮ ᱴᱩᱯᱨᱤ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱱ ᱢᱟᱥᱠ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱮᱫᱟ, ᱛᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱥᱠ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮ᱾ᱥᱟᱸᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱮᱛᱷᱞᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ (ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱛᱟ, ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ)᱾ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱞ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱟ, ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱞᱟᱲᱦᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ᱾ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱥᱮᱪᱩᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱝᱰᱨᱮᱞ ᱤᱱᱞᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ - ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱮᱯᱞᱤᱠᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱝᱠᱟ(appliqué thanka) ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱷᱮᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱛᱷᱚᱝᱰᱨᱮᱞ ᱥᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱜᱩᱲᱩᱵᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ᱾ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱮᱪᱩᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱥᱠ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱨᱮᱡᱤᱥᱴᱚᱨ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱮᱥᱴᱤᱵᱮᱞ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bhutanobserver.bt/reluctant-mask-dancers/ |title=Reluctant Mask Dancers |publisher=Bhutan Observer online |first=Gembo |last=Namgyal |date=2010-10-28 |accessdate=2012-01-28 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004172325/http://www.bhutanobserver.bt/reluctant-mask-dancers/ |archivedate=2012-10-04 }}</ref> [[Image:Tsechu cham.jpg|thumb|ᱢᱟᱥᱠ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱠᱚ [[Wangdue Phodrang District|Wangdue Phodrang]] tshechu]] ==ᱥᱮᱪᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== ᱯᱟᱫᱢᱟᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱟᱣ, ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱯᱚᱸᱰᱷᱤ, ᱘ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱙ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱵᱮᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱬᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱚ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱚᱯᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱵᱚᱱ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱜᱚᱡᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱨᱟᱡᱟᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ [[Bumthang Valley|ᱵᱩᱢᱛᱷᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱫᱢᱟᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱫᱢᱟᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ [[ᱵᱩᱢᱛᱷᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱲᱟ|ᱵᱩᱢᱛᱷᱟᱝ]] ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱦᱤᱞ ᱥᱮᱪᱩ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱚᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱫᱢᱟᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱫᱢᱟᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱟᱣ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱦᱤᱢᱟ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱪᱟᱢ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱦᱩᱭᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱞᱟ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ== [[ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ|ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱᱤᱡᱽ]] ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱴᱨᱟᱵᱷᱮᱞᱟᱨᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱡᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱲᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ [[ᱛᱷᱤᱢᱯᱷᱩ]] ᱥᱮᱪᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ==ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ== *[[ᱯᱳᱣᱟ]], ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱟᱸᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱦᱟ(Calander)ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱱᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱠᱨᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ==Refference== {{reflist}} {{Buddhism topics}} [[Category:Buddhist festivals in Bhutan]] [[Category:Festivals in Bhutan]] [[Category:January events]] [[Category:February events]] [[Category:March events]] [[Category:April events]] [[Category:May events]] [[Category:September events]] [[Category:October events]] [[Category:November events]] [[Category:December events]] ==ᱥᱮᱪᱩᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟ== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:50%;" |+ ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱩ ᱢᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ(᱒᱐᱑᱑)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.windhorsetours.com/festivals/festival_dates.php?country=bhutan |title=Festival Dates |publisher=Windhorse Tours, Treks & Expeditions online |accessdate=2011-07-26 |archive-date=2011-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927045141/http://www.windhorsetours.com/festivals/festival_dates.php?country=bhutan |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- ! scope="col" width="30%" | ᱢᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ! scope="col" width="35%" | ᱥᱮᱪᱩ ! scope="col" width="35%" | ᱴᱷᱟᱶ |- | data-sort-value="᱐᱑" | ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱭᱟᱨᱤ ᱒–᱐᱔ || ᱛᱨᱚᱝᱥᱟ ᱥᱮᱪᱩ || [[ᱛᱨᱚᱝᱥᱟ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ|ᱛᱨᱚᱝᱥᱟ]] |- | data-sort-value="᱐᱑" | ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱭᱟᱨᱤ ᱒–᱐᱔ || ᱞᱦᱩᱱᱴᱥᱮ ᱥᱮᱪᱩ || [[ᱞᱦᱩᱱᱴᱥᱮ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ|ᱞᱦᱩᱱᱴᱥᱮ]] |- | data-sort-value="01" | ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱭᱟᱨᱤ ᱒–᱐᱔ || ᱯᱮᱢᱟᱜᱟᱴᱥᱮᱞ ᱥᱮᱪᱩ || [[ᱯᱮᱢᱟᱜᱟᱴᱥᱮᱞ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ |ᱯᱮᱢᱟᱜᱟᱴᱥᱮᱞ]] |- | data-sort-value="᱐᱑" | ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱭᱟᱨᱤ ᱙ || ᱥᱤᱝᱠᱷᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱴᱚᱪᱳᱰᱯᱟ || [[ᱵᱩᱢᱛᱷᱟᱝ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ|ᱵᱩᱢᱛᱷᱟᱝ]] |- | data-sort-value="᱐᱑" | ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱭᱟᱨᱤ ᱙–᱑᱓ || ᱱᱟᱵᱡᱤ ᱞᱦᱟᱠᱷᱟᱝ ᱰᱨᱩᱯ || [[ᱛᱨᱚᱝᱥᱟ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ|ᱛᱨᱚᱝᱥᱟ]] |- | data-sort-value="᱐᱒" | ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱨᱩᱭᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱐–᱑᱕ || ᱯᱩᱱᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱰᱨᱚᱢᱟᱪᱮ & ᱥᱮᱪᱩ || [[ᱯᱩᱱᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ|ᱯᱩᱱᱟᱠᱷᱟ]] |- | data-sort-value="᱐᱒" | ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱨᱩᱭᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱗–᱒᱑ || ᱴᱟᱝᱜᱽᱥᱤᱵᱤ ᱢᱟᱱᱤ || [[ᱵᱩᱢᱛᱷᱟᱝ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ|ᱵᱩᱢᱛᱷᱟᱝ]] |- | data-sort-value="᱐᱒" | ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱨᱩᱭᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱘ || ᱪᱚᱨᱴᱮᱱ ᱠᱳᱨᱟ || [[ᱴᱨᱟᱥᱭᱟᱝᱥᱮ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ|ᱴᱨᱟᱥᱭᱟᱝᱥᱮ ]] |- | data-sort-value="02" | ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱨᱩᱭᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱘ || ᱛᱷᱟᱨᱯᱟᱞᱤᱝ ᱛᱷᱚᱝᱰᱨᱚᱞ || [[ᱵᱩᱢᱛᱷᱟᱝ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ|ᱵᱩᱢᱛᱷᱟᱝ]] |- | data-sort-value="᱐᱒" | ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱨᱩᱭᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱙–᱒᱑ || ᱵᱩᱞᱤ ᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱪᱩᱢᱮ|| [[ᱵᱩᱢᱛᱷᱟᱝ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ|ᱵᱩᱢᱛᱷᱟᱝ]] |- | data-sort-value="᱐᱒" | ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱨᱩᱭᱟᱨᱤ–ᱢᱟᱨᱪᱽ<br>(''ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ, ᱗ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ)'') || ᱴᱨᱟᱥᱭᱟᱝᱥᱮ ᱥᱮᱪᱩ || [[ᱴᱨᱟᱥᱭᱟᱝᱥᱮ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ|ᱴᱨᱟᱥᱭᱟᱝᱥᱮ]] |- | data-sort-value="᱐᱓" | ᱢᱟᱨᱪᱽ ᱔ || ᱪᱚᱨᱴᱮᱱ ᱠᱳᱨᱟ (᱒ ᱟᱜ)|| [[ᱴᱨᱟᱥᱭᱟᱝᱥᱮ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ|ᱴᱨᱟᱥᱭᱟᱝᱥᱮ]] |- | data-sort-value="0᱓" | ᱢᱟᱨᱪᱽ ᱑᱓–᱑᱕ || ᱜᱳᱢᱠᱳᱨᱟ || [[ᱴᱨᱟᱥᱤᱜᱟᱝ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ|ᱴᱨᱟᱥᱤᱜᱟᱝ]] |- | data-sort-value="0᱓" | ᱢᱟᱨᱪᱽ ᱑᱓–᱑᱕ || ᱛᱟᱞᱳ ᱥᱮᱪᱩ|| ᱛᱟᱞᱳ, [[ᱯᱩᱱᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ|ᱯᱩᱱᱟᱠᱷᱟ]] |- | data-sort-value="᱐᱓" | ᱢᱟᱨᱪᱽ ᱑᱓–᱑᱖ || ᱡᱮᱢᱜᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱪᱩ|| [[ᱡᱮᱢᱜᱟᱝ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ|ᱡᱮᱢᱜᱟᱝ]] |- | data-sort-value="0᱓" | ᱢᱟᱨᱪᱽ ᱑᱕–᱑᱙ || ᱯᱟᱨᱳ ᱥᱮᱪᱩ|| [[ᱯᱟᱨᱳ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ|ᱯᱟᱨᱳ]] |- | data-sort-value="᱐᱓" | ᱢᱟᱨᱪᱽ ᱑᱗–᱑᱙ || ᱪᱩᱠᱷᱟ ᱥᱮᱪᱩ || [[ ᱪᱩᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ|ᱪᱩᱠᱷᱟ]] |- | data-sort-value="᱐᱓" | October ᱑᱖–᱒᱕ || ᱯᱷᱩᱭᱮᱱᱴᱥᱚᱞᱤᱝ ᱥᱮᱪᱩ || [[ ᱪᱩᱠᱷᱟ |ᱯᱷᱩᱭᱮᱱᱴᱥᱚᱞᱤᱝ]] |- | data-sort-value="᱐᱔" | ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱑–0᱓ || ᱜᱟᱰᱮᱱ ᱪᱳᱰᱯᱟ || [[ᱩᱨᱟ ᱜᱮᱣᱚᱜᱽ|ᱩᱨᱟ]], [[ᱵᱩᱢᱛᱷᱟᱝ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ|ᱵᱩᱢᱛᱷᱟᱝ]] |- | data-sort-value="᱐᱕" | ᱢᱮ ᱑᱒–᱑᱔ || ᱫᱳᱢᱠᱷᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ || [[ᱪᱩᱢᱮ ᱜᱮᱣᱚᱜᱽ|ᱪᱩᱢᱮ]], [[ᱵᱩᱢᱛᱷᱟᱝ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ|ᱵᱩᱢᱛᱷᱟᱝ]] |- | data-sort-value="᱐᱕" | ᱢᱮ ᱑᱔–᱑᱘ || ᱩᱨᱟ ᱭᱟᱠᱪᱳᱭ|| [[ᱩᱨᱟ ᱜᱮᱣᱚᱜᱽ|ᱩᱨᱟ]], [[ᱵᱩᱢᱛᱷᱟᱝ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ|ᱵᱩᱢᱛᱷᱟᱝ]] |- | data-sort-value="0᱖" | ᱡᱩᱱ ᱑᱙–᱒᱑ || ᱯᱟᱰᱥᱮᱞ–ᱞᱤᱝ ᱠᱩᱪᱳᱰ || [[ᱵᱩᱢᱛᱷᱟᱝ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ|ᱵᱩᱢᱛᱷᱟᱝ]] |- | data-sort-value="0᱖" | ᱡᱩᱱ|| ᱞᱟᱭᱟ ᱵᱩᱢᱠᱷᱳᱥᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ (ᱵᱚᱝᱠᱚᱨ) || [[ᱞᱟᱭᱟ ᱜᱮᱣᱚᱜᱽ|ᱞᱟᱭᱟ]] |- | data-sort-value="0᱗" | ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱘–᱑0 || ᱱᱤᱢᱟᱞᱩᱝ ᱥᱮᱪᱩ || [[ᱵᱩᱢᱛᱷᱟᱝ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ |ᱵᱩᱢᱛᱷᱟᱝ]] |- | data-sort-value="0᱗" | ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱙–᱑0<br>''does not move'' || ᱟᱞᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ || [[ᱦᱟ ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ|ᱦᱟ]], [[ᱦᱟ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ|ᱦᱟ]] |- | data-sort-value="0᱗" | ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱑0 || ᱠᱩᱨᱡᱮᱭ ᱥᱮᱪᱩ || [[ᱵᱩᱢᱛᱷᱟᱝ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ |ᱵᱩᱢᱛᱷᱟᱝ]] |- | data-sort-value="0᱗" | ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱒᱙ || ᱜᱟᱝᱜᱴᱮ ᱠᱩᱨᱤᱢ || [[ᱜᱟᱝᱜᱴᱮ ᱜᱮᱣᱚᱜᱽ|ᱜᱟᱝᱜᱴᱮ]], [[ᱣᱟᱝᱫᱩ ᱯᱷᱚᱰᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ|ᱣᱟᱝᱫᱩ ᱯᱷᱚᱰᱨᱟᱝ]] |- | data-sort-value="᱑᱐" | ᱚᱠᱴᱳᱵᱟᱨ ᱑–0᱕ || ᱛᱷᱤᱢᱯᱩ ᱰᱨᱩᱯᱪᱮᱱ || [[ᱛᱷᱤᱢᱯᱩ]] |- | data-sort-value="᱑᱐" | ᱚᱠᱴᱳᱵᱟᱨ ᱔–0᱖ || ᱣᱟᱱᱝᱫᱭᱩ ᱥᱮᱪᱩ || [[ ᱣᱟᱱᱝᱫᱭᱩ]] |- | data-sort-value="᱑0" | ᱚᱠᱴᱳᱵᱟᱨ ᱔–0᱖ || ᱜᱟᱝᱜᱴᱮ ᱰᱨᱩᱯᱪᱮᱱ & ᱥᱮᱪᱩ|| [[ᱜᱟᱝᱜᱴᱮ ᱜᱮᱣᱚᱜᱽ|ᱜᱟᱝᱜᱴᱮ]], [[ᱣᱟᱱᱝᱫᱭᱩ ᱯᱷᱚᱰᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ|ᱣᱟᱱᱝᱫᱭᱩ ᱯᱷᱚᱰᱨᱟᱝ]] |- | data-sort-value="᱑0" | ᱚᱠᱴᱳᱵᱟᱨ ᱖–0᱘ || ᱛᱟᱢᱥᱤᱝᱯᱷᱟᱞᱟ ᱪᱳᱭᱯᱟ || [[ᱵᱩᱢᱛᱷᱟᱝ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ |ᱵᱩᱢᱛᱷᱟᱝ]] |- | data-sort-value="᱑᱐" | ᱚᱠᱴᱳᱵᱟᱨ ᱖–0᱘ || ᱜᱟᱥᱟ ᱥᱮᱪᱩ || [[ᱜᱟᱥᱟ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ| ᱜᱟᱥᱟ]] |- | data-sort-value="᱑᱐" | ᱚᱠᱴᱳᱵᱟᱨ ᱖–0᱘ || ᱛᱷᱤᱢᱯᱩ ᱥᱮᱪᱩ || [[ᱛᱷᱤᱢᱯᱩ]] |- | data-sort-value="᱑᱐" | ᱚᱠᱴᱳᱵᱟᱨ ᱑᱐–᱑᱒ || ᱛᱷᱟᱝᱵᱤ ᱢᱟᱱᱤ || [[ᱵᱩᱢᱛᱷᱟᱝ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ|ᱵᱩᱢᱛᱷᱟᱝ]] |- | data-sort-value="᱑᱑" | ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱟᱨ ᱑–0᱕ || ᱥᱤᱝᱠᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱵᱱᱮᱭ || [[ᱩᱨᱟ ᱜᱮᱣᱚᱜᱽ|ᱩᱨᱟ]], [[ᱵᱩᱢᱛᱷᱟᱝ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ|ᱵᱩᱢᱛᱷᱟᱝ]] |- | data-sort-value="᱑᱑" | ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱟᱨ ᱓–0᱖ || ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱩ || [[ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱨ]], [[ᱵᱩᱢᱛᱷᱟᱝ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ|ᱵᱩᱢᱛᱷᱟᱝ]] |- | data-sort-value="᱑᱑" | ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱟᱨ ᱑᱐–᱑᱔ || ᱡᱟᱢᱵᱮ ᱞᱟᱠᱷᱟᱝ ᱰᱨᱩᱯ || [[ᱵᱩᱢᱛᱷᱟᱝ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ|ᱵᱩᱢᱛᱷᱟᱝ]] |- | data-sort-value="᱑᱑" | ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱟᱨ ᱑᱑–᱑᱓ || ᱯᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱨ ᱰᱩᱪᱳᱭᱮᱰ|| [[ᱵᱩᱢᱛᱷᱟᱝ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ|ᱵᱩᱢᱛᱷᱟᱝ]] |- | data-sort-value="᱑᱑" | ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱟᱨ ᱑᱒<br>''does not move'' || ᱦᱮᱱᱫᱮ ᱦᱚᱴᱚᱜ ᱠᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱷᱮᱥᱴᱤᱵᱷᱟᱞ || [[ᱜᱟᱸᱴᱮ ᱜᱮᱣᱚᱜᱽ|ᱜᱟᱸᱴᱮ]], [[ᱣᱟᱝᱫᱩ ᱯᱷᱳᱰᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ|ᱣᱟᱝᱫᱩ ᱯᱷᱳᱫᱨᱟᱝ]] |- | data-sort-value="᱑᱑" | ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱟᱨ ᱒᱒–᱒᱕ || ᱥᱩᱢᱫᱨᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱝᱜᱥᱚᱞ || [[ᱩᱨᱟ ᱜᱮᱣᱚᱜᱽ|ᱩᱨᱟ]], [[ᱵᱩᱢᱛᱷᱟᱝ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ|ᱵᱩᱢᱛᱷᱟᱝ]] |- | data-sort-value="᱑᱒" | ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱟᱨ ᱒–0᱕ || ᱴᱨᱟᱥᱤᱜᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱪᱩ || [[ᱴᱨᱟᱥᱤᱜᱟᱝ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ|ᱴᱨᱟᱥᱤᱜᱟᱝ]] |- | data-sort-value="᱑᱒" | ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱟᱨ ᱒–0᱕ || ᱢᱳᱝᱜᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱩ || [[ᱢᱳᱝᱜᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ|ᱢᱳᱝᱜᱟᱨ]] |- | data-sort-value="᱑᱒" | ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱟᱨ ᱓–᱐᱔ || ᱛᱟᱝᱜᱽ ᱱᱟᱢᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱟᱵᱱᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱝᱜᱽ || [[ᱵᱩᱢᱛᱷᱟᱝ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ|ᱵᱩᱢᱛᱷᱟᱝ]] |- | data-sort-value="᱑᱒" | ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱟᱨ ᱑᱐ || ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱮ ᱪᱟᱢ, ᱡᱟᱢᱵᱟᱭ ᱞᱦᱟᱠᱷᱟᱝ || [[ᱵᱩᱢᱛᱷᱟᱝ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ|ᱵᱩᱢᱛᱷᱟᱝ]] |- | data-sort-value="᱑᱒" | ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱟᱨ ᱑᱐–᱑᱒ || ᱱᱟᱞᱟᱠᱷᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱩ || [[ᱵᱩᱢᱛᱷᱟᱝ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ|ᱵᱩᱢᱛᱷᱟᱝ]] |- | data-sort-value="᱑᱒" | ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱟᱨ ᱑᱐–᱑᱓ || ᱪᱳᱡᱟᱢ ᱨᱟᱵᱱᱮᱭ ᱴᱟᱝ || [[ᱵᱩᱢᱛᱷᱟᱝ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ|ᱵᱩᱢᱛᱷᱟᱝ]] | ==References== {{reflist}} {{Buddhism topics}} [[Category:Buddhist festivals in Bhutan]] [[Category:Festivals in Bhutan]] [[Category:January events]] [[Category:February events]] [[Category:March events]] [[Category:April events]] [[Category:May events]] [[Category:September events]] [[Category:October events]] [[Category:November events]] [[Category:December events ==ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱞᱟ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ== ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱴᱨᱟᱵᱷᱮᱞᱟᱨᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱡᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱲᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱛᱷᱤᱢᱯᱩ ᱥᱮᱪᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ nq1cssvlg2s5q7l4yyjh026w4v0fvik 0 29466 196652 162147 2026-08-12T20:07:12Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196652 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writing system|name=ᱜᱩᱯᱛᱚ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ<br/><small>(ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱦᱢᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ)</small>|type=[[ᱟᱵᱩᱜᱤᱫᱟ]]|sample=Barabar Caves Gopika Cave Inscription of Anantavarman 5th- or 6th-century CE Sanskrit in Gupta script.jpg|caption=ᱟᱱᱟᱱᱛᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱯᱤᱠᱟ ᱜᱩᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱥᱤᱞᱯᱷ, ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱯᱛᱚ ᱞᱤᱯᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ᱾ ᱡᱮᱦᱟᱱᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱯᱷᱟ, ᱕ ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱖ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱤ ᱤ<ref>{{cite book |last1=Salomon |first1=Richard |title=Indian Epigraphy |url=https://archive.org/details/indianepigraphyg0000salo |date=1998 |page=[https://archive.org/details/indianepigraphyg0000salo/page/32 32]}}</ref>|fam1=[[ᱤᱡᱤᱯᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱭᱟᱨᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ|ᱤᱡᱤᱯᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ]]|fam2=[[ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱳ-ᱥᱤᱱᱟᱭᱴᱤᱠ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ]]|fam3=[[ᱯᱷᱳᱱᱮᱴᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ|ᱯᱷᱳᱱᱮᱴᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ]]|fam4=[[ᱟᱨᱟᱢᱟᱭᱤᱠ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ|ᱟᱨᱟᱢᱟᱭᱤᱠ]]|fam5=[[ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱦᱢᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ|ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱦᱢᱤ]]|fam6=ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱦᱢᱤ|sisters=[[ᱯᱚᱞᱞᱚᱵᱷ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ]], [[ᱠᱚᱫᱚᱢᱵᱽ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ]], [[ᱥᱤᱝᱦᱚᱞᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ|ᱥᱤᱝᱦᱚᱞᱤ]], [[ᱛᱳᱪᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ|ᱛᱳᱪᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ]]|children=*[[ᱥᱟᱨᱚᱫᱟ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ|ᱥᱟᱨᱚᱫᱟ]] *[[ᱥᱤᱫᱽᱫᱷᱚᱝ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ|ᱥᱤᱫᱽᱫᱷᱚᱝ]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/epigraphyindianepigraphyrichardsalmonoup_908_D|title=Epigraphy, Indian Epigraphy Richard Salmon OUP|via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>Handbook of Literacy in Akshara Orthography, R. Malatesha Joshi, Catherine McBride(2019),p.27</ref> *[[ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ|ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤ]]<ref name=daniels>{{citation |last1=Daniels |first1=P. T. |title=Writing systems of major and minor languages |date=January 2008}}</ref><ref name="masica">{{cite book |last1=Masica |first1=Colin |title=The Indo-Aryan languages |date=1993 |page=143}}</ref> *[[ᱠᱚᱞᱤᱝᱜᱚ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ|ᱠᱚᱞᱤᱝᱜᱚ]] *[[ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱤᱠᱥᱩᱠᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ|ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱤᱠᱥᱩᱠᱤ]]}} <references /> ᱜᱩᱯᱛᱚ ᱚᱞ (ᱚᱠᱟ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱯᱛᱟ ᱵᱨᱟᱦᱢᱤ ᱞᱤᱯᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱵᱨᱟᱦᱢᱤ ᱞᱤᱯᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ) ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱦᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱜᱩᱯᱛᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱥᱩᱛᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱜᱩᱯᱛᱚ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱦᱢᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ|ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱦᱢᱤ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱟᱨᱚᱫᱟ‌ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ|ᱥᱟᱨᱚᱫᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱤᱫᱽᱫᱷᱚᱝ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ|ᱥᱤᱫᱽᱫᱷᱚᱝ]] ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱚᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ [[ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ]] (᱑᱙ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ]] ᱚᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱞ), ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ [[ᱜᱩᱨᱢᱩᱠᱷᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ|ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱠᱷᱤ]] ᱪᱤᱠᱤ, [[ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ]], [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱼᱟᱥᱟᱢᱤᱥ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ]] ᱚᱞ ᱟᱨ [[ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ]]᱾ ==ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ== ==ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ== ==ᱪᱤᱠᱤ== ==ᱜᱩᱯᱛᱚ ᱮᱞ== ==ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ== ==ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ== ==ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== ==ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱢᱮ== * Carl Faulmann (1835–1894), Das Buch der Schrift, Druck und Verlag der Kaiserlichen Hof-und Staatsdruckerei, 1880 ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== 9rmf0kxmlh7ncvw16p7qoiqffxsg6mp 0 29471 196518 162238 2026-08-12T17:47:42Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196518 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Member of Parliament from Assam}} {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = | name = ᱱᱚᱵᱚ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱨᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟ | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1969|5|1}} | birth_place = ᱵᱤᱯᱞᱟᱭᱯᱟᱨ,<br /> [[ᱵᱟᱠᱥᱟ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱵᱟᱠᱥᱟ]], [[ᱟᱥᱟᱢ]] | image = File:Naba Kumar (Heera) Saraniya.png | image_size = 200px | image_alt = | caption = ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟ | predecessor1 = [[ᱥᱟᱱᱥᱩᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱩᱝᱜᱩᱨ ᱵᱤᱥᱢᱩᱛᱷᱤᱭᱟᱨᱤ]] | successor1 = [[ᱡᱚᱭᱚᱱᱛᱚ ᱵᱚᱥᱩᱢᱚᱛᱟᱨᱤ]] | office1 = [[ᱥᱚᱝᱥᱚᱫᱽ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ]], [[ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] | constituency1 = [[ᱠᱚᱠᱲᱟᱡᱷᱟᱲ (ᱞᱚᱠ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ)|ᱠᱚᱠᱲᱟᱡᱷᱟᱲ]] | term_start1 = ᱑᱖ ᱢᱮᱭ ᱒᱐᱑᱔ | term_end1 = ᱔ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱒᱐᱒᱔ | predecessor2 = | successor2 = ᱦᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱺᱭ | office2 = [[ᱜᱚᱱᱚ ᱥᱩᱨᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ]] ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱟᱵᱟᱱᱫᱷᱟᱤᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮᱛ | constituency2 = | term_start2 = ᱕ ᱟᱜᱚᱥᱛ ᱒᱐᱑᱙ | term_end2 = | party = ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱠᱮᱱᱰᱮᱴᱰᱮᱴ<br>[[ᱜᱚᱱᱚ ᱥᱩᱨᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ]] | occupation = ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱱᱮᱛᱟ | spouse = ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱟᱞᱤ ᱵᱚᱭᱥᱚ<ref name="toa">{{cite web|url=http://www.timesofassam.com/headlines/dreaded-militant-turns-member-of-parliament-with-historical-record-win/|title=Dreaded Militant turns Member of Parliament with Historical Record win|date=18 May 2014|publisher=Times of Assam|accessdate=18 May 2014|archive-date=18 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518063851/http://www.timesofassam.com/headlines/dreaded-militant-turns-member-of-parliament-with-historical-record-win/|url-status=live}}</ref> | parents = | children = ᱥᱨᱤᱥᱴᱤ ᱥᱤᱠᱷᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟ | source = http://results.eci.gov.in/pc/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS035.htm?ac=5 }} ᱱᱚᱵᱚ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱨᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱮ ᱦᱤᱨᱟᱹ ᱥᱚᱨᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱨᱩᱯᱷᱮ ᱱᱚᱵᱚ ᱰᱮᱠᱟ (ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢᱺ ᱑ ᱢᱮᱭ ᱑᱙᱖᱙) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱛᱮᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱱᱮᱛᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱠᱨᱟᱡᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱚᱠ ᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱒᱐᱑᱔ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱱᱚ ᱥᱩᱨᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾<ref name="th">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/kokrajhar-elects-a-nonbodo-for-first-time/article6021271.ece|title=Kokrajhar elects a non-Bodo for first time|last=CORRESPONDENT|first=SPECIAL|date=18 May 2014|newspaper=The Hindu|accessdate=18 May 2014|archive-date=21 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521155430/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/kokrajhar-elects-a-nonbodo-for-first-time/article6021271.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="bs">{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/elections-2014/in-assam-a-thumping-victory-means-more-uncertainty-114051601629_1.html|title=In Assam, a thumping victory means more uncertainty|last=Sethi|first=Aman|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=16 May 2014|publisher=Business Standard|accessdate=18 May 2014|archive-date=21 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521030831/http://www.business-standard.com/article/elections-2014/in-assam-a-thumping-victory-means-more-uncertainty-114051601629_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱠ ᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱠᱮᱱᱰᱮᱰᱮᱴ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱽ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱷᱚᱴ ᱢᱟᱨᱡᱤᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱚᱱᱚ ᱥᱩᱨᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱫᱷᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ᱾ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮ, ᱥᱚᱨᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱞᱯᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱗᱐᱙ ᱵᱮᱴᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱢᱟᱱᱰᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱝᱠᱷᱟᱨ ᱩᱜᱽᱨᱚᱯᱩᱱᱛᱷᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱠᱟᱹᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.insidene.com/assam-mp-naba-kumar-sarania-detained-on-tuesday-ahead-of-btc-phase-ii-elections-released-on-bail-today/|title=MP Naba Kumar Sarania detained ahead of BTC Phase-II election|date=9 December 2020|publisher=Inside NE|accessdate=9 December 2020|archive-date=9 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209051438/https://www.insidene.com/assam-mp-naba-kumar-sarania-detained-on-tuesday-ahead-of-btc-phase-ii-elections-released-on-bail-today/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Cops work on Ulfa 709 unit & leader |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/cops-work-on-ulfa-709-unit-leader/cid/537881 |access-date=22 May 2023 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|Telegraph India]] |language=en |archive-date=22 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522143230/https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/cops-work-on-ulfa-709-unit-leader/cid/537881 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱧᱡᱽ ᱵᱮᱠᱜᱨᱟᱣᱩᱱᱰ== ᱥᱚᱨᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱵᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱢᱤᱥᱨᱟ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱴᱩ ᱩᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ᱾ ᱥᱚᱨᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱛᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱕ ᱵᱤᱜᱷᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱟᱹᱲ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱴᱟᱭᱤᱯ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tehelka.com/story_main26.asp?filename=Ne012707Seek_Revenge.asp|title=Seek Revenge|last=Rehman|first=Teresa|date=27 January 2007|publisher=Tehelka|accessdate=17 December 2009 |archivedate=2010-04-18 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100418173428/http://tehelka.com/story_main26.asp?filename=Ne012707Seek_Revenge.asp}}</ref> ==ᱩᱞᱯᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱞᱜᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ== ᱱᱚᱵᱚ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱨᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱮᱱ ᱨᱤᱴᱟᱭᱟᱨᱰ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱨᱢᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱑᱙᱘᱐ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ-ᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱩᱞᱯᱷᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱞᱜᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱞᱚ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱞᱜᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱤᱨᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱠᱟᱹᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahanta |first=Nani Gopal |title=Confronting the state : ULFA's quest for sovereignty |url=https://archive.org/details/confrontingstate0000maha |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |year=2013 |isbn=978-81-321-1327-0 |location=New Delhi |pages=[https://archive.org/details/confrontingstate0000maha/page/211 211] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hazarika |first1=Sanjoy |title=Conflicts in the Northeast : internal and external effects |last2=Raghavan |first2=V. R. |publisher=Vij Books India |year=2013 |isbn=978-93-82573-48-7 |location=New Delhi |pages=45 |language=en}}</ref> ᱦᱤᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱯᱷᱜᱟᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱞᱜᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱤᱠᱷᱱᱟᱹᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱥᱚᱨᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱞᱯᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱗᱐᱙ ᱵᱮᱴᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱢᱟᱱᱰᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Outlook |journal=Outlook |language=English |volume=48 |issue=44–46 |pages=36 |oclc=760174985}}</ref> ==ᱛᱚᱞ== ᱒᱐ ᱟᱜᱚᱥᱴ, ᱒᱐᱑᱓ ᱦᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱦᱟᱴᱤ ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱯᱩᱞᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱤᱨᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱓ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱰᱟᱹᱠᱟᱹᱛ, ᱠᱤᱰᱱᱮᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱰᱟᱨ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱚᱞᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahanta |first=Nani Gopal |title=Confronting the state : ULFA's quest for sovereignty |url=https://archive.org/details/confrontingstate0000maha |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |year=2013 |isbn=978-81-321-1327-0 |location=New Delhi |pages=[https://archive.org/details/confrontingstate0000maha/page/211 211] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hazarika |first1=Sanjoy |title=Conflicts in the Northeast : internal and external effects |last2=Raghavan |first2=V. R. |publisher=Vij Books India |year=2013 |isbn=978-93-82573-48-7 |location=New Delhi |pages=45 |language=en}}</ref> ᱚᱱᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱙ ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱠᱨᱟᱡᱷᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱡᱤᱥᱴᱟ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.insidene.com/assam-mp-naba-kumar-sarania-detained-on-tuesday-ahead-of-btc-phase-ii-elections-released-on-bail-today/|title=MP Naba Kumar Sarania detained ahead of BTC Phase-II election|date=9 December 2020|publisher=Inside NE|accessdate=9 December 2020|archive-date=9 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209051438/https://www.insidene.com/assam-mp-naba-kumar-sarania-detained-on-tuesday-ahead-of-btc-phase-ii-elections-released-on-bail-today/|url-status=live}}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ : ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱱᱮᱛᱟ]] 5w5mwhxkvqvedr2wuy5z3x8gjuqhk8n 0 29521 196695 174235 2026-08-12T23:35:54Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 196695 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | name = ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱢ ᱟᱠᱷᱛᱟᱨ | image = Begum_Akhtar_(1942).jpg | caption = Screen shot as "Akhtari Fyzabadi" from film ''[[Roti (1942 film)|Roti]]'' (1942) | native_name = | native_name_lang = | birth_name = ᱟᱠᱷᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱮᱭᱡᱟᱵᱟᱫᱤ | birth_place = [[ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱡᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ]], [[ᱡᱩᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱤᱱᱥ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱣᱫᱷ|ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱴᱮᱰ ᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱤᱱᱥ]], [[ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ]] (ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ]]], [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ]]) | death_place =[[ᱟᱦᱢᱮᱰᱟᱵᱟᱫ]], [[ᱜᱩᱡᱟᱨᱟᱴ]], [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ]] | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1914|10|07}} | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1974|10|30|1914|10|7}} | origin = [[ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱡᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ]], [[ᱟᱣᱟᱫᱷ]] | genre = {{hlist|[[ᱜᱟᱡᱟᱞ]]|[[ᱛᱷᱩᱢᱨᱤ]]|[[ᱫᱟᱫᱽᱨᱟ]]<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=PlNShmx3x68C&dq=Begum+Akhtar&pg=PA158 Dadra] ''Thumri in Historical and Stylistic Perspectives'', by Peter Lamarche Manuel, Peter Manuel. Published by Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1989. {{ISBN|81-208-0673-5}}. ''Page 157''.</ref>}} | occupation = ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧᱤᱭᱟᱹ | years_active = 1929 – 1974 }} '''ᱟᱠᱷᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱯᱷᱮᱭᱡᱟᱵᱟᱫᱤ''' (᱗ ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱑᱔ - ᱓᱐ ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱗᱔), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ '''ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱢ ᱟᱠᱷᱛᱟᱨ''' ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱮ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱠᱴᱨᱮᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ "ᱢᱚᱞᱞᱤᱠᱟ-ᱤ-ᱜᱟᱡᱲᱞ" (ᱜᱚᱡᱚᱞ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ) ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱞᱟᱥᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱡᱟᱞ, ᱫᱟᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱷᱩᱢᱨᱤ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱗᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱜᱚᱢ ᱚᱠᱷᱛᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱝᱜᱤᱛ ᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫ-ᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱫᱽᱢᱚ ᱥᱨᱤ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫ-ᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱫᱽᱢᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱥᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫ-ᱟ ᱾<ref name=HT>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/begum-akhtar-birth-anniversary-the-queen-of-ghazal-who-enthralled-millions-with-her-silken-voice-see-playlist/story-pS0GBddJV91uN7KOS2VbDJ.html |title=Begum Akhtar birth anniversary: The queen of ghazal who enthralled millions with her silken voice, see playlist |date=7 October 2019 |newspaper=Hindustan Times (newspaper) |access-date=1 October 2020}}</ref> ==ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ== [[File:BegumAkhtar.jpg|thumb|ᱵᱮᱜᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱷᱛᱟᱨ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ [[ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱡᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ]]]] ᱟᱠᱷᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱯᱷᱮᱭᱡᱟᱵᱟᱫᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱗ ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱑᱔ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱢᱩᱥᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱥᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱩᱥᱮᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟ. ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name=Josh>{{cite news |title=Uttar Pradesh Government approved new guidelines for Begum Akhtar Award |url=http://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/uttar-pradesh-government-approved-new-guidelines-for-begum-akhtar-award-1439350478-1 |access-date=1 October 2020 |work=Jagranjosh.com |date=12 August 2015 |archive-date=22 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222085640/https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/uttar-pradesh-government-approved-new-guidelines-for-begum-akhtar-award-1439350478-1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ᱟᱥᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱩᱥᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱥᱛᱚᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱡᱳᱦᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱵᱽᱵᱤ (ᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱜᱚᱢ ᱚᱠᱷᱛᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ) ᱮ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱭᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="live">{{cite news |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/lRS1H4LcCjlyUHIdguk2oJ/What-a-life.html |title=What a life – (Begum Akhtar's real life was much wilder than fiction) |author=Priya Ramani |newspaper=Mint (newspaper) |date=7 November 2008 |access-date=30 September 2020}}</ref><ref name=LiveMint>{{cite news |url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/memories-of-akhtari-11570190924213.html |newspaper=Mint (newspaper) |author=Shreya Ila Anasuya |date=5 October 2019 |title=Memories of Akhtari |access-date=30 September 2020}}</ref> ==ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱭᱚᱨ== ᱟᱠᱷᱛᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱗ ᱵᱚᱪᱷᱚᱨ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱪᱚᱱᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱵᱚᱭᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱩᱨᱤᱝ ᱛᱷᱤᱭᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱜᱽᱨᱩᱯ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱮᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱡ ᱟᱭᱳᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱴᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱨᱟᱝᱜᱤ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱥᱛᱟᱫᱽ ᱤᱢᱫᱟᱫᱽ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱴᱤᱭᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱛᱟ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱵᱚᱞᱚ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱡ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱟᱵᱽᱫᱩᱞ ᱣᱚᱦᱤᱫᱽ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱞᱟᱥᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱫ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱥᱛᱟᱫᱽ ᱡᱷᱟᱸᱰᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱪᱮᱫᱤᱭᱟ. ᱑᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱥᱚᱨᱮᱥ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱮ ᱮᱛᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱓᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱱᱥᱮᱨᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱳᱡᱤᱱᱤ ᱱᱟᱭᱰᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱞᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱜᱟᱡᱚᱞ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱜᱟᱯᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱠᱚᱨᱰ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱱᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱰᱤᱥᱠ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢᱯᱷᱳᱱ ᱨᱮᱠᱚᱨᱰ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱦᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱡᱚᱞ, ᱫᱟᱫᱽᱨᱟ, ᱛᱷᱩᱢᱨᱤ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱮᱥ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱞᱮᱫ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱦᱯᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱨᱟᱭᱵᱷᱮᱴ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱞᱞᱤᱠᱟ-ᱮ-ᱜᱚᱡᱚᱞ (ᱜᱚᱡᱚᱞ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ) ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ==ᱜᱩᱨ== ᱑᱙᱗᱔ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱨᱩᱵᱚᱱᱚᱱᱚᱱᱛᱯᱩᱨᱚᱢ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱵᱚᱞᱟᱨᱟᱢᱯᱩᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱠᱚᱱᱥᱚᱨᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱡᱟ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱡᱮᱨᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱜᱚᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱯᱟᱛᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐ ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱗᱔ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱢ ᱦᱟᱲᱟᱢ ᱜᱟᱢᱟᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱢ ᱦᱟᱲᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱟᱦᱢᱚᱫᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== * [http://www.urdupoetry.com/profile/begumakhtar.html Biography of Beghum Akhtar] * [http://www.kamat.com/database/articles/behum_akhtar.htm An Article of Beghum Akhtar] * [http://www.culturalindia.net/indian-music/indian-singers/begum-akhtar.html Beghum Akhtar -interesting insights] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101022053929/http://www.culturalindia.net/indian-music/indian-singers/begum-akhtar.html |date=2010-10-22 }} l4tah7dlizrg1jyf7q0ffvkuqq5v40q 0 29810 196615 186351 2026-08-12T19:20:38Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196615 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = ᱱᱤᱨᱢᱚᱞᱟ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ | image = | birthname = | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1927|06|07}} | birth_place = [[ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨᱟᱥ]], [[ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨᱟᱥ‌ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ]], [[ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ]] (present-day [[ᱵᱟᱨᱟᱬᱟᱥᱤ]], ᱩᱛᱛᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱟᱫᱮᱥ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]]) | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1996|06|15|1927|6|07}} | death_place = [[ᱢᱩᱢᱵᱟᱭ]], [[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] | occupation = ᱮᱠᱴᱨᱮᱥ, ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱟᱨ | yearsactive = | spouse = [[ᱚᱨᱩᱱ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱟᱦᱩᱡᱟ]] | children = 5 (including [[ᱜᱳᱵᱤᱱᱫᱟ]]) | relatives = [[ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱥᱱᱟ ᱟᱵᱷᱤᱥᱮᱠ]] (grandson) }} '''ᱱᱤᱨᱢᱚᱞᱟ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ''' (᱗ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱑᱙᱒᱗ ᱑᱕ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱑᱙᱙᱖) ᱫᱚ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱔᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱴᱨᱮᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱴᱤᱭᱟᱞᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱞᱟᱥᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱵᱷᱳᱠᱮᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |title=Ṭhumrī in historical and stylistic perspectives |last=Manuel |first=Peter Lamarche |page=90 |year=1990 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=978-81-208-0673-3 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Music in India: the classical traditions |url=https://archive.org/details/musicinindia0000bonn |last=Wade |first=Bonnie C. |page=[https://archive.org/details/musicinindia0000bonn/page/178 178] |year=1987 |publisher=Riverdale Company |isbn=978-0-913215-25-8 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Tradition of Hindustani music |last=Sharma |first=Manorma |page=114 |year=2006 |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=978-81-7648-999-7 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Political socialization of students |last=Singh |first=Manjit |page=24 |year=1992 |publisher=Deep & Deep Publications |isbn=978-81-7100-404-1 }}</ref> ᱵᱚᱞᱤᱣᱩᱰ ᱟᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱜᱳᱵᱤᱸᱫᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟ. ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱒᱐᱒᱕ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱤᱨᱢᱚᱞᱟ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱚᱫᱽᱢᱚ ᱥᱨᱤ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Padma Award Winners 2025 Full List: Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan, Padma Shri |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/social/padma-awards-2025-arijit-singh-ajith-kumar-shekhar-kapur-and-late-pankaj-udhas-honored-for-excellence |website=Bru Times News |language=en |access-date=2025-02-09 |archive-date=2025-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250207055857/https://www.brutimes.com/news/social/padma-awards-2025-arijit-singh-ajith-kumar-shekhar-kapur-and-late-pankaj-udhas-honored-for-excellence |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2025 announced |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2096285 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> ==ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ== ᱱᱤᱨᱢᱚᱞᱟ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱗ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱑᱙᱒᱗ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱟᱱᱟᱥᱤ (ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱱᱟᱨᱮᱥ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ), ᱩᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱡᱤᱢ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=दुबे |first=स्नेहा |date=2024-07-05 |title=जन्म से मुस्लिम, धर्म से हिंदू और कर्म से साध्वी थीं गोविंदा की मां, जानें कौन थीं वो |url=https://www.abplive.com/entertainment/bollywood/govinda-mother-nirmala-devi-was-a-muslim-married-hindu-and-became-sadhvi-know-everything-about-singer-actress-2730201 |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref> ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫ-ᱟ, ᱱᱤᱨᱢᱚᱞᱟ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫ-ᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱔᱒ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱚᱨᱩᱱ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱟᱦᱩᱡᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱮ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-01-19 |title=Did Govinda Share Rocky Relationship With Father Arun Kumar Ahuja? |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/did-govinda-share-rocky-relationship-with-father-arun-kumar-ahuja-6868357.html |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> ᱱᱩᱭ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱕ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟ. ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱓ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱒ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟ. ᱾ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱜᱳᱵᱤᱸᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱤᱨᱛᱤ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱨᱢᱚᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱮᱠᱴᱤᱝ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱵᱮᱨᱟ (ᱤᱝᱨᱟᱹᱡᱤ: Savera), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱚᱨᱩᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱠᱟ.ᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱭᱟ । ᱱᱤᱨᱢᱚᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱔᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱚᱨᱩᱱ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱟᱦᱩᱡᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱳᱵᱤᱸᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱤᱨᱛᱤ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟ. ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱙᱖ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱜᱩᱨ== ᱱᱤᱨᱢᱚᱞᱟ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱑᱙᱙᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱑᱕ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱖᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱢᱵᱟᱭ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== 5atgf9xroc7uujlnp5afo7fch40t9h0 0 31080 196500 170078 2026-08-12T17:28:24Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196500 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = ᱮᱞᱚᱱ ᱢᱩᱥᱠ | honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=CAN|FRS|size=100%}} | image = Elon Musk laughs while President Donald Trump holds the first cabinet meeting of his second term on February 26, 2025 at the White House (cropped).jpg | alt = ᱮᱞᱚᱱ ᱢᱩᱥᱠ ᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ | caption = ᱒᱐᱒᱕ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱞᱚᱱ | office = [[ᱯᱨᱮᱥᱤᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱮᱬᱟ ᱥᱚᱞᱦᱟᱭᱤᱡ]] | president = [[ᱰᱚᱱᱟᱞᱰ ᱴᱨᱟᱹᱢᱯ]] | term_start = ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱒᱐, ᱒᱐᱒᱕ | birth_name = ᱮᱞᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱣ ᱢᱩᱥᱠ | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1971|6|28}} | birth_place = [[ᱯᱨᱮᱴᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥᱣᱟᱞ (ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱴᱤ)|ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥᱣᱟᱞ]], ᱫᱟᱹᱠᱷᱤᱱ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ<!-- DO NOT LINK, see [[MOS:GEOLINK]] --> | office1 = ᱨᱮᱱ ᱱᱮᱛᱟ [[ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱱᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ]] (DOGE) | status1 = ''ᱰᱤ ᱯᱷᱮᱠᱴᱚ'' | termstart1 = ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱒᱐, ᱒᱐᱒᱕ | president1 = ᱰᱚᱱᱟᱞᱰ ᱴᱨᱟᱹᱢᱯ | citizenship = {{ubl | [[ᱫᱟᱹᱠᱷᱤᱱ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] | [[ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱟ]] (᱑᱙᱘᱙ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ) | [[ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] (᱒᱐᱐᱒ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ) }} | education = [[ᱯᱮᱱᱥᱤᱞᱵᱷᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ]] ([[ᱵᱮᱪᱞᱟᱨ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ|ᱵᱤᱮ]], [[ᱵᱮᱪᱞᱟᱨ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ|ᱵᱤᱮᱥ]]) | occupation = {{ubil <!-- Do not add any of Musk's self-appointed titles without first reaching a consensus on the talk page. --> | CEO ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱚᱰᱟᱠᱴ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱴᱮᱠ [[Tesla, Inc.]] | ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱱᱟᱣᱤᱧ, CEO, ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫ ᱤᱧᱡᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟᱨ [[SpaceX]] | ᱢᱟᱞᱤᱠ, CTO and executive chairman of [[X (social network)|X]] (formerly Twitter) | Founder of [[the Boring Company]], [[X Corp.]], and [[xAI (company)|xAI]] | Co-founder of [[Neuralink]], [[OpenAI]], {{nowrap|[[Zip2]], and [[X.com (bank)|X.com]] (part of [[PayPal]])}} | President of the [[Musk Foundation]] | Informal leader of the [[Department of Government Efficiency]] temporary organization }} | spouse = {{ubl | {{marriage|[[ᱡᱟᱥᱴᱤᱱ ᱢᱩᱥᱠ|ᱡᱟᱥᱴᱤᱱ ᱣᱤᱞᱥᱚᱱ]]|᱒᱐᱐᱐|᱒᱐᱐᱘|end=div.}} | {{marriage|[[ᱛᱟᱞᱩᱞᱟᱦ ᱨᱤᱞᱮ]]|᱒᱐᱑᱐|᱒᱐᱑᱒|end=div.}}<!-- -->{{marriage|<!--ᱛᱟᱞᱩᱞᱟᱦ ᱨᱤᱞᱮ-->|᱒᱐᱑᱓|᱒᱐᱑᱖|end=div.}} }} | partner = [[ᱜᱽᱨᱟᱭᱤᱢᱥ]] (᱒᱐᱑᱘–᱒᱐᱒᱑) | children = ᱑᱔<ref>{{Cite web |last=Flam |first=Charna |date=February 28, 2025 |title=Elon Musk Welcomes 14th Child, His Fourth Baby with Shivon Zilis |url=https://people.com/elon-musk-welcomes-14th-child-with-shivon-zilis-11688958 |access-date=March 1, 2025 |website=People.com |language=en}}</ref> | parents = {{ubl|[[ᱢᱟᱭ ᱢᱩᱥᱠ]]|[[ᱮᱨᱚᱞ ᱢᱩᱥᱠ]]}} | relatives = [[ᱢᱩᱥᱠ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ]] | awards = [[ᱮᱞᱚᱱ ᱢᱩᱥᱠ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱯᱚᱦᱚᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱠᱟ]] | signature = Elon Musk Signature.svg }} <!-- If something has already been added/removed from this lead several times, please get consensus on the talk page before adding/removing it again.--> '''ᱮᱞᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱣ ᱢᱩᱥᱠ''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|iː|l|ɒ|n}} {{Respell|EE|lon}}; ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱒᱘<!--Talk page consensus is that "American", "South African-born" or "Canadian" should not be placed in this first sentence; please leave citizenship and place of birth for later in the lead, per MOS:BLPLEAD.-->, ᱑᱙᱗᱑) ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱫᱚ [[ᱮᱞᱚᱱ ᱢᱩᱥᱠ ᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱨ|ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫ ᱵᱷᱩᱢᱤᱠᱟ]]<!-- Talk page consensus is to not describe Musk as an engineer but mention his title at SpaceX. --> [[Tesla, Inc.]], [[SpaceX]], ᱟᱨ [[ᱴᱩᱭᱴᱚᱨ]] (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱮᱠᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱮᱱᱟ) ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱒᱐᱒᱕ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱭᱩᱱᱟᱭᱴᱮᱰ ᱥᱴᱮᱴ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱨᱮᱥᱤᱴ [[ᱰᱚᱱᱟᱞᱰ ᱴᱨᱩᱥᱯ]] ᱨᱮᱱ [[ᱯᱨᱟᱥᱛᱷᱤᱠ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱮᱬᱟ ᱥᱚᱞᱦᱟᱭᱤᱡ|ᱥᱮᱱᱤᱭᱚᱨ ᱥᱚᱞᱦᱟᱭᱤᱡ]] ᱟᱨ ''ᱰᱤ ᱯᱷᱮᱠᱴᱚ'' [[ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ]] (DOGE) ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ᱾ ᱢᱩᱥᱠ ᱫᱚ [[ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱹᱬ ᱦᱚᱲ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ; ᱒᱐᱒᱕ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱵᱽᱥ]] ᱟᱱᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[ᱮᱞᱚᱱ ᱢᱩᱥᱠ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ|ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱫᱟᱱ]] ᱓᱕᱓ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱰᱚᱞᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾<!-- Do not update his net worth here. For consistency, this figure should be in accordance with what is stated in this article's "Wealth" section, which is itself an excerpt of the "Wealth of Elon Musk" article. Therefore, his net worth in the lead should only repeat the information given there. --> ᱫᱟᱹᱠᱷᱤᱱ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ [[ᱢᱩᱥᱠ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ|ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱬᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ]] ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱥᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱘᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱱᱥᱤᱞᱵᱷᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱡᱩᱣᱮᱴ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ᱾ ᱑᱙᱙᱕ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱩᱥᱠ ᱥᱚᱯᱷᱴᱣᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱱᱤ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱫ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ [[ᱡᱤᱯ᱒]]᱾ 1999 ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ [[X.com (bank)|X.com]], ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱱᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱯᱮᱭᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱱᱤ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ [[PayPal]] ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱚᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ [[eBay]] ᱫᱚ 2002 ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ $1.5 ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ, ᱢᱩᱥᱠ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱭᱩᱮᱥ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱩᱭᱮᱱᱟᱭ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱒ ᱥᱟᱞᱨᱮ, ᱢᱩᱥᱠ ᱫᱚ [[SpaceX]] ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱤ ᱤ ᱳ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫ ᱤᱧᱡᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱨᱚᱠᱮᱴ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱮᱥ ᱥᱯᱮᱥᱯᱷᱞᱟᱭᱤᱴ|ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤ ᱥᱯᱮᱥᱯᱷᱞᱟᱭᱤᱴ]] ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱔ ᱥᱟᱞᱨᱮ, ᱢᱩᱥᱠ ᱫᱚ [[Tesla, Inc.]] ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ, ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱜᱽᱱᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱐᱘ ᱥᱟᱞᱨᱮ ᱱᱩᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤ ᱤ ᱳ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱰᱟᱠᱴ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱴᱮᱠ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ; ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱵᱤᱡᱽᱞᱤ ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱤ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ 2015 ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ [[OpenAI]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱᱫᱽᱨᱚᱝ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱫ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ 2018 ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱨᱰ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ᱾ ᱴᱚᱱᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱜᱟᱲᱚᱢ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱾ ᱢᱩᱥᱠ ᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱨᱮ [[ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ]] ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ᱾ 2022 ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱴᱩᱭᱴᱚᱨ]] ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ 2023 ᱥᱟᱞᱮ X ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱤᱵᱨᱟᱱᱰ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱒᱐᱒᱕ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱴᱨᱩᱥᱯ ᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ DOGE ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫ ᱵᱮᱛᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ᱾ [[ᱮᱞᱚᱱ ᱢᱩᱥᱠ ᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱱᱤᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ|ᱢᱩᱥᱠ ᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱱᱤᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱮᱞᱚᱱ ᱢᱩᱥᱠ ᱟᱜ ᱧᱮᱞ|ᱧᱮᱞ]] ᱩᱱᱤ [[ᱮᱞᱚᱱ ᱢᱩᱥᱠ ᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ|ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱚᱞᱟᱨᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽ ᱦᱚᱲ]] ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮ-ᱵᱤᱜᱽᱭᱟᱱᱤᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱩᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ [[ᱮᱞᱚᱱ ᱢᱩᱥᱠ ᱟᱜ ᱧᱮᱞ#ᱠᱚᱵᱤᱰ-᱑᱙ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱢᱟᱨᱤ|ᱠᱚᱵᱤᱰ-᱑᱙ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ]], [[ᱮᱞᱚᱱ ᱢᱩᱥᱠ ᱟᱜ ᱧᱮᱞ#ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱱᱰ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ|ᱮᱱᱴᱤᱥᱮᱢᱤᱴᱤᱠ ᱛᱷᱩᱛᱤ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱟᱹᱣ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱮᱞᱚᱱ ᱢᱩᱥᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱮᱞ| [[ᱮᱞᱚᱱ ᱢᱩᱥᱠ ᱟᱜ ᱧᱮᱞ#ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱛᱷᱤᱭᱚᱨᱤ| ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱛᱷᱤᱭᱚᱨᱤ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱤᱫᱤ]]᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱩᱭᱴᱚᱨ (ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ X) ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱵᱟᱹᱱᱫᱷᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ [[ᱮᱞᱚᱱ ᱢᱩᱥᱠ ᱟᱛᱮ ᱴᱣᱤᱴᱟᱨ#ᱦᱤᱨᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ|ᱦᱤᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱮᱞᱚᱱ ᱢᱩᱥᱠ ᱟᱛᱮ ᱴᱣᱤᱴᱟᱨ#ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱷᱟᱨ|ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ]] ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱡᱤ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱱᱤᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱭᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱴᱨᱩᱥᱯ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱨᱛᱷᱟᱠ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱢᱩᱥᱠ ᱫᱚ [[2024 ᱭᱩᱱᱟᱴ ᱥᱴᱮᱴ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱟᱯᱟᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ|2024 ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱴ ᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱟᱯᱟᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ]] ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱱᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ [[ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ]] ᱦᱚᱲ, ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱱᱤᱛᱤ ᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱨᱛᱷᱟᱠ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ᱾ == ᱱᱚᱴᱥ == {{notelist}} == ᱥᱚᱨᱥ ᱠᱚ == {{reflist}} ==ᱥᱚᱨᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ== {{refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite book |last=Belfiore |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Belfiore |date=2007 |title=Rocketeers |url=https://archive.org/details/rocketeershowvis00belf_0 |location=New York |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=978-0-06-114902-3 |ref=Belfiore}} * {{Cite book |last=Berger |first=Eric |author-link=Eric Berger (journalist) |year=2021 |title=Liftoff |url=https://archive.org/details/liftoffelonmuskd0000berg |publisher=William Morrow and Company |isbn=978-0-06-297997-1}} * {{cite book |last=Isaacson |first=Walter |author-link=Walter Isaacson |date=2023 |title=[[Elon Musk (Isaacson book)|Elon Musk]] |location=New York |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-1-9821-8128-4 |oclc=1395888338 |ref=Isaacson}} * {{Cite book |last=Jackson |first=Eric M. |author-link=Eric M. Jackson |year=2004 |title=[[The PayPal Wars|The PayPal Wars: Battles with eBay, the Media, the Mafia, and the Rest of Planet Earth]] |location=Los Angeles, California |publisher=World Ahead Publishing |isbn=978-0-9746701-0-2 |ref=Jackson}} * {{Cite book |last1=Kidder |first1=David |last2=Hoffman |first2=Reid |author-link2=Reid Hoffman |year=2013 |title=The Startup Playbook: Secrets of the Fastest Growing Start-Ups from the founding Entrepreneurs |url=https://archive.org/details/startupplaybooks0000kidd |location=San Francisco, California |publisher=Chronicle Books |isbn=978-1-4521-0504-8 |ref=Kidder}} * {{Cite book |last=Vance |first=Ashlee |author-link=Ashlee Vance |year=2017 |orig-date=2015 |title=[[Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future]] |edition=2nd |location=New York |publisher=Ecco |isbn=978-0-06-230125-3 |ref=Vance}} {{refend}} ==ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ== * {{Cite book |last1=Conger |first1=Kate |author1-link=Kate Conger |last2=Mac |first2=Ryan |author2-link=Ryan Mac |year=2024 |title=Character Limit: How Elon Musk Destroyed Twitter |title-link=Character Limit: How Elon Musk Destroyed Twitter |edition=1st hardcover |location=New York |publisher=Penguin Press |isbn=978-0593656136 |oclc=1432234243}} * {{Cite magazine |last=Farrow |first=Ronan |author-link=Ronan Farrow |date=August 28, 2023 |orig-date=August 21, 2023 (online) |title=Elon Musk's Shadow Rule |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2023/08/28/elon-musks-shadow-rule |department=A Reporter at Large (story series) |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |access-date=August 25, 2023}} ==ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{Sister project links|auto=yes|d= Q317521}} * {{C-SPAN|1020671}} {{Elon Musk}} {{SpaceX}} {{Tesla Motors}} {{Twitter navbox}} {{Navboxes|title=Articles related to Elon Musk|list= {{PayPal Mafia}} {{FRS 2018}} {{Existential risk from artificial intelligence}} {{Transhumanism footer}} {{Time Persons of the Year 2001–2025}} {{John Fritz Medal}} }} {{Portal bar|Biography|Business|Canada|Cars|Companies|Conservatism|Ecology|Energy|Internet|Politics|Renewable energy|Space|South Africa|Technology|United States}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Musk, Elon}} [[Category:Elon Musk| ]] [[Category:1971 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:20th-century American businesspeople]] [[Category:20th-century American engineers]] [[Category:20th-century Canadian businesspeople]] [[Category:20th-century Canadian engineers]] [[Category:20th-century South African businesspeople]] [[Category:21st-century American businesspeople]] [[Category:21st-century American engineers]] [[Category:21st-century American politicians]] [[Category:21st-century Canadian businesspeople]] [[Category:21st-century Canadian engineers]] [[Category:21st-century South African businesspeople]] [[Category:Far-right politics in the United States]] [[Category:Alumni of Pretoria Boys High School]] [[Category:American aerospace businesspeople]] [[Category:American aerospace engineers]] [[Category:American automotive pioneers]] [[Category:American billionaires]] [[Category:American chairpersons of corporations]] [[Category:American chief executives in the automobile industry]] [[Category:American chief executives of energy companies]] [[Category:American chief executives of manufacturing companies]] [[Category:American computer programmers]] [[Category:American conspiracy theorists]] [[Category:American construction businesspeople]] [[Category:American energy industry businesspeople]] [[Category:American founders of automobile manufacturers]] [[Category:American free speech activists]] [[Category:American Internet company founders]] [[Category:American investors]] [[Category:American manufacturing businesspeople]] [[Category:American nonprofit executives]] [[Category:American people of British descent]] [[Category:American people of Canadian descent]] [[Category:American people of Pennsylvania Dutch descent]] [[Category:American people of Swiss descent]] [[Category:American software engineers]] [[Category:American technology chief executives]] [[Category:American technology company founders]] [[Category:American transportation businesspeople]] [[Category:Automotive businesspeople]] [[Category:The Boring Company]] [[Category:Businesspeople from Austin, Texas]] [[Category:Businesspeople from Ontario]] [[Category:Businesspeople in information technology]] [[Category:Businesspeople in software]] [[Category:Canadian aerospace engineers]] [[Category:Canadian automotive pioneers]] [[Category:Canadian billionaires]] [[Category:Canadian chairpersons of corporations]] [[Category:Canadian computer businesspeople]] [[Category:Canadian conspiracy theorists]] [[Category:Canadian construction businesspeople]] [[Category:Canadian emigrants to the United States]] [[Category:Canadian energy industry businesspeople]] [[Category:Canadian founders of automobile manufacturers]] [[Category:Canadian free speech activists]] [[Category:Canadian investors]] [[Category:Canadian manufacturing businesspeople]] [[Category:Canadian nonprofit executives]] [[Category:Canadian people of British descent]] [[Category:Canadian people of German descent]] [[Category:Canadian people of South African descent]] [[Category:Canadian philanthropists]] [[Category:Canadian software engineers]] [[Category:Canadian technology chief executives]] [[Category:Canadian technology company founders]] [[Category:Canadian transportation businesspeople]] [[Category:Chief technology officers]] [[Category:Right-wing populists in the United States]] [[Category:Critics of Wikipedia]] [[Category:Department of Government Efficiency people]] [[Category:Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign]] [[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]] [[Category:Hyperloop]] [[Category:John Fritz Medal recipients]] [[Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering]] [[Category:Musk family|Elon]] [[Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States]] [[Category:PayPal people]] [[Category:People associated with solar power]] [[Category:People associated with the 2024 United States presidential election]] [[Category:People from Pretoria]] [[Category:People in the space industry]] [[Category:People with Asperger syndrome]] [[Category:People with multiple citizenship]] [[Category:Philanthropists from Texas]] [[Category:Queen's University at Kingston alumni]] [[Category:Royal Aeronautical Society Gold Medal winners]] [[Category:Second Trump administration personnel]] [[Category:South African billionaires]] [[Category:South African chairpersons of corporations]] [[Category:South African chief executives]] [[Category:South African company founders]] [[Category:South African computer programmers]] [[Category:South African conspiracy theorists]] [[Category:South African emigrants to Canada]] [[Category:South African emigrants to the United States]] [[Category:South African engineers]] [[Category:South African investors]] [[Category:South African people of American descent]] [[Category:South African people of British descent]] [[Category:South African people of Canadian descent]] [[Category:South African people of German descent]] [[Category:South African people of Swiss descent]] [[Category:South African philanthropists]] [[Category:Space advocates]] [[Category:SpaceX people]] [[Category:Sustainable transport pioneers]] [[Category:Tesla, Inc. people]] [[Category:Texas Republicans]] [[Category:Time Person of the Year]] [[Category:Trumpism]] [[Category:Twitter, Inc. people]] [[Category:Neuralink people]] [[Category:Wharton School alumni]] [[Category:World record holders]] 5q3h8oowgtjedgosi7ybeu1p8wnvu7z 0 31133 196616 169938 2026-08-12T19:21:04Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196616 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = ᱥᱟᱦᱞᱟ ᱡᱤᱭᱟ <br> {{Nastaliq|شہلا ضیاء}} | native_name_lang = ur | image = Shahla Zia gravestone at Islamabad Graveyard.jpg | image_size = | alt = | caption = | birth_name = | birth_place = [[ᱞᱟᱦᱳᱨ]], [[ᱯᱚᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ]], [[ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1947|2|12}} | death_place = [[ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ]], [[ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ]] | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2005|03|10|1947|2|12}} | burial_place = [[ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ]] | nationality = | other_names = | citizenship = [[ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ]] | education = | alma_mater = Punjab University Law College | occupation = ᱩᱠᱤᱞ | years_active = | known_for = | net_worth = <!-- Net worth should be supported with a citation from a reliable source --> | television = | spouse = | children = | parents = | relatives = | awards = | website = <!-- {{URL|Example.com}} --> }} '''ᱥᱟᱦᱞᱟ ᱡᱤᱭᱟ''' (᱑᱒ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱙᱔᱗ – ᱑᱐ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱒᱐᱐᱕) ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱦᱞᱟ ᱡᱤᱭᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤ ᱩᱠᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱡᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱤ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱢᱚᱦᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱟᱞᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱟᱱᱫᱚᱲ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡ ᱮᱸᱜᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱛᱱᱟᱢ ᱢᱚᱦᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Dawn">{{cite news|title=HR activist Shahla Zia passes away|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/384940|accessdate=26 November 2016|work=Dawn|date=11 March 2005}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱮ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱪᱞᱚᱨ ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱤᱦᱟ ᱡᱤᱭᱟ ᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱠᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱕᱘ ᱵᱚᱪᱷᱚᱨ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ== ᱡᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱜᱟᱨ ᱟᱦᱢᱮᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱚᱣᱨᱟᱛ ᱯᱷᱟᱣᱱᱰᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱑᱙᱘᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱮ.ᱡᱤ.ᱮᱪ.ᱮᱥ. ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱱ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱘᱓ ᱨᱮ, ᱡᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱘᱓ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱱ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱦᱚᱨ ᱦᱟᱭᱠᱚᱨᱴ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱷᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹᱜ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱤ ᱵᱟᱨᱟᱵᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱫᱽᱵᱷᱟᱣ ᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮ ᱠᱚᱢᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱰᱤᱭᱳ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱙᱗ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱯᱚᱴ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱩᱯᱩᱲᱩᱵ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱙᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱚᱫᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱹᱱ ᱮ ᱯᱟᱥ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱚᱰᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱟᱜᱽ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱥᱩᱯᱨᱤᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱙᱙᱔ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱢᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱫᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱫᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱡᱽᱞᱤ ᱜᱽᱨᱤᱰ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱱ ᱪᱩᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱠᱷᱚᱛᱨᱟ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱩᱞᱤᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱭᱼᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱚᱪᱚᱭᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱡᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱦᱚᱭᱼᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱝᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱩᱨᱚᱠᱷᱤᱛ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱡᱡᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hassan|first1=Pervez|last2=Azim|first2=Azfar|title=Securing Environmental Rights Through Public Interest Litigation in South Asia|journal=Virginia Environmental Law Journal|url=http://www.velj.org/securing-environmental-rights.html|accessdate=26 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Haglund|first1=LaDawn|last2=Robin|first2=Stryker|title=Closing the Rights Gap: From Human Rights to Social Transformation|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780520283091|date=2015|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520958920|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780520283091/page/n146 113]–114}}</ref> ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== mukwp1tpgolwlvgv75i7p8x5m4gg06o 0 31161 196658 196406 2026-08-12T20:18:10Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 15 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196658 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization | name = ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ | image = Logo of the Nation of Islam.svg | image_size = 200px | abbreviation = NOI | formation = {{Start date and age|1930|7|4}} | founder = [[ᱣᱟᱞᱮᱥ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱰ ᱢᱩᱦᱢᱟᱫᱷ]] | founding_location = [[ᱰᱮᱴᱨᱚᱭᱴ]], [[ᱢᱤᱪᱤᱜᱟᱱ]] | type = [[ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱲᱦᱟᱭ]] | status = ᱮᱠᱴᱤᱵᱷ | purpose = | headquarters = [[ᱢᱟᱨᱭᱟᱢ ᱢᱚᱥᱠᱤ]], ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱜᱳ, ᱤᱞᱤᱱᱚᱭᱤᱥ | location = [[ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] | methods = | fields = | membership = c. ᱕᱐,᱐᱐᱐ {{decrease}}<ref name="MacFarquhar">{{Cite news |last=MacFarquhar |first=Neil |date=February 26, 2007 |title=Nation of Islam at a Crossroad as Leader Exits |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/26/us/26farrakhan.html?pagewanted=all |access-date=March 21, 2021 |archive-date=November 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123014303/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/26/us/26farrakhan.html?pagewanted=all |url-status=live }}</ref> | membership_year = ᱒᱐᱐᱗ ᱮᱥᱴᱤᱢᱮᱴ | language = ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ | leader_title = ᱱᱮᱛᱟ | leader_name = [[ᱞᱩᱭᱤᱥ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱱ]] | key_people = {{plainlist| * [[ᱮᱞᱤᱡᱟ ᱢᱩᱦᱢᱟᱫᱷ]] * [[ᱣᱟᱞᱮᱥ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱰ ᱢᱩᱦᱢᱟᱫᱷ]] * [[ᱢᱟᱞᱠᱚᱢ ᱮᱠᱥ]] }} | subsidiaries = {{plainlist| * [[Fruit of Islam]] * [[Muhammad University of Islam]] * [[Muslim Girls Training]] * [[Star Chamber Academy]] }} | website = {{URL|https://noi.org}} | Flag = Nation of Islam.svg | Seal = }} '''ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ''' ('''NOI''') ᱫᱚ 1930 [[ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱱᱤᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚ [[ᱣᱟᱞᱮᱥ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱰ ᱢᱩᱦᱢᱟᱫᱷ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ [[ᱰᱮᱴᱨᱚᱭᱴ]], [[ᱢᱤᱪᱤᱜᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ]] ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ᱾ ᱑᱙᱓᱔ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱰ ᱟᱫ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, [[ᱮᱞᱤᱡᱟ ᱢᱩᱦᱢᱟᱫᱷ]] ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱛᱮ, NOI ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱦᱮᱱᱫᱮ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱫᱽᱜᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ [[ᱢᱟᱞᱠᱚᱢ ᱮᱠᱥ]] (Malcolm X) ᱟᱨ [[ᱢᱩᱦᱢᱟᱫᱷ ᱟᱞᱤ]] (Muhammad Ali) ᱮᱱᱳᱭ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱢᱟᱞᱠᱚᱢ ᱮᱠᱥ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱥᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱮ ᱟᱝᱜᱚᱪ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ [[ᱥᱩᱱᱤ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ]]᱾ NOI ᱫᱚ [[ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ]], [[ᱦᱮᱱᱫᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱛᱟ]], ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱛᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱭᱟ᱾ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾ NOI ᱪᱮᱫ ᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ [[ᱦᱮᱱᱫᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ]] ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱵᱤᱜᱽᱭᱟᱱᱤᱠ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[ᱭᱟᱠᱩᱵ]]᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ NOI ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱰ ᱢᱩᱦᱢᱟᱫᱽ ᱫᱚ [[ᱢᱟᱦᱫᱤ]] (ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣᱤᱡ) ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱢᱚ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱚᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱚᱱᱮᱭᱟᱭ᱾ ᱮᱞᱤᱡᱟ ᱢᱩᱦᱷᱟᱹᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱚᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱢᱩᱦᱷᱟᱹᱢ]] (PBUH) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱱᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ NOI ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱮᱱᱫᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱫᱽᱜᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱱᱫᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱨ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱵ, ᱩᱫᱽᱭᱚᱜᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱫᱽᱜᱟᱹᱣ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱱᱰᱤ, ᱱᱤᱥᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱᱰᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱽᱜᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱠᱤᱪᱨᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱮᱫᱟ, ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱩᱵ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱮᱫᱟ᱾ NOI ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱽᱜᱟᱹᱣ ᱮᱫᱟ, ᱥᱩᱠᱨᱤ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱢᱚᱱᱮᱭᱟ᱾ NOI ᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ, ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱰ ᱢᱩᱦᱷᱟᱹᱰ ᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱮᱞᱤᱡᱟ ᱢᱩᱦᱷᱟᱹᱰ ᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱩᱢᱤᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫ ᱥᱩᱱᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ 1975 ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱮᱞᱤᱡᱟ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ [[ᱣᱟᱨᱤᱴ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱢᱮᱰ]] ᱫᱚ NOI ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫ ᱥᱩᱱᱤ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱑᱙᱗᱐ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ [[ᱞᱩᱭᱤᱥ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱱ]] ᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱗᱐ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱮᱱᱳᱭ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾ NOI ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱦᱚᱠ ᱞᱟᱲᱦᱟᱭ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱷᱩᱢᱤᱠᱟ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱦᱮᱱᱫᱮ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱫᱽᱜᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱚᱢ [[ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ]]᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱪᱷᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, NOI ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ [[ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ]], [[ᱮᱱᱴᱤᱥᱮᱢᱤᱴᱤᱡᱽ]] ᱨᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱵᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Louis Farrakhan 2018.jpg|thumb|right|ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ NOI ᱨᱮᱱ ᱱᱮᱛᱟ [[ᱞᱩᱭᱤᱥ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱱ]]]] == ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱥᱚᱨᱥ == {{Reflist}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Acevado |first1=Gabriel A. |last2=Ordner |first2=James |last3=Thompson |first3=Miriam |year=2010 |title=Narrative Inversion as a Tactical Framing Device: The Ideological Origins of the Nation of Islam |journal=Narrative Inquiry |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=124–152 |doi=10.1075/ni.20.1.07ace}} * {{Cite journal |last=Akom |first=A. A. |year=2003 |title=Reexamining Resistance as Oppositional Behavior: The Nation of Islam and the Creation of a Black Achievement Ideology |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_sociology-of-education_2003-10_76_4/page/305 |journal=Sociology of Education |volume=76 |issue=4 |pages=305–325 |doi=10.2307/1519868 |jstor=1519868}} * {{Cite journal |last=Akom |first=A. A. |year=2007 |title=Cities as Battlefields: Understanding how the Nation of Islam impacts Civic Engagement, Environmental Racism, and Community Development in a Low Income Neighborhood |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_intl-journal-qualitative-studies-education_november-december-2007_20_6/page/711 |journal=International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education |volume=20 |issue=6 |pages=711–730 |doi=10.1080/09518390701630858 |s2cid=145201636}} * {{cite journal |first=Ernest Jr.|last=Allen |year=1996 |title=Religious Heterodoxy and Nationalist Tradition: The Continuing Evolution of the Nation of Islam |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_black-scholar_1996_fall-winter_26_3-4/page/2|journal=The Black Scholar |volume=26 |issue=3–4 |pages=2–34 |doi=10.1080/00064246.1996.11430810}} * {{Cite journal |last=Austin |first=Algernon |year=2003 |title=Rethinking Race and the Nation of Islam, 1930–1975 |url=https://archive.org/details/ethnic-and-racial-studies_2003-01_26_1/page/53 |journal=Ethnic and Racial Studies |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=52–69 |doi=10.1080/01419870022000025270 |s2cid=143645380}} * {{Cite journal |last=Barnett |first=Michael |year=2006 |title=Differences and Similarities Between the Rastafari Movement and the Nation of Islam |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-black-studies_2006-07_36_6/page/873 |journal=Journal of Black Studies |volume=36 |pages=873–893 |doi=10.1177/0021934705279611 |jstor=40034350 |number=6 |s2cid=145012190}} * {{Cite book |last=Barrett |first=David V. |title=The New Believers: A Survey of Sects, Cults and Alternative Religions |url=https://archive.org/details/newbelieverssurv00barr |publisher=Cassell and Co |year=2001 |isbn=978-0304355921 |location=London}} * {{Cite journal |last=Berg |first=Herbert |year=2005 |title=Mythmaking in the African American Muslim Context: The Moorish Science Temple, the Nation of Islam, and the American Society of Muslims |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-academy-of-religion-journal_2005-09_73_3/page/685 |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion |volume=73 |issue=3 |pages=685–703 |doi=10.1093/jaarel/lfi075}} * {{Cite journal |last=Boaz |first=Danielle N. |year=2018 |title=The Voodoo Cult of Detroit: Race, Human Sacrifice, and the Nation of Islam from the 1930s to the 1970s |journal=Journal of Interreligious Studies |volume=23 |pages=17–30}} * {{Cite journal |last=Colley |first=Zoe |year=2014 |title="All America Is a Prison": The Nation of Islam and the Politicization of African American Prisoners, 1955–1965 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-american-studies_2014-05_48_2/page/393 |journal=Journal of American Studies |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=393–415 |doi=10.1017/S0021875813001308 |s2cid=144329284}} * {{Cite journal |author-last=Curtis IV |author-first=Edward E. |year=2016 |title=Science and Technology in Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam: Astrophysical Disaster, Genetic Engineering, UFOs, White Apocalypse, and Black Resurrection |url=https://online.ucpress.edu/nr/article-pdf/20/1/5/212858/novo_2016_20_1_5.pdf |journal=[[Nova Religio|Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions]] |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=5–31 |doi=10.1525/novo.2016.20.1.5 |hdl=1805/14819 }} * {{Cite journal |last=Curtis IV |first=Edward E. |year=2002 |title=Islamizing the Black Body: Ritual and Power in Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_religion-and-american-culture-rac_summer-2002_12_2/page/167 |journal=Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation |volume=12 |pages=167–196 |doi=10.1525/rac.2002.12.2.167 |jstor=10.1525/rac.2002.12.2.167 |number=2 |s2cid=145361488}} * {{cite book |last=Finley |first=Stephen C. |year=2022 |title=In and Out of This World: Material and Extraterrestrial Bodies in the Nation of Islam |location=Durham and London |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-1478016137}} * {{cite journal |last1=Fishman |first1=Jason Eric |last2=Soage |first2=Ana Belén |title=The Nation of Islam and the Muslim World: Theologically Divorced and Politically United |journal=Religion Compass |volume=7 |issue=2 |year=2013 |pages=59–68 |doi=10.1111/rec3.12032}} * {{Cite book |last=Gabriel |first=Theodore |title=UFO Religions |url=https://archive.org/details/uforeligions0000unse |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-0415263245 |editor-last=Partridge |editor-first=Christopher |location=London and New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/uforeligions0000unse/page/149 149]–161 |chapter=The United Nuwaubian Nation of Moors}} * {{Cite book |last=Gardell |first=Mattias |title=In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam |url=https://archive.org/details/innameofelijahmu0000gard |publisher=Duke University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0822318453 |location=Durham}} * {{Cite book |last=Gibson |first=Dawn-Marie |title=A History of the Nation of Islam: Race, Islam, and the Quest for Freedom |url=https://archive.org/details/history_gib_2012_00_1145 |publisher=Praeger |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-313-39807-0 |location=Santa Barbara}} * {{Cite book |last1=Gibson |first1=Dawn-Marie |year=2017 |chapter=Ebony Muhammad's ''Hurt2Healing'' Magazine and Contemporary Nation Women |pages=31–45 |title=New Perspectives on the Nation of Islam |location=New York and Abingdon |publisher=Routledge |editor=Gibson Dawn-Marie and Herbert Berg |isbn=978-0367875176}} * {{Cite book |last1=Gibson |first1=Dawn-Marie |last2=Berg |first2=Herbert |year=2017 |chapter=Introduction |title=New Perspectives on the Nation of Islam |location=New York and Abingdon |publisher=Routledge |editor=Gibson Dawn-Marie and Herbert Berg |isbn=978-0367875176 |pages=1–6}} * {{Cite book |last=Haywood |first=D'Weston L. |year=2017 |chapter="A Superb Sales Force… the Men of Muhammad:" The Nation of Islam, Black Masculinity, and Selling ''Muhammad Speaks'' in the Black Power Era |pages=9–30 |title=New Perspectives on the Nation of Islam |location=New York and Abingdon |publisher=Routledge |editor=Gibson Dawn-Marie and Herbert Berg |isbn=978-0367875176}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Izadi |first1=Foad |last2=Hosseini |first2=Hassan |last3=Mohammadi |first3=Setareh Sadeqi |last4=Anjomeruz |first4=Susan |year=2020 |title=The Islamic Republic of Iran in the Rhetoric of the Nation of Islam |journal=Journal of World Sociopolitical Studies |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=133–175}} * {{Cite journal |last=Jeffries |first=Bayyinah S. |year=2019 |title=Black Religion and Black Power: The Nation of Islam's Internationalism |journal=Genealogy |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=34 |doi=10.3390/genealogy3030034 |doi-access=free}} * {{cite book |last1=Keener |first1=Craig S. |last2=Usry |first2=Glenn |year=2005 |chapter=The Nation of Islam |title=A Guide to New Religious Movements |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780739454954 |editor=Ronald Enroth |publisher=InterVarsity Press |location=Downers Grove, Illinois |isbn=9780739454954 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780739454954/page/169 169]–183}} * {{Cite book |last1=King |first1=Jacob |year=2017 |chapter=Clearing the Planet: Dianetics Auditing and the Eschatology of the Nation of Islam |pages=218–235 |title=New Perspectives on the Nation of Islam |location=New York and Abingdon |publisher=Routledge |editor=Gibson Dawn-Marie and Herbert Berg |isbn=978-0367875176}} * {{Cite journal |last=Knight |first=Frederick |year=1994 |title=Justifiable Homicide, Police Brutality, or Governmental Repression? The 1962 Los Angeles Police Shooting of Seven Members of the Nation of Islam |journal=The Journal of Negro History |volume=79 |number=2 |pages=182–196 |doi=10.2307/2717628 |jstor=2717628 |s2cid=141089165}} * {{cite book |last=Knight |first=Peter |year=2000 |title=Conspiracy Culture: From Kennedy to The X-Files |url=https://archive.org/details/conspiracycultur0000knig |location=London and New York |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415189781}} * {{cite book |last=Lincoln |first=C. Eric |authorlink=C. Eric Lincoln |year=1961 |title=The Black Muslims in America |url=https://archive.org/details/blackmuslimsinam0000ceri |location=Boston |publisher=Beacon Press |oclc=422580}} * {{Cite journal |last=MacGregor |first=Kirk R. |year=2007 |title=The Word-Faith Movement: A Theological Conflation of the Nation of Islam and Mormonism? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-academy-of-religion-journal_2007-03_75_1/page/87 |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion |volume=75 |issue=1 |pages=87–120 |doi=10.1093/jaarel/lfl063}} * {{Cite journal |last=McCutcheon |first=Priscilla |year=2013 |title="Returning Home to Our Rightful Place": The Nation of Islam and Muhammad Farms |journal=Geoforum |volume=49 |pages=61–70 |doi=10.1016/j.geoforum.2013.05.001|s2cid=7188105 }} * {{Cite book |first=Priscilla |last=McCutcheon |year=2013b |chapter=Community Food Security "For Us, By Us": The Nation of Islam and the Pan African Orthodox Christian Church |title=Food and Culture: A Reader |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780415521048 |edition=third |editor=Carole Counihan and Penny Van Esterik |location=New York |publisher=Routledge |pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780415521048/page/572 572]–586 |isbn=978-0-415-52103-1}} * {{Cite book |last=Oliver |first=Paul |title=New Religious Movements: A Guide for the Perplexed |url=https://archive.org/details/newreligiousmove0000oliv |publisher=Continuum |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-4411-0197-6 |location=London and New York}} * {{Cite journal |last=Paisley |first=Fiona |title=From Nation of Islam to Goodwill Tourist: African-American Women at Pan-Pacific and South East Asia Women's Conferences, 1937 and 1955 |journal=Women's Studies International Forum |volume=32 |year=2009 |pages=21–28 |doi=10.1016/j.wsif.2009.01.008}} * {{cite book |last1=Perry |first1=Marvin |last2=Schweitzer |first2=Frederick M. |year=2002 |title=Antisemitism: Myth and Hate from Antiquity to the Present |url=https://archive.org/details/antisemitismmyth0000perr |location=New York and Basingstoke |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0312165611 }} * {{Cite book |last1=Potorti |first1=Mary |year=2017 |chapter=Eat to Live: Culinary Nationalism and Black Capitalism in Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam |pages=68–94 |title=New Perspectives on the Nation of Islam |location=New York and Abingdon |publisher=Routledge |editor=Gibson Dawn-Marie and Herbert Berg |isbn=978-0367875176}} * {{Cite journal |last=Reid-Pharr |first=Robert |year=1996 |title=Speaking through Anti-Semitism: The Nation of Islam and the Poetics of Black (Counter) Modernity |journal=Social Text |pages=133–147 |doi=10.2307/466897 |jstor=466897 |number=49}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2007 |title=The African Diaspora and the Study of Religion |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=New York |last=Soumahoro |first=Maboula |editor-last=Theodore Louis Trost |pages=35–48 |isbn=978-1-4039-7786-1 |contribution=Christianity on Trial: The Nation of Islam and the Rastafari, 1930–1950}} *{{Cite book |last=Stein |first=Howard |contribution="The Eternal Jew": Resurgent Anti-Semitism in the Post-Cold War World |editor=Jerry S. Piven |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eFFsEYvBEZgC |title=Judaism and Genocide: Psychological Undercurrents of History Volume IV |publisher=Writers Club Press |location=Lincoln, NE |year=2002 |isbn=0-595-24086-0 |pages=1–24 }} * {{Cite book |last=Taylor |first=Ula Yvette |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469633930.001.0001 |title=The Promise of Patriarchy: Women and the Nation of Islam |date=2017 |location=Chapel Hill |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |doi=10.5149/northcarolina/9781469633930.001.0001 |isbn=978-1-4696-3393-0}} * {{Cite journal |last=Taylor |first=Wayne |year=2005 |title=Premillennium Tension: Malcolm X and the Eschatology of the Nation of Islam |url=https://archive.org/details/souls_winter-2005_7_1/page/52 |journal=Souls: A Critical Journal of Black Politics, Culture, and Society |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=52–65 |doi=10.1080/10999940590910041 |s2cid=143226936}} * {{Cite journal |last=Tinaz |first=Nuri |year=1996 |title=The Nation of Islam: Historical Evolution and Transformation of the Movement |journal=Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=193–209 |doi=10.1080/13602009608716338}} * {{Cite journal |last=Tinaz |first=Nuri |year=2000 |title=Global Impacts of an Ethno-religious Movement: The Case of Nation of Islam (NOI) in Britain |journal=Journal of Economic and Social Research |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=45–71}} * {{Cite journal |last=Tinaz |first=Nuri |year=2006 |title=Black Islam in Diaspora: The Case of Nation of Islam (NOI) in Britain |journal=Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs |volume=26 |number=2 |pages=151–170 |doi=10.1080/13602000600937580 |s2cid=143231871}} * {{Cite journal |last=Tsoukalas |first=Steven |year=2004 |title=Understanding the Nation of Islam: Toward a More Effective Evangelism |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_missiology_2004-10_32_4/page/449 |journal=Missiology: An International Review |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=449–464 |doi=10.1177/009182960403200404 |s2cid=158017571}} * {{Cite journal |last=Turman |first=Eboni Marshall |year=2015 |title="The Greatest Tool of the Devil:" Mamie, Malcolm X, and the PolitiX of the Black Madonna in Black Churches and the Nation of Islam in the United States |journal=Journal of Africana Religions |volume=3 |pages=130–150 |doi=10.5325/jafrireli.3.1.0130 |jstor=10.5325/jafrireli.3.1.0130 |number=1 |s2cid=144861867}} * {{Cite book |last1=Vaught |first1=Seneca |year=2017 |chapter=The Crescent Moon and the Carceral State: The Nation of Islam and the Legal Battle for the Right to Assemble |pages=46–67 |title=New Perspectives on the Nation of Islam |location=New York and Abingdon |publisher=Routledge |editor=Gibson Dawn-Marie and Herbert Berg |isbn=978-0367875176}} * {{Cite journal |last=West |first=Cynthia S'thembile |year=1996 |title={{sic|nolink=y|reason=error in source|Revisting}} Female Activism in the 1960s: The Newark Branch Nation of Islam |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_black-scholar_1996_fall-winter_26_3-4/page/41 |journal=The Black Scholar |volume=26 |issue=3–4 |pages=41–48 |doi=10.1080/00064246.1996.11430812}} * {{Cite book |last=Wojcik |first=Daniel |title=UFO Religions |url=https://archive.org/details/uforeligions0000unse |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-0415263245 |editor-last=Partridge |editor-first=Christopher |location=London and New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/uforeligions0000unse/page/274 274]–300 |chapter=Apocalyptic and Millenarian Aspects of American UFOism}} * {{Cite journal |last=Woodford |first=Maize |year=1996 |title=A Chronology: Farrakhan's "World Friendship Tour" to Africa and the Middle East: January–February 1996 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_black-scholar_1996_fall-winter_26_3-4/page/35 |journal=The Black Scholar |volume=26 |issue=3–4 |pages=35–40 |doi=10.1080/00064246.1996.11430811}} == ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ == {{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} * {{Cite book |last=Berg |first=H. |title=Elijah Muhammad and Islam |url=https://archive.org/details/elijahmuhammadis0000berg |publisher=New York University Press |series=Makers of the Muslim World |year=2009 |location=New York |isbn=978-0814791134}} * {{Cite book |last=Curtis IV |first=Edward E. |title=Black Muslim Religion and the Nation of Islam, 1960-1975 |location=Chapel Hill |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0807857717}} * {{Cite book |last=Damak |first=Sadok |title=The Nation of Islam's Cautious Return to Americanity in the 2010s: A Cultural Studies Inquiry |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |year=2019 |location=Newcastle upon Tyne |isbn=978-1527543379}} * {{Cite book |last=DeCaro |first=Louis A. |title=Malcolm and the Cross: The Nation of Islam, Malcolm X, and Christianity |year=1998 |url=https://archive.org/details/malcolmcrossnati0000deca |location=New York |publisher=New York University Press |isbn=978-0814718605}} * {{Cite book |last=Lee |first=M. F. |title=The Nation of Islam: An American Millenarian Movement |url=https://archive.org/details/nationofislamame0021leem |publisher=Syracuse University Press |year=1996 |location=Syracuse |isbn=978-0889468535}} * {{Cite journal |last=Sahib |first=Hatim A. |year=1951 |title=The Nation of Islam |url=https://scholarworks.umass.edu/cibs/vol13/iss1/3/ |journal=Contributions in Black Studies |publication-date=1995 |volume=13 |pages=48–160 |access-date=2018-04-23 |archive-date=2018-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423101950/https://scholarworks.umass.edu/cibs/vol13/iss1/3/ |url-status=live }} * {{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Robert S. |title=The Farrakhan Phenomenon: Race, Reaction, and the Paranoid Style in American Politics |url=https://archive.org/details/farrakhanphenome0000sing |publisher=Georgetown University Press |year=1997 |location=Washington D.C. |isbn=978-0878406579}} {{refend}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱣᱮᱵᱽᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ == * [noi.com ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱣᱮᱵᱽᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ] * [https://wrldrels.org/2016/10/08/nation-of-islam/ Nation of Islam] profile at the World Religion and Spirituality Project (WRSP) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070113202150/http://www.seventhfam.com/ Messenger Elijah Muhammad Web Resources Center, Online books, audio, and video] * [http://www.finalcall.com Nation of Islam-affiliated ''Final Call'' newspaper website] * [http://www.noi.org.uk/ Official Website of the United Kingdom Branch of the Nation of Islam] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110626212207/http://static.nicic.gov/Library/017613.pdf Federal Bureau of Prisons ''Technical Reference Manual on Inmate Beliefs and Practices''] * [http://vault.fbi.gov/Nation%20of%20Islam FBI file on the Nation of Islam] [[Category:Nation of Islam| ]] [[Category:African-American-related controversies]] [[Category:Anti-white racism in the United States]] [[Category:Antisemitism in the United States]] [[Category:Black separatism]] [[Category:Black supremacy]] [[Category:Discrimination against LGBTQ people in the United States]] [[Category:Islam-related controversies in North America]] [[Category:Millenarianism]] [[Category:Apocalyptic groups]] [[Category:Religious belief systems founded in the United States]] [[Category:New religious movements established in the 1930s]] ey3wm4i1z6yr4p8t2rxpvbiw3iz2bjf 0 31167 196484 189492 2026-08-12T17:15:29Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 5 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196484 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|ᱫᱟᱬᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱣᱮᱵᱷ ᱞᱮᱱᱛᱷ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ}} [[File:Redshift blueshift.svg|thumb|ᱨᱮᱰ ᱥᱤᱯᱷᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱤᱞ ᱥᱤᱯᱷᱴ]] '''ᱨᱮᱰ ᱥᱤᱯᱷᱴ''' ᱫᱚ [[ᱯᱷᱤᱡᱤᱠᱥ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱥᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ [[ᱤᱞᱮᱠᱴᱨᱚᱢᱮᱜᱽᱱᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱨᱮᱰᱤᱮᱥᱚᱱ]] ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱞ [[ᱣᱮᱵᱷᱞᱮᱸᱴ]] ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ''[[ᱰᱚᱯᱞᱟᱨ ᱮᱯᱷᱮᱠᱴ]]'' ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱ ᱡᱷᱚᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱧᱮᱧᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ (ᱡᱮᱞᱠᱟ ᱤᱯᱤᱞ ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱞᱮᱠᱥᱤ) ᱟᱵᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱜ-ᱟ, ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱛᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱴᱨᱮᱪᱤᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱣᱮᱵᱽᱞᱮᱸᱴ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜᱼᱟ [[ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱥᱯᱮᱠᱴᱨᱚᱢ]]᱾ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱛᱚᱨᱚᱞ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱛᱚᱨᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱟᱥ [[ᱨᱚᱝ]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱚ ᱣᱮᱵᱷ ᱞᱮᱸᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱤᱞ ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱟᱲ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱝ ᱣᱮᱵᱽ ᱞᱮᱸᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱱᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ "ᱨᱮᱰ ᱥᱤᱯᱷᱴᱰ" ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ-ᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱚᱨᱚᱞ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱝ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱝ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱟᱵᱚ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱛᱚᱨᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱛᱚᱨᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ '''[[ᱞᱤᱞ ᱥᱤᱯᱷᱴ]]''' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱨᱮᱰ ᱥᱤᱯᱷᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱹᱵᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫ ᱴᱩᱠᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ]]᱾ ᱥᱟᱝᱜᱤᱧ [[ᱜᱟᱞᱟᱠᱥᱤ]] ᱨᱮᱰ ᱥᱤᱯᱷᱴ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱮᱫᱟᱭ, ᱢᱮᱱᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱟᱵᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱩᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱜᱮᱞᱮᱠᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱝᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱨᱮᱰᱥᱤᱯᱷᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ᱾ ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== * Odenwald, S. & Fienberg, RT. 1993; "Galaxy Redshifts Reconsidered" in ''Sky & Telescope'' Feb. 2003; pp31–35 (This article is useful further reading in distinguishing between the 3 types of redshift and their causes.) * Lineweaver, Charles H. and Tamara M. Davis, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20070715030354/http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa006&colID=1&articleID=0009F0CA-C523-1213-852383414B7F0147 Misconceptions about the Big Bang]", ''[[Scientific American]]'', March 2005. (This article is useful for explaining the cosmological redshift mechanism as well as clearing up misconceptions regarding the physics of the expansion of space.) * {{cite book | last=Nussbaumer|first=Harry|author2=Lydia Bieri |author2-link=Lydia Bieri|title=Discovering the Expanding Universe|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=2009|isbn=978-0-521-51484-2}} * {{cite book | last=Binney|first=James|author2=Michael Merrifeld |title=Galactic Astronomy| url=https://archive.org/details/galacticastronom0000binn|publisher=Princeton University Press|date=1998|isbn=978-0-691-02565-0}} * {{cite book | author=Carroll, Bradley W. | author2=Dale A. Ostlie | name-list-style=amp| title=An Introduction to Modern Astrophysics| url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontomo0000carr_p4s9 | publisher=Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.| date=1996| isbn=978-0-201-54730-6}} * {{cite book | author=Feynman, Richard | author2=Leighton, Robert | author3=Sands, Matthew | title=Feynman Lectures on Physics. Vol. 1 | publisher=Addison-Wesley | date=1989 | isbn=978-0-201-51003-4| title-link=The Feynman Lectures on Physics }} * {{cite book | last = Grøn | first = Øyvind |author-link=Øyvind Grøn|author2=Hervik, Sigbjørn | title = Einstein's General Theory of Relativity | url = https://archive.org/details/einsteinsgeneral0000grny | location = New York | publisher = Springer | date = 2007 | isbn = 978-0-387-69199-2}} * {{cite book |last=Harrison |first=Edward |date=2000 |title=Cosmology: The Science of the Universe |url=https://archive.org/details/cosmologyscience0002harr |edition=2nd |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-66148-5}} * {{cite book | author=Kutner, Marc | title=Astronomy: A Physical Perspective | url=https://archive.org/details/astronomyphysica00kutn | url-access=registration | publisher=Cambridge University Press | date=2003 | isbn=978-0-521-52927-3}} * {{cite book | last = Misner | first = Charles | author2 = Thorne, Kip S. | author3 = Wheeler, John Archibald | title = Gravitation | url = https://archive.org/details/gravitation0000misn_o3a5 | location = San Francisco | publisher = W. H. Freeman | date = 1973 | isbn = 978-0-7167-0344-0}} * {{cite book | first = P. J. E. | last = Peebles | title = Principles of Physical Cosmology | publisher = Princeton University Press | date = 1993 | isbn = 978-0-691-01933-8 | url = https://archive.org/details/principlesofphys00pjep }} * {{cite book | title=Spacetime Physics: Introduction to Special Relativity | edition=2nd | publisher=W.H. Freeman | date=1992 | isbn=978-0-7167-2327-1 | last1=Taylor | first1=Edwin F. | last2=Wheeler | first2=John Archibald | author-link2=John Archibald Wheeler | url=https://archive.org/details/spacetimephysics00edwi_0 }} * {{cite book | first = Steven | last = Weinberg | title = Gravitation and Cosmology | publisher = John Wiley | date = 1971 | isbn = 978-0-471-92567-5 | url = https://archive.org/details/gravitationcosmo00stev_0 }} * See also [[physical cosmology#Textbooks|physical cosmology textbooks]] for applications of the cosmological and gravitational redshifts. ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱣᱮᱵᱽᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ== {{Commons|Redshift}} {{wiktionary}} * [http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/doppler.htm Ned Wright's Cosmology tutorial] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051203093117/http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/cosmic_classroom/cosmic_reference/redshift.html Cosmic reference guide entry on redshift] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051121214031/http://www.asterism.org/tutorials/tut29-1.htm Mike Luciuk's Astronomical Redshift tutorial] * [http://www.astronomy.ohio-state.edu/~pogge/Ast162/Unit5/Images/hu_animexp.gif Animated GIF of Cosmological Redshift] by Wayne Hu * {{cite web|last1=Merrifield|first1=Michael|last2=Hill|first2=Richard|title=Z Redshift|url=http://www.sixtysymbols.com/videos/redshift.htm|work=SIXTψ SYMBΦLS|date=2009|publisher=[[Brady Haran]] for the [[University of Nottingham]]|access-date=2025-03-06|archive-date=2013-05-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524215521/http://www.sixtysymbols.com/videos/redshift.htm|url-status=dead}} [[Category:ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹ ᱥᱯᱮᱠᱴᱨᱚᱥᱠᱳᱯᱤ]] [[Category:ᱰᱚᱯᱞᱟᱨ ᱮᱥᱮᱨ]] [[Category:ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱥᱮᱨ]] [[Category:ᱯᱷᱤᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱠᱚᱥᱢᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ]] [[Category:ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱱᱟ]] 5obfwl0pp3j65o24ahir2gzpg7vdr7v 0 31255 196707 170473 2026-08-13T02:08:38Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 196707 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = ᱥᱩᱯᱚᱨᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱠᱥᱤ ᱜᱟᱝᱜᱩᱞᱤ | image = Suparna Baksi Ganguly, environmentalist & animal activist receiving Nari Shakti Puruskar from President Mukherjee (cropped).jpg | caption = ᱒᱐᱑᱖ ᱨᱮ | other_names = | birth_name = | birth_date = | birth_place = | death_date = | death_place = | death_cause = | nationality = ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ | education = | occupation = Environmentalist, animal activist | employer = | known_for = ᱱᱟᱨᱤ ᱥᱚᱠᱛᱤ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ | spouse = | partner = | children = | parents = | relatives = | website = | signature = | footnotes = }} '''ᱥᱩᱯᱚᱨᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱠᱥᱤ ᱜᱟᱝᱜᱩᱞᱤ''' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱮᱠᱴᱤᱵᱷᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱭᱫᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱛᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱖ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱱᱟᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱠᱛᱤ ᱯᱩᱨᱚᱥᱠᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ==ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ== ᱑᱙᱙᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱸᱜᱽᱞᱩᱨᱩ (ᱵᱮᱸᱜᱽᱞᱳᱨ) ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱤ.ᱭᱩ.ᱯᱤ.ᱮ. (ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱮᱥᱟᱱ ᱟᱱᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱮᱰ ᱯᱞᱟᱥ ᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ) ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱫᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱨᱟᱥᱴᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤ.ᱭᱩ.ᱯᱤ.ᱮ. ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱩᱛᱨᱮᱛ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱥᱟᱹᱯ ᱠᱚ, ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱪᱤᱯᱨᱩᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱡᱤᱵᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱱᱚᱨᱵᱟᱥ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-03-09|title=President Pranab Mukherjee presented 2015 Nari Shakti awards|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/president-pranab-mukherjee-presented-2015-nari-shakti-awards-1457494302-1|access-date=2020-07-07|website=Jagranjosh.com|archive-date=2018-02-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219152551/https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/president-pranab-mukherjee-presented-2015-nari-shakti-awards-1457494302-1|url-status=dead}}</ref> ᱑᱙᱙᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱵᱽ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱱᱚᱨᱵᱟᱥ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱟᱨ (ᱰᱟᱵᱽᱞᱩ.ᱟᱨ.ᱟᱨ.ᱥᱤ.) ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱭᱚᱠ ᱵᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱫᱤ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱨᱮᱥᱤᱰᱮᱱᱴ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2016-09-29|title=Optimism As Fate Of India's Captive Elephants Hangs In Balance|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/sangita-iyer/india-captive-elephants_b_12240136.html|access-date=2020-07-07|website=HuffPost Canada|language=en}}</ref> ᱜᱟᱝᱜᱩᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱴᱟᱥᱠ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱨᱮᱴ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱝᱜᱩᱞᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱯᱟᱨ ᱔,᱐᱐᱐ ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱠᱚᱭᱫᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ "ᱞᱟᱜᱽᱵᱷᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱜᱮ" ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱨᱭᱟᱴᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱜᱩᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱽᱲᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱨᱮ, ᱯᱷᱩᱴᱵᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱪ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱟᱝᱜᱩᱞᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱒᱐᱑᱖ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱝᱜᱩᱞᱤ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ, ᱱᱟᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱠᱛᱤ ᱯᱩᱨᱚᱥᱠᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱯᱨᱚᱬᱚᱵ ᱢᱩᱠᱷᱟᱨᱡᱤ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱞ (ᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱱ) ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱟᱞᱟᱭ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱠᱷᱲᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱟᱵᱽᱞᱩ.ᱥᱤ.ᱰᱤ. ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱢᱟᱱᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱤᱱᱥᱯᱮᱨᱮᱥᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ "ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱠᱛᱤ" ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱖ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱵᱽᱞᱩ.ᱟᱨ.ᱟᱨ.ᱥᱤ. ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱯᱨᱤᱢ ᱠᱳᱨᱴ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱭᱟᱪᱱᱟ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱭᱫᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱩᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱮᱢᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢᱯᱟᱨᱤᱠ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱤᱴᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱮᱵᱷᱤᱰᱮᱸᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱳᱴᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱮᱠᱴᱤᱵᱷᱤᱥᱴ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢᱯᱟᱨᱤᱠ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱚᱨᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱣᱟᱵᱽ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢᱯᱟᱨᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱢᱩᱦᱤᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|title=Czy one są szczęśliwe? Malowanie i przystrajanie słoni to tradycja festiwalu w Radżastanie [GALERIA]|url=https://www.national-geographic.pl/traveler/artykul/malowane-slonie|access-date=2020-11-20|website=www.national-geographic.pl|language=pl-PL}}</ref> ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== 1sf7zfjsei8es04gq2cmm6j7wkm0rh1 0 31339 196672 172331 2026-08-12T20:37:14Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196672 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ᱩᱡᱢᱟ ᱟᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ''' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱩᱯᱱᱟᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱴᱨᱮᱥᱯᱟᱥᱤᱝ (᱒᱐᱐᱓), ᱫᱟ ᱡᱤᱭᱳᱢᱮᱴᱨᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱜᱚᱰ (᱒᱐᱐᱘), ᱛᱷᱤᱱᱟᱨ ᱫᱮᱱ ᱥᱠᱤᱱ (᱒᱐᱑᱒) ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟ ᱢᱤᱨᱟᱠᱤᱞᱟᱥ ᱴᱨᱩ ᱦᱤᱥᱴᱚᱨᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱱᱚᱢᱤ ᱟᱞᱤ (᱒᱐᱑᱙) ᱾ ==ᱱᱤᱡᱮᱨᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ== ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱦᱳᱨ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱨᱟᱪᱤ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱤᱞᱟ, ᱴᱳᱠᱤᱭᱳ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱚᱱᱰᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱠᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱤᱯᱷᱭᱩᱡᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱫᱚ "ᱡᱳᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱬᱟᱱᱟ" ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱭ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱫᱷᱤᱠᱟᱨᱤ, ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱨᱟᱞ ᱡᱤᱭᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱚᱞ ᱞᱳᱭ ᱵᱤᱠᱚᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ—ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ, ᱱᱤᱡᱮᱨᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ, ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ "ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱚᱭᱚᱥ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜ" ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱳᱵᱟᱨᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱣᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟᱢ ᱥᱢᱤᱛ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱮᱥ, ᱱᱤᱭᱩᱭᱚᱨᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱠᱳᱞᱟᱨᱥᱤᱯ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱮᱨᱮᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱞᱤᱴᱟᱨᱮᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱮ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱮᱨᱤᱡᱳᱱᱟ, ᱴᱩᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱢᱮᱯᱷᱮ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name= UHM>{{cite web |url=http://www.english.hawaii.edu/faculty/khan/khan.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2009-07-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090704093155/http://www.english.hawaii.edu/faculty/khan/khan.html |title= Uzma Aslam Khan, Assistant Professor |website=www.english.hawaii.edu |access-date=15 November 2020}}</ref> ==ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ== ===ᱜᱟᱢᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ=== ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱩᱯᱱᱟᱥ, ᱫᱟ ᱥᱴᱳᱨᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱱᱳᱵᱮᱞ ᱨᱳᱴ, ᱒᱐᱐᱑ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱱᱜᱩᱭᱤᱱ ᱵᱩᱠᱥ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://penguin.co.in/|title=Penguin India|website=Penguin.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |oclc=48122844 |title=The story of noble rot |url=https://archive.org/details/storyofnoblerotu0000khan |author=Uzma Aslam Khan |location=New Delhi; New York, NY |publisher=Penguin Books |year=2001}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱐᱙ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱩᱯᱟ & ᱠᱳ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱲᱦᱟ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rupapublications.co.in/books/the-story-of-noble-rot/|title=Rupa Publications Home|work=Rupa Publications|access-date=28 July 2019}}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱩᱯᱱᱟᱥ, ᱴᱨᱮᱥᱯᱟᱥᱤᱝ, ᱭᱩᱠᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱞᱮᱢᱤᱝᱜᱳ/ᱦᱟᱨᱯᱟᱨᱠᱳᱞᱤᱱᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱐᱓ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱱᱜᱩᱭᱤᱱ ᱵᱩᱠᱥ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱮᱞᱯᱩᱱ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱯᱷᱜᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱞᱯᱷ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱑᱙᱙᱐ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱙/᱑᱑ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ, ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱫᱚ "ᱯᱨᱮᱥᱮᱱᱴ" ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱣᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱵᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱱᱟᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱳᱥᱴ-᱙/᱑᱑ ᱯᱷᱤᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ "ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱜ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾" ᱟᱩᱴᱞᱩᱠ ᱢᱮᱜᱟᱡᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱤᱞᱟᱸᱡᱟᱱᱟ ᱮᱥ ᱨᱳᱭ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ "ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱳᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱵᱴᱮᱞ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱳᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ... ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢᱯᱚᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾" ᱴᱨᱮᱥᱯᱟᱥᱤᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱐᱓ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱨᱟᱭᱤᱴᱟᱨᱥ ᱯᱨᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽ, ᱭᱩᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱩᱯᱱᱟᱥ, ᱫᱟ ᱡᱤᱭᱳᱢᱮᱴᱨᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱜᱚᱰ, ᱒᱐᱐᱘ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱩᱯᱟ & ᱠᱳ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱮᱫᱟᱭ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱟᱡ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱮᱞᱤᱭᱳᱱᱴᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤᱥᱴ ᱟᱡ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱣᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱛᱟᱬᱤ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ – ᱥᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ‘ᱰᱳᱜᱽ-ᱣᱮᱞ’ ᱮ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱣᱟᱜᱼᱟ – ᱾ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱡ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱳᱨ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱣᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱛᱟᱬᱤ ᱯᱟᱱᱛᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱯᱮᱞᱤᱭᱳᱱᱴᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤᱥᱴ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱯᱱᱟᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱪᱟᱨᱴ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱨᱤᱛᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹᱥ ᱛᱚᱞᱟᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱨᱩᱢ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱤᱞᱤᱡᱽ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱫᱟ ᱡᱤᱭᱳᱢᱮᱴᱨᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱜᱚᱰ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱯᱮᱱ, ᱤᱴᱟᱞᱤ, ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥ, ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ, ᱭᱩᱠᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱯᱮᱱᱰᱮᱱᱴ ᱯᱟᱵᱽᱞᱤᱥᱚᱨ ᱵᱩᱠ ᱟᱣᱟᱨᱰᱥ, ᱒᱐᱑᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱞᱴᱤᱠᱟᱞᱪᱟᱨᱟᱞ ᱯᱷᱤᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱨᱳᱸᱡᱽ ᱟᱣᱟᱨᱰ ᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱮᱱᱟ; ᱒᱐᱐᱙ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱤᱨᱠᱟᱥ ᱨᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱩᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ; ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱐᱙ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱣᱟᱨᱰ ᱢᱮᱜᱟᱡᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱱᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱯᱱᱟᱥ, ᱛᱷᱤᱱᱟᱨ ᱫᱮᱱ ᱥᱠᱤᱱ, ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱒ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱟ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ, ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥ, ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤ, ᱭᱩᱠᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱥᱨᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱤᱞᱤᱡᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱤᱴᱟᱨᱮᱨᱤ ᱯᱨᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽ, ᱥᱟᱣᱩᱛᱷ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱤᱴᱟᱨᱮᱪᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱰᱤᱮᱥᱥᱤ ᱯᱨᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱳᱢᱤᱱᱮᱴᱮᱰ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱒᱐᱑᱔ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱨᱟᱪᱤ ᱞᱤᱴᱟᱨᱮᱪᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱮᱥᱴᱤᱵᱟᱞ (KLF) ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱠᱮᱮᱞᱮᱯᱷ-ᱮᱢᱵᱮᱥᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥ ᱯᱷᱤᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱯᱨᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽ ᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱩᱢᱤᱫᱽ ᱥᱴᱮᱴᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱨᱮ, ᱡᱭᱩᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱪᱩᱱᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ "ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱨᱤᱭᱮᱰ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱰᱤᱯᱷᱮᱨᱮᱱᱴ ᱣᱟᱨᱞᱰ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱪᱮᱨᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱪᱮᱨᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱦᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱨᱤᱵᱷᱤᱞ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱯᱱᱟᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ, ᱡᱷᱤᱞ, ᱦᱚᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱹᱯᱷᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱮᱱᱤᱢᱮᱴ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱪᱟᱨᱤᱛᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱞᱮᱠᱥ ᱤᱢᱳᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱤᱵᱷᱮᱞ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱯᱞᱳᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱭᱟᱨᱯᱷᱩᱞᱤ ᱥᱴᱨᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱠᱟᱨᱤᱝ ᱤᱢᱮᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱥᱤᱰᱮᱸᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱮᱴᱟᱨᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ᱦᱳᱢᱞᱮᱸᱰ, ᱵᱤᱞᱳᱝᱜᱤᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱤᱥᱞᱳᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾" ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱬᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱯᱱᱟᱥ, ᱱᱚᱢᱤ ᱟᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱢᱟᱛᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ , ᱫᱚ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱᱤ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱪᱷᱤᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱯᱮᱱᱟᱞ ᱠᱚᱞᱳᱱᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱐ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱤᱞᱤᱡᱽ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱩᱯᱱᱟᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱞᱤᱨᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱯᱨᱳᱡᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ "ᱴᱨᱮᱰᱤᱥᱚᱱᱟᱞ ᱮᱠᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱰ ᱦᱤᱥᱴᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱵᱽᱨᱟᱸᱴ ᱰᱤᱯᱷᱟᱭᱮᱸᱥ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱨᱤᱴᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ... (ᱩᱞᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ) ᱢᱟᱨᱡᱤᱱᱟᱞᱟᱭᱤᱡᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱲᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱦᱤᱲᱤᱧ ᱜᱮᱭ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱥᱴᱨᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱜᱟᱥ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱾" ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱱᱚᱨ ᱱᱤᱨᱢᱟᱬ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱮᱠᱳᱨᱰ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱣᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱱᱠᱟᱡ ᱢᱤᱥᱨᱟ ᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ "ᱫᱟ ᱢᱤᱨᱟᱠᱩᱞᱟᱥ ᱴᱨᱩ ᱦᱤᱥᱴᱚᱨᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱱᱚᱢᱤ ᱟᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱪᱚᱨᱚᱠ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱚᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱲᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱦᱞᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱠᱥᱠᱮᱵᱮᱴ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱠᱷᱮᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱨᱮᱴᱤᱵᱽ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱭᱩᱢᱮᱱ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱞᱮᱠᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱩᱯᱱᱟᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱤᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ" ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱦᱟᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱦᱟᱱᱤᱯᱷ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ "ᱦᱤᱲᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱵᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱟᱵᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱵᱚᱱ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱞᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟᱥ ᱩᱯᱱᱟᱥ" ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱣᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱟ ᱢᱤᱨᱟᱠᱩᱞᱟᱥ ᱴᱨᱩ ᱦᱤᱥᱴᱚᱨᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱱᱚᱢᱤ ᱟᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱟᱴᱟ ᱞᱤᱴᱟᱨᱮᱪᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱵᱷ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ! ᱯᱷᱤᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱟᱣᱟᱨᱰ ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱒᱐᱒᱐ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱙ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱭᱩᱵᱤᱮᱞ ᱞᱤᱴᱟᱨᱮᱨᱤ ᱟᱣᱟᱨᱰᱥ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱷᱤᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱨᱟᱪᱤ ᱞᱤᱴᱟᱨᱮᱪᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱮᱥᱴᱤᱵᱟᱞ ᱜᱮᱴᱡᱽ-ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱢᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱯᱨᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽ ᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱟ ᱢᱤᱨᱟᱠᱩᱞᱟᱥ ᱴᱨᱩ ᱦᱤᱥᱴᱚᱨᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱱᱚᱢᱤ ᱟᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱣᱤᱰᱮᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱒ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱭᱩᱠᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱤᱞᱤᱡᱽ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ "ᱱᱤᱭᱩ ᱭᱚᱨᱠ ᱴᱟᱭᱤᱢᱥ'" "ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱦᱤᱥᱴᱳᱨᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱯᱷᱤᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱒᱒" ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱭᱩ ᱭᱚᱨᱠ ᱴᱟᱭᱤᱢᱥ' "᱒᱐᱒᱒ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱯᱮᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ" ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱤᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐᱒᱓ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱪᱩᱥᱮᱴᱥ ᱵᱩᱠ ᱟᱣᱟᱨᱰᱥ ᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ===ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱚᱞ=== ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱤᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱮᱱᱛᱷᱚᱞᱳᱡᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱴᱳᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱐ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱜᱽᱱᱤ (ᱢᱮᱜᱟᱡᱤᱱ) #᱙᱒ ᱨᱮ "ᱱᱟᱣ ᱯᱨᱮ: ᱱᱳᱴᱥ ᱳᱱ ᱮ ᱥᱮᱯᱟᱨᱮᱥᱟᱱ" ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ "ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱰᱢᱟᱨᱠ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱞᱳᱵᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱨᱥ-ᱠᱳᱵᱷ-᱒ ᱯᱮᱱᱰᱮᱢᱤᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱵᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱱᱟᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱩᱲᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ"; ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱐ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱮᱥᱤ ᱰᱮᱞᱤᱠᱮᱥᱤᱡᱽ: ᱯᱷᱩᱰ ᱨᱟᱭᱤᱴᱤᱝ ᱯᱷᱨᱚᱢ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱣᱩᱛᱷ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ "ᱫᱟ ᱳᱨᱤᱡᱤᱱ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱥᱣᱤᱴᱱᱮᱥ"; ᱫᱟ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱪᱩᱥᱮᱴᱥ ᱨᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱤᱱᱟᱨ ᱫᱮᱱ ᱥᱠᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ "ᱫᱟ ᱱᱤᱭᱩᱡᱽ ᱮᱴ ᱦᱤᱡ ᱵᱮᱠ" (ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ) ᱾ ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱨᱟᱱᱴᱟ ᱢᱮᱜᱟᱡᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱮᱰᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ "ᱟᱭᱤᱥ, ᱢᱮᱴᱤᱝ"; ᱟᱨ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱫᱟ ᱣᱟᱨᱞᱰ ᱪᱮᱸᱡᱰ: ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱮᱢᱯᱳᱨᱟᱨᱤ ᱥᱴᱳᱨᱤᱡ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤ ᱣᱩᱢᱮᱱ (ᱫᱟ ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱨᱮᱥ) ᱨᱮ "ᱞᱩᱠ, ᱵᱚᱴ ᱣᱤᱛᱷ ᱞᱚᱵᱷ" (ᱴᱨᱮᱥᱯᱟᱥᱤᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ) ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ "ᱢᱟᱭ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨ ᱤᱡ ᱮ ᱞᱩᱱᱟᱨ ᱠᱨᱮᱴᱟᱨ" ᱒᱐᱑᱘ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱜᱮ-ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱡᱩᱣᱮᱴᱨᱳᱯ: ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱯᱷᱤᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱳᱞᱩᱢ ᱢᱮᱠᱮᱱ ᱮ ᱡᱟᱸᱪ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱢᱤᱫ "ᱠᱞᱟᱥᱤᱠ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ —ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱪᱮᱨᱟᱜ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱦᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ, ᱡᱩᱲᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱤᱪᱷᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ: ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱟᱵᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱤᱭᱩᱢᱮᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱢᱮᱡᱤᱱᱮᱴᱤᱵᱽ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱵᱚᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱩᱞᱴᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱵᱚ ᱯᱟᱥ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ" ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ "ᱯᱞᱚᱢ ᱟᱭᱞᱮᱸᱰ" ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱩᱣᱮᱴᱨᱳᱯ: ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱯᱷᱤᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱳᱢᱤ ᱳᱨᱮᱸᱡᱽ ᱮ ᱡᱟᱸᱪ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱜᱟᱡᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱲᱦᱟ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱤᱡ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ "ᱟᱣᱟᱨ ᱟᱣᱩᱱ ᱯᱷᱮᱱᱴᱟᱥᱴᱤᱠ" ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱩᱠ ᱨᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐᱒᱓ ᱮᱞᱤᱡᱟᱵᱮᱛ ᱡᱳᱞᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱯᱨᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹᱭ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.australianbookreview.com.au/prizes-programs/elizabeth-jolley-story-prize/2023-jolley-prize?idU=3&fbclid=IwAR0gBfLa4Zv1chuTtrWs0f3n6skEJlroGRRZ5D4W0h2-2TF0kedpBb06Ylc/ |title=2023 ABR Elizabeth Jolley Short Story Prize |website=www.australianbookreview.com.au |access-date=9 September 2023 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== sm9itl7wxlefauqqowd104i5x2qi264 0 31468 196664 180285 2026-08-12T20:27:14Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196664 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox academic | name = ᱵᱤᱸᱫᱷᱤᱭᱟ ᱩᱱᱫᱩᱨᱛᱤ | occupation = Professor of Psychology | citizenship = ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ | workplaces = Tata Institution of Social sciences | alma_mater = ᱟᱱᱫᱷᱨᱟ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ | awards = *Fulbright Scholar (2004) *Association for Women in Psychology Distinguished Publication Award (2012) }} '''ᱵᱤᱸᱫᱷᱤᱭᱟ ᱩᱱᱫᱩᱨᱛᱤ''' (ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱑᱙᱕᱕) ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨ ᱨᱚᱞᱥ,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-03-08|title=To Be or Not to Be a 'Woman' in a Man's World|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/international-womens-day-to-be-or-not-to-be-a-woman-in-a-mans-world-1682875.html|access-date=2020-11-27|website=News18|language=en}}</ref> ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱥᱰ ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱚᱞᱮᱱᱥ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱠᱤᱞᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Vindhya Undurti - Psychology's Feminist Voices|url=https://feministvoices.com/profiles/vindhya-undurti|access-date=2020-10-15|website=www.feministvoices.com}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱫᱩᱨᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱟᱴᱟ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱪᱩᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱥᱚᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱱᱥᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱚᱯ ᱡᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨ ᱥᱴᱟᱰᱤᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱚᱨ ᱚᱯ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱦᱟᱭᱫᱨᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ᱾<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=TISS Faculty & Staff: Prof Vindhya Undurti|url=https://www.tiss.edu/view/9/employee/vindhya-u/}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱫᱩᱨᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱥᱳᱥᱤᱭᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱣᱤᱢᱮᱱ ᱤᱱ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱤᱥᱴᱤᱸᱜᱩᱤᱥᱰ ᱯᱟᱹᱵᱽᱞᱤᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱣᱟᱨᱰ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱮᱱᱰᱵᱩᱠ ᱚᱯ ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱨᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱱᱤᱡᱢᱥ: ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱯᱮᱠᱴᱤᱵᱷᱥ ᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ, ᱣᱤᱢᱮᱱ, ᱠᱚᱞᱪᱟᱨ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱟᱭᱤᱴᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱫ᱾<ref>{{Cite book|title=Handbook of International Feminisms: Perspectives on psychology, women, culture, and rights. Springer.|url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofintern0000unse_k5i9|isbn=978-1441998682|last1=Rutherford |first1=Alexandra |last2=Capdevila |first2=Rose |last3=Undurti |first3=Vindhya |last4=Palmary |first4=Ingrid |date=23 August 2011 |publisher=Springer }}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱙᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱚᱠᱥᱯᱷᱚᱨᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱣᱛᱷ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱤᱡᱤᱴᱤᱝ ᱥᱠᱚᱞᱟᱨᱥᱤᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱐᱔ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱩᱞᱵᱨᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱵᱷᱤᱡᱤᱴᱤᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱪᱟᱨᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱮᱞᱳᱥᱤᱯ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fulbright Scholar program directory|url=https://libraries.uark.edu/specialcollections/fulbrightdirectories/MC703_CIES_Box91_2004-05.pdf}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ ᱚᱯ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ (ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ) ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱟᱥᱴ ᱯᱨᱮᱥᱤᱰᱮᱱᱴ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ==ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ== ᱩᱱᱫᱩᱨᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱕, ᱑᱙᱕᱕ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱥᱟᱠᱷᱟᱯᱟᱴᱱᱟᱢ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱴᱤᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱮᱨᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱞᱟᱥ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱩᱱᱫᱩᱨᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤᱠ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱰ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱫᱽᱵᱷᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱮᱥᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱡᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱨᱢᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱟᱹᱢᱩᱸᱫᱽ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱫᱩᱨᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱱᱫᱷᱨᱟ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱗᱔ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱞᱤᱴᱟᱨᱮᱪᱟᱨ, ᱦᱤᱥᱴᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱞᱤᱴᱤᱠᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱤ.ᱮ. ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱑᱙᱗᱖ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱘᱕ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱤ.ᱮᱪ.ᱰᱤ. ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱤ.ᱮᱪ.ᱰᱤ. ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ, ᱩᱱᱫᱩᱨᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱭᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱭᱤᱴᱥ ᱜᱽᱨᱩᱯ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱣᱟᱠᱟᱞᱟᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱨᱡᱽ ᱵᱟᱹᱠᱤ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱸᱥᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱭᱠᱷᱚᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱫᱩᱨᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱞ ᱦᱩᱠᱥ, ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱥ ᱪᱮᱥᱞᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱱ ᱢᱮᱨᱮᱠ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱱᱤᱡᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱥᱳᱥᱤᱭᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱣᱤᱢᱮᱱᱥ ᱥᱴᱟᱰᱤᱡᱽ ᱢᱤᱴᱤᱝ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱤᱥᱟᱨᱪ ᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱫᱩᱨᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱟᱴᱟ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱪᱩᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱥᱚᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱱᱥᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱟᱣᱩᱱᱥᱮᱞᱤᱝ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱳᱨᱥ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱮᱞᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱛᱷᱤᱢᱥ (CEHAT) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱓ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱚᱞᱩᱢ ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱟᱣᱩᱱᱥᱮᱞᱤᱝ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱰᱳᱢᱮᱥᱴᱤᱠ ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱚᱞᱮᱱᱥ ᱤᱱ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱸᱥᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱟᱣᱩᱱᱥᱮᱞᱤᱝ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱮᱯᱴᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱨᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱨᱤᱥᱟᱨᱪ ᱚᱱ ᱣᱤᱢᱮᱱ (ICRW) ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱞ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱢᱮᱞᱤᱱᱰᱟ ᱜᱮᱴᱥ ᱯᱷᱟᱣᱩᱱᱰᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱯᱚᱱᱥᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱱᱫᱷᱨᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱠᱥ ᱴᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠᱤᱝ ᱠᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱨᱤᱥᱟᱨᱪᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱫᱩᱨᱛᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱠᱚᱞᱟᱨᱥᱤᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱩᱨ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱨᱤᱥᱟᱨᱪ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱭᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ: ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱸᱥᱟᱹ, ᱢᱮᱱᱴᱟᱞ ᱤᱞᱱᱮᱥ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ-ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱷᱚᱜᱽᱲᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱷᱚᱨ ᱡᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨ ᱨᱚᱞᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱥᱟ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱴᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱹᱠᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱫ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱰᱤᱥᱚᱨᱰᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱰᱤᱯᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ, ᱮᱸᱡᱽᱡᱟᱭᱤᱴᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱳᱢᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱥᱤᱢᱴᱚᱢ ᱰᱤᱥᱚᱨᱰᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱮᱡ ᱵᱤᱱ ᱰᱟᱭᱤᱜᱽᱱᱚᱥ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱱ ᱴᱨᱤᱴᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱸᱥᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱟᱹᱥᱩᱨ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱢ ᱦᱟᱲᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱤᱸᱥᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱫᱩᱨᱛᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱯᱟᱣᱟᱨ ᱥᱴᱨᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱭᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱥᱮᱨ ᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ, ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱣᱟᱞᱤᱴᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ᱾ ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== qg7dpbu3uqy5jowv625htarfk7xesep 0 31542 196493 179678 2026-08-12T17:22:04Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196493 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Sheila bhatia pandit.jpg|thumb|ᱥᱤᱞᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱴᱤᱭᱟ]] '''ᱥᱤᱞᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱴᱤᱭᱟ''' (᱑᱙᱑᱖-᱒᱐᱐᱘) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮᱭᱟᱹ, ᱜᱟᱭᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ,<ref name="The Oxford Companion to Indian Theatre">{{cite book | url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195644463.001.0001/acref-9780195644463-e-0078 | title=The Oxford Companion to Indian Theatre | chapter=Bhatia, Sheila | publisher=Oxford University Press | editor=Ananda Lal | year=2004 | isbn=9780195644463}}</ref> ᱛᱷᱤᱭᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱚᱱᱟᱞᱤᱴᱤ<ref name="Aesthetics of Indian Feminist Theatre">{{cite web | url=http://rupkatha.com/aesthetics-indian-feminist-theatre/#more-315 | title=Aesthetics of Indian Feminist Theatre | publisher=Rup Katha | date=2015 | access-date=30 May 2015}}</ref><ref name="Women Writing in India: The twentieth century">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OjZYf9Xf9bcC&q=Sheila+Bhatia&pg=PA79 | title=Women Writing in India: The twentieth century | publisher=Feminist Press | author=Susie J. Tharu, Ke Lalita | year=1993 | pages=688 | isbn=9781558610293}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱛᱷᱤᱭᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref name="Rich tributes paid to Sheila Bhatia">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/rich-tributes-paid-to-sheila-bhatia/article1207592.ece | title=Rich tributes paid to Sheila Bhatia | work=The Hindu | date=23 February 2008 | access-date=30 May 2015}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱤ ᱳᱯᱮᱨᱟ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱨᱮᱰᱤᱴ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱳᱯᱮᱨᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱰᱮᱱᱥ ᱰᱨᱟᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref name="Shiela Bhatia – A legend of Indian Operas passes away">{{cite web | url=http://www.stagebuzz.info/2008/March/Sheila%20Bhatia%20Orbituary.htm | title=Shiela Bhatia – A legend of Indian Operas passes away | publisher=Stage Buzz | date=2008 | access-date=30 May 2015 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114541/http://www.stagebuzz.info/2008/March/Sheila%20Bhatia%20Orbituary.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of World Drama">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zo5os6d0rvMC&q=%22Delhi+Art+Theatre%22+sheila+bhatia&pg=PA40 | title=McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of World Drama | publisher=McGraw-Hill | author=Stanley Hochman | year=1984 | pages=2900 | isbn=9780070791695}}</ref><ref name="Continuum Companion to Twentieth Century Theatre">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cFlFhuVMFGQC&q=%22Delhi+Art+Theatre%22+sheila+bhatia&pg=PA382 | title=Continuum Companion to Twentieth Century Theatre | publisher=A&C Black | author=Colin Chambers | year=2006 | pages=896 | isbn=9781847140012}}</ref><ref name="Studies in Punjab History & Culture">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5BBDAAAAYAAJ&q=punjabi+opera | title=Studies in Punjab History & Culture | publisher=Enkay Publishers | author=Gurcharan Singh | year=1990 | pages=281 | isbn=9788185148298}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱑᱙᱗᱑ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱫᱽᱢᱚ ᱥᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱥᱤᱵᱷᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱣᱟᱨᱰ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱘᱒ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱤᱭᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱰᱤᱨᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱤᱛ ᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ ᱟᱣᱟᱨᱰ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱑᱙᱙᱗ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱫᱟᱥ ᱥᱚᱢᱢᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾<ref name="Who's who of Indian Writers, 1999: A-M">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QA1V7sICaIwC&q=%22Delhi+Art+Theatre%22+sheila+bhatia&pg=PA155 | title=Who's who of Indian Writers, 1999: A-M | publisher=Sahitya Akademi | author=Kartik Chandra Dutt | year=1999 | pages=1490 | isbn=9788126008735}}</ref> ==ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ== ᱥᱤᱞᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱴᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱑᱙᱑᱖ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱽᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞᱠᱚᱴ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱵᱤ. ᱮ. ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱡᱩᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ (ᱵᱤ. ᱴᱤ.) ᱨᱮᱭ ᱜᱨᱮᱡᱩᱣᱮᱴ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱛᱷᱮᱢᱮᱴᱤᱠᱥ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱛᱷᱤᱭᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱠᱴᱤᱝ ᱰᱤᱯᱟᱨᱴᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱦᱮᱰ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱰᱨᱟᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾ ᱵᱷᱟᱴᱤᱭᱟ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱰᱮᱵᱽᱭᱩ ᱯᱨᱚᱰᱚᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟ ᱠᱚᱞ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱫᱟ ᱵᱷᱮᱞᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱜᱟᱭᱟᱱ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱖᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱨᱚᱰᱚᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱦᱤᱨ ᱨᱟᱸᱡᱷᱟ (᱑᱙᱕᱗), ᱫᱟᱨᱫᱽ ᱟᱭᱮᱜᱟ ᱫᱟᱵᱮ ᱯᱟᱣᱸ (᱑᱙᱗᱙), ᱥᱩᱞᱜᱟᱫᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱭᱟ (᱑᱙᱘᱒), ᱩᱢᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱭᱟᱢ (᱑᱙᱙᱐), ᱱᱟᱥᱤᱵ (᱑᱙᱙᱗), ᱪᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱫᱽᱞᱟ ᱫᱟ, ᱞᱚᱦᱟ ᱠᱩᱴᱴ, ᱜᱷᱟᱞᱤᱵᱽ ᱠᱟᱣᱱ ᱛᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱫᱤᱨ ᱥᱟᱦ ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱤᱥᱥᱟ ᱭᱮᱦ ᱟᱣᱨᱟᱛ ᱠᱟ (᱑᱙᱗᱒), ᱦᱟᱣᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱦᱤᱯᱯᱤ ᱛᱟᱠ (᱑᱙᱗᱒), ᱟᱨ ᱭᱮᱦ ᱤᱥᱠᱷ ᱱᱟᱦᱤᱱ ᱟᱥᱟᱱ (᱑᱙᱘᱐) ᱩᱨᱫᱩ ᱨᱮ᱾ ᱯᱷᱮᱭᱡᱽ ᱟᱦᱢᱮᱫᱽ ᱯᱷᱮᱭᱡᱽ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱷᱚᱞᱳᱣᱚᱨ,<ref name="India, whose love could have killed him">{{cite web | url=http://www.dawn.com/news/605949/india-whose-love-could-have-killed-him | title=India, whose love could have killed him | publisher=Dawn | date=13 February 2011 | access-date=30 May 2015}}</ref><ref name="Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature, Volume 2">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&q=%22Delhi+Art+Theatre%22+sheila+bhatia&pg=PA1098 | title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature, Volume 2 | publisher=Sahitya Akademi | author=Amaresh Datta | year=1988 | pages=987 | isbn=9788126011940}}</ref> ᱵᱷᱟᱴᱤᱭᱟ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱑᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱵᱽᱞᱤᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱞᱚ ᱫᱟ ᱡᱷᱟᱠᱠᱟᱨᱦ (᱑᱙᱕᱐) ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ==ᱟᱣᱟᱨᱰ== ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱑᱙᱗᱑ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱫᱽᱢᱚ ᱥᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱵᱷᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱘᱒ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱥᱴ ᱰᱤᱨᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱤᱛ ᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ ᱟᱣᱟᱨᱰ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱷᱟᱞᱤᱵᱽ ᱟᱣᱟᱨᱰ (᱑᱙᱘᱓) ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱤ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ ᱠᱟᱣᱩᱱᱥᱤᱞ ᱟᱣᱟᱨᱰ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱘᱖ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱮᱰᱢᱤᱱᱤᱥᱴᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱥᱴ ᱰᱤᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱟᱣᱟᱨᱰ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱙᱗ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱫᱟᱥ ᱥᱚᱢᱢᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱨᱫᱩ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ ᱟᱣᱟᱨᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱤ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ (᱒᱐᱐᱐) ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱦᱤᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref name="Academy award for Harkishan Singh">{{cite web | url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000518/nation.htm | title=Academy award for Harkishan Singh | work=The Tribune | date=18 May 2000 | access-date=30 May 2015}}</ref> ==ᱜᱩᱨ== ᱥᱤᱞᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱴᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱗ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱒᱐᱐᱘ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱙᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== * {{cite book | title=Women Writing in India: The twentieth century | publisher=Feminist Press | author=Susie J. Tharu, Ke Lalita | year=1993 | pages=688 | isbn=9781558610293}} * {{cite book | title=The Oxford Companion to Indian Theatre | url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000unse_a7v4 | publisher=Oxford University Press | editor=Ananda Lal | year=2004 | isbn=9780195644463}} mzot07w0i85d65ys3fklsotrbn9ofoc 0 31689 196621 184820 2026-08-12T19:25:52Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196621 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox religious building | name = ᱡᱟᱢᱟ ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ, ᱟᱜ‍ᱽᱨᱟ | image = Jami Masjid -Agra -Uttar Pradesh -IMG 0282.jpg | image_upright = | alt = | caption = | map_type = India Uttar Pradesh#India | map_size = 250px | map_alt = | map_relief = yes | map_caption = India | coordinates = {{Coord|27|10|55.4|N|78|00|58.3|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}} | coordinates_footnotes = | religious_affiliation = [[ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ]] | locale = | location = [[ᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟ]], [[ᱩᱛᱛᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱟᱫᱮᱥ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] | deity = | rite = | sect = | tradition = | festival = <!-- or | festivals = --> | cercle = | sector = | administration = | consecration_year = | organisational_status = <!-- or | organizational_status = --> | functional_status = | heritage_designation = | ownership = | governing_body = | leadership = | bhattaraka = | patron = | religious_features_label = | religious_features = | architect = | architecture_type = Congregational mosque | architecture_style = | founded_by = [[ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱᱟᱨᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱟᱢ]] | creator = | funded_by = | general_contractor = | established = | groundbreaking = 1643 | year_completed = 1648 | construction_cost = 5 [[ᱞᱟᱠᱷ]] [[ᱨᱩᱯᱭᱟ]] | date_demolished = <!-- or | date_destroyed = --> | facade_direction = | capacity = | length = | width = | width_nave = | interior_area = | height_max = | dome_quantity = 3 | dome_height_outer = | dome_height_inner = | dome_dia_outer = | dome_dia_inner = | minaret_quantity = | minaret_height = | spire_quantity = | spire_height = | site_area = 1200 square metres | temple_quantity = | monument_quantity = | shrine_quantity = | inscriptions = | materials = [[ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ]], [[ᱢᱟᱨᱵᱟᱞ]] | elevation_m = <!-- or | elevation_ft = --> | elevation_footnotes = | nrhp = | designated = | added = | refnum = | footnotes = | website = }} '''ᱡᱟᱢᱟ ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ''' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱑᱗ ᱥᱟᱭᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱜᱚᱞ ᱥᱚᱢᱨᱟᱴ ᱥᱟᱦ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱᱟᱨᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱠᱤᱞᱟ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0">{{Citation|last=Alfieri|first=Bianca Maria|title=Islamic Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent|pages=245|year=2000|publisher=Laurence King Publishing|isbn=9781856691895}}</ref> ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== [[File:'Jumma Musjid and City,' 1890s.jpg|thumb|left|ᱡᱟᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ, ᱑᱘᱙᱐ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ]] ᱥᱟᱦᱤ ᱟᱫᱟᱞᱟᱛ ᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱟᱦᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱᱱᱟᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱡᱟᱢᱟ ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱖᱓᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱜᱚᱞ ᱥᱚᱢᱨᱟᱴ ᱥᱟᱦ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱦᱤ ᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱦ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱠᱤᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱪᱳᱣᱠ (ᱯᱞᱟᱡᱟ) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱩᱲᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱦ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ, ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨᱤ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱᱟᱨᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱢ, ᱥᱚᱢᱨᱟᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱡᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱮᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱢᱩᱜᱚᱞ ᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱠᱚᱱᱥᱴᱨᱟᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱯᱨᱳᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ; ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱢᱩᱱᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱚᱡᱽ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱞ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱴᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱵᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱵᱟ ᱠᱚᱪ ᱠᱤᱞᱟ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱴᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱯᱚᱥᱤᱵᱟᱞ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ; ᱥᱮ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱥᱤᱰᱮᱱᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱥᱮ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱚᱡᱽ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ ᱵᱤᱞᱰᱤᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱣᱮᱱ ᱵᱮᱜᱽᱞᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱡᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤᱠ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨᱚᱜ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ ᱮᱠᱥᱯᱟᱱᱰ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱚᱯᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱖᱔᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ; ᱥᱠᱳᱞᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱛᱷᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱥᱮᱨ ᱚᱛ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱞᱟᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱖᱔᱘ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱞᱟᱠᱷ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱪᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱳᱣᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱠᱤᱞᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱨᱤᱯᱳᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱡᱩᱲᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱸᱫᱽ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, ᱑᱘᱕᱗ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱛᱤᱱᱤ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱠᱤᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱜᱮᱨᱤᱥᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱤᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱤᱪᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱵᱤᱥᱯᱷᱚᱴ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱥᱛᱷᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱤᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱩᱨᱟᱠᱷᱭᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱛᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱘᱗᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ, ᱛᱨᱤᱯᱳᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱪᱳᱣᱠ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱠᱤᱞᱟ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kudaisya |first=Gyanesh |title=Region, Nation, "Heartland": Uttar Pradesh in India's Body Politic |url=https://archive.org/details/regionnationhear0000kuda |publisher=SAGE Publications |year=2006 |isbn=9780761935193 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/regionnationhear0000kuda/page/53 53]}}</ref> ==ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱴᱮᱠᱪᱟᱹᱨ== ᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱢᱟ ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱦ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱤ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ ᱮᱱᱰᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱩᱫᱟᱦᱚᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱢᱟᱨᱵᱚᱞ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱒᱐᱐ ᱥᱠᱚᱭᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱮ ᱫᱟᱯᱟᱞ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱚᱛ ᱞᱮᱵᱮᱞ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱞᱤᱵᱮᱴᱮᱰ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱤᱞᱤᱯᱷ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱳᱞᱰᱤᱝ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱵᱚᱞ ᱤᱱᱞᱮ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱞᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱪᱪᱛᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱣᱟᱡᱤᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱥᱟᱦ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱜᱚᱞ ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ, ᱞᱟᱦᱳᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ [[File:Jama Masjid in Agra.jpg|thumb|ᱡᱟᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ]] [[File:Streets of Agra (Jama Masjid).jpg|thumb|ᱡᱟᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱧᱮᱞ ]] ᱡᱟᱢᱟ ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱟᱛᱷᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱢᱵᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱟᱨᱪᱣᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱯᱤᱥᱛᱟᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱤᱥᱛᱟᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱚᱞ (ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱢᱟᱨᱵᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱱᱞᱮ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱟᱠᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱚᱡᱽ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱨᱟᱛᱷᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱢᱵᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱵᱩᱞᱵᱩᱥ ᱰᱳᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱮᱭᱟᱨᱤᱝᱵᱳᱱ (ᱡᱤᱜᱡᱟᱜ) ᱯᱟᱴᱟᱨᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱳᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱛᱚᱥ-ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱱᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱨᱟᱛᱷᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱢᱵᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱱᱵᱟᱨ (ᱯᱩᱞᱯᱤᱴ) ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱤᱯᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱱᱵᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱯᱷᱟᱥᱮᱰ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱱᱜᱨᱮᱵᱤᱝ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱦᱱ (ᱟᱛᱟᱛᱩᱨᱩᱢ) ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱸᱫᱽ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱠᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ, ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱟᱨᱠᱮᱰ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱛᱟᱛᱩᱨᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱩᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱱᱩᱥᱴᱟᱱᱤᱠ ᱟᱵᱷᱤᱥᱮᱠ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{commonscat|Jama Masjid, Agra}} * [https://www.archnet.org/sites/1556 Masjid-i Jami Agra - Archnet]{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://wikimapia.org/108646/Jama-Masjid-Agra Aerial View of the Jama Masjid] * [http://www.agraindia.org.uk/monuments/jami-masjid-agra.html http://www.agraindia.org.uk/monuments/jami-masjid-agra.html] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱢᱩᱜᱚᱞ ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱩᱨᱤᱥᱴ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ|ᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱳᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ ᱵᱤᱞᱰᱤᱝ]] dt6vrolvjc9wrttfyyhhdpi54cglsbd 0 31697 196534 174238 2026-08-12T17:59:48Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196534 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox religious building | name = ᱡᱟᱢᱟ ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ | image = Jama Masjid - In the Noon.jpg | image_upright = 1.4 | caption = The mosque exterior, in 2008 | location = [[ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ]], [[ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ]] | country = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] | map_type = India | map_size = 250 | map_alt = | map_relief = 1 | map_caption = ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ | coordinates = {{coord|28.6507|77.2334|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN-DL|display=it}} | religious_affiliation = [[ᱥᱩᱱᱱᱤ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ]] | rite = [[ᱦᱟᱱᱟᱯᱤ]] | status = {{nowrap|[[Congregational mosque]]}} | functional_status = Active | leadership = {{ubl|{{nowrap|[[Syed Ahmed Bukhari]]}}<br/>{{small|(''[[ᱥᱟᱦᱤ ᱤᱢᱟᱢ]]'')}}|[[Syed Shaban Bukhari]]<br/>{{small|(''Naib Shahi Imam'')}}}} | governing_body = | year_completed = 1656 | architecture_type = {{nowrap|[[ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱴᱮᱪᱟᱨ]]}} | architect = | architecture_style = {{ubl|[[ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱼᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ]]|[[ᱢᱩᱜᱚᱞ]]}} | construction_cost = {{IDR}}1&nbsp;million | capacity = 25,000 worshippers | facade_direction = West | length = {{convert|40|m|ft}} | width = {{convert|27|m|ft}} | dome_quantity = 3 | minaret_quantity = 2 | minaret_height = {{convert|41|m|ft}} | materials = [[ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ]], [[ᱢᱟᱨᱵᱟᱞ]] | website = {{URL|http://delhitourism.gov.in/delhitourism/tourist_place/jama_masjid.jsp|Jama Masjid}} | module = {{Infobox historic site | embed = yes | designation1 = MANI | designation1_offname = Ancient Mosque | designation1_type = | designation1_criteria = | designation1_date = | delisted1_date = | designation1_partof = | designation1_number = N-DL-162 | designation1_free1name = | designation1_free1value = | designation1_free2name = | designation1_free2value = | designation1_free3name = | designation1_free3value = }} }} '''ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ-ᱤ-ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱ-ᱱᱩᱢᱟ''' ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ '''ᱡᱟᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ''' (ᱩᱨᱫᱩ: جامع مسجد) ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱱᱱᱤ ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="JM">{{cite web |title=Jama Masjid, Delhi |url=http://www.culturalindia.net/monuments/jama-masjid.html |access-date=19 May 2017 |publisher=Cultural India website |date=n.d. |archive-date=5 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205153101/https://www.culturalindia.net/monuments/jama-masjid.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱜᱚᱞ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱑᱖᱔᱔ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱖᱕᱖ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱤᱢᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱭᱮᱫᱽ ᱟᱵᱽᱫᱩᱞ ᱜᱟᱯᱷᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱦ ᱵᱩᱠᱷᱟᱨᱤ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱦᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ (ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱜᱚᱞ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱘᱕᱗ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱜᱚᱞ ᱥᱟᱢᱨᱟᱡᱽᱭᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱢᱩᱜᱚᱞ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱨᱟᱡᱽᱭᱚ ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱢᱟ ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱢᱚᱱᱩᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="ASI MNI">{{Cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/alphabetical-list-of-monuments-delhi/|title=List of Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains of Delhi |work=Archaeological Survey of India |access-date=2018-10-02}}</ref> ==ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ== ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱦ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱮᱢᱟᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ-ᱤ-ᱡᱮᱦᱟᱸᱱ-ᱱᱩᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ "ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ" ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱚᱵ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱢ-ᱮ-ᱡᱮᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱱᱩᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ (ᱩᱨᱫᱩ: جامع مسجد, ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱤᱠ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ "ᱠᱚᱸᱜᱽᱨᱮᱜᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ") ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱴᱚᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱗ ᱥᱟᱭᱟᱫᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢᱭᱩᱱᱤᱴᱤ ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱩᱠᱨᱤ ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ==ᱴᱷᱟᱶ== [[File:Old Delhi market, Jama Masjid.jpg|thumb|ᱡᱟᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ, ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ]] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱦᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱞ ᱠᱤᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱱᱮᱦᱨᱤ ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱡᱟᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱥᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱽᱱᱤ ᱪᱚᱣᱠ <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-27 |title=Shahjahanabad: How a planned city came undone |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/shahjahanabad-how-a-planned-city-came-undone/story-z7Gg3imYzCjCQQP3CBuZCO.html |access-date=2021-09-12 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref>᱾ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱵᱩᱞ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱟᱡᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱵᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== ===ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱜᱚᱞ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ=== ᱢᱩᱜᱚᱞ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱑᱖᱕᱐ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱖᱕᱖ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱦᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱕,᱐᱐᱐ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Lews |first=Robert |title=Jama Masjid of Delhi |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Jami-Masjid-mosque-Delhi-India |website=Britannica}}</ref><ref name=Asher>{{cite book |author=Asher, Catherine B. |year=1992 |title=The New Cambridge History of India: Architecture of Mughal India |url=https://archive.org/details/architectureofmu0000ashe |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/architectureofmu0000ashe/page/193 193] |isbn=978-0-521-26728-1}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱤ, ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱤ, ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱣᱨᱚᱯᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱦ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱣᱟᱡᱤᱨ (ᱥᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ) ᱥᱟᱫᱩᱞᱟᱦ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱦ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱴᱨᱚᱞᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱞᱟᱠᱷ (ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ) ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱪᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱓ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱑᱖᱕᱖ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱭᱮᱫᱽ ᱟᱵᱽᱫᱩᱞ ᱜᱟᱯᱷᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱦ ᱵᱩᱠᱷᱟᱨᱤ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱡᱽᱵᱮᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱩᱠᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱦ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱦᱤ ᱤᱢᱟᱢ (ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱤᱢᱟᱢ) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱱᱮᱣᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>''[https://books.google.com.au/books/about/Marathas_and_Panipat.html?id=TmU9AAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y Marathas and Panipat]'' by Hari Ram Gupta (1961) pg. 326</ref> ᱥᱟᱦ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱚᱱᱩᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱜᱚᱞ ᱥᱟᱢᱨᱟᱡᱽᱭᱚ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱩᱠᱨᱤ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧ ᱵᱮᱲᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱜᱚᱞ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱩᱛᱵᱟ ᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱱᱩᱱᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱵᱤᱛ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱜᱚᱞ ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱦᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟᱭ ᱮᱢᱟᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱑᱗᱕᱗ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱷᱩᱛᱵᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱦᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱥᱟᱦ ᱫᱩᱨᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱜᱟᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱞᱚᱢᱜᱤᱨ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱮ ᱱᱮᱣᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{sister project links}} {{commons category-inline|Jama Masjid, Delhi}} * {{Wikivoyage inline|Jama Masjid}} * [https://www.topworldimages.com/The_Jama_Masjid_of_Delhi_A_Majestic_Testament_to_Mughal_Artistry_and_Historical_Res.htm The Jama Masjid Of Delhi] djapulhi0nm2zp0s8di7t9pkowu19p5 0 31799 196551 173778 2026-08-12T18:15:02Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196551 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox event |title = ᱜᱟᱫᱤᱨ ᱠᱷᱩᱢ |image = Ghadir Khumm et sa signification.jpg |image_size = |caption = |Location=[[ᱨᱟᱵᱤᱜᱽ|ᱟᱞ-ᱡᱩᱦᱯᱟ]], [[ᱦᱮᱡᱟᱡᱽ]], [[ᱟᱨᱟᱵᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱮᱱᱤᱱᱥᱩᱞᱟ|ᱟᱨᱟᱵᱤᱭᱟ]]|type = ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱵᱷᱟᱥᱟᱬ |theme = [[ᱠᱩᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱟᱨ ''[[ᱟᱦᱞ ᱟᱞ-ᱵᱟᱭᱛ]]'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱛ, [[ᱟᱞᱤ ᱤᱵᱱ ᱟᱵᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱤᱵᱽ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ [[ᱢᱩᱦᱟᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ]] ᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱚᱢ – [[ᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ|ᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱣᱤ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱩᱦᱟᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱸᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ |outcome = ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱱ [[ᱤᱫᱽ ᱟᱞ-ᱜᱟᱫᱤᱨ]] ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱨᱟᱛᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱜᱤᱯᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢ, ᱠᱩᱥᱤ ᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ, ''[[ᱫᱩ'ᱟ ᱱᱩᱫᱽᱵᱟ]]'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ |date = ᱑᱐/᱑᱖ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱖᱓᱒ (᱑᱘ [[ᱫᱷᱩ ᱟᱞ-ᱦᱤᱡᱽᱡᱟᱦ]]) }} '''ᱜᱟᱫᱤᱨ ᱠᱷᱩᱢ''' (ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱤᱠ: غَدِير خُم) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱴ ᱢᱩᱦᱟᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱑᱖ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱖᱓᱒ ᱥᱤ ᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱥᱟᱬ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱣᱟᱫᱤ (ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱤᱠ: وَادِي, ᱞᱤᱴ. 'ᱵᱷᱮᱞᱞᱤ') ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱫᱤᱨ (ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱤᱠ: غَدِير, ᱞᱤᱴ. 'ᱯᱩᱠᱷᱨᱤ') ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱫᱤᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱞ-ᱡᱩᱦᱯᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱦᱟᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱩᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ ᱠᱟᱨᱣᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱛᱷᱤᱨ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱤᱫᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱤᱨᱛᱷᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱤᱛᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱖᱓᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱵᱷᱟᱥᱟᱬ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱩᱦᱟᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱟᱞᱤ ᱤᱵᱱ ᱟᱵᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱤᱵᱽ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱵᱚᱦᱟᱠᱟᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱶᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱮ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ: "ᱩᱱᱤ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱣᱞᱟ ᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱧ, ᱟᱞᱤ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱣᱞᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ" (ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱤᱠ: من كنت مولاه فهذا على مولاه)᱾ ᱢᱟᱣᱞᱟ (ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱤᱠ: مولاه) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱟᱱ ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱤᱠ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ 'ᱯᱮᱴᱨᱚᱱ', 'ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤᱠ', 'ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ', ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱮ 'ᱜᱟᱛᱮ', ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱞᱟᱛ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱰ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱥᱟᱬ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱦᱟᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱤᱥᱠᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱫᱽ ᱟᱞ-ᱜᱟᱫᱤᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱨᱥᱤᱠᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱩᱱᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱞᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱦᱟᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱮᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱵᱤᱭᱩᱛᱯᱚᱛᱤ== ᱜᱟᱫᱤᱨ ᱠᱷᱩᱢ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱟᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱦᱟᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱟᱥᱟᱬ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱩᱠᱷᱨᱤ (ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱤᱠ: غَدِير, romanized: ghadir) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱩᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱣᱟᱫᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱫᱤᱱᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱯᱩᱠᱷᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱞ-ᱡᱩᱦᱯᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱚᱬᱱᱤᱛᱤᱠ ᱛᱤᱨᱢᱳᱦᱟᱱᱤ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱫᱤᱱᱟ, ᱤᱡᱤᱯᱴ, ᱟᱨ ᱤᱨᱟᱠ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱩᱲᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱾ ᱠᱷᱩᱢᱢ (ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱤᱠ: خُم) ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ 'ᱫᱷᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱡᱽ', ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱣᱟᱫᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱠᱷᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱩᱱᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱼᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱚᱥᱞᱤ ᱵᱟᱥᱤᱱᱫᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱱᱩ ᱠᱷᱩᱡᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱱᱩ ᱠᱤᱱᱟᱱᱟ ᱴᱨᱟᱭᱤᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱟᱯ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱯᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱟᱯ ᱢᱳᱥᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱢᱩᱦᱟᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱟᱥᱟᱬ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ, ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽᱱᱟ ᱠᱟᱨᱣᱟᱱ ᱥᱴᱳᱯ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱳᱛᱨᱳᱛ ᱨᱮ, ᱜᱟᱫᱤᱨ ᱠᱷᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱟᱯ ᱢᱟᱦᱳᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱦᱟᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱵᱽᱭᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱩᱨᱚᱱᱛ ᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱛᱷᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱟᱥᱟᱬ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱣᱰᱤᱭᱮᱱᱥ ᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱽ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ==ᱵᱮᱠᱜᱨᱟᱣᱩᱱᱰ== ᱢᱩᱦᱟᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱫᱤᱱᱟ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱩ ᱟᱞ-ᱠᱟᱫᱟᱦ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱩᱦᱟᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱖᱓᱒ ᱥᱤ ᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱢᱮᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱤᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱟᱡᱽ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱢᱚᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱫᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱤᱨᱛᱷᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ (ᱟᱨᱟᱯᱷᱟᱛ ᱨᱮ) ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽᱱᱟ ᱜᱟᱫᱤᱨ ᱠᱷᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟ ᱛᱮ, ᱢᱩᱦᱟᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱛᱩᱨᱚᱱᱛ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱹᱵᱽᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱟᱡᱽ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱫᱤᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱟᱫᱤᱨ ᱠᱷᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱞᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟᱨ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽᱱᱟ ᱜᱮᱥ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} {{refbegin|2}} * {{cite book |title=The Prophet's Heir: The Life of Ali Ibn Abi Talib |author-first=H. |author-last=Abbas |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2021 |isbn=9780300252057 |author-link=Hassan Abbas (scholar)}} * {{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia|editor-first=Oliver|editor-last=Leaman|publisher=Routledge|year=2006|isbn=9780415326391|pages=218|author-first= Asma|author-last= Afsaruddin|title=Ghadir Khumm|url=https://archive.org/details/quranencyclopedi2006unse/page/218/mode/2up|url-access=registration|author-link=Asma Afsaruddin}} * {{cite encyclopedia|author1-last=Afsaruddin|author1-first=Asma|author2-last=Nasr|author2-first= Seyyed Hossein|title='Alī|encyclopedia= Encyclopedia Britannica| year=2022|url= https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ali-Muslim-caliph|author2-link=Seyyed Hossein Nasr}} * {{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Amir-Moezzi |author-first=Mohammad Ali |title=Ghadīr Khumm |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=Third |editor1-first=Kate |editor1-last=Fleet |editor2-first=Gudrun |editor2-last=Krämer |editor3-first=Denis |editor3-last=Matringe |editor4-first=John |editor4-last=Nawas |editor5-first=Devin J. |editor5-last=Stewart |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419 |year=2014 |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419 |isbn=9789004269613 |author-link=Mohammad Ali Amir-Moezzi |url-access=subscription}} * {{cite book|title=The Spirituality of Shi'i Islam: Beliefs and Practices|author-first=Mohammad Ali|author-last= Amir-Moezzi|publisher=I.B. Tauris|year=2020|isbn= 9780755610273}} * {{cite book|title=The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam|author-first=Mahmoud M.|author-last= Ayoub|publisher=Oneworld|year= 2014|isbn= 9781851683963|url=https://archive.org/details/crisisofmuslimhi0000ayou/mode/2up|url-access=registration|author-link=Mahmoud M. Ayoub}} * {{cite encyclopedia |author-first=Ali A. |author-last=Bulookbashi |title='Alī b. Abī Ṭālib |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Islamica |editor-first=Farhad |editor-link=Farhad Daftary |editor-last=Daftary |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_0252 |year=2015|doi=10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_0252|display-authors=etal }} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2009 |title=Ghadir Khumm |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=Infobase Publishing |url=https://archive.org/details/islam-encyclopedia-of-islam-2009/page/256/mode/2up |editor-last=Campo |editor-first=Juan Eduardo |page=257{{ndash}}258 |isbn=9780816054541 |url-access=registration}} * {{cite book |title=A History of Shi'i Islam |author-first=Farhad |author-last=Daftary |publisher=I.B. Tauris |year=2013 |isbn=9780857723338 |url=https://archive.org/details/shii-heritage-series-farhad-daftary-a-history-of-shii-islam-i.-b.-tauris-2013_202104/mode/2up |url-access=registration |author-link=Farhad Daftary}} * {{cite book |title=The Charismatic Community: Shi'ite Identity in Early Islam |author-first=Maria Massi |author-last=Dakake |year=2007 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=9780791470336 |author-link=Maria Massi Dakake}} *{{Cite book|last=Donaldson|first=Dwight M.|url=https://archive.org/details/shiitereligionhi0000dona/mode/2up|title=The Shi'ite Religion: A History of Islam in Persia and Iraḳ|publisher=Luzac & Company|year=1933|url-access=registration}} *{{cite thesis|last=Eliash|first=Joseph|date=1966|title='Alī b. Abī Ṭālib in Ithna - 'Ashari Shī'ī Belief|publisher=School of Oriental and African Studies|location=London|url=https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.296425|url-access=registration|access-date=2025-04-10|archive-date=2023-04-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414171118/https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.296425|url-status=dead}} * {{cite book|first=Ignác|last=Goldziher|author-link=Ignác Goldziher|title=Muhammedanische Studien|url=https://archive.org/details/muhammedanisches00gold|year=1889|publisher=Halle|url-access=registration}} * {{cite book|title=Shī'ī Islam: An Introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/shiiislamintrodu0000haid|author-first=Najam|author-last=Haider|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2014|isbn=9781107031432}} *{{Cite book|last=Hazleton|first=Lesley|url=https://archive.org/details/aftertheprophettheepicstoryoftheshiasunnisplitinislampdfdrive.com/mode/2up|title=After the Prophet: The Epic Story of the Shia-Sunni Split in Islam|publisher=Doubleday|year=2009|isbn=9780385532099|url-access=registration|author-link=Lesley Hazleton}} * {{Cite book |last=Jafri |first=S.H.M |url=https://archive.org/details/OriginsAndEarlyDevelopmentOfShiaIslamBySyedHusainMohammadJafri/mode/2up |title=Origins and Early Development of Shia Islam |publisher=Longman |year=1979 |location=London |author-link=Husain Mohammad Jafri |url-access=registration}} * {{cite book |last1=Lalani |first1=Arzina R. |title=Early Shi'i Thought: The Teachings of Imam Muhammad al-Baqir |date=2000 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |isbn=1850435928}} * {{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia|editor-first=Oliver|editor-last=Leaman|publisher=Routledge|year=2006|isbn=9780415326391|pages=586–593|author-first=Arzina R.|author-last=Lalani|title=Shi'a|url=https://archive.org/details/quranencyclopedi2006unse/page/586/mode/2up|url-access=registration}} * {{cite web|last=Lalani|first=Arzina R.|date=2011|title=Ghadir Khumm|url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0105.xml|publisher=Oxford Bibliographies|doi=10.1093/OBO/9780195390155-0105}} * {{cite book|title=The Arabs in History|author-first=Bernard | author-last= Lewis|publisher=Hutchinson & Co|url=https://archive.org/details/arabsinhistory0000lewi/mode/|year=1968|url-access=registration|author-link=Bernard Lewis}} * {{cite book|title=The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate|author-first=W|author-last=Madelung|year=1997|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn= 9780521646963|url=https://archive.org/details/successiontomuam0000made/mode/2up|author-link=Wilferd Madelung|url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book|last=Mavani|first=Hamid|url=https://archive.org/details/religiousauthori0000mava/mode/|title=Religious Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Shi'ism: From Ali to Post-Khomeini|publisher=Routledge|year=2013|isbn=9780415624404|url-access=registration}} * {{cite book |author-last=McHugo |author-first=John |title=A Concise History of Sunnis and Shi'is |publisher=Georgetown University Press |year=2018 |isbn= 9781626165878}} * {{cite book |title=An Introduction to Shi'i Islam |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontosh0000mome_o5t2 |author-first=Moojan |author-last=Momen |year=1985 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=9780300035315 |author-link=Moojan Momen}} * {{cite journal|last=Najafabadi|first=S. Adel Hashemi|date=2010|title=The Invention of Islamic History|journal=The International Journal of the Humanities|volume=8|issue=1|page=259 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/294625427 |doi=10.18848/1447-9508/CGP/v08i01/42810}} * {{cite book |title=The Study Quran: A New Translation and Commentary |publisher=Harper Collins |year=2015 |isbn=9780061125867 |url=https://archive.org/details/thestudyquran_201909/mode/2up |editor1-first=S.H. |editor1-last=Nasr |editor2-first=C.K. |editor2-last=Dagli |editor3-first=M.M. |editor3-last=Dakake |editor4-first=J.E.B. |editor4-last=Lumbard |editor5-first=M. |editor5-last=Rustom |url-access=registration |ref={{harvid|Nasr et al.|2015}} |editor1-link=Seyyed Hossein Nasr |editor3-link=Maria Massi Dakake}} * {{cite book|title=Twelve Infallible Men: The Imams and the Making of Shi'ism|url=https://archive.org/details/twelveinfallible0000pier|author-first=Matthew|author-last= Pierce|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2016|isbn= 9780674737075}} * {{cite encyclopedia|author-first=I.K.|author-last= Poonawala|title='Alī b. Abī Ṭāleb I. Life|encyclopedia= Encyclopaedia Iranica|edition= Online|year=1982|url= http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ali-b-abi-taleb#pt1|author-link=Ismail Poonawala}} * {{cite book |first=Basil |last=Robinson |author-link=Basil William Robinson |editor-first=Robert |editor-last= Hillenbrand |editor-link=Robert Hillenbrand |section = Images of Muhammad in al-Biruni's Chronology of Ancient Nations | title=Persian Painting from the Mongols to the Qajars: Studies in Honour of Basil W. Robinson | series = Pembroke Persian Papers, 3. | publisher= I.B. Tauris |date= 2000 |isbn=9781850436591 |url=}} * {{Cite book|last=Sanders|first=Paula|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jH-57_-auocC&pg=PA122|title=Ritual, Politics, and the City in Fatimid Cairo|publisher=State University of New York Press|year=1994|isbn=9781438418629}} * {{cite book|title=Islamic History: A New Interpretation|author-first=M.A.|author-last= Shaban |publisher=Cambridge University Press|year= 1976|isbn= 9780521291316|url=https://archive.org/details/IslamicHistoryANewInterpretationVol.1/mode/2up|volume=1|url-access=registration}} * {{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God|title='Ali ibn Abi Talib (599-661)|author-first=Reza|author-last=Shah-Kazemi|pages=20–24|year=2014|editor1-first=Coeli|editor1-last= Fitzpatrick|editor2-first= Adam Hani|editor2-last= Walker|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn= 9781610691789|url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadinhistor0000unse_h4s1/page/20/mode/2up|volume=1|url-access=registration|author-link=Reza Shah-Kazemi}} * {{cite book|title=Imam 'Ali: From Concise History to Timeless Mystery|author-first=Reza|author-last= Shah-Kazemi|publisher=[[The Matheson Trust]]|year=2019|isbn= 9781908092182}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |last=Stewart |first=Devin J. |url=https://archive.org/details/EncyclopaediaOfTheQuranVol.2eI/page/n181/mode/2up|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'ān |publisher=Brill |year=2002 |isbn=9789004120358 |editor-last=McAuliffe |editor-first=Jane Dammen |volume=2 |pages=178{{ndash}}180|editor-link=Jane Dammen McAuliffe|title=Farewell Pilgrimage|author-link=Devin J. Stewart|url-access=registration}} * {{cite book| first= Priscilla P. |last = Soucek | section = An Illustrated Manuscript of al-Biruni's Chronology of Ancient Nations |title= The Scholar and the Saint: Studies in Commemoration of Abul-Rayhan al-Biruni and Jalal al-Din al-Rumi | editor-first = Peter J. |editor-last=Chelkowski | publisher = New York University Press | date= 1975 |isbn=9780814713600 |oclc = 434241035 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/scholar-and-the-saint-studies-in-commemoration-of-abul-rayhan-al-biruni-and-jalal-al-din-al-rumi/oclc/434241035?referer=null&ht=edition}} * {{cite book |last=Tabatabai |first=Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn |url=https://archive.org/details/ShiaInIslamCopy/mode/2up |title=Shi'ite Islam |publisher=State University of New York Press |translator-first=S.H. |translator-last=Nasr |translator-link= |year=1975 |isbn=0873953908 |author-link=Allameh Tabatabaei |url-access=registration}} * {{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Veccia Vaglieri |author-first=L. |title=G̲h̲adīr K̲h̲umm |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=Second |editor1-first=P. |editor1-last=Bearman |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C.E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W.P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439 |year=2012 |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439 |isbn=9789004161214 |url-access=subscription |author-link=Laura Veccia Vaglieri}} * {{cite encyclopedia|author1-last=Wensinck|author1-first= A.J.|author2-last= Crone|author2-first= P.|title=Mawlā|encyclopedia= Encyclopaedia of Islam|edition= Second|editor1-first= P.|editor1-last= Bearman|editor2-first= Th.|editor2-last= Bianquis|editor3-first= C.E.|editor3-last= Bosworth|editor4-first= E.|editor4-last= van Donzel|editor5-first= W.P.|editor5-last= Heinrichs|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0714|url-access=subscription|year=2012|doi= 10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0714|isbn= 9789004161214|author2-link=Patricia Crone}} *{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=John Alden|title=The Word of Islam|publisher=[[University of Texas Press]]|year=1994|isbn=9780292790759 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jb0kAQAAIAAJ}} {{refend}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{Commons category|Ghadir Khumm}} *[https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0105.xml Academic summary and reading list for the Ghadir Khumm, by Oxford Bibliographies] {{coord|22|49|30|N|39|04|30|E|region:SA-02_type:landmark_source:kolossus-dewiki|display=title}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱖᱓᱒]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱗ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱢᱩᱦᱟᱢᱢᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ]] re1igttqahddb025cbnj4zkxmibabcj 0 31800 196662 173305 2026-08-12T20:23:10Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196662 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ᱦᱤᱡᱽᱨᱟᱦ''', (ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱤᱠ: الهجرة, romanized: al-Hijrah, ᱞᱤᱴ. 'ᱢᱟᱭᱜᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ') ᱦᱮᱜᱤᱨᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ (ᱢᱤᱰᱤᱭᱮᱵᱷᱟᱞ ᱞᱟᱛᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ), ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱴ ᱢᱩᱦᱟᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱪᱮᱞᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱫᱤᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱾<ref name=FazlurRehman51>{{cite book |last= Shaikh |first= Fazlur Rehman |title= Chronology of Prophetic Events |year= 2001 |publisher= Ta-Ha Publishers Ltd. |location= London |pages= 51–52}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marom |first=Roy |date=Fall 2017 |title=Approaches to the Research of Early Islam: The Hijrah in Western Historiography |url=https://www.academia.edu/35523840 |journal=Jamma'a |volume=23 |page=vii}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱦᱤᱡᱽᱨᱟᱦ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱩᱱᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱡᱽᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱞᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱡᱽᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱞᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱤᱯᱳᱪ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ; ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤᱠᱷ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱩᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱞᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱖ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱖᱒᱒ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱦᱟᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱤᱪᱤᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱪᱮᱞᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱴᱨᱟᱭᱤᱵᱽᱥᱢᱮᱱ, ᱠᱩᱨᱟᱭᱥ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱛᱷᱮᱱᱠᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱢᱤᱠ ᱢᱤᱴᱤᱝ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱤ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ, ᱢᱩᱦᱟᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱤᱨᱳᱫᱷ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ; ᱚᱱᱟ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱛᱤᱥ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱣ ᱮᱢ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮ ᱖᱒᱒ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱤᱱᱟ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱞ-'ᱟᱠᱟᱵᱟᱦ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱣᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱡᱽᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱟᱫᱤᱱᱟᱱ ᱴᱨᱟᱭᱤᱵᱽ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱮᱢᱵᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱡᱩᱢᱤᱫᱽ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱢᱩᱦᱟᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ, ᱥᱟᱥᱩᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱛᱷᱤ ᱟᱵᱩ ᱵᱟᱠᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱷᱩᱯᱤᱼᱪᱷᱩᱯᱤ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱡᱽ== ᱦᱤᱡᱽᱨᱟᱦ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱤᱠ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ هجرة ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱᱤᱡᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ 'ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ', 'ᱢᱟᱭᱜᱨᱮᱴ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ' ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱮ 'ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱤᱧ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ' ᱾ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱵᱟᱞ ᱨᱩᱴ ᱮᱪᱼᱡᱮᱼᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱥᱴᱮᱢ, ᱦᱟᱡᱟᱨᱟ, ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ 'ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱭ ᱩᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱜᱚᱫ ᱠᱟᱭ; ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱜ' ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ; ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱥᱴᱮᱢ, ᱦᱟᱡᱽᱨᱟ, ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ 'ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱲ ᱮᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱴᱟᱨᱢᱤᱱᱮᱥᱚᱱ' ᱾ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱷᱤᱠ ᱦᱟᱞᱟᱛ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ, 'ᱱᱟᱛᱮ-ᱜᱷᱩᱴᱩᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱟᱸᱜᱟᱜ' ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱩᱞ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱗᱕᱓ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱠᱥᱳᱰᱟᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of HEGIRA |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hegira |access-date=2020-10-16 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en}}</ref> ==ᱵᱮᱠᱜᱨᱟᱣᱩᱱᱰ== ===ᱢᱟᱫᱤᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱞᱟᱛ=== ᱢᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱖᱐ ᱢᱟᱭᱤᱞ (᱔᱒᱐ ᱠᱤᱢᱤ) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱩᱛᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱟᱫᱤᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱩᱯᱣᱟᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ ᱥᱳᱛᱨᱳᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱭᱟᱦᱩᱫᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱫᱨᱳᱦ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱛ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱜᱨᱤᱠᱟᱞᱪᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱴᱨᱟᱭᱤᱵᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱳᱢᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱭᱟᱦᱩᱫᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱛᱛᱟᱹᱢ ᱪᱟᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱳᱭᱟᱥᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱞᱴᱤᱵᱮᱴ ᱠᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱾ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱭᱟᱦᱩᱫᱤ ᱠᱞᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ, ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱭᱟᱦᱩᱫᱤ ᱴᱨᱟᱭᱤᱵᱽ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ: ᱵᱟᱱᱩ ᱠᱟᱭᱱᱩᱠᱟ, ᱵᱟᱱᱩ ᱱᱟᱫᱤᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱱᱩ ᱠᱩᱨᱟᱭᱡᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ, ᱫᱟᱹᱠᱷᱤᱱ ᱟᱨᱟᱵᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱴᱨᱟᱭᱤᱵᱽ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱭᱟᱦᱩᱫᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱾ ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱴᱨᱟᱭᱤᱵᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱱᱩ ᱚᱣᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱱᱩ ᱠᱷᱟᱡᱽᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱱᱩ ᱠᱟᱭᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱖᱒᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱴᱨᱟᱭᱤᱵᱽ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱭᱟᱦᱩᱫᱤ ᱴᱨᱟᱭᱤᱵᱽ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱚᱯᱳᱨᱴ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱠᱟᱼᱚᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱣᱟᱞᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱾ ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱤᱵᱽᱞᱚᱜᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤ== {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite book |last=Gil |first=Moshe |title=A History of Palestine, 634–1099 |date=27 February 1997 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-59984-9 |oclc=779476694}} * {{Cite book |last1=Gibb |first1=Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen |title=The Encyclopaedia of Islam: Vol. 1- |last2=Lewis |first2=Brian |last3=Donzel |first3=Emeri J. van |last4=Bosworth |first4=Clifford Edmund |date=1986 |publisher=E.J. Brill |oclc=872092039 |ref = {{harvid|Gibb et al.|1986}}}} *{{Cite book |last=Rodgers |first=Russ |title=The Generalship of Muhammad: Battles and Campaigns of the Prophet of Allah |date=2012 |publisher=University Press of Florida |isbn=978-0-8130-3766-0 |oclc=797916550}} *{{Cite book |last=Gabriel |first=Richard A. |author-link=Richard A. Gabriel |title=Muhammad: Islam's First Great General |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadislamsfi00rich |date=2007 |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=978-0-8061-3860-2 |oclc=78788501}} *{{Cite book |last=Peters |first=F. E. |oclc=1132222513 |title=Judaism, Christianity, and Islam: The Classical Texts and Their Interpretation, Volume I: From Convenant to Community |date=2021-03-09 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-22682-8 }} * {{Cite book |last=Glubb |first=Sir John Bagot |oclc=50273853 |title=The Life and Times of Muhammad |date=2001 |publisher=Cooper Square Press |isbn=978-0-8154-1176-5 }} * {{Cite book |last1=Holt |first1=Peter Malcolm |oclc=828737664 |title=The Cambridge History of Islam |last2=Lambton |first2=Ann K. S. |last3=Lewis |first3=Bernard |date=1978 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-29135-4 |ref={{harvid|Holt et al.|1978}}}} *{{Cite book |last=Muranyi |first=Miklos |oclc=1338681712 |title=The Life of Muhammad |date=1998 |publisher=Ashgate |isbn=978-0-86078-703-7}} * {{Cite book |last=Gordon |first=Matthew |oclc=57613641 |title=The Rise of Islam |url=https://archive.org/details/riseofislam0000gord_y9j5 |date=30 May 2005 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-32522-9 }} * {{Cite book |last=Rodinson |first=Maxime |oclc=1150849724 |title=Muhammad |date=2 March 2021 |publisher=New York Review of Books |isbn=978-1-68137-493-2}} * {{Cite book |last=Fontaine |first=P. F. M. |oclc=1348484291 |title=Imperialism in Medieval History I: Dualism in Byzantine History 476–638 and Dualism in Islam 572–732 |date=4 October 2022 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-50234-5 }} * {{Cite book |last=Peters |first=F. E. |oclc=42636559 |title=Muhammad and the Origins of Islam |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadoriginso0000pete |date=6 April 1994 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-1-4384-1597-0 }} *{{cite book |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Volume III (H-Iram): [Fasc. 41-60, 60a] |date=1998-06-26 |url=https://brill.com/edcollbook/title/1482 |editor-last=Schacht |access-date=2023-06-21 |publisher=Brill |oclc=223374133 |isbn=978-90-04-08118-5 |editor2-last=Lewis |editor3-last=Pellat |editor4-last=Ménage|ref = {{harvid|Schacht et al.|1998}}}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |date=2002 |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-arabs-in-history-9780192803108?cc=us&lang=en& |title=The Arabs in History |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-280310-8 |location=Oxford, New York |oclc=784886690}} *{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Buhl |first1=F. |last2=Welch |first2=A.T. |date=1993 |entry=Muḥammad |entry-url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/muhammad-COM_0780 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] |edition=2nd |publisher=Brill |volume=7 |isbn=978-90-04-09419-2 |oclc=872092039}} {{refend}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== *[http://www.seratonline.com/23486/is-there-any-virtue-for-abu-bakr-in-the-incident-of-the-cave/ Incident of the cave] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040210040119/http://www.islamicity.com/Mosque/ihame/Sec2.htm IslamiCity.com article on the Hijrah] * [http://abdurrahman.org/jihad/ Articles, audios on the Hijrah] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱦᱤᱡᱽᱨᱟᱦ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱢᱟᱫᱤᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱦᱟᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] toenktw5aheh9jngl4n8oqm4srcjhvp 0 32633 196515 178646 2026-08-12T17:45:11Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196515 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | honorific_prefix = [[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱛᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ]] ᱤᱡ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱩᱨᱩ | name = ᱜᱳᱯᱟᱞ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱟ ᱜᱳᱠᱷᱚᱞᱮ | image = GKGokhale.jpg | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1866|05|09}} | birth_place = [[ᱨᱚᱛᱱᱟᱜᱤᱨᱤ]], [[ᱵᱚᱢᱵᱮ ᱯᱨᱮᱥᱤᱰᱮᱱᱥᱤ]], ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ [[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1915|02|19|1866|05|09}} | death_place = [[ᱵᱚᱢᱵᱮ]], [[ᱵᱚᱢᱵᱮ ᱯᱨᱮᱥᱤᱰᱮᱱᱥᱤ]], ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ [[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ]] | alma_mater = [[ᱮᱞᱯᱷᱤᱱᱥᱴᱚᱱ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ]] | occupation = ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱚᱨ, ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ | party = [[ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱠᱚᱸᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ]] | movement = [[ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱯᱮᱱᱰᱮᱱᱥ ᱢᱳᱢᱮᱴ]] | spouse = ᱥᱟᱵᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱭᱤ (᱑᱘᱘᱐–᱑᱙᱘᱘᱗)<br>ᱨᱤᱥᱤᱵᱟᱢᱟ (᱑᱘᱘᱗–᱑᱘᱙᱙) | children = ᱒ }} '''ᱜᱳᱯᱟᱞ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱟ ᱜᱳᱠᱷᱚᱞᱮ''' ᱫᱚ ᱙ ᱢᱮ ᱑᱘᱖᱖ - ᱙ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱙᱑᱕) <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Gopal Krishna Gokhale : Gandhi's political guru|url=https://archive.org/details/gopalkrishnagokh0000talw|last=Talwalkar|first=Govind|publisher=Pentagon Press|year=2015|isbn=9788182748330|location=New Delhi|oclc=913778097}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite book|title=My Master Gokhale|last=Sastri|first=Srinivas}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Gopal Krishna Gokhale: His Life and Times|last=Talwalkar|first=Govind|publisher=Rupa & Co,.|year=2006}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite book|title=Nek Namdar Gokhale |language= mr |last=Talwalkar|first=Govind|publisher=Prestige Prakashan|year=2003|location=Pune, India}}</ref> ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱩᱞᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱱᱮᱛᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱥᱩᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱚᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱥᱮᱱᱟᱱᱤ [[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱛᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ]]ᱭᱤᱡ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱮᱛ ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱳᱠᱷᱚᱞᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱚ ᱠᱚᱸᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱱᱮᱛᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱷᱮᱱᱴᱥ ᱳᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱳᱥᱟᱭᱴᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱳᱥᱟᱭᱴᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱸᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱡᱤᱥᱞᱮᱴᱤᱵᱽ ᱵᱳᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱮᱫ-ᱟ, ᱜᱳᱠᱷᱚᱞᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱥᱩᱫᱷᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱚᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱪᱟᱹᱞᱩ ᱞᱮᱫ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱸᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥᱤᱡ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱩᱫᱟᱨᱵᱟᱫᱤ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱸᱛᱷᱟᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱩᱫᱷᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱵᱚᱠᱟᱞᱚᱛ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱱᱱᱟ ᱮᱥᱳᱥᱤᱭᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱩᱱᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱚᱡᱚᱱᱤᱠ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ == ᱜᱳᱯᱟᱞ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱟ ᱜᱳᱠᱷᱚᱞᱮ [[ᱨᱚᱛᱱᱟᱜᱤᱨᱤ]], ᱵᱚᱢᱵᱮ ᱯᱨᱮᱥᱤᱰᱮᱱᱥᱤ, ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ [[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱚᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱵᱟᱵᱽᱬᱮ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱽᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱙ ᱢᱮ ᱑᱘᱖᱖ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱱᱟᱝ [[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ]] (ᱩᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱢᱵᱮ ᱯᱨᱮᱥᱤᱰᱮᱱᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱨᱚᱛᱱᱟᱜᱤᱨᱤ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱦᱟᱜᱚᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱳᱴᱞᱩᱠ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱤᱛᱯᱟᱵᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱵᱽᱬᱮ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ <ref>{{Cite book|last=Khan|first=Mohammad Shabbir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t3N7tT5kmOsC&pg=PA8|title=Tilak and Gokhale: A Comparative Study of Their Socio-politico-economic Programmes of Reconstruction|date=1992|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7024-478-3|language=en}}</ref> ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱱᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱮᱫ-ᱟ ᱪᱤ ᱜᱳᱠᱷᱚᱞᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱢᱟ, ᱡᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱳᱠᱷᱚᱞᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱽᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱞᱟᱨᱠ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱟᱹᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱳᱞᱦᱟᱯᱩᱨ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱚᱥᱚᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱪᱚᱠᱨᱚᱯᱯᱚᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱯᱤᱰᱷᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱮ, ᱜᱳᱠᱷᱚᱞᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱘᱘᱔ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱞᱯᱷᱤᱱᱥᱴᱳᱱ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱚᱱᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱯᱟᱫᱷᱤ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱠᱮᱫ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱳᱠᱷᱚᱞᱮ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱠᱷᱱᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ - ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱪᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱪᱷᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱪᱷᱮᱛ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱮᱛ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱱ ᱥᱴᱩᱣᱟᱴ ᱢᱤᱞ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱮᱰᱢᱚᱰ ᱵᱚᱨᱠ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱷᱤᱣᱚᱨᱤᱥᱴᱥ ᱠᱚᱣᱤᱡ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣᱟᱱᱤᱡ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ == ᱜᱳᱠᱷᱚᱞᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱘᱘᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱵᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱭᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱤᱠᱪᱸᱟᱹ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱘᱘᱗ ᱨᱚ ᱨᱤᱥᱤᱵᱟᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱ ᱡᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱵᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱭᱤ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱤᱡ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱮᱨᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱘᱙᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱮᱨᱟᱭ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱜᱳᱠᱷᱚᱞᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱠᱤᱱᱟ ᱾ <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":7" /><ref>{{cite book|last=Hoyland|first=John S.|title=Gopal Krishna Gokhale: His life and Speeches|year=1933|publisher=Y.M.C.A. Publishing House|place=Calcutta|page=29|url=http://oudl.osmania.ac.in/bitstream/handle/OUDL/13455/216612_Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale_His_Life_And_Speeches.pdf?sequence=2|access-date=13 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213203123/http://oudl.osmania.ac.in/bitstream/handle/OUDL/13455/216612_Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale_His_Life_And_Speeches.pdf?sequence=2|archive-date=13 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Sastri|first=V.S. Srinivasa|title=Life of Gopal Krishna Gokhale|year=1937|publisher=The Bangalore Press|location=Bangalore India|url=http://dspace.gipe.ac.in/jspui/bitstream/10973/248/6/GIPE-019745-gokhale.pdf|access-date=13 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213214550/http://dspace.gipe.ac.in/jspui/bitstream/10973/248/6/GIPE-019745-gokhale.pdf|archive-date=13 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Gopal Krishna Gokhale's house in the campus of Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics, Pune.jpg|alt=House made of stone and tiled sloping roof with garden in front|thumb|Gokhale's former residence in the campus of Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics, Pune]] == ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ == ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ, "ᱫᱤ ᱦᱤᱛᱟᱣᱟᱫᱽ" The Hitavad (The people's paper). == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{Wikiquote}} {{Commons category}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gokhale, Gopal Krishna}} n6hqpwezbbjogsrkh8bfxmos5cuzw6z 0 32659 196610 182239 2026-08-12T19:16:02Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196610 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | image = File:Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Shri.Mulayam Singh Yadav, addressing at the National Development Council 52nd Meeting, at Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi on December 9, 2006.jpg | caption = ᱢᱩᱞᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱝ ᱒᱐᱐᱖ ᱨᱮ | office1 = ᱑᱕ ᱟᱹᱱᱤᱡ [[ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱤᱨᱟᱹ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ]] | predecessor1 = [[ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱵᱚᱛᱤ|ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱣᱚᱛᱤ]] | successor1 = [[ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱵᱚᱛᱤ|ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱣᱚᱛᱤ]] | office2 = | governor2 = {{ubl|[[ᱢᱳᱛᱤᱞᱟᱞ ᱵᱷᱳᱨᱟ]]|}} | predecessor2 = ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ | successor2 = [[ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱵᱚᱛᱤ|ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱣᱚᱛᱤ]] | term_start3 = ᱕ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱘᱙ | term_end3 = ᱒᱔ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱑᱙᱙᱑ | governor3 = {{ubl|[[ᱵᱤ. ᱥᱚᱛᱭᱚ ᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱰᱰᱤ]]|[[ᱢᱳᱦᱚᱢᱢᱮᱫᱽ ᱩᱥᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱨᱤᱯᱷ]]}} | predecessor3 = [[ᱮᱱ. ᱰᱤ. ᱛᱤᱣᱟᱨᱤ]] | successor3 = [[ᱠᱚᱞᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱤᱝ]] | term_start4 = ᱒᱓ ᱢᱮᱭ ᱒᱐᱑᱙ | term_end4 = ᱑᱐ ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱒ | governor4 = | predecessor4 = [[ᱛᱮᱡᱽ ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱟᱯ ᱥᱤᱝ ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ]] | successor4 = [[ᱰᱤᱢᱯᱚᱞ ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ]] | constituency5 = [[ᱟᱡᱟᱢᱜᱚᱲ ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ|ᱟᱡᱟᱢᱜᱚᱲ]], [[ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ]] | term_start5 = ᱑᱖ ᱢᱮᱭ ᱒᱐᱒᱔ | term_end5 = ᱒᱓ ᱢᱮᱭ ᱒᱐᱑᱙ | predecessor5 = [[ᱨᱟᱢᱠᱟᱱᱛ ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ (ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ)|ᱨᱟᱢᱠᱟᱱᱛ ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ]] | constituency6 = [[ᱢᱟᱭᱱᱯᱩᱨᱤ ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ|ᱢᱟᱭᱱᱯᱩᱨᱤ]], [[ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ]] | term_start6 = ᱑᱖ ᱢᱮᱭ ᱒᱐᱐᱙ | term_end6 = ᱑᱖ ᱢᱮᱭ ᱒᱐᱑᱔ | predecessor6 = [[ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱢᱮᱱᱫᱨᱚ ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ]] | successor6 = [[ᱛᱮᱡᱽ ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱟᱯ ᱥᱤᱝ ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ]] | term_start7 = ᱑᱐ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱑᱙᱙᱘ | term_end7 = ᱒᱙ ᱚᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱒᱐᱐᱓ | constituency7 = [[ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱟᱞ ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ|ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱟᱞ]], [[ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ]] | predecessor7 = [[ᱰᱤ. ᱯᱤ. ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ]] | successor7 = [[ᱨᱟᱢ ᱜᱳᱯᱟᱞ ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ]] | term_start8 = ᱑᱕ ᱢᱮᱭ ᱑᱙᱙᱖ | term_end8 = ᱔ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱙᱘ | predecessor8 = [[ᱩᱫᱚᱭ ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱟᱯ ᱥᱤᱝ]] | successor8 = [[ᱵᱟᱞᱨᱟᱢ ᱥᱤᱝ ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ]] | constituency8 = [[ᱢᱟᱭᱱᱯᱩᱨᱤ ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ|ᱢᱟᱭᱱᱯᱩᱨᱤ]], [[ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ]] | term_start9 = ᱒᱓ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱑᱙᱗᱗ | term_end9 = ᱑᱗ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱙᱘᱐ | constituency9 = | predecessor9 = | successor9 = | office10 = ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱒᱐ ᱟᱹᱱᱤᱡ ᱵᱤᱨᱳᱫᱤ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ | term_start10 = ᱑᱔ ᱢᱮᱭ ᱒᱐᱐᱗ | term_end10 = ᱒᱖ ᱢᱮᱭ ᱒᱐᱐᱙ | predecessor10 = [[ᱞᱟᱞᱡᱤ ᱛᱟᱱᱫᱳᱱ]] | successor10 = [[ᱥᱤᱵᱽᱯᱟᱞ ᱥᱤᱝ ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ]] | office11 = | term_start11 = ᱔ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱑᱙᱙᱕ | term_end11 = ᱑ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱑᱙᱙᱖ | predecessor11 = [[ᱠᱚᱞᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱝ]] | successor11 = [[ᱫᱷᱟᱱᱤᱨᱟᱢ ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱟ]] | name = ᱢᱩᱞᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱝ ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ | birth_date = {{birth date|1939|11|22|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[ᱥᱟᱭᱯᱷᱟᱭ]], ᱡᱩᱢᱤᱫᱽ ᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱤᱱᱥ, [[ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ|ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]]<br />(ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ [[ᱤᱴᱟᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱤᱴᱟᱣᱟ]], [[ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ]], ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ) | death_date = {{death date and age|2022|10|10|1939|11|22|df=yes}} | death_place = [[ᱜᱩᱨᱜᱟᱶ|ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱜᱨᱟᱢ]], [[ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] | residence = [[ᱥᱟᱭᱯᱷᱟᱭ]], [[ᱤᱴᱟᱣᱟ]], [[ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ]] | party = [[ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱡᱽᱣᱟᱫᱤ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ]] (᱑᱙᱙᱒-᱒᱐᱒᱒) | otherparty = {{ubl|[[Socialist Party (India)|Socialist Party]] | [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱡᱚᱱᱛᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ]] | [[ᱡᱚᱱᱛᱟ ᱫᱚᱞ]] | [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱴᱤ ᱫᱚᱞ]] | [[ᱡᱚᱱᱛᱟ ᱫᱚᱞ]] <!-- (1st time [[Chief Minister]] as Janata Dal Leader) -->|[[ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱢᱳᱨᱪᱟ]]}} | spouse = {{ubl|{{marriage|ᱢᱟᱞᱚᱛᱤ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ|1957|2003|reason=ᱜᱩᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ}}|{{marriage|ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱜᱩᱯᱛᱟ|2003|July 2022|reason=ᱜᱩᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ}}<ref name="Who was Sadhna Gupta, Mulayam Singh Yadav's second wife">{{cite news |last1=India Today |title=Who was Sadhna Gupta, Mulayam Singh Yadav's second wife |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/who-was-sadhana-gupta-mulayam-singh-second-wife-1973837-2022-07-09 |access-date=10 October 2022 |date=10 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010092157/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/who-was-sadhana-gupta-mulayam-singh-second-wife-1973837-2022-07-09 |archive-date=10 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref>}} | children = [[ᱟᱠᱷᱤᱞᱮᱥ ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/indian-parliament/mulayam-singh-yadav|title = Mulayam Singh Yadav&#124; National Portal of India}}</ref> | relations = [[:en:Political_families_of_Uttar_Pradesh#The_Yadav_Family|ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ]] | alma_mater = {{ubl|[[ᱠᱟᱨᱢ ᱠᱥᱮᱛᱨᱟ ᱯᱚᱥᱴ ᱜᱨᱮᱡᱩᱭᱮᱴ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ]], ᱤᱴᱟᱣᱟ |ᱵᱤ.ᱟᱨ. ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ, [[ᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ]]}} | education = | profession = | occupation = {{hlist|[[ᱪᱟᱥ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ]]| [[ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ]]|[[ᱢᱟᱪᱮᱛ]]}} | awards = [[File:Padma Vibhushan Ribbon.svg|35px]][[ᱯᱚᱫᱽᱢᱚ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱩᱥᱚᱬ]] (᱒᱐᱒᱓) (ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ) | successor5 = [[ᱟᱠᱷᱤᱞᱮᱥ ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ]] | office = ᱒᱑ ᱟᱹᱱᱤᱡ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ | term_start = ᱑ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱑᱙᱙᱖ | term_end = ᱑᱙ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱑᱙᱙᱘ | primeminister = {{ubl|[[ᱮᱪ. ᱰᱤ. ᱰᱮᱵᱮ ᱜᱳᱣᱫᱟ]]|[[ᱟᱭᱤ. ᱠᱮ. ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱞ]]}} | predecessor = [[ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱳᱰ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱡᱚᱱ]] | successor = [[ᱡᱚᱨᱡᱽ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱱᱟᱱᱰᱤᱥ]] | termstart1 = ᱒᱙ ᱚᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱒᱐᱐᱓ | termend1 = ᱑᱓ ᱢᱮᱭ ᱒᱐᱐᱗ | termstart2 = ᱕ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱙᱓ | termend2 = ᱓ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱑᱙᱙᱕ | office4 = ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱚᱫᱽ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ, ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ | constituency4 = [[ᱢᱟᱭᱱᱯᱩᱨᱤ ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ|ᱢᱟᱭᱱᱯᱩᱨᱤ]], [[ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ]] | office9 = ᱠᱮᱵᱤᱱᱮᱴ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ<br/>[[ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ]] | 1namedata9 = {{ubl|[[ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨᱟᱥᱤ ᱫᱟᱥ]]|[[ᱨᱟᱢ ᱱᱟᱨᱮᱥ ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ]]}} | 1blankname9 = ᱥᱤᱨᱟᱹ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ | office13 = ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱥᱚᱫᱽ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱑᱐ ᱟᱹᱱᱤᱡ ᱵᱤᱨᱳᱫᱤ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ | office14 = ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱡᱽᱵᱟᱫᱤ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱜᱟᱭᱰᱮᱱᱥ ᱞᱤᱰᱟᱨ | termstart13 = ᱒᱖ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱑᱙᱘᱒ | termend13 = ᱘ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱘᱔ | termstart14 = ᱑ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱒᱐᱑᱗ | termend14 = ᱑᱐ ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱒ | predecessor13 = [[ᱢᱟᱦᱤᱯᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱥᱛᱨᱤ]] | predecessor14 = ''ᱯᱚᱥᱴ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ'' | successor13 = ᱟᱢᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱵᱽᱡᱤ | successor14 = ''ᱯᱚᱥᱴ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ'' | 1blankname10 = ᱥᱤᱨᱟᱹ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ | 1blankname11 = ᱥᱤᱨᱟᱹ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ | 1namedata10 = [[ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱵᱚᱛᱤ|ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱣᱚᱛᱤ]] | 1namedata11 = [[ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱵᱚᱛᱤ|ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱣᱚᱛᱤ]] | office12 = | termstart12 = ᱑᱗ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱑᱙᱘᱕ | termend12 = ᱑᱐ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱙᱘᱗ | predecessor12 = ᱨᱟᱡᱮᱱᱫᱨᱚ ᱥᱤᱝ | successor12 = [[ᱥᱚᱛᱭᱚᱯᱟᱞ ᱥᱤᱝ ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ]] | 1blankname12 = ᱥᱤᱨᱟᱹ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ | 1namedata12 = {{ubl|[[ᱮᱱ. ᱰᱤ. ᱛᱤᱣᱟᱨᱤ]]|[[ᱵᱤᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱫᱩᱨ ᱥᱤᱝ]]}} | governor1 = {{ubl|[[ᱴᱤ. ᱵᱷᱤ. ᱨᱟᱡᱮᱥᱣᱚᱨ]]|[[ᱵᱤᱥᱱᱩ ᱠᱟᱱᱛ ᱥᱟᱥᱛᱨᱤ]]}} | president = {{ubl|[[ᱠᱮ. ᱟᱨ. ᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱚᱱ]]|[[ᱥᱚᱝᱠᱚᱨ ᱫᱟᱭᱟᱞ ᱥᱚᱨᱢᱟ]]}} | office15 = [[ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱡᱽᱣᱟᱫᱤ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮᱛ | termstart15 = ᱓ ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱙᱒ | termend15 = ᱑ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱒᱐᱑᱗ | predecessor15 = ''ᱯᱚᱥᱴ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ'' | successor15 = [[ᱟᱠᱷᱤᱞᱮᱥ ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ]] | president14 = [[ᱟᱠᱷᱤᱞᱮᱥ ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ]] | 1blankname13 = ᱥᱤᱨᱟᱹ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ | 1namedata13 = {{ubl|[[ᱥᱨᱤᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱢᱤᱥᱨᱟ]]|[[ᱮᱱ. ᱰᱤ. ᱛᱤᱣᱟᱨᱤ]]}} | 2blankname9 = ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱠᱚ | 2namedata9 = *ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱪᱟᱥ *ᱠᱳ-ᱳᱯᱨᱮᱴᱤᱵᱽ }} '''ᱢᱩᱞᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱝ ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ''' (᱒᱒ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱓᱙ - ᱑᱐ ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱒) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱡᱽᱣᱟᱫᱤ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱤᱨᱟᱹ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱗ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱭᱱᱯᱩᱨᱤ, ᱟᱡᱽᱢᱚᱜᱚᱨ, ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱚᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱱᱱᱚᱣᱡᱽ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ '''ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱡᱤ''' (ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱛᱮ ''ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ'') ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|title=Mulayam Singh Yadav|date=22 November 2020 |url=https://www.patrika.com/lucknow-news/lucknow-mulayam-singh-yadav-82nd-birthday-ten-things-knowing-shocked-6530969/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Lok Sabha member profile|url=http://164.100.47.132/lssnew/Members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=530|publisher=Lok Sabha|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130201161621/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=530|archive-date=1 February 2013}}</ref> ᱒᱐᱒᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱚᱫᱽᱢᱚ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱩᱥᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|title=Mulayam Singh Yadav conferred with Padma Vibhushan|url= https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mulayam-singh-yadav-zakir-hussain-km-birla-among-106-padma-award-recipients-3724796|work=NDTV|date=26 January 2023}}</ref> ==ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ== ᱢᱩᱞᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱝ ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱒ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱓᱙ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ [[ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱤᱴᱟᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭᱯᱷᱟᱭ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱜᱷᱚᱨ ᱥᱤᱝ ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ ᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name="profile">{{cite web |title=Detailed Profile: Shri Mulayam Singh Yadav |publisher=Government of India |url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/indian-parliament/mulayam-singh-yadav |access-date=4 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="profile2">{{cite news |title=Mulayam Singh Yadav's Mother passes away|newspaper=The Times of India |date=26 March 2007 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/mulayam-singhs-mother-passes-away/articleshow/1810606.cms}}</ref> ᱢᱟᱞᱚᱛᱤ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[ᱟᱠᱷᱤᱞᱮᱥ ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ]] ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱤᱡ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="Samajwadi Parivar" /> ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱤᱴᱳᱞᱤ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ, ᱡᱚᱥᱨᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱞᱚᱠ, ᱯᱷᱤᱨᱳᱡᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ, [[ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ]], ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=पोरवाल |first=कृष्णा |date=2022-10-05 |title=सैफई में जन्मे मुलायम सिंह यादव का इस गांव से गहरा संबंध, परिजन कर रहे हैं लंबी उम्र की कामना |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/up-uk/firozabad-worship-in-mulayam-singh-yadav-ancestral-village-for-his-good-health-ann-2231480 |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mulayam Singh Yadav Death: सैफई में जन्मे मुलायम का इस गांव से था गहरा नाता, भाभी ने बताया-मक्के की रोटी और चना का साग करते थे बहुत पसंद |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/up-uttarakhand/uttar-pradesh/mulayam-singh-health-update-netaji-native-village-itoli-firozabad-saifai-gurugram-puja-path-for-long-life-pcup/1382435 |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=Zee News |language=hi}}</ref> ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱴᱟᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱨᱢ ᱠᱥᱮᱛᱨᱟ ᱯᱳᱥᱴ ᱜᱨᱮᱡᱩᱮᱴ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱤ. ᱮ., ᱥᱤᱠᱳᱦᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮ.ᱠᱮ. ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱤ. ᱴᱤ. ᱟᱨ [[ᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤ.ᱟᱨ. ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱢ. ᱮ. ᱾<ref name="profile" /> ===ᱢᱟᱪᱮᱛ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ=== ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ, ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱪᱮᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱖᱓ ᱥᱟᱞᱮᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱯᱩᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱨᱦᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱭᱱ ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱢᱟᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2022 |title=यूपी के पूर्व सीएम मुलायम सिंह यादव का निधन, जानिए कितने पढ़े-लिखे थे नेताजी |url=https://www.abplive.com/education/up-former-cm-mulayam-singh-yadav-passed-away-know-his-education-qualification-2234481 |access-date=19 March 2023 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref> ᱑᱙᱗᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱪᱚᱨᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|title=From Mulayam Yadav to Mayawati: Teachers who turned politicians|url=https://www.asianage.com/india/all-india/050917/from-mulayam-yadav-to-mayawati-teachers-who-turned-politicians.html|access-date=12 October 2022|website=The Asian Age|date=5 September 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Former students of UP's Jain Inter-College recall lessons by Netaji|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agra/former-students-of-ups-jain-inter-college-recall-lessons-by-netaji/articleshow/94777548.cms|access-date=12 October 2022|website=The Times of India|date=11 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref> ==ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ== ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱪᱮᱛ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱪᱮᱛ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱸᱜᱚᱴᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮᱛ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱨᱟᱢ ᱢᱚᱱᱳᱦᱚᱨ ᱞᱳᱦᱤᱭᱟ, ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱚᱱ, ᱟᱱᱱᱟᱛᱨᱟᱢ ᱡᱟᱭᱥᱣᱟᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱥᱮᱠᱷᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱑᱙᱖᱗ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱥᱵᱷᱟᱱᱴᱚᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱚᱥᱵᱷᱟᱱᱴᱚᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱱᱱᱟᱛᱨᱟᱢ ᱡᱟᱭᱥᱣᱟᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱨᱡᱽ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱱᱟᱸᱰᱤᱥ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Ram|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AMCLQgAACAAJ|title=Mulayam Singh: A Political Biography|last2=Yadav|first2=Anshuman|date=1998|publisher=Konark Publishers|isbn=978-81-220-0530-1|pages=13–14}}</ref> ᱑᱙᱗᱕ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱱᱫᱤᱨᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱨᱩᱨ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/everybodys-brother-akhilesh-yadav|title=Akhilesh Yadav in the family business|last=Dixit|first=Neha|website=The Caravan|access-date=22 May 2019}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱑᱙᱗᱗ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱑᱙᱘᱐ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱳᱠᱫᱟᱞ (ᱯᱤᱯᱩᱞᱥ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ) ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮᱛ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱛᱟ ᱫᱚᱞ (ᱯᱤᱯᱩᱞᱥ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱘᱒ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱥᱟᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱨᱳᱫᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱘᱕ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱚᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱞᱳᱠᱫᱚᱞ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱢᱳᱨᱪᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name=a>{{cite book|title=Business Standard Political Profiles of Cabals and Kings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qT7QvviGoJsC&pg=PA47|year=2009|publisher=Business Standard Books|isbn=978-81-905735-4-2|page=47}}</ref> ==ᱥᱤᱨᱟᱹ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ== ===ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ=== ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱑᱙᱘᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱤᱨᱟᱹ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mulayam Singh Yadav Biography in Hindi: About Family, Political life, Age, Photos, Videos|url=https://www.patrika.com/topic/mulayam-singh-yadav/|access-date=18 November 2020|website=Patrika News|language=hi}}</ref> ᱑᱙᱙᱐ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱚᱝᱜᱷᱚ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱥᱣᱚ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱥᱚᱫᱽ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱭᱳᱫᱷᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱖ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱨᱤ ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]] ᱨᱟᱢ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱞᱜᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱢᱟᱥᱟᱱᱤᱠ ᱵᱚᱞᱚᱥ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ। ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱩᱞᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱩᱞᱤ ᱮᱢᱟᱫᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱠᱳᱨᱰ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱑᱗ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱣᱚᱭᱚᱝᱥᱮᱵᱟᱠ ᱠᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱷᱟᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="thehindu1">{{cite news|url=https://currentaffairsnight.blogspot.com/2019/11/top-5-current-affairs-related-to.html?m=1|title=Ayodhya verdict|last=Subudhi|first=Bibek Krushna|date=12 November 2019|newspaper=Current affairs night|access-date=12 November 2019}}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.currentaffairsnight.com/2019/11/top-5-current-affairs-related-to.html?m=1|title=Ayodhya verdict|last=Subudhi|first=Bibek Krishna|date=12 November 2019|website=www.currentaffairsnight.com|access-date=12 November 2019|archive-date=6 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006082623/https://www.currentaffairsnight.com/2019/11/top-5-current-affairs-related-to.html?m=1|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2012/12/10/ayodhya-the-battle-for-indias-soul-the-complete-story/ |title=Ayodhya, the Battle for India's Soul: The Complete Story – India Real Time – WSJ |website=Blogs.wsj.com |date=10 December 2012 |access-date=24 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="googleusercontent1">{{cite web|url=http://vhp.org/shriram-janmabhumi-mukti-andolan/mov1-shriram-janmabhumi-mukti-andolan-2/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722175619/http://vhp.org/shriram-janmabhumi-mukti-andolan/mov1-shriram-janmabhumi-mukti-andolan-2 |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 July 2014 |title=Shriram Janmabhumi Mukti Andolan 2 &#124; Vishva Hindu Parishad &#124; Official Website |website=vhp.org |access-date=24 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="google1">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PebdkPS0fhMC&dq=karseva+firing&pg=PT71 |title=Portraits from Ayodhya |author=Scharada Dubey |year=2012 |page=71 |publisher=Tranquebar Press |isbn=9789381626214 |access-date=24 May 2017 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=In Yogi Adityanath's Ram Temple Speech, A Veiled Swipe At Mulayam Yadav |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ayodhya-pran-pratistha-ram-temple-yogi-adityanath-in-yogi-adityanaths-ram-temple-speech-a-veiled-swipe-at-mulayam-yadav-4910287 |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> ᱵᱤᱡᱮᱯᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱤ.ᱯᱤ. ᱥᱤᱝ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱫ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱤᱡᱮᱯᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱚᱝᱥᱚᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ]] ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Guha2007b">{{cite book |last=Guha |first=Ramachandra |title=India After Gandhi |url=https://archive.org/details/gandhi.indiaaftergandhi0000rama_r9s7 |year=2007 |publisher=MacMillan |pages=[https://archive.org/details/gandhi.indiaaftergandhi0000rama_r9s7/page/633 633]–659}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱙᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱤ.ᱯᱤ. ᱥᱤᱝ ᱟᱜ ᱛᱩᱞᱩᱡ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱥᱮᱠᱷᱚᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱱᱛᱟ ᱫᱚᱞ (ᱥᱚᱥᱚᱞᱤᱥᱴ) ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ (ᱟᱭᱤ.ᱮᱱ.ᱥᱤ.) ᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱨᱟᱹ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱙᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱥᱮᱠᱷᱚᱨ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱭ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱙᱑ ᱥᱟᱞᱮᱨᱮ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱱᱟᱞᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱞᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱝ ᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱡᱚᱱᱛᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ|ᱵᱤᱡᱮᱯᱤ]] ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱮ ᱟᱫ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Ram|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AMCLQgAACAAJ|title=Mulayam Singh: A Political Biography|last2=Yadav|first2=Anshuman|date=1998|publisher=Konark Publishers|isbn=978-81-220-0530-1|pages=34–39}}</ref> ===ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ=== ᱑᱙᱙᱒ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱡᱽᱣᱟᱫᱤ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ (ᱥᱚᱥᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤᱥᱚᱥᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ) ᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱙᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱟᱹᱠᱷᱤᱱ ᱱᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱵᱽᱨᱤ ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Reuters Death" /> ᱑᱙᱙᱓ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱦᱩᱡᱚᱱ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱡᱽ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JyyWqZHUWiYC|title=Mulayam Singh Yadav Aur Samajvad|publisher=Rajpal & Sons|isbn=978-81-7028-712-4|pages=56–57|language=hi}}</ref> ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱡᱽᱣᱟᱫᱤ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱩᱡᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱡᱽ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱡᱮᱯᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱩᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱙᱓ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱤᱨᱟᱹ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Reuters Death" /> ᱠᱚᱸᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱱᱛᱟ ᱫᱚᱞ ᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱤᱨᱟᱹ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱙᱐ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱳᱫᱷᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ [[ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨᱟᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱙᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱒ ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱡᱟᱯᱷᱚᱨᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨᱟᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨᱟᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱑᱙᱙᱕ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mulayam Singh Yadav Biography – About family, political life, awards won, history|url=https://www.elections.in/political-leaders/mulayam-singh-yadav.html/|access-date=18 November 2020|website=Elections in India}}</ref> ===ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ=== ᱒᱐᱐᱒ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱡᱚᱱᱛᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱩᱡᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱡᱽ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱞᱤᱴ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱚᱭᱟᱵᱚᱛᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ ᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱦᱩᱱᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name="foe">{{cite web|title=Mulayam may be keen to shake hands with Maya but is she?|url=http://www.dailyo.in/politics/mulayam-singh-yadav-mayawati-samajwadi-party-bsp-up-polls-bihar-polls/story/1/7453.html|website=www.dailyo.in|access-date=5 July 2016}}</ref> ᱵᱤᱡᱮᱯᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱕ ᱟᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱒᱐᱐᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱩᱡᱚᱱ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱡᱽ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱭᱚᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱨᱫᱟᱞᱤᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱛᱮ, ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱨᱟᱹ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name="rediff">{{cite web|title=UP governor invites Mulayam to form government|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/aug/28up.htm|work=Rediff|access-date=5 July 2016}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱐᱓ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱤᱨᱟᱹ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="profile" /><ref name="rediff"/> ᱥᱤᱨᱟᱹ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱖ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱝᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱤᱠ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱒᱐᱐᱔ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱱᱟᱱᱳᱨ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱙᱐.᱔᱕% ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑,᱘᱓,᱘᱙᱙ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱟᱹᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Record win" /> ==ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ, ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱝᱥᱚᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ== ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱑᱐ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱚᱫᱽ ᱞᱳᱠ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱗ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ===ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ=== ᱑᱙᱙᱖ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ, ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ ᱢᱟᱭᱱᱯᱩᱨᱤ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱳᱠ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="profile" /> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱩᱢᱤᱫᱽ ᱢᱳᱨᱪᱟ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱮᱵᱮᱜᱚᱣᱲᱟ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱙᱘ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱚᱞ ᱯᱟᱨᱞᱤᱭᱟᱢᱮᱱᱴᱤ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Lok Sabha Election Results" /> ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱑᱙᱙᱙ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ [[ᱚᱴᱚᱞ ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱡᱽᱯᱮᱭᱤ]] ᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱮᱨᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱸᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱫ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref>{{cite news |title=Left had ditched Sonia in govt formation bid in 1999: Gujral |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/left-had-ditched-sonia-in-govt-formation-bid-in-1999-gujral/story-A7V9NWBkwlRYacwnWTPuoK.html |access-date=10 October 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=20 February 2011 |language=en}}</ref> ===ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ, ᱑᱙᱙᱙ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ=== ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱙᱙ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ, ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱚᱞ ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱱᱟᱣᱡᱤ ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱟᱹᱣ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱷᱤᱞᱮᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱱᱱᱳᱡᱽ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱫᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rediff On The NeT: An interview with Defence Minister Mulayam Singh Yadav|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/sep/30mula.htm|access-date=18 November 2020|work=Rediff}}</ref><ref name="Lok Sabha Election Results" /> ===ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ, ᱒᱐᱑᱔ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ=== ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱔ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱖ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱳᱠ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ [[ᱟᱡᱟᱢᱜᱚᱲ]] ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱭᱱᱯᱩᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name="Lok Sabha Election Results" /> ᱢᱟᱭᱱᱯᱩᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤ.ᱡᱮ.ᱯᱤ. ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱷᱟᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news |title=In Mainpuri, BJP has given Mulayam Singh a walkover |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/in-mainpuri-bjp-hands-mulayam-singh-victory-on-a-platter-1492933.html |access-date=10 October 2022 |date=24 April 2014}}</ref> ᱡᱩᱱ ᱒᱐᱑᱔ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱭᱱᱯᱩᱨᱤ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱫᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱞᱤᱭᱟᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱢᱜᱚᱲ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news |title=Modi Vacates Vadodara Seat, Mulayam Resigns from Mainpuri |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Modi-Vacates-Vadodara-Seat-Mulayam-Resigns-from-Mainpuri/2014/06/05/article2264662.ece |access-date=10 October 2022 |work=The New Indian Express |date=5 June 2014}}{{dead link|date=February 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> ===ᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ, ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ=== ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱭᱱᱯᱩᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news |title=तस्वीरें: 'धरतीपुत्र' की धरती पर थम गई मोदी की सुनामी, कायम रहा मुलायम का जलवा |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/uttar-pradesh/agra/lok-sabha-election-result-mulayam-singh-yadav-won-from-mainpuri-lok-sabha-seat |access-date=10 October 2022 |work=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="Lok Sabha Election Results" /> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱒᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱾<ref name="BBC Death" /> ==ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱡᱽᱵᱟᱫᱤ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ== ᱑᱙᱙᱒ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ, ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱡᱽᱣᱟᱫᱤ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ (ᱥᱚᱥᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ) ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱡᱽᱣᱟᱫᱤ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱩᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱩᱰᱩᱠ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Reuters Death" /> ==ᱱᱤᱡᱮᱨᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱨ== ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱤᱡ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱵᱟᱦᱩ ᱢᱟᱞᱚᱛᱤ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱗᱔ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱐᱓ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ [[ᱟᱠᱷᱤᱞᱮᱥ ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ]] ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱠᱷᱤᱞᱮᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱒ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱑᱗ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱤᱨᱟᱹ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name="Samajwadi Parivar">{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/the-samajwadi-parivar/921192/0 |title=The Samajwadi Parivar |work=Indian Express |date=7 March 2012 |access-date=10 October 2013 |last=Yadav |first=Shyamlal}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-05-27/lucknow/27270264_1_tributes-saifai-village-mulayam-singh |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Tributes paid to Mulayam's wife |access-date=10 October 2013}}{{dead link|date=October 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> ᱑᱙᱙᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱞᱚᱛᱤ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱩᱞᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱱᱟ ᱜᱩᱯᱛᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/sanjeev-singh-blog/warring-yadavs-star-in-kalyugs-ramayan/|title=Warring Yadavs star in Kalyug's Ramayan|date=26 October 2016|website=Times of India Blog}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/what-befalls-a-hubby-who-forgets-a-kaikeyisque-boon/cid/1513884|title=What befalls a hubby who forgets a Kaikeyisque boon|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱒᱐᱐᱗ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱜᱩᱯᱛᱟ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱠᱳᱨᱴ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/mar/06spec.htm |title=Will this man bring down Mulayam? |last=Bhatt |first=Sheela |date=6 March 2007 |access-date=10 October 2007 |work=rediff.com}}</ref> ᱑᱙᱙᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱱᱟ ᱜᱩᱯᱛᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱤᱠ ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ (ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱑᱙᱘᱘) ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 October 2016 |title=मुलायम के अकेले वारिस हैं अखिलेश, प्रतीक नहीं हैं बेटे! |url=https://www.aajtak.in/india/uttar-pradesh/story/a-cbi-documents-disclosed-prateek-yadav-is-not-son-of-mulayam-singh-yadav-387302-2016-10-26 |access-date=3 August 2022 |website=Aaj Tak |language=hi}}</ref> ᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱯᱨᱚᱠᱟᱥ ᱜᱩᱯᱛᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aajtak.in/india/uttar-pradesh/story/a-cbi-documents-disclosed-prateek-yadav-is-not-son-of-mulayam-singh-yadav-387302-2016-10-26|title=मुलायम के अकेले वारिस हैं अखिलेश, प्रतीक नहीं हैं बेटे!|date=26 October 2016 }}</ref> ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱱᱟ ᱜᱩᱯᱛᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱒᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/mulayam-singh-yadavs-wife-sadhana-gupta-cremated-in-lucknow/articleshow/92784775.cms | title=Mulayam Singh Yadav's wife Sadhana Gupta cremated in Lucknow &#124; Lucknow News – Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=10 July 2022 }}</ref> ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{Wikiquote}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121108004959/http://www.samajwadiparty.in/ourleader-mulayam.html Profile on Samajwadi Party website] {{Facebook|id=100077319235699|name=Mulayam Singh Yadav}} {{s-start}} {{s-ppo}} {{s-bef|before=Mulayam Singh Yadav}} {{s-ttl|title=Leader of the [[Samajwadi Party]] in the [[16th Lok Sabha]]|years=2014–2022}} {{s-inc}} {{s-end}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ, ᱢᱩᱞᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱝ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱓᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱐᱒᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱚᱱᱛᱟ ᱫᱚᱞ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱟᱹ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱡᱽᱣᱟᱫᱤ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱟᱹ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱟᱹ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ]] jubugkdet1xceiw4zpn13xv035ox9ci 0 32684 196619 179749 2026-08-12T19:23:41Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196619 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox chess biography | name = ᱜᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱥᱯᱟᱨᱚᱵᱷ<br/>{{nobold|Гарри Каспаров}} | image = Garri Kasparow (18776605665) (cropped) 2.jpg | caption = 2015 ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱥᱯᱟᱨᱚᱵᱷ | full_name = Garry Kimovich Kasparov | country = {{ubl|Soviet Union (before 1992)|Russia (after 1992)}}<!-- This is the federation played for, not the country of citizenship; see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Infobox_chess_biography#Does_"country"_refer_to_federation,_citizenship_or_residence? --> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1963|04|13|df=y}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Baldwin |first=Alan |date=12 April 2020 |title=On this day: Born April 13, 1963; Russian chess champion Garry Kasparov |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sport-anniversary-kasparov/on-this-day-born-april-13-1963-russian-chess-champion-garry-kasparov-idUSKCN21U060 |work=Reuters |access-date=28 June 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628043800/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sport-anniversary-kasparov/on-this-day-born-april-13-1963-russian-chess-champion-garry-kasparov-idUSKCN21U060 |archive-date=28 June 2020}}</ref> | birth_place = [[Baku]], ᱟᱡᱮᱨᱵᱟᱭᱡᱟᱱ ᱮᱥᱹᱮᱥᱹᱟᱨᱹ, ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ | title = [[:en:Grandmaster (chess)|ᱜᱽᱨᱟᱸᱰᱢᱟᱥᱴᱟᱨ]] (1980) | worldchampion = {{ubl|1985–1993 (undisputed)|1993–2000 (classical)}} | yearsactive = {{ubl|1976–2005|2016–present (speed chess only)}} | peakrating = 2851 (July 1999) | peakranking = [[List of FIDE chess world number ones|No. 1]] (January 1984) | FideID = 4100018 | module = {{Listen|embed=yes|filename=Garri Kasparov voice.oga|title= ᱠᱟᱥᱯᱟᱨᱚᱵᱷ ᱟᱜ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ (ᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱛᱮ)(in Russian)|type=speech|description=13 ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ 2011 ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱤᱠᱚ ᱢᱚᱥᱠᱚᱣ ᱤᱱᱴᱚᱨᱵᱷᱤᱭᱩ ᱨᱮ}} }} '''ᱜᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱤᱢᱚᱵᱷᱤᱪ ᱠᱟᱥᱯᱟᱨᱚᱵᱷ''' (ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢᱺ '''ᱜᱟᱨᱤᱠ ᱠᱤᱢᱚᱵᱷᱤᱪ ᱣᱮᱱᱥᱴᱮᱭᱤᱱ''' ᱑᱓ ᱟᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱑᱙᱖᱓) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱪᱮᱥ ᱜᱽᱨᱟᱸᱰᱢᱟᱥᱴᱚᱨ, ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱪᱮᱥ ᱪᱟᱢᱯᱤᱭᱚᱱ (᱑᱙᱘᱕-᱒᱐᱐᱐), ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱯᱷᱤᱰᱮ ᱨᱮᱝᱠᱤᱝ ᱒᱘᱕᱑,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chess.com/article/view/who-is-the-strongest-chess-player |title=Who is the Strongest Chess Player? |access-date=2 March 2009 |date=27 October 2008 |work=Bill Wall |publisher=Chess.com |archive-date=31 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331020751/https://www.chess.com/article/view/who-is-the-strongest-chess-player |url-status=live }}</ref> ᱑᱙᱙᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱜᱽᱱᱚᱥ ᱠᱟᱨᱞᱥᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱮᱦᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱝᱠᱤᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱘᱔ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱐᱕ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱥᱯᱟᱨᱚᱵᱷ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱕᱕ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱱᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱥᱯᱟᱨᱚᱵᱷ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱮᱦᱮᱨ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱜᱩᱴᱤ ᱯᱮᱥᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱴᱩᱨᱱᱟᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ (᱑᱕) ᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱥ ᱚᱥᱠᱟᱨ (᱑᱑) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱠᱚᱨᱰ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱥᱯᱟᱨᱚᱵᱷ ᱑᱙᱘᱕ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱒ ᱵᱚᱪᱷᱚᱨ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱱᱟᱛᱚᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱯᱚᱵᱷ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱩᱢᱮᱨᱤᱡ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱪᱮᱥ ᱪᱟᱢᱯᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱠᱮᱥ ᱰᱚᱢᱢᱟᱨᱟᱡᱩ ᱑᱘ ᱵᱚᱪᱷᱚᱨ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱢᱯᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱤᱠᱚᱨᱰ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=McGourty (Colin_McGourty) |first=Colin |date=12 December 2024 |title=18-Year-Old Gukesh Becomes Youngest-Ever Undisputed Chess World Champion |url=https://www.chess.com/news/view/fide-world-chess-championship-2024-game-14 |access-date=13 December 2024 |website=Chess.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>[[Ruslan Ponomariov]] won the disputed [[FIDE]] title, at the age of 18, when the world title was split</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱘᱖, ᱑᱙᱘᱗ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱙᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱯᱚᱵᱷ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱪᱟᱢᱯᱤᱭᱚᱱᱥᱤᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱥᱯᱟᱨᱚᱵᱷ ᱑᱙᱙᱓ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱟᱹᱢᱟᱹᱞᱮᱛ ᱯᱷᱤᱰᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱪᱮᱥ ᱪᱟᱢᱯᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱰᱮ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱵᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱦᱩᱭᱮᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ "ᱫᱤ ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱚᱱᱟᱞ ᱪᱮᱥ ᱮᱥᱚᱥᱤᱭᱮᱥᱚᱱ" ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷᱤ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ <ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Garry-Kasparov|title=Garry Kasparov {{!}} Biography & Facts|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=3 August 2017|archive-date=3 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203040544/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Garry-Kasparov|url-status=live}}</ref>᱑᱙᱙᱗ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱪᱟᱢᱯᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭ.ᱵᱤ.ᱮᱢ. ᱥᱩᱯᱚᱨᱠᱚᱢᱯᱤᱭᱩᱴᱚᱨ ᱰᱤᱯ ᱵᱽᱞᱩ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱪ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱞᱟᱫᱤᱢᱤᱨ ᱠᱨᱟᱢᱱᱤᱠ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣᱜ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ "ᱠᱞᱟᱥᱤᱠᱟᱞ" ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱪᱟᱢᱯᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱟᱭᱴᱮᱞ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱯᱤᱹᱥᱤᱹᱮᱹ ᱴᱟᱭᱴᱮᱞ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱩᱨᱱᱟᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱮᱦᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱝᱠᱤᱝ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱨᱤᱴᱟᱭᱤᱨᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱥᱯᱟᱨᱚᱵᱷ ᱒᱐᱐᱙-᱒᱐᱑᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱨᱞᱥᱮᱱ ᱮ ᱠᱳᱪᱤᱝ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱨᱞᱥᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱱᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱥᱯᱟᱨᱚᱵᱷ ᱒᱐᱑᱓-᱒᱐᱑᱔ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱤᱰᱮ ᱯᱨᱮᱥᱤᱰᱮᱱᱴ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱡᱤᱛᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱮᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱤᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱠᱟᱥᱯᱟᱨᱚᱵᱷ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚᱭ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱡᱽ ᱢᱟᱭᱤ ᱜᱨᱮᱴ ᱯᱨᱤᱰᱤᱥᱮᱥᱚᱨᱥ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱐᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱪᱟᱢᱯᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱪᱮᱥ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱭᱩᱱᱟᱭᱴᱮᱰ ᱥᱤᱵᱷᱤᱞ ᱯᱷᱨᱚᱱᱴ ᱢᱩᱵᱽᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱤ ᱚᱛᱷᱚᱨ ᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱞᱟᱫᱤᱢᱤᱨ ᱯᱩᱛᱤᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱺᱴ (coalition) ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱘ ᱥᱟᱞᱮᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱨᱮᱥᱤᱰᱮᱱᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱱᱰᱤᱰᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱢᱯᱮᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱚᱡᱤᱥᱴᱤᱠ ᱥᱚᱢᱚᱥᱭᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝᱮᱱ ᱛᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ "ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱫᱷᱟᱭ" ᱫᱚᱥ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱚᱪᱚᱜ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="heir">{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSL1364229620071213|title=Putin "heir" on course to win Russia election: poll|work=Reuters|date=13 December 2007|access-date=2 July 2017|archive-date=25 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625205623/https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSL1364229620071213|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Gessen |first=Masha |date=2012 |title=The Man Without a Face: The Unlikely Rise of Vladimir Putin |location=New York |publisher=Riverhead Books |pages=[https://archive.org/details/manwithoutfaceun0000gess/page/196 196]–197 |isbn=978-1-59448-842-9 |title-link=The Man Without a Face: The Unlikely Rise of Vladimir Putin }} Gessen describes some of the obstacles Kasparov encountered during the attempt to build his campaign: his chartered plane was refused airport access; hotels were advised not to house him; event attendees and organisers were threatened; secret police were a constant presence; a "total television blackout" was enforced. These measures, Gessen concludes, kept the Kasparov movement from growing.</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Demirjian |first=Karoun |date=13 September 2014 |title=Moscow city elections leave little room for Russian opposition |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/moscow-city-elections-leave-little-room-for-russian-opposition/2014/09/12/918f562c-070c-4ef8-8592-bc1f8d674e46_story.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=28 September 2014 |archive-date=4 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141004062920/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/moscow-city-elections-leave-little-room-for-russian-opposition/2014/09/12/918f562c-070c-4ef8-8592-bc1f8d674e46_story.html |url-status=live }}"Independent opposition candidates faced many obstacles. In February, Putin signed a law requiring all independent candidates to collect signatures from 3 percent of their constituents. The city didn't finalize the boundaries of the districts – which expanded from 35 to 45 – until April. Then in May, two of the original 'For Moscow' members were slapped with fraud charges, effectively ending their campaigns.[paragraph break] The remaining would-be candidates had a few weeks in the summer to collect approximately 5,000 signatures. It proved an elusive goal for most coalition members."</ref> ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱥ ᱯᱨᱚᱴᱮᱥᱴ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱒᱐᱑᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="ftfear">{{cite news |url=https://www.ft.com/content/0fc438d4-ce8f-11e2-ae25-00144feab7de |title=Garry Kasparov not returning to Russia out of fear of prosecution |newspaper=Financial Times |date=6 June 2013 |access-date=26 December 2020 |archive-date=25 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525000000/https://www.ft.com/content/0fc438d4-ce8f-11e2-ae25-00144feab7de |url-status=live }}</ref> ᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱭᱩ ᱭᱚᱨᱠ ᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Incorrigible"/><ref>{{cite news |last=Boot |first=Max |date=25 April 2018 |title=The political center is fighting back |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/global-opinions/the-political-center-is-fighting-back/2018/04/25/6170f646-489b-11e8-827e-190efaf1f1ee_story.html |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=23 April 2019 |archive-date=8 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508152332/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/global-opinions/the-political-center-is-fighting-back/2018/04/25/6170f646-489b-11e8-827e-190efaf1f1ee_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ᱒᱐᱑᱔ ᱥᱟᱞᱮᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱨᱳᱭᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱯᱞᱤᱴ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱳᱫᱽᱥᱴᱨᱟᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾.<ref name="vecernjidrz">{{cite web |url=https://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/gari-kasparov-dobio-hrvatsko-drzavljanstvo-923829 |title=Gari Kasparov dobio hrvatsko državljanstvo |publisher=[[Večernji list]] |date=27 February 2014 |access-date=26 December 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414025912/https://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/gari-kasparov-dobio-hrvatsko-drzavljanstvo-923829 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[https://www.nacional.hr/gari-kasparov-vladimir-putin-ima-previse-problema-da-bi-nastavio-svoje-agresivne-politike-na-podrucju-balkana/ GARI KASPAROV: 'Vladimir Putin ima previše problema da bi nastavio svoje agresivne politike na području Balkana'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122144712/https://www.nacional.hr/gari-kasparov-vladimir-putin-ima-previse-problema-da-bi-nastavio-svoje-agresivne-politike-na-podrucju-balkana/ |date=22 November 2021 }}''[[Nacional (weekly)|Nacional]]'', 22 December 2020, # 1183, p. 51.</ref><ref name="slobdalm">{{cite web |url=https://slobodnadalmacija.hr/mozaik/zivot/je-li-se-legendar-sahist-gari-kasparov-trajno-preselio-u-podstranu-pokraj-splita-u-dalmaciju-se-sklonio-nakon-sto-je-pocela-pandemija-koronavirusa-1071006 |title=Je li se legendarni šahist Gari Kasparov trajno preselio u Podstranu pokraj Splita? U Dalmaciju se 'sklonio' nakon pandemije koronavirusa |publisher=[[Slobodna Dalmacija]] |date=15 January 2021 |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207225548/https://slobodnadalmacija.hr/mozaik/zivot/je-li-se-legendar-sahist-gari-kasparov-trajno-preselio-u-podstranu-pokraj-splita-u-dalmaciju-se-sklonio-nakon-sto-je-pocela-pandemija-koronavirusa-1071006 |url-status=live }}</ref> Here is the translation: ᱠᱟᱥᱯᱟᱨᱚᱵᱷ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱭᱩᱢᱮᱱ ᱨᱟᱭᱴᱥ ᱯᱷᱟᱣᱱᱰᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱪᱮᱭᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱗ ᱥᱟᱞᱮᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱭᱩ ᱰᱮᱢᱚᱠᱨᱮᱥᱤ ᱤᱱᱤᱥᱤᱭᱮᱴᱤᱵᱷ (RDI) ᱮ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱤᱵᱮᱨᱟᱞ ᱰᱮᱢᱚᱠᱨᱮᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱚᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱩᱜ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱪᱮᱭᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱪᱮᱥ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ]] akbzfyybiwu25v7oehu5h5ocx6i0x60 0 32746 196501 179816 2026-08-12T17:29:37Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196501 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = ᱚᱵᱽᱫᱩᱞ ᱟᱦᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱡᱟᱫᱽ | birth_name = ᱚᱵᱽᱫᱩᱞ ᱟᱦᱟᱫᱽ ᱫᱟᱨ | birth_date = ᱑᱙᱐᱓ | birth_place = ᱨᱮᱧᱡᱚᱨ, ᱠᱟᱥᱢᱤᱨ, [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|ᱡᱟᱹᱢᱢᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱥᱢᱤᱨ]], ᱵᱽᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ | death_date = {{death date and age|1948|04|04|1903|df=y}} | death_place = [[ᱥᱨᱤᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ]], ᱡᱚᱢᱢᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱥᱢᱤᱨ, [[Dominion of India|ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱳᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ]] | burial_place = ᱨᱮᱧᱡᱚᱨ, [[ᱪᱟᱫᱩᱨᱟ]] | citizenship = [[ᱡᱟᱹᱢᱢᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱥᱢᱤᱨ (ᱯᱨᱤᱱᱥᱞᱤ ᱥᱴᱮᱴ)]] ᱑᱙᱔᱗ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ <br />[[Dominion of India|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] (᱑᱙᱔᱗–᱑᱙᱔᱘) | alma_mater = [[ᱯᱚᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ]] | occupation = ᱢᱟᱪᱮᱛ, ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ | father = ᱢᱚᱜᱚᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱥᱩᱞᱛᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨ }} '''ᱚᱵᱽᱫᱩᱞ ᱚᱦᱚᱫᱽ ᱰᱟᱨ''' (᱑᱙᱐᱓ - ᱔ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱑᱙᱔᱘), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱵᱽᱫᱩᱞ ᱚᱦᱚᱫᱽ ᱟᱡᱟᱫᱽ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ-ᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱥᱢᱤᱨᱤ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱪᱟᱨᱪᱟᱭᱤᱭᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱚᱰᱜᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱰᱩᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱸᱜᱚᱨ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱫᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱦᱩᱞᱜᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮᱭ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣᱜ-ᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱥᱢᱤᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱪᱟᱨᱪᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱢᱠᱷᱩᱱᱴᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ-ᱟ ᱾ <ref>{{Cite web|date=5 July 2017|title=ABDUL AHAD AZAD ( 1903–1948 )|url=https://www.kashmirpen.com/abdul-ahad-azad-1903-1948/|access-date=8 January 2021|website=KashmirPEN|language=en-US|archive-date=22 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240922201434/https://www.kashmirpen.com/abdul-ahad-azad-1903-1948/|url-status=live}}</ref> ᱟᱡᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱞᱟᱝ ᱜᱟᱵᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ, ᱠᱟᱥᱢᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱢ ᱩᱨᱩᱢ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱣ ("ᱜᱟᱰᱟ"), ᱥᱤᱠᱣᱟ-ᱤ-ᱠᱟᱥᱢᱤᱨ ("ᱠᱟᱥᱢᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱭᱚᱛ") ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱠᱣᱟ-ᱮ-ᱤᱵᱽᱞᱤᱥ ("ᱥᱚᱭᱛᱟᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱭᱚᱛ") ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱨᱮᱥ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭᱱᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱸᱥ ᱮ ᱥᱚᱜᱚᱨᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱮᱭᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱟᱭ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱸᱜᱩ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱩᱨ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱞ ᱵᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱮᱛ ᱦᱩᱞᱥᱟᱹᱭ, ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱑᱙᱓᱑ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱱᱟᱠᱚᱴ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱫᱽᱜᱟᱹᱣ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱤᱝᱜᱩᱭᱤᱥᱴᱤᱠ ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞᱤᱥᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱩᱯᱷᱮᱨᱟᱣ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱛᱚᱨᱚᱯᱤᱭᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ == ᱟᱡᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱐᱓ ᱨᱮ [[ᱠᱟᱥᱢᱤᱨ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱱᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱩᱦᱩᱲᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱦᱚᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱥᱩᱞᱛᱟᱱ ᱰᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Abdul Ahad Azad: Voicing Romance and Rebellion |url=http://brighterkashmir.com/abdul-ahad-azad-voicing-romance-and-rebellion |access-date=22 September 2024 |website=Brighter Kashmir |archive-date=22 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240922201326/http://brighterkashmir.com/abdul-ahad-azad-voicing-romance-and-rebellion |url-status=live }}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱫᱽᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫ-ᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ, ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱤ, ᱟᱨ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱚᱥᱚᱯᱷᱤᱭ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱫᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱩᱸᱥᱤ ᱟᱞᱤᱢ ᱵᱤᱱᱤᱰ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱫ-ᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱚᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱡᱳᱦᱟᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱱᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱪᱮᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱞ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱤᱭ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱨᱟᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱩᱫᱽᱞᱤ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ <ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Life |first=Kashmir |date=19 March 2021 |title=Why Abdul Ahad Azad Was The Poet of The Future? |url=https://kashmirlife.net/why-abdul-ahad-azad-was-the-poet-of-the-future-262171/ |access-date=22 September 2024 |website=Kashmir Life |language=en-GB |archive-date=9 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609214849/https://kashmirlife.net/why-abdul-ahad-azad-was-the-poet-of-the-future-262171/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ᱟᱡᱟᱫᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱮ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱒᱑ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱱᱟᱠᱚᱴ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱦᱤᱫᱤᱡ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱞᱮᱫᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫ-ᱟ, ᱛᱚᱞᱟᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱮᱫ-ᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱠᱮᱛ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱰᱤᱣᱩᱡᱽ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱟᱴᱠᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱮᱫ-ᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱟᱯᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱫᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱮᱢᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ,<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Bhat |first=Roopkrishen |title=Communal harmony in Kashmiri literature |url=https://archive.org/details/communalharmonyi0000bhat |date=2018 |publisher=Authorspress |isbn=978-93-87281-41-7 |location=New Delhi |pages=121–136}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱚᱨᱚᱥ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱛᱤᱱ ᱡᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱟᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱨᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱫᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱺᱦᱤᱨ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱮᱫ-ᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱡᱟᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ "ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱯᱟᱹᱛᱟᱛᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱚᱠᱨᱟᱲᱟᱱ" ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ == ᱟᱡᱟᱫᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱑᱖ ᱵᱚᱪᱷᱚᱨ ᱵᱚᱭᱚᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱵᱽᱵᱟ == ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱮᱛ ᱢᱚᱱᱚᱛ == == ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ == == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} gwzac3ul377tbqc0emyk6if6wqs4uvv 0 32786 196690 181007 2026-08-12T20:53:25Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196690 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = ᱩᱯᱮᱱᱫᱨᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱣᱟᱦᱟ | image = File:The Minister of State for Human Resource Development, Shri Upendra Kushwaha addressing at the inauguration of the “Summer Fiesta”, in New Delhi on May 22, 2018.JPG | birth_name = ᱩᱯᱮᱱᱫᱨᱚ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱝ<ref>{{cite web | url=https://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in//pdf/leader%20of%20opposition.pdf | title=Bihar Vidhan Sabha }}</ref> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1960|2|06|df=y}} | birth_place = [[ᱵᱚᱭᱤᱥᱟᱞᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱵᱟᱭᱥᱟᱞᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]], [[ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ]], ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ | residence = | Official Status = | office = [[ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱭᱚ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱚᱫᱽ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ | term_start = ᱒᱗ ᱚᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱒᱐᱒᱔ | term_end = | constituency = ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ | office2 = [[ᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱚ ᱞᱳᱠ ᱢᱳᱨᱪᱟ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮᱛ | term_start2 = ᱒᱐ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱒᱐᱒᱓ | term_end2 = | office3 = ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱫᱩᱨᱤᱵᱽ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ | primeminister3 = [[ᱱᱚᱨᱮᱱᱫᱨᱚ ᱢᱳᱫᱤ]] | term_start3 = ᱒᱖ ᱢᱮ ᱒᱐᱑᱔ | term_end3 = ᱑᱐ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱘ | predecessor3 = [[ᱥᱟᱥᱤ ᱛᱷᱟᱨᱩᱨ]] | office4 = ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱚᱫᱽ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ | constituency4 = [[ᱠᱟᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴ ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ|ᱠᱟᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴ]] | term_start4 = ᱑᱖ ᱢᱮ ᱒᱐᱑᱔ | term_end4 = ᱒᱓ ᱢᱮ ᱒᱐᱑᱙ | predecessor4 = [[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱵᱚᱞᱤ ᱥᱤᱝ]] | successor4 = [[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱵᱚᱞᱤ ᱥᱤᱝ]] | term_start1 = ᱘ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱒᱐᱑᱐ | term_end1 = ᱔ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱒᱐᱑᱓ | predecessor1 = [[ᱡᱚᱨᱡᱽ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱱᱟᱱᱰᱮᱥ]] | successor1 = [[ᱠᱮ. ᱥᱤ. ᱛᱭᱟᱜᱤ]] |constituency1 = ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ | office5 = [[ᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱚ ᱞᱳᱠ ᱥᱚᱢᱚᱛᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮᱛ | term_start5 = ᱑᱓ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱒᱐᱑᱓ | term_end5 = ᱒᱐᱒᱑ | office6 = ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱥᱚᱫᱽ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ | term_start6 = ᱒᱐᱒᱑ | term_end6 = ᱒᱔ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱒᱐᱒᱓<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/upendra-kushwaha-resigns-as-member-of-the-bihar-legislative-council/articleshow/98221396.cms|title=Upendra Kushwaha resigns as member of Bihar legislative council|website=The Times of India|date=25 February 2023 |access-date=25 February 2023}}</ref> | office7 = [[ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ | term_start7 = ᱒᱐᱐᱐ | term_end7 = ᱒᱐᱐᱕ | predecessor7 = ᱛᱩᱞᱥᱤ ᱫᱟᱥ ᱢᱮᱦᱛᱟ | successor7 = [[ᱚᱪᱭᱩᱛᱟᱱᱚᱱᱫᱽ ᱥᱤᱝ]] | constituency7 = [[ᱡᱚᱱᱫᱟᱦᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ|ᱡᱚᱱᱫᱟᱦᱟ]] | alma_mater = [[ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ]] | office8 = ᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱚᱛᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮᱛ | term8 = ᱒᱐᱐᱗ - ᱒᱙ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱐᱙ | party = [[ᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱚ ᱞᱳᱠ ᱢᱳᱨᱪᱟ]] {{small|(᱒᱐᱒᱓ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ)}} | otherparty = [[ᱡᱚᱱᱛᱟ ᱫᱚᱞ (ᱭᱩᱱᱟᱭᱴᱮᱰ)]] {{small|(᱒᱐᱒᱑-᱒᱐᱒᱓);(᱒᱐᱐᱙-᱒᱐᱑᱓); (᱒᱐᱐᱔-᱒᱐᱐᱗)}}<br/>[[ᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱚ ᱞᱳᱠ ᱥᱚᱢᱚᱛᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ]] {{small|(᱒᱐᱑᱓-᱒᱐᱒᱑)}}<br/> ᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱚᱛᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ {{small|(᱒᱐᱐᱗-᱒᱐᱐᱙)}}<br/>[[ᱥᱚᱢᱚᱛᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ]] {{small|(᱒᱐᱐᱐-᱒᱐᱐᱔)}} | spouse = | children = | website = | footnotes = | date = ᱔ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ | year = ᱒᱐᱑᱖ | source = http://www.myneta.info/ls2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=554 My Neta | signature = | predecessor = [[ᱵᱷᱤᱵᱷᱮᱠ ᱴᱷᱟᱠᱩᱨ]] }} '''ᱩᱯᱮᱱᱫᱨᱚ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱝ''', ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ '''ᱩᱯᱮᱱᱫᱨᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱣᱟᱦᱟ''' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ (ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱖ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱙᱖᱐)<ref name=":2">{{cite web|date=15 October 2020|title=Upendra Kushwaha: The man trying hard to stay relevant|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/upendra-kushwaha-profile-6734940/|access-date=15 October 2020|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=18 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418052805/https://indianexpress.com/elections/upendra-kushwaha-profile-6734940/|url-status=live}}</ref> ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱥᱚᱫᱽ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱫᱩᱨᱤᱵᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱛᱷᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Gupta Surbhi">{{cite web|url=https://aajtak.intoday.in/story/member-of-parliament-from-karakat-and-minister-of-state-in-government-of-india-upendra-kushwaha-1-836712.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329010549/https://www.aajtak.in/elections/story/member-of-parliament-from-karakat-and-minister-of-state-in-government-of-india-upendra-kushwaha-315105-2015-10-06 |title=RLSP के संस्थापक और बिहार के काराकट से सांसद उपेंद्र कुशवाहा का राजनीतिक सफर|date=6 October 2015|editor-last=Gupta|editor-first=Surabhi|website=[[Aaj Tak]]|language=hi|access-date=25 April 2020|archive-date=29 March 2021}}</ref> ᱠᱩᱥᱣᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱨᱳᱦᱛᱟᱥ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱚᱫᱽ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ (ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱚᱫᱽ) ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱭᱚ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱛᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ (ᱟᱨ.ᱮᱥ.ᱯᱤ.) ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮᱛ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱐᱙ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱛᱟ ᱫᱚᱞ (ᱭᱩᱱᱟᱭᱴᱮᱰ) (ᱡᱮ.ᱰᱤ.ᱭᱩ.) ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱚ ᱞᱳᱠ ᱥᱚᱢᱛᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ (ᱟᱨ.ᱮᱞ.ᱮᱥ.ᱯᱤ.) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱮ.ᱰᱤ.ᱭᱩ. ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/rlsp-chief-upendra-kushwaha-quits-as-union-minister/article25709719.ece|title=RLSP chief Upendra Kushwaha quits as Union Minister|date=10 December 2018|website=[[Business Line]]|language=en|access-date=25 April 2020|archive-date=30 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130185437/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/rlsp-chief-upendra-kushwaha-quits-as-union-minister/article25709719.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Political Handbook of the World 2015|url=https://archive.org/details/politicalhandboo0000unse_f0m6|publisher=[[CQ Press]]|year=2015|isbn=978-1-4833-7157-3|editor-last=Lansford|editor-first=Tom|location=[[United States]]|chapter=India - National Democratic Alliance}}</ref><ref name=Express/> ᱒᱐ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱒᱐᱒᱓ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱩᱥᱣᱟᱦᱟ [[ᱡᱚᱱᱛᱟ ᱫᱚᱞ (ᱭᱩᱱᱟᱭᱴᱮᱰ)]] ᱨᱤᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱯᱚᱫᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ᱡᱚᱱᱛᱟ ᱫᱚᱞ (ᱭᱩᱱᱟᱭᱴᱮᱰ)|ᱡᱮᱰᱤ (ᱭᱩ)]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱱᱤᱛᱤᱥ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱯᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱚ ᱞᱳᱠ ᱢᱳᱨᱪᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/jdu-rebel-upendra-kushwaha-announces-new-political-party-check-details-bihar-nitish-kumar-1583345|title=Upendra Kushwaha Resigns From Bihar CM Nitish's JDU, Floats Own Party 'Rashtriya Lok Janata Dal'|website=Abpnews|date=20 February 2023 |accessdate=20 February 2023}}</ref> ᱠᱩᱥᱣᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱚᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱭᱚ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{cite news|url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bihar-upendra-kushwaha-manan-kumar-mishra-elected-unopposed-to-rajya-sabha/articleshow/112842267.cms|title=Upendra Kushwaha Manan Mishra elected unopposed to Rajya Sabha|website=Economic Times|accessdate=10 September 2024}}</ref> ==ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ== ᱩᱯᱮᱱᱫᱨᱚ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱱᱮᱥᱣᱚᱨᱤ ᱥᱤᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱱᱮᱥᱣᱚᱨᱤ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ<ref>{{cite web|title=Upendra Kushwaha: Age, Biography, Education, Wife, Caste, Net Worth & More - Oneindia|url=https://www.oneindia.com/politicians/upendra-kushwaha-32704.html|access-date=15 October 2020|website=www.oneindia.com|language=en|archive-date=20 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620015635/https://www.oneindia.com/politicians/upendra-kushwaha-32704.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱖ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱭᱥᱟᱞᱤ, ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱯᱟᱴᱱᱟ]] ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱪᱞᱳᱨ ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱡᱚᱯᱷᱚᱨᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤ.ᱟᱨ. ᱟᱢᱵᱮᱰᱠᱚᱨ ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱪᱮᱛ (ᱮᱢ.ᱮ.) ᱮ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱚᱛᱟ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱰᱤᱯᱟᱨᱴᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱚᱠᱪᱚᱨᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱤᱥ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ 'ᱠᱩᱥᱣᱟᱦᱟ' ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ: ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ [[ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱩᱲᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱩᱥᱣᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱨᱯᱩᱨᱤ ᱴᱷᱟᱠᱩᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱭᱯᱨᱚᱠᱚᱥ ᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱙᱐ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱛᱤᱥ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ, [[ᱞᱟᱞᱩ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱫᱽ ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ]] ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱢᱵᱤᱞᱟᱥ ᱯᱟᱥᱣᱟᱱᱟ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱩᱥᱣᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱢᱩᱱᱮᱥᱣᱚᱨ ᱥᱤᱝ ᱠᱚᱨᱯᱩᱨᱤ ᱴᱷᱟᱠᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱜᱨᱮᱡᱩᱮᱴ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱩᱥᱣᱟᱦᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱠᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱡᱟ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name=":2" /> ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱩᱥᱣᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱵᱽ ᱥᱤᱨᱟᱹ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱪᱷᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱩᱡᱽᱵᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱩᱨᱩ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮᱭ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱩᱥᱣᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱡᱽᱵᱚᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱨᱚᱫᱽ ᱯᱚᱣᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱣᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹᱭ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/kushwaha-meets-bhujbal-in-pune-hints-at-joining-mahagathbandhan/story-uKl006LI9jI3sc6iUfnYIK.html|title=Kushwaha meets Bhujbal in Pune, hints at joining 'Mahagathbandhan|website=Hindustan Times|date=13 December 2018 |accessdate=26 July 2023}}</ref> ==ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ== ᱩᱯᱮᱱᱫᱨᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱣᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱘᱕ ᱥᱟᱞᱮᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱵᱚᱞᱚ ᱮᱱᱟ; ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱙᱘᱘ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱭᱩᱵᱟ ᱞᱳᱠᱫᱚᱞ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱛᱨᱮᱛ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱤᱥᱲᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱠᱩᱥᱣᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱜᱚᱫᱷ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱩᱥᱣᱟᱦᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱵᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱫ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱩᱯᱮᱱᱫᱨᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱣᱟᱦᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱩᱥᱣᱟᱦᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/patna/news/not-upendra-kushwaha-is-at-the-center-of-politics-this-vote-bank-in-bihar-is-not-controlled-by-any-single-caste-leader-130885139.html|title=बगावत का सियासी खेल:उपेंद्र नहीं राजनीति के केंद्र में 'कुशवाहा', बिहार में इस वोट बैंक पर जाति के किसी एक नेता का कंट्रोल नहीं|website=Bhaskar.com|accessdate=5 February 2023}}</ref> ᱠᱩᱥᱣᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱘᱘ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱙᱙᱓ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱭᱩᱵᱟ ᱡᱚᱱᱛᱟ ᱫᱚᱞ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱛᱨᱮᱛ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱙᱔ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱐᱒ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱢᱚᱛᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱛᱨᱮᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱩᱥᱣᱟᱦᱟ ᱒᱐᱐᱐-᱒᱐᱐᱕ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱩᱯᱱᱮᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱒᱐᱐᱔ ᱨᱮ, ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱥᱩᱥᱤᱞ ᱢᱳᱫᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱰᱤᱭᱩ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱡᱚᱱᱛᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ]] (ᱵᱤᱡᱮᱯᱤ) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱩᱥᱣᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱨᱚᱫᱷᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/why-upendra-kushwaha-s-entry-into-jd-u-will-boost-nitish-s-luv-kush-strategy-1779687-2021-03-15|title=Why Upendra Kushwaha's entry into JD(U) will boost Nitish's 'Luv-Kush' strategy |website =India Today|date=15 March 2021 |accessdate=19 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/politicians/upendra-kushwaha-32704.html|title=Upendra -kushwaha|date=31 May 2020|access-date=31 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620015635/https://www.oneindia.com/politicians/upendra-kushwaha-32704.html|archive-date=20 June 2019|url-status=live|publisher=oneindia.com}}</ref><ref name="Gupta Surbhi"/> [[File:The Minister of State for Human Resource Development, Shri Upendra Kushwaha addressing a gathering, on the occasion of the CBSE Teachers' award 2015, in New Delhi on September 03, 2016.jpg|thumb|ᱩᱯᱮᱱᱫᱨᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱣᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱓ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱖ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/raising-the-quality-of-education-is-a-major-challenge-said-upendra-kushwaha-339218-2016-09-05|title=Raising the quality of education is a major challenge: Minister of State for HRD Upendra Kushwaha|website=India Today|date=5 September 2016 |accessdate=19 February 2023}}</ref>]] ᱠᱩᱥᱣᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱫᱚᱦᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱤᱛᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":2" /> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱐᱗ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱛᱟ ᱫᱚᱞ (ᱭᱩᱱᱟᱭᱴᱮᱰ) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱸᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Banerjee|first=Shoumojit|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/Rashtriya-Samata-Party-merges-with-JDU/article16894644.ece|title=Rashtriya Samata Party merges with JD(U)|date=27 November 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425091049/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/Rashtriya-Samata-Party-merges-with-JDU/article16894644.ece|archive-date=25 April 2020|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> ᱠᱩᱥᱣᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱱᱤᱛᱤᱥ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ]] ᱟᱜ [[ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱭᱨᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱡᱤᱱᱟᱞᱟᱭᱡᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱴᱚᱠᱨᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱪᱷᱞᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱒᱐᱐᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱛᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ [[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱩᱯ ᱥᱤᱨᱟᱹ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ [[ᱪᱷᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱩᱡᱽᱵᱚᱞ]] ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱭ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Upendra-Kushwaha-forms-new-political-party-RSP/articleshow/4093314.cms|title=Upendra Kushwaha forms new political party|last=Singh|first=Abhay|date=8 February 2009|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425094050/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Upendra-Kushwaha-forms-new-political-party-RSP/articleshow/4093314.cms|archive-date=25 April 2020}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱐᱙ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱩᱥᱣᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱛᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱱᱛᱟ ᱫᱚᱞ (ᱭᱩᱱᱟᱭᱴᱮᱰ) ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> ᱔ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱒᱐᱑᱓ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱯᱮᱱᱫᱨᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱣᱟᱦᱟ, ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱭᱚ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱱᱛᱟ ᱫᱚᱞ (ᱭᱩᱱᱟᱭᱴᱮᱰ) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱤᱛᱤᱥ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱰᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱹᱛ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱭᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱛᱤᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱤᱛᱤᱥ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱱᱛᱟ ᱫᱚᱞ (ᱭᱩᱱᱟᱭᱴᱮᱰ) ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ "ᱯᱚᱠᱮᱴ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ" ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/jdu-mp-upendra-kushwaha-resigns-attacks-nitish-kumar/articleshow/17885118.cms|title=JD(U) MP Upendra Kushwaha resigns, attacks Nitish Kumar|date=4 January 2013|work=[[The Economic Times]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425123937/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/jdu-mp-upendra-kushwaha-resigns-attacks-nitish-kumar/articleshow/17885118.cms|archive-date=25 April 2020}}</ref> ᱠᱩᱥᱣᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱓ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱒᱐᱑᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱚ ᱞᱚᱠ ᱥᱚᱢᱛᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱷᱟᱱᱰᱟ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="Gupta Surbhi"/> ᱩᱱᱤᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱔ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱱᱚᱨᱮᱱᱫᱨᱚ ᱢᱳᱫᱤ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱤᱡ ᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱚ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱛᱟᱱᱛᱨᱤᱠ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ (ᱮᱱ.ᱰᱤ.ᱮ.) ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱠᱩᱥᱣᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱨᱟᱠᱟᱴ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱫᱩᱨᱤᱵᱽ ᱩᱛᱷᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/BJP-ties-up-with-OBC-leader-Upendra-Kushwaha-in-Bihar/articleshow/30534465.cms|title=BJP ties up with OBC leader Upendra Kushwaha in Bihar|newspaper=The Times of India|date=17 February 2014|accessdate=20 February 2022|archive-date=20 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220174155/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/BJP-ties-up-with-OBC-leader-Upendra-Kushwaha-in-Bihar/articleshow/30534465.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sunday-guardian.com/news/bjp-may-bring-in-kushwaha-as-obc-face|title=BJP may bring in Kushwaha as OBC face|access-date=5 May 2020|archive-date=25 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125125707/http://www.sunday-guardian.com/news/bjp-may-bring-in-kushwaha-as-obc-face|url-status=live}}</ref> ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱘ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱩᱥᱣᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱳᱫᱤ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱟᱞᱟᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱤᱥᱛᱚᱯᱷᱟ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱱᱰᱤᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name=resigned_2018>{{Cite news|url = https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/upendra-khushwaha-resigns-as-union-minister-likely-to-quit-nda/articleshow/67022354.cms|title = Upendra Kushwaha resigns as Union minister, likely to quit NDA|newspaper = The Economic Times|date = 10 December 2018|access-date = 21 May 2019|archive-date = 27 August 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190827200051/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/upendra-khushwaha-resigns-as-union-minister-likely-to-quit-nda/articleshow/67022354.cms|url-status = live}}</ref> [[File:The President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee administering the oath as Minister of State to Shri Upendra Kushwaha, at a Swearing-in Ceremony, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on May 26, 2014.jpg|thumb|ᱥᱨᱤ [[ᱯᱨᱚᱬᱚᱵᱽ ᱢᱩᱠᱷᱟᱨᱡᱤ]] ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱱ]] ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱷᱲᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱯᱮᱱᱫᱨᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱣᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾]] ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{commons category|ᱩᱯᱮᱱᱫᱨᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱣᱟᱦᱟ}} *{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Jitan-Ram-Manjhi-emerges-critical-player-in-poll-bound-Bihar/articleshow/47437850.cms|title=Jitan Ram Manjhi emerges critical player in poll-bound Bihar|work=The Times of India|date=27 May 2015 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:ᱠᱩᱥᱣᱟᱦᱟ, ᱩᱯᱮᱱᱫᱨᱚ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱭᱚ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱚᱫᱽ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱔-᱒᱐᱑᱙]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱵᱟᱭᱥᱟᱞᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱨᱳᱦᱛᱟᱥ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱛᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱱᱚᱨᱮᱱᱫᱨᱚ ᱢᱳᱫᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱟᱞᱟᱭ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱵᱟᱵᱟᱥᱟᱦᱮᱵᱽ ᱵᱷᱤᱢᱨᱟᱣ ᱟᱢᱵᱮᱰᱠᱚᱨ ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱭᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱒᱐᱐᱐-᱒᱐᱐᱕]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱚᱱᱛᱟ ᱫᱚᱞ (ᱭᱩᱱᱟᱭᱴᱮᱰ) ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱚᱢᱚᱛᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] soxdkhhjhxsyqa885uz7ll5zyruv6n5 0 33245 196597 181730 2026-08-12T19:03:16Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196597 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox prepared food | name = ᱟᱹᱞᱩ ᱢᱚᱴᱚᱨ | alternate_name = ᱟᱹᱞᱩ ᱢᱚᱴᱚᱨ | image = Aloo Mattar.jpg | caption = ᱠᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱞᱩ ᱢᱚᱴᱚᱨ | country = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ]] | region = [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ]] | creator = | course = [[Main course|ᱢᱩᱬ]] | served = ᱞᱚᱞᱚ | main_ingredient = [[ᱟᱹᱞᱩ]] ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ [[ᱢᱚᱴᱚᱨ]] ᱠᱚ | variations = ᱨᱟᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ | calories = | other = }} '''ᱟᱹᱞᱩ ᱢᱚᱴᱚᱨ''' (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ''ᱟᱹᱞᱩ ᱢᱟᱴᱟᱨ'' ᱥᱮ ''ᱟᱹᱞᱩ'' ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱞᱟ) ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱟᱹᱞᱩ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱢᱚᱴᱚᱨ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱢᱚᱥᱞᱟ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[ᱵᱤᱞᱟᱹᱛᱤ]] ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱢᱤᱥᱤ ᱨᱟᱥᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite book |last=KUMAWAT |first=LOVESH |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3OrkDwAAQBAJ |title=CUISINE |date=2020-05-18 |publisher=NotionPress |isbn=978-1-64850-162-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=td07>{{cite book |last=Dalal|first=Tarla|title=Punjabi Khana|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9788189491543|year=2007|publisher=Sanjay & Co|isbn=978-8189491543|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9788189491543/page/35 35]}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref name=ts09>{{cite news|title=Chefs whip up home-cooked meals this Deepavali|url=http://thestar.com.my/metro/story.asp?file=/2009/10/12/central/4871932&sec=central|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130413153235/http://thestar.com.my/metro/story.asp?file=/2009/10/12/central/4871932&sec=central|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 April 2013|access-date=3 April 2012|newspaper=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|date=12 October 2009}}</ref> ᱨᱟᱥᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ [[ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱩᱬ]], [[ᱟᱫᱟ]], [[ᱯᱤᱭᱟᱡ]], [[ᱵᱤᱞᱟᱹᱛᱤ|ᱵᱤᱞᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ]], [[ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ]] (ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ), [[ᱡᱤᱨᱟ]], [[ᱢᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪ|ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪ]], [[ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ]], [[ᱜᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱢᱚᱥᱞᱟ]], ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱥᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱥᱤᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱤᱭᱟᱡᱽ ᱥᱮ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱩᱬ ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref name=mw07>{{cite news|title=Ashwani Ahuja|url=http://archives.midweek.com/content/columns/cheffocus_article/ashwani_ahuja/|access-date=3 April 2012|newspaper=[[MidWeek]] |date=21 September 2007}}</ref> ᱟᱹᱞᱩ ᱢᱚᱴᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱠ ᱨᱩᱯᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱯᱮᱠᱮᱴ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref name=tt03>{{cite news|title=ITC has taste for heat & eat food|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1030713/asp/business/story_2159246.asp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203192830/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1030713/asp/business/story_2159246.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2013|access-date=3 April 2012|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |date=13 July 2003}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱫᱚᱥᱟ (ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ)|ᱫᱚᱥᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ᱾<ref name=th10>{{cite news |title=It's raining dosas |url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/Food/article507610.ece |access-date=3 April 2012 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=9 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100818221953/http://thehindu.com/life-and-style/Food/article507610.ece |archive-date=18 August 2010 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱥᱴᱚᱨᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱯᱟᱪᱷᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ|ᱯᱟᱪᱷᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ]] ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱪᱤᱱᱷᱟᱹᱣᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{reflist}} o1g8joc0giyhughqop6hpw4jqurthd7 0 33246 196514 183534 2026-08-12T17:44:32Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196514 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox prepared food | name = ''ᱪᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱞᱟ'' | image = Chana masala.jpg | image_size = 250px | caption = | alternate_name = | country = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ]] | national_cuisine = | region = [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]]<ref name = "slow">{{cite book|last=Singla|first=Anupy|date=2010|title=The Indian Slow Cooker: 50 Healthy, Easy, Authentic Recipes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7OJPPmXqL48C&pg=PAPA77|publisher=Agate Publishing|page=77|isbn=978-1-57284-670-8 |access-date=2023-04-19|archive-date=2023-03-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314023612/https://books.google.com/books?id=7OJPPmXqL48C&pg=PAPA77|url-status=live}}</ref> | course = | served = | main_ingredient = [[ᱪᱚᱱᱟ]], [[ᱯᱤᱭᱟᱡ]], [[ᱵᱤᱞᱟᱹᱛᱤ]]ᱠᱚ, [[ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ]], [[ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱩᱬ]], [[ᱢᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪ|ᱢᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪ ᱠᱚ]], [[ᱟᱫᱟ]], ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ, ᱢᱚᱥᱞᱟ | variations = }} '''''ᱪᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱞᱟ''''' (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ '''''ᱪᱷᱚᱞᱮ ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱞᱟ''''' ᱥᱮ '''''ᱪᱷᱚᱞᱮ''''' ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ) ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ, [[ᱵᱤᱞᱟᱹᱛᱤ]]-ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱢᱤᱥᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱪᱷᱚᱞᱟ]] [[ᱩᱛᱩ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref name = "slow"/><ref name = "veg">{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Manali|date=2018|title=Vegetarian Indian Cooking with Your Instant Pot: 75 Traditional Recipes That Are Easier, Quicker and Healthier|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8GtuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PAPA13|publisher=Page Street Publishing|pages=13–14|isbn=978-1-62414-645-9 |access-date=2023-03-14|archive-date=2023-03-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314020705/https://books.google.com/books?id=8GtuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PAPA13|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="serious-eats">{{Cite web |last=López-Alt |first=J. Kenji |author-link=J. Kenji López-Alt |title=Channa Masala Recipe |url=https://www.seriouseats.com/channa-masala-recipe |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=[[Serious Eats]] |language=en}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ]] (ᱟᱥᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ]]) ᱟᱨ [[ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱢᱩᱬ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ|ᱢᱩᱬ]] ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref name = "slow"/><ref name="serious-eats" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱯᱟᱶᱨᱩᱴᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱠᱟᱣ [[ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱴᱩᱨᱟ]] (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ [[ᱪᱷᱚᱞᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱴᱩᱨᱮ]] ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ), [[ᱯᱩᱨᱤ (ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ)|ᱯᱩᱨᱤ]], ᱥᱮ [[ᱠᱩᱞᱪᱟ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱮᱯᱮᱡ ᱯᱟᱶᱨᱩᱴᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref name="serious-eats" /><ref name="fw-2021">{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Khushbu |date=January 28, 2021 |title=The Caregiver Who Makes Chana Masala for Everyone |url=https://www.foodandwine.com/cooking-techniques/in-praise-of-aunties-best-chana-masala |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=[[Food & Wine]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kitchen |first=Hebbars |date=2020-12-23 |title=chole bhature recipe {{!}} chhole bhature {{!}} chana bhatura {{!}} chola batura |url=https://hebbarskitchen.com/chole-bhature-recipe-chana-bhatura/ |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=Hebbar's Kitchen |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-09-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240904031659/https://hebbarskitchen.com/chole-bhature-recipe-chana-bhatura/ |url-status=live }}</ref> == ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱤ == ᱪᱷᱚᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ''ᱪᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱞᱟ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱯᱤᱭᱟᱡᱽ, ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱩᱬ, ᱟᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ [[ᱢᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪ]] ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ; [[ᱵᱤᱞᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱟᱥᱮ]] ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱞᱟᱹᱛᱤ; ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱢᱚᱥᱞᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱟᱢᱪᱩᱨ]], [[ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ]], [[ᱡᱤᱨᱟ]], [[ᱜᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱢᱚᱥᱞᱟ]], ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ]] ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref name="serious-eats" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Pitre |first1=Urvashi |title=Indian Instant Pot® Cookbook: Traditional Indian Dishes Made Easy and Fast |url=https://archive.org/details/indianinstantpot0000pitr |date=September 19, 2017 |publisher=Rockridge Press |isbn=978-1939754547 |page=[https://archive.org/details/indianinstantpot0000pitr/page/54 54]}}</ref> ''ᱪᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱚᱥᱟᱞᱟ'' ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱞ ᱪᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱞᱚᱦᱚᱫᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱯᱚᱨᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱟᱣᱟ, ᱟᱹᱨᱩᱵᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱤᱭᱟᱡᱽ, ᱵᱤᱞᱟᱹᱛᱤ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱥᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱥᱤᱱᱟ᱾<ref name="veg"/> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱤᱥ [[ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱞᱮᱢᱵᱩ]] ᱥᱮ [[ᱞᱮᱢᱵᱩ (ᱡᱚ)|ᱞᱮᱢᱵᱩ]] ᱜᱮᱫ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣᱟ᱾<ref name="fw-2021" /> <gallery widths="200" heights="160"> File:Ingredients chole.jpg|''ᱪᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱚᱥᱟᱞᱟ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱞ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ File:Kulchachole.jpg|''ᱪᱷᱚᱞᱮ [[ᱠᱩᱞᱪᱟ]]'' (ᱪᱮᱯᱮᱡ ᱯᱟᱶᱨᱩᱴᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ''ᱪᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱚᱥᱟᱞᱟ'') </gallery> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} 73fkdvpvic6baezhud14jwhmqqqe5al 0 33289 196584 196346 2026-08-12T18:54:42Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196584 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Guinea_schoolgirls.jpg|thumb|280x280px|ᱜᱤᱱᱤ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮᱹᱱ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ (ᱠᱷᱟᱥ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ, ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ, ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ, ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ) ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱱᱟᱸᱴ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱢᱴᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Усамов |first=И.Р. |title=Digital Transformation of Education: Challenges and Prospects |date=2019-12-18 |journal=Вестник ГГНТУ. Гуманитарные и социально-экономические науки |volume=3 |issue=17 |doi=10.34708/gstou.2019.17.3.021 |s2cid=242230851 |issn=2686-9721|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Osler |first1=Audrey |last2=Vincent |first2=Kerry |date=2003 |title=Girls and Exclusion |url=https://archive.org/details/girlsexclusionre0000osle |doi=10.4324/9780203465202|isbn=978-1-134-41283-9 }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱥᱮ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱨᱟᱵᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱪᱟᱵᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Osman |first=Abdal Monium Khidir |date=November 2002 |title=Challenges for integrating gender into poverty alleviation programmes: Lessons from Sudan |journal=Gender & Development |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=22–30 |doi=10.1080/13552070215922 |s2cid=71270250 |issn=1355-2074}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱤᱫᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱽ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱥᱚᱢᱛᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱴᱤᱞ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ:<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dekkers |first1=Hetty P.J.M. |last2=Bosker |first2=Roel J. |last3=Driessen |first3=Geert W.J.M. |date=March 2000 |title=Complex Inequalities of Educational Opportunities. A Large-Scale Longitudinal Study on the Relation Between Gender, Social Class, Ethnicity and School Success |journal=Educational Research and Evaluation |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=59–82 |doi=10.1076/1380-3611(200003)6:1;1-i;ft059 |s2cid=144400482 |issn=1380-3611}}</ref> [[ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱮᱥᱴᱤᱮᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ|ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ]] ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱫᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱱᱟᱭᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ, ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱤᱱᱥᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱩᱠᱟᱹᱣ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱢᱚᱥᱭᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱷᱤᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ, [[ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱮᱥᱴᱤᱮᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ|ᱵᱤᱡᱽᱭᱤᱱ, ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ, ᱤᱧᱡᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱱᱤᱛ (STEM)]] ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱫᱽᱵᱷᱟᱣ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱤᱭᱩᱨᱳᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ,<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|title=Cracking the code: girls' and women's education in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM)|publisher=UNESCO|year=2017|isbn=978-92-3-100233-5|location=Paris}}</ref> ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱯᱟᱪᱷᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱛᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱭᱩᱱᱟᱭᱴᱮᱰ ᱥᱴᱮᱴᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐᱒᱐/᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱨᱮ, ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱖᱓% ᱮᱥᱚᱥᱤᱭᱮᱴ ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤ, ᱕᱘% ᱵᱮᱪᱮᱞᱚᱨ ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤ, ᱖᱒% ᱢᱟᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱰᱤᱜᱽ𝘳ᱤ, ᱟᱨ ᱕᱖% ᱰᱚᱠᱴᱚᱨᱮᱴ ᱰᱤᱜᱽ𝘳ᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d22/tables/dt22_301.20.asp |title=Historical summary of faculty, enrollment, degrees conferred, and finances in degree-granting postsecondary institutions: Selected academic years, 1869-70 through 2020-21 |publisher=National Center for Education Statistics |date=2021 |access-date=Jan 30, 2025 }}</ref> ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱛᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱣᱟᱥᱛᱷᱚᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱛᱷᱤᱠ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱥᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱟᱵ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱩᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite web|title=CAMFED USA: What we do|url=http://us.camfed.org/site/PageServer?pagename=home_index|publisher=CAMFED|access-date=October 11, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009011622/http://us.camfed.org/site/PageServer?pagename=home_index|archive-date=October 9, 2011}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱨᱟᱛᱷᱢᱤᱠ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ [[ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱢᱚᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱚᱨ]] ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ|ᱟᱱᱯᱟᱲ]] ᱟᱭᱳ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite web|title=Girls Education:A lifeline to development|url=http://www.unicef.org/sowc96/ngirls.htm|date=1995|access-date=2022-02-03|archive-date=2021-04-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425183724/http://www.unicef.org/sowc96/ngirls.htm}}</ref> ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ᱕᱐% ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱫᱷᱭᱚᱢᱤᱠ ᱤᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Filmer |first=Deon |date=2007-06-29 |title=If you build it, will they come? School availability and school enrolment in 21 poor countries |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-development-studies_2007-07_43_5/page/901 |journal=The Journal of Development Studies |volume=43 |issue=5 |pages=901–928 |doi=10.1080/00220380701384588 |s2cid=216140496 |issn=0022-0388}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Herz |first1=Barbara |last2=Subbarao |first2=K. |last3=Habib |first3=Masooma |last4=Raney |first4=Laura |date=1991-09-30 |title=Letting girls learn |url=https://archive.org/details/micro_IA41153616_0880 |journal=World Bank Discussion Papers |doi=10.1596/0-8213-1937-x |isbn=978-0-8213-1937-6 |issn=0259-210X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Paudel |first=Ramesh C. |date=2019-12-31 |title=Collier, P. (2008). The Bottom Billion: Why the Poorest Countries are Failing and What Can be Done About It, Oxford University Press, USA. |journal=Economic Journal of Nepal |volume=42 |issue=3–4 |pages=79–82 |doi=10.3126/ejon.v42i3-4.36039 |s2cid=242154293 |issn=1018-631X|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=What Have We Learned About Moral Courage in Organizations? |date=2015-03-26 |work=Moral Courage in Organizations: Doing the Right Thing at Work |pages=235–240 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315702285-28 |doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 |isbn=978-1-315-70228-5}}</ref><ref name="Grimm 771–779">{{Cite journal |last=Grimm |first=Wolfram |date=November 2006 |title=What Is Evidence-Based, What Is New in Medical Therapy of Acute Heart Failure? |journal=Herz Kardiovaskuläre Erkrankungen |volume=31 |issue=8 |pages=771–779 |doi=10.1007/s00059-006-2910-y |pmid=17149679 |s2cid=38811473 |issn=0340-9937}}</ref> ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱥᱚᱫᱷ ᱫᱮᱠᱷᱟᱣᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱤᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱮᱠ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱣᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱭ ᱑᱕% ᱵᱟᱲᱛᱤᱭᱟ᱾ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱥᱩᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱮᱢᱛᱟ ᱵᱟᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱡᱮᱨᱟᱜ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ [[ᱡᱤᱣᱚᱱ ᱥᱛᱟᱨ]] ᱥᱩᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱟᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱜ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱤᱵᱮᱥᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite web|title=Plan Overseas - Why Girls? |url=http://becauseiamagirl.ca/page.aspx?pid=3894 |publisher=Plan Canada |access-date=October 29, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113021252/http://becauseiamagirl.ca/Page.aspx?pid=3894 |archive-date=November 13, 2011 }}</ref> ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱵᱟᱫᱷᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱤ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱩᱨᱠᱤᱱᱟ ᱯᱷᱟᱥᱳ, ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱟᱣᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱡᱮᱨᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱴᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱩᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ᱾<ref>{{cite web|title=Plan Overseas – Education Girl-friendly schools see enrollment rates soar in Burkina Faso |url=http://becauseiamagirl.ca/page.aspx?pid=3859 |publisher=Plan Canada |access-date=October 29, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011143727/http://becauseiamagirl.ca/page.aspx?pid=3859 |archive-date=October 11, 2011 }}</ref> ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹᱣᱟᱜ (ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱲᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱟᱨᱟᱜ) ᱥᱣᱟᱥᱛᱷᱚᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱣᱟᱥᱛᱷᱚᱭ ᱡᱟᱜᱨᱩᱠᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱛᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱲᱛᱤᱭᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chandra |first1=Anjani |last2=Martinez |first2=Gladys M. |last3=Mosher |first3=William D. |last4=Abma |first4=Joyce C. |last5=Jones |first5=Jo |date=2005 |title=Fertility, family planning, and reproductive health of U.S. women: Data from the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth |website=PsycEXTRA Dataset|doi=10.1037/e414702008-001 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Kakkar, Baron, (Ajay Kumar Kakkar) (born 28 April 1964) |date=2010-12-01 |work=Who's Who |publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u251313 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ross |first1=Catherine E. |last2=Mirowsky |first2=John |last3=Goldsteen |first3=Karen |date=November 1990 |title=The Impact of the Family on Health: The Decade in Review |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-marriage-and-family_1990-11_52_4/page/1059 |journal=Journal of Marriage and the Family |volume=52 |issue=4 |page=1059 |doi=10.2307/353319 |jstor=353319 |s2cid=29506270 |issn=0022-2445}}</ref> ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱛᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱟᱹᱛ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱤᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱚᱣᱱᱟ ᱠᱤᱨᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ, ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱞᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱜᱩᱭᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Miller |first1=Brent C. |last2=Moore |first2=Kristin A. |date=November 1990 |title=Adolescent Sexual Behavior, Pregnancy, and Parenting: Research through the 1980s |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-marriage-and-family_1990-11_52_4/page/1025 |journal=Journal of Marriage and the Family |volume=52 |issue=4 |page=1025 |doi=10.2307/353317 |jstor=353317 |issn=0022-2445}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bongaarts |first1=John |last2=Rindfuss |first2=Ronald R. |last3=Morgan |first3=S. Philip |last4=Swicegood |first4=Gray |date=December 1988 |title=First Births in America: Changes in the Timing of Parenthood. |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_population-and-development-review_1988-12_14_4/page/747 |journal=Population and Development Review |volume=14 |issue=4 |page=747 |doi=10.2307/1973641 |jstor=1973641 |issn=0098-7921}}</ref> ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ, ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ, ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ, ᱥᱮ ᱚᱯᱪᱟᱨᱤᱠ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱟᱣᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱲᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ ᱥᱚᱢᱚᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱛᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱲᱛᱤᱭᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Harrison |first1=Abigail |last2=O'Sullivan |first2=Lucia F. |date=2010-03-31 |title=In the Absence of Marriage: Long-Term Concurrent Partnerships, Pregnancy, and HIV Risk Dynamics Among South African Young Adults |journal=AIDS and Behavior |volume=14 |issue=5 |pages=991–1000 |doi=10.1007/s10461-010-9687-y |pmid=20354777 |pmc=3848496 |issn=1090-7165}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kuperberg |first=Arielle |date=2014-03-04 |title=Age at Coresidence, Premarital Cohabitation, and Marriage Dissolution: 1985–2009 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-marriage-and-family_2014-04_76_2/page/352 |journal=Journal of Marriage and Family |volume=76 |issue=2 |pages=352–369 |doi=10.1111/jomf.12092 |issn=0022-2445}}</ref> ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ [[ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱣᱟᱥᱛᱷᱚᱭ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱟᱹᱨᱩᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱜᱚᱨᱵᱷᱱᱤᱨᱚᱫᱷᱚᱠ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱣᱱ ᱥᱟᱧᱪᱟᱨᱤᱛ ᱥᱟᱝᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱦᱤᱱᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱛᱤᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱸᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱛᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Leke |first1=Robert J. I. |last2=Oduma |first2=Jemimah A. |last3=Bassol-Mayagoitia |first3=Susana |last4=Bacha |first4=Angela Maria |last5=Grigor |first5=Kenneth M. |date=July 1993 |title=Regional and Geographical Variations in Infertility: Effects of Environmental, Cultural, and Socioeconomic Factors |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |volume=101 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=73–80 |doi=10.2307/3431379 |jstor=3431379 |pmid=8243409 |pmc=1519926 |issn=0091-6765}}</ref> ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱲᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱠᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱢᱯᱚᱨᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ [[ᱱᱟᱜᱚᱨᱤᱠ ᱵᱷᱟᱜᱤᱫᱟᱨᱤ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱩᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite web|author1=Farzaneh Roudi-Fahimi|author2=Valentine M. Moghadam|title=Empowering Women, Developing Society: Female Education in the Middle East and North Africa|url=http://www.prb.org/Publications/PolicyBriefs/EmpoweringWomenDevelopingSocietyFemaleEducationintheMiddleEastandNorthAfrica.aspx|publisher=Population Reference Bureau|access-date=October 29, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025140101/http://www.prb.org/Publications/PolicyBriefs/EmpoweringWomenDevelopingSocietyFemaleEducationintheMiddleEastandNorthAfrica.aspx|archive-date=2011-10-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Population, Education and Development |date=2003 |isbn=978-92-1-151382-0 |url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/concise2003/Concisereport2003.pdf|publisher=United Nations|access-date=October 29, 2011}}</ref> ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱠ ᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱟᱵ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱥᱚᱢᱛᱟ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱩᱥᱛᱷᱤᱨ ᱵᱤᱠᱟᱥ ᱞᱟᱠᱥᱭᱚ ᱔]] "ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱩᱱᱚᱵᱚᱛᱛᱟ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ" ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱦᱚᱛᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱩᱥᱛᱷᱤᱨ ᱵᱤᱠᱟᱥ ᱞᱟᱠᱥᱭᱚ ᱕|ᱥᱩᱥᱛᱷᱤᱨ ᱵᱤᱠᱟᱥ ᱞᱟᱠᱥᱭᱚ ᱕ "ᱞᱤᱝᱜᱤ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱᱛᱟ"]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱡᱚᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱵᱤᱠᱟᱥᱥᱤᱞ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ (ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱᱭᱚ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱠᱛᱤᱠᱚᱨᱚᱱ) ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱡ ᱵᱤᱠᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ [[ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱵ ᱡᱚᱱᱥᱚᱝᱠᱷᱭᱟ ᱵᱨᱤᱫᱷᱤ|ᱡᱚᱱᱥᱚᱝᱠᱷᱭᱟ ᱵᱨᱤᱫᱷᱤ]] ᱨᱮ ᱛᱮᱡ ᱜᱷᱟᱴᱟᱣ ᱟᱹᱜᱩᱭᱟ, ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[ᱡᱚᱞᱣᱟᱭᱩ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱚᱨᱛᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱨᱭᱟᱵᱚᱨᱚᱱᱤᱭᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽᱫᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱛᱚᱯᱩᱨᱱᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱢᱤᱠᱟ ᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱣᱮᱫᱟ᱾<ref name="Grimm 771–779"/><ref>{{Cite journal |date=2005-12-01 |title=Taking action: achieving gender equality and empowering women |journal=Choice Reviews Online |volume=43 |issue=4 |page=43-2525 |doi=10.5860/choice.43-2525 |doi-broken-date=1 July 2025 |issn=0009-4978}}</ref> [[ᱰᱨᱚᱰᱟᱩᱱ (ᱡᱚᱞᱣᱟᱭᱩ)|ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱰᱨᱚᱰᱟᱩᱱ]] ᱟᱱᱩᱢᱟᱱᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱞᱣᱟᱭᱩ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱚᱨᱛᱚᱱ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱖ᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱟᱵᱥᱟᱞᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ([[ᱥᱚᱨ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱢ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱯᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱩ ᱥᱟᱠᱛᱤ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ)᱾<ref name=":10" /> ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== *[https://www.litencyc.com/php/stopics.php?rec=true&UID=664 ''Literary Encyclopedia'', ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱑᱖᱕᱐-᱑᱗᱕᱐] 4wj2dgoopjefuyd1ahbdw3rdjz90fqh 0 33290 196608 181850 2026-08-12T19:15:08Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196608 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱤ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ}} {{Infobox holiday |holiday_name = ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ |type = ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ |image = Maharashtra_State_map.jpg |imagesize = |caption = [[ᱡᱚᱵᱟᱦᱚᱨᱞᱟᱞ ᱱᱮᱦᱨᱩ]], [[ᱭᱚᱥᱵᱷᱚᱸᱛᱨᱟᱣ ᱪᱚᱣᱟᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱨᱤ ᱯᱨᱚᱠᱟᱥ]] ᱑ ᱢᱮ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱢᱵᱟᱭ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱱᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ |nickname = ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ |observedby = ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱴᱚᱠ ᱮᱠᱥᱪᱮᱡᱽ, ᱵᱚᱢᱵᱮ ᱥᱴᱚᱠ ᱮᱠᱥᱪᱮᱡᱽ |litcolor = |longtype = |significance = ᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱚᱢᱵᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱟᱠᱴ, ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ |begins = |ends = |date = ᱑ ᱢᱮᱭ |duration = ᱑ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ |frequency = ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ |celebrations = ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱰ ᱠᱚ |observances = |relatedto = }} '''ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ''' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=hol>{{cite news|url=https://www.officeholidays.com/countries/india/maharashtra/2014.php|title=Public Holidays in Maharashtra, India in 2014 – Office Holidays|author=|date=|newspaper=Office Holidays}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱑ ᱢᱮ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ [[ᱵᱚᱢᱵᱮ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ [[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.maharashtratourism.net/festivals/maharashtra-day.html|title=Maharashtra Day – Maharashtra Day Celebration|author=|date=|website=www.maharashtratourism.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Do We Celebrate Maharashtra Day On May 1? Know History And Significance |url=https://www.ndtv.com/offbeat/why-do-we-celebrate-maharashtra-day-on-may-1-know-history-and-significance-5557618 |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name=hol/> ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱞᱜᱟ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱟᱭᱵᱷᱮᱴ ᱯᱨᱚᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱩᱲᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱚᱱᱚᱝ== ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱟᱹᱱ, ᱑᱙᱕᱖ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{cite web | title=THE STATES REORGANISATION ACT, 1956|url=http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/1211891/|publisher=[[Government of India]]|accessdate=6 December 2012}}</ref> ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱫᱷᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱢᱵᱮ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ; [[ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ]], [[ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴᱤ]], ᱠᱟᱪᱪᱷᱤ ᱟᱨ [[ᱠᱚᱸᱠᱬᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱠᱚᱸᱠᱬᱤ]] ᱾ ᱥᱟᱢᱭᱩᱠᱛᱟ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱤᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱢᱵᱮ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱪᱪᱷᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱸᱠᱬᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book | last=Guha |first=Ramachandra |title=India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy | url=https://archive.org/details/indiaaftergandhi0000rama_g6k5 | year=2008 | publisher=Harper Perennial | page=[https://archive.org/details/indiaaftergandhi0000rama_g6k5/page/320 320]}}</ref><ref name="KaminskyLong2011">{{cite book|last1=Kaminsky|first1=Arnold P.|last2=Long|first2=Roger D.|title=India Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wWDnTWrz4O8C&pg=PA440|accessdate=30 April 2012|date=23 September 2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-37462-3|page=440}}</ref> ᱒᱕ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱝᱥᱚᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱢᱵᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱟᱠᱴ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱟᱲᱟᱣᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱫᱷᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱑ ᱢᱮ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ,<ref>{{cite web|title=THE BOMBAY RE-ORGANISATION ACT, 1960 No.11 OF 1960|url=http://www.legalhelpindia.com/bareacts/THE%20BOMBAY%20RE-ORGANISATION%20ACT,%201960%20No.11%20OF%201960.doc|publisher=[[Government of India]]|accessdate=6 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203075507/http://www.legalhelpindia.com/bareacts/THE%20BOMBAY%20RE-ORGANISATION%20ACT,%201960%20No.11%20OF%201960.doc|archive-date=3 December 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ== ᱡᱟᱣ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱜᱮ [[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ]] ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ, ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web | title=Public Holiday – 2015 | work=[[Government of Maharashtra]] | url=https://www.maharashtra.gov.in/PDF/HolidayList-2015.pdf | accessdate=11 May 2015}}</ref> ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱴᱚᱠ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web | title=Holidays for the calendar year | work=[[National Stock Exchange of India|National Stock Exchange]] | url=https://www.nseindia.com/resources/exchange-communication-holidays }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Trading Holidays | work=[[Bombay Stock Exchange]] | url=https://www.bseindia.com/static/markets/marketinfo/listholi.aspx }}</ref> ==ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ== ᱡᱟᱣ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱜᱮ [[ᱥᱤᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱯᱟᱨᱠ]] ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱰ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾{{cn|date=April 2019}} ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ, ᱵᱤᱫᱮᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱷᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱧᱩ ᱟᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱵᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web | title=List of dry days to be followed by retail licensee every year | work=Commissionerate of State Excise, Maharashtra State | url=http://stateexcise.maharashtra.gov.in/EXCISE/list_of__dry_days.htm | publisher=[[Government of Maharashtra]] | accessdate=6 December 2012}}</ref> ==ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ== ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱱᱟ ᱡᱩᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱑ ᱢᱮ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web | title=Maharashtra's golden jubilee grand finale on Monday | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-30/mumbai/29490594_1_finale-jubilee-celebrations | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126053445/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-30/mumbai/29490594_1_finale-jubilee-celebrations | url-status=dead | archive-date=26 January 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | accessdate=6 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Maharashtra: Political parties gear up for a grand golden jubilee day | url=http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/apr/29/how-maha-will-celebrate-its-golden-jubilee-day.htm | work = [[rediff.com]] | accessdate=6 December 2012}}</ref> ==ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱰᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ== ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱟᱭᱵᱷᱮᱴ ᱥᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱑ ᱢᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱰᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱵ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾{{cn|date=April 2019}} [[ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ|ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱫᱚ ᱑ ᱢᱮ ᱒᱐᱐᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱚ}} {{authority control}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱢᱮᱭ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱚ]] 8gn5cjyornybj3jayzrh6kz3fqdy039 0 33364 196626 187684 2026-08-12T19:33:01Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196626 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|᱒᱐᱒᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ}} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = | name = ᱥᱩᱥᱤᱞᱟ ᱠᱟᱨᱠᱤ | honorific-suffix = | image = | alt = | caption = ᱒᱐᱒᱕ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱨᱠᱤ | office = ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ | status = [[ᱥᱩᱥᱤᱞᱟ ᱠᱟᱨᱠᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ|ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ]] | president = [[ᱨᱟᱢ ᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱯᱚᱣᱰᱮᱞ]] | vicepresident = [[ᱨᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱭᱟ ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ]] | preceded = [[ᱠᱮ. ᱯᱤ. ᱥᱚᱨᱢᱟ ᱳᱞᱤ]] | term_start = ᱑᱒ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱕ | office1 = ᱒᱕ ᱟᱹᱱᱤᱡ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱤᱱᱤ ᱥᱤᱨᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱥᱴᱤᱥ | term_start1 = ᱑᱑ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱒᱐᱑᱖ | term_end1 = ᱖ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱒᱐᱑᱗ | nominator = | appointer1 = [[ᱵᱤᱫᱽᱭᱟ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱱᱰᱟᱨᱤ]] | predecessor1 = [[ᱠᱟᱞᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱨᱮᱥᱛᱷᱟ]] | successor1 = [[ᱜᱳᱯᱟᱞ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱫᱽ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱡᱩᱞᱤ]] | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1952|6|7|df=y}} | birth_place = [[ᱵᱤᱨᱟᱴᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ]], [[ᱢᱳᱨᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]], [[ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱩᱛᱷᱱᱟᱹᱣ, ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ|ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ]], [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱠᱤᱝᱰᱚᱢ]] | death_date = | death_place = | spouse = [[ᱫᱩᱨᱜᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱫᱽ ᱥᱩᱵᱮᱰᱤ]] | native_name = {{Nobold|सुशीला कार्की}} | native_name_lang = ne | party = ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ | office2 = ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱯᱨᱤᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱴ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱡᱟᱥᱴᱤᱥ | termstart2 = ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱒᱐᱐᱙ | termend2 = ᱖ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱒᱐᱑᱗ | appointer2 = [[ᱨᱟᱢ ᱵᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱭᱟᱫᱟᱵᱽ]] | predecessor2 = [[ᱠᱷᱤᱞ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱜᱽᱢᱤ]] | successor2 = ᱫᱤᱯᱟᱠ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱡᱳᱥᱤ | education = {{ubl | [[ᱛᱨᱤᱵᱷᱩᱵᱚᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ]] ([[ᱵᱮᱪᱞᱚᱨ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ|ᱵᱤᱮ]], [[ᱮᱞᱮᱞ.ᱵᱤ.|ᱮᱞᱮᱞᱵᱤ]]) | [[ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨᱟᱥ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ]] ([[ᱢᱟᱥᱴᱚᱨ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ|ᱮᱢᱮ]]) }} | honorific_prefix = ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣ }} '''ᱥᱩᱥᱤᱞᱟ ᱠᱟᱨᱠᱤ''' (ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱗ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱑᱙᱕᱒) ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱭᱤᱠ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱕ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱮᱱᱼᱡᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱱᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹᱭ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |date=12 September 2025 |title=Nepal unrest: Sushila Karki to take oath as interim PM; parliament dissolved |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/nepal-unrest-sushila-karki-to-take-oath-as-interim-pm-what-will-be-her-first-decision/articleshow/123854013.cms |access-date=12 September 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-15 |title=How Gen Z-led protests are rattling governments across Asia |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/world/asia/protests-asia-gen-z-nepal-indonesia-rcna231096 |access-date=2025-09-18 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱨᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱒᱐᱑᱖ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱑᱗ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱯᱨᱤᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ; ᱩᱱᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱯ ᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾<ref name="thehimalayantimes.com">{{cite web|url=http://thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/sushila-karki-recommended-chief-justice/|title=Sushila Karki recommended for Chief Justice|date=10 April 2016|publisher=[[The Himalayan Times]]}}</ref><ref name="indianexpress">{{cite web |date=11 July 2016 |title=First woman Chief Justice of Nepal, Sushila Karki, takes oath |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/first-woman-chief-justice-of-nepal-sushila-karki-takes-oath-2907173/ |access-date=1 December 2017 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> ==ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ== ᱠᱟᱨᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱗ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱑᱙᱕᱒ ᱥᱟᱞᱮᱨᱮ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱝᱠᱚᱨᱯᱩᱨ (ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱨᱟᱴᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last=Ghimire |first=Binod Ghimire |title=She made history as first woman chief justice of Nepal. Now as PM |url=https://kathmandupost.com/politics/2025/09/13/she-made-history-as-first-woman-chief-justice-of-nepal-now-as-pm |access-date=14 September 2025 |website=[[Kathmandu Post]] |language=English}}</ref>) ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱷᱮᱛᱨᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name="supremecourt">{{cite web |title=Rt. Hon'ble Justice Mrs. Sushila Karki (Subedi) |url=http://www.supremecourt.gov.np/pages/cv_justices/cv_sushilakarki.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715084626/http://www.supremecourt.gov.np/pages/cv_justices/cv_sushilakarki.html |archive-date=15 July 2016 |website=www.supremecourt.gov.np}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Gellner |first1=David N. |last2=Adhikari |first2=Krishna P. |date=5 October 2020 |title=Guarding the Guards: Education, Corruption, and Nepal's Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authority (CIAA) |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/puan/2/2/article-p177_177.xml |journal=Public Anthropologist |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=177–200 |doi=10.1163/25891715-BJA10003 |issn=2589-1707}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱗ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name="ndtv">{{cite web |date=13 April 2016 |title=Nepal Gets First Woman Chief Justice, Sign Of Changing Attitudes |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/nepal-gets-first-woman-chief-justice-sign-of-changing-attitudes-1395219 |website=[[NDTV]] |agency=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> ᱠᱟᱨᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱨᱤᱵᱷᱩᱵᱚᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱗᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱦᱮᱱᱫᱨᱚ ᱢᱳᱨᱚᱝ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱪᱮᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱗᱕ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱨᱮᱥ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱚ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱨᱤᱵᱷᱩᱵᱚᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱗᱘ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=11 September 2025 |title=सुशीला कार्की कौन हैं, जिनके नेपाल के अंतरिम प्रधानमंत्री बनने की है चर्चा |url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/articles/ckgqyq7q4geo |access-date=11 September 2025 |website=[[BBC News Hindi]] |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="supremecourt" /><ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite news |date=15 April 2016 |title=Sushila Karki, Nepals's new Acting CJ |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/Sushila-Karki-Nepalss-new-Acting-CJ/article14238804.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |publisher= |via= |agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref> ==ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ== ᱑᱙᱘᱖ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱙᱘᱙ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ, ᱠᱟᱨᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱦᱮᱱᱫᱨᱚ ᱢᱚᱞᱴᱤᱯᱚᱞ ᱠᱮᱢᱯᱟᱥ, ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱢᱟᱪᱮᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱘᱘ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱙᱙᱐ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱳᱥᱤ ᱡᱳᱱᱟᱞ ᱠᱳᱨᱴ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱮᱥᱤᱰᱮᱱᱴ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="supremecourt" /><ref name=":11" /> ᱑᱙᱙᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱧᱪᱟᱭᱚᱛ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱑᱙᱙᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱟᱴᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱡᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ, ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱫᱽᱜᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ''ᱠᱟᱨᱟ'' ᱜᱟᱢᱟᱢ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=17 March 2021 |title=5 books on Nepali women by Nepali women |url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/books-on-nepali-women-by-nepali-women.html |access-date=11 September 2025 |website=[[Online Khabar]] |language=en}}</ref> ᱒᱐᱐᱒ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱨᱟᱴᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱟᱯᱤᱞᱤᱴᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱴ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮᱛ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱚᱫᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱒᱐᱐᱔ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱟᱥᱳᱥᱤᱭᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱨ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱭᱩᱴᱚᱨ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="supremecourt" /><ref name=":11" /> ==ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱯᱨᱤᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱴ (᱒᱐᱐᱙ - ᱒᱐᱑᱗)== ᱒᱐᱐᱙ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱟᱨᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱯᱨᱤᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱴ ᱨᱮ ''ᱮᱰᱦᱚᱠ'' ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱟᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱫᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱢ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /><ref name="supremecourt" /> ᱒᱐᱑᱖ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱯᱨᱤᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱤᱞ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱜᱽᱢᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱯᱨᱟᱢᱚᱱᱴᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱤᱴ ᱯᱮᱴᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱧᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱒᱐᱑᱓ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱟᱯ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ; ᱠᱟᱨᱠᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱞᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱨᱮᱥᱛᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱜᱽᱢᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱦᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱨᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱨᱮᱜᱽᱢᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱠᱷᱩᱛᱤ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":9">{{Cite book |title=The law and politics of unconstitutional constitutional amendments in Asia |date=2022 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-000-48373-4 |editor-last=Abeyratne |editor-first=Rehan |series=Comparative constitutional change |location=London New York, NY |pages=147–148 |editor-last2=Bùi-ngọc-Son}}</ref> ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱒᱐᱑᱖ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱯᱷ ᱡᱚᱥᱴᱤᱥ ᱥᱨᱮᱥᱛᱷᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱤᱝ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱚᱝᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱤᱠ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱥᱚᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱨᱠᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱚᱫᱽ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱹᱛ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱰᱦᱚᱠ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱛᱤᱱ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱪᱟᱱᱫᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱦᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="ndtv" /><ref name="supremecourt" /> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱦᱤᱞ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱪᱤᱯ ᱡᱟᱥᱴᱤᱥ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱦᱟᱨ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱫᱷᱟᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱩᱞ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱫᱷᱟᱯ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kafle |first=Sanjeeb |date=5 May 2017 |title=UN condemns move to impeach Nepal's Chief Justice |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/un-high-commissioner-zeid-condemns-impeachment-motion-filed-cj-karki |access-date=11 September 2025 |website=[[The Himalayan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱯᱨᱟᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱨᱤᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱭᱟ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱫᱩᱨ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱯᱩᱞᱤᱥ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2017 |title=SC revokes Chand's appointment as Nepal Police chief, paves the way for Silwal |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/sc-revokes-jaya-bahadur-chands-appointment-as-nepal-police-chief |access-date=11 September 2025 |website=[[The Himalayan Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=5 May 2017 |title=Supreme Court stays impeachment motion, reinstates CJ Karki |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/supreme-court-stays-impeachment-motion-cj |access-date=11 September 2025 |website=[[The Himalayan Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱞᱜᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱮᱱᱟ,<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |title=Asian comparative constitutional law |url=https://archive.org/details/nlsiu.342.5105.bui.i.39177 |date=2023 |publisher=[[Hart Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-5099-4969-4 |editor-last=Bùi |editor-first=Ngọc Sơn |location=Oxford, UK ; New York, NY |pages=425 |editor-last2=Malagodi |editor-first2=Mara}}</ref><ref name=":9" /> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱯᱤᱮᱱ (ᱢᱟᱳᱣᱟᱫᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ) ᱫᱚ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱒᱐᱑᱗ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":52" /> ==ᱱᱤᱡᱮᱨᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ== ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱫᱩᱨᱜᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱫᱽ ᱥᱩᱵᱮᱫᱤ]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱸᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱑᱙᱗᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱳᱭᱮᱞ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱮᱭᱟᱨᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱᱥ ᱰᱤ.ᱮᱪ.ᱥᱤ. -᱖ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":22" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Dahal |first=Binita |title=Justice-in-chief: Legalese |url=https://archive.nepalitimes.com/regular-columns/Legalese/justice-in-chief,804 |access-date=11 September 2025 |website=[[Nepali Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=11 September 2025 |title=Nepal unrest: Interim PM contender Sushila Karki's husband hijacked plane in 1973; passengers included actor Mala Sinha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/nepal-unrest-interim-pm-contender-sushila-karkis-husband-hijacked-plane-in-1973-passengers-included-actor-mala-sinha/articleshow/123830813.cms |access-date=12 September 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨᱟᱥ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱧᱟᱯᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ,<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2025 |title=Who is Sushila Karki? Nepal's Gen-Z protesters want ex-chief justice as the interim prime minister |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/world/nepal-protest-gen-z-protestors-want-former-chief-justice-sushila-karki-as-head-of-state-10241604/ |access-date=12 September 2025 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱱᱩᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱪᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":6" /> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=":4" /> ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱨᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ]] ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /><ref name="supremecourt" /> ==ᱱᱳᱴᱥ== {{Notelist}} ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{Sister project auto}} * [http://www.bbc.com/nepali/multimedia/2016/11/161122_iv_sushila Interview with Sushila Karki] by [[BBC Nepal]] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:ᱠᱟᱨᱠᱤ, ᱥᱩᱥᱤᱞᱟ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱕᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱐ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱩᱠᱤᱞ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱑ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱩᱨᱤ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱑ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱑ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱯᱱ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱒᱑ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱑ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨᱟᱥ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ]] 5zie275cb2odzjd1vo0flhtszapbgco 0 33421 196458 182443 2026-08-12T16:56:41Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196458 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ (ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱑᱙᱖᱑)}} {{for|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱨᱤᱠᱮᱴᱟᱨ |ᱩᱯᱮᱱᱫᱨᱚ ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ (ᱠᱨᱤᱠᱮᱴᱟᱨ)}} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛᱟᱱ | image = Upendra Yadav at Rajbiraj (cropped).jpg | caption = ᱒᱐᱑᱗ ᱨᱮ ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ | native_name = उपेन्द्र यादव | office = ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱡᱚᱜᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ | alongside = [[ᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱚᱬ ᱠᱟᱡᱤ ᱥᱨᱮᱥᱴᱷᱟ]] and<br>[[ᱨᱚᱵᱤ ᱞᱟᱢᱤᱪᱷᱟᱱᱮ]] | term_start = ᱑᱐ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱒᱐᱒᱔ | term_end = ᱑᱓ ᱢᱮᱭ ᱒᱐᱒᱔ | president = [[ᱨᱟᱢ ᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱯᱚᱣᱰᱮᱞ]] | primeminister = [[ᱯᱩᱥᱯᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱞ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱞ]] | predecessor = [[ᱯᱩᱨᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱫᱩᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱰᱠᱟ]] | successor = | alongside1 = [[ᱤᱥᱣᱚᱨ ᱯᱳᱠᱷᱨᱮᱞ]] | term_start1 = ᱑ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱒᱐᱑᱘ | term_end1 = ᱒᱔ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱙ | president1 = [[ᱵᱤᱫᱽᱭᱟᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱵᱷᱚᱱᱰᱟᱨᱤ|ᱵᱤᱫᱽᱭᱟ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱵᱷᱚᱱᱰᱟᱨᱤ]] | primeminister1 = [[ᱠᱮᱯᱤ ᱥᱚᱨᱢᱟ ᱳᱞᱤ]] | predecessor1 = [[ᱵᱤᱢᱞᱮᱱᱫᱨᱚ ᱱᱤᱫᱷᱤ]] | successor1 = [[ᱵᱤᱥᱱᱩ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱫᱽ ᱯᱚᱣᱰᱮᱞ]]<br/>[[ᱨᱟᱹᱜᱷᱩᱵᱤᱨ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱥᱮᱛᱷ]] | office2 = {{nowrap|ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ}} | term_start2 = ᱑᱐ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱒᱐᱒᱔ | term_end2 = ᱑᱓ ᱢᱮᱭ ᱒᱐᱒᱔ | president2 = [[ᱨᱟᱢ ᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱯᱚᱣᱰᱮᱞ]] | primeminister2 = [[ᱯᱩᱥᱯᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱞ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱞ]] | predecessor2 = [[ᱢᱳᱦᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱫᱩᱨ ᱵᱟᱥᱱᱮᱴ]] | successor2 = [[ᱯᱨᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ (ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ)|ᱯᱨᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ]] | term_start3 = ᱑ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱒᱐᱑᱘ | term_end3 = ᱒᱐ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱙ | president3 = [[ᱵᱤᱫᱽᱭᱟᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱵᱷᱚᱱᱰᱟᱨᱤ|ᱵᱤᱫᱽᱭᱟ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱵᱷᱚᱱᱰᱟᱨᱤ]] | primeminister3 = [[ᱠᱮᱯᱤ ᱥᱚᱨᱢᱟ ᱳᱞᱤ]] | predecessor3 = [[ᱠᱮᱯᱤ ᱥᱚᱨᱢᱟ ᱳᱞᱤ]] {{small|ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ}} | successor3 = [[ᱵᱷᱟᱱᱩ ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱠᱟᱞ]] | office4 = [[ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ]] | term_start4 = ᱔ ᱢᱮᱭ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ | term_end4 = ᱒᱙ ᱚᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ | president4 = [[ᱨᱟᱢ ᱵᱚᱨᱚᱱ ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ]] | primeminister4 = [[ᱡᱷᱟᱞᱟ ᱱᱟᱛᱷ ᱠᱷᱟᱱᱚᱞ]] | predecessor4 = [[ᱵᱤᱥᱱᱩ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱫᱽ ᱯᱚᱣᱰᱮᱞ]] | successor4 = [[ᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱚᱬ ᱠᱟᱡᱤ ᱥᱨᱮᱥᱴᱷᱟ]] | term_start5 = ᱑᱘ ᱚᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱒᱐᱐᱘ | term_end5 = ᱒᱕ ᱢᱮᱭ ᱒᱐᱐᱙ | president5 = [[ᱨᱟᱢ ᱵᱚᱨᱚᱱ ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ]] | primeminister5 = [[ᱯᱩᱥᱯᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱞ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱞ]] | predecessor5 = [[ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱱᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱷᱟᱱ]] | successor5 = [[ᱥᱩᱡᱟᱛᱟ ᱠᱳᱭᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] | office6 = {{nowrap|[[:en:Minister of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs (Nepal)|ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱢ, ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ<br/>ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱚᱫᱤᱭ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ]]}} | term_start6 = ᱒᱑ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱙ | term_end6 = ᱒᱔ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱙ | president6 = [[ᱵᱤᱫᱽᱭᱟᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱵᱷᱚᱱᱰᱟᱨᱤ|ᱵᱤᱫᱽᱭᱟ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱵᱷᱚᱱᱰᱟᱨᱤ]] | primeminister6 = [[ᱠᱮᱯᱤ ᱥᱚᱨᱢᱟ ᱳᱞᱤ]] | predecessor6 = [[ᱵᱷᱟᱱᱩ ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱠᱟᱞ]] | successor6 = [[ᱥᱤᱵᱟ ᱢᱟᱭᱟ ᱛᱩᱢᱵᱟᱦᱟᱢᱯᱷᱮ]] | office7 = {{nowrap|[[ᱯᱤᱯᱚᱞᱥ ᱥᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ, ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ (᱒᱐᱒᱐)|ᱯᱤᱯᱚᱞᱥ ᱥᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ]]}} ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮᱛ | term_start7 = ᱒᱐᱒᱐ | term_end7 = ᱒᱐᱒᱓ | predecessor7 = ''ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ'' | successor7 = [[ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱠᱤᱥᱳᱨ ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ]] | office10 = [[ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱤᱱᱤᱫᱷᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ (ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ)|ᱯᱟᱨᱞᱤᱭᱟᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ,<br/>ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱤᱱᱤᱫᱷᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] | termstart10 = ᱒ ᱢᱮᱭ ᱒᱐᱒᱓ | termend10 = | predecessor10 = [[ᱨᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱭᱟ ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ]] | successor10 = | constituency10 = ᱵᱟᱨᱟ ᱒ | term_start11 = ᱔ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱒᱐᱑᱘<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/first-session-of-house-of-representatives-concluded/|title=First meeting of House of Representatives concluded|date=2018-03-05|work=The Himalayan Times|access-date=2018-03-15|language=en-US}}</ref> | term_end11 = ᱑᱘ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱒ | predecessor11 = ᱚᱥᱳᱠ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱰᱚᱞ | successor11 = [[ᱥᱤᱠᱮ ᱨᱟᱣᱩᱴ|ᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱠᱟᱸᱴ ᱨᱟᱣᱩᱴ]] | constituency11 = ᱥᱟᱯᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱒ | office12 = {{nowrap|[[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ|ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ}} | term_start12 = ᱒᱘ ᱢᱮᱭ ᱒᱐᱐᱘ | term_end12 = ᱑᱔ ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱗ | constituency12 = ᱥᱟᱱᱥᱟᱨᱤ ᱕ | predecessor12 = [[ᱜᱤᱨᱤᱡᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱫᱽ ᱠᱳᱭᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] | successor12 = ''ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱚᱸᱫᱷᱤ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ'' | birth_name = ᱩᱯᱮᱱᱫᱨᱚ ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1961|1|8|df=y}} | birth_place = [[ᱵᱷᱟᱜᱟᱣᱟᱛᱯᱩᱨ]], [[ᱥᱟᱯᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱥᱟᱯᱛᱟᱨᱤ]], ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ | death_date = | death_place = | father = ᱫᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱞᱟᱞ ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ | mother = ᱯᱷᱩᱫᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ | party = [[People's Socialist Party, Nepal (2020)|PSP-N]] {{small|(2020–present)}} | otherparty = [[CPN (UML)]] {{small|(1991–1999)}}<br/>[[Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)|CPN (Maoist)]] {{small|(1999–2005)}}<br/>[[Madheshi Jana Adhikar Forum, Nepal|MJF-N]] {{small|(2006–2015)}}<br>[[Federal Socialist Forum, Nepal|FSF-N]] {{small|(2015–2019)}}<br>[[Samajbadi Party, Nepal (2019)|Samajbadi]] {{small|(2019–2020)}} | spouse = ᱯᱚᱨᱵᱟᱛᱤ ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ | children = ᱟᱢᱨᱮᱱᱫᱨᱚ ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱮᱨᱟ | residence = [[ᱵᱤᱨᱟᱴᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ]], [[ᱢᱳᱨᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱢᱳᱨᱟᱝ]] | website = }} '''ᱩᱯᱮᱱᱫᱨᱚ ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ''' ([[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ]]: उपेन्द्र यादव; ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱑᱒ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱖᱐) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱰᱤᱯᱩᱴᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱒᱓ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱯᱤᱯᱩᱞᱥ ᱥᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ, ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2015-06-15 |title=Upendra Yadav, Ashok Rai announce unity, form FSF-N |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/upendra-yadav-ashok-rai-announce-unity-form-fsf-n/ |access-date=2017-12-09 |website=The Himalayan Times |language=en-US}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=कर्ण |first=खगेन्द्र |date=2021-05-24 |title=मधेसवाद कि अवसरवाद?‍ |trans-title=Madhesh-ist or Opportunist? |url=https://ekagaj.com/article/thought/14936/?v=1 |access-date=2022-01-16 |website=eKagaj |language=ne |archive-date=2022-01-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116195458/https://ekagaj.com/article/thought/14936/?v=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Nepali prime minister expands cabinet for fourth time |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-06/01/c_137223860.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908164346/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-06/01/c_137223860.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 8, 2018 |access-date=2018-06-02 |website=Xinhua}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱐᱘ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱐᱙ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱞ ᱠᱮᱵᱤᱱᱮᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱠᱮᱵᱤᱱᱮᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-11-20 |title=Ministers of Democratic Federal Republic of Nepal |url=http://www.nepalnews.com/archive/2008/ministers_republic_nepal.php |access-date=2022-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120225401/http://www.nepalnews.com/archive/2008/ministers_republic_nepal.php |archive-date=2008-11-20 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-05-05 |title=Upendra Yadav becomes new Nepal DPM and Foreign Minister {{!}} Asia News |url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/south-asia/upendra-yadav-becomes-new-nepal-dpm-and-foreign-minister_704207.html |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref> ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱒᱒ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱡᱚᱱᱢᱚᱛ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮᱛ ᱥᱤ.ᱠᱮ. ᱨᱟᱣᱩᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱘,᱐᱐᱐ ᱵᱷᱚᱴ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=CK Raut elected as HoR member from Saptari-2 |url=https://kathmandupost.com/politics/2022/11/23/ck-raut-elected-as-hor-member-from-saptari-2 |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghimire |first=Santosh |date=2022-11-28 |title=The fall of Upendra Yadav in Nepal's politics |url=https://www.indianarrative.com/world-news/the-fall-of-upendra-yadav-in-nepals-politics-77213.html |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=Indianarrative |language=en |archive-date=2023-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404092857/https://www.indianarrative.com/world-news/the-fall-of-upendra-yadav-in-nepals-politics-77213.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ== ᱑᱒ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ [[ᱵᱷᱚᱜᱚᱵᱚᱛᱯᱩᱨ]], [[ᱥᱟᱯᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱥᱚᱯᱛᱚᱨᱤ]] ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱞᱟᱞ ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱩᱫᱽᱱᱤ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ ᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾{{cn|date=January 2023}} ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱫᱷᱩᱵᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱗᱕ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱥ.ᱮᱞ.ᱥᱤ ᱵᱤᱱᱤᱰ ᱮ ᱯᱟᱥ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱴᱤᱥᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱞᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱪᱞᱟᱨ ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱟᱴᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱦᱮᱱᱫᱨᱚ ᱢᱳᱨᱚᱝ ᱚᱫᱷᱚᱨ ᱢᱚᱞᱴᱤᱯᱚᱞ ᱠᱮᱢᱯᱟᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱪᱮᱛ (post-graduate) ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name=":9">{{Cite news |last1=Wagle |first1=Dinesh |last2=Mishra |first2=Atul |date=2011-09-03 |title=उपेन्द्र यादव उवाच |language=ne |trans-title=Upendra Yadav Said |work=Kantipur |url=https://wagle.com.np/2011/09/03/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B5-%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A/amp/ |access-date=2025-11-08 |archive-date=2022-02-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213151934/https://wagle.com.np/2011/09/03/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B5-%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A/amp/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |url=https://hr.parliament.gov.np/uploads/attachments/z3qljvte6vwen2cy.pdf |title=संघीय संसद सदस्य, २०७४ परिचयात्मक पुस्तिका |publisher=Federal Parliament Secretariat |year=2021 |location=Nepal |pages=270 |language=ne |trans-title=Federal Parliament Members 2017 Introduction Booklet}}</ref> ==ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ== ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱗᱕ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱚᱧᱪᱟᱭᱚᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱑᱙᱗᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱟᱴᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱡᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Sarkar |first=Sarbary Dey |date=June 2018 |title=Madheshi Movement and Upendra Yadav |url=http://www.journaledudev.in/journal/Vol-8%20June%202018.pdf#page=316 |journal=Journal of Education and Development |volume=8 |issue=15 |pages=305–312}}</ref> ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ''ᱥᱚᱛᱭᱟᱜᱨᱚᱦ'' ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱘᱕ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱢᱟᱱᱰᱩ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱙᱑ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱯᱤᱮᱱ (ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱯᱷᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱥᱤᱥᱴ-ᱞᱮᱱᱤᱱᱤᱥ) ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱩᱱᱥᱟᱨᱤ-᱔ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱨᱟᱴᱤᱱᱤᱫᱷᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱘,᱖᱗᱒ ᱵᱷᱚᱴ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱱᱥᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱳᱨᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱙᱗ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱤᱥᱛᱚᱯᱷᱟ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":3" /> ===ᱢᱚᱫᱷᱮᱥᱤ ᱡᱚᱱ ᱟᱫᱷᱤᱠᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱩᱢ: ᱑᱙᱙᱗–᱒᱐᱑᱕ === {{See also|ᱢᱚᱫᱷᱮᱥᱤ ᱡᱚᱱ ᱟᱫᱷᱤᱠᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱱᱪ, ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ}} ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱙᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱸᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮᱛ ᱡᱚᱭ ᱯᱨᱚᱠᱟᱥ ᱜᱩᱯᱛᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱫᱷᱮᱥᱤ ᱡᱚᱱ ᱟᱫᱷᱤᱠᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱚᱢ ᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱮ-ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱫᱷᱮᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱷᱤᱠᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Basnet |first=Chudamani |date=2019-11-30 |title=The Federal Socialist Forum: Incipient Middle Caste Politics in Nepal? |journal=Studies in Nepali History and Society |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=355}}</ref> ᱥᱤᱯᱤᱮᱱ (ᱭᱩᱮᱢᱮᱞ) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱯᱤᱮᱱ (Maoist) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱴᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱒᱐᱐᱔ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱚᱛᱨᱚᱠᱟ ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱳᱦᱚᱱ ᱵᱚᱭᱫᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ [[ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ]] ᱨᱮ ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱐᱖ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱟᱹᱢᱟᱹᱞᱮᱛ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱫᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Aryal |first=Mallika |title=The rise of a party |url=https://archive.nepalitimes.com/news.php?id=13537 |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=Nepali Times}}</ref> ====ᱢᱚᱫᱷᱮᱥ ᱞᱟᱲᱟᱣᱱᱟ==== ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱖ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱒᱐᱐᱗ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱢᱟᱱᱰᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱚᱫᱽ ᱚᱢᱨᱮᱥ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ, ᱒᱐᱐᱗ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱯᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱩᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱨᱟᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱚᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱮᱨᱟᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="new">{{Cite book |title=Battles of the New Republic: A Contemporary History of Nepal |url=https://archive.org/details/battlesofnewrepu0000jhap |last=Jha |first=Prashant |date=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9781849044592 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-02-09 |title=Over two dozen MPRF activists arrested in the capital |url=http://www.nepalnews.com/archive/2007/jan/jan16/news11.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070209103328/http://www.nepalnews.com/archive/2007/jan/jan16/news11.php |archive-date=2007-02-09 |access-date=2020-12-28}}</ref> ====ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ==== ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱒᱖ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱒᱐᱐᱗ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱥᱚᱝᱴᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱡᱤᱥᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name="other">{{cite web |date=2007-04-26 |title=MJF is now a political party |url=http://www.nepalnews.com/archive/2007/apr/apr26/news12.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070430002447/http://www.nepalnews.com/archive/2007/apr/apr26/news12.php |archive-date=2007-04-30 |access-date=2008-09-06 |publisher=Nepalnews.com}}</ref> ᱒᱐᱐᱘ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱱᱥᱟᱨᱤ ᱕ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱐᱘ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱐᱙ ᱢᱮᱭ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱥᱤᱯᱤᱮᱱ (ᱢᱟᱣᱤᱥ) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱥᱤᱯᱤᱮᱱ (Unifyed Marxist-Leninist) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> ᱵᱤᱡᱚᱭ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱪᱷᱟᱫᱷᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱫᱷᱮᱥᱤ ᱡᱚᱱ ᱟᱫᱷᱤᱠᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱧᱪ (ᱞᱳᱠᱛᱟᱛᱨᱤᱠᱟ) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱢᱡᱮᱮᱯᱷ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱝᱥᱚᱫᱤ ᱫᱚᱞ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱝᱥᱚᱫᱷᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=संसदीय विवरण पुस्तिका, संविधान सभा व्यवस्थापिका-संसद (२०६५ - २०६९) |trans-title=Parliamentary Manual, Constituent Assembly Legislature Parliament (2008 - 2012) |url=https://hr.parliament.gov.np/uploads/attachments/ydgitel3atlerfln.pdf |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=House of Representatives, Nepal |language=ne}}</ref> ᱒᱐᱑᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱱᱥᱚᱨᱤ ᱕ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱥᱚᱝᱥᱚᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱢ.ᱡᱮ.ᱯᱷ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱨᱞᱤᱭᱟᱢᱮᱱᱴᱨᱤ ᱰᱮᱞᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱞᱤᱰᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱝᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱤᱠ-ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱟᱞᱚᱪ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱱᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱩᱢᱩᱴ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=संविधान सभा दर्पण - २ (२०७० - २०७२) |trans-title=Constituent Assembly Mirror - 2 (2013 - 2015) |url=https://hr.parliament.gov.np/uploads/attachments/kz2nnrozsjpu7uw4.pdf |website=House of Representatives, Nepal |language=ne}}</ref> ===ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ: ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ=== ᱑᱕ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ, ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱮᱨᱟᱞ ᱥᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱥ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱵᱮᱥᱤ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱮᱨᱟᱞ ᱥᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱚᱢ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱨᱟᱡᱮᱱᱫᱨᱚ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱫᱽ ᱥᱨᱮᱥᱴᱷᱟ]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱳ-ᱯᱨᱮᱥᱤᱰᱮᱱᱴ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name=":1" /> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱒᱐᱑᱗ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱟᱛᱤᱱᱤᱫᱷᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱒ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last1=भण्डारी |first1=अखण्ड |last2=झा |first2=अबधेश |date=2017-11-05 |title=किन सरे उपेन्द्र यादव सप्तरी? |trans-title=Why did Upendra Yadav move to Saptari? |url=https://ekantipur.com/ampnews/2017-11-05/20171105062817.html |access-date=2022-01-16 |website=Ekantipur |language=ne}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Upendra Yadav wins parliamentary seat from Saptari-2 |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/upendra-yadav-wins-parliamentary-seat-saptari-2/ |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=The Himalayan Times|date=9 December 2017 }}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱤᱱᱤᱫᱷᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱢᱩᱴ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=शिक्षा तथा स्वास्थ्य समिति |url=https://hr.parliament.gov.np/np/committees/Education-and-Health-Committee/members |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=House of Representatives, Nepal}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱒᱐᱑᱘ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱠᱚᱢᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱤᱯᱩᱴᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":4" /> ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱒᱐ ᱨᱮ [[ᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱚ ᱡᱚᱱᱛᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱤᱯᱩᱞᱥ ᱥᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Two key Madhesi parties in Nepal merge to form Janata Samajwadi Party |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/international/2020/04/23/fgn48-nepal-madhesi-party.html |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱱᱛᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱠᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱡᱚᱜᱚ-ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱱᱤᱛ ᱵᱷᱩᱨ ᱴᱷᱟᱠᱩᱨ ᱫᱚ [[ᱞᱳᱠᱛᱟᱱᱛᱨᱤᱠ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱡᱽᱣᱟᱫᱤ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ, ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ]] ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2021-08-19 |title=Madhav Kumar Nepal, Mahantha Thakur register new parties; commission's approval likely in 2 weeks |url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/madhav-kumar-nepal-mahantha-thakur-register-new-parties.html |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=Onlinekhabar |language=en-GB}}</ref> ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱒᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱤᱱᱤᱫᱷᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱯᱛᱚᱨᱤ ᱒ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱱᱢᱚᱛ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮᱛ ᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱠᱟᱱᱛ ᱨᱟᱣᱩᱴ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱑᱘,᱐᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=CK Raut wins Saptari-2 beating Upendra Yadav by 18k+ votes |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/135-election-employees-await-rescue-in-upper-dolpa |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=thehimalayantimes.com|date=23 November 2022 }}</ref> ==ᱱᱤᱡᱮᱨᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ== ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱵᱚᱛᱤ ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ ᱥᱟᱶᱮ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱤᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱱᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱤᱡ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱚᱢᱚᱨᱮᱱᱫᱨᱚ ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱒᱒ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱠᱟᱞ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ [[ᱵᱤᱨᱟᱴᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱰᱤᱯᱩᱴᱤ ᱢᱮᱭᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-25 |title=Coalition files nomination of Koirala for Biratnagar Mayor, Yadav for Deputy Mayor |url=https://risingnepaldaily.com/news/10438 |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=The Rising Nepal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=रिमाल |first=कमल |date=2022-05-20 |title=उपमेयरमा उपेन्द्र यादवका छोरा अमरेन्द्रको पराजय निश्चित |trans-title=Defeat of Upendra Yadav's son Amarendra as deputy mayor is certain |url=https://www.himalkhabar.com/news/130092 |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=Himal Khabar |language=ne}}</ref> ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{Commons category|ᱩᱯᱮᱱᱫᱨᱚ ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ}} {{DEFAULTSORT:ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ, ᱩᱯᱮᱱᱫᱨᱚ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱢᱚᱫᱷᱮᱥᱤ ᱡᱚᱱ ᱟᱫᱷᱤᱠᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱧᱪ, ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱢᱚᱫᱷᱮᱥᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱵᱤᱨᱟᱴᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱚᱫᱽ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱗–᱒᱐᱒᱒]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱡᱚᱜᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱯᱤᱯᱩᱞᱥ ᱥᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ, ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ]] tk2ne0ovb92uvljgyoj7s93tzq43s6b 0 33440 196636 182331 2026-08-12T19:53:03Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196636 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ}} {{Infobox officeholder | name = ᱵᱟᱹᱵᱩᱨᱟᱢ ᱵᱷᱚᱴᱴᱚᱨᱟᱭ | native_name = {{nobold|बाबुराम भट्टराई}} | image = बाबुराम भट्टराई 02 (3x4 cropped).jpg | caption = ᱒᱐᱑᱗ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱚᱴᱴᱚᱨᱟᱭ | office = ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱓᱖ ᱟᱹᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ | deputy = [[ᱵᱤᱡᱚᱭ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱪᱪᱷᱫᱟᱨ]]<br/>[[ᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱚᱬ ᱠᱟᱡᱤ ᱥᱨᱮᱥᱴᱷᱟ]]<br/>[[ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱫᱽ ᱥᱤᱛᱟᱹᱩᱞᱟ]]<br/>(᱖ – ᱒᱙ ᱢᱮᱭ ᱒᱐᱑᱒)<br/>[[ᱤᱥᱣᱚᱨ ᱯᱳᱠᱷᱨᱮᱞ]]<br/>(᱑᱖ – ᱒᱙ ᱢᱮᱭ ᱒᱐᱑᱒) | president = [[ᱨᱟᱢ ᱵᱚᱨᱚᱱ ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ]] | term_start = ᱒᱙ ᱚᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ | term_end = ᱑᱔ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱒᱐᱑᱓ | predecessor = [[ᱡᱷᱟᱞᱟ ᱱᱟᱛᱷ ᱠᱷᱟᱱᱚᱞ]] | successor = [[ᱠᱷᱤᱞ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱜᱽᱢᱤ]] | office1 = ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ | primeminister1 = [[ᱯᱩᱥᱯᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱞ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱞ]] | president1 = [[ᱨᱟᱢ ᱵᱚᱨᱚᱱ ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ]] | term_start1 = ᱑᱘ ᱚᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱒᱐᱐᱘ | term_end1 = ᱒᱕ ᱢᱮᱭ ᱒᱐᱐᱙ | office3 = [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱥᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮᱛ | term_start3 = ᱒᱘ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱒᱐᱒᱒ | predecessor3 = ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ | office4 = ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱤᱱᱤᱫᱷᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱚᱫᱽ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ | term_start4 = ᱔ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱒᱐᱑᱘ | term_end4 = ᱑᱘ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱒ | constituency4 = ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟ ᱒ | predecessor4 = [[ᱦᱚᱨᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱟᱫᱷᱤᱠᱟᱨᱤ]] | successor4 = [[ᱯᱩᱥᱯᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱞ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱞ]] | office5 = ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ | term_start5 = ᱒᱘ ᱢᱮᱭ ᱒᱐᱐᱘ | term_end5 = ᱒᱘ ᱢᱮᱭ ᱒᱐᱑᱒ | constituency5 = ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟ ᱒ | predecessor5 = ᱯᱟᱨᱵᱚᱛᱤ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱥᱨᱮᱥᱴᱷᱟ | successor5 = [[ᱦᱚᱨᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱟᱫᱷᱤᱠᱟᱨᱤ]] | term_start6 = ᱒᱑ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱒᱐᱑᱔ | term_end6 = ᱒᱖ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱕<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baburam Bhattarai severs ties with UCPN-Maoist, resigns from Parliament also, to remain as independent citizen for now|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/breaking-baburam-bhattarai-severe-ties-with-ucpn-maoist-announces-he-will-resign-from-parliament-also |access-date=2022-06-13 |website=thehimalayantimes.com |date=26 September 2015 }}</ref> | constituency6 = ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟ ᱒ | predecessor6 = [[ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱱᱛᱟ]] | successor6 = ᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱯᱟᱱᱰᱮ | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1954|6|18|df=y}}<ref name=KRS>{{cite web|url=http://www.baburambhattarai.com/details.php?cat_id=2 |title=शब्दचित्रमा बाबुराम भट्टराई |publisher=www.baburambhattarai.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122145526/http://baburambhattarai.com/details.php?cat_id=2 |archive-date=22 November 2010 }}</ref> | birth_place = [[ᱠᱷᱳᱯᱞᱟᱝ]], [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ]] | party = [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱥᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ]] | otherparty = [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱢᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ (ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱱᱵᱷᱮᱱᱥᱚᱱ)|ᱥᱤᱯᱤᱮᱱ (ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱱᱵᱷᱮᱱᱥᱚᱱ)]]<br/>[[ᱥᱚᱢᱭᱩᱠᱛᱟ ᱡᱟᱱᱚᱢᱳᱨᱪᱟ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ|ᱥᱚᱢᱭᱩᱠᱛᱟ ᱡᱟᱱᱚᱢᱳᱨᱪᱟ]]<br/>[[UCPN (Maoist)]] <small>(᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ)</small><br />[[ᱱᱟᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱛᱤ]] <small>(᱒᱐᱑᱖-᱒᱐᱑᱙)</small> | father = ᱵᱷᱳᱡᱽ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱫᱽ ᱵᱷᱚᱴᱴᱚᱨᱟᱭ | mother = ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱷᱚᱴᱴᱚᱨᱟᱭ | relatives = [[Dharma Ratna Yami]](father-in-law) | spouse = {{Married|[[ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱞᱟ ᱭᱟᱢᱤ]]|1980}} | children = ᱑ | education = [[ᱚᱢᱨᱤᱛ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ]], [[ᱛᱨᱤᱵᱷᱩᱵᱚᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ]]<br />{{nowrap|[[ᱪᱚᱱᱰᱤᱜᱚᱰ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱴᱮᱠᱪᱚᱨ]] (ᱵᱤ.ᱟᱨᱠ.)}}<br />{{nowrap|[[ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱤᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱴᱮᱠᱪᱚᱨ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ, ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ|ᱮᱥᱯᱤᱮ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ]] (ᱮᱢ.ᱴᱮᱪ.)}}<br />{{nowrap|[[ᱡᱚᱵᱟᱦᱚᱨᱞᱟᱞ ᱱᱮᱦᱨᱩ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ, ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ|ᱡᱚᱵᱟᱦᱚᱨᱞᱟᱞ ᱱᱮᱦᱨᱩ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ]] (ᱯᱤᱹᱮᱪᱰᱤ)}} | native_name_lang = ne }} '''ᱵᱟᱹᱵᱩᱨᱟᱢ ᱵᱷᱚᱴᱴᱚᱨᱟᱭ''' ([[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ]]: बाबुराम भट्टराई; ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱑᱘ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱑᱙᱕᱔), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱰᱮ ᱜᱩᱨᱮ '''ᱞᱟᱞᱫᱷᱣᱟᱡᱽ''' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱥᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sen|first=Sandeep|date=2017-11-19|title=Bhattarai says he has not renounced Marxism yet|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/baburam-bhattarai-says-he-has-not-renounced-marxism-yet|access-date=2022-02-17|website=The Himalayan Times|language=en}}</ref> ᱵᱷᱚᱴᱴᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ, [[ᱱᱟᱭᱟ ᱥᱚᱠᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ, ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱢᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ (ᱢᱟᱣᱳᱣᱟᱫᱤ) ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱜᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮᱛ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-09-27|title=The end of the Nepali Maoists in sight as Baburam Bhattarai resigns|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world/the-end-of-the-nepali-maoists-in-sight-as-baburam-bhattarai-resigns/story-RyK7TZA2tJ7AeNwYc80c1J.html|access-date=2022-02-17|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱮᱢᱚᱠᱨᱮᱥᱴᱤᱠ ᱥᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞᱤᱥᱢ ᱮ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sureis|date=2017-12-04|title=Democratic socialism, not communism, is need of the hour: Baburam Bhattarai|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/democratic-socialism-not-communism-need-hour-baburam-bhattarai|access-date=2022-02-17|website=The Himalayan Times|language=en}}</ref> ==ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ== ᱑᱙᱙᱖ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱟᱣᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱮᱥᱮᱨ ᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱥᱟᱠ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱗,᱐᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱟᱴᱨᱟᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱐᱘ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟ-᱑ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱣᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱟᱱᱰᱤᱰᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱱ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱵᱤᱱᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱚᱴᱴᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮ ᱒᱐᱑᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱲᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱰᱮᱰᱞᱚᱠ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱯᱷ ᱡᱟᱥᱴᱤᱥ ᱠᱷᱤᱞ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱜᱽᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱑ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱒᱐᱑᱓ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/318802/nepals-chief-justice-takes-oath.html|title=Nepal's Chief Justice takes the oath|access-date=20 November 2014|publisher=Deccanherald.com|date=14 March 2013}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱖ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱟᱝᱜᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱤᱥᱛᱚᱯᱷᱟ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱣᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱮᱬᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱜᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮᱛ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱱᱟᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱨᱰᱤᱱᱮᱴᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱡᱽᱣᱟᱪᱤ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ, ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱨᱟᱞ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱱᱥᱤᱞ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮᱛ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱡᱽᱣᱟᱫᱤ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ, ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ, ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱨᱟᱞ ᱥᱚᱥᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ, ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱢᱤᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱡᱽᱣᱟᱫᱤ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ, ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱛᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱤᱯᱩᱞ ᱥᱚᱥᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ, ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ===ᱢᱟᱣᱤᱥᱴ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ=== ᱔ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱙᱙᱖ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱚᱴᱴᱚᱨᱟᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ [[ᱥᱮᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱫᱩᱨ ᱫᱮᱣᱩᱵᱟ]] ᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱔᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ "ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱛ, ᱞᱚᱠᱛᱚᱱᱛᱨᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱣᱮᱫ" ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ "ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱩᱫᱳᱜᱽ, ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱷᱟᱯ" ᱪᱟᱵᱟᱭ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱙᱕᱐ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ-ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱦᱢᱚᱛ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ "ᱵᱷᱮᱫᱽᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱱ" ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱛᱤᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ "ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱵᱚᱡᱽ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱱ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱯᱟᱴᱤᱧ" ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>Baburam Bhattarai, [http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/nepal/document/papers/40points.htm "40 Point Demand"], ''South Asia Intelligence Review'', 4 February 1996</ref> ==ᱱᱤᱡᱮᱨᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ== ᱵᱷᱚᱴᱴᱚᱨᱟᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱳᱯᱞᱟᱝ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱠᱩᱢᱩᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟ ᱵᱮᱞᱵᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟ-ᱢᱤᱥᱤᱨᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ: ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱤᱥᱤᱨᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱢᱤᱥᱤᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱦᱩᱱ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱠᱚ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thewire.in/39289/we-did-the-right-thing-by-leaving-prachanda-hisila-yami/|title=We did the right thing by leaving Prachanda-Hisila Yami|publisher=The Wire|access-date=13 December 2017}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱩᱭᱮᱱᱴᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱢᱚᱨ ᱡᱭᱳᱛᱤ ᱦᱟᱭ ᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱯᱮᱱᱫᱨᱚ ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱠᱚᱴᱟ ᱭᱤᱡ ᱜᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ajisproducts.org/ajis-podcast/11-kulendra-devkota-83-years-old-educator-and-agriculture-enthusiast|title=#11 - Kulendra Devkota, 83 years old, educator and agriculture enthusiast [Nepali]|website=Aji's|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-20}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱨᱤᱛ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱭ ᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/2011/08/29/editors-pick/always-first-bhattarai-first-in-politics-too/339873.html|title=Always first Baburam Bhattarai, first in politics too|publisher=ekantipur|date=29 August 2011|access-date=29 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121034757/http://www.ekantipur.com/2011/08/29/editors-pick/always-first-bhattarai-first-in-politics-too/339873.html|archive-date=21 January 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱢᱵᱳ ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱤᱠᱷᱱᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱗᱗ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ [[ᱪᱚᱱᱰᱤᱜᱚᱰ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱴᱮᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://monthlyreview.org/author/richardpeet|title=Nepal's Geography of Underdevelopment |publisher= Richard Peet }}</ref> ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱨᱤᱱᱥᱤᱯᱟᱞ, ᱞᱮᱯᱷᱴᱤᱱᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱚᱞ (Retd.) ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, "ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫᱤᱭᱟ."<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010610/main7.htm The Tribune, Chandigarh, India -Main News]. Tribuneindia.com (10 June 2001). Retrieved on 3 June 2012.</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱞ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱥᱴᱩᱰᱮᱸᱴᱥ ᱤᱥᱚᱸᱜᱷᱚ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱱᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮᱛ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱴᱮᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱚᱴᱴᱚᱨᱟᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱤᱝ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱴᱮᱠᱪᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱢ.ᱴᱮᱠ ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱣᱳᱣᱟᱫᱤ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱞᱟ ᱭᱟᱢᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱤᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱱᱩᱥᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱘᱖ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱵᱟᱦᱚᱨᱞᱟᱞ ᱱᱮᱦᱨᱩ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱤ.ᱮᱪ.ᱰᱤ ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>Shrishti R L Rana{{cite web|url=http://www.kantipuronline.com/kolnews.php?&nid=69800 |title=Bhattarai at JNU- a vignette |access-date=16 April 2008 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080422021328/http://www.kantipuronline.com/kolnews.php?&nid=69800 |archive-date=22 April 2008 }} . kantipuronline.com (29 March 2006)</ref> ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱤᱥᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱐᱓ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ "ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ - ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱥᱤᱥᱴ ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱤᱥ" ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bhattarai |first1=Baburam |title=The nature of underdevelopment and regional structure of Nepal: a Marxist analysis |url=https://archive.org/details/natureofunderdev0000bhaa |date=2003 |publisher=Adroit Publishers |location=Delhi |isbn=9788187392392}}</ref> ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{Commons category}} * {{Official website|http://www.baburambhattarai.com/}} {{s-start}} {{s-off}} {{s-bef|before=[[ᱡᱷᱟᱞᱟ ᱱᱟᱛᱷ ᱠᱷᱟᱱᱚᱞ]]}} {{s-ttl|title=ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ|years=᱒᱐᱑᱑–᱒᱐᱑᱓}} {{s-aft|after=[[ᱠᱷᱤᱞ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱜᱽᱢᱤ]]}} {{s-end}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:ᱵᱷᱚᱴᱴᱚᱨᱟᱭ, ᱵᱟᱹᱵᱩᱨᱟᱢ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱕᱔ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱢᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ (ᱢᱚᱥᱟᱞ) (ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ) ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱢᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ (ᱡᱩᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ) ᱨᱤᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱚᱵᱟᱦᱚᱨᱞᱟᱞ ᱱᱮᱦᱨᱩ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱥᱤᱥᱴ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱮᱴᱮᱭᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱳᱯᱷ ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱤᱝ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱴᱮᱠᱪᱚᱨ, ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱚᱫᱽ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱗–᱒᱐᱒᱒]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱴᱮᱠᱴ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱑ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱷᱟᱥ ᱦᱚᱲ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱥᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱢᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ (ᱯᱩᱱ ᱠᱚᱱᱵᱷᱮᱱᱥᱚᱱ) ᱨᱣᱱᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱛᱨᱤᱵᱷᱩᱵᱚᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱤᱱᱤᱫᱷᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱠᱚ (ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ)]] 7rh3vyyk9t2ar2cqyrzj45gtcq1tq30 0 33689 196489 184234 2026-08-12T17:17:28Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196489 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱨ | native_name = བྱ་ཀར་ | native_name_lang = dz | settlement_type = ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ | image_skyline = Jakar.jpg | image_caption = ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱨ | pushpin_map = Bhutan | coordinates = {{Coord|27|33|0|N|90|44|0|E|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ | subdivision_name = {{flag|Bhutan}} | subdivision_type1 = ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ | subdivision_name1 = [[ᱵᱩᱢᱛᱷᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱵᱩᱢᱛᱷᱟᱝ]] | elevation_m = 2587 | population_total = 6243 | population_as_of = 2017 | timezone1 = [[ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ|BTT]] | utc_offset1 = +06:00 }} '''ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱨ''' ([[ᱡᱚᱝᱠᱷᱟ]]: བྱ་ཀར་; [[ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ]]: Jakar) ᱫᱚ [[ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱵᱩᱢᱛᱷᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ (ᱡᱚᱝᱠᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱛᱷᱨᱚᱢᱰᱮ) ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱚᱝ ᱠᱤᱞᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Thromdes">{{cite web|title=Approved Thromdes & Boundaries|url=http://www.mowhs.gov.bt/publications/approved-thromde-and-boundaries/|publisher=Ministry of Works and Human Settlements|access-date=2011-08-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415024149/http://www.mowhs.gov.bt/publications/approved-thromde-and-boundaries/|archive-date=2017-04-15|url-status=dead}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱨ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ "ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ" ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱑᱕᱔᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱚᱴᱷ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name="LonelyPlanet">{{cite book|last=Brown|first=Lindsay|title=Bhutan|url=https://archive.org/details/bhutan0000brow_m9s0|publisher=Lonely Planet|year=2007|isbn=978-1-74059-529-2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bhutan0000brow_m9s0/page/168 168]}}</ref> == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱚᱠᱷᱚᱨ ᱞᱦᱟᱠᱷᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱦᱟᱜ "[[ᱢᱮᱬᱦᱮᱫ]] ᱚᱲᱟᱜ" ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱗᱔᱖ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱤᱢᱯᱚᱪᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱱᱮᱣᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|last=Hattaway|first=Paul|title=Peoples of the Buddhist World|year=2004|publisher=William Carey Library|isbn=0-87808-361-8|page=30}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Worden|first=Robert L.|chapter=Arrival of Buddhism|editor=Savada, Andrea Matles|title=Bhutan: A Country Study|publisher=Federal Research Division|year=1991}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱞᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱔ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱮᱨᱛᱚᱱ ᱫᱚᱨᱡᱮ ᱞᱤᱝᱯᱟ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱑᱕᱔᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱢᱚᱴᱷ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ "ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱨ" ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ "ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ" ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="LonelyPlanet" /> ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ [[ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱵᱤᱛᱨᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱩᱨᱡᱮ ᱞᱦᱟᱠᱷᱟᱝ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱤᱢᱯᱚᱪᱮ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱪᱷᱟᱯ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ; ᱡᱟᱢᱵᱮ ᱞᱦᱟᱠᱷᱟᱝ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱥᱚᱝᱴᱮᱱ ᱜᱟᱢᱯᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱑᱐᱘ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱢᱥᱤᱝ ᱞᱦᱟᱠᱷᱟᱝ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱨᱛᱚᱱ ᱯᱚᱫᱽᱢᱚ ᱞᱤᱝᱯᱟ (᱑᱔᱕᱐-᱑᱕᱒᱑) ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|last=Padel|first=Ruth|title=Tigers in Red Weather|year=2006|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA|isbn=0-8027-1544-3|pages=139–40}}</ref> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱟᱥᱴᱤᱠ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ, ᱞᱦᱚᱫᱽᱨᱟᱠ ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱪᱷᱩ ᱢᱚᱱᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤ, ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱚᱛᱱᱚ == === ᱴᱷᱟᱶ === ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱵᱩᱢᱛᱷᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱷᱚᱠᱷᱚᱨ ᱜᱮᱣᱚᱜᱽ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱩᱢᱛᱷᱟᱝ (ᱪᱚᱠᱷᱚᱨ) ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="LonelyPlanet" /> ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱮᱣᱚᱜᱽ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱛᱷᱨᱚᱢᱰᱮ (ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨᱯᱟᱞᱤᱠᱟ) ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱷᱚᱠᱷᱚᱨ ᱜᱮᱣᱚᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱵᱽ-ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Thromdes" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Chiwogs in Bumthang|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=http://www.election-bhutan.org.bt/2011/W2011/data/2011/map/bumthang.pdf|publisher=Election Commission, Government of Bhutan|year=2011|access-date=2011-07-28}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱣᱟᱝᱪᱩᱠ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱯᱟᱨᱠ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|title=Parks of Bhutan|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=http://www.bhutantrustfund.bt/parks-of-bhutan|publisher=Bhutan Trust Fund for Environmental Conservation|access-date=2011-03-26}}</ref> === ᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ === ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱵᱽ-ᱴᱨᱚᱯᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱦᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ (Köppen: Cwb) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height: 1.2em;" |+ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱨ (᱑᱙᱙᱖-᱒᱐᱑᱗) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱰᱮᱴᱟ |- ! ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ! ᱡᱟᱱ ! ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽ ! ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ! ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ! ᱢᱮ ! ᱡᱩᱱ ! ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ! ᱟᱜᱚᱥᱴ ! ᱥᱮᱯ ! ᱚᱠᱴᱚ ! ᱱᱚᱵᱷ ! ᱰᱤᱥ ! ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ |- ! ᱨᱮᱠᱚᱨᱰ ᱞᱟᱯᱷᱟᱝ °C (°F) | 18.5 (65.3) || 20.0 (68.0) || 23.0 (73.4) || 24.0 (75.2) || 25.5 (77.9) || 28.0 (82.4) || 27.0 (80.6) || 27.0 (80.6) || 26.5 (79.7) || 24.0 (75.2) || 22.0 (71.6) || 19.0 (66.2) || 28.0 (82.4) |- ! ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱞᱟᱯᱷᱟᱝ °C (°F) | 11.4 (52.5) || 13.0 (55.4) || 15.3 (59.5) || 17.5 (63.5) || 19.7 (67.5) || 21.9 (71.4) || 22.7 (72.9) || 22.7 (72.9) || 21.6 (70.9) || 18.8 (65.8) || 15.5 (59.9) || 12.9 (55.2) || 17.8 (63.9) |- ! ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱟᱱᱩᱢᱟᱱ °C (°F) | 3.8 (38.8) || 6.0 (42.8) || 8.7 (47.7) || 11.7 (53.1) || 14.6 (58.3) || 17.5 (63.5) || 18.6 (65.5) || 18.5 (65.3) || 17.1 (62.8) || 12.9 (55.2) || 8.4 (47.1) || 5.0 (41.0) || 11.9 (53.4) |- ! ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ °C (°F) | −3.9 (25.0) || −1.1 (30.0) || 2.1 (35.8) || 5.9 (42.6) || 9.5 (49.1) || 13.0 (55.4) || 14.4 (57.9) || 14.2 (57.6) || 12.5 (54.5) || 7.0 (44.6) || 1.3 (34.3) || −2.9 (26.8) || 6.0 (42.8) |- ! ᱨᱮᱠᱚᱨᱰ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ °C (°F) | −13.0 (8.6) || −11.0 (12.2) || −7.0 (19.4) || −2.5 (27.5) || 0.0 (32.0) || 3.0 (37.4) || 10.0 (50.0) || 9.5 (49.1) || 4.5 (40.1) || −5.0 (23.0) || −10.0 (14.0) || −13.5 (7.7) || −13.5 (7.7) |- ! ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ mm (ᱤᱸᱪ) | 5.9 (0.23) || 10.6 (0.42) || 34.2 (1.35) || 66.6 (2.62) || 94.4 (3.72) || 97.6 (3.84) || 155.9 (6.14) || 138.7 (5.46) || 89.1 (3.51) || 57.3 (2.26) || 6.9 (0.27) || 1.9 (0.07) || 759.1 (29.89) |- | colspan="14" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;" | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱑: National Center for Hydrology and Meteorology<ref name="NCHM">{{cite web|title=Climate Data Book of Bhutan, 2018|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=http://www.nchm.gov.bt/services/climateService/1|publisher=National Center for Hydrology and Meteorology|access-date=2025-02-20}}</ref> |- | colspan="14" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;" | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱒: World Meteorological Organization<ref name="WMO">{{cite web|title=World Weather Information Service – Bumthang|url=https://worldweather.wmo.int/en/city.html?cityId=2882|publisher=World Meteorological Organization|access-date=2023-08-24}}</ref> |} == ᱥᱟᱜᱟᱲᱚᱢ == ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱴᱨᱟᱞ ᱨᱚᱰ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Chiwogs" /> ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱛᱷᱯᱟᱞᱟᱛᱷᱟᱝ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱭᱮᱞ ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱑᱐ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱞᱟᱱ (᱒᱐᱐᱘) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱷᱤᱡ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱴᱮᱵᱤᱞᱤᱴᱤ, ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱰᱟᱭᱵᱷᱚᱨᱥᱚᱱ, ᱯᱷᱚᱸᱰᱤᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱵᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱞᱚᱢ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱨᱩᱠ ᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱥᱤ ᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱑᱗ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱛᱷᱯᱟᱞᱟᱛᱷᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱧᱮᱞᱡᱚᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ == === ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱝ === {{Main|ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱝ}} ᱑᱖᱖᱗ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚᱝ ᱠᱤᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱝ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑,᱕᱐᱐ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱔,᱙᱐᱐ ᱯᱷᱩᱴ) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="LonelyPlanet" /> == ᱫᱟᱬᱟᱱ == ᱵᱩᱢᱛᱷᱟᱝ (ᱪᱚᱠᱷᱚᱨ) ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱬᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱦᱚᱴᱮᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱨᱟᱯᱷᱴ ᱫᱚᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱮᱥᱴ ᱦᱟᱣᱩᱥ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱢᱠᱷᱟᱨ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱐ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱮᱠᱤᱞᱤᱝ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱞᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ == ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱨ, ᱵᱩᱢᱛᱷᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱲᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱜᱮ, ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱝᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱩᱢᱛᱷᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱨᱚᱠᱠᱟᱛ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱚᱝ-ᱵᱮᱨᱚᱝ ᱩᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ''ᱭᱮᱛᱷᱨᱟ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱠᱚ == ᱡᱚᱝᱠᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱙ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱦᱟᱭᱚᱨ ᱥᱮᱠᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ, ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱤᱰᱤᱞ ᱥᱮᱠᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱞᱳᱣᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱠᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢᱭᱩᱱᱤᱴᱤ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱨᱤ == <gallery> File:Post office of Bumthang 2008 534 714kb.jpg|ᱵᱩᱢᱛᱷᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱥᱴ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥ File:BumthangHouses.jpg|ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ File:Jakar2.jpg|ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ </gallery> == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ == [[ᱵᱟᱛᱷᱯᱟᱞᱟᱛᱷᱟᱝ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ]] == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{Commonscat|ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱨ}} [[Wikivoyage:ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱨ|ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱨ ᱴᱨᱟᱵᱷᱮᱞ ᱜᱟᱭᱤᱰ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱵᱩᱢᱛᱷᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ]] qjr07rpiqwdw71s07yll2gspn5ydws8 0 33758 196545 192145 2026-08-12T18:09:51Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196545 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river|name=Sungi River|name_native={{native name|su|Tukad Sungi}}|name_native_lang=|name_other=Sungai Sungi|name_etymology=<!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP -->|image=|image_size=|image_caption=|map=|map_size=|map_caption=|pushpin_map=|pushpin_map_size=|pushpin_map_caption=<!---------------------- LOCATION -->|subdivision_type1=Country|subdivision_name1=Indonesia|subdivision_type2=State|subdivision_name2=[[Bali]]|subdivision_type3=|subdivision_name3=|subdivision_type4=|subdivision_name4=|subdivision_type5=|subdivision_name5=<!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->|length=|width_min=|width_avg=|width_max=|depth_min=|depth_avg=|depth_max=|discharge1_location=|discharge1_min=|discharge1_avg=|discharge1_max=<!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES -->|source1=|source1_location=|source1_coordinates=|source1_elevation=|mouth=Yeh Sungi<ref>[http://www.geonames.org/1625861/yeh-sungi.html Yeh Sungi] at Geonames.org (cc-by); Last updated 17 January 2012; Database dump downloaded 27 November 2015</ref>|mouth_location=[[Badung Regency]]|mouth_coordinates=|mouth_elevation={{convert|6|m|abbr=on}}|progression=|river_system=|basin_size=|tributaries_left=|tributaries_right=|custom_label=|custom_data=|extra=}}<div class="locmap noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px"><div style="position:relative;width:250px;border:1px solid lightgray">[[File:Indonesia_Bali_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|250x250px|[[Bali]] is located in Bali]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:61.694%;left:51.818%;font-size:70%"><div class="id" style="left:-6px;top:-6px">[[File:Arrows_12x12_ne.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|12x12px|Yeh Sungi]]</div><div class="pv" style="width:8em;top:7px;left:-4em"><div>ᱤᱭᱮ ᱥᱩᱝᱜᱤ ᱾</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:52.894%;left:56.431%;font-size:70%"><div class="id" style="left:-6px;top:-6px">[[File:Arrows_12x12_s.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|12x12px|Tukad Sungi]]</div><div class="pv" style="width:8em;bottom:7px;left:-4em"><div>ᱴᱩᱠᱟᱰ ᱥᱩᱝᱜᱤ ᱾</div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption">class = notpageimage | ᱥᱩᱝᱜᱤ ᱱᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱦᱟᱹᱬ ᱨᱮ ᱾</div></div></div> ᱥᱩᱝᱜᱤ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱰᱚᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱵᱟᱞᱤ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite book|last=Rand McNally|title=The New International Atlas|year=1993}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=https://www.geonames.org/1625475/tukad-sungi.html|title=Tukad Sungi|website=Geonames.org|access-date=27 November 2015|date=17 January 2012}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱥ (source) ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ-ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱝᱜᱣᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱫ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱚᱵᱚᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱞᱚᱫ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lansing|first1=J. Stephen|last2=Cox|first2=Murray P.|last3=Downey|first3=Sean S.|last4=Janssen|first4=Marco A.|last5=Schoenfelder|first5=John W.|year=2009|title=A robust budding model of Balinese water temple networks|journal=World Archaeology|volume=41|issue=1|pages=112–133|doi=10.1080/00438240802668198|s2cid=4821372}}</ref> ᱥᱩᱝᱜᱤ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱫ [[ᱴᱟᱵᱟᱱᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱡᱮᱱᱥᱤ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱮᱡᱮᱱᱥᱤ (ᱠᱟᱵᱩᱯᱟᱛᱮᱱ) ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱮ 4,200 ha (ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ''[[ᱥᱟᱣᱟᱦ]]'' (ᱦᱳᱲᱳ) ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱴᱟᱱ (irrigation) ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == ᱢᱮᱝᱜᱽᱣᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ, ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱵᱟᱞᱟᱭᱩ ᱥᱩᱝᱜᱤ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱸᱫᱽ (ᱰᱮᱢ) ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾᱾<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nordholt |first1=Henk Schulte |year=1996 |title=The Spell of Power: A History of Balinese Politics, 1650–1940 |url=https://archive.org/details/spellofpowerhist0000schu |publisher=KITLV Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/spellofpowerhist0000schu/page/58 58] |isbn=90-6718-090-4}}</ref> ᱦᱮᱝᱠ ᱥᱩᱞᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱨᱫᱷᱚᱞᱴ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱰᱮᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱨᱩᱲᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱴᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱾<ref name="Lansing">{{cite journal |last1=Lansing |first1=J. Stephen |last2=Cox |first2=Murray P. |last3=Downey |first3=Sean S. |last4=Janssen |first4=Marco A. |last5=Schoenfelder |first5=John W. |year=2009 |title=A robust budding model of Balinese water temple networks |journal=World Archaeology |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=112–133 |doi=10.1080/00438240802668198 |s2cid=4821372}}</ref> ==ᱚᱛᱱᱚ== ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱱᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱤᱸᱜᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱱᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱩᱨᱜᱩᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱵᱤᱨ (tropical rainforest) ᱛᱮ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name = "koppen">{{Cite journal| title = Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification| url = http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.html| year = 2007| journal = Hydrology and Earth System Sciences| volume = 11 <!--sid = 1633-1644-->| date = <!-- 01/30/2016-->| doi = 10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007| first1 = M C| first2 = B L| first3 = T A| last1 = Peel| last2 = Finlayson| last3 = McMahon| issue = 5| pages = 1633–1644| bibcode = 2007HESS...11.1633P| doi-access = free| archive-date = 2017-02-10| access-date = 2025-12-06| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170210144308/http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.html| url-status = dead}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱮᱵᱷᱚᱨᱮᱡᱽ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ 24 °C (75 °F) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱᱡᱷᱚᱜ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱕ °C (77 °F) ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱒᱒ °C (72 °F) ᱾<ref name = "nasa">{{Cite web|url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php|title= NASA Earth Observations Data Set Index|date= 30 January 2016|publisher= NASA|access-date= 6 December 2025|archive-date= 7 April 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190407091601/https://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php|url-status= dead}}</ref> ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱒,᱑᱒᱓ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱜᱼᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱚᱦᱚᱫ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱕᱖᱙ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱒᱒.᱔ ᱤᱸᱪ) ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱓ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱐.᱙ ᱤᱸᱪ) ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name = "nasarain">{{Cite web|url = http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=TRMM_3B43M&year=2014|title = NASA Earth Observations: Rainfall (1 month – TRMM)|date = 30 January 2016|publisher = NASA/Tropical Rainfall Monitoring Mission|access-date = 6 December 2025|archive-date = 19 April 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190419091014/https://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=TRMM_3B43M&year=2014|url-status = dead}}</ref> {{Climate_chart | ᱥᱩᱝᱜᱤ ᱱᱟᱹᱭ | 21| 27| 569 | 22| 26| 257 | 22| 26| 255 | 22| 26| 117 | 21| 27| 127 | 21| 26| 98 | 19| 25| 86 | 19| 25| 24 | 20| 27| 23 | 21| 29| 30 | 21| 28| 173 | 21| 27| 365 |source =<ref name = "nasa"/> }} ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱵᱟᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ]] 00cd6xw5zp620tj35k7fradmb9y3915 0 33776 196509 183522 2026-08-12T17:41:34Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196509 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱱᱤᱥᱤᱯᱟᱞᱤᱴᱤ}} {{other uses}} {{Use dmy dates|date=ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱒᱐᱒᱓}} {{Infobox settlement | name = ᱞᱩᱣᱟᱝ ᱯᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ | native_name = {{nobold|ຫຼວງພະບາງ}} | native_name_lang = lo | other_name = {{lower|0.2em|ᱞᱩᱣᱟᱝᱯᱷᱟᱵᱟᱝ}} | settlement_type = [[ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ|ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ|ᱢᱩᱱᱤᱥᱤᱯᱟᱞᱤᱴᱤ]] | official_name = ᱞᱩᱣᱟᱝ ᱯᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ | image_skyline = File:Phou si Luang Prabang Laos プーシーの丘 ラオス・ルアンプラバーン DSCF6777.jpg | imagesize = | image_caption = ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱞᱩᱣᱟᱝ ᱯᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ | image_map = | mapsize = | map_caption = | image_map1 = | mapsize1 = | map_caption1 = | pushpin_map = Laos | pushpin_label_position = bottom | pushpin_map_caption = ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ | pushpin_mapsize = 250 | coordinates = {{Coord|19|53|24|N|102|08|05|E|region:LA_type:city|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = [[ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ|ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ]] | subdivision_name = {{flag|ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ}} | subdivision_type1 = [[ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ|ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | subdivision_type2 = [[ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ|ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name1 = [[ᱞᱩᱣᱟᱝ ᱯᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱞᱩᱣᱟᱝ ᱯᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ]] | subdivision_name2 = ᱞᱩᱣᱟᱝ ᱯᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_name4 = | established_title = [[ᱢᱩᱭᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱣᱟ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ | established_date = ᱖᱙᱘ | established_title2 = [[ᱱᱟᱱᱡᱷᱟᱣ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ | established_date2 = ᱗᱐᱙ | established_title3 = [[ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱮᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱨᱟᱡᱽᱭᱚ|ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱮᱨ]] ᱵᱷᱟᱥᱟᱞ | established_date3 = ᱙᱕᱐ | established_title4 = [[ᱞᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱝ]] ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ | established_date4 = ᱑᱓᱕᱓ | government_footnotes = | government_type = ᱣᱟᱨᱞᱰ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱞᱩᱣᱟᱝᱯᱷᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱴᱤ<ref name=Sengnaly>{{cite web |last1=Sengnaly |first1=Phanthong |title=Conference of Local Committee For World Heritage |url=http://www.luangprabang-heritage.org/index.php/en/more-eng/news-eng/97-conference_en.html |website=www.luangprabang-heritage.org |access-date=16 June 2016 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202010332/http://www.luangprabang-heritage.org/index.php/en/more-eng/news-eng/97-conference_en.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> | leader_title = ᱣᱟᱨᱞᱰ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱞᱩᱣᱟᱝᱯᱷᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱴᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮᱛ</ref name=Sengnaly> | leader_name = | leader_title1 = ᱞᱩᱣᱟᱝ ᱯᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱮᱭᱚᱨ<ref name=Sengnaly/> | leader_name1 = | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_magnitude = | area_total_km2 = | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_sq_mi = | area_water_percent = | area_urban_km2 = | area_urban_sq_mi = | area_metro_km2 = | area_metro_sq_mi = | area_blank1_title = | area_blank1_km2 = | area_blank1_sq_mi = | elevation_footnotes = <ref name= NOAA/> | elevation_m = ᱓᱐᱕ | elevation_ft = | population_total = ᱕᱕,᱐᱒᱗ | population_as_of = | population_footnotes = | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_urban = | population_density_urban_km2 = | population_density_urban_sq_mi = | population_metro = | population_density_metro_km2 = | population_density_metro_sq_mi = | population_blank1_title = | population_blank1 = | population_density_blank1_km2 = | population_density_blank1_sq_mi = | population_blank2_title = | population_blank2 = | population_note = | postal_code_type = ᱯᱚᱥᱴ ᱠᱳᱰ | postal_code = ᱐᱖᱐᱐᱐<ref>{{cite web |title=Laos Postal Explorer |url=http://pe.usps.com/text/imm/il_020.htm |website=pe.usps.com |access-date=19 October 2016 |archive-date=19 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019145639/http://pe.usps.com/text/imm/il_020.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> | area_code = | website = http://tourismluangprabang.org/ | footnotes = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site |child = yes |ID = 479 |Year = ᱑᱙᱙᱕ |Criteria = ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ: ii, iv, v |Area = ᱘᱒᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ |Buffer_zone = ᱑᱒,᱕᱖᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ }} | image_dot_map = | timezone = [[ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ|ICT]] | utc_offset = +᱗ }} '''ᱞᱩᱣᱟᱝ ᱯᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ''' ([[ᱞᱟᱣ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱞᱟᱣ]]: [[wikt:ຫຼວງພະບາງ|ຫຼວງພະບາງ]], ᱩᱪᱟᱨᱚᱱ {{IPA|lo|lǔaŋ pʰāʔ.bàːŋ|}}), ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ '''ᱡᱤᱭᱮᱝ ᱛᱷᱚᱝ''' (ຊຽງທອງ) ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱷᱟᱱ '''ᱞᱩᱣᱟᱝ ᱯᱷᱟᱵᱟᱝ''' ᱥᱮ '''ᱞᱳᱣᱟᱝᱯᱷᱟᱵᱟᱝ''' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ-ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ [[ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱞᱩᱣᱟᱝ ᱯᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ "ᱨᱚᱭᱮᱞ ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ", [[ᱯᱷᱨᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱣ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite book |last=Evans |first=Grant |title=A short history of Laos: the land in between |url=https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofla0000evan |date=2002 |publisher=Allen & Unwin |isbn=978-1-86448-997-2 |series=Short history of Asia series |location=Crows Nest NSW, Australia}}</ref> ᱑᱙᱙᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ [[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱟᱣ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ, ᱭᱩᱨᱚᱯᱤᱭᱚ ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱓᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱕᱘ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱓ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱥᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱱ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref name="takada">[http://www.isocarp.net/data/case_studies/901.pdf Application of Information and Communication Technology to Promote Sustainable Development A Case Study: Town of Luang Prabang, Lao PDR] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808052327/http://www.isocarp.net/Data/case_studies/901.pdf|date=8 August 2017}} (pdf) Tokyo Institute of Technology, Retrieved 15 June 2016</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Town of Luang Prabang – Map |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/479/multiple%3D1%26unique_number%3D1954 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621131323/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/479/multiple%3D1%26unique_number%3D1954 |archive-date=21 June 2016 |access-date=15 June 2016 |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |language=en}}</ref> == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == === ᱫᱣᱟᱨᱵᱚᱛᱤ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ === {{further|ᱢᱩᱭᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱣᱟ}} ᱖ ᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ [[ᱪᱟᱣ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱭᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ]] ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ, [[ᱢᱳᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ]] ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[ᱫᱣᱟᱨᱵᱚᱛᱤ|ᱫᱣᱟᱨᱵᱚᱛᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ]] ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ, [[ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱯᱩᱧᱡᱚᱭ]] ([[ᱞᱟᱢᱯᱷᱩᱱ]]) [[ᱫᱣᱟᱨᱵᱚᱛᱤ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷᱤ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱘ ᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱳᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱟ ᱰᱮᱴ (ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱥᱤᱱ]], ᱠᱚᱧᱮ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ); ᱥᱨᱤ ᱜᱳᱴᱟᱯᱩᱨᱟ (ᱥᱤᱠᱷᱳᱴᱴᱟᱵᱚᱝ) ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ [[ᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱮᱠ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱮᱠ]], ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ ᱥᱩᱨ; [[ᱢᱩᱭᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱣᱟ]] (ᱞᱩᱣᱟᱝ ᱯᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ); ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱱᱛᱟᱵᱩᱨᱤ ([[ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱱᱛᱤᱭᱮᱱ]]) ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱘ ᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱨᱤ ᱜᱳᱴᱟᱯᱩᱨᱟ (ᱥᱤᱠᱷᱳᱴᱴᱟᱵᱚᱝ) ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱢᱮᱠᱚᱝ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ [[ᱥᱨᱤ ᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ [[ᱛᱷᱮᱨᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]] ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾<ref name="Viravond">{{cite web |url=http://www.reninc.org/bookshelf/history_of_laos_viravong.pdf |title=HISTORY OF LAOS |author=Maha Sila Viravond |access-date=29 December 2017 |publisher=Refugee Educators' Network |archive-date=3 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403030051/http://www.reninc.org/bookshelf/history_of_laos_viravong.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Manich">{{cite web |url=http://www.reninc.org/bookshelf/history_of_laos_manich.pdf |title=HISTORY OF LAOS (including the history of Lonnathai, Chiangmai) |author=M.L. Manich |access-date=29 December 2017 |publisher=Refugee Educators' Network |archive-date=8 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008182646/http://www.reninc.org/bookshelf/history_of_laos_manich.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=seglAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA328 |title=Historical Dictionary of Laos |author=Martin Stuart-Fox |date=6 February 2008 |page=328 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=9780810864115 |access-date=26 February 2021 |archive-date=24 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124021606/https://books.google.com/books?id=seglAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA328 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ecommons.cornell.edu/handle/1813/57571 |title=The That Phanom chronicle : a shrine history and its interpretation |author=Phra Thep Rattanamoli |date=1976 |access-date=27 February 2021 |archive-date=10 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310155835/https://ecommons.cornell.edu/handle/1813/57571 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|6,7}}<ref>{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bCMgBlhtm8sC |title=Culture and Customs of Laos |date=2009 |first=Arne |last=Kislenko |access-date=26 February 2021 |page=19 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=9780313339776 |archive-date=24 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124021606/https://books.google.com/books?id=bCMgBlhtm8sC |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://vietlongtravel.com/news/laos-history/the-mon-and-khmer-kingdoms |title=The Mon and Khmer Kingdoms |date=31 March 2015 |access-date=26 February 2021 |archive-date=24 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924092038/https://vietlongtravel.com/news/laos-history/the-mon-and-khmer-kingdoms |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Luangphrabang 1897 (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|ᱞᱩᱣᱟᱝ ᱯᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱮᱞ, ᱑᱘᱙᱗]] === ᱞᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ === ᱡᱤᱭᱮᱝ ᱰᱚᱝ ᱡᱤᱭᱮᱝ ᱛᱷᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱑᱘᱕ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱑᱙᱑ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ [[ᱡᱚᱭᱵᱚᱨᱢᱚᱱ VII]] ᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱵᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱮᱨ [[ᱥᱩᱡᱮᱨᱟᱱᱴᱤ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱑᱒᱓᱘ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ [[ᱥᱩᱠᱷᱳᱛᱷᱟᱭ (ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ)|ᱥᱩᱠᱷᱳᱛᱷᱟᱭ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱮᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱞ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾ ᱑᱓᱕᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱭᱮᱝ ᱰᱚᱝ ᱡᱤᱭᱮᱝ ᱛᱷᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ [[ᱞᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱝ]] ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱑᱓᱕᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ [[ᱚᱝᱠᱳᱨ]] ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱶᱟᱭ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ, ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱞᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ [[ᱯᱷᱟ ᱝᱜᱩᱢ]] (᱑᱓᱕᱓–᱑᱓᱗᱓) ᱫᱚ [[ᱯᱷᱨᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ]] ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱫᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ; ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱟ ᱝᱜᱩᱢ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ [[ᱛᱷᱮᱨᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]] ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱩᱣᱟᱝᱯᱷᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ ᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref name=Coedes>{{cite book |last=Coedès |first=George |author-link=George Coedès |editor=Walter F. Vella |others=trans.Susan Brown Cowing |title=The Indianized States of Southeast Asia |year=1968 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=978-0-8248-0368-1}}</ref>{{rp|225–226}} [[ᱞᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱱᱦ ᱴᱚᱝ]] ᱟᱜ [[ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢᱤᱡᱽ-ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ (᱑᱔᱗᱙-᱘᱐)|᱑᱔᱗᱘-᱑᱔᱘᱐ ᱞᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱱᱱᱟ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ অভিযান]] ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱩᱣᱟᱝ ᱯᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢᱤᱡᱽ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾<ref name="M">Manlch, M.L. (1967) ''History of Laos'', pages 126–129.</ref> [[File:Market in Luang Prabangpre 1900.png|thumb|right|ᱞᱩᱣᱟᱝ ᱯᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ, ᱑᱙᱐᱑-ᱞᱟᱦᱟ]] ᱑᱗᱐᱗ ᱨᱮ, ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱞᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱩᱣᱟᱝ ᱯᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ [[ᱞᱩᱣᱟᱝ ᱯᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱛᱤᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱡ [[ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥ]] ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ ᱮ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱩᱣᱟᱝ ᱯᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱫᱟ᱾ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ, ᱞᱩᱣᱟᱝ ᱯᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ ᱨᱮᱱ [[ᱯᱷᱤᱜᱚᱨᱦᱮᱰ (ᱢᱮᱴᱟᱯᱷᱚᱨ)|ᱯᱷᱤᱜᱚᱨᱦᱮᱰ]] ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱞᱩᱣᱟᱝ ᱯᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ, [[ᱥᱤᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟᱝ ᱵᱷᱚᱝ]], [[ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ]] ᱨᱮᱱ [[ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ]] ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.globalurban.org/GUDMag08Vol4Iss1/YamaguchiVaggione.htm |title=Promoting Conservation through ICT: Luang Prabang |access-date=4 April 2016 |archive-date=12 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312120259/http://www.globalurban.org/GUDMag08Vol4Iss1/YamaguchiVaggione.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> === ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ === [[File:Damaged Laotian North American T-28D aicraft at Luang Prabang, Laos, in 1967 (110329-F-XN622-002).jpg|thumb|left|᱑᱙᱖᱗ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱩᱣᱟᱝ ᱯᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱢᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱛᱤ]] ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱫᱮᱥᱤ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ([[ᱵᱷᱤᱪᱤ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥ]], [[ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]], [[ᱤᱢᱯᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ]], [[ᱯᱷᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥ]], ᱟᱨ [[ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ प्रजातंत्र (᱑᱙᱑᱒-᱔᱙)|ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱪᱤᱱ]]) ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱤᱪᱤ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱔᱐–᱑᱙᱔᱑ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱠᱚ-ᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ]] ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱙ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱑᱙᱔᱕ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱩᱣᱟᱝ ᱯᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱗ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱑᱙᱔᱕ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱᱤ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱒ ᱵᱟᱴᱟᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾<ref name="A Country Study: Laos">Savada, Andrea Matles (editor) (1994) "Events in 1945" [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/latoc.html ''A Country Study: Laos''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721090309/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/latoc.html |date=21 July 2015 }} Federal Research Division, Library of Congress</ref> ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟᱝ ᱵᱷᱚᱝ]] (ᱞᱩᱣᱟᱝ ᱯᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ) ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱘ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ ᱯᱨᱚᱴᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱠᱩ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ [[ᱠᱤᱱᱰᱟᱵᱷᱚᱝ]] ᱫᱚ [[ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ|ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ]] ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱤᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟᱝ ᱵᱷᱟᱛᱛᱷᱟᱱᱟ]] ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱤᱯᱨᱮᱡᱮᱱᱴᱮᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱩᱞ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱠᱤᱱᱟ᱾<ref name="A Country Study: Laos"/> ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱯᱷᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱞ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱕ ᱚᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱩᱣᱟᱝ ᱯᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱞᱚ ᱭᱮᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱥᱟ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱯᱨᱚᱴᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨᱮᱴ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ᱾<ref name="A Country Study: Laos"/> ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱᱤ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱢ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾<ref name="A Country Study: Laos"/> === ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ === ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮ ᱑᱙᱔᱖ ᱨᱮ, ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱴᱨᱩᱯ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱱᱛᱤᱭᱮᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱩᱣᱟᱝ ᱯᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ [[ᱯᱷᱮᱴᱥᱟᱨᱟᱛᱷ]] ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱣ ᱤᱥᱥᱟᱨᱟ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱜᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱤᱠᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ [[ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ]] ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, [[ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛ ᱢᱤᱱᱦ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱮᱴ ᱞᱟᱣ]] ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱑᱙᱕᱓ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱕᱔ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱤᱠᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱤᱸᱜᱩ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite book |title=At War in the Shadow of Vietnam: U.S. Military Aid to the Royal Lao Government, 1955&nbsp;– 1975 |pages=9–10}}</ref> {{Clear}} == ᱧᱮᱞ ᱡᱚᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ == [[File:Lao New Year, parade with river boat.jpg|thumb|right|ᱞᱩᱣᱟᱝ ᱯᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱣ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱮᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱲᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] ᱯᱨᱚᱠᱨᱤᱛᱤ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱡᱚᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ [[ᱠᱩᱣᱟᱝ ᱥᱤ ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱱᱟ]], [[ᱛᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱱᱟ]], ᱟᱨ [[ᱯᱟᱠ ᱳᱣ ᱜᱩᱯᱷᱟ]] ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱫᱮᱡᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱯᱷᱳᱣ ᱥᱤ|ᱯᱷᱳᱣ ᱥᱤ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱨᱚᱠ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱞᱩᱣᱟᱝ ᱯᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱢᱟ, ᱥᱟᱠᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧᱟ᱾ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ [[ᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱟᱢ|ᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱟᱢ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱣᱟᱴ ᱡᱤᱭᱮᱝ ᱛᱷᱚᱝ]] ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ, ᱟᱥᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ ᱫᱚ [[ᱣᱟᱴ ᱦᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱳᱨᱟᱵᱷᱤᱦᱟᱱᱮ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱣᱟᱴ (ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ) ᱛᱮ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱥᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱲᱟ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ, ᱥᱟᱹᱫᱷᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱲᱟᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣᱟ᱾ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱵᱟᱭᱤᱠ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ, ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱵᱮᱲᱦᱟᱭ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱱᱟ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱵᱷᱩᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱮᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱬᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱢᱮᱠᱚᱝ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱫ, ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱕ ᱴᱤᱲᱤᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱵᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱱ (ᱠᱩᱢᱵᱷᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.luangprabang-laos.com/spip.php?article53 |title=Ban Chan, the pottery village |access-date=13 August 2014 |archive-date=24 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124021611/https://www.luangprabang-laos.com/The-pottery-village |url-status=live}}</ref> ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱡᱚᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == bxkn7glk61afltjidy23rz4vuzf3q9j 0 33862 196671 183943 2026-08-12T20:36:55Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196671 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color:#f0fff0; border:1px solid #006600; padding:1em; margin-bottom:1em; border-radius: 5px;"> '''ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱥᱩᱞᱛᱟᱱᱟᱛ''' ({{lang-en|Bengal Sultanate}}, {{lang-fa|سلطنت بنگاله}}) ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱱ [[ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ|ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤ]] ᱥᱟᱢᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱥᱩᱞᱛᱟᱱᱟᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱔ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱖ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ (᱑᱓᱕᱒–᱑᱕᱗᱖) ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱜᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱹᱭ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱨᱚᱦᱢᱚᱯᱩᱛᱨᱚ]] ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱮᱞᱴᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name="Eaton">{{cite book|author=Richard M. Eaton|title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760|url=https://archive.org/details/riseofislambenga00eato|year=1993|publisher=University of California Press}}</ref> ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱥᱩᱞᱛᱟᱱᱟᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ [[ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ]], [[ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ]], [[ᱟᱥᱟᱢ]], [[ᱛᱨᱤᱯᱩᱨᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱟᱨᱟᱠᱟᱱ]] (ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ) ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ [[ᱪᱤᱱ]], [[ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ [[ᱜᱚᱣᱲᱚ]] ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱹᱬ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ </div> == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == === ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ (᱑᱓ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱔ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ) === ᱑᱒᱐᱔ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ [[ᱵᱚᱠᱷᱛᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱤᱞᱡᱤ]] ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱥᱩᱞᱛᱟᱱᱟᱛ]] ᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱵᱷᱚᱨᱱᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱜᱚᱵᱷᱚᱨᱱᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱓᱓८ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱚᱠᱷᱨᱩᱫᱫᱤᱱ ᱢᱩᱵᱟᱨᱚᱠ ᱥᱟᱦ [[ᱥᱚᱱᱟᱨᱜᱟᱶ]] ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ === ᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟᱥ ᱥᱟᱦᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ (᱑᱓᱕᱒–᱑᱔᱑᱔) === ᱑᱓᱕᱒ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ [[ᱥᱟᱢᱥᱩᱫᱫᱤᱱ ᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟᱥ ᱥᱟᱦ]] ᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱱᱚᱣᱛᱤ, ᱥᱟᱛᱜᱟᱶ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱱᱟᱨᱜᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ "ᱥᱟᱦ-ᱤ-ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ" ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱥᱩᱞᱛᱟᱱᱟᱛ ᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟᱥ ᱥᱟᱦᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ]] ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱪᱚᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ [[ᱥᱤᱠᱚᱱᱫᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱦ]] ᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ [[ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱩᱞᱛᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱨᱚᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱦ ᱛᱩᱜᱽᱞᱚᱠ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱠᱚᱱᱫᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱦ ᱫᱚ [[ᱟᱫᱤᱱᱟ ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ]] ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|title=Dynastic History of Bengal|author=Abdul Momin Chowdhury|year=1967|publisher=Asiatic Society of Pakistan}}</ref> === ᱜᱚᱱᱮᱥ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ (᱑᱔᱑᱔–᱑᱔᱓᱕) === ᱑᱕ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱡᱚᱢᱤᱫᱟᱨ [[ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱜᱚᱱᱮᱥ]] ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ [[ᱡᱟᱞᱟᱞᱩᱫᱫᱤᱱ ᱢᱩᱦᱚᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱥᱟᱦ]] ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱞᱛᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱞᱟᱞᱩᱫᱫᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ [[ᱟᱨᱟᱠᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱫᱚᱲᱦᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱩᱲᱩᱵ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱟᱫᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ === ᱦᱩᱥᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱦᱤ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ (᱑᱔᱙᱔–᱑᱕᱓᱘) === <div style="background-color:#fffcec; border-left: 5px solid #ffcc00; padding: 10px; margin: 10px 0;"> '''ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱱᱟ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ:''' [[ᱟᱞᱟᱣᱩᱫᱫᱤᱱ ᱦᱩᱥᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱦ]] ᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱥᱩᱞᱛᱟᱱᱟᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ </div> * ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱞᱛᱟᱱᱟᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ [[ᱟᱥᱟᱢ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱢᱨᱩᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱛᱟ, [[ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱡᱽᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ [[ᱛᱨᱤᱯᱩᱨᱟ]] ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ * ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱞᱩᱠ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ [[ᱥᱨᱤ ᱪᱚᱭᱛᱚᱱᱭᱚ]] ᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱤ ᱟᱱᱫᱚᱲᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ * ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ === ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱜᱚᱞ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ === ᱑᱕᱓᱘ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ [[ᱥᱮᱨ ᱥᱟᱦ ᱥᱩᱨᱤ]] ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱩᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱠᱚᱨᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱩᱞᱛᱟᱱ [[ᱫᱟᱣᱩᱫᱽ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱨᱟᱱᱤ]] ᱫᱚ ᱑᱕᱗᱖ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱢᱚᱦᱚᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ [[ᱢᱩᱜᱚᱞ ᱥᱟᱢᱨᱟᱡᱽ|ᱢᱩᱜᱚᱞ]] ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱥᱩᱞᱛᱟᱱᱟᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱜᱚᱞ ᱥᱟᱢᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱩᱵᱟ (ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|title=The History of Bengal|author=Jadunath Sarkar|year=1948|publisher=Dhaka University}}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ == ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱥᱩᱞᱛᱟᱱᱟᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱛᱚᱱᱛᱨᱚ (Monarchy) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱩᱞᱛᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ * '''ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ:''' ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ - [[ᱯᱟᱱᱰᱩᱣᱟ]], [[ᱜᱚᱣᱲᱚ]], [[ᱥᱚᱱᱟᱨᱜᱟᱶ]] ᱟᱨ ᱴᱟᱸᱰᱟ ᱾ * '''ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ:''' ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ 'ᱤᱠᱞᱤᱢ' (Iqlim) ᱟᱨ 'ᱟᱨᱥᱟ' (Arsah) ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ * '''ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ (Mint Towns):''' ᱥᱩᱞᱛᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[ᱴᱟᱠᱟ]] (ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ) ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ - ᱥᱚᱱᱟᱨᱜᱟᱶ, ᱥᱟᱛᱜᱟᱶ, ᱪᱚᱴᱴᱚᱜᱨᱟᱢ, ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱤᱫᱽᱯᱩᱨ, ᱢᱩᱨᱥᱤᱫᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱾ == ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ == ᱥᱩᱞᱛᱟᱱᱟᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱵᱟᱹᱦᱤᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱞᱜᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ * '''ᱥᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ (Cavalry):''' ᱵᱤᱫᱮᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ * '''ᱫᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ (Navy):''' ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱣ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ (Navy) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱜᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱨᱚᱦᱢᱚᱯᱩᱛᱨᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱦᱨᱟᱭᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ * '''ᱯᱟᱭᱤᱠ (Infantry):''' ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱚᱱᱩᱠᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ * '''ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩᱫᱽ (Gunpowder):''' ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱤᱯᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱳᱯ (Cannon) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ == ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ == <blockquote style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-left: 5px solid #ccc; padding: 0.5em 1em;"> ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ "ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱹᱬ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ" ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|author=Ma Huan|title=Ying-yai Sheng-lan: The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores|year=1433}}</ref> </blockquote> ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱥᱩᱞᱛᱟᱱᱟᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱹᱬ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ * '''ᱪᱟᱥ-ᱵᱟᱥ:''' ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱥ-ᱵᱟᱥ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ * '''ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ:''' ᱥᱩᱞᱛᱟᱱᱟᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ [[ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱤᱱᱫᱚᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱪᱤᱱ]], [[ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱽ]], ᱟᱨ [[ᱯᱩᱨᱵᱚ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ [[ᱪᱚᱴᱴᱚᱜᱨᱟᱢ]] ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ * '''ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ:''' [[ᱢᱚᱥᱞᱤᱱ]] (Muslin) ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ, ᱞᱩᱢᱟᱹᱢ (Silk), ᱥᱩᱛᱟᱹᱢ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ, ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ, ᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱜᱚᱡᱽ ᱵᱤᱫᱮᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ * '''ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ:''' ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ "ᱴᱟᱠᱟ" (Taka) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ == ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱥᱩᱞᱛᱟᱱᱟᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱥᱨᱚ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ * '''ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ:''' ᱥᱩᱞᱛᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱫᱚᱨᱵᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱨᱤᱛᱤᱵᱟᱥ ᱳᱡᱷᱟ (ᱨᱟᱢᱟᱭᱚᱱ), ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱫᱷᱚᱨ ᱵᱚᱥᱩ (ᱥᱨᱤᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚ ᱵᱤᱡᱚᱭ) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱩᱞᱛᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ [[ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ * '''ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ:''' ᱥᱩᱞᱛᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱩᱞᱩᱠ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱦᱩᱫᱟᱹ (Post) ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ * '''ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤ (Architecture):''' ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱨᱟᱠᱚᱴᱟ (Terracotta) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ** [[ᱥᱟᱴ ᱜᱚᱢᱵᱩᱡᱽ ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ]] (Sixty Dome Mosque), ᱵᱟᱜᱮᱨᱦᱟᱴ ** [[ᱟᱫᱤᱱᱟ ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ]], ᱯᱟᱱᱰᱩᱣᱟ ** ᱠᱚᱫᱚᱢ ᱨᱚᱥᱩᱞ ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ, ᱜᱚᱣᱲᱚ == ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ == {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;" |- style="background-color:#800000; color:white; font-weight:bold;" ! ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ !! ᱚᱠᱛᱚ !! ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱩᱞᱛᱟᱱ |- style="background-color:#fff5f5;" | [[ᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟᱥ ᱥᱟᱦᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ]] || ᱑᱓᱔᱒–᱑᱔᱑᱔ || [[ᱥᱟᱢᱥᱩᱫᱫᱤᱱ ᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟᱥ ᱥᱟᱦ]], [[ᱥᱤᱠᱚᱱᱫᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱦ]], [[ᱜᱤᱭᱟᱥᱩᱫᱫᱤᱱ ᱟᱡᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱦ]] |- | [[ᱜᱚᱱᱮᱥ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ]] || ᱑᱔᱑᱔–᱑᱔᱓᱕ || [[ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱜᱚᱱᱮᱥ]], [[ᱡᱟᱞᱟᱞᱩᱫᱫᱤᱱ ᱢᱩᱦᱚᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱥᱟᱦ]] |- style="background-color:#fff5f5;" | ᱫᱚᱲᱦᱟ ᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟᱥ ᱥᱟᱦᱤ || ᱑᱔᱓᱕–᱑᱔᱘᱗ || ᱱᱟᱥᱤᱨᱩᱫᱫᱤᱱ ᱢᱟᱦᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱥᱟᱦ |- | ᱦᱟᱵᱽᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ || ᱑᱔᱘᱗–᱑᱔᱙᱔ || ᱥᱟᱦᱡᱟᱫᱟ ᱵᱟᱨᱵᱟᱠ |- style="background-color:#fff0d0;" | [[ᱦᱩᱥᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱦᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ]]<br><small>(ᱥᱚᱱᱟ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ)</small> || ᱑᱔᱙᱔–᱑᱕᱓᱘ || [[ᱟᱞᱟᱣᱩᱫᱫᱤᱱ ᱦᱩᱥᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱦ]], [[ᱱᱟᱥᱤᱨᱩᱫᱫᱤᱱ ᱱᱩᱥᱨᱚᱛ ᱥᱟᱦ]] |- | ᱥᱩᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ || ᱑᱕᱓᱙–᱑᱕᱕᱔ || [[ᱥᱮᱨ ᱥᱟᱦ ᱥᱩᱨᱤ]] |- style="background-color:#fff5f5;" | ᱢᱩᱦᱚᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱥᱟᱦᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ || ᱑᱕᱕᱔–᱑᱕᱖᱔ || ᱢᱩᱦᱚᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱩᱨ |- | [[ᱠᱚᱨᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ]] || ᱑᱕᱖᱔–᱑᱕᱗᱖ || [[ᱛᱟᱡᱽ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱨᱟᱱᱤ]], [[ᱫᱟᱣᱩᱫᱽ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱨᱟᱱᱤ]] |} == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱥᱩᱞᱛᱟᱱᱟᱛ] * ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱥᱩᱞᱛᱟᱱᱟᱛ [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱥᱩᱞᱛᱟᱱᱟᱛ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤ ᱥᱟᱢᱨᱟᱡᱽ]] h7x1ezog04ha9uz2ukp6lqact78uw2m 0 33904 196520 184156 2026-08-12T17:48:37Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196520 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ᱢᱚᱦᱮᱱᱡᱚ-ᱫᱟᱨᱚ''' (ᱤᱝᱨᱮᱡᱤ: Mohenjo-daro /moʊˌhɛndʒoʊ ˈdɑːroʊ/; ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱤ: موهن جو دڙو, ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ 'ᱜᱚᱡ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱩ'; ᱩᱨᱫᱩ: موئن جو دڑو) ᱫᱚ [[ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱞᱟᱲᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱦᱚᱱᱚ|ᱞᱟᱲᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱤᱞᱞᱟᱹ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭᱛᱮᱛᱮᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ (Archaeological site) ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ 2500 BCE ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ [[ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱥᱱᱚᱜ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱤᱡᱤᱯᱴ]], [[ᱢᱮᱥᱚᱯᱚᱴᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱢᱤᱱᱚᱣᱟᱱ ᱠᱨᱮᱴᱮ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱱᱚᱨᱴᱮ ᱥᱤᱠᱳ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱥᱱᱚᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref name="mohenjo-daro_1">{{cite book |last=A.H. Dani |first=Michael Jansen |year=2008 |title=Mohenjo-Daro: The City and Its Contexts |publisher=UNESCO}}</ref><ref name="mohenjo-daro_2">{{cite book |last=Possehl |first=Gregory L. |year=2002 |title=The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective |url=https://archive.org/details/induscivilizatio0000poss |publisher=AltaMira Press |isbn=978-0759101722}}</ref> ᱟᱹᱰᱤᱠᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱭᱼᱩᱢᱟᱹᱱ 40,000 ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱢᱚᱦᱮᱱᱡᱚ-ᱫᱟᱨᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱥᱩᱠᱷ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ 1700 BCE ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱪᱟᱵᱟ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ,<ref>{{cite book |last=Kenoyer |first=Jonathan Mark |year=1998 |title=Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization |url=https://archive.org/details/ancientcitiesofi0000keno |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱥᱱᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ 1920 ᱜᱮᱦᱤᱛ (ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ) ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱱᱛᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱞᱟ (excavation) ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ 1980 ᱨᱮ ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱳ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱟᱯᱲᱟᱢ ᱫᱷᱚᱱ (ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱦᱚᱨ) ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ [[ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱦᱤᱞ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/138 |title=Archaeological Ruins at Moenjodaro |publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱨᱮᱲ (ᱦᱮᱲ) ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱼᱴᱷᱤᱠ ᱡᱩᱛᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱤᱯᱚᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ggp03vde5d7e0dwnv1gqgylzceb6ok2 0 34783 196611 187996 2026-08-12T19:16:21Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196611 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty | name = ᱣᱮᱞᱩ ᱱᱟᱪᱤᱭᱟᱨ | image = Rani Velu Nachiyar.jpg | caption = ᱣᱮᱞᱩ ᱱᱟᱪᱤᱭᱟᱨ, ᱥᱤᱵᱟᱜᱟᱝᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱨᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱾ | reign = ᱑᱗᱘᱐–᱑᱗᱙᱐ | birth_date = ᱓ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱗᱓᱐ | birth_place = ᱨᱟᱢᱱᱟᱛᱷᱯᱩᱨᱚᱢ, ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞᱱᱟᱰᱩ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ | death_date = ᱒᱕ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱗᱙᱖ (ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱖᱖) | death_place = ᱥᱤᱵᱟᱜᱟᱝᱜᱟ, ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞᱱᱟᱰᱩ | spouse = ᱢᱩᱛᱷᱩ ᱵᱷᱟᱰᱩᱜᱟᱱᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱯᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱵᱷᱩᱰᱟᱭᱟ ᱛᱷᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ | issue = ᱵᱷᱮᱞᱞᱟᱪᱤ | dynasty = ᱥᱮᱛᱷᱩᱯᱟᱛᱷᱤ | religion = ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ }} '''ᱣᱮᱞᱩ ᱱᱟᱪᱤᱭᱟᱨ''' (᱓ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱗᱓᱐ – ᱒᱕ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱗᱙᱖) ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱵᱟᱜᱟᱝᱜᱟ ᱮᱥᱴᱮᱴ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱽᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱤᱥᱴ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱱᱤ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱦᱤᱞᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟᱭ <ref name="britannica">{{Cite web |title=Velu Nachiyar Profile |url=https://www.britannica.com |access-date=2024-05-20 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref>᱾ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ "ᱵᱤᱨᱟᱢᱚᱝᱜᱟᱭ" (ᱵᱤᱨ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ) ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱭᱟ <ref name="thehindu">{{Cite news |last=Sanjeevi |first=K. |title=The queen who fought the British |url=https://www.thehindu.com |work=The Hindu |date=2017-01-03}}</ref>᱾ == ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱠᱷᱱᱟᱹᱛ == ᱣᱮᱞᱩ ᱱᱟᱪᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱢᱱᱟᱛᱷᱯᱩᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱪᱮᱞᱞᱟᱢᱩᱛᱷᱩ ᱵᱤᱡᱚᱭᱟᱨᱟᱜᱷᱩᱱᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱥᱮᱛᱷᱩᱯᱟᱛᱷᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤᱢᱩᱛᱷᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱫᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱦᱚᱨᱟᱭ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ- ᱥᱤᱞᱟᱢᱵᱟᱢ (ᱞᱟᱹᱴᱷᱤ ᱠᱷᱮᱞ), ᱛᱷᱚᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱹᱵᱤ, ᱟᱨ ᱜᱷᱚᱲᱟ ᱫᱮᱡᱚᱜ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ- ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ, ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱨᱫᱩ <ref name="earlylife">{{Cite book |last=Ramaswami |first=N. S. |title=Political History of Carnatic under the Nawabs |url=https://archive.org/details/politicalhistory0000nsra |publisher=Abhinav Publications |year=1984 |isbn=978-8170171911}}</ref>᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱵᱟᱜᱟᱝᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱢᱩᱛᱷᱩ ᱵᱷᱟᱰᱩᱜᱟᱱᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱛᱷᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱞᱞᱟᱪᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱵᱽᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ == ᱑᱗᱗᱒ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ, ᱵᱽᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱠᱳᱴ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱱᱚᱵᱟᱵᱽ ᱥᱤᱵᱟᱜᱟᱝᱜᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱬ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱳᱭᱤᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱣᱮᱞᱩ ᱱᱟᱪᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱟᱶᱟᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱽᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ <ref name="war1">{{Cite web |title=The Story of Velu Nachiyar |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com |access-date=2024-05-20 |website=The Better India |language=en}}</ref>᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱣᱮᱞᱩ ᱱᱟᱪᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱧᱤᱨ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱤᱱᱰᱤᱜᱩᱞ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱯᱟᱠᱥᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱩᱠᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱠᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱭᱫᱟᱨ ᱟᱞᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱜᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱟᱭᱫᱟᱨ ᱟᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱣᱮᱞᱩ ᱱᱟᱪᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱢᱢᱚᱛ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱨᱮᱵᱮᱱ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱕,᱐᱐᱐ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ <ref name="hyderali">{{Cite news |title=Rani Velu Nachiyar and Hyder Ali |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com |work=New Indian Express |date=2020-03-08}}</ref>᱾ == ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ == ᱑᱗᱘᱐ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ, ᱣᱮᱞᱩ ᱱᱟᱪᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱤᱵᱟᱜᱟᱝᱜᱟ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱬ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱵᱽᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ (Ammunition store) ᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱥᱤᱯᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱠᱩᱭᱤᱞᱤ (Kuyili) ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱽᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱮ ᱱᱚᱥᱴᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ <ref name="kuyili">{{Cite book |last=Sadasivan |first=S. N. |title=A Social History of India |publisher=APH Publishing |year=2000 |isbn=978-8176481700}}</ref>᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱦᱤᱞ"ᱥᱩᱭᱤᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱟᱴᱟᱠ" ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱣᱮᱞᱩ ᱱᱟᱪᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱽᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱤᱵᱟᱜᱟᱝᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱗᱙᱐ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱮᱢᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ == ᱜᱩᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ == ᱣᱮᱞᱩ ᱱᱟᱪᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱕ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱗᱙᱖ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱓᱑ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱐᱘ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱟᱠ ᱴᱤᱠᱤᱴ (Postage Stamp) ᱮ ᱩᱰᱩᱠ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ <ref name="stamp">{{Cite web |title=Commemorative Postage Stamp on Velu Nachiyar |url=https://www.indiapost.gov.in |access-date=2024-05-20 |website=India Post}}</ref>᱾ ᱪᱮᱱᱱᱟᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{reflist}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱗᱓᱐ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱗᱙᱖ ᱜᱚᱡ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱭᱡᱩ ᱨᱚᱭᱟᱞᱴᱤ]] ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱨᱟᱢᱟᱱᱛᱷᱟᱯᱩᱨᱚᱢ ᱡᱤᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱱᱤᱡᱟᱢ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱯᱷᱳᱠᱞᱳᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱖]] fca9utj794glroekqjqu280xxyu5zkn 0 34805 196629 188079 2026-08-12T19:37:16Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196629 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox character | name = ᱥᱚᱨᱢᱤᱥᱴᱷᱟ | image = | caption = ᱥᱚᱨᱢᱤᱥᱴᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱡᱟᱱᱤ (ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱨᱚᱵᱤ ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ) | title = ᱦᱚᱥᱛᱤᱱᱟᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱨᱟᱹᱱᱤ | spouse = [[ᱡᱚᱡᱟᱛᱤ]] | children = ᱫᱽᱨᱩᱦᱭᱩ, ᱚᱱᱩ, [[ᱯᱩᱨᱩ (ᱨᱟᱡᱟ)|ᱯᱩᱨᱩ]] | parents = [[ᱵᱽᱨᱤᱥᱯᱚᱨᱵᱚ]] (ᱵᱟᱵᱟ) | religion = [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]] }} '''ᱥᱚᱨᱢᱤᱥᱴᱷᱟ''' (ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ: Sharmishtha) ᱫᱚ [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ]] ᱞᱟᱭ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱱᱚᱵᱽ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ [[ᱵᱽᱨᱤᱥᱯᱚᱨᱵᱚ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱮᱨᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱚᱱᱫᱽᱨᱚᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ [[ᱡᱚᱡᱟᱛᱤ]] ᱭᱤᱡ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱦᱩ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name="dowson">{{cite book |last1=Dowson |first1=John |title=A Classical Dictionary of Hindu Mythology and Religion, Geography, History, and Literature |url=https://archive.org/details/classicaldiction00dows |date=1879 |publisher=Trübner & Co. |pages=[https://archive.org/details/classicaldiction00dows/page/281 281]}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱩ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ == ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱡᱟᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱯᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱣ == ᱥᱚᱨᱢᱤᱥᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱱᱚᱵᱽ ᱠᱚᱣᱤᱡ ᱜᱩᱨᱩ [[ᱥᱩᱠᱨᱟᱪᱟᱨᱭᱚ]] ᱭᱤᱡ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱮᱨᱟ ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱡᱟᱱᱤ ᱭᱤᱡ ᱜᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱱᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱢᱩᱜ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱢᱤᱥᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱡᱟᱱᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱭᱮ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱟᱱᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱯᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱡᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱢᱤᱥᱴᱷᱟ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱭᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱜᱮᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱢᱤᱥᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱡᱟᱱᱤ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱩᱧ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱴᱷᱮᱞᱟᱣ ᱜᱤᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="maniam">{{cite book |last1=Mani |first1=Vettam |title=Puranic Encyclopaedia: A Comprehensive Dictionary With Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature |url=https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft |date=1975 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-0-8426-0822-0 |pages=711}}</ref> == ᱫᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ == ᱠᱩᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱩᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱡᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱡᱚᱡᱟᱛᱤ ᱭᱮ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱩᱠᱨᱟᱪᱟᱨᱭᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱵᱽᱨᱤᱥᱯᱚᱨᱵᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱨᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱭᱮ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱜᱩᱨᱩ ᱠᱩᱥᱤ ᱦᱚᱪᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱽᱨᱤᱥᱯᱚᱨᱵᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱢᱤᱥᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱡᱟᱱᱤ ᱭᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱲᱢᱤ (maid) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱡᱟ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱡᱟᱱᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱡᱟᱛᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱥᱚᱨᱢᱤᱥᱴᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱹᱲᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱡᱟᱛᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱱ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱡᱚᱡᱟᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ == ᱥᱩᱠᱨᱟᱪᱟᱨᱭᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱡᱟᱛᱤ ᱭᱮ ᱢᱮᱛᱟ ᱫᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱢᱤᱥᱴᱷᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱨᱢᱤᱥᱴᱷᱟ ᱦᱟᱜ ᱱᱮᱦᱚᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱡᱟᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱩᱠᱩ ᱪᱩᱠᱩ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ: ᱫᱽᱨᱩᱦᱭᱩ, ᱚᱱᱩ ᱟᱨ [[ᱯᱩᱨᱩ (ᱨᱟᱡᱟ)|ᱯᱩᱨᱩ]] ᱾ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱡᱟᱱᱤ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱩᱠᱨᱟᱪᱟᱨᱭᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱡᱟᱛᱤ ᱭᱮ ᱟᱹᱥᱤᱥ (curse) ᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱟᱲᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name="epic">{{cite web |title=The Story of Yayathi |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01079.htm |website=Sacred Texts |access-date=16 February 2024}}</ref> == ᱯᱩᱨᱩ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ == ᱡᱚᱡᱟᱛᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱲᱟᱢ ᱵᱚᱭᱚᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱢᱤᱥᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱯᱩᱨᱩ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱡᱚᱡᱟᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱩ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱜᱟᱹᱫᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨᱟᱫᱷᱤᱠᱟᱨᱤ (heir) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ [[ᱠᱩᱨᱩ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ]] ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ [[ᱯᱟᱱᱰᱚᱵᱽ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱠᱚᱣᱨᱚᱵᱽ]] ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{reflist}} [[Category:ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱞᱟᱭ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ]] o0u2a4sr24m04a84zx6prbk0u0llej5 0 34831 196474 188161 2026-08-12T17:08:00Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196474 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|American surfer (born 1990)}} {{Use American English|date=February 2026}} {{Use mdy dates|date=February 2024}} {{Infobox person | name = ᱵᱮᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱦᱮᱢᱤᱞᱴᱚᱱ | image = Bethany Hamilton surfing (sq cropped).jpg | caption = Hamilton surfing in 2016 | birth_name = Bethany Meilani Hamilton | birth_date = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1990|2|8}} | birth_place = [[Lihue, Hawaii]], U.S. | spouse = {{marriage|Adam Dirks|2013}} | children = 4 | module = {{infobox surfer | image = | child = yes | height = 5 ft 11 in<ref name="Bethany Hamilton Surfer Bio">{{Cite web |title=Bethany Hamilton Surfer Bio | url=https://www.worldsurfleague.com/athletes/330/bethany-hamilton |access-date=April 18, 2021 |website=World Surf League |language=en}}</ref> | stance = Goofy<ref name="Bethany Hamilton Surfer Bio"/> | weight = 154 lbs | best_year = 2016 | sponsors = | major_achievements = [[ESPY Award]] (2004)<br />[[National Scholastic Surfing Association|NSSA]] National Helping Kids Champion (2005)<br />2nd place, [[Association of Surfing Professionals|ASP]] World Junior Championships (2008) | website = {{URL|bethanyhamilton.com}} }}}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}} {{Infobox surfer | name = ᱵᱮᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱦᱮᱢᱤᱞᱴᱚᱱ | image = Bethany Hamilton surfing (sq cropped).jpg | caption = ᱵᱮᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱦᱮᱢᱤᱞᱴᱚᱱ, ᱒᱐᱐᱗ | birth_name = ᱵᱮᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱢᱤᱞᱟᱱᱤ ᱦᱮᱢᱤᱞᱴᱚᱱ | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1990|2|8|df=y}} | birth_place = [[ᱞᱤᱦᱩᱭ]], [[ᱠᱟᱣᱟᱭᱤ]], [[ᱦᱟᱣᱟᱭᱤ]], ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ | residence = [[ᱠᱟᱣᱟᱭᱤ]], ᱦᱟᱣᱟᱭᱤ | occupation = ᱯᱮᱥᱟᱣᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱨᱯᱷᱟᱨ (Surfer) | spouse = ᱮᱰᱚᱢ ᱰᱤᱨᱠᱥ (᱒᱐᱑᱓–ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ) }} '''ᱵᱮᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱢᱤᱞᱟᱱᱤ ᱦᱮᱢᱤᱞᱴᱚᱱ''' (ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱘ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱙᱙᱐) ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱮᱥᱟᱣᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱨᱯᱷᱟᱨ (Surfer) ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱐᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱨᱠ (Shark) ᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱢᱞᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱨᱯᱷᱤᱝ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱟᱦᱟᱲᱟ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱫᱽᱜᱟᱹᱣ (Inspiration) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="biography">{{cite web|url=https://www.biography.com/athlete/bethany-hamilton|title=Bethany Hamilton Biography|work=Biography.com|access-date=2 March 2026}}</ref> == ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ == ᱵᱮᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱦᱮᱢᱤᱞᱴᱚᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱣᱟᱭᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱣᱟᱭᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱟᱨᱯᱷᱤᱝ ᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱘ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱥᱟᱨᱯᱷᱤᱝ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱟᱨᱯᱷᱤᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫ-ᱟ ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱨᱠ ᱦᱟᱢᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ == ᱓᱑ ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱐᱓ ᱨᱮ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱣᱟᱭᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱟᱱᱮᱞᱥ ᱵᱤᱪ (Tunnels Beach) ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱨᱯᱷᱤᱝ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱑᱔ ᱯᱷᱩᱴ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱴᱟᱭᱜᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱨᱠ (Tiger Shark) ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱢᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱫ-ᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱟᱢᱞᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱴᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="attack">{{cite news|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2003/nov/04/surfing.sport|title=Shark attack surfer girl loses arm|work=The Guardian|date=4 November 2003|access-date=2 March 2026}}</ref> ᱦᱟᱢᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱒᱖ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱮᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱨᱯᱷᱤᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨᱯᱷ ᱵᱳᱨᱰ (Surfboard) ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱝ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱟᱨᱯᱷᱤᱝ ᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱫ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱨᱯᱷᱤᱝ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱨᱮᱠᱳᱨᱰ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫ-ᱟ ᱾ == ᱢᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ == ᱒᱐᱐᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ''ᱥᱳᱞ ᱥᱟᱨᱯᱷᱟᱨ: ᱮ ᱴᱨᱩ ᱥᱴᱳᱨᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱯᱷᱮᱭᱛᱷ, ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱞᱤ, ᱮᱱᱰ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱴᱤᱝ ᱴᱩ ᱜᱮᱴ ᱵᱮᱠ ᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱳᱨᱰ'' (Soul Surfer) ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤᱭ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱫ-ᱟ ᱾<ref name="book">{{cite book|title=Soul Surfer: A True Story of Faith, Family, and Fighting to Get Back on the Board|url=https://archive.org/details/soulsurfertruest00hami|author=Bethany Hamilton|publisher=MTV Books|year=2004|isbn=978-0743499293}}</ref> ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱢᱟ ''ᱥᱳᱞ ᱥᱟᱨᱯᱷᱟᱨ'' (Soul Surfer) ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱘ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱚᱠᱩᱢᱮᱱᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ''ᱵᱮᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱦᱮᱢᱤᱞᱴᱚᱱ: ᱩᱱᱥᱴᱚᱯᱮᱵᱚᱞ'' (Bethany Hamilton: Unstoppable) ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱸᱜᱟᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱮᱥᱟᱣᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱨᱯᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱮᱫᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ == ᱵᱮᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ: '''ESPAY ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ''' (᱒᱐᱐᱔): ᱥᱚᱨᱮᱥ ᱠᱟᱢᱵᱮᱠ ᱮᱛᱷᱞᱤᱴ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱾ '''ᱴᱤᱱ ᱪᱚᱭᱤᱥ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ''' (᱒᱐᱐᱔): ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱩᱫᱽᱜᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱾ '''ᱥᱟᱨᱯᱷᱤᱝ ᱦᱳᱞ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱯᱷᱮᱢ''' (Surfing Hall of Fame): ᱒᱐᱑᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫ-ᱟ ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist|2}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == [https://bethanyhamilton.com/ ᱵᱮᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱦᱮᱢᱤᱞᱴᱚᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱣᱮᱵᱽᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ] [https://www.google.com/search?q=https://www.worldsurfleague.com/athletes/103/bethany-hamilton ᱵᱮᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱦᱮᱢᱤᱞᱴᱚᱱ - ᱣᱟᱨᱞᱰ ᱥᱟᱨᱯᱷ ᱞᱤᱜᱽ (WSL)] [[Category:ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱟᱨᱯᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱥᱟᱨᱠ ᱦᱟᱢᱞᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:᱑᱙᱙᱐ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ]] [[Category:ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱮᱛᱷᱞᱤᱴ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱱᱤᱡᱟᱢ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱯᱷᱳᱠᱞᱳᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱖]] tkj5a5lgja1n48goa520bh67gy3g5ra 0 34896 196578 190062 2026-08-12T18:46:28Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196578 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱮᱱᱥ ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱤᱝᱜᱟᱞ | image = Florence Nightingale (H Hering NPG x82368).jpg | caption = ᱑᱘᱖᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱤᱝᱜᱟᱞ | birth_name = Florence Nightingale | birth_date = {{Birth date|1820|5|12|df=y}} | birth_place = ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱮᱱᱥ, ᱴᱚᱥᱠᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ | death_date = {{Death date and age|1910|8|13|1820|5|12|df=y}} | death_place = ᱞᱚᱱᱰᱚᱱ, ᱤᱝᱞᱮᱱᱰ | nationality = ᱵᱽᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ | occupation = ᱱᱟᱨᱥ, ᱥᱴᱟᱴᱤᱥᱴᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱥᱩᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ | known_for = ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱨᱥᱤᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱫᱽ }} '''ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱮᱱᱥ ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱤᱝᱜᱟᱞ''' (᱑᱒ ᱢᱮ ᱑᱘᱒᱐ – ᱑᱓ ᱚᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱑᱙᱑᱐) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱥᱩᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱥᱴᱟᱴᱤᱥᱴᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱨᱥᱤᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Florence Nightingale |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Florence-Nightingale |access-date=2024-05-20}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱨᱤᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱯᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="NationalArmy">{{cite web |title=Florence Nightingale: The Lady with the Lamp |url=https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/florence-nightingale |publisher=National Army Museum |access-date=2024-05-21}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ "ᱫᱟ ᱞᱮᱰᱤ ᱣᱤᱛᱷ ᱫᱟ ᱞᱮᱢᱯ" ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱭᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱲᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱮᱢᱯ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭᱮᱫᱠᱳ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Lamp">{{cite book |last=Cook |first=E. T. |title=The Life of Florence Nightingale |url=https://archive.org/details/lifeofflorenceni01cookuoft |year=1913 |publisher=Macmillan |page=237}}</ref> == ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ == ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱮᱱᱥ ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱤᱝᱜᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱒ ᱢᱮ ᱑᱘᱒᱐ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱴᱟᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱮᱱᱥ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱹᱬ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name="Britannica" /> ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱣᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟᱢ ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱤᱝᱜᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱠᱷᱱᱟᱹᱛ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱮᱱᱥ ᱮᱞᱠᱷᱟ (Mathematics) ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="Bio">{{cite web |title=Florence Nightingale Biography |url=https://www.biography.com/scientist/florence-nightingale |access-date=2024-05-22}}</ref> ᱩᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱮᱡ ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱹᱬ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱨᱥᱤᱝ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱮᱱᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱥᱣᱚᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱠᱨᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱮ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="NationalArmy" /> == ᱠᱨᱤᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ == ᱑᱘᱕᱔ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱨᱤᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱮᱱᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱓᱘ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱨᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱠᱩᱴᱟᱨᱤ (Scutari) ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱡᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="Lamp" /> ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱦᱟᱥᱯᱟᱛᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟ-ᱥᱟᱹᱯᱷᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱯᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱮᱱᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟ-ᱥᱟᱹᱯᱷᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱭ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="Stats">{{cite journal |last=Nightingale |first=F. |title=Notes on Matters Affecting the Health, Efficiency, and Hospital Administration of the British Army |url=https://archive.org/details/b20387118 |year=1858}}</ref> == ᱮᱞᱠᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱴᱟᱴᱤᱥᱴᱤᱠᱥ == ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱮᱱᱥ ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱤᱝᱜᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱞᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱪᱟᱹᱛᱩᱨ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱮᱴᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ "ᱯᱳᱞᱟᱨ ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱰᱟᱭᱜᱨᱟᱢ" ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ "ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱤᱝᱜᱟᱞ ᱨᱳᱡᱽ ᱰᱟᱭᱜᱨᱟᱢ" ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾<ref name="Math">{{cite web |title=Florence Nightingale: The Statistician |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=https://www.agnesscott.edu/lriddle/women/nightingale.htm |access-date=2024-05-23}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱹᱭᱞᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Stats" /> == ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱨ == ᱑᱘᱖᱐ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱱᱰᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱛᱷᱚᱢᱟᱥ ᱦᱟᱥᱯᱟᱛᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱤᱝᱜᱟᱞ ᱴᱨᱮᱱᱤᱝ ᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="Bio" /> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱥᱮᱠᱩᱞᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱨᱥᱤᱝ ᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ "Note on Nursing" (᱑᱘᱕᱙) ᱾<ref name="Notes">{{cite book |last=Nightingale |first=F. |title=Notes on Nursing: What It Is, and What It Is Not |url=https://archive.org/details/notesonnursingwh00byu2nigh |year=1859 |publisher=Harrison}}</ref> ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱮᱱᱥ ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱤᱝᱜᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱓ ᱚᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱑᱙᱑᱐ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱚᱱᱰᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱤᱫ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱟᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="Britannica" /> ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ (᱑᱒ ᱢᱮ) ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱨᱮ "ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱱᱟᱨᱥ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ" (International Nurses Day) ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == [https://www.florence-nightingale.co.uk/ ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱮᱱᱥ ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱤᱝᱜᱟᱞ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ] [[Category:᱑᱘᱒᱐ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ]] [[Category:᱑᱙᱑᱐ ᱜᱩᱨ]] [[Category:ᱵᱽᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱱᱟᱨᱥ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱥᱩᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱱᱤᱡᱟᱢ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱯᱷᱳᱠᱞᱳᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱖]] qjk5x6vmdq93nxxdcgqi7ld5fslevuj 0 34900 196494 188378 2026-08-12T17:23:09Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 4 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196494 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = ᱥᱩ ᱛᱤᱝ | image = | caption = | birth_name = ᱜᱚᱝ ᱯᱮᱭᱣᱮᱭ (Gong Peiyu) | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1952|4|4}} | birth_place = ᱡᱤᱱᱡᱤᱭᱟᱝ, ᱯᱷᱩᱡᱤᱭᱟᱱ, ᱪᱤᱱ | occupation = ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ | nationality = ᱪᱤᱱ | genre = ᱢᱤᱥᱴᱤ ᱯᱳᱭᱮᱴᱨᱤ (Misty Poetry) | movement = ᱢᱮᱭᱢᱮᱝ ᱥᱤᱯᱮᱱ (Misty Poets) | awards = ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱟᱹ (᱑᱙᱘᱑, ᱑᱙᱘᱓) }} '''ᱥᱩ ᱛᱤᱝ''' (Shu Ting; ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱔ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱑᱙ pul) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ "ᱢᱤᱥᱴᱤ ᱯᱳᱭᱮᱴᱨᱤ" (Misty Poetry) ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱰᱷᱩ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name="Britannica">{{cite web |title=Shu Ting |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Shu-Ting |publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=2024-05-22}}</ref> ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱡᱮᱨᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ, ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱞ (Cultural Revolution) ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="PoetryFoundation">{{cite web |title=Shu Ting |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/shu-ting |publisher=Poetry Foundation |access-date=2024-05-22}}</ref> == ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ == ᱥᱩ ᱛᱤᱝ ᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱝ ᱯᱮᱭᱣᱮᱭ (Gong Peiyu) ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱩᱡᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱞ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱴᱚᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱡᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="McDougall">{{cite book |last=McDougall |first=Bonnie S. |title=The Literature of China in the Twentieth Century |url=https://archive.org/details/literatureofchin0000mcdo |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0231110846}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱸᱰᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱮᱛ ᱵᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱠᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ == ᱑᱙᱗᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ, ᱥᱩ ᱛᱤᱝ ᱫᱚ "ᱡᱤᱱᱴᱤᱭᱟᱱ" (Jintian) ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱭ ᱫᱟᱣ (Bei Dao) ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩ ᱪᱮᱝ (Gu Cheng) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱥᱴᱤ ᱯᱳᱭᱮᱴᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱰᱷᱟᱹᱪ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="Barnstone">{{cite book |last=Barnstone |first=Tony |title=Out of the Howling Storm: The New Chinese Poetry |url=https://archive.org/details/outofhowlingstor0000unse |publisher=Wesleyan University Press |year=1993 |isbn=978-0819512109}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ "To the Oak Tree" (ᱪᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ: 致橡树) ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Link">{{cite book |last=Link |first=Perry |title=The Uses of Literature: Life in the Socialist Chinese Literary System |url=https://archive.org/details/usesofliterature0000link |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2000}}</ref> == ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ == ᱥᱩ ᱛᱤᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱑᱙᱘᱑ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱘᱓ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ "ᱥᱩ ᱛᱤᱝ ᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱠᱚ" (Shu Ting's Poems) ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ, ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ, ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="RedPine">{{cite book |last=Red Pine |first=Bill Porter |title=Finding Them Gone: Visiting China's Poets of the Past |url=https://archive.org/details/findingthemgonev0000redp |publisher=Copper Canyon Press |year=2016}}</ref> ᱥᱩ ᱴᱤᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱛᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ, ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱞ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ == ᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ == ''Shuangwei Chuan'' (双桅船; The Two-Masted Boat), ᱑᱙᱘᱒ ᱾ ''Hui Changchang de Lu'' (会唱歌的鸢尾花; The Singing Iris), ᱑᱙᱘᱖ ᱾ ''Archeics'' (Selected poems in English), ᱑᱙᱙᱐ ᱾<ref name="WorldCat">{{cite web |title=Shu Ting works |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n82133094/ |publisher=WorldCat |access-date=2024-05-23}}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == [https://www.google.com/search?q=https://www.poemhunter.com/shu-ting/ ᱥᱩ ᱛᱤᱝ ᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱠᱚ (PoemHunter)] [[Category:᱑᱙᱕᱒ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ]] [[Category:ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱢᱤᱥᱴᱤ ᱯᱳᱭᱮᱴᱨᱤ]] [[Category:ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱱᱤᱡᱟᱢ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱯᱷᱳᱠᱞᱳᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱖]] o1lrfz9ijsp7i25uclznk92ub6ybgns 0 34906 196625 188395 2026-08-12T19:31:39Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196625 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = ᱜᱩ ᱦᱮᱝᱵᱳ (Gu Hengbo) | image = | caption = ᱜᱩ ᱦᱮᱝᱵᱳ | birth_name = ᱜᱩ ᱢᱮᱭ (Gu Mei) | birth_date = ᱑᱖᱑᱙ | birth_place = ᱱᱟᱱᱡᱤᱝ, ᱪᱤᱱ | death_date = ᱑᱖᱖᱔ (ᱵᱚᱭᱚᱥ ᱔᱔-᱔᱕) | death_place = ᱵᱮᱭᱡᱤᱝ, ᱪᱤᱱ | other_names = ᱠᱩ ᱢᱮᱭ (Ku Mei), ᱠᱥᱩ ᱥᱟᱱᱪᱤ (Xu Shanchi), ᱠᱥᱩ ᱡᱷᱤᱡᱷᱩ (Xu Zhizhu) | occupation = ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱜᱮᱡᱤ (Geji) | title = ᱞᱮᱰᱤ ᱦᱮᱝᱵᱳ | spouse = ᱜᱚᱝ ᱰᱤᱝᱡᱤ (Gong Dingzi) }} '''ᱜᱩ ᱦᱮᱝᱵᱳ''' ({{lang-zh|顧橫波}}; ᱑᱖᱑᱙–᱑᱖᱖᱔), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ '''ᱜᱩ ᱢᱮᱭ''' ({{lang-zh|顧媚}}) ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱡᱤ (ᱠᱳᱨᱴᱮᱥᱟᱱ) ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Berg2013">{{cite book |last=Berg |first=Daria |title=Women and the Literary World in Early Modern China, 1580-1700 |url=https://archive.org/details/womenliterarywor0000berg |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=9781136290220}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱝ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱝ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ "ᱠᱤᱱᱦᱩᱣᱟᱭ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱪᱚᱨᱚᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ" (Eight Beauties of Qinhuai) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="EightBeauties">{{cite web |title=The Eight Beauties of Qinhuai |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight_Beauties_of_Qinhuai |access-date=2024-05-20}}</ref> == ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ == ᱜᱩ ᱦᱮᱝᱵᱳ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱖᱑᱙ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱱᱡᱤᱝ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱱᱡᱤᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱱᱦᱩᱣᱟᱭ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱡᱤ (Geji) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱨᱚᱠ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ, ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱹᱠᱷᱩᱲ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Lee2015">{{cite book |last=Lee |first=Lily Xiao Hong |title=Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: v. 1: The Qing Period, 1644-1911 |publisher=Routledge |year=2015 |isbn=9781317475873}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ "ᱢᱮᱭᱞᱳᱣ" (Meilou) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱷᱲᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name="Berg2013" /> ᱑᱖᱔᱓ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱝ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱮᱣᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥᱚᱨ '''ᱜᱚᱝ ᱰᱤᱝᱡᱤ''' (Gong Dingzi) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱥᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱭᱡᱤᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱜᱚᱝ ᱰᱤᱝᱡᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩ ᱦᱮᱝᱵᱳ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ "ᱞᱮᱰᱤ" (Furen) ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱢ ᱦᱟᱞᱟᱝ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="Zhang2002">{{cite book |last=Zhang |first=Hongsheng |title=Gong Dingzi and the Courtesan Gu Mei |publisher=McGill University |year=2002}}</ref> == ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ == ᱜᱩ ᱦᱮᱝᱵᱳ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱨᱪᱤᱰ (Orchids) ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱰᱷᱚᱲᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Smithsonian">{{cite web |title=Panel from Orchids and Rocks, Gu Mei |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=https://www.smithsonianofi.com |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |access-date=2024-05-20}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ-ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱫ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Mann1997">{{cite book |last=Mann |first=Susan |title=Precious Records: Women in China's Long Eighteenth Century |url=https://archive.org/details/preciousrecordsw0000mann |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1997 |isbn=9780804727440}}</ref> ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱱᱡᱤᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱱᱦᱩᱣᱟᱭ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱡᱤ (Geji) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱜᱩᱨ == ᱜᱩ ᱦᱮᱝᱵᱳ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱖᱖᱔ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱭᱡᱤᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱝ ᱰᱤᱝᱡᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱩᱠᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱚᱫᱽ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Lee2015" /> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱬ == [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu_Hengbo English Wikipedia Profile] [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8249439 Wikidata - Gu Hengbo] [[Category:᱑᱖᱑᱙ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ]] [[Category:᱑᱖᱖᱔ ᱜᱩᱨ]] [[Category:ᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ]] [[Category:ᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ]] [[Category:ᱱᱟᱱᱡᱤᱝ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ]] [[Category:ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱱᱤᱡᱟᱢ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱯᱷᱳᱠᱞᱳᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱖]] 41hkxneruyrkniqmbtseb4jw9j3tuu6 0 34907 196632 188397 2026-08-12T19:46:17Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196632 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = ᱞᱩ ᱥᱤᱭᱟᱣᱢᱟᱱ (Lu Xiaoman) | image = Lu Xiaoman.jpg | caption = ᱞᱩ ᱥᱤᱭᱟᱣᱢᱟᱱ, ᱑᱙᱒᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ | birth_name = ᱞᱩ ᱢᱮᱭ (Lu Mei) | birth_date = ᱗ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱐᱓ | birth_place = ᱥᱟᱝᱦᱟᱭ, ᱪᱤᱱ | death_date = ᱓ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱑᱙᱖᱕ (ᱵᱚᱭᱚᱥ ᱖᱑) | death_place = ᱥᱟᱝᱦᱟᱭ, ᱪᱤᱱ | nationality = ᱪᱤᱱᱤ | occupation = ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱜᱟᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ | spouse = {{marriage|Wang Geng|1922|1925|reason=divorced}} {{marriage|Xu Zhimo|1926|1931|reason=his death}} | partner = Weng Ruiwu (᱑᱙᱓᱘–᱑᱙᱖᱕) }} '''ᱞᱩ ᱥᱤᱭᱟᱣᱢᱟᱱ''' ({{lang-zh|陸小曼}}; ᱗ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱐᱓ – ᱓ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱑᱙᱖᱕) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Britannica">{{cite web |title=Lu Xiaoman |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lu-Xiaoman |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=2024-05-22}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ "ᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱱ" (Republican China) ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱪᱚᱨᱚᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨᱟᱱ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱨᱚᱠ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ '''ᱥᱩ ᱡᱷᱤᱢᱳ''' (Xu Zhimo) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱮ ᱪᱟᱨᱪᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Oxford">{{cite book |last=Gao |first=J. |title=Historical Dictionary of Modern Chinese Literature |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2009 |isbn=9780810870802}}</ref> == ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ == ᱞᱩ ᱥᱤᱭᱟᱣᱢᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱗ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱐᱓ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱝᱦᱟᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name="WomenOfChina">{{cite book |last=Lee |first=Lily Xiao Hong |title=Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: v. 2: The Twentieth Century, 1912-2000 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |year=2003 |isbn=9780765607980}}</ref> ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱞᱩ ᱰᱤᱝ (Lu Ding) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱰᱮᱣᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥᱚᱨ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱭᱡᱤᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱠᱨᱮᱰ ᱦᱟᱨᱴ ᱠᱚᱱᱵᱷᱮᱱᱴ (Sacred Heart Convent) ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱮ ᱥᱮᱬᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Lee2003" /> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱᱳ ᱮ ᱨᱩᱭ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱜᱟᱹᱠᱷᱩᱲ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ == ᱑᱙᱒᱒ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ-ᱟᱭᱳ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥᱚᱨ '''ᱣᱟᱝ ᱜᱮᱝ''' (Wang Geng) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Zhang2014">{{cite book |last=Zhang |first=P. |title=The Love Story of Xu Zhimo and Lu Xiaoman |publisher=Commercial Press |year=2014}}</ref> ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱣᱟᱝ ᱜᱮᱝ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱵᱤᱡᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱟᱯᱟᱢ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱩ ᱡᱷᱤᱢᱳ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱒᱕ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱣᱟᱝ ᱜᱮᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Zhang2014" /> ᱓ ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱒᱖ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ, ᱞᱩ ᱥᱤᱭᱟᱣᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩ ᱡᱷᱤᱢᱳ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱾<ref name="XuBiography">{{cite book |last=Zha |first=J. |title=Xu Zhimo: A Life in Poetry |publisher=Peking University Press |year=2011}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱪᱷᱟᱰᱟ-ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱤᱭᱟᱝ ᱠᱤᱪᱟᱣ (Liang Qichao) ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱟᱠᱷᱲᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name="Lee2003" /> == ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ == ᱥᱩ ᱡᱷᱤᱢᱳ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱝᱦᱟᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱩ ᱥᱤᱭᱟᱣᱢᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱢ (opium) ᱡᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱵᱷᱮᱥ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱩᱥᱴᱚ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Spence1981">{{cite book |last=Spence |first=Jonathan |title=The Gate of Heavenly Peace: The Chinese and Their Revolution, 1895-1980 |url=https://archive.org/details/gateofheavenlype00spen |publisher=Viking |year=1981}}</ref> ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥᱠᱮᱯ (landscape) ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱹᱠᱷᱩᱲ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="ArtChina">{{cite web |title=The Art of Lu Xiaoman |url=https://www.chinaculture.org |publisher=China Culture |access-date=2024-05-22}}</ref> ᱑᱙᱓᱑ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩ ᱡᱷᱤᱢᱳ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱞᱩ ᱥᱤᱭᱟᱣᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩ ᱡᱷᱤᱢᱳ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱴᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name="Spence1981" /> == ᱜᱩᱨ == ᱞᱩ ᱥᱤᱭᱟᱣᱢᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱓ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱑᱙᱖᱕ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱝᱦᱟᱭ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱣᱟᱰᱚᱝ ᱦᱚᱥᱯᱤᱴᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name="Lee2003" /> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩ ᱡᱷᱤᱢᱳ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱥᱩ ᱡᱷᱤᱢᱳ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Xiaoman English Wikipedia Profile] [https://www.google.com/search?q=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6700010 Wikidata - Lu Xiaoman] [[Category:᱑᱙᱐᱓ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ]] [[Category:᱑᱙᱖᱕ ᱜᱩᱨ]] [[Category:ᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ]] [[Category:ᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ]] [[Category:ᱥᱟᱝᱦᱟᱭ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ]] [[Category:ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱱᱤᱡᱟᱢ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱯᱷᱳᱠᱞᱳᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱖]] q4jjtksnh4w7ywrhupj1x9euzwiw9vs 0 34911 196661 188401 2026-08-12T20:21:21Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196661 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer | name = ᱢᱩᱨᱟᱥᱟᱠᱤ ᱥᱤᱠᱤᱵᱩ (Murasaki Shikibu) | image = Murasaki Shikibu.jpg | caption = ᱛᱳᱥᱟ ᱢᱤᱛᱥᱩᱳᱠᱤ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱨᱟᱥᱟᱠᱤ ᱥᱤᱠᱤᱵᱩ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ | birth_date = ᱙᱗᱓ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱜᱟᱱ | birth_place = ᱦᱮᱭᱟᱱ-ᱠᱭᱳ, ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ | death_date = ᱑᱐᱑᱔ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱜᱟᱱ | death_place = ᱦᱮᱭᱟᱱ-ᱠᱭᱳ, ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ | occupation = ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱜᱟᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱫᱚᱨᱵᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ | period = ᱦᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ | genre = ᱢᱚᱱ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ (Fiction), ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱮ (Poetry) | notableworks = [[ᱜᱮᱸᱡᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ]] (The Tale of Genji) }} '''ᱢᱩᱨᱟᱥᱟᱠᱤ ᱥᱤᱠᱤᱵᱩ''' ({{lang-ja|紫 式部}}; ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱙᱗᱓ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱜᱟᱱ – ᱜᱩᱨ ᱑᱐᱑᱔ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱜᱟᱱ) ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱫᱚᱨᱵᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Britannica">{{cite web |title=Murasaki Shikibu |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Murasaki-Shikibu |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=2024-05-22}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱩᱯᱚᱱᱭᱟᱥ (novel) ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ''[[ᱜᱮᱸᱡᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ]]'' (The Tale of Genji) ᱚᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="Bowring">{{cite book |last=Bowring |first=Richard John |title=Murasaki Shikibu: Her Diary and Poetic Memoirs |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1982 |isbn=978-0691065250}}</ref> == ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ == ᱢᱩᱨᱟᱥᱟᱠᱤ ᱥᱤᱠᱤᱵᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱙᱗᱓ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱮᱭᱟᱱ-ᱠᱭᱳ (ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱠᱭᱳᱴᱳ) ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name="Puette">{{cite book |last=Puette |first=William J. |title=The Tale of Genji: A Reader's Guide |url=https://archive.org/details/guidetotaleofgen00puet |publisher=Tuttle Publishing |year=1983 |isbn=978-0804833318}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱩᱡᱤᱣᱟᱨᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱮᱡ ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name="Tyler">{{cite book |last=Tyler |first=Royall |title=The Tale of Genji |publisher=Viking |year=2001 |isbn=978-0142437148}}</ref> ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱯᱷᱩᱡᱤᱣᱟᱨᱟ ᱱᱳ ᱛᱟᱢᱮᱛᱳᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱹᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name="Bowring" /> ᱩᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name="Shirane">{{cite book |last=Shirane |first=Haruo |title=The Bridge of Dreams: A Poetics of The Tale of Genji |url=https://archive.org/details/bridgeofdreamspo0000haru |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1987 |isbn=978-0804713450}}</ref> ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱢᱩᱨᱟᱥᱟᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱩᱫᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹᱱ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱮᱡ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱥᱤᱠᱷᱱᱟᱹᱛ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Tyler" /> == ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ == ᱙᱙᱘ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱩᱢᱮᱨᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱩᱡᱤᱣᱟᱨᱟ ᱱᱳ ᱱᱳᱵᱩᱛᱟᱠᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Bowring" /> ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱮᱱᱥᱤ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Puette" /> ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱑᱐᱐᱑ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡ ᱡᱟᱶᱟᱭ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱢᱩᱨᱟᱥᱟᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name="Shirane" /> == ᱫᱚᱨᱵᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ == ᱑᱐᱐᱕ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱩᱨᱟᱥᱟᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱨᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱥᱳᱥᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱨᱵᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱮᱣᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="Bowring" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱩᱡᱤᱣᱟᱨᱟ ᱱᱳ ᱢᱤᱪᱤᱱᱟᱜᱟ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱨᱟᱥᱟᱠᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱞ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱩᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name="Tyler" /> ᱫᱚᱨᱵᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱤ (Diary) ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Bowring" /> == ᱜᱮᱸᱡᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ == ''ᱜᱮᱸᱡᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ'' (The Tale of Genji) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱨᱟᱥᱟᱠᱤ ᱥᱤᱠᱤᱵᱩ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Britannica" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱕᱔ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱚᱨᱵᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱠᱟᱨᱩ ᱜᱮᱸᱡᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Shirane" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱔᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ (characters) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱨᱮᱥ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Tyler" /> == ᱜᱩᱨ == ᱢᱩᱨᱟᱥᱟᱠᱤ ᱥᱤᱠᱤᱵᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱐᱑᱔ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Bowring" /> ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Puette" /> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == [https://www.google.com/search?q=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/genj/hd_genj.htm ᱢᱮᱴᱨᱳᱯᱳᱞᱤᱴᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱮᱸᱡᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ] [https://www.google.com/search?q=https://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/murasaki/genji/genji.html ᱜᱮᱸᱡᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ (ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ)] [[Category:᱙᱗᱓ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ]] [[Category:᱑᱐᱑᱔ ᱜᱩᱨ]] [[Category:ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱᱤ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱦᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ]] [[Category:ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱᱤ ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱱᱤᱡᱟᱢ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱯᱷᱳᱠᱞᱳᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱖]] tw3karrnha73rw8yl3d8m13t9n9r13d 0 34912 196477 188402 2026-08-12T17:10:36Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196477 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = ᱮᱞᱤᱡᱟᱵᱮᱛᱷ ᱛᱷᱤᱵᱮᱞ (Élisabeth Thible) | image = Elisabeth Thible.jpg | caption = ᱮᱞᱤᱡᱟᱵᱮᱛᱷ ᱛᱷᱤᱵᱮᱞ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ | birth_date = ᱑᱗᱖᱕ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱜᱟᱱ | birth_place = ᱞᱤᱭᱳᱱ, ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥ | death_date = ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ | occupation = ᱳᱯᱮᱨᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱮᱭᱟᱨᱳᱱᱟᱴ (Aeronaut) | known_for = ᱦᱚᱭ ᱵᱮᱞᱩᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ }} '''ᱮᱞᱤᱡᱟᱵᱮᱛᱷ ᱛᱷᱤᱵᱮᱞ''' ({{lang-fr|Élisabeth Thible}}; ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱑᱗᱖᱕ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱜᱟᱱ) ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱳᱯᱮᱨᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name="Britannica">{{cite web |title=Élisabeth Thible |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Elisabeth-Thible |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=2024-05-22}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱭ ᱵᱮᱞᱩᱱ (un-tethered hot air balloon) ᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="NASA">{{cite web |title=Women in Ballooning |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=https://www.nasa.gov/history/women-in-ballooning/ |publisher=NASA |access-date=2024-05-22}}</ref> == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣ == ᱔ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱑᱗᱘᱔ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ, ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱤᱭᱳᱱ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="HistoryNet">{{cite web |title=First Woman to Fly |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=https://www.historynet.com/elisabeth-thible-first-woman-to-fly/ |website=HistoryNet |access-date=2024-05-22}}</ref> ᱛᱷᱤᱵᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱥᱴᱚᱨ ᱯᱷᱞᱩᱨᱮᱱᱴ (M. Fleurant) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱮ "ᱞᱟ ᱜᱩᱥᱛᱟᱵᱽ" (La Gustave) ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱞᱩᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱩᱲᱩᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name="Gillispie">{{cite book |last=Gillispie |first=Charles Coulston |title=The Montgolfier Brothers and the Invention of Aviation |url=https://archive.org/details/montgolfierbroth0000gill |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1983 |isbn=978-0691083216}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱞᱩᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱣᱤᱰᱮᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱜᱩᱥᱛᱟᱵᱽ ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ (King Gustav III) ᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱚᱸᱰᱮᱭ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="NASA" /> == ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱵᱽᱨᱚᱬ == ᱛᱷᱤᱵᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱮᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱱᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟ (Minerva) ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱳᱯᱮᱨᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name="HistoryNet" /> ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱑,᱕᱐᱐ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱔,᱙᱐᱐ ᱯᱷᱩᱴ) ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱔᱕ ᱢᱤᱱᱤᱴ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Gillispie" /> ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱮᱡ ᱵᱮᱞᱩᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱤᱠᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ ᱡᱩᱞ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱷᱤᱵᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ ᱤᱬᱤᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="NASA" /> ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱤᱭᱳᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱔ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱟᱬᱜᱚ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Britannica" /> ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱜᱩᱥᱛᱟᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱷᱤᱵᱮᱞ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱥ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="HistoryNet" /> == ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ == ᱮᱞᱤᱡᱟᱵᱮᱛᱷ ᱛᱷᱤᱵᱮᱞ ᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Gillispie" /> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱤᱭᱳᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱳᱯᱮᱨᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name="Britannica" /> ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱮᱡ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱩᱫᱽᱜᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="NASA" /> ᱩᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱡᱮ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱷᱤᱵᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱮᱲᱮ ᱜᱮᱭ ᱥᱟᱹᱵᱤᱛ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="HistoryNet" /> == ᱜᱩᱨ == ᱛᱷᱤᱵᱮᱞ ᱛᱤᱥ ᱮ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Gillispie" /> ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱭᱟᱨᱳᱱᱟᱴᱤᱠᱥ (Aeronautics) ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱭᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱚᱞ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name="NASA" /> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == [https://www.google.com/search?q=https://www.fai.org/news/first-woman-fly ᱮᱞᱤᱡᱟᱵᱮᱛᱷ ᱛᱷᱤᱵᱮᱞ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ FAI ᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ] [https://www.google.com/search?q=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-first-women-to-fly-180974347/ ᱥᱢᱤᱛᱷᱥᱳᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱜᱟᱡᱤᱱ: ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ] [[Category:᱑᱗᱖᱕ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ]] [[Category:ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱮᱭᱟᱨᱳᱱᱟᱴ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ]] [[Category:ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱱᱤᱡᱟᱢ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱯᱷᱳᱠᱞᱳᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱖]] nlcorcna6ajztffytx4ogri39k9odge 0 34914 196572 188404 2026-08-12T18:34:46Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196572 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = ᱨᱮᱢᱚᱸᱰ ᱰᱮ ᱞᱟᱨᱳᱥ (Raymonde de Laroche) | image = Raymonde de Laroche.jpg | caption = ᱨᱮᱢᱚᱸᱰ ᱰᱮ ᱞᱟᱨᱳᱥ, ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱞᱟᱭᱥᱮᱱᱥ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱯᱟᱭᱞᱚᱴ ᱾ | birth_name = ᱮᱞᱤᱥ ᱞᱮᱭᱚᱱ ᱰᱮᱨᱳᱪ | birth_date = ᱒᱒ ᱚᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱑᱘᱘᱒ | birth_place = ᱯᱮᱨᱤᱥ, ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥ | death_date = ᱑᱘ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱑᱙᱑᱙ (ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱓᱖) | death_place = ᱞᱮ ᱠᱨᱳᱴᱚᱭ, ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥ | death_cause = ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱷᱟᱥᱟᱣ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱛᱮ | occupation = ᱯᱟᱭᱞᱚᱴ, ᱮᱠᱴᱨᱮᱥ | known_for = ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱞᱟᱭᱥᱮᱱᱥ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱯᱟᱭᱞᱚᱴ }} '''ᱨᱮᱢᱚᱸᱰ ᱰᱮ ᱞᱟᱨᱳᱥ''' ({{lang-fr|Raymonde de Laroche}}; ᱒᱒ ᱚᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱑᱘᱘᱒ – ᱑᱘ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱑᱙᱑᱙) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ ᱯᱟᱭᱞᱚᱴ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱭᱥᱮᱱᱥ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name="Britannica">{{cite web |title=Raymonde de Laroche |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Raymonde-de-Laroche |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=2024-05-22}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱘ ᱢᱟર્ચ ᱑᱙᱑᱐ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱮᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱮᱭᱟᱨᱳᱱᱟᱴᱤᱠ ᱤᱱᱴᱚᱨᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ (FAI) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱭᱞᱚᱴ ᱞᱟᱭᱥᱮᱱᱥ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="FAI">{{cite web |title=Raymonde de Laroche |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=https://www.fai.org/athlete/raymonde-de-laroche |publisher=Fédération Aéronautique Internationale |access-date=2024-05-22}}</ref> == ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ == ᱨᱮᱢᱚᱸᱰ ᱰᱮ ᱞᱟᱨᱳᱥ ᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ '''ᱮᱞᱤᱥ ᱞᱮᱭᱚᱱ ᱰᱮᱨᱳᱪ''' ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮᱨᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱞᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name="Lebow">{{cite book |last=Lebow |first=Eileen |title=Before Amelia: Women Pilots in the Early Days of Aviation |url=https://archive.org/details/beforeameliawome0000lebo |publisher=Potomac Books |year=2002 |isbn=978-1574884821}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱠᱴᱨᱮᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ "ᱵᱮᱨᱚᱱᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱢᱚᱸᱰ ᱰᱮ ᱞᱟᱨᱳᱥ" ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name="Smithsonian">{{cite web |title=The First Licensed Female Pilot |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/air-space-magazine/raymonde-de-laroche-180954342/ |publisher=Smithsonian Magazine |access-date=2024-05-22}}</ref> == ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ == ᱑᱙᱐᱘ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱭᱞᱵᱚᱨ ᱨᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱟᱜ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Lebow" /> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱪᱟᱨᱞᱥ ᱵᱷᱳᱭᱥᱤᱱ (Charles Voisin) ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="HistoryNet">{{cite web |title=Raymonde de Laroche: The First Woman to Fly |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=https://www.historynet.com/raymonde-de-laroche-first-woman-fly/ |website=HistoryNet |access-date=2024-05-22}}</ref> ᱒᱒ ᱚᱠᱴᱳᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱐᱙ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱮ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="FAI" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱞᱳᱱᱥ (Chalons) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱮᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Smithsonian" /> == ᱯᱟᱭᱞᱚᱴ ᱞᱟᱭᱥᱮᱱᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱠᱚᱨᱰ == ᱘ ᱢᱟર્ચ ᱑᱙᱑᱐ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ, ᱮᱭᱟᱨᱳ-ᱠᱞᱚᱵᱽ ᱰᱮ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥ (Aéro-Club de France) ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱭᱥᱮᱱᱥ ᱮᱢᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱭᱥᱮᱱᱥ ᱱᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱓᱖ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Britannica" /> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱑᱓ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ "ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱱᱟ ᱠᱟᱯ" (Femina Cup) ᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱔ ᱴᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name="HistoryNet" /> ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱨᱟᱭᱵᱷᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ ᱥᱮᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Lebow" /> ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ (altitude) ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ (distance) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱠᱚᱨᱰ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="FAI" /> ᱡᱩᱱ ᱑᱙᱑᱙ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱔,᱘᱐᱐ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱑᱕,᱗᱐᱐ ᱯᱷᱩᱴ) ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱠᱚᱨᱰ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Smithsonian" /> == ᱜᱩᱨ == ᱑᱘ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱑᱙᱑᱙ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱢᱚᱸᱰ ᱰᱮ ᱞᱟᱨᱳᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱮ ᱠᱨᱳᱴᱳᱭ (Le Crotoy) ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱮᱥᱴ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Britannica" /> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱳ-ᱯᱟᱭᱞᱚᱴ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱮᱡ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱥᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name="HistoryNet" /> ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱓᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Lebow" /> == ᱢᱟᱹᱱ == ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱮ ᱵᱳᱨᱜᱮᱴ (Le Bourget) ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="FAI" /> ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ "ᱣᱤᱢᱮᱱ ᱳᱯᱷ ᱮᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱣᱤᱠ" (Women of Aviation Worldwide Week) ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱭᱥᱮᱱᱥ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱢᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ (᱘ ᱢᱟર્ચ) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Smithsonian" /> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == [https://www.google.com/search?q=https://www.fai.org/news/raymonde-de-laroche-world%25E2%2580%2599s-first-licensed-female-pilot FAI ᱣᱮᱵᱽᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱢᱚᱸᱰ ᱰᱮ ᱞᱟᱨᱳᱥ ᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ] [https://www.earlyaviators.com/elaroche.htm Early Aviators - ᱨᱮᱢᱚᱸᱰ ᱰᱮ ᱞᱟᱨᱳᱥ] [[Category:᱑᱘᱘᱒ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ]] [[Category:᱑᱙᱑᱙ ᱜᱩᱨ]] [[Category:ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ ᱯᱟᱭᱞᱚᱴ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱭᱞᱚᱴ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱱᱤᱡᱟᱢ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱯᱷᱳᱠᱞᱳᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱖]] k2yndpskyb92hz7rgc76vaoa7pfnrlj 0 34915 196573 188405 2026-08-12T18:35:41Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196573 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = ᱞᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱽᱞᱮᱱᱰ (Lilian Bland) | image = Lilian Bland.jpg | caption = ᱞᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱽᱞᱮᱱᱰ, ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ 'ᱢᱮᱭᱯᱷᱞᱟᱣᱟᱨ' ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱾ | birth_name = ᱞᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱢᱤᱞᱤ ᱵᱽᱞᱮᱱᱰ | birth_date = ᱓ ᱚᱠᱴᱳᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱘᱗᱘ | birth_place = ᱢᱮᱭᱰᱥᱴᱳᱱ, ᱠᱮᱱᱴ, ᱤᱝᱞᱮᱱᱰ | death_date = ᱑᱑ ᱢᱮ ᱑᱙᱗᱑ (ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱙᱒) | death_place = ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱣᱟᱞ, ᱤᱝᱞᱮᱱᱰ | occupation = ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱯᱷᱚᱴᱚᱜᱨᱟᱯᱷᱟᱨ, ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱤᱡ, ᱯᱟᱭᱞᱚᱴ | known_for = ᱟᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ }} '''ᱞᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱽᱞᱮᱱᱰ''' ({{lang-en|Lilian Bland}}; ᱓ ᱚᱠᱴᱳᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱘᱗᱘ – ᱑᱑ ᱢᱮ ᱑᱙᱗᱑) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Oxford">{{cite web |title=Bland, Lilian Emily |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-101031 |website=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |access-date=2024-05-22}}</ref> ᱑᱙᱑᱐-᱑᱑ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱟᱨᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱰᱤᱡᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟᱭ, ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="BBC">{{cite web |title=Lilian Bland: The first woman to build and fly an aeroplane |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-11116202 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=2024-05-22}}</ref> == ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ == ᱞᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱽᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱱᱴ, ᱤᱝᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱢᱯᱷᱨᱤ ᱵᱽᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱢᱤᱞᱤ ᱪᱟᱨᱞᱳᱴ ᱵᱽᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Heritage">{{cite web |title=Lilian Bland (1878-1971) |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=http://www.hidden-heritage.org.uk/lilian-bland/ |website=Hidden Heritage |access-date=2024-05-22}}</ref> ᱑᱙᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱚᱴᱚᱜᱨᱟᱯᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ, ᱥᱮᱱᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱴᱚᱨ ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱞᱜᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Lebow">{{cite book |last=Lebow |first=Eileen |title=Before Amelia: Women Pilots in the Early Days of Aviation |url=https://archive.org/details/beforeameliawome0000lebo |publisher=Potomac Books |year=2002 |isbn=978-1574884821}}</ref> == ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ == ᱑᱙᱐᱙ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱩᱭᱤ ᱵᱞᱮᱨᱤᱭᱳ (Louis Blériot) ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱪᱮᱱᱮᱞ ᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱞᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="BBC" /> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱟᱨᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱱᱴᱨᱤᱢ (Antrim) ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱭᱯᱞᱮᱱ (biplane) ᱜᱞᱟᱭᱰᱟᱨ ᱰᱤᱡᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ '''ᱢᱮᱭᱯᱷᱞᱟᱣᱟᱨ''' (Mayfly) ᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Heritage" /> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱯᱨᱩᱥ (spruce), ᱵᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱱᱵᱟᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱧᱡᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐ ᱦᱚᱨᱥᱯᱟᱣᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱤᱧᱡᱤᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱪᱮᱥᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱚᱰᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Oxford" /> ᱞᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ, ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱟ, ᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ 'ᱢᱮᱭᱯᱷᱞᱟᱣᱟᱨ' (Mayfly) ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱟ, ᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ 'ᱢᱮᱭ-ᱵᱤ-ᱯᱷᱞᱟᱭ' (May-be-fly) ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Lebow" /> == ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣ == ᱑᱙᱑᱐ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱰᱟᱞᱥᱴᱟᱣᱩᱱ (Randalstown) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱳᱨᱰ ᱚᱱᱤᱞ ᱟᱜ ᱮᱥᱴᱮᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱮ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="BBC" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱐ ᱯᱷᱩᱴ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱟᱨᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Smithsonian">{{cite web |title=Lilian Bland: The First Woman to Build and Fly Her Own Plane |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/lilian-bland-first-woman-build-and-fly-her-own-plane-180963162/ |publisher=Smithsonian Magazine |access-date=2024-05-22}}</ref> == ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ == ᱩᱱᱤ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱪᱤᱱᱛᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱚᱴᱚᱨ ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ ᱟᱭ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="Oxford" /> ᱑᱙᱑᱑ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ, ᱞᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱡᱤᱱ ᱪᱟᱨᱞᱥ ᱞᱚᱯᱷᱴᱟᱥ ᱵᱽᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name="Heritage" /> ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱢ ᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱓᱕ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱝᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱣᱟᱞ (Cornwall) ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name="BBC" /> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱑ ᱢᱮ ᱑᱙᱗᱑ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱙᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name="Oxford" /> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == [https://www.google.com/search?q=https://www.lilianbland.org.uk/ ᱞᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱽᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱣᱮᱵᱽᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ] [https://www.google.com/search?q=https://www.earlyaviators.com/ebland.htm Early Aviators - ᱞᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱽᱞᱮᱱᱰ] [[Category:᱑᱘᱗᱘ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ]] [[Category:᱑᱙᱗᱑ ᱜᱩᱨ]] [[Category:ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱭᱞᱚᱴ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱭᱞᱚᱴ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱱᱤᱡᱟᱢ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱯᱷᱳᱠᱞᱳᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱖]] ruwzci1qdxyrhnv0ge4ro2zm825ovsg 0 34927 196533 188482 2026-08-12T17:59:07Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196533 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox food | name = ᱣᱟᱠᱤ (Waakye) | image = Waakye in broad leaf.JPG | caption = ᱣᱟᱠᱤ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ | alternate_name = ᱣᱟᱠᱤ | country = [[ᱜᱷᱟᱱᱟ]] (Ghana) | region = ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ | type = ᱫᱟᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲᱮᱫ | main_ingredient = [[ᱫᱟᱠᱟ]], [[ᱦᱚᱲᱮᱫ]], ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ (Sorghum leaves) | variations = ᱥᱤᱛᱳ (Shito), ᱣᱮᱞᱮ (Wele), ᱜᱟᱨᱤ (Gari) }} '''ᱣᱟᱠᱤ''' ({{lang-en|Waakye}}) ᱫᱚ ᱜᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="WaakyeIntro">{{cite web |title=Waakye: Ghana's beloved breakfast |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20211116-waakye-ghanas-beloved-breakfast |website=BBC Travel |access-date=2024-05-22}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲᱮᱫ (beans) ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱭᱮ ᱱᱟᱠᱷᱟ (Northern Ghana) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="WaakyeOrigins">{{cite book |last=Adjonyoh |first=Zoe |title=Zoe's Ghana Kitchen |url=https://archive.org/details/zoesghanakitchen0000adjo |publisher=Mitchell Beazley |year=2017}}</ref> == ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ == ᱣᱟᱠᱤ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲᱮᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲᱟ (Sorghum) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱫᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱷᱟᱹ ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱭᱨᱤ (dark red/brown) ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="WaakyeCooking">{{cite web |title=How to make Waakye |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=https://DeepFriedRecipes.com/waakye-recipe/ |website=Deep Fried Recipes |access-date=2024-05-22}}</ref> ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱪᱚᱜ ᱜᱤᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ == ᱣᱟᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱥᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱹᱴᱱᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ:<ref name="WaakyeSides">{{cite news |last=Appiah |first=Cynthia |title=Street Food in Accra |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=https://www.graphic.com.gh/lifestyle/food/waakye-the-ghanaian-staple.html |newspaper=Daily Graphic |date=12 March 2020}}</ref> '''ᱥᱤᱛᱳ (Shito)''': ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪ ᱪᱟᱹᱴᱱᱤ ᱾ '''ᱴᱚᱢᱟᱴᱚ ᱥᱴᱩ (Tomato Stew)''': ᱴᱚᱢᱟᱴᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱮᱭᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱾ '''ᱜᱟᱨᱤ (Gari)''': ᱠᱟᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟ (Cassava) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱸᱰᱟᱹ ᱾ '''ᱛᱟᱞᱮ (Fried Plantain)''': ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱡᱤ ᱾ '''ᱣᱮᱞᱮ (Wele)''': ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱦᱟᱨᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱾<ref name="WaakyeHealth">{{cite journal |last=Osei-Tutul |first=A. |title=Nutritional value of Ghanaian Street Foods |journal=Journal of Ethnic Foods |volume=5 |year=2018}}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ == ᱜᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱣᱟᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱲᱟ ᱱᱟᱥᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧᱟ ᱾<ref name="WaakyeCulture">{{cite book |last=Osseo-Asare |first=Fran |title=Food Culture in Sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://archive.org/details/foodcultureinsub0000osse |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=2005}}</ref> ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ "ᱠᱟᱴᱮᱢᱯᱷᱮ" (Katemfe) ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱥᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="WaakyeIntro" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱹᱬ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ == ᱣᱟᱠᱤ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲᱮᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲᱟ (Sorghum) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱫᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱷᱟᱹ ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱭᱨᱤ (dark red/brown) ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="WaakyeCooking">{{cite web |title=How to make Waakye |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=https://DeepFriedRecipes.com/waakye-recipe/ |website=Deep Fried Recipes |access-date=2024-05-22}}</ref> ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱪᱚᱜ ᱜᱤᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ == ᱣᱟᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱥᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱹᱴᱱᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ:<ref name="WaakyeSides">{{cite news |last=Appiah |first=Cynthia |title=Street Food in Accra |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=https://www.graphic.com.gh/lifestyle/food/waakye-the-ghanaian-staple.html |newspaper=Daily Graphic |date=12 March 2020}}</ref> '''ᱥᱤᱛᱳ (Shito)''': ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪ ᱪᱟᱹᱴᱱᱤ ᱾ '''ᱴᱚᱢᱟᱴᱚ ᱥᱴᱩ (Tomato Stew)''': ᱴᱚᱢᱟᱴᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱮᱭᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱾ '''ᱜᱟᱨᱤ (Gari)''': ᱠᱟᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟ (Cassava) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱸᱰᱟᱹ ᱾ '''ᱛᱟᱞᱮ (Fried Plantain)''': ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱡᱤ ᱾ '''ᱣᱮᱞᱮ (Wele)''': ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱦᱟᱨᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱾<ref name="WaakyeHealth">{{cite journal |last=Osei-Tutul |first=A. |title=Nutritional value of Ghanaian Street Foods |journal=Journal of Ethnic Foods |volume=5 |year=2018}}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ == ᱜᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱣᱟᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱲᱟ ᱱᱟᱥᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧᱟ ᱾<ref name="WaakyeCulture">{{cite book |last=Osseo-Asare |first=Fran |title=Food Culture in Sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://archive.org/details/foodcultureinsub0000osse |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=2005}}</ref> ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ "ᱠᱟᱴᱮᱢᱯᱷᱮ" (Katemfe) ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱥᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="WaakyeIntro" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱹᱬ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == [https://www.google.com/search?q=https://www.ghanafoodnetwork.com/waakye ᱣᱟᱠᱤ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ] [[Category:ᱜᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱫᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱦᱚᱲᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱱᱤᱡᱟᱢ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱯᱷᱳᱠᱞᱳᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱖]] 7hbndota6mlqp6bf8flvvlntxship58 0 34943 196581 188485 2026-08-12T18:48:53Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196581 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dance | name = ᱡᱳᱣᱮᱭ (Zowey) | image = Zowey.jpg | caption = ᱫᱟᱜᱽᱵᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ | native_name = Zowey | type = ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ (Traditional) | origin = [[ᱜᱷᱟᱱᱟ]], ᱫᱟᱜᱽᱵᱳᱱ (Dagbon) | ethnicity = ᱫᱟᱜᱽᱵᱟᱢᱵᱟ (Dagbamba) }} '''ᱡᱳᱣᱮᱭ''' (Zowey) ᱫᱚ ᱜᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱭᱮ ᱱᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱜᱽᱵᱳᱱ (Dagbon) ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="DagbonMusic">{{cite book |last=Chernoff |first=John Miller |title=African Rhythm and African Sensibility |url=https://archive.org/details/africanrhythmsens00cher |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1979 |isbn=978-0226103457}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱜᱽᱵᱟᱢᱵᱟ (Dagbamba) ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ-ᱟ ᱾<ref name="Culture">{{cite web |title=Traditional Dances of Northern Ghana |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=https://www.ghanaweb.com/culture/dances |website=GhanaWeb |access-date=2024-05-22}}</ref> == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱢᱚᱱ == ᱡᱳᱣᱮᱭ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱜᱽᱵᱳᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱱᱴᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾<ref name="History1">{{cite journal |last=Oppong |first=Christine |title=Growing Up in Dagbon |journal=Ghana Publishing Corporation |year=1973}}</ref> ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱡᱮ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱸᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ "ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ" ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="WarriorDance">{{cite book |last=Locke |first=David |title=Drum Damba: Language, Culture, and Afro-Pop Rhythm |url=https://archive.org/details/drumdambatalking00lock |publisher=White Cliffs Media |year=1990}}</ref> == ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ == ᱡᱳᱣᱮᱭ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Technique">{{cite journal |last=Alhassan |first=Sulemana |title=The Artistic Expressions of Dagbon |journal=Northern Studies Review |year=2015}}</ref> ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱤᱸᱜᱩᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾<ref name="Gender">{{cite book |last=Kinney |first=Sylvia |title=Drummers in Dagbon |year=1970}}</ref> == ᱨᱩ-ᱚᱨᱚᱝ ᱥᱟᱯᱟᱵᱽ == ᱡᱳᱣᱮᱭ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱜᱽᱵᱳᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱩᱢᱫᱟᱜ-ᱴᱟᱢᱟᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ '''ᱞᱩᱱᱜᱟ (Lunga)''': ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ "ᱴᱚᱠᱤᱝ ᱰᱨᱟᱢ" (Talking Drum) ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱫᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱩᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="Lunga">{{cite web |title=The Talking Drums of Ghana |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=http://www.artistic-ghana.com/drums |website=Artistic Ghana |access-date=2024-05-22}}</ref> '''ᱜᱩᱱᱜᱳᱱ (Gungon)''': ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱩᱢᱫᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱥᱟᱰᱮ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾<ref name="Gungon">{{cite book |last=Aning |first=B.A. |title=Music of the Dagbamba |publisher=Ghana Universities Press |year=1977}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱩ-ᱚᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱤᱞᱟᱹᱣ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ-ᱟ ᱾ == ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ == ᱫᱟᱜᱽᱵᱳᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱳᱣᱮᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱫᱩ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱨᱚᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Significance">{{cite journal |last=Fuseini |first=Mahama |title=Identity and Performance in Dagbon |journal=African Arts |year=2018}}</ref> ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ, ᱵᱷᱟᱱᱰᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱟᱹᱵᱷᱤᱥᱮᱠ (Enstoolment) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱡᱳᱣᱮᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱚᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾<ref name="Social">{{cite book |last=Ladzekpo |first=C.K. |title=The Social Context of African Music |year=1995}}</ref> == ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ == ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱳᱣᱮᱭ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱚᱨᱚᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ-ᱟ ᱾<ref name="Modern">{{cite web |title=Ghana National Festival of Arts and Culture |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=https://www.visitghana.com/festivals |website=Visit Ghana |access-date=2024-05-22}}</ref> ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ-ᱟ ᱾ == ᱚᱢᱚᱱ (Origin) == ᱡᱳᱣᱮᱭ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱜᱽᱵᱳᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱱᱴᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾<ref name="History1">{{cite journal |last=Oppong |first=Christine |title=Growing Up in Dagbon |journal=Ghana Publishing Corporation |year=1973}}</ref> ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱭᱮ ᱱᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱜᱽᱵᱟᱢᱵᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱸᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ "ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ" ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱟᱹᱡᱷᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾<ref name="WarriorDance">{{cite book |last=Locke |first=David |title=Drum Damba: Language, Culture, and Afro-Pop Rhythm |url=https://archive.org/details/drumdambatalking00lock |publisher=White Cliffs Media |year=1990}}</ref> == ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ (Ingredients) == ᱡᱳᱣᱮᱭ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱺ '''ᱨᱩ-ᱚᱨᱚᱝ ᱥᱟᱯᱟᱵᱽ''': ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱩᱱᱜᱟ (Lunga) ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱱᱜᱳᱱ (Gungon) ᱛᱩᱢᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱲ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="Lunga">{{cite web |title=The Talking Drums of Ghana |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=http://www.artistic-ghana.com/drums |website=Artistic Ghana |access-date=2024-05-22}}</ref> '''ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ-ᱵᱟᱱᱫᱮ''': ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ 'ᱥᱢᱚᱠ' (Smock) ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱜᱽᱵᱟᱢᱵᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾<ref name="Dress">{{cite book |last=Cole |first=Herbert M. |title=The Arts of Ghana |publisher=University of California Press |year=1977}}</ref> '''ᱛᱟᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱦᱟ''': ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ "ᱢᱚᱥᱞᱟ" ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ (Preparation) == ᱡᱳᱣᱮᱭ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ-ᱟ ᱺ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == [https://www.google.com/search?q=https://www.dagbon.net ᱫᱟᱜᱽᱵᱳᱱ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱳᱭᱮᱵᱽᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ] [[Category:ᱜᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱫᱟᱜᱽᱵᱳᱱ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ]] [[Category:ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱱᱤᱡᱟᱢ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱯᱷᱳᱠᱞᱳᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱖]] l6czbqclt3h73937gbp2gknw22fiixy 0 34946 196523 196348 2026-08-12T17:50:35Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196523 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ᱟᱥᱟᱯᱷᱳ''' (Asafo) ᱫᱚ ᱜᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ (Akan) ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Datta1971">{{cite journal |last=Datta |first=Ansu K. |title=The Asafo System in Historical Perspective |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-african-history_1971_12_2/page/279 |journal=Journal of African History |volume=12 |issue=2 |year=1971 |pages=279–297}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ 'ᱚᱥᱟ' (sa - ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ) ᱟᱨ 'ᱯᱷᱳ' (fo - ᱦᱚᱲ) ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ "ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ" ᱾<ref name="Labi2002">{{cite journal |last=Labi |first=Kwame Amoah |title=Fante Asafo Flags of Ghana |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-arts_winter-2002_35_4/page/28 |journal=African Arts |volume=35 |issue=4 |year=2002 |pages=28–37}}</ref> == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == ᱟᱥᱟᱯᱷᱳ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name="DeGraft1932">{{cite book |last=De Graft Johnson |first=J.C. |title=The Fanti Asafo |year=1932 |publisher=Africa: Journal of the International African Institute}}</ref> ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱤᱭᱩᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱥᱟᱯᱷᱳ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Ross2007">{{cite book |last=Ross |first=Doran H. |title=Asafo!: African Flags of the Fante |year=2007 |publisher=Prestel |location=Munich}}</ref> == ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ (Organization) == ᱟᱥᱟᱯᱷᱳ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ 'ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱱᱤ' ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱟᱥᱟᱯᱷᱳ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱱᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾<ref name="Shumway2011">{{cite book |last=Shumway |first=Rebecca |title=The Fante and the Transatlantic Slave Trade |url=https://archive.org/details/fantetransatlant0000shum |year=2011 |publisher=University of Rochester Press}}</ref> ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱮᱞᱮᱞ, ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱝ (Colours) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ '''ᱛᱩᱯᱷᱩᱦᱮᱱ (Tufuhen):''' ᱱᱩᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱟᱯᱷᱳ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name="Labi2002"/> '''ᱥᱩᱯᱤ (Supi):''' ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ == ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ (Art and Symbolism) == ᱟᱥᱟᱯᱷᱳ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ '''ᱪᱤᱨ''' (Flags), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ 'ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱝᱠᱟ' (Frankaa) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾<ref name="Ross2007"/> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱪᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱩᱫᱷᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Datta1971"/> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ 'ᱟᱥᱟᱯᱷᱳ ᱯᱳᱥᱴ' (Asafo posts) ᱵᱟᱝᱢᱟ ᱢᱩᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Shumway2011"/> == ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ == ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱟᱯᱷᱳ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾<ref name="DeGraft1932"/> ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱨ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name="Labi2002"/> == ᱜᱳᱞᱰ ᱠᱳᱥᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱥᱟᱯᱷᱳ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ == ᱜᱳᱞᱰ ᱠᱳᱥᱴ (Gold Coast) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱥᱟᱯᱷᱳ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱫᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ, ᱵᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name="DeGraft1932">{{cite book |last=De Graft Johnson |first=J.C. |title=The Fanti Asafo |year=1932 |publisher=Africa: Journal of the International African Institute}}</ref> ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱤᱭᱩᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱩᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱥᱟᱯᱷᱳ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="Shumway2011">{{cite book |last=Shumway |first=Rebecca |title=The Fante and the Transatlantic Slave Trade |url=https://archive.org/details/fantetransatlant0000shum |year=2011 |publisher=University of Rochester Press}}</ref> ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱠᱚ (Chiefs) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱟᱥᱟᱯᱷᱳ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱜᱳᱞᱰ ᱠᱳᱥᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱞᱚ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name="Ross2007">{{cite book |last=Ross |first=Doran H. |title=Asafo!: African Flags of the Fante |year=2007 |publisher=Prestel |location=Munich}}</ref> == ᱠᱮᱯ ᱠᱳᱥᱴ (Cape Coast) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ == ᱠᱮᱯ ᱠᱳᱥᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱟᱯᱷᱳ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱗ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱟᱥᱟᱯᱷᱳ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱱᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱜᱩᱭᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="Labi2002"/> ᱠᱮᱯ ᱠᱳᱥᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ 'ᱳᱜᱩᱣᱟ ᱯᱷᱮᱴᱩ ᱟᱯᱷᱟᱦᱤᱭᱮ' (Oguaa Fetu Afahye) ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱥᱟᱯᱷᱳ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱧ ᱛᱟᱲᱟᱢ (Procession) ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ-ᱟ ᱾<ref name="Datta1971"/> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱱᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱲ (Shrines) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ 'ᱯᱳᱥᱩᱵᱟᱱ' (Posuban) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ == ᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ (Colours and Symbolism) == ᱟᱥᱟᱯᱷᱳ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱝ (Colours) ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱩᱨᱩᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱟᱨᱟᱜ, ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ, ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱵᱟᱝᱢᱟ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱾<ref name="Ross2007"/> '''ᱟᱨᱟᱜ (Red):''' ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ, ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ '''ᱯᱩᱸᱰ (White):''' ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ '''ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ (Yellow/Gold):''' ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱹᱬ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱨ (Flags) ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱨᱳᱜ-ᱵᱟᱱᱫᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾<ref name="Labi2002"/> ᱪᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱟ ᱾<ref name="Shumway2011"/> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == [https://www.google.com/search?q=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/E_Af1993-02-156 Asafo Flags at British Museum] [https://www.google.com/search?q=https://africa.si.edu/exhibits/asafo/ Asafo: African Flags of the Fante] [[Category:ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ]] [[Category:ᱜᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ]] [[Category:ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱱᱤᱡᱟᱢ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱯᱷᱳᱠᱞᱳᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱖]] hpmkpbs1l06fa9pis624z38hpduyuqe 0 34979 196631 188875 2026-08-12T19:45:49Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196631 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱜᱩᱴ}} {{Infobox ethnic group | group = '''ᱵᱷᱩᱱᱡᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱷᱩᱧᱡᱤᱭᱟ''' (Bhunjia) | image = Women from Chukutia Bhunjia tribe.jpg | total = ᱒᱒,᱙᱕᱓ (᱒᱐᱑᱑) | total_ref = <ref name="census 2011">{{cite web|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/ST.html|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|publisher=Government of India|access-date=23 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907212310/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/ST.html|archive-date=7 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> | region1 = ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ | pop1 = ᱑᱒,᱓᱕᱐ | ref1 = <ref name="census 2011" /> | region2 = ᱪᱷᱚᱛᱤᱥᱜᱚᱲ | pop2 = ᱑᱐,᱖᱐᱓ | ref2 = <ref name="census 2011" /> | languages = [[Bhunjia language|ᱵᱷᱩᱧᱡᱤᱭᱟ]], [[Chhattisgarhi language|ᱪᱷᱚᱛᱤᱥᱜᱚᱲᱤ]], [[Odia language|ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]] | religions = ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ | related = }} ᱵᱷᱩᱱᱡᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱷᱩᱧᱡᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ [[ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱪᱷᱚᱛᱤᱥᱜᱚᱲ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Sunabeda|ᱥᱩᱱᱟᱵᱮᱰᱟ]] ᱯᱞᱮᱴᱳ (plateau) ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ [[Nuapada|ᱱᱩᱣᱟᱯᱚᱰᱟ]] ᱡᱤᱞᱞᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱒° ᱕᱕′ N ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱑° ᱓᱐′ N ᱚᱠᱷᱟᱝᱥᱚ (latitude) ᱟᱨ ᱘᱒° ᱓᱕′ E ᱫᱨᱟᱜᱷᱤᱢᱟ (longitude) ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱲᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱡᱟᱹᱢᱤᱱᱫᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱑ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱑᱙᱓᱖ ᱨᱮ ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱩᱣᱟᱯᱚᱰᱟ ᱡᱤᱞᱞᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱳᱢᱱᱟ ᱵᱞᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Mohanty 2004 p. 104">{{cite book | last=Mohanty | first=P.K. | title=Encyclopaedia of Primitive Tribes in India | publisher=Kalpaz Publications | year=2004 | isbn=978-81-7835-278-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HUmiCGKsAWIC&pg=PA104 | access-date=2020-11-03 | page=104}}</ref> ᱪᱷᱚᱛᱤᱥᱜᱚᱲ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱨᱟᱭᱯᱩᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱞᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Singh Anthropological Survey of India 1992 p.377 ">{{cite book | last=Singh | first=K.S. | title=People of India: Odisha (2 pts.) | publisher=Anthropological Survey of India | year=1992 | isbn=978-81-7046-293-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LP_XIoebIE8C | access-date=2020-11-07 | page=377}}</ref> == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ == == ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ == ᱵᱷᱩᱧᱡᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ: ᱪᱤᱱᱫᱟ ᱵᱷᱩᱧᱡᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱚᱣᱠᱷᱩᱴᱤᱭᱟ ᱵᱷᱩᱧᱡᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱚᱣᱠᱷᱩᱴᱤᱭᱟ ᱵᱷᱩᱧᱡᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱱᱟᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱱᱫᱟ ᱵᱷᱩᱧᱡᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱴᱟᱹᱱᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱭᱦᱟᱹᱲ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱩᱧᱡᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱭ (Dussehra), ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱫᱷᱳᱱᱟ (Chaval Dhona), ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱱᱟ (Naya Khana) ᱾<ref name="scstrti-Bhunjia ">{{cite web | title=Bhunjia | website=Home | url=http://www.scstrti.in/index.php/communities/tribes/91-tribes/154-bhunjia | access-date=2020-11-10}}</ref> ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱹᱦᱩ ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱨᱤ (monogamous) ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱤᱛᱩᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱧᱤᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱪᱷᱤᱛ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ (bride price) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="scstrti-Bhunjia "/> == ᱵᱷᱩᱧᱡᱤᱭᱟ ᱢᱚᱪᱟ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ == ᱵᱷᱩᱧᱡᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱹᱬ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱨ. ᱢᱚᱦᱮᱱᱫᱨᱚ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱥᱨᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ''Oral Epics of Kalahandi'' (᱒᱐᱐᱗) ᱨᱮᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱩᱱᱟᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ (paddy) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱱᱟᱫᱤ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱱᱟᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱩᱨᱮᱱᱫᱨᱚ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱥᱨᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱷᱩᱧᱡᱤᱭᱟ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱞᱞᱟ ᱩᱫᱟᱹᱞ (Allah Udal), ᱛᱩᱞᱥᱤ ᱵᱤᱨ (Tulsi beer) ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱱᱫᱷᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱹᱡᱷᱤ (Mandhar Majhi) ᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧᱟ ᱾<ref name="Mishra National Folklore Support Centre (India) 2007 p. ">{{cite book | last=Mishra | first=M.K. | title=Oral Epics of Kalahandi | publisher=National Folklore Support Centre | year=2007 | isbn=978-81-901481-9-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ahnaAAAAMAAJ | access-date=2020-11-07 }}</ref><ref name="Misra 2002 p. ">{{cite book | last=Misra | first=Surendra Kumara | title=Cuktia Bhuñjia samskrti o loka sahitya | publisher=Adibasi Bhasha o Samskrti Ekademi | year=2002 | isbn=81-88010-08-1 | oclc=57069331 | language=or}}</ref> <ref></ref> == ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ == ᱵᱷᱩᱧᱡᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ [[Indo-Aryan language family|ᱤᱱᱰᱳ-ᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ]] ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱞᱵᱤᱠ (Halbic) ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[Odia language|ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]], [[Marathi language|ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ]] ᱟᱨ [[Chhattisgarhi language|ᱪᱷᱚᱛᱤᱥᱜᱚᱲᱤ]] ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱥ. ᱥᱤ. ᱫᱩᱵᱮ (S.C. Dubey) ᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱩᱧᱡᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱥᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱟᱞᱵᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ <ref></ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} ;ᱵᱤᱵᱽᱞᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤ: * {{cite book |title=Oral Epics of Kalahandi |url=https://archive.org/details/oralepicsofkalah0000mish |first=Mahendra Kumar |last=Mishra |location=Chennai |publisher=National Folklore Support Centre |date=2007 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/oralepicsofkalah0000mish/page/140 140]-163 |isbn=978-81-901481-9-1 |chapter=Bhunjia Oral Epics}} {{Scheduled tribes in Orissa}} {{Western Orissa}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Culture of Odisha]] [[Category:Social groups of Odisha]] i4cugqc4cu8594qb1ykwrujgnbqwi54 0 35041 196601 188809 2026-08-12T19:06:28Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196601 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱱᱤᱭᱩ ᱭᱚᱨᱠ ᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱨᱳ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱭᱩ ᱭᱚᱨᱠ ᱥᱴᱮᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱭᱩᱱᱴᱤ}} {{Infobox settlement | name = ᱢᱮᱱᱦᱟᱴᱮᱱ | official_name = ᱵᱟᱨᱳ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱢᱮᱱᱦᱟᱴᱮᱱ | nickname = ᱫᱟ ᱥᱤᱴᱤ (The City) <ref name=ManhattanNicknameTheCity>{{cite web|url=https://gothamist.com/arts-entertainment/do-you-refer-to-manhattan-as-the-city|title=Do You Refer To Manhattan As "The City"?|author=Jen Carlson|publisher=[[Gothamist]]|date=May 21, 2012|access-date=December 21, 2025|archive-date=April 12, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412131648/https://gothamist.com/arts-entertainment/do-you-refer-to-manhattan-as-the-city|url-status=live}}</ref> | etymology = ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱯᱮ: ''Manaháhtaan'' ("ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱵᱚ ᱟᱸᱜ ᱵᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢᱟ") | settlement_type = ᱵᱟᱨᱳ, ᱠᱟᱭᱩᱱᱴᱤ | image_skyline = Above Gotham.jpg | imagesize = 300 | image_caption = ᱢᱤᱰᱴᱟᱣᱩᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱦᱟᱴᱚᱱ, ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 9 | mapframe-wikidata = yes | map_caption = ᱢᱮᱱᱦᱟᱴᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱯ | image_map1 = Map of New York highlighting New York County.svg | map_caption1 = ᱱᱤᱭᱩ ᱭᱚᱨᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱦᱟᱴᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ | image_flag = Flag_of_the_Borough_of_Manhattan.svg | flag_size = 115 | image_seal = Seal_of_Borough_of_Manhattan.svg | seal_size = 85px | pushpin_map = New York City#New York#USA#Earth | pushpin_label_position = left | pushpin_map_caption = ᱱᱤᱭᱩ ᱭᱚᱨᱠ ᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ##ᱱᱤᱭᱩ ᱭᱚᱨᱠ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ##ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ##ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ | subdivision_type = ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ | subdivision_name = {{Flag|United States}} | subdivision_type1 = [[ᱥᱮᱢᱯᱮᱫ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | subdivision_name1 = {{Flag|New York}} | subdivision_type2 = ᱠᱟᱭᱩᱱᱴᱤ | subdivision_name2 = ᱱᱤᱭᱩ ᱭᱚᱨᱠ ᱠᱟᱭᱩᱱᱴᱤ | subdivision_type3 = ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ | subdivision_name3 = ᱱᱤᱭᱩ ᱭᱚᱨᱠ ᱥᱤᱴᱤ | government_type = [[ᱵᱟᱨᱳ]] | leader_title = [[ᱵᱟᱨᱳ ᱯᱨᱮᱥᱤᱰᱮᱱᱴ]] | leader_name = Brad Hoylman-Sigal ([[ᱢᱮᱱᱦᱟᱴᱮᱱ ᱰᱮᱢᱚᱠᱨᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱴᱤ|D]]) | leader_title1 = [[ᱰᱤᱥᱴᱨᱤᱠᱴ ᱮᱴᱚᱨᱱᱤ]] | leader_name1 = Alvin Bragg (D) | established_title = ᱵᱚᱥᱠᱚᱫ | established_date = {{Start date and age|1624}} | unit_pref = US | area_total_sq_mi = 33.59 | area_land_sq_mi = 22.83 | area_water_sq_mi = 10.76 | area_water_percent = 32 | elevation_max_ft = 265.05 | length_mi = 13 | width_mi = 2.3 | population_as_of = 2020 United States census | population_total = 1694251 | population_density_sq_mi = 74781.6 | population_demonyms = Manhattanite (ᱢᱮᱱᱦᱟᱴᱚᱱᱟᱭᱤᱴ) | demographics_type2 = GDP | demographics2_title1 = ᱜᱩᱴ | demographics2_info1 = $᱑.᱐᱐᱗ ᱴᱨᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ (᱒᱐᱒᱔) | timezone = [[Eastern Time Zone|EST]] | utc_offset = −05:00 | timezone_DST = EDT | utc_offset_DST = −04:00 | coordinates = {{coord|40.7127|N|74.0059|W|region:US-NY|display=inline,title}} | postal_code_type = [[ZIP Code]] ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢᱟᱴ | postal_code = 100xx, 101xx, 102xx | area_code_type = [[en:North American Numbering Plan|ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱳᱰ]] | area_code = [[Area codes 212, 646, and 332|᱒᱑᱒/᱖᱔᱖/᱓᱓᱒]], [[Area code 917|᱙᱑᱗]] | website = {{URL|https://www.manhattanbp.nyc.gov/|manhattanbp.nyc.gov}} }} ᱢᱮᱱᱦᱟᱴᱮᱱ (Manhattan) ᱫᱚ [[New York City|ᱱᱤᱭᱩ ᱭᱚᱨᱠ ᱥᱤᱴᱤ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ [[Boroughs of New York City|ᱵᱟᱨᱳ]] ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ '''ᱱᱤᱭᱩ ᱭᱚᱨᱠ ᱠᱟᱭᱩᱱᱴᱤ''' ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱦᱟᱴᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ [[New York (state)|ᱱᱤᱭᱩ ᱭᱚᱨᱠ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱭᱩᱱᱴᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱦᱟᱴᱮᱱ ᱫᱤᱯ (Manhattan Island) ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱭᱩ ᱭᱚᱨᱠ ᱢᱮᱴᱨᱳᱯᱳᱞᱤᱴᱚᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2018 |title=World Urban Areas |url=http://demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf |publisher=[[Demographia]]}}</ref> ᱢᱮᱱᱦᱟᱴᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱭᱩ ᱭᱚᱨᱠ ᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ, ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ, [[Media in New York City|ᱢᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[show business|ᱢᱚᱱᱚᱨᱚᱸᱡᱚᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/11/nyregion/nation-challenged-new-york-new-york-carries-but-test-its-grit-has-just-begun.html|title=A Nation challenged: in New York|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=October 11, 2001}}</ref> ᱮᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱢᱟᱬᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱦᱟᱴᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ [[Lenape|ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱯᱮ]] ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last1=Burrows |first1=Edwin G. |last2=Wallace |first2=Mike |title=Gotham : a history of New York City to 1898 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195140491 |date=1998}}</ref> ᱑native ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱪ (Dutch) ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱖᱒᱖ ᱨᱮ [[New Amsterdam|ᱱᱤᱭᱩ ᱮᱢᱥᱴᱟᱨᱰᱟᱢ]] ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱖᱖᱔ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱝᱨᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱤᱝ ᱪᱟᱨᱞᱥ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟ ᱰᱤᱣᱩᱠ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱱᱤᱭᱩ ᱭᱚᱨᱠ (Duke of York) ᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ 'ᱱᱤᱭᱩ ᱭᱚᱨᱠ' ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/kingston/colonization.htm |title=KINGSTON Discover 300 Years of New York History DUTCH COLONIES |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱭᱩ ᱭᱚᱨᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱗᱘᱕ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱗᱙᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ [[List of capitals in the United States#Capitals of the US|ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=senate>{{cite web |url=https://www.senate.gov/reference/reference_item/Nine_Capitals_of_the_United_States.htm |title=The Nine Capitals of the United States |publisher=[[United States Senate]]}}</ref> ᱑᱙ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱛᱟᱵᱽᱫᱤ ᱨᱮ [[Statue of Liberty|ᱥᱴᱮᱪᱩ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱞᱤᱵᱚᱨᱴᱤ]] ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱘᱙᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱭᱩ ᱭᱚᱨᱠ ᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱦᱟᱴᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱨᱳ (borough) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱒᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ [[Harlem|ᱦᱟᱨᱞᱮᱢ]] ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱞ [[Harlem Renaissance|ᱦᱟᱨᱞᱮᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱮᱥᱟᱸ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱖᱙ ᱨᱮ [[Greenwich Village|ᱜᱨᱤᱱᱣᱤᱪ ᱵᱷᱤᱞᱮᱡᱽ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Stonewall Inn|ᱥᱴᱳᱱᱣᱟᱞ ᱤᱱ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱜᱮ (gay) ᱦᱚᱠ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱦᱩᱞ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱑᱑ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱦᱩᱞ ᱨᱮ [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|ᱣᱟᱞᱰ ᱴᱨᱮᱰ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱚᱨ]] ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱯᱨᱟᱠᱨᱤᱛᱤᱠ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚᱨ [[New York Harbor|ᱱᱤᱭᱩ ᱭᱚᱨᱠ ᱦᱟᱨᱵᱚᱨ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱨᱳ ᱫᱚ [[Hudson River|ᱦᱟᱰᱥᱚᱱ]], [[East River|ᱤᱥᱴ]], ᱟᱨ [[Harlem River|ᱦᱟᱨᱞᱮᱢ]] ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱥᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ: [[Roosevelt Island|ᱨᱩᱡᱽᱵᱷᱮᱞᱴ ᱫᱤᱯ]], [[U Thant Island|ᱭᱩ ᱛᱷᱟᱱᱴ ᱫᱤᱯ]], ᱟᱨ [[Randalls and Wards Islands|ᱨᱮᱱᱰᱟᱞᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱣᱟᱨᱰᱥ ᱫᱤᱯ]] ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ [[Marble Hill, Manhattan|ᱢᱟᱨᱵᱮᱞ ᱦᱤᱞ]] ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱲᱟ (neighborhood) ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ [[U.S. mainland|ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱚᱛ]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱦᱟᱴᱮᱱ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ: ᱞᱳᱣᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱦᱟᱴᱮᱱ (Lower Manhattan), [[Midtown Manhattan|ᱢᱤᱰᱴᱟᱣᱩᱱ]], ᱟᱨ ᱟᱯᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱦᱟᱴᱮᱱ (Upper Manhattan) ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱦᱟᱴᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱒᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱑᱖,᱙᱔,᱒᱕᱐ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱒.᱖᱖ ᱪᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱭᱤᱞ (᱕᱘.᱗ ᱪᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ) ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=QuickFacts/> ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ-ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="ManhattanPricePerSquareFoot" /> ᱢᱮᱱᱦᱟᱴᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱡᱤ.ᱰᱤ.ᱯᱤ (GDP) ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱭᱩᱱᱴᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱜᱮ [[Wall Street|ᱣᱟᱞ ᱥᱴᱨᱤᱴ]] ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱴᱚᱠ ᱮᱠᱥᱪᱮᱧᱡᱽ—[[New York Stock Exchange|ᱱᱤᱭᱩ ᱭᱚᱨᱠ ᱥᱴᱚᱠ ᱮᱠᱥᱪᱮᱧᱡᱽ]] ᱟᱨ [[Nasdaq|ᱱᱟᱥᱫᱟᱠ]] (Nasdaq) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="LargestExchanges">Neufeld, Dorothy. [https://www.visualcapitalist.com/largest-stock-exchanges-in-the-world/ "Mapped: The Largest Stock Exchanges in the World"]</ref> ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱮᱰᱠᱩᱣᱟᱴᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ [[Columbia University|ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱢᱵᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ]] ᱟᱨ [[New York University|ᱱᱤᱭᱩ ᱭᱚᱨᱠ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱠᱷᱱᱟᱹᱛ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[Turtle Bay, Manhattan|ᱴᱟᱨᱴᱮᱞ ᱵᱮ]] ᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱨᱮ [[headquarters of the United Nations|ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱟᱹᱯᱤᱥ]] ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱦᱟᱴᱮᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱧᱮᱞᱡᱚᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[Times Square|ᱴᱟᱭᱤᱢᱥ ᱥᱠᱩᱣᱟᱨ]], [[Central Park|ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱨᱟᱞ ᱯᱟᱨᱠ]], ᱟᱨ [[Grand Central Terminal|ᱜᱨᱟᱱᱰ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱨᱟᱞ ᱴᱟᱨᱢᱤᱱᱟᱞ]] ᱾<ref name="Ann Shields">{{cite web|title=The World's 50 Most Visited Tourist Attractions}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[New York Penn Station|ᱯᱮᱱ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ]] ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱤᱲ ᱴᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ [[Chinatown, Manhattan|ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟᱴᱟᱣᱩᱱ]] ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱪᱤᱱᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ [[Fifth Avenue|ᱯᱷᱤᱯᱛᱷ ᱮᱵᱷᱮᱱᱭᱩ]] ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱨᱳ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱵᱤᱞᱰᱤᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[Empire State Building|ᱮᱢᱯᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱥᱴᱮᱴ ᱵᱤᱞᱰᱤᱝ]], [[Chrysler Building|ᱠᱨᱟᱭᱥᱞᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱞᱰᱤᱝ]], ᱟᱨ [[One World Trade Center|ᱣᱟᱱ ᱣᱟᱞᱰ ᱴᱨᱮᱰ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱚᱨ]] ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://buildingdb.ctbuh.org/?do=city&city=NYC&country=US|title=Buildings in New York City|access-date=2026-03-16|archive-date=2011-07-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717061539/http://buildingdb.ctbuh.org/?do=city&city=NYC&country=US|url-status=dead}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱴᱤᱢ [[New York Knicks|ᱱᱤᱭᱩ ᱭᱚᱨᱠ ᱱᱤᱠᱥ]] ᱟᱨ [[New York Rangers|ᱱᱤᱭᱩ ᱭᱚᱨᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱡᱟᱨᱥ]] ᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == {{Main|History of Manhattan}} {{See also|History of New York City}} === ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱯᱮ ᱵᱚᱥᱠᱚᱫ === {{Main|Lenape settlements}} ᱢᱮᱱᱦᱟᱴᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[Lenapehoking|ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱯᱮᱦᱳᱠᱤᱝ]] ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ [[Munsee|ᱢᱩᱱᱥᱤ]], [[Lenape|ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱯᱮ]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Magazine |first=Smithsonian |title=The True Native New Yorkers Can Never Truly Reclaim Their Homeland |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/true-native-new-yorkers-can-never-truly-reclaim-their-homeland-180970472/}}</ref> ᱟᱨ [[Wappinger|ᱣᱟᱯᱤᱧᱡᱚᱨ]] [[Native Americans in the United States|ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ]] ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="nb">[[Nathaniel Benchley|Benchley, Nathaniel]]. [http://www.americanheritage.com/24-swindle "The $24 Swindle"] ''[[American Heritage (magazine)|American Heritage]]'', 1959.</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱯᱮ ᱵᱚᱥᱠᱚᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[Sapohanikan|ᱥᱟᱯᱳᱦᱟᱱᱤᱠᱟᱱ]], [[Nechtanc|ᱱᱮᱪᱴᱟᱱᱠ]], ᱟᱨ [[Konaande Kongh|ᱠᱳᱱᱟᱱᱰᱮ ᱠᱳᱝ]], ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ [[Broadway (Manhattan)|ᱵᱨᱳᱰᱣᱮ]] ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱠᱚᱭᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ [[Inwood, Manhattan|ᱤᱱᱣᱩᱰ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ [[Battery Park|ᱵᱮᱴᱮᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱨᱠ]] ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>[https://sah-archipedia.org/buildings/NY-01-061-9060 Broadway], [[Society of Architectural Historians]].</ref> ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱯᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱦᱟᱴᱮᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱥ-ᱵᱟᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name=":1" /> ==== ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱢᱚᱱ ==== {{further|Etymology of Manhattan}} ᱢᱮᱱᱦᱟᱴᱮᱱ (Manhattan) ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[etymology|ᱚᱢᱚᱱ]] ᱫᱚ — ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ-ᱪᱟᱹᱞᱩ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱨ [[loanword|ᱰᱟᱪ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ]] — [[Lenape|ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱯᱮ]] ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[Munsee language|ᱢᱩᱱᱥᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ''manaháhtaan'' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ''manah-'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ "ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ", ''-aht-'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ "[[bow (archery)|ᱟᱜ]]", ᱟᱨ ''-aan'' ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ) ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱯᱮ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ "ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱵᱚ ᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢᱟ" ᱥᱮ "ᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ (ᱠᱟᱴ) ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ" ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱛᱟᱵᱽᱫᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱞᱵᱟᱨᱴ ᱥᱮᱠᱟᱠᱠᱤᱱᱰ ᱮᱱᱛᱷᱚᱱᱤ (Albert Seqaqkind Anthony) ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱱᱥᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ-ᱪᱟᱹᱞᱩ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ [[hickory tree|ᱦᱤᱠᱳᱨᱤ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱡᱟᱲ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[Delaware languages|ᱰᱮᱞᱟᱣᱮᱭᱟᱨ]] ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱱᱥᱤ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ''munahan'' ("ᱫᱤᱯ") ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Goddard|first=Ives|date=2010|title=The Origin and Meaning of the Name "Manhattan"|journal=New York History}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/Manhattan#etymonline_v_6797|title=Manhattan|website=[[Online Etymology Dictionary]]|author=Douglas Harper|date=2023}}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} 0gqbrwkgri92i7y28v0nbxenrqm5g1y 0 35066 196583 189440 2026-08-12T18:53:07Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196583 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|ᱠᱮᱱᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱱᱡᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ}}{{Infobox ethnic group|group=ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ|image=Maasai tribe.jpg|caption=᱒᱐᱐᱕ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ|region1={{flag|Kenya}}|pop={{approx|᱒.᱑ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ}}<ref name="e">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mas/|title=Maasai Language (MAS) – L1 & L2 Speakers, Status, Map, Endangered Level & Official Use &#124; Ethnologue Free|website=Ethnologue (Free All)}}</ref>|pop1=᱑,᱑᱘᱙,᱕᱒᱒ (᱒᱐᱑᱙)|ref1=<ref name =Census2019>{{cite web |url=https://www.knbs.or.ke/?wpdmpro=2019-kenya-population-and-housing-census-volume-iv-distribution-of-population-by-socio-economic-characteristics&wpdmdl=5730&ind=7HRl6KateNzKXCJaxxaHSh1qe6C1M6VHznmVmKGBKgO5qIMXjby1XHM2u_swXdiR |title=2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census Volume IV: Distribution of Population by Socio-Economic Characteristics |access-date=24 March 2020 |website=Kenya National Bureau of Statistics |archive-date=5 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605222711/https://www.knbs.or.ke/?wpdmpro=2019-kenya-population-and-housing-census-volume-iv-distribution-of-population-by-socio-economic-characteristics&wpdmdl=5730&ind=7HRl6KateNzKXCJaxxaHSh1qe6C1M6VHznmVmKGBKgO5qIMXjby1XHM2u_swXdiR |url-status=live }}</ref>|region2={{flag|Tanzania}}|pop2={{approx|᱑,᱐᱐᱐,᱐᱐᱐}} (᱒᱐᱒᱔)|ref2=<ref name="e" />|languages=[[Maasai language|ᱢᱟ (Maa)]], [[Swahili language|ᱥᱳᱣᱟᱦᱤᱞᱤ]], [[English language|ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ]]|religions=[[ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]], [[Maasai religion|ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]], ᱮᱴᱟᱜ [[traditional African religions|ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ]]|related=[[Samburu people|ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱩᱨᱩ]], [[Ilchamus]]}} '''ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ''' ({{IPAc-en|'|m|ɑː|s|aɪ|,_|m|ɑː|ˈ|s|aɪ}})<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pages.uoregon.edu/maasai/Maa%20Lexicon/lexicon/main.htm|title=Lexicon|publisher=Darkwing.uoregon.edu|access-date=June 30, 2020|archive-date=June 30, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630153408/https://pages.uoregon.edu/maasai/Maa%20Lexicon/lexicon/main.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/maasai|title=Maasai|website=[[Collins English Dictionary]]|access-date=December 9, 2019|archive-date=August 8, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808161610/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/maasai|url-status=live}}</ref> ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱱᱤᱞᱳᱴᱤᱠ (Nilotic) ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ, ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱠᱮᱱᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ [[ᱛᱟᱱᱡᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱤᱨᱟᱸᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱨᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱠᱥ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="b">[http://www.bluegecko.org/kenya/tribes/maasai/ Maasai - Introduction] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704081241/http://www.bluegecko.org/kenya/tribes/maasai/|date=2008-07-04}} Jens Fincke, 2000–2003</ref> ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱲᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]],<ref name="b" /> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱞᱳᱴᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱤᱱᱠᱟ , ᱠᱟᱞᱮᱱᱡᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱱᱤᱞᱳ-ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱦᱟᱲᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱮᱱᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱱᱡᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ — ᱥᱳᱣᱟᱦᱤᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ [[ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ]] ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal|last=Berntsen|first=John L.|date=Autumn 1976|title=The Maasai and Their Neighbors: Variables of Interaction|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3601509|journal=[[African Economic History]]|issue=2|pages=1–11|doi=10.2307/3601509|jstor=3601509|access-date=2021-09-20|archive-date=2021-06-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604175456/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3601509|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱮᱱᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑,᱑᱘᱙,᱕᱒᱒ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱘᱙ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱓᱗᱗,᱐᱘᱙ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|title=2019 Population and Housing Census - Kenya National Bureau of Statistics|url=https://www.knbs.or.ke/reports/kenya-census-2019/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251125150218/https://www.knbs.or.ke/reports/kenya-census-2019/|archive-date=2025-11-25|access-date=2026-01-24|website=www.knbs.or.ke|language=en-US|url-status=live}}</ref> == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱨᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱠᱥ (African Great Lakes) ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱩᱫᱟᱱ]] ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱰᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Okothndaloh">A. Okoth & A. Ndaloh, ''Peak Revision K.C.P.E. Social Studies'', East African, p.60–61.</ref> ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ, ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ-ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭᱤᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ-ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱠᱩᱢᱵᱽᱲᱩᱭᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Okothndaloh" /> ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱴᱤᱠ-ᱨᱚᱲ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱠᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱜᱟᱹᱛᱷᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱡᱽ-ᱥᱮᱴ (age-set) ᱰᱷᱟᱸᱪᱟ, ᱜᱮᱫ-ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ (circumcision), ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱨᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Collins">{{cite book|first=Robert O. |last=Collins |title=The southern Sudan in historical perspective |publisher=Transaction Publishers |date=2006 |pages=9–10}}</ref><ref name="Wandi">S. Wandibba et al., p.19–20.</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱨ-ᱡᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |year=2001 |title=Maasai People |url=https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/africa/explore/savanna/print_savanna_peopleM1.html |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=[[WNET|THIRTEEN]] |publisher=[[PBS]] |publication-place=New York}}</ref> ᱮᱴᱟᱜ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱴᱤᱠ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱩᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱞᱮᱱᱡᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱱᱤᱞᱳᱴᱤᱠ ᱦᱟᱯᱲᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱚᱱᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱴᱤᱠ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|author=International Labour Office |title=Traditional occupations of indigenous and tribal peoples: emerging trends |publisher=[[International Labour Organization]] |date=2000 |page=55}}</ref> [[File:Maasai man, Eastern Serengeti, October 2006.jpg|thumb|right|ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ]] === ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ === ᱑᱙ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱨᱮᱴ ᱨᱤᱯᱷᱴ ᱵᱷᱮᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱣᱩᱱᱴ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱵᱤᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱚᱰᱚᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|title=Northern Tanzania with Kilimanjaro and Zanzibar |url=https://archive.org/details/northerntanzania0000brig_r9d2 |first=Phillip |last=Briggs |date=2006 |page=[https://archive.org/details/northerntanzania0000brig_r9d2/page/200 200] |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |isbn=1-84162-146-3}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱱᱤᱞᱳᱴᱤᱠ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱟᱝᱜᱟᱱᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱟᱝᱜᱟ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ-ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞ ᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱷᱟᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱟᱹᱯᱟᱹᱭᱟᱹᱜ ᱰᱟᱝ (orinka) ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨᱟᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱗᱐ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱷᱲᱟ ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱴᱷᱤᱠ ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱯᱟᱫ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱑᱘᱕᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱮᱱᱭᱟ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱢᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PQJjYC74tu8C&pg=PA183 |title=Sources and Methods in African History: Spoken, Written, Unearthed |last1=Falola |first1=Toyin |last2=Jennings |first2=Christian |year=2003 |publisher=Boydell & Brewer |isbn=978-1-58046-134-4 |pages=2, 18 |access-date=28 February 2012 |via=[[Google Books]] |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101080420/https://books.google.com/books?id=PQJjYC74tu8C&pg=PA183 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 105-DOA0556, Deutsch-Ostafrika, Massaikrieger.jpg|thumb|ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱟᱯᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ, ᱑᱙᱐᱖–᱑᱙᱑᱘ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ]] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱱᱤᱞᱳᱴᱤᱠ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱑᱘᱘᱓-᱑᱙᱐᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ "ᱤᱢᱩᱛᱟᱭ" ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ-ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱥᱟ ᱵᱮᱢᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱱᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱙᱐% ᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱞ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱘᱗ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱘᱘ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/ecology/news/news.asp?id=192 |title=Ecology Books and Journals |publisher=[[Blackwell Publishing]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003192715/http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/ecology/news/news.asp?id=192 |archive-date=3 October 2012 |access-date=28 February 2012}}</ref> ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ-ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱱᱭᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱛᱟᱱᱡᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱟᱹᱛᱤᱧ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱳᱞᱟᱢ ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱷᱟ (slavery) ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱤᱸᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱥ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱚᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱳᱞᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱚᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|title=Africa's Great Rift Valley |url=https://archive.org/details/africasgreatrift0000pavi |first=Nigel |last=Pavitt |date=2001 |page=[https://archive.org/details/africasgreatrift0000pavi/page/122 122] |publisher=Harry N. Abrams Incorporated |location=New York |isbn=0-8109-0602-3}}</ref> ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱒ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ 'ᱟᱭᱞᱚᱥᱚᱱ' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱤᱠᱚᱱᱭᱚᱠᱤᱭ, ᱯᱩᱨᱠᱚ, ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱩᱨᱩ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱠᱩᱭᱳ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ == ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ == === ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ === [[File:Crocuta vs Maasai 2.png|thumb|ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱹᱨᱩᱵ ([[spotted hyena]]) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ-ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱑᱙᱐᱗ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ 'In Wildest Africa' ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ]] ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱟᱝ ᱵᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱣ(monotheistic) ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱱᱠᱟᱭᱤ (''Enkai'', ''Nkai)''<ref name=":1"/> ᱥᱮ ᱮᱱᱜᱟᱭᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱜᱮᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱱᱜᱟᱭᱤᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱚᱜᱼᱟ:<ref name=":1" /> ᱮᱱᱜᱟᱭᱤ -ᱱᱟᱨᱚᱠ(ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ) ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱭᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱟᱨ ᱮᱱᱜᱟᱭᱤ ᱱᱟ-ᱱᱭᱚᱠᱤ (ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ) ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱨᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱜᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.institut.veolia.org/en/cahiers/water-symbolism/water-myths/africa-water.aspx |title=African water symbolism and its consequences |publisher=Institut.veolia.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010202033/http://www.institut.veolia.org/en/cahiers/water-symbolism/water-myths/africa-water.aspx |archive-date=10 October 2007 |access-date=28 February 2012}}</ref> ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱮ ᱴᱳᱴᱮᱢ (totems) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ: ᱚᱰᱚ ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱤ, ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱨᱚᱠ ᱠᱤᱴᱮᱝ, ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱩᱸᱴ ᱥᱮ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>"Maasai"_Tepilit Ole Saitoti 1980 Harry N. Abrams, Incorporated, New York {{ISBN|978-0-8109-8099-0}}, 1990 edition.</ref> ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱳᱴᱮᱢᱤᱠ ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱩᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱩᱞ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xUlpBAAAQBAJ&q=maasai+people+shamanism&pg=PT260 |title=Talking to the Shaman Within: Musings on Hunting |last=Vries |first=Manfred F. R. Kets de |date=17 June 2014 |publisher=iUniverse |isbn=978-1-4917-3151-2 |language=en |access-date=1 November 2020 |archive-date=22 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122190032/https://books.google.com/books?id=xUlpBAAAQBAJ&q=maasai+people+shamanism&pg=PT260 |url-status=live }}</ref> "ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ", ᱚᱞ ᱫᱭᱚᱱᱭᱚ ᱞᱮᱝᱜᱟᱭᱤ, ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱛᱟᱱᱡᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱠᱮᱱᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠ ᱱᱟᱴᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ '''{{Visible anchor|ᱞᱟᱭᱵᱚᱱ}}''', ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱨᱟᱱ-ᱢᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱱ, ᱫᱮᱵᱟ-ᱥᱮᱵᱟ (divination) ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱛ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ (prophecy) ᱞᱟᱹᱭ, ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱴᱷᱤᱠ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱪᱚ ᱾ ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧ ᱜᱟᱯᱟ, ᱟᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lucy.ukc.ac.uk/EthnoAtlas/Hmar/Cult_dir/Culture.7860 |title=Society-MASAI |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970504081734/http://lucy.ukc.ac.uk/EthnoAtlas/Hmar/Cult_dir/Culture.7860 |archive-date=4 May 1997 |access-date=28 February 2012}}</ref> ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱮ [[ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]] ᱥᱮ [[ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]] ᱠᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shadowsofafrica.com/travel-africa/kenyan-tribes-religions/ |title=Kenyan Tribes & Religions {{!}} Travel to Africa |website=www.shadowsofafrica.com |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223042714/http://www.shadowsofafrica.com/travel-africa/kenyan-tribes-religions/ |archive-date=23 December 2017 |access-date=22 December 2017}}</ref> ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱜᱚᱭᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱧᱮᱧᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Amin|Willetts|Eames|1987|p=169}} [[File:Maasai Enkang and Hut.JPG|thumb|right|ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱸᱵᱽᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ — ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱱᱜᱮᱴᱤ, ᱒᱐᱐᱖]] [[File:Open air classroom for Maasai children in Tanzania.jpg|thumb|ᱛᱟᱱᱡᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ]] == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{reflist}} 2v4jss6xexo2of7658cysi5op2o2b86 0 35100 196571 190032 2026-08-12T18:34:13Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196571 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱴᱤᱠ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ}}{{infobox ethnic group|group=ᱟᱯᱷᱟᱨ (Afar)|image=[[File:Afar-man-small.jpg|thumb|250px|ᱮᱛᱷᱤᱭᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱱᱟᱠᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱯᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ]]|caption=ᱮᱛᱷᱤᱭᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱯᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ|population=᱒.᱕ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ (ᱜᱟᱱ)|regions=[[ᱮᱛᱷᱤᱭᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱤᱨᱤᱴᱨᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱡᱤᱵᱩᱛᱤ]]|languages=[[ᱟᱯᱷᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱟᱯᱷᱟᱨ]] (Qafaraf)|religions=[[ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ]] (ᱥᱩᱱᱱᱤ)|related=[[ᱥᱳᱢᱟᱞᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ|ᱥᱳᱢᱟᱞᱤ]], [[ᱥᱟᱦᱳ ᱦᱚᱲ|ᱥᱟᱦᱳ]], ᱮᱴᱟᱜ [[Cushitic peoples|ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱴᱤᱠ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]]}} '''ᱟᱯᱷᱟᱨ''', ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ '''ᱰᱟᱱᱟᱠᱤᱞ''', '''ᱟᱫᱟᱞ''' ᱟᱨ '''ᱳᱰᱟᱞᱤ''' ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱱ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱴᱤᱠ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱛᱷᱤᱭᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱯᱷᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱡᱤᱵᱩᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱨᱤᱴᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ (History) == ᱟᱯᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱴᱤᱠ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱟᱯᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱩᱞᱛᱟᱱᱟᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱟᱣᱥᱟ ᱥᱩᱞᱛᱟᱱᱟᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱫᱟᱞ ᱥᱩᱞᱛᱟᱱᱟᱛ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|title=Afar - History|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Afar|website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> === ᱟᱫᱟᱞ ᱥᱩᱞᱛᱟᱱᱟᱛ (Adal Sultanate) === ᱟᱫᱟᱞ ᱥᱩᱞᱛᱟᱱᱟᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱷᱟᱨ, ᱥᱳᱢᱟᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱨᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱛᱷᱤᱭᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱟᱢᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ (Language) == ᱟᱯᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ [[ᱟᱯᱷᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] (Afar language/Qafaraf) ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱳ-ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱴᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱴᱤᱠ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱛᱷᱤᱭᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟ, ᱤᱨᱤᱴᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱵᱩᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ (Society and Culture) == ᱟᱯᱷᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱩᱢᱤᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ-ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ-ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ, ᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱸᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ === ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ (Economy) === ᱟᱯᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱜᱩᱯᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱟᱱᱟᱠᱤᱞ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱸᱴ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱫᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ ᱫᱚ "ᱟᱢᱳᱞᱮ" ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|last=Lewis|first=I. M.|title=Peoples of the Horn of Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/peoplesofhornofa0000lewi|year=1998}}</ref> === ᱡᱚᱢ-ᱧᱩ (Diet) === ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ 'ᱜᱟᱣᱳᱨᱟ' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱤᱴᱷᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ == ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ (Religion) == ᱟᱯᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱩᱱᱱᱤ [[ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ]] ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱐ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱯᱲᱟᱢ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ == ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ (Politics) == ᱮᱛᱷᱤᱭᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱯᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱷᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱤᱵᱩᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱯᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ (References) == {{reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ (External links) == * [https://www.everyculture.com/Africa-Middle-East/Afar.html Afar Culture and History] * [https://www.afarfriends.org/ Afar Friends Association] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260213044104/http://www.afarfriends.org/ |date=2026-02-13 }} n4v7h0ivnj9ruo9m4wrhp2i423p7svn 0 35107 196659 189093 2026-08-12T20:19:02Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196659 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer | name = ᱢᱤᱱᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱫᱟᱥᱟᱢᱤ | image = MeenaKandasamy.jpg | caption = ᱒᱐᱑᱖ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱱᱟ | pseudonym = ᱢᱤᱱᱟ | birth_name = ᱤᱞᱟᱵᱷᱮᱱᱤᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱫᱟᱥᱟᱢᱤ | birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1984}} | birth_place = [[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞᱱᱟᱰᱩ]], [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ]] | occupation = ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟᱤᱭᱟᱹ | nationality = ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ | education = *[[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] (ᱢᱟᱰᱨᱟᱥ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ) *[[Master of Arts|M.A.]] (ᱢᱟᱰᱨᱟᱥ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ) *[[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] (ᱟᱱᱱᱟ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ) | alma_mater = [[ᱢᱟᱰᱨᱟᱥ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱟᱱᱱᱟ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ]], ᱪᱮᱱᱱᱟᱭ | genre = ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱚᱞ | subjects = ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱱᱭᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ | movement = [[Dalit literature|ᱫᱚᱞᱤᱛ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ]] | notableworks = ''The Orders Were to Rape You'' (᱒᱐᱒᱑) | parents = ᱰᱨ. ᱵᱤ. ᱵᱤ. ᱵᱟᱥᱚᱱᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱫᱟᱥᱟᱢᱤ (ᱟᱭᱳ) ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮ. ᱠᱟᱱᱫᱟᱥᱟᱢᱤ (ᱵᱟᱵᱟ) | awards = ᱒᱐᱒᱒ [[Hermann Kesten Prize]] | website = {{URL|https://www.kandasamy.co.uk/}} }} '''ᱤᱞᱟᱵᱷᱮᱱᱤᱞ ᱢᱤᱱᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱫᱟᱥᱟᱢᱤ''' (ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱒, ᱑᱙᱘᱔) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[poet|ᱚᱱᱦᱚᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ]], ᱯᱷᱤᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ, [[translator|ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟᱤᱭᱟᱹ]] ᱟᱨ [[activist|ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱟᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱱᱱᱟᱭ, [[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞᱱᱟᱰᱩ]], ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name=csw>INDIA Being Untouchable, Christian Solidarity Worldwide, 2010.</ref> ᱢᱤᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱚᱱᱦᱚᱲ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ - ''Touch'' (᱒᱐᱐᱖) ᱟᱨ ''Ms. Militancy'' (᱒᱐᱑᱐) ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱑ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱐᱒ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ, ᱟᱡ ᱫᱚ ''The Dalit'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱮᱛ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>Poetry International Rotterdam, 2019.</ref> == ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱠᱷᱱᱟᱹᱛ == ᱑᱙᱘᱔ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱱᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱭᱳ-ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱱᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱾<ref name=rediff>Rediff.com interview, 2012.</ref> ᱟᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱚᱱᱦᱚᱲ ᱚᱞ ᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡ ᱫᱚ [[ᱟᱱᱱᱟ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱳᱥᱤᱭᱳ-ᱞᱤᱝᱜᱩᱭᱤᱥᱴᱤᱠᱥ (Socio-linguistics) ᱨᱮ Ph.D. ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name=csw/> ᱑᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱦᱚᱲ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱞᱤᱛ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ == ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ == ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱢᱤᱱᱟ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱱᱚᱡᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ (caste) ᱪᱟᱵᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ, ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱠ (feminism) ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, "ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱰᱷᱟᱸᱪᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱛᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢ ᱟᱢᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱮᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱴ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ-ᱮ ᱵᱚᱨᱦᱮ ᱢᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ (academic language) ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ-ᱟ," ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱞᱜᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ (activism) ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱮ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ 'Touch', ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱒᱐᱐᱖ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ (foreword) ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱞᱟ ᱫᱟᱥ ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱜᱮ 'Ms. Militancy' ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ-ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱡᱚᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ (myths) ᱠᱚᱭ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ 'ᱥᱤᱞᱟᱯᱟᱛᱷᱤᱠᱟᱨᱟᱢ' ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱱᱟᱭᱤᱠᱟ ᱠᱚᱱᱱᱟᱠᱤ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱵᱟᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ "Mascara" ᱟᱨ "My Lover Speaks of Rape" ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱮ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ 'Touch' ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱩᱞ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱞᱚᱪᱚᱱᱟ (criticised) ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ "ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ" ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ 'Ms. Militancy' ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ "ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ" ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ 'ᱫᱚ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ' (The Hindu) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱤᱵᱷᱤᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱱᱮᱜᱮᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱞᱚᱪᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ, ᱢᱤᱱᱟ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ "ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟ" (mainstream) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱮ ᱫᱚ "ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱟᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱲ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ" ᱾ 'Journal of Postcolonial Cultures and Societies' ᱨᱮ 'Touch' ᱟᱨ 'Ms. Militancy' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱥᱞᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱢᱤᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ-ᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱟᱜᱟᱢ (future) ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ-ᱮ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ 'Sampsonia Way' ᱢᱮᱜᱟᱡᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱨᱵᱷᱤᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱱᱟ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ: "ᱤᱧᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱱᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱤᱧᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱫ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱤᱧᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱩᱠᱤ ᱮᱫᱟ, ᱤᱧᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱴᱯᱟᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱧᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ, ᱤᱧᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱩᱨᱵᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱜᱚᱰ ᱡᱚᱦᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱧᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱧ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ, ᱤᱧᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱧ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ-ᱮ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ ᱾" ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱟᱱᱛᱷᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱨᱱᱟᱞ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ 'Anthology of Contemporary Indian Poetry', 'The Little Magazine', 'Kavya Bharati', 'Indian Literature', 'Poetry International Web', 'Muse India', 'Quarterly Literary Review', 'Outlook', 'Tehelka' ᱟᱨ 'The New Indian Express' ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱳᱣᱟ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ (University of Iowa) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ International Writing Program ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱮᱣᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱱᱴ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮ Charles Wallace India Trust Fellow ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱤᱴᱥᱵᱚᱨᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ City of Asylum Jazz Poetry Concert, ᱰᱟᱨᱵᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱑᱔ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ Poetry Africa International Festival (᱒᱐᱑᱐), ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱭᱯᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱯᱮᱲᱟ (Jaipur Literature Festival) ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱫᱚᱞᱤᱛ ᱱᱮᱛᱟ ᱟᱭᱭᱟᱱᱠᱟᱞᱤ (Ayyankali) ᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ 'AYYANKALI: A Dalit leader of Organic Protest' ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ-ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱔ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱤᱞᱵᱷᱮᱱᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱜᱚᱯᱚᱡ (Kilvenmani massacre) ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱯᱚᱱᱭᱟᱥ 'The Gypsy Goddess' ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱗ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱩᱯᱚᱱᱭᱟᱥ 'When I Hit You' ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱘ ᱨᱮ Women's Prize for Fiction ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱨᱴᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱒᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ Royal Society of Literature ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ Fellow ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ * ᱦᱩᱞᱜᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ (As activist) ᱢᱤᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ (gender) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱞᱚᱪᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱫᱷᱚᱢᱚᱠ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟ, "ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱤᱝᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱮᱢ ᱚᱞᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱟᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱮᱥᱮᱫ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾" ᱒᱐᱑᱒ ᱨᱮ, ᱦᱟᱭᱫᱽᱨᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱳᱥᱢᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱞᱤᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱥᱴᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ "ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱥᱤᱵᱟᱫᱽ" ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ 'ᱵᱤᱯᱷ ᱯᱷᱮᱥᱴᱤᱵᱟᱞ' (beef eating festival) ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱱᱟ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱫᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ * ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ (As translator) ᱢᱤᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱫᱽ (prose) ᱠᱚ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱨ (Periyar E. V. Ramasamy), ᱛᱷᱚᱞ. ᱛᱷᱤᱨᱩᱢᱟᱵᱷᱟᱞᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱ (Thol. Thirumavalavan) ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱤᱞᱟᱢ (Tamil Eelam) ᱨᱤᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱒᱓ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱷᱤᱨᱩᱠᱠᱩᱨᱟᱞ (Thirukkural) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ 'Book of Desire' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ-ᱱᱚᱡᱚᱨ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ * ᱟᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ (As actor) ᱢᱤᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱔ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ 'Oraalppokkam' ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱟᱠᱴᱤᱝ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱠᱨᱟᱣᱩᱰᱯᱷᱚᱱᱰᱮᱰ (crowdfunded) ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ == * Hermann Kesten Prize (᱒᱐᱒᱒): ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ PEN ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱾ == ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ == === ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ(Poetry) === * {{cite book | last1 = Kandasamy | first1 = Meena | title = The Eighth Day of Creation | publisher = Slow Trains | year = 2005}} * {{cite book | last1 = Kandasamy | first1 = Meena | title = TOUCH | publisher = Peacock Books | location = Mumbai | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-8188811878}} * {{cite book | last1 = Kandasamy | first1 = Meena | title = #ThisPoemWillProvokeYou & Other Poems | publisher = [[HarperCollins]] | location = India | year = 2015}} * {{cite book | last1 = Kandasamy | first1 = Meena | title = We Are Not The Citizens | publisher = Tangerine Press | location = London | year = 2018}} * {{cite book | last1 = Kandasamy | first1 = Meena | title = Ms. Militancy | publisher = [[Navayana (publishing house)|Navayana]] | location = New Delhi | year = 2019 | isbn = 978-8189059903}} * {{cite book | last1 = Kandasamy | first1 = Meena | title = Tomorrow Someone Will Arrest You | publisher = [[Atlantic Books]] | location = London | year = 2023 | isbn = 978-1838959029}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Saachi |date=2024-02-17 |title=Meena Kandasamy wrote 'Tomorrow Someone Will Arrest You' over the course of 14 years |url=https://www.vogue.in/content/meena-kandasamy-wrote-tomorrow-someone-will-arrest-you-over-the-course-of-14-years |access-date=2024-10-18 |website=Vogue India |language=en-IN}}</ref> ===ᱜᱟᱢᱟᱢ(Novels)=== * {{cite book | last1 = Kandasamy | first1 = Meena | title = The Gypsy Goddess | publisher = [[Atlantic Books]] | location = London | year = 2014 | isbn = 978-1782391784}} * {{cite book |last1=Kandasamy |first1=Meena |title=[[When I Hit You: Or, A Portrait of the Writer as a Young Wife]] |publisher=[[Atlantic Books]] |location=London |year=2017 |isbn=978-9386228840}} * {{cite book | last1 = Kandasamy | first1 = Meena | title = Exquisite Cadavers | url = https://archive.org/details/exquisitecadaver0000kand | publisher = [[Atlantic Books]] | location = London | year = 2019 | isbn = 978-1786499653}} * {{Cite book |last=Kandasamy |first=Meena |title=Fieldwork as a Sex Object |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |year=2026 |isbn=9781846016592 |location=India |language=English}} ===ᱵᱤᱱ-ᱯᱷᱤᱠᱥᱚᱱ(Non-Fiction)=== * {{cite book | last1 = Kandasamy | first1 = Meena | last2 = Nisar | first2 = M.| title = ''[[Ayyankali]]: A Dalit leader of Organic Protest'' | publisher = Sahithi Books | location = [[Calicut]] | year = 2007 | isbn = 978-81-90388764}} * {{cite book | last1 = Kandasamy | first1 = Meena | title = [[The Orders Were to Rape You | The Orders Were To Rape You : Tigresses in the Tamil Eelam Struggle]] | publisher = [[Navayana (publishing house)|Navayana]] | location = New Delhi | year = 2021 | isbn = 978-8194865445}} * {{cite book | last1 = Kandasamy | first1 = Meena | title = A Wise One, a Warrior | series = Objects Talk Back | publisher = [[University of Chicago Press]] | location = Chicago | year = 2025 | isbn = 978-3035807547}} ===ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ (Translations)=== * {{cite book | last1 = Thirumavalavan | first1 = Tholkappiyan | translator1-last = Kandasamy | translator1-first = Meena | title = Talisman: Extreme Emotions of Dalit Liberation | publisher = Samya Books | location = Kolkata | year = 2003 | isbn = 978-8185604688}} * {{cite book | last1 = Thirumavalavan | first1 = Tholkappiyan | translator1-last = Kandasamy | translator1-first = Meena |title = Uproot Hindutva: The Fiery Voice of the [[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi|Liberation Panthers]] | publisher = Samya Books | location = Kolkata | year = 2004 | isbn = 978-8185604794}} * {{cite book | last1 = Ramasamy | first1 = Periyar E.V. | translator1-last = Kandasamy | translator1-first = Meena | title = Why Were Women Enslaved? | publisher = The Periyar Self-Respect Propaganda Institution | location = Chennai | year = 2007 | isbn = 978-9395268325}} * {{cite book | last1 = Ravikumar | first1 = D. | translator1-last = Kandasamy | translator1-first = Meena | translator2 = Ravishannker | title = Waking is Another Dream: Poems on the Genocide in Tamil Eelam | publisher = [[Navayana (publishing house)|Navayana]] | location = New Delhi | year = 2010 | isbn = 978-8189059378}} * {{cite book | last1 = Maithri | first1 = Malathi | last2 = Salma | first2 = Rajathi | last3 = Revathi | first3 = Kutti | author4 = Sukirtharani | translator1-last = Kandasamy | translator1-first = Meena | title = Desires Become Demons: Poems of Four Tamil Women Poets | publisher = [[Tilted Axis Press]] | location = Sheffield | year = 2018 | isbn = 978-1911284260}} * {{cite book | author = Thiruvalluvar | translator1-last = Kandasamy | translator1-first = Meena | title = Thirukkural: The Book of Desire | publisher = [[Penguin Random House]] | location = New Delhi | year = 2023 | isbn = 978-0670097081}} == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist|30em}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == * [https://www.kandasamy.co.uk/ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱣᱮᱵᱽᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ] cvb2pbfac2nhx7skus2jzloqovzx7jv 0 35157 196638 196338 2026-08-12T19:53:59Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196638 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:ಅಕ್ಕ ಮಹಾದೇವಿ.jpg|250px|thumb|ᱟᱠᱠᱟ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ '''[[murti|ᱢᱩᱴᱷᱟᱹᱱ]]''' ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ [[Davangere|ᱫᱟᱣᱚᱬᱜᱮᱨᱮ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ]] [[File:Akkamahadevi Vachana (extracted).JPG|250px|thumb|right|ᱟᱠᱠᱟ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ''ᱵᱚᱪᱚᱱ'']] '''ᱟᱠᱠᱟ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱫᱮᱵᱤ''' (c. ᱑᱑᱓᱐–᱑᱑᱖᱐) ᱫᱚ [[Kannada literature|ᱠᱟᱱᱱᱟᱰᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ<ref>{{cite web|url=http://karnatakasinfo.blogspot.com/2013/07/kannadas-first.html|title=Interesting Facts About Karnataka: Kannada's First|first=Abhijit|last=Hipparagi|date=30 July 2013|access-date=14 April 2018}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱑᱒ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[Lingayatism|ᱞᱤᱝᱜᱟᱭᱚᱛ]] ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thewire.in/167389/karnataka-lingayat-veerashaive- |title=banajiga debate "Making Sense of the Lingayat vs Veerashaiva Debate". |access-date=31 March 2018 |archive-date=26 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226164933/https://thewire.in/167389/karnataka-lingayat-veerashaive- |url-status=dead }}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱔᱓᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ''[[Vachana sahitya|ᱵᱚᱪᱚᱱ]]'' (ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱮ), ᱟᱨ ''Mantrogopya'' ᱛᱟᱦᱟ ''Yogangatrividh'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱱᱟᱰᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-bookreview/biography-of-a-mystic-poet/article3209256.ece|title=Biography of a mystic poet|newspaper=The Hindu|date=26 September 2006|access-date=14 April 2018|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> ''ᱟᱠᱠᱟ'' ("ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱹᱭ" ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱷᱟᱱ "ᱟᱭᱳ") ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[Basavanna|ᱵᱟᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱱᱟ]], ᱥᱤᱫᱷᱷᱚᱨᱟᱢᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱞᱞᱟᱢᱟᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱹᱫᱷᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱫ ᱫᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ "ᱟᱱᱩᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱴᱟᱯᱟ" ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱜᱟᱞᱚᱪ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mudde |first=Raggi |date=2011-09-23 |title=An Epitome of Feminism - Akka Mahadevi |url=https://www.karnataka.com/personalities/akka-mahadevi/ |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=Karnataka.com |language=en-US}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱱᱟᱰᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ [[Karnataka|ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱴᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱚᱜᱚᱵᱟᱱ [[Shiva|ᱥᱤᱵᱽ]] ("ᱪᱮᱱᱱᱟ ᱢᱟᱞᱞᱤᱠᱟᱨᱡᱩᱱ") ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱡᱟᱶᱟᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ 'ᱢᱚᱫᱷᱩᱨᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ' ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱷᱟᱱ 'ᱢᱚᱫᱷᱩᱨᱭᱚ' ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ-ᱟ) ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mudaliar |first=Chandra Y |date=1991 |title=Religious Experiences of Hindu Women: A Study of Akka Mahadevi |url=[suspicious link removed] |journal=Mystics Quarterly |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=137–146 |jstor=20717064 |issn=0742-5503}}</ref> == ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱪᱚᱨᱤᱛ == ᱟᱠᱠᱟ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱑᱓᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ [[Karnataka|ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Shivamogga|ᱥᱤᱵᱽᱢᱚᱜᱽᱜᱟ]] ᱥᱩᱨ [[Udutadi|ᱩᱫᱩᱛᱟᱰᱤ]] ᱨᱮᱭ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u297RJP9gvwC&q=tharu+lalita+women+writing+in+india|title=Women Writing in India: 600 B.C. to the early twentieth century|last1=Tharu|first1=Susie |last2=Lalita|first2=K.|date=1991-01-01|publisher=Feminist Press at CUNY|isbn=9781558610279|pages=78|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/a-pleasant-surprise-for-the-people/article3167431.ece|title=A pleasant surprise for the people|newspaper=The Hindu|date=22 March 2006|access-date=14 April 2018|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱨᱢᱚᱞᱥᱮᱴᱴᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱢᱚᱛᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱡᱩᱨᱤ-ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱮᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱵᱟᱱᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Mudaliar|first=Chandra Y|date=1991-01-01|title=Religious Experiences of Hindu Women: A Study of Akka Mahadevi|jstor=20717064|journal=Mystics Quarterly|volume=17|issue=3|pages=137–146}}</ref> ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ, ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[Hagiography|ᱥᱟᱹᱫᱷᱩ-ᱪᱚᱨᱤᱛ]], ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱯᱟᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> [[Susie Tharu|ᱛᱷᱟᱨᱩ]] ᱟᱨ [[K. Lalita|ᱞᱚᱞᱤᱛᱟ]] ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ''ᱠᱚᱣᱥᱤᱠᱚ'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱚᱠᱟᱞ [[Jainism|ᱡᱮᱭᱱ]] ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱯᱞᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱠᱠᱟ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱤ ᱜᱮᱭ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱟᱹᱣ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ ᱾<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Ramaswamy|first=Vijaya|date=1992-01-01|title=Rebels — Conformists? Women Saints in Medieval South India|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_anthropos_1992_87_1-3/page/133|jstor=40462578|journal=Anthropos|volume=87|issue=1/3|pages=133–146}}</ref> ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱚᱪᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱯᱞᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱛᱚᱭ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱜᱟᱞᱚᱪ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱠᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟᱣᱟ, ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱾<ref name=":3" /> ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[Harihara|ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱦᱚᱨᱚ]] ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱪᱚᱨᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱯᱞᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱟᱢᱟᱥᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱛᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱯᱞᱟᱹ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":3" /> ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱦᱚᱨᱚ ᱟᱜ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱛᱚᱭ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱠᱠᱟ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱣᱟᱜ, ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱤᱪᱨᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[Srisailam|ᱥᱨᱤᱥᱟᱭᱤᱞᱚᱢ]] ᱛᱮᱭ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":3" /> ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱚᱢᱠᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Michael|first=R. Blake|date=1983-01-01|title=Women of the Śūnyasaṃpādane: Housewives and Saints in Vīraśaivism|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-oriental-society_april-june-1983_103_2/page/361|jstor=601458|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|volume=103|issue=2|pages=361–368|doi=10.2307/601458}}</ref> ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ [[Kalyana|ᱠᱚᱞᱭᱟᱬᱟ]] ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱞᱤᱝᱜᱟᱭᱚᱛ ᱞᱟᱲᱟᱣᱱᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ [[Allama Prabhu|ᱟᱞᱞᱟᱢᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[Basavanna|ᱵᱟᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟ]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱯᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ-ᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ [[Srisailam mountains|ᱥᱨᱤᱥᱟᱭᱤᱞᱚᱢ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ]] ᱛᱮᱭ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱚᱯᱚᱥᱭᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱚᱪᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱠᱠᱟ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱤᱠᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name=":3" /> == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == {{more citations needed section|date=August 2015}} [[File:Akkamahadevi Udathadi.JPG|250px|thumb|right|ᱟᱠᱠᱟ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱩᱫᱩᱛᱟᱰᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱴᱷᱟᱹᱱ]] ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱡᱟᱹᱫᱤ (emancipation) ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ, ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱛᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱒ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱞᱭᱟᱬᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ''Anubhavamantapa'' ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱮᱱᱮᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱠᱛᱤ (Moksha) ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱮ ᱛᱚᱯᱟᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱡᱩᱨᱤ ᱵᱷᱚᱜᱚᱵᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱯᱟᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟ, ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱜᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱦᱚ-ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱠᱠᱟ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱞᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱤᱥᱣᱚᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱪᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ 'ᱤᱧ' (ego) ᱜᱚᱡ, ᱟᱥᱟ-ᱞᱚᱵᱷ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱫᱽᱨᱤᱭᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱣᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱭᱱ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱹᱬ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱟᱠᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱹᱬ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱬᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱹᱫᱷᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱫᱚᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱞᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟᱠᱚᱞᱭᱟᱬᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱵᱚᱪᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱩᱱ ᱡᱚᱦᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱛᱮ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱜᱩᱨᱩ ᱟᱞᱞᱟᱢᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱩ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱟᱱᱩᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱴᱟᱯᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮᱭ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱡᱮ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱠᱤᱪᱨᱤᱡ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱤᱥᱣᱚᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱵ ᱛᱮ ᱴᱚᱯᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱱᱩᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱴᱟᱯᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱚ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱱᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱱᱟ, ᱠᱤᱱᱱᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱚᱢᱢᱟᱭᱭᱟ, ᱥᱤᱫᱷᱷᱚᱨᱟᱢᱟ, ᱟᱞᱞᱟᱢᱟᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱥᱤᱢᱟᱭᱭᱟ ᱩᱱᱤ "ᱟᱠᱠᱟ" (ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱹᱭ) ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱫᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱠᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮᱭ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱞᱞᱟᱢᱟ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱵᱷᱚᱜᱚᱵᱟᱱ ᱪᱮᱱᱱᱟ ᱢᱟᱞᱞᱤᱠᱟᱨᱡᱩᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱠᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱚᱪᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱞᱭᱟᱬᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ: {{poemquote| ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱨᱟᱹᱜᱤ-ᱞᱚᱵᱷ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ, ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱩᱢᱤᱫᱽ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ; ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ - ᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱥᱣᱚᱨ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱩᱢᱤᱫᱽ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱭᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱾ ᱤᱧ ᱵᱟᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱚᱧ ᱡᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱟᱯᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱤᱧᱤᱡ ᱜᱩᱨᱩ ᱟᱞᱞᱟᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱤᱧ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱜᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱱᱟ- ᱟᱹᱥᱤᱨᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱤᱧ ᱯᱮ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱤᱧ ᱪᱮᱱᱱᱟ ᱢᱟᱞᱞᱤᱠᱟᱨᱡᱩᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱫᱟᱹᱭ! ᱵᱤᱫᱟᱹᱭ!}} ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ; ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱥᱨᱤᱥᱤᱞᱟ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱱᱱᱟ ᱢᱟᱞᱞᱤᱠᱟᱨᱡᱩᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱱᱟᱹᱭ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱠᱠᱟ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱨᱤᱥᱟᱭᱤᱞᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱫᱟᱞᱤ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱪᱮᱱᱱᱟ ᱢᱟᱞᱞᱤᱠᱟᱨᱡᱩᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱮᱱᱟ (aikya) ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱪᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟ: {{poemquote| ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ, ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ, ᱞᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱯᱟᱨ ᱠᱤᱪᱨᱤᱡ ᱨᱟᱲᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜ-ᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤᱠ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟ ᱢᱩᱴᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱟᱢ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱢ ᱞᱟᱡᱟᱣᱜ-ᱟ? ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤᱠ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱮᱫ-ᱟ, ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱟᱢ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱴᱚᱯᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ?}} ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱮᱱᱱᱟ ᱢᱟᱞᱞᱤᱠᱟᱨᱡᱩᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲ, ᱠᱩᱫᱩᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱞᱜᱟ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ: {{poemquote| ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱛᱷᱟᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ, ᱛᱮᱛᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, ᱯᱩᱠᱷᱨᱤ, ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱧ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱛᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱢᱟ, ᱪᱮᱱᱱᱟ ᱢᱟᱞᱞᱤᱠᱟᱨᱡᱩᱱ}} == ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ == ᱟᱠᱠᱟ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ, ᱮᱴᱟᱜ [[Bhakti movement|ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱲᱟᱣᱱᱟ]] ᱨᱤᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ, ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ''ankita'' ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱩᱦᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u297RJP9gvwC&q=tharu+lalita+women+writing+in+india|title=Women Writing in India: 600 B.C. to the early twentieth century|last1=Tharu|first1=Susie J.|last2=Lalita|first2=Ke|date=1991-01-01|publisher=Feminist Press at CUNY|isbn=9781558610279|pages=58|language=en}}</ref> ᱟᱠᱠᱟ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱫᱚ ''ᱪᱮᱱᱱᱟ ᱢᱟᱞᱞᱤᱠᱟᱨᱡᱩᱱ'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱚᱜᱚᱵᱟᱱ [[Shiva|ᱥᱤᱵᱽ]] ᱮ ᱦᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name=":1" /> [[A. K. Ramanujan|ᱮ. ᱠᱮ. ᱨᱟᱢᱟᱱᱩᱡᱚᱱ]] ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ 'ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤᱠ, ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱢᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ' (Lord, white as jasmine) ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮᱭ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name=":1" /> ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱓᱕᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱮ ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱷᱟᱱ ''[[vachanas|ᱵᱚᱪᱚᱱ]]'' ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u297RJP9gvwC&q=tharu+lalita+women+writing+in+india|title=Women Writing in India: 600 B.C. to the early twentieth century|last1=Tharu|first1=Susie J.|last2=Lalita|first2=Ke|date=1991-01-01|publisher=Feminist Press at CUNY|isbn=9781558610279|pages=79|language=en}}</ref> ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱤᱥᱣᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱠᱠᱟ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":2" /> ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱪᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱥᱣᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ramaswamy|first=Vijaya|date=1996-01-01|title=Madness, Holiness, Poetry : The Vachanas Of Virasaivite Women|jstor=23336165|journal=Indian Literature|volume=39|issue=3 (173)|pages=147–155}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ-ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫᱟ; ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱚᱪᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱤᱡ ᱮᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾<ref name=":4" /> ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱩᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱭ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱪᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱶᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ: {{poemquote| ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱶᱟᱭ, ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱾ ᱤᱧ ᱵᱟᱱᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱵᱟᱹᱧ ᱥᱟᱸᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱠᱤᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱱᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ, ᱵᱟᱱᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱵᱟᱹᱧ ᱥᱟᱸᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱠᱤᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Chakravarty">{{cite journal|last1=Chakravarty|first1=Uma|date=1989|title=The World of the Bhaktin in South Indian Traditions - The Body and Beyond|url=http://www.manushi-india.org/pdfs_issues/pdf_files-50-51-52/the_world_of_the_bhaktin_in_south_indian.pdf|journal=Manushi|volume=50-51-52|page=25|access-date=18 September 2015|archive-date=17 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117202022/http://www.manushi-india.org/pdfs_issues/pdf_files-50-51-52/the_world_of_the_bhaktin_in_south_indian.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} == ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ == [[A. K. Ramanujan|ᱮ. ᱠᱮ. ᱨᱟᱢᱟᱱᱩᱡᱚᱱ]] ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱚᱪᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ 'Speaking of Siva' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱚᱥᱴ-ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱛᱮᱡᱚᱥᱣᱤᱱᱤ ᱱᱤᱨᱚᱧᱡᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book |last=Niranjana |first=Tejaswini |title=Siting translation: history, post-structuralism, and the colonial context |url=https://archive.org/details/sitingtranslatio0000nira |date=1992 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-07450-7 |location=Berkeley}}</ref> ᱠᱟᱱᱱᱟᱰᱟ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱥᱣᱚᱱᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/591830/lively-debate-marks-launch-kannada.html|title=Lively debate marks launch of Kannada classic in Harvard series|website=Deccan Herald|date=17 January 2017|access-date=2017-03-31}}</ref> ᱟᱠᱠᱟ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ<ref>{{Cite news |author=|date=2016-04-12 |title=Junction in Shivamogga named after Akka Mahadevi |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/junction-in-shivamogga-named-after-akka-mahadevi/article8464208.ece |access-date=2017-03-31 |work=The Hindu |location=Shivamogga |language=en}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-09-22 |title=Women's university renamed - Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hubballi/Womens-university-renamed/articleshow/54456639.cms |access-date=2017-03-31 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> ᱒᱐᱑᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Hospet|ᱦᱚᱥᱯᱮᱴ]] ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱓ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱠᱟ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-11-01 |title=13th century bas relief of Akkamahadevi found in Chitradurga |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/13th-century-bas-relief-of-akkamahadevi-found-in-chitradurga-105488.html |access-date=2025-05-03 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> == ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ == * [[Haralayya|ᱦᱚᱨᱟᱞᱟᱭᱭᱟ]] * [[Kuvempu|ᱠᱩᱵᱷᱮᱢᱯᱩ]] == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{wikisource|ಅಕ್ಕಮಹಾದೇವಿ}} {{Commons category|Akka Mahadevi}} *[https://harpercollins.co.in/book/songs-for-siva/ "Songs of Shiva Akka Mahadevi"] translated by Vinaya Chaitanya {{Lingayatism topics}} {{Karnataka topics}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mahadevi, Akka}} [[Category:Lingayatism]] [[Category:Lingayat poets]] [[Category:Kannada poets]] [[Category:Indian women poets]] [[Category:12th-century women writers]] [[Category:12th-century births]] [[Category:12th-century deaths]] [[Category:12th-century Indian philosophers]] [[Category:Indian women philosophers]] [[Category:Bhakti movement]] [[Category:People from Shimoga]] [[Category:Kannada people]] [[Category:Hindu female religious leaders]] [[Category:12th-century Indian poets]] [[Category:Poets from Karnataka]] [[Category:Women writers from Karnataka]] [[Category:Kannada-language writers]] [[Category:12th-century Indian women]] [[Category:Lingayat saints]] [[Category:Scholars from Karnataka]] [[Category:Women mystics]] 3n2osalagm6i5j8jhf9aenpznyqi0x4 0 35182 196565 191889 2026-08-12T18:28:17Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 7 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196565 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞᱱᱟᱰᱩ, ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ}}{{Infobox ethnic group|group=ᱴᱳᱰᱟ (Toda)|total=᱒,᱐᱐᱒ (᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ)|image=Elderly Toda Couple, William E. Marshall, 1873.jpg|image_caption=ᱦᱟᱲᱟᱢ ᱵᱩᱰᱷᱤ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱡᱩᱨᱤ, ᱑᱘᱗᱓|total_ref=<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/ST.html|title=A-11 Individual Scheduled Tribe Primary Census Abstract Data|website=www.censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>|popplace=[[Nilgiris district|ᱱᱤᱲᱜᱤᱨᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱞᱟᱹ]], ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞᱱᱟᱰᱩ|languages=[[ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]]|religions=ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ [[ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱵᱟᱫᱽ]] ᱵᱤᱥᱣᱟᱥ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rivers |first1=William Halse Rivers |title=The Todas |url=https://archive.org/details/todas00rivegoog |date=1906}}</ref>|related=[[ᱠᱳᱴᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ]] ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ [[ᱫᱨᱟᱵᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ|ᱫᱨᱟᱵᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ}} '''ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ''' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱨᱟᱵᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱘ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱛᱟᱵᱽᱫᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱩᱯᱚᱱᱤᱵᱮᱥ ᱢᱟᱬᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱳᱴᱟ, ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱜᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱵᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱛᱟᱵᱽᱫᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱗᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱙᱐᱐ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱴᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱚ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱑᱙ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱛᱟᱵᱽᱫᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱹᱠᱷᱩᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ-ᱨᱚᱝ, ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾{{sfnp|Emeneau|1984|pp=1–2}} ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ''ᱢᱩᱱᱰ'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱥᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱛᱟᱥᱟᱫ ᱪᱷᱟᱣᱱᱤ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ-ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱞ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱱᱤᱲᱜᱤᱨᱤ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ; ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱱᱟᱭᱠᱮ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱞᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱱᱮᱢ-ᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="britannica-toda">"Toda", ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. (2007)</ref> ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱩᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱛᱟᱵᱽᱫᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ, ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱥ-ᱵᱟᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱴᱟᱹᱱᱰᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱡ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱑ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱛᱟᱵᱽᱫᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱛ-ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ UNESCO ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱤᱲᱜᱤᱨᱤ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="UNESCO">World Heritage sites, UNESCO.</ref> == ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ == [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Toda_Tribal_Hut_(5008551878).jpg|thumb|[[Nilgiris|ᱱᱤᱲᱜᱤᱨᱤ]] ᱨᱮ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ (ᱫᱚᱜᱞᱮ)]] ᱑᱙᱘᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱢ. ᱵᱤ. ᱮᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱠᱷᱟ ᱛᱮ, ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ: ᱑᱘᱗᱑ (᱖᱙᱓), ᱑᱘᱘᱑ (᱖᱗᱕), ᱑᱘᱙᱑ (᱗᱓᱙), ᱑᱙᱐᱑ (᱘᱐᱗), ᱑᱙᱑᱑ (᱖᱗᱖), ᱑᱙᱕᱑ (᱘᱗᱙), ᱑᱙᱖᱑ (᱗᱕᱙), ᱑᱙᱗᱑ (᱘᱑᱒) ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ:<blockquote>"ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱚᱰ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱗᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱘᱐᱐ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ (ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱑᱙᱒᱑ (᱖᱔᱐), ᱑᱙᱓᱑ (᱕᱙᱗), ᱑᱙᱔᱑ (᱖᱓᱐)) ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ... ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱦᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾"{{sfnp|Emeneau|1984|pp=1–2}}</blockquote> == ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ == [[ᱨᱮᱫ:The_Tude_or_sacred_bush,_weapons._bow_&_arrow._Used_at_weddings_&_funerals_imitation_buffalo_horns.jpg|thumb|'ᱛᱩᱰᱮ' ᱥᱮ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱵᱩᱫᱟᱹ, ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱨ, ᱟᱜ-ᱥᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱫᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱠᱚᱞ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾]] [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Toda_Maiden.jpg|left|thumb|ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ, ᱑᱘᱗᱓ ᱥᱮᱫ]] === ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱞᱟᱯᱟᱫ === ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱩᱠᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱤᱪᱨᱤᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱫᱷᱩᱛᱤ'' ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱪᱟᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱠᱟᱨᱴ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱞ ᱪᱟᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ === ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ === ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ-ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ === ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ === ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱬᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱾{{sfnp|Walker|2004}} ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮ (᱓) ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ (᱕) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱩᱯᱟᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ === ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ === [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Toda_Hut.JPG|right|thumb|ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱲᱜᱤᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱸᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ ᱾]] ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱴᱳᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ''ᱢᱩᱱᱰ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Kasturi2007">{{cite book|last1=Kasturi|first1=Prema|title=South India Heritage: An Introduction|date=2007|publisher=East West Books|page=194|language=English}}</ref> ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ''ᱰᱳᱜᱽᱞᱮ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱥᱟᱫ ᱪᱷᱟᱣᱱᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ-ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱞᱟᱭᱰᱤᱝ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱠᱷᱩᱱᱴᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱟᱞᱜᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ-ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜ ᱢᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|title=The Siddhanta Deepika Or the Light of Truth|date=1994|publisher=Asian Educational Services|page=232}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱰᱳᱜᱽᱞᱮ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱑᱐ ᱯᱷᱩᱴ (᱓ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ) ᱩᱥᱩᱞ, ᱑᱘ ᱯᱷᱩᱴ (᱕.᱕ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ) ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱙ ᱯᱷᱩᱴ (᱒.᱗ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ) ᱪᱚᱣᱲᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱥᱟᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱷᱟᱣᱱᱤ ᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱸᱰ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱳᱦᱚᱲ ᱛᱟᱥᱟᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱞᱚᱵᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱲᱦᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱪᱨᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ (ᱜᱽᱨᱟᱱᱟᱭᱤᱴ) ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱓ ᱯᱷᱩᱴ (᱙᱑ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱤᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ) ᱪᱚᱣᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱓ ᱯᱷᱩᱴ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱲᱫᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱞᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ === ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ === ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱨᱟᱹᱢᱤᱥ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱞ, ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱲᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱩᱦᱩᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱭᱠᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱛᱚᱢ, ᱫᱟᱹᱦᱤ, ᱯᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱟᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=K. S.|title=The Scheduled Tribes|date=1994|page=6|language=en}}</ref> == ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ == [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Cathredral_of_Todas_in_1900s.jpg|thumb|᱑᱙᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱢᱩᱱᱫᱤᱨ - ᱯᱩᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥ ᱾]] [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Toda_green_funeral1871.jpg|thumb|᱑᱘᱗᱑-᱗᱒ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱵᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱾]] [[ᱨᱮᱫ:TodaTemple1.jpg|thumb|ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱴᱤ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱢᱩᱛᱷᱩᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱢᱩᱱᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱾]] ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ 'ᱛᱳᱠᱤᱥᱤ' ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱨᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ 'ᱳᱱ' ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Walker|first=Anthony R.|date=2018|title=The Diverse Faces of Toda Religion|journal=Anthropos}}</ref> ᱱᱩᱠᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱫᱮᱵᱽ-ᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱢ-ᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱠᱷᱩᱸᱴ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱱᱤᱡᱮᱨᱟᱜ 'ᱱᱳᱫᱽᱨᱳᱪᱤ' ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rivers|first=William H.R.|title=The Todas|url=https://archive.org/details/todas00rivegoog|year=1906|page=[https://archive.org/details/todas00rivegoog/page/183 183]}}</ref> ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱑,᱖᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑,᱘᱐᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rivers|first=William H.R.|title=The Todas|url=https://archive.org/details/todas00rivegoog|year=1906|page=[https://archive.org/details/todas00rivegoog/page/443 443]}}</ref> ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱵᱚᱥᱛᱤ (ᱢᱩᱱᱰ) ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ: 'ᱯᱟᱞᱩᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥ' ( ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ) ᱟᱨ 'ᱯᱩᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥ' (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱸᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱷᱟᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱩᱸᱜᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ) ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|title=Toda Temple|url=https://templesofindia.org/temple-view/toda-temple-nilgiris-tamil-nadu-595gyl}}</ref> ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱳᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱹᱦᱩ ᱯᱤᱱᱟᱨᱠᱩᱨᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱲᱜᱤᱨᱤ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱱᱰᱟᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱲᱦᱮᱫ ᱰᱟᱝ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱳᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱸᱜᱩ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱛ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ 'ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ' ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱤᱱᱟᱨᱠᱩᱨᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱸᱜᱩ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱚᱛ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮᱭ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱳᱱ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱸᱣᱚᱨ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rivers|first=William H.R.|title=The Todas|url=https://archive.org/details/todas00rivegoog|year=1906|page=[https://archive.org/details/todas00rivegoog/page/184 184]}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ: ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱥᱟᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱣ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ganesh|first1=Balasubramanian|title=Particularly vulnerable tribal groups of Tamil Nadu|journal=Indian Journal of Public Health}}</ref> ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱬᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱜᱷᱮᱨᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ 'ᱯᱩᱱ' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rivers|first=William H.R.|title=The Todas|url=https://archive.org/details/todas00rivegoog|year=1906|page=[https://archive.org/details/todas00rivegoog/page/446 446]}}</ref> ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱮᱢ-ᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ "ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱫᱩᱦᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱛᱚᱢ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱜᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱴᱟᱹᱱᱰᱤ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ, ᱨᱳᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱴᱟᱹᱱᱰᱤ ᱡᱩᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ ᱮᱢ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱾"<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Emeneau|first=M. B.|date=July 1958|title=Oral Poets of South India: The Todas|journal=The Journal of American Folklore}}</ref> ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱩᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱴᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧᱚᱜᱼᱟ: ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ 'ᱛᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟᱞᱤ' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ 'ᱠᱩᱫᱽᱨᱚᱯᱟᱞᱤ' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ 'ᱠᱩᱫᱽᱨᱚᱯᱟᱞᱤ' ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱴᱚᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱜᱷᱚᱱᱴᱤ ᱛᱚᱞ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rivers|first=William H.R.|title=The Todas|url=https://archive.org/details/todas00rivegoog|year=1906|page=[https://archive.org/details/todas00rivegoog/page/40 40]}}</ref> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱢ-ᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱣᱳᱴᱳ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|last=Peter|first=Prince|title=Men and Cultures|pages=485–489}}</ref> ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱟᱱᱟ ᱯᱩᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱮᱣᱛᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rivers|first=William H.R.|title=The Todas|url=https://archive.org/details/todas00rivegoog|year=1906|page=[https://archive.org/details/todas00rivegoog/page/340 340]}}</ref> ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱚᱱᱮᱨ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱜᱤ-ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱚᱱᱮᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱩᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱞ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱱᱟᱹ ᱥᱮ ᱰᱟᱹᱱ-ᱡᱩᱜᱤ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱟᱹᱱ-ᱡᱩᱜᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱠᱩ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱡᱮ ᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱵᱤᱫᱽᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱽᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ [[Badagas|ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱜᱟ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rivers|first=William H.R.|title=The Todas|pages=255–261}}</ref> == ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ == ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱨᱟᱵᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱸᱴ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ (ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱠᱳᱴᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ) ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ 'ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱳ-ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱫᱨᱟᱵᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ' ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱫᱨᱟᱵᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱱᱟᱰᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱢᱟᱬᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾{{sfnp|Emeneau|1984|pp=1–2}} [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Dhoda_(Toda)Dancers.jpg|thumb|ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ]] == ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱴᱤᱠᱥ == === ᱞᱮᱠᱴᱮᱥ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱱᱥ === ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ 'ᱞᱮᱠᱴᱮᱥ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱱᱥ' (ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱩᱯᱚ-ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱴᱮᱯ ᱦᱟᱯᱲᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱗.᱘% ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite bioRxiv|last1=Kerdoncuff|title=Revisiting the Evolution of Lactase Persistence|date=2025}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ == ᱒᱑ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱛᱟᱵᱽᱫᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱥᱮᱫ, ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱚᱸᱠᱨᱤᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfnp|Walker|2004}} ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱞ-ᱵᱷᱚᱞᱴᱮᱰ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱲᱟᱣᱱᱟ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱙᱕ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱐᱕ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱔᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Harvp|Chhabra|2005a}}</ref> == ᱠᱟᱹᱥᱤᱫᱟ == [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Toda_people_in_front_of_their_hut_in_the_Nilgiri_Hills_(c._1870).jpg|thumb|᱑᱘᱗᱐ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱾]] ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱡᱤᱥᱴᱨᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱥᱤᱫᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱤ.ᱟᱭ. ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱴᱳᱰᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱥᱤᱫᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱠᱚᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>"GI certificate for Toda embroidery", ''The Hindu'' (15 June 2013).</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} dygd60mnwsg9fzt08906093g0de8pi5 0 35192 196644 189682 2026-08-12T19:58:42Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196644 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox caste | image = The People of India 1868 Aheer.jpg | caption = ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ, [[ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱦᱤᱨ | caste_name = ᱟᱦᱤᱨ | subdivisions = ᱡᱟᱹᱫᱩᱵᱚᱝᱥᱤ ᱟᱦᱤᱨ (Yaduvanshi Ahir)<br/>ᱱᱚᱱᱫᱚᱵᱚᱝᱥᱤ ᱟᱦᱤᱨ (Nandvanshi Ahir)<br/> ᱜᱳᱣᱟᱞᱵᱚᱝᱥᱤ ᱟᱦᱤᱨ (Gwalvanshi Ahir) | populated_states = ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ | religions = [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]] | languages = ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ }}'''ᱟᱦᱤᱨ''' ( ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ: ᱟᱵᱷᱤᱨᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Shashi|first=Shyam Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=duIjAQAAIAAJ&q=Ahir|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Tribes: The tribal world in transition|date=1994|publisher=Anmol Publications|isbn=978-81-7041-836-8|language=en}}</ref> ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱟᱹᱛᱤᱧ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ '''ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ''' ᱛᱟᱹᱜᱩᱢ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vkkK6SZOo_gC&pg=PA1551|title=People of India: Uttar Pradesh|date=2005|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|isbn=978-81-7304-114-3|pages=1551|language=en|quote=These Ahir of past, now identify themselves as Yadav or Yadubansi and to support this claim use the surname, Yadav, and thus try to distinguish themselves from other constituent groups forming the large Ahir caste.}}</ref> ᱟᱦᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱳᱥᱴᱤ, ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾ ᱟᱦᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ-ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱥ-ᱵᱟᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱑᱙ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ᱟᱦᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ 'ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ' ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱬ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱭᱟᱹᱫᱩ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱡ ᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱼᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱩᱛᱷᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref name="AhirSanskritisation">...</ref> ᱟᱦᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ]], [[ᱢᱚᱨᱤᱥᱟᱥ]], [[ᱯᱷᱤᱡᱤ]], [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱨᱮᱵᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ [[ᱜᱟᱭᱟᱱᱟ]], ᱛᱨᱤᱱᱤᱫᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱳᱵᱮᱜᱳ ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱩᱨᱤᱱᱟᱢ]] ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱟᱦᱤᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾ ᱢᱚᱨᱤᱥᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱨᱮᱵᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱑᱙ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱤᱨᱢᱤᱴᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ᱾<ref>...</ref> == ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ == ᱟᱦᱤᱨ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ "ᱟᱵᱷᱤᱨᱚ" ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱟᱵᱷᱤᱨ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Garg1992">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w9pmo51lRnYC&pg=PA113|title=Encyclopaedia of the Hindu world|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=1992|isbn=978-81-7022-374-0|editor-last=Garg|editor-first=Gaṅga Ram|volume=1|pages=113–114}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=People of Maharashtra|url=https://www.gazetteers.maharashtra.gov.in/cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/land_and_people/L%20%26%20P%20pdf/Chapter%20II/2%20Major%20Castes%20and%20Tribes.pdf?}}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ (History) == [[ᱨᱮᱫ:AheersAroundDelhi1868.jpg|right|thumb|305x305px|ᱟᱦᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ, ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ, ᱑᱘᱖᱘]] === ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ === ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱟᱵᱷᱤᱨᱚ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ - ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱦᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱟᱯᱲᱟᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱷᱤᱭᱚᱨᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ; ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ, ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱸᱫᱷᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="Bhattacharya1996p126">{{cite book|title=Krishna – Cult in Indian Art|first=Sunil Kumar|last=Bhattacharya|publisher=M.D. Publications|year=1996|isbn=978-81-7533-001-6|page=126|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SyyNIL7Ug2kC}}</ref> ᱮ. ᱯᱤ. ᱠᱟᱨᱢᱟᱠᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱵᱷᱤᱨᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱨᱚᱴᱚ ᱫᱨᱟᱵᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ''ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱬ'' ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱩᱱᱤᱞ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱚᱴᱴᱟᱪᱟᱨᱭᱚ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟ, ᱑ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ "''ᱯᱮᱨᱤᱯᱞᱚᱥᱷ ᱚᱯ ᱫᱟ ᱤᱨᱤᱛᱷᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱤ"'' ᱨᱮ ᱟᱵᱷᱤᱨᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱚᱴᱴᱟᱪᱟᱨᱭᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱵᱷᱤᱨᱚ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name="Bhattacharya1996p126" /> ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱮᱢ.ᱮᱥ.ᱮ. ᱨᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱤ. ᱮᱢ. ᱪᱚᱱᱫᱳᱨᱠᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱤ. ᱯᱚᱫᱽᱢᱚᱡᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ, ᱟᱦᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ [[Yadava|ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ]] ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book|first=Sumit|last=Guha|title=Environment and Ethnicity in India, 1200–1991|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GSa5blriOYcC&pg=PA47|year=2006|publisher=University of Cambridge|page=47|isbn=978-0-521-02870-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|first=M. S. A.|last=Rao|title=Social Movements in India|volume=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SODZAAAAMAAJ&q=124|year=1978|publisher=Manohar|pages=124, 197, 210}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ, ᱫᱟᱬᱟ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱤᱱᱰᱳ-ᱥᱤᱛᱷᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨᱭᱚ ᱥᱮ ᱫᱨᱟᱵᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱼ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ''ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ'' ᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱰᱳ-ᱟᱨᱭᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ, ᱟᱵᱷᱤᱨᱚ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ-ᱠᱟᱹᱥᱱᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ; ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ-ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱩᱢᱵᱽᱲᱩ-ᱰᱟᱹᱠᱟᱹᱛ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|first=Aditya|last=Malik|chapter=The Puskara Mahatmya: A Short Report|page=200|title=The History of Sacred Places in India As Reflected in Traditional Literature|editor-first=Hans|editor-last=Bakker|location=Leiden|year=1990|isbn=978-90-04-09318-8|publisher=BRILL and the International Association of Sanskrit Studies|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wPgBdyxD5MkC&pg=PA200}}</ref> === ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ === * ᱑᱒ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ]] ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱦᱤᱨ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ<ref>{{cite book|first=Punam|last=Yadav|title=Social Transformation in Post-conflict Nepal: A Gender Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3QQRDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT57|year=2016|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-35389-8|page=57}}</ref> * ᱥᱟᱜᱚᱨ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱦᱤᱨ-ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱠᱚ<ref>{{cite book|first=A N|last=Sharma|page=13|title=The Beria (Rai Dancers)A Socio-demographic, Reproductive, and Child Health Care Practices Profile|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YX1siOYKthgC&dq=ahir+Rajas+sagar&pg=PA13|isbn=81-7625-714-1|year=2006|publisher=Sarup & Sons}}</ref> * ᱜᱟᱣᱨᱳᱨ ᱠᱤᱞᱟ, ᱯᱟᱴᱱᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱦᱤᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nAO2AAAAIAAJ&q=ahir++rajas|title=Historical Researches Series|date=1963|language=en}}</ref> === ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ === [[ᱨᱮᱫ:'B'_Company_(Ahir),_1st_Battalion,_The_5th_Light_Infantry.jpg|thumb|'ᱵᱤ' ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱱᱤ (ᱟᱦᱤᱨ), ᱑ ᱞᱚᱫᱷᱟᱢ ᱵᱟᱴᱟᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ, ᱕ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱤᱱᱯᱷᱮᱱᱴᱨᱤ, ᱠᱳᱭᱮᱴᱟ, ᱑᱙᱑᱘]] [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Indian_officers,_'B'_Company_(Ahir),_1st_Battalion,_5th_Light_Infantry.jpg|thumb|ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱳᱯᱷᱤᱥᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ, 'ᱵᱤ' ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱱᱤ (ᱟᱦᱤᱨ), ᱑ ᱞᱚᱫᱷᱟᱢ ᱵᱟᱴᱟᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ, ᱕ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱤᱱᱯᱷᱮᱱᱴᱨᱤ, ᱠᱳᱭᱮᱴᱟ, ᱑᱙᱑᱘]] ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱤᱱ [[British Raj|ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ]] ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱑᱙᱒᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱦᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ "ᱪᱟᱥᱤ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ" ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ "ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ" ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|first=Rajit K.|last=Mazumder|title=The Indian army and the making of Punjab|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8G8COTxOUkgC&pg=PA105|year=2003|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-7824-059-6|page=105}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱨᱩᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ "ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱱ" ᱥᱮ "ᱵᱟᱝ-ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱱ" ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ: ᱢᱤᱫ "ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ" ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name="rand">...</ref> ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱞᱜᱟᱹ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱦᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱑᱘᱙᱘ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱨᱛᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|title=Peasants and monks in British India|url=https://archive.org/details/peasantsmonksinb0000pinc|first=William R.|last=Pinch|publisher=University of California Press|year=1996|page=[https://archive.org/details/peasantsmonksinb0000pinc/page/90 90]}}</ref> ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱟᱦᱤᱨ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱑᱙᱖᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ-ᱪᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱡᱟᱝ ᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱨᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱑᱑᱔ ᱟᱦᱤᱨ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ, ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱖᱕ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ-ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱾<ref name="Remembering Rezang La heroes">...</ref> == ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ == ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱦᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱹᱣᱞᱤ <ref>{{cite book|last=Mehta|first=B. H.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gu_cN0MhteMC&pg=PA568|title=Gonds of the Central Indian Highlands|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=1994|volume=II|location=New Delhi|pages=568–569}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱜᱷᱳᱥᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱜᱳᱯ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|last=Michelutti|first=Lucia|year=2002|title=Sons of Krishna: the politics of Yadav community formation in a North Indian town|url=http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2106/1/U613338.pdf|work=PhD Thesis Social Anthropology|publisher=London School of Economics and Political Science|pages=94–95}}</ref> ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱟᱨ, ᱜᱳᱞᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱳᱱᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>* {{cite book|last=Singh|first=Rajbir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jn3aAAAAMAAJ|title=India's Unequal Citizens: A Study of Other Backward Classes|publisher=Manohar, 1994|year=1994|isbn=978-81-7304-069-6|pages=34, 356, 390}} * {{cite book|last=Sharma|first=Shish Ram|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T3PaAAAAMAAJ|title=Protective Discrimination: Other Backward Classes in India|publisher=Raj Publications, 2002|year=2002|isbn=978-81-86208-23-6|pages=153, 312, 410}}</ref> ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱩᱱᱫᱮᱞᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱣᱣᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|last=Jain|first=Ravindra K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fghQhiowlycC&pg=PA32|title=Between History and Legend: Status and Power in Bundelkhand|publisher=Orient Blackswan|year=2002|isbn=978-8-12502-194-0|page=30}}</ref> ᱟᱦᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱒᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|last=Patel|first=Mahendra Lal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=58G8PPAN48cC&pg=PA33|title=Awareness in Weaker Section: Perspective Development and Prospects|publisher=M. D. Publications Pvt. Ltd|year=1997|isbn=978-8-17533-029-0|page=33}}</ref> === ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ === ᱵᱮᱦᱨᱳᱨ, ᱟᱞᱣᱟᱨ, ᱨᱮᱣᱟᱲᱤ, ᱱᱟᱨᱱᱚᱣᱞ, ᱢᱚᱦᱮᱱᱫᱽᱨᱚᱜᱚᱲ, ᱜᱩᱲᱜᱟᱶ<ref name="nannak$">{{cite book|last1=Guru Nanak Dev University|first1=Sociology Dept|title=Guru Nanak Journal of Sociology|publisher=Sociology Department, Guru Nanak Dev University|pages=5, 6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=03_ZAAAAMAAJ&q=ahir|date=2003|language=en}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱡᱷᱟᱡᱽᱡᱚᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|first=Dip Chand|last=Verma|title=Haryana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6JY5AQAAIAAJ|year=1975|publisher=National Book Trust, India}}</ref> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱦᱤᱨᱣᱟᱞ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱦᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8OIUAQAAIAAJ&q=ahirwal|title=The Vernacularisation of Democracy: Politics, Caste, and Religion in India|last=Michuletti|first=Lucia|publisher=Routledge|year=2008|pages=41, 42|isbn=978-0-415-46732-2}}</ref> === ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ === ᱟᱦᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱛᱚᱲ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱲᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱞᱜᱟᱶ, ᱫᱷᱩᱞᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱥᱤᱠ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ, ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴᱤ, ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ, ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱢᱟᱜᱚᱫᱷᱤ, ᱥᱚᱣᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤ, ᱥᱚᱣᱨᱟᱥᱮᱱᱤ, ᱞᱟᱴᱤ, ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤ, ᱯᱨᱟᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱭᱥᱟᱪᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite periodical|url=https://gazetteers.maharashtra.gov.in/cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/land_and_people/L%20&%20P%20pdf/Chapter%20III/3%20Distinctive%20Features%20of%20Sub-regional%20Culture%20of%20Maharashtra.pdf|title=Maharashtra: Land and its people|last=Pathak|first=A. S.|publisher=Government of Maharashtra|year=2009|periodical=Maharashtra State Gazetteer}}</ref> == ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ == ᱟᱦᱤᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>.{{cite book|last=danielou|first=Alain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ua6yuxBPQdQC&q=ahir|title=The Beria (Rai Dancers)A Socio-demographic, Reproductive, and Child Health Care Practices Profile|publisher=Inner Traditions / Bear & Co|year=2005|isbn=978-1-59477-048-7|page=56}}</ref>ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛᱤᱠᱚᱨᱚᱬ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ, ᱟᱦᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ 'ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ' ᱛᱟᱹᱜᱩᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱭᱟᱹᱫᱩᱵᱚᱝᱥᱤ, ᱱᱚᱱᱫᱚᱵᱚᱝᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱳᱣᱟᱞᱵᱚᱝᱥᱤ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱭᱟᱹᱫᱩ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱫᱷᱟᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Michelutti2002" /> === ᱡᱚᱢ-ᱧᱩ === ᱑᱙᱙᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱩᱨ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱟᱦᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱨᱟᱹᱢᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱢ-ᱜᱮᱰᱮ ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ln6_PodhWC0C&pg=PA60|title=New Dimensions in Agricultural ...|first=Noor|last=Mohammad|page=60|isbn=978-81-7022-403-7|year=1992|publisher=Concept Publishing Company}}</ref> === ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ === ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱨᱚᱥ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱦᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱛᱚᱲ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ ᱾<ref>.{{cite book|first=Alain|last=danielou|page=56|title=The Beria (Rai Dancers)A Socio-demographic, Reproductive, and Child Health Care Practices Profile|year=2005|publisher=Inner Traditions / Bear & Co}}</ref> ᱟᱦᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱦᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ - ᱟᱦᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱱᱫᱮᱥᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ), ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱱᱫᱮᱥ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ; ᱟᱨ ᱟᱦᱤᱨᱣᱟᱴᱤ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱦᱤᱨᱣᱟᱞ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ ᱾ === ᱦᱚᱲ-ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ === ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱟᱦᱤᱨ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱦᱤᱨᱳ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱞᱳᱨᱤᱠ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱜᱟᱭᱱᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱯᱤᱲᱤ ᱯᱤᱲᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|title=Magahi Folklore and Folk Tales|first=Sheela|last=Verma|publisher=Manohar|date=2008|page=88|isbn=9788173048043}}</ref> ᱑᱔ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱞᱞᱟ ᱫᱟᱣᱩᱫᱽ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱩᱯᱷᱤ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱞ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱟᱦᱤᱨ ᱞᱚᱠ-ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱡᱽᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0415994047|title=The Concise Garland Encyclopedia of World Music|year=2008|page=1026}}</ref> == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ == * ᱟᱦᱤᱨ ᱜᱳᱥᱴᱤ ᱠᱚ * ᱟᱦᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱡᱤᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱟᱱᱫᱚᱲᱟᱱ == ᱱᱳᱴᱥ (Notes) == {{notelist}} == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ (References) == {{Reflist}} 9n3yv339rad3td4z0mjyi7bvlieja6z 0 35200 196622 189442 2026-08-12T19:26:25Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196622 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ}} {{Infobox ethnic group |group = ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱᱤ (Great Andamanese) |image = Great Andamanese RIALA 1890.jpg |caption = ᱨᱤᱭᱟᱞᱟ, ᱑᱘᱙᱐ ᱨᱮ [[Middle Andaman|ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Aka-Kede|ᱟᱠᱟ-ᱠᱮᱰᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱᱤ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟᱤᱭᱟᱹ (interpreter) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ |population = ᱕᱙ (᱒᱐᱒᱐)<ref name="covid">{{cite news|url=https://theguardian.com/world/2020/aug/27/tribespeople-of-andaman-islands-in-bay-of-bengal-test-positive-for-covid-19|title=Ten in remote Indian tribe of 59 test positive for Covid-19|work=The Guardian|date=27 August 2020}}</ref> | region1 = {{flag|India}}<br/>[[ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱠᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱯᱩᱧᱡᱤᱰᱷᱤᱯ]] ([[Strait Island]]) | pop1 = ᱕᱙ |langs = ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱚ [[Great Andamanese languages|ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]], ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ [[Hindi language|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ]] ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ [[Languages of India|ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]] (᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ) |related = [[Onge language|ᱳᱱᱜᱮ]], [[Jarawa language (Andaman Islands)|ᱡᱟᱨᱣᱟ]], [[Jangil]], [[Sentinelese|ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱤᱱᱮᱞᱤᱡᱽ]] }} '''ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱᱤ''' ᱫᱚ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="jarawa">{{cite web |url=http://www.survivalinternational.org/tribes/jarawa/greatandamanese |title=Jarawa: The Great Andamanese |work=Survival International}}</ref> ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ, ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ; ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱳᱱᱜᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱮᱦᱮᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱒,᱐᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱖,᱖᱐᱐ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ, ᱯᱟᱹᱣᱨᱟᱹ, ᱩᱯᱚᱱᱤᱵᱮᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱸᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱚᱛ-ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱡ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱐ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱕᱒ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱒᱐᱒᱐ ᱟᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱕᱙ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱩᱨᱤ ᱢᱮᱴᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤ, ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name="abbiweb">{{cite web |url=http://www.andamanese.net/generalia.html |title=Great Andamanese Community |first=Anvita |last=Abbi}}</ref> == ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ == ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱱᱮᱜᱽᱨᱤᱴᱳ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ (ᱳᱱᱜᱮ, ᱡᱟᱨᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱝᱜᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱤᱱᱮᱞᱤᱡᱽ) ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱱᱮᱜᱽᱨᱤᱴᱳ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱵᱟᱥᱤᱱᱫᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱮᱥᱟᱭ ᱜᱮᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱬᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="andaman">{{Cite web |title=Members of Ancient Tribe Escape |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/01/14/world/main667171.shtml |work=CBS News |date=2005-01-14}}</ref> ᱑᱘ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱛᱟᱵᱽᱫᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ, ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱩᱵᱩᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ) ᱟᱨ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ, ᱜᱮᱞ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱮᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ == [[File:Languages and dialects of the Andaman Islands at British contact.png|thumb|ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ, ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱾]] ᱑᱗᱘᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱗᱐᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ, ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ:<ref name="jarawa"/> * ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ (ᱭᱮᱨᱮᱣᱟ): ** (ᱟᱠᱟ-)ᱠᱚᱨᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤ – ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱾ ** (ᱟᱠᱟ) ᱥᱮ ᱠᱳᱨᱟ – ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱾ ** (ᱟᱠᱟ) ᱥᱮ ᱵᱳ – ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱾ ** ᱥᱮ ᱡᱮᱨᱩ – ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱾ * ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ (ᱵᱚᱡᱤᱜᱭᱟᱵ): ** (ᱟᱠᱟ) ᱥᱮ ᱠᱮᱰᱮ – ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱾ ** ᱟᱠᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱳᱞ – ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱾ ** ᱳᱠᱳ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱩᱣᱳᱭ – ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱾ ** ᱯᱩᱪᱤᱠᱣᱟᱨ – ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱨᱟᱛᱟᱝ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱾ ** ᱟᱠᱟᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱞᱮ – ᱨᱤᱪᱤ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱾ ** (ᱟᱠᱟ)ᱵᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱮᱭᱟ – ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱴᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ-ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱓᱕᱐ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱯᱮᱲᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱯᱚᱱᱤᱵᱮᱥ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱢᱟᱬᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱵᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱞᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱪᱷᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ — ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ᱾<ref name="weber8"/> == ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ == ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱩᱯᱚᱱᱤᱵᱮᱥ (᱑᱗᱘᱙-᱑᱗᱖) ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱖᱖᱐᱐ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="weber7">{{cite book |chapter=7. Numbers |first=George |last=Weber |date=2009 |title=The Andamanese}}</ref> ᱑᱘᱖᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱦᱮᱞ ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱓᱕᱐᱐ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="weber7"/> ᱩᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱛᱟᱵᱽᱫᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱜᱟᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱯᱚᱱᱤᱵᱮᱥ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱟᱯᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name="cooper2002">{{Cite book |title=Archaeology and History: Early Settlements in the Andaman Islands |url=https://archive.org/details/archaeologyhisto0000coop |first=Zarine |last=Cooper |year=2002}}</ref> ᱩᱯᱚᱱᱤᱵᱮᱥ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱦᱮᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱤᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱭᱫᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱛᱮᱡᱽ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="lee1999">{{Cite book |title=The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Hunters and Gatherers |first1=Richard B. |last1=Lee |year=1999}}</ref> ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱛᱟᱵᱽᱫᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name="weber7"/> ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱥᱠᱚᱫᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱐᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ, ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱖᱒᱕ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="weber7"/><ref name="asi1990">{{Cite book |title=The Jarawa |url=https://archive.org/details/jarawa0000sark |first=Jayanta |last=Sarkar |year=1990}}</ref> ᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱮᱱᱟ: ᱑᱙᱑᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱔᱕᱕, ᱑᱙᱒᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐᱗ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱓᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱙᱐ ᱾<ref name="weber7"/> ᱵᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱭᱠᱥᱴᱮᱰ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱒᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ "ᱥᱟᱭ (᱑᱐᱐) ᱜᱟᱱ" ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name="mukerjee2003">{{Cite book |title=The Land of Naked People |url=https://archive.org/details/landofnakedpeopl0000muke |first=Madhusree |last=Mukerjee |year=2003}}</ref> ᱑᱙᱔᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱞᱟᱯᱷ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ (᱑.᱑᱔ ᱪᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱤᱡᱟᱨᱵᱷᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name="mann">{{cite book |title=Andaman and Nicobar Tribes Restudied |first=Rann Singh |last=Mann |date=2005 |page=149}}</ref> ᱑᱙᱔᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱒᱕ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ,<ref name="vanDriem2001">{{Cite book |title=Languages of the Himalayas |first=George |last=van Driem |year=2001}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱛᱟᱵᱽᱫᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱩᱨᱤ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫᱚᱜ ᱦᱟᱞᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ-ᱢᱤᱥᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱑᱙᱖᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱖᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱒᱓ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱫᱚᱲᱦᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱴᱨᱮᱴ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ (ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱕ ᱪᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ) ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name="mann"/> ᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ: ᱑᱙᱗᱑ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱔, ᱑᱙᱘᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱖, ᱑᱙᱙᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱔᱕ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱐᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱔᱓ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱴᱨᱮᱴ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱕᱐ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱐ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱕᱒ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=telegraph>{{cite news |title=Language lost as last member of Andaman tribe dies |date=5 February 2010 |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph}}</ref> ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱑᱙᱙᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱨᱩᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱟᱨᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱑᱙᱑᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ, ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱘᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱳᱱᱜᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱴᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱭᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱝᱜᱤᱞ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ; ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱑᱙᱒᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱖᱑ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱓᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱞᱚᱛ == ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ (ᱡᱮᱨᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱳ) ᱜᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ; ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫᱚᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name="mann"/><ref name="lansuv">{{cite web |url=http://infochangeindia.org/Media/Languages-of-India/The-case-for-a-linguistic-survey.html |title=The case for a linguistic survey |publisher=Infochange Media |access-date=2026-03-23 |archive-date=2010-04-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100424231241/http://infochangeindia.org/Media/Languages-of-India/The-case-for-a-linguistic-survey.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ᱠᱳᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱪᱤᱠᱣᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ (ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱟᱲᱟᱢ ᱵᱩᱰᱷᱤ) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱮᱨᱩ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱳ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱨᱩᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="abbiweb" /> ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱩᱨᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱟᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ-ᱢᱤᱥᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ, ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱨᱮᱭᱳᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="abbi2006"/> ᱥᱴᱨᱮᱴ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱸᱫᱽᱨᱟ, ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱡᱚ-ᱡᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱩᱜᱟᱹᱲ ᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="weber8">{{cite book |chapter=8. The Tribes |first=George |last=Weber |date=2009 |title=The Andamanese}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱥ-ᱵᱟᱥ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱢ-ᱜᱮᱰᱮ ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="vultrib">{{cite web |url=http://www.and.nic.in/andaman/tribes.php |title=A Brief Note on Vulnerable Tribal Groups |website=Andaman and Nicobar Administration}}</ref> [[File:Andamanese Onge.png|thumb|᱒᱐᱐᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱾]] === ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ === ᱑᱙᱐᱑ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱙᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ:<ref>A. N. Sharma (2003), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=WEztW7c0CqQC&pg=PA62 Tribal Development in the Andaman Islands]'', page 62. Sarup & Sons, New Delhi.</ref> ; ᱑᱙᱐᱑ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ : ᱟᱠᱟ-ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤ : ᱓᱙ : ᱟᱠᱟ-ᱠᱳᱨᱟ : ᱙᱖ : ᱟᱠᱟ-ᱵᱳ : ᱔᱘ : ᱟᱠᱟ-ᱡᱮᱨᱩᱺ ᱒᱑᱘ : ᱟᱠᱟ-ᱠᱮᱰᱮ ᱺ ᱕᱙ : ᱟᱠᱟ-ᱠᱳᱞᱺ ᱑᱑ : ᱳᱠᱳ-ᱡᱩᱣᱳᱭ : ᱔᱘ : ᱟᱠᱟ-ᱯᱩᱪᱤᱠᱣᱟᱨ : ᱕᱐ : ᱟᱠᱟ-ᱵᱟᱞᱮ : ᱑᱙ : ᱟᱠᱟ-ᱵᱮᱭᱟ ᱺ ᱓᱗ ; ᱑᱙᱙᱔ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ : ᱟᱠᱟ-ᱡᱮᱨᱩᱺ ᱑᱙ : ᱟᱠᱟ-ᱵᱳ : ᱑᱕ : ᱟᱠᱟ-ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤ : ᱒ : ('ᱴᱷᱚᱠ' - : ᱔) == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{reflist}} {{Negritos}} {{authority control}} [[Category:ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱠᱳᱵᱟᱨ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱠᱳᱵᱟᱨ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱥᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]] foputsqg2an0d5bm2fkcdjdwg07t32b 0 35227 196538 195417 2026-08-12T18:02:17Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196538 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ}}{{Infobox ethnic group|group=ᱪᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ|native_name={{Infobox |subbox=yes |bodystyle=font-size:80%;font-weight:normal; | rowclass1 = mergedrow |label1=[[ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]]: |data1={{Lang|my|ချင်းလူမျိုး}} | rowclass2 = mergedrow |label2=[[ᱢᱟᱨᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]]:|data2={{Lang|mrh|Chin phopi}} | rowclass4 = mergedrow |label4=[[ᱛᱮᱫᱤᱢ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]]: |data4={{Lang|tdm|Chin nam}} | rowclass5 = mergedrow |label5=[[ᱦᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]]: |data5={{Lang|chn|Chin miphun}} | rowclass6 = mergedrow |label6=[[ᱯᱷᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]]: |data6={{Lang|cfm|Chin phunpi}} | }}|image=File:DSC0012 Burma Chin Peoples village (7479945560).jpg|caption=ᱪᱤᱱ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ|poptime=|popplace=|total=᱑,᱕᱐᱐,᱐᱐᱐+|total_year=᱒᱐᱑᱑|region1=[[ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]]|pop1=᱑,᱕᱐᱐,᱐᱐᱐<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bnionline.net/en/news/chin-state-among-priority-regions-needing-and-receiving-minimal-humanitarian-aid | title=Chin State Among Priority Regions Needing and Receiving Minimal Humanitarian Aid }}</ref>|region2=[[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]]|pop2=[[Burmese community in India|᱑᱐᱐,᱐᱐᱐+]]|region3={{nbsp|10}}[[ᱢᱤᱡᱚᱨᱟᱢ]]|pop3=᱗᱐,᱐᱐᱐–᱑᱐᱐,᱐᱐᱐ (᱒᱐᱑᱒)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/census-planned-chins-mizoram-state#:~:text=An%20estimated%2070%2C000%20to%20100%2C000,total%20population%20of%20Mizoram%20State | title=Census planned for Chins in Mizoram State – Myanmar &#124; ReliefWeb | date=18 May 2012 }}</ref>|region4={{nbsp|10}}[[ᱢᱟᱱᱤᱯᱩᱨ|ᱢᱚᱬᱤᱯᱩᱨ]]|pop4=᱑᱒,᱐᱐᱐<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/manipur-mizoram-differ-on-myanmar-refugees/article67356941.ece#:~:text=Some%2040%2C000%20Chin%20people%2C%20fleeing,from%20the%20strife%2Dtorn%20Manipur | title=Manipur, Mizoram differ on Myanmar 'refugees' | newspaper=The Hindu | date=28 September 2023 }}</ref>|region5=ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ|pop5=᱗᱐,᱐᱐᱐<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.texasmonthly.com/being-texan/chin-refugees-myanmar-midland/#:~:text=Since%202002%2C%20the%20U.S.%20has,Lewisville%2C%20just%20north%20of%20Dallas | title=How Refugees from Myanmar Have Embraced Midland—and Its Conservative Politics | work=Texas Monthly | date=29 November 2021 | last1=McKean | first1=Carrie }}</ref>|region6=[[ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]]|pop6=᱑᱒,᱐᱐减<ref>{{cite web | url=https://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/malaysia-burmese-chin-refugees-run#:~:text=Chin%20refugees%20from%20Burma%20are,are%20registered%20with%20the%20CRC | title=Malaysia: Burmese Chin refugees on the run – Myanmar &#124; ReliefWeb | date=29 March 2005 }}</ref>|langs=ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ:<br />[[ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱥᱮ <br /> ᱟᱭᱳ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ:<br /> ᱮᱴᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱩᱠᱤ-ᱪᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]]|rels='''ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ''':<br />[[ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]] ᱘᱐%<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://minorityrights.org/minorities/chin/|title=Chin|date=19 June 2015|website=Minority Rights Group}}</ref><br />'''ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ''': ᱒᱐%<ref name="auto1"/><br />[[ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ|ᱵᱩᱫᱽᱫᱷᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]], ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ|related=[[ᱢᱤᱡᱳ ᱦᱚᱲ]], [[ᱱᱟᱜᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ]], [[ᱠᱩᱠᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ]], [[ᱵᱟᱣᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ]]}} '''ᱪᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ''' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱩᱠᱤᱼᱪᱤᱱᱼᱢᱤᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱩᱲᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ == ᱪᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱥᱳ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱞᱚᱝ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱞᱟᱝᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ "ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ" ᱥᱮ "ᱦᱚᱲ" ᱾<ref name=":1">{{Citation|last=Bik|first=Kenneth Van|title=The Languages and Linguistics of Mainland Southeast Asia|chapter=19 Typological profile of Kuki-Chin languages|date=2021|pages=369–402|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|language=en|doi=10.1515/9783110558142-019|isbn=978-3-11-055814-2|s2cid=238716745}}</ref> ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱳ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱦᱤᱞᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":1" /> ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤ ᱥᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱑᱑ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱠᱭᱟᱱᱥᱤᱛᱷᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|title=THE ORIGIN OF THE CHIN|url=https://www.chinhumanrights.org/the-origin-of-the-chin/|access-date=8 May 2025|website=Chin Human Rights Organization|language=en-US}}</ref> "ᱪᱤᱱ" ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱩᱠᱤᱼᱪᱤᱱ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱟᱸᱜᱚᱪ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":1" /> ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ "ᱡᱳ" ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ "ᱡᱳᱢᱤ" ᱥᱮ "ᱢᱤᱡᱚ" ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾'''<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite book|title=Worldmark encyclopedia of cultures and daily life|url=https://archive.org/details/worldmarkencyclo01gall|date=1998|publisher=Gale|isbn=978-0-7876-0552-0|editor-last=Gall|editor-first=Timothy L.|location=Detroit|chapter=Chins|editor-last2=Gale Research Inc}}</ref>''' ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱯᱱᱤᱵᱮᱥᱤ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱩᱠᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ 'ᱪᱤᱱᱼᱠᱩᱠᱤᱼᱢᱤᱡᱚ' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱜᱮᱭ ᱟᱸᱜᱚᱪ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>Violence and identity in North-east India: Naga-Kuki conflict – Page 201 S. R. Tohring – 2010 "... for these tribes including • the Kuki/ speaking tribe such as: 'Chin', 'Mizo', 'Chin-Kuki-Mizo', 'CHIKIM', 'Zomi', 'Zou', 'Zo'. ... During the British era, the British rulers used the term 'Chin-Kuki-Mizo' and the Government of India seemed to follow ..."</ref><ref>Amy Alexander ''Burma: "we are Like Forgotten People" : the Chin People of Burma'' Page 16 2009 "... within Chin State, Chin nationalist leaders popularized the term "Chin" following Burma's independence from Britain."</ref><ref name="Gougin-1984">{{cite book|last=Gougin|first=T.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=egseAAAAMAAJ|title=History of Zomi|date=1984|publisher=T. Gougin|location=Churachandpur, Manipur|pages=|oclc=556461464|quote=In Burma the people like to renounce the term Chin in favour of Zomi. Chin is becoming more and ...}}</ref> ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ "ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ" ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱕᱓ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=19 March 2025|title=Disquiet on the Western Front: A Divided Resistance in Myanmar's Chin State|url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-east-asia/myanmar/b181-divided-resistance-myanmars-chin-state|access-date=8 May 2025|website=Crisis Group|language=en}}</ref> == ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ == ᱮᱯᱷ. ᱠᱮ. ᱞᱮᱦᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱪᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱼ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ "ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱪᱤᱱ" ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Pau|2020|p=15}} ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱑°᱔᱕'N ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱮᱦᱢᱮᱱ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱡ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱹᱬ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Pau|2020|p=16}}{{sfn|Lehman|1963|p=14}} ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱦᱤᱞᱥ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱼ ᱛᱮᱫᱤᱢ, ᱯᱷᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱠᱟ᱾ ᱛᱮᱫᱤᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱠᱛᱮ, ᱠᱟᱢᱦᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱡᱟᱝ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱼ ᱫᱤᱢ, ᱠᱷᱩᱣᱟᱱᱳ, ᱦᱩᱣᱟᱞᱱᱜᱳ, ᱥᱤᱡᱟᱝ, ᱛᱮᱫᱤᱢ, ᱥᱟᱭᱡᱟᱝ, ᱛᱷᱟᱰᱳ, ᱛᱮᱭᱡᱟᱝ, ᱵᱷᱟᱝᱛᱮ, ᱜᱩᱭᱛᱮ, ᱵᱟᱭᱯᱷᱮᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱳᱣ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱳᱢᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱱᱛᱷᱞᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱣ, ᱦᱩᱣᱟᱞᱱᱜᱳ, ᱠᱷᱩᱣᱟᱞᱥᱤᱢ, ᱛᱟᱣᱭᱟᱱ, ᱡᱟᱱᱱᱤᱭᱟᱛ, ᱱᱜᱟᱣᱱ, ᱞᱟᱭᱡᱳ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱩᱣᱟᱝᱞᱤ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱡ {{lang|lus|ᱯᱟᱣᱤ}} ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ 'ᱛᱟᱥᱳᱱ' ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Pau|2020|p=15}} ᱦᱟᱠᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱠᱟ, ᱛᱷᱟᱱᱛᱞᱟᱝ, ᱡᱳᱠᱷᱩᱣᱟ, ᱛᱷᱮᱛᱴᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱯᱤᱥ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱛᱮ [[Lai people|{{lang|cnh|ᱞᱟᱭᱢᱤ|nocat=yes}}]] ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱟᱠᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Pau|2020|p=16}} ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱼ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱟᱦᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱫᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱳᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱢᱮ, ᱣᱮᱞᱟᱣᱩᱝ, ᱪᱤᱱᱵᱳᱠ, ᱭᱤᱱᱫᱩ, ᱪᱤᱱᱵᱳᱱ, ᱠᱷᱭᱟᱝ, ᱥᱳ, ᱟᱥᱳ, ᱪᱳ, ᱠᱷᱟᱢᱤ, ᱢᱨᱳ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱼ ᱟᱱᱩ, ᱠᱩᱱ, ᱯᱟᱞᱞᱟᱭᱤᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠ/ᱛᱷᱮᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Pau|2020|p=16}} == ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ == === ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ === ᱪᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱩ ᱯᱞᱮᱴᱳ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱨᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ, ᱵᱟᱜᱳ, ᱢᱟᱜᱽᱣᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱜᱟᱭᱤᱝ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾'''<ref name=":7" />''' ᱭᱟᱝᱜᱩᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱟᱞᱟᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name=":1" /> ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱠᱩᱢᱛᱩ, ᱟᱥᱳ, ᱠᱚᱝᱛᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱭᱛᱩ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ [[ᱨᱮᱫ:DSC0011_Burma_Chin_State_Village_and_Traditional_Marriage_(7479944774).jpg|thumb|ᱪᱤᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ]] === ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ === ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱱᱟᱴ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ, ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ, ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾'''<ref name=":7" />'''<ref name="ethnomed12">{{cite web|last=Scarlis|first=Christine Anne|date=2 June 2010|title=Chin Cultural Profile|url=https://ethnomed.org/culture/chin/chin-cultural-profile|access-date=17 May 2016|publisher=EthnoMed}}</ref> ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱯᱴᱤᱥᱴ, ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱣᱤᱰᱤᱥ ᱞᱩᱛᱷᱮᱨᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱨᱪ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱒᱐,᱐᱐᱐ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱚᱨᱚᱱᱟᱨᱛᱷᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ, ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯ, ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱣᱡᱤᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>Chin Human Rights Organization, 2010.</ref> ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱤᱨ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ, ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱵᱚᱞᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ, ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱛᱟᱲᱟᱢ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱧᱤᱨᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱹᱬ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|last=Graceffo|first=Antonio|date=26 July 2010|title=Chin Refugees in Malaysia (Part 1)|url=https://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2010/07/26/chin-refugees-in-malaysia-part-1/|website=Foreign Policy Journal}}</ref> ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱞᱟᱞ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱯᱤᱪᱷᱤ ᱑,᱐᱐᱐ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱚᱞᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱯᱩᱞᱤᱥ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱵᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱦᱮᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ === ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ === ᱯᱨᱟᱭ ᱖᱐,᱐᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱐᱐,᱐᱐᱐ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱥᱚᱨᱚᱱᱟᱨᱛᱷᱤ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱡᱚᱨᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱾ SPDC ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜᱼᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱵᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱥᱤᱫᱽ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱤᱨ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱥᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>[http://www.burmacampaign.org.uk/images/uploads/Threats_to_Our_Existence.pdf Threats to our Existence: Persecution of ethnic Chins in Burma], page 14.</ref><ref>[http://media.virbcdn.com/files/e1/FileItem-228886-ExSumSeekingRefugeTheChinPeopleinMizoramStateIndia1211pdf3912.pdf Seeking Refuge] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604105058/http://media.virbcdn.com/files/e1/FileItem-228886-ExSumSeekingRefugeTheChinPeopleinMizoramStateIndia1211pdf3912.pdf|date=4 June 2016}}, page 15.</ref> ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱡᱚᱨᱟᱢ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱛᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱤᱫᱤᱭᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱤᱡᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱭᱩᱛᱷ ᱢᱤᱡᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱥᱤᱭᱮᱥᱚᱱ,ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱡᱚ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱥᱚᱨᱚᱱᱟᱨᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱡᱚᱨᱟᱢ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱩᱨᱼᱡᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱞᱟᱜᱟ ᱩᱰᱩᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱞᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱼ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱜᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|title=Young Mizo Association: Mizoram|url=https://mizoram.nic.in/more/yma.htm|access-date=5 April 2023|website=mizoram.nic.in}}</ref><ref>Human Rights Watch interview with S.A., Saiha, Mizoram, India, 7 March 2008.</ref> ᱢᱤᱡᱚᱨᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱱᱩᱱᱤ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱦᱚᱪᱚᱜ, ᱡᱮᱦᱮᱞ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱩᱞᱚᱜ, ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱱᱟᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|last=Refugees|first=United Nations High Commissioner for|title=Protracted Refugee Situations|work=UNHCR|url=http://www.unhcr.org/40c982172.html}}</ref><ref>[http://media.virbcdn.com/files/b3/FileItem-222256-SeekingRefugeTheChinPeopleinMizoramStateIndia1211pdf22912.pdf Seeking Refuge] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119172503/http://media.virbcdn.com/files/b3/FileItem-222256-SeekingRefugeTheChinPeopleinMizoramStateIndia1211pdf22912.pdf|date=19 January 2021}}, pages 81–82.</ref> == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱯᱲᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮᱼᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱭᱟᱝᱡᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱭᱮᱞᱳ ᱨᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾'''<ref name=":7" />''' ᱪᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱞᱩᱝ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱷᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱪᱤᱱᱞᱩᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱥᱠᱤᱞ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱣᱞᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱡᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱪᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱥᱤ ᱦᱩᱣᱟᱝ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱞᱩᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱝ ᱠᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱣᱩᱱ ᱠᱤᱭᱳ ᱵᱟᱱᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤᱼᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱤᱭᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱪᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱱᱥᱩᱼᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Sakhong|2003|p=8}} ᱜᱚᱨᱰᱚᱱ ᱞᱩᱥ ᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱠᱤᱭᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤᱼᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱼ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱼᱠᱟᱪᱤᱱᱼᱱᱟᱜᱟ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱳᱞᱳ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱾{{sfn|Sakhong|2003|p=9}} ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤᱼᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤᱼᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱟᱸᱜᱚᱪᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱯᱷ. ᱠᱮ. ᱞᱮᱦᱢᱮᱱ ᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱯᱲᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Sakhong|2003|p=10}} ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱪᱤᱱ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱗᱕᱐ A.D. ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤ ᱥᱚᱥᱱᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Sakhong|2003|p=10}} == ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ == ᱪᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ: ᱟᱥᱳ, ᱪᱳ, ᱠᱷᱩᱢᱤ, ᱞᱟᱭᱢᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱳᱢᱤ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱖᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟᱼᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Citation|last=Khai|first=Khen Suan|title=A Threatened Identity in Chinland of Burma/Myanmar: A Glimpse of Freedom of Religion and Belief|date=2023|work=Myanmar's Changing Political Landscape: Old and New Struggles|pages=77–91|editor-last=Takeda|editor-first=Makiko|url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-19-9357-2_5|access-date=8 May 2025|place=Singapore|publisher=Springer Nature|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-981-19-9357-2_5|isbn=978-981-19-9357-2|editor2-last=Yamahata|editor2-first=Chosein|url-access=subscription}}</ref> ᱪᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱯᱲᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ; ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱤᱡᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱭᱤᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾'''<ref name=":7" />''' ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱤᱸᱜᱩ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":2" /> == ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ == [[ᱨᱮᱫ:DSC0176BurmaChin_PeopleWomen_Tattooed's_face.jpg|thumb|ᱪᱤᱱ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱫᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱳᱫᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ]] === ᱡᱚᱢᱼᱧᱩ === ᱪᱤᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱟᱲᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱛᱤᱠᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱲᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾'''<ref name=":7" />''' ᱫᱟᱠᱟ, ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾'''<ref name=":7" />''' ᱪᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱣᱛᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱱᱟᱴ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱞ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾'''<ref name=":7" />''' ᱪᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ 'ᱡᱩ' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱣᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="ethomed12" /> ᱪᱤᱱ ᱦᱟᱲᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ 'ᱛᱷᱤᱵᱩᱨ' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱱᱤᱠᱳᱴᱤᱱ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱛᱷᱚᱠᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="ethomed12" /> === ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱼᱵᱟᱱᱫᱮ === ᱪᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱤᱵᱟᱥ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱼ ᱢᱟᱛᱩ, ᱯᱷᱟᱞᱟᱢ, ᱛᱮᱫᱤᱢ, ᱡᱳ, ᱛᱟᱯᱳᱝ, ᱡᱳᱛᱩᱝ, ᱢᱤᱱᱫᱟᱛ, ᱢᱟᱨᱟ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱟᱨᱟᱜ, ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱠᱚᱢ, ᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱸᱜᱚᱯᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱚᱦᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱼᱵᱟᱱᱫᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱟ; ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱸᱜᱮ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ, ᱪᱤᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://storage.cloversites.com/mountpleasantchristianchurch1/documents/TheChinCulturalBiography.doc|title=The Chin|last=Peacock|first=Andrew|website=Clover Sites}}</ref> === ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱯᱩᱱᱟᱹᱭ === ᱪᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱤᱥᱴᱟᱨᱟᱨ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱥᱢᱟᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾'''<ref name=":7" />''' ᱪᱤᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱒᱐ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱜᱳᱞᱟᱢ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱵᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱱᱫᱟᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2 November 2009|title=UNPO: Celebration Of 65th Chin National Day|url=https://unpo.org/article/15528|access-date=3 April 2019|website=unpo.org|archive-date=3 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403160522/https://unpo.org/article/15528|url-status=dead}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱫ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ, 'ᱥᱟᱨᱞᱟᱢᱠᱟᱭ', 'ᱠᱷᱩᱣᱟᱝᱪᱟᱣᱤ' ᱟᱨ 'ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱠᱷᱟᱛᱞᱟᱠ' ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱩᱥᱛᱤ ('ᱞᱟᱭ ᱯᱟᱭᱦ' ) ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|date=19 September 2016|title=BUNGKUNG BLOG: Khuang Cawi ( Lifting of decorative Bamboo Litter)|url=http://bungkung.blogspot.com/2016/09/khuang-cawi-lifting-of-decorative.html}}</ref> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱥ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ, ᱯᱷᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱥᱳ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱟᱠᱷᱲᱟ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ 'ᱥᱟᱵᱩᱛᱤ' ᱟᱨ 'ᱪᱟᱝ' ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ === ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱼᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ === ᱠᱩᱥᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wrestling with culture: Melbourne's Chin community celebrates Chin National Day|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/language/english/wrestling-with-culture-melbourne-s-chin-community-celebrates-chin-national-day|access-date=22 October 2020|website=SBS|language=en}}</ref> ᱪᱤᱱ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱴᱮᱰ ᱮᱯ.ᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤ ᱯᱷᱩᱴᱵᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱮ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱞᱚᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱞᱤᱜᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ == ᱪᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱩᱠᱤᱼᱪᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱩᱲᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱳᱼᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤᱼᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤ ᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":1" /> ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱫᱚᱜ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱼ ᱞᱟᱢᱛᱩᱠ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":1" /> ᱪᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱟᱰᱮᱯᱟᱥᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱠᱟᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":1" />'''<ref name=":7" />''' ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱪᱤᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱤᱛᱩᱱ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱼ ᱡᱳᱞᱟᱭ, ᱞᱟᱭᱡᱳ, ᱞᱟᱭ, ᱠᱷᱩᱢᱤ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱪᱳ᱾<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last1=Lian|first1=Salai Van Cung|last2=Salem-Gervais|first2=Nicolas|date=November 2020|title=How Many Chin Languages Should Be Taught in Government Schools?|journal=Parami Journal of Education|volume=1|issue=1}}</ref> ᱮᱛᱷᱱᱚᱞᱚᱜᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱔᱙ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ "ᱪᱤᱱ" ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ: * ᱛᱮᱫᱤᱢ ᱪᱤᱱ, ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱔᱑᱑,᱐᱐᱐ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱾ * ᱛᱷᱟᱰᱳ ᱪᱤᱱ, ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱓᱔᱖,᱑᱐᱐ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱾ * ᱦᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱪᱤᱱ, ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱒᱑᱐,᱔᱑᱐ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱾ * ᱯᱷᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱪᱤᱱ, ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱑᱐᱗,᱙᱐᱐ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱾ * ᱟᱥᱳ ᱪᱤᱱ, ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱑᱗᱔,᱐᱐᱐ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱾ * ᱠᱷᱩᱢᱤ ᱪᱤᱱ, ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱖᱔,᱐᱐᱐ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱾ * ᱢᱟᱨᱟ ᱪᱤᱱ, ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱖᱒,᱔᱐᱐ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱾ * ᱡᱳᱛᱩᱝ ᱪᱤᱱ, ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱔᱐,᱐᱐᱐ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱾ * ᱢᱟᱛᱩ ᱪᱤᱱ, ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱔᱐,᱐᱐᱐ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱾ * ᱫᱟᱭ ᱪᱤᱱ, ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱔᱐,᱐᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱕᱐,᱐᱐᱐ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱾ == ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱪᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱣᱟᱫᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱩᱲᱤᱼᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾'''<ref name=":7" />''' ᱪᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ 'ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱤᱭᱟᱱ' ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾'''<ref name=":7" />''' ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱭᱟᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾'''<ref name=":7" />''' ᱑᱘᱐᱐ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ, ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="ethnomed12" /> ᱟᱨᱛᱷᱟᱨ ᱤ. ᱠᱟᱨᱥᱚᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ethnomed.org/culture/chin/|title=Chin|access-date=5 April 2023}}</ref> ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱖᱖ ᱨᱮ ᱓᱕% ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱒᱐᱑᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱙᱐% ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mang|first=Pum Za|date=July 2016|title=Buddhist Nationalism and Burmese Christianity|journal=Studies in World Christianity|volume=22|issue=2|pages=148–167}}</ref> ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chin Christians Persecuted|url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/chin-09052012132942.html|website=Radio Free Asia|date=5 September 2012}}</ref>''' ᱟᱥᱳ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chin, Asho in Myanmar (Burma)|url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/10454/bm|website=Joshua Project}}</ref> ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱠᱤᱼᱪᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱢᱟᱜᱽᱣᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱣᱩᱝᱛᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ, ᱪᱤᱱ, ᱠᱩᱠᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱡᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ 'ᱵᱽᱱᱮᱭ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱥᱮ' ᱥᱮ ᱤᱥᱨᱟᱭᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱦᱩᱫᱤ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱸᱜᱚᱪ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>Weil, Shalva. "Lost Israelites from North-East India", ''The Anthropologist,'' 2004''.'' 6(3): 219–233.</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist|30em}} == ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱠᱚ == * {{cite book|last1=Sakhong|first1=Lian H.|title=In Search of Chin Identity|date=2003|publisher=NIAS Press|location=Denmark|isbn=87-91114-15-2}} * {{cite book|last1=Khai|first1=Sing Khaw|title=Zo People and Their Culture|date=1995|publisher=Khampu Hatzaw|location=Manipur}} * {{cite book|last1=Lehman|first1=F.K.|title=The structure of Chin society|date=1963|publisher=Illinois Studies in Anthropology}} * {{cite book|last=Pau|first=Pum Khan|date=2020|title=Indo-Burma Frontier and the Making of the Chin Hills|location=London|publisher=Routeledge|isbn=978-0-429-32470-3}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{commons category-inline}}{{Incubator|code=chi|language=Chin}} * [https://tongdot.com/ Tongdot English – Zomi/Chin Online dictionary] * [https://chin-dictionary.com/ English – Zomi/Chin Online dictionary] * [https://www.hrw.org/report/2009/01/27/we-are-forgotten-people/chin-people-burma-unsafe-burma-unprotected-india Human Rights Watch Report on Persecution of Chins] {{Kuki-Chin-Mizo tribes}} {{Ethnic groups in Burma}} {{authority control}} 1k0gj1cm74ierjvk6aqocj5p7jm514k 0 35230 196488 194308 2026-08-12T17:16:40Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196488 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ}}{{Infobox ethnic group||group=ᱟᱠᱷᱟ|image=Akha tribe depiction, 1900s.jpg|caption=᱑᱙᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ|pop=᱖᱘᱐,᱐᱐᱐|region1=[[ᱪᱤᱱ]]|pop1=᱒᱔᱐,᱐᱐᱐|ref1=<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/ahk/|title=Akha|work=Ethnologue (Free All) |publisher=Ethnologue|access-date=December 26, 2023}}</ref>|region2=[[ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ]]|pop2=᱑᱑᱒,᱙᱗᱙|ref2=<ref name="Census2015">{{cite web|url=https://lao.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/PHC-ENG-FNAL-WEB_0.pdf|title=Results of Population and Housing Census 2015 |publisher=Lao Statistics Bureau |access-date=1 May 2020}}</ref>|region3=[[ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ|ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱟᱱᱰ]]|pop3=᱘᱐,᱐᱐᱐|ref3=<ref>{{cite web | url=https://thelandofwanderlust.com/hill-tribe-chinese-roots-akha-tribe-chiang-rai/ | title=The hill tribe with Chinese roots: Akha tribe, Chiang Rai | date=3 January 2018 }}</ref>|popplace=[[ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱭᱩᱱᱱᱟᱱ]] ([[ᱪᱤᱱ]])|rels=ᱟᱠᱷᱟᱡᱟ ([[ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱣᱟᱫᱽ]]),<ref>[http://www.akha.org/content/aboutakhalife/akhaoverview.html The Akha Heritage Foundation]</ref> [[Buddhism|ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]], [[Christianity|ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20030831012827/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/EH29Ae01.html "Christian conversion threatens hill tribe culture"], ''Asia Times''</ref>|langs=[[ᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]], [[ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]], [[ᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]]|related=[[ᱦᱟᱱᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ]], [[ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ]]|native_name=|native_name_lang=}} '''ᱟᱠᱷᱟ''' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ, ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ, ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ, ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱭᱩᱱᱱᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱭᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱭᱟᱝ ᱨᱟᱭ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱘᱐,᱐᱐᱐ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>Chiang Mai's Hill Peoples in: Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David, ''Ancient Chiang Mai'' Volume 3. Chiang Mai, Cognoscenti Books, 2012.</ref> ᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤᱼᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱳᱞᱳᱭᱤᱥ (ᱭᱤ)ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱤᱥᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱑᱖᱔᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱝ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱭᱩᱱᱱᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱣᱥᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱮᱝᱪᱳᱝ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ == ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ == [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Flag_of_the_Akha_People_(Thailand).svg|thumb|ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱨ]] ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱵᱮᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ; ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱚᱠᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱛ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱭᱩᱱᱱᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱘᱖᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱬ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱞᱚ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱤᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Kammerer">{{cite journal|last=Kammerer|first=Cornelia Ann|journal=Gle Rubin Virtual Reference Library|year=1996|volume=5|series=East and South East Asia|pages=11–13|access-date=30 April 2012|title=GALE search}}</ref> == ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ == [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Akha_laos_11_03d.jpg|thumb|ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ]] ᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱪᱤᱱ, ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ, ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ, ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱧᱮᱼᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱔᱐᱐,᱐᱐᱐ (ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ, ᱤᱱᱯᱷᱳᱵᱚᱠᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱖᱘᱐,᱐᱐᱐) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱱᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name="Hilltribe">{{cite web|url=http://www.hilltribe.org/akha/|title=The Akha|publisher=HillTribe.org|access-date=3 May 2012}}</ref> ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱡᱤᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱭ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ "ᱜᱳ" ᱥᱮ "ᱮᱠᱟᱣ" ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱯᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱭ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ "ᱠᱷᱳ" ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ "ᱠᱷᱟ" ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣᱟ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ (ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱼᱠᱷᱚᱢᱮᱨ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ) ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ == ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ == [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Akha_women.jpg|thumb|ᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ, ᱑᱙᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱫ]] ᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ "ᱟᱵᱷᱠᱟᱵᱽᱫᱟᱣ" ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ "ᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱱᱳᱼᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱳᱞᱳ/ᱭᱤ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱳᱱᱟᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ 'ᱡᱤᱣ ᱜᱚ' ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱪᱤᱱ]], ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ ᱾<ref name="Kammerer" /> ᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱚᱞ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Hilltribe" /> == ᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ == [[ᱨᱮᱫ:ผาฮี้_Pha_Hee_Akha_Village,_Chiangrai_02.jpg|thumb|ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱭᱟᱝ ᱨᱟᱭ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ 'ᱯᱷᱟ ᱦᱤ' ]] ᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱜᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱸᱡᱤᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱵᱚᱞᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱩᱥᱠᱤᱞ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱹᱬᱼᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱥᱮ ᱩᱥᱩᱞᱼᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name="Akha">{{cite web|title=An Overview of the Akha|url=http://www.akha.org/content/aboutakhalife/akhaoverview.html|access-date=29 April 2012}}</ref> ᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱴ, ᱢᱟᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱣᱲᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟ: "ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ", ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ "ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ", ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱩᱱᱴᱤ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱤᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱷᱳᱫᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ "ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ" ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ (ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ) ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ (ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ) ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱡᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱯᱲᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱳᱲᱳ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<gallery> ᱨᱮᱫ:Akha_People_Ghost_Gate_in_Pha_Hi_ประตูผี_ชาวอาข่า_ผาฮี้_01.jpg|ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ "ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ" ᱨᱮᱫ:Akha_Hut.JPG|ᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱠᱩᱸᱵᱽᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱫ:Akha_fishing.JPG|ᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱮᱫ:Akha_hilltribe,_Chiang_Rai_Province_P1110690.JPG|ᱟᱠᱷᱟ, ᱪᱤᱭᱟᱝ ᱨᱟᱭ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱫ:Akha_village.jpg|ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱫ:Akha_Funeral1.JPG|ᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ </gallery> === ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ === [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Akha_man_with_opium_pipe.jpg|thumb|300x300px|ᱟᱯᱷᱤᱢ ᱧᱩᱭᱮᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ (᱑᱙᱗᱙)]] ᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞᱚᱜ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱵᱟᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱭᱟᱵᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱲᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱥᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱳᱲᱳ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱤᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Goodman-1996">{{cite book|last=Goodman|first=Jim|title=Meet the Akha|url=https://archive.org/details/meetakhas0000good|year=1996|publisher=White Lotus Co Ltd|isbn=9748496562|pages=[https://archive.org/details/meetakhas0000good/page/113 113]}}</ref> ᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱷᱩᱢ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱡᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱵᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱠᱨᱤ, ᱥᱤᱢ, ᱜᱮᱰᱮ, ᱢᱮᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱸᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱸᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱮᱸᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱜᱼᱥᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱸᱫᱽᱨᱟᱭᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱫᱩᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=Thailine>{{cite web|url=http://www.thailine.com/thailand/english/hill-e/akha-e.htm|title=Akha|work=The Hilltribes of Thailand|publisher=Thailand Online|access-date=3 May 2012|archive-date=14 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014170823/http://www.thailine.com/thailand/english/hill-e/akha-e.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> == ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ == [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Woman_with_child_in_Thailand..jpg|thumb|ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ]] [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Akha_couple.JPG|thumb|ᱥᱩᱠᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱤᱫᱤᱭᱮᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ]] ᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ''ᱡᱟᱵᱷ'' ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱣᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱯᱲᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱮ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱾<ref name="Tooker">{{cite journal|last=Tooker|first=Deborah|title=Identity Systems of Highland Burma: 'Belief', Akha Zan, and a Critique of Interiorized Notions of Ethno-Religious Identity|journal=Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland|year=1992|volume=27|issue=4|pages=799–819}}</ref> ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱙ ᱥᱮ ᱑᱒ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱯᱲᱟᱢ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ, ᱦᱳᱲᱳ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱯᱲᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ "ᱛᱷᱩᱢ" ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ, ᱦᱳᱲᱳ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Kammerer" /><ref name="Belief">{{cite web|title=The Akha Belief and Life System|url=http://www.akha.org/content/aboutakhalife/akhabelieflife.html|access-date=4 May 2012}}</ref> ᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱡᱷᱚᱜᱽᱲᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱟᱱᱟᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱜᱩᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ (ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ) ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ (ᱞᱚᱦᱚᱫ) ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱳᱲᱳ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ "ᱡᱤᱣᱤ" ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Belief" /> ᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱢᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹᱣᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱢᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Akha_Swing_at_Pha_Hee_Village_บ้านผาฮี้_ชิงช้า_ชาวอาข่า.jpg|thumb|ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟ ᱦᱤ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹ]] ᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ "ᱡᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ"᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱳ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱦᱳᱲᱳ ᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱑᱒᱐ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱾ ᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱭᱮᱦᱠᱩᱡᱟ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ "ᱦᱟᱫ ᱦᱳᱲᱳ ᱡᱚᱢ" ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱯᱲᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱞᱤᱵᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱦᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱼᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ "ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ" ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱳ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ "ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ" ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news|last=Goodman|first=Jim|url=http://www.chiangmainews.com/ecmn/viewfa.php?id=497|access-date=3 May 2012|newspaper=Chiang Mai City Life|title=The Akha Swing Festival|date=September 2003}}</ref> === ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱼᱵᱟᱱᱫᱮ === [[ᱨᱮᱫ:MuangSing_ThatXiengTung4_tango7174.jpg|thumb|ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱣᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱝ ᱨᱮ 'ᱛᱷᱟᱛ ᱥᱤᱭᱮᱝ ᱛᱩᱝ' ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱾ ᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱛᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾]] ᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱼᱵᱟᱱᱫᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱛᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱩᱛᱟᱹᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱬᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱛᱮᱧ ᱡᱚᱱᱛᱨᱚ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱮᱧᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱞ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱚᱦᱚᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱜᱤᱝᱥ, ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱚ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱥᱟᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱠᱩᱨᱛᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱛᱟᱹᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱳᱫᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱛᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱱᱚᱠᱥᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱩᱯᱨᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱜᱚᱦᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱼᱵᱟᱱᱫᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱚᱨᱚᱠ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱴᱩᱯᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱑᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱩᱯᱨᱤ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱩᱲᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱩᱯᱨᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱩᱯᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱥᱤᱠᱠᱟᱹ, ᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱤᱢ ᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱩᱯᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ:<blockquote>"ᱩᱞᱳ ᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱴᱩᱯᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱳᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ, ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱢ ᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱞᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱢᱤ ᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱥᱤᱠᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱨᱤᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱩᱯᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱳᱢᱤ ᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱵᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱷᱮᱨᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱴᱩᱯᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱟ ᱾"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tudtu.tripod.com/hillsty1.htm|title=High Fashion, Hill Style|access-date=3 May 2012|archive-date=29 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629081338/http://tudtu.tripod.com/hillsty1.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref></blockquote><gallery> ᱨᱮᱫ:Akha_woman,_Myanmar.jpg|ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱫ:Akha_Laos_4-11-06.jpg|ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱫ:Akha_laos_11_03a.jpg|ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱫ:Akha_Laos_11_03b.jpg|ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱫ:Akha_Dress.JPG|ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱫ:Akha_Woman.jpg|ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱫ:Akha_Man_in_Thailand.jpg|ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ </gallery> === ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ === ᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱳᱲᱳ,ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ, ᱥᱩᱠᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱢ ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱦᱳᱲᱳ, ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ, ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱲᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ, ᱢᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱥᱞᱟ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱵᱟᱥ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱸᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.akha.org/content/aboutakhalife/akhaoverview.html|title=An Overview of the Akha|website=The Akha Heritage Foundation}}</ref><gallery> ᱨᱮᱫ:Akha_cuisine_Nue-phueng_tzue-ze.JPG|''ᱱᱩᱭ ᱯᱷᱩᱭᱮᱝ ᱛᱡᱩᱭᱮᱼᱡᱮ'': ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱟᱹᱴᱱᱤ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱫᱟᱢ, ᱢᱚᱥᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱮᱫ:Akha_cuisine_Sapi_thong-uh.JPG|''ᱥᱟᱯᱤ ᱛᱷᱚᱝᱼᱩᱭᱮ'': ᱵᱤᱞᱟᱹᱛᱤ, ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱞ ᱢᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪ, ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱩᱬ, ᱯᱮᱭᱟᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱪᱟᱹᱴᱱᱤ ᱾ ᱨᱮᱫ:Akha_cuisine_Manoh_lu-uh.JPG|''ᱢᱟᱱᱳ ᱞᱩᱭᱮᱼᱩᱭᱮ'': ᱥᱩᱠᱨᱤ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱩᱬ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱡᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱠᱣᱟᱥ ᱾ ᱨᱮᱫ:Akha_cuisine_Hoh-pa_cha-uh.JPG|''ᱦᱳᱼᱯᱟ ᱪᱟᱼᱩᱭᱮ'': ᱠᱟᱭᱼᱞᱟᱱ ᱟᱲᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱠᱨᱤ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱩᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱾ ᱨᱮᱫ:Akha_cuisine_Hoh-pa_chae_lu-uh.JPG|''ᱦᱳᱼᱯᱟ ᱪᱮ ᱞᱩᱭᱮᱼᱩᱭᱮ'': ᱛᱮᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱯᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱲᱟᱜ ᱾ ᱨᱮᱫ:Akha_cuisine_Guchi_chae.JPG|''ᱜᱩᱪᱤ ᱪᱮ'': ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱮᱭᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱡᱤ ᱾ ᱨᱮᱫ:Akha_cuisine_Mochue_cha-uh.JPG|''ᱢᱳᱪᱩᱭᱮ ᱪᱟᱼᱞᱩ'': ᱟᱹᱞᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱠᱨᱤ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱴᱤᱣ᱾ </gallery> == ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ == [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Maejantai_Chiang_Rai_province_08.JPG|thumb|ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱯᱷᱤ ᱯᱮᱠᱤᱝ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ]] ᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱵᱟᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱥᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱞᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱩᱛᱟᱹᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱯᱷᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪ, ᱥᱚᱭᱟᱵᱤᱱ, ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱵᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱞᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱫᱚᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱜᱽᱨᱮᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱥᱩᱧ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧᱟ ᱾<ref name="Kammerer" /> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} 6qknzjgiqrbi7i5unfwivf0zbyrfacn 0 35239 196476 189690 2026-08-12T17:10:10Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196476 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ}}{{Infobox ethnic group|group=ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ (Karen)|image=A Karen woman.jpg|image_caption=ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ-ᱵᱟᱱᱫᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ, ᱑᱙᱑᱒|total=|total_ref=|region1={{flag|Myanmar}}|pop1=᱓,᱓᱗᱑,᱑᱐᱐|ref1=<ref name="ispmyanmar"/>|region2={{flag|Thailand}}|pop2=᱓᱕᱐,᱐᱐᱐ (᱒᱐᱐᱐)|ref2=<ref name="CERD/C/THA/1-3">{{cite book|title=International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination; Reports submitted by States parties under article 9 of the Convention: Thailand|date=28 July 2011}}</ref>|region3={{flag|United States}}|pop3=[[Karen Americans|᱒᱑᱕,᱐᱐᱐]]|ref3=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/minnesota/articles/2019-08-31/jobs-housing-lure-karen-refugees-to-spread-across-minnesota%3Fcontext%3Damp|title=Jobs and housing lure karen refugees to spread across minnesota}}</ref>|region4={{flag|Australia}}|pop4=᱑᱓,᱑᱑᱓|ref4=<ref>{{cite web|title=SBS Australian Census Explorer |url= https://www.sbs.com.au/census-explorer-2021/index.html?languages=karen&topic=cultural-diversity&lang=en }}</ref>|region5={{flag|Canada}}|pop5=᱖,᱐᱕᱐|ref5=<ref name="2021 census">{{cite web |title=Profile table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population – Canada |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm }}</ref>|region6={{flag|India}} ([[Andaman Islands|ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ]])|pop6=᱒,᱕᱐᱐|ref6=<ref name="Maiti" />|rels=[[Theravada Buddhism|ᱛᱷᱮᱨᱟᱵᱟᱫᱟ ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]], [[Christianity|ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]], ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱭ ᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟ, [[Telakhon|ᱛᱮᱞᱟᱠᱷᱳᱱ]], [[Burmese folk religion|ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]]|langs=[[Karen languages|ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]], ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[S'gaw Karen language|ᱥᱜᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ]], [[Pwo Karen languages|ᱯᱳ ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ]], [[Red Karen language|ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱᱱᱤ]] ᱟᱨ [[Pa'O language|ᱯᱟ-ᱳ]]|related=|native_name=|native_name_lang=}} '''ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ''' ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ '''ᱠᱟᱭᱤᱱ''' ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ-ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ, ᱤᱨᱟᱵᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱰᱮᱞᱴᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱵᱟᱥᱤᱱᱫᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱖.᱖᱙% ᱾<ref name="ispmyanmar" /> ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱒᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱜᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱳ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱾<ref name=":2" /> [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Karen_traditional_costume.jpg|thumb|ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ-ᱵᱟᱱᱫᱮ]] ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱩᱯᱚᱱᱤᱵᱮᱥ, ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ-ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱞᱚᱛ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ, ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="cheesman" /> ᱑᱙᱔᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱩᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱩᱞᱜᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱣᱛᱷᱩᱞᱮᱭ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱑᱙᱗᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱨᱮᱞ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚ == ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱨᱢᱤᱡᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ '''ᱠᱟᱭᱤᱱ,''' ᱢᱳᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ '''ᱠᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱝ''' ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ '''ᱭᱟᱝ''' ᱾<ref name=":3">{{Citation|last=Buadaeng|first=Kwanchewan|title=4. Ethnic Identities of the Karen Peoples in Burma and Thailand|date=2022|work=Identity Matters}}</ref> "ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ" ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱢᱤᱡᱽ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ "ᱠᱟᱭᱤᱱ" ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="cheesman" /> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ-ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱲᱤᱥ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ 'ᱠᱟᱱᱭᱟᱱ' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱳᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱯᱚᱱᱤᱵᱮᱥ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ, ᱵᱟᱨᱢᱤᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱳᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ: 'ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱭᱤᱝ ᱠᱟᱭᱤᱱ' , ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱳ ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ "ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱵᱟᱥᱤᱱᱫᱟ" ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ; ᱟᱨ 'ᱵᱟᱢᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱭᱤᱱ' , ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱜᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾<ref name="harriden">{{cite journal|last=Harriden|first=Jessica|year=2002|title=Making a Name for Themselves: Karen Identity and Politicization of Ethnicity in Burma|journal=Journal of Burma Studies}}</ref> ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ "ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ" ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱞᱮᱵᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ "ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ" ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱑ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Composition of the Different Ethnic Groups|url=http://www.embassyofmyanmar.be/ABOUT/ethnicgroups.htm}}</ref> * ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ (ᱠᱟᱭᱤᱱ) * ᱥᱜᱟᱣ (ᱥᱜᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ) * ᱯᱳ ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ (ᱯᱳ ᱠᱟᱭᱤᱱ) * ᱜᱮᱵᱟ ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ (ᱠᱟᱭᱤᱱᱯᱷᱤᱭᱩ) * ᱯᱟ-ᱞᱮ-ᱪᱤ, ᱯᱟᱞᱮ ᱢᱳᱵᱽᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ * ᱢᱳᱱ ᱠᱟᱭᱤᱱ (ᱥᱟᱨᱯᱤᱭᱩ) * ᱛᱟ-ᱞᱟᱭ-ᱯᱣᱟ,ᱯᱟᱞᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱞᱮᱵᱽᱣᱟ * ᱵᱽᱣᱮ (ᱵᱽᱣᱮ ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ) * ᱢᱳᱱᱱᱮᱯᱣᱟ * ᱢᱳᱱᱯᱣᱟ * ᱯᱟᱠᱩ == ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ == [[ᱨᱮᱫ:MyanmarKayin.png|right|frame|ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ [[Kayin State|ᱠᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]]]] [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Thai_Earplug_5.jpg|thumb|ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ]] [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Karen_house_entrance.JPG|thumb|ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ]] ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱢᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.myanmar.com/people/kayin.html|title=Kayin|publisher=Myanmar.com}}</ref> ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱨᱟᱵᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱰᱮᱞᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ (ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ), ᱠᱟᱭᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ, ᱮᱭᱮᱭᱟᱨᱣᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, ᱛᱟᱱᱤᱱᱛᱷᱟᱨᱤ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, ᱵᱟᱜᱳ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱱᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ-ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱠᱳᱵᱟᱨ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ, ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book|title=Worldmark encyclopedia of cultures and daily life|year=2009|url=https://archive.org/details/worldmarkencyclo0000unse_p8o7|publisher=Gale|isbn=978-1-4144-4882-4}}</ref> ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱸᱴ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱓᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱗ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ (᱗᱐ ᱞᱟᱠᱷ) ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱦᱩᱞᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱠᱷ ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ-ᱵᱟᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱥᱨᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ, ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ, ᱱᱤᱣᱡᱤᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱠᱟᱱᱰᱤᱱᱮᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱖᱗,᱐᱐᱐ ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|last1=Thawnghmung|first1=Ardeth Maung|title=The "Other" Karen in Myanmar: Ethnic Minorities and the Struggle without Arms|page=84}}</ref> == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == === ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ === ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ "ᱜᱤᱛᱤᱞ ᱟᱹᱛᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ" ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱟᱯᱲᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱳᱵᱤ ᱜᱤᱛᱤᱞ ᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱹᱠᱷᱩᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱳᱵᱤ ᱜᱤᱛᱤᱞ ᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ "ᱜᱤᱛᱤᱞ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱟᱹᱛᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ" ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱱᱳ-ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal|last=Zhang|display-authors=etal|year=2019|title=Phylogenetic evidence for Sino-Tibetan origin in northern China in the Late Neolithic|journal=Nature}}</ref> ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱜᱤᱛᱤᱞ ᱟᱹᱛᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱷᱤᱱᱩᱠ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱷᱤᱱᱩᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱲᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱟᱹᱠᱷᱩᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱩᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱦᱢᱮᱱ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱽ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤ-ᱵᱟᱨᱢᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱓᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱘᱐᱐ ᱥᱤᱹᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|last1=Richard M. Cooler|title=The Karen Bronze Drums of Burma|year=1995|page=26}}</ref> == ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ == ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱱᱳ-ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤ-ᱵᱟᱨᱢᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ: ᱥᱜᱟᱣ, ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱯᱳ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱯᱳ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stedt.berkeley.edu/html/STfamily.html|title=The Sino-Tibetan Language Family}}</ref> ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤ-ᱵᱟᱨᱢᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱜᱟᱵᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱛᱟ-ᱠᱨᱤᱭᱟ-ᱠᱚᱨᱢᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ; ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤ-ᱵᱟᱨᱢᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱛᱟ-ᱠᱚᱨᱢᱚ-ᱠᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱞᱮ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱳᱱ-ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱮᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal|last=Matisoff|first=James A.|title=Sino-Tibetan Linguistics: Present State and Future Prospects}}</ref> ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱳᱱ-ᱵᱟᱨᱢᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱞᱟ ᱾ == ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ == [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Buddhist_Karen_in_Yangon.JPG|thumb|ᱭᱟᱝᱜᱩᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱛᱟᱛᱡᱤ ᱯᱮᱜᱳᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱷᱮᱨᱟᱵᱟᱫᱟ ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ-ᱵᱩᱨᱩ (ᱯᱨᱚᱠᱨᱤᱛᱤ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ) ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱑᱕-᱓᱐ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱚᱲᱟ (%) ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾<ref name="kbddf">{{cite web|title=The Karen People|website=Karen Culture and Social Support Foundation}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://minorityrights.org/minorities/karen/|title=Karen|website=Minority Rights Group}}</ref> ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱳ-ᱨᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱜᱟᱣ-ᱨᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ-ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱾ === ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ-ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ === [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Omens_in_the_Sun.jpg|thumb|᱑᱙ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱛᱚᱞ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱜᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾]] ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ '''ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ-ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ''' ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱞᱟ (ᱡᱤᱣᱤ) ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱓᱗ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱟᱛᱢᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="kbddf" /> ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭᱟᱜ 'ᱠᱚᱞᱟ' ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱛᱠᱤᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱱᱟᱴ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱓᱗ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ 'ᱠᱚᱞᱟ' ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮ ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Keenan" /> === ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ === ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱖᱕% ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾<ref name="hayami">{{cite journal|last=Hayami|first=Yoko|year=2011|title=Pagodas and Prophets: Contesting Sacred Space and Power among Buddhist Karen in Karen State|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies}}</ref> ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱳᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱘ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ, ᱢᱳᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ, ᱭᱟᱝᱜᱩᱱ, ᱵᱟᱜᱳ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱱᱤᱱᱛᱷᱟᱨᱤ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ ᱢᱚᱴᱷ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱟᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibiblio.org/obl/docs/KirstenEA-Karen%20Buddhism.htm|title=Elements of Pwo Karen Buddhism|last=Andersen|first=Kirsten Ewers}}</ref> ᱑᱗᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱯᱳ-ᱨᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱣᱮᱜᱟᱵᱤᱱ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱭᱮᱫᱟᱜᱚᱱ ᱢᱚᱴᱷ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="hayami" /> ᱑᱘᱖᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱮᱞᱟᱠᱷᱳᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="hayami" /> ᱛᱮᱞᱟᱠᱷᱳᱱ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ-ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ, ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ ᱢᱮᱭᱛᱨᱮᱭᱚ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ-ᱢᱤᱥᱤ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="hayami" /> [[ᱨᱮᱫ:402935_4329556404986_108484308_n1.jpg|thumb|ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ-ᱵᱟᱱᱫᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ]] ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱖᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱫᱷᱚᱢᱢᱟᱪᱟᱨᱤᱠ ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱱᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱨᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱᱮᱨᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱᱮᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ) ᱢᱚᱴᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ === ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ === [[ᱨᱮᱫ:JudsonChurch.jpg|thumb|ᱡᱳᱰᱥᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱢᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱵᱟᱯᱴᱤᱥᱴ ᱪᱟᱨᱪ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾]] ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ-ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱑᱕ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐% ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ<ref name=":0" /> ᱟᱨ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱙᱐% ᱫᱚ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|title=Karen people|url=http://www.karen.org.au/karen_people.htm|access-date=2026-03-26|archive-date=2012-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120128075256/http://www.karen.org.au/karen_people.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱓᱐ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="auto" /> ᱛᱷᱟ ᱵᱤᱭᱩ,ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱘᱒᱘ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱮᱱᱰ ᱡᱚᱨᱡᱽ ᱵᱳᱨᱰᱢᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱯᱛᱤᱥᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱚᱞᱤᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱮᱥᱴᱟᱱᱴ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱮᱥᱴᱟᱱᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱯᱴᱤᱥᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱷᱮᱱᱛᱷ-ᱰᱮ ᱮᱰᱵᱷᱮᱱᱴᱤᱥᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://karenadventistchurch.org//|title=Karen Seventh-day Adventist Church Website|access-date=2026-03-26|archive-date=2011-04-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427185048/http://karenadventistchurch.org//|url-status=dead}}</ref> ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ "ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟ" ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱ ᱡᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱯᱴᱤᱥᱴ ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱱᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱵᱟᱭᱵᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kaloyanides|first1=Alexandra|title=Baptizing Burma: Religious Change in the Last Buddhist Kingdom|year=2023|page=24}}</ref> '''ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱟᱯᱴᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱚᱱᱵᱷᱮᱱᱥᱚᱱ''' ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱑᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱟᱹᱯᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱭᱟᱝᱜᱩᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱟᱯᱴᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱚᱱᱵᱷᱮᱱᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱭᱟᱝᱜᱩᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱤᱱᱥᱮᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱟᱨᱤᱴᱤ ᱟᱥᱯᱟᱛᱟᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱟᱯᱴᱤᱥᱴ ᱛᱷᱤᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱥᱮᱢᱤᱱᱟᱨᱤ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱭᱟᱝᱜᱩᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱦᱞᱳᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱳ ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱟᱯᱴᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱚᱱᱵᱷᱮᱱᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱢᱤᱱᱟᱨᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pkts.org/|title=Pwo karen Theological Seminary|access-date=2026-03-26|archive-date=2011-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429003153/http://www.pkts.org/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱭᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱟᱯᱴᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱚᱱᱵᱷᱮᱱᱥᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱵᱷᱮᱱᱛᱷ-ᱰᱮ ᱮᱰᱵᱷᱮᱱᱴᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱥᱨᱟ ᱠᱮᱢᱯ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱟᱠ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱰᱮᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱞᱤ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ ᱾ == ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ == [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Kayin_dance(don_dance).jpg|thumb|ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱰᱳᱱ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱫᱚᱞ]] ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ekachai|first1=Sanitsuda|title=Karen fight to keep farms in parks conflict|work=Bangkok Post}}</ref> '''ᱰᱳᱱ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ''' ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ "ᱰᱳᱱ" ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ "ᱨᱮᱵᱮᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ" ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱵᱟᱡᱽᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱞᱟᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ "ᱰᱳᱱ ᱠᱳ" ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱫᱚᱞ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱳᱱ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱳ ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱛᱩᱞᱩᱡ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|title=Arts|website=www.mnkaren.org|publisher=Karen Organization of Minnesota}}</ref> [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Traditional_musical_instruments_of_Myanmar.jpg|thumb|ᱱᱮᱭᱯᱤᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱵᱟᱡᱽᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ]] '''ᱥᱮ ᱠᱞᱤ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ''' ᱥᱮ '''ᱢᱟᱫ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ''' ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱴᱢᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱮᱠ ᱰᱤᱡᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱟᱫ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱩᱜᱟᱹᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱟᱞᱚ ᱯᱟᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱠᱚ ᱢᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news|title=World Refugee Day – a time to celebrate|work=San Diego Union-Tribune}}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} == ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱢᱮ == {{refbegin}} * Marshall, Harry Ignatius (1922). ''The Karen People of Burma''. White Lotus. * Phan, Zoya (2009). ''Little Daughter: a Memoir of Survival in Burma and the West''. Simon & Schuster. * Thawngmung, Ardeth Maung (2012). ''The 'Other' Karen in Myanmar''. Lexington Books. {{refend}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{Commons category}} * [https://karenwomen.org ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ (Karen Women's Organization)] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tzA942H0adE ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱰᱳᱱ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ (YouTube)] {{Ethnic groups in Myanmar}}{{Ethnic groups in Thailand}} 1q33x0fg28r3ky1jc2c786e5r3x5g7x 0 35313 196692 189889 2026-08-12T20:55:52Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196692 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty | image = A Sketch of Sardarni Sada Kaur.jpg | title = [[Sikh Empire|Sarkar-e-Khalsa]] ᱨᱮᱱ [[Rani]] ᱠᱟᱱᱦᱟᱭᱭᱟ ᱢᱤᱥᱞ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ | caption = ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱨᱚᱱᱡᱤᱛ ᱥᱤᱝ ᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱨᱵᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱥᱢᱤ ᱠᱮᱦᱚᱨ ᱥᱤᱝ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱫᱟ ᱠᱳᱣᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱾ | father = ᱫᱚᱥᱣᱚᱱᱫᱷᱟ ᱥᱤᱝ ᱫᱷᱟᱞᱤᱣᱟᱞ | spouse = [[Gurbaksh Singh Kanhaiya]] (ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱑᱗᱖᱘ - ᱑᱗᱘᱕ ᱜᱩᱨ) | issue = [[Mehtab Kaur]] | birth_date = {{circa}} ᱑᱗᱖᱒ | birth_place = [[Rauke Kalan]], [[Dallewalia Misl]], [[Sikh Confederacy]] {{small|(ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ [[Punjab, India|ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ]], [[India|ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ]])}} | death_date = {{death year and age|᱑᱘᱓᱒|᱑᱗᱖᱒}} | death_place = [[Lahore|ᱞᱟᱦᱚᱨ]], [[Punjab]], [[Sikh Empire]] {{small|(ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ [[Punjab, Pakistan|ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ]], [[Pakistan|ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ]])}} | dynasty = [[Dhaliwal (surname)|ᱫᱷᱟᱞᱤᱣᱟᱞ]] [[Jat]] (ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ) [[Kanhaiya Misl]] (ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ) | religion = [[Sikhism|ᱥᱤᱠᱷ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]] }} '''ᱨᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱫᱟ ᱠᱳᱣᱨ''' ([[Punjabi language|ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱤ]]: ਸਦਾ ਕੌਰ; {{circa}} ᱑᱗᱖᱒ – ᱑᱘᱓᱒) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱠᱷ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱗᱘᱙ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱘᱒᱑ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ [[Kanhaiya Misl|ᱠᱟᱱᱦᱟᱭᱭᱟ ᱢᱤᱥᱞ]] ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱟᱡ ᱡᱟᱶᱟᱭ [[Gurbaksh Singh Kanhaiya]] ᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱭᱤᱛᱚ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱭ ᱥᱤᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱦᱟᱭᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱫᱟ ᱠᱳᱣᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ '''ᱥᱚᱨᱫᱟᱨᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱫᱟ ᱠᱳᱣᱨ''' ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=Singha>{{cite book|last1=Singha|first1=H.S.|title=The encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 entries)|date=2000|publisher=Hemkunt Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788170103011|page=137}}</ref> ᱵᱩᱫᱷᱤᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱥᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱫᱟ ᱠᱳᱣᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱨᱚᱱᱡᱤᱛ ᱥᱤᱝ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱟᱫᱮ ᱛᱮ [[Sikh Empire|ᱥᱤᱠᱷ ᱥᱟᱢᱨᱟᱡᱽ]] ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱠᱷ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱷᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Ranveer|title=Warrior Queen Rani Sada Kaur|publisher=Khalis House Publishing|year=2021|isbn=978-1838143725|location=United Kingdom}}</ref> == ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ == ᱥᱟᱫᱟ ᱠᱳᱣᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱗᱖᱒ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ [[Dhaliwal (surname)|ᱫᱷᱟᱞᱤᱣᱟᱞ]] ᱡᱟᱴ ᱥᱤᱠᱷ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱫᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱥᱣᱚᱱᱫᱷᱟ ᱥᱤᱝ ᱫᱷᱟᱞᱤᱣᱟᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Springer">{{cite book|last1=Chilana|first1=Rajwant Singh|title=International bibliography of Sikh studies|url=https://archive.org/details/internationalbib0000chil|date=2005|publisher=Springer|location=Dordrecht|isbn=9781402030444|page=[https://archive.org/details/internationalbib0000chil/page/408 408]}}</ref> ᱑᱗᱖᱘ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱨᱵᱚᱠᱥ ᱥᱤᱝ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱩᱨᱵᱚᱠᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱦᱟᱭᱭᱟ ᱢᱤᱥᱞ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱡᱟᱭ ᱥᱤᱝ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ [[Mehtab Kaur|ᱢᱮᱦᱛᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱳᱣᱨ]] (ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱑᱗᱘᱒) ᱾<ref name="KakshiPathak2007">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K_FRF3a5y2EC|title=Punjab Through the Ages|last1=Kakshi|first1=S.R.|last2=Pathak|first2=Rashmi|last3=Pathak|first3=S.R.Bakshi R.|date=1 January 2007|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-738-1|pages=272–274|accessdate=12 June 2010}}</ref> == ᱠᱟᱱᱦᱟᱭᱭᱟ ᱢᱤᱥᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ == [[File:Portrait of Sada Kaur.jpg|thumb|ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱟ ᱠᱳᱣᱨ, ᱒᱐ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱾]] ᱵᱟᱴᱟᱞᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱨᱵᱚᱠᱥ ᱥᱤᱝ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱠᱮᱨᱪᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟ ᱢᱤᱥᱞ, ᱨᱟᱢᱜᱚᱲᱤᱭᱟ ᱢᱤᱥᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱝᱥᱟᱨ ᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱠᱟᱴᱳᱪ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱗᱘᱕ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱟᱫᱟ ᱠᱳᱣᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱭ ᱥᱤᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱦᱟᱭᱭᱟ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱦᱛᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱳᱣᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱠᱮᱨᱪᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟ ᱢᱤᱥᱞ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱤᱡ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ [[Ranjit Singh|ᱨᱚᱱᱡᱤᱛ ᱥᱤᱝ]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱗᱘᱖ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="GriffinMassy1890"/> ᱑᱗᱘᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡ ᱦᱚᱧᱦᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱡᱟᱭ ᱥᱤᱝ ᱮ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱥᱟᱫᱟ ᱠᱳᱣᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱦᱟᱭᱭᱟ ᱢᱤᱥᱞ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱘,᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱪᱟᱹᱞᱩ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱗᱙᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱝ ᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱨᱚᱱᱡᱤᱛ ᱥᱤᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱠᱮᱨᱪᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟ ᱢᱤᱥᱞ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱫᱟ ᱠᱳᱣᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱡᱮᱱᱴ (Regent) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱟᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱝᱜᱤ ᱢᱤᱥᱞ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱫᱟ ᱠᱳᱣᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱚᱱᱡᱤᱛ ᱥᱤᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱮᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱠᱤᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱞᱟᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱫᱟ ᱠᱳᱣᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱱᱡᱤᱛ ᱥᱤᱝ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱮ "ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱞᱟᱦᱚᱨ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱟ" ᱾ ᱗ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱑᱗᱙᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱕,᱐᱐᱐ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱟᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱤᱡᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱷᱤᱡ ᱟᱫ ᱠᱤᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱘᱐᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱟ ᱠᱳᱣᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱱᱡᱤᱛ ᱥᱤᱝ ᱞᱟᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱢᱨᱤᱛᱥᱚᱨ, ᱪᱤᱱᱤᱭᱳᱴ, ᱠᱟᱥᱩᱨ, ᱟᱴᱳᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱡᱟᱨᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱱᱡᱤᱛ ᱥᱤᱝ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱗᱙᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱱᱡᱤᱛ ᱥᱤᱝ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱟ ᱠᱳᱣᱨ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱮᱱᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱴᱩ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱱᱡᱤᱛ ᱥᱤᱝ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱟᱫᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱚᱱᱡᱤᱛ ᱥᱤᱝ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱫᱟ ᱠᱳᱣᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱚᱱᱡᱤᱛ ᱥᱤᱝ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱲᱟᱣᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱘᱒᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱱᱡᱤᱛ ᱥᱤᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱟ ᱠᱳᱣᱨ ᱮ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱘᱓᱒ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱟ ᱠᱳᱣᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ == * ᱨᱚᱱᱵᱤᱨ ᱥᱤᱝ ᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱟᱢᱟᱢ ''Warrior Queen Rani Sada Kaur (2021)'' ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱫᱟ ᱠᱳᱣᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ * [[DD National]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱤᱵᱷᱤ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱡᱽ ''Maharaja Ranjit Singh'' ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱛᱟ ᱢᱚᱦᱤᱱᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱟ ᱠᱳᱣᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱮ ᱨᱩᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ * [[Life OK]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ''Sher-e-Punjab: Maharaja Ranjit Singh'' ᱨᱮ [[Sonia Singh|ᱥᱳᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱤᱝ]] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱮ ᱨᱩᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == * [http://www.sikhphilosophy.net/history-of-sikhism/1327-sikh-women-sardarni-sada-kaur.html ᱥᱤᱠᱷ ᱢᱟᱭᱡᱤᱣ ᱠᱚ: ᱥᱚᱨᱫᱟᱨᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱫᱟ ᱠᱳᱣᱨ] * [http://www.sikh-heritage.co.uk/warriors/sadakaur/Sada%20kaur.htm ᱥᱚᱨᱫᱟᱨᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱫᱟ ᱠᱳᱣᱨ – ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭᱤᱭᱟᱹ] {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kaur, Sada}} [[Category:1762 births]] [[Category:1832 deaths]] [[Category:18th-century women monarchs]] [[Category:19th-century women monarchs]] [[Category:Female Sikh warriors]] [[Category:Indian female royalty]] [[Category:Indian women in war]] [[Category:Women from the Sikh Empire]] lksfyjfl5rsgonb974yupcwhcilmzb9 0 35328 196607 189920 2026-08-12T19:14:38Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196607 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = ᱚᱢᱤᱛᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱱᱫᱟ | image = | image_size = | caption = | birth_date = | birth_place = | death_date = | death_place = | occupation = ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ }} '''ᱚᱢᱤᱛᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱱᱫᱟ''' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤᱠ, ᱥᱩᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱱᱟᱞᱥᱟᱨ (NALSAR University of Law), ᱦᱟᱭᱫᱽᱨᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱚᱨ ᱮᱢᱮᱨᱤᱴᱟ (ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱚᱨ) ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱹᱴᱤᱹᱤᱹ ᱮᱠᱴ (RTE Act) ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱩᱱᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱭᱥᱤ (National Advisory Council) ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱵᱟᱹᱭᱥᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=|archive-url=|url-status=live|archive-date=2011-08-11|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=HRD panel to oversee RTE rollout}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱚ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱭᱩᱴ, ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱤᱥᱟᱨᱪᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱞᱥᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱚᱨ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=|title=Amita Dhanda {{!}} NALSAR UNIVERSITY OF LAW|website=www.nalsar.ac.in|access-date=25 November 2017}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱴᱟᱞ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ (mental health) ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱠᱚᱰᱟ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ (disability studies) ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱞᱥᱟᱨ (NALSAR) ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱠᱚᱰᱟ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ (Centre for Disability Studies) ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱚᱢᱤᱛᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱱᱫᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱚᱜ-ᱟᱭ<ref name=":0" /> ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ (gender) ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱫᱽ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ [ ''Kafila''] ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱜᱚᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱥᱴ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ Interpretation Of Statutes ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ == ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ == ᱚᱢᱤᱛᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱱᱫᱟ ᱫᱚ LLM ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ [[ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ PhD ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱘᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱭᱩᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱞᱚ, ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱤᱥᱟᱨᱪᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱥᱴᱤᱥ ᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱛᱤ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱡ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱪᱤᱯᱷ ᱡᱚᱥᱴᱤᱥ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱞᱟᱨᱠ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱘᱔ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱙᱙᱙ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱑᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱭᱩᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱹᱠᱷᱩᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ, ᱨᱤᱥᱟᱨᱪ, ᱮᱰᱤᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱭᱩᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱪᱷᱮ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱮᱦᱮᱞ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱥᱤᱠ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱫᱽ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱮᱥ ᱨᱤᱥᱟᱨᱪ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱠᱚᱰᱟ ᱮᱠᱴ ᱑᱙᱙᱕ ( Disability Act of 1995) ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> ᱑᱙ synagogue ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱞᱥᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ Administrative Law, Law and Poverty, Law and Literature ᱟᱨ Judicial Process ᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> == ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ == ᱚᱢᱤᱛᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱱᱫᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱜᱟᱞ ᱛᱷᱤᱭᱚᱨᱤ, ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱠᱥᱩᱣᱟᱞᱤ ᱰᱤᱥᱳᱨᱤᱭᱮᱱᱴᱮᱰ ᱠᱳᱨᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱷᱟᱱᱫᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱚ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱭᱩᱴ, ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱤᱥᱟᱨᱪ ᱯᱷᱮᱠᱟᱞᱴᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱦᱟᱭᱫᱽᱨᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[National Academy of Legal Studies and Research]] (NALSAR) ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱤᱱ (ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤᱠ) ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ NALSAR ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱠᱞᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱥᱤᱠ ᱵᱤᱠᱞᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱫᱽ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="Motilal2011">{{cite book|author=Shashi Motilal|title=Applied Ethics and Human Rights: Conceptual Analysis and Contextual Applications|url=|date=1 October 2011|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-0-85728-849-3|pages=201–}}</ref><ref name="Davar1999">{{cite book|author=Bhargavi V Davar|title=Mental Health of Indian Women: A Feminist Agenda|url=https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthofin0000dava|date=15 March 1999|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-0-7619-9300-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=|title=For a rights-based approach|date=31 August 2016|accessdate=25 March 2017}}</ref><ref name="Menon2011">{{cite news |id={{ProQuest|875698888}} |last1=Menon |first1=Amarnath K |title=Top Law Colleges of 2011: Star faculty, committed students and coveted internships make NALSAR this year's legal eagle |work=India Today |location=New Delhi |date=18 July 2011 }}</ref> ''Legal Order and Mental Disorder'' (᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ), ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱥᱤᱠ ᱵᱮᱢᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱫᱽ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱱᱫᱟ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Weller2013">{{cite book|author=Penelope Weller|title=New Law and Ethics in Mental Health Advance Directives: The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and the Right to Choose|url=|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-53294-5|pages=35–}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ '' Decolonisation of Legal Knowledge'' ᱟᱨ ''Engendering Law: Essays in Honor of Latika Sarkar'' ᱨᱮᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ N S Bindra ᱣᱟᱜ '' Interpretation of Statutes'' ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱮᱰᱤᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities ᱰᱨᱟᱯᱷᱴ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ UN Ad Hoc ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱴᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱱᱫᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news |id={{ProQuest|428422458}} |last1=Umachandran |first1=Shalini |title=He helps transform those with mental disabilities |work=The Times of India |location=New Delhi |date=30 November 2008 }}</ref> ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱟᱜ Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱠᱞᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱫᱽ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱ ᱰᱨᱟᱯᱷᱴ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱴᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱞᱤᱰᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱫᱷᱟᱱᱫᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱮᱱᱥᱤᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱥᱤᱠ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱥᱟᱨᱪ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱫᱚ [[World Health Organization|WHO]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱩᱜᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱠᱴᱤᱵᱷᱤᱥᱴ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ,<ref>{{cite web|url=|title=Worldandnation: India's place for healing}}</ref> ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱥᱤᱠ ᱵᱮᱢᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱩᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ "ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱥᱤᱠ ᱵᱮᱢᱟᱨ" ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱾<ref>{{cite news |id={{ProQuest|760072324}} |last1=Minwalla |first1=Shabnam |title=Thousands of wives are discarded on unfounded grounds of mental illness |work=The Times of India |location=Mumbai |date=9 May 2001 |page=3 }}</ref> ᱫᱷᱟᱱᱫᱟ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱥᱟᱨᱪ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[World Health Organization|WHO]], [[UNICEF]], [[National Human Rights Commission of India|NHRC]], [[National Commission for Women|NCW]], [[National Institute of Mental Health|NIMH]] ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=|title=Amita Profile|website=www.nalsar.ac.in|access-date=25 November 2017}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ ''Scroll'' ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ [ contributing writer] ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ''The Hindu'' ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱜᱚᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ''Frontline'', ''Kafila'' ᱟᱨ ''Indian Express'' ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱷᱟᱱᱫᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱥᱤᱠ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ, ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ, ᱵᱤᱠᱞᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱮᱥ (environment) ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱫᱽ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱤᱥᱟᱨᱪ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱩᱲᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} 8kq4urztng50c2sm0ejmnhkdr3pmdrc 0 35451 196675 190288 2026-08-12T20:39:14Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196675 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Nikolai Zykov with hand puppets, Russia.jpg|thumb|ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[ᱱᱤᱠᱳᱞᱟᱭ ᱡᱤᱠᱳᱵᱷ]] ᱛᱤ ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱾]] ᱢᱤᱫ '''ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹ''' ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱲᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ, ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟᱨ, ᱥᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱧᱮᱧᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮ ᱩᱠᱩ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱵᱤᱵᱚᱨᱚᱬ == ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hanford |first=Robert Ten Eyck |title=The Complete Book of Puppets and Puppeteering |url=https://archive.org/details/completebookofpu0000hanf_v5r8 |date=1981 |publisher=Sterling Publishing Co. |isbn=0806970324 |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/completebookofpu0000hanf_v5r8/page/4 4]}}</ref> ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱛᱟᱹᱢ, ᱨᱚᱰ, ᱛᱟᱨ, ᱤᱞᱮᱠᱴᱨᱚᱱᱤᱠᱥ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱛᱤ ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱸᱵᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ - ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱡᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱞᱟᱲᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱠᱟ ᱞᱟᱲᱟᱣ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱧᱮᱧᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣᱜ ᱢᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱜ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱷᱮᱱᱴᱨᱤᱞᱳᱠᱩᱭᱤᱥᱴ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱰᱚᱢᱤ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ''[[ᱮᱵᱷᱮᱱᱤᱭᱩ ᱠᱤᱣ (Avenue Q)]]'' ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱷᱤᱭᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱾ ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ ᱟᱜ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟᱭ, ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱪᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱲᱟᱣᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱟᱞ ᱢᱤᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱾ ᱮᱱᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱲᱟᱣᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱚᱪᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱮᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱤᱯ-ᱥᱤᱸᱠ ᱤᱱᱳᱵᱷᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱞᱳᱡᱽ-ᱟᱯ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱᱟ) ᱾ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱛᱷᱤᱭᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱲᱟᱣᱜ ᱢᱚᱪᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱨᱟ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱲᱟᱣᱜ ᱢᱚᱪᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱞᱚᱵᱽ ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱲᱟᱣᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱨᱮ, ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱧᱮᱧᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱚᱨᱫᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ ᱟᱜ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱨᱟᱢᱟ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ ᱮ ᱰᱤᱡᱟᱭᱤᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱱᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱮ ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱤᱡ, [[ᱛᱷᱤᱭᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱤᱡ|ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱤᱡ]], [[ᱰᱤᱡᱟᱭᱱᱚᱨ]], ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ [[ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ]] ᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱤᱭᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱛᱷᱤᱭᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱰᱨᱟᱢᱟᱭ ᱚᱞᱟ, ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ [[ᱟᱠᱴᱚᱨ]] ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱸᱴ ᱢᱟᱫᱷᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱵᱽ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱴᱚᱯ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱢ ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ ᱮᱱᱤᱢᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱭ ᱮᱢᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱳᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱯᱪᱚᱨ, CGI ᱥᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱪᱩᱣᱟᱞ ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱮᱥ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ === ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ === ᱗ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱞ ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱩᱜᱩᱛᱥᱩᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱞᱚᱵᱽ ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱬᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱫᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱽ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱑᱓ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ, ᱦᱭᱳᱜᱳ ᱯᱨᱤᱯᱷᱮᱠᱪᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱥᱤᱱᱳᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱛᱳ ᱤᱱᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱣᱟᱡᱤ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱾ ᱠᱩᱜᱩᱛᱥᱩᱥᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱵᱤᱥᱩᱠᱟᱠᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱭᱟᱠᱩᱫᱟᱭᱩ ᱮ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱟᱨ [[ᱱᱤᱥᱤᱱᱳᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱨᱟᱭᱤᱱ|ᱱᱤᱥᱤᱱᱳᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱵᱤᱥᱩ ᱥᱨᱟᱭᱤᱱ]] ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ [[ᱡᱳᱨᱩᱨᱤ (ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ)|ᱡᱳᱨᱩᱨᱤ]] ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱐ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[ᱵᱤᱣᱟ ᱦᱳᱥᱤ]] ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱩ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱠᱚᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱵᱤᱣᱟ]] ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱩᱭᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱑᱒ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱩ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[ᱫᱟ ᱴᱮᱞ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱫᱟ ᱦᱮᱭᱠᱮ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱭᱠᱭᱳᱠᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱥᱟᱹᱨᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱖ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱᱴᱤᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨᱤ ᱡᱳᱨᱩᱨᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱡᱳᱨᱩᱨᱤᱦᱤᱢᱮ ᱢᱳᱱᱳᱜᱟᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱜᱮ 'ᱡᱳᱨᱩᱨᱤ' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱖ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ, ᱳᱠᱤᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱛᱮ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ-ᱥᱩᱛᱟᱹᱢ ᱟᱱ ᱨᱩ~ᱚᱨᱚᱝ ᱥᱟᱯᱟᱵ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱩᱱ-ᱥᱩᱛᱟᱹᱢ ᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱵᱤᱬᱟ, [[ᱥᱟᱢᱤᱥᱮᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱤᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱥᱟᱢᱤᱥᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱳᱨᱩᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱧᱮᱧᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱨᱤᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱗ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱛᱮ, ᱡᱳᱨᱩᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤ, ᱥᱟᱢᱤᱥᱮᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱜᱩᱛᱥᱩᱥᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱝᱭᱳ ᱡᱳᱨᱩᱨᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 May 2017 |title=The Origin of Puppetry in Japan |url=https://www.artsy.net/article/photo-gallery-artisan-puppet-theater-adults |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250804060643/https://www.artsy.net/article/photo-gallery-artisan-puppet-theater-adults |archive-date=4 August 2025 |access-date=7 August 2025 |website=Artsy}}</ref> [[ᱵᱩᱱᱨᱟᱠᱩ]] ᱱᱤᱝᱭᱳ ᱡᱳᱨᱩᱨᱤ ᱥᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱵᱩᱱᱨᱟᱠᱩ ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, ᱠᱚᱢ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱒᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱜᱼᱟ: ᱵᱩᱱᱨᱟᱠᱩ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ, ᱡᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱪᱮᱠᱟ ᱞᱟᱲᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱑᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ ᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱲᱟᱣ ᱪᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱑᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱲᱟᱣᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱨᱚᱞ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱨᱚᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, ᱓ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱳᱢᱳᱡᱩᱠᱟᱭ, ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ-ᱵᱤᱨᱚᱝ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤᱭ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱛᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ ᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱛᱤᱭ ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱨᱚᱞᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱱᱤᱱᱡᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱤᱣᱱᱤᱠ (ᱠᱩᱨᱳᱜᱳ) ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱤᱫᱟᱨᱤ-ᱡᱩᱠᱟᱭ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ ᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱩᱸᱴᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱨᱚᱞ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱛᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ ᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱛᱤᱭ ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱨᱚᱞᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱟᱥᱤ-ᱡᱩᱠᱟᱭ, ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱴᱟᱭ ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱨᱚᱞᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱞ ᱢᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱛᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=La magia del Ningyo Joruri 🎭 El arte de Títeres Bunraku en Japón 🎎 |url=https://bocones.com/blog/titeres-marioneta/ningyo-joruri/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250807041151/https://bocones.com/blog/titeres-marioneta/ningyo-joruri/ |archive-date=7 August 2025 |access-date=7 August 2025 |website=Bocones |language=Spanish}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2024 |title=Ningyo Jyoruri performance｜Places to enjoy the sounds of Japanese instruments |url=https://reiroh.com/blogs/blog/ningyo-jyoruri-performance-places-to-enjoy-the-sounds-of-japanese-instruments |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250807052823/https://reiroh.com/blogs/blog/ningyo-jyoruri-performance-places-to-enjoy-the-sounds-of-japanese-instruments |archive-date=7 August 2025 |access-date=7 August 2025 |website=Reiroh}}</ref> [[ᱱᱤᱦᱳᱱ-ᱵᱩᱭᱳ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱛᱤᱸᱜᱩᱱᱟ (ᱱᱤᱝᱭᱳ-ᱵᱩᱨᱤ) ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ningyoburi (puppet-like acting) |url=https://www2.ntj.jac.go.jp/unesco/kabuki/en/production/performance6.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813052003/https://www2.ntj.jac.go.jp/unesco/kabuki/en/production/performance6.html |archive-date=13 August 2024 |access-date=6 August 2025 |website=Japan Arts Council – Invitation to Kabuki}}</ref> ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ, "ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ" ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱨᱚᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱫᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱫᱩ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kabuki Theatre |url=https://www.worldanvil.com/w/arenia-artemisthemp/a/kabuki-theatre-ritual |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250807060013/https://www.worldanvil.com/w/arenia-artemisthemp/a/kabuki-theatre-ritual |archive-date=7 August 2025 |access-date=7 August 2025 |website=World Anvil}}</ref> == ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ == *[[ᱟᱞᱤ ᱮᱛᱮᱥᱟᱢᱤᱯᱷᱟᱨ]] (ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱑᱙᱙᱐), ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹ *[[ᱢᱳᱞᱤ ᱯᱷᱟᱞᱠᱮᱱᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱱ]] (᱑᱙᱐᱖-᱑᱙᱙᱒), ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹ<ref>{{Cite news |last=Driscoll |first=Marjorie |date=1969-11-10 |title=Show goes on-even for Mollie's puppets |pages=80 |work=The Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/102127654/show-goes-on-even-for-mollies-puppets/ |access-date=2022-05-19}}</ref> *[[ᱡᱤᱢ ᱦᱮᱱᱥᱚᱱ]] (᱑᱙᱓᱖-᱑᱙᱙᱐), ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹ *[[ᱞᱤᱥᱟ ᱥᱴᱟᱨᱡᱽ]] (ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱑᱙᱕᱕), ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ ᱢᱟᱥᱴᱚᱨ (ᱳᱯᱮᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱷᱤᱭᱮᱴᱚᱨ) *[[ᱢᱟᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱢᱤᱠᱩᱞᱳᱵᱷᱟ]] (᱑᱙᱕᱑-᱒᱐᱒᱔), ᱥᱞᱳᱵᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹ<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zemřela Marica Mikulová – Divadelní noviny |url=https://www.divadelni-noviny.cz/zemrela-marica-mikulova |access-date=2025-01-05 |language=cs}}</ref> *[[ᱞᱮᱨᱤ ᱨᱤᱰ (ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹ)|ᱞᱮᱨᱤ ᱨᱤᱰ]] (᱑᱙᱔᱔-᱒᱐᱒᱖), ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹ *[[ᱡᱩᱥᱟᱵᱩᱨᱳ ᱛᱥᱩᱡᱤᱢᱩᱨᱟ]] (᱑᱙᱓᱓-᱒᱐᱒᱓), ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} {{Authority control}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ|*ᱯᱩᱛᱩᱞ ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱛᱷᱤᱭᱮᱴᱚᱨ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱯᱟᱨᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢᱤᱝ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ]] fo3b582mgjm2kt8mdjlhv4sq1e03agi 0 35495 196537 190651 2026-08-12T18:02:03Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196537 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ (Species)}} {{speciesbox |image = jarul.jpg |image_caption = ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ, [[Kolkata|ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ |genus = Lagerstroemia |species = speciosa |authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Christian Hendrik Persoon|Pers.]] |synonyms = * ''Lagerstroemia munchausia'' L. ex Forsyth f. * ''Munchausia speciosa'' L. * ''Murtughas speciosa'' (L.) Kuntze |synonyms_ref = <ref name=POWO>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:553618-1 ''Lagerstroemia speciosa'' (L.) Martyn. — Plants of the World Online] (retrieved ᱒᱒ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱒᱐᱒᱕)</ref> }} ᱡᱟᱹᱨᱩᱞ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱭᱟᱱᱴ ᱠᱨᱮᱯ-ᱢᱟᱭᱨᱴᱮᱞ, ᱠᱩᱭᱤᱱᱥ ᱠᱨᱮᱯ-ᱢᱟᱭᱨᱴᱮᱞ, ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱵᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱮ ᱯᱨᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱞᱟᱡᱮᱨᱥᱴᱨᱚᱢᱤᱭᱟ'' ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ-ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱞᱟᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱨᱚᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱯᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱵᱮᱸᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱯᱷᱩᱴᱟᱹᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ "''ᱠᱩᱭᱤᱱᱥ ᱯᱷᱞᱟᱣᱟᱨ''" ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ 'ᱨᱮᱡᱤᱱᱟᱭ' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ "ᱨᱟᱹᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ" ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱪᱚᱨᱚᱠ ᱵᱮᱸᱜᱟᱲ ᱥᱮ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱯᱤ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱨᱡᱚᱢ/ᱥᱮᱜᱩᱱ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ "ᱠᱨᱮᱯ-ᱢᱟᱭᱨᱴᱮᱞ" ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱛᱞᱟ ᱠᱨᱮᱯ ᱠᱟᱜᱚᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ == ''ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱴ ᱚᱯ ᱫᱟ ᱣᱟᱨᱞᱰ ᱚᱱᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ'' ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ: * ''Lagerstroemia speciosa subsp. intermedia'' * ''Lagerstroemia speciosa subsp. speciosa'' == ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚ == ᱞᱟᱴᱤᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱥᱯᱮᱥᱤᱭᱚᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ 'ᱪᱚᱨᱚᱠ' ᱾<ref name="etymology" /> ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ:<ref name="Vikas" /> * ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ: '''ᱡᱟᱹᱨᱩᱞ''' * ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ: ᱯᱨᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ, queen crepe myrtle (ᱠᱩᱭᱤᱱ ᱠᱨᱮᱯ ᱢᱟᱭᱨᱴᱮᱞ) ᱾ * {{lang-as|ᱮᱡᱟᱨ|translit=Ezar|label=ᱟᱥᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ}} * {{lang-bn|ᱡᱟᱨᱩᱞ|translit=Jarul|label=ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ}} * {{lang-hi|ᱡᱟᱨᱩᱞ|translit=Jarul|label=ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ}} * {{lang-mr|ᱛᱟᱢᱦᱚᱱ|translit=Tamhan|label=ᱢᱚᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ}}, ᱡᱟᱨᱩᱞ (Jarul) * {{lang-tl|ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱵᱟ|translit=Banaba|label=ᱴᱟᱜᱟᱞᱚᱜᱽ}} == ᱦᱟᱨᱟ-ᱵᱩᱨᱩ == [[Image:Lagerstroemia speciosa at Kepong Botanical Garden, Taman Ehsan (221030).jpg|thumb|right|ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱨᱛᱟ ᱾]] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱕ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱪᱚᱨᱚᱠ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱨᱛᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱤᱞᱠᱷᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱨᱤᱢ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Swamy" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱩᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱘ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱕ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱤᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱔᱐ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱤᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱛᱷᱚᱯᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱩᱴᱟᱹᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱸᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱹᱠᱷᱲᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱜᱚᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱝᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱞᱜᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱫᱽ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱓ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱾ == ᱪᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ-ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱪᱤᱱ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ, ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ, ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱪᱷᱮ ᱜᱷᱟᱴ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Swamy" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱚᱨᱚᱠ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱᱥ, ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱵᱟ (ᱡᱟᱹᱨᱩᱞ) ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱵᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱖᱙ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Ph-DOH" /> ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱪᱤ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱲᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="VietnamPlants" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱠᱮᱢᱤᱥᱴᱨᱤ == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱠᱥᱴᱨᱮᱠᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱢᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱣᱩᱱᱰ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱥᱚᱞᱤᱠ ᱮᱥᱤᱰ (corosolic acid), ᱞᱮᱜᱟᱨᱼᱥᱴᱨᱚᱭᱮᱢᱤᱱ (lager-stroemin), ᱯᱷᱚᱡᱤᱱ ᱵᱤ (flosin B), ᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱡᱤᱱᱤᱱ ᱮ (reginin A) ᱾<ref name="ChemistryRef" /> == ᱨᱟᱱ-ᱢᱩᱨᱜᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ == ᱡᱟᱹᱨᱩᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱥᱟᱹᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱵᱟᱠᱞᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱡ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱨᱥᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱪᱟᱵᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱤᱠᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱰᱟᱭᱵᱮᱴᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ [[ᱢᱟᱱᱤᱯᱩᱨ]] ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱪᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name="Vikas" /> == ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ == 'ᱯᱨᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ' ᱥᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ '''ᱛᱟᱢᱦᱚᱱ''' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ '''ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ''' ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="MahaSymbols" /> == ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ == ᱛᱷᱮᱨᱟᱵᱟᱫᱟ ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱱᱤᱡ ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ "ᱯᱟᱫᱩᱢᱟ" ᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱟᱱᱤᱡ ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ "ᱱᱟᱨᱟᱫᱟ" ᱛᱟᱹᱠᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱜᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱝᱦᱚᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ "ᱢᱩᱨᱩᱛᱷᱟ" ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱛᱮ "ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱥᱳᱱᱟ" ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱜᱟᱞᱮᱨᱤ == <gallery> Image:Fruit, leaves & Drongo I IMG 5962.jpg|ᱡᱚ, ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱸᱪᱚ ᱟᱲᱮ (ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ, ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ) Image:Flowers & leaves I IMG 1864.jpg|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ (ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ) Image:Dried Fruits I IMG 1380.jpg|ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱡᱚ (ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ) Image:Dried Fruit I IMG 3279.jpg|ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱡᱚ (ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ) Image:Lagerstroemia Speciosa.JPG| ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ (ᱱᱚᱨᱥᱤᱝᱫᱤ, ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ) Image:Banaba Flower (Lagerstroemia speciosa).jpg|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱞᱳᱡᱽ-ᱟᱯ (ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱᱥ) File:Lagerstroemia speciosa shrubs.jpg|ᱯᱞᱟᱥᱴᱤᱠ ᱛᱷᱤᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ (ᱛᱨᱤᱥᱩᱨ, ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ) Image:Lagerstroemia Speciosa Tree.jpg|ᱡᱟᱹᱨᱩᱞ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ, ᱢᱟᱞᱫᱟ, ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ </gallery> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist| <ref name=Swamy>{{Cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=NoOWDwAAQBAJ&dq=Lagerstroemia+speciosa+(giant+crepe-myrtle,+Queen%27s+crepe-myrtle)&pg=PA197|last1=Swaminathan|first1=M.S.|last2=Kochar|first2=S.L.|title=Major Flowering Trees of Tropical Gardens|year=2019|page=197|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-48195-3}}</ref> <ref name=etymology>"[https://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=LASP Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. pride of India]." PLANTS Profile, United States Department of Agriculture / Natural Resources Conservation Service. Retrieved 2008-07-15.</ref> <ref name="powo">{{cite web |title=''Lagerstroemia speciosa'' (L.) Martyn |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:553618-1 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens Kew |access-date=19 February 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Lagerstroemia speciosa (Giant Crape Myrtle, Queen's Crape Myrtle) {{!}} North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox|url=https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/lagerstroemia-speciosa/|access-date=2021-11-01|website=plants.ces.ncsu.edu}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://dictzone.com/latin-english-dictionary/speciosa|title=Speciosa meaning in English|access-date=3 July 2024}}</ref> <ref name= Vikas>{{Cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=j98iEAAAQBAJ&dq=Lagerstroemia+speciosa+(giant+crepe-myrtle,+Queen%27s+crepe-myrtle)+vernacular+names&pg=PA43| last=Khatri|first=Vikas|title=Herbal Cure – Medicinal Plants that heal naturally| year=2020|page =43|publisher=V&S Publishers| isbn=978-93-5057-184-2}}</ref> <ref name=Ph-DOH> {{cite web |url=http://erdb.denr.gov.ph/publications/rise/r_v14n2.pdf |title=Propagation Management Of Herbal and Medicinal Plants|year=2002|author=Eduardo B. Principe and Aurora S. Jose|series=Research Information Series On Ecosystems| volume=14| issue=2 |access-date=25 January 2013 }} {{dead link|date=June 2016}}</ref> <ref name=VietnamPlants>{{ cite book | first1=Yoshitaka | last1=Tanaka | first2=Nguyen | last2=Van Ke | date=2007 | title=Edible Wild Plants of Vietnam: The Bountiful Garden | url=https://archive.org/details/ediblewildplants0000yosh | publisher=Thailand: Orchid Press | isbn=978-974-524-089-6 | page=[https://archive.org/details/ediblewildplants0000yosh/page/90 90]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Hargreaves |first=Dorothy |title=Tropical Trees of the Pacific |last2=Hargreaves |first2=Bob |publisher=Hargreaves |year=1970 |location=Kailua, Hawaii |page=[https://archive.org/details/tropicaltreesofp00harg/page/16 16]}}</ref> <ref name=ChemistryRef>{{cite journal | pmc=2176148 | year=2007 | last1=Klein | first1=G. | last2=Kim | first2=J. | last3=Himmeldirk | first3=K. | last4=Cao | first4=Y. | last5=Chen | first5=X. | title=Antidiabetes and Anti-obesity Activity of Lagerstroemia speciosa | journal=Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine | volume=4 | issue=4 | pages=401–407 | doi=10.1093/ecam/nem013 | pmid=18227906 }}</ref> <ref name=MahaSymbols>{{Cite web|url=http://www.onlinesaraswati.com/en/Maharashtra-State-Symbols.php|title=Maharashtra State Symbols|website=www.onlinesaraswati.com|access-date=2019-10-17|archive-date=20 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020074351/http://www.onlinesaraswati.com/en/Maharashtra-State-Symbols.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name=MythologyRef>{{Cite web|url=https://stylenrich.com/queens-flower-benefits/|last=Samantaray|first= Anamika|title=Health Benefits Of Queen Flower Plant!|date=15 December 2020|publisher=StylEnrich.com}}</ref> }} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] 3opq04usfl016jfr7pq9wwzjwmkxwdg 0 35546 196460 191179 2026-08-12T16:57:07Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196460 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ}} {{Speciesbox | name = ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ | image = Starr 010304-0485 Tectona grandis.jpg | image_caption = ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚ | status = EN | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |last1=Gua |first1=B. |last2=Pedersen |first2=A. |last3=Barstow |first3=M. |year=2022 |title=''Tectona grandis'' |volume=2022 |article-number=e.T62019830A62019832 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T62019830A62019832.en |access-date=29 January 2023}}</ref> | genus = Tectona | species = grandis | authority = [[Carl Linnaeus the Younger|L.f.]] | synonyms_ref = <ref name=powo>{{cite web|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:864923-1|title=''Tectona grandis'' L.f. |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=20 July 2024 }}</ref> | synonyms = * ''Jatus grandis'' <small>(L.f.) Kuntze</small> * ''Tectona grandis'' f. ''abludens '' <small>Koord. & Valeton</small> * ''Tectona grandis'' f. ''canescens '' <small>Moldenke</small> * ''Tectona grandis'' f. ''pilosula'' <small>Moldenke</small> * ''Tectona grandis'' f. ''punctata'' <small>Moldenke</small> * ''Tectona grandis'' f. ''tomentella '' <small>Moldenke</small> * ''Tectona theca'' <small>Lour.</small> }} '''ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ''' ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱥᱮᱭᱟᱭ (Lamiaceae) ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱨᱚᱯᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ, ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱼᱢᱤᱥᱤ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ'' ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ, ᱥᱚᱣᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱸᱡᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱚᱝᱜᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ, ᱠᱟᱜᱚᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱚ ᱩᱰᱩᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ, ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱰᱤᱡᱟᱭᱤᱱ, ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱱᱤᱪᱟᱨ, ᱠᱷᱚᱫᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱯᱨᱳᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ|ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ]], ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ, ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ, ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱨᱮᱵᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Burmese Teak: Turning a new leaf">{{cite web|url=http:// East By South East |access-date=20 September 2015}}</ref> ᱢᱳᱞᱮᱠᱩᱞᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ: ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱣᱳᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Verhaegen|first1=D.|first2=Inza Jesus|last2=Fofana|first3=Zénor A|last3=Logossa|first4=Daniel|last4=Ofori|title=What is the genetic origin of teak (''Tectona grandis'' L.) introduced in Africa and in Indonesia?|journal=Tree Genetics & Genomes |volume=6|issue=5|pages=717–733|year=2010|doi=10.1007/s11295-010-0286-x|s2cid=11220716|url=http://hal.cirad.fr/cirad-00846130/file/TGG6_5_.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Canadian Journal of Forest Research|year=2015|volume=45|issue=3|pages=297–306|title=AFLP markers for analysis of genetic diversity and structure of teak (''Tectona grandis'') in India|first1=Vivek|last1=Vaishnaw|first2=Naseer|last2=Mohammad|first3=Syed Arif|last3=Wali|first4=Randhir|last4=Kumar|first5=Shashi Bhushan|last5=Tripathi|first6=Madan Singh|last6=Negi|first7=Shamim Akhtar|last7=Ansari|doi=10.1139/cjfr-2014-0279 |bibcode=2015CaJFR..45..297V }}</ref> == ᱵᱤᱥᱲᱤ == ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|40|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱩᱥᱩᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱛᱚᱨᱚᱡ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱚᱨᱚᱡᱼᱪᱚᱠᱞᱮᱴ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱮᱥ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱰᱤᱢᱵᱟᱠᱟᱨᱼᱞᱮᱠᱟ, {{convert|15|-|45|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|8|-|23|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} ᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|2|-|4|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤᱜ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="FOC">[http://efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200019434 ''Tectona grandis'']. ''Flora of China'' 17: 16. Accessed online: 17 December 2010.</ref> ᱡᱩᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ {{convert|25|-|40|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|30|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱸᱡᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱣᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱷᱩᱴᱟᱹᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱒.᱕–᱓ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱠᱷᱲᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱒ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ''ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ'' ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ; ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑.᱒–᱑.᱘ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱤᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱜᱷᱮᱨᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="FOC" /> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱟᱱᱰᱨᱟᱥ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱥ ᱚᱝᱜᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱠᱚᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱯᱷᱩᱴᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱭ ᱜᱷᱟᱱᱴᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱩ (pollen) ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Tangmitcharoen and Owens">Tangmitcharoen, S. and J. N. Owens. 1996. Floral biology, pollination, pistil receptivity, and pollen tube growth of teak (''Tectona grandis'' Linn f.). ''Annals of Botany'', 79(3): 227–241.</ref> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱤᱡᱩᱼᱵᱤᱸᱫᱤ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱜᱟᱵᱷᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Bryndum & Hedegart">Bryndum, K. and T. Hedegart. 1969. Pollination of teak (''Tectona grandis'' Linn.f.). ''Silv. Genet.'' 18: 77–80.</ref> ᱑᱙᱙᱖ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱜᱟᱵᱷᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱶᱟᱨ (bee) ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱮᱨᱟᱴᱤᱱᱱᱟ (''Ceratina)'' ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱾<ref name="Tangmitcharoen and Owens" /> <gallery widths="200" heights="200"> File:Parambikulam Tiger Reserve, in the Mornings.JPG|ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱢᱵᱤᱠᱩᱞᱚᱢ ᱴᱟᱭᱜᱚᱨ ᱨᱤᱡᱟᱨᱵᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱨ File:Nilambur Teak Plantation 0666.jpg|ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱞᱟᱢᱵᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ File:Plants of the coast of Coromandel Coast Tamil Nadu Andhra Pradesh India Flora Fruits Flowers (54).jpg|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ, ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ File:Teak (Tectona grandis) flowers in Anantgiri, AP W2 IMG 8807.jpg|ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱞᱮᱝᱜᱟᱱᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱱᱛᱚᱜᱤᱨᱤ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ File:Flower, fruit & leaves (Tectona Grandis) I IMG 8818.jpg|ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ, ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ, ᱡᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ File:U Bain Bridge1.JPG|ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱢᱚᱨᱯᱩᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩ ᱵᱮᱭᱤᱱ ᱯᱚᱞ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ {{convert|1.2|km|abbr=on}} ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ File:Leaves of Tectona grandis (Teak).jpg|ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱞᱟᱢᱵᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ File:Hyblaea puera at Kadavoor.jpg|ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱡᱚᱢᱤᱡ [[:en:Hyblaea_puera|ᱛᱤᱡᱩ]] File:Philippine Teak (Tectona philippinensis)--an endangered and endemic tree 01.jpg|ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ Tectona grandis MHNT.BOT.2010.10.15.jpg|''ᱴᱮᱠᱴᱚᱱᱟ ᱜᱽᱨᱟᱱᱰᱤᱥ'' ᱼ [[:en:MHNT|MHNT]] </gallery> === ᱠᱟᱴ === ᱠᱟᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱝ (rings) ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱯᱳᱨᱚᱥ (porous) ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱮᱱᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱽ (moisture) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ: ᱑᱕% ᱟᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱖᱖᱐ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢ/ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ^᱓ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |last1=Porter |first1=Brian |title=Carpentry and Joinery |date=2001 |publisher=Butterworth |isbn=978-1-138-16816-9 |pages=54 |edition=Third|volume=1}}</ref> ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱚᱱᱟᱼᱪᱚᱠᱞᱮᱴ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝᱼᱪᱚᱠᱞᱮᱴ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱞᱜᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱷᱤᱲᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |last1=Yardley |first1=Kevin |title=About Teak Wood |url=https://www.diamondtropicalhardwoods.com/teak |website=DiamondTropicalHardwoods.com |publisher=Diamond Tropical Hardwoods |access-date=17 November 2022}}</ref> ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="pnh">{{cite book |last1=Hasluck |first1=Paul N |title=The Handyman's Guide: Essential Woodworking Tools and Techniques |url=https://archive.org/details/handymansguidees0000unse |date=1987 |publisher=Skyhorse |location=New York |isbn=978-1-60239-173-4 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/handymansguidees0000unse/page/174 174]–5}}</ref> == ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱥᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱑᱗᱘᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱨ ᱞᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱫᱟ ᱭᱚᱝᱜᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ''ᱥᱟᱯᱞᱤᱢᱮᱱᱴᱚᱢ ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱴᱟᱨᱚᱢ'' ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name="IPNI">{{IPNI|id=864923-1|access-date=17 December 2010}}</ref> ᱑᱙᱗᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱦᱮᱨᱚᱞᱰ ᱱᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱚᱨᱰᱮᱝᱠ ᱫᱚ ''ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱛᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤᱭᱟ'' ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱵᱤᱥᱲᱤᱭᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱳᱞᱰᱮᱝᱠᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱱᱟᱢᱩᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ: ᱾ ''ᱴᱤᱹ ᱜᱽᱨᱟᱱᱰᱤᱥ ᱮᱯᱷᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱮᱥᱠᱮᱱᱥ'' (''T. grandis'' f. ''canescens)'' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱩᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ''ᱴᱤᱹ ᱜᱽᱨᱟᱱᱰᱤᱥ ᱮᱯᱷᱹ ᱯᱤᱞᱳᱥᱩᱞᱟ (T. grandis'' f. ''pilosula)'' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱥᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ''ᱴᱤᱹ ᱜᱽᱨᱟᱱᱰᱤᱥ ᱮᱯᱷᱹ ᱯᱳᱸᱠᱴᱚᱴᱟ (T. grandis'' f. ''punctata)'' ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱩᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ''ᱴᱤᱹ ᱜᱽᱨᱟᱱᱰᱤᱥ ᱮᱯᱷᱹ ᱴᱚᱢᱮᱱᱴᱮᱞᱟ (T. grandis'' f. ''tomentella)'' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Moldenke">Moldenke, H. N. 1975. Notes on new and noteworthy plants. LXXVII. ''Phytologia'', 31: 28.</ref> == ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ == ''ᱴᱤᱠ'' (teak) ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱳᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ 'teca' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ 'thekku' ᱛᱷᱮᱠᱠᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ (ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ 'tekku', ᱛᱮᱞᱩᱜᱩ 'teku', ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱱᱟᱰᱟ 'tegu' ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ) ᱾ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱑᱖᱙᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/teak|title=Teak|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary, Douglas Harper|date=2025|access-date=16 November 2025}}</ref> == ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ == ''ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ'' ᱫᱚ ᱴᱮᱠᱴᱚᱱᱟ (''Tectona)'' ᱜᱟᱱᱟᱝ (genus) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ, ''ᱴᱤᱹ ᱦᱟᱢᱤᱞᱴᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱᱟ (T. hamiltoniana)'' ᱟᱨ ''ᱴᱤᱹ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱱᱮᱥᱤᱥ (T. philippinensis)'' ᱫᱚ ᱮᱱᱰᱮᱢᱤᱠ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Tewari>Tewari, D. N. 1992. ''A Monograph on Teak (Tectona grandis Linn.f.)''. International Book Distributors.</ref> ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ, ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ, ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ, ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ, ᱠᱚᱸᱧᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ, ᱠᱚᱸᱧᱮᱼᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱞᱟᱣᱳᱥ, ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="FOC" /><ref name="Tangmitcharoen and Owens" /> ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱭᱼᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ {{Convert|500|mm|abbr=on}} ᱫᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ {{Convert|5,000|mm|abbr=on}} ᱫᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱫᱽ (moist) ᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱾ ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱴ {{Convert|1,250–1,650|mm|abbr=on}} ᱫᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱓ᱼ᱕ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Kaosa-ard">Kaosa-ard, A. 1981. Teak its natural distribution and related factors. ''Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society'', 29: 55–74.</ref> == ᱪᱟᱥ == [[File:Teak plant 2024.jpg|thumb|ᱜᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱧᱤᱫᱤᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱞ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱱᱤᱥ (varnish) ᱵᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱡᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ, ᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹᱣ (erosion) ᱫᱚᱨ, ᱢᱟᱯ (dimensional stability) ᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱸᱪᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱭᱩᱵᱷᱤ (UV) ᱛᱟᱹᱯᱩᱜ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|url= http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2001/willi01d.pdf|last1= Williams|first1=R. Sam|last2=Miller|first2=Regis|year=2001|title=Characteristics of Ten Tropical Hardwoods from Certified Forests in Bolivia |journal=Wood and Fiber Science |volume=33|issue=4|pages=618–626}}</ref> ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱛᱷᱟ ᱯᱮᱨᱚᱢ ᱯᱟᱨᱦᱩᱴᱟᱱᱤ (Perum Perhutani) ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱵᱷᱮᱡᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱱᱤᱪᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱞᱟᱢᱵᱩᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Teak Museum: Nalimbur">{{cite web|url=http://www.kfri.org/html/k1000mus.htm |title=Teak Museum: Nilambur |author=KRFI.org |publisher=Web Archive |access-date=20 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060928001233/http://www.kfri.org/html/k1000mus.htm |archive-date=28 September 2006 }}</ref> ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱰᱷᱮᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱮᱥ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱱᱛᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱫᱩᱨᱞᱚᱵᱷ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱫᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱩᱥᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱴᱨᱚᱯᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱥᱴᱮᱱᱮᱵᱩᱞ (sustainable) ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ''ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱮᱥᱴ ᱥᱴᱮᱣᱟᱨᱰᱥᱤᱯ ᱠᱟᱣᱩᱱᱥᱤᱞ'' (FSC) ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱴᱷᱤᱠ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱨᱴᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠᱮᱴ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱴᱤᱥᱩ ᱠᱟᱞᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱯᱚᱱᱤᱵᱮᱥ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱥᱚᱢᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱔ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱩᱫᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://africanarguments.org/2013/03/14/is-all-well-in-the-teak-forests-of-south-sudan-by-aly-verjee/|title=Is all well in the teak forests of South Sudan? – By Aly Verjee|date=14 March 2013}}</ref> ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱡᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ (ᱠᱳᱥᱴᱟ ᱨᱤᱠᱟ) ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱞᱟᱹᱴᱤᱱ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱰᱷᱮᱨᱚᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱟᱥᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Investing in Teak: The Market">{{cite web|url=https://www.catf.lu/investing-in-catf/the-market/|title=Investing in Teak: The Market|author=Central American Timber Fund|publisher=Central American Timber Fund|access-date=20 September 2015}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ''ᱦᱟᱭᱵᱽᱞᱟᱭᱟ ᱯᱩᱭᱮᱨᱟ (Hyblaea puera)'', ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ 'ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱰᱮᱯᱷᱳᱞᱤᱭᱮᱴᱚᱨ' (Teak defoliator) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱭᱟ, ᱱᱩᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱴᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱰᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾<ref> {{cite web | title=''Hyblaea puera'' | last=Herbison-Evans | first=Don | publisher=University of Technology, [[Sydney]] | url=http://linus.socs.uts.edu.au/~don/larvae/hybl/puera.html | access-date=2008-03-12 | date=2007-09-06 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080724111814/http://linus.socs.uts.edu.au/~don/larvae/hybl/puera.html |archive-date = 2008-07-24}} </ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{Commons category|Tectona grandis|ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ (Tectona grandis)}} {{NSRW poster|wstitle=Teak}} {{WestAfricanPlants|Tectona grandis}} * ᱭᱩ.ᱮᱥ. ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱮᱥᱴ ᱯᱨᱳᱰᱟᱠᱴᱥ ᱞᱮᱵᱽ: [http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/TechSheets/Chudnoff/SEAsian_Oceanic/htmlDocs_SEAsian/tectonagrandis.html USDA ᱵᱤᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ]; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224044926/http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/TechSheets/Chudnoff/SEAsian_Oceanic/htmlDocs_SEAsian/tectonagrandis.html |date=24 February 2013 }} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] q7fmd15hponv5lr2298cl67vbxuvn6f 0 35580 196552 190631 2026-08-12T18:15:29Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196552 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = ᱟᱢᱵᱽᱨᱳᱥᱤ ᱵᱩᱪᱢᱟ | native_name_lang = uk | native_name = {{nobold|Амвросій Бучма}} | image = [[File:Amvrosy Buchma.jpg|200px]] | alt = | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth date|1891|2|14|df=y}} | birth_place = [[ᱞᱵᱷᱤᱵᱷ|ᱞᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨᱜᱽ]], ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱟ-ᱦᱟᱝᱜᱮᱨᱤ (ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱵᱷᱤᱵᱷ, [[ᱤᱣᱠᱨᱮᱱ]]) | death_date = {{death date and age|1957|1|6|1891|3|14|df=y}} | death_place = [[ᱠᱤᱭᱮᱵᱽ]], ᱤᱣᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱥ.ᱮᱥ.ᱟᱨ, [[ᱥᱳᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛ ᱤᱣᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ]] | other_names = | occupation = ᱟᱠᱴᱚᱨ | spouse = ᱵᱷᱮᱞᱮᱱᱴᱤᱱᱟ ᱵᱽᱡᱮᱥᱠᱟ-ᱵᱩᱪᱢᱟ }} '''ᱟᱢᱵᱽᱨᱳᱥᱤ ᱢᱟᱠᱥᱤᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱᱳᱵᱷᱤᱪ ᱵᱩᱪᱢᱟ'''{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{langx|uk|Амвросій Максиміліанович Бучма|{{transliteration|uk|ukrainian|Amvrosii Maksymilianovych Buchma}}}}|{{langx|ru|Амвросий Максимилианович Бучма|{{transliteration|ru|Amvrosiy Maksimilianovich Buchma}}}}}}}} (᱑᱔ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱑᱘᱙᱑{{spaced ndash}}᱖ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱙᱕᱗)<ref name=bse>[https://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=38397 Бучма Амвросій Максимиліанович]. [[Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine]]</ref> ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱤᱣᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱳᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛ ᱥᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱟᱠᱴᱚᱨ, ᱰᱤᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱪᱮᱛ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Cinema|url=https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000roll_z3y1|author=Peter Rollberg|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2009|place=US|isbn=978-0-8108-6072-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000roll_z3y1/page/121 121]–122}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱐᱕ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ [[ᱤᱣᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱰᱤᱥᱠᱳᱨᱥ ᱛᱷᱤᱭᱮᱴᱚᱨ|ᱨᱩᱥᱠᱟ ᱵᱮᱥᱤᱫᱟ ᱛᱷᱤᱭᱮᱴᱚᱨ]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱯᱮᱥᱟᱫᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱟᱬᱜᱚ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙ riches ᱨᱮ [[ᱤᱣ.ᱮᱥ.ᱮᱥ.ᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱵᱟᱰᱚᱦᱤ]] ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=bse/> == ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ == ᱵᱩᱪᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱐᱕ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱭᱥᱮᱱᱠᱳ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱤᱭᱩᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱯᱟᱥ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱑᱒ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱞᱵᱷᱤᱵᱷ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱥᱠᱟ ᱵᱮᱥᱤᱫᱟ ᱛᱷᱤᱭᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱠᱥᱴᱨᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ [[ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ]] ᱨᱮ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱟ-ᱦᱟᱝᱜᱮᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Бучма Амвросий Максимилианович |url=https://odessa-memory.info/ru/index.php?id=623 |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=odessa-memory.info}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱠᱤᱵᱽ]] ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱓᱖ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[ᱤᱵᱷᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱠᱳ ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤᱠ ᱰᱨᱟᱢᱟ ᱛᱷᱤᱭᱮᱴᱚᱨ|ᱠᱤᱭᱮᱵᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱤᱵᱷᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱠᱳ ᱛᱷᱤᱭᱮᱴᱚᱨ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱨᱳᱞ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱤᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱩᱪᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱒᱔ ᱨᱮ [[ᱞᱮᱥ ᱠᱩᱨᱵᱟᱥ]] ᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱮᰰᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ''ᱵᱷᱮᱱᱰᱮᱴᱟ'', ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱤᱨᱡᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ''ᱢᱮᱠᱰᱳᱱᱟᱞᱰ'', ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱨᱮᱢᱥᱮ ᱢᱮᱠᱰᱳᱱᱟᱞᱰ|ᱵᱽᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ]] ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ [[ᱯᱤᱭᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱪᱟᱨᱰᱤᱱᱤᱱ]] ᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ: ''ᱛᱟᱨᱟᱥ ᱥᱮᱵᱷᱪᱮᱱᱠᱳ'' (᱑᱙᱒᱖), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱛᱟᱨᱟᱥ ᱥᱮᱵᱷᱪᱮᱱᱠᱳ|ᱤᱣᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱰᱨᱟᱢᱟ ''ᱛᱟᱨᱟᱥ ᱛᱨᱤᱭᱟᱥᱤᱞᱳ'' (᱑᱙᱒᱗) ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙ ᱨᱤᱪᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ, [[ᱟᱞᱮᱠᱡᱟᱱᱰᱟᱨ ᱰᱚᱵᱷᱡᱮᱱᱠᱳ]] ᱟᱜ ''[[ᱟᱨᱥᱮᱱᱟᱞ (᱑᱙᱒᱙ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ)|ᱟᱨᱥᱮᱱᱟᱞ]]'' ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱯᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱮᱨᱜᱮᱭ ᱟᱭᱡᱮᱱᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱱ]] ᱟᱜ ''[[ᱟᱭᱵᱷᱟᱱ ᱫᱟ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱵᱚᱞ (᱑᱙᱔᱔ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ)|ᱟᱭᱵᱷᱟᱱ ᱫᱟ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱵᱚᱞ]]'' (᱑᱙᱔᱓–᱑᱙᱔᱕) ᱨᱮ ᱟᱞᱮᱠᱥᱮᱭ ᱵᱟᱥᱢᱟᱱᱳᱵᱷ ᱨᱳᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱤᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱵᱩᱪᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱴ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ''Behind the Wall'' (᱑᱙᱒᱙) ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱕᱔ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱣᱩᱱᱰ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ''Earth'' ᱮ ᱰᱤᱨᱮᱠᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ [[File:Пам’ятник актору А.М. Бучмі (Одес. кіностудія).jpg|thumb|ᱳᱰᱮᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱢᱵᱽᱨᱳᱥᱤ ᱵᱩᱪᱢᱟ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱴᱷᱟᱹᱱ]] ᱑᱙᱔᱒ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[ᱥᱳᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛ ᱤᱣᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱣᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ|ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱣᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ, ᱵᱩᱪᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱔᱕ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱙᱔᱘ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ [[ᱰᱚᱵᱷᱡᱮᱱᱠᱳ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱥᱴᱩᱰᱤᱭᱳ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱰᱤᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱔᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱤᱭᱮᱵᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱨᱯᱮᱱᱠᱳ-ᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱛᱷᱤᱭᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱤᱭᱩᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱩᱪᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱔᱑ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱔᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱤᱭᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱴᱟᱞᱤᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱔᱔ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱣ.ᱮᱥ.ᱮᱥ.ᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱵᱟᱰᱚᱦᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ == ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤ == {| class="wikitable" |- ! ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ! ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ! ᱨᱳᱞ ! ᱱᱳᱴᱥ |- |᱑᱙᱒᱕|| ''ᱩᱠᱨᱟᱡᱤᱭᱟ'' || ᱠᱳᱥᱟᱠ ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱮᱞ || |- |᱑᱙᱒᱗|| ''ᱛᱟᱨᱟᱥ ᱛᱨᱤᱭᱟᱥᱤᱞᱳ'' || || |- |᱑᱙᱒᱗|| ''ᱢᱤᱠᱳᱞᱟ ᱰᱡᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ'' || ᱢᱤᱠᱳᱞᱟ || |- |᱑᱙᱒᱘|| ''Prodanyi appetit'' || || |- |᱑᱙᱒᱘|| ''Dzhymmi Higgins'' || ᱡᱤᱢᱤ ᱦᱤᱜᱤᱱᱥ || |- |᱑᱙ riches|| ''[[ᱫᱟ ᱱᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱠᱳᱪᱢᱮᱱ]]'' || ᱦᱳᱨᱰᱤ ᱭᱟᱨᱳᱥᱪᱩᱠ || |- |᱑᱙᱒᱙|| ''[[ᱟᱨᱥᱮᱱᱟᱞ (᱑᱙᱒᱙ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ)|ᱟᱨᱥᱮᱱᱟᱞ]]'' || ᱪᱚᱥᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱯᱟᱹᱦᱤ || |- |᱑᱙᱓᱔|| ''Velyka hra'' || || |- |᱑᱙᱓᱗|| ''Nazar Stodolya'' || ᱯᱷᱳᱢᱟ ᱠᱤᱪᱟᱛᱤ || |- |᱑᱙᱓᱙|| ''[[ᱥᱪᱳᱨᱥ (ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ)|ᱥᱪᱳᱨᱥ]]'' || ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱨᱟᱞ ᱛᱮᱨᱮᱥᱠᱮᱵᱷᱤᱪ || Uncredited |- |᱑ riches|| ''Veter s vostoka'' || ᱠᱷᱳᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱵᱽᱨᱤᱥ || |- |᱑᱙᱔᱔<br>᱑᱙᱕᱘|| ''[[ᱟᱭᱵᱷᱟᱱ ᱫᱟ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱵᱚᱞ (᱑᱙᱔᱔ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ)|ᱟᱭᱵᱷᱟᱱ ᱫᱟ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱵᱚᱞ]]'' || ᱟᱞᱮᱠᱥᱮᱭ ᱵᱟᱥᱢᱟᱱᱳᱵᱷ || |- |᱑᱙᱔᱕|| ''[[ᱫᱟ ᱟᱱᱵᱷᱮᱱᱠᱩᱣᱤᱥᱰ (᱑᱙ riches ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ)|ᱫᱟ ᱟᱱᱵᱷᱮᱱᱠᱩᱣᱤᱥᱰ]]'' || ᱛᱟᱨᱟᱥ ᱭᱟᱛᱥᱮᱱᱠᱳ || |- |᱑᱙᱔᱖|| ''V dalnem plavanii'' || ᱰᱡᱩᱵᱟ || |- |᱑᱙᱔᱗|| ''[[ᱥᱤᱠᱨᱮᱴ ᱮᱡᱮᱱᱴ (᱑᱙᱔᱗ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ)|ᱥᱤᱠᱨᱮᱴ ᱮᱡᱮᱱᱴ]]'' || ᱞᱮᱥᱪᱩᱠ || |- |᱑᱙᱕᱒|| ''ᱩᱠᱨᱟᱰᱮᱱᱮ ᱥᱪᱟᱥᱴᱤᱭᱟ'' || ᱢᱤᱠᱳᱞᱟ ᱡᱟᱫᱳᱨᱳᱡᱽᱱᱤ || |} == ᱱᱳᱴᱥ == {{Notelist}} == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{commons category}} * {{IMDb name|0118210}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱘᱙᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱕᱗ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱐ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱤᱣᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱵᱟᱰᱚᱦᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱞᱵᱷᱤᱵᱷ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱵᱟᱰᱚᱦᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱜᱟᱞᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱳᱰᱳᱢᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] 31t2eicidyvfe3yofug2n9fpl5vke0v 0 35656 196568 196394 2026-08-12T18:32:09Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196568 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ}} {{Speciesbox | name = ᱱᱤᱢ | image = Neem Tree in Rajasthan, India.jpg | image_caption = [[ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Barstow, M. |author2=Deepu, S. |date=2018 |title=''Azadirachta indica'' |volume=2018 |article-number=e.T61793521A61793525 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T61793521A61793525.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> | genus = Azadirachta | species = indica | authority = [[Adrien-Henri de Jussieu|A.Juss.]], 1830<ref name = "1213180-2" /> | synonyms_ref = <ref name = "1213180-2" >{{cite web |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1213180-2 |title=''Azadirachta indica'' A.Juss. |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2017 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=19 November 2020 }}</ref> | synonyms = * ''Antelaea azadirachta'' <small>(L.) Adelb.</small> * ''Antelaea canescens'' <small>Cels ex Heynh.</small> * ''Antelaea javanica'' <small>Gaertn.</small> * ''Azadirachta indica'' subsp. ''vartakii'' <small>Kothari, Londhe & N.P.Singh</small> * ''Melia azadirachta'' <small>L.</small> * ''Melia fraxinifolia'' <small>Salisb.</small> * ''Melia hasskarlii'' <small>K.Koch</small> * ''Melia indica'' <small>(A.Juss.) Brandis</small> * ''Melia japonica'' <small>Hassk.</small> * ''Melia parviflora'' <small>Moon</small> * ''Melia pinnata'' <small>Stokes</small> }} '''''ᱱᱤᱢ''' (Azadirachta indica)'' ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱣᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ '''ᱱᱤᱢ''', '''ᱢᱟᱨᱜᱳᱥᱟ''', '''ᱱᱤᱢᱴᱨᱤ''' ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ '''ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱤᱞᱟᱠ'''<ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN | ''Azadirachta indica'' | 6161 | access-date = 9 June 2017}}</ref> ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ [[:en:Mahogany|ᱢᱟᱦᱳᱜᱟᱱᱤ]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ [[:en:Meliaceae|ᱢᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱥᱮᱭᱟᱭ]] ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ''[[:en:Azadirachta|ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠᱴᱟ]]'' ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ [[:en:Indian_subcontinent|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱚᱦᱟᱰᱷᱤᱯ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ|ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Native_species|ᱛᱷᱟᱹᱱᱤᱛ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱜᱚᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Tropics|ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ]] ᱟᱨ [[:en:Subtropics|ᱩᱯᱼᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ]] ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''ᱱᱤᱢ'' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[:en:Hindustani_language|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤ]] ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ]] ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ''ᱱᱤᱢᱵᱚ'' ({{lang|sa|निंब}}) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>Compact Oxford English Dictionary (2013), Neem, page 679, Third Edition 2008 reprinted with corrections 2013, Oxford University Press.</ref><ref>[[Henry Yule]] and [[A. C. Burnell]] (1996), [[Hobson-Jobson]], Neem, page 622, The Anglo-Indian Dictionary, Wordsworth Reference. (This work was first published in 1886)</ref><ref>[[Encarta]] World English Dictionary (1999), Neem, page 1210, St. Martin's Press, New York.</ref> == ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ [[ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|15|–|20|m|ft}} ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ {{convert|35|–|40|m|ft|abbr=on}} ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The Neem Tree|last=Schmutterer|first=Heinrich|publisher=VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH|year=1995|isbn=3-527-30054-6|location=Weinheim, Germany|pages=2-7|editor-last=Schmutterer|editor-first=Heinrich|chapter=Chapter 1.3 Botanical characteristics}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[:en:Evergreen|ᱡᱟᱭᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ]] ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱢᱯᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱲ (diameter) {{convert|20|–|25|m|ft|abbr=on}} ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱞᱴᱟᱹᱼᱯᱟᱹᱞᱴᱟᱹ, [[:en:Pinnate|ᱯᱤᱱᱮᱴ]] ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ {{convert|20|-|40|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱦᱤᱥ (leaflets) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ {{convert|3|–|8|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neem {{!}} Azadirachta indica |url=https://pfaf.org/plants/neem-azadirachta-indica/ |access-date=25 October 2023 |website=Plants For A Future|date=8 January 2018 }}</ref> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Petiole_(botany)|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱰᱟᱱᱴᱷᱟ]] ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Factsheet - Azadirachta indica (Neem) |url=https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/eafrinet/weeds/key/weeds/Media/Html/Azadirachta_indica_(Neem).htm |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=keys.lucidcentral.org}}</ref> ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱢ ᱥᱚ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱵᱟᱦᱟ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[:en:Axillary_bud|ᱠᱷᱟᱯ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[:en:Panicle|ᱯᱮᱱᱤᱠᱮᱞ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|25|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ [[:en:Inflorescence|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱢᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱒᱕᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱐᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ {{convert|5|–|6|mm|in|frac=16|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|8|–|11|mm|in|frac=16|abbr=on}} ᱪᱟᱣᱲᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ [[:en:Protantrism|ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱟᱱᱰᱨᱟᱥ]], ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Azadirachta indica - Neem |url=https://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Neem.html |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=www.flowersofindia.net}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱡᱚ]] ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ, ᱡᱤᱛ ᱡᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[:en:Drupe|ᱡᱟᱝ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱟᱹᱨᱩᱼᱯᱷᱮᱨᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱜᱼᱟ ᱩᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ {{convert|14|-|28|mm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|10|-|15|mm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱛᱞᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟᱼᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱜᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝᱼᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱩᱛᱟᱹᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ {{convert|3|-|5|mm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱢᱚᱴᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱪᱚᱠᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ, ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ [[ᱡᱟᱝ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[File:Azadirachta-indica-2019-5-3 14-14-55-01.jpg|thumb|ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱩ ]] ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ<ref>{{Cite web |last=saikia |first=Curtingle |date=2023-01-02 |title=How to Use Neem- Uses and benefits - prakasti.com |url=https://prakasti.com/how-to-use-neem-uses-and-benefits/ |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=Prakasti |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111080006/https://prakasti.com/how-to-use-neem-uses-and-benefits/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱷᱚᱲᱟ ᱱᱤᱢ (ᱪᱤᱱᱟᱵᱮᱨᱤ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱠᱮᱱ), ''ᱢᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱡᱮᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠ'' (''[[:en:Melia_azedarach|Melia azedarach]])''<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234651/ |title = The Tree|publisher = National Academies Press (US)|year = 1992}}</ref> ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''ᱢᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱡᱮᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠ (Melia azedarach)'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱚᱯᱷᱟᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱤᱱᱮᱴ (pinnate) ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱷᱚᱲᱟ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱯᱤᱱᱮᱴ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ == ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ == ''ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠᱴᱟ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱠᱟ (Azadirachta indica)'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ [[:en:Adrien-Henri_de_Jussieu|ᱮᱰᱨᱤᱭᱮᱱᱼᱦᱮᱱᱨᱤ ᱰᱤ ᱡᱩᱥᱤᱣ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱑᱘᱓᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="IPNI_1213180-2">{{cite web |title=''Azadirachta indica'' A.Juss.. |work=[[International Plant Names Index|The International Plant Names Index]] |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/1213180-2 |access-date=2023-03-26 }}</ref> ᱑᱗᱕᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, [[:en:Carl_Linnaeus|ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱥ]] ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ, ''ᱢᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱡᱮᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠ'' (''[[:en:Melia_azedarach|Melia azedarach]])'' ᱟᱨ ''ᱢᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠᱴᱟ'' (''Melia azadirachta)'' ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name=Linn53>{{Citation |last1=Linnaeus |first1=C. |date=1753 |contribution=Melia |title=Species Plantarum |volume=1 |pages=384–385 |publication-place=Stockholm |publisher=Laurentius Salvius |contribution-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358403 |access-date=2023-03-26 }}</ref> ᱰᱮ ᱡᱩᱥᱤᱭᱩ ᱫᱚ ''Melia azadirachta'' ᱫᱚ ''Melia azedarach'' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱜᱮᱭ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=DeJu30>{{Cite journal |last1=de Jussieu |first1=A. |date=1830 |title=Mémoire sur le groupe des Méliacées |journal=Mémoires du Muséum d'histoire naturelle |volume=19 |pages=153–304 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26229796 |access-date=2023-03-26 }} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26229866 p. 221]</ref> ᱞᱤᱱᱟᱭᱚᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ 'ᱟᱡᱮᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠ' ('azedarach') ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ,<ref name=Linn53/> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ 'ᱟᱡᱮᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠ' ('azédarac') ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ 'āzād dirakht' (ازادرخت) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ 'ᱟᱹᱫᱷᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱩᱞᱤᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ' ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=azedarach |work=Merriam-Webster Dictionary |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/azedarach |access-date=2023-03-26}}</ref> ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱡᱟᱫ ''ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱛᱼᱤᱼᱦᱤᱱᱫ,'' ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ 'ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱫᱷᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ', ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱫᱷᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="IndianNameReference">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PyYRUCoIDk4C|title=Neem A Treatise|publisher= I.K. International Publishing House, India|editor=K. K. Singh|year=2009|page=3|isbn=978-81-89866-00-6}}</ref> == ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ == ''ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠᱴᱟ'' ''ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱠᱟ (Azadirachta indica)'' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱚᱦᱟᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤᱛ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ]], [[ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]], [[ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ]] ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱯᱼᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱾<ref name = "1213180-2"/> == ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱮᱥ == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱷᱟᱼᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱫᱷᱟᱼᱞᱳᱦᱚᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ {{convert|400|-|1200|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱔᱐᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ [[:en:Groundwater|ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ]] ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱥᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[ᱦᱟᱥᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱤᱛᱤᱞ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱯᱼᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ {{convert|21|-|32|C|F}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱚᱞᱳ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ {{convert|5|C|F}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱥᱟᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱩᱱᱫᱤᱨ, ᱤᱛᱩᱱ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ === ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[:en:Middle_East|ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ]], ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱠᱚ, ᱟᱨ [[ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/63168/IPA-Neem-Tree-Risk-Assessment.pdf |title=Plant Risk Assessment, Neem Tree, ''Azadirachta indica'' | year=2008 |access-date=24 January 2014 |publisher=Biosecurity Queensland}}</ref> ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱨᱮ, ᱮ ''ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱠᱟ'' (ᱱᱤᱢ) ᱫᱚ [[:en:Northern_Territory|ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ]], [[ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ 'ᱠᱞᱟᱥ ᱵᱤ' ᱟᱨ 'ᱥᱤ' ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱡᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱹᱠᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ, ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜᱼᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱼᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ "[[:en:Top_End|ᱪᱚᱴ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ]]" ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱰᱟᱼᱱᱟᱞᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱡᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{citation|url=http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/353104/Neem-declaration_Q-and-A_page-1.pdf |title=Neem has been declared: what you need to know |year=2015 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=Department of Land Resource Management |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324041536/http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/353104/Neem-declaration_Q-and-A_page-1.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2015 }}</ref> ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱛᱚ ᱑᱙᱔᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱘᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱨᱣᱤᱱ, ᱠᱣᱤᱱᱥᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱟᱰᱟᱼᱱᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{citation|url=http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/353108/Weed-Note-Neem-2014.pdf |title=''Neem'' Azadirachta indica |year=2015 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=Department of Land Resource Management |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324041528/http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/353108/Weed-Note-Neem-2014.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2015 }}</ref> == ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱴᱳᱠᱮᱢᱤᱠᱟᱞᱥ == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱚ, ᱡᱟᱝ, ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ, ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱠᱞᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱴᱳᱠᱮᱢᱤᱠᱟᱞᱥ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Extract|ᱨᱟᱥᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[:en:Azadirachtin|ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ]] ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱛᱟᱹᱠᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ [[:en:Insecticide|ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱫᱷ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/><ref name=bbc.co.uk/> ᱒ ᱠᱤᱞᱳ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱕ ᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[:en:Limonoid|ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ]] ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱡᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ [[:en:Glyceride|ᱜᱽᱞᱟᱭᱥᱮᱨᱟᱭᱤᱰ]], ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[:en:Polyphenol|ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱯᱷᱤᱱᱳᱞ]], ᱱᱤᱢᱵᱳᱞᱟᱭᱤᱰ, [[:en:Triterpene|ᱴᱨᱟᱭᱴᱟᱨᱯᱤᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[:en:Β-Sitosterol|ᱵᱤᱴᱟᱼᱥᱤᱴᱳᱥᱴᱮᱨᱳᱞ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/><ref name="pubchem">{{cite web |title=Nimbolide |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/12313376 |publisher=PubChem, US National Library of Medicine |access-date=10 March 2021 |date=6 March 2021}}</ref> ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ, ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ [[ᱨᱟ.ᱥᱩᱬ|ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱩᱬ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱒% ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ ᱡᱚᱣᱜᱤᱠ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ [[:en:Quercetin|ᱠᱣᱮᱨᱥᱮᱴᱤᱱ]], [[:en:Catechin|ᱠᱟᱴᱮᱪᱤᱱ]], [[:en:Carotene|ᱠᱮᱨᱳᱴᱤᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[:en:Vitamin_C|ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ ᱥᱤ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> == ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ == [[File:Neem.jpg|thumb|ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ]] [[File:Neem tree leaves.JPG|thumb|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[File:Bark (5059231711).jpg|thumb|ᱵᱟᱠᱞᱟᱜ]] [[File:Ineem seeds .jpg|thumb|ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ]] ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱢᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱰᱤᱵᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ [[ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱜᱩᱦᱩᱢ]] ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾<ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4916044.stm|title=Neem: India's tree of life|author=Anna Horsbrugh Porter|date=17 April 2006|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱩᱜᱟᱲᱤ]] ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ === ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱞᱮ ᱫᱟᱠᱟᱢᱼᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ [[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞᱱᱟᱰᱩ]] ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱩᱯ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱛᱟᱹᱢᱤᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ]] ᱛᱮ ''ᱵᱷᱤᱯᱚᱢ ᱯᱳ ᱠᱟᱨᱩ'' (''{{Transliteration|ta|vēppam pū cāṟu}}'') ({{lang|ta|வேப்பம் பூ சாறு}}) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ (ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ "ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ [[:en:Rasam_(dish)|ᱨᱮᱥᱟᱢ]]") ᱾ [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ|ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱚᱞ]] ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[ᱵᱮᱸᱜᱟᱲ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱡᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ''ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱮᱜᱩᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱡᱟ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝᱜᱟᱞᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡᱽ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱚᱪᱚᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ (ᱫᱟᱠᱟ) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ [[File:Azadirachta indica July 2025.jpg|thumb|ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ|ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ [[ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]], ᱞᱟᱣᱳᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱠᱟᱰᱟᱣ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, [[ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱥᱟᱰᱟᱣ'' ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ), [[ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]] (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱛᱟ.ᱢᱟ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ) ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱫᱟᱶ ({{Lang|vi|sầu đâu}}) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱸᱭ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱫᱟᱶ ({{Lang|vi|gỏi sầu đâu}}) ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ) ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱛᱤᱠᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ [[ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ]] ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱡᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱤᱞᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱪᱟᱴᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ === ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱱ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref name="drugs">{{cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/neem.html |title=Neem |publisher=Drugs.com |access-date=21 September 2020 |date=13 August 2020}}</ref> ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱰᱟᱠᱛᱚᱨᱤ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱬ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱱᱚᱥᱴᱚ,ᱵᱟᱸᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ (Middle East) ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱹᱛᱟᱹᱣᱱᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾<ref name="dentalmuseum.pacific.edu">{{Cite web|title=Different Strokes for Different Folks: A History of the Toothbrush – Page 4 – Virtual Dental Museum|url=https://dentalmuseum.pacific.edu/different-strokes-for-different-folks-history-toothbrush/4/|access-date=2021-07-08|website=dentalmuseum.pacific.edu}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱮᱥᱴᱤᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱨᱟᱠᱨᱤᱛᱤᱠ ᱵᱤᱠᱚᱞᱯᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱩᱯᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[:en:Azadirachtin|ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ]] ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kilani-Morakchi |first1=Samira |last2=Morakchi-Goudjil |first2=Houda |last3=Sifi |first3=Karima |date=20 July 2021 |title=Azadirachtin-Based Insecticide: Overview, Risk Assessments, and Future Directions |journal=Frontiers in Agronomy |volume=3 |article-number=676208 |doi=10.3389/fagro.2021.676208 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱩᱸᱰᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱵᱷᱩᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱵᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱞᱳᱜ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱵᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱷᱤᱴᱠᱟᱹᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱪᱷᱤᱴᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱᱮ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱣᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱵᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱩᱛᱟᱹᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱳᱯᱚᱱ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱚ ᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱣᱫᱟᱨᱱ ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱣᱟᱨᱢ (southern armyworm) ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ (Neem cake) ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Neem Cake Fertilizer, Uses, Application, Benefits {{!}} Agri Farming |url=https://www.agrifarming.in/neem-cake-fertilizer-uses-application-benefits |website=www.agrifarming.in |date=9 August 2020}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱦᱚᱴᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱱᱮᱱᱳᱼᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤᱠᱮᱞᱥ (Silver nanoparticles) ᱦᱚᱸ ''ᱠᱩᱞᱮᱠᱥ'' ᱜᱩᱭᱤᱝᱣᱮᱯᱷᱮᱥᱤᱭᱮᱴᱚᱥ (''Culex quinquefasciatus)'' ᱥᱤᱠᱲᱤᱡ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱞᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱬᱟ ᱥᱤᱠᱲᱤᱡ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Minwuyelet |first=Awoke |last2=Yewhalaw |first2=Delenasaw |last3=Aschale |first3=Yibeltal |last4=Sciarretta |first4=Andrea |last5=Atenafu |first5=Getnet |editor-last=Gusain |editor-first=Priya |title=A Global Systematic Review on the Potential of Metal‐Based Nanoparticles in the Fight Against Mosquito Vectors |journal=Journal of Tropical Medicine |language=en |date=9 June 2025 |issue=1 |doi=10.1155/jotm/2420073|doi-access=free |issn=1687-9686 |pmc=12170094 |pmid=40524903}}</ref> === ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ === * ᱫᱟᱨᱮ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ [[:en:Desert_greening|ᱢᱩᱨᱩᱵᱷᱩᱢᱤ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱛᱚ [[:en:Carbon_dioxide_sink|ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱚᱱ ᱰᱟᱭᱚᱠᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱥᱚᱨᱯᱚᱫ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱨᱵᱚᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Schroeder>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1016/0378-1127(92)90312-W| title=Carbon storage potential of short rotation tropical tree plantations| url=https://archive.org/details/sim_forest-ecology-and-management_1992-07-15_50_1-2/page/31| year=1992| last1=Schroeder| first1=Paul| journal=Forest Ecology and Management| volume=50| issue=1–2| pages=31–41| bibcode=1992ForEM..50...31S}}</ref><ref name=puhansynmadhuca>Puhan, Sukumar, et al. "Mahua (Madhuca indica) seed oil: a source of renewable energy in India." (2005).</ref> * ᱥᱟᱨ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱣᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱨᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ramappa |first=K. B. |last2=Jadhav |first2=Vilas |last3=Manjunatha |first3=A. V. |date=31 May 2022 |title=A benchmark study on economic impact of Neem Coated Urea on Indian agriculture |url=https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-12708-1 |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=12 |issue=9082}}</ref> * ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱹᱭᱼᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱸᱥᱼᱯᱟᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>Heuzé V., Tran G., Archimède H., Bastianelli D., Lebas F., 2015. [https://www.feedipedia.org/node/182 Neem (Azadirachta indica)]. ''Feedipedia'', a programme by Institut national de la recherche agronomique, [[CIRAD]], AFZ and [[FAO]]. Last updated on 2 October 2015</ref> * ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[:en:Teeth-cleaning_twig|ᱫᱟᱹᱛᱟᱹᱱᱤ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="dentalmuseum.pacific.edu"/> == ᱡᱤᱱᱳᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥᱠᱨᱤᱯᱴᱳᱢ == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Genome|ᱡᱤᱱᱳᱢ]] ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[:en:Transcriptomes|ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥᱠᱨᱤᱯᱴᱳᱢ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱠᱩᱣᱮᱱᱥ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Neem Fruit Transcriptome">{{cite journal|last=Krishnan|first=N |author2=Swetansu Pattnaik |author3=S. A. Deepak |author4=Arun K. Hariharan |author5=Prakhar Gaur |author6=Rakshit Chaudhary |author7=Prachi Jain |author8=Srividya Vaidyanathan |author9=P. G. Bharath Krishna |author10=Binay Panda |title=De novo sequencing and assembly of ''Azadirachta indica'' fruit transcriptome|journal=[[Current Science]]|date=25 December 2011|volume=101|issue=12|pages=1553–1561|url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/101/12/1553.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Neem Genome and Four Transcriptomes">{{cite journal|last=Krishnan|first=N |author2=Swetansu Pattnaik |author3=Prachi Jain |author4=Prakhar Gaur |author5=Rakshit Choudhary |author6=Srividya Vaidyanathan |author7=Sa Deepak |author8=Arun K Hariharan |author9=PG Bharath Krishna |author10=Jayalakshmi Nair |author11=Linu Varghese |author12=Naveen K Valivarthi |author13=Kunal Dhas |author14=Krishna Ramaswamy |author15=Binay Panda|title=A Draft of the Genome and Four Transcriptomes of a Medicinal and Pesticidal Angiosperm ''Azadirachta indica''|journal=[[BMC Genomics]]|date=9 September 2012|volume=13|doi=10.1186/1471-2164-13-464|pmid=22958331 |pmc=3507787 |issue=464|page=464 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="An Improved Genome Assembly of Azadirachta">{{cite journal|last=Krishnan|first=N |author2=Prachi Jain |author3=Prachi Jain |author4=Arun K Hariharan |author5=Binay Panda |title=An Improved Genome Assembly of ''Azadirachta indica'' A. Juss|journal=G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics|date=20 April 2016|doi=10.1534/g3.116.030056|pmid=27172223 |pmc=4938638 |volume=6 |issue=7 |pages=1835–1840}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱚ, ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ, ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱫᱟᱹ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱴᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱦᱟᱭᱵᱽᱨᱤᱰᱟᱭᱡᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱭᱵᱽᱨᱮᱨᱤ (subtractive hybridization libraries) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[:en:Expressed_sequence_tag|ᱮᱠᱥᱯᱨᱮᱥᱰ ᱥᱤᱠᱩᱣᱮᱱᱥ ᱴᱮᱜᱽ]] ᱠᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal| title = Comparative transcripts profiling of fruit mesocarp and endocarp relevant to secondary metabolism by suppression subtractive hybridization in ''Azadirachta indica'' (neem)| year = 2014| last1 = Narnoliya| first1 = Lokesh K.| last2 = Rajakani| first2 = Raja| last3 = Sangwan| first3 = Neelam S.| last4 = Gupta| first4 = Vikrant| last5 = Sangwan| first5 = Rajender S.| journal = Molecular Biology Reports| volume = 41| issue = 5| pages = 3147–3162| pmid = 24477588| s2cid = 16605633| doi = 10.1007/s11033-014-3174-x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = Subtractive transcriptomes of fruit and leaf reveal differential representation of transcripts in ''Azadirachta indica''| year = 2014| last1 = Rajakani| first1 = Raja| last2 = Narnoliya| first2 = Lokesh| last3 = Sangwan| first3 = Neelam S.| last4 = Sangwan| first4 = Rajender S.| last5 = Gupta| first5 = Vikrant| journal = Tree Genetics & Genomes| volume = 10| issue = 5| pages = 1331–1351| s2cid = 11857916| doi = 10.1007/s11295-014-0764-7}}</ref> == ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ == [[File:Tree in Sant Nenuram ashram.jpg|thumb|ᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱱᱮᱱᱩᱨᱟᱢ ᱟᱥᱨᱟᱢ, ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱤ ᱟᱱᱫᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱵᱚᱭᱥᱱᱚᱵᱽ ᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱪᱟᱭᱛᱚᱱᱭᱚ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱩ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱳᱣᱲᱤᱭᱚ ᱵᱚᱭᱥᱱᱚᱵᱽ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ [[:en:International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness|ᱤᱥᱠᱚᱱ]] ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱫᱷᱟ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱚᱛᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱭᱟ) ᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱱᱤᱢᱟᱭ ('ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ') ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱙᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱭᱩᱨᱚᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱳᱯᱷᱤᱥ (EPO) ᱫᱚ [[:en:United_States_Department_of_Agriculture|ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ]] ᱟᱨ [[:en:Grace_(company)|ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ ᱠᱳᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ]] ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱱ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱱᱴᱤᱼᱯᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟᱞ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱫ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name="N000123"/> ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱒,᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱭᱩᱨᱚᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱳᱯᱷᱤᱥ (EPO) ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱭᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱰᱚᱵᱽᱞᱚᱹ ᱟᱨᱹ ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱯᱤᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ [[:en:Prior_art|ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ]] ᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱘ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱒᱐᱐᱕ ᱨᱮ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱟᱯᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱭᱩᱨᱚᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱳᱯᱷᱤᱥ (EPO) ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴᱮ ᱨᱚᱫᱽ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="N000123">{{cite news | title=India wins landmark patent battle | date=9 March 2005 | url =https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4333627.stm | work =[[BBC News]] | access-date = 2 October 2009}}</ref> == ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱼᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ == ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱼᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ ᱴᱨᱟᱭᱴᱟᱨᱯᱤᱱᱥ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱚᱴᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱴᱤᱠ, ᱦᱚᱭᱼᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱢᱟᱬ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹᱼᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sidhu|first1=O. P.|last2=Kumar|first2=Vishal|last3=Behl|first3=Hari M.|date=15 January 2003|title=Variability in Neem (''Azadirachta indica'') with Respect to Azadirachtin Content|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|language=en|volume=51|issue=4|pages=910–915|doi=10.1021/jf025994m|pmid=12568548|bibcode=2003JAFC...51..910S }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Prakash|first1=Gunjan|last2=Bhojwani|first2=Sant S.|last3=Srivastava|first3=Ashok K.|s2cid=85845199|date=1 August 2002|title=Production of azadirachtin from plant tissue culture: State of the art and future prospects|journal=Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering|language=en|volume=7|issue=4|pages=185–193|doi=10.1007/BF02932968|issn=1226-8372}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ, ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱨᱤᱭᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ [[:en:Cell_suspension|ᱥᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱥᱯᱮᱱᱥᱚᱱ]] ᱟᱨ 'ᱦᱮᱭᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱩᱴ' (hairy root) ᱠᱟᱞᱪᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰᱥ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Srivastava|first1=Smita|last2=Srivastava|first2=Ashok K.|s2cid=36781838|date=17 August 2013|title=Production of the Biopesticide Azadirachtin by Hairy Root Cultivation of Azadirachta indica in Liquid-Phase Bioreactors|journal=Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology|language=en|volume=171|issue=6|pages=1351–1361|doi=10.1007/s12010-013-0432-7|pmid=23955295|issn=0273-2289}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Prakash|first1=Gunjan|last2=Srivastava|first2=Ashok K.|s2cid=35506559|date=5 April 2008|title=Production of Biopesticides in an in Situ Cell Retention Bioreactor|journal=Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology|language=en|volume=151|issue=2–3|pages=307–318|doi=10.1007/s12010-008-8191-6|pmid=18392561|issn=0273-2289}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱨᱼᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱨᱤᱭᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱮ.ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱥᱯᱮᱱᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱞᱪᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱚᱪᱚᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Vásquez-Rivera|first1=Andrés|last2=Chicaiza-Finley|first2=Diego|last3=Hoyos|first3=Rodrigo A.|last4=Orozco-Sánchez|first4=Fernando|s2cid=207357717|date=1 September 2015|title=Production of Limonoids with Insect Antifeedant Activity in a Two-Stage Bioreactor Process with Cell Suspension Culture of Azadirachta indica|journal=Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology|volume=177|issue=2|pages=334–345|doi=10.1007/s12010-015-1745-5|issn=1559-0291|pmid=26234433}}</ref> == ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱨᱤ == <gallery> File:Neem (Azadirachta indica) in Hyderabad W IMG 7006.jpg|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ File:Neem (Azadirachta indica) in Hyderabad W IMG 6976.jpg|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ File:Unripe Neem fruits.jpg|ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚ File:Ineem Fruit Drying process for cold pressed extraction.jpg|ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ File:Jagnath Ineem Toothstick in tamilnadu.jpg|ᱫᱟᱹᱛᱟᱹᱣᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟ </gallery> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{Commons category|Azadirachta indica}} {{Wikiquote}} * {{cite book |title=Neem: A Tree For Solving Global Problems |url=https://archive.org/details/neemtreeforsolvi00nati |date=1992 |publisher=National Research Council (US) Panel on Neem |doi=10.17226/1924 |pmid=25121266 |isbn=978-0-309-04686-2 |author1=National Research Council (US) Panel on Neem }} [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234646/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK234646.pdf PDF ᱱᱚᱠᱚᱞ] * [http://www.hear.org/pier/species/azadirachta_indica.htm ᱯᱮᱥᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱤᱠᱳᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ ᱮᱴ ᱨᱤᱥᱠ (PIER) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱤᱱᱵᱷᱮᱥᱤᱵᱽᱱᱮᱥ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ] * [[Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project]] (HEAR) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [http://www.hear.org/species/azadirachta_indica/ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ] * {{cite book |last=Caldecott |first=Todd |author-link=Todd Caldecott |year=2006 |title=Ayurveda: The Divine Science of Life |publisher=[[Elsevier]]/[[Mosby (publisher)|Mosby]] |url=http://www.toddcaldecott.com/index.php/herbs/learning-herbs/314-neem |isbn=978-0-7234-3410-8 |access-date=15 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229014401/http://www.toddcaldecott.com/index.php/herbs/learning-herbs/314-neem |archive-date=29 December 2010 }} ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ''Azadirachta indica'' (ᱱᱤᱢ; ᱱᱤᱢᱵᱟ) ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱟᱠᱛᱚᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ {{WestAfricanPlants|Azadirachta indica}} {{Medicinal herbs and fungi}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q170461}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:ᱱᱤᱢ|indica]] [[Category:ᱟᱠᱟᱞ-ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱤᱱᱰᱳ-ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] mi9l85sn03ciwww1qdhu2xoi7nhtz85 0 35712 196656 191040 2026-08-12T20:11:08Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196656 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Cossack fairy tales and folk-tales. Selected (1894) (14771595005).jpg|thumb|᱑᱘᱙᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ]] ᱢᱚᱪᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱟᱹᱝ '''ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ''' ᱫᱚ [[ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ|ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ]] ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name=":2">{{cite book |last=Oparenko |first=Christina |title=Oxford Myths and Legends: Ukrainian Folk-tales |url=https://archive.org/details/ukrainianfolktal0000chri |date=1996 |publisher=ᱚᱠᱥᱯᱷᱳᱨᱰ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱯᱨᱮᱥ |isbn=0192741683 |location=ᱚᱠᱥᱯᱷᱳᱨᱰ |pages=[https://archive.org/details/ukrainianfolktal0000chri/page/1 1]–2}}</ref> == ᱵᱤᱵᱚᱨᱚᱱ == ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱳᱠ-ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>Suwyn 1997, pp. ix-xi</ref><ref>Suwyn 1997, p. xxiii</ref> ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱟᱺᱰᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱸᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=":2" /> ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱡᱚᱱᱛᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":5" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱩᱥ, ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱳᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":4" /> ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱫᱮᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱪᱟᱥ-ᱵᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱾<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5">Suwyn 1997, p. xv-xxiii</ref> ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Bloom |first1=Mia |last2=Moskalenko |first2=Sophia |title=How fairy tales shape fighting spirit: Ukraine's children hear bedtime stories of underdog heroes, while Russian children hear tales of magical success |url=http://theconversation.com/how-fairy-tales-shape-fighting-spirit-ukraines-children-hear-bedtime-stories-of-underdog-heroes-while-russian-children-hear-tales-of-magical-success-179630 |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=ᱫᱟ ᱠᱚᱱᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱮᱥᱚᱱ |language=en}}</ref> ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱦᱚᱲ, ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾<ref name=":4">Suwyn 1997, p. ix-xi</ref> ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ''ᱠᱟᱡᱽᱠᱤ'' ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱫᱩ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱣᱤᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱫᱩ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Stepanenko |first=K. |date=2019-11-25 |title=Means of Transition between the Worlds (based on English and Ukrainian Fairy Tales) |journal=Science and Education a New Dimension |volume=VII(211) |issue=62 |pages=54–57 |doi=10.31174/send-ph2019-211vii62-13 |issn=2308-5258|doi-access=free }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱾<ref name=":3" /> == ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ == ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱟᱞᱵᱟᱨᱴᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱞᱳᱠ-ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱯᱨᱳᱯᱷᱮᱥᱚᱨ ᱱᱟᱛᱟᱞᱤ ᱠᱳᱱᱳᱱᱮᱱᱠᱳ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱳᱠ-ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱜᱮ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last=Suwyn |first=Barbara |title=The Magic Egg and Other Tales from Ukraine. Retold by Barbara J. Suwyn; drawings by author; edited and with an introduction by Natalie O. Kononenko |url=https://archive.org/details/magiceggothertal0000suwy |date=1997 |publisher=Libraries Unlimited, Inc. |isbn=1563084252 |location=Englewood, CO |page=xxi}}</ref> === ᱨᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱢᱯᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱟ-ᱦᱟᱝᱜᱮᱨᱤ === ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱢᱯᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽᱱᱟ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱞᱳᱠ-ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱮ-ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱮᱭᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱑᱘᱐᱐ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱳᱠ-ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> ᱨᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱢᱯᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ, ᱨᱩᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱛᱮ "ᱜᱨᱮᱴ ᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟ", ᱵᱮᱞᱟᱨᱩᱥ ᱫᱚ "ᱣᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟ", ᱟᱨ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ "ᱞᱤᱴᱤᱞ ᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟ" ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ-ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱳᱠ-ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱳᱠ-ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":5" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱟ-ᱦᱟᱝᱜᱮᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">Suwyn 1997, p. xxii.</ref> === ᱥᱳᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ === ᱥᱳᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ, ᱞᱳᱠ-ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱱᱫᱮᱦ ᱱᱚᱡᱚᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name=":1" /> ᱥᱳᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱳᱠ-ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱥᱳᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛ ᱞᱳᱠ-ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱭᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kononenko |first=Natalie |date=2011-10-01 |title=The Politics of innocence: Soviet and Post-Soviet Animation on Folklore topics |url=https://scholarlypublishingcollective.org/uip/jaf/article/124/494/272/228359/The-Politics-of-innocence-Soviet-and-Post-Soviet |journal=Journal of American Folklore |language=en |volume=124 |issue=494 |pages=272–294 |doi=10.5406/jamerfolk.124.494.0272 |issn=0021-8715|url-access=subscription }}</ref> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱥᱳᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱳᱠ-ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱚᱨᱚᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱱᱥᱚᱨ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name=":1" /> == ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ == [[File:Books from Zinchuk's collection of Ukrainian Folk Tales.jpg|thumb|ᱢᱤᱠᱳᱞᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱪᱩᱠ ᱟᱜ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱳᱠ-ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ]] === ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ === ==== ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ==== * ᱑᱙᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱦᱨᱤᱱᱪᱮᱱᱠᱳ ᱫᱚ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ "Из уст народа" (ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱪᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ) ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lashko |first=M.V. |date=July 20, 2023 |title=До 155 – річчя М. Грінченко |url=https://if.kubg.edu.ua/images/stories/Departaments/gi/events.gi/2017_2018/stattya.pdf |access-date=July 20, 2023 |website=ᱠᱤᱭᱮᱵᱽ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ |archive-date=July 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720190331/https://if.kubg.edu.ua/images/stories/Departaments/gi/events.gi/2017_2018/stattya.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ᱑᱙᱐᱐ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ, ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱥᱭᱟ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱟᱭᱤᱱᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱵᱷᱠᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱮᱥᱴ ᱥᱚᱝ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱭᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=Halley |first=Catherine |date=2022-04-15 |title=Lesya Ukrainka: Ukraine's Beloved Writer and Activist |url=https://daily.jstor.org/lesya-ukrainka-ukraines-beloved-writer-and-activist/ |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=JSTOR Daily |language=en-US}}</ref> ᱒᱐Variables ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ "ᱢᱟᱵᱷᱠᱟ: ᱫᱟ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱮᱥᱴ ᱥᱚᱝ" ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱱᱤᱢᱮᱴᱮᱰ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱤᱞᱤᱡᱽ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mavka's magic. How Ukrainian cartoon fascinated the whole world and why this is just the beginning |url=https://newsukraine.rbc.ua/news/mavka-s-magic-how-ukrainian-cartoon-fascinated-1704885915.html |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=RBC-ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ |language=en}}</ref> * ᱞᱳᱠ-ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱯᱨᱳᱯᱷᱮᱥᱚᱨ ᱞᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱰᱩᱱᱟᱭᱮᱵᱽᱥᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱘᱓ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱐᱔ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book |last=Астаф’єв |first=О. Г. |url=https://esu.com.ua/article-19542 |title=Дунаєвська Лідія Францівна |date=2008 |publisher=ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱤᱭᱩᱴ ᱳᱯᱷ ᱮᱱᱥᱟᱭᱠᱞᱳᱯᱮᱰᱤᱠ ᱨᱤᱥᱟᱨᱪ ᱳᱯᱷ ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ ᱳᱯᱷ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱱᱥ ᱳᱯᱷ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ |isbn=978-966-02-2074-4 |volume=8 |language=Ukrainian}}</ref> * ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱳᱠ-ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱤᱠᱳᱞᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱪᱩᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱔᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱮ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Karpenko |first=Svitlana |date=2021-05-24 |title=АСПЕКТИ ВИВЧЕННЯ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ НАРОДНОЇ КАЗКИ В ОСТАННЮ ТРЕТИНУ ХХ СТОЛІТТЯ: ФОРМУВАННЯ НОВОЇ ШКОЛИ КАЗКОЗНАВСТВА |url=https://philology-journal.com/index.php/journal/article/view/21 |journal=Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Literary Studies. Linguistics. Folklore Studies |volume=1 |language=uk |issue=29 |pages=10–13 |issn=2709-8494}}</ref> * ᱮ-ᱵᱟ-ᱵᱟ-ᱦᱟ-ᱞᱟ-ᱢᱟ-ᱦᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱐᱕ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱑᱒ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ "100 Kazok" (᱑᱐᱐ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ) ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=100 Fairy Tales. Vol. 1 - "A-BA-BA-GA-LA-MA-GA" Publishers |url=http://ababahalamaha.com.ua/en/100_Fairy_Tales._Vol._1 |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=ababahalamaha.com.ua}}</ref> ==== ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ==== * ᱤᱨᱤᱱᱟ ᱡᱷᱮᱞᱮᱡᱽᱱᱳᱵᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zheleznova |first=Irina |title=Ukrainian Folk Tales |publisher=ᱰᱱᱤᱯᱨᱳ ᱯᱟᱵᱽᱞᱤᱥᱟᱨᱥ |year=1985 |location=ᱠᱤᱭᱮᱵᱽ}}</ref> * ᱑᱙᱙᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱮᱱ ᱵᱽᱨᱮᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟ ᱢᱤᱴᱴᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mitten 20th Anniversary Edition by Jan Brett |url=https://www.penguin.com.au/books/the-mitten-20th-anniversary-edition-9780399252969 |access-date=2023-05-29 |website=www.penguin.com.au |language=en}}</ref> === ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ === ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱳᱥᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱠ-ᱴᱤᱠᱮᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ukraine : Stamps : Years List [Theme: Fairy Tales] |url=https://colnect.com/en/stamps/years/country/222-Ukraine/theme/375-Fairy_Tales |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=colnect.com}}</ref> ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱱᱤᱢᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=Neplii |first=Anna |title=Ukrainian Animated Films Come into Their Own |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/post/16149 |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=ᱠᱤᱭᱮᱵᱽ ᱯᱳᱥᱴ |language=en}}</ref> ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱳᱯ ᱵᱮᱱᱰ ᱠᱟᱡᱽᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ (kazka) ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-07 |title=Kazka : Ukrainian Pop Band |url=https://articles.talentsofworld.com/kazka-ukrainian-pop-band/ |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=Talentsofworld Articles |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206034739/https://articles.talentsofworld.com/kazka-ukrainian-pop-band/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱢᱮ == {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |title=Ukraïnsʹka usna slovesnist|trans-title=Ukrainian Oral Literature |last=Kolessa |first=Fili︠a︡ret |date=1983 |location=ᱮᱰᱢᱳᱱᱴᱚᱱ |publisher=ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱤᱭᱩᱴ ᱳᱯᱷ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱴᱟᱰᱤᱡᱽ, ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱟᱞᱵᱟᱨᱴᱟ |lang=Ukrainian}} {{refend}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == * [https://uk.wikisource.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F:%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%B8 List of Ukrainian fairy tales] at Wikisource (in Ukrainian) [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱳᱠ-ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱠᱥᱚᱱ]] omq8uhond4byp32vun3y7tgbruxbp9h 0 35744 196612 191126 2026-08-12T19:16:48Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196612 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ}} {{speciesbox |name = ᱵᱤᱨ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ |image = Jasminum angustifolium 3.jpg |image_caption = ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Kerala|ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮ |genus = Jasminum |species = angustifolium |authority = ([[ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱥ|L.]]) [[Carl Ludwig von Willdenow|Willd.]]<ref name=POWO>{{cite POWO |id=609326-1 |title=''Jasminum angustifolium'' (L.) Willd. |access-date=23 April 2026}}</ref> |synonyms = *''Nyctanthes angustifolia'' {{au|L.}} |synonyms_ref = <ref name=POWO/> }} '''''(ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ-Jasminum angustifolium) ᱡᱚᱥᱢᱤᱱᱚᱢ ᱟᱝᱜᱚᱥᱴᱤᱯᱷᱚᱞᱤᱭᱚᱢ''''' ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="Flowers of India">{{Cite web|url=http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Wild%20Jasmine.html|title=Wild Jasmine|last=|first=|date=|website=Flowers of India|publisher=|access-date=28 August 2016}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=POWO/> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱡᱟᱲ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱸᱡᱮᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ {{Convert|6|meters|ft|abbr=on}} ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=NParks {{!}} ''Jasminum laurifolium'' |url=https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/1/4/1437 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=www.nparks.gov.sg}}</ref> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ {{cvt|1|in|mm|0|order=flip}} ᱜᱷᱮᱨᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱯᱤᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱱᱦᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱠᱷᱲᱤ (petals) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ; ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Flowers of India"/> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ (perfume) ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Anurudh Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8fwwDwAAQBAJ&dq=jasminum+angustifolium&pg=PA188 |title=Wild Relatives of Cultivated Plants in India: A Reservoir of Alternative Genetic Resources and More |publisher=Springer |year=2017|isbn=9789811051166 }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book |last=Watt |first=George |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZihOAgAAQBAJ&dq=jasminum+angustifolium&pg=PA541 |title=A Dictionary of the Economic Products of India |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2014|isbn=9781108068765 }}</ref> == ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱢᱚᱱ == 'ᱡᱚᱥᱢᱤᱱᱚᱢ' ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ 'ᱭᱟᱥᱢᱤᱱ' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱴᱤᱱ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱥᱚᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱾<ref name="gledhill">Gledhill, David (2008). "The Names of Plants". Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|9780521866453}} (hardback), {{ISBN|9780521685535}} (paperback). pp 220</ref ><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hanks |first1=Patrick |last2=Hardcastle |first2=Kate |last3=Hodges |first3=Flavia |title=A Dictionary of First Names |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryoffirs0000hank_l4f5 |date=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0198610601 |page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryoffirs0000hank_l4f5/page/n167 138] |edition=2 |quote=Jasmine: From the vocabulary word denoting the climbing plant with its delicate, fragrant flowers (from Old French, ultimately from Persian ''yasmin'').}}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{reflist}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q15633219}} [[Category:Jasminum|angustifolium]] [[Category:ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:᱑᱗᱕᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱥ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱥᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ]] 758npepxjuja0zmioqr5b94m1o44qef 0 35745 196529 193344 2026-08-12T17:54:47Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196529 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱳᱞᱤᱵᱽ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱳᱞᱮᱥᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ}} {{automatic taxobox |image = Common Jasmine.jpg |image_caption = ''ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ'' ᱵᱟᱦᱟ |taxon = Jasminum |authority = [[ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱥ|L.]] |type_species = ''[[Jasminum officinale]]'' |type_species_authority= |subdivision_ranks = [[ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱤᱥ]] |subdivision = ᱒᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ, ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ [[List of Jasminum species|'ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ' ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ]]<ref name="ing">{{cite web | url = http://botany.si.edu/ing/INGsearch.cfm?searchword=Jasminum | title = ''Jasminum'' | access-date = 2008-06-03 | work = Index Nominum Genericorum | publisher = [[International Association for Plant Taxonomy]] }}</ref><ref name="CPN">{{cite journal | url = http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=116771 | title = 10. Jasminum Linnaeus | access-date = 2008-06-03 | journal = Chinese Plant Names | volume = 15 | page = 307 }}</ref><ref name="UniProt">{{UniProt Taxonomy | name = Jasminum | id = 4147 | accessdate = 2008-06-03 }}</ref> | synonyms= *''Mogorium''<small> Juss.</small> *''Noldeanthus''<small> Knobl.</small> *''Nyctanthos'' <small> St.-Lag.</small> |synonyms_ref = <ref name="POWO">{{cite web|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:328128-2#synonyms |title= ''Tacca'' J.R.Forst. & G.Forst |date=2023 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher= Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=25 March 2023 }}</ref> |}} [[File:Jasmine .jpg|thumb|ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ]] **ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ(ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱥᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ: '''''Jasminum''''') ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱭᱛᱩᱱ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱳᱞᱮᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱡᱟᱲ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="POWO"/><ref name="WFO">{{cite web |url=http://worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-4000019529 |title=''Jasminum'' L. |date=2023 |website=World Flora Online |publisher=World Flora Consortium |access-date=25 March 2023}}</ref><ref name="singh2006"/>{{rp|193}} ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱒᱐᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱤᱥ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, [[ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱟᱨ ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱲ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="singh2006"/>{{rp|194}} ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱥᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱥᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱵᱽᱨᱟ ᱵᱮᱞᱩᱞᱟ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱥᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱜᱟᱲ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20220106-shubra-beloula-the-tiny-egyptian-village-few-know Shubra Beloula: The tiny Egyptian village few know]</ref> == ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ == ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱨᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱱᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱛᱤᱸᱜᱩ, ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱡᱟᱲ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ, ᱯᱮ-ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱤᱱᱱᱮᱴ (pinnate) ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ {{convert|2.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} ᱜᱷᱮᱨᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱭᱢᱳᱥ (cymose) ᱜᱩᱪᱷᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱹᱠᱷᱲᱤ, ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱞᱳᱠᱩᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱳᱵᱷᱩᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱠᱮᱥᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱽᱨᱮᱠᱴ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱱᱦᱟ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱞᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱮᱞᱤᱠᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱷᱟᱱᱴᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱥᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name="singh2006"/><ref>[https://botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/j/jasmin06.html A Modern Herbal]</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱠᱨᱳᱢᱳᱡᱳᱢ ᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱓ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱤᱯᱞᱚᱭᱮᱰ (2n=26) ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱠᱩᱪᱷᱩ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱪᱩᱨᱟᱞ ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱯᱞᱚᱭᱰᱤ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ''ᱡᱚᱥᱢᱤᱱᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱟᱠ'' (triploid 3n=39), ''ᱡᱚᱥᱢᱤᱱᱚᱢ ᱯᱷᱞᱮᱠᱥᱤᱞ'' (tetraploid 4n=52), ''ᱡᱚᱥᱢᱤᱱᱚᱢ ᱢᱮᱥᱱᱟᱭ'' (triploid 3n=39), ᱟᱨ ''ᱡᱚᱥᱢᱤᱱᱚᱢ ᱟᱝᱜᱚᱥᱴᱤᱯᱷᱚᱞᱤᱭᱚᱢ'' (tetraploid 4n=52) ᱨᱮ ᱾<ref name="singh2006"/> == ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ == ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, [[ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ]], ᱟᱨ ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱯ-ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱒᱐᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱤᱥ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱜᱮ ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="CTEG">Townsend, C. C. and Evan Guest (1980). "Jasminum officinale," in ''Flora of Iraq,'' Vol. 4.1. Baghdad, pp. 513–519.</ref><ref name="mccleland">{{cite book|author1=Ernst Schmidt |author2=Mervyn Lötter |author3=Warren McCleland |title =Trees and shrubs of Mpumalanga and Kruger National Park|publisher =Jacana Media|year =2002|page=530|isbn =978-1-919777-30-6|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=RpVJJH3kV0oC&q=Jasminum+genus&pg=PA530}}</ref><ref>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=116771 ''Jasminum'' @ EFloras.org].</ref> ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="panda">{{cite book|author =Panda, H. |title =Cultivation and Utilization of Aromatic Plants|publisher =National Institute Of Industrial Research|year =2005|page =220|isbn =978-81-7833-027-3|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=EeckAgAAQBAJ&q=%E0%B9%88jusmine}}</ref> ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱰᱤᱴᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱮᱪᱩᱨᱟᱞᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽᱰ (ᱚᱱᱟ ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ) ᱾ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ, ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ, ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ, ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱵᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱮᱱᱤᱱᱥᱩᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱮᱪᱩᱨᱟᱞᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽᱰ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="singh2006"/><ref>{{GRIN |id=407300}}</ref> ''ᱡᱚᱥᱢᱤᱱᱚᱢ ᱯᱞᱩᱢᱤᱱᱮᱱᱥ'' (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ "ᱵᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱥᱢᱤᱱ" ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ) ᱟᱨ ''ᱡᱚᱥᱢᱤᱱᱚᱢ ᱰᱤᱪᱚᱴᱚᱢᱚᱢ'' (Gold Coast Jasmine) ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱣᱟᱭᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱤᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱱᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾<ref>{{PLANTS |id=JAFL |taxon=Jasminum fluminense}}</ref><ref>{{PLANTS |id=JADI2 |taxon=Jasminum dichotomum}}</ref> ''ᱡᱚᱥᱢᱤᱱᱚᱢ ᱯᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱᱛᱷᱚᱢ'', ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱳᱞᱟᱯᱤ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱱᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Weeds of the Blue Mountains Bushland – Jasminum polyanthum |url=http://www.weedsbluemountains.org.au/jasmine.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204150633/http://weedsbluemountains.org.au/jasmine.php |archive-date=2014-02-04 }}</ref> == ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱢᱚᱱ == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ "''ᱡᱮᱥᱮᱢᱤᱱ"'' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{langx|fa|یاسمن‎|yāsamin}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Jasmine, Jessamine |dictionary=An etymological dictionary of modern English |page=779 |url=https://archive.org/details/etymologicaldict00weekuoft/page/390/ |last1=Weekley |first1=Ernest |date=1921 |publisher=London J. Murray }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ {{lang|pal-Latn|yāsaman}} ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱵᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ {{lang|ar-Latn|yāsamīn}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="MWdict">{{cite web |title=Definition of Jasmine |website=[[Merriam-Webster]] |date=2021-10-23 |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/jasmine |access-date=2022-01-20 }}</ref><ref name="oed">{{cite web |url=https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=jasmine |title=Jasmine |publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary |date=2022 |accessdate=4 March 2022 }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱕᱗᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱞᱚ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱖ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=oed/> ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ''ᱡᱚᱥᱢᱤᱱᱚᱢ'' ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bayton |first1=Ross |title=The Gardener's Botanical: An Encyclopedia of Latin Plant Names |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D0ipDwAAQBAJ&q=jasminum |date=2019 |publisher=[[Royal Horticultural Society]] |location=London, UK |isbn=978-1-78472-677-5 |page=170}}</ref> == ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱵᱤᱱᱭᱟᱥ == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱤᱥ (species) ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱭᱛᱩᱱ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ (Oleaceae) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Jasmineae]] ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="singh2006">{{cite book|author=Singh, A. K. |title =Flower Crops: Cultivation and Management|publisher =New India Publishing|year =2006|pages=193–205|isbn =978-81-89422-35-6|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=Bfb1T6QbfaAC&q=Jasminum+genus&pg=PA193}}</ref> ''Jasminum'' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ—''Alternifolia'', ''Jasminum'', ''Primulina'', ''Trifoliolata'', ᱟᱨ ''Unifoliolata'' ᱾<ref name="GRIN">{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?6186 |title=''Jasminum'' L. |author=USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program |publisher=Germplasm Resources Information Network, National Germplasm Resources Laboratory |access-date=November 22, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126042226/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?6186 |archive-date=January 26, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[File:Jasmine Rose photo.jpg|thumb|ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ]] === ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ === {{Main|ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ}} ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ:<ref name=grin>{{ cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?6186 |title=''Jasminum'' information from NPGS/GRIN |author=GRIN |author-link=Germplasm Resources Information Network |work=Taxonomy for Plants |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]], [[Agricultural Research Service|ARS]], National Genetic Resources Program |location=National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, [[Beltsville, Maryland]] |access-date=October 19, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924122055/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?6186 |archive-date=September 24, 2015 }}</ref> {{div col|colwidth=22em}} * ''[[Jasminum abyssinicum|J. abyssinicum]]'' – ᱵᱤᱨ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ (forest jasmine) * ''[[Jasminum adenophyllum|J. adenophyllum]]'' – ᱵᱞᱩᱜᱽᱨᱮᱯ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ, ᱯᱤᱱᱣᱦᱤᱞ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ * ''[[Jasminum andamanicum|J. andamanicum]]'' * ''[[Jasminum angulare|J. angulare]]'' * ''[[Jasminum angustifolium|J. angustifolium]]'' – [[ᱵᱤᱨᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ]] * ''[[Jasminum auriculatum|J. auriculatum]]'' – ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ, ᱱᱤᱰᱚᱞ-ᱯᱷᱞᱟᱣᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ * ''[[Jasminum azoricum|J. azoricum]]'' * ''[[Jasminum beesianum|J. beesianum]]'' – ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ * ''[[Jasminum dichotomum|J. dichotomum]]'' – ᱜᱳᱞᱰ ᱠᱳᱥᱴ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ * ''[[Jasminum didymum|J. didymum]]'' * ''[[Jasminum dispermum|J. dispermum]]'' * ''[[Jasminum elegans|J. elegans]]'' * ''[[Jasminum elongatum|J. elongatum]]'' * ''[[Jasminum floridum|J. floridum]]'' * ''[[Jasminum fluminense|J. fluminense]]'' * ''[[Jasminum fruticans|J. fruticans]]'' * ''[[Jasminum grandiflorum|J. grandiflorum]]'' – ᱨᱚᱭᱮᱞ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ, ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ * ''[[Jasminum humile|J. humile]]'' – ᱤᱴᱟᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ * ''[[Jasminum lanceolarium|J. lanceolarium]]'' * ''[[Jasminum laurifolium|J. laurifolium]]'' – ᱮᱧᱡᱮᱞ-ᱣᱤᱝ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ * ''[[Jasminum malabaricum|J. malabaricum]]'' * ''[[Jasminum mesnyi|J. mesnyi]]'' – ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱᱤ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ, ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ * ''[[Jasminum multiflorum|J. multiflorum]]'' – ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ, ᱤᱯᱤᱞ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ * ''[[Jasminum multipartitum|J. multipartitum]]'' – ᱤᱯᱤᱞ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ * ''[[Jasminum nervosum|J. nervosum]]'' * ''[[Jasminum nobile|J. nobile]]'' * ''[[Jasminum nudiflorum|J. nudiflorum]]'' – ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ (winter jasmine) * ''[[Jasminum odoratissimum|J. odoratissimum]]'' – ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ * ''[[Jasminum officinale|J. officinale]]'' – ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ, ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ * ''[[Jasminum parkeri|J. parkeri]]'' – ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ (dwarf) ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ * ''[[Jasminum polyanthum|J. polyanthum]]'' * ''[[Jasminum sambac|J. sambac]]'' – ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱤ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ (Arabian jasmine) * ''[[Jasminum simplicifolium|J. simplicifolium]]'' * ''[[Jasminum sinense|J. sinense]]'' * ''[[Jasminum subhumile|J. subhumile]]'' * ''[[Jasminum tortuosum|J. tortuosum]]'' * ''[[Jasminum urophyllum|J. urophyllum]]'' * ''[[Jasminum volubile|J. volubile]]'' {{div col end}} == ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱨᱤ == <gallery widths="200px" heights="200px"> File:Jasminum sambac 'Grand Duke of Tuscany'.jpg|''[[Jasminum sambac]]'' "ᱜᱽᱨᱟᱱᱰ ᱰᱤᱣᱩᱠ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱴᱟᱥᱠᱟᱱᱤ" File:Jsambac.jpg|''Jasminum sambac'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱟᱵᱚᱞ-ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ File:Jasmine Bud.jpg|ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱩᱸᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ File:Jasmine lifecycle.jpg|ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱤ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱪᱟᱠᱷᱟ (Lifecycle) File:Bunch of jasmine flowers.jpg|ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱷᱚᱯᱮ </gallery> == ᱡᱟᱥᱢᱳᱱᱮᱴᱥ == ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱡᱟᱥᱢᱳᱱᱮᱴ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱨᱢᱳᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ''ᱡᱚᱥᱢᱤᱱᱚᱢ ᱜᱨᱟᱱᱰᱤᱯᱞᱚᱨᱚᱢ'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱛᱷᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱡᱟᱥᱢᱳᱱᱮᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱟᱥᱢᱳᱱᱮᱴᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱳᱞᱤᱠᱩᱞᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |author=Demole E |year=1962 |title=Isolement et détermination de la structure du jasmonate de méthyle, constituant odorant caractéristique de l'essence de jasmin|journal=Helv Chim Acta|volume=45 |pages=675–85 |doi=10.1002/hlca.19620450233 |last2=Lederer |first2=E. |last3=Mercier |first3=D. |issue=2 |bibcode=1962HChAc..45..675D }}</ref> ᱡᱟᱥᱢᱳᱱᱮᱴᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱫᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱛ-ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ (ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱲ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ) ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱜᱽᱱᱟᱞ ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥᱰᱚᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal|pmc=4701901|year=2016|last1=Sharma|first1=M|title=Jasmonates: Emerging Players in Controlling Temperature Stress Tolerance|journal=Frontiers in Plant Science|volume=6|pages=1129|last2=Laxmi|first2=A|doi=10.3389/fpls.2015.01129|pmid=26779205|doi-access=free |bibcode=2016FrPS....6.1129S }}</ref> == ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ == ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱜᱟᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱥᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=What's So Great About the Jasmine Flower? |url=https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/whats-great-about-jasmine/ |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=Earth.com |language=en}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ, ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱯᱩᱱᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last1=August 8 |last2=Comments |first2=2018 {{!}} Micaela Nerguizian {{!}} |title=Hopa! Rituals and Symbols of an Armenian Wedding |url=https://festival.si.edu/blog/rituals-symbols-armenian-wedding-celebration |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=Smithsonian Folklife Festival |language=en-US}}</ref> ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱳᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱳᱴᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱪᱷᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=10 Different Types of Jasmine Plants (Photos) - Garden Lovers Club |url=https://www.gardenloversclub.com/ornamental/flowers/jasmine/types-of-jasmine/ |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=www.gardenloversclub.com |date=22 February 2020 |language=en-us}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱩᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱵᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱘᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱤᱣᱱᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ<ref name="jasmin87_ayari_geisser">{{cite web |last=Michael |first=Ayari |author2=Vincent Geisser |language=fr |title=Tunisie : la Révolution des "Nouzouh"* n'a pas l'odeur du jasmin |publisher=Témoignage chrétien |year=2011 |url=http://www.temoignagechretien.fr/ARTICLES/International/Tunisie-la-Revolution-des-%C2%ABNouzouh%C2%BB*-n%E2%80%99a-pas-l%E2%80%99odeur-du-jasmin/Default-3-2370.xhtml |access-date=2011-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110128201953/http://www.temoignagechretien.fr/ARTICLES/International/Tunisie-la-Revolution-des-%C2%ABNouzouh%C2%BB*-n%E2%80%99a-pas-l%E2%80%99odeur-du-jasmin/Default-3-2370.xhtml |archive-date=2011-01-28 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="jasmin87_QudOran">{{cite web |language=fr |title=La révolution par le feu et par un clic |publisher=[[Le Quotidien d'Oran]]/moofid.com |date=2011-02-25 |url=http://news.moofid.com/fr-8441-La-revolution-par-le-feu-et-par-un-clic.htm |access-date=2011-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714113629/http://news.moofid.com/fr-8441-La-revolution-par-le-feu-et-par-un-clic.htm |archive-date=2011-07-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱤᱣᱱᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱞ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ "ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱦᱩᱞ" ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=Elvis H |date=September 2021 |title=Democratization and Authoritarianism in the Information Age |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/22338659211026006 |journal=International Area Studies Review |language=en |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=205–223 |doi=10.1177/22338659211026006 |s2cid=237434616 |issn=2233-8659|url-access=subscription }}</ref> "ᱡᱟᱥᱢᱤᱱ" ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ <gallery mode="packed-hover"> File:Tea patterns p1160028.jpg|ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱪᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱦᱤᱥ File:Chinesischer Maler des 12. Jahrhunderts (I) 001.jpg|''ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ'', ᱑᱒ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱜᱚᱞ ᱡᱷᱟᱣ ᱪᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱞᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ File:Meenakshi Sundareswarar.jpg|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ File:Jasmine Flower full bloom on the plant near Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India. 01.jpg|ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ File:Photo Jasmine flowers harvest 1965 - Touring Club Italiano 1.2940.jpg|ᱤᱴᱟᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱡᱤᱭᱳ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱵᱽᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ (᱑᱙᱖᱕) </gallery> == ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ == ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ * ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟ: ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱢᱟᱥᱠᱟᱥ ᱫᱚ "ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ" ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://peacockplume.fr/food-travel/damascus-city-jasmine|title=Damascus, the City of Jasmine|author=Anabel Bachour|date=23 February 2017|publisher=Peacock Plume, Student Media, The American University of Paris, France|access-date=26 May 2019|archive-date=12 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412114937/http://peacockplume.fr/food-travel/damascus-city-jasmine|url-status=dead}}</ref> * ᱦᱟᱣᱟᱭᱤ: ''ᱡᱚᱥᱢᱤᱱᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱟᱠ'' ("''ᱯᱤᱠᱟᱠᱮ''") ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟ (ᱞᱮᱭᱤ) ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱣᱟᱭᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hitt |first=Christine |date=1 May 2018 |title=7 of Hawaii's Most Popular Lei and What Makes Them Unique |work=Hawaii Magazine |url=https://www.hawaiimagazine.com/7-of-hawaiis-most-popular-lei-and-what-makes-them-unique/ |access-date=1 March 2022}}</ref> * ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ: ''ᱡᱚᱥᱢᱤᱱᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱟᱠ'' ᱫᱚ ᱚᱸᱰᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱙᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱸᱜᱚᱪ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>[http://www.proxsis.com/perundangan/LH/doc/uu/F00-1993-00004.pdf Keputusan Presiden No. 4 Tahun 1993] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402234237/http://www.proxsis.com/perundangan/LH/doc/uu/F00-1993-00004.pdf |date=2012-04-02 }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ "**ᱢᱮᱞᱟᱛᱤ ᱯᱩᱛᱤᱦ**" (melati putih) ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱵᱷᱟ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱾ * [[ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ]]: ''[[Jasminum officinale]]'' ᱫᱚ "**ᱪᱟᱢᱵᱮᱞᱤ**" ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ "**ᱤᱭᱟᱥᱢᱤᱱ**" ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[National symbols of Pakistan|ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=Akhtar |first=Moin |date=26 October 2020 |title=Pakistan National Flower, Animal and Bird |url=https://ilm.com.pk/pakistan/pakistan-information/pakistan-national-flower-animal-and-bird/ |access-date=2 March 2022 |website=ILM.com.pk}}</ref> * [[ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ]]: ''[[Jasminum sambac]]'' ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱓᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱸᱜᱚᱪ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ "ᱥᱟᱢᱯᱟᱜᱩᱭᱴᱟ" (sampaguita) ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2021 |title=Philippine National Flower- Sampaguita |url=https://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/2021/11/10/philippine-national-flower-sampaguita/#:~:text=For%20today's%20%23WildlifeWednesday%2C%20let's%20learn,purity%2C%20fidelity%2C%20and%20hope. |access-date=2 March 2022 |website=National Museum of the Philippines}}</ref> * [[ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]]: ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱᱟᱜ (motherhood) ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.flowerstips.org/symbolic-spiritual-meaning-jasmine-flowers/|title=Symbolic and spiritual meaning of jasmine flowers|date=2017-01-03|website=Gardening Tips {{!}} Flower Wiki|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-25|archive-date=2021-04-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412114938/https://www.flowerstips.org/symbolic-spiritual-meaning-jasmine-flowers/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[ᱴᱤᱣᱱᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟ]]: ᱴᱤᱣᱱᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[Tunisian Revolution|ᱴᱤᱣᱱᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱞ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ * [[ᱤᱨᱟᱱ]]: (ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ [[Shia Islam|ᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ]]), ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱱᱟᱹᱵᱤ [[Muhammad|ᱢᱩᱦᱟᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ]] ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱮᱨᱟ [[Fatimah al-Zahra|ᱯᱷᱟᱛᱤᱢᱟ ᱟᱞ-ᱡᱟᱦᱨᱟ]] ᱣᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=علت نامگذاری حضرت زهرا (س) به گل یاس و مهدی موعود (عج) به گل نرگس چیست ؟ التماس دها |url=https://www.pasokhgoo.ir/node/31525 |access-date=2026-04-26 |archive-date=2025-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250627084542/https://www.pasokhgoo.ir/node/31525 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ "ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ" ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ == {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ ''[[Mandevilla sanderi]]'' * ᱠᱮᱯ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ (Cape jasmine) ''[[Gardenia]]'' * ᱠᱮᱨᱳᱞᱟᱭᱱᱟ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ ''[[Gelsemium sempervirens]]'' * ᱠᱨᱮᱯ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ ''[[Tabernaemontana divaricata]]'' * ᱪᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ ''[[Mandevilla laxa]]'' * [[Jasmine rice|ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ]], ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ * ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱜᱟᱥᱠᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ ''[[Stephanotis floribunda]]'' * ᱱᱤᱣᱡᱤᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ ''[[Parsonsia capsularis]]'' * ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ (Night-blooming jasmine) ''[[Cestrum nocturnum]]'' * ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ / ᱥᱤᱸᱜᱟᱹᱨ ᱦᱟᱨ (Night-flowering jasmine) ''[[Nyctanthes arbor-tristis]]'' * ᱚᱨᱮᱧᱡᱽ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ ''[[Murraya paniculata]]'' * ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ (Red jasmine) ''[[Plumeria rubra]]'' * ᱤᱯᱤᱞ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ (Star jasmine) ''[[Trachelospermum jasminoides]]'' * ᱯᱮᱨᱟᱜᱩᱣᱟᱭᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ ''[[Brunfelsia australis]]'' * [[Tree jasmine (disambiguation)|ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ (Tree jasmine)]] {{div col end}} == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ == * {{cite journal | url = http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=116771 | title = ''Jasminum'' Linn | access-date = 2008-06-03 | journal = Flora of Pakistan | page = 12 }} *{{Cite book |title=The World in So Many Words |url=https://archive.org/details/worldinsomanywor00metc |first=Allan A. |last=Metcalf |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |year=1999 |isbn=0-395-95920-9}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ == {{Commons category}} {{Wikispecies}} {{Wiktionary|Jasmine|Jasminum}} * {{cite web | url = http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Jasminum | title = Flora Europaea Search Results | access-date = 2008-06-03 | work = [[Flora Europaea]] | publisher = [[Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh]] }} * {{cite web | url = http://www.ville-ge.ch/musinfo/bd/cjb/africa/index.php?langue=an | title = African Plants Database | publisher = [[Natural History Museum of Geneva|South African National Biodiversity Institute, the Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève]] and Tela Botanica}} * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Jasmine|volume=15|pages=277–278}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q82014}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Jasminum| ]] [[Category:ᱥᱟᱢᱳᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱫᱷᱩᱬᱟᱹ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱳᱞᱮᱥᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱥ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱥᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ]] dkyzt2ityqadmyoawvn53k98ehx1zaz 0 35751 196666 193155 2026-08-12T20:29:24Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196666 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱤ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ}} [[File:Observance of International Workers' Day RGBY.svg|alt=|thumb|upright=2|ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱮ ᱰᱮ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱮᱫ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ: {{legend|#dd3333|ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱑ ᱢᱮ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ}} {{legend|#ffcc33|᱑ ᱢᱮ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ}} {{legend|#00af89|᱑ ᱢᱮ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱤ ᱵᱟᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ}} {{legend|#cccccc|᱑ ᱢᱮ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱤ ᱵᱟᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ}}]] '''ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ''' ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱤ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱑ ᱢᱮ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱘᱘᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱢᱚᱜᱷᱚᱴ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦޭᱢᱟᱨᱠᱮᱴ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":2">{{Cite magazine |url=https://time.com/3836834/may-day-labor-history/ |title=The Bloody Story of How May Day Became a Holiday for Workers |last=Rothman |first=Lily |date=1 May 2017 |magazine=Time |language=en |access-date=2 April 2025 |archive-date=28 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628180755/https://time.com/3836834/may-day-labor-history/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ᱠᱚᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱥᱤᱸᱜᱮ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ / ᱟᱹᱭᱱᱤ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱲᱟᱣᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱤᱣᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱲᱟᱣᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ ᱜᱷᱟᱱᱴᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱲᱟᱣᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ ᱜᱷᱟᱱᱴᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ, ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ ᱜᱷᱟᱱᱴᱟ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ ᱜᱷᱟᱱᱴᱟ ᱡᱤᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ == ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, "ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ" ᱫᱚ ᱑ ᱢᱮ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱜᱳ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱑᱘᱘᱖ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦޭᱢᱟᱨᱠᱮᱴ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱦᱚᱪᱚᱭᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ ᱜᱷᱟᱱᱴᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱢᱚᱜᱷᱚᱴ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":2" /> ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱑ ᱢᱮ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱥᱤᱸᱜᱮ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ == ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱠᱚ == === ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ === [[File:Queensland State Archives 4773 May Day Procession May 1953.png|thumb|ᱠᱣᱤᱱᱥᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱞᱤ, ᱑᱙᱕᱓]] ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱮᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱫᱚ "ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ ᱜᱷᱟᱱᱴᱟ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ" ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱮ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱦᱚᱪᱚᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱯᱤᱴᱟᱞ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ, ᱱᱤᱣ ᱥᱟᱣᱛᱷ ᱣᱮᱞᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱣᱛᱷ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱥᱤᱸᱜᱮ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱤᱠᱴᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱥᱢᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱸᱜᱮ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ (ᱛᱟᱥᱢᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ ᱜᱷᱟᱱᱴᱟ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ) ᱾<ref>{{cite web |url=https://content.legislation.vic.gov.au/sites/default/files/2020-04/93-119aa027%20authorised.pdf |title=Public Holidays Act 1993 |publisher=vic.gov.au |access-date=8 October 2024 |archive-date=19 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919000527/https://content.legislation.vic.gov.au/sites/default/files/2020-04/93-119aa027%20authorised.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.legislation.tas.gov.au/view/html/inforce/current/act-2000-096 |title=Tasmanian Legislation Online: Statutory Holidays Act 2000 |publisher=tas.gov.au |access-date=8 October 2024 |archive-date=3 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003230751/https://www.legislation.tas.gov.au/view/whole/html/inforce/current/act-2000-096 |url-status=live}}</ref> ᱣᱮᱥᱴᱚᱨᱱ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ, ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱥᱤᱸᱜᱮ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.legislation.wa.gov.au/legislation/prod/filestore.nsf/FileURL/mrdoc_44571.pdf/$FILE/Public%20and%20Bank%20Holidays%20Act%201972%20-%20[02-g0-00].pdf |title=Public and Bank Holidays Act 1972 |publisher=wa.gov.au |access-date=8 October 2024 |archive-date=17 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617020359/https://www.legislation.wa.gov.au/legislation/prod/filestore.nsf/FileURL/mrdoc_44571.pdf/$FILE/Public%20and%20Bank%20Holidays%20Act%201972%20-%20[02-g0-00].pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> ᱠᱣᱤᱱᱥᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱨᱫᱚᱱ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ, ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱢᱮ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱥᱤᱸᱜᱮ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ (ᱱᱚᱨᱫᱚᱱ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮ ᱰᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ) ᱾<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/special-dates-and-events/public-holidays |title=Australian Government: National Public Holidays |publisher=australia.gov.au |access-date=7 March 2016 |archive-date=14 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414132759/https://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/special-dates-and-events/public-holidays |url-status=live}}</ref> ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱢᱟᱥ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱸᱜᱮ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ==== ᱵᱷᱤᱠᱴᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟ ==== ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱲᱟᱣᱱᱟ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ ᱜᱷᱟᱱᱴᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱨᱮᱞᱤ ᱒᱑ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱑᱘᱕᱖ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱢᱮᱞᱵᱳᱨᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |url=http://alldownunder.com/australian-dates/holiday-labour-day.htm |title=Australian Public Holidays: Labour Day |work=alldownunder.com |date=1998 |access-date=7 March 2016 |archive-date=19 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619093412/http://alldownunder.com/australian-dates/holiday-labour-day.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱮᱞᱵᱳᱨᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱢᱤᱥᱛᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱞᱵᱳᱨᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱞᱭᱟᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱦᱟᱣᱩᱥ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ ᱜᱷᱟᱱᱴᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱚᱞᱚᱯ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱴᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ ᱜᱷᱟᱱᱴᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="LewisBalderstone2006">{{cite book |first1=Wendy |last1=Lewis |first2=Simon |last2=Balderstone |first3=John |last3=Bowman |title=Events that Shaped Australia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_6TVAAAACAAJ |access-date=7 March 2016 |year=2006 |publisher=[[New Holland Publishers]] |isbn=978-1-74110-492-9 |page=57}}</ref> ==== ᱠᱣᱤᱱᱥᱞᱮᱱᱰ ==== ᱠᱣᱤᱱᱥᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱘᱖᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ "ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ ᱜᱷᱟᱱᱴᱟ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ" ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ (ᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱰᱮᱵᱷᱤᱰ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ) ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱘᱕᱘ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱽᱨᱤᱥᱵᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ ᱜᱷᱟᱱᱴᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱘᱙᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮ ᱰᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱦᱮᱢᱟᱨᱠᱮᱴ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱩᱢᱤᱫᱽ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱐᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱥᱤᱸᱜᱮ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱤ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱢᱟ ᱾<ref>Radical Brisbane (2004), ISBN 0958079455, pp 231–4.</ref> === ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ === ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱜᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱥᱨᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱥᱚᱝᱜᱷᱚᱛᱤ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱱᱟ ᱯᱞᱟᱡᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱥᱟᱣ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱒᱔ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ "ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱩᱨᱚᱠᱷᱤᱛ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ" ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱮᱦᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name = "dwelle2404">{{Cite web |title=Thousands mourn collapse victims of Rana Plaza garment factory one year on |publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]] |access-date=20 July 2014 |date=24 April 2014 |url=http://www.dw.de/thousands-mourn-collapse-victims-of-rana-plaza-garment-factory-one-year-on/a-17589288 |archive-date=20 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720044730/http://www.dw.de/thousands-mourn-collapse-victims-of-rana-plaza-garment-factory-one-year-on/a-17589288 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://bangladesh.officialpublicholidays.com/national-holiday |publisher=Official Public Holidays |title=Bangladesh Official Public Holidays |access-date=27 December 2015 |archive-date=30 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330010026/http://bangladesh.officialpublicholidays.com/national-holiday |url-status=live}}</ref> ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱑ ᱢᱮ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱮ ᱰᱮ (May Day) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ === ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱢᱟᱥ === ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱢᱟᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱡᱟᱹᱨᱩᱢ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ, ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱢᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.timeanddate.com/holidays/bahamas |publisher=timeanddate.com |title=Holidays in The Bahamas in 2015 |access-date=27 December 2015 |archive-date=21 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121015052/http://www.timeanddate.com/holidays/bahamas/ |url-status=live}}</ref> ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱢᱟᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱢᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱗ ᱡᱩᱱ, ᱑᱙᱔᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱢᱚᱜᱷᱚᱴ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱾ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱱᱟᱥᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ, ᱜᱮᱥᱟᱭ ᱜᱮᱥᱟᱭ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱞᱤ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱚᱝᱼᱵᱤᱨᱚᱝ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱰ ᱫᱚᱞ, ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱩᱱᱠᱟᱱᱩ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱜᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ, ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱤᱣᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱼᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱣᱛᱷᱚᱨᱱ ᱨᱤᱠᱨᱤᱭᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱜᱽᱨᱟᱣᱩᱱᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱹᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱞᱚᱪ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |last1=Brown |first1=Oswald |title=History of Randol Fawkes Labour Day |url=https://bahamaschronicle.com/history-of-randol-fawkes-labour-day/ |website=Bahamas Chronicle |access-date=18 January 2025 |date=2 June 2023}}</ref> === ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱟ === [[File:1900s Toronto LabourDay Parade.jpg|thumb|᱑᱙᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱴᱚᱨᱚᱱᱴᱳ, ᱚᱱᱴᱟᱨᱤᱭᱳ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱞᱤ]] ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ({{langx|fr|Fête du Travail}}) ᱫᱚ ᱑᱘᱙᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱭᱱᱤ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱥᱤᱸᱜᱮ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="CanPedia">{{Cite web |last=Gagnon |first=Marc-André |title=Labour Day in Canada |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/labour-day/ |access-date=7 September 2020 |website=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] |archive-date=10 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200910101347/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/labour-day |url-status=live }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱼᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱑᱘᱗᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱚᱨᱚᱱᱴᱳ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱲᱟᱣᱱᱟ (ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱢᱚᱜᱷᱚᱴ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱨᱮ) ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱴᱨᱮᱰ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱮᱠᱴ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱱᱤ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=1872: The fight for a shorter work-week |url=https://canadianlabour.ca/who-we-are/history/1872-the-fight-for-a-shorter-work-week/ |website=Canadian Labour Congress |access-date=18 January 2025}}</ref> ᱒᱒ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱑᱘᱘᱒ ᱨᱮ, ᱴᱚᱨᱚᱱᱴᱳ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[Peter J. McGuire]] ᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱕ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱱᱤᱣ ᱭᱚᱨᱠ ᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱮᱞᱤ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ [[Knights of Labor]] ᱟᱨ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱮᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱯ ᱞᱮᱵᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱥᱤᱸᱜᱮ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱮᱢᱤᱞᱴᱚᱱ, ᱳᱥᱟᱣᱟ, ᱢᱚᱱᱴᱨᱤᱭᱮᱞ, ᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱮᱛᱷᱟᱨᱤᱱᱥ, ᱦᱮᱞᱤᱯᱷᱮᱠᱥ, ᱳᱴᱟᱣᱟ, ᱵᱷᱮᱱᱠᱩᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱚᱱᱰᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱚᱱᱴᱨᱤᱭᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱘᱘᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤᱠ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱤ ᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱳᱵᱷᱟ ᱥᱠᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱚᱭᱞᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱑᱘᱘᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ (Provincial Workmen's Association, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱘᱗᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱤᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱑᱘᱘᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱸᱡᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱨᱚᱭᱮᱞ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱥᱚᱱ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱫᱚ [[James Sherrard Armstrong]] (᱑᱘᱘᱖–᱘᱘) ᱟᱨ Augustus Toplady Freed (᱑᱘᱘᱘–᱘᱙) ᱠᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱮᱨᱟᱞ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ "ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ" ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |title=Report of the Royal Commission on the Relations of Labor and Capital in Canada |date=1889 |publisher=Privy Council Office |location=Ottawa |page=12 |url=https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/472984/publication.html |access-date=18 January 2025}}</ref> ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱑᱘᱙᱔ ᱨᱮ, ᱤᱣᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱞᱭᱟᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="CanPedia"/> ᱢᱮ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱱ ᱛᱷᱚᱢᱯᱥᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱱᱤ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱑᱘᱙᱔ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱥᱤᱠᱤᱨᱤᱛ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Heron |first1=Craig |title=The Workers' Festival: A History of Labour Day in Canada |url=https://archive.org/details/workersfestivalh0000hero |last2=Penfold |first2=Steve |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=2005 |isbn=0-8020-4886-2 |location=Toronto |pages=[https://archive.org/details/workersfestivalh0000hero/page/31 31]–38}}</ref> === ᱪᱤᱱ === ᱜᱚᱱᱚ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱟᱛᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ, ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱙᱙ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱐᱗ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱱᱤ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱒᱐᱐᱘ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news |title=China scraps one of three Golden Week holidays |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/life-china-holidays-dc-idUKPEK14649920071216 |access-date=13 April 2022 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=16 December 2007 |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413053106/https://www.reuters.com/article/life-china-holidays-dc-idUKPEK14649920071216 |url-status=live }}</ref> ᱒᱐᱒᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱟᱹᱭᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱑ ᱟᱨ ᱒ ᱢᱮ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news |title=国务院关于修改《全国年节及纪念日放假办法》の决定 |url=https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/202411/content_6986381.htm |date=10 November 2024 |access-date=1 May 2026 |language=Chinese |publisher=State Council of the People's Republic of China}}</ref> ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱭᱱᱤ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱴᱮᱴ ᱠᱟᱣᱩᱱᱥᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱯᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ "ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱳ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱤ" ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱤ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱯᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱸᱜᱮ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news |title=调与休：黄金周长假的变迁 |trans-title=Reconcile and rest: the change of Golden Week vacation |url=http://politics.people.com.cn/n/2013/1127/c70731-23676181.html |date=27 November 2013 |access-date=13 April 2022 |language=Chinese |work=[[People's Daily]] |agency=[[Xinhua News Agency]] |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413052529/http://politics.people.com.cn/n/2013/1127/c70731-23676181.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=国务院办公厅关于2025年部分节假日安排の通知 |url=https://www.news.cn/politics/20241112/46dcf0de740844dd824ff54b5be5af2e/c.html |date=12 November 2024 |access-date=1 May 2026 |language=Chinese |work=[[Xinhua News Agency]]}}</ref> ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ, ᱒᱐᱒᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑ ᱢᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱕ ᱢᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱗ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news |title=国务院办公厅关于2025年部分节假日安排の通知 |url=https://www.news.cn/politics/20241112/46dcf0de740844dd824ff54b5be5af2e/c.html |date=12 November 2024 |access-date=1 May 2026 |language=Chinese |work=[[Xinhua News Agency]]}}</ref> === ᱦᱚᱝᱠᱚᱝ S.A.R. === ᱑ ᱢᱮ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱙᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱝᱠᱚᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news |date=1 July 2012 |title=新闻背景：香港回归15年大事记 |trans-title=News Background: Events in the 15 years since Hong Kong's return to China |url=https://www.chinanews.com/ga/2012/07-01/3998742.shtml |language=Chinese |publisher=[[China News Service]] |access-date=1 May 2024 |archive-date=2 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702000613/http://www.chinanews.com/ga/2012/07-01/3998742.shtml |url-status=live}}</ref> === ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ === [[File:Chennai LabourStatue Closeup.jpg|thumb|ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱱᱱᱟᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱤᱱᱟ ᱵᱤᱪ ᱨᱮ "ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ" ᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ]] ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱑ ᱢᱮ ᱑᱙᱒᱓ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱪᱮᱱᱱᱟᱭ (ᱩᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱫᱽᱨᱟᱥ) ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱵᱟᱨ ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2024 |title=What is the significance of Labour Day or May Day? {{!}} Explained |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/labour-day-may-day-explainer-significance-history-celebration/article68127947.ece/ |access-date=16 October 2024 |website=thehindu.com |publisher=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> === ᱡᱟᱹᱢᱟᱭᱠᱟ === ᱡᱟᱹᱢᱟᱭᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱹᱬ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱲᱟᱣᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱯᱱᱤᱵᱮᱥᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱦᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱫᱚ, ᱒᱔ ᱢᱮ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱨᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱵᱷᱤᱠᱴᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ "ᱮᱢᱯᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱰᱮ" ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱯᱱᱤᱵᱮᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱮᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱟᱹᱢᱟᱭᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱮᱢᱯᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱰᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱢᱟᱭᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱲᱟᱣᱱᱟ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":3">{{cite web | url=http://www.jis.gov.jm/special_sections/labourDay2008/history.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090910163817/http://www.jis.gov.jm/special_sections/labourDay2008/history.htm | archive-date=10 September 2009 | title=Labour Day 2008 }}</ref> ᱯᱨᱤᱢᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱱᱳᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱞᱤ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱢᱯᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱰᱮ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱑᱙᱓᱘ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱢᱚᱜᱷᱚᱴ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱞ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱢᱚᱜᱷᱚᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱢᱟᱭᱠᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱛᱚᱞᱚᱯ ᱧᱟᱢᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱓ ᱢᱮ ᱑᱙᱓᱘ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱛᱮ, ᱠᱤᱝᱥᱴᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱜᱟᱲᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱟᱲᱟᱣᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱷᱩᱠᱟᱹᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱔᱖ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱔᱒᱙ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱮᱦᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱲᱟᱣᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱞᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱛᱟᱵᱽ ᱯᱟᱨᱞᱭᱟᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱤᱠᱤᱨᱤᱛ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱒᱓ ᱢᱮ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":3" /> ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱼᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱩᱨ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱴᱨᱮᱰ ᱤᱣᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ — ᱵᱟᱥᱴᱟᱢᱟᱱᱴᱮ ᱤᱱᱰᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱴᱨᱮᱰ ᱤᱣᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ (JLP) ᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱣᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱥ ᱤᱣᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ (PNP) — ᱠᱤᱝᱥᱴᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱢᱮᱞᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱤᱝᱥᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱖᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱞᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱼᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱩᱞᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱲ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱩᱞᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱫ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱥ (tear gas) ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱖᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱱᱮᱭᱟᱣᱼᱪᱟᱯᱟᱫ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱠᱤᱝᱥᱴᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱵᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱤ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱚᱝ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":3" /> ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱢᱟᱭᱠᱮᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱞᱤ ᱑᱙᱗᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ "ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱢᱮ" ᱛᱷᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱮᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱢᱮᱞᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱢᱮᱱᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱢᱟᱭᱠᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱽᱜᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱤᱪᱷᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱩᱫᱽᱜᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱞᱤᱥᱟᱰᱳᱥ ᱨᱳᱰ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱞᱤ ᱟᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱖᱐᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱚᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":3" /> ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱑᱙᱘᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱮᱰᱣᱟᱨᱰ ᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱷᱩᱠᱟᱹᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱘᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱭᱠᱮᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱞᱤ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱫᱚᱲᱦᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱡ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱹᱢᱟᱭᱠᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱛᱷᱤᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ, ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤᱠ ᱡᱤᱢᱮᱵᱟᱨᱤ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":3" /> === ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ === ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱒᱓ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱛᱷᱮᱝᱠᱥᱜᱤᱵᱷᱤᱝ (ᱜᱩᱱ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ "ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ" ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.axiommagazine.jp/2011/11/22/labor-thanksgiving-day-%E5%8B%A4%E5%8A%B4%E6%84%9F%E8%AC%9D%E3%81%AE%E6%97%A5/ |title=Labor Thanksgiving Day – 勤労感謝の日 |last=Miller |first=Adam |date=22 November 2011 |work=Axiom Magazine |access-date=22 November 2011 |archive-date=29 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529122025/http://www.axiommagazine.jp/2011/11/22/labor-thanksgiving-day-%E5%8B%A4%E5%8A%B4%E6%84%9F%E8%AC%9D%E3%81%AE%E6%97%A5/ |url-status=live}}</ref> === ᱠᱟᱡᱟᱠᱥᱛᱟᱱ === ᱠᱟᱡᱟᱠᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱤᱸᱜᱮ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱒᱐᱑᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱙᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, [[ᱠᱟᱡᱟᱠᱥᱛᱟᱱ]] ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱡᱟᱠᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱩᱱ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱡᱟᱠ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ ᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱜᱟᱞᱚᱪ, ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱪᱟᱞ ᱟᱠᱷᱲᱟ, ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱡᱟᱠᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱡᱮᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱤ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://anydayguide.com/calendar/218 |title=Labor Day in Kazakhstan / September 24, 2017 |work=AnydayGuide |access-date=24 September 2017 |archive-date=25 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925083259/https://anydayguide.com/calendar/218 |url-status=live}}</ref> === ᱠᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ === ᱠᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[ᱠᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱞᱚᱪ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱨᱟᱞ ᱚᱨᱜᱟᱱᱟᱭᱡᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱴᱨᱮᱰ ᱤᱣᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱᱥ (COTU) ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱨᱟᱞ ᱥᱮᱠᱨᱮᱴᱟᱨᱤ [[Francis Atwoli]] ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱟᱞᱚᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱮ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ === ᱢᱟᱠᱟᱣ S.A.R. === [[ᱢᱟᱠᱟᱣ]] ᱨᱮ, ᱑ ᱢᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ {{lang|pt|Dia do Trabalhador}} (ᱯᱩᱨᱛᱩᱜᱟᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ 'ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ') ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=2023 |url=https://www.gov.mo/pt/public-holidays/year-2023/ |access-date=1 May 2023 |website=Portal do Governo da RAE de Macau |language=pt-PT |archive-date=1 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501123231/https://www.gov.mo/pt/public-holidays/year-2023/ |url-status=live }}</ref> === ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ === ᱑ ᱢᱮ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ, [[ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱲᱟᱣᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱼᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮ ᱰᱮ (May Day) ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱢᱮᱞᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ, ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱢᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hector |first=Charles |date=December 2017 |title=The Labor Movement in Malaysia |url=https://www.hurights.or.jp/archives/focus/section3/2017/12/the-labor-movement-in-malaysia.html |access-date=16 October 2024 |website=hurights.or.jp |publisher=Asia-Pacific Human Rights Information Center}}</ref> === ᱱᱤᱣᱡᱤᱞᱮᱱᱰ === ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱣᱡᱤᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱸᱜᱮ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=First Labour Day celebrations |url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/first-labour-day-celebrations |website=NZHistory |access-date=6 September 2021 |archive-date=6 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906154732/https://nzhistory.govt.nz/first-labour-day-celebrations |url-status=live }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱘᱔᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱ [[ᱣᱮᱞᱤᱝᱴᱚᱱ]] ᱩᱯᱱᱤᱵᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ ᱴᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱞᱟᱲᱟᱣᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱦᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[Samuel Duncan Parnell]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ ᱴᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱵᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ, ᱯᱟᱨᱱᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱤᱡ ᱮ ᱢᱮᱛᱟ ᱫᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ: "ᱟᱵᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱯᱩᱱ (᱒᱔) ᱴᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ; ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ ᱴᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ ᱴᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ ᱴᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ" ᱾<ref name=":0" /> ᱱᱤᱣᱡᱤᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱒᱘ ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱘᱙᱐ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱜᱟᱲᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱤᱣᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ 'ᱢᱮᱨᱤᱴᱟᱭᱤᱢ ᱠᱟᱣᱩᱱᱥᱤᱞ' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name="Labour Day NZ">{{cite web |title=Labour Day |url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/politics/labour-day |website=[[Ministry for Culture and Heritage#History and heritage|NZ History online]] |access-date=6 September 2021 |archive-date=17 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917002822/https://www.nzhistory.govt.nz/politics/labour-day |url-status=live }}</ref> ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱴᱨᱮᱰ ᱤᱣᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱣᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱮᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":1" /> ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱫᱚ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱾<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Labour Day celebrates 8-hour working day – New Zealand Parliament |url=https://www.parliament.nz/en/get-involved/features/labour-day-celebrates-8-hour-working-day/ |access-date=21 October 2021 |website=www.parliament.nz |archive-date=21 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021115840/https://www.parliament.nz/en/get-involved/features/labour-day-celebrates-8-hour-working-day/ |url-status=live}}</ref> ᱑᱘᱙᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ 'ᱞᱮᱵᱟᱨ ᱰᱮ ᱮᱠᱴ ᱑᱘᱙᱙' ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱑᱙᱐᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱑᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱸᱜᱮ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Labour Day NZ" /> === ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ === ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ, ᱥᱮ ''ᱭᱚᱢ-ᱮ-ᱢᱟᱡᱽᱫᱩᱨ,'' ᱫᱚ ᱑ ᱢᱮ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱗᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱡᱩᱞᱯᱷᱤᱠᱟᱨ ᱟᱞᱤ ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱴᱳ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱨᱮᱰ ᱤᱣᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱞᱤ, ᱥᱮᱢᱤᱱᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱢᱮᱞᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱚᱴᱷᱤᱠ ᱛᱚᱞᱚᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱟᱞᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥ, ᱵᱮᱸᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱚ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ === ᱯᱳᱞᱮᱱᱰ === ᱯᱳᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱑ ᱢᱮ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱒ ᱢᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱥ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱪᱤᱨ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱟᱨ ᱓ ᱢᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ (ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱛᱷᱚᱞᱤᱠ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱵᱽ [[The Most Holy Virgin Mary, Queen of Poland|Queen of Poland]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ''ᱢᱟᱡᱳᱣᱠᱟ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱨᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱨᱼᱵᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱨᱥᱚᱲᱮ, ᱵᱟᱨᱵᱤᱠᱭᱩ, ᱞᱚᱠᱟᱞ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱬᱟ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Labour Day |url=https://its-poland.com/travel-tips/polish-bank-holidays |access-date=25 November 2024 |website=its-poland}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Poland's day of the flag |url=https://poland.pl/experience-poland/traditions-and-holidays/day-flag-republic-poland/ |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |website=poland.pl}}</ref> === ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ === [[File:Labor Day May 1 2019 Protest Manila 3.jpg|thumb|᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ [[ᱢᱟᱱᱤᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱡᱚᱢᱮᱞᱟ]] [[ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ|ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ]] ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱑ ᱢᱮ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱐᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱩᱯᱱᱤᱵᱮᱥ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ [[ᱢᱟᱱᱤᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮ [[Unión Obrera Democrática Filipina]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱞᱟᱲᱟᱣᱱᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/edsa/the-ph-protest-appendix/ |title=APPENDIX: A History of the Philippine Political Protest |publisher=[[Official Gazette (Philippines)|Official Gazette]] |access-date=1 May 2024}}</ref> ᱑᱙᱐᱘ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱑᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1112299/did-you-know-ph-first-observed-labor-day-in-1903 |title=DID YOU KNOW: PH first observed Labor Day in 1903 |publisher=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |date=1 May 2019 |access-date=1 May 2024 |first=Marielle |last=Medina}}</ref> === ᱥᱩᱭᱡᱟᱨᱞᱮᱱᱰ === ᱥᱩᱭᱡᱟᱨᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮ, ᱑ ᱢᱮ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱮᱨᱟᱞ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱩᱭᱤᱥ ᱠᱮᱱᱴᱚᱱ (Swiss cantons) ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Kantonalrechtliche Feiertage |language=de,fr,it |url=https://www.bj.admin.ch/dam/bj/de/data/publiservice/service/zivilprozessrecht/kant-feiertage.pdf |access-date=2026-05-01 |archive-date=2026-01-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260110202636/https://www.bj.admin.ch/dam/bj/de/data/publiservice/service/zivilprozessrecht/kant-feiertage.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ᱯᱷᱨᱤᱵᱟᱨᱜᱽ ᱠᱮᱱᱴᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ, ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱰᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Historique du 1er mai |language=fr |url=https://res.friportail.ch/chantonsmai/fr/historique-du-1er-mai}}</ref> === ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ === [[ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮ ᱑ ᱢᱮ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱤ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱪᱟᱹᱠᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱢᱟᱪᱮᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=台灣國定假日與節日 – 2019年年曆 |url=https://holidays-calendar.net/calendar_zh_tw/taiwan_zh_tw.html |website=holidays-calendar.net |language=zh |access-date=6 September 2022 |archive-date=1 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501163806/https://holidays-calendar.net/calendar_zh_tw/taiwan_zh_tw.html |url-status=live }}</ref> === ᱛᱟᱡᱤᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ === [[ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱴ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ|ᱥᱳᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛ ᱤᱣᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ]] ᱨᱮ ᱑ ᱢᱮ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱛᱟᱡᱤᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱡᱤᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱵᱽ, ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱴᱼᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱭᱼᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.advantour.com/tajikistan/holidays.htm#:~:text=Festive%20performances%20and%20concerts%20are,9%20is%20a%20sacred%20date |title=Public Holidays in Tajikistan in 2024–2025 |date=31 December 2020 }}</ref> === ᱛᱨᱤᱱᱤᱫᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱳᱵᱮᱜᱳ === ᱛᱨᱤᱱᱤᱫᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱳᱵᱮᱜᱳ ᱨᱮ, ᱡᱟᱣ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱑᱙ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱗᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱛᱟᱵᱽ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱑᱙᱓᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ [[Tubal Uriah Butler]] ᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱩᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱩᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱓᱔ᱼ᱑᱙᱓᱙ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱣᱮᱥᱴ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱲᱟᱣᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://library2.nalis.gov.tt/Default.aspx?tabid=268 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080807210105/http://library2.nalis.gov.tt/Default.aspx?tabid=268 |title=Trinidad and Tobago Labour Day |archive-date=7 August 2008}}</ref> === ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤ === [[ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤ]] ᱨᱮ, "ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱡᱩᱢ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ" ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱐᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱣᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱑᱙᱘᱐ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱛᱩᱯᱩᱫ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱐᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] ᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱑ ᱢᱮ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮᱭ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news |title=May 1 Labor and Solidarity Day marked throughout Turkey with rallies, meetings |url=https://www.dailysabah.com/turkey/2019/05/01/may-1-labor-and-solidarity-day-marked-throughout-turkey-with-rallies-meetings |access-date=30 April 2025 |work=Daily Sabah |date=1 May 2019}}</ref> ᱛᱟᱠᱥᱤᱢ ᱪᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱮᱞᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱛ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱑ ᱢᱮ ᱑᱙᱗᱗ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱛᱟᱠᱥᱤᱢ ᱥᱠᱩᱣᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱯᱚᱡ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2024 |title=1 Mayıs'ın Taksim'de kutlanması tartışmaları sürüyor: Meydan neden önemli? |url=https://www.bbc.com/turkce/articles/cgrjmz35j7mo |access-date=30 April 2024 |website=[[BBC World Service|BBC News Türkçe]] |language=tr}}</ref> === ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ === [[File:First United States Labor Day Parade, September 5, 1882 in New York City.jpg|thumb|᱕ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱘᱘᱒ ᱨᱮ [[ᱱᱤᱭᱩ ᱭᱚᱨᱠ|ᱱᱤᱣ ᱭᱚᱨᱠ ᱥᱤᱴᱤ]] ᱨᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱡᱚᱢᱮᱞᱟ]] ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱮᱨᱟᱞ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱥᱤᱸᱜᱮ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |last1=Johnson |first1=Yelena. |url=http://www.celebrations.com/article/Labor-Day-End-of-Summer-White-Party |title=Labor Day End of Summer White Party |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091018022008/http://www.celebrations.com/article/Labor-Day-End-of-Summer-White-Party |archive-date=18 October 2009 |website=Celebrations.com |access-date=5 October 2009}}</ref> ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱷᱤᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news |last1=Helderman |first1=Rosalind S. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/09/05/AR2009090502666.html |title=Issues That Matter to You: School Start After Labor Day |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906183328/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/09/05/AR2009090502666.html |archive-date=6 September 2017 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=6 September 2009}}</ref> [https://archives.nupge.ca/content/celebrating-labour-day-holiday-canada-gave-world ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ᱫᱚ ᱑᱘᱗᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱸᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ == * ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ * ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱚᱠ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ (ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱟ) * ᱢᱮ ᱰᱮ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{Commons category}} * [https://onesearch.slq.qld.gov.au/permalink/61SLQ_INST/dls06p/alma99183587719602061 ToadShow ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ], [[State Library of Queensland]] ᱾ ᱑᱙᱙᱘ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱨᱤᱥᱵᱮᱱ, ᱤᱯᱥᱣᱤᱪ, ᱜᱳᱞᱰ ᱠᱳᱥᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱨᱠᱟᱞᱰᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱢᱴᱟᱣ ᱾ {{Australia Holidays}} {{Public holidays in Cambodia}} {{Hong Kong Holidays}} {{Public holidays in Indonesia}} {{Public holidays in Malaysia}} {{Mexico Holidays}} {{Public holidays in Myanmar}} {{Public holidays in New Zealand}} {{Public holidays in Pakistan}} {{Public holidays in the Philippines}} {{Public holidays in Singapore}} {{Public holidays in Spain}} {{Public holidays in Tajikistan}} {{Public holidays in Thailand}} {{Public holidays in Turkey}} {{Holidays in Maldives}} [[Category:ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱢᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱡᱩᱱ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱥᱤᱸᱜᱮ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ (ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱹᱢᱵᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ)]] [[Category:ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱚ| ]] [[Category:ᱟᱞᱡᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱡᱟᱢᱵᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱤ ᱠᱚ]] 1ipxbcjwuzj480zezfmqkjmelr2s6oj 0 35768 196645 196415 2026-08-12T20:00:23Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 4 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196645 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|ᱜᱩᱰᱩ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ}} {{Automatic taxobox | name = ᱛᱩᱲ | fossil_range = {{fossil range|Late Eocene|Recent|Late [[Eocene]] – Recent}} | image = Sciuridae.jpg | image_upright = 1.15 | image_caption = Sciuridae ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ {{aligned table|cols=3 | ''[[Prevost's squirrel|Callosciurus prevostii]]'' | ''[[Siberian chipmunk|Eutamias sibiricus]]'' | ''[[American red squirrel|Tamiasciurus hudsonicus]]'' | ''[[Fox squirrel|Sciurus niger]]'' | ''[[Urocitellus columbianus]]'' | ''[[Smith's bush squirrel|Paraxerus cepapi]]'' | ''[[Cape ground squirrel|Geosciurus inauris]]'' | ''[[Marmot]]a'' sp. | ''[[Black-tailed prairie dog|Cynomys ludovicianus]]'' }} | taxon = Sciuridae | authority = [[Johann Fischer von Waldheim|Fischer de Waldheim]], 1817 | type_genus = ''[[Sciurus]]'' | type_genus_authority = [[ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱥ|Linnaeus]], 1758 | subdivision_ranks = ᱡᱚᱜᱚ-ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱚ | subdivision = * ᱡᱚᱜᱚ-ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ [[Ratufinae]] * ᱡᱚᱜᱚ-ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ [[Sciurillinae]] * ᱡᱚᱜᱚ-ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ [[Sciurinae]] ** ᱜᱩᱴ [[Sciurini]] ** ᱜᱩᱴ [[Pteromyini]] * ᱡᱚᱜᱚ-ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ [[Callosciurinae]] ** ᱜᱩᱴ [[Callosciurini]] ** ᱜᱩᱴ [[Funambulini]] * ᱡᱚᱜᱚ-ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ [[Xerinae]] ** ᱜᱩᱴ [[Xerini]] ** ᱜᱩᱴ [[Protoxerini]] ** ᱜᱩᱴ [[Marmotini]] | range_map = File:Sciuridae distribution.png | range_map_caption = Sciuridae ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱱᱚᱠᱥᱟ }} '''ᱛᱩᱲ''' (ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ-'''Sciuridae)''' ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱥᱮ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱢᱟᱯ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱜᱩᱰᱩ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ [[tree squirrel|ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱩᱲ]], [[ground squirrel|ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱛᱩᱲ]] (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ [[chipmunk|ᱪᱤᱯᱢᱟᱝᱠ]] ᱟᱨ [[prairie dog|ᱯᱨᱮᱨᱤ ᱰᱚᱜᱽ]] ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ), ᱟᱨ [[flying squirrel|ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱩᱲ]] ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱞ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ, ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ [[introduced species|ᱤᱫᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ]] ᱾<ref name=Seebeck>{{cite web|last=Seebeck|first=J. H.|title=Sciuridae|url=http://www.scarysquirrel.org/vacation/australia/fauna.pdf|work=Fauna of Australia|access-date=2013-11-24|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150117031835/http://www.scarysquirrel.org/vacation/australia/fauna.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2015}}</ref> ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱵᱽᱼᱡᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱭᱚᱥᱮᱱ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱰᱩ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱫᱚ [[mountain beaver|ᱢᱟᱶᱴᱮᱱ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨ]] ᱟᱨ [[dormouse|ᱰᱳᱨᱢᱟᱣᱩᱥ]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kay |first1=Emily H. |last2=Hoekstra |first2=Hopi E. |date=20 May 2008 |title=Rodents |journal=Current Biology |volume=18 |issue=10 |pages=R406–R410 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2008.03.019 |pmid=18492466 |bibcode=2008CBio...18.R406K |issn=0960-9822}}</ref> == ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ == ''ᱥᱠᱩᱣᱟᱨᱮᱞ (Squirrel'') ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱑᱓᱒᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱮᱝᱜᱽᱞᱳ-ᱱᱳᱨᱢᱟᱱ {{lang|xno|esquirel}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱳᱞᱰ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ {{lang|fro|escureil}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="OED1933_squirrel">{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Squirrel|encyclopedia=[[Oxford English Dictionary]]|year=1933|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.120833/page/n368/mode/1up |via=[[Internet Archive]]|publisher=The Clarendon Press |publication-place=Oxford, UK |edition=1 Corrected re-issue |volume=10 (Sole–Sz) |page=749 |language=en}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱛᱤᱱ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ {{lang|la|sciurus}} ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref name="OED1933_squirrel"/> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱱᱥᱤᱭᱮᱱᱴ ᱜᱽᱨᱤᱠ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ {{lang|grc|σκίουρος}} ({{transliteration|grc|skiouros}}; {{lang|grc|σκιᾱ́}} ('ᱩᱢᱩᱞ') ᱟᱨ {{lang|grc|οὐᱨᾱ́}} ('ᱪᱟᱭᱞᱚᱢ') ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="OED1933_squirrel"/> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱷᱚᱱᱚ ᱪᱟᱭᱞᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia =[[The Oxford English Dictionary]] | title = squirrel, ''n''. | url = http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50235460 | access-date =8 November 2010 | edition = 2nd. | year = 1989 | publisher = Oxford University Press}}</ref>{{sfn|Whitaker|Elman|1980|p=370}} ''Sciurus'' ᱫᱚ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱱᱟᱥ (genera) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Whitaker|Elman|1980|p=370}} ᱛᱩᱲ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱳᱞᱰ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ {{lang|ang|ācweorna}} ᱫᱚ [[Middle English language|ᱢᱤᱰᱤᱞ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ]] ᱨᱮ {{lang|enm|aquerne}} ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref name="OED1913_aquerne">{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Aquerne|encyclopedia=[[Oxford English Dictionary]] |publisher=The Clarendon Press |publication-place=Oxford, UK |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.99992/page/n460/mode/1up |via=[[Internet Archive]] |year=1913 |volume=1 (A–B) |edition=1 Corrected re-issue, 1970 reprint |page=422 |language=en}}</ref> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱳᱞᱰ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ [[Common Germanic|ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤᱠ]] ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ [[Germanic languages|ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ - [[German language|ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱ]] {{lang|de|Eichhörnchen}}; [[Norwegian language|ᱱᱚᱨᱣᱮᱡᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] {{lang|no|ikorn}}/{{lang|no|ekorn}}; [[Dutch language|ᱰᱟᱪ]] {{lang|nl|eekhoorn}}; [[Swedish language|ᱥᱩᱭᱰᱤᱥ]] {{lang|sv|ekorre}} ᱟᱨ [[Danish language|ᱰᱮᱱᱤᱥ]] {{lang|da|egern}} ᱾ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ [[Terms of venery|ᱜᱩᱴ]] ᱫᱚ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ "ᱰᱨᱟᱭ"<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lipton|first=James|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AVNazQEACAAJ|title=An Exaltation of Larks|date=1991|publisher=Viking|isbn=978-0-670-30044-0|language=en}}</ref> ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ "ᱥᱠᱚᱨᱤ" ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>''Universe in Your Pocket'' by Joel Levy, published by Barnes & Noble, Inc.</ref> == ᱜᱩᱱ ᱠᱚ == [[File:Sciurus carolinensis -British Columbia, Canada-8.jpg|left|thumb|ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱱᱩᱭ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱮ ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱟᱬᱜᱚ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾]] [[File:Ratufa skull.JPG|thumb|left|ᱢᱤᱫ [[Oriental giant squirrel|ᱳᱨᱤᱭᱮᱱᱴᱟᱞ ᱡᱟᱭન્ટ ᱛᱩᱲ]] (ᱡᱮᱱᱟᱥ ''Ratufa'') ᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ—ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱜ [[zygomatic arch|ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱳᱢᱮᱴᱤᱠ]] ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ [[sciuromorphous]] ᱨᱩᱯ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ ᱾]] ᱛᱩᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱛᱮ [[African pygmy squirrel|ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱤᱜᱽᱢᱤ ᱛᱩᱲ]] ᱟᱨ [[least pygmy squirrel|ᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱤᱜᱽᱢᱤ ᱛᱩᱲ]] ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱛᱮ ᱑᱐-᱑᱔ ᱥᱮ.ᱢᱤ. ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱑᱒-᱒᱖ ᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ,<ref name=Kingdon1997>{{cite book | author=Kingdon, J. | author-link=Jonathan Kingdon | year=1997 | title=The Kingdon Guide to African Mammals | publisher=Academic Press Limited, London | isbn=0-12-408355-2 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/kingdonfieldguid00jona }}</ref><ref name=Payne1998>{{cite book| author1=Payne, J. | author2=C.F. Francis | year=1998 | title=A Field Guide to the Mammals of Borneo | url=https://archive.org/details/fieldguidetomamm0000payn | page=[https://archive.org/details/fieldguidetomamm0000payn/page/243 243] | publisher=The Sabah Society | edition=3 | isbn=967-99947-1-6 }}</ref> ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱮ [[Bhutan giant flying squirrel|ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱭન્ટ ᱯᱷᱞᱟᱭᱤᱝ ᱛᱩᱲ]] ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱑.᱒᱗ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Choudhury2002>{{cite journal | author=Choudhury, A. | year=2002 | title=Petaurista nobilis singhei: First record in India and a note on its taxonomy | journal=The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society | volume=99 | issue=1 | pages=30–34 }}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ [[marmot|ᱢᱟᱨᱢᱚᱴ]] ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱘ ᱠᱤᱞᱳ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Krystufek2013>{{cite journal | author1=Kryštufek, B. | author2=B. Vohralík | year=2013 | title=Taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic rodents (Rodentia). Part 2. Sciuridae: Urocitellus, Marmota and Sciurotamias | journal=Lynx, N. S. (Praha) | volume=44 | pages=27–138 }}</ref><ref name=Armitage2002>{{cite book | author1=Armitage, K.B. | author2=Blumstein, D.T. | year=2002 | chapter=Body-mass diversity in marmots. Holarctic marmots as a factor of biodiversity | editor1=K.B. Armitage | editor2=V.Yu. Rumiantsev | title=Holarctic Marmots as a Factor of Biodiversity | publisher=ABF Publishing House | pages=22–32 }}</ref> ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱱᱦᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱭᱞᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱴᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ, ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ [[fur|ᱩᱵ]] ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱳᱴᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>[http://www.wildlifeonline.me.uk/squirrels.html Tree Squirrels], ''Wildlife Online'', 23 November 2010.</ref> ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱡᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱡᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱩᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[thumb|ᱵᱩᱲᱷᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱩᱵ]] ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱤ (pads) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ<ref name=EoM>Milton (1984)</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ [[claw|ᱨᱟᱢᱟ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱟᱨ [[tree climbing|ᱫᱮᱡᱚᱜ]] ᱨᱮ ᱟᱞᱜᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://animals.howstuffworks.com/mammals/squirrel-info.htm|title=Rodents|date=22 April 2008|publisher=How Stuff Works|access-date=30 December 2016}}</ref> ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱣᱟ ᱧᱩ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ, [[Tree squirrels|ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱩᱲ]] ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱬᱜᱚ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱛᱷᱚᱯᱟ ᱑᱘᱐ ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱛᱟ ᱩᱞᱴᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|last1=Thorington|first1=Richard W.|last2=Koprowski|first2=John L.|last3=Steele|first3=Michael A.|last4=Whatton|first4=James F.|year=2012|page=[https://archive.org/details/squirrelsofworld0000unse/page/8 8]|title=Squirrels of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/squirrelsofworld0000unse|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=978-1-4214-0469-1}}</ref> === ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ === ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ [[Visual perception|ᱧᱮᱞ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ]] ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱴᱮᱫ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭᱟ, ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ [[whiskers|ᱜᱩᱪᱩ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=EoM /> ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱰᱩ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ [[incisor|ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ]] (ᱜᱮᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱩᱨ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱤᱫᱤᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱞ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢᱩᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ $ \frac{1.0.1.3}{1.0.1.3} $ ᱾<ref>''The Beginning of the Age of Mammals'' Kenneth D. Rose (2006) {{ISBN|978-0-801-88472-6}} p. 326</ref> === ᱪᱟᱭᱞᱚᱢ === ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱭᱞᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nutsaboutsquirrels.com/1695/why-do-squirrels-have-bushy-tails/|title=Why do squirrels have bushy tails? &#124; Nuts About Squirrels|access-date=2026-05-02|archive-date=2023-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324041200/http://www.nutsaboutsquirrels.com/1695/why-do-squirrels-have-bushy-tails/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ, ᱦᱚᱭ, ᱵᱟᱝᱢᱟ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱾ * ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱡ, ᱪᱟᱭᱞᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱠᱩᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱟᱲᱮᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱾ * ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱡ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱹᱢᱩᱫ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱾ * ᱫᱚᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱡ [[parachute|ᱯᱮᱨᱟᱥᱩᱴ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱾ * ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱝᱢᱟ ᱤᱥᱟᱨᱟ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱾ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱪᱟᱭᱞᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱵ ᱫᱚ [[fishing flies|ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ]] ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=Genova |first=Cosmo |date=2022-01-11 |title=How to Preserve a Squirrel Pelt For Fly Tying |url=https://www.fieldandstream.com/fishing/preserve-squirrel-pelt-fly-tying/ |access-date=2024-06-01 |website=Field & Stream |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ᱛᱩᱲ ᱩᱵ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱱᱦᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱚᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book |last=Valla |first=Mike |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0AVDDQAAQBAJ&dq=%22squirrel+tail%22+%22guard+hair%22&pg=PA45 |title=Tying and Fishing Bucktails and Other Hair Wings: Atlantic Salmon Flies to Steelhead Flies |date=2016-09-05 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-8117-6532-9 |language=en}}</ref> ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱫᱩᱲᱩᱵ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱡ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱭᱞᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱞᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱸᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱚᱥᱚᱞ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ == ᱛᱩᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ [[rainforest|ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱵᱤᱨ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[desert|ᱛᱮᱛᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱚᱛ]] ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ, ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱲ [[Polar regions of Earth|ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ]] ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱵᱟᱹᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱚᱛ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ [[herbivorous|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱡᱚᱢ]] ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱞᱤ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱫᱚ [[insects|ᱛᱤᱡᱩ-ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱤ]] ᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="squirrels">[http://www.squirrels.org/faq.html Squirrel Place] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227025300/http://www.squirrels.org/faq.html |date=27 December 2010 }}. squirrels.org. Retrieved 14 December 2010.</ref> ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱕ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱑᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|last1=Thorington|first1=Richard W.|last2=Koprowski|first2=John L.|last3=Steele|first3=Michael A.|last4=Whatton|first4=James F.|year=2012|page=[https://archive.org/details/squirrelsofworld0000unse/page/12 12]|title=Squirrels of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/squirrelsofworld0000unse|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=978-1-4214-0469-1}}</ref> ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱡ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱩᱠᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱸᱜᱟᱛ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱭ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ ᱴᱷᱤᱠ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱱᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[wildlife rehabilitator|ᱵᱤᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ]] ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.squirrel-rehab.org/|title=Squirrel Rehab|access-date=19 August 2017}}</ref> ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱮᱞ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩ ᱛᱮ [[animal euthanasia|ᱜᱚᱡ]] ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ <gallery widths="200px" heights="200px"> File:Squirrel enjoying in the sun.jpg|ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱩᱲ File:Squirrel in Chandigarh.jpg|[[ᱪᱚᱱᱰᱤᱜᱚᱲ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱩᱲ File:Squirrel near Chandigarh.jpg|ᱪᱚᱱᱰᱤᱜᱚᱲ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱩᱲ File:Squirrel on mango tree.jpg|[[ᱩᱞ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱩᱲ </gallery> == ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ == [[File:Baby of squirrel.jpg|thumb|upright|ᱛᱩᱲ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ [[wikt:kit#Etymology_2|kits]] ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ]] ᱛᱩᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱟᱯᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭ ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[gestation|ᱜᱚᱨᱵᱷᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ]] ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱮᱞ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱵ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ, ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱬᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ, ᱮᱸᱜᱟᱛ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ [[weaning|ᱛᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱜᱚᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ, ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=EoM /> ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ [[Diurnality|ᱥᱤᱸᱜᱮ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ]] ᱥᱮ [[crepuscular|ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ-ᱥᱤᱢᱨᱟᱹ]] ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱩᱦᱩᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ,<ref name=MassWild>{{cite web|title=Red & Gray Squirrels in Massachusetts|url=http://www.mass.gov/dfwele/dfw/wildlife/living/living_with_squirrels.htm|work=MassWildlife|publisher=Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife|access-date=3 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517191120/http://www.mass.gov/dfwele/dfw/wildlife/living/living_with_squirrels.htm|archive-date=17 May 2013}}</ref> ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱫᱚ [[Nocturnality|ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ]] ᱠᱚ ᱪᱩᱦᱩᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ— ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱛᱚᱣᱟ ᱧᱩ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱸᱜᱟᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱰᱩᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal | last=Törmälä | first=Timo | author2=Vuorinen, Hannu | author3=Hokkanen, Heikki | year=1980 | title=Timing of circadian activity in the flying squirrel in central Finland | journal=Acta Theriologica | volume=25 | issue=32–42 | pages=461–474 | doi=10.4098/at.arch.80-42 | doi-access=free |issn = 0001-7051 }}</ref> ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱵᱮᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱲ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱤᱛᱤᱡ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|last=McNamee|first=Kai|url=https://www.npr.org/2023/06/29/1185092056/squirrels-splooting-heat-wave-climate-change|title=The heat is making squirrels 'sploot' — a goofy act that signals something serious|publisher=[[NPR]]|date=June 29, 2023|access-date=August 8, 2023}}</ref> ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱰᱩ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ, ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱞ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Andersson Krebs 1978 pp. 707–711">{{cite journal | last1=Andersson | first1=Malte | last2=Krebs | first2=John | title=On the evolution of hoarding behaviour | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_animal-behaviour_1978-08_26_3/page/707 | journal=Animal Behaviour | volume=26 | year=1978 | issn=0003-3472 | doi=10.1016/0003-3472(78)90137-9 | pages=707–711| bibcode=1978AnBeh..26..707A | s2cid=53154232 }}</ref> ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ-ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ᱛᱩᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ, ᱵᱷᱩᱜᱟᱹᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱞᱤ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱠᱩ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal | last1=HADJ-CHIKH | first1=LEILA Z. | last2=STEELE | first2=MICHAEL A. | last3=SMALLWOOD | first3=PETER D. | title=Caching decisions by grey squirrels: a test of the handling time and perishability hypotheses | journal=Animal Behaviour | volume=52 | issue=5 | year=1996 | issn=0003-3472 | doi=10.1006/anbe.1996.0242 | pages=941–948| bibcode=1996AnBeh..52..941H | doi-access=free }}</ref> ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱚᱫᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱱᱠᱟ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱣ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ, ᱥᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱜᱚᱡᱟ ᱩᱰᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name ="mould">{{cite journal | last1=Xiao | first1=Zhishu | last2=Gao | first2=Xu | last3=Zhang | first3=Zhibin | title=The combined effects of seed perishability and seed size on hoarding decisions by Pére David's rock squirrels | journal=Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology | volume=67 | issue=7 | date=2013-04-05 | issn=0340-5443 | doi=10.1007/s00265-013-1531-8 | pages=1067–1075| bibcode=2013BEcoS..67.1067X | s2cid=253815798 }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱩᱲ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ, ᱜᱩᱞᱤ ᱡᱚ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱸᱭᱮ (mushrooms) ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name ="mould"/> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮᱭᱟᱠᱚ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[Cyclobalanopsis]], ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱤᱲᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱝᱢᱟ ᱧᱩᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱞᱤ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱡᱟ ᱩᱰᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣ ᱟ ᱾<ref name="fix nut">{{cite journal | last1=Xu | first1=Han | last2=Xia | first2=Lian | last3=Spence | first3=John R | last4=Lin | first4=Mingxian | last5=Lu | first5=Chunyang | last6=Li | first6=Yanpeng | last7=Chen | first7=Jie | last8=Luo | first8=Tushou | last9=Li | first9=Yide | last10=Fang | first10=Suqin | title=Flying squirrels use a mortise-tenon structure to fix nuts on understory twigs | journal=eLife | volume=12 | date=2023-06-13 | article-number=e84967 | issn=2050-084X | doi=10.7554/elife.84967| pmid=37309191 | pmc=10328505 | doi-access=free }}</ref> ᱵᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱩᱲ, [[particolored flying squirrel]] ᱟᱨ [[Hainan flying squirrel]] ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱩᱞᱤ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱫᱟᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱢᱤᱥᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ 'ᱢᱚᱨᱴᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽ-ᱴᱮᱱᱚᱱ ᱡᱚᱭᱮᱱᱴ' ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="fix nut"/> === ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ === [[File:Squirrel, Manyara National Park, Tanzania (2010).jpg|thumb|right|[[Tanzania|ᱛᱟᱱᱡᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Manyara National Park|ᱢᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱨᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱡᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ]] [[File:Squirrel in Seurasaari autumn.JPG|thumb|right|[[Finland|ᱯᱷᱤᱱᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Helsinki|ᱦᱮᱞᱥᱤᱝᱠᱤ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Seurasaari]] ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ [[Red squirrel|ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱛᱩᱲ]] ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱣᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>Merja Laavola: Eläinten elintasosairaudet näkyvät Seurasaaressa. Vartti Etelä-Helsinki, Sanoma Kaupunkilehdet, 2010. (in Finnish)</ref>]] [[File:Squirrel eating pumpkin seeds.webm|thumb|thumbtime=0|ᱛᱩᱲ ᱫᱚ [[pumpkin|ᱠᱩᱢᱰᱟᱹ]] ᱡᱟᱝ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾]] ᱛᱩᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱩᱞᱳᱡᱽ (cellulose) ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ [[protein|ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱤᱱ]], [[carbohydrates|ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱳᱦᱟᱭᱰᱨᱮᱴᱥ]] ᱟᱨ [[fat|ᱪᱚᱨᱵᱤ]] ᱛᱮ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ-ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ᱱᱤᱨᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ [[Hoarding (animal behavior)|ᱩᱠᱩ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ]] ᱜᱩᱞᱤ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱡᱟ ᱩᱰᱩᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵᱚᱜᱼᱟ (ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ), ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱛᱩᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ (buds) ᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ [[herbivores|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱡᱚᱢ]] ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ-ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ, ᱜᱩᱞᱤ ᱡᱚ, ᱡᱟᱝ, ᱠᱳᱱ, ᱡᱚ, ᱠᱟᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="squirrels" /><ref>{{cite news |website=[[bbc.co.uk]] |access-date=13 July 2018 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/4489792.stm |title=Russian squirrel pack 'kills dog' |date=1 December 2005}}</ref> ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ [[bird|ᱪᱮᱬᱮ]], ᱵᱤᱧ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ, ᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱩᱰᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ-ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>Richard W. Thorington, Katie Ferrell – [https://books.google.com/books?id=Y7cuEWCWpLMC&pg=PA75 ''Squirrels: the animal answer guide''], JHU Press, 2006, {{ISBN|0-8018-8402-0}}, {{ISBN|978-0-8018-8402-3}}, p. 75.</ref> ᱯᱟᱨᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ, ᱛᱩᱲ ᱦᱚᱸ [[synanthropes]] ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱢᱮᱱᱫᱚ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱮᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ 'ᱥᱤᱱᱼᱟᱨᱵᱟᱱᱟᱭᱡᱮᱥᱚᱱ' (synurbanization) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱫᱽ ᱠᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="peim">{{cite journal |last1=Peiman |first1=Kathryn |title=Sublethal consequences of urban life for wild vertebrates |journal=Environmental Reviews |date=June 2016 |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=416–425 |doi=10.1139/er-2016-0029|bibcode=2016EnvRv..24..416B |hdl=1807/74036 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[New York City|ᱱᱤᱣ ᱭᱚᱨᱠ ᱥᱤᱴᱤ]] ᱨᱮ [[Industrial Revolution|ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱜᱟᱲ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ]] ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱫ ᱪᱟᱵᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱱᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ, ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱚᱯᱟᱜᱚᱜᱼᱟ (ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ- ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱜᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ), ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱸᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱨᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱦᱤᱝᱥᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱸᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ [[thirteen-lined ground squirrel]] ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal | last=Friggens | first=M. | title=Carnivory on Desert Cottontails by Texas Antelope Ground Squirrels | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_southwestern-naturalist_2002-03_47_1/page/132 | jstor=3672818 | journal=The Southwestern Naturalist | volume=47 | issue=1 | pages=132–133 | year=2002 | doi=10.2307/3672818| bibcode=2002SWNat..47..132F }}</ref> ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ, ᱑᱙᱒᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱟᱨᱰ ᱵᱮᱭᱞᱤ (Bernard Bailey) ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱮᱞ-ᱯᱮ ᱜᱟᱨ ᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱛᱩᱲ (thirteen-lined ground squirrel) ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱢ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱸᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal | last=Bailey | first=B. | title=Meat-eating propensities of some rodents of Minnesota | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-mammalogy_1923-05_4_2/page/129 | journal=Journal of Mammalogy | volume=4 | issue= 2| page=129 | year=1923 | doi = 10.1093/jmammal/4.2.129 }}</ref> ᱣᱤᱥᱴᱨᱮᱱᱰ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱵᱤᱧ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal | last=Wistrand | first=E.H. | title=Predation on a Snake by ''Spermophilus tridecemlineatus'' | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-midland-naturalist_1972-10_88_2/page/511 | jstor=2424389 | journal=American Midland Naturalist | volume=88 | issue=2 | pages=511–512 | year=1972 | doi=10.2307/2424389}}</ref> ᱚᱠᱟ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱡ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱟᱸᱥ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱸᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ: ᱒᱐᱐environment᱕ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ [[Lazo, Russia|ᱨᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱡᱳ]] ᱨᱮ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ [[dog|ᱥᱮᱛᱟ]] ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="bbcn">{{cite news |title=Russian Squirrel Pack Kills Dog |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/4489792.stm |website=BBC News |date=December 2005 |access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref> ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="bbc2">{{cite news |title=Cornwall squirrel 'pack' attacks boy, three |work=BBC News |date=14 July 2016 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-cornwall-36792959 |access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref><ref name="atl1">{{cite web |last1=Lafrance |first1=Adrienne |title=When Squirrels Attack – A cautionary tale |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2017/06/when-squirrels-attack/531129/ |website=The Atlantic |date=21 June 2017 |access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref> ᱣᱤᱴᱮᱠᱚᱨ ᱑᱓᱙ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱮᱞ-ᱯᱮ ᱜᱟᱨ ᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱛᱩᱲ (thirteen-lined ground squirrels) ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱡ ᱮ ᱵᱤᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱚ-ᱪᱟᱭᱞᱚᱢ [[shrew|ᱪᱩᱸᱫᱽ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ; ᱵᱨᱮᱰᱞᱤ (Bradley) ᱖᱐᱙ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ [[white-tailed antelope squirrel|ᱯᱩᱸᱰ-ᱪᱟᱭᱞᱚᱢ ᱮᱱᱴᱤᱞᱳᱯ ᱛᱩᱲ]] ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱡ ᱮ ᱵᱤᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱑᱐% ᱛᱩᱲ ᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱡ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ [[lizard|ᱪᱮᱨᱚ]] ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱰᱩ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal | last=Whitaker | first=J.O. | title=Food and external parasites of ''Spermophilus tridecemlineatus'' in Vigo County, Indiana | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-mammalogy_1972-08_53_3/page/644 | jstor=1379067 | journal=Journal of Mammalogy | volume=53 | issue=3 | pages=644–648 | year=1972 | doi=10.2307/1379067}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Bradley | first=W. G. | title=Food habits of the antelope ground squirrel in southern Nevada | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-mammalogy_1968-02_49_1/page/14 | jstor=1377723 | journal=Journal of Mammalogy | volume=49 | issue=1 | pages=14–21 | doi=10.2307/1377723 | year=1968}}</ref> ᱢᱳᱨᱜᱟᱨᱴ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ-ᱪᱟᱭᱞᱚᱢ ᱮᱱᱴᱤᱞᱳᱯ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ [[Perognathus flavus|ᱥᱤᱞᱠᱤ ᱯᱚᱠᱮᱴ ᱪᱩᱸᱫᱽ]] ᱥᱟᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal | last=Morgart | first=J. R. | title=Carnivorous behavior by a white-tailed antelope ground squirrel ''Ammospermophilus leucurus'' | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_southwestern-naturalist_1985-05-31_30_2/page/304 | jstor=3670745 | journal=The Southwestern Naturalist | volume=30 | issue=2 | pages=304–305 | doi=10.2307/3670745 |date=May 1985| bibcode=1985SWNat..30..304M }}</ref> == ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱵᱤᱱᱭᱟᱥ == [[File:One squirrel open mouth.jpg|thumb|[[Cleveland Museum of Art|ᱠᱞᱤᱵᱽᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱟᱨᱴ]] ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ [[fox squirrel|ᱯᱷᱚᱠᱥ ᱛᱩᱲ]] (''Sciurus niger'')]] [[File:Taiwanrisu-2009.ogv|thumb|[[Japan|ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱩᱲ (''Callosciurus erythraeus thaiwanensis'')]] [[File:Prevostova vjeverica u Zagrebu.2.jpg|thumb|[[Croatia|ᱠᱨᱳᱣᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Zagreb Zoo|ᱡᱟᱜᱽᱨᱮᱵᱽ ᱪᱤᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹᱠᱷᱟᱱᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱮ-ᱨᱚᱝ ᱟᱱ [[Prevost's Squirrel|ᱯᱨᱮᱵᱷᱳᱥᱴ ᱛᱩᱲ]] (''Callosciurus prevostii'')]] ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱡᱤᱣᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ [[subfamilies|ᱩᱯ-ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ]] (subfamilies) ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱕᱘ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ [[genera|ᱜᱚᱱ]] (genera) ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱠᱟᱹ ᱒᱘᱕ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ [[species|ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ]] (species) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Wilson, D.E. |author2=Reeder, D.M. | title=Class Mammalia Linnaeus, 1758. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness | journal=Zootaxa| volume=3148| year=2011| pages=56–60|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.3148.1.9 | url=http://mapress.com/zootaxa/2011/f/zt03148p060.pdf}}</ref> ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ (fossil), ''Hesperopetes'', ᱫᱚ [[Chadronian]] ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ (ᱞᱮᱴ [[Eocene|ᱤᱭᱳᱥᱤᱱ]], ᱟᱭᱠᱟᱹ ᱔᱐–᱓᱕ [[million years ago|ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ]]), ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨᱤᱱ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Emry | first1 = R. J. | last2 = Korth | first2 = W. W. | title = A new genus of squirrel (Rodentia, Sciuridae) from the mid-Cenozoic of North America | journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology | volume = 27 | issue = 3 | pages = 693–698 | year = 2007 | doi = 10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[693:ANGOSR]2.0.CO;2 | s2cid = 85847849 }}</ref> ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱤᱭᱳᱥᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[Miocene|ᱢᱟᱭᱳᱥᱤᱱ]] ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱡᱤᱣᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ "ᱟᱹᱫᱤ-ᱛᱩᱲ" ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ (ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱮ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨᱤᱱ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ) ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱯᱲᱟᱢ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ, ᱛᱩᱲ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name = tolweb>Steppan & Hamm (2006)</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ (fossil) ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ, ᱡᱤᱣᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ [[phylogeny|ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱵᱤᱨᱛᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ]] (phylogeny) ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ: [[Ratufinae]] (Oriental giant squirrels), Sciurillinae ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱩᱯ-ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱾ Ratufinae ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ [[Asia|ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱣᱮᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ [[South America|ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱤᱱ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Neotropical Pygmy Squirrel|ᱱᱤᱭᱳᱴᱨᱳᱯᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱯᱤᱜᱽᱢᱤ ᱛᱩᱲ]] ᱫᱚ Sciurillinae ᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱡᱤᱣᱮᱫ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱚᱬ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱩᱫᱤᱥ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱯᱲᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ [[evolutionary radiation|ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ]] ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ; ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ [[Eurasia|ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱛᱚᱵᱮ [[Africa|ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name = tolweb /> ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱩᱯ-ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ: [[Callosciurinae]], ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱖᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ [[South East Asia|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ; [[Ratufinae]], ᱔ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱯᱩᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[South Asia|ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱤᱱ]] ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ; [[Sciurinae]], ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ [[flying squirrel|ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱩᱲ]] (Pteromyini) ᱟᱨ [[Sciurini|ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱩᱲ]] ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱘᱓ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ;<ref>Steppan, S. J. B. L. Storz, and R. S. Hoffmann. 2004. [http://www.bio.fsu.edu/~steppan/Steppan_et_al_Sciuridae.pdf Nuclear DNA phylogeny of the squirrels (Mammalia: Rodentia) and the evolution of arboreality from c-myc and RAG1]. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 30:703-719.</ref> [[Sciurillinae]], ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱤᱱ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ; ᱟᱨ [[Xerinae]], ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ [[Tribe (biology)|ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ]] (tribes) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[Marmotini]] ([[marmot|ᱢᱟᱨᱢᱳᱴ]], [[chipmunk|ᱪᱤᱯᱢᱟᱝᱠ]], [[prairie dog|ᱯᱨᱮᱭᱨᱤ ᱰᱚᱜᱽ]], ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱛᱩᱲ), [[Xerini]] (ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱛᱩᱲ), ᱟᱨ [[Protoxerini]] (ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱩᱲ) ᱾ === ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱵᱤᱱᱭᱟᱥ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ === * [[Basal (evolution)|ᱵᱮᱥᱟᱞ]] ᱟᱨ ''[[incertae sedis]]'' Sciuridae (ᱡᱚᱛᱚ [[fossil|ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ]]) ** ''[[Hesperopetes]]'' ** ''[[Kherem (genus)|Kherem]]'' ** ''[[Lagrivea]]'' ** ''[[Oligosciurus]]'' ** ''[[Plesiosciurus]]'' ** ''[[Prospermophilus]]'' ** ''[[Sciurion]]'' ** ''[[Similisciurus]]'' ** ''[[Sinotamias]]'' ** ''[[Vulcanisciurus]]'' * ᱩᱯ-ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ [[Cedromurinae]] (ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ) * ᱩᱯ-ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ [[Ratufinae]] – ᱳᱨᱤᱭᱮᱱᱴᱟᱞ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱩᱲ (᱑ ᱜᱚᱱ, ᱔ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ) * ᱩᱯ-ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ [[Sciurillinae]] – ᱱᱤᱭᱳᱴᱨᱳᱯᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱯᱤᱜᱽᱢᱤ ᱛᱩᱲ ([[monotypic|ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱟᱱ]]) * ᱩᱯ-ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ [[Sciurinae]] ** ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ [[Sciurini]] – ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱩᱲ (᱕ ᱜᱚᱱ, ᱟᱭᱠᱟᱹ ᱓᱘ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ) ** ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ [[Pteromyini]] – ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱩᱲ (᱑᱕ ᱜᱚᱱ, ᱟᱭᱠᱟᱹ ᱔᱕ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ) * ᱩᱯ-ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ [[Callosciurinae]] – ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱟᱱ ᱛᱩᱲ ** ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ [[Callosciurini]] (᱑᱓ ᱜᱚᱱ, ᱟᱭᱠᱟᱹ ᱖᱐ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ) ** ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ [[Funambulini]] ᱛᱟᱞᱮ ᱛᱩᱲ/ᱜᱟᱨ ᱟᱱ ᱛᱩᱲ (᱑ ᱜᱚᱱ, ᱕ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ) * ᱩᱯ-ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ [[Xerinae]] – ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱛᱩᱲ ** ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ [[Xerini]] – ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱢ ᱟᱱ ᱛᱩᱲ (᱓ ᱜᱚᱱ, ᱖ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ) ** ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ [[Protoxerini]] (᱖ ᱜᱚᱱ, ᱟᱭᱠᱟᱹ ᱕᱐ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ) ** ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ [[Marmotini]] – ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱛᱩᱲ, ᱢᱟᱨᱢᱳᱴ, ᱪᱤᱯᱢᱟᱝᱠ, ᱯᱨᱮᱭᱨᱤ ᱰᱚᱜᱽ, ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ (᱖ ᱜᱚᱱ, ᱟᱭᱠᱟᱹ ᱙᱐ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ) == ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ == == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ == {{Portal|Mammals}} * ᱛᱩᱲ ᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ [[Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease]] ([[Kuru (disease)|ᱠᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ]]) ᱾<ref>{{cite news |last1=Blakeslee |first1=Sandra |title=Kentucky Doctors Warn Against a Regional Dish: Squirrels' Brains |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/29/us/kentucky-doctors-warn-against-a-regional-dish-squirrels-brains.html |access-date=18 April 2019 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=29 August 1997}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.livescience.com/63831-squirrel-brains-rare-disorder-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.html |title=Man Dies from Extremely Rare Disease After Eating Squirrel Brains |first1=Rachael |last1=Rettner |date=October 15, 2018 |publisher=[[LiveScience]] |access-date=April 9, 2022}}</ref> {{Anchor|Notes|reason="Notes" is the old section name, which was changed to "References" on 6 June 2018}} == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist|30em}} {{Anchor|References|reason="References" is the old section name, which was changed to "Further reading" on 6 June 2018}} == ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱠᱚ == * {{cite book| last1 = Whitaker | first1= John O. Jr. |last2= Elman|first2=Robert|date=1980|title=The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Mammals| url = https://archive.org/details/audubonsocietyfi0000whit |edition=2nd|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf, Jr.| location = New York|isbn=0-394-50762-2}} == ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱢᱮ == * Milton, Katherine (1984): "Family Sciuridae". In: Macdonald, D. (ed.): ''The Encyclopedia of Mammals'': 612–623. Facts on File, New York. {{ISBN|0-87196-871-1}}. * Steppan, Scott J. and Hamm, Shawn M. (2006): [[Tree of Life Web Project]] – [http://tolweb.org/Sciuridae/16456/2006.05.13 "Sciuridae (Squirrels)"]. Version of 13 May 2006. Retrieved 10 December 2007. * {{Cite journal | last1 = Steppan | first1 = S. J. | last2 = Storz | first2 = B. L. | last3 = Hoffmann | first3 = R. S. | doi = 10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00204-5 | title = Nuclear DNA phylogeny of the squirrels (Mammalia: Rodentia) and the evolution of arboreality from c-myc and RAG1 | url = https://archive.org/details/molecular-phylogenetics-and-evolution_2004-03_30_3/page/703 | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 30 | issue = 3 | pages = 703–719 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15012949| bibcode = 2004MolPE..30..703S }} * Thorington, R.W. and Hoffmann, R.S. (2005): "Family Sciuridae". In: ''Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference'': 754–818. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{Commons|Sciuridae}} {{Wikispecies|Sciuridae}} {{Wiktionary|squirrel}} * {{wikiquote-inline}} * [http://tolweb.org/Sciuridae/16456 ᱴᱨᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱯᱷ: Sciuridae] * [http://northernbushcraft.com/animalTracks/squirrel/notes.htm ᱛᱩᱲ ᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ]: ᱵᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070614105921/http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/squirrel.html ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱡᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131206211135/http://squirrels.org/names.html ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ] {{Rodents}} {{S. Ratufinae-Sciurillinae nav}} {{S. Callosciurinae nav}} {{S. Sciurinae1 nav}} {{S. Sciurinae2 nav}} {{S. Xerinae nav}} {{Marmotini nav}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q9482}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:ᱛᱩᱲ| ]] [[Category:Sciuromorpha]] [[Category:ᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱭᱳ ᱠᱞᱤᱯ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:Extant Eocene first appearances]] [[Category:Rodents by common name]] [[Category:Taxa named by Gotthelf Fischer von Waldheim]] ar5tww5j7qsdv9ucomvyau31enuuvcz 0 35852 196457 191721 2026-08-12T16:56:15Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196457 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition (new) | name = ᱡᱚᱱᱰᱤᱥ | synonyms = ᱤᱠᱴᱮᱨᱟᱥ<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Ziebert M | chapter = Jaundice | veditors = Torre DM, Lamb GC, van Ruiswyk J, Schapira RM |title=Kochar's Clinical Medicine for Students |date=2009 |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=978-0-7817-6699-9 |page=101 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=S0Jz_3WEPYMC&pg=PA101 |language=en}}</ref> | image = Jaundice08.jpg | caption = ᱯᱮᱱᱠᱨᱤᱭᱟᱴᱤᱠ ᱠᱮᱱᱥᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱟᱨᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱱᱰᱤᱥ | field = ᱜᱟᱥᱴᱨᱳᱮᱱᱴᱮᱨᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤ, ᱦᱮᱯᱟᱴᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤ, ᱥᱮᱱᱮᱨᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱨᱡᱟᱨᱤ | pronounce = {{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|ɔː|n|d|ᱤ|ᱥ}} {{respell|JAWN|diss}} | symptoms = ᱦᱟᱨᱛᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ᱢᱮᱫ]] ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ, ᱵᱟᱵᱟ<ref name=Bas2015/><ref name=NIH2016/> | complications = | onset = | duration = | causes = [[ᱦᱟᱭᱯᱟᱨᱵᱤᱞᱤᱨᱩᱵᱤᱱᱮᱢᱤᱭᱟ|ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱨᱩᱵᱤᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨᱚᱜ]]<ref name=NIH2016/> | risks = [[ᱯᱮᱱᱠᱨᱤᱭᱟᱴᱤᱠ ᱠᱮᱱᱥᱚᱨ]], [[ᱯᱮᱱᱠᱨᱤᱭᱟᱴᱟᱭᱴᱤᱥ]], [[ᱞᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ]], ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱥᱟᱶᱷᱟ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ | diagnosis = ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱨᱩᱵᱤᱱ, [[ᱞᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱯᱮᱱᱮᱞ]]<ref name=NIH2016/> | differential = [[ᱠᱮᱨᱳᱴᱤᱱᱮᱢᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱨᱤᱯᱷᱟᱢᱯᱤᱱ]] ᱡᱚᱢ<ref name=Rog2004/> | prevention = | treatment = ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ<ref name=Fer2014/> | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = | deaths = }} '''ᱡᱚᱱᱰᱤᱥ''', ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ '''ᱤᱠᱴᱮᱨᱟᱥ''' ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ-ᱟ, ᱦᱟᱨᱛᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱨᱩᱵᱤᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ-ᱟ᱾<ref name="NIH2016">{{cite web |title=Jaundice |date=25 June 2025 |url=https://medlineplus.gov/jaundice.html|publisher=MedlinePlus, US National Library of Medicine|access-date=24 October 2025}}</ref><ref name="But2012">{{cite book| vauthors = Buttaro TM, Trybulski JA, Polgar-Bailey P, Sandberg-Cook J |title=Primary Care: A Collaborative Practice|date=2012|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-323-07585-5|page=690|edition=4th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YBcHR-wQOWQC&pg=PA690|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908204555/https://books.google.com/books?id=YBcHR-wQOWQC&pg=PA690|archive-date=2017-09-08}}</ref> ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱡᱚᱱᱰᱤᱥ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱦᱤᱢ ᱢᱮᱴᱟᱵᱳᱞᱤᱡᱚᱢ, ᱞᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡᱚᱜ, ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟᱨᱤ ᱴᱨᱟᱠᱴ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ᱾<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Al-Tubaikh JA |date=2017 |title= Internal Medicine|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-39747-4|isbn=978-3-319-39746-7}}</ref> ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱡᱚᱱᱰᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ-ᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱡᱚᱱᱰᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱘᱐% ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱨᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾<ref name="Kap2017">{{cite book |doi=10.1016/b978-0-323-35214-7.00097-4 |chapter=Hereditary Contribution to Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia |title=Fetal and Neonatal Physiology |date=2017 |last1=Kaplan |first1=Michael |last2=Hammerman |first2=Cathy |pages=933–942.e3 |isbn=978-0-323-35214-7 }}</ref> ᱡᱚᱱᱰᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ,<ref name="Bas2015">{{cite journal|vauthors=Bassari R, Koea JB|date=February 2015|title=Jaundice associated {{sic|hide=y|pruritis}}: a review of pathophysiology and treatment|journal=World Journal of Gastroenterology|volume=21|issue=5|pages=1404–1413|doi=10.3748/wjg.v21.i5.1404|pmc=4316083|pmid=25663760 |doi-access=free }}</ref> ᱯᱟᱸᱰᱩ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱤᱡ, ᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱹᱲᱷᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱨᱩᱵ᱾<ref name="Rog2004" /> ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱨᱩᱵᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱵᱷᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱑.᱐ mg/dl (᱑᱗ μmol/L) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱒-᱓ mg/dl (᱓᱔-᱕᱑ μmol/L) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱱᱰᱤᱥ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ-ᱟ᱾<ref name=Rog2004>{{cite book | vauthors = Roger J |title=Oxford Textbook of Primary Medical Care|date=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-856782-0|page=758|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2LB0PC17uFsC&pg=PA758|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170908204555/https://books.google.com/books?id=2LB0PC17uFsC&pg=PA758|archive-date=2017-09-08}}</ref><ref name=CMAJ2015/> ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱨᱩᱵᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ: ᱟᱱᱠᱚᱱᱡᱩᱜᱮᱴᱮᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱱᱡᱩᱜᱮᱴᱮᱰ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱨᱩᱵᱤᱱ᱾<ref name=Win2011>{{cite journal | vauthors = Winger J, Michelfelder A | title = Diagnostic approach to the patient with jaundice | journal = Primary Care | volume = 38 | issue = 3 | pages = viii, 469–482 | date = September 2011 | pmid = 21872092 | doi = 10.1016/j.pop.2011.05.004 }}</ref> ᱡᱚᱱᱰᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾<ref name=Win2011/> ᱟᱱᱠᱚᱱᱡᱩᱜᱮᱴᱮᱰ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱨᱩᱵᱤᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱥᱮᱞ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫᱚᱜ, ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱟᱢᱪᱟᱣ, ᱜᱤᱞᱵᱟᱨᱴ ᱥᱤᱱᱰᱨᱳᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱦᱟᱞᱚᱛ, ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ, ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱡᱚᱱᱰᱤᱥ, ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱨᱳᱭᱮᱰ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾<ref name=Rog2004/><ref name=Win2011/> ᱠᱚᱱᱡᱩᱜᱮᱴᱮᱰ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱨᱩᱵᱤᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱤᱨᱳᱥᱤᱥ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱮᱯᱟᱴᱟᱭᱴᱤᱥ, ᱥᱟᱶᱷᱟ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ, ᱨᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ, ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱰᱟᱠᱴ ᱮᱥᱮᱫᱚᱜ<ref name=Rog2004/> ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱞᱥᱴᱳᱱ, ᱠᱮᱱᱥᱚᱨ, ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱮᱱᱠᱨᱤᱭᱟᱴᱟᱭᱴᱤᱥ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾<ref name=Rog2004/> ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱞᱚᱛ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱟᱨᱛᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱱᱰᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱮᱨᱳᱴᱤᱱᱮᱢᱤᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱳᱴᱤᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ-ᱟ — ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱤᱯᱷᱟᱢᱯᱤᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ᱾<ref name="Rog2004" /> ᱡᱚᱱᱰᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹᱣᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾<ref name=Fer2014/> ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱵᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱰᱟᱠᱴ ᱮᱥᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱥᱟᱨᱡᱟᱨᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ; ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱢᱮᱰᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱡᱽᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ᱾<ref name=Fer2014/> ᱢᱮᱰᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱡᱽᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱷᱟ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱤᱠᱟᱹᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱱᱰᱤᱥ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱚᱪᱚᱭᱮᱫ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾<ref name=Fer2014>{{cite book | vauthors = Ferri FF |title= Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2015: 5 Books in 1 |date= 2014 |publisher= Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn= 978-0-323-08430-7 |page= 672 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=icTsAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA672 |language= en |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170908204555/https://books.google.com/books?id=icTsAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA672 |archive-date= 2017-09-08 }}</ref> ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱱᱰᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱳᱴᱳᱛᱷᱮᱨᱟᱯᱤ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱮᱠᱥᱪᱮᱸᱡᱽ ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥᱯᱷᱤᱭᱩᱡᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱴᱤᱠᱟᱹᱥ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱨᱩᱵᱤᱱ ᱔-᱒᱑ mg/dl (᱖᱘-᱓᱖᱕ μmol/L) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾<ref name=CMAJ2015>{{cite journal | vauthors = Maisels MJ | title = Managing the jaundiced newborn: a persistent challenge | journal = CMAJ | volume = 187 | issue = 5 | pages = 335–343 | date = March 2015 | pmid = 25384650 | pmc = 4361106 | doi = 10.1503/cmaj.122117 }}</ref> ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱚᱞᱵᱞᱮᱰᱟᱨ ᱰᱨᱮᱱᱤᱝ, ᱟᱨᱥᱳᱰᱤᱭᱳᱠᱥᱤᱠᱳᱞᱤᱠ ᱮᱥᱤᱰ, ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱞᱴᱨᱮᱠᱥᱳᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱯᱤᱭᱚᱭᱮᱰ ᱮᱱᱴᱟᱜᱳᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾<ref name=Bas2015/> 'ᱡᱚᱱᱰᱤᱥ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ [[ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ''[[wikt:jaune#French|jaunisse]]'' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ 'ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ'᱾<ref>{{cite book |title= Dr. Chase's Family Physician, Farrier, Bee-keeper, and Second Receipt Book: Being an Entirely New and Complete Treatise ... |date= 1873 |publisher= Chase Publishing Company |page= 542 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=bC7iAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA542 |language= en |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170908204555/https://books.google.com/books?id=bC7iAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA542 |archive-date= 2017-09-08 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1016/b978-1-4377-0774-8.10017-x |chapter=Jaundice |title=Pediatric Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease |date=2011 |last1=Sullivan |first1=Kara M. |last2=Gourley |first2=Glenn R. |pages=176–186.e3 |isbn=978-1-4377-0774-8 }}</ref> == ᱮᱦᱚᱵᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ == [[File:Jaundice.jpg|thumb|[[ᱡᱤ᱖ᱯᱤᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ|G6PD ᱠᱚᱢ]] ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱢᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱫ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ]] ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱡᱚᱱᱰᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ (ᱥᱠᱞᱮᱨᱟ) ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱨᱛᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gondal B, Aronsohn A | title = A Systematic Approach to Patients with Jaundice | journal = Seminars in Interventional Radiology | volume = 33 | issue = 4 | pages = 253–258 | date = December 2016 | pmid = 27904243 | pmc = 5088098 | doi = 10.1055/s-0036-1592331 }}</ref> ᱥᱠᱞᱮᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱠᱴᱮᱨᱟᱥ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱨᱩᱵᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱵᱷᱮᱞ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱓ mg/dl ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱹᱲᱷᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱨᱩᱵ (ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱨᱩᱵᱤᱱᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟ) ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱸᱰᱩ (ᱮᱠᱳᱞᱤᱭᱟ) ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱤᱡ (ᱥᱴᱤᱭᱟᱴᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟ) ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Goroll AH |title= Primary care medicine: office evaluation and management of the adult patient |date= 2009 |publisher= Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |location= Philadelphia |isbn= 978-0-7817-7513-7 |page= 496 |edition= 6th |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=bIZvJPcSEXMC&pg=PA496 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170908204555/https://books.google.com/books?id=bIZvJPcSEXMC&pg=PA496 |archive-date= 2017-09-08 }}</ref> ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱨᱩᱵᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱚᱪᱚᱭᱟᱭ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱰᱤᱥ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱩᱨ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ-ᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = James WD |title=Andrews' diseases of the skin: clinical dermatology| url = https://archive.org/details/andrewsdiseaseso0000jame_10ed |date=2006|publisher=Saunders Elsevier|others=Berger, Timothy G.; Elston, Dirk M.; Odom, Richard B.|isbn=0-7216-2921-0|edition=10th|location=Philadelphia|oclc=62736861}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bassari R, Koea JB | title = Jaundice associated pruritis: a review of pathophysiology and treatment | journal = World Journal of Gastroenterology | volume = 21 | issue = 5 | pages = 1404–1413 | date = February 2015 | pmid = 25663760 | pmc = 4316083 | doi = 10.3748/wjg.v21.i5.1404 | doi-access = free }}</ref> ᱢᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱱᱡᱚᱝᱠᱴᱤᱵᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱨᱩᱵᱤᱱ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱞᱟᱥᱴᱤᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ, ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱨᱩᱵᱤᱱ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱠᱞᱮᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝᱚᱜ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱠᱞᱮᱨᱟᱞ ᱤᱠᱴᱮᱨᱟᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱷᱤᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱨᱩᱵᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱠᱞᱮᱨᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱱᱡᱚᱝᱠᱴᱤᱵᱷᱟᱞ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ, "ᱢᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ" ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱱᱡᱚᱝᱠᱴᱤᱵᱷᱟᱞ ᱤᱠᱴᱮᱨᱟᱥ᱾<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = McGee SR |title=Evidence-Based Physical Diagnosis |date=2018 |publisher=Elsevier |location=Philadelphia |isbn=978-0-323-39276-1 |pages=59–68 |edition=4th |chapter=Jaundice}}</ref> ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱛᱟ ᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱡᱚᱱᱰᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱮᱞᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱠᱞᱮᱨᱟ, ᱛᱤ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱟ, ᱡᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱪᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱡ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱞᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱤᱠ ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱡ ᱵᱤᱱᱤᱰ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱢᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite web |author1=Malone Mukwende |title=Mind the Gap: A handbook of clinical signs in Black and Brown skin |url=https://sgul.figshare.com/articles/online_resource/Mind_the_Gap_A_handbook_of_clinical_signs_in_Black_and_Brown_skin/12769988 |website=St George's University of London |date=2020 |doi=10.24376/rd.sgul.12769988.v1 |access-date=2025-05-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Ferdinand |first=Joshua |title=Recognising Clinical Signs and Symptoms on Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic (BAME) Skin Types |journal=Atomic Academia |date=2024 |doi=10.62594/LTHW5053}}</ref> ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱰᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ᱾ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ, ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱨᱩᱵᱤᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡᱚᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱨᱩᱵᱤᱱ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Neville BW |title=Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology |publisher=Elsevier |year=2012 |isbn=978-981-4371-07-0 |edition=3rd |location=Singapore |page=798 }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱞᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱱᱡᱩᱜᱮᱴᱮᱰ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱨᱩᱵᱤᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱱᱟᱢᱮᱞ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ (ᱰᱮᱱᱴᱟᱞ ᱦᱟᱭᱯᱳᱯᱞᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟ)᱾<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Amin SB, Karp JM, Benzley LP | title = Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia and early childhood caries in a diverse group of neonates | journal = American Journal of Perinatology | volume = 27 | issue = 5 | pages = 393–397 | date = May 2010 | pmid = 20013583 | pmc = 3264945 | doi = 10.1055/s-0029-1243314 }}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱟᱡᱟᱨ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ]] hggs152llqoynegphdne2vbhscyf0c6 0 35854 196481 196403 2026-08-12T17:12:47Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196481 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Paolo_Monti_-_Serie_fotografica_-_BEIC_6341398.jpg|thumb|ᱵᱩᱜᱤ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱹᱭᱡᱩ ᱾ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱺ [[Paolo Monti]] ᱾]] [[ᱨᱮᱫ:'Religious_melancholia_and_convalescence'_Wellcome_L0022597.jpg|thumb|''‘ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱢᱮᱞᱟᱱᱠᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱩᱜᱤ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ’'']] '''ᱵᱩᱜᱤ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ''' ([[ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱸᱜᱨᱮᱡᱤ]]; Convalescence) ᱫᱚ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱞ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ [[ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ]] ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱛᱟᱹᱯᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱵᱤᱵᱚᱨᱚᱱ == ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ-ᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱡ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾<ref name="Cole_1947">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cole WH, Keeton RW, Calloway NO, Glickman N, Mitchell HH, Dyniewicz J, Howes D |date=October 1947 |title=Studies in Postoperative Convalescence |journal=Annals of Surgery |volume=126 |issue=4 |pages=592–609 |doi=10.1097/00000658-194710000-00017 |pmc=1803419 |pmid=17859018}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱛᱮ "ᱵᱩᱜᱤ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ" ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱫ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱚᱯᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ,<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Bisgaard T, Kehlet H, Rosenberg J |date=February 2001 |title=Pain and convalescence after laparoscopic cholecystectomy |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_european-journal-of-surgery-acta-chirurgica_2001-02_167_2/page/84 |journal=The European Journal of Surgery = Acta Chirurgica |volume=167 |issue=2 |pages=84–96 |doi=10.1080/110241501750070510 |pmid=11266262}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Laplace |date=February 1946 |title=Convalescence from surgical procedures. I. Studies of the circulation lying and standing, of tremor, and of a program of bed exercises and early rising |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-heart-journal_1946-02_31_2/page/249 |journal=American Heart Journal |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=249 |doi=10.1016/0002-8703(46)90635-7}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱰᱟᱠᱛᱚᱨ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱪᱮᱠ-ᱟᱯ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Tui C, Wright AM, Mulholland JH, Carabba V, Barcham I, Vinci VJ |date=July 1944 |title=Studies on Surgical Convalescence I-Sources of Nitrogen Loss Postgastrectomy and Effect of High Amino-Acid and High Caloric Intake on Convalescence |journal=Annals of Surgery |volume=120 |issue=1 |pages=99–122 |doi=10.1097/00000658-194407000-00013 |pmc=1617881 |pmid=17858477}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/doing-month-confinement-and-convalescence-chinese-women-after-childbirth-1978-barbara-lk|title='Doing the Month': Confinement and Convalescence of Chinese Women After Childbirth|year=1978|first=Barbara L.K.|last=Pillsbury|name-list-style=vanc|encyclopedia=The Embryo Project Encyclopedia|volume=12|issue=1B|pages=11–22|pmid=565536|access-date=2018-07-12|archive-date=2018-07-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712184641/https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/doing-month-confinement-and-convalescence-chinese-women-after-childbirth-1978-barbara-lk|url-status=dead}}</ref> ᱵᱩᱜᱤ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱛᱤᱠᱪᱷᱟᱹ ᱜᱟᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱴᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱮᱯ. ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2015-10-23 |title=Transitional Convalescent Facilities (TCF): a pilot alternative rehabilitation programme for patients who require a longer term of rehabilitation |url=https://academic.oup.com/gerontologist/article-abstract/55/Suppl_2/719/2489541?redirectedFrom=fulltext |journal=The Gerontologist |language=en |volume=55 |issue=Suppl_2 |pages=719 |doi=10.1093/geront/gnv358.02 |url-access=subscription |doi-access=free}}</ref> ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ, ᱵᱩᱜᱤ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧ ᱜᱟᱯᱟ ᱫᱚ, ᱟᱥᱯᱟᱛᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱰ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱱᱟᱴ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱛᱤᱠᱪᱷᱟᱹ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱩᱜᱤ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book|last=Francis|first=Gavin|title=Recovery : the lost art of convalescence|url=https://archive.org/details/recoveryonlostar0000gavi|date=2022|isbn=978-1-80081-048-8|location=London|oclc=1285689647}}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == * {{Wiktionary-inline|convalescence}} {{Authority control}} sz484jsmqjctjjocst3m2uvbza4ptmm 0 35868 196635 191718 2026-08-12T19:52:23Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196635 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization | name = ᱟᱢᱨᱮᱯᱷ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ | formation = ᱑᱙᱕᱗ | logo = l | image = | type = | registration_id = | founder = [[ᱟᱨᱪᱤᱵᱟᱞᱰ ᱢᱮᱠᱤᱱᱰᱳ]]<br />[[ᱥᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱭᱠᱮᱞ ᱣᱩᱰ]]<br />ᱴᱚᱢ ᱨᱤᱥ | location = ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱟᱹᱯᱤᱥ: ᱱᱟᱭᱨᱳᱵᱤ, <br />ᱠᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ | origins = ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ | region_served = ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ | revenue = $᱒᱕᱕ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ | endowment = | num_volunteers = ᱐ | num_employees = ᱒᱑᱐᱐ | num_members = ᱑᱒ | owner = | leader_title = ᱜᱽᱨᱩᱯ ᱪᱤᱯᱷ ᱮᱠᱡᱤᱠᱭᱩᱴᱤᱵᱽ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥᱚᱨ | leader_name = [[ᱜᱤᱛᱷᱤᱧᱡᱤ ᱜᱤᱛᱟᱦᱤ]] | former_name = ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱰᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱤᱥᱟᱨᱪ ᱯᱷᱟᱣᱩᱱᱰᱮᱥᱚᱱ (AMREF) | dissolved = | website = {{URL|amref.org}} | footnotes = }} '''ᱟᱢᱨᱮᱯᱷ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ''' ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱱ-ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱤᱵᱮᱥ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱱ-ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hamze |first=Hasan |last2=Mengiste |first2=Asrat |last3=Carter |first3=Jane |date=2017 |title=The impact and cost-effectiveness of the Amref Health Africa-Smile Train Cleft Lip and Palate Surgical Repair Programme in Eastern and Central Africa |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2017.28.35.10344 |journal=Pan African Medical Journal |volume=28 |doi=10.11604/pamj.2017.28.35.10344 |issn=1937-8688|pmc=5697937 }}</ref> == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == [[Image:Cessna 402B 5H-MOJ Wilson 26.04.73 edited-3.jpg|thumb|right|᱑᱙᱗᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱭᱨᱳᱵᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣᱜ ᱰᱚᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Cessna 402]]B]] ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣᱜ ᱰᱚᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱟᱢᱨᱮᱯᱷ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱕᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱪᱤᱵᱟᱞᱰ ᱢᱮᱠᱤᱱᱰᱳ, ᱥᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱭᱠᱮᱞ ᱣᱩᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱨ. ᱛᱷᱚᱢᱟᱥ ᱰᱤ. ᱨᱤᱥ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>Saxon, Wolfgang (1987, May 20) "Dr Michael Wood, a Founder of East Africa Flying Doctors" ''The New York Times.'' https://www.nytimes.com/1987/05/20/obituaries/dr-michael-wood-a-founder-of-east-africa-flying-doctors.html</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rees |first=Thomas D |title=Daktari: A Surgeon’s Adventure’s with the Flying Doctors of East Africa |url=https://archive.org/details/daktari0000thom |publisher=Sunstone Press |year=2002 |isbn=9780865343894 |location=Santa Fe |pages=[https://archive.org/details/daktari0000thom/page/13 13]}}</ref> ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱑᱙᱗᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">Nyambegera, Stephen Morangi; Gicheru, Caroline Njambi (2016). “''Extrinsic and Intrinsic Factors Influencing Employee Motivation: Lessons from AMREF Health Africa in Kenya''”. International Journal of Business and Social Research (Volume 6, Issue 9)</ref> ᱑᱙᱘᱐ ᱟᱨ ᱙᱐ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱢᱨᱮᱯᱷ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱟᱭ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱡᱮᱱᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱱᱡᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ, ᱠᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱜᱟᱱᱰᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱢᱟᱰᱮᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱳᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ HIV/AIDS ᱴᱷᱟᱠᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱡᱳᱨ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":1" /> ᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱐ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱢᱨᱮᱯᱷ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱢᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱴᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱜᱮᱥᱟᱭ-ᱜᱮᱥᱟᱭ ᱞᱩᱴᱤ ᱠᱮᱪᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱯᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> ᱗ ᱚᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱒᱐᱒᱕ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱢᱨᱮᱯᱷ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱮᱢᱵᱩᱞᱮᱱᱥ ᱠᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱭᱟᱢᱵᱩ ᱡᱤᱞᱞᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱩᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱖ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news |last=Komu |first=Nicholas |date=7 August 2025 |title=At least 6 killed in air ambulance crash just outside Kenya’s capital |url=https://apnews.com/article/kenya-helicopter-crash-2fe1954ac9013b1f68ac89798c733c4c |access-date=8 August 2025 |work=AP News}}</ref> == ''ᱫᱟ ᱯᱷᱞᱟᱭᱤᱝ ᱰᱚᱠᱴᱚᱨᱥ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱥᱴ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ'' (ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ) == ᱑᱙᱖᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱢᱨᱮᱯᱷ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱣᱮᱨᱱᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱡᱳᱜᱽ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱰᱚᱠᱩᱢᱮᱱᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ''ᱫᱟ ᱯᱷᱞᱟᱭᱤᱝ ᱰᱚᱠᱴᱚᱨᱥ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱥᱴ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ'' ᱾<ref>Alcalá Anguiano, Fabiola (2024-11-20) "Biographies in the Cinematic Realism Of Werner Herzog. Discourse for Remembering and Thinking about the Present" ''Encartes'', (Volume 6, Number 12). 113-136. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.29340/en.v6n12.280</nowiki></ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱭ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>Cronin, Paul (2014) "Werner Herzog: A Guide for the Perplexed". Faber and Faber. {{ISBN|978-0571336067}}</ref> == ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱢᱮ == [[File:McIndoe statue, East Grinstead.jpg|thumb|[[ᱤᱥᱴ ᱜᱽᱨᱤᱱᱥᱴᱮᱰ]] ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱪᱤᱵᱟᱞᱰ ᱢᱮᱠᱤᱱᱰᱳ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ]] *ᱨᱤᱥ, ᱛᱷᱚᱢᱟᱥ ᱰᱤ (᱒᱐᱐᱒) ᱾ ''Daktari: A Surgeons Adventures with the Flying Doctors of East Africa'' ᱾ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟ ᱯᱷᱮ: ᱥᱟᱱᱥᱴᱳᱱ ᱯᱨᱮᱥ ᱾ {{ISBN|9780865343894}} == ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ == ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Leadership |url=https://amref.org/our-leadership/ |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=Amref Health Africa |language=en-GB}}</ref> * ᱜᱨᱩᱯ ᱪᱤᱯᱷ ᱮᱠᱡᱤᱠᱭᱩᱴᱤᱵᱽ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥᱚᱨ: ᱜᱤᱛᱷᱤᱧᱡᱤ ᱜᱤᱛᱟᱦᱤ,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Leadership |url=https://amref.org/our-leadership/ |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=Amref Health Africa |language=en-GB}}</ref> * ᱜᱨᱩᱯ ᱪᱤᱯᱷ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱱᱟᱱᱥ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ: ᱡᱮᱱᱤᱯᱷᱟᱨ ᱯᱮᱝ * ᱜᱽᱨᱩᱯ ᱦᱭᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱯᱤᱴᱟᱞ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ: ᱟᱱᱡᱮᱞᱟ ᱢᱩᱪᱤᱨᱩ * ᱠᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ: ᱱᱫᱤᱨᱟᱝᱜᱩ ᱣᱟᱧᱡᱩᱠᱤ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == * [https://books.google.com/books?id=QS8cApKgFBoC Daktari: A Surgeon's Adventures with the Flying Doctors of East Africa] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱵᱤᱱ-ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ]] eb2329kqvrhps6y1s3jbt65njbaalg0 0 35874 196620 191728 2026-08-12T19:24:29Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196620 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition (new) | name = ᱰᱤᱯᱨᱮᱥᱚ | image = A man diagnosed as suffering from melancholia with strong su Wellcome L0026693.jpg | caption = ᱑᱘᱙᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱹᱲᱤᱥ (melancholia) ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱡᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱟ | alt = | field = [[ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱰᱚᱠᱴᱚᱨ|ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱟᱭᱴᱨᱤ]], [[ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ]] | symptoms = ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱹᱲᱤᱥ, ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱲᱤᱥ, ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ | complications = | onset = | duration = | causes = ᱢᱚᱞᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱢᱤᱥᱴᱨᱤ, ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱴᱤᱠᱥ, ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ, ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱟᱱᱟᱴ, ᱜᱩᱱ-ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ<ref name="clevelandclinic">{{cite web |publisher=Cleveland Clinic |title=Depression|date=2022 |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9290-depression|access-date=9 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260428054959/https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9290-depression |archive-date=2026-04-28 |url-status=live}}</ref> | risks = ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱟᱱᱟᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱮᱫ<ref name="shrivastavaA">{{cite journal | vauthors = Shrivastava A, Bureau Y, Rewari N, Johnston M | title = Clinical risk of stigma and discrimination of mental illnesses: Need for objective assessment and quantification | journal = Indian Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 55 | issue = 2 | pages = 178–82 | date = April 2013 | pmid = 23825855 | pmc = 3696244 | doi = 10.4103/0019-5545.111459 | doi-access = free }}</ref> | diagnosis = ᱯᱮᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱠᱚᱥᱪᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱨ, ᱵᱮᱠ ᱰᱤᱯᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱤᱱᱵᱷᱮᱱᱴᱚᱨᱤ | differential = [[ᱪᱤᱱᱛᱟᱹ]], [[ᱵᱟᱭᱯᱳᱞᱟᱨ ᱰᱤᱥᱚᱨᱰᱚᱨ]], [[ᱵᱳᱨᱰᱟᱨᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱚᱱᱟᱞᱤᱴᱤ ᱰᱤᱥᱚᱨᱰᱚᱨ]] | prevention = ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ, ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ | treatment = [[ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱤᱞᱟᱹᱡᱽ|ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱳᱛᱷᱮᱨᱟᱯᱤ]], ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱳᱯᱷᱟᱨᱢᱟᱠᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤ | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = | deaths = }} '''ᱰᱤᱯᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ''' ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱹᱲᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱲᱤᱥ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016 |title= Depression Basics |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/depression|access-date=22 October 2020 |website=NIMH |archive-date=11 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130611091923/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/depression/complete-index.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> ᱒᱐᱒᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱽ ᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱓.᱕% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱒᱘᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Depression |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201226072232/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression |archive-date=26 December 2020 |access-date=7 April 2021 |website=[[ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ]] |language=en}}</ref> ᱰᱤᱯᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ, [[ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ]], [[ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽᱱᱟ]], ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = de Zwart PL, Jeronimus BF, de Jonge P | title = Empirical evidence for definitions of episode, remission, recovery, relapse and recurrence in depression: a systematic review | journal = Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences | volume = 28 | issue = 5 | pages = 544–562 | date = October 2019 | pmid = 29769159 | pmc = 7032752 | doi = 10.1017/S2045796018000227 | doi-access = free }}</ref> ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱩᱥᱤ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱫᱽᱜᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱟᱫ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Psychotherapy and counselling for depression|url=https://archive.org/details/psychotherapycou0000gilb| vauthors = Gilbert P |date=2007|publisher=Sage|isbn=978-1-84920-349-4|edition=3rd|location=Los Angeles|oclc=436076587}}</ref> ᱰᱤᱯᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱲᱤᱥ, ᱟᱥᱟ ᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ, ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱱᱟᱴ, ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱤᱫ ᱟᱱᱟᱴ (hypersomnia ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ insomnia), ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱰᱮᱦᱮᱨ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ, ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱟᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱡᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱤᱯᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱚᱣᱟᱱ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱰᱤᱯᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱢᱮᱡᱚᱨ ᱰᱤᱯᱨᱮᱥᱤᱵᱷ ᱰᱤᱥᱚᱨᱰᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱭᱯᱳᱞᱟᱨ ᱰᱤᱥᱚᱨᱰᱚᱨ ᱾<ref> {{cite book |title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) |author=American Psychiatric Association |year=2013 |publisher=American Psychiatric Association}} </ref> ᱰᱤᱯᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱤᱯᱷᱮᱠᱴ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== * {{Commons category-inline|Depression (mood)}} t38jujlhz9wigvgidnvghalh3izrfl6 0 35884 196553 191802 2026-08-12T18:16:17Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196553 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱨᱥ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ}} {{Infobox holiday |holiday_name = ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱱᱚᱨᱥ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ |type = |image = Nursing students.jpg |imagesize = |caption = ᱪᱮᱠ ᱱᱚᱨᱥᱤᱝ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ (᱒᱐᱐᱖) |official_name = |nickname = ICN |observedby = ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ |litcolor = |longtype = |significance = |firsttime = ᱑᱙᱖᱕ |ends = |date = ᱑᱒ ᱢᱮ |scheduling = ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ |duration = ᱑ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ |frequency = ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ |celebrations = |observances = |relatedto = }} '''ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱱᱚᱨᱥ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ''' ('''IND''') ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱑᱒ ᱢᱮ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ (ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱮᱱᱥ ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱤᱝᱜᱮᱞ ᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ) ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱨᱥ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱮᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|title=International Nurses Day |url=https://www.icn.ch/what-we-do/campaigns/international-nurses-day |publisher=International Council of Nurses |access-date=10 May 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130519044608/http://www.icn.ch/publications/international-nurses-day/ |archive-date=19 May 2013 }}</ref> == ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ == ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱨᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱠᱟᱣᱩᱱᱥᱤᱞ ᱚᱯ ᱱᱚᱨᱥᱮᱥ (ICN) ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱖᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱕᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ, ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱡᱽ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱰᱳᱨᱳᱛᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱫᱟᱨᱞᱮᱱᱰ, ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱰᱣᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱰᱤ. ᱟᱭᱤᱡᱮᱱᱦᱟᱣᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ "ᱱᱚᱨᱥ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ" ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ; ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱟᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱙᱗᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱑᱒ ᱢᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱨᱥᱤᱝ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱵᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱮᱱᱥ ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱤᱝᱜᱮᱞ ᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chung|first1=King-Thom|title=Women Pioneers of Medical Research: Biographies of 25 Outstanding Scientists. Chapter 2. Florence Nightingale (1820–1910). Founder of Modern Nursing|url=https://archive.org/details/womenpioneersofm0000chun|date=2009|publisher=McFarland|page=[https://archive.org/details/womenpioneersofm0000chun/page/16 16]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Florence Nightingale: the medical superstar|url=http://www.express.co.uk/expressyourself/170640/Florence-Nightingale-the-medical-superstar|publisher=Daily Express|date=12 May 2016}}</ref> ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱯᱤᱪᱷᱤ, ICN ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱱᱚᱨᱥ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱤᱴ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧᱟ ᱾<ref name="Kit" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱤᱴ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱥᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱡᱚᱝ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱱᱚᱨᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱙᱘ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱘ ᱢᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱱᱚᱨᱥᱤᱝ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱛᱷᱤᱢ ᱠᱚ == ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱱᱚᱨᱥ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱤᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ: {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ ! ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ !! ᱛᱷᱤᱢ !! ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ |- | 1988 || ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱦᱚᱲ (Safe Motherhood) || <ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=International Nurses Day |url=http://www.icn.ch/indkit_themes.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061209100339/http://www.icn.ch/indkit_themes.htm |archive-date=9 December 2006 |access-date=2 December 2006 |work=International Council of Nurses}}</ref> |- | 1989 || [[School nursing|ᱤᱛᱩᱱ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ]] || <ref name=":0" /> |- | 1990 || ᱱᱚᱨᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱦᱟᱣᱮᱫ (Nurses and Environment) || <ref name=":0" /> |- | 1991 || ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ – ᱱᱚᱨᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ || <ref name=":0" /> |- | 1992 || ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱦᱟᱲᱟᱢ ᱵᱚᱭᱚᱥ (Healthy Aging) || <ref name=":0" /> |- | 1993 || ᱜᱩᱱ, ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱨᱥᱤᱝ || <ref name=":0" /> |- | 1994 || ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ || <ref name=":0" /> |- | 1995 || ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ: ᱱᱚᱨᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ || <ref name=":0" /> |- | 1996 || [[Nursing research|ᱱᱚᱨᱥᱤᱝ ᱛᱷᱩᱛ]] ᱛᱩᱞᱩᱡ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ || <ref name=":0" /> |- | 1997 || ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱯᱤᱲᱦᱤ = ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱜᱟᱢ || <ref name=":0" /> |- | 1998 || ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ || <ref name=":0" /> |- | 1999 || ᱱᱚᱨᱥᱤᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ || <ref name=":0" /> |- | 2000 || ᱱᱚᱨᱥ – ᱡᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱭᱟ || <ref name=":0" /> |- | 2001 || ᱱᱚᱨᱥ, ᱡᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ: ᱦᱤᱸᱥᱟᱹ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱩᱱ || <ref name=":0" /> |- | 2002 || ᱱᱚᱨᱥ, ᱡᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ: ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ || <ref name=":0" /> |- | 2003 || ᱱᱚᱨᱥ: [[AIDS|ᱮᱰᱥ]] [[social stigma|ᱦᱤᱱᱟᱹᱱ]] ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ, ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ || <ref name=":0" /> |- | 2004 || ᱱᱚᱨᱥ: ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ; [[poverty reduction|ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱦᱟᱞᱟᱛ]] ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ || <ref name=":0" /> |- | 2005 || ᱨᱩᱜᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱨᱥ: [[counterfeit medicine|ᱱᱚᱠᱚᱞ ᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ || <ref name=":0" /> |- | 2006 || ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ || <ref name=":0" /> |- | 2007 || ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱟᱣᱮᱫ: ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ = ᱨᱩᱜᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ || |- | 2008 || ᱜᱩᱱᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱣᱟ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱥᱮᱣᱟ: [[Primary health care|ᱵᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱫᱤ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ]] ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱨᱥ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ || |- | 2009 || ᱜᱩᱱᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱣᱟ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱥᱮᱣᱟ: ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱨᱥ || |- | 2010 || ᱜᱩᱱᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱣᱟ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱥᱮᱣᱟ: ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱢᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱨᱥ ᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ || |- | 2011 || ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱟᱠ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱭ ᱢᱮ: ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨ ᱟᱨ [[equity (legal concept)|ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ]] ᱵᱷᱮᱡᱟᱣ || |- | 2012 || ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱟᱠ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱭ ᱢᱮ: [[evidence-based medicine|ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ || |- | 2013 || ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱟᱠ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱭ ᱢᱮ: [[Millennium Development Goals|ᱢᱤᱞᱮᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱰᱮᱵᱽᱞᱚᱯᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱜᱳᱞᱥ]] || |- | 2014 || ᱱᱚᱨᱥ: ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ – ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱢᱯᱚᱛᱤ || |- | 2015 || ᱱᱚᱨᱥ: ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ: ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ, ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ ᱥᱟᱥᱟ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ || |- | 2016 || ᱱᱚᱨᱥ: ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ: ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱰᱷᱟᱹᱪᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Resilience (organizational)|ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ]] || <ref name="Kit">{{Cite web|title=2016 – Nurses: A Force for Change: Improving health systems' resilience |url=http://www.icn.ch/publications/2016-nurses-a-force-for-change-improving-health-systems-resilience/ |website=www.icn.ch |access-date=9 February 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215223738/http://www.icn.ch/publications/2016-nurses-a-force-for-change-improving-health-systems-resilience/ |archive-date=15 February 2016 }}</ref> |- | 2017 || ᱱᱚᱨᱥ: ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ – [[Sustainable Development Goals|ᱥᱟᱥᱛᱮᱱᱮᱵᱚᱞ ᱰᱮᱵᱽᱞᱚᱯᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱜᱳᱞᱥ]] ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ || <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Nurses Day 2017 |url=https://www.icn.ch/international-nurses-day-2017 |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=ICN - International Council of Nurses |language=en}}</ref> |- | 2018 || ᱱᱚᱨᱥ: ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ – [[right to health|ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ]] ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ || <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Nurses Day 2018 |url=https://www.icn.ch/international-nurses-day-2018 |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=ICN - International Council of Nurses |language=en}}</ref> |- | 2019 || ᱱᱚᱨᱥ: ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ – ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ || <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Nurses Day 2019 |url=https://www.icn.ch/international-nurses-day-2019 |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=ICN - International Council of Nurses |language=en}}</ref> |- | 2020 || ᱱᱚᱨᱥ: ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ – ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱨᱥᱤᱝ || <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2020 |title=Happy international Nurses Day |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/11-05-2020-happy-international-nurses-day |access-date=16 January 2026 |website=WHO}}</ref> |- | 2021 || ᱱᱚᱨᱥ: ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ - ᱟᱜᱟᱢ [[Healthcare|ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱮᱱᱮᱞ || <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Nurses Day 2021 |url=https://www.icn.ch/international-nurses-day-2021 |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=ICN - International Council of Nurses |language=en}}</ref> |- | 2022 || ᱱᱚᱨᱥ: ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱟᱹᱜᱩᱭ ᱯᱮ (Make a Difference) || <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Nurses Day 2022 |url=https://www.icn.ch/international-nurses-day-2022 |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=ICN - International Council of Nurses |language=en}}</ref> |- | 2023 || ᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱱᱚᱨᱥ, ᱟᱞᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱜᱟᱢ || <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Nurses Day 2023 |url=https://www.icn.ch/international-nurses-day-2023 |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=ICN - International Council of Nurses |language=en}}</ref> |- | 2024 || ᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱱᱚᱨᱥ, ᱟᱞᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱜᱟᱢ: ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ || <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Nurses Day 2024 |url=https://www.icn.ch/how-we-do-it/campaigns/international-nurses-day/international-nurses-day-2024 |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=ICN - International Council of Nurses |language=en}}</ref> |- | 2025 || ᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱱᱚᱨᱥ, ᱟᱞᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱜᱟᱢ: ᱱᱚᱨᱥ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ || <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Nurses Day |url=https://www.icn.ch/how-we-do-it/campaigns/international-nurses-day |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=ICN - International Council of Nurses |language=en}}</ref> |} == ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ == === ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ === ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱠᱷᱲᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱨᱥ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱫᱟ ᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱮᱫ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱨᱥᱤᱝ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱟᱹ ᱪᱟᱞ ᱟᱠᱷᱲᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2020 |title=International Nurses Day 2020 |url=https://www.health.gov.au/ministers/the-hon-greg-hunt-mp/media/international-nurses-day-2020 |access-date=16 January 2026 |website=health.gov.au}}</ref> === ᱪᱤᱱ === ᱒᱐᱐᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱝᱥᱤ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱭᱤᱪᱩᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱕᱐᱐᱐ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱨᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|title=International Nurses Day – china.org.cn |url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/health/210571.htm |website=www.china.org.cn |access-date=9 February 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515061437/http://www.china.org.cn/english/health/210571.htm |archive-date=15 May 2015 }}</ref> === ᱟᱭᱟᱨᱞᱮᱱᱰ === ᱒᱐᱑᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ᱱᱚᱨᱥ ᱡᱚᱵᱽᱥ ᱟᱭᱟᱨᱞᱮᱱᱰ (ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱭᱨᱤᱥ ᱱᱚᱨᱥ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱞ ᱮᱡᱮᱱᱥᱤ) ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱖-᱑᱒ ᱢᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱱᱚᱨᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱤᱣᱴᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱮᱥᱵᱩᱠ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱤᱡᱤᱴᱟᱞ ᱯᱞᱟᱴᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱨᱥ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱤᱥᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣ ''ᱥᱮᱞᱤᱵᱨᱮᱴ ᱱᱚᱨᱥᱮᱥ'' ᱣᱮᱵᱽᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱞᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱤ-ᱵᱩᱠ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱟᱨᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱥᱯᱟᱛᱟᱞ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=Clinton |first=Orlaith |date=10 May 2020 |title=International Nurses Day to be marked with special 'shine a light' tribute |url=https://www.belfastlive.co.uk/news/belfast-news/international-nurses-day-marked-special-18228714 |access-date=16 January 2026 |website=belfastlive}}</ref> === ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱟᱯᱩᱨ === ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱟᱯᱩᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱑ ᱟᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱱᱚᱨᱥ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_499_2004-12-30.html|title=Nurses Day {{!}} Infopedia|last=Singapore|first=National Library Board|website=eresources.nlb.gov.sg|access-date=2017-08-01}}</ref> ᱑᱘᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱡ, ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱟᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱤᱲ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱥᱯᱟᱛᱟᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱰᱟᱠᱛᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱨᱥ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱸᱴ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱱᱵᱷᱮᱱᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱫᱟ ᱦᱳᱞᱤ ᱤᱱᱯᱷᱮᱱᱴ ᱡᱤᱥᱟᱥ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ ᱱᱟᱱ (nuns) ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱨᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱩᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱮᱡ ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱟᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱸᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑ ᱟᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱑᱘᱘᱕ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱟᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱨᱥᱤᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱮᱡ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱱᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱣᱩᱴᱨᱟᱢ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱯᱳᱭ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱨᱟᱞ ᱦᱟᱥᱯᱟᱛᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱨᱥᱤᱝ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book |title=More than a calling : nursing in Singapore since 1885. |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9971885743 |date=1997 |publisher=Ministry of Health |others=Singapore. Ministry of Health |isbn=9971-88-574-3 |location=Singapore |oclc=222309929}}</ref> === ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ === ᱒᱐᱐᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱟᱨᱥ (SARS) ᱵᱮᱢᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱪᱮᱱ ᱥᱩᱭ-ᱵᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱱᱚᱨᱥ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱥᱯᱟᱛᱟᱞ ᱮ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱨᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱓ ᱱᱚᱨᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱢᱮᱰᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱨᱥ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱤ ᱟᱞᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱪᱟᱞ ᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱥᱯᱟᱛᱟᱞ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱨᱩᱜᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱧᱟᱯᱟᱢ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱢᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|title=President Chen Inspects the Quarantine Wards of Taipei Veterans General Hospital |url=https://english.president.gov.tw/NEWS/220 |website=Office of the [[President of Taiwan]] |date=12 May 2003 |access-date=29 May 2018 }}</ref> [[File:05.12 總統出席「106年國際護師節聯合慶祝大會」，與傑出護理人員獲獎者一同合影 (34608299625).jpg|thumb|ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱤᱝ-ᱵᱮᱱ, ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱡᱽ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ, ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱱᱚᱨᱥ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ]] === ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ === ᱑᱙᱙᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱑ ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱱᱚᱨᱥ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ {{lang|th|ᱣᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱟᱵᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱭᱮᱝ ᱪᱟᱴ}} (Wan Phayaban Haeng Chat) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱥᱨᱤᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨᱤᱱᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱔ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱑᱙᱙᱐ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱟᱸᱜᱚᱪ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cabinet.soc.go.th/soc/Program2-3.jsp?top_serl=119564|title=เรื่อง วันพยาบาลแห่งชาติ|work=Secretariat of the Cabinet website|language=th|access-date=1 June 2019|archive-date=1 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801211014/http://www.cabinet.soc.go.th/soc/Program2-3.jsp?top_serl=119564|url-status=dead}}</ref> === ᱭᱩᱱᱟᱭᱴᱮᱰ ᱠᱤᱝᱰᱚᱢ === ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱯᱤᱪᱷᱤ [[ᱞᱚᱱᱰᱚᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱣᱮᱥᱴᱢᱤᱱᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱮᱵᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱠᱷᱲᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱠᱷᱲᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱮᱵᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱨᱥ ᱪᱮᱯᱮᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱵᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱨᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱨᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱪᱟᱞ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱤᱱ (Dean) ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱯᱮᱱᱰᱮᱞ (High Altar) ᱨᱮᱭ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱾{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}} === ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱟ (ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱱᱚᱨᱥᱤᱝ ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟ) === [[File:President Trump Welcomes Heath Care and Nursing Association Representatives to the White House (49866369328).jpg|thumb|ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱰᱚᱱᱟᱞᱰ ᱴᱨᱟᱢᱯ ᱢᱮ ᱒᱐᱒᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱱᱚᱨᱥ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱦᱤ ᱮᱫᱼᱟᱭ]] ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱯᱤᱪᱷᱤ ᱖ ᱢᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱒ ᱢᱮ (ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱮᱱᱥ ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱤᱝᱜᱮᱞ ᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ) ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱱᱚᱨᱥᱤᱝ ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱯᱤᱪᱷᱤ ᱑᱒ ᱢᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱱᱚᱨᱥᱤᱝ ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱑᱙᱘᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱱᱚᱨᱥᱤᱝ ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2020 |title=International Nurses Day 2020: Know history, theme and significance of Florence Nightingale's birth anniversary |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/lifestyle/international-nurses-day-2020-know-history-theme-and-significance-of-florence-nightingales-birth-anniversary-10011701 |access-date=16 January 2026 |website=Jagran}}</ref> === ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ === ᱑᱙᱙᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ᱱᱚᱨᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱱᱚᱨᱥ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱯᱷᱤᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱱᱳᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛ ᱰᱩᱠ ᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱦᱟᱥᱯᱟᱛᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱳᱨᱰ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱰᱤᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱒ ᱢᱮ ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱱᱚᱨᱥ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱟᱸᱜᱚᱪ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱘ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱯᱟᱛᱟᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱱᱚᱨᱥ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱽᱜᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ === ᱤᱨᱟᱱ === ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱞ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱡᱚᱭᱱᱚᱵᱽ ᱵᱤᱱᱛ ᱟᱞᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱨᱥ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2025 |title=Iranian Nurses Day |url=https://pezeshkan.org/events/nurses-day/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251010130251/https://pezeshkan.org/events/nurses-day/ |archive-date=10 October 2025 |access-date=16 January 2026 |website=pezeshkan.org}}</ref> == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ == * ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱮᱱᱥ ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱤᱝᱜᱮᱞ * ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱮᱱᱥ ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱤᱝᱜᱮᱞ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ * ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱱᱚᱨᱥᱤᱝ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ * ᱫᱟ ᱱᱤᱣ ᱭᱚᱨᱠ ᱴᱟᱭᱤᱢᱥ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist|30em}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == *[https://www.icn.ch/what-we-do/campaigns/international-nurses-day ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱱᱚᱨᱥ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512070819/https://www.icn.ch/what-we-do/campaigns/international-nurses-day |date=12 May 2022 }} * [https://www.icn.ch/how-we-do-it/campaigns/international-nurses-day IND] ᱟᱭᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱮᱱ (ICN) ᱨᱮ [[International Council of Nurses]] {{Authority control}} {{Nursing}} [[Category:ᱱᱚᱨᱥᱤᱝ]] [[Category:᱑᱙᱖᱕ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱢᱮ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱚ]] qxw6p931do27p0ybzjthhs5zte32exg 0 35896 196469 191966 2026-08-12T17:01:14Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196469 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ}} {{speciesbox | name = ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ | image = Sugar apple on tree.jpg | image2 = Sugar apple with cross section.jpg | image2_caption = ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ (ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱱᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ) | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref>{{cite iucn |author=Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) |author2=IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group |date=2019 |title=''Annona squamosa'' |article-number=e.T146787183A146787185 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T146787183A146787185.en |access-date=16 December 2022}}</ref> | genus = Annona | species = squamosa | authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]<ref name="NRCS">{{cite web | url = https://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ANSQ | title = PLANTS Profile, ''Annona squamosa'' L | access-date = 17 April 2008 | author = Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) | author-link = Natural Resources Conservation Service | website = The PLANTS Database | publisher = [[United States Department of Agriculture]] }}</ref> | range_map_caption = ᱵᱟᱝ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ''A. squamosa'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱾ | synonyms = *''Annona asiatica'' {{small|L.}} *''Annona asiatica'' {{small|Vahl}} *''Annona cinerea'' {{small|Dunal}} *''Annona distincta'' {{small|Raeusch.}} *''Annona forskahlii'' {{small|DC.}} *''Annona glabra'' {{small|Forssk.}} *''Annona squamosa'' {{small|Delile}} *''Annona squamosa'' f. ''parvifolia'' {{small|Kuntze}} *''Xylopia glabra'' {{small|L.}} *''Xylopicron glabrum'' {{small|(L.) Crantz}} |synonyms_ref = <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=''Annona squamosa'' L. {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:72319-1 |website=Plants of the World Online |access-date=30 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref> }} '''ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ''' (''Annona squamosa'') ᱫᱚ [[:en:Annonaceae|''ᱮᱱᱚᱱᱟᱥᱮᱭᱟᱭ'']] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ, ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱮ [[ᱜᱟᱡᱟᱲ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aluka">{{Cite web|title=Compilation: Annona squamosa|url=https://plants.jstor.org/compilation/Annona.squamosa|work=Global Plants|publisher=JSTOR|access-date=5 September 2019}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚ ᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ '''ᱥᱩᱜᱟᱨ ᱮᱯᱩᱞ''' ᱥᱮ '''ᱥᱩᱭᱤᱴᱥᱚᱯ''' ᱥᱮ '''ᱠᱚᱥᱴᱚᱨᱰ ᱮᱯᱩᱞ''' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants |url=https://archive.org/details/completeguidetoe0000unse_h5r2 |publisher=[[Skyhorse Publishing]] |others=[[United States Department of the Army]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-60239-692-0 |location=New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/completeguidetoe0000unse_h5r2/page/100 100] |language=en-US |oclc=277203364}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ''Annona reticulata'' ᱟᱨ ''Annona cherimola'' ᱛᱩᱞᱩᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱲ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="aft">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldagroforestry.org/Sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526114153/http://www.worldagroforestry.org/Sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214|archive-date=26 May 2011|title=Current name: ''Annona squamosa''|access-date=17 April 2008|website=AgroForestryTree Database|publisher=International Center For Research In Agroforestry}}</ref> (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱨᱟᱭ: ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ)<ref name="GRIN">{{GRIN | access-date = 17 April 2008}}</ref> ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="purdue">{{cite web| url = http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/sugar_apple.html| title = Sugar Apple ''Annona squamosa''| access-date = 17 April 2008| last = Morton| first = Julia| author-link = Julia Morton| year = 1987| page = 69| website = Fruits of warm climates| publisher = Department of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture, Purdue University| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080405173228/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/sugar_apple.html| archive-date= 5 April 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref> ''Annona squamosa'' (ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱢ (semi-deciduous) ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref name="FNA">{{cite book | last =Kral | first =Robert | editor =Flora of North America Editorial Committee | chapter =''Annona squamosa'' Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 537. 1753 | title =Flora of North America North of Mexico | volume =3 | chapter-url =http://beta.floranorthamerica.org/Annona_squamosa | access-date =5 September 2019 | archive-date =5 September 2019 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20190905193546/http://beta.floranorthamerica.org/Annona_squamosa | url-status =dead }}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ {{convert|3 to 8|m|ft|abbr=off|frac=2}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="aluka" /><ref name="FNA" /> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱣᱟᱨᱥᱚᱯ (''Annona muricata'') ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="PIER">{{cite web | url = http://www.hear.org/pier/species/annona_squamosa.htm | title = Annona squamosa | access-date = 17 April 2008 |website=[[Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project|Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk]] (PIER) | date = 5 January 2008 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080512181628/http://www.hear.org/pier/species/annona_squamosa.htm| archive-date= 12 May 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Morton">{{cite web|last=Morton|first=Julia|author-link=Julia Morton|title=Annona squamosa|url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/sugar_apple.html|work=Fruits of warm climates|access-date=6 March 2013|page=69|year=1987}}</ref> [[File:Custard Apple - Flora Sinensis 1656 (2950756).jpg|thumb|237px|Michał Boym ᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ (᱑᱖᱕᱕)]] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ [[ᱡᱚ]] ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ-ᱠᱳᱱ (spherical-conical) ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱲ ᱛᱮ {{convert|5|-|10|cm|in|abbr=off|frac=4}} ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱛᱮ {{convert|6|-|10|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=4}} ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ {{convert|100|-|240|g|oz|abbr=off}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱳᱴᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ-ᱜᱩᱴᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱥᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ-ᱱᱤᱞ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱯᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ''Annona'' ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱩᱞᱩᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ (segments) ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱡᱚ ᱛᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱜᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ (flesh) ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱣᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱥᱴᱟᱨᱰ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ {{convert|13|to|16|mm|in|adj=mid|frac=8|-long}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤᱜ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱵᱤᱛ, ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ ᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱷᱟᱞᱠᱟᱣ ᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐–᱔᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=Morton/><ref name=AFTDB>{{cite web|work=AgroForestryTree Database|title=''Annona squamosa''|url=http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/SEA/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214|access-date=16 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314161010/http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/SEA/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214|archive-date=14 March 2007}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱨᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ US EPA ᱥᱮ EU ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱸᱜᱚᱪ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ Reuleaux triangle ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱮᱨᱪᱮᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱟᱹᱵᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱵᱮᱞᱮ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱝᱠᱚᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ '''ᱟᱴᱮᱢᱳᱭᱟ''' (atemoya) ᱥᱮ "ᱟᱱᱟᱱᱟᱥ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ", ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱨᱤᱢᱳᱭᱟ (cherimoya) ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱭᱵᱨᱤᱰ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱᱟ, ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱑᱙᱐᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱱᱟᱱᱟᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞᱟ ᱾ == ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ == [[Image:Annona squamosa (Custurd Apple) flower in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 9352.jpg|thumb|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ]] [[File:Young sugar apple seedling.jpg|thumb|right|ᱚᱯᱟᱫ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] [[Image:Annona squamosa (Custurd Apple) plant in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 9354.jpg|thumb|right|ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ]] ''Annona squamosa'' ([[ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ]]) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="FNA"/> === ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ === [[File:Annona squamosa at Kampung Bukit Jagong 20230629 174058.jpg|thumb|ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ]] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ; ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ; ᱱᱟᱱᱦᱟ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱴᱚᱰᱚᱜ (lenticels - ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ) ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /> ᱱᱟᱱᱦᱟ, ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱢᱤᱫ (alternate) [[ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ<ref name="PIER" /> ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ,<ref name="aft" /> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|5 to 17|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=off}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|2 to 6|cm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱪᱚᱣᱲᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ;<ref name="FNA" /><ref name="aft" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱩᱴᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱩᱸᱭ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ (oblong-lanceolate) ᱾<ref name="FNA" /> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ,<ref name="aft" /> ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱩᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="aluka" /> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /><ref name="PIER" /> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤᱜ ᱫᱚ {{convert|0.4 to 2.2|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧᱟ,<ref name="FNA" /> ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ-ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱩᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /> === ᱵᱟᱦᱟ === ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱒-᱔ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱛᱷᱚᱯᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱛᱮ {{convert|2.5|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=4}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="FNA" /> ᱱᱟᱱᱦᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱵ ᱟᱱ {{convert|2|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=4}} ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ-ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱡᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /><ref name="FNA" /> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱯᱟᱹᱠᱷᱲᱤ (petals) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱩᱴᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱵᱮᱸᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ {{convert|1.6 to 2.5|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|0.6 to 0.75|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=16}} ᱪᱚᱣᱲᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ; ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱠᱷᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="aluka" /><ref name="FNA" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱥᱚᱨ (stamens) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ; ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ {{convert|1.6|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ; ᱰᱤᱢᱵᱟᱥᱚᱭ (ovary) ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ (Styles) ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱯᱤᱥᱴᱤᱞ (pistil) ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ (tubercle) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|1.3 to 1.9|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=4}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|0.6 to 1.3|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} ᱪᱚᱣᱲᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱚ (aggregate fruit) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱱᱤᱨᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱴᱷ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="FNA" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱜᱚᱬ (pollination) ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱴᱤᱰᱩᱞᱤᱰ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>McGregor, S.E. [http://gears.tucson.ars.ag.gov/book/ Insect Pollination Of Cultivated Crop Plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326235745/http://gears.tucson.ars.ag.gov/book/ |date=26 March 2023 }} [[USDA]], 1976</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱜᱽ (pollen) ᱫᱚ ᱴᱮᱴᱨᱟᱰᱥ (tetrads) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>Walker JW (1971) Pollen Morphology, Phytogeography, and Phylogeny of the Annonaceae. Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University, 202: 1-130.</ref> === ᱡᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱫᱽ === ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱔ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Grant2021">{{cite web |last1=Grant |first1=Amy |title=What Is Sugar Apple Fruit: Can You Grow Sugar Apples |url=https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/trees/annona/sugar-apple-trees.htm |website=Gardening Know How |access-date=4 August 2023 |date=2021}}</ref> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱯᱤᱥᱴᱤᱞ (pistils) ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱵᱤᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱡᱚ (aggregate fruit) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="aft" /> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝᱚᱜᱼᱟ<ref name="FNA" /> ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱚᱲᱟᱢ (heart-shaped) ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ-ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱳᱴᱟ ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱲ (diameter) ᱫᱚ {{convert|5 to 10|cm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /><ref name="aluka" /><ref name="FNA" /><ref name="PIER" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱫᱷᱩᱲᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ (bloom) ᱛᱮ ᱰᱟᱞᱚᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱨᱯᱮᱞ (carpels) ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aluka" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ (pulp) ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ-ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="aluka" /> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱥᱚᱣᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱟᱨᱯᱮᱞ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱴ, ᱡᱷᱟᱞᱠᱟᱣ ᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /> ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ {{convert|1.3 to 1.6|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft" /><ref name="aluka" /> == ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ == {{nutritional value | name=ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ (Sugar-apple), ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱞᱟᱜ | kJ=393 | protein=2.06 g | fat=0.29 g | carbs=23.64 g | fiber=4.4 g | calcium_mg=24 | iron_mg=0.6 | magnesium_mg=21 | phosphorus_mg=32 | potassium_mg=247 | sodium_mg=9 | zinc_mg=0.1 | manganese_mg=0.42 | vitC_mg=36.3 | thiamin_mg=0.11 | riboflavin_mg=0.113 | niacin_mg=0.883 | pantothenic_mg=0.226 | vitB6_mg=0.2 | folate_ug=14 | source_usda = 1 | note=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160309144328/https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/list?qlookup=09321&format=Full USDA Database ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱤᱝᱠ] }} ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ C ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱝᱜᱟᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱱᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ B1 ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ B6 ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱢᱟᱬ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ B2, B3, B5, B9, ᱢᱮᱬᱦᱮᱫ, ᱢᱮᱜᱽᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱢ, ᱯᱷᱚᱥᱯᱷᱚᱨᱚᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱴᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱴᱷᱤᱠ-ᱴᱷᱟᱠ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱨᱟᱥᱟᱭᱱᱤᱠ ᱜᱩᱱ == ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱰᱟᱭᱴᱟᱨᱯᱮᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ ᱟᱞᱠᱟᱞᱳᱭᱮᱰ '''ᱟᱴᱤᱥᱤᱱ''' (atisine) ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''Annona squamosa'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱥᱳᱯᱷᱳᱭᱮᱵᱤᱱ (oxophoebine),<ref name="pmid23678817">{{cite journal |author=Dholvitayakhun A, Trachoo N |display-authors=etal |year=2013 |title=Potential applications for ''Annona squamosa'' leaf extract in the treatment and prevention of foodborne bacterial disease |journal=Natural Product Communications |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=385–388 |doi=10.1177/1934578X1300800327 |pmid=23678817 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ᱨᱮᱴᱤᱠᱩᱞᱤᱱ (reticuline),<ref name="pmid23678817" /> ᱟᱭᱤᱥᱳᱠᱳᱨᱤᱰᱤᱱ (isocorydine),<ref name="pmid21342663">{{cite journal |author=Yadav DK, Singh N |display-authors=etal |year=2011 |title=Anti-ulcer constituents of ''Annona squamosa'' twigs |journal=Fitoterapia |volume=82 |issue=4 |pages=666–675 |doi=10.1016/j.fitote.2011.02.005 |pmid=21342663}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱛᱷᱟᱭᱤᱞ-ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱰᱟᱞᱰᱤᱱ (methylcorydaldine)<ref name="pmid21342663" /> ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱞᱠᱟᱞᱳᱭᱮᱰ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱞᱟᱵᱷᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ '''ᱠᱣᱮᱨᱥᱮᱴᱤᱱ-᱓-ᱳ-ᱜᱞᱩᱠᱳᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ''' (quercetin-3-O-glucoside) ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="pmid18997283">{{cite journal |author=Panda S, Kar A |year=2007 |title=Antidiabetic and antioxidative effects of ''Annona squamosa'' leaves are possibly mediated through quercetin-3-O-glucoside |journal=BioFactors |volume=31 |issue=3–4 |pages=201–210 |doi=10.1002/biof.5520310307 |pmid=18997283 |s2cid=38336427}}</ref> Bayer AG ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ-ᱠᱷᱟᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱥᱤᱴᱳᱡᱮᱱᱤᱱ (acetogenin) ᱩᱰᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ (patent) ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ, ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ US ᱥᱮ EU ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱸᱜᱚᱪ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |author=Moeschler HF, Pfluger W |display-authors=etal |date=August 1987 |title=Insecticide US 4689232 A |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US4689232 |access-date=3 December 2014}}</ref> ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱮᱥᱤᱴᱳᱡᱮᱱᱤᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ,<ref name="pmid22609808">{{cite journal |author=Chen Y, Xu SS |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=Anti-tumor activity of ''Annona squamosa'' seeds extract containing annonaceous acetogenin compounds |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=142 |issue=2 |pages=462–466 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2012.05.019 |pmid=22609808}}</ref> ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ,<ref name="pmid2348205">{{cite journal |author=Li XH, Hui YH |display-authors=etal |year=1990 |title=Bullatacin, bullatacinone, and squamone, a new bioactive acetogenin, from the bark of ''Annona squamosa'' |journal=Journal of Natural Products |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=81–86 |doi=10.1021/np50067a010 |pmid=2348205}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ == ''Annona squamosa'' (ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ Annona ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]], [[ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]], [[ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱪᱤᱱ]] (ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱡᱷᱳᱣ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ) ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://inaturalist.ca/observations/37152727|title = Sweetsop (Annona squamosa)|date = January 2020|access-date = 2026-05-14|archive-date = 2023-11-06|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231106194005/https://inaturalist.ca/observations/37152727|url-status = dead}}</ref> ᱑᱕᱙᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱤᱣᱵᱟ]], ᱮᱛᱚᱢ [[ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱤᱰᱟ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="aft"/><ref name=purdue/><ref name="PIER"/> ; ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ:<ref name=":1"/> :'''ᱱᱤᱭᱳᱴᱨᱳᱯᱤᱠ''' ::'''ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ:''' [[ᱢᱮᱠᱥᱤᱠᱳ]] ::'''ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ:''' ᱠᱳᱥᱴᱟ ᱨᱤᱠᱟ, ᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱞᱵᱷᱟᱰᱳᱨ, ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱴᱮᱢᱟᱞᱟ, [[ᱦᱚᱱᱰᱩᱨᱟᱥ]], [[ᱱᱤᱠᱟᱨᱟᱜᱩᱣᱟ]], ᱯᱟᱱᱟᱢᱟ ::'''ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ:''' [[ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱢᱵᱤᱭᱟ]] ; ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ:<ref name=":1" /> ::'''ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ:''' [[ᱥᱟᱢᱳᱣᱟ]], [[ᱴᱳᱝᱜᱟ]] ::'''ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ:''' ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ (ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱤᱰᱟ) ::'''ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱵᱤᱭᱟᱱ:''' [[ᱮᱱᱴᱤᱜᱩᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱨᱵᱩᱰᱟ]], [[ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱢᱟᱥ]], [[ᱵᱟᱨᱵᱟᱰᱳᱥ]], [[ᱠᱤᱣᱵᱟ]], [[ᱰᱚᱢᱤᱱᱤᱠᱟ]], [[ᱰᱚᱢᱤᱱᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱯᱟᱵᱽᱞᱤᱠ]], [[ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱱᱟᱰᱟ]], [[ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱰᱮᱞᱩᱯ]], [[ᱦᱟᱭᱛᱤ]], [[ᱡᱟᱢᱟᱭᱠᱟ]], [[ᱢᱟᱨᱴᱤᱱᱤᱠ]], [[ᱢᱚᱱᱴᱥᱮᱨᱟᱴ]], [[ᱱᱮᱫᱟᱨᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥ ᱮᱱᱴᱤᱞᱮᱥ]], [[ᱯᱩᱣᱮᱨᱴᱳ ᱨᱤᱠᱳ]], [[ᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱤᱴᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱵᱷᱤᱥ]], [[ᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱞᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱵᱷᱤᱱᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱱᱟᱰᱤᱱᱥ]], [[ᱥᱩᱨᱤᱱᱟᱢ]], [[ᱛᱨᱤᱱᱤᱫᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱳᱵᱮᱜᱳ]], [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱡᱤᱱ ᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥ]] ::'''ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ:''' [[ᱥᱩᱨᱤᱱᱟᱢ]], [[ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱱᱟ]], [[ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱱᱟ]], [[ᱵᱷᱮᱱᱮᱡᱩᱭᱮᱞᱟ]], [[ᱵᱚᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱤᱠᱣᱟᱰᱚᱨ]], [[ᱯᱮᱨᱩ]], [[ᱟᱨᱡᱮᱱᱴᱤᱱᱟ]], [[ᱵᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ]], [[ᱪᱤᱞᱤ]], [[ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱜᱩᱣᱮ]], [[ᱩᱨᱩᱜᱩᱣᱮ]]<ref name="aft" /> ::'''[[Afrotropic|ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱳᱴᱨᱳᱯᱤᱠ]]:''' [[ᱟᱝᱜᱳᱞᱟ]], [[ᱱᱟᱢᱤᱵᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱥᱟᱣᱫᱤ ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱽ]], [[ᱥᱩᱫᱟᱱ]], [[ᱛᱟᱱᱡᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱩᱜᱟᱱᱰᱟ]], [[ᱭᱮᱢᱮᱱ]] ::'''[[Australasia|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]]:''' [[ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱯᱷᱤᱡᱤ]], [[ᱱᱤᱣᱡᱤᱞᱮᱱᱰ]], [[ᱯᱟᱯᱩᱣᱟ ᱱᱤᱣ ᱜᱤᱱᱤ]], [[ᱥᱚᱞᱳᱢᱚᱱ ᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥ]] ::'''[[Indomalaya|ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟ]]:''' [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ]], [[ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱪᱤᱱ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]], [[ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱞᱟᱣᱳᱥ]], [[ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ]], [[ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ]], [[ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ]], [[ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱟᱝᱠᱟ]], [[ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ]], [[ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]], [[ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]], [[ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ]] ::'''[[Palearctic|ᱯᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱨᱠᱴᱤᱠ]]:''' [[ᱥᱟᱭᱯᱨᱟᱥ]], [[ᱜᱽᱨᱤᱥ]], [[ᱞᱮᱵᱟᱱᱚᱱ]], [[ᱢᱟᱞᱴᱟ]], [[ᱤᱥᱨᱟᱭᱮᱞ]] == ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱥ == ''Annona'' ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ-ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ {{convert|25|°C|°F}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ {{convert|41|°C|°F}} ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱩᱸᱴ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ {{convert|15|°C|°F}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱨᱚᱯ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ; {{convert|10|°C|°F}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱨᱚᱯ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱮᱛᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱪᱟᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ {{Convert|700|mm}} ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱞ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱡᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ {{convert|2000|m|ft|abbr=off}} ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ-ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱡᱚ ᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱵᱟᱨ-ᱯᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱡᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱕᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱤᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ ᱡᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱜᱚᱬ (pollinators) ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ; ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱥᱟ (brush) ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱜᱚᱬ ᱦᱚᱪᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱡᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱩᱥᱤ ᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱜᱚᱬᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ - Nitidulidae, Staphylinidae, Chrysomelidae, Curculionidae ᱟᱨ Scarabaeidae ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ (beetles) ᱠᱚ ᱾<ref name=purdue/><ref name=AFTDB/> == ᱡᱤᱣᱤ-ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ''Graphium agamemnon'' (tailed jay) ᱯᱤᱯᱤᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹᱝ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟ (larvae) ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱵᱟᱫᱩᱲ (''kabag'' ᱥᱮ ''kabog'') ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ == ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ, ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾<ref name=" doi10.1016/j.hermed.2016.10.003">{{cite journal| author=Dholvitayakhun A, Trachoo N| title=Using scanning and transmission electron microscopy to investigate the antibacterial mechanism of action of the medicinal plant ''Annona squamosa'' Linn | journal=Journal of Herbal Medicine | year= 2016| volume= 7| pages= 31–36|doi =10.1016/j.hermed.2016.10.003|display-authors=etal| url=https://zenodo.org/record/884833 }}</ref> ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱭᱩᱨᱵᱮᱫᱽ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name=" doi10.1016/j.hermed.2016.10.003" /> ᱢᱮᱠᱥᱤᱠᱳ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱤᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱟᱥᱟᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱢ ᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=purdue/> ᱮᱛᱷᱱᱳᱢᱮᱰᱤᱥᱤᱱ (ethnomedicine) ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bisht |first1=Manohar S. |last2=Mahajan |first2=Shruti |last3=Chakraborty |first3=Abhisek |last4=Sharma |first4=Vineet K. |title=A high-quality genome assembly of Annona squamosa (custard apple) provides functional insights into an emerging fruit crop |journal=DNA Research |date=June 2025 |volume=32 |issue=3 |doi=10.1093/dnares/dsaf007|pmc=12116420 }}</ref> ᱦᱟᱭᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ''cachiman'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Cachiman (Annona reticulata L.) |url=http://caribfruits.cirad.fr/fruits_tropicaux/cachiman |website=Carib Fruits |access-date=8 November 2020}}</ref> == ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱨᱤ == <gallery> File:Annona squamosa fruit from Myanmar.jpg|ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ File:Pineapple shijia.jpg|ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ (ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ), ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ "ᱟᱱᱟᱱᱟᱥ ᱥᱤᱡᱤᱭᱟ" (atemoya) (ᱞᱮᱸᱜᱟ) ᱥᱟᱶ File:Sugar Apple (Annona squamosa) interior.jpg|ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ File:Sugar Apple deconstructed.jpg|ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ File:Sugar Apple pulp.jpg|ᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ File:Sugar-apple (Annona squamosa) seeds.jpg|ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ (''Annona squamosa'') ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ File:Red Sugar Apple.jpg|ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ File:Sugar-apples 5, Taitung County, Dec 06.JPG|ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱛᱩᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ File:Ata Sugar-apple Pinha Fruta do conde.JPG|ᱵᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱳᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ File:Sugar Apple Tree.jpg|ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ File:Aata by Mayeenul Islam.jpg|ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ File:Sarifa.jpg|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱨᱟᱭ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ File:Squa9.jpg|ᱢᱮᱡᱽ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱜᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ </gallery> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{reflist|2}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{Commons category|Annona squamosa}} {{Wikispecies}} {{EB1911 poster|Sweet-sop}} * {{ITIS |id=18100 |taxon=''Annona squamosa'' L. |access-date=17 March 2008}} *{{cite web | url = http://bio.fiu.edu/trees/sp_pages/Annona_squamosa.html | title = Photographs of trees ''Annona squamosa'' | access-date = 17 April 2008 | author = David Lee | author-link = Florida International University | website = The Miami Tree Puzzle | publisher = Florida International University | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080407072812/http://bio.fiu.edu/trees/sp_pages/Annona_squamosa.html | archive-date = 7 April 2008 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140517120301/http://libproject.hkbu.edu.hk/was40/detail?lang=en&channelid=1288&searchword=herb_id%3DD01306 ''Annona squamosa'' L.]—Medicinal Plant Images Database (School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University) {{in lang|zh-hant|en}} * [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200008509 Flora of North America: ''Annona squamosa''] * {{GRIN | ''Annona squamosa'' | 3503}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060927224602/http://www.ciat.cgiar.org/ipgri/fruits_from_americas/frutales/Ficha%20Annona%20squamosa.htm Fruits from Americas: ''Annona squamosa''] * [http://www.hear.org/pier/species/annona_squamosa.htm Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk: ''Annona squamosa''] * [http://balconygardenweb.com/how-to-grow-sugar-apple-growing-sugar-apple-care/ Growing Sugar Apple ''Annona squamosa''] {{Taxonbar|from=Q275620}} [[Category:Annona|squamosa]] [[Category:ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱢᱵᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱢᱮᱠᱥᱤᱠᱳ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱴᱮᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱵᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:᱑᱗᱕᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱮᱭᱚᱥ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] sgdyc13ys1dq4og3oj81ljquoqrq9vy 0 35907 196591 196413 2026-08-12T18:59:33Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196591 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ}} {{Automatic taxobox | name = ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ | fossil_range = {{fossil range|Late Triassic | recent}} | image = Cicada - Neotibicen linnei, Woodbridge, Virginia.jpg | image_caption = ᱞᱤᱱᱮᱭᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ, ''[[Neotibicen linnei]]'' | image2 = Calling song of Magicicada cassini - pone.0000892.s002.oga | image2_caption = ''[[Magicicada cassini]]'' ᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ | taxon = Cicadoidea | authority = [[Pierre André Latreille]], 1802 | subdivision_ranks = ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ | subdivision = {{plainlist| * [[Tettigarctidae]] * [[Cicadidae]] }} }} '''ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ''' (ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ: Cicadas) ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[ᱛᱤᱡᱩ]] ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ '''Cicadoidea''' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ [[ᱦᱮᱢᱤᱯᱴᱮᱨᱟ]] ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ [[Auchenorrhyncha]] ᱥᱟᱵᱽ-ᱚᱳᱰᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ [[ᱞᱤᱯᱷ ᱦᱚᱯᱟᱨ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱯᱷᱨᱚᱜᱽ ᱦᱚᱯᱟᱨ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ - [[Tettigarctidae]], ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱓,᱐᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ; ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱫᱩᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ, ᱡᱮᱱᱟᱥ ''[[ᱢᱮᱡᱤᱥᱤᱠᱟᱰᱟ]]'' ᱫᱚ ᱑᱓ ᱥᱮ ᱑᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱟᱠ-ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱟᱠ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ [[Antenna (biology)|ᱮᱱᱴᱮᱱᱟ]] ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱯᱤᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱯᱷᱟᱠᱲᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱷᱚᱸᱠᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱰᱷᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[Tymbal|ᱴᱤᱢᱵᱟᱞ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱰᱳᱢᱳᱨᱯᱷᱟ [[Fossil|ᱯᱷᱚᱥᱤᱞ]] ᱫᱚ [[Upper Permian|ᱟᱯᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ; ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, [[Xylem|ᱡᱟᱭᱞᱮᱢ]] ᱴᱤᱥᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱯᱮᱡᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱠᱞᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱩᱜᱟᱹᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱠᱩ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱩᱦᱩᱞᱟ, ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱲᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱵ ᱵᱮᱲᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱲᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱡᱮᱱᱟᱥ, ''[[ᱢᱮᱡᱤᱥᱤᱠᱟᱰᱟ]]'' (ᱡᱟᱹᱫᱩᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ [[Nymph (biology)|ᱱᱤᱢᱯᱷ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱑᱓ ᱥᱮ ᱑᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ [[Predation|ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ]] ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱡ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱪᱟᱵᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Simon |first1=Chris |last2=Cooley |first2=John R. |title=Advances in the Evolution and Ecology of Thirteen- and Seventeen-year periodical cicadas |journal=Annual Review of Entomology |date=2022 |volume=67|pages=457–482 |doi=10.1146/annurev-ento-072121-061108|pmid=34623904 |s2cid=238529885 |issn=0066-4170 |doi-access=free }}</ref> [[ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ]] ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱪᱚᱠᱨᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢᱯᱷ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://entomologytoday.org/2016/03/22/how-do-cicadas-know-when-to-emerge-from-the-ground/|title=How Do Cicadas Know When to Emerge from the Ground?|last=Fitzgerals|first=Kevin|date=22 March 2016|website=Entomology Today|access-date=24 July 2017}}</ref> ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱦᱳᱢᱚᱨ]] ᱟᱜ ''[[ᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟᱰ]]'' ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱥᱟᱝ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ]] ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>[https://orthsoc.org/sina/c700lm29sec01.pdf Insect singers] orthsoc.org</ref> ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱢᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[ᱦᱮᱥᱤᱭᱳᱰ]] ᱟᱜ ''[[Shield of Heracles|ᱥᱤᱞᱰ]]'' ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ [[ᱜᱩᱱᱰᱞᱤ]] ᱯᱟᱠᱚᱲᱚᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱲᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱪᱤᱱ]], [[ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]], [[ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], ᱛᱟᱞᱟ [[ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱢᱮᱠᱥᱤᱠᱳ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mitsuhashi |first=Jun |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T5W_DQAAQBAJ |title=Edible Insects of the World |date=2016-12-19 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-315-35088-2 |pages=2009–2010 |language=en}}</ref> == ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱚᱢᱚᱱ == {{wiktionary}} ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ [[ᱞᱟᱴᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱞᱟᱴᱤᱱ]] ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ''ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱰᱟ'' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite dictionary |title=cicada |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cicada |dictionary=Merriam-Webster |access-date=16 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Words To Remember Every 13 Years Or So|url=http://www.dictionary.com/e/cicadas/|website=Dictionary.com|date=22 May 2011|access-date=16 January 2018}}</ref>{{efn|ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ [[ᱠᱮᱴᱤᱰᱤᱰ]] (katydid) ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ ᱾}} [[File:Cicada, 1939 Film.webm|thumb|''Cicada'' (ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ) ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱓᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾]] == ᱥᱮᱱᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ == [[File:Snodgrass Magicicada septendecim.jpg|thumb|ᱢᱤᱫ [[Magicicada cassinii|᱑᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ]], ''ᱢᱮᱡᱤᱥᱤᱠᱟᱰᱟ'', [[Robert Evans Snodgrass]], ᱑᱙᱓᱐<ref>{{cite book |last1=Snodgrass |first1=Robert Evans |author-link1=Robert Evans Snodgrass |title=Insects Their Ways and Means of Living |year=1930 |publisher=Smithsonian |page=Facing page 198 |edition=1st |url=https://archive.org/stream/39088001578236#page/n239/mode/2up/search/cicada}}</ref>]] ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ [[ᱯᱷᱨᱚᱜᱽ ᱦᱚᱯᱟᱨ]] (Cercopoidea) ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ: Tettigarctidae ᱟᱨ Cicadidae ᱾ Tettigarctidae ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ [[Extant taxon|ᱡᱤᱣᱮᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ]] ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱫᱚ [[Tasmania|ᱛᱟᱥᱢᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ Cicadidae ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱵᱽ-ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ - [[Cicadettinae]], [[Cicadinae]], [[Derotettiginae]], [[Tibicininae]] (ᱥᱮ Tettigadinae), ᱟᱨ [[Tettigomyiinae]] ᱾<ref name=phylo2018>{{cite journal |last1=Marshall |first1=DC |last2=Moulds |first2=M |last3=Hill |first3=KBR |last4=Price |first4=BW |last5=Wade |first5=EJ |last6=Owen |first6=CO |last7=Goemans |first7=G |last8=Marathe |first8=K |last9=Sarkar |first9=V |last10=Cooley |first10=JR |last11=Sanborn |first11=AF |last12=Kunte |first12=K |last13=Villet |first13=MH |last14=Simon |first14=C |author14-link=Chris Simon (biologist) |year=2018 |title=A molecular phylogeny of the cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) with a review of tribe and subfamily classification |journal=Zootaxa |volume=4424 |issue=1 |pages=1–64 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4424.1.1 |pmid=30313477 |doi-access=free }}</ref> ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱱᱴᱟᱨᱠᱴᱤᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ [[Tibiceninae]] ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ-ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱮᱢᱯᱟᱨᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ (emperor cicada) ''[[Megapomponia imperatoria]]''; ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱠᱲᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ {{convert|20|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Carwardine2008">{{cite book |last=Carwardine |first=Mark |title=Animal Records |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T3FEKopUFkUC&pg=PA224 |year=2008 |publisher=Sterling Publishing |isbn=978-1-4027-5623-8 |page=224}}</ref> ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ-ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣᱮᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Burton2002">{{cite book|author1=Burton, Maurice |author2=Burton, Robert |title=International Wildlife Encyclopedia: Chickaree - crabs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BumyQJ14n8sC&pg=PA455 |year=2002 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |isbn=978-0-7614-7270-4 |pages=455–457}}</ref> ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱓,᱐᱐᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ (deciduous trees) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ (tropics) ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱡᱮᱱᱟᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[Endemism|ᱮᱱᱰᱮᱢᱤᱡᱚᱢ]] (endemism) ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱴᱤᱞ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ-ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ (biogeography) ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Resh>{{cite book |last1=Resh |first1=Vincent H. |last2=Cardé |first2=Ring T. |title=Encyclopedia of Insects |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jk0Hym1yF0cC&pg=PA56 |year=2009 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-08-092090-0 |pages=56–63}}</ref> ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ [[New Zealand|ᱱᱤᱣᱡᱤᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ,{{efn|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱓᱐᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾}} ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱕᱐ ᱜᱟᱱ, ᱢᱮᱠᱥᱤᱠᱳ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱗᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sanborn |first1=Allen F. |last2=Phillips |first2=Polly K. |title=Biogeography of the Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) of North America, North of Mexico |journal=Diversity |date=2013 |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=166–239 |doi=10.3390/d5020166 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2013Diver...5..166S }}</ref> ᱞᱟᱴᱤᱱ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱘᱐᱐,<ref name="Hogue1993">{{cite book |last=Hogue |first=Charles Leonard |title=Latin American Insects and Entomology |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_3CTf8bnlndwC |year=1993 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-07849-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_3CTf8bnlndwC/page/n244 233]}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ-ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱒００ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |last1=Simon |first1=Chris |title=The Current Status of Cicada Taxonomy on a Region-by-Region Basis |url=http://hydrodictyon.eeb.uconn.edu/projects/cicada/taxonomy/current_taxo.php |publisher=University of Connecticut |date=2015 |access-date=27 August 2015 |archive-date=9 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009192742/http://hydrodictyon.eeb.uconn.edu/projects/cicada/taxonomy/current_taxo.php }}</ref> [[Palearctic realm|ᱯᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱨᱠᱴᱤᱠ]] ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱥᱟᱢᱵᱷᱮ ᱑᱐᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="Burton2002"/> ᱟᱨ ᱤᱝᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[Cicadetta montana|ᱱᱤᱣ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱮᱥᱴ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ]] (New Forest cicada), ''Cicadetta montana'', ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |last1=Marren |first1=Peter |last2=Mabey |first2=Richard|author1-link=Peter Marren|author2-link=Richard Mabey |title=Bugs Britannica |url=https://archive.org/details/bugsbritannica0000marr |date=2010 |publisher=Chatto and Windus |isbn=978-0-7011-8180-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bugsbritannica0000marr/page/189 189]}}</ref> ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱥᱛᱨᱤᱭᱚ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱵᱤᱥᱞᱮᱥᱚᱬ (acoustic analysis) ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ {{cladogram|cladogram={{clade|style=font-size:75%;line-height:75% |label1= |1={{clade |label1=[[Cicadidae]] |1={{clade |label1= |1={{clade |label1= |1={{clade |label1= |1={{clade |1=[[Cicadinae]] |2=[[Cicadettinae]] }} }} |2=[[Tettigomyiinae]] }} |2=[[Tibicininae]] }} |2=[[Tettigarctidae]] }} }}|caption=᱒᱐᱑᱘ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱞᱟᱠᱷᱟᱬ (Phylogenetic treatment)<ref name=phylo2018 />}} ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱟᱨᱯᱷᱞᱟᱭ (jarfly) ᱥᱮ [[ᱰᱚᱜᱽ-ᱰᱮ]] (dog-day) ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ''[[Neotibicen]]'', ''[[Megatibicen]]'', ᱥᱮ ''[[Hadoa]]'' ᱡᱮᱱᱟᱥ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name= "Milne">{{cite book |author1-link=Lorus Milne |author2-link=Margery Milne |last1=Milne |first1=Lorus |last2=Milne |first2=Margery |title=The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Insects and Spiders |publisher=Alfred A Knopf |date=1992 |isbn=978-0-394-50763-7 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/nationalaudubons00miln }}</ref> ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱱᱟᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ''[[ᱢᱮᱡᱤᱥᱤᱠᱟᱰᱟ]]'' ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ [[ᱡᱟᱹᱫᱩᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ|periodical cicadas]] ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱪᱚᱠᱨᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱓ ᱥᱮ ᱑᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Milne" /><ref name=magicicada>{{Cite web| url = http://magicicada.org/magicicada/broods/| title = Periodical Cicadas| website = magicicada.org| access-date = 23 August 2018| archive-date = 11 November 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201111183653/http://magicicada.org/magicicada/broods/}}</ref> [[List of cicadas of Australia|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ᱛᱟᱥᱢᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱲ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱜᱤᱛᱤᱞ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ, ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱲ ᱜᱤᱛᱤᱞ ᱚᱛ, [[New South Wales|ᱱᱤᱣ ᱥᱟᱣᱛᱷ ᱣᱮᱞᱥ]] ᱟᱨ [[Victoria (Australia)|ᱵᱷᱤᱠᱴᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱞᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ (alpine) ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, [[Sydney|ᱥᱤᱰᱱᱤ]], [[Melbourne|ᱢᱮᱞᱵᱳᱨᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[Brisbane|ᱵᱨᱤᱥᱵᱮᱱ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱥᱢᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱨᱚᱯᱷ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ - ᱪᱮᱨᱤ ᱱᱳᱡᱽ (cherry nose), ᱵᱨᱟᱣᱩᱱ ᱵᱮᱠᱟᱨ (brown baker), [[Psaltoda moerens|ᱨᱮᱰ ᱟᱭ]] (red eye), ᱜᱽᱨᱤᱱᱜᱽᱨᱳᱥᱟᱨ (greengrocer), ᱭᱮᱞᱳ ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱮ (yellow Monday), ᱣᱤᱥᱠᱤ ᱰᱨᱤᱝᱠᱟᱨ (whisky drinker), [[Double drummer|ᱰᱟᱵᱚᱞ ᱰᱨᱟᱢᱟᱨ]], ᱟᱨ ᱵᱽᱞᱟᱠ ᱯᱨᱤᱱᱥ (black prince) ᱾ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱜᱽᱨᱤᱱᱜᱽᱨᱳᱥᱟᱨ, ''[[Cyclochila australasiae]]'' ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱷᱚᱸᱠᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱟᱱ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web | title=Cicadas: Superfamily Cicadoidea| publisher=Australian Museum |url=https://australian.museum/learn/animals/insects/cicadas-superfamily-cicadoidea/ |access-date=30 July 2016}}</ref> [[File:Chorus cicada.jpg|thumb|ᱢᱤᱫ [[Chorus cicada|ᱠᱳᱨᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ]], ᱱᱤᱣᱡᱤᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱱᱰᱮᱢᱤᱠ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ]] [[File:Cicada - Japan - August 2021.webm|thumb|[[Japan|ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ]] ᱱᱤᱣᱡᱤᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱮᱱᱟᱥ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱔᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱪᱳᱴ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱤᱣᱡᱤᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱮ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱ ([[Kermadec Islands]], [[Chatham Islands]]) [[Endemism|ᱮᱱᱰᱮᱢᱤᱠ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱱᱳᱨᱯᱷᱳᱠ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/cicadas/page-1|title=Introducing cicadas|website=Teara.govt.nz|access-date=10 June 2022}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱣᱡᱤᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱣ ᱠᱟᱞᱮᱰᱳᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ [[File:Mesogereon superbum 2.jpg|thumb|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ''[[Mesogereon superbum]]'' ᱟᱜ [[Mesozoic|ᱢᱮᱥᱳᱡᱳᱭᱤᱠ]] ᱯᱷᱚᱥᱤᱞ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱯᱷᱟᱠᱲᱟᱜ]] === ᱯᱟᱞᱤᱭᱳᱱᱴᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ === ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱰᱳᱢᱳᱨᱯᱷᱟ (Cicadomorpha) [[Fossil|ᱯᱷᱚᱥᱤᱞ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ [[Late Triassic|ᱞᱮᱴ ᱴᱨᱟᱭᱟᱥᱤᱠ]] (Late Triassic) ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ [[Palaeontinoidea]] ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱯᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ Dunstaniidae ᱫᱚ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ [[Upper Triassic|ᱟᱯᱟᱨ ᱴᱨᱟᱭᱟᱥᱤᱠ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ Mesogereonidae ᱫᱚ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Wang>{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Bo |last2=Zhang |first2=Haichun |last3=Szwedo |first3=Jacek |title=Jurassic Palaeontinidae From China and the Higher Systematics of Palaeontinoidea (Insecta: Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha) |journal=Palaeontology |date=2009 |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=53–64 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00826.x|bibcode=2009Palgy..52...53W |doi-access=free }}</ref> ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱰᱳᱢᱳᱨᱯᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱟᱠ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Szwedo |first1=Jacek |title=The unity, diversity and conformity of bugs (Hemiptera) through time |journal=Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh |date=June 2016 |volume=107 |issue=2–3 |pages=109–128 |doi=10.1017/s175569101700038x |bibcode=2016EESTR.107..109S |s2cid=134243346 }}</ref> [[File:Prolystra lithographica.JPG|thumb|ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ''[[Prolystra lithographica]]'', [[Jurassic|ᱡᱩᱨᱟᱥᱤᱠ]] ᱚᱠᱛᱚ, ᱟᱥᱟᱢᱵᱷᱮ ᱑᱔᱕–᱑᱕᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ]] [[Palaeontinidae]] ᱥᱮ "ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ" (ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱟᱠ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ) ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Jurassic|ᱡᱩᱨᱟᱥᱤᱠ]] ᱟᱨ [[Lower Cretaceous|ᱞᱳᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱨᱮᱴᱟᱥᱤᱭᱚᱥ]] (Lower Cretaceous) ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾<ref name=Wang/> ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱝᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱥᱯᱷᱳᱨᱰᱥᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ [[Taynton Limestone Formation]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱯᱷᱟᱠᱲᱟᱜ (fore wing) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱑᱘᱗᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱤᱯᱤᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹᱝ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ''[[Palaeontina oolitica]]'' ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="butler">{{cite book |author=Arthur Gardiner Butler |year=1869–1874 |title=Lepidoptera Exotica; or, Descriptions and Illustrations of Exotic Lepidoptera |publisher=E. W. Jansen |url=https://archive.org/details/lepidopteraexoti00butl |pages=[https://archive.org/details/lepidopteraexoti00butl/page/126 126]–127}}</ref> Tettigarctidae ᱟᱨ Cicadidae ᱫᱚ [[Jurassic|ᱡᱩᱨᱟᱥᱤᱠ]] ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱬ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱡᱩᱨᱟᱥᱤᱠ (ᱟᱥᱟᱢᱵᱷᱮ ᱑᱖᱕ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱚᱥᱤᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱠᱨᱮᱴᱟᱥᱤᱭᱚᱥ (mid Cretaceous) ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Burmese amber|ᱵᱟᱨᱢᱤᱡᱽ ᱟᱢᱵᱟᱨ]] ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱚᱥᱤᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ, ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱛᱷᱤᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jiang |first1=Hui |last2=Szwedo |first2=Jacek |last3=Labandeira |first3=Conrad C. |last4=Chen |first4=Jun |last5=Moulds |first5=Maxwell S. |last6=Mähler |first6=Bastian |last7=Muscente |first7=A. Drew |last8=Zhuo |first8=De |last9=Nyunt |first9=Thet Tin |last10=Zhang |first10=Haichun |last11=Wei |first11=Cong |last12=Rust |first13=Jes |last13=Wang |first13=Bo |date=2024-01-08 |title=Mesozoic evolution of cicadas and their origins of vocalization and root feeding |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |page=376 |doi=10.1038/s41467-023-44446-x |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=10774268 |pmid=38191461|bibcode=2024NatCo..15..376J }}</ref> ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱯᱷᱚᱥᱤᱞ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱱᱳᱡᱳᱭᱤᱠ (Cenozoic) ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref name="Moulds2018">{{cite journal |last1=Moulds |first1=M. S. |title=Cicada fossils (Cicadoidea: Tettigarctidae and Cicadidae) with a review of the named fossilised Cicadidae |journal=Zootaxa |date=22 June 2018 |volume=4438 |issue=3 |pages=443–470 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4438.3.2 |pmid=30313130 |s2cid=52973182 |url=https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/download/zootaxa.4438.3.2/33643 |doi-access=free }}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ (modern cicadid) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ''Davispia bearcreekensis'' (Tibicininae ᱥᱟᱵᱽ-ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱞᱤ), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[Paleocene|ᱯᱮᱞᱤᱭᱳᱥᱤᱱ]] ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱟᱥᱟᱢᱵᱷᱮ ᱕᱖–᱕᱙ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Poinar |first1=George |last2=Kritsky |first2=Gene |title=Morphological conservatism in the foreleg structure of cicada hatchlings, Burmacicada protera n. gen., n. sp. in Burmese amber, Dominicicada youngi n. gen., n. sp. in Dominican amber and the extant Magicicada septendecim (L.) (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) |journal=Historical Biology |date=October 2012 |volume=24 |issue=5 |pages=461–466 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2011.603421 |bibcode=2012HBio...24..461P |s2cid=82426789 }}</ref> == ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹ == === ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ === [[File:Gratopsaltria Nigrofuscata Young.jpg|upright|thumb|ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱᱤᱡᱽ {{nihongo|ᱢᱤᱱ-ᱢᱤᱱ-ᱡᱮᱢᱤ|ミンミンゼミ|minminzemi}}, ''[[Hyalessa maculaticollis]]'', ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ]] ᱾]] [[File:Platypleura kaempferi (NiiNii cicada).png|200px|thumb|ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱᱤᱡᱽ {{nihongo|ᱱᱤᱭᱤ-ᱱᱤᱭᱤ-ᱡᱮᱢᱤ|ニイニイゼミ|nīnīzemi}}, ''Platypleura kaempferi'', ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ]] ᱾]] ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱨᱩᱢᱩᱡᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱺᱰᱤ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱷᱚᱸᱠᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱴᱟ (tarsi) ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱚᱲ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ [[Antenna (biology)|ᱮᱱᱴᱮᱱᱟ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱩᱴᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱱ (conical) ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱳᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱵ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱴᱟ (seta) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=Cuvier/> [[Auchenorrhyncha]] ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱮᱢᱤᱯᱴᱮᱨᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ [[Rostrum (anatomy)|ᱥᱩᱸᱰ]] (rostrum) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ-ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱚᱴᱤᱞ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱹᱯᱤᱝ (membranes) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱟᱠᱲᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱯᱷᱟᱠᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱜᱩᱰᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱯᱷᱟᱠᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱩᱰᱩᱠ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=Resh/> ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱵᱤᱛ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ (nymphs) ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱟᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ Tettigarctidae ᱫᱚ Cicadidae ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱴᱚᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ([[prothorax]]) ᱫᱚ [[Scutellum (insect anatomy)|ᱥᱠᱩᱴᱮᱞᱚᱢ]] (scutellum) ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱤᱢᱯᱮᱱᱟᱞ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱨ (tympanal apparatus) ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Resh/> [[File:20190828 semi uka.jpg|thumb|ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ([[Ecdysis|molting]]) ᱠᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ (ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱭᱛᱟᱢᱟ ᱯᱨᱤᱯᱷᱮᱠᱪᱟᱨ, ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ) ᱾]] ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[Imago|ᱤᱢᱟᱜᱳ]] ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ {{convert|2|to|5|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ, ᱮᱢᱯᱨᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ (''Megapomponia imperatoria''), ᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ-ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ {{convert|7|cm|in|abbr=on}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱠᱲᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ {{convert|18|-|20|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Burton2002"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Flindt |first1=Rainer |title=Amazing Numbers in Biology |url=https://archive.org/details/amazingnumbersin0000flin |date=2006 |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |isbn=978-3-540-30146-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/amazingnumbersin0000flin/page/10 10] }}</ref> ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱟᱠ-ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱟᱠ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱴᱤᱞ ᱢᱮᱫ (compound eyes) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱮᱱᱴᱮᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ [[Compound eye|ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱫ]] (ocelli) ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱮᱨᱮᱪ (triangle) ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱢᱤᱯᱴᱮᱨᱟ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱪᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ, ᱫᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱱ [[Rostrum (anatomy)|ᱥᱩᱸᱰ]] (rostrum) ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱩᱜᱟᱹᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱪᱮᱯᱮᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾<ref name=Capinera/> [[Clypeus (arthropod anatomy)|ᱯᱳᱥᱴᱠᱞᱤᱯᱤᱭᱚᱥ]] (postclypeus) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ, ᱢᱩᱣᱟᱹᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱢᱯᱤᱝ ᱢᱟᱥᱮᱞᱥ (pumping musculature) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |last=Moulds |first=Maxwell Sydney |title=Australian Cicadas |publisher=New South Wales University Press |year=1990 |page=10 |isbn=978-0-86840-139-3}}</ref> ᱛᱷᱳᱨᱟᱠᱥ (thorax/ᱪᱟᱛᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ) ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱠᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱢᱟᱥᱮᱞᱥ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱲ ᱥᱟᱹᱯᱤᱝ (membranous) ᱯᱷᱟᱠᱲᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱪᱟ (hyaline), ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱫᱷᱩᱸᱫᱽᱞᱟᱹ ᱥᱮ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱟᱠᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ (wing venation) ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ-ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱷᱳᱨᱟᱠᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ [[Operculum (animal)|ᱚᱯᱟᱨᱠᱩᱞᱚᱢ]] (operculum) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱡ (abdomen) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱮ ᱴᱚᱯᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱟᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ, ᱠᱟᱨᱜᱟᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[Ovipositor|ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱨ]] (ovipositor) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱺᱰᱤ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱡᱷᱚᱸᱠᱟᱨ ᱚᱪᱚᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ [[Resonating device|ᱨᱮᱡᱳᱱᱮᱴᱤᱝ ᱪᱮᱢᱵᱟᱨ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Capinera/> ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱯᱷᱟᱠᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ [[Superhydrophobic coating|ᱥᱩᱯᱚᱨᱦᱟᱭᱰᱨᱳᱯᱷᱳᱵᱤᱠ]] (superhydrophobic) ᱜᱮᱭᱟ; ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ, ᱢᱮᱱᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱳᱢ (wict/waxy) ᱠᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱩᱸᱴᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱜᱟᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱴᱚᱯᱟᱨ ᱮᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱜ-ᱵᱟᱭ-ᱟᱴᱠᱟᱣ ᱚᱪᱚᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ (film) ᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱟᱠᱲᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱤᱸᱜᱤ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱭᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟ ᱛᱚᱨᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, [[ᱥᱤᱥᱤᱨ]] ᱫᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱠᱲᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱤᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱤᱞᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱟᱠᱲᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wisdom |first1=Katrina M. |last2=Watson |first2=Jolanta A. |last3=Qu |first3=Xiaopeng |last4=Liu |first4=Fangjie |last5=Watson |first5=Gregory S. |last6=Chen |first6=Chuan-Hua |title=Self-cleaning of superhydrophobic surfaces by self-propelled jumping condensate |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=26 April 2013 |volume=110 |issue=20 |pages=7992–7997 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1210770110 |pmid=23630277 |pmc=3657783 |bibcode=2013PNAS..110.7992W |doi-access=free}} *{{cite magazine |author=Charles Q. Choi |date=April 29, 2013 |title=Cicada Wings Are Self-Cleaning |magazine=Scientific American |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/cicada-wings-self-cleaning/}}</ref> [[Bacteria|ᱵᱮᱠᱴᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱠᱲᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱬᱜᱚᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟ ᱚᱪᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱠᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱮᱱᱳ-ᱢᱟᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱜᱟᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱯᱤᱝ (membranes) ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱨᱟᱹ ᱟᱴᱟᱜᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱠᱲᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱟᱱ [[Biomaterial|ᱡᱤᱣᱤ-ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ]] (biomaterial) ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱠᱴᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱮ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pogodin |first1=Sergey |last2=Hasan |first2=Jafar |last3=Baulin |first3=Vladimir A. |last4=Webb |first4=Hayden K. |last5=Truong |first5=Vi Khanh |last6=Phong Nguyen |first6=The Hong |last7=Boshkovikj |first7=Veselin |last8=Fluke |first8=Christopher J. |last9=Watson |first9=Gregory S. |last10=Watson |first10=Jolanta A. |last11=Crawford |first11=Russell J. |last12=Ivanova |first12=Elena P. |title=Biophysical Model of Bacterial Cell Interactions with Nanopatterned Cicada Wing Surfaces |journal=Biophysical Journal |date=February 2013 |volume=104 |issue=4 |pages=835–840 |doi=10.1016/j.bpj.2012.12.046 |pmid=23442962 |pmc=3576530 |bibcode=2013BpJ...104..835P}} *{{cite web |author=Bob Yirka |date=March 6, 2013 |title=Researchers find cicada wing structure able to kill bacteria on contact (w/ video) |website=Phys.org |url=http://phys.org/notes/2013-03-cicada-wing-bacteria-contact-video.html}}</ref> === ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣ === ᱜᱤᱛᱤᱞ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ''[[Diceroprocta apache]]'' ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ [[Evaporative cooling|ᱵᱷᱟᱯ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱲ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ]] (evaporative cooling) ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ [[Sweating|ᱩᱫᱜᱟᱹᱨ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ {{convert|39|C|F|0}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤᱜᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱯᱮᱡᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱴᱟᱨᱜᱟᱢ ([[tergum]]) ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱩᱜᱟᱹᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱜᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱜᱤᱰᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱠᱮᱱ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[Xylem|ᱡᱟᱭᱞᱮᱢ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ]] (xylem sap) ᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ ᱨᱮ, ᱡᱚᱢ ᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱜᱤᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱟᱯ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱲ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱛᱮ, ᱜᱤᱛᱤᱞ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ ᱕ °C ᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hadley |first1=Neil F. |last2=Quinlan |first2=Michael C. |last3=Kennedy |first3=Michael L. |date=1991 |title=Evaporative cooling in the desert cicada: thermal efficiency and water/metabolic costs |journal=[[Journal of Experimental Biology]] |volume=159 |issue=1 |pages=269–283 |doi=10.1242/jeb.159.1.269 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Toolson |first=Eric C. |title=Water Profligacy as an Adaptation to Hot Deserts: Water Loss Rates and Evaporative Cooling in the Sonoran Desert Cicada, Diceroprocta apache |journal=Physiological Zoology |volume=60 |issue=4 |year=1987 |pages=379–385 |doi=10.1086/physzool.60.4.30157899 |s2cid=87904484 }}</ref> ᱵᱟᱝ-ᱜᱤᱛᱤᱞ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ''Magicicada tredecem'' ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱷᱟᱯ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱲ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱩᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Toolson |first1=Eric C. |last2=Toolson |first2=Elizabeth K. |title=Evaporative cooling and endothermy in the 13-year periodical cicada, Magicicada tredecem |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-comparative-physiology-b-biochemical_1991-03_161_1/page/109 |journal=Journal of Comparative Physiology B |year=1991 |volume=161 |issue=1 |pages=109–115 |doi=10.1007/BF00258754 |s2cid=23530728 }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱞᱴᱟᱹ, ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱤᱪᱷᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱒ °C (᱔᱐ °F) ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Sanborn et al 2003"/> === ᱨᱟᱹᱲ === [[File:EB1911 cicada tymbal structure.png|thumb|upright=1.1|ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱥᱮᱞᱥ:<br />a, ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱺᱰᱤ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱵᱷᱟᱨ-ᱯᱞᱮᱴ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ;<br />b, ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ᱰᱷᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[Tymbal|ᱴᱤᱢᱯᱮᱱᱟᱞ]] (tymbals) ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ;<br />c, ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ, [[Muscle|ᱢᱟᱥᱮᱞᱥ]] ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱤᱢᱯᱮᱱᱟᱞ ᱮ ᱦᱤᱞᱟᱹᱣᱟ;<br />d, ᱡᱤᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱤᱢᱯᱮᱱᱟᱞ;<br />e, ᱦᱤᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱨᱩᱢᱩᱡᱽ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ]] ᱥᱟᱺᱰᱤ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ "ᱨᱟᱹᱲ" ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[Tymbal|ᱴᱤᱢᱯᱮᱱᱟᱞ]] (tymbal) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱡ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱲ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱥᱮᱞᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱤᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ [[Resilin|ᱨᱮᱡᱤᱞᱤᱱ]] (resilin) ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱢᱟᱥᱮᱞᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱵᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱡᱷᱚᱸᱠᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱤᱢᱯᱮᱱᱟᱞ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱛᱤᱠᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ (stridulation) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ, ᱛᱷᱳᱨᱟᱠᱥ (thorax) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱠᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱷᱟᱥᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ''[[Subpsaltria yangi]]'' ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ, ᱥᱟᱺᱰᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱥᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Luo |first1=Changqing |last2=Wei |first2=Cong |title=Intraspecific sexual mimicry for finding females in a cicada: males produce 'female sounds' to gain reproductive benefit |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_animal-behaviour_2015-04_102/page/69 |journal=Animal Behaviour |date=April 2015 |volume=102 |pages=69–76 |doi=10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.01.013 |s2cid=53170339 }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱹᱯᱤᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱯᱟᱨ (membranous coverings) ᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱡᱳᱱᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱠᱚ (resonant cavities) ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Cuvier>{{cite book|author1=Cuvier, Georges |author2= Blyth, Edward |author3= Mudie, Robert |author4=Johnston, George| author5= Westwood, John Obadiah |author6= Carpenter, William Benjamin |title=The Animal Kingdom: Arranged After Its Organization, Forming a Natural History of Animals, and an Introduction to Comparative Anatomy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fPvRAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA567 |year=1851 |publisher=W. S. Orr and Company |pages=567–570}}</ref> ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱟᱺᱰᱤ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱵᱟᱠᱥᱟ ([[sound box]]) ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱹᱯᱤᱝ (membranes) ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱤᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱫᱚ "ᱠᱞᱤᱠ" (click) ᱥᱟᱰᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱦᱮᱫ ᱱᱟᱞᱤ ([[Invertebrate trachea|tracheae]]) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱡᱷᱚᱸᱠᱟᱨ ᱚᱪᱚᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[Resonating device|ᱨᱮᱡᱳᱱᱮᱴᱤᱝ ᱪᱮᱢᱵᱟᱨ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱰᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱟᱵᱽ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ([[Substrate (biology)|substrate]]) ᱥᱮᱫ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱟᱠ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱞᱤᱠ ᱥᱟᱰᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ-ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱜᱮ, ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱡᱩᱨᱤ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ (mating songs) ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱰᱮ ᱥᱤᱜᱽᱱᱟᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱟ, ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱠᱮᱱ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱩᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name="Milne" /> [[Tettigarctidae|ᱛᱮᱛᱤᱜᱟᱨᱠᱴᱤᱰ]] (ᱥᱮ ᱩᱵ ᱟᱱ) ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ (ᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱺᱰᱤ) ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱤᱢᱯᱮᱱᱟᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱰᱮ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱺᱰᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱤᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱟᱵᱽ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱢᱩᱱᱤᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ (communication) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Primitive (phylogenetics)|ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Claridge |first1=Michael F. |last2=Morgan |first2=John C. |last3=Moulds |first3=Maxwell S. |title=Substrate-transmitted acoustic signals of the primitive cicada, Tettigarcta crinita Distant (Hemiptera Cicadoidea, Tettigarctidae) |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-natural-history_1999-12_33_12/page/1831 |journal=Journal of Natural History |date=December 1999 |volume=33 |issue=12 |pages=1831–1834 |doi=10.1080/002229399299752 |bibcode=1999JNatH..33.1831C }}</ref> {{Listen |filename=New_Zealand_cicada_song.ogg | title=''Amphipsalta zelandica'' ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ | description=ᱨᱟᱹᱲ, ᱱᱤᱣᱡᱤᱞᱮᱱᱰ, ᱒᱐᱐᱖ | filename2=Tanna_japonensis_v01.ogg |title2=ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱷᱚᱸᱠᱟᱨ | description2=''[[Tanna japonensis]]'' ᱟᱜ ᱡᱷᱚᱸᱠᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ, ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ, ᱒᱐᱑᱑ | filename3=Cicadas_in_Greece.ogg |title3=ᱜᱽᱨᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ | description3=ᱡᱷᱚᱸᱠᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ, [[Ithaca (island)|ᱤᱛᱷᱟᱠᱟ]], ᱒᱐᱐᱘ | filename4=Cicada_calling_in_Irving,_TX_in_June_of_2012.ogg |title4=ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ 'Neotibicen superbus' ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ | description4 =ᱨᱟᱹᱲ, ᱴᱮᱠᱥᱟᱥ, ᱒᱐᱑ canvas}} ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ''[[Fidicinini|Fidicina rana]]'' ᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱵᱷᱨᱮᱡᱽ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ {{convert|29|C|F|0}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱴᱤᱢᱯᱮᱱᱟᱞ ᱢᱟᱥᱮᱞᱥ (tymbal muscles) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Aidley | first1 =D. J. | last2=White | first2=D.C.S. |date=1969 | title=Mechanical properties of glycerinated fibres from the tymbal muscles of a Brazilian cicada |journal=[[Journal of Physiology]] |volume=205 |issue=1 |pages=179–192 |pmid=5347716 |pmc=1348633 | doi=10.1113/jphysiol.1969.sp008959}}</ref> ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱲᱟ; ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱟᱢᱵᱷᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ [[Circadian rhythm|᱒᱔ ᱜᱷᱟᱱᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱠᱨᱚ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |last1=Turpin |first1=Tom |title=Sound of Insect Music Ushers in Fall Season |url=https://www.agriculture.purdue.edu/agcomm/newscolumns/archives/OSL/2008/September/080911OSL.html |publisher=Purdue University |access-date=27 August 2015 |date=11 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920165622/https://www.agriculture.purdue.edu/agcomm/newscolumns/archives/OSL/2008/September/080911OSL.html |archive-date=20 September 2015 }}</ref> ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ [[Poikilotherm|ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱥᱟᱭᱟ]], ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱥᱮᱞᱥ ᱦᱤᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱵ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱲᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Sanborn et al 2003">{{cite journal |last1=Sanborn |first1=Allen F. |last2=Villet |first2=Martin H. |last3=Phillips |first3=Polly K. |title=Hot-blooded singers: endothermy facilitates crepuscular signaling in African platypleurine cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Platypleura spp.) |journal=Naturwissenschaften |date=July 2003 |volume=90 |issue=7 |pages=305–308 |doi=10.1007/s00114-003-0428-1 |pmid=12883772 |s2cid=9090814 |bibcode=2003NW.....90..305S }}</ref> ''[[Kanakia (cicada)|Kanakia gigas]]'' ᱟᱨ ''[[Froggattoides typicus]]'' ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱵᱤᱨ (tropical forests) ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |last1=Boulard |first1=Michel |chapter=Acoustic Signals, Diversity and Behaviour of Cicadas (Cicadidae, Hemiptera) |pages=349–368 |doi=10.1201/9781420039337-31 |title=Insect Sounds and Communication |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-429-12200-2 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ewart |first1=A. |last2=Popple |first2=L. W. |title=Songs and calling behaviour of 'Froggattoides typicus' Distant (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea: Cicadidae), a nocturnally singing cicada |journal=The Australian Entomologist |volume=34 |issue=4 |date=December 2007 |pages=127–139 |url=https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/INFORMIT.070734889311858 }}</ref> ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ-ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱲᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ-ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ-ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sueur |first1=J. |last2=Aubin |first2=T. |title=Is microhabitat segregation between two cicada species (''Tibicina haematodes'' and ''Cicada orni'') due to calling song propagation constraints? |journal=Naturwissenschaften |date=2003-07-01 |volume=90 |issue=7 |pages=322–326 |doi=10.1007/s00114-003-0432-5 |pmid=12883776 |bibcode=2003NW.....90..322S |s2cid=25048233 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sueur |first1=Jérôme |title=Cicada acoustic communication: potential sound partitioning in a multispecies community from Mexico (Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha: Cicadidae) |journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society |date=2002-03-01 |volume=75 |issue=3 |pages=379–394 |doi=10.1046/j.1095-8312.2002.00030.x |doi-access=free }}</ref> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱲᱟ, ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱠᱮᱞᱤᱯᱷᱳᱨᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ, ''[[Okanagana|Okanagana pallidula]]'' ᱟᱨ ''[[Okanagana vanduzeei|O. vanduzeei]]'' ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱵᱩᱴᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱛ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱩᱜᱟᱹᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱲᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱷᱩᱜᱟᱹᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤᱜᱼᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sanborn |first1=Allen |last2=Phillips |first2=Polly |title=No acoustic benefit to subterranean calling in the cicada ''Okanagana pallidula'' Davis (Homoptera: Tibicinidae) |journal=Great Basin Naturalist |date=1995-10-31 |volume=55 |issue=4 |url=https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/gbn/vol55/iss4/12/ }}</ref> ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱠᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱺᱰᱤ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱟᱰᱮ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱹᱯᱤᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[Tympanal organ|ᱴᱤᱢᱯᱮᱱᱟ]] (tympanum) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱩᱛᱩᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱺᱰᱤ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱴᱤᱢᱯᱮᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ; ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱒᱐ [[Sound#Sound Pressure Level|dB (SPL)]] ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱥᱟᱰᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="5050.co.za">{{cite web |date=2 June 2002 |title=Cicada noise |url=http://www.5050.co.za/inserts.asp?ID=3234 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061004162419/http://www.5050.co.za/inserts.asp?ID=3234 |archive-date=4 October 2006 |access-date=3 August 2011 |work=50/50 |location=[[New Zealand|NZ]]}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱷᱚᱸᱠᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱰᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web | last=Craig | first=Owen | publisher=[[ABC Science]] | place=[[Australia]] | date=2001-02-17 | title=Summer of singing cicadas | url=http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2001/02/17/2822486.htm | access-date=23 December 2006}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱡᱩᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱡᱚᱫᱤ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ "ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ" ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟᱭ, ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱡᱟᱭᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱞᱴᱟᱹ, ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱤᱪ (pitch) ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="insecteducation">{{Cite web|work=Insect education |date=2008-09-09 |title=Arthropoda |url=http://www.insecteducation.com/tag/arthropoda |access-date=2009-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713040007/http://www.insecteducation.com/tag/arthropoda |archive-date=13 July 2011 }}</ref> ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱩᱛᱩᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ, ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱷᱤᱠ-ᱴᱷᱟᱠ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱩᱥᱠᱤᱞ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱤᱪ (pitch) ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱞᱩᱛᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱰᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱲᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱨᱤ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ/ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ (distress call) ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱚᱯᱟᱜ-ᱛᱚᱯᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ-ᱴᱷᱟᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱰᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱮᱭᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟᱭ ᱩᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱢᱩᱡᱽ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ (courtship songs) ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱷᱤᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱺᱰᱤ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱧᱟᱯᱟᱢ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ (encounter calls) ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱟ, ᱨᱩᱢᱩᱡᱽ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱷᱚᱸᱠᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱡᱮᱨᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Villet |first1=Martin H. |last2=Sanborn |first2=Allen F. |last3=Phillips |first3=Polly K. |title=Endothermy and chorusing behaviour in the African platypleurine cicada Pycna semiclara (Germar, 1834) (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_canadian-journal-of-zoology_2003-08_81_8/page/1437 |journal=Canadian Journal of Zoology |date=2003 |volume=81 |issue=8 |pages=1437–1444 |doi=10.1139/z03-119 |bibcode=2003CaJZ...81.1437V }}</ref> ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ (entomologists) ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱮ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱰᱮ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱪᱷᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ-ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Baker |first1=E. |last2=Price |first2=B. W. |last3 =Rycroft | first3=S. D. | last4= Villet |first4 = M. H. |date=2015 |title=Global Cicada Sound Collection I: Recordings from South Africa and Malawi by B. W. Price & M. H. Villet and harvesting of BioAcoustica data by GBIF |journal=Biodiversity Data Journal |volume=3 |issue=3 |article-number=e5792 |doi=10.3897/BDJ.3.e5792|pmid=26379465 |pmc=4568402 |doi-access=free }}</ref> === ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱪᱚᱠᱨᱚ === ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱟᱺᱰᱤ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱲᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ, ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱟẺᱰᱤ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱷᱚᱸᱠᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱲᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ, ᱥᱟᱺᱰᱤ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱯᱟᱱᱛᱮ ᱛᱩᱞᱩᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱲᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱛᱷᱤᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ Tettigarctidae ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᰰᱰᱮ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱟᱵᱽ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱤᱞᱟᱹᱣ ([[Substrate (biology)|substrate]]) ᱠᱚ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱨᱤ ᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱵᱷᱩᱜᱟᱹᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=Resh/> ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱺᱰᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱢᱚᱪᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱩᱛᱨᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱯᱮᱡ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱢᱟᱬ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ([[Nymph (biology)|nymphs]]) ᱠᱚ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱩᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱜᱟᱹᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱥᱟᱢᱵᱷᱮ {{Convert|6 - 24|in|cm|abbr=on}} ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱛᱟᱹᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱟᱴᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱭᱞᱮᱢ ([[xylem]]) ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱯᱮᱡᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱩᱜᱟᱹᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱡ-ᱫᱟᱜ ᱛᱮ ᱴᱚᱯᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱳᱥᱳᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱜᱟᱹᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱭ ᱵᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱚᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱟᱣᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ([[instar]]) ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱩᱲᱚᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Resh/> ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱟ ([[Ecdysis|molting]]), ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱦᱟᱨᱛᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ ([[exuviae]]) ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱟᱴᱠᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Grimaldi>{{cite book|author1=Grimaldi, David |author2=Engel, Michael S. |title=Evolution of the Insects |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=odQmAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA308 |year=2005 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-26877-7 |page=308}}</ref> ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱪᱚᱠᱨᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱒-᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱪᱚᱠᱨᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱮᱱᱟᱥ, ''[[Magicicada]]'', ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ "ᱵᱽᱨᱩᱰᱥ" (broods/ᱡᱷᱟᱸᱠ) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ (Brood XIII), ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱑Labels ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ (Brood XIX) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱪᱚᱠᱨᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name=milman>{{cite news| last=Milman | first=Oliver | title=US braces for cicadas by the trillion as two broods of periodic insects coincide | newspaper=The Observer| date=7 April 2024 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2024/apr/07/cicada-geddon-brood-season-midwest-eastern}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱪᱚᱠᱨᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱥᱤᱸᱜᱤ ᱵᱚᱨᱳ (cicada killer wasp) ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ (praying mantis) ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book | last=Haga | first=Enoch | chapter=6. Eratosthenes goes bugs! | at=pp. 71–80, fig. 8, table 9 | title=Exploring Prime Numbers on Your PC and the Internet | publisher=Enoch Haga | year=1994–2007 | lccn=2007900755 | isbn=978-1-885794-24-6}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia | last=Haga | first=Enoch | title=Sequence A161664, Safe periods for the emergence of cicada species on prime number cycles | url=https://oeis.org/A161664 | editor-first=NJA | editor-last=Sloane | encyclopedia=The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences | year=2009}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:7petalJade.jpg | format=[[JPEG]] | type=image | title=Scanjet image of 7-petal flower from Jade plant approximately 25 years or more years old in Livermore, California |publisher= Wikimedia | access-date=20 September 2009 }}</ref> ᱠᱚᱢ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱪᱚᱠᱨᱚ (ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ) ᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ; ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱑᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱪᱚᱠᱨᱚ ᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱪᱚᱠᱨᱚ ᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱠᱮᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱘ canvas (᱕ × ᱑᱗) ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱝ-ᱚᱵᱷᱟᱡᱽ (non-prime) ᱪᱚᱠᱨᱚ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱑᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name=dijusto>{{citation |last=Di Justo | first=Patrick | title=The Cicada's Love Affair With Prime Numbers | magazine=The New Yorker | date=13 May 2013 | url=https://www.newyorker.com/tech/annals-of-technology/the-cicadas-love-affair-with-prime-numbers}}</ref> ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ (hypothesis) ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱪᱚᱠᱨᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱨᱚᱯᱷ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ (ice ages) ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱲ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ (hybridized), ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤᱭᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱫᱚ [[prime number|ᱚᱵᱷᱟᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |author=Yoshimura, J. |year=1997|title= The Evolutionary Origins of Periodical Cicadas During Ice Ages|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-naturalist_1997-01_149_1/page/112 |journal= The American Naturalist|volume= 149|issue=1|pages= 112–124|doi=10.1086/285981|bibcode=1997ANat..149..112Y |s2cid=84915706}}</ref> ᱑᱓ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱮᱠᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱰᱣᱮᱥᱴᱚᱨᱱ (midwestern) ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱒᱒᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ (᱑᱓ × ᱑᱗) ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱘᱐᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=milman/> <gallery mode="packed" heights="200px" > File:Emerging cicada.jpg|ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱵᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱺᱜᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ File:Cicada Close-Up.jpg|ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱩᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ File:Cicada skin.jpg|ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ File:Cicada_exuviae_clinging_to_a_leaf.jpg|alt=An empty cicada skin captured in June 2024 in Rab Croatia|ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱴᱠᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱟᱜ ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ </gallery> === ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ === ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ (nymphs) ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ-ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[oak|ᱳᱠ]], [[cypress|ᱥᱟᱭᱯᱨᱮᱥ]], [[willow|ᱩᱭᱞᱳ]], [[Fraxinus|ᱮᱥ]] ᱟᱨ [[maple|ᱢᱮᱯᱞ]] ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱭᱞᱮᱢ (xylem) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱯᱮᱡᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱯᱮᱡ ᱢᱚᱪᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱭ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>Elliott, Lang, and Wil Hershberger. (2007). ''The Songs of Insects''. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. pp. 184–185. {{ISBN|0618663975}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://insects.about.com/od/truebugs/p/percicadas.htm |title=Periodical Cicadas - Genus Magicicada |access-date=4 June 2011 |archive-date=21 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921220226/http://insects.about.com/od/truebugs/p/percicadas.htm }}</ref> ᱡᱟᱭᱞᱮᱢ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱧᱩ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱴᱷᱤᱞᱤ-ᱴᱷᱤᱞᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱱᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱟ (excrete) ᱾<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cicadamania.com/cicadas/do-cicadas-pee/ | title=Do cicadas pee? | date=28 June 2015 }}</ref> ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱟᱪᱷᱟ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱴ (jet) ᱠᱚ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱜᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱓ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱤ ᱥᱮᱠᱮᱱᱰ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱵᱤᱪᱷᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱳᱣᱟᱧᱩ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱭᱟᱱ (mammals) ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/11/science/cicadas-pee-stream.html |title=When Cicadas Emerge, Things Might Get a Little Wet |work=The New York Times |date=11 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |author=Challita, E. J., & Bhamla, M. S. |date=2024 |title=Unifying fluidic excretion across life from cicadas to elephants |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=121 |issue=13 |article-number=e2317878121 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2317878121|pmid=38466877 |pmc=10990113 |bibcode=2024PNAS..12117878C }}</ref> === ᱞᱟᱲᱟᱣᱱᱟ (Locomotion) === ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱚᱣᱪᱮᱱᱳᱨᱦᱤᱱᱪᱷᱟ (Auchenorrhyncha) ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ, ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱱ (saltation) ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Burrows |first1=M. |title=Jumping mechanisms of treehopper insects (Hemiptera, Auchenorrhyncha, Membracidae) |journal=Journal of Experimental Biology |date=March 2013 |volume= 216|issue=5|pages=788–799 |doi=10.1242/jeb.078741 |pmid=23155084|doi-access=free }}</ref> ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱲᱟᱣᱱᱟ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ, ᱛᱟᱲᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱜᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱲᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱹᱲ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱤᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ (ᱠᱚ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣᱜᱼᱟ) ᱾<ref name=Resh/> == ᱱᱳᱴ ᱠᱚ == {{notelist}} == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist|refs= <ref name=auto17> {{Cite web| url = https://www.aswangproject.com/formation-of-the-world-kapampangan-mythology/ | title = Formation of the World, Kapampangan Mythology | website = Aswang Project | date = 12 September 2017 }}</ref> }} == ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱢᱮ == * {{cite book |last=Clausen |first=Lucy W. |date=1954 |title=Insect Fact and Folklore |url=https://archive.org/details/insectfactfolklo0000clau |publisher=Macmillan|oclc= |isbn= }} {{ISBN?}} * {{cite web |author=Egan, Rory B. |date=1994 |url=http://www.bugbios.com/ced3/cicada_ancgrcult.html |title=Cicada in Ancient Greece |access-date=28 December 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061110080531/http://www.bugbios.com/ced3/cicada_ancgrcult.html |archive-date=10 November 2006 }} * {{cite journal | last1=Hoppensteadt | first1=Frank C | first2=Joseph B | last2=Keller | year=1976 | title=Synchronization of periodical cicada emergences | url=http://www.math.pitt.edu/~bard/classes/mth3380/cicada_hi.pdf | journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] | volume=194 | issue=4262 | pages=335–337 | bibcode=1976Sci...194..335H | doi=10.1126/science.987617 | pmid=987617 | access-date=3 August 2011 | archive-date=9 November 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109010853/http://www.math.pitt.edu/~bard/classes/mth3380/cicada_hi.pdf }} * {{cite web |last=Main |first=Douglas |title=Trillions of cicadas are coming to the U.S. Here's why that's a good thing. |date=3 May 2021 |website=National Geographic |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/brood-x-cicadas-actually-good-fear-not|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503173228/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/brood-x-cicadas-actually-good-fear-not|archive-date=3 May 2021}} * {{cite book | last=Myers |first=JG | year=1929 | title=Insect Singers: A Natural History of the Cicadas | publisher=Routledge|oclc= }}{{ISBN?}} * {{cite web | last=Ramel | first=Gordon | year=2005 | title=The Singing Cicadas | url=http://www.earthlife.net/insects/cicadidae.html | access-date=31 January 2007 | publisher=Earth Life | archive-date=10 February 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070210194613/http://www.earthlife.net/insects/cicadidae.html | url-status=dead }} * {{cite book | last=Riegel | first=Garland | title=Cicada in Chinese Folklore | series=Melsheimer Entomological Series | issue=3rd | year=1994 | publisher=Bug bios | url=http://www.bugbios.com/ced3/cicada_chfolk.html | access-date=28 December 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061110080636/http://www.bugbios.com/ced3/cicada_chfolk.html | archive-date=10 November 2006 }} * {{cite book | last=Walker | first=Annette | title=The Reed Handbook of Common New Zealand Insects | publisher=Reed | year=2000 | isbn=978-0-7900-0718-2}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ == {{Commons category|Cicadoidea}} {{Wikispecies|cicadidae}} {{wiktionary}} * [https://www.cicadamania.com/ Cicada Mania] – ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱣᱮᱵᱽᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱟᱦᱟᱲᱟ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ * [http://www.masscic.org/ ''Massachusetts Cicadas''] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱞ-ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱱ, ᱧᱮᱞ ᱧᱟᱢ, ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ, ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ, ᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱭᱳ ᱠᱚ, ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱢᱮᱯ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ * [https://www.sciencenews.org/article/cicadas-climb-trees-shadows To climb trees, cicadas look to the shadows] (ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱮᱡᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟᱭᱟ) ᱾ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱱᱟᱹᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱠᱳᱴᱳᱴᱮᱠᱥᱤᱥ (skototaxis) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ [[Science News]], ᱒ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱒0᱒᱖ * [https://cicadas.uconn.edu/ Cicadas.uconn.edu/ Brood mapping project] – ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱠᱳᱨᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱳᱭ ᱟ * [http://www.insectsingers.com/100th_meridian_cicadas/index.html ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱨᱮᱠᱳᱨᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱛᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ] * [https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/misc/bugs/cicadas.htm ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱤᱰᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚ, ''Neocicada hieroglyphica'', ''Tibicen'', ''Diceroprocta'' ᱟᱨ ''Melampsalta'' ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ] [[University of Florida]]/[[Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences|IFAS]] ᱟᱜ ''Featured Creatures'' ᱨᱮ * [http://inside.msj.edu/academics/faculty/kritskg/cicada/Site/Cicada_home.html Greater Cincinnati Cicada Information & Teaching Resources] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130416023248/http://inside.msj.edu/academics/faculty/kritskg/cicada/Site/Cicada_home.html |date=16 April 2013 }} – College of Mt Saint Joseph ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ * [https://www.lib.ncsu.edu/specialcollections/digital/metcalf/index.html ᱰᱨ. ᱢᱮᱴᱠᱟᱞᱯᱷ (DrMetcalf): ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ, ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ-ᱞᱟᱰᱟᱜ (leafhoppers), ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱴᱦᱳᱯᱟᱨ, ᱥᱯᱤᱴᱚᱞᱵᱚᱜᱽ, ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ-ᱞᱟᱰᱟᱜ (treehoppers) ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱵᱷᱟᱱᱰᱟᱨ] {{Hemiptera|1}} {{Insects in culture}} {{Cicada Broods}} {{Meat}} {{Authority control}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q1947892}} [[Category:ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ| ]] [[Category:Cicadomorpha]] [[Category:ᱡᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:Extant Late Triassic first appearances]] [[Category:Taxa named by Pierre André Latreille]] 2fql6bye4o4ot5d3r2moe4i9nofshu2 0 35924 196569 194226 2026-08-12T18:33:21Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196569 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = ᱢᱟᱥᱩᱫᱽ ᱫᱮᱦᱱᱟᱢᱟᱠᱤ | image = Masoud Dehnamaki at Amirkabir University.jpg | caption = ᱒᱐᱑᱖ ᱨᱮ [[ᱟᱢᱤᱨ ᱠᱟᱵᱤᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ]] ᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱫᱮᱦᱱᱟᱢᱟᱠᱤ | native_name = مسعود ده‌نمکی | native_name_lang = Fa | imagesize = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1969|12|29}} | birth_place = [[ᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱣᱩᱱᱴᱤ|ᱟᱦᱟᱨ]], [[ᱤᱨᱟᱱ]] | occupation = ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱤᱡ, ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ, [[ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱯᱨᱤᱱᱥᱤᱯᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ|ᱠᱚᱱᱡᱟᱨᱵᱷᱮᱴᱤᱵᱽ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ]] | years_active = ᱒᱐᱐᱔–ᱱᱤᱛ | party = [[ᱟᱱᱥᱟᱨ-ᱮ-ᱦᱮᱡᱽᱵᱳᱞᱞᱟᱦ]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Factional Politics in Post-Khomeini Iran|url=https://archive.org/details/factionalpolitic0000mosl|first=Mehdi|last=Moslem |date=2002|publisher=Syracuse University Press|isbn=978-0815629788|page=[https://archive.org/details/factionalpolitic0000mosl/page/136 136]}}</ref> | spouse = | partner = | children = | parents = | relatives = }} '''ᱢᱟᱥᱩᱫᱽ ᱫᱮᱦᱱᱟᱢᱟᱠᱤ''' ({{langx|fa|مسعود ده‌نمکی}}, ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱑᱙᱖᱙ ᱟᱦᱟᱨ, ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱟᱡᱟᱨᱵᱟᱭᱡᱟᱱ) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱚᱱᱡᱟᱨᱵᱷᱮᱴᱤᱵᱽ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱤᱡ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ==ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ== ᱫᱮᱦᱱᱟᱢᱟᱠᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱘᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱟᱢᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ—ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ-ᱤᱨᱟᱠ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱴᱟᱨᱱᱤᱝ ᱯᱚᱭᱮᱱᱴ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="ekathimerini.com">[http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_ell_559206_06/06/2006_70588 ekathimerini.com | Confessions of a fundamentalist in Ahmadinejad’s Iran of today<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> ==ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ== ᱫᱮᱦᱱᱟᱢᱟᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱟᱱᱥᱟᱨ-ᱮ-ᱦᱮᱡᱽᱵᱳᱞᱞᱟᱦ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱮᱦᱱᱟᱢᱟᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨᱟᱱ ᱟᱱᱥᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱡᱽᱵᱳᱞᱞᱟᱦ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱨᱟᱞ ᱠᱚᱢᱟᱱᱰᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱥᱤᱡᱽ ᱵᱷᱤᱡᱤᱞᱟᱱᱴᱮᱥ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱱᱯᱷᱟᱨᱮᱱᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱬ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name="iran-press-service.com">{{Cite web |title=Students Demonstration In Tabriz Crushed With Utter Violence<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://www.iran-press-service.com/articles/students_killed_12899.html |access-date=2026-05-15 |archive-date=2021-04-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410211107/http://www.iran-press-service.com/articles/students_killed_12899.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ, ᱢᱟᱥᱩᱫᱽ ᱫᱮᱦᱱᱟᱢᱟᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱱᱡᱟᱨᱵᱷᱮᱴᱤᱵᱽ ᱨᱩᱞ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱩᱭᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=KRSI: Radio Sedaye Iran راديو صدای ايران<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://www.krsi.net/news/detail.asp?NewsID=1585 |access-date=2026-05-15 |archive-date=2016-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306091537/http://www.krsi.net/news/detail.asp?NewsID=1585 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱤᱯᱩᱨᱩᱱ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱬ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱴᱚᱨ-ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱮᱞ ᱵᱷᱤᱡᱤᱞᱟᱱᱴᱮᱥ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.roozonline.com/english/archives/2007/02/002385.php |accessdate=June 17, 2007 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070519073923/http://www.roozonline.com/english/archives/2007/02/002385.php |archivedate=May 19, 2007 |title=A Liberal and a Thug (ROOZ :: English) }}</ref> ᱫᱮᱦᱱᱟᱢᱟᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱑᱙᱙᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱦᱩᱞᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ "ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱢ" ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱨᱳᱫᱷ ᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱬᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱞ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱛᱚᱞᱟᱥ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱴᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛᱟᱱ ᱫᱮᱦᱱᱟᱢᱟᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱬ ᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="iran-press-service.com"/> ᱒᱐᱐᱒ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱱᱥᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱦᱮᱡᱽᱵᱳᱞᱞᱟᱦ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱨᱰᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱫᱟᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱩᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱪᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ "ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ" (holy war) ᱮ ᱜᱷᱚᱥᱬᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱳᱠᱛᱚᱱᱛᱨᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱳᱴ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱩᱯᱨᱤᱢ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱞᱮᱸᱡᱽ ᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱥᱩᱫᱽ ᱫᱮᱦᱱᱟᱢᱟᱠᱤ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱭᱰᱤᱭᱳᱞᱚᱡᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱭᱩᱱᱟᱭᱴᱮᱰ ᱥᱴᱮᱴᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱤ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱮᱫᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ "ᱟᱴᱠᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱾"<ref>[http://ak4mc.us/2c/2002/9713.html Hard-Line Unit Vows War with Reformers; Associated Press, 2002] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811064925/http://ak4mc.us/2c/2002/9713.html |date=August 11, 2011 }}</ref> ==ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ== ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ''ᱫᱳ-ᱠᱳᱣᱦᱮᱦ'' ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ''ᱡᱮᱵᱷᱮᱦ'' ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ''ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱢᱪᱮᱦ'' ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱟᱱᱥᱟᱨ-ᱮ-ᱦᱮᱡᱽᱵᱳᱞᱞᱟᱦ ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ''ᱭᱟᱞᱟᱥᱟᱨᱟᱛ'', ᱟᱨ ''ᱥᱳᱵᱷ'' ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱡᱤᱝ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚᱱᱡᱟᱨᱵᱷᱮᱴᱤᱵᱽ ᱟᱭᱰᱤᱭᱳᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱢᱪᱮᱦ'' ᱟᱨ ''ᱡᱮᱵᱷᱮᱦ'' ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱮᱥ ᱠᱳᱨᱴ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ''ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱢᱪᱮᱦ'' ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱳᱨᱴ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ "ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱳᱨᱥ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱮᱢᱩᱞᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱮᱜᱮᱨ" ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱤᱯᱳᱨᱴ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/news/iran/1999/48-061299.html RFE/RL Iran Report<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> ==ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ== ᱒᱐᱐᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ''ᱯᱷᱚᱵᱷᱚᱨᱴᱤ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱴᱤᱴᱤᱭᱩᱥᱚᱱ'' ᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱵᱮᱥᱭᱟᱵᱽᱨᱤᱛᱤ]] ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱚᱠᱭᱩᱢᱮᱱᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱰᱚᱠᱭᱩᱢᱮᱱᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱥᱭᱟᱵᱽᱨᱤᱛᱤ ᱭ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱨᱳᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱨᱮᱡᱤᱢ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱵᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱥᱭᱟᱵᱽᱨᱤᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱟᱵᱩ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱟᱞᱳᱪᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱨᱳᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱔ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱮᱦᱱᱟᱢᱟᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ ''ᱦᱩᱭᱤᱪ ᱵᱽᱞᱩ, ᱦᱩᱭᱤᱪ ᱨᱮᱰ'' (᱒᱐᱐᱔) ᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱥᱩᱫᱽ ᱫᱮᱦᱱᱟᱢᱟᱠᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ [[ᱯᱷᱤᱪᱚᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ]] ''ᱮᱠᱷᱨᱟᱡᱤᱦᱟ (ᱫᱤ ᱟᱣᱩᱴᱠᱟᱥᱴᱥ)'' (᱒᱐᱐᱖), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ''ᱮᱠᱥᱯᱮᱞᱰ'' ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱡᱤᱫᱽ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱝᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱤᱨᱡᱟ ᱭᱤᱡ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱮᱨᱟ ᱱᱟᱨᱜᱮᱥ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱨᱜᱮᱥ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱡᱤᱫᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱩᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱴᱟᱺᱰᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱪᱮᱞᱟ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟᱭᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ <!-- Commented out: [[Image:Esarat.jpg|right|thumb|150px|Bibliography of imprisonment]] --> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱚᱠᱥ-ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱠᱚᱨᱰ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070930190808/http://www.cinemaema.com/NewsArticle2074.html سينمای ما - اخراجی ها یک میلیارد را رد کرد<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> [[File:15,9,2009 - Masoud Dehnamaki - Meeting with Iran's supreme leader Grand Ayatollah Ali Khamenei as Artist active in the art of Holy defense.jpg|thumb|ᱟᱭᱟᱛᱳᱞᱞᱟᱦ [[ᱟᱞᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱢᱮᱱᱮᱭᱤ]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱟᱯᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱮᱦᱱᱟᱢᱟᱠᱤ]] ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ, ''ᱮᱠᱷᱨᱟᱡᱤᱦᱟ ᱓'' (ᱟᱣᱩᱴᱠᱟᱥᱴᱥ ᱓) (᱒᱐᱑᱑), ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱢᱮᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ-ᱤᱨᱟᱠ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱴᱮᱨᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱮ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱚᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱮᱲᱮᱭᱟ, ᱠᱤᱱ ᱴᱷᱚᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱮᱦᱱᱟᱢᱟᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱢᱤᱞᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱞᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱪᱮᱞᱮᱸᱡᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱨ ᱦᱳᱥᱮᱱ ᱢᱳᱣᱥᱟᱵᱷᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱦᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱨᱨᱳᱣᱵᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱮᱦᱱᱟᱢᱟᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱵᱟᱰᱚᱦᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ''ᱮᱠᱷᱨᱟᱡᱤᱦᱟ ᱓'' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱴᱤᱵᱷᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱳᱴ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱮᱦᱱᱟᱢᱟᱠᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱱ ᱥᱩᱴᱤᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱷᱩᱴ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ-ᱵᱤᱨᱳᱫᱷᱤ ᱦᱩᱞᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱵᱚᱠᱥ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱥᱮᱥ ᱵᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱷᱨᱤ ᱴᱤᱠᱮᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱟᱞᱳᱪᱚᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱯᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱢᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱠᱚᱢᱡᱳᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ ᱟᱣᱟᱨᱰ-ᱱᱳᱢᱤᱱᱮᱴᱮᱰ ᱢᱩᱵᱷᱤ ''ᱮ ᱥᱮᱯᱟᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ'' ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱨᱤᱞᱤᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱮᱦᱱᱟᱢᱟᱠᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱠᱥ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱠᱥᱮᱥ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ (ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱟᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧᱚᱜ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱠᱚᱨᱰ ᱮ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ) ᱾ ᱫᱮᱦᱱᱟᱢᱟᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱮ ᱥᱮᱯᱟᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱞᱳᱪᱚᱠ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱜᱤᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱵᱤᱨᱳᱫᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱮ ᱥᱮᱯᱟᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱵᱚᱭᱠᱚᱴ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>Thomas Erdbink, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle-east/irans-political-struggle-hits-the-box-office/2011/05/01/AGiRkxiH_story.html Iran's political struggle hits the box office] ''The Washington Post'', 24 June 2011.</ref> ==ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ== ᱫᱮᱦᱱᱟᱢᱟᱠᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱰᱟᱨᱱᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ [[ᱛᱟᱞᱤᱵᱟᱱ]]-ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱛᱮᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, "ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱵᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱞᱤᱵᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱱᱟ, ᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱵᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱢᱚᱰᱮᱞ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣᱟ ᱾" "ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱫᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱵᱚ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱢᱟ ᱾"<ref name="nytimes.com">[https://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/26/international/middleeast/26dehnamaki.html?ei=5090&en=9b13e03ffb753873&ex=1290661200&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss&pagewanted=print A Revolutionary Channels His Inner Michael Moore – New York Times<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> "ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱤᱧᱤᱧ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱡᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱜᱮ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱵᱚ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱨᱚᱥᱴᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱣᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱱᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱᱛᱟ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱦᱩᱞᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾"<ref>[http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/11/29/style/filmmaker.php Iran's Michael Moore, criticized on 2 fronts - International Herald Tribune<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070416095552/http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/11/29/style/filmmaker.php |date=April 16, 2007 }}</ref> ᱒᱐᱐᱖ ᱨᱮ, ᱫᱮᱦᱱᱟᱢᱟᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ [[ᱢᱟᱦᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱟᱦᱢᱟᱫᱤᱱᱮᱡᱟᱫᱽ]] ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹ ᱪᱤᱴᱷᱤᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱤᱱ "ᱠᱚᱴᱴᱚᱨᱯᱚᱱᱛᱷᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱭᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ" ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱵᱚᱱᱤ ᱮᱢᱟᱫᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ "ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱴᱠᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱵᱟᱸᱫᱮ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱵᱷᱮᱞᱟ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾"<ref name="nytimes.com"/> ==ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱠᱚ== * ''ᱠᱮᱛᱟᱵᱽᱥᱮᱱᱟᱥᱤ-ᱮ ᱮᱥᱟᱨᱟᱛ'' ([[ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ]]: ''{{lang|fa|کتاب‌شناسی اسارت}}''; ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ.: ''ᱠᱮᱯᱴᱤᱵᱷᱤᱴᱤ ᱵᱤᱵᱽᱞᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤ)'' ==ᱱᱳᱴᱥ== {{Reflist}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070416095552/http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/11/29/style/filmmaker.php ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱭᱠᱮᱞ ᱢᱩᱨ, ᱵᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱞᱳᱪᱚᱱᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ] *[https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle-east/irans-political-struggle-hits-the-box-office/2011/05/01/AGiRkxiH_story.html ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱚᱠᱥ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨ ᱮᱱᱟ] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱟᱱᱥᱟᱨ-ᱮ ᱦᱮᱡᱽᱵᱳᱞᱞᱟᱦ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱖᱙ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱ-ᱤᱨᱟᱠ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱷᱚᱞᱚᱱᱴᱤᱭᱚᱨ ᱵᱟᱥᱤᱡᱽ ᱯᱚᱨᱥᱚᱱᱮᱞ]] 9ivmi9btb9a8n9azophg48w8cobmj19 0 35933 196655 192164 2026-08-12T20:10:07Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196655 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱚᱞᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱚᱦᱤ}} {{Infobox artist | honorific_prefix = | name = ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱥᱛᱩ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱳᱣᱦᱟᱨ | honorific_suffix = | image = Parastou Forouhar, Museum Gunzenhauser.jpg | image_size = | alt = | caption = | birth_name = {{lang|fa|پرستو فروهر}} | birth_date = {{birth year and age|1962}} | birth_place = [[ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ]], ᱤᱨᱟᱱ | death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} --> | death_place = | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline}} --> | education = [[ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ]], ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱳᱯᱷᱮᱱᱵᱟᱪ, ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ | alma_mater = | known_for = ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱰᱚᱦᱤ | notable_works = | style = | movement = | spouse = | awards = <!-- {{awd|award|year|title|role|name}} (optional) --> | elected = | patrons = | memorials = | website = http://www.parastou-forouhar.de/ | module = | native_name = | native_name_lang = }} '''ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱥᱛᱩ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱳᱣᱦᱟᱨ''' (ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ; پرستو فروهر) (ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱑᱙᱖᱒)<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Parastou Forouhar: Art, Life and Death in Iran|url=https://archive.org/details/parastouforouhar0000furu|last=Parastou|first=Foruhar|publisher=Saqi Books|year=2010|isbn=978-0-86356-448-2|location=London, UK|pages=[https://archive.org/details/parastouforouhar0000furu/page/n5 6]}}</ref> ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱚᱞᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱚᱦᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱝᱠᱯᱷᱳᱨᱴ, ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱳᱣᱦᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱰᱚᱦᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱟᱞᱳᱪᱚᱱᱟ ᱡᱷᱚᱞᱠᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱣᱜᱮ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://courses.washington.edu/femart/final_project/wordpress/laurens-test-post/|title=Parastou Forouhar {{!}} Feminist Art Archive|website=courses.washington.edu|access-date=2016-03-05}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱰᱚᱦᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱯᱷᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱮᱱᱴᱟᱞᱤᱡᱚᱢ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱞᱳᱪᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱚᱲ-ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱮ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡ ᱟᱭᱳ-ᱵᱟᱵᱟ, ᱫᱟᱨᱤᱭᱩᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟᱱᱮᱦ ᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱡ, ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱳᱣᱦᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱧᱮᱧᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱤᱨᱫᱳᱥ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱚᱯᱨᱟᱫᱷ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱸᱜᱩᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱪᱮᱞᱮᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱳᱣᱦᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ, ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ, ᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤ, ᱤᱝᱞᱮᱱᱰ, ᱟᱨ ᱭᱩᱱᱟᱭᱴᱮᱰ ᱥᱴᱮᱴᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ == === ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ === ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟᱱᱮᱦ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱳᱣᱦᱟᱨ (ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱮᱥᱠᱟᱱᱫᱟᱨᱤ) ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱟᱨᱤᱭᱩᱥ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱳᱣᱦᱟᱨ ᱤᱡ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱮᱨᱟ, ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱥᱛᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱖᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱭ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Vita">{{cite web|last=Forouhar|first=Parastou|title=Vita|url=http://www.parastou-forouhar.de/vita.html|accessdate=1 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213806/http://www.parastou-forouhar.de/vita.html|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱵᱤᱨᱳᱫᱷ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱡᱽᱵᱽ-ᱮ-ᱢᱮᱞᱞᱟᱛ-ᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ (ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ) ᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱵᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱳᱫᱷᱤ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":1" /> ᱟᱡ ᱟᱭᱳ-ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱒ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱙᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱤᱱᱴᱮᱞᱤᱡᱮᱱᱥ ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱷᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱠᱩ ᱚᱯᱟᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱷᱩᱨᱤ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱜᱩᱴᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱤᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱰᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-10 |title=‘Creating Suspension Between Contradictory States': An interview with artist Parastou Forouhar |url=https://globalvoices.org/2019/12/10/creating-suspension-between-contradictory-states-an-interview-with-artist-parastou-forouhar/ |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=Global Voices |language=en}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱥᱛᱩ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱳᱣᱦᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱰᱚᱦᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱟᱞᱟᱭ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱓᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱩᱭᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱤᱱᱴᱮᱞᱤᱡᱮᱱᱥ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱡ ᱟᱭᱳ-ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱨᱵᱚᱡᱚᱱᱤᱱ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱠᱷᱲᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱟᱴᱠᱟᱣᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱱᱴᱮᱞᱤᱡᱮᱱᱥ ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱷᱤᱥ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱫᱷᱚᱢᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐᱑৭ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱛᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞ ᱥᱟᱡᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢ ᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱥᱛᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱜᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱥᱛᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱘᱔ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱙᱙᱐ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱚᱦᱤ ᱭ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱤ.ᱮ. (B.A.) ᱭ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱳᱯᱷᱮᱱᱵᱟᱪ ᱟᱢ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱳᱪᱥᱩᱞᱮ ᱯᱷᱩᱨ ᱜᱮᱥᱴᱟᱞᱴᱩᱝ (ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱰᱤᱡᱟᱭᱤᱱ) ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱙᱔ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱢ.ᱮ. (M.A.) ᱭ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="Vita" /> ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱥᱛᱩ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱝᱠᱯᱷᱳᱨᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.culturebase.net/artist.php?83|title=Parastou Forouhar artist portrait - culturebase.net|last=culturebase.net|website=www.culturebase.net|access-date=2017-04-24|archive-date=2016-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316134353/http://www.culturebase.net/artist.php?83|url-status=dead}}</ref> === ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ === ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱳᱣᱦᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱨᱚᱲ-ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book|title=Parastou Forouhar: Art, Life, and Death in Iran|url=https://archive.org/details/parastouforouhar0000furu|last=Forouhar|first=Parastou|publisher=SAQI|year=2010|isbn=978-0-86356-448-2|location=lONDON, uk|pages=[https://archive.org/details/parastouforouhar0000furu/page/n4 5]}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱰᱤয়া ᱨᱮᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱥᱯᱮᱥᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱚᱞᱮᱥᱚᱱ, ᱮᱱᱤᱢᱮᱥᱚᱱ,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.treibsand.ch|title=TREIBSAND|website=TREIBSAND|language=de-CH|access-date=2017-10-05}}</ref> ᱰᱤᱡᱤᱴᱟᱞ ᱰᱨᱚᱭᱤᱝ, ᱯᱷᱳᱴᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤ, ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱰᱚᱠᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱮᱱᱤᱢᱮᱥᱚᱱ, ᱣᱟᱞᱯᱮᱯᱟᱨ, ᱯᱷᱞᱤᱯᱵᱩᱠ, ᱟᱨ ᱰᱨᱚᱭᱤᱝ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱜ, ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ-ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱦᱤᱝᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱚᱱᱩᱵᱷᱚᱵᱽ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱮᱥᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.piartworks.com/english/sanatcilar_det1.php?recordID=Parastou%20FOROUHAR|title=Parastou FOROUHAR|website=www.piartworks.com|access-date=2017-04-24|archive-date=2017-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006012651/http://www.piartworks.com/english/sanatcilar_det1.php?recordID=Parastou%20FOROUHAR|url-status=dead}}</ref> ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱳᱣᱦᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱵᱟᱰᱚᱦᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱯᱮᱥᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱢᱳᱴᱤᱯᱷ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱠᱮᱞᱤᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱱᱤᱭᱮᱪᱟᱨ ᱯᱮᱱᱴᱤᱝ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱩᱠᱞᱤᱭ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱴᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨᱰᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽᱰ ᱪᱚᱨᱚᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱛᱩᱞᱩᱡ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱮᱡᱮᱱᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ ᱮ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱫᱷᱟᱹ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱯᱷᱟᱸᱠᱟ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱵᱚᱨᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱵᱚᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ [https://parastou-forouhar.de/wp-content/uploads/Papillon_kahrizak.jpg ᱠᱟᱦᱨᱤᱡᱟᱠ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞ] ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱒᱐᱐᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱜᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱩᱵᱷᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱵᱤᱨᱳᱫᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱦᱨᱤᱡᱟᱠ ᱰᱤᱴᱮᱱᱥᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱚᱨ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱯ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱥᱛᱩ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱐᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱤᱯᱤᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱟᱭᱳᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ, ᱯᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟᱱᱮᱦ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱤᱯᱤᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹ ᱥᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱴᱩᱰᱟᱹᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱟ; ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱨᱫᱤᱥᱴᱚ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱤᱯᱤᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹᱝ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱤᱯᱤᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱚᱪᱚᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱤᱯᱤᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱥᱤ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱒ ᱨᱮ, ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱟᱞᱚᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱳᱣᱦᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱳᱴᱳ ᱮᱠᱡᱤᱵᱷᱤᱥᱚᱱ, ''ᱵᱽᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱᱰ ᱥᱯᱚᱴ'' ᱮ ᱥᱮᱱᱥᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ, ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ-ᱱᱤᱣᱴᱨᱟᱞ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱚᱴᱟ, ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱢᱮᱫᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱳᱣᱦᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱳ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱸᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱸᱠᱟ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="Book" /> ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱳᱣᱦᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱤᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱭᱳ-ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱤᱱ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱵᱚᱡᱚᱱᱤᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱷᱩᱴ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱰᱚᱦᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱟᱞᱳᱪᱚᱱᱟᱭᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱠᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱾<ref name=":1">{{cite web|author=Lauren|title=Parastou Forouhar|url=http://courses.washington.edu/femart/final_project/wordpress/laurens-test-post/|website=Feminist Art Archive|accessdate=5 March 2016}}</ref> ᱒᱐᱑᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱳᱯᱷᱤ ᱵᱷᱳᱱ ᱞᱟ ᱨᱳᱥᱮ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ, ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-17352052|title=Artist from Iran wins Sophie von La Roche award - BBC News|work=BBC News |language=en-GB|access-date=2016-03-05}}</ref> ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱳᱣᱦᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱮᱠᱡᱤᱵᱷᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱴᱟᱵᱷᱟᱝᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱞᱪᱟᱨᱟᱞ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱚᱨ, ᱱᱚᱨᱣᱮ; ᱜᱳᱞᱮᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱜᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤ, ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ; ᱦᱟᱢᱵᱩᱨᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱱᱦᱳᱯᱷ - ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱯᱷᱩᱨ ᱜᱮᱜᱮᱱᱣᱟᱨᱴ, ᱵᱚᱨᱞᱤᱱ; ᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ, ᱠᱨᱮᱭᱞᱥᱦᱟᱭᱤᱢ, ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ; ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱛᱷᱮᱰᱨᱟᱞ, ᱵᱚᱨᱞᱤᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Book">{{cite book|title=Global Feminisms|url=https://archive.org/details/globalfeminismsn0000unse|publisher=Merrell Publishers Limited|location=London|isbn=978-1-8589-4390-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/globalfeminismsn0000unse/page/273 273]|editor=Maura Reilly, Linda Nochlin|year=2007}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱮᱠᱡᱤᱵᱷᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱭ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱢᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱢᱰ, ᱟᱢᱥᱴᱟᱨᱰᱟᱢ, ᱥᱠᱤᱢ ᱠᱩᱱᱥᱴᱦᱟᱞᱮ, ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱝᱠᱯᱷᱳᱨᱴ; ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱣᱮᱱᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱵᱳᱱ; ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱢᱳᱰᱟᱨᱱ ᱟᱨᱴ, ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱝᱠᱯᱷᱳᱨᱴ; ᱱᱤᱣ ᱜᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤ ᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱰᱮᱥᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ, ᱡᱳᱟᱱᱮᱭᱩᱢ, ᱜᱨᱟᱡᱽ, ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱟ; ᱦᱟᱣᱩᱥ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱣᱟᱨᱞᱰ ᱠᱟᱞᱪᱟᱨᱥ, ᱵᱚᱨᱞᱤᱱ; ᱰᱤᱭᱩᱪᱮᱥ ᱦᱟᱭᱡᱤᱱ-ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ, ᱰᱨᱮᱥᱰᱮᱱ; ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱥ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ, ᱢᱮᱞᱵᱳᱨᱱ; ᱢᱮᱠᱮᱞᱮᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ, ᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱯᱳᱞ ᱨᱮ [https://www.macalester.edu/gallery/pastexhibits/2012-13/ornamentandcrime/ ᱞᱚ ᱣᱟᱨᱥᱟᱣ ᱜᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤ]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}; ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱥ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥᱤᱥᱠᱳ ᱾<ref name="Book" /> ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ: ᱫᱤ ᱠᱩᱭᱤᱱᱥᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ, ᱠᱩᱭᱤᱱᱥᱞᱮᱱᱰ; ᱵᱮᱞᱵᱷᱮᱰᱮᱨᱮ, ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱱᱟ; ᱵᱟᱰᱤᱥᱪᱮᱥ ᱞᱮᱱᱰᱮᱥᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ, ᱠᱟᱨᱞᱥᱨᱩᱦᱮ; ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱢᱳᱰᱟᱨᱱ ᱟᱨᱴ, ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱝᱠᱯᱷᱳᱨᱴ; ᱟᱨ ᱰᱤᱭᱩᱪᱮ ᱵᱮᱸᱠ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱳᱣᱦᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱯᱷᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱴᱜᱟᱨᱥ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱨᱳᱰᱥᱠᱤ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱚᱨ ᱯᱷᱮᱭᱟᱨ, ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱖ ᱟᱨ ᱒૦᱑᱗ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱤ ᱟᱨᱴᱣᱚᱨᱠᱥ ᱯᱷᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱᱵᱩᱞ/ᱞᱚᱱᱰᱚᱱ (ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ: ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱮᱢᱯᱳᱨᱟᱨᱤ ᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱᱵᱩᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱚᱱᱰᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ) ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.artsy.net/artist/parastou-forouhar|title=Parastou Forouhar - 10 Artworks, Bio & Shows on Artsy|website=www.artsy.net|access-date=2017-04-24}}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ == * ᱳᱢᱤᱫᱽ ᱢᱮᱢᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ, '[https://globalvoices.org/2019/12/10/creating-suspension-between-contradictory-states-an-interview-with-artist-parastou-forouhar/ Creating Suspension Between Contradictory States: An interview with artist Parastou Forouhar]', [[Global Voices (NGO)|ᱜᱞᱳᱵᱟᱞ ᱵᱷᱚᱭᱮᱥᱮᱥ]], ᱑᱐ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ, ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱾ * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ha5097mIMXQ Art21 video interview with Parvaneh Forouhar] * [http://www.qagoma.qld.gov.au/exhibitions/past/2012/apt7_asia_pacific_triennial_of_contemporary_art/artists/parastou_forouhar Parastou Forouhar art collection at the Queensland Art Gallery of Modern Art (QAGOMA)] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱖᱒ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱐-ᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱰᱚᱦᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱑-ᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱰᱚᱦᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱵᱟᱰᱚᱦᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱚᱦᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱚᱞᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱚᱦᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱳᱴᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱯᱷᱳᱴᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱦᱳᱪᱥᱩᱞᱮ ᱯᱷᱩᱨ ᱜᱮᱥᱴᱟᱞᱴᱩᱝ ᱳᱯᱷᱮᱱᱵᱟᱪ ᱟᱢ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] fpali9cazi03t865cnct5k3ppebhvpo 0 35973 196602 192004 2026-08-12T19:10:44Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 4 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196602 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ (ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱑᱙᱔᱘)}} {{Infobox officeholder | name = ᱢᱟᱥᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱵᱷᱤ | image = MRAJAVI.jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = ᱑᱙᱙᱗ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱵᱷᱤ | native_name = {{nobold|مسعود رجوی}} | native_name_lang = fa | office = [[ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱯᱤᱯᱚᱞᱥ ᱢᱩᱡᱟᱦᱮᱫᱤᱱ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ | term_start = ᱒᱐ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱙᱗᱙ | term_end = | co-leader = [[ᱢᱚᱨᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱵᱷᱤ]] (᱑ ribbons ᱠᱷᱚᱱ) | predecessor1 = ''ᱥᱚᱝᱜᱚᱴᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱮᱱᱟ'' | president1 = [[ᱟᱵᱳᱞᱦᱟᱥᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱱᱤᱥᱚᱫᱽᱨᱚ]]{{efn|ᱵᱟᱱᱤᱥᱚᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱑cell ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱙᱘᱔ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ [[ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱡᱤᱥᱴᱟᱱᱥ ᱠᱟᱣᱩᱱᱥᱤᱞ]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱣᱩᱱᱥᱤᱞ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ "ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ" ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.ensani.ir/fa/content/49872/default.aspx |title=شورای ملی مقاومت، بنی‌صدر و رجوی، از ائتلاف تا جدایی |date=July 2008 |orig-year=Tir 1387 |author=Kian Parsa |language=fa |number=52 |journal=Shahrvand Magazine |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003021728/http://ensani.ir/fa/content/49872/default.aspx |archive-date=3 October 2013}}</ref> ᱵᱟᱱᱤᱥᱚᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱞᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾}}<br />ᱢᱚᱨᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱵᱷᱤ | term_start1 = ᱒᱐ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱑᱙ letters | birth_date = {{birth date|1948|8|18|df=y}} | death_date = | birth_place = [[ᱛᱚᱵᱚᱥ, ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱠᱷᱳᱨᱟᱥᱟᱱ]], [[ᱤᱢᱯᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱥᱴᱮᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of Terrorism|url=https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0003ande|page=[https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0003ande/page/454 454]|series=Historical Dictionaries of War, Revolution, and Civil Unrest|edition=3rd |publisher=Scarecrow Press|year=2009|author1=Stephen Sloan|author2=Sean K. Anderson|isbn=978-0810863118}}</ref> | module = {{Infobox person | embed = yes | disappeared_date = {{circa}} {{Death date and age|df=yes|2003|03|13|1948|8|18}} | disappeared_place = [[ᱠᱮᱢᱯ ᱟᱥᱨᱚᱯᱷ]], [[ᱵᱟᱛᱷᱤᱥᱛ ᱤᱨᱟᱠ]]}} | spouse = {{plainlist| *{{marriage|[[ᱟᱥᱨᱚᱯᱷ ᱨᱚᱵᱤᱭᱤ]]|1980|1982|end=died}} *{{marriage|ᱯᱷᱤᱨᱳᱡᱮᱦ ᱵᱟᱱᱤᱥᱚᱫᱽᱨᱚ|1982|1984|end=div}} *{{marriage|[[ᱢᱚᱨᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱵᱷᱤ]]|1985}} }} | children = ᱑ | alma_mater = [[ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ]] | signature = Rajavi, Massoud - Signature 30.05.1986.jpg | party = [[ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱯᱤᱯᱚᱞᱥ ᱢᱩᱡᱟᱦᱮᱫᱤᱱ]]<br />[[ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱡᱤᱥᱴᱟᱱᱥ ᱠᱟᱣᱩᱱᱥᱤᱞ|NCRI]] {{small|(᱑᱙᱘᱑ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ) }} | office1 = [[ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱡᱤᱥᱴᱟᱱᱥ ᱠᱟᱣᱩᱱᱥᱤᱞ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ }} '''ᱢᱟᱥᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱵᱷᱤ'''{{Efn|{{langx|fa|مسعود رجوی}}}} (ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱑᱘ ᱚᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱑᱙᱔᱘ – ᱩᱠᱩ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ {{Circa|᱑᱓ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱒᱐０᱓}})<ref name=Border2019>{{cite web|author=Jonathan Border|url=https://www.newsweek.com/2019/09/06/iran-regime-fall-opposition-groups-mek-1456420.html|title=Iran's Opposition Groups are Preparing for the Regime's Collapse. Is Anyone Ready?|date=27 August 2019|publisher=[[Newsweek]]|access-date=25 November 2019|archive-date=1 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301083652/https://www.newsweek.com/2019/09/06/iran-regime-fall-opposition-groups-mek-1456420.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱞᱥᱟᱹᱭᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙tracking ᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱯᱤᱯᱚᱞᱥ ᱢᱩᱡᱟᱦᱮᱫᱤᱱ ᱥᱚᱝᱜᱚᱴᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱘᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱡᱤᱥᱴᱟᱱᱥ ᱠᱟᱣᱩᱱᱥᱤᱞ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=Hern>{{cite book|title=Iran's Revolutionary Guard: The Threat That Grows While America Sleeps|url=https://archive.org/details/iransrevolutiona0000oher|page=[https://archive.org/details/iransrevolutiona0000oher/page/208 208]|publisher=Potomac Books, Inc|year=2012|author1=Steven O'Hern|isbn=978-1597977012}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱓ ᱤᱨᱟᱠ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱬ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱠᱩ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name="Encyclopedia of Terrorism">{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Terrorism|page=509|publisher=ABC-CLIO|entry=Mujahedin-e-Khalq (MEK)|year=2012|author1=Peter Chalk |isbn=9780313308956}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Assessing President Obama's National Security Strategy|page=|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2012|last1=Lovelace Jr. |first1=Douglas |last2=Boon |first2=Kristen|last3 = Huq |first3=Aziz|isbn=978-0-19-975824-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QOdMAgAAQBAJ&dq=rajavi+2003&pg=PA582}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of Terrorism (Volume 38)|page=454|publisher=Scarecrow Press|year=2009|author1= Sean K. Anderson |author2=Stephen Sloan |isbn=978-0810857643}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱹᱦᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱜᱚ-ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱚᱨᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱵᱷᱤ ᱫᱚ MEK ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱵᱚᱡᱚᱱᱤᱱ ᱢᱩᱦᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤᱭᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="Hern" /> == ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ == ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱵᱷᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ MEK ᱨᱮᱭ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱵᱷᱤ ᱟᱨ MEK ᱫᱚ ᱪᱩᱦᱩᱲ ᱛᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱟᱦ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱵᱤᱨᱳᱫᱷ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱗᱙ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱦᱩᱞᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Hersh|first=Seymour M.|title=Our Men in Iran?|url=https://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/newsdesk/2012/04/mek.html|magazine=The New Yorker|date=5 April 2012|access-date=19 December 2013}}</ref> == ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱭᱚᱨ (᱑᱙᱗0-᱑᱙᱗᱙) == ᱯᱟᱦᱞᱟᱵᱷᱤ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ, ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱵᱷᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱣᱟᱠ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱤᱨᱚᱯᱷᱛᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱡᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢ ᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟ, ᱠᱟᱡᱮᱢ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱵᱷᱤ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱩᱭᱤᱥ ᱩᱠᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱡᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱭᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱗᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱦᱩᱞᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱲᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>See Abrahamian, supranote 291</ref> ᱦᱩᱞᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱵᱷᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱯᱤᱯᱚᱞᱥ ᱢᱩᱡᱟᱦᱮᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>Abrahamian, page 90.</ref> == MEK ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ (᱑᱙᱗᱙–ᱱᱤᱛ) == ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱙᱘᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱵᱷᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱤᱯᱚᱞᱥ ᱯᱷᱮᱫᱟᱭᱤ, ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱰᱮᱢᱚᱠᱨᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱯᱷᱨᱚᱱᱴ, ᱠᱩᱨᱫᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱰᱮᱢᱚᱠᱨᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ, ᱠᱳᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱤᱜᱽ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱯᱚᱛ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ MEK ᱫᱚ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱨᱤᱯᱚᱵᱽᱞᱤᱠ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱱᱤᱨᱚᱯᱮᱠᱷᱚ ᱵᱤᱨᱳᱫᱷᱤ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱭᱟᱛᱳᱞᱞᱟᱦ ᱠᱷᱳᱢᱮᱭᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱵᱷᱤ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱟᱴᱠᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ "ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱥᱚᱯᱚᱛ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ" ᱾ MEK ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱭᱠᱚᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱷᱟᱛ ᱠᱟᱣᱩᱱᱥᱤᱞ, ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ, ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱢᱯᱚᱛᱤ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱷᱟᱨ-ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{citation|author=Ervand Abrahamian|title=Radical Islam: the Iranian Mojahedin|publisher=I.B.Tauris|date=1989|isbn=9781850430773|volume=3|series=Society and culture in the modern Middle East|at=p. 198}}</ref> ᱑cell ᱨᱮ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱭᱟᱛᱳᱞᱞᱟᱦ ᱠᱷᱳᱢᱮᱭᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱟᱵᱳᱞᱦᱟᱥᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱱᱤᱥᱚᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱦᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱤᱨᱚᱯᱷᱛᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱵᱷᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱱᱤᱥᱚᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱭᱟᱨᱵᱮᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱮᱨᱤᱥ ᱛᱮᱠᱤᱱ ᱫᱟᱹᱲ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱥᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱵᱷᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱱᱤᱥᱚᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱫᱚ 'ᱰᱮᱢᱚᱠᱨᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱨᱤᱯᱚᱵᱽᱞᱤᱠ' ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱷᱳᱢᱮᱭᱱᱤ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱡᱤᱥᱴᱟᱱᱥ ᱠᱟᱣᱩᱱᱥᱤᱞ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|title=Iran's Revolutionary Guard: The Threat That Grows While America Sleeps|url=https://archive.org/details/iransrevolutiona0000oher|page=[https://archive.org/details/iransrevolutiona0000oher/page/206 206]|publisher=Potomac Books, Inc|year=2012|author1=Steven O'Hern|isbn=978-1-59797-701-2}}</ref> ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱨᱤᱯᱚᱵᱽᱞᱤᱠ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱱᱫᱷᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱑᱙᱘᱖ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱡᱮᱠ ᱥᱤᱨᱟᱠ ᱫᱚ MEK ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱵᱷᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱦᱟᱡᱟᱨ MEK ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱠ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱛᱟᱝ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|title=Ideology and Power in the Middle East: Studies in Honor of George Lenczowski|author=Peter J. Chelkowski, Robert J. Pranger|year=1988|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-8150-1|pages=255–256}}</ref> ᱤᱨᱟᱠ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱵᱷᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱥ (base) ᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱢᱯ ᱟᱥᱨᱚᱯᱷ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/23/world/africa/23iht-profile.html?_r=1 |work=The New York Times |first=Craig S. |last=Smith |title=An implacable opponent to the mullahs of Iran |date=24 September 2005 |access-date=19 February 2017 |archive-date=25 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225234917/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/23/world/africa/23iht-profile.html?_r=1 |url-status=live}}</ref> === ᱩᱠᱩ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ === ᱤᱨᱟᱠ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱟᱥᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱵᱷᱤ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱩᱠᱩ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=Border2019/><ref name =Rasheed2009>{{cite news|author=Ahmed Rasheed|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-iran-exiles-mujahideen/factbox-who-are-the-peoples-mujahideen-of-iran-idUSTRE5BR34420091228|title=FACTBOX: Who are the People's Mujahideen of Iran?|date=28 December 2009|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=25 November 2019|archive-date=22 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222015603/https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-iran-exiles-mujahideen/factbox-who-are-the-peoples-mujahideen-of-iran-idUSTRE5BR34420091228|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Chalk|first=Peter|year=2012|title=Encyclopedia of Terrorism |publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0313308956|pages=509}}</ref> ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱚᱨᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱵᱷᱤ ᱫᱚ MEK ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱛᱚ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ NCRI ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱢᱟᱥᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱵᱷᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱨᱤᱯᱚᱵᱽᱞᱤᱠ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ "ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱴᱟᱨᱜᱮᱴ" ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱮ ᱩᱠᱩ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news|author=|url=https://www.thetimes.com/world/asia/article/peoples-mujahidin-mek-dissidents-seeking-regime-change-in-tehran-rch5w8knc|title=The People's Mujahidin: The Iranian dissidents seeking regime change in Tehran|work=[[The Times]]|access-date=1 September 2022|archive-date=8 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808121631/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/peoples-mujahidin-mek-dissidents-seeking-regime-change-in-tehran-rch5w8knc|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=|url=https://www.newsweek.com/iran-raisi-mek-tehran-ncri-1608250|title=Iran Rebels See Hardliner Ebrahim Raisi as Chance to Bring Down Regime|work=Newsweek|access-date=1 September 2022|archive-date=30 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830115841/https://www.newsweek.com/iran-raisi-mek-tehran-ncri-1608250|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2011/1220/With-deadline-looming-to-close-MEK-s-Camp-Ashraf-in-Iraq-what-next|title=With deadline looming to close MEK's Camp Ashraf in Iraq, what next?|work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|access-date=1 September 2022|archive-date=30 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830115841/https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2011/1220/With-deadline-looming-to-close-MEK-s-Camp-Ashraf-in-Iraq-what-next|url-status=live}}</ref> ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱳᱨᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name=conflict>{{cite book|title=Conflict in the Modern Middle East: An Encyclopedia of Civil War, Revolutions, and Regime Change |page=209|publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2020|editor1=Jonathan K. Zartman |isbn=978-1440865022 |quote=Massoud disappeared in 2003, believed dead.}}</ref><ref name=nyt>{{cite news|title=Iranian Diplomat Accused of Plotting to Bomb Dissidents Goes on Trial in Belgium|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/27/world/europe/iran-dissidents-bomb-assadi-belgium.html|work=[[new York Times]]|date=2020-11-27|access-date=28 August 2021|archive-date=10 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710195710/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/27/world/europe/iran-dissidents-bomb-assadi-belgium.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== ᱤᱨᱟᱠ ==== ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱒᱐᱑0 ᱨᱮ, ᱤᱨᱟᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱠᱨᱤᱢᱤᱱᱟᱞ ᱠᱳᱨᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱵᱷᱤ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱓᱙ MEK ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ [[ᱜᱤᱨᱚᱯᱷᱛᱟᱨ ᱣᱟᱨᱟᱱᱴ]] ᱮ ᱡᱟᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, "ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱬ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹᱭᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱯᱨᱟᱫᱷ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ" ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱠᱤ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱑ ᱩᱛᱷᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱩᱞᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱟᱵᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱠᱤ ᱥᱤᱠᱤᱣᱨᱤᱴᱤ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱥ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱨᱟᱠᱤ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ MEK ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱳᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱮᱸ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ "ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱥᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱩᱨᱤ ᱟᱞ-ᱢᱟᱞᱤᱠᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱜᱤᱯᱷᱴ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ" ᱾<ref name="cah">{{cite web|author=Muhanad Mohammed|editor=Rania El Gamal|editor2=David Stamp|url=https://www.reuters.com/idUSLDE66A0A0|title=Iraqi court seeks arrest of Iranian exiles|date=11 July 2010|access-date=28 December 2016|publisher=[[Reuters]]|archive-date=2 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202021933/http://www.reuters.com/idUSLDE66A0A0|url-status=live}}</ref> ᱒᱐0᱕ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱩᱨᱫᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱴᱨᱤᱭᱳᱴᱤᱠ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱥᱚᱝᱜᱚᱴᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱞᱤᱞ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱬ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱵᱷᱤ ᱜᱤᱨᱚᱯᱷᱛᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{citation|author=Bill Samii|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/1342660.html|title=Iran Report|date=26 October 2005|access-date=28 December 2016|publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]|volume=8|number=42|quote=Mohammad Tofiq Rahim, an official with the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan, said in an interview with Radio Farda that his organization has documentary evidence of Rajavi's role. He said that when the Kurds seized control of northern parts of Iraq with U.S. assistance at the end of the Gulf War in 1991, the MEK cooperated with the Iraqi Army in retaking control of the city of Kirkuk. In the process, he charged, hundreds of the city's residents were killed by the MEK. "Everyone in Iraqi Kurdistan knows that Masud Rajavi cooperated with the Mukhaberat [intelligence] and security forces of Saddam Hussein not only in the suppression of the Kurds, but all the opponents of the regime of Saddam," Rahim added.|archive-date=13 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113034505/https://www.rferl.org/a/1342660.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ==== ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱒᱐᱒᱓ ᱨᱮ, ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱰᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑0᱔ MEK ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱥ ᱴᱨᱟᱭᱟᱞ [[ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ|ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ (in absentia)]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱜᱷᱚᱥᱬᱟ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱨᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱥᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱵᱷᱤ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news |title=قوه قضائیه ایران از ۱۰۴ عضو مجاهدین خلق خواست وکیل به دادگاه معرفی کنند |url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/iran-s-judiciary-calls-for-prosecution-of-members-of-mojahedin-organization/32525643.html |access-date=5 August 2023 |work=Radio Farda |date=1 August 2023 |language=fa}}</ref> == ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" !ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ !ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ !ᱵᱷᱳᱴ ᱠᱚ !% !ᱨᱮᱸᱠ !ᱱᱳᱴᱥ |- |᱑᱙᱗᱙ |[[᱑᱙᱗᱙ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱭᱥᱤ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ| assembly ᱚᱯᱷ ᱮᱠᱥᱯᱟᱨᱴᱥ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ (᱑0 ᱴᱷᱟᱶ) |᱒᱙᱗,᱗0᱗ |᱑᱑.᱗᱘ |᱑᱒-ᱟᱱ | style="background-color:#C66" |ᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ<ref name="ri">{{citation |author=Ervand Abrahamian |title=Radical Islam: the Iranian Mojahedin |date=1989 |volume=3 |series=Society and culture in the modern Middle East |at=p. 195, Table 6; pp. 203–205, Table 8 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |isbn=9781850430773}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |᱑᱙᱘0 |[[᱑᱙᱘0 ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱵᱟچᱷᱱᱟᱣ|ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ]] ! colspan="3" |– | style="background-color:#C0C0C0" |''ᱵᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ''<ref name="ri" /> |- |[[᱑᱙᱘0 ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱥᱚᱝᱥᱚᱫᱽ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ|ᱥᱚᱝᱥᱚᱫᱽ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ |᱕᱓᱑,᱙᱔᱓ |᱒᱔.᱙ |᱓᱘-ᱟᱱ | style="background-color:#FFFFE0" |''ᱨᱟᱱ-ᱚᱯᱷ''<ref name="ri" /> |- |ᱥᱚᱝᱥᱚᱫᱽ {{small|ᱨᱟᱱ-ᱚᱯᱷ}} |{{decrease}} ᱓᱗᱕,᱗᱖᱒ |{{decrease}} ᱒᱓ |᱒᱑-ᱟᱱ | style="background-color:#C66" |ᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ<ref name="ri" /> |} == ᱱᱤᱡᱮᱨᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ == ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱵᱷᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟ ᱠᱟᱡᱮᱢ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱵᱷᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱵᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱫᱩᱛ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮᱨᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱵᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱚᱠᱴᱚᱨᱟᱞ ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱠᱤᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱥᱟᱞᱮᱦ (ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱰᱤᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤᱥᱴ), ᱟᱦᱢᱚᱫᱽ (ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ-ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱥᱚᱨᱡᱚᱱ), ᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱥᱟᱝ (ᱵᱮᱞᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱤᱧᱡᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ) ᱾<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lincoln Bloomfield Jr. |title=The Ayatollahs and the MEK Iran's Crumbling Influence Operation |url=http://www.ubalt.edu/about-ub/news-events/images/The%20Ayatollahs%20and%20the%20MEK.pdf |publisher=University of Baltimore |isbn=978-0578536095 |year=2019 |access-date=20 March 2020 |archive-date=16 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516004117/http://www.ubalt.edu/about-ub/news-events/images/The%20Ayatollahs%20and%20the%20MEK.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱵᱷᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱘0 ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱨᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ MEK ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱟᱥᱨᱚᱯᱷ ᱨᱚᱵᱤᱭᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱚᱵᱤᱭᱤ ᱫᱚ "ᱦᱩᱞᱥᱟᱹᱭᱤ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱛᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ" ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱘᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱨᱤᱵᱷᱚᱞᱩᱥᱚᱱᱟᱨᱤ ᱜᱟᱨᱰ ᱠᱳᱨᱯᱥ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱜᱷᱮᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{citation|author=Ervand Abrahamian|title=Radical Islam: the Iranian Mojahedin|publisher=I.B.Tauris|date=1989|isbn=9781850430773|volume=3|series=Society and culture in the modern Middle East|at=p. 181 - 222}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/tehranbureau/2011/04/opinion-who-is-responsible-for-massacre-of-mojahedin-families-at-camp-ashraf.html|title=Opinion | Who Is Responsible for the MKO Massacre at Camp Ashraf?|website=FRONTLINE - Tehran Bureau|access-date=18 October 2022|archive-date=19 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019081934/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/tehranbureau/2011/04/opinion-who-is-responsible-for-massacre-of-mojahedin-families-at-camp-ashraf.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ᱨᱟژᱚᱵᱷᱤ ᱤᱡ ᱟᱡ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱵᱟᱹᱦᱩ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱭᱟ, ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱥᱛᱟᱯᱷᱟ ᱾<ref>{{citation|first=Ronen|last=Cohen|title=The Rise and Fall of the Mojahedin Khalq, 1987-1997: Their Survival After the Islamic Revolution and Resistance to the Islamic Republic of Iran|publisher=Sussex Academic Press|year=2009|isbn=978-1-84519-270-9|pages=15, 39}}</ref> ᱟᱡ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱦᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱵᱳᱞᱦᱟᱥᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱱᱤᱥᱚᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱤᱡ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱮᱨᱟ, ᱯᱷᱤᱨᱳᱡᱮᱦ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱠᱤᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱘᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱘᱔ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱯᱟᱜᱽ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱠᱤᱱ,<ref>{{citation|author=Ervand Abrahamian|title=Radical Islam: the Iranian Mojahedin|publisher=I.B.Tauris|date=1989|isbn=9781850430773|volume=3|series=Society and culture in the modern Middle East|at=p. 247}}</ref> ᱵᱟᱱᱤᱥᱚᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱫᱚ NCRI ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤᱭᱟᱫ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|title=Iran's Revolutionary Guard: The Threat That Grows While America Sleeps|url=https://archive.org/details/iransrevolutiona0000oher|page=[https://archive.org/details/iransrevolutiona0000oher/page/206 206]|publisher=Potomac Books, Inc|year=2012|author1=Steven O'Hern|isbn=978-1597977012}}</ref> ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱵᱷᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱘᱕ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱨᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱳᱫᱟᱱᱞᱩ (ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱨᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱵᱷᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=The New Yorker|volume=82|issue=1–11|pages=54–55|publisher=F-R Publishing Corporation|year=2006|title=Exiles: How Iran's expatriates are gaming the nuclear threat|author=Connie Bruck}}</ref> == ᱱᱳᱴᱥ == {{Notelist}} == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ == * {{Commonscatinline}} * {{Wikiquote-inline}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱩᱠᱩ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱔᱘ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱯᱤᱯᱚᱞᱥ ᱢᱩᱡᱟᱦᱮᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱯᱤᱯᱚᱞᱥ ᱢᱩᱡᱟᱦᱮᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱙᱑ ᱤᱨᱟᱠ ᱦᱩᱞᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱵᱟᱫᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱵᱟᱫᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱦᱩᱞᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱦᱩᱞᱥᱟᱹᱭᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱦᱩᱞᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱜᱟ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱤᱨᱟᱠ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱢᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱯᱨᱟᱫᱷ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱹᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱡᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] gwihgoe3hbbg8lwk84ovtpp5yh6yems 0 35981 196475 192434 2026-08-12T17:09:53Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196475 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ (ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱑᱙᱔᱗)}} {{Infobox person | name = ᱦᱟᱥᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱨᱤᱭᱚᱛᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱤ | native_name = حسن شریعتمداری | image = Hassan Shariatmadari, Iran-e Farda TV Network - Jul 4, 2015 (cropped).jpg | caption = ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱨᱤᱭᱚᱛᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱤ | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1947|5|26|df=y}} | birth_place = [[ᱛᱟᱵᱽᱨᱤᱡᱽ]], [[ᱯᱟᱦᱞᱟᱵᱷᱤ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ|ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | alma_mater = [[ᱥᱟᱨᱤᱯᱷ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ]] [[ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ]] | occupation = ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ | party = [[ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱡᱩᱢᱤᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱯᱚᱵᱽᱞᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ]] (᱒᱐᱐᱔–ᱱᱤᱛ) [[ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ ᱯᱤᱯᱩᱞᱥ ᱨᱮᱯᱚᱵᱽᱞᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ]] (᱑᱙᱗᱙–᱑᱙᱘᱐) | father = [[ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱠᱟᱡᱮᱢ ᱥᱟᱨᱤᱭᱚᱛᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱤ]] }} '''ᱦᱟᱥᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱨᱤᱭᱚᱛᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱤ''' (ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱒᱖ ᱢᱮ ᱑᱙᱔᱗) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱟᱨ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱡᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱣᱩᱱᱥᱤᱞ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱮᱠᱨᱮᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱨᱟᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱡᱩᱢᱤᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱯᱚᱵᱽᱞᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱵᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱨᱤ ᱤᱞᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱢᱩᱵᱷᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱢᱚᱨᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱜᱨᱮᱱᱰ ᱟᱭᱟᱛᱳᱞᱞᱟᱦ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱠᱟᱡᱮᱢ ᱥᱟᱨᱤᱭᱚᱛᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱤ ᱭᱤᱡ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱨᱮᱯᱚᱵᱽᱞᱤᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱦᱟᱥᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱨᱤᱭᱚᱛᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱜᱟ ᱚᱪᱚᱜ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱩᱦᱳᱞᱞᱟᱦ ᱠᱷᱳᱢᱮᱭᱱᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱦᱟᱢᱵᱩᱨᱜᱽ, [[ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ]] ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ == ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ == ᱥᱟᱨᱤᱭᱚᱛᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱵᱽᱨᱤᱡᱽ, ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱨᱮᱱᱰ ᱟᱭᱟᱛᱳᱞᱞᱟᱦ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱠᱟᱡᱮᱢ ᱥᱟᱨᱤᱭᱚᱛᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱤ (᱑᱙᱐᱕–᱑᱙᱘᱖) ᱭᱤᱡ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱡᱟ ᱟᱨ ''ᱵᱷᱮᱞᱟᱭᱚᱛ-ᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱠᱤᱦ'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱮ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2010/11/02/the-supreme-leaders-not-so-grand-tour/ |title=The Supreme Leader's Not-So-Grand Tour |last=Keller |first=Art |date=2010-11-02 |website=Foreign Policy |access-date=2024-01-08}}</ref> ᱥᱟᱨᱤᱭᱚᱛᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱭᱟᱢᱮᱦᱚᱨ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ (ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱥᱟᱨᱤᱯᱷ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱡᱤᱠᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱥᱴᱚᱨ ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱥᱴᱚᱨ ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤᱭ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hassan Shariatmadari |url=https://iran-tc.com/en/about-us/hassan-shariatmadari/ |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=Iran Transition Council}}</ref> ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱳᱢ ᱥᱮᱢᱤᱱᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱤᱭᱳᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱚᱥᱚᱯᱷᱤ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱗᱓ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱙᱘᱐ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱟᱨᱤᱭᱚᱛᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ ''ᱯᱟᱭᱟᱢ-ᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱤ'' ᱟᱨ ''ᱱᱟᱥᱞᱮ ᱱᱟᱣ'' ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}} == ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ == === ᱑᱙۷᱙ ᱦᱩᱞ === ᱑᱙᱗᱙ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱦᱩᱞ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱥᱟᱨᱤᱭᱚᱛᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱚᱢᱚᱨᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ, ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ ᱯᱤᱯᱩᱞᱥ ᱨᱮᱯᱚᱵᱽᱞᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bakhash |first=Shaul |title=The Reign of the Ayatollahs: Iran and the Islamic Revolution |url=https://archive.org/details/reignofayatolla00bakh |publisher=Basic Books |year=1984 |isbn=978-0465068883 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/reignofayatolla00bakh/page/89 89]–90}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱰᱮᱢᱚᱠᱨᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱮ ᱥᱚᱢᱚᱨᱛᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱟᱛᱳᱞᱞᱟᱦ ᱠᱷᱳᱢᱮᱭᱱᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱡᱩᱢᱤᱫᱽ ᱮ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ MPRP ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ''ᱵᱷᱮᱞᱟᱭᱚᱛ-ᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱠᱤᱦ'' ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱮᱫ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱨᱮᱯᱚᱵᱽᱞᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱗᱙ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱘᱐ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱭᱟᱛᱳᱞᱞᱟᱦ ᱥᱟᱨᱤᱭᱚᱛᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱢᱚᱨᱛᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱵᱽᱨᱤᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱦᱩᱞ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱨᱤᱵᱷᱚᱞᱩᱥᱚᱱᱟᱨᱤ ᱜᱟᱨᱰ ᱠᱚᱨᱯᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱥᱤᱡᱽ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱵᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news |last=Keddie |first=Nikki R. |title=Modern Iran: Roots and Results of Revolution |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2006 |pages=242–243}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱵᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱤ ᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱦᱟᱥᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱨᱤᱭᱚᱛᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱜᱟ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ === ᱵᱤᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ === ᱑᱙᱘᱓ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱟᱨᱤᱭᱚᱛᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱯᱚᱵᱽᱞᱤᱠᱟᱱᱥ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱠᱩᱞᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱩᱢᱤᱫᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱔ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱡᱩᱢᱤᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱯᱚᱵᱽᱞᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱮᱯᱚᱵᱽᱞᱤᱠ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱠᱩᱞᱟᱨ-ᱰᱮᱢᱚᱠᱨᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=About UIR |url=http://jomhouri.com/about-us/ |website=Union of Iranian Republicans |access-date=2024-01-08 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ᱥᱟᱨᱤᱭᱚᱛᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱦᱤᱝᱥᱟ ᱱᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ "ᱯᱷᱨᱤ ᱤᱞᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱢᱩᱵᱷᱢᱮᱱᱴ" ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱥᱚᱢᱚᱨᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱒᱐᱑᱓ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱟ: ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱥᱤᱵᱷᱤᱞ ᱥᱳᱥᱟᱭᱴᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱤ-ᱞᱟᱨᱱᱤᱝ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱤᱭᱩᱴ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱰᱮᱢᱚᱠᱨᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱡᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱢᱤᱱᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Free and Fair Elections as a Strategy for Transitioning from Dictatorship to Democracy |url=https://tavaana.org/en/content/free-and-fair-elections-strategy-transitioning-dictatorship-democracy |website=Tavaana |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904000230/https://tavaana.org/en/content/free-and-fair-elections-strategy-transitioning-dictatorship-democracy |archive-date=2014-09-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref> === ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱡᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱣᱩᱱᱥᱤᱞ === ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱟᱨᱤᱭᱚᱛᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱡᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱣᱩᱱᱥᱤᱞ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱮᱠᱨᱮᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱨᱟᱞ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱨᱮᱯᱚᱵᱽᱞᱤᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱤᱠᱚᱞᱯ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news |title=Iranian exiles form new 'Transition Council' in bid to unite opposition |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2019/09/29/Iranian-exiles-form-new-Transition-Council-in-bid-to-unite-opposition |work=Al Arabiya |date=2019-09-29 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱛᱮ, ITC ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱠᱩᱞᱟᱨ ᱰᱮᱢᱚᱠᱨᱮᱥᱤ, ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱚᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰᱚᱛᱟ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ, ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱥᱚᱢᱚᱨᱛᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱤᱯᱩᱨᱱᱚ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱩᱢᱤᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱳᱨ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shariatmadari |first=Hassan |date=2020-06-23 |title=Iran Transition Council is an alternative to Islamic Republic |url=https://iran-tc.com/en/2020/06/23/hasan-shariatmadari-iran-transition-council-is-an-alternative-to-islamic-republic/ |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=Iran Transition Council}}</ref> == ᱱᱤᱡᱮᱨᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ == ᱥᱟᱨᱤᱭᱚᱛᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨᱤ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱢᱵᱩᱨᱜᱽ, [[ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ]] ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱟᱨᱤᱯᱷ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ ᱯᱤᱯᱩᱞᱥ ᱨᱮᱯᱚᱵᱽᱞᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱔᱗ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱛᱟᱵᱽᱨᱤᱡᱽ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] 0npn7z0a7h9mj2lnhv1gdqptd3yc45q 0 36016 196715 192087 2026-08-13T04:06:02Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 196715 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ}} {{Infobox person | name = ᱱᱟᱡᱤᱞᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱩᱯᱷᱤᱭᱟᱱ | alt = <!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software --> | caption = | native_name = {{langx|fa|نازیلا معروفیان}} | birth_name = <!-- only use if different from name --> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2000|05|20|df=y}} | birth_place = | death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (DEATH date then BIRTH date) --> | death_place = | other_names = | occupation = ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ | years_active = | known_for = [[ᱢᱟᱦᱥᱟ ᱟᱢᱤᱱᱤ (ᱡᱤᱱᱟ)|ᱢᱟᱦᱥᱟ ᱟᱢᱤᱱᱤ]] ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱯᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱧᱟᱯᱟᱢ ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱤᱡᱟᱵᱽ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ | notable_works = }} '''ᱱᱟᱡᱤᱞᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱩᱯᱷᱤᱭᱟᱱ''' ({{langx|fa|نازیلا معروفیان}}; ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱒᱐ ᱢᱮ ᱒᱐᱐᱐) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱭᱫᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ ᱢᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ''ᱨᱚᱭᱫᱟᱫᱽ ᱒᱔'' ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nazila Maroufian - Journalism |url=https://ipa.united4iran.org/en/prisoner/8213/ |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=ipa.united4iran.org}}</ref><ref>[https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/middle-east/iran-eastern-states/1691952449-iranian-reporter-who-interviewed-amini-s-father-freed-from-jailhttps://www.i24news.tv/en/news/middle-east/iran-eastern-states/1691952449-iranian-reporter-who-interviewed-amini-s-fat Iranian Reporter Who Interviewed Amini's Father], I24, August 13, 2023</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-04 |title=نازیلا معروفیان روزنامه‌نگار سقزی ساکن تهران بازداشت شد |url=https://farsi.alarabiya.net/iran/2022/11/04/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7-%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87-%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D9%82%D8%B2%DB%8C-%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%86-%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA-%D8%B4%D8%AF |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=العربیه فارسی |language=fa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Cheeseman |first=Abbie |date=2023-08-18 |title=Iranian woman jailed for not wearing headscarf defies morality police once again |language=en-GB |work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/08/18/iran-woman-nazila-maroufian-release-no-hijab-mahsa-amini/ |access-date=2023-09-03 |issn=0307-1235}}</ref> ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱒ ᱨᱮ [[ᱢᱟᱦᱥᱟ ᱟᱢᱤᱱᱤ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ]] ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱩᱯᱷᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱲᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱓ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱮᱵᱷᱤᱱ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞ]] ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ [[ᱢᱟᱦᱥᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱟ ᱟᱢᱤᱱᱤ]] ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱯᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱧᱟᱯᱟᱢ ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱲ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-01-30 |title=Kurdish journalist convicted for interviewing Jina Mahsa Amini’s father |url=https://kurdistanhumanrights.org/en/news/prison-sentences/2023/01/30/kurdish-journalist-convicted-for-interviewing-mahsa-zhina-aminis-father/ |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=KHRN |language=en}}</ref> == ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ == ᱢᱟᱨᱩᱯᱷᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱟᱠᱠᱮᱡᱽ]] ᱨᱮᱭ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱟᱞᱞᱟᱢᱮᱦ ᱛᱟᱵᱟᱛᱟᱵᱟᱭᱤ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ]] ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱨᱮᱡᱩᱭᱮᱴ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ "ᱤᱵᱷᱮᱱᱴ ᱒᱔" ᱟᱨ "ᱢᱳᱥᱛᱟᱜᱷᱮᱞ ᱚᱱᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ" ᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱤᱯᱳᱨᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran: Kurdish Journalist Nazila Maroufian Arrested In Tehran |url=https://www.womeninjournalism.org/threats-all/iran-kurdish-journalist-nazila-maroufian-arrested-in-tehran |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=Coalition For Women in Journalism |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nazila Maroufian |url=https://www.igfm.de/nazila-maroufian/ |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=Internationale Gesellschaft für Menschenrechte (IGFM) |language=de-DE}}</ref> == ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞ == === ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞ === ᱢᱟᱨᱩᱯᱷᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ [[ᱢᱟᱦᱥᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱟ ᱟᱢᱤᱱᱤ]] ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱯᱟᱛ ᱟᱢᱡᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱢᱤᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱧᱟᱯᱟᱢ ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱲ ᱑᱔ ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱩᱱᱤᱭ ᱨᱤᱯᱳᱨᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ [[ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱩᱨᱚᱠᱠᱷᱟ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱠᱚ|ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱩᱨᱚᱠᱠᱷᱟ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱠᱚ]] ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱚᱪᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱚᱢᱠᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱩᱭᱤᱴ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱴᱩᱭᱤᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ:<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=maroofian%20n |url=https://twitter.com/maroofian%20n |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=X (formerly Twitter) |language=en}}</ref> "ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ, ᱤᱧ ᱢᱮᱦᱥᱟ ᱟᱢᱤᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱯᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱧᱟᱯᱟᱢ ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱲ ᱤᱧ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱧᱟᱯᱟᱢ ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱲ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ "ᱢᱳᱥᱛᱟᱜᱷᱮᱞ ᱚᱱᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ" ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ ᱢᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱤᱧ ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱤᱧᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱡᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱩᱭᱤᱴ ᱛᱷᱨᱮᱰ ᱨᱮ, ᱤᱧ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱧᱟᱯᱟᱢ ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱲ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱨᱩᱲ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱧ ᱚᱞᱟ ᱾"<ref name=":0" /> ᱧᱟᱯᱟᱢ ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱢᱡᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱢᱤᱱᱤᱭ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱰᱮᱯᱩᱴᱤ ᱢᱮᱰᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱮᱠᱡᱟᱢᱤᱱᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱫ ᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ "ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟᱜᱮ" ᱚᱞᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>[https://www.radiofarda.com/a/mahsa-amini-s-father-rejects-official-explanation-on-his-daughter-s-death/32091931.html Mahsa Amini's father: The Deputy Medical Examiner said that we will write whatever is good for the country], Radio Farda, October 19, 2022</ref><ref>[https://www.mardomsalari.ir/news/177843/%D9%BE%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%85%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C-%D9%BE%D8%B2%D8%B4%DA%A9%DB%8C-%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C-%DA%AF%D9%81%D8%AA-%DA%AF%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%85-%D9%87%D8%B1%DA% Mahsa Amini's father: The forensic doctor said that I can do whatever I want in my report...]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Mardomsalari.ir, October 19, 2022</ref><ref>[https://www.peykeiran.com/Content.aspx?ID=255603 Mahsa Amini's father: The deputy coroner said whatever is good for the country]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Peykeiran.com, October 19, 2022</ref> ᱢᱟᱨᱩᱯᱷᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱓᱐ ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱒ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱮᱵᱷᱤᱱ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱤᱴᱮᱱᱥᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱙ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>[https://kurdpa.net/en/news/2023/01/35 Nazila Maroufian was sentenced to two years of imprisonment], Kurdpa, January 29, 2023</ref><ref>[https://iranwire.com/en/journalism-is-not-a-crime/111608-iranian-police-arrested-journalist-nazila-maroufian/ Iranian Police Arrested Journalist Nazila Maroufian], IranWire, October 30, 2022</ref> ᱕ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱒᱐᱒᱓ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱟᱨᱩᱯᱷᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱨᱰᱤᱭᱟᱠ ᱮᱨᱮᱥᱴ (cardiac arrest) ᱦᱩᱭᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱥᱯᱟᱛᱟᱞ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾{{citation needed|date=May 2024}} ᱒ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱒᱐᱒᱓ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱟᱨᱩᱯᱷᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱡᱚᱡᱽ ᱟᱯᱷᱥᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱳᱨᱴ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞ, ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱨᱯᱷᱤᱭᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱕ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱴᱳᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱨᱤᱢᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>[https://iranwire.com/fa/news-1/113161-نازیلا-معروفیان-۲-سال-زندان-به-جرم-مصاحبه-با-پدر-مهسا-امینی Nazila Maroubian; 2 years in prison for the crime of interviewing Mahsa Amini's father], IranWire, January 28, 2023</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran journalist Nazila Maroufian arrested again for defying headscarf law: report |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/iran-journalist-rearrested-defying-headscarf-law?amp=1 |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=New Arab |language=en |archive-date=2026-05-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260507065953/https://www.newarab.com/news/iran-journalist-rearrested-defying-headscarf-law?amp=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱪᱚᱜ === ᱢᱮ ᱒᱐᱒᱓ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱟᱨᱩᱯᱷᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱯᱮᱥᱟᱞ ᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱴ ᱮᱡᱮᱱᱴ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱪᱚᱜ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱡᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱡᱚᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱧᱤᱨ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱮ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱜᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=2023-06-15 |title="اخراج" یک خبرنگار از محل کار بعد از افشای توهین جنسی مأمور پلیس |language=fa |work=رادیو فردا |url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/nazila-maroufian-was-sacked/32460505.html |access-date=2023-09-03}}</ref> === ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱵ === ᱘ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱒᱐᱒᱓ ᱨᱮ, ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱤᱡᱟᱵᱽ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱩᱯᱷᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱵᱷᱤᱱ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ, ᱤᱱᱴᱮᱞᱤᱡᱮᱱᱥ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱞᱚ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱯᱴᱚᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱳᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱡ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ, ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱚᱞᱟᱥ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱘ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱤᱠᱤᱭᱩᱴᱚᱨ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱠᱩᱢ ᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news |last=AFP |title=Iran reporter defiant after release from prison for posting photo without headscarf |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/iran-reporter-defiant-after-release-from-prison-for-posting-photo-without-headscarf/ |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=[[The Times of Israel]] |language=en-US |issn=0040-7909}}</ref> ᱢᱟᱨᱩᱯᱷᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱚᱪᱚᱭᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, [[ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱴᱤ ᱴᱩ ᱯᱨᱚᱴᱮᱠᱴ ᱡᱟᱨᱱᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴᱥ]] ᱑᱒ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱒᱐᱒᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱵᱟᱭᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱚᱪᱚᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱤᱱᱫᱟᱹ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱥᱚᱨᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>[https://azureserv.com/a/authorities-rearrest-journalist-nazila-maroofian---committee-to-protect-journalists/7177124.html?%20cpo=aHR0cHM6Ly9pci52b2FuZXdzLmNvbQ The Committee to Protect Journalists demanded the "unconditional" release of investigative journalist Nazila Maroufian.]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, VOA farsi, July 12, 2023</ref> ᱒᱔ ᱟᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱒᱐᱒᱓ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[ᱢᱮᱦᱫᱤ ᱭᱟᱨᱨᱟᱦᱤ]] ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱫ ᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=The re-arrest of Nazila Maroufian, along with her mother, has raised concerns regarding the situation of the journalist in prison |url=https://hengaw.net/en/news/2023/08/the-re-arrest-of-nazila-maroufian-along-with-her-mother-has-raised-concerns-regarding-the-situation-of-the-journalist-in-prison |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=Hengaw |language=ku-Arab}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-31 |title=Journalist Nazila Maroufian Re-Arrested in Tehran |url=https://www.en-hrana.org/journalist-nazila-maroufian-re-arrested-in-tehran/ |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=Hrana |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-31 |title=Nazila Maroufian, journaliste iranienne ayant interviewé le père de Mahsa Amini, arrêtée pour non port du voile |url=https://www.marieclaire.fr/nazila-maroufian-journaliste-iranienne-ayant-interviewe-le-pere-de-mahsa-amini-arretee-pour-non-port-du-voile,1458965.asp |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=Marie Claire |language=fr}}</ref> == ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ == ᱢᱟᱨᱩᱯᱷᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱮᱡᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>[https://www.voanews.com/a/iran-journalist-says-she-was-sexually-assaulted-during-arrest/7257161.html Iran Journalist Says She Was Sexually Assaulted During..], VOA, September 6, 2023</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[ᱤᱨᱟᱠᱤ ᱠᱩᱨᱫᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ]] ᱟᱨ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥ]] ᱛᱮᱭ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱮᱡᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱜᱚᱜᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱫ ᱫᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>[https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230906-iran-journalist-says-was-sexually-assaulted-during-arrest Iran journalist says was sexually assaulted during arrest..], France 24, September 6, 2023</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱑ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱑ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱑ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱩᱨᱫᱤᱥ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱟᱞᱞᱟᱢᱮᱦ ᱛᱟᱵᱟᱛᱟᱵᱟᱭᱤ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ བᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱹᱭᱫᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱩᱨᱫᱤᱥ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱩᱨᱫᱤᱥ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱩᱨᱫᱤᱥ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱟᱠᱠᱮᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] pfdasadwrixpinmnwduenmvcelsofhh 0 36020 196595 192102 2026-08-12T19:02:22Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196595 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱰᱟᱠᱴᱚᱨ, ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱝᱥᱚᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ (᱑᱙᱒᱒–᱑᱙᱘᱐)}} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = | name = ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱨᱚᱠᱨᱩ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟ | honorific_suffix = | native_name = {{No bold|{{Script/Nastaliq|فرخ‌رو پارسا}}}} | native_name_lang = fa | image = فرخ‌رو پارسا.jpg | caption = ᱑᱙᱖᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟ | office = [[ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ (ᱤᱨᱟᱱ)|ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ]] | term_start = ᱒᱗ ᱟᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱑᱙᱖᱘ | term_end = ᱒ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱙᱗᱑ | predecessor = ᱦᱟᱫᱤ ᱦᱮᱫᱟᱭᱚᱛᱤ | prime_minister = [[ᱟᱢᱤᱨ ᱟᱵᱽᱵᱟᱥ ᱦᱳᱵᱷᱮᱭᱫᱟ]] | monarch = [[ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱡᱟ ᱯᱟᱦᱞᱟᱵᱷᱤ]] | successor = ᱟᱦᱢᱟᱫᱽ ᱦᱳᱥᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱨᱤᱯᱷᱤ | office2 = [[ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱢᱚᱥ ᱵᱟᱹᱭᱥᱤ|ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱝᱥᱚᱫᱽ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ]] | term_start2 = ᱑᱕ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱙᱖᱓ | term_end2 = ᱒᱕ ᱟᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱑᱙᱖᱘ | constituency2 = [[ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ]] | birth_date = {{birth date|1922|3|24|df=y}} | birth_place = [[ᱠᱳᱢ]], [[ᱠᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1980|5|8|1922|3|24|df=y}} | death_place = ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ, [[ᱤᱨᱟᱱ]] | death_cause = [[ᱜᱩᱞᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱡ]] | party = {{plainlist| *[[ᱨᱤᱥᱚᱨᱡᱮᱱᱥ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ]] {{small|(᱑᱙᱗᱕–᱑᱙᱗᱘)}} *[[ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱱᱳᱵᱷᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ|ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ]] {{small|(᱑᱙᱖᱓–᱑᱙᱗᱕)}} | spouse = ᱟᱦᱢᱟᱫᱽ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱳᱠᱷᱟᱱ <small>(᱑᱙᱔᱘–᱑᱙᱘᱐, ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ)</small> | profession = {{ubl|[[ᱰᱟᱠᱴᱚᱨ]]|[[ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ]]}} }} }} '''ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱨᱚᱠᱨᱩ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟ''' ({{langx|fa|فرخرو پارسا}}; ᱒᱔ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱑᱙᱒᱒ – ᱘ ᱢᱮ ᱑᱙᱘᱐) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱰᱟᱠᱴᱚᱨ, ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱝᱥᱚᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱤᱨ ᱟᱵᱽᱵᱟᱥ ᱦᱳᱵᱷᱮᱭᱫᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱮᱵᱤᱱᱮᱴ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱞ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱘ ᱢᱮ ᱑᱙᱘᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱞᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0"/><ref name="Kinnear 2011 118">{{cite book |last= Kinnear|first=Karen|date=2011|title=Women in Developing Countries: A Reference Handbook (Contemporary World Issues)|url=https://archive.org/details/womenindevelopin0000kinn|location= |publisher=ABC-CLIO|page=[https://archive.org/details/womenindevelopin0000kinn/page/118 118]|isbn= |access-date=}}</ref> ==ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ== [[File:Jam'iat e nesvan e vatan-khah01.jpg|thumb|left|300px|''ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ'' (''ᱡᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱛ-ᱮ ᱱᱮᱥᱵᱷᱟᱱ-ᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱛᱟᱱᱠᱷᱟᱦ'') ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱳᱨᱰ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱜᱚᱵᱷᱚᱨᱱᱚᱨᱥ, ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ, ᱑᱙᱒᱒–᱑᱙᱓᱒ ᱾ ᱮᱠᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱩᱲᱩᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱯᱷᱚᱠᱷᱨᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱟᱜᱷ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱨᱚᱠᱨᱩ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾]] [[File:F parsa.jpg|thumb|right|ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱨᱚᱠᱨᱩ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟ, ᱦᱩᱞᱜᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱳᱨᱴ ᱨᱮ, ᱑᱙᱗᱙]] ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱨᱚᱠᱨᱩ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱔ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱑᱙᱒᱒ ᱨᱮ<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.balatarin.com/permlink/2016/3/23/4135409 |title=زادروز زنده یاد دکتر فرخ رو پارسا|date=23 March 2016 |language=fa}}</ref> ᱠᱳᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱨᱚᱠ-ᱫᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱚᱠᱷᱨ-ᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱟᱜᱷ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱭ ᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡ ᱟᱭᱳ, ᱯᱷᱚᱠᱷᱨ-ᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱟᱜᱷ, ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱜᱟᱡᱤᱱ ''ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱ-ᱮ ᱡᱟᱱ'' ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref name="Bahrami">{{citation|last=Bahrami|first=Ardavan|title=A woman for all seasons: In memory of Farrokhrou Parsa|date=9 May 2005|publisher=iranian.com|url=http://www.iranian.com/ArdavanBahrami/2005/May/Parsa/index.html}}.</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱨᱩᱲᱷᱤᱵᱟᱫᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱦᱢᱟᱫᱽ ᱠᱟᱵᱷᱟᱢ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱳᱢ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱚᱠᱷᱨ-ᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱟᱜᱷ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱨᱚᱠᱨᱩ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱑᱙᱒᱒ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ (ᱱᱳᱣᱨᱩᱡᱽ, ᱑᱓᱐᱑ ᱮ.ᱮᱪ.) ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱴᱤᱲᱤᱡ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱾<ref name="Bahrami"/> ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ, ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱥᱟᱱ ᱢᱳᱥᱛᱳᱣᱯᱷᱤ ᱳᱞ-ᱢᱟᱢᱟᱞᱮᱠ ᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱛᱮ, ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱰᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱱ ᱰᱤ'ᱟᱨᱠ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱤᱵᱽ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱢᱟᱪᱮᱛ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱟᱦ ᱫᱤᱵᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱡᱟ ᱯᱟᱦᱞᱟᱵᱷᱤ ᱭᱤᱡ ᱮᱨᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱟᱦᱵᱟᱱᱩ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name="Bahrami"/><ref>{{citation|last=Pahlavi-Diba|first=Farah|title=In memory of Mrs. Farrokhrou Parsa executed on May 8, 1980|series=(in Persian)|date=8 May 2000|publisher=farahpahlavi.org|url=http://www.farahpahlavi.org/parsa.html|access-date=30 March 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225025142/http://www.farahpahlavi.org/parsa.html|archive-date=25 February 2008|url-status=dead}}.</ref> ᱑᱙᱖᱓ ᱨᱮ, ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱝᱥᱚᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ (''ᱢᱟᱡᱽᱞᱮᱥ'') ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ, ᱟᱨ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱳᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱡᱟ ᱯᱟᱦᱞᱟᱵᱷᱤ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱟᱨᱫᱟᱥ ᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="Bahrami" /> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱩᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱖᱕ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱡᱚᱜᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱞ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱗ ᱟᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱑᱙᱖᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱤᱨ-ᱟᱵᱽᱵᱟᱥ ᱦᱳᱵᱷᱮᱭᱫᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱵᱤᱱᱮᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name="Bahrami" /> ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱮᱵᱤᱱᱮᱴ ᱯᱚᱫᱽ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱩᱞ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱨᱤᱵᱷᱳᱞᱩᱥᱚᱱᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱳᱨᱴ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ "ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱡᱟᱱᱟ ᱞᱩᱴ", ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱟᱞᱚᱭ ᱨᱮ "ᱫᱩᱨᱱᱤᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱥᱭᱟᱵᱨᱤᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ", "ᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟᱠ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ-ᱜᱚᱯᱚᱲᱚ" ᱟᱨ "ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱟᱞᱚᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱪᱚᱜ", ᱟᱨ "ᱦᱚᱲ-ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ" ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱚᱨᱫᱟ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱫᱽᱫᱷᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ-ᱵᱷᱮᱫᱽᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱥᱟᱯᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱫ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="Kinnear 2011 118"/> ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱯᱚᱨᱢᱟᱬ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱣᱟ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱜᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Farrokhru Parsa: One Person's Story |url=https://www.iranrights.org/memorial/story/34914/farrokhru-parsa |access-date=13 August 2022 |website=Abdorrahman Boroumand Center |language=en}}</ref> ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱘ ᱢᱮ ᱑᱙᱘᱐ ᱨᱮ [[ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱞᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ,<ref name=":0">{{citation|last=Lentz|first=Harris M.|chapter=Farrokhrou Parsa|title=Assassinations and Executions: An Encyclopedia of Political Violence, 1865-1986|location=Jefferson|publisher=McFarland|page=208}}.</ref> ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱪᱤᱴᱷᱤ ᱨᱮ, ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱨᱚᱠᱨᱩ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ: "ᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱟᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱹᱧ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱾ ᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱨᱫᱟ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱫᱽᱫᱷᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹ ᱛᱤ ᱛᱮᱧ ᱟᱛᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱧ ᱱᱤᱦᱩᱲᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱚᱥᱛᱟᱣ ᱤᱧ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱫᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱹᱧ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾"<ref name="Bahrami" /> ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱦᱩᱞ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱢᱟᱱᱳᱣᱪᱮᱦᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱡᱤ, ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱦᱟᱲᱟᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ: ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ "ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱟᱱ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ, [...]ᱰᱟᱠᱴᱚᱨ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱠᱷᱚᱢ ᱰᱟᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱟᱞᱚᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱦᱮᱥᱛᱤ, ᱵᱟᱦᱳᱱᱟᱨ, ᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱡᱟᱭᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱞᱜᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾"<ref>{{citation |last=Ganji |first=Manouchehr |title=Defying the Iranian Revolution: From a Minister to the Shah to a Leader |page=80 |year=2002 |authorlink=Manouchehr Ganji |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NboVl-CeYs0C&pg=PA80&dq=Farokhrou+Parsa&sig=trwcrAcPO8sYNARk4mSJak8m8pI}}</ref> ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱵᱮᱦᱮᱥᱛᱤ, ᱵᱟᱦᱳᱱᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱢᱳᱯᱷᱟᱛᱮᱦ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱟᱞᱚᱭ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱨᱳᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱦᱩᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱟᱞᱚᱭ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱚᱱᱰᱤᱝ ᱛᱮ, ᱵᱮᱦᱮᱥᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱢᱵᱚᱨᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱳᱱᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱯᱚᱵᱽᱞᱤᱠ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱠᱷᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{citation|last=Pirnia|first=Mansureh|title=Madam Minister: A Collection of Memoirs and Notes Written by Farrokhroo Parsa|year=2007}}</ref> [[File:Farrokhroo Parsa.jpg|thumb|᱑᱙᱗᱗ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟ]] ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{Reflist}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ== {{Commons category|Farrokhroo Parsa}} * [http://www.iranian.com/ArdavanBahrami/2005/May/Parsa/Images/p2.jpg ᱟᱢᱤᱨ-ᱟᱵᱽᱵᱟᱥ ᱦᱳᱵᱷᱮᱭᱫᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱲ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱨᱚᱠᱨᱩ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟ] ᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱾ * [https://www.flickr.com/photos/37764682@N00/6123674/ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱨᱚᱠ-ᱫᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱚᱠᱷᱨ-ᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱟᱜᱷ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱭ ᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱾ [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱒᱒ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱘᱐ ᱜᱩᱨ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱒ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱡᱽᱞᱤᱥ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱠ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱜᱩᱞᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱜᱚᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱞᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱳᱢ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱐ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱨᱟᱥᱛᱟᱠᱷᱤᱡᱽ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱱᱳᱵᱷᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱩᱞ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱐ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱰᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱰᱟᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱐ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱰᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱰᱟᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱨᱤᱯᱚᱵᱽᱞᱤᱠ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱩᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] fq9nbwrmiveo2nfe2xhikz8kzkfv27g 0 36059 196579 196343 2026-08-12T18:47:40Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196579 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ (᱑᱙᱒᱙–᱒᱐᱑᱙)}} {{Infobox officeholder | image = Alinaghi Alikhani on BBC Persian (cropped).png | image_size = | caption = | office2 = ᱤᱱᱰᱚᱥᱴᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱨᱥ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ | prime_minister2 = [[ᱟᱥᱟᱫᱚᱞᱞᱟᱦ ᱟᱞᱟᱢ]] | predecessor2 = | successor2 = | term_start2 = ᱑᱙᱖᱓ | term_end2 = ᱑᱙᱖᱓ | office1 = ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ | prime_minister1 = {{ubl|[[ᱟᱥᱟᱫᱚᱞᱞᱟᱦ ᱟᱞᱟᱢ]] | [[ᱦᱟᱥᱟᱱ ᱟᱞᱤ ᱢᱟᱱᱥᱩᱨ]] |[[ᱟᱢᱤᱨ ᱟᱵᱽᱵᱟᱥ ᱦᱳᱵᱷᱮᱭᱫᱟ]]}} | predecessor1 = ''ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ'' | successor1 = [[ᱦᱩᱥᱟᱝ ᱟᱱᱥᱟᱨᱤ]] | term_start1 = ᱑᱙ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱙᱖᱓ | term_end1 = ᱑᱙ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱑᱙᱖᱙ | office = ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱪᱟᱱᱥᱮᱞᱚᱨ | prime_minister = | predecessor = [[ᱯᱷᱟᱡᱽᱞᱳᱞᱞᱟᱦ ᱨᱮᱡᱟ]] | successor = [[ᱦᱳᱣᱪᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱫᱤ]] | term_start = ᱑᱙᱖᱙ | term_end = ᱑᱙᱗᱑ | birth_date = ᱒᱑ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱙᱒᱙ | birth_place = ᱠᱷᱟᱢᱥᱮᱦ, [[ᱡᱟᱱᱡᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]], [[ᱯᱟᱦᱞᱟᱵᱷᱤ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ|ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱤᱢᱯᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱥᱴᱮᱴ]] | death_date = {{death date and age|2019|6|25|1929|1|29|df=y}} | death_place = | resting_place = | alma_mater = {{ubl|[[ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ]] | ᱯᱮᱨᱤᱥ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ}} | spouse = | parents = ᱟᱵᱮᱫᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ (ᱵᱟᱵᱟ) | children = ᱔ }} '''ᱟᱞᱤᱱᱟᱜᱷᱤ ᱟᱞᱤᱠᱷᱟᱱᱤ''' ({{langx|fa|علینقی عالیخانی}}&lrm;; ᱒᱑ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱙᱒᱙ – ᱒᱕ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱒᱐᱑᱙) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱚᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱪᱟᱱᱥᱮᱞᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟᱭ ᱾ == ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ == ᱟᱞᱤᱠᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱑ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱙᱒᱙ ᱥᱟᱞᱮᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱢᱥᱮᱦ, ᱡᱟᱱᱡᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name=M08>{{cite book|author=Abbas Milani|year=2008 |title=Eminent Persians: The Men and Women who Made Modern Iran, 1941-1979|page=57|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ixU33FaG_dgC&pg=PA56 |volume=1-2|publisher=[[Syracuse University Press]]|isbn=978-0-8156-0907-0|location=Syracuse, NY|author-link=Abbas Milani}}</ref> ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ, ᱟᱵᱮᱫᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱡᱟᱠᱷ ᱯᱮᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref name=opars>{{cite web|title=Iran Oral and Visual History Project Vol 4; Economic and Security: The Memoirs of Ali Naghi Alikhani|url=https://www.oparsbooks.com/product/iran-oral-and-visual-history-project-vol-4-economic-and-security-the-memoirs-of-ali-naghi-alikhani/|publisher=Opars Books|access-date=3 August 2021|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616161230/https://www.oparsbooks.com/product/iran-oral-and-visual-history-project-vol-4-economic-and-security-the-memoirs-of-ali-naghi-alikhani/}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱡᱟ ᱥᱟᱦ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱢᱥᱮᱦ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱮᱰᱢᱤᱱᱤᱥᱴᱨᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name=M08/> ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ, ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟᱢᱤᱱ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱞᱤᱠᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=M08/> ᱑᱙᱔᱙ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱞᱤᱠᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱨᱤ (ᱞᱚ) ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱪᱮᱞᱚᱨ ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱜᱨᱮᱡᱩᱭᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name=M08/> ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱢᱭᱩᱱᱤᱡᱚᱢ-ᱵᱤᱨᱳᱫᱷᱤ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=M08/> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱚᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱵᱤᱡᱱᱮᱥ ᱮᱰᱢᱤᱱᱤᱥᱴᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=opars/> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱯᱮᱨᱤᱥ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱤᱮᱪᱰᱤ ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=M08/><ref name=ehsanee>{{cite thesis|author=Ehsanee Ian Sadr|title=To whisper in the king's ear: Economists in Pahlavi and Islamic Iran|id={{ProQuest|1432765052}}|location=[[University of Maryland, College Park]]|page=75 |degree=PhD|year=2013|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1432765052}}</ref> ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱮᱥᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱞᱯᱚ ᱵᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱮᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=ra18/> ᱯᱮᱨᱤᱥ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱚᱫᱷᱤᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱚᱨᱜᱟᱱᱟᱭᱡᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱚᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱞᱤᱠᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱮ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=M08/> == ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱭᱚᱨ == [[File:Ghassem Rezai Mansoor.jpg|thumb|right|ᱟᱞᱤᱱᱟᱜᱷᱤ ᱟᱞᱤᱠᱷᱟᱱᱤ (ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱲ, ᱮᱠᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱥᱮᱫ) ᱗ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱑᱙᱖᱔ ᱨᱮ [[ᱦᱟᱥᱟᱱ ᱟᱞᱤ ᱢᱟᱱᱥᱩᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ|ᱢᱟᱱᱥᱩᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱵᱤᱱᱮᱴ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱰᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱ ᱨᱮ]] ᱟᱞᱤᱠᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱑᱙᱕᱗ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ<ref name=grezaa/> ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱮᱱᱟᱞᱟᱭᱥᱤᱥ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱭᱚᱨ ᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=M08/><ref name=ehsanee/> ᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱴᱨᱮᱰ ᱪᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱠᱚᱱᱥᱟᱞᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=opars/> ᱟᱞᱤᱠᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱖᱓ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱱᱰᱚᱥᱴᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱨᱥ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name=haru>{{cite web|title=Interview with Alikhani, Ali Naghi: Tape 07 |url=https://curiosity.lib.harvard.edu/iranian-oral-history-project/catalog/32-alikhani__ali-naghi07|publisher=[[Harvard University]]|access-date=3 August 2021|format=Project material}}</ref> ᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱑᱙ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱙᱖᱓ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱟᱞᱚᱭ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=ra18>{{cite book|author=Ramin Nassehi|editor=Roham Alvandi|title=The Age of Aryamer: Late Pahlavi Iran and Its Global Entanglements|publisher=Gingko|location=London|isbn=9781909942196|doi=10.2307/j.ctv7tq4nd.5|chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv7tq4nd.5 |chapter=Domesticating Cold War Economic Ideas: The Rise of Iranian Developmentalism in the 1950s and 1960s|year=2018}}</ref> ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱮᱫᱚ, ᱟᱞᱤᱠᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱰᱚᱥᱴᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱨᱥ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱟᱞᱚᱭ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱟᱞᱚᱭ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱫᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name=ehsanee/> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱮᱵᱤᱱᱮᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱟᱥᱟᱫᱚᱞᱞᱟᱦ ᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ,<ref>{{cite journal|title=Chronology September 16, 1962-March 15, 1963|journal=[[The Middle East Journal]]|date=Winter–Spring 1963|volume=17|issue=1–2 |page=113|jstor=4323557}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱝᱜᱤᱨ ᱛᱟᱯᱷᱟᱡᱳᱞᱤ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱚᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱞᱤᱠᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱥᱩᱯᱟᱨᱤᱥ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=grezaa>{{cite book |author=Gholam Reza Afkhami|title=The Life and Times of the Shah|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|year=2009|isbn=978-0-520-94216-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pTVSPmyvtkAC&pg=PA317|author-link=Gholam Reza Afkhami|page=317|location=Berkeley, CA}}</ref> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱨ ᱚᱫᱷᱤᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱞᱤᱠᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱨᱚᱴᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱᱤᱡᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱟᱭᱵᱷᱮᱴ ᱥᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱳᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱢᱚᱨᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=ra18/> ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱔ ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱖᱓ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱨᱟᱥᱮᱞᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱠᱚᱱᱚᱢᱤᱠ ᱠᱚᱢᱭᱩᱱᱤᱴᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱨᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱮᱜᱽᱨᱤᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱦᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal|title=Commercial Agreement between European Economic Community and the Imperial Government of Iran|journal=International Legal Materials|volume=3|issue=1|year=1964|doi=10.1017/s0020782900055911| pages=63–64}}</ref> ᱟᱞᱤᱠᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ, ᱦᱟᱥᱟᱱ ᱟᱞᱤ ᱢᱟᱱᱥᱩᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱢᱤᱨ ᱟᱵᱽᱵᱟᱥ ᱦᱳᱵᱷᱮᱭᱫᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱵᱤᱱᱮᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱯᱚᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱮᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=bbc/><ref>{{cite journal|title=Chronology December 16, 1963 - March 15, 1964|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_middle-east-journal_spring-1964_18_2/page/218|journal=The Middle East Journal |year=1964|volume=18|issue=2|page=218|jstor=4323704}}</ref> ᱛᱤᱱ ᱡᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱟᱞᱤᱠᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱦ, ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱡᱟ ᱯᱟᱦᱞᱟᱵᱷᱤ, ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟ ᱜᱷᱳᱞᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱡᱟ ᱯᱟᱦᱞᱟᱵᱷᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱚᱫᱷᱤᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱮ-ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=nasr>{{cite journal|author=Vali Nasr|title=Politics within the Late-Pahlavi State: The Ministry of Economy and Industrial Policy, 1963-69 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-middle-east-studies_2000-02_32_1/page/105|volume=32|journal=[[International Journal of Middle East Studies]]|date=February 2000|issue=1|jstor=259537|doi=10.1017/S0020743800021061 |s2cid=154803890|pages=105, 108}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱑᱙ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱑᱙᱖᱙ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱛᱤᱱ ᱡᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱚᱫᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱤᱥᱛᱤᱯᱷᱟ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=nasr/><ref name=chro69>{{cite journal|title=Chronology May 16, 1969-August 15, 1969|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_middle-east-journal_autumn-1969_23_4/page/512|journal=The Middle East Journal|year=1969|volume=23|issue=4|page=512|jstor=4324514 }}</ref> ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱥᱟᱝ ᱟᱱᱥᱟᱨᱤ ᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=nasr/><ref name=chro69/> ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱤᱥᱛᱤᱯᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱦ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱞᱤᱠᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱚᱠᱠᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱟᱦ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱜᱩᱞᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |page=[https://archive.org/details/questfordemocrac0000azim/page/193 193]|year=2008|author=Fakhreddin Azimi|title=The Quest for Democracy in Iran: A Century of Struggle against Authoritarian Rule|url=https://archive.org/details/questfordemocrac0000azim|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|location=Cambridge, MA; London|isbn=978-0-674-02778-7|author-link=Fakhreddin Azimi}}</ref> ᱟᱞᱤᱠᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱫᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱪᱟᱱᱥᱮᱞᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱑᱙᱖᱙ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name=haru/><ref name=mehr>{{cite book |author=Mehrzad Boroujerdi|editor=Ramin Jahanbegloo|title=Mapping the Role of Intellectuals in Iranian Modern and Contemporary History |year=2020|publisher=Lexington Books|location=London|isbn=978-1-7936-0007-3|editor-link=Ramin Jahanbegloo|page=120|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8KgJEAAAQBAJ|chapter=Rethinking the Legacy of Intellectual-Statesmen in Iran}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱑᱙᱗᱑ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱚᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=haru/><ref name=mehr/> ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱴᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱞᱤᱠᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=opars/> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱨᱤᱱᱥᱮᱥ ᱟᱥᱨᱟᱯᱷ ᱯᱟᱦᱞᱟᱵᱷᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱣᱮᱞᱯᱷᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱭᱟᱞ ᱚᱨᱜᱟᱱᱟᱭᱡᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱵᱳᱨᱰ ᱢᱮᱢᱵᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|title=Ashraf Pahlavi|url=http://www.iichs.org/index_en.asp?id=1419&img_cat=90&img_type=0|publisher=IICHS|access-date=4 March 2023|archive-date=28 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228013707/http://www.iichs.org/index_en.asp?id=1419&img_cat=90&img_type=0|url-status=dead}}</ref> === ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱠᱚ === ᱟᱞᱤᱠᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ''ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱦ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱟᱭᱤ: ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱱᱯᱷᱤᱰᱮᱱᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱥ ᱨᱚᱭᱟᱞ ᱠᱳᱨᱴ, ᱑᱙᱖᱘-᱗᱗'' ᱟᱨ ''ᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱤᱡᱽ'' ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal|author=Bahman Amini|title=Book review|journal=[[Middle Eastern Studies (journal)|Middle Eastern Studies]]|issue=1 |date=January 1993|volume=29|jstor=4283547}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Ali Gheissari|title=Authorial Voices and the Sense of an Ending in Persian Diaries: Notes on Eʿtemād al-Saltaneh and ʿAlam|journal=Iranian Studies|year=2016|volume=49|issue=4|page=696|s2cid=163444354 |doi=10.1080/00210862.2016.1142285|author-link=Ali Gheissari}}</ref> == ᱱᱤᱡᱮᱨᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱨ == ᱟᱞᱤᱠᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱜᱨᱮᱡᱩᱭᱮᱴ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱦᱩ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱯᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=M08/> ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱾<ref name=M08/> ᱑᱙᱗᱙ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱵᱷᱳᱞᱩᱥᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱜᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱲᱦᱮ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=M08/> ᱟᱞᱤᱠᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱹᱦᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱣᱟᱥᱤᱝᱴᱚᱱ ᱰᱤ.ᱥᱤ. ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=M08/> ᱡᱩᱱ ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=bbc>{{cite news|author=Hamid Kayhan|work=[[BBC]] |title=علینقی عالیخانی، وزیر اقتصاد هویدا، علم و منصور درگذشت رادیو|url=https://www.bbc.com/persian/business-48763000|access-date=3 August 2021 |language=fa|date=25 June 2019}}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ == *{{Commons-inline}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱐ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱐ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱐ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱐ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱑ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱒᱙ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱜᱩᱨ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱵᱷᱳᱞᱩᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱪᱟᱱᱥᱮᱞᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱚᱢᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱴ-ᱵᱤᱨᱳᱫᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟᱠ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱯᱮᱨᱤᱥ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] arhkct1sus3xkh0w20no1dtul3qph0k 0 36063 196502 192221 2026-08-12T17:29:58Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196502 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱪᱮᱛ}} {{Infobox writer | embed = | honorific_prefix = | name = ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱨᱮᱦ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱯᱷᱟᱨᱡᱟᱫᱮᱦ | honorific_suffix = | image = Tahereh_Saffarzadeh_in_1979.jpg | image_size = | image_upright = | alt = | caption = | native_name = | native_name_lang = | pseudonym = | birth_name = | birth_date = ᱑᱙᱓᱖ | birth_place = ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱟᱱ, ᱤᱨᱟᱱ | death_date = ᱒᱕ ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱐᱘ (ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱗᱒) | death_place = ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ, ᱤᱨᱟᱱ | resting_place = | occupation = ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ | language = ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ, ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ, ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱤᱠ | nationality = ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ | citizenship = | education = | alma_mater = ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ | period = | genre = | subject = | movement = | notable_works = ᱫᱚ ᱦᱳᱞᱤ ᱠᱳᱨᱟᱱ: ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥᱞᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱣᱤᱫᱷ ᱠᱚᱢᱮᱱᱴᱨᱤ | spouse = | partner = | partners = | children = | relatives = | awards = | signature = | signature_alt = | years_active = | module = | website = | portaldisp = }} '''ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱨᱮᱦ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱯᱷᱟᱨᱡᱟᱫᱮᱦ''' ({{langx|fa| طاهره صفارزاده }}, ᱑᱙᱓᱖ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱟᱱ, ᱠᱮᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ, ᱤᱨᱟᱱ - ᱒᱕ ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱐᱘ ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ, ᱤᱨᱟᱱ) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱚᱨ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>[https://mwawomenmakinghistory.blogspot.com/2006/04/tahereh-saffarzadeh.html Muslimah Writers Alliance Muslim Women Making History: Tahereh Saffarzadeh]</ref> == ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ == ᱩᱱᱤ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤ.ᱮ. ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱜᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱤᱝᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱭ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱱᱴᱚᱨᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱨᱟᱭᱴᱤᱝ ᱯᱨᱚᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱢ.ᱮᱯᱷ.ᱮ. ᱯᱨᱚᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱨᱮᱠᱴᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱣᱟᱨᱠᱥᱚᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱷᱤᱭᱚᱨᱮᱴᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱠᱳᱨᱥ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱰᱤᱡᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱯᱨᱮᱠᱴᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱞᱤᱴᱮᱨᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥᱤᱡᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱣᱟᱨᱠᱥᱚᱯ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Saffarzade's website">{{Cite web |url=http://www.taherehsaffarzadeh.ir/eng/news.htm |title=Saffarzade's website |access-date=2007-02-22 |archive-date=2007-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707085804/http://www.taherehsaffarzadeh.ir/eng/news.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> == ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ == ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱯᱷᱟᱨᱡᱟᱫᱮᱦ ᱑᱔ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ, ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱳᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱯᱷᱟᱨᱡᱟᱫᱮᱦ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱛᱷᱤᱭᱳᱨᱤ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ "ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱱᱴᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱯᱨᱚᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱟ ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥᱞᱮᱥᱚᱱ" ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ "ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥᱞᱮᱴᱤᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱚᱱᱰᱟᱢᱮᱱᱴᱟᱞ ᱢᱤᱱᱤᱝᱥ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱳᱞᱤ ᱠᱳᱨᱟᱱ" (᱑᱙᱙᱙) ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱳᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱵᱷᱩᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱢᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱥᱟᱠᱥᱮᱥ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱢᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱠᱳᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱨᱟᱭ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨᱟᱱ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Saffarzade's website"/> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱒᱐᱐᱑ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱳᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨ-ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟᱭ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱳᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱵᱟᱨ-ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱠᱳᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>[http://www.iran-daily.com/1389/7/26/MainPaper/3803/Page/12/MainPaper_3803_12.pdf Saffarzadeh Commemoration Due] Iran Daily, October 18, 2010</ref><ref>[http://www.tehrantimes.com/Index_view.asp?code=181087 Art News in Brief] Tehran Times, October 28, 2008</ref><ref name="amazon.com">{{Cite book|isbn = 978-1567447507|title = The Sublime Quran|url = https://archive.org/details/sublimequranbas00bakh|year = 2007| publisher=Islamicworld.com }}</ref> == ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ == ᱩᱱᱤ ᱒᱐᱐᱕ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ "ᱚᱨᱜᱟᱱᱟᱭᱡᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱳ-ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱭᱴᱚᱨᱥ" ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮᱭ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱨ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ "ᱠᱟᱞᱪᱟᱨ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱤᱱᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ" ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱢᱟᱡᱽᱫᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱡᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱚᱨᱜᱟᱱᱟᱭᱡᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ:<ref>[https://mwawomenmakinghistory.blogspot.com/2006/04/tahereh-saffarzadeh.html Muslimah Writers Alliance Muslim Women Making History Tahereh Saffarzadeh<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> ᱪᱤᱴᱷᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, <blockquote>"ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱞᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱵᱷᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱨᱮᱦ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱯᱷᱟᱨᱡᱟᱫᱮᱦ ᱞᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱥᱚᱝᱜᱷᱚᱨᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱩᱢᱢᱟᱦ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱐᱕ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱾"</blockquote> ᱚᱨᱜᱟᱱᱟᱭᱡᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱳ-ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱭᱴᱚᱨᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.taherehsaffarzadeh.ir/eng/news.htm |title=Taherehsaffarzadeh.ir |access-date=2007-02-22 |archive-date=2007-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707085804/http://www.taherehsaffarzadeh.ir/eng/news.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> <blockquote>ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱨᱮᱦ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱯᱷᱟᱨᱡᱟᱫᱮᱦ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣᱟᱱ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱡᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱮᱠᱜᱨᱟᱣᱩᱱᱰ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱚᱨᱜᱟᱱᱟᱭᱡᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾</blockquote> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{reflist}} == ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱠᱚ == *http://zamaaneh.com/news/2008/10/post_6780.html *http://www.farsnews.ir/newstext.php?nn=8708040168 *http://atiban.com/article.aspx?id=3164{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ == *[http://www.taherehsaffarzadeh.ir ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱣᱮᱵᱽᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070105054954/http://www.taherehsaffarzadeh.ir/ |date=2007-01-05 }} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱓᱖ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱐᱐᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤᱠ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱠᱨᱤᱴᱤᱠ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱐ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱐ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ-ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱳᱨᱟᱱ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱳᱨᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱠᱨᱤᱴᱤᱠ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱐ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱐ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱱᱴᱚᱨᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱨᱟᱭᱴᱤᱝ ᱯᱨᱚᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱢᱩᱵᱷᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱴᱟᱱᱴ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢᱥ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥ ᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱳᱯᱚᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱤᱯᱚᱞ ᱣᱤᱫᱷ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱨᱮᱥᱤᱰᱮᱱᱴ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱚᱨᱰᱚᱨ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱠᱟᱞᱪᱟᱨ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱧᱟᱢᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱥᱠᱚᱞᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱑ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱐ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱑ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] o61l11ergvzfp3ad6tio7fe5yew0b6v 0 36110 196623 193172 2026-08-12T19:29:01Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 5 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196623 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ}} '''ᱨᱳᱠᱥᱟᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱟᱢᱤᱛᱟᱥ''' ({{IPAc-en|b|ə|ˌ|r|ɑː|m|ɪ|ˈ|t|ɑː|ʃ}}; {{langx|fa|رکسانا بهرامی‌تاش}};)<ref>{{cite web|title=Bahramitash, Roksana|url=https://viaf.org/viaf/51085532/|publisher=[[Virtual International Authority File]]}}</ref> ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ-ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ (sociologist) ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ([[MENA]]) ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱡᱽᱜᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢᱟᱞ ᱤᱠᱚᱱᱚᱢᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱭᱠᱨᱚ-ᱤᱠᱚᱱᱚᱢᱤᱠᱥ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱞ|ᱦᱩᱞ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ]], ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱟᱢᱤᱛᱟᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱩᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|last=Bahramitash|first=Roksana|title=Gender and Entrepreneurship in Iran Microenterprise and the Informal Sector|url=http://www.palgrave.com/products/title.aspx?pid=675332|work=About the Author|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan}}</ref> == ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ == ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱵᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱵᱤᱱᱤᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱪᱞᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱥᱴᱚᱨ ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱟᱢᱤᱛᱟᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱙᱑ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱢᱚᱱᱴᱨᱤᱭᱚᱞ, ᱠᱤᱭᱩᱵᱮᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱠᱜᱤᱞ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱤᱮᱪᱰᱤ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|last=McQueen|first=Carol|date=October 10, 2002|title=Exploring Female Employment in the Muslim World|url=https://www.concordia.ca/content/dam/concordia/offices/archives/docs/concordia-thursday-report/2002-2003/Thursday-Report-2002-October-10.pdf|publisher=Concordia's Thursday Report|accessdate=April 25, 2021|archive-date=April 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425123435/https://www.concordia.ca/content/dam/concordia/offices/archives/docs/concordia-thursday-report/2002-2003/Thursday-Report-2002-October-10.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱟᱢᱤᱛᱟᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱴᱨᱤᱭᱚᱞ, ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱴᱨᱤᱭᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱱᱠᱳᱨᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱭᱢᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱡᱚᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱢᱳᱱ ᱰᱤ ᱵᱤᱣᱵᱷᱚᱭᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱭᱩᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱳᱥᱴ-ᱰᱚᱠᱴᱚᱨᱟᱞ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web | title = Concordia University | url = http://wsdb.concordia.ca/ }}</ref> == ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱟᱢᱤᱛᱟᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱠᱜᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱱᱠᱳᱨᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱴᱨᱤᱭᱚᱞ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱥᱟᱨᱪ ᱯᱚᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ''ᱵᱤᱭᱚᱱᱰ ᱫᱟ ᱵᱩᱨᱠᱟ'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱚᱠᱩᱢᱮᱱᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱨᱚᱰᱭᱩᱥᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱷᱜᱟᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱚᱠᱩᱢᱮᱱᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web | title = Beyond the Bourqa | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7FfibLb9Irg | publisher = MEHODUDE via YouTube | date = February 11, 2009 }}</ref> ''ᱵᱤᱭᱚᱱᱰ ᱫᱟ ᱵᱩᱨᱠᱟ'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱚᱞᱳ-ᱟᱯᱷ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱥᱩᱴᱤᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱟᱴᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱟᱢᱤᱛᱟᱥ ᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱭᱩ.ᱮᱱ. ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱣᱩᱱᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱩᱭᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱵᱚᱢᱵᱽ ᱵᱞᱟᱥᱴ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱯᱚᱫᱽ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱤᱫᱤᱭᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱨᱤᱣ (crew) ᱠᱚ ᱟᱯᱷᱜᱟᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱦᱟᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱳᱠᱚᱥ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱟᱢᱤᱛᱟᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱞᱤᱱ ᱰᱤ. ᱨᱚᱥ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ (᱒᱐᱐᱓–᱐᱔) ᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news | last = McQueen | first = Carol | title = Exploring female employment in the Muslim world | work = Concordia's Thursday Report Online | url = http://ctr.concordia.ca/2002-03/Oct_10%20/02-Bahramitash/ | publisher = [[Concordia University]] | date = October 10, 2002 }}</ref> ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱳᱥᱴ-ᱰᱚᱠᱴᱚᱨᱟᱞ ᱨᱤᱥᱟᱨᱪ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱱᱥᱮᱥ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱦᱤᱣᱢᱮᱱᱤᱴᱤᱡᱽ ᱨᱤᱥᱟᱨᱪ ᱠᱟᱣᱩᱱᱥᱤᱞ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱚᱨᱮᱥ ᱨᱤᱥᱟᱨᱪ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱖ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱞᱳᱵᱟᱞᱟᱭᱤᱡᱮᱥᱚᱱ, ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ SSHRC ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱥᱟᱨᱪ ᱜᱨᱟᱱᱴ ᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱟᱢᱤᱛᱟᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱨᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱰᱮᱵᱷᱮᱞᱚᱯᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱮᱡᱮᱱᱥᱤ, ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱨᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱰᱮᱵᱷᱮᱞᱚᱯᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱨᱤᱥᱟᱨᱪ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱚᱨ, ᱟᱨ ᱭᱩᱱᱟᱭᱴᱮᱰ ᱱᱮᱥᱚᱱᱥ ᱰᱮᱵᱷᱮᱞᱚᱯᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱯᱨᱚᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱨᱤᱥᱟᱨᱪᱚᱨ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱱᱥᱟᱞᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{citation | title = Proactive disclosure for grants and contributions | publisher = [[Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council]] of Canada | date = April 1, 2006 }}</ref> ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ''Liberation from Liberalization: Gender and Globalization in Southeast Asia'' ᱾<ref>{{cite book | last = Bahramitash | first = Roksana | title = Liberation from liberalization gender and globalization in Southeast Asia | url = https://archive.org/details/liberationfromli0000bahr | publisher = Zed Books | location = London New York City | year = 2005 | isbn = 9781842774397 }} (Reprinted by Books for Change in 2008)</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ SAMT ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱥᱤᱨᱟᱠᱩᱡᱽ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱯᱨᱮᱥ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ''Veiled Employment: Islamism and the Political Economy of Women's Employment in Iran'' (᱒᱐᱑᱑, ᱦᱟᱫᱤ ᱮᱥ. ᱮᱥᱯᱷᱟᱦᱟᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱳ-ᱮᱰᱤᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ),<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Bahramitash | first1 = Roksana | last2 = Esfahani | first2 = Hadi Salehi | title = Veiled employment: Islamism and the political economy of women's employment in Iran | publisher = [[Syracuse University Press]] | location = Syracuse, New York | year = 2011 | isbn = 9780815632139 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/veiledemployment0000unse }}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱣᱴᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ''Gender in Contemporary Iran: Pushing the Boundaries'' ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱨᱤᱠ ᱦᱩᱜᱽᱞᱩᱱᱰ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱳ-ᱮᱰᱤᱴ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Bahramitash | first1 = Roksana | last2 = Hooglund | first2 = Eric | author-link2 = Eric Hooglund | title = Gender in contemporary Iran pushing the boundaries | url = https://archive.org/details/genderincontempo0000unse | publisher = Routledge | location = New York | year = 2011 | isbn = 9780415781015 }}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱴᱨᱤᱭᱚᱞ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱤᱥᱟᱨᱪ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web | title = Education about Religions & Beliefs: Partners: Canada Research Chair on Islam, Pluralism, and Globalization (CRC-IPG), University of Montreal, Canada | url = http://erb.unaoc.org/canada-research-chair-on-islam-pluralism-and-globalization-crc-ipg-university-of-montreal-canada/ | publisher = [[Alliance of Civilizations|United Nations Alliance of Civilizations]] | date = December 10, 2011 | access-date = May 24, 2026 | archive-date = February 9, 2026 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20260209062516/http://erb.unaoc.org/canada-research-chair-on-islam-pluralism-and-globalization-crc-ipg-university-of-montreal-canada/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> == ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱠᱚ == ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱟᱢᱤᱛᱟᱥ ᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ === ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱠᱚ === * {{cite book | last = Bahramitash | first = Roksana | title = Liberation from liberalization gender and globalization in Southeast Asia | url = https://archive.org/details/liberationfromli0000bahr | publisher = Zed Books | location = London New York City | year = 2005 | isbn = 9781842774397 }} Reprinted by Book for Change in 2008. Translated into Persian in print by SAMT (Iranian University Textbook Publishing House). * {{cite book |editor-last2=Hooglund |editor-first2=Eric |editor-link2=Eric Hooglund |title=Gender in contemporary Iran pushing the boundaries |url=https://archive.org/details/genderincontempo0000unse |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |year=2011 |isbn=9780415781015 |editor-last=Bahramitash |editor-first=Roksana}} * {{cite book | last1 = Bahramitash | first1 = Roksana | last2 = Esfahani | first2 = Hadi Salehi | title = Veiled employment: Islamism and the political economy of women's employment in Iran | publisher = [[Syracuse University Press]] | location = Syracuse, New York | year = 2011 | isbn = 9780815632139 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/veiledemployment0000unse }} * {{cite book | last = Bahramitash | first = Roksana | title = Gender and entrepreneurship in Iran: microenterprise and the informal sector | publisher = Palgrave Macmillan | location = New York City | year = 2013 | isbn = 9781137342867 }} * {{cite book | last1 = Bahramitash | first1 = Roksana | last2 = Esfahani | first2 = Hadi Salehi | title = Political and Socio-Economic Change in the Middle East and North Africa: Gender Perspectives and Survival Strategies | publisher = Palgrave Macmillan | location = New York City | year = 2016 | isbn=9781349569069 }} === ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚ === * {{cite book | last = Bahramitash | first = Roksana | contribution = Globalization, Islamization, and women's employment in Indonesia | editor-last1 = Tétreault | editor-first1 = Mary Ann | editor-last2 = Denemark | editor-first2 = Robert A. | title = Gods, guns, and globalization: religious radicalism and international political economy | url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781588262530 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781588262530/page/219 219]–232 | publisher = Lynne Rienner Publishers | location = Boulder, Colorado | year = 2004 | isbn = 9781588262530}} === ᱡᱚᱨᱱᱟᱞ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ === * {{Cite journal | last = Bahramitash | first = Roksana | title = Market fundamentalism versus religious fundamentalism: women's employment in Iran | journal = [[Middle East Critique|Critique: Critical Middle Eastern Studies]] | volume = 13 | issue = 1 | pages = 33–46 | publisher = [[Taylor and Francis]] | doi = 10.1080/1066992042000189706 | date = March 2004| s2cid = 220378330 }} * {{Cite journal | last = Bahramitash | first = Roksana |author-mask=2 | title = The war on terror, feminist orientalism and orientalist feminism: case studies of two North American bestsellers | journal = [[Middle East Critique|Critique: Critical Middle Eastern Studies]] | volume = 14 | issue = 2 | pages = 221–235 | publisher = [[Taylor and Francis]] | doi = 10.1080/10669920500135512 | date = June 2005| s2cid = 143620434 }} * {{Cite journal | last1 = Bahramitash | first1 = Roksana |author-mask=2 | last2 = Kazemipour | first2 = Shahla | title = Myth and realities of the impact of Islam on women: women's changing marital status in Iran | journal = [[Middle East Critique|Critique: Critical Middle Eastern Studies]] | volume = 15 | issue = 2 | pages = 111–128 | publisher = [[Taylor and Francis]] | doi = 10.1080/10669920600762066 | date = September 2006| s2cid = 145233184 }} * {{Cite journal | last = Bahramitash | first = Roksana |author-mask=2 | title = Iranian women during the reform era (1994-2004): a focus on employment | journal = [[Journal of Middle East Women's Studies]] | volume = 3 | issue = 2 | pages = 86–109 | publisher = [[Duke University Press]] | doi = 10.2979/mew.2007.3.2.86 | jstor = 10.2979/mew.2007.3.2.86 | date =Spring 2007 | s2cid = 143059589 |url=http://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/journal_of_middle_east_womens_studies/v003/3.2bahramitash.pdf |url-access=subscription}} * {{Cite journal | last = Bahramitash | first = Roksana |author-mask=2 | title = Family planning, Islam and women's human rights in Iran | journal = [[International Studies Journal]] | volume = 4 | issue = 1 | pages = 33–50 | date =Summer 2007 | url = http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/isudijo4&div=7&id=&page= |oclc=775270728 |url-access=subscription }} * {{Cite journal | last = Bahramitash | first = Roksana |author-mask=2 | title = Iran: the axis of evil | journal = [[International Feminist Journal of Politics]] | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | pages = 98–101 | publisher = [[Taylor and Francis]] | doi = 10.1080/14616740701747741 | date = March 2008| s2cid = 144793921 }} * {{Cite journal | last = Bahramitash | first = Roksana |author-mask=2 | title = Gender, development, interdisciplinary research and international relations | journal = [[International Studies Journal]] | volume = 5 | issue = 4 | pages = 21–25 | date =Spring 2009 |url=http://www.persiangendernetwork.org/Publications/women%20and%20development%20%20in%20Iran.pdf}} * {{Cite journal | last = Bahramitash | first = Roksana |author-mask=2 | others = Deborah Eade (editor) | title = Myths and realities of the impact of political Islam on women: female employment in Iran and Indonesia | journal = Development in Practice | volume = 14 | issue = 4 | pages = 508–520 | publisher = [[Taylor and Francis]] | doi = 10.1080/09614520410001686106 | date = June 2004| s2cid = 145504724 }} == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist|30em}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤᱠᱥ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱢᱮᱠᱜᱤᱞ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱢᱮᱠᱜᱤᱞ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤᱠ ᱥᱴᱟᱯᱷ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱚᱱᱠᱳᱨᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤᱠ ᱥᱴᱟᱯᱷ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱢᱚᱱᱴᱨᱤᱭᱚᱞ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤᱠᱥ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤᱠᱥ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱢᱚᱱᱴᱨᱤᱭᱚᱞ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤᱠ ᱥᱴᱟᱯᱷ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱟᱭᱢᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱡᱚᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤᱠ ᱥᱴᱟᱯᱷ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ (ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ)]] 8i4qisioaz4lxctrw077aachauekafk 0 36123 196563 192320 2026-08-12T18:23:39Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196563 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱰᱟᱠᱴᱚᱨ, ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱝᱥᱚᱫᱽ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ (᱑᱙᱒᱒–᱑᱙᱘᱐)}} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = | name = ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱨᱳᱠᱨᱳ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟ | honorific_suffix = | native_name = {{No bold|{{Script/Nastaliq|فرخ‌رو پارسا}}}} | native_name_lang = fa | image = فرخ‌رو پارسا.jpg | caption = ᱑᱙᱖᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟ | office = [[ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱟᱞᱚᱭ (ᱤᱨᱟᱱ)|ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ]] | term_start = ᱒᱗ ᱚᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱑᱙᱖᱘ | term_end = ᱒ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱙᱗᱑ | predecessor = ᱦᱟᱫᱤ ᱦᱮᱫᱟᱭᱟᱛᱤ | prime_minister = [[ᱟᱢᱤᱨ ᱟᱵᱽᱵᱟᱥ ᱦᱚᱵᱷᱮᱭᱫᱟ]] | monarch = [[ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱡᱟ ᱯᱟᱦᱞᱟᱵᱷᱤ]] | successor = ᱟᱦᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱣᱥᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱨᱤᱯᱷᱤ | office2 = [[ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱢᱚᱨᱥ ᱵᱟᱹᱭᱥᱤ|ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱝᱥᱚᱫᱽ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ]] | term_start2 = ᱑᱕ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱙᱖᱓ | term_end2 = ᱒᱕ ᱚᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱑᱙᱖᱘ | constituency2 = [[ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ]] | birth_date = {{birth date|1922|3|24|df=y}} | birth_place = [[ᱠᱳᱢ]], [[ᱠᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1980|5|8|1922|3|24|df=y}} | death_place = ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ, [[ᱤᱨᱟᱱ]] | death_cause = [[ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱨᱤᱝ ᱥᱠᱣᱟᱰ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱡ]] | party = {{plainlist| *[[ᱨᱤᱥᱟᱨᱡᱮᱱᱥ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ]] {{small|(᱑᱙᱗᱕–᱑᱙᱗᱘)}} *[[ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱱᱳᱵᱷᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ|ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ]] {{small|(᱑᱙᱖᱓–᱑᱙᱗᱕)}} | spouse = ᱟᱦᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱳᱠᱷᱟᱱ <small>(᱑᱙᱔᱘–᱑᱙᱘᱐, ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ)</small> | profession = {{ubl|[[ᱰᱟᱠᱴᱚᱨ]]|[[ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ]]}} }} }} '''ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱨᱳᱠᱨᱳ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟ''' ({{langx|fa|فرخرو پارسا}}; ᱒᱔ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱑᱙۲۲ – ᱘ ᱢᱮ ᱑᱙᱘᱐) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱰᱟᱠᱴᱚᱨ, ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱝᱥᱚᱫᱽ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱟᱢᱤᱨ ᱟᱵᱽᱵᱟᱥ ᱦᱚᱵᱷᱮᱭᱫᱟ]] ᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ [[ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱟᱞᱚᱭ (ᱤᱨᱟᱱ)|ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ [[ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱵᱤᱱᱮᱴ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ|ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱮᱵᱤᱱᱮᱴ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱞ|ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱥᱚᱯᱚᱴᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ [[ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱩᱞ]] ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱘ ᱢᱮ ᱑᱙᱘᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱨᱤᱝ ᱥᱠᱣᱟᱰ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0"/><ref name="Kinnear 2011 118">{{cite book |last= Kinnear|first=Karen|date=2011|title=Women in Developing Countries: A Reference Handbook (Contemporary World Issues)|url=https://archive.org/details/womenindevelopin0000kinn|location= |publisher=ABC-CLIO|page=[https://archive.org/details/womenindevelopin0000kinn/page/118 118]|isbn= |access-date=}}</ref> == ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ == [[File:Jam'iat e nesvan e vatan-khah01.jpg|thumb|left|300px|''ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ'' (''[[ᱡᱟᱢ'ᱤᱭᱟᱛ-ᱮ ᱱᱮᱥᱵᱷᱟᱱ-ᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱛᱟᱱᱠᱷᱟᱦ]]'') ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱳᱨᱰ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱜᱚᱵᱷᱚᱨᱱᱚᱨᱥ, ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ, ᱑᱙᱒᱒-᱑᱙᱓᱒ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱩᱲᱩᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ [[ᱯᱷᱚᱠᱷᱨᱟᱯᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟ]], ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱨᱳᱠᱨᱳ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟ ᱤᱡ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱾]] [[File:F parsa.jpg|thumb|right|ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱨᱳᱠᱨᱳ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟ, ᱦᱩᱞᱜᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱳᱨᱴ ᱨᱮ, ᱑᱙᱗᱙]] ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱨᱳᱠᱨᱳ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱔ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱑᱙۲۲<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.balatarin.com/permlink/2016/3/23/4135409 |title=زادروز زنده یاد دکتر فرخ رو پارسا|date=23 March 2016 |language=fa}}</ref> ᱨᱮ [[ᱠᱳᱢ]] ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱨᱳᱠ-ᱫᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱚᱠᱷᱨ-ᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱭ ᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡ ᱟᱭᱳ, ᱯᱷᱚᱠᱷᱨ-ᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ ''[[ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ (ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ)|ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱ-ᱮ ᱡᱟᱱ]]'' ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ,<ref name="Bahrami">{{citation|last=Bahrami|first=Ardavan|title=A woman for all seasons: In memory of Farrokhrou Parsa|date=9 May 2005|publisher=iranian.com|url=http://www.iranian.com/ArdavanBahrami/2005/May/Parsa/index.html}}.</ref> ᱟᱨ [[ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱতা]] ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱣ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱥᱚᱯᱚᱴᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱤᱥᱚᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹᱵᱟᱹᱫᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱨᱳᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ [[ᱟᱦᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱠᱟᱵᱷᱟᱢ]] ᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱳᱢ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱚᱠᱷᱨ-ᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱤ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱨᱳᱠᱨᱳ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱑᱙۲۲ ([[ᱱᱟᱣᱨᱩᱡᱽ]], ᱑᱓᱐᱑ [[ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱮᱞᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨ|AH]]) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱴᱤᱲᱤᱡ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱾<ref name="Bahrami"/> ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ, ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱥᱟᱱ [[ᱢᱳᱥᱛᱳᱣᱯᱷᱤ ᱳᱞ-ᱢᱟᱢᱟᱞᱮᱠ]] ᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱛᱮ, ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱰᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱡᱤᱱ ᱰᱤ'ᱟᱨᱠ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ, ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ|ᱡᱤᱱ ᱰᱤ'ᱟᱨᱠ ᱦᱟᱭ ᱤᱥᱠᱩᱞ]] ᱨᱮ [[ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱞᱚᱡᱤ]] ᱢᱟᱪᱮᱛ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ [[ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱟᱦ ᱫᱤᱵᱟ]]ᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ [[ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱡᱟ ᱯᱟᱦᱞᱟᱵᱷᱤ]] ᱤᱡ ᱵᱟᱹᱦᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ [[ᱥᱟᱦᱵᱟᱱᱩ]] ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Bahrami"/><ref>{{citation|last=Pahlavi-Diba|first=Farah|title=In memory of Mrs. Farrokhrou Parsa executed on May 8, 1980|series=(in Persian)|date=8 May 2000|publisher=farahpahlavi.org|url=http://www.farahpahlavi.org/parsa.html|access-date=30 March 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225025142/http://www.farahpahlavi.org/parsa.html|archive-date=25 February 2008|url-status=dead}}.</ref> ᱑᱙᱖᱓ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱝᱥᱚᱫᱽ (''[[ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱡᱽᱞᱮᱥ|ᱢᱟᱡᱽᱞᱮᱥ]]'') ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ, ᱟᱨ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ [[ᱵᱷᱳᱴ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ]] ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱡᱟ ᱯᱟᱦᱞᱟᱵᱷᱤ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱮᱯᱞᱤᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Bahrami" /> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱩᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱱᱩᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱖᱕ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱟᱞᱚᱭ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱰᱮᱯᱩᱴᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱗ ᱚᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱑᱙᱖᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱤᱨ-ᱟᱵᱽᱵᱟᱥ ᱦᱚᱵᱷᱮᱭᱫᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱵᱤᱱᱮᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Bahrami" /> ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱮᱵᱤᱱᱮᱴ ᱯᱚᱫᱽ ᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ [[ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱦᱩᱞ]] ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱦᱩᱞᱜᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱳᱨᱴ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ "ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱡᱟᱱᱟ ᱞᱩᱴ", ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱟᱞᱚᱭ ᱨᱮ "ᱵᱷᱨᱚᱥᱴᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱥᱭᱟᱵᱽᱨᱤᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ", "[[ᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟᱠ]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ", "ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱟᱞᱚᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱪᱚᱜ" ᱟᱨ "ᱦᱚᱲ ᱵᱤᱨᱳᱫᱷᱤ ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ" ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱳᱥ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱡᱮ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱚᱨᱫᱟ (veil) ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱨᱩᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱵᱷᱮᱫᱽᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱯᱚᱴ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name="Kinnear 2011 118"/> ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱫᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱬ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱣᱟ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱠᱞᱤ ᱠᱩᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱜᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱚᱞ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Farrokhru Parsa: One Person's Story |url=https://www.iranrights.org/memorial/story/34914/farrokhru-parsa |access-date=13 August 2022 |website=Abdorrahman Boroumand Center |language=en}}</ref> ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱘ ᱢᱮ ᱑᱙᱘᱐ ᱨᱮ [[ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱨᱤᱝ ᱥᱠᱣᱟᱰ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0">{{citation|last=Lentz|first=Harris M.|chapter=Farrokhrou Parsa|title=Assassinations and Executions: An Encyclopedia of Political Violence, 1865-1986|location=Jefferson|publisher=McFarland|page=208}}.</ref> ᱡᱮᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱪᱤᱴᱷᱤ ᱨᱮ, ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱨᱳᱠᱨᱳ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ: "ᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱟᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱹᱧ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱤᱧᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱚᱞ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱾ ᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱨᱫᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱨ-ᱡᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱜᱮ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱤᱧ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱧ ᱱᱤᱦᱩᱲᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱧ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱤᱧ ᱫᱩᱠᱷ ᱤᱧ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ [[ᱪᱟᱫᱚᱨ]] ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱹᱧ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾"<ref name="Bahrami" /> ᱟᱡ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱ [[ᱢᱟᱱᱳᱣᱪᱮᱦᱮᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱡᱤ]], ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱦᱩᱞ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱦᱟᱲᱟᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ: ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ "ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ, [...] ᱰᱟᱠᱴᱚᱨ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱰᱟᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱟᱞᱚᱭ ᱨᱮ [[ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱵᱮᱦᱮᱥᱛᱤ|ᱵᱮᱦᱮᱥᱛᱤ]], [[ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱡᱟᱵᱷᱟᱫᱽ ᱵᱟᱦᱳᱱᱟᱨ|ᱵᱟᱦᱳᱱᱟᱨ]], ᱟᱨ [[ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ-ᱟᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱟᱭᱤ|ᱨᱮᱡᱟᱭᱤ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱞᱜᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾"<ref>{{citation |last=Ganji |first=Manouchehr |title=Defying the Iranian Revolution: From a Minister to the Shah to a Leader |page=80 |year=2002 |authorlink=Manouchehr Ganji |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NboVl-CeYs0C&pg=PA80&dq=Farokhrou+Parsa&sig=trwcrAcPO8sYNARk4mSJak8m8pI}}</ref> ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤᱛᱮ, ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱵᱮᱦᱮᱥᱛᱤ, [[ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱡᱟᱵᱷᱟᱫᱽ ᱵᱟᱦᱳᱱᱟᱨ|ᱵᱟᱦᱳᱱᱟᱨ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱢᱳᱯᱷᱟᱛᱮᱦ|ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱢᱳᱯᱷᱟᱛᱮᱦ]] ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱟᱞᱚᱭ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱨᱳᱞ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱦᱩᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱟᱞᱚᱭ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱛᱮ, ᱵᱮᱦᱮᱥᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱚᱨ ᱦᱟᱢᱵᱚᱨᱜᱽ]] ᱮ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱳᱱᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱥᱩᱨ-ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱯᱚᱵᱽᱞᱤᱠ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{citation|last=Pirnia|first=Mansureh|title=Madam Minister: A Collection of Memoirs and Notes Written by Farrokhroo Parsa|year=2007}}</ref> [[File:Farrokhroo Parsa.jpg|thumb|᱑᱙᱗᱗ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟ]] == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{Commons category|Farrokhroo Parsa}} {{Refbegin}} * ᱟᱢᱤᱨ-ᱟᱵᱽᱵᱟᱥ ᱦᱚᱵᱷᱮᱭᱫᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ [http://www.iranian.com/ArdavanBahrami/2005/May/Parsa/Images/p2.jpg ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱨᱳᱠᱨᱳ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ] ᱾ * ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱨᱳᱠ-ᱫᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱚᱠᱷᱨ-ᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱭ ᱟᱜ [https://www.flickr.com/photos/37764682@N00/6123674/ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ] ᱾ [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱒᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱘᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱒ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱡᱽᱞᱤᱥ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱨᱤᱝ ᱥᱠᱣᱟᱰ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱜᱚᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱫᱩᱠ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱳᱢ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱐ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱨᱤᱥᱟᱨᱡᱮᱱᱥ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱱᱳᱵᱷᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] d2gdh3u4eg1j4f3ygjziz23wrdk1mh9 0 36224 196505 193191 2026-08-12T17:39:23Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196505 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|᱑᱙᱙᱒ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱥᱮᱢᱞᱮᱫ}} {{Infobox event | title = ᱥᱟᱪᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱥᱮᱢᱞᱮᱫ | image = | caption = | native_name = | native_name_lang = | date = {{start and end dates|᱑᱙᱙᱒|᱖|᱓|᱑᱙᱙᱒|᱖|᱑᱔|df=y}} | venue = | location = [[ᱨᱤᱭᱳ ᱰᱤ ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱨᱚ]], ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ | coordinates = | also_known_as = {{unbulleted list|ᱨᱤᱭᱳ ᱰᱤ ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱨᱚ ᱥᱮᱢᱞᱮᱫ|ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱥᱮᱢᱞᱮᱫ}} | participants = ᱑᱐᱘ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ<ref>https://www2.camara.leg.br/a-camara/documentos-e-pesquisa/arquivo/sites-tematicos/rio20/eco-92 Câmara dos Deputados</ref> | outcome = [[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change|ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱦᱚᱭᱼᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ (UNFCCC)]] ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ }} [[Image:Flag of the United Nations.svg|thumb|ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱥᱮᱢᱞᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾]] '''ᱥᱟᱪᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱥᱮᱢᱞᱮᱫ''' ('''UNCED'''), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ '''ᱨᱤᱭᱳ ᱰᱤ ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱨᱚ ᱥᱮᱢᱞᱮᱫ''' ᱵᱟᱝᱢᱟ '''ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱥᱮᱢᱞᱮᱫ''' ([[ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ]]: ECO92, Cúpula da Terra) ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱓ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱔ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱑᱙᱙᱒ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ [[ᱨᱤᱭᱳ ᱰᱤ ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱨᱚ]] ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ [[ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱫᱩᱛ ᱥᱮᱢᱞᱮᱫ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱤᱭᱳ ᱥᱮᱢᱞᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱐᱘ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rio-92 |url=https://www2.camara.leg.br/a-camara/documentos-e-pesquisa/arquivo/sites-tematicos/rio20/eco-92 |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=Portal da Câmara dos Deputados |language=pt-br}}</ref> ᱑᱙᱙᱒ ᱥᱮᱢᱞᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱥᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱦᱚᱭᱼᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ]] (UNFCCC) ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱫ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ "ᱦᱚᱭᱼᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨᱟᱱ ᱮᱥᱮᱨ" ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱨᱜᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱽᱨᱤᱱᱦᱟᱣᱩᱥ ᱜᱮᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱤᱨ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱪᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱪᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱪᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱭᱥᱤ (UNCED) ᱨᱮ ᱑᱕᱔ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱦᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱠᱚ᱾ ᱒᱐᱒᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱛᱮ, UNFCCC ᱨᱮ ᱑᱙᱘ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱫᱽᱫᱷᱟᱱᱛ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ, ᱠᱚᱱᱯᱷᱟᱨᱮᱱᱥ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱫᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤᱥ (COP), ᱦᱚᱭᱼᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱩᱲᱩᱵᱼᱟ᱾ UNFCC ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱪᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱥᱮᱢᱞᱮᱫ, ᱦᱚᱭᱼᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱞᱟᱝᱠᱤ, ᱟᱨ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ, ᱦᱚᱭᱼᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱪᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ [[ᱵᱮᱼᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ]] (NGOs)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.un.org/geninfo/bp/intro.html|title=World Conferences Introduction|website=www.un.org|access-date=28 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310135935/http://www.un.org/geninfo/bp/intro.html|archive-date=10 March 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱢᱟᱰᱮᱨ ᱫᱚ [[ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱪᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱪᱩᱠᱛᱤ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[:en:precautionary principle|ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ]], [[:en:Common But Differentiated Responsibilities|ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱵᱷᱟᱨ]], ᱟᱨ [[:en:polluter pays principle|ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱮ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ]] ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Morin |first1=Jean-Frédéric |last2=Allan |first2=Jen |last3=Jinnah |first3=Sikina |date=2023 |title=The survival of the weakest: the echo of the Rio Summit principles in environmental treaties |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09644016.2023.2236505 |journal=Environmental Politics |pages=1–22 |language=en |doi=10.1080/09644016.2023.2236505 |s2cid=260670633 |issn=0964-4016|url-access=subscription }}</ref> == ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ == '''᱑᱙᱗᱒ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱥᱟᱪᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱥᱮᱢᱞᱮᱫ''' ('''UNCHE''') ᱵᱟᱝᱢᱟ '''ᱥᱴᱚᱠᱦᱳᱢ ᱥᱮᱢᱞᱮᱫ''' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱰᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱮᱢᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱕ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱖ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱑᱙᱗᱒ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱥᱩᱭᱤᱰᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱴᱚᱠᱦᱳᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ [[ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱲ ᱞᱟᱹᱰᱷᱟᱹᱭ]] (Cold War) ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ [[ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ]] ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱥᱮᱢᱞᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ [[ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣᱟᱱ]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱼᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱮ, ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱞᱟᱝᱠᱤ (Platform) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱥᱮᱢᱞᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱩᱲᱩᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ == ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ == ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ: * ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱷᱟᱸᱪᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱧᱮᱞᱼᱵᱷᱟᱞ — ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱜᱮᱥᱳᱞᱤᱱ|ᱯᱮᱴᱨᱳᱞ]] ᱨᱮ [[:en:Tetraethyllead|ᱥᱤᱥᱟᱹ]], ᱵᱟᱝᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱰᱤᱭᱳᱼᱮᱠᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱠᱮᱢᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱥᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ * [[:en:fossil fuel|ᱡᱤᱣᱟᱹᱥᱢᱚ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ]] (fossil fuels) ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ (energy) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ [[ᱦᱚᱭᱼᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱫᱚᱞ]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ * ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱷᱩᱶᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱤᱲ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱩᱶᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ [[ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱜᱟᱲᱚᱢ|ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱤ (ᱡᱟᱛᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱥ/ᱴᱨᱮᱱ)]] ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱥᱟ * [[ᱫᱟᱜ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱢᱤᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱞᱟᱭ * ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Indus Delta: Bilawal says 2.4m acres of land is eroded by seawater |url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/40178786/indus-delta-bilawal-says-24m-acres-of-land-is-eroded-by-seawater |website=Business Recorder |date=9 June 2022 |access-date=12 June 2022}}</ref> == ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ == == ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ == ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱦᱚᱭᱼᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ (climate governance) ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thew |first=Harriet |date=23 February 2018 |title=Youth participation and agency in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |journal=International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=369–389 |doi=10.1007/s10784-018-9392-2 |bibcode=2018IEAPL..18..369T |s2cid=158843174 |doi-access=free }}</ref> ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱮᱡᱮᱱᱰᱟ (UNCED) ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS ACCREDITED TO THE UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT |url=https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/37713/UNCED_NGO.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |website=UNEP}}</ref> ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱮᱡᱮᱱᱰᱟ ᱒᱑ (Agenda 21) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱫᱷᱭᱟᱭ ᱒᱕ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vincelette |first=Jocelyn |date=April 1998 |title=FEDERAL-PROVINCIAL RELATIONS AND THE ENVIRONMENT: ATTAINING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT THROUGH COOPERATION |url=https://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.item?id=TC-OSTCB-1268&op=pdf&app=Library&oclc_number=1033003881 |website=Library and Archives Canada }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <blockquote>"᱒᱕.᱒ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱷᱮᱥᱞᱟ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱛᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱠᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱥᱮᱨ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱡᱩᱢᱤᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱧᱮᱞᱛᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱜᱩᱭᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agenda 21: STRENGTHENING THE ROLE OF MAJOR GROUPS |url=https://www.un.org/esa/dsd/agenda21/res_agenda21_25.shtml |website=United Nations}}</ref></blockquote> UNCED ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱥᱮᱢᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Towards a National Sustainable Development Strategy |date=January 1993 |url=https://issuu.com/nrtee/docs/agenda21-projet-societe |access-date=13 June 2022 |archive-date=27 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227105720/https://issuu.com/nrtee/docs/agenda21-projet-societe |url-status=dead }}</ref> ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱥᱮᱢᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ, [[ᱠᱳᱥᱴᱟ ᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] (Costa Rica) ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱥᱟᱪᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱫᱩᱲᱩᱵ, ᱡᱩᱵᱷᱮᱱᱛᱩᱫᱽ (ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ) ᱙᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱛᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Block-3 Programmes and Services: YOUTH PARTICIPATION IN in Development |url=https://egyankosh.ac.in/handle/123456789/12871 |website=eGyanKosh}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Angel |first=William David |title=The International Law of Youth Rights: Source Documents and Commentary |url=https://archive.org/details/internationallaw0000unse_q4g9 |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |year=1995 |isbn=0-7923-3321-7 |location=Netherlands |pages=[https://archive.org/details/internationallaw0000unse_q4g9/page/645 645] |language=EN}}</ref> <blockquote>"ᱥᱟᱪᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱮᱥᱞᱟ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ... ᱮᱡᱮᱱᱰᱟ ᱒᱑ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ" (UNCED 1992) ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |date=November 13, 2018 |editor-last=Iles |editor-first=Alastair |title=Towards meaningful youth participation in science-policy processes: a case study of the Youth in Landscapes Initiative |journal=Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene |volume=6 |doi=10.1525/elementa.327 |bibcode=2018EleSA...6...67D |doi-access=free |last1=Dickson-Hoyle |first1=Sarah |last2=Kovacevic |first2=Michelle |last3=Cherbonnier |first3=Marina |last4=Nicholas |first4=Kimberly A. |page=67 }}</ref></blockquote> UNCED ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ [[ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ '᱙᱒]] ᱥᱮᱢᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title="Youth Conference on Environment and Development (Youth 92)" held in Costa Rica from 22-29 March 1992 |url=https://archives.eui.eu/en/fonds/67337?item=CENYC-146 |website=EU Archives}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1993 |title=A Guide to Agenda 21 |url=https://idl-bnc-idrc.dspacedirect.org/bitstream/handle/10625/12885/IDL-12885.pdf?sequence=1 |website=International Development Research Centre (IDRC)}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Global Forum for Environmental Education |url=https://caretakers4all.org/public/upload/forums/v4n3-july1994.pdf |website=Global Network of Teachers and Students, Volume 4, Number 3 |access-date=12 June 2022 |archive-date=12 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240712033439/https://www.caretakers4all.org/public/upload/forums/v4n3-july1994.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱛᱤ (rate of change) ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title='My generation has been damned' |url=http://www.herinst.org/envcontext/sustain/summit/critiques/article1.html |website=Third World Resurgence}}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ == * [https://www.un.org/esa/dsd/resources/res_docukeyconf_eartsumm.shtml ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱪᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱥᱮᱢᱞᱮᱫ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ UNCED ᱵᱟᱝᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱥᱮᱢᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱞᱤᱞ ᱠᱚ] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119092403/http://www.un.org/esa/dsd/resources/res_docukeyconf_eartsumm.shtml |date=19 January 2012 }} ᱨᱤᱭᱳ ᱰᱤ ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱨᱚ, ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱑᱙᱙᱒ * [https://www.un.org/en/conferences/environment/rio1992 ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱪᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱥᱮᱢᱞᱮᱫ, ᱨᱤᱭᱳ ᱰᱤ ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱨᱚ, ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ, ᱓–᱑᱔ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱑᱙᱙᱒] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sDr2WQWjw1o&ab_channel=REVLUTIONS ᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱭᱳ: ᱑᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱱ ᱥᱩᱡᱩᱠᱤ, ᱮᱱᱵᱷᱟᱭᱨᱚᱱᱢᱮᱱᱴᱟᱞ ᱪᱤᱞᱰᱨᱮᱱ ᱚᱨᱜᱟᱱᱟᱭᱡᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱮᱫᱟ, UNCED ᱑᱙᱙᱒] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100102141813/http://dalailama.com/messages/environment/address-at-rio ᱨᱤᱭᱳ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱢᱟᱰᱮᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱥᱚᱱ], [[ᱛᱮᱱᱡᱤᱱ ᱜᱭᱟᱛᱥᱳ]] ᱫᱚᱞᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱢᱟ * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120316134904/http://rio2012.org/intagreements/1992-rio-agenda21.php ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱮ ᱣᱟᱨᱞᱰ ᱤᱱ ᱵᱮᱞᱮᱱᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱡᱮᱱᱰᱟ ᱒᱑] * ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱯᱟᱪᱟᱜ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ [https://web.archive.org/web/20090201033156/http://www.newint.org/ ᱱᱤᱣ ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱨᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ] ᱠᱤᱱᱳᱴ, [http://www.newint.org/features/1992/04/05/keynote/ ᱑᱙᱙᱒ ᱨᱤᱭᱳ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱥᱮᱢᱞᱮᱫ] ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111014004030/http://environmentportal.in/ᱛᱷᱚᱠ/thesaurus/rio-summit ᱨᱤᱭᱳ ᱢᱟᱰᱮᱨ], ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱮᱱᱵᱷᱟᱭᱨᱚᱱᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱯᱳᱨᱴᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ * ᱥᱤᱥᱮᱨᱳ ᱞᱩᱥᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱱ ᱜᱟᱢᱟᱨ, [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/jun/12/rio20-agenda-politicians-john-gummer ᱨᱤᱭᱳ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱹᱛ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ], ᱫᱟ ᱜᱟᱨᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ, ᱡᱩᱱ ᱒᱐᱑᱒ [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱙᱒ ᱨᱤᱭᱳ ᱰᱤ ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱨᱚ ᱨᱮ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱙᱒ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱢᱮᱞᱫ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱙᱒ ᱥᱟᱪᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱙᱒ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱐ ᱥᱟᱭᱼᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱮᱢᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱫᱩᱛ ᱢᱟᱰᱮᱨ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱟᱪᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱥᱮᱢᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱩᱱ ᱑᱙᱙᱒ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱨᱤᱭᱳ ᱰᱤ ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱨᱚ (ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱥᱟᱪᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱢᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱦᱚᱭᱼᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱟᱸᱪᱟ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ]] ay08bbj6091j88as0s87k3rvugqodvk 0 36242 196657 192882 2026-08-12T20:11:36Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196657 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱽᱨᱟᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ}} {{Infobox language |name=ᱠᱩᱰᱤᱭᱟ |nativename= |states=[[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ]] |ethnicity= |speakers= ᱒,᱘᱐᱐ |date= |ref= |familycolor=Dravidian |fam2=ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱤᱱ ᱫᱽᱨᱟᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ |fam3=[[ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱤᱱ ᱫᱽᱨᱟᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱤᱱ ᱫᱽᱨᱟᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ I]] |fam4=ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱤᱱ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱫᱽᱨᱟᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ |fam5=ᱠᱩᱰᱤᱭᱟ–[[ᱛᱩᱞᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱩᱞᱩ]] |script=[[ᱠᱟᱱᱱᱟᱰᱟ ᱞᱤᱯᱤ]], [[ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱞᱤᱯᱤ]] |iso3=kfg |glotto=kudi1237 |glottorefname=Kudiya }} '''ᱠᱩᱰᱤᱭᱟ''' ({{ipa|kfg|kuɖijɐ|ipa}}) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ [[ᱫᱽᱨᱟᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱫᱽᱨᱟᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱱᱟᱰᱟ]], [[ᱩᱰᱩᱯᱤ]], [[ᱠᱳᱰᱟᱜᱩ]] ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱟᱥᱟᱨᱜᱳᱰ]], [[ᱠᱟᱱᱱᱩᱨ]] ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ [[ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ|ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱨᱚᱲᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ == ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ == ᱠᱩᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱞᱮ (ᱵᱩᱨᱩ) ᱠᱩᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱱᱟᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ, ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱢᱚᱥᱛᱷᱚᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱥᱤᱞᱟ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱞᱟᱪ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ᱜᱚᱸᱜᱷᱚᱨ/ᱜᱩᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱸᱵᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱ‌ᱛᱤᱜᱼᱟ (ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ)᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Castes and Tribes of Southern India |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Castes_and_Tribes_of_Southern_India/Kudiya}}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} == ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱢᱮ == * {{Cite book |last=Das |first=B. K. |title=Male Kudiya: Ethnographic Study of the Scheduled Tribes |location=Bangalore |publisher=Director of Census Operation |date=1984}} * {{Cite book |title=People of India: pt.1-3 Kerala |url=https://archive.org/details/peopleofindia0002sing |first=K. S. |last=Singh |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |date=1992 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/peopleofindia0002sing/page/677 677]–681 |isbn=9788185938998}} * Ramachandrarao, D.B. ''Male Kudiya: Upa samskruthi''. Adhyayana, 1993. * {{cite book |title=Karnataka State Gazetteers: Kodagu District (Gazetteer of India) |editor=Suryanath Upendra Kamath |publisher=Office of the Chief Editor, Karnataka Gazetteer |date=1993 |pages=165–166}} * {{Cite book |title=Encyclopaedia of South-Asian Tribes: The Koraga - The Lodha |volume=6 |series=Encyclopaedia of South-Asian Tribes |editor=Satinder Kumar |publisher=Anmol Publications |date=2000 |pages=1767–1772 |isbn=9788126105175}} * {{cite book |title=Karnataka |volume=26 |series=People of India |editor1=K. S. Singh |editor2=B. G. Halbar |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |date=2003 |pages=814–817 |isbn=9788185938981}} {{Dravidian languages}} {{Authority control}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱫᱽᱨᱟᱵᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] {{dr-lang-stub}} ckysk7hie1lxijy8n7p1p4nzaom75ul 0 36297 196651 193264 2026-08-12T20:06:46Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196651 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Africa Food Security 18 (10665134354).jpg|thumb|ᱞᱤᱞᱚᱝᱣᱮ, ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱣᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱵᱽᱡᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧᱮᱫ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ]] '''ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ''' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱥᱛᱟ, ᱱᱤᱨᱚᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ, ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ, ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ, ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱜᱚᱴ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ, ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱨᱚᱲ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱟ ᱾<ref name="usda measuring">{{Cite web |title=Food Security in the United States: Measuring Household Food Security |url=https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-us/measurement |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191122225302/https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-us/measurement.aspx |archive-date=2019-11-22 |access-date=2008-02-23 |publisher=USDA}}</ref> ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="FAO">{{Cite web |date=June 2006 |title=Food Security |url=http://www.fao.org/economic/esa/esa-activities/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515104207/http://www.fao.org/economic/esa/esa-activities/en/ |archive-date=May 15, 2012 |access-date=June 8, 2012 |website=FAO Agricultural and Development Economics Division |issue=2}}{{failed verification|date=March 2022}}</ref> ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱞ, ᱵᱟᱱ,<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1126/sciadv.adx7799| volume = 11| issue = 46| pages = –7799| last1 = Li| first1 = Zhi| last2 = Rosa| first2 = Lorenzo| last3 = Gorelick| first3 = Steven |author3-link=Steven M. Gorelick | title = Severe floods significantly reduce global rice yields| journal = Science Advances| date = 2025-11-14| pmid = 41237228| pmc = 12617518| bibcode = 2025SciA...11x7799L}}</ref> ᱥᱟᱜᱟᱲᱚᱢ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ, ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱚᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ, ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ, ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="FAO-2013">{{Cite web |title=The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2013. The multiple dimensions of food security. |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3434e/i3434e.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222074548/http://www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3434e/i3434e.pdf |archive-date=22 December 2018 |access-date=26 November 2013 |website=FAO}}</ref> '''ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ''' ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱞᱴᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ: ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱩᱱᱴᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ, ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨᱚᱜ, ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ, ᱟᱨ ᱛᱷᱤᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="FAO-2009">{{Cite book |last=FAO |url=http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/wsfs/Summit/Docs/Final_Declaration/WSFS09_Declaration.pdf |title=Declaration of the World Food Summit on Food Security |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year=2009 |location=Rome |access-date=2013-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019220850/http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/wsfs/Summit/Docs/Final_Declaration/WSFS09_Declaration.pdf |archive-date=2018-10-19 |url-status=live}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱡᱟᱹᱨᱩᱲᱟ: ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱤᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱫᱷᱤᱠᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱙᱖ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱢᱞᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ "ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱟᱵᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱢᱟ ᱾"<ref name="Food and Agriculture Organization 1996">{{Cite web |last=Food and Agriculture Organization |date=November 1996 |title=Rome Declaration on Food Security and World Food Summit Plan of Action |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/w3613e/w3613e00.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190208001334/http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/w3613e/w3613e00.HTM |archive-date=8 February 2019 |access-date=26 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=1996 Summit on World Food Security Report |url=https://www.fao.org/3/w3548e/w3548e00.htm |website=1996 Summit on World Food Security Report}}</ref> ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ; ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱟ, ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱥᱴᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱒᱘.᱐ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ, ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱒.᱒᱘ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ, ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name=":16">{{Cite book |last=FAO |url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd4313en |title=World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2025 |date=2025 |publisher=FAO |isbn=978-92-5-140174-3 |language=English |doi=10.4060/cd4313en}}</ref> ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱨᱩᱲᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱫᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱾ ᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ, ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ, ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡᱚᱜ, ᱪᱟᱥ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ, ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱢᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱥᱮᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱨ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣᱟ'''.'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Food Insecurity - Healthy People 2030 {{!}} odphp.health.gov |url=https://odphp.health.gov/healthypeople/priority-areas/social-determinants-health/literature-summaries/food-insecurity#:~:text=The%20risk%20for%20food%20insecurity,is%20limited%20or%20not%20available.&text=In%202020,%2028.6%20percent%20of,national%20average%20of%2010.5%20percent.&text=Unemployment%20can%20also%20negatively%20affect%20a%20household's%20food%20security%20status. |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=odphp.health.gov |language=en}}</ref> ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱞ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱮ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱟᱹᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Ayalew |first=Melaku |title=Food Security and Famine and Hunger |url=http://www.cnisbss.org/Newsline/PDF/LJR_19092007/Food%20Security,%20Famine%20&%20Hunger(1).pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021163123/http://www.cnisbss.org/Newsline/PDF/LJR_19092007/Food%20Security%2C%20Famine%20%26%20Hunger%281%29.pdf |archive-date=21 October 2013 |access-date=21 October 2013}}</ref> ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱤ ᱚᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Das |first1=Sumonkanti |last2=Hossain |first2=Zakir |last3=Nesa |first3=Mossamet Kamrun |date=2009-04-25 |title=Levels and trends in child malnutrition in Bangladesh |journal=Asia-Pacific Population Journal |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=51–78 |doi=10.18356/6ef1e09a-en |issn=1564-4278}}</ref> ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱵᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱤ ᱚᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Robert Fogel |author-link=Robert Fogel |title=The Escape from Hunger and Premature Death, 1700–2100: Europe, America, and the Third World |url=https://archive.org/details/escapefromhunger0000foge |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-521-00488-6 |chapter=chpt. 3}}</ref> ᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱒.᱓ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱘.᱐% ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱴᱤᱱ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱵᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱤᱫᱤᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱳᱥᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱒᱐᱒᱓ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱽ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱟᱭ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ, ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":14">{{Cite book |last1=FAO |url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd6008en |title=The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2025 |last2=IFAD |last3=UNICEF |last4=WFP |last5=WHO |date=2025 |publisher=FAO ; IFAD ; UNICEF ; WFP ; WHO |isbn=978-92-5-139937-8 |language=English |doi=10.4060/cd6008en}}</ref> ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== beokty8k6cmk50yg5ieie04lmzht6st 0 36300 196464 196397 2026-08-12T16:59:05Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196464 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ᱵᱟᱢᱟᱠᱳ ᱤᱱᱤᱥᱤᱭᱮᱴᱤᱵᱷ''' ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱘᱗ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱢᱟᱠᱳ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱤᱵᱽᱨᱤᱛᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱵᱽ-ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱨᱩᱲᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱵᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱚᱬᱱᱤᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eldis.org/healthsystems/userfees/background.htm |title=Bamako Initiative |accessdate=2006-12-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061128203803/http://www.eldis.org/healthsystems/userfees/background.htm |archivedate=2006-11-28 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱮᱯᱷ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱮᱠᱡᱤᱠᱤᱣᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ, ᱡᱮᱢᱥ ᱯᱤ. ᱜᱨᱟᱱᱴ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ, ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱮᱯᱷ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱱ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ ᱫᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱵᱷ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱴᱤᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Chetley book">{{cite book |last1=Chetley |first1=Andrew |title= A Healthy Business?: World Health and the Pharmaceutical Industry|url=https://archive.org/details/healthybusinessw0000chet |date=1990 |isbn=978-0862327354 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/healthybusinessw0000chet/page/126 126]–132 |edition=1st }}</ref> ᱑᱙᱘᱘ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱛᱮ, ᱥᱟᱵᱽ-ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱒᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱯᱞᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱦᱟᱨᱰᱚᱱ (᱑᱙᱙᱐; ᱕: ᱑᱘᱖-᱑᱘᱙)<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hardon A |title=Ten best readings in … the Bamako Initiative |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_health-policy-and-planning_1990-06_5_2/page/186 |journal=Health Policy Plan. |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=186–9 |year=1990 |doi=10.1093/heapol/5.2.186 |doi-access= }}</ref> ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱯᱚᱞᱤᱥᱤ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱤᱝ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱤᱱᱤᱥᱤᱭᱮᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱜᱮᱞ ᱮᱫᱟ: {{quote|text=ᱵᱟᱢᱟᱠᱳ ᱤᱱᱤᱥᱤᱭᱮᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ / ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱢᱤᱫᱩᱜ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱚᱸᱰ (WHO/UNICEF) ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱤᱱᱤᱥᱤᱭᱮᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱵᱽ-ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱥᱚᱞᱦᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱘৭ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ WHO ᱢᱤᱫᱩᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱮᱯᱷ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱢᱤᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱜᱨᱟᱱᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱵᱽ-ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ, ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱰᱡᱟᱥᱴᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱯᱨᱚᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱪᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱱ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱵᱮᱱ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱮ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱧᱮᱱᱮᱞ ᱮ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ ᱫᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱟᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱢᱤᱫᱩᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱛᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱜᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱵᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ: * ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ-ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ * ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ * ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱢᱤᱫᱩᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱫᱽᱜᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ * ᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱾ ᱨᱤᱵᱷᱚᱞᱵᱷᱤᱝ ᱰᱨᱚᱜᱽ ᱯᱷᱚᱸᱰ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱟᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾}} == ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ == ᱵᱟᱢᱟᱠᱳ ᱤᱱᱤᱥᱤᱭᱮᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱵᱽ-ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱨᱩᱲᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱵᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱞᱤᱥᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱛᱟᱵᱽ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/inf-new/child6.htm |title=Bamako Initiative revitalizes primary health care in Benin |accessdate=2006-12-28 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070106133809/http://www.who.int/inf-new/child6.htm| archivedate= 6 January 2007 | url-status= dead}}</ref> == ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱤᱱᱤᱥᱤᱭᱮᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱷᱮᱫᱽᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ, ᱨᱟᱱ ᱟᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ, ᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱫᱮᱥ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱨᱩᱲ ᱾{{R|Chetley book|p=127}} ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱞᱤᱥᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱱᱡᱤᱳ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱤᱱᱴᱚᱨᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱚᱞᱦᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱩᱫᱽᱜᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾{{R|Chetley book|p=128}} == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == <references/> == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == * [http://www.unicef.org/media/media_11991.html ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱮᱯᱷ - ᱵᱟᱢᱟᱠᱳ ᱤᱱᱤᱥᱤᱭᱮᱴᱤᱵᱷ] *{{cite journal |vauthors=Knippenberg R, Alihonou E, Soucat A |title=Implementation of the Bamako Initiative: strategies in Benin and Guinea |journal=Int J Health Plann Manage |volume=12 |issue=Suppl 1|pages=S29–47 |date=June 1997 |pmid=10173105 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1099-1751(199706)12:1+S29::AID-HPM4653.0.CO;2-U|display-authors=etal}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071008211344/http://www.medicusmundi.ch/mms/services/bulletin/bulletin200201/kap01/07kuechler.html ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱢᱟᱠᱳ ᱤᱱᱤᱥᱤᱭᱮᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱯᱞᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060304214721/http://tilz.tearfund.org/Publications/Footsteps+31-40/Footsteps+37/Providnig+essential+drugs.htm ᱡᱟᱹᱨᱩᱲᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ — ᱵᱟᱢᱟᱠᱳ ᱤᱱᱤᱥᱤᱭᱮᱴᱤᱵᱷ] *{{cite journal |vauthors=Uzochukwu BS, Onwujekwe OE, Akpala CO |title=Effect of the Bamako-Initiative drug revolving fund on availability and rational use of essential drugs in primary health care facilities in south-east Nigeria |journal=Health Policy Plan |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=378–83 |date=December 2002 |pmid=12424209 |doi=10.1093/heapol/17.4.378 |doi-access=free }} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱵᱟᱢᱟᱠᱳ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱑᱙᱘᱗ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱑᱙᱘᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱞᱤ]] 49og1v5y5s00f1aeyqf8bhlx8efiya5 0 36755 196490 196358 2026-08-12T17:18:55Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196490 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱯᱨᱮᱠᱷᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ}} {{For|ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱰᱟᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ|ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱰᱟᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ}} {{pp-vandalism|small=yes}} [[File:World Health Organisation building from south.jpg|thumb| [[ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱵᱷᱟ]], [[ᱥᱩᱭᱡᱟᱨᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] ᱨᱮ [[ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ]]]] '''ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ''' ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ [[ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ;<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Brown TM, Cueto M, Fee E | title = The World Health Organization and the transition of "international" to "global" public health | journal = American Journal of Public Health | volume = 96 | issue = 1 | pages = 62–72 | date = January 2006 | pmid = 16322464 | pmc = 1470434 | doi = 10.2105/AJPH.2004.050831 }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ "ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ, [[ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ]], ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱛ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ"᱾<ref name="Koplan">{{cite journal | vauthors = Koplan JP, Bond TC, Merson MH, Reddy KS, Rodriguez MH, Sewankambo NK, Wasserheit JN | title = Towards a common definition of global health | journal = Lancet | volume = 373 | issue = 9679 | pages = 1993–5 | date = June 2009 | pmid = 19493564 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60332-9 | pmc = 9905260 | bibcode = 2009Lanc..373.1993K | s2cid = 6919716 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.610.7968 }}</ref> ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱢᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱡᱳᱨ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite book | last = Global Health Initiative | title = Why Global Health Matters | publisher = FamiliesUSA | year = 2008 | location = Washington, DC | url = http://www.familiesusa.org/issues/global-health/matters/ | access-date = 2008-06-10 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110308223639/http://www.familiesusa.org/issues/global-health/matters/ | archive-date = 2011-03-08 }}</ref> ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ, ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ([[ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ|ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ]]), [[ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱮᱫ|ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱮᱫ]] ᱠᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱ [[ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Macfarlane SB, Jacobs M, Kaaya EE | title = In the name of global health: trends in academic institutions | journal = Journal of Public Health Policy | volume = 29 | issue = 4 | pages = 383–401 | date = December 2008 | pmid = 19079297 | doi = 10.1057/jphp.2008.25 | s2cid = 46424271 }}</ref><ref name="pmid32381654">{{cite journal | vauthors = Fischer SE, Patil P, Zielinski C, Baxter L, Bonilla-Escobar FJ, Hussain S, Lai C, Walpole SC, Ohanyido F, Flood D, Singh A, Al-Shorbaji N | display-authors = 6 | title = Is it about the 'where' or the 'how'? Comment on ''Defining global health as public health somewhere else'' | journal = BMJ Global Health | volume = 5 | issue = 5 | date = May 2020 | article-number = e002567 | pmid = 32381654 | pmc = 7223010 | doi = 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002567 }}</ref> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱱᱚᱡᱚᱨ ᱛᱮ [[ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱤᱥᱴᱤ|ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱥᱴᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ]] ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ [[ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ]] ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱜᱩᱞᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱫᱤᱥᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ|ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ|ᱥᱤᱞᱯᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ [[ᱜᱚᱲᱚ|ᱵᱤᱫᱮᱥ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ]] ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=White F, Nanan DJ |chapter=International and Global Health | veditors = Wallace RB |title= Maxcy-Rosenau-Last Public Health and Preventive Medicine |url=https://archive.org/details/wallacemaxcyrose0015unse |publisher=McGraw Hill |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-07-144198-8 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/wallacemaxcyrose0015unse/page/1252 1252]–8 |edition=15th}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Comparing Approaches to Research in Global and International Health: An Exploratory Study|journal=Annals of Global Health|date=2020-04-29|issn=2214-9996|pmc=7193757|pmid=32377512|pages=47|volume=86|issue=1|doi=10.5334/aogh.2799|first1=Kristy C. Y.|last1=Yiu|first2=Eva Merethe|last2=Solum|first3=Deborah D.|last3=DiLiberto|first4=Steffen|last4=Torp |doi-access=free }}</ref> ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱯ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ [[ᱟᱡᱟᱨ]] ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ [[ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱥᱟ]] ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ᱾ ᱟᱸᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ, ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱓᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ (ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ [[ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ]] ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ)᱾<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = [[Max Roser|Roser M]], Ortiz-Ospina E, [[Hannah Ritchie|Ritchie H]] |date=2013-05-23|title=Life Expectancy|url=https://ourworldindata.org/life-expectancy|journal=Our World in Data}}</ref> ᱮᱴᱟᱜ<!--related and similar--> ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱥᱟᱢᱚᱜᱽᱨᱤᱠ ᱫᱤᱥᱴᱤᱵᱷᱚᱝᱜᱤ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ]] ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱤᱥᱴᱤ|ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ]] ᱥᱚᱞᱦᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ [[ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ]] ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Conrad PA, Meek LA, Dumit J | title = Operationalizing a One Health approach to global health challenges | journal = Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases | volume = 36 | issue = 3 | pages = 211–6 | date = May 2013 | pmid = 23711930 | doi = 10.1016/j.cimid.2013.03.006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hernando-Amado S, Coque TM, Baquero F, Martínez JL | title = Defining and combating antibiotic resistance from One Health and Global Health perspectives | journal = Nature Microbiology | volume = 4 | issue = 9 | pages = 1432–42 | date = September 2019 | pmid = 31439928 | doi = 10.1038/s41564-019-0503-9 | s2cid = 201283254 | url = https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/srhreports/health/health/43 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sinclair JR | title = Importance of a One Health approach in advancing global health security and the Sustainable Development Goals | journal = Revue Scientifique et Technique | volume = 38 | issue = 1 | pages = 145–154 | date = May 2019 | pmid = 31564744 | doi = 10.20506/rst.38.1.2949 | s2cid = 203608381 }}</ref> ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ (ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱮᱡᱮᱱᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ]] (WHO)᱾ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱡᱮᱱᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱮᱯᱷ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱚᱜᱨᱟᱢ]] (WFP)᱾ [[ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ]] ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ [[ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱩᱯᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ|ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ-ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱩᱯᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ]] ᱥᱚᱞᱦᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ [[ᱢᱤᱞᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱢ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱡᱚᱥ]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/ |title=Millennium Development Goals |publisher=United Nations |access-date=2013-03-15}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ [[ᱴᱮᱠᱥᱚᱭ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱠᱚ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱳᱥᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱱᱮᱢᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾ [[ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱨᱤ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ WHO, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣᱮᱫᱟᱭ᱾ == ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ == [[File:Open Global Health at OpenCon 2015.jpg|thumb|ᱳᱯᱮᱱᱠᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱨᱮ ᱳᱯᱮᱱ ᱜᱞᱳᱵᱟᱞ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ]] ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱴᱤᱵᱷᱚᱝᱜᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱯᱨᱮᱠᱷᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱯᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ * [[ᱨᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ]] ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱯᱮᱛᱷᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ]] ᱮ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ|ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ]], [[ᱨᱳᱜᱽ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ]], ᱟᱨ [[ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱪᱷᱟ]] ᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Weatherall DJ, Clegg JB | title = Inherited haemoglobin disorders: an increasing global health problem | journal = Bulletin of the World Health Organization | volume = 79 | issue = 8 | pages = 704–712 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11545326 | pmc = 2566499 }}</ref> * [[ᱫᱤᱥᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ]] ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱳᱨ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Fried LP, Bentley ME, Buekens P, Burke DS, Frenk JJ, Klag MJ, Spencer HC | title = Global health is public health | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_february-13-19-2010_375_9714/page/535 | journal = Lancet | volume = 375 | issue = 9714 | pages = 535–7 | date = February 2010 | pmid = 20159277 | doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(10)60203-6 | s2cid = 38796542 }}</ref> * [[ᱮᱯᱤᱰᱮᱢᱤᱭᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ]] ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱩᱯᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ahern M, Kovats RS, Wilkinson P, Few R, Matthies F | title = Global health impacts of floods: epidemiologic evidence | journal = Epidemiologic Reviews | volume = 27 | issue = 1 | pages = 36–46 | year = 2005 | pmid = 15958425 | doi = 10.1093/epirev/mxi004 | doi-access = free }}</ref> * [[ᱰᱮᱢᱚᱜᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤ]] ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Verano JW, Ubelake DH |title=Disease and demography in the Americas | url = https://archive.org/details/diseasedemograph0000unse_h0k7 |date=1992 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press |location=Washington |isbn=978-1-56098-163-3}}</ref> * [[ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ]] ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱩᱯᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ-ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ-ᱞᱟᱵᱷ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱳᱨ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite report | vauthors = Bloom DE, Cafiero E, Jané-Llopis E, Abrahams-Gessel S, Bloom LR, Fathima S, Feigl AB, Gaziano T, Hamandi A, Mowafi M, O'Farrell D | display-authors = 6 | title = The global economic burden of noncommunicable diseases. | work = Program on the Global Demography of Aging | date = January 2012 | url = https://ideas.repec.org/p/gdm/wpaper/8712.html }}</ref> * ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ]], [[ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ]], [[ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ]], [[ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ]], [[ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ]], ᱟᱨ [[ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱨᱤ]] ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱯᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ [[ᱱᱤᱛᱤᱥᱟᱥᱛᱨᱚ|ᱱᱤᱛᱤᱜᱚᱛ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ]] ᱠᱚ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱩᱠᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝᱼᱟ᱾ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱞᱦᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ-ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱤᱛᱷᱤᱠᱥ/ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱼᱤᱛᱷᱤᱠᱥ ᱠᱟᱣᱩᱱᱥᱤᱞ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨ-ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱞᱳᱵᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱢᱤᱴ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.globalsummit-berlin2016.de/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190404102034/https://www.globalsummit-berlin2016.de/ | archive-date = 4 April 2019 | title = Global Summits of National Ethics/Bioethics Councils | location = Berlin | date = 2016 }}</ref> == ᱢᱟᱯ ᱠᱚ == ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱯ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ [[ᱫᱤᱵᱽᱭᱟᱝ-ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ|ᱫᱤᱵᱽᱭᱟᱝ-ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ]] (ᱰᱤ.ᱮ.ᱮᱞ.ᱣᱟᱭ), [[ᱜᱩᱱ-ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ|ᱜᱩᱱ-ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ]] (ᱠᱤᱣ.ᱮ.ᱮᱞ.ᱣᱟᱭ.ᱮᱥ), ᱟᱨ [[ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱦᱟᱨ|ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱦᱟᱨ]] ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref name="etches2006">{{cite journal | vauthors = Etches V, Frank J, Di Ruggiero E, Manuel D | title = Measuring population health: a review of indicators | journal = Annual Review of Public Health | volume = 27 | pages = 29–55 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16533108 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.27.021405.102141 | doi-access = free }}</ref> === ᱫᱤᱵᱽᱭᱟᱝ-ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ === [[Image:All causes DALYs per 100,000 people gradient world map (2021).svg|thumb|᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱑᱐᱐,᱐᱐᱐ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱯᱤᱪᱷᱤ ᱫᱤᱵᱽᱭᱟᱝ-ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ:<div style="text-align: left"> {{legend|#e0e0e0|ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ}} {{legend|#ffffcc|᱒۳,᱕᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ}} {{legend|#ffeda0|᱒᱓,᱕᱐᱐-᱓᱑,᱐᱐᱐}} {{legend|#fed976|᱓᱑,᱐᱐᱐-᱓᱘,᱕᱐᱐}} {{legend|#feb24c|᱓᱘,᱕᱐᱐-᱔᱖,᱐᱐᱐}} {{legend|#fd8d3c|᱔᱖,᱐᱐᱐-᱕᱓,᱕᱐᱐}} {{legend|#fc4e2a|᱕᱓,᱕᱐᱐-᱖᱑,᱐᱐᱐}} {{legend|#e31a1c|᱖᱑,᱐᱐᱐-᱖᱘,᱕᱐᱐}} {{legend|#bd0026|᱖᱘,᱕᱐᱐-᱗᱖,᱐᱐᱐}} {{legend|#800026|᱗᱖,᱐᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ}} </div>]] {{Main|ᱫᱤᱵᱽᱭᱟᱝ-ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ}} ᱰᱤ.ᱮ.ᱮᱞ.ᱣᱟᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱨᱟᱝᱥ ᱢᱟᱯ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱵᱽᱭᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱥᱴᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱢᱟᱯ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ|ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ]], [[ᱫᱤᱵᱽᱭᱟᱝ|ᱫᱤᱵᱽᱭᱟᱝ]], ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱰᱤ.ᱮ.ᱮᱞ.ᱣᱟᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱥᱴᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ "ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ" ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱰᱤ.ᱮ.ᱮᱞ.ᱣᱟᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱥᱴᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱤᱵᱽᱭᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱥᱴᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱜᱽ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ === ᱜᱩᱱ-ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ === {{Main|ᱜᱩᱱ-ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ}} ᱠᱤᱣ.ᱮ.ᱮᱞ.ᱣᱟᱭ.ᱮᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱥᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱱ (ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ)|ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱱ]] ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱟ: ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱢᱤᱫ (ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ) ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ (ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾ QALY ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱯ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱥᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ᱾ ᱢᱟᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ: ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱚᱥᱚᱱᱫᱽ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱠᱚᱞ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ, ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱷᱮ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱤᱥᱞᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱤᱪᱷᱟᱹ ᱟᱱᱢᱟᱱᱟ, ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱱᱛᱨᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱪᱷᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱥᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref name="etches2006" /> === ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ === {{Main|ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ|ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ}} ᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱤ.ᱮ.ᱮᱞ.ᱣᱟᱭ.ᱮᱥ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱤᱣ.ᱮ.ᱮᱞ.ᱣᱟᱭ.ᱮᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱥᱩᱱᱤᱨᱫᱤᱥᱴᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ [[ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ|ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ]] ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱮᱡ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mulholland E, Smith L, Carneiro I, Becher H, Lehmann D | title = Equity and child-survival strategies | journal = Bulletin of the World Health Organization | volume = 86 | issue = 5 | pages = 399–407 | date = May 2008 | pmid = 18545743 | pmc = 2647438 | doi = 10.2471/BLT.07.044545 }}</ref> === ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱨ === {{Main|ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱨ}} ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱯ ᱨᱮ [[ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱨ|ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱨ]], [[ᱯᱨᱚᱵᱚᱞᱚᱛᱟ|ᱯᱨᱚᱵᱚᱞᱚᱛᱟ]], ᱟᱨ [[ᱡᱚᱜᱽ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ|ᱡᱚᱜᱽ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ]] ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱮ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱚᱪᱚᱭᱟ᱾ ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱤᱫᱼᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱨᱚᱠᱟᱥᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱱᱩᱯᱟᱛ ᱥᱮ ᱦᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱨᱚᱠᱟᱥᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == {{see also|ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱜᱟᱨ}} [[File:Life expectancy by world region since 1770, OWID.svg|thumb|᱑᱗᱗᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱑᱘ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ, ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱥᱟ]] ᱑᱙᱔᱕ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ [[ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ]] ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ [[ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱮᱸᱠ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ]] ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱥᱚᱯᱚᱦᱚᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱑᱙᱔᱘ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ]] ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱑᱙᱔᱗ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱔᱘ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱨ (ᱤᱡᱤᱯᱴ) ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐,᱐᱐᱐ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱨᱟ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱽᱜᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite web|title=History of WHO|author=World Health Organization|url=https://www.who.int/library/historical/access/who/index.en.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061207150944/http://www.who.int/library/historical/access/who/index.en.shtml|archive-date=2006-12-07}}</ref> ᱰᱟᱵᱽᱞᱩ.ᱮᱭᱤᱪ.ᱳ (WHO) ᱟᱡᱟᱜ [[WHO ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱰᱮᱞ ᱞᱤᱥᱴᱤ|ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱰᱮᱞ ᱞᱤᱥᱴᱤ]] ᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙۷᱘ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱟᱴᱟ ᱜᱷᱳᱥᱱᱟ]] ᱫᱚ [[ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱛ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite report|title=Primary Health Care: Report of the International Conference on Primary Health Care|location=Geneva|publisher=World Health Organization|year=1978|url=http://www.unicef.org/about/history/files/Alma_Ata_conference_1978_report.pdf|access-date=2014-05-06|archive-date=2017-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829195121/https://www.unicef.org/about/history/files/Alma_Ata_conference_1978_report.pdf}}</ref> ᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱢᱤᱴ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ [[ᱢᱤᱞᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱢ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱡᱚᱥ]] (MDGs) ᱠᱚ ᱜᱷᱳᱥᱱᱟ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kumar S, Kumar N, Vivekadhish S | title = Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Addressing Unfinished Agenda and Strengthening Sustainable Development and Partnership | journal = Indian Journal of Community Medicine | volume = 41 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–4 | date = January–March 2016 | pmid = 26917865 | pmc = 4746946 | doi = 10.4103/0970-0218.170955 | doi-access = free }}</ref> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite web|title=Resolution adopted by the General Assembly, 55/2|date=18 September 2000|publisher=United Nations|url=https://www.un.org/millennium/declaration/ares552e.pdf}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱷᱳᱥᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱱ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱤᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱧᱟᱢᱤᱡ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱚᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱤᱱᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱮᱢ.ᱰᱤ.ᱡᱤ (MDG) ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟᱢᱳ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref name=":0">{{Cite web | url = https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/transformingourworld | title = Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform | website = sustainabledevelopment.un.org | access-date = 2016-02-26 }}</ref> ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ-ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ᱮᱸᱜᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ|ᱮᱸᱜᱟᱛ]], ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ [[ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ]] ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱮᱢ.ᱰᱤ.ᱡᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾<ref name=":0" /> ᱮᱢ.ᱰᱤ.ᱡᱤ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱒᱐᱑᱖-᱒᱐᱓᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱑᱗ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ [[ᱴᱮᱠᱥᱚᱭ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱠᱚ]] (SDGs) ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱴᱮᱠᱥᱚᱭ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱮᱡᱮᱱᱰᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref name=":0" /> ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[ᱴᱮᱠᱥᱚᱭ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱑|ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱪᱟᱵᱟᱭ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ᱾<ref name=":1">{{Cite web | url = http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sdgoverview/ | title = Sustainable Development Goals | website = UNDP | access-date = 2016-02-26 | archive-date = 2016-03-04 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031536/http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sdgoverview/ }}</ref> ᱒᱕ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱑᱙᱓ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱒᱐᱓᱐ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱮᱡᱮᱱᱰᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ''ᱟᱵᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ: ᱴᱮᱠᱥᱚᱭ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱒᱐᱓᱐ ᱮᱡᱮᱱᱰᱟ''᱾<ref name=":1" /> ᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱤᱠᱟᱹ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ [[ᱜᱟᱵᱷᱤ]], ᱒᱐᱐᱒ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ [[ᱮᱰᱥ, ᱴᱤᱵᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱟᱱᱰ]], ᱒᱐᱐᱓ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱮᱰᱥ ᱨᱮᱞᱤᱯᱷ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱢᱟᱨᱡᱮᱱᱥᱤ ᱯᱞᱮᱱ]], ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱐᱕ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ]] ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ [[ᱢᱚᱱᱴᱮᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱱᱥᱮᱱᱥᱟᱥ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱡᱳᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ),<ref>{{cite news | vauthors = Price N |title=Countries gather to fight poverty |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/647423631/ |access-date=21 November 2022 |work=The Sacramento Bee |date=March 23, 2002 |page=A13 }}</ref> ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱟᱯ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱡᱳᱨ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Mark Dybul M | work = The Catalyst | publisher = George W. Bush Institute | url = https://www.bushcenter.org/catalyst/africa/dybul-advance-of-global-health.html | title = How HIV, SARS, and Ebola Put Global Health on the Agenda | date = Summer 2017 }}</ref> ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ''[[ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ]]'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱑᱐᱐ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hoffman SJ | title = Ending medical complicity in state-sponsored torture | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_october-29-november-4-2011_378_9802/page/1535 | journal = Lancet | volume = 378 | issue = 9802 | pages = 1535–7 | date = October 2011 | pmid = 21944647 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60816-7 | ssrn = 2725729 | s2cid = 45829194 }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[ᱵᱤᱞ ᱠᱞᱤᱱᱴᱚᱱ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[ᱯᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱯᱤᱭᱳᱴ]] ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ, ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱠᱤᱞᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱠᱚ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ [[ᱴᱤᱠᱟᱹ]] ᱠᱚ, [[ᱮᱱᱴᱤᱢᱟᱭᱠᱨᱳᱵᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ]], [[ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ|ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ]], [[ᱫᱷᱩᱸᱜᱟᱹ ᱧᱩ|ᱛᱷᱟᱢᱟᱠᱩᱨ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ]], ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ, [[ᱦᱚᱭᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ]], ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ, ᱨᱟᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱚᱵᱷᱟᱨᱮᱡᱽ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱥᱟᱢᱨᱟᱡᱽᱭᱚᱵᱟᱫᱤ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱰᱤᱠᱚᱞᱳᱱᱟᱭᱡᱮᱥᱚᱱ (decolonisation) ᱥᱮ ᱩᱯᱚᱱᱤᱵᱮᱥᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Kwete X, Tang K, Chen L, Ren R, Chen Q, Wu Z, Cai Y, Li H |date=January 2022 |title=Decolonizing global health: what should be the target of this movement and where does it lead us? |journal=Global Health Research and Policy |volume=7 |issue=1 |article-number=3 |doi=10.1186/s41256-022-00237-3 |pmc=8784247 |pmid=35067229 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Rasheed MA |date=December 2021 |title=Navigating the violent process of decolonisation in global health research: a guideline |journal=The Lancet. Global Health |volume=9 |issue=12 |pages=e1640–1 |doi=10.1016/S2214-109X(21)00440-X |pmid=34798014 |s2cid=244286291 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Affun-Adegbulu C, Adegbulu O |date=August 2020 |title=Decolonising Global (Public) Health: from Western universalism to Global pluriversalities |journal=BMJ Global Health |volume=5 |issue=8 |article-number=e002947 |doi=10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002947 |pmc=7443258 |pmid=32819916 |s2cid=221220715}}</ref> ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱤᱠᱳᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱢᱚᱱᱛᱚᱵᱟᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟᱢᱳ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ-ᱟᱭ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱛᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱢᱨᱟᱡᱽᱭᱚᱵᱟᱫᱤ "ᱢᱩᱠᱩᱴ" ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Keshri VR, Bhaumik S |date=September 2022 |title=The feudal structure of global health and its implications for decolonisation |journal=BMJ Global Health |volume=7 |issue=9 |article-number=e010603 |doi=10.1136/bmjgh-2022-010603 |pmc=9516156 |pmid=36167407 |s2cid=252565623}}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ == === ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲᱚᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ === ==== ᱥᱟᱦᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ==== {{Main|ᱥᱟᱦᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱤᱱᱯᱷᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ}} ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱞᱩᱛᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱤᱱᱯᱷᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱢᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref name="Lopez AD 2006">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lopez AD, Mathers CD, Ezzati M, Jamison DT, Murray CJ | title = Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001: systematic analysis of population health data | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_may-27-june-2-2006_367_9524/page/1747 | journal = Lancet | volume = 367 | issue = 9524 | pages = 1747–57 | date = May 2006 | pmid = 16731270 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68770-9 | s2cid = 22609505 }}</ref> ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱛ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱦᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱤᱱᱯᱷᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ [[ᱴᱤᱵᱷᱤ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ]], [[ᱦᱟᱢ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ]], [[ᱤᱱᱯᱷᱞᱩᱭᱮᱱᱡᱟ]], [[ᱠᱳᱨᱳᱱᱟᱵᱷᱟᱭᱨᱟᱥ|ᱠᱳᱨᱳᱱᱟᱵᱷᱟᱭᱨᱟᱥ ᱠᱚ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱱᱤᱣᱢᱳᱱᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱷᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱮ ''[[ᱢᱟᱭᱠᱳᱵᱮᱠᱴᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱢ ᱴᱤᱣᱵᱟᱨᱠᱤᱣᱞᱳᱥᱤᱥ]]'', ''[[ᱢᱚᱨᱵᱤᱞᱤᱵᱷᱟᱭᱨᱟᱥ]]'', ''[[ᱦᱤᱢᱳᱯᱷᱤᱞᱟᱥ ᱤᱱᱯᱷᱞᱩᱭᱮᱱᱡᱤ]]'' ᱟᱨ ''[[ᱱᱤᱣᱢᱳᱠᱳᱠᱟᱭ]]'' ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱥᱟᱦᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱤᱱᱯᱷᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱲ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱦᱟᱞᱚᱛ ᱫᱚ [[ᱯᱷᱩᱥᱯᱷᱩᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱤᱱᱯᱷᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱡᱷᱟ ᱒᱐ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mizgerd JP | title = Lung infection--a public health priority | journal = PLOS Medicine | volume = 3 | issue = 2 | article-number = e76 | date = February 2006 | pmid = 16401173 | pmc = 1326257 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030076 | doi-access = free }}</ref> ==== ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ==== {{Main|ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱤᱭᱟ}} [[ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱑᱗% ᱜᱩᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.childinfo.org/709.htm |title=Statistics by Area — Diarrhoeal disease — The challenge |publisher=UNICEF |access-date=2013-01-12}}</ref> ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ [[sanitation|ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱪᱟ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱪᱤ]] ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱜ, ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ, ᱵᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱛᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤ, ᱛᱤ, ᱟᱨ ᱨᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱠᱴᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱨᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱪᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱢᱚᱪᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱪᱷᱟ]] ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮᱭ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱚᱪᱚᱭᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Taylor CE, Greenough WB | title = Control of diarrheal diseases | journal = Annual Review of Public Health | volume = 10 | pages = 221–244 | year = 1989 | pmid = 2655632 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.pu.10.050189.001253 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Victora CG, Bryce J, Fontaine O, Monasch R | title = Reducing deaths from diarrhoea through oral rehydration therapy | journal = Bulletin of the World Health Organization | volume = 78 | issue = 10 | pages = 1246–55 | year = 2000 | pmid = 11100619 | pmc = 2560623 }}</ref> ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ [[ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱧᱩ ᱚᱪᱚ]] ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱸᱠ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱮᱢ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱪᱟ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱪᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[ᱨᱳᱴᱟᱵᱷᱟᱭᱨᱟᱥ]] ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱛᱷᱮᱥᱴᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rotavirusvaccine.org/documents/WHO_position_paper_rotavirus_2007_000.pdf |title=Rotavirus Vaccine Access and Delivery — PATH |publisher=Rotavirusvaccine.org |date=2011-12-07 |access-date=2013-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091222043141/http://www.rotavirusvaccine.org/documents/WHO_position_paper_rotavirus_2007_000.pdf |archive-date=2009-12-22 }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ ᱟᱱ ᱴᱤᱠᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Valencia-Mendoza A, Bertozzi SM, Gutierrez JP, Itzler R | title = Cost-effectiveness of introducing a rotavirus vaccine in developing countries: the case of Mexico | journal = BMC Infectious Diseases | volume = 8 | article-number = 103 | date = July 2008 | pmid = 18664280 | pmc = 2527317 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2334-8-103 | doi-access = free }}</ref> ==== ᱮᱪ.ᱟᱭ.ᱵᱷᱤ/ᱮᱰᱥ ==== {{Main|ᱮᱪ.ᱟᱭ.ᱵᱷᱤ|ᱮᱰᱥ}} ᱮᱪ.ᱟᱭ.ᱵᱷᱤ/ᱮᱰᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ]] ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱥᱚᱞᱦᱮ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱨᱮᱱᱰ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾ ᱮᱪ.ᱟᱭ.ᱵᱷᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱚᱞᱦᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱯᱷᱟᱱᱰ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Coovadia HM, Hadingham J | title = HIV/AIDS: global trends, global funds and delivery bottlenecks | journal = Globalization and Health | volume = 1 | article-number = 13 | date = August 2005 | pmid = 16060961 | pmc = 1199613 | doi = 10.1186/1744-8603-1-13 | doi-access = free }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ᱗᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱪ.ᱟᱭ.ᱵᱷᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱨᱟᱥ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱓᱕ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱪ.ᱟᱭ.ᱵᱷᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ, ᱒᱐᱑᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱓᱖.᱙ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ [᱓᱑.᱑–᱔᱓.᱙ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ] ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱪ.ᱟᱭ.ᱵᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱟᱸᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱕-᱔᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱐.᱘% [᱐.᱖–᱐.᱙%] ᱥᱮᱬᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱪ.ᱟᱭ.ᱵᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱡᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾ ᱵᱟᱵᱽᱞᱩ.ᱮᱭᱤᱪ.ᱳ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱣ ᱒᱕ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱮᱬᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱑ ᱦᱚᱲ (᱔.᱑%) ᱮᱪ.ᱟᱭ.ᱵᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱪ.ᱟᱭ.ᱵᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=HIV/AIDS |url=https://www.who.int/gho/hiv/en/ |access-date=2018-11-01 |website=World Health Organization }}</ref> ᱦᱤᱣᱢᱮᱱ ᱤᱢᱤᱭᱩᱱᱳᱰᱮᱯᱷᱤᱥᱤᱭᱮᱱᱥᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱨᱟᱥ (ᱮᱪ.ᱟᱭ.ᱵᱷᱤ) ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮ-ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱠᱥ, ᱵᱟᱝ-ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱪᱟ ᱥᱩᱭ, [[ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ]], ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱥᱮ [[ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱧᱩ ᱚᱪᱚ]] ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱮᱸᱜᱟᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ, ᱮᱪ.ᱟᱭ.ᱵᱷᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ]] ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱠᱚᱢ-ᱟᱭ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱡᱟᱭᱱᱟᱞ ᱥᱮᱠᱥ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱐.᱓᱘% ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱐.᱓% ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Estimated HIV transmission risk per exposure for specific activities and events |date=15 May 2020 |url=https://www.aidsmap.com/Estimated-risk-per-exposure/page/1324038/#item1324093}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱤᱱᱯᱷᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱢᱤᱭᱩᱱ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱮᱠᱣᱟᱨᱰ ᱤᱢᱤᱭᱩᱱᱳᱰᱮᱯᱷᱤᱥᱤᱭᱮᱱᱥᱤ ᱥᱤᱱᱰᱨᱳᱢ (ᱮᱰᱥ) ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾ [[ᱮᱪ.ᱟᱭ.ᱵᱷᱤ/ᱮᱰᱥ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣ|ᱮᱱᱴᱤᱨᱮᱴᱨᱳᱵᱷᱟᱭᱨᱟᱞ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ]] ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱪ.ᱟᱭ.ᱵᱷᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱰᱥ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱚᱪᱚᱭᱟ᱾ ==== ᱢᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ==== {{Main|ᱢᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ}} ᱢᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱠᱬᱤᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲᱚᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ''[[ᱯᱞᱟᱡᱽᱢᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟᱢ]]'' ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱮᱨᱟᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ, ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩ, ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ, ᱡᱤᱞ ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱞᱟᱹ ᱩᱞᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱡᱟᱣ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱸᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱕᱐᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref name="Birn">{{cite book | vauthors = Birn A, Pillay Y, Holtz T |url=https://archive.org/details/textbookofintern0000birn |title=Textbook of International Health |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-971985-3 |edition=3rd |page=[https://archive.org/details/textbookofintern0000birn/page/273 273] |url-access=registration}}</ref> ᱰᱟᱵᱽᱞᱩ.ᱮᱪ.ᱳ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱵᱚᱡᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱖ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱙᱐% ᱢᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱙᱑% ᱢᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malaria key facts |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}</ref> [[ᱢᱚᱥᱟᱨᱤ|ᱨᱟᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱚᱥᱟᱨᱤ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱢ-ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ ᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ [[ᱟᱨᱴᱮᱢᱤᱥᱤᱱᱤᱱ]]-ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱢᱵᱤᱱᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱛᱷᱮᱨᱟᱯᱤ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ [[ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱛᱷᱮᱨᱟᱯᱤ]] ᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱭ ᱧᱟᱢᱟ᱾ [[ᱮᱱᱰᱮᱢᱤᱠ (ᱮᱯᱤᱰᱮᱢᱤᱭᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ)|ᱮᱱᱰᱮᱢᱤᱠ]] ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱬᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱫᱟᱬᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[ᱢᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱮᱴᱳᱵᱷᱟᱠᱩᱭᱳᱱ/ᱯᱨᱳᱜᱩᱣᱟᱱᱤᱞ|ᱮᱴᱳᱵᱷᱟᱠᱩᱭᱳᱱ-ᱯᱨᱳᱜᱩᱣᱟᱱᱤᱞ]], [[ᱰᱚᱠᱥᱤᱥᱟᱭᱠᱞᱤᱱ]], ᱥᱮ [[ᱢᱮᱯᱷᱞᱳᱠᱩᱭᱤᱱ]] ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ [[ᱠᱮᱢᱳᱯᱨᱳᱯᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱠᱥᱤᱥ]] ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |publisher= U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |date=2018-01-26 |title=Malaria – Travelers – Malaria Information and Prophylaxis, by Country |url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/travelers/country_table/a.html |access-date=2018-11-01 }}</ref> ᱵᱤᱨ ᱢᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ-ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱢᱟᱜ ᱩᱡᱟᱹᱲᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱢᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref name="pmid32152272">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chaves LS, Fry J, Malik A, Geschke A, Sallum MA, Lenzen M | title = Global consumption and international trade in deforestation-associated commodities could influence malaria risk | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | article-number = 1258 | date = March 2020 | pmid = 32152272 | pmc = 7062889 | doi = 10.1038/s41467-020-14954-1 | bibcode = 2020NatCo..11.1258C }}</ref> ==== ᱵᱮᱠᱴᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱯᱮᱛᱷᱳᱡᱮᱱ ᱠᱚ ==== [[File:Global number of deaths (A) and YLLs (B), by pathogen and GBD super-region, 2019.jpg|thumb|᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱛᱷᱳᱡᱮᱱ ᱟᱨ [[ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱪᱟᱯ|ᱡᱤ.ᱵᱤ.ᱰᱤ]] ᱥᱩᱯᱟᱨ-ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱞ (ᱮ) ᱟᱨ [[ᱱᱚᱥᱴᱚ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱚ]] (ᱵᱤ)<ref name="Ikuta_2022"/>]] [[File:Overall age-standardised mortality rate per 100 000 population for 33 pathogens investigated, 2019.jpg|thumb|᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱓᱓ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱯᱮᱛᱷᱳᱡᱮᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱑᱐᱐,᱐᱐᱐ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱯᱤᱪᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ-ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱠ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱦᱟᱨ<ref name="Ikuta_2022"/>]] ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ [[ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱪᱟᱯ|ᱡᱤ.ᱵᱤ.ᱰᱤ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ]] ᱫᱚ (᱓᱓) ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱠᱴᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱯᱮᱛᱷᱳᱡᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱸᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱮ ᱨᱤᱯᱳᱨᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱤᱱᱯᱷᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[ᱨᱮᱴ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱽ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱡᱮ|᱘ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱑ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ]] ᱮ ᱮᱢᱮᱫᱟ (ᱥᱮ ~᱗.᱗ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱜᱩᱨ), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{tooltip|ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟᱭ|ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ "ᱡᱤ.ᱵᱤ.ᱰᱤ ᱞᱮᱵᱷᱮᱞ ᱓ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ"}} ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref name="Ikuta_2022">{{cite journal | title = Global mortality associated with 33 bacterial pathogens in 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 | journal = Lancet | volume = 400 | issue = 10369 | pages = 2221–48 | date = December 2022 | pmid = 36423648 | pmc = 9763654 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)02185-7 | doi-access = free | vauthors = Ikuta KS, Swetschinski LR, Robles Aguilar G, Sharara F, Mestrovic T, Gray AP, Davis Weaver N, Wool EE, Han C, Gershberg Hayoon A, Aali A, Abate SM, Abbasi-Kangevari M, Abbasi-Kangevari Z, Abd-Elsalam S, Abebe G, Abedi A, Abhari AP, Abidi H, Aboagye RG, Absalan A, Abubaker Ali H, Acuna JM, Adane TD, Addo IY, Adegboye OA, Adnan M, Adnani QE, Afzal MS, Afzal S | display-authors = 6 | bibcode = 2022Lanc..400.2221I }}</ref> == ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ == == ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝᱼᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱮᱛᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ == == ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱴᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ == ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ-ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ: * [[ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ]] ** [[ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ]] *** [[ᱠᱮᱱᱥᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱮᱡᱮᱱᱥᱤ]] (ᱟᱭ.ᱮ.ᱟᱨ.ᱥᱤ) *** [[ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱰᱟᱵᱽᱞᱩ.ᱮᱭᱤᱪ.ᱳ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ]] (ᱰᱟᱵᱽᱞᱩ.ᱠᱮ.ᱥᱤ) ** [[ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱟᱱᱰ]] (ᱭᱩ.ᱮᱱ.ᱟᱭ.ᱥᱤ.ᱤ.ᱮᱯᱷ) ** [[ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ]] (ᱰᱟᱵᱽᱞᱩ.ᱮᱯᱷ.ᱯᱤ) * [[ᱯᱮᱱ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ]] (ᱯᱤ.ᱮ.ᱮᱪ.ᱳ) * [[ᱞᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱠᱨᱚᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱴᱤ]] * [[ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ]] (ᱥᱤ.ᱰᱤ.ᱥᱤ) * [[ᱮᱰᱥ, ᱴᱤᱵᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱟᱱᱰ]] * [[ᱮᱰᱥ ᱨᱮᱞᱤᱯᱷ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱢᱟᱨᱡᱮᱱᱥᱤ ᱯᱞᱮᱱ]] (PEPFAR) ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱮ-ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ: * [[ᱢᱮᱰᱮᱥᱤᱱᱥ ᱥᱟᱱᱥ ᱯᱷᱨᱚᱱᱴᱤᱭᱟᱨᱥ]] (ᱰᱚᱠᱴᱚᱨᱥ ᱣᱤᱫᱟᱣᱩᱴ ᱵᱚᱨᱰᱟᱨᱥ, ᱮᱢ.ᱮᱥ.ᱮᱯᱷ) * [[ᱵᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱞᱤᱱᱰᱟ ᱜᱮᱴᱥ ᱯᱷᱟᱣᱩᱱᱰᱮᱥᱚᱱ]] === ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱥᱞᱮᱥᱚᱱ === ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱴᱨᱮᱱᱰ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ "ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱥᱤ ᱯᱷᱟᱱᱰᱤᱝ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱱᱰᱤᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ; ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ-ᱥᱴᱮᱠᱦᱳᱞᱰᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ-ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱤᱱᱤᱫᱷᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ; ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱲᱟ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ-ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢᱤᱠ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ"᱾<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Clinton C, Sridhar D | title = Who pays for cooperation in global health? A comparative analysis of WHO, the World Bank, the Global Fund to Fight HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, and Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance | journal = Lancet | volume = 390 | issue = 10091 | pages = 324–332 | date = July 2017 | pmid = 28139255 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32402-3 | hdl = 20.500.11820/6efaf7e1-836c-42a6-a582-c7e5c7b458fd | s2cid = 23911963 | url = https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/29477386/PURE_ID_29477293_LancetClintonSridharFinalDS.pdf | hdl-access = free }}</ref> [[State (polity)|ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]]-ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱤᱪᱷᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ "ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ, ᱱᱚᱡᱚᱨ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ, ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱪᱷᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜ, ᱞᱚᱡᱤᱥᱴᱤᱠᱥ, ᱥᱟᱜᱟᱲᱚᱢ, ᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ-ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱽ ᱥᱚᱢᱯᱚᱛᱤ" ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Michaud J, Moss K, Licina D, Waldman R, Kamradt-Scott A, Bartee M, Lim M, Williamson J, Burkle F, Polyak CS, Thomson N, Heymann DL, Lillywhite L | display-authors = 6 | title = Militaries and global health: peace, conflict, and disaster response | journal = Lancet | volume = 393 | issue = 10168 | pages = 276–286 | date = January 2019 | pmid = 30663597 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32838-1 | s2cid = 58624715 | doi-access = free }}</ref> === ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱮᱡᱮᱱᱰᱟ === ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱮᱡᱮᱱᱰᱟ (GHSA) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ "ᱟᱭᱢᱟ-ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ, ᱟᱭᱢᱟ-ᱥᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱖᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱨᱟᱭᱵᱷᱮᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱥᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲᱚᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟ"᱾ ᱒᱖–᱒᱘ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ, ᱒᱐᱑᱘ ᱨᱮ, ᱡᱤ.ᱮᱭᱤᱪ.ᱮᱥ.ᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱨᱡᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱤᱵᱤᱞᱤᱥᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲᱚᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱥᱟᱨᱵᱷᱤᱞᱮᱱᱥ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ-ᱛᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱯᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, "ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ-ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱪ.ᱟᱭ.ᱵᱷᱤ/ᱮᱰᱥ, [[ᱥᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱮᱠᱤᱭᱩᱴ ᱨᱮᱥᱯᱤᱨᱮᱴᱚᱨᱤ ᱥᱤᱱᱰᱨᱳᱢ (SARS)]], [[:en:H1N1 influenza|ᱮᱪ᱑ᱮᱱ᱑ ᱤᱱᱯᱷᱞᱩᱭᱮᱱᱡᱟ]], [[:en:Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis|ᱢᱟᱞᱴᱤ-ᱰᱨᱟᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱴᱤᱣᱵᱟᱨᱠᱤᱣᱞᱳᱥᱤᱥ]]—ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱫᱚᱲᱦᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱷᱤᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱮ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱟᱹᱣᱟ"᱾<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://homelandprepnews.com/countermeasures/27450-u-s-critical-juncture-global-health-security-agenda/|title=U.S. at a critical juncture with Global Health Security Agenda| vauthors = Riley K |date=2018-03-21|work=Homeland Preparedness News|access-date=2018-03-23 }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱟᱠᱷᱲᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤ.ᱮᱭᱤᱪ.ᱮᱥ.ᱮ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ, ᱨᱤᱭᱮᱞ-ᱴᱟᱭᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱷᱤᱞᱮᱱᱥ ᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱯᱮᱠᱮᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱮᱱᱮᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱤᱭᱮᱞ-ᱴᱟᱭᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱷᱤᱞᱮᱱᱥ ᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱯᱮᱠᱮᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱨᱚᱥ-ᱠᱟᱴᱤᱝ ᱯᱮᱠᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲᱚᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite web | title = Global Health Security Agenda: Action Packages | date = 23 July 2021 | url = https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/security/actionpackages/default.htm | via = U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) }}</ref> ᱡᱤ.ᱮᱭᱤᱪ.ᱮᱥ.ᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ, ᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱯᱮᱠᱮᱡᱽ, ᱴᱟᱥᱠ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱢᱮᱠᱟᱱᱤᱡᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱡᱤ.ᱮᱭᱤᱪ.ᱮᱥ.ᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱴᱤᱭᱟᱨᱤᱝ ᱜᱨᱩᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱑ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱯᱮᱠᱮᱡᱽ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱵᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱯᱮᱠᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref name="Mcphee">{{cite journal | vauthors = McPhee E, Gronvall GK, Sell TK | title = Analysis of sectoral participation in the development of Joint External Evaluations | journal = BMC Public Health | volume = 19 | issue = 1 | article-number = 631 | date = May 2019 | pmid = 31122234 | pmc = 6533773 | doi = 10.1186/s12889-019-6978-8 | doi-access = free }}</ref> ᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱯᱮᱠᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲᱚᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ, ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱞᱦᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱤ.ᱮᱭᱤᱪ.ᱮᱥ.ᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱼᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱯᱮᱠᱮᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ-ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱡᱚᱥ, ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱯ, ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ, ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ, ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱥᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱟᱥᱮᱥᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱤᱥᱴᱤ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite web | work = CDC | date = 2016 | url = https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/security/actionpackages/default.htm | title = Global Health Security Agenda: Action Packages | access-date = 18 November 2019 }}</ref> ᱟᱭ.ᱮᱭᱤᱪ.ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱵᱷᱟᱞᱩᱣᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱢᱣᱟᱨᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱰᱩᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ, ᱡᱚᱭᱮᱱᱴ ᱮᱠᱥᱴᱟᱨᱱᱟᱞ ᱤᱵᱷᱟᱞᱩᱣᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱚᱞᱦᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱥᱮᱥᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref name="Mcphee" /> ᱱᱤᱛ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱛᱮ, ᱡᱤ᱗ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱤ.ᱭᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱗᱖ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ (US) ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭ.ᱮᱭᱤᱪ.ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱤ.ᱮᱭᱤᱪ.ᱮᱥ.ᱮᱡᱚᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱓᱒ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱭ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱔ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱯᱮᱠᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱢᱟᱯ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱭᱞᱚᱴ ᱴᱩᱞ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ (ᱡᱚᱨᱡᱤᱭᱟ, ᱯᱮᱨᱩ, ᱩᱜᱟᱱᱰᱟ, ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱟᱞ, ᱡᱩᱢᱤᱫᱽ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱴᱷᱤ, ᱟᱨ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ) ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱟᱥᱮᱥᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱤᱪᱷᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾<ref name="pmid27314658">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wolicki SB, Nuzzo JB, Blazes DL, Pitts DL, Iskander JK, Tappero JW | title = Public Health Surveillance: At the Core of the Global Health Security Agenda | journal = Health Security | volume = 14 | issue = 3 | pages = 185–8 | date = 2016 | pmid = 27314658 | pmc = 6937158 | doi = 10.1089/hs.2016.0002 }}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} == ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == eq8v9tewnfx6f6zy5fhx0296jh21cd0 0 36901 196549 196369 2026-08-12T18:13:08Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196549 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱫᱤᱥᱴᱤᱵᱷᱚᱝᱜᱤ}} '''ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ''' ᱫᱚ "ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ, ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ [[ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ]] ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾"<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Patel V, Prince M | title = Global mental health: a new global health field comes of age | journal = JAMA | volume = 303 | issue = 19 | pages = 1976–7 | date = May 2010 | pmid = 20483977 | pmc = 3432444 | doi = 10.1001/jama.2010.616 }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ, ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱪᱷᱟ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟᱣᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Collins |first=Pamela Y. |date=October 2020 |title=What is global mental health? |journal=World Psychiatry |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=265–266 |doi=10.1002/wps.20728 |issn=1723-8617 |pmc=7491634 |pmid=32931115}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱳᱨ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ-ᱩᱯᱟᱹᱭ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱪᱷᱟ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱟ᱾ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bump |first1=Jesse B. |title=Global Health and Its Limitations: An Historical Perspective |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent |access-date=2026-03-25 |journal=Health Systems & Reform |date=2025 |volume=11 |issue=2 |article-number=2478681 |doi=10.1080/23288604.2025.2478681 |pmid=40202995 |doi-access=free }}</ref> ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱱᱟᱶᱟ-ᱩᱯᱚᱱᱤᱵᱮᱥᱤᱠ]] ᱥᱮ "ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱱᱟᱨᱤ" ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱞᱚᱪᱚᱱᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Mental health, race and culture|url=https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthrace0000fern| vauthors = Suman F |date=2010|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-230-21271-8|edition=3rd|location=Basingstoke, Hampshire|oclc=455800587}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Crazy like us| vauthors = Ethan W |isbn=978-1-84901-577-6|location=London|oclc=751584971|year = 2011}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title=Mental health worldwide: culture, globalization and development| vauthors = Suman F | date = 11 April 2014 |isbn=978-1-137-32958-5|location=Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire|oclc=869802072}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":6">[http://www.globalmentalhealth.org/newsletter_archive/newsletter-may Movement for Global Mental Health Newsletter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902164146/http://www.globalmentalhealth.org/newsletter_archive/newsletter-may |date=2018-09-02 }}. May 2014.</ref> ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱪᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱰᱤᱠᱟᱞᱟᱭᱡᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱱᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱩᱜᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱞᱚᱪᱚᱱᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref name=":0" /> ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱨᱟᱦᱚᱠ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱞᱚᱪᱚᱱᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cosgrove |first=Lisa |date=December 2025 |title=Addressing the Global Mental Health Crisis: How a Human Rights Approach Can Help End the Search for Pharmaceutical Magic Bullets |journal=Health and Human Rights |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=179–188 |issn=2150-4113 |pmc=12799051 |pmid=41536709}}</ref> ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱳᱥᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱥᱳᱨᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱨᱟᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ-ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chisholm |first1=Dan |last2=Sanderson |first2=Kristy |last3=Ayuso-Mateos |first3=Jose Luis |last4=Saxena |first4=Shekhar |date=May 2004 |title=Reducing the global burden of depression: Population-level analysis of intervention cost-effectiveness in 14 world regions |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-british-journal-of-psychiatry/article/reducing-the-global-burden-of-depression/67B13E3506CF1DD31456F2F5F671DF58? |journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry |language=en |volume=184 |issue=5 |pages=393–403 |doi=10.1192/bjp.184.5.393 |pmid=15123502 |issn=0007-1250}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ross |first1=Eric L. |last2=Vijan |first2=Sandeep |last3=Miller |first3=Erin M. |last4=Valenstein |first4=Marcia |last5=Zivin |first5=Kara |date=2019-12-03 |title=The Cost-Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Versus Second-Generation Antidepressants for Initial Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder in the United States: A Decision Analytic Model |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |volume=171 |issue=11 |pages=785–795 |doi=10.7326/M18-1480 |issn=1539-3704 |pmc=7188559 |pmid=31658472}}</ref> ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, [[ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱱ|ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ-ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰ]], [[ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜ]], ᱟᱨ ᱴᱮᱠᱥᱚᱭ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱳᱨ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ [[File:Tavola disegno 17 copia 2.svg|thumb|᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱥᱴᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱚᱲᱟ]] ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱡᱚᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱢ-ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ ᱟᱱ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ᱾<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Prince M, Patel V, Saxena S, Maj M, Maselko J, Phillips MR, Rahman A | title = No health without mental health | journal = Lancet | volume = 370 | issue = 9590 | pages = 859–77 | date = September 2007 | pmid = 17804063 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61238-0 | bibcode = 2007Lanc..370..859P | s2cid = 32695269 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Saxena S, Thornicroft G, Knapp M, Whiteford H | title = Resources for mental health: scarcity, inequity, and inefficiency | journal = Lancet | volume = 370 | issue = 9590 | pages = 878–89 | date = September 2007 | pmid = 17804062 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61239-2 | s2cid = 8916770 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chisholm D, Flisher AJ, Lund C, Patel V, Saxena S, Thornicroft G, Tomlinson M | title = Scale up services for mental disorders: a call for action | journal = Lancet | volume = 370 | issue = 9594 | pages = 1241–52 | date = October 2007 | pmid = 17804059 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61242-2 | s2cid = 21045215 }}</ref> == ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱚᱡᱷᱟ == {{See also| ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ}} [[File:Neuropsychiatric conditions world map - DALY - WHO2002.svg|thumb|᱒᱐᱐᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱐᱐,᱐᱐᱐ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱯᱤᱪᱷᱤ ᱱᱤᱣᱨᱳᱥᱟᱭᱠᱤᱭᱟᱴᱨᱤᱠ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ [[ᱫᱤᱵᱽᱭᱟᱝ-ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ]]:{{Div col|small=yes|colwidth=10em}} {{legend|#b3b3b3|ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ}} {{legend|#ffff65|᱑᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ}} {{legend|#fff200|᱑᱐–᱒᱐}} {{legend|#ffdc00|᱒᱐–᱓０}} {{legend|#ffc600|᱓᱐–᱔᱐}} {{legend|#ffb000|᱔᱐–᱕０}} {{legend|#ff9a00|᱕０–᱖᱐}} {{legend|#ff8400|᱖０–᱘᱐}} {{legend|#ff6e00|᱘᱐–᱑᱐０}} {{legend|#ff5800|᱑᱐᱐–᱑᱒᱐}} {{legend|#ff4200|᱑᱒０–᱑᱔᱐}} {{legend|#ff2c00|᱑᱔０–᱑᱕᱐}} {{legend|#cb0000|᱑᱕０ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ}} {{div col end}}]] ᱢᱚᱱᱮ, [[ᱱᱤᱣᱨᱳᱞᱚᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞ]], ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ [[ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱚᱡᱷᱟ]] (ᱡᱤ.ᱵᱤ.ᱰᱤ) ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>World Health Organization. [https://web.archive.org/web/20050819102721/http://www.who.int/healthinfo/bod/en/index.html ''Global burden of disease'']. Geneva, WHO Health statistics and health information systems. Accessed 15 March 2011.</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ/ᱵᱮᱢᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[ᱫᱤᱵᱽᱭᱟᱝ-ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ]] (ᱰᱤ.ᱮ.ᱮᱞ.ᱣᱟᱭ) ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱟᱯ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱵᱽᱭᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱥᱴᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱜᱽ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ [[ᱱᱤᱣᱨᱳᱥᱟᱭᱠᱤᱭᱟᱴᱨᱤᱠ]] ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱚᱡᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱑᱔% ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴᱟ᱾ [[ᱵᱟᱝ-ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲᱚᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ]] ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱰᱤ.ᱮ.ᱮᱞ.ᱣᱟᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱒᱘% ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴᱟ – ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱟᱨᱰᱤᱭᱳᱵᱷᱟᱥᱠᱤᱣᱞᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ]] ᱥᱮ [[ᱠᱮᱱᱥᱟᱨ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱟᱸᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱚᱡᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ [[ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ|ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ]] ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱸᱴ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ, ᱡᱟᱣ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ-ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱫᱤᱵᱽᱭᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ [[ᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱯᱳᱞᱟᱨ ᱰᱤᱯᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ]], [[ᱯᱟᱹᱣᱨᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ]], [[ᱥᱤᱡᱳᱯᱷᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱵᱟᱭᱯᱳᱞᱟᱨ ᱰᱤᱯᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱰᱤᱢᱮᱱᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱠᱚᱢ- ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱢᱟᱞᱟ-ᱟᱭ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱫᱤᱵᱽᱭᱟᱝ-ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱑᱙.᱑% ᱮ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴᱟ᱾<ref>World Health Organization: [https://www.who.int/mental_health/policy/mhtargeting/development_targeting_mh_summary.pdf ''Mental Health and Development: Targeting People with Mental Health Conditions as Vulnerable Group''.] Accessed 15 March 2011.</ref> ᱯᱚᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱳᱥᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ [[ᱢᱮᱴᱟ-ᱵᱤᱥᱞᱮᱥᱚᱱ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱝ-ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱟᱯ ᱵᱮ-ᱨᱳᱡᱽᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱮ-ᱨᱳᱡᱽᱜᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=The toll of job loss |url=https://www.apa.org/monitor/2020/10/toll-job-loss |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=www.apa.org}}</ref> ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱗᱖%-᱘᱕% ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2021-10-04 |title=Depresión, la gran epidemia de hoy |url=https://www.gaceta.unam.mx/depresion-la-gran-epidemia-de-hoy/ |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=Gaceta UNAM |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sanchez |first1=Erika |last2=Nicolini |first2=Humberto |last3=Villatoro |first3=Jorge |last4=Bustos |first4=Marycarmen |last5=Medina-Mora |first5=María Elena |last6=Mejía-Ortiz |first6=Paola |last7=Robles |first7=Beatriz |last8=Mondragón |first8=Diego |last9=Ibarra |first9=Gema |last10=Meza |first10=Daniela |last11=Genis-Mendoza |first11=Alma Delia |date=2025-08-02 |title=Current Status of Mental Health in Mexico City |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |language=en |volume=22 |issue=8 |page=1217 |doi=10.3390/ijerph22081217 |doi-access=free |issn=1660-4601 |pmc=12386308 |pmid=40869803}}</ref> ᱟᱸᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱑᱔% ᱠᱤᱥᱳᱨ-ᱠᱤᱥᱳᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Reynales-Shigematsu |first1=Luz Myriam |last2=Rivera-Rivera |first2=Leonor |last3=Séris-Martínez |first3=Marina |last4=Saenz-de-Miera |first4=Belen |date=2024-03-13 |title=A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Parental Behavior and Adolescent Mental Health in Mexico: Insights into Excessive Alcohol Intake, Tobacco Use, Suicidal Behavior, and Depressive Symptomatology |journal=Healthcare |language=en |volume=12 |issue=6 |page=641 |doi=10.3390/healthcare12060641 |doi-access=free |issn=2227-9032 |pmc=10970411 |pmid=38540607}}</ref> == ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ == === ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ-ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ === {{Further| ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ| ᱜᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱵᱽᱭᱟᱝ#ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ}} ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱱᱛᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱮᱱᱛᱮᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ, ᱯᱟᱪᱮᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱴᱮᱴᱤᱥᱴᱤᱠᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱥᱴᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱪᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last=OKASHA|first=AHMED|date=February 2002|title=Mental health in Africa: the role of the WPA|journal=World Psychiatry|volume=1|issue=1|pages=32–35|issn=1723-8617|pmc=1489826|pmid=16946819}}</ref> ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ, ᱟᱡᱟᱨ, ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱤ ᱚᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ, ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱱᱩᱨᱩᱢ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱟᱹᱜᱩᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ᱾ ᱑᱙᱘᱘ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱙᱐ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱢᱩᱞ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱛᱟᱵᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱮ.ᱮᱯᱷ.ᱟᱨ/ᱟᱨ.ᱥᱤ᱓᱙/ᱟᱨ᱑ ᱟᱨ ᱮ.ᱮᱯᱷ.ᱟᱨ/ᱟᱨ.ᱥᱤ᱔᱐/ᱟᱨ᱙ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾<ref name=":1a">{{cite journal | vauthors = Gureje O, Alem A | title = Mental health policy development in Africa | journal = Bulletin of the World Health Organization | volume = 78 | issue = 4 | pages = 475–82 | date = 2000 | pmid = 10885166 | pmc = 2560723 | url = https://www.who.int/bulletin/archives/78(4)475.pdf }}</ref> ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱚᱵᱽ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ-ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱵᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱩᱯᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱛ ᱮ ᱫᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾ ᱵᱮ-ᱨᱳᱡᱽᱜᱟᱨ, ᱦᱤᱝᱥᱟ, ᱠᱨᱟᱭᱤᱢ (ᱠᱟᱹᱭ), ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱥᱚᱱ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱱᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱚᱪᱚᱭᱟ᱾<ref name="un.org">{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/december-2016-march-2017/mental-illness-invisible-devastating|title=Mental illness: Invisible but devastating {{!}} Africa Renewal|website=www.un.org|date=25 November 2016|access-date=2019-10-15}}</ref> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱮᱪ.ᱟᱭ.ᱵᱷᱤ/ᱮᱰᱥ, [[ᱤᱵᱳᱞᱟ]] ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ, ᱟᱨ [[ᱢᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱩᱱᱩᱨᱩᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ᱾ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱞᱳᱠᱤᱠ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱮ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ-ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱩᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱮ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣᱟ᱾ ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱤᱵᱳᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱳᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱮᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱮᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱮᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱮᱡ ᱢᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱝ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱪᱤᱱᱛᱟᱹ, ᱫᱩᱠᱷ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ, ᱵᱟᱝ-ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮ-ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹᱣ, ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱤᱫᱤᱭᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱱᱛᱟᱹ, ᱯᱤ.ᱴᱤ.ᱮᱥ.ᱰᱤ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱤᱵᱳᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱧᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Reardon S | title = Ebola's mental-health wounds linger in Africa | journal = Nature | volume = 519 | issue = 7541 | pages = 13–4 | date = March 2015 | pmid = 25739606 | doi = 10.1038/519013a | bibcode = 2015Natur.519...13R | s2cid = 4405855 | id = {{ProQuest|1662365135}} | doi-access = free }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ-ᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ-ᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ [[ᱞᱟᱭᱵᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱤᱭᱟᱴᱨᱤᱠ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱟᱱᱰ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱵᱷ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱸᱴ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱪᱮᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱤᱭᱟᱴᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ-ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ-ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱢᱚᱰᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱯᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite book|title=Essentials of Understanding Abnormal Behavior|url=https://archive.org/details/essentialsofunde0003edsued_u1c6| vauthors = Sue D |publisher=Cengage Learning|year=2017|isbn=978-1-305-65851-6|location=Boston, MA|page=[https://archive.org/details/essentialsofunde0003edsued_u1c6/page/7 7]}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ-ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ, ᱯᱟᱪᱮᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ᱾ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱚᱠᱨᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱚᱞᱦᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩᱭᱮᱫᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱟᱹᱣ ᱥᱟᱺᱦᱤᱡ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱷᱭᱟᱛᱢᱤᱠ ᱥᱮ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟᱭᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱚᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ, ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ [[ᱤᱛᱷᱤᱭᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱜᱮ, "᱖᱑ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱑᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱤᱭᱟᱴᱨᱤᱥᱴ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ"᱾<ref name=":1a" /> ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱞᱠᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱦᱟᱹᱛ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱐᱐,᱐᱐᱐ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱯᱤᱪᱷᱤ ᱙.᱐ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱮᱞᱠᱷᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱑᱐᱐,᱐᱐᱐ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱯᱤᱪᱷᱤ ᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱮᱡᱽ ᱑.᱔ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾<ref name=":2">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sankoh O, Sevalie S, Weston M | title = Mental health in Africa | journal = The Lancet. Global Health | volume = 6 | issue = 9 | pages = e954–e955 | date = September 2018 | pmid = 30103990 | doi = 10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30303-6 | doi-access = free }}</ref> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱥᱴᱮᱴᱤᱥᱴᱤᱠᱥ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ "ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱟᱣᱩᱴᱯᱮᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱥᱩᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱬᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱐᱐,᱐᱐᱐ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱯᱤᱪᱷᱤ ᱑,᱐᱕᱑ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ," ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ "ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱐᱐,᱐᱐᱐ ᱯᱤᱪᱷᱤ ᱑᱔" ᱫᱟᱬᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱫᱷᱮᱠ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="un.org"/> ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ "ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱡᱮᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱑% ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚᱢ" ᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪᱟ᱾<ref name="Jacob 1061–1077">{{cite journal | vauthors = Jacob KS, Sharan P, Mirza I, Garrido-Cumbrera M, Seedat S, Mari JJ, Sreenivas V, Saxena S | display-authors = 6 | title = Mental health systems in countries: where are we now? | journal = Lancet | volume = 370 | issue = 9592 | pages = 1061–77 | date = September 2007 | pmid = 17804052 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61241-0 | s2cid = 12765072 }}</ref> ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ [[ᱥᱤᱭᱮᱨᱟ ᱞᱤᱭᱳᱱ]] ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱥᱴᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱸᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱙᱘.᱘% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱪᱷᱟ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱤᱭᱟᱴᱨᱤᱠ ᱦᱟᱥᱯᱟᱛᱟᱞ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱟ᱾<ref name=":2" /> ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ''ᱞᱮᱱᱥᱮᱴ ᱜᱞᱳᱵᱟᱞ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ (Lancet Global Health)''<ref name="Jacob 1061–1077"/> ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱑,᱐᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣᱮᱫ ᱕᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱟᱸᱴ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱳᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ "᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱔᱙% ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱮᱱᱛᱮᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱫᱤᱵᱽᱭᱟᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱥᱴᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱕᱒% ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ"᱾<ref name=":2" /> ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ-ᱛᱷᱤᱛᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣᱮᱫᱟ: "᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱑᱗.᱙ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱤᱵᱽᱭᱟᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱥᱴᱚ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱵᱽᱭᱟᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱥᱴᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱮᱨᱟᱥᱟᱭᱴᱤᱠ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱑᱘.᱕ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱤᱵᱽᱭᱟᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱥᱴᱚ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ,"᱾<ref name=":2" /> ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ, ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱸᱴ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱩᱯᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱭᱟ᱾ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱠᱫᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱥᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ === ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱮᱥᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠ === === ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ === ==== ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ==== {{See also|ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ}} ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱥᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱱᱛᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱚᱡᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱑᱓% ᱮ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱸᱴ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱥᱟ ᱟᱸᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱒᱐% ᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱢᱟᱞᱟ-ᱟᱭ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱚᱡᱷᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ-ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱢ-ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱱᱚᱡᱚᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hossain MD, Ahmed HU, Chowdhury WA, Niessen LW, Alam DS | title = Mental disorders in Bangladesh: a systematic review | journal = BMC Psychiatry | volume = 14 | issue = 1 | article-number = 216 | date = July 2014 | pmid = 25073970 | pmc = 4149198 | doi = 10.1186/s12888-014-0216-9 | doi-access = free }}</ref> ᱒᱐᱐᱐-᱒᱐᱐᱑ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ-ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰ ᱯᱟᱱᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱸᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱡᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱖.᱕% ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱰᱤᱯᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱱᱛᱟᱹ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱥᱴᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱷᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱮ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱔᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hosain GM, Chatterjee N, Ara N, Islam T | title = Prevalence, pattern and determinants of mental disorders in rural Bangladesh | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_public-health_2007-01_121_1/page/18 | journal = Public Health | volume = 121 | issue = 1 | pages = 18–24 | date = January 2007 | pmid = 17055545 | doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2006.06.018 }}</ref> ===== <small>ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ</small> ===== ᱒᱐᱐᱘ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱑᱖% ᱨᱩᱜᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱮᱦᱚᱵᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱩᱸᱴ ᱑᱐.᱕ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱳ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾ ᱒᱒% ᱨᱩᱜᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱨᱟᱱᱤᱡ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱒% ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱒-᱒.᱕ ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱮᱰᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱢᱚᱨᱥᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Giasuddin NA, Chowdhury NF, Hashimoto N, Fujisawa D, Waheed S | title = Pathways to psychiatric care in Bangladesh | journal = Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology | volume = 47 | issue = 1 | pages = 129–36 | date = January 2012 | pmid = 21076911 | doi = 10.1007/s00127-010-0315-y | s2cid = 21860217 }}</ref> ==== ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ==== ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ: [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ]] ᱟᱸᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱑.᱔᱗ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ, ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ,<ref>{{Cite web |title=India Population (2026)|url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/india-population/|access-date=2026-04-13|website=Worldometer|language=en}}</ref> ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱛᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱸᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱑᱕% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱛᱟᱹ, ᱥᱤᱡᱳᱯᱷᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ, ᱪᱤᱱᱛᱟᱹ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱ, ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ, ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱡᱷᱟ᱾ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ, ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱒-᱒᱐᱓᱐ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱸᱫᱟᱡᱽ $᱑.᱐᱓ ᱴᱨᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱭᱩ.ᱮᱥ.ᱰᱤ ᱱᱚᱥᱴᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mental health - India|url=https://www.who.int/india/health-topics/mental-health|access-date=2026-04-13|website=www.who.int|language=en}}</ref> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Meghrajani|first1=Vanee R.|last2=Marathe|first2=Manvi|last3=Sharma|first3=Ritika|last4=Potdukhe|first4=Ashwini|last5=Wanjari|first5=Mayur B.|last6=Taksande|first6=Avinash B.|date=July 2023|title=A Comprehensive Analysis of Mental Health Problems in India and the Role of Mental Asylums|journal=Cureus|volume=15|issue=7|article-number=e42559|doi=10.7759/cureus.42559|doi-access=free |issn=2168-8184|pmc=10460242|pmid=37637646}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱵᱮ-ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ-ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ, ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱣ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱮᱛᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱪᱤᱱᱛᱟᱹ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱒-᱓ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾ ᱢᱟᱞᱦᱳᱛᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱒᱐᱐᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, "ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱒᱙.᱓% ᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱱᱤᱣᱨᱳᱥᱟᱭᱠᱤᱭᱟᱴᱨᱤᱠ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱫᱤᱵᱽᱭᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱔᱑.᱙% ᱫᱚ ᱰᱤᱯᱨᱮᱥᱤᱵᱷ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾"<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Malhotra|first1=Savita|last2=Shah|first2=Ruchita|date=July 2015|title=Women and mental health in India: An overview|journal=Indian Journal of Psychiatry|volume=57|issue=Suppl 2|pages=S205–211|doi=10.4103/0019-5545.161479|doi-access=free |issn=0019-5545|pmc=4539863|pmid=26330636}}</ref> == ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱪᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱟᱠ == ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱟᱸᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱣ ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟᱣᱮᱫᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mental disorders |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-disorders |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱪᱷᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱨᱡᱚᱣᱟᱱ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱪᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱮᱱᱛᱮᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱮᱫᱟ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱩᱯᱟᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ "ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱪᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱟᱠ" ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ-ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱢᱟᱞᱟ-ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱗᱖–᱘᱕% ᱟᱨ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ-ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱓᱕–᱕０% ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱟᱸᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱴ ( ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱒᱐᱒᱐ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱸᱴ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱓᱓.᱕% ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱬᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱕᱓.᱘% ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱬᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱪᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-30 |title=Mental Health By the Numbers {{!}} NAMI: National Alliance on Mental Illness |url=https://www.nami.org/mhstats |access-date=2023-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130050820/https://www.nami.org/mhstats |archive-date=2022-11-30 }}</ref> ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱛᱩᱞᱩᱡ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢᱮᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Turekian V |title=Mental Health Diplomacy|journal=Science & Diplomacy|date=2014-06-23|volume=3|issue=2|url=http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/editorial/2014/mental-health-diplomacy-building-global-response}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ, ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ, ᱨᱤᱥᱳᱨᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ – ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱨᱤᱥᱳᱨᱥ – ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱨᱤᱥᱳᱨᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ-ᱚᱨᱡᱚᱣᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ᱾<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Saraceno B, van Ommeren M, Batniji R, Cohen A, Gureje O, Mahoney J, Sridhar D, Underhill C | display-authors = 6 | title = Barriers to improvement of mental health services in low-income and middle-income countries | journal = Lancet | volume = 370 | issue = 9593 | pages = 1164–74 | date = September 2007 | pmid = 17804061 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61263-X | s2cid = 20954187 }}</ref> ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱔᱔ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱢ- ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱢᱟᱞᱟ-ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱪᱷᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱑.᱑᱘ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ [[ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ]] ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱸᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱕᱕,᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱤᱭᱟᱴᱨᱤᱥᱴ, ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱴᱤᱝ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱖᱒᱘,᱐᱐᱐ ᱱᱟᱨᱥ, ᱟᱨ ᱔᱙᱓,᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱳᱥᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱤᱡ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ [[ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ]] ᱚᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ ᱪᱟᱵᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱩᱲᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱸᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱔.᱔ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱚᱞᱟᱨ (US$) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱟᱸᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾<ref>Scheffler RM et al. (2011). [http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789241501019_eng.pdf ''Human resources for mental health: workforce shortages in low- and middle-income countries'']. Geneva, World Health Organization Press.</ref> == ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ == ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱢ-ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ ᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱡᱚᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱱ (᱘᱐%) ᱫᱚ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ-ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱮᱱᱛᱮᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚᱢ- ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱢᱟᱞᱟ-ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ [[ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱢᱟᱠᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱳᱥᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ]] ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱪᱷᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱚᱨᱡᱚᱣᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱤᱯᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ, ᱥᱤᱡᱳᱯᱷᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ, ᱵᱟᱭᱯᱳᱞᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱣᱨᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹ-ᱮᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱰᱟᱵᱽᱞᱩ.ᱮᱭᱤᱪ.ᱳ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱯᱳᱨᱴ|''ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱯᱳᱨᱴ ᱒᱐᱐᱑'']] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ,<ref>World Health Organization. (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20041211100112/http://www.who.int/whr/2001/en/index.html ''The world health report 2001 – Mental Health: New Understanding, New Hope'']. Geneva, WHO Press.</ref> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ: # ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱪᱷᱟ ᱮᱢ # [[ᱢᱚᱱᱮ-ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ]] ᱧᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱪᱚ # ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱮᱢ # ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ # ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ, ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ # ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ, ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱨᱤ]] ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ # [[ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱚᱱ|ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱨᱤᱥᱳᱨᱥ]] ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ # ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ # ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱡᱚᱨ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ # ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ''ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱰᱟᱵᱽᱞᱩ.ᱮᱭᱤᱪ.ᱳ ᱟᱥᱮᱥᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱴᱩᱞ'' ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱑᱒ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ,<ref>World Health Organization: [http://www.who.int/mental_health/evidence/WHO-AIMS/en/ ''Assessment Instrument for Mental Health Systems''.] Accessed 15 March 2011.</ref> ᱥᱤᱡᱳᱯᱷᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ, ᱵᱟᱭᱯᱳᱞᱟᱨ ᱮᱯᱷᱮᱠᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ, ᱰᱤᱯᱨᱮᱥᱤᱵᱷ ᱮᱯᱤᱥᱳᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱣᱨᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱞ ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱪᱷᱟ ᱯᱮᱠᱮᱡᱽ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ ᱟᱸᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱰᱟᱵᱽᱞᱩ.ᱮᱭᱤᱪ.ᱳ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹ-ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟᱢᱳᱜᱚᱛ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱢᱚᱰᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱣ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱯᱤᱪᱷᱤ ᱡᱟᱣ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ US$᱐.᱓᱐ – ᱐.᱕᱐ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱵᱤᱱᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱠᱚᱢ-ᱟᱭ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱵᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱤᱥᱳᱨᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱢᱟᱞᱟ- ᱟᱨ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ-ᱟᱭ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱤᱥᱳᱨᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱲᱦᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ᱾ === ᱴᱮᱞᱤᱢᱮᱱᱴᱟᱞ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ === ᱠᱚᱢ- ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱢᱟᱞᱟ-ᱟᱭ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ [[ᱴᱮᱞᱤᱥᱟᱭᱠᱤᱭᱟᱴᱨᱤ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[ᱴᱮᱞᱤᱠᱚᱢᱤᱣᱱᱤᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ]] ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤ (ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ [[ᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱭᱳ ᱠᱚᱱᱯᱷᱟᱨᱮᱱᱥᱤᱝ]] ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱳᱱ ᱠᱚᱞ) ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱩᱱᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ, ᱠᱚᱢ-ᱯᱷᱟᱱᱰᱤᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱪᱤᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Acharibasam |first1=Jeremiah W. |last2=Wynn |first2=Rolf |date=2018-11-01 |title=Telemental Health in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review |journal=International Journal of Telemedicine and Applications |language=en |volume=2018 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1155/2018/9602821 |issn=1687-6415 |pmc=6241375 |pmid=30519259 |doi-access=free }}</ref> ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱯᱨᱮᱠᱷᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱞᱤᱢᱮᱱᱴᱟᱞ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ-ᱜᱩᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ [[ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ]] ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱛᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱷᱟᱛ ᱤᱱᱯᱷᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ, ᱫᱟᱲᱮ, ᱧᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱱᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mahmoud |first1=Kareem |last2=Jaramillo |first2=Catalina |last3=Barteit |first3=Sandra |date=2022-06-22 |title=Telemedicine in Low- and Middle-Income Countries During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Scoping Review |journal=Frontiers in Public Health |volume=10 |article-number=914423 |doi=10.3389/fpubh.2022.914423 |issn=2296-2565 |pmc=9257012 |pmid=35812479 |doi-access=free }}</ref> == ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ == ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐᱐᱔ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱵᱽᱞᱩ.ᱮᱭᱤᱪ.ᱳ ᱨᱤᱯᱳᱨᱴ "ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ", ᱒᱐᱐᱘ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱤ.ᱭᱩ "ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱪᱩᱠᱛᱤ" ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱮᱱ.ᱟᱭ.ᱮᱢ.ᱮᱭᱤᱪ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱛᱷᱟ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱔᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/research/research-funded-by-nimh/research-areas|title=NIMH » Research Areas|website=www.nimh.nih.gov|language=en|access-date=2017-10-06}}</ref> ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱟᱢ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ [[ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹᱣ|ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱚ]] ᱮᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱢ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱰᱤᱯᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱓.᱒ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱔.᱐ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ,<ref name="Anda2006">{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Anda RF, Felitti VJ, Bremner JD, Walker JD, Whitfield C, Perry BD, Dube SR, Giles WH |date=April 2006 |title=The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood. A convergence of evidence from neurobiology and epidemiology |journal=European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience |volume=256 |issue=3 |pages=174–186 |doi=10.1007/s00406-005-0624-4 |pmc=3232061 |pmid=16311898}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=National Center for Injury Prevention and Control |date=2020 |title=Adverse Childhood Experiences Prevention Strategy |url=https://www.cdc.gov/injury/pdfs/priority/ACEs-Strategic-Plan_Final_508.pdf}}</ref> [[ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ]] (ᱥᱤ.ᱰᱤ.ᱥᱤ) ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱠᱷᱟ ᱭᱟ᱾ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱟᱯ ᱦᱟᱞᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱚᱪᱚᱭᱟ ᱚᱱᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ-ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ, ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱚᱞᱦᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=CDC|date=2025-12-11|title=About Mental Health|url=https://www.cdc.gov/mental-health/about/index.html|access-date=2026-04-15|website=Mental Health|language=en-us}}</ref> ᱥᱤ.ᱰᱤ.ᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱛᱮᱛᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱮᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ, ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ, ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚ, ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=CDC|date=2025-12-11|title=About Mental Health|url=https://www.cdc.gov/mental-health/about/index.html|access-date=2026-04-15|website=Mental Health|language=en-us}}</ref> == ᱠᱮᱢᱯᱮᱱ ᱠᱚ == ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱢᱯᱮᱱ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩᱭᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ-ᱛᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱴᱮᱠᱦᱳᱞᱰᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱢᱯᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹ ᱮᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ: ''Power of Okay'' (ᱴᱷᱮᱠ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ)<ref name="Now you see me">{{Citation |title=Now you see me |work=The Politics of Islamophobia |pages=41–59 |publisher=Pluto Press|doi=10.2307/j.ctt183pdtq.6 |s2cid=73313498 }}</ref> ᱫᱚ ᱥᱠᱚᱴᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮ "See Me" (ᱧᱮᱞᱮᱧ ᱢᱮ) ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱟᱱᱰ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱢᱯᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱮᱢᱯᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟᱭ ᱡᱚᱴᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱟ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ, ᱥᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱭᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ᱾ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱴᱟᱯᱷ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮᱱᱤᱡ ᱠᱚᱥᱴᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱟ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵᱟ, ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱜᱚᱫ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱪᱤᱱᱛᱟᱹᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱮᱢᱯᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱤᱡ, ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ, ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ, ᱟᱲᱮ-ᱯᱟᱥᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, "are you okay?" (ᱟᱢ ᱴᱷᱤᱠ ᱜᱮᱭᱟᱢ ᱛᱚ?) ᱠᱩᱠᱞᱤ ᱠᱩᱞᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱫᱽᱜᱟᱹᱣ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ''Not Myself Today'' (ᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱦᱤᱧ ᱵᱟᱝ)<ref name="Now you see me"/> ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱢᱯᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱤᱭᱩᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱣᱩᱱᱥᱤᱞ]] (ᱤ.ᱵᱤ.ᱥᱤ) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱮᱢᱯᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱤᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ, ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩᱭᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ''ᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱦᱤᱧ ᱵᱟᱝ'' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱚᱱᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱡᱤᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱡᱤᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣᱟᱱ ''ᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱦᱤᱧ ᱵᱟᱝ'' ᱴᱩᱞᱠᱤᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱚᱱᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱫᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱟ᱾ ᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱢ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱷᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱢ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱟᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱮᱫᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱭ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ''Better Health-Every Mind Matters'' (ᱥᱚᱨᱮᱥ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ-ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ)'<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to GOV.UK |url=https://www.gov.uk/ |access-date=2023-04-13 |website=www.gov.uk |language=en}}</ref> ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱢᱯᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱵᱽᱞᱤᱠ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱤᱝᱞᱮᱱᱰ (ᱯᱤ.ᱮᱭᱤᱪ.ᱤ) ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱮᱢᱯᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱤ.ᱮᱭᱤᱪ.ᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱳᱵᱷᱤᱰ-᱑᱙ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩᱭᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱮᱢᱯᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱥᱩᱨ-ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢ᱾ ᱯᱤ.ᱮᱭᱤᱪ.ᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱨᱤ ᱮᱱ.ᱮᱭᱤᱪ.ᱮᱥ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱭᱤᱱᱰ ᱯᱞᱮᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱽᱜᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ [https://www.nhs.uk/every-mind-matters/ Every Mind Matters website (ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱣᱮᱵᱽᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ] ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱩᱠᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱞᱟ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱩᱠᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱞᱟ ᱮᱢ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱟᱢ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱮᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱚᱞᱦᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱴᱤᱯᱥ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱢᱟᱜ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱯᱞᱮᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱧᱟᱢᱟ᱾ ''Stop The Stigma'' (ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤᱭ ᱢᱮ)<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Marniemi |first1=J. |last2=Parkki |first2=M. G. |date=1975-09-01 |title=Radiochemical assay of glutathione S-epoxide transferase and its enhancement by phenobarbital in rat liver in vivo |journal=Biochemical Pharmacology |volume=24 |issue=17 |pages=1569–1572 |doi=10.1016/0006-2952(75)90080-5 |issn=0006-2952 |pmid=9}}</ref> ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱢᱯᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱴᱟᱞ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱮᱥᱳᱥᱤᱭᱮᱥᱚᱱ (ᱥᱤ.ᱮ.ᱮᱢ.ᱮᱭᱤᱪ) ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱮᱢᱯᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱤ.ᱮ.ᱮᱢ.ᱮᱭᱤᱪ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱮᱰᱥ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱤᱜᱽᱭᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱩᱰᱩᱠ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱮᱰᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱡᱟᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱚᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱯᱚᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱮᱱᱥᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱸᱴ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ, "ᱪᱮᱫ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ?" ᱥᱮ "ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱢᱮ, ᱛᱷᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱜ ᱢᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲᱚᱜ ᱢᱮ᱾" ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱱᱚᱶᱟᱭ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱵᱮ-ᱫᱟᱭᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟᱭ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ [[ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McMillan |first=Ian |date=October 1997 |title=HEA grants promote positive action for world mental health day |journal=Mental Health Practice |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=5–6 |doi=10.7748/mhp.1.2.5.s7 |issn=1465-8720}}</ref> ᱫᱚ ᱭᱩᱱᱟᱭᱴᱮᱰ ᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱜᱞᱳᱵᱟᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱴᱟᱞ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱟᱨ ᱣᱟᱨᱞᱰ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱢᱮᱱᱴᱟᱞ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ (᱑᱐ ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ) ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱢᱯᱮᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱮᱢᱯᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱰᱟᱵᱽᱞᱩ.ᱮᱭᱤᱪ.ᱳ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱚᱱᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱩᱠᱤᱞᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱟᱠᱷᱲᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱭᱩᱱᱟᱭᱴᱮᱰ ᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱜᱞᱳᱵᱟᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱴᱟᱞ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱨᱩᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱒᱔-ᱴᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱪᱷᱤᱞ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱵᱷᱥᱴᱨᱤᱢ ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱪᱟᱵᱟᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ᱾ == ᱥᱴᱮᱠᱦᱳᱞᱰᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ == === ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ (ᱰᱟᱵᱽᱞᱤ.ᱮᱭᱤᱪ.ᱳ) === ᱰᱟᱵᱽᱞᱩ.ᱮᱭᱤᱪ.ᱳ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱰᱟᱵᱽᱞᱩ.ᱮᱭᱤᱪ.ᱳ ᱮᱢ.ᱟᱭ.ᱮᱱ.ᱰᱤ (ᱢᱮᱱᱴᱟᱞ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱤᱢᱯᱨᱩᱵᱷᱢᱮᱱᱴᱥ ᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱱᱮᱥᱚᱱᱥ ᱰᱮᱵᱷᱮᱞᱚᱯᱢᱮᱱᱴ) ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱴᱟᱞ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱯ ᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱯᱨᱚᱜᱨᱟᱢ (mhGAP)᱾ ᱰᱟᱵᱽᱞᱩ.ᱮᱭᱤᱪ.ᱳ ᱮᱢ.ᱟᱭ.ᱮᱱ.ᱰᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱕ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ: # ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱰᱟᱵᱽᱞᱩ.ᱮᱭᱤᱪ.ᱳ ᱯᱮᱥᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱢᱮᱱᱴᱟᱞ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱱᱮᱴᱣᱟᱨᱠ (PIMHnet) # ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ, ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ # ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱨᱤ # ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ # ᱠᱣᱟᱞᱤᱴᱤᱨᱟᱭᱤᱴᱥ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱴᱟᱞ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱯ ᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱯᱨᱚᱜᱨᱟᱢ (mhGAP) ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ, ᱱᱤᱣᱨᱳᱞᱚᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱰᱟᱵᱽᱞᱩ.ᱮᱭᱤᱪ.ᱳ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱯᱞᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ mhGAP ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱴᱮᱠᱦᱳᱞᱰᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ᱾ mhGAP ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱨᱵᱷᱮᱱᱥᱚᱱ ᱜᱟᱭᱤᱰ (mhGAP-IG) ᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ-ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱴᱤᱝ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ, ᱱᱤᱣᱨᱳᱞᱚᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱴᱩᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ: ᱰᱤᱯᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ, ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱳᱥᱤᱥ, ᱵᱟᱭᱯᱳᱞᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ, ᱢᱤᱨᱜᱤ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ, ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱤᱥᱳᱨ-ᱠᱤᱥᱳᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ, ᱰᱤᱢᱮᱱᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱯᱟᱹᱣᱨᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ, ᱰᱨᱟᱜᱽ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ, ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱷᱟᱣ/ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱮᱰᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱵᱷᱤᱡᱳᱜᱽ ᱠᱚ᱾ == ᱨᱟᱯᱟᱪᱟᱜ == ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱟᱱᱫᱚᱲ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱯᱟᱪᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ ᱢᱤᱞᱥ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ''ᱰᱤᱠᱚᱞᱳᱱᱟᱭᱡᱤᱝ ᱜᱞᱳᱵᱟᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱴᱟᱞ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ: ᱫᱟ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱤᱭᱟᱴᱨᱟᱭᱡᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱫᱟ ᱢᱮᱡᱚᱨᱤᱴᱤ ᱣᱟᱨᱞᱰ'' ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ᱾ ᱢᱤᱞᱥ ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ:<ref name=":1">Mills, China. [https://www.academia.edu/4905979/Decolonizing_Global_Mental_Health_The_Psychiatrization_of_the_Majority_World Decolonizing Global Mental Health: The Psychiatrization of the Majority World]. Retrieved October 17, 2014, from</ref> {{Blockquote|text=ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱤᱭᱟᱴᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱯᱚᱱᱤᱵᱮᱥᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱲᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱫᱽ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱤᱱᱛᱟᱹ ᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ-ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ – ᱢᱮᱱᱫᱚ 'ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ' ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲᱚᱜᱼᱟ; ᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨᱟᱱ ᱦᱤᱝᱥᱟ ᱟᱱ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ 'ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ' ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱪᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾|sign=|source=}} ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱞᱚᱪᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱤᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱣᱟᱴᱟᱨᱥ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ''ᱠᱨᱮᱡᱤ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱠ ᱟᱥ: ᱫᱟ ᱜᱞᱳᱵᱟᱞᱟᱭᱡᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱫᱟ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱤ'' ᱨᱮᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ᱾<ref name=":0">Watters, Ethan (January 8, 2010). [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/10/magazine/10psyche-t.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 The Americanization of Mental Illness]. ''The New York Times''.</ref> [[ᱵᱷᱤᱱᱥᱮᱱᱡᱳ ᱰᱤ ᱱᱤᱠᱳᱞᱟ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱴᱤᱵᱷᱚᱝᱜᱤ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱩᱰᱩᱠᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱯᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[ᱜᱞᱳᱵᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱣᱩᱛᱷ]] ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ [[ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤᱠᱚᱨᱚᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱞᱚᱪᱚᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱟᱱᱫᱚᱲ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱟᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱠᱳᱭ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Di Nicola V |year=2020|title=The Global South: An Emergent Epistemology for Social Psychiatry|url=http://www.worldsocpsychiatry.org/article.asp?issn=WKMP-0196;year=2020;volume=2;issue=1;spage=20;epage=26;aulast=Di;type=0|journal=World Social Psychiatry|language=en|volume=2|issue=1|pages=20–26|doi=10.4103/WSP.WSP_1_20|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref> ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱵᱷᱤᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱨᱟᱝᱥ ᱮ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱟ᱾<ref name=":34">Rajabzadeh, Vian (March 23, 2021). [https://gh.bmj.com/content/6/3/e004631]. Retrieved September 29, 2021]</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱤᱵᱷᱤᱣ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ-ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱤᱛᱚᱨᱠᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱱᱩᱨᱩᱢ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ == * [https://www.who.int/mental_health/en/ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ: ''ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ''] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090507070849/http://apps.who.int/globalatlas/default.asp ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱟᱴᱞᱟᱥ: ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱣᱨᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱨᱤᱥᱳᱨᱥ ᱠᱚ] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040915212438/http://www.who.int/whr/2001/en/ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ. (᱒᱐᱐᱑) ''ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱯᱳᱨᱴ ᱒᱐᱐᱑—ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ: ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱩᱱᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ, ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱟᱥᱟ''. ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱵᱷᱟ, ᱰᱟᱵᱽᱞᱩ.ᱮᱭᱤᱪ.ᱳ ᱯᱨᱮᱥ] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱤᱭᱟᱴᱨᱤᱠ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ]] h9dd1qclyxn3hvm76snyoediik7ifja 0 36904 196596 196384 2026-08-12T19:02:55Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196596 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱟᱨ}} [[File:Psi with Rod of Asclepius.svg|thumb|ᱜᱨᱤᱠ ᱜᱞᱤᱯᱷ "'''ψ'''" ᱥᱮ "psi", ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱴᱤᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ]] '''ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ''' ᱫᱚ [[ᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹᱣ|ᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹᱣᱟᱱ]], [[ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ|ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱟᱱ]], ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ]] [[ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱞᱟᱹᱭ]] ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ]], [[ᱧᱮᱞ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ|ᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹᱣ]], ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ]] ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Mental Health? |date=8 November 2024 |url=https://www.mentalhealth.gov/basics/what-is-mental-health}}</ref> ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱥᱩ]] ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ, ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾ [[ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ]] (ᱰᱟᱵᱽᱞᱩ.ᱮᱭᱤᱪ.ᱳ) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ "ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣᱟ, ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ [[ᱪᱤᱱᱛᱟᱹ (ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱞᱚᱡᱤ)|ᱪᱤᱱᱛᱟᱹ]] ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ"᱾<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/major-themes/health-and-well-being |title=Health and Well-Being |website=[[World Health Organization]] |access-date=2023-08-09}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱭᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ [[Stress (biology)|ᱯᱤᱲᱟᱹ]], [[interpersonal relationship|ᱦᱚᱲ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ]], ᱟᱨ [[decision-making|ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ]] ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱟᱭ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-23 |title=About Mental Health |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mentalhealth/learn/index.htm |access-date=2022-04-11 |work=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) |language=en-US}}</ref> ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱞᱟᱹᱭ, ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ]], [[ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ]], [[ᱫᱟᱲᱮ]], ᱯᱤᱲᱦᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱨᱵᱷᱚᱨᱥᱤᱞᱚᱛᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ [[ᱵᱩᱫᱽᱫᱷᱤ]] ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ]] ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref name="WHO">{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/whr/2001/en/whr01_en.pdf?ua=1|title= The world health report 2001 – Mental Health: New Understanding, New Hope |publisher= WHO |access-date= 4 May 2014}}</ref> ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹᱣᱟᱱ, ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱟᱱ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱤᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱭᱟ᱾<ref name="MedlinePlus" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Issitt |first=Micah |title=Opinions Throughout History: Mental Health |date=2023 |publisher=Grey House Publishing |isbn=978-1-63700-541-5 |location=Amenia, UNITED STATES}}</ref> [[ᱯᱚᱡᱤᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ]] ᱥᱮ [[ᱦᱳᱞᱤᱡᱚᱢ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱴᱤᱵᱷᱚᱝᱜᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ [[ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ]] ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ]] ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱞᱟᱱᱥ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Snyder CR, Lopez SJ, Pedrotti JT |title=Positive psychology: the scientific and practical explorations of human strengths | url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_2901412990621 |date=2011 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-1-4129-8195-8 |oclc=639574840 }}{{page needed|date=November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=17 June 2022 |title=Mental health |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-health-strengthening-our-response |website=[[World Health Organization]]}}</ref> [[ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ]], ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱥᱚᱱ, ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱟᱸᱫᱟᱡᱽ, ᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱷᱤᱭᱚᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱜᱮ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ "ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ" ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱟ᱾ == ᱰᱤᱡᱤᱴᱟᱞ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ == ᱰᱤᱡᱤᱴᱟᱞ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱚᱱᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱤᱲᱟᱹ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱤᱡᱤᱴᱟᱞ ᱴᱩᱞ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱪᱷᱟ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref name="Aboujaoude2015" /> ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱰᱤᱡᱤᱴᱟᱞ ᱢᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱤᱥᱳᱨ-ᱠᱤᱥᱳᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹᱣᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱞᱟᱹᱭ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref name="Nesi2022" /> ᱥᱟᱭᱵᱟᱨᱵᱩᱞᱤᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱟᱥᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱤᱥᱳᱨ-ᱠᱤᱥᱳᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱚᱱᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱵᱩᱞᱤᱝ, ᱰᱤᱯᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ, ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱱᱛᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ᱾<ref name="Li2024" /> == ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵᱚᱜ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ == ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵᱚᱜ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ-ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹᱣᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱛᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱱ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ-ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱭ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩᱭᱟ᱾<ref>World Health Organization. (2021). Adolescent mental health. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescent-mental-health</ref> === ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵᱚᱜ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ === {{Further|ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ| ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ|ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱳᱯᱮᱛᱷᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤ}}{{see also|ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱤᱥᱳᱨ-ᱠᱤᱥᱳᱨᱤ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱤᱯᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ| ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱚᱵᱷᱤᱜᱽᱭᱚᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ}} ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵᱚᱜ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱓% ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Polanczyk |first1=Guilherme V. |last2=Salum |first2=Giovanni A. |last3=Sugaya |first3=Luisa S. |last4=Caye |first4=Arthur |last5=Rohde |first5=Luis A. |date=March 2015 |title=Annual Research Review: A meta-analysis of the worldwide prevalence of mental disorders in children and adolescents |url=https://acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jcpp.12381 |journal=Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry |language=en |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=345–365 |doi=10.1111/jcpp.12381 |pmid=25649325 |issn=0021-9630}}</ref> ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱑᱐-᱑᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱑᱖᱕ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ᱾<ref name="www.who.int">{{Cite web|title=Adolescent mental health|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescent-mental-health|access-date=2021-07-08|website=www.who.int|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mental health|url=https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-health/mental-health/|access-date=2024-05-25| work = The United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) |language=en}}</ref> ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵᱚᱜ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱟᱱ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱟᱯ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ, ᱱᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱟᱯ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Patel |first1=Vikram |last2=Flisher |first2=Alan J |last3=Hetrick |first3=Sarah |last4=McGorry |first4=Patrick |date=April 2007 |title=Mental health of young people: a global public-health challenge |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673607603687 |journal=The Lancet |language=en |volume=369 |issue=9569 |pages=1302–1313 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60368-7|pmid=17434406 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369.1302P }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ - ᱫᱤᱥᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱱᱤᱨᱵᱷᱚᱨᱥᱤᱞᱚᱛᱟ, ᱟᱭᱚ-ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱤᱡ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ [[ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱭ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱡᱷᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beecham |first=Jennifer |date=June 2014 |title=Annual Research Review: Child and adolescent mental health interventions: a review of progress in economic studies across different disorders |journal=Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry |language=en |volume=55 |issue=6 |pages=714–732 |doi=10.1111/jcpp.12216 |issn=0021-9630 |pmc=4657502 |pmid=24580503}}</ref> ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱒᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨᱚᱜ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱮ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱤᱥᱳᱨ-ᱠᱤᱥᱳᱨᱤ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱒᱑ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱤ-ᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱮᱞ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Vasileva |first1=Mira |last2=Graf |first2=Ramona K. |last3=Reinelt |first3=Tilman |last4=Petermann |first4=Ulrike |last5=Petermann |first5=Franz |date=April 2021 |title=Research review: A meta-analysis of the international prevalence and comorbidity of mental disorders in children between 1 and 7 years |url=https://acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jcpp.13261 |journal=Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry |language=en |volume=62 |issue=4 |pages=372–381 |doi=10.1111/jcpp.13261 |pmid=32433792 |issn=0021-9630}}</ref> ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱪᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ᱾<ref name="www.who.int" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-10-26|title=Mental health statistics: children and young people|url=https://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/statistics/mental-health-statistics-children-and-young-people|access-date=2021-10-05|website=Mental Health Foundation|language=en}}</ref><ref name = "2024Orben">{{cite journal | vauthors = Orben A, Meier A, Dalgleish T, Blakemore S | title = Mechanisms linking social media use to adolescent mental health vulnerability| journal = [[Nature Reviews Psychology]] | date = May 2024 | volume = 3| issue = 6| pages = 407–423| doi =10.1038/s44159-024-00307-y | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = McGrath JJ, Al-Hamzawi A, Alonso J, Altwaijri Y, Andrade LH, Bromet EJ, Bruffaerts R, de Almeida JM, Chardoul S, Chiu WT, Degenhardt L, Demler OV, Ferry F, Gureje O, Haro JM, Karam EG, Karam G, Khaled SM, Kovess-Masfety V, Magno M, Medina-Mora ME, Moskalewicz J, Navarro-Mateu F, Nishi D, Plana-Ripoll O, Posada-Villa J, Rapsey C, Sampson NA, Stagnaro JC, Stein DJ, Ten Have M, Torres Y, Vladescu C, Woodruff PW, Zarkov Z, Kessler RC | collaboration = WHO World Mental Health Survey Collaborators | title = Age of onset and cumulative risk of mental disorders: a cross-national analysis of population surveys from 29 countries | journal = The Lancet. Psychiatry | volume = 10 | issue = 9 | pages = 668–681 | date = September 2023 | pmid = 37531964 | doi = 10.1016/S2215-0366(23)00193-1 | pmc = 10529120 }}</ref> ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ (᱑᱘ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ) ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱑᱗.᱕% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱠᱚᱨᱰ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱯᱤᱲᱦᱤ (᱑᱘-᱒᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱖-᱔᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ) ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱯᱤᱲᱦᱤ (᱕᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ) ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱯᱳᱨᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱴᱮᱴᱤᱥᱴᱤᱠᱥ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱯᱤᱲᱦᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱑᱕% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱯᱤᱲᱦᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱓᱓.᱗% (᱑᱘-᱒᱕) ᱟᱨ ᱒᱘.᱑% (᱒᱖-᱔᱙) ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Mental Illness |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/mental-illness |website=National Institute of Mental Health |access-date=13 September 2023}}</ref> ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱤᱡ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱤᱡ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱩᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱡ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱵᱷᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱡ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱟᱹᱣ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱳ-ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Yoo A, Kim M, Ross MM, Vaughn-Lee A, Butler B, dosReis S | title = Engaging Caregivers in the Treatment of Youth with Complex Developmental and Mental Health Needs | journal = The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research | volume = 45 | issue = 3 | pages = 440–453 | date = July 2018 | pmid = 29520663 | doi = 10.1007/s11414-018-9604-0 | s2cid = 3801878 }}</ref> ᱰᱤᱯᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱤᱥᱳᱨ-ᱠᱤᱥᱳᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱵᱽᱭᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref name="www.who.int" /> ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱕-᱑᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref name="www.who.int" /> ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱨᱚᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱟᱯ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Larson S, Chapman S, Spetz J, Brindis CD | title = Chronic Childhood Trauma, Mental Health, Academic Achievement, and School-Based Health Center Mental Health Services | journal = The Journal of School Health | volume = 87 | issue = 9 | pages = 675–686 | date = September 2017 | pmid = 28766317 | doi = 10.1111/josh.12541 | s2cid = 13713247 | url = https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6th2r852 }}</ref> ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵᱚᱜ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref name="Kato_2015">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kato N, Yanagawa T, Fujiwara T, Morawska A | title = Prevalence of Children's Mental Health Problems and the Effectiveness of Population-Level Family Interventions | journal = Journal of Epidemiology | volume = 25 | issue = 8 | pages = 507–16 | date = 2015 | pmid = 26250791 | pmc = 4517988 | doi = 10.2188/jea.JE20140198 }}</ref> ᱕᱐% ᱯᱨᱤ-ᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱵᱟᱹᱠᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ-ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝᱟ᱾<ref name="Kato_2015" /> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱠᱚᱢᱟ᱾<ref name="Kato_2015" /> ᱠᱤᱥᱳᱨ-ᱠᱤᱥᱳᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱤᱯᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref name="Kato_2015" /><ref name="Merikangas_2009">{{cite journal | vauthors = Merikangas KR, Nakamura EF, Kessler RC | title = Epidemiology of mental disorders in children and adolescents | journal = Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 7–20 | date = 2009 | doi = 10.31887/DCNS.2009.11.1/krmerikangas | pmid = 19432384 | pmc = 2807642 }}</ref> ᱰᱤᱯᱨᱮᱥᱤᱵᱷ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱦᱚᱵᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱮᱡᱽ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱑ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ᱾<ref name="Merikangas_2009" /> ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱟᱸᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱒᱕% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱰᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟᱭᱟ᱾<ref name="Kato_2015" /> ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱪᱷᱟ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ᱾<ref name="Kato_2015" /> ᱘᱒ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱒-᱑᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱒᱗᱕,᱐᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱤᱥᱳᱨ-ᱠᱤᱥᱳᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱑᱔% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱙% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱑᱒-ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱳ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱛᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ; ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱚ-ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ, ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ, ᱟᱨ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣᱜ ᱠᱤᱥᱳᱨ-ᱠᱤᱥᱳᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱘᱒ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱓᱖ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Teen mental health study |url=https://www.arc.gov.au/news-and-publications/media/teen-mental-health-study |website=Australian Research Council |date=8 September 2021 |access-date=16 March 2026}}</ref> === ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ === {{Further| ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ}} ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱺᱦᱤᱡ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾ ᱞᱤᱥᱟ ᱜᱩᱰᱢᱮᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱞᱩᱭᱤᱥ, ᱢᱤᱥᱩᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱤ.ᱴᱤ.ᱮᱥ.ᱰᱤ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱢᱤᱛ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨᱟᱝᱥ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱕᱓% ᱛᱮᱞᱟ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱤᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱟᱭᱟᱜᱱᱳᱥᱴᱤᱠ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱛᱮᱛᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱᱟ᱾<ref name="Homelessness as psychological traum">{{cite journal|vauthors=Goodman L, Saxe L, Harvey M|date=November 1991|title=Homelessness as psychological trauma. Broadening perspectives|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-psychologist_1991-11_46_11/page/1219|journal=The American Psychologist|volume=46|issue=11|pages=1219–25|doi=10.1037/0003-066x.46.11.1219|pmid=1772159}}</ref> ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱟᱱ ᱴᱨᱚᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱬᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱮ-ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref name="Hwang">{{cite journal|vauthors=Hwang SW, Tolomiczenko G, Kouyoumdjian FG, Garner RE|date=November 2005|title=Interventions to improve the health of the homeless: a systematic review|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-preventive-medicine_2005-11_29_4/page/311|journal=American Journal of Preventive Medicine|volume=29|issue=4|pages=311–9|doi=10.1016/j.amepre.2005.06.017|pmid=16242595}}</ref> ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱷᱟᱛ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱟ᱾<ref name="Homelessness as psychological traum" /> ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱥ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱡᱽᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱨᱡᱚᱣᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref name="Hwang" /> ᱠᱮᱥ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱡᱽᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱯᱟᱛᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱩᱨᱛᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾<ref name="Hwang" /> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ == {{Library resources box}} * {{wikiquote-inline}} * {{Commons category-inline}} * [https://www.who.int/health-topics/mental-health ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ (WHO) ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ] * [https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health.html ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱮᱡᱮᱱᱥᱤ] * {{cite web |title=ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ |website=WHO ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱢᱮᱰᱤᱴᱮᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥ |url=http://www.emro.who.int/entity/mental-health/ }} * [https://www.nimh.nih.gov/ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱛᱷᱟ (ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ)] * [https://ec.europa.eu/health/non_communicable_diseases/mental_health_en ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ-ᱤ.ᱭᱩ (Health-EU) ᱯᱳᱨᱴᱟᱞ] ᱤ.ᱭᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ * [http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Policyandguidance/Healthandsocialcaretopics/Mentalhealth/index.htm ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ (ᱡᱩᱢᱤᱫᱽ ᱟᱹᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ)] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱭᱳ ᱠᱞᱤᱯ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ]] 0c7w8tb05rfvghuchjdewyofg8jwlzw 0 37280 196722 195043 2026-08-13T06:22:19Z ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱ ᱗ 1744 /* */ 196722 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox magazine | name = ᱟᱺᱜᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨ | image = | editor = [[ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱫᱟᱥ ᱢᱩᱨᱢᱩ "ᱠᱚᱭᱢᱟᱡᱩᱜᱤ"|ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱫᱟᱥ ᱢᱩᱨᱢᱩ]] | frequency = ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ | genre = ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ | publisher = | founded = ᱑᱙᱙᱑ | country = ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ | language = [[ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ]] }} '''ᱟᱺᱜᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨ''' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱙᱑ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ <ref name="Tudu2020">{{Cite book |title=ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱢᱚᱱᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ |author=ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚ ᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱴᱩᱰᱩ |publisher=ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱪᱟᱢᱯᱟᱵᱚᱛᱤ ᱴᱩᱰᱩ |year=2020 |edition=2nd |page=71}}</ref> ᱾ == ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ == ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱫᱟᱥ ᱢᱩᱨᱢᱩ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ <ref name="Tudu2020"/> ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱸᱠᱩᱲᱟ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ, ᱡᱟᱢᱵᱳᱱᱤ ᱛᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱢᱤᱨᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ <ref name="Tudu2020"/> ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ == ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱺᱜᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ ᱟᱜ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ, ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱯᱤᱲᱦᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ ᱟᱜ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱭᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱵᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="Tudu2020">{{Cite book |title=ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱢᱚᱱᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ |author=ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚ ᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱴᱩᱰᱩ |publisher=ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱪᱟᱢᱯᱟᱵᱚᱛᱤ ᱴᱩᱰᱩ |year=2020 |edition=2nd |page=71}}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == <references /> <ref name="Tudu2020">{{Cite book |title=ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱢᱚᱱᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ |author=ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚ ᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱴᱩᱰᱩ |publisher=ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱪᱟᱢᱯᱟᱵᱚᱛᱤ ᱴᱩᱰᱩ |year=2020 |edition=2nd |page=71}}</ref> [[Category:ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ]] [[Category:ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ]] 0v989x5jemsoqv8jwch6nni9odz6ngs 196723 196722 2026-08-13T06:22:41Z ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱ ᱗ 1744 196723 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox magazine | name = ᱟᱺᱜᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨ | image = | editor = [[ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱫᱟᱥ ᱢᱩᱨᱢᱩ "ᱠᱚᱭᱢᱟᱡᱩᱜᱤ"|ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱫᱟᱥ ᱢᱩᱨᱢᱩ]] | frequency = ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ | genre = ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ | publisher = | founded = ᱑᱙᱙᱑ | country = ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ | language = [[ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ]] }} '''ᱟᱺᱜᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨ''' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱙᱑ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ <ref name="Tudu2020">{{Cite book |title=ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱢᱚᱱᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ |author=ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚ ᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱴᱩᱰᱩ |publisher=ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱪᱟᱢᱯᱟᱵᱚᱛᱤ ᱴᱩᱰᱩ |year=2020 |edition=2nd |page=71}}</ref> ᱾ == ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ == ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱫᱟᱥ ᱢᱩᱨᱢᱩ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ <ref name="Tudu2020"/> ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱵᱟᱸᱠᱩᱲᱟ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]], ᱡᱟᱢᱵᱳᱱᱤ ᱛᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱢᱤᱨᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ <ref name="Tudu2020"/> ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ == ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱺᱜᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ ᱟᱜ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ, ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱯᱤᱲᱦᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ ᱟᱜ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱭᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱵᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="Tudu2020">{{Cite book |title=ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱢᱚᱱᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ |author=ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚ ᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱴᱩᱰᱩ |publisher=ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱪᱟᱢᱯᱟᱵᱚᱛᱤ ᱴᱩᱰᱩ |year=2020 |edition=2nd |page=71}}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == <references /> <ref name="Tudu2020">{{Cite book |title=ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱢᱚᱱᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ |author=ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚ ᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱴᱩᱰᱩ |publisher=ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱪᱟᱢᱯᱟᱵᱚᱛᱤ ᱴᱩᱰᱩ |year=2020 |edition=2nd |page=71}}</ref> [[Category:ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ]] [[Category:ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ]] 8c2vitjx3kta4z0yfvw4tb50ha126ie 0 37463 196665 195652 2026-08-12T20:28:21Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196665 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Ethnoreligious group}} {{pp|small=yes}} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}} {{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}} {{infobox religious group | group = Punjabi Hindus | image = Durgiana Temple, Amritsar.jpg | image_caption = [[Durgiana Temple]], [[Amritsar]] | population = {{circa|17,630,000–19,990,000 approx.}}<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-17.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113211224/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-17.html | archive-date=13 November 2019 | title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/behind-the-decline/article7654960.ece | title=Behind the decline | date=16 September 2015 }}</ref> | region1 = '''[[Punjab, India]]''' | pop1 = 10,678,140 ([[2011 Census of India|2011 census]])<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |title=Population by religion community – 2011 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW03C-01%20MDDS.XLS |publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923230423/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW03C-01%20MDDS.XLS |archive-date=23 September 2015}}</ref> | region2 = '''[[Hinduism in Delhi|Delhi]]''' | pop2 = 4,029,110 – 5,875,780 (2011 est.)<ref name="delhi2011">{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925|title=Delhi (India): Union Territory, Major Agglomerations & Towns – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts|work=City Population|access-date=28 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302112054/https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925|archive-date=2 March 2017}}</ref>{{efn|name=Delhi2015}}{{efn|name=Delhi1991}}{{efn|name=DelhiPopulation|Punjabi Hindus represent between 24 and 35 per cent of Delhi's population, determined from 1991 and 2015 estimates.<ref name="Sanjay2008"/><ref name="Singh2015"/> Based on the 2011 official census counts out of a total population of 16,787,941, this amounts to between 4,029,106 and 5,875,779 persons.<ref name="delhi2011"/>}} | region3 = '''[[Haryana]]''' | pop3 = 2,028,120 – 2,535,150 (2011 est.){{efn|name=Haryana2014|“Punjabis constitute about eight per cent of the state’s population, they are a can’t-be-ignored political constituency."<ref name="Kumar2014">{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Virender |title=The 'vulnerable Punjabi' in an unthinkable post in Haryana |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/the-vulnerable-punjabi-in-an-unthinkable-post-in-haryana/ |access-date=9 September 2021 |work=Indian Express |date=28 October 2014}}</ref>}}{{efn|name=Haryana2019|“Political experts attribute the rise of the BJP in the region to sustained consolidation among certain communities, especially the Punjabis who account for 8% of the state’s estimated population of around 28 million.”<ref name="Naqshbandi2019">{{cite news |last1=Naqshbandi |first1=Aurangzeb |title=Manohar Lal Khattar gives BJP an edge in Haryana's Punjabi belt |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/khattar-gives-bjp-an-edge-in-haryana-s-punjabi-belt/story-ZcKpjfaRGekxCgHDOHzctK.html |access-date=9 September 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=23 October 2019}}</ref>}}{{efn|name=Haryana2024|“From the announcement of candidates to the election campaign, the Congress primarily focused on the 22-25 percent Jat and 20-22 percent Scheduled Caste voters. In contrast, the BJP, in line with its non-Jat strategy, focused on the 30-32 percent OBCs, 9-10 percent Punjabis and 8-9 percent Brahmins.”<ref name="Manav2024">{{cite news |last1=Manav |first1=Sushil|title=Haryana numbers show Congress had best strike rate among Jats, BJP among Punjabis & Ahirs |url=https://theprint.in/politics/haryana-numbers-show-congress-had-best-strike-rate-among-jats-bjp-among-punjabis-ahirs/2309668/ |access-date=10 December 2024 |work=[[The Print]] |date=14 October 2024}}</ref>}}{{efn|name=Haryana2025|“The Punjabi population of Haryana is considered to be 10 percent of the total population of the state. Many constituencies even put this figure at around 14 percent. Of this population, 4 percent are Sikhs and the rest are Hindus.”<ref name="Spokesman2025">{{cite news |last1=Spokesman|first1=Rozana|title=Reviving Punjabi Identity in Haryana: A Journey Through Linguistic and Cultural Progress |url=https://www.rozanaspokesman.com/opinion/250325/reviving-punjabi-identity-in-haryana-a-journey-through-linguistic-an.html |access-date=2 June 2025 |work=Rozana Spokesman |date=25 March 2025}}</ref>}}{{efn|name=HaryanaPopulation|Punjabi Hindus represent between 8 and 10 percent of Haryana's population, determined from 2014, 2019, 2024, and 2025 estimates.<ref name="Kumar2014"/><ref name="Naqshbandi2019"/><ref name="Manav2024"/><ref name="Spokesman2025"/> Based on the 2011 official census counts out of a total population of 25,351,462, this amounts to between 2,028,117 and 2,535,146 persons.}} | region4 = '''[[Rajasthan]]''' | pop4 = 281,050 (2011 est.)<ref name="census2011-langreport"/><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/rsgpc-to-publicize-issue-of-punjabi-in-rajasthan/articleshow/62531214.cms | title=RSGPC to publicize issue of Punjabi in Rajasthan | newspaper=The Times of India | date=17 January 2018 }}</ref> | region5 = '''[[Himachal Pradesh]]''' | pop5 = 222,410 (2011 est.)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/himachaltribune/una-amalgam-of-punjabi-and-pahari-cultures-591383|title = Una, amalgam of Punjabi and Pahari cultures}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/himachal-pradesh-youth-status-report-sex-ratio-up-but-total-fertility-rate-declining-5013052/|title=Himachal Pradesh Youth status report: Sex ratio up but total fertility rate declining|agency=Express News Service|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=5 January 2018|access-date=17 April 2018|place=Shimla|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418092812/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/himachal-pradesh-youth-status-report-sex-ratio-up-but-total-fertility-rate-declining-5013052/|archive-date=18 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> | region6 = '''[[Hinduism in Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab, Pakistan]]''' | pop6 = 249,716 ([[2023 Census of Pakistan|2023 census]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Population by Religion |url= https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/national/table_9.pdf }}</ref> | region7 = '''[[Chandigarh]]''' | pop7 = 94,150 (2011 est.)<ref name="census2011-langreport"/> | region8 = '''[[Jammu division|Jammu]]''' | pop8 = 59,930 (2011 est.)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/include-punjabi-as-official-language-in-jammu-and-kashmir-punjab-cm-amarinder-204566 | title=Include Punjabi as official language in Jammu and Kashmir: Punjab CM Amarinder }}</ref><ref name="census2011-langreport">{{cite web |title=Language – India, States and Union Territories |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf |work=Census of India 2011 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General |pages=13–14 |access-date=24 November 2018 }}</ref> | region9 = '''[[Uttarakhand]]''' | pop9 = 27,240 (2011 est.)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ghaintpunjab.com/GhaintPunjab/Article/37944/mini-punjab-uttrakhand-punjabi-cinema-sonam-bajwa-hometown | title=A Mini Punjab in Uttrakhand That Has Given Punjabi Cinema a Superstar Diva! | access-date=20 July 2026 | archive-date=5 January 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105193629/https://www.ghaintpunjab.com/GhaintPunjab/Article/37944/mini-punjab-uttrakhand-punjabi-cinema-sonam-bajwa-hometown | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="census2011-langreport"/> | langs = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[Punjabi dialects|its dialects]]<br/>[[Hindi]] | rels = [[Hinduism]] (incl. [[Nanakpanthi]]) |flag=Om glyph rendered in Shastri (Devanagari) script, used by Punjabi Hindus in historical times.jpg|flag_caption=[[Om|Om/Omkar glyph]] found in historical manuscripts of Punjab and other [[Northwest India|northwestern regions]] of the [[Indian subcontinent]]}} {{Hinduism}} {{Punjabis}} '''ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱤ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ''' ᱫᱚᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]] ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[ᱤᱱᱫᱳ ᱟᱨᱡᱽᱳ]] ᱡᱚᱱᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] [[ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ]] ᱥᱮ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚᱜᱚᱛᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ [[ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ|ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱤ]] ᱜᱮᱠᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ-ᱟᱸ᱾ ᱤᱠᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱜᱳᱥᱴᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱮ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ|ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ|ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ [[ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱜᱳᱥᱴᱤ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱔᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱮ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ|ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ]] ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱜ [[ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ == ᱱᱚᱴᱠᱚ == {{notelist}} <!--{{reflist|group=note}}--> == ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{reflist}} == Sources == {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Brass |first=Paul Richard |author-link=Paul Brass |year=1974 |title=Language, Religion and Politics in North India |url=https://archive.org/details/apu.409.54.bra.44859 |publisher=Cambridge University Press}} * {{Citation |last =Halbfass |first =Wilhelm |year =1991 |title =Tradition and Reflection |publisher =SUNY Press |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=-5fImMZMqNIC |isbn =978-0-7914-0361-7 |access-date =23 December 2023 |archive-date =23 December 2023 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20231223184628/https://books.google.com/books?id=-5fImMZMqNIC |url-status =live }} * {{Citation |last =Michaels |first =Axel |author-link=Axel Michaels |year =2004 |title =Hinduism. Past and present |place =Princeton, New Jersey |publisher =Princeton University Press}} {{refend}} == ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{reflist}} == ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ == * {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20010215153625/http://webpunjab.com/culture/main.htm The Punjab&mdash;An Overview]}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060423232940/http://punjabgovt.nic.in/CULTURE/Historical.htm Punjab History] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060506005341/http://www.pcschicago.org/Punjab/historical.htm Punjab Historical Background] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060613191214/http://durgianatirath.com/ Shri Durgiana Tirath] {{Hinduism in India by region}} {{Religion in India topics}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hinduism In Punjab}} [[Category:Punjabi Hindus| ]] [[Category:Hinduism in India]] [[Category:Hinduism in Punjab, Pakistan]] [[Category:Hindu ethnic groups]] [[Category:Hindu communities]] [[Category:Social groups of Delhi]] [[Category:Social groups of Punjab, India]] [[Category:Social groups of Punjab, Pakistan]] 2kch5z2v3oi9c0xcy6ck4ass9xegp0q 0 37646 196705 196246 2026-08-13T01:48:32Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 196705 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox food | name = ᱥᱟᱫᱽᱭᱟ | image = Sadhya DSW.jpg | image_size = 300px | caption = | country = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] | region = [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] | creator = | course = | type = | served = | main_ingredient = | variations = | calories = | other = [[ᱠᱟᱢᱟᱭᱟᱱ]] }} [[File:Sadya 2019.jpg|thumb|ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱫᱽᱭᱟ]] '''''ᱥᱟᱫᱽᱭᱟ''''' ({{langx|ml|സദ്യ}}), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ '''''ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱭᱟ''''' ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱞᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱱᱤᱨᱟᱢᱤᱥ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱴᱤᱠᱤᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ]] ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>Kerala's Slow Food; The Indian banana leaf banquet that tastes like home by Shahnaz Habib AFAR March/ April 2014 page 49</ref> ᱥᱟᱫᱽᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱳᱱᱟᱢ]] ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱥᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱵᱷᱳᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="Iyer 2018">{{cite web |last=Iyer |first=Meenakshi |title=Onam 2018, here's why Sadya is the most balanced meal, full of nutritional value – more lifestyle |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=25 August 2018 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/more-lifestyle/onam-2018-here-s-why-sadya-is-the-most-balanced-meal-full-of-nutritional-value/story-2gwLfWrIj9L3VSnBVFxUfK.html |access-date=20 September 2018 |archive-date=20 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920234525/https://www.hindustantimes.com/more-lifestyle/onam-2018-here-s-why-sadya-is-the-most-balanced-meal-full-of-nutritional-value/story-2gwLfWrIj9L3VSnBVFxUfK.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱢᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ==ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ== ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ''ᱥᱟᱫᱽᱭᱟ'' ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ]] ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ''ságdhi-'' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱷᱳᱡᱽ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-09-09 |title=How Onasadya traditions differ across Kerala |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Food/Onam-on-a-leaf/article14630774.ece |access-date=2024-12-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-51X}}</ref> ==ᱧᱮᱱᱮᱞ== [[File:Valla Sadya.JPG|thumb|left|ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱫᱽᱭᱟ]] ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱫᱽᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱔ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱘ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Happy Onam 2020: 26 dishes in the Onam Sadhya feast, what they’re called |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/more-lifestyle/happy-onam-2020-26-dishes-in-the-onam-sadhya-feast-what-they-re-called/story-Ox35zUre2YkHzMjzOcSHTN.html |publisher=Hindustan Times |access-date=26 June 2024}}</ref> ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱖᱔ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱟᱨᱚᱱᱢᱩᱞᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱞᱟᱢᱠᱟᱞᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱫᱽᱭᱟ (ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱞᱟ-ᱥᱟᱫᱽᱭᱟ) ᱾<ref name="NDTV Food 2017"/> ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱥᱟᱫᱽᱭᱟ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ, ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱩᱲᱩᱵᱟ ᱾<ref name="Vasu Kumar 2017">{{cite book | last1=Vasu | first1=S.S.L. | last2=Kumar | first2=R. | title=Morning Glory Blossoms | publisher=Partridge Publishing Singapore | year=2017 | isbn=978-1-5437-4244-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8aJEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT21 | access-date=20 September 2018 | page=21}}</ref> ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱛᱤ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ, ᱵᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱪᱟᱹᱢᱩᱪ ᱛᱮ ᱾<ref name="Vasu Kumar 2017"/> ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱩᱵ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱩᱣᱟᱹᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name="Vasu Kumar 2017"/> ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱥᱤᱱ [[ᱫᱟᱠᱟ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱠᱚ/''ᱠᱩᱴᱴᱟᱱ'' ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱤᱯᱯᱩ, ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱟᱨ, ᱨᱟᱥᱟᱢ, {{transliteration|ml|italic=no|ᱯᱩᱞᱤᱥᱥᱮᱨᱤ}} ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ {{transliteration|ml|italic=no|[[ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱱ]]}}, {{transliteration|ml|italic=no|[[ᱟᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟᱞ]]}}, {{transliteration|ml|italic=no|[[ᱛᱷᱳᱨᱟᱱ]]}}, {{transliteration|ml|italic=no|[[ᱳᱞᱟᱱ (ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ)|ᱳᱞᱟᱱ]]}}, {{transliteration|ml|italic=no|[[ᱯᱟᱪᱟᱰᱤ]]}}, {{transliteration|ml|italic=no|[[ᱠᱤᱪᱟᱰᱤ]]}}, {{transliteration|ml|italic=no|[[ᱠᱩᱴᱴᱩᱠᱟᱨᱤ]]}}, {{transliteration|ml|italic=no|[[ᱮᱨᱤᱥᱥᱮᱨᱤ]]}}, ᱩᱞ ᱟᱪᱟᱨ, ᱤᱱᱡᱤᱯᱩᱞᱤ, ᱢᱮᱡᱷᱩᱠᱠᱩᱯᱩᱨᱟᱴᱴᱤ, {{transliteration|ml|italic=no|[[ᱞᱮᱢᱵᱩ ᱟᱪᱟᱨ|ᱱᱟᱨᱟᱝᱜᱟ ᱟᱪᱟᱨ (ᱞᱮᱢᱵᱩ ᱟᱪᱟᱨ)]]}}, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱯᱟᱰᱟᱢ, ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱪᱤᱯᱥ, {{transliteration|ml|italic=no|ᱥᱟᱨᱠᱟᱨᱟ ᱩᱯᱯᱮᱨᱤ}}, [[ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ]], ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱾<ref name="NDTV Food 2017">{{cite web | title=Happy Vishu 2017: Vishu Sadhya, Kerala's Grand New Year Feast | publisher=[[NDTV]] Food | date=13 April 2017 | url=https://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/happy-vishu-2017-vishu-sadhya-keralas-grand-new-year-feast-1680747 | access-date=20 September 2018 | archive-date=20 September 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920234420/https://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/happy-vishu-2017-vishu-sadhya-keralas-grand-new-year-feast-1680747 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Rai">{{cite book | last=Rai | first=J. | title=Curry Cookbook – Keralan Cuisine – Jay Rai's Indian Kitchen: करी व्यंजनों | publisher=Springwood media | isbn=978-1-4761-2308-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5zDWhOU-I04C&pg=PT4 | access-date=20 September 2018 | page=pt4-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Brien | first=C.O. | title=The Penguin Food Guide to India | publisher=Penguin Books Limited | year=2013 | isbn=978-93-5118-575-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BGhBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT422 | access-date=20 September 2018 | page=pt422}}</ref><ref name="Punit 2015">{{cite web |last=Punit |first=27 lip-smacking, vegetarian dishes to try during Kerala’s grandest feast |date=28 August 2015 |title=Quartz India |url=https://qz.com/india/489554/27-lip-smacking-vegetarian-dishes-to-try-during-keralas-grandest-feast/ |access-date=20 September 2018 |website=Quartz India}}</ref> ᱢᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="NDTV Food 2017"/> ᱡᱚᱢ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱭᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ<ref name="NDTV Food 2017"/> ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱯᱟᱞᱟᱫᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱷᱚᱢᱚᱱ, ᱟᱫᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱷᱚᱢᱚᱱ, ᱯᱟᱨᱤᱯᱯᱩ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱷᱚᱢᱚᱱ, ᱪᱟᱠᱠᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱷᱚᱢᱚᱱ, ᱜᱳᱛᱷᱟᱢᱯᱩ ᱯᱟᱭᱟᱥᱟᱢ, ᱯᱟᱞ ᱯᱟᱭᱟᱥᱟᱢ, ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱾ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱥᱚᱵᱽᱡᱤ ᱠᱚᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱹᱬ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ [[File:Onam Sadya (15164960372).jpg|thumb|[[ᱳᱱᱟᱢ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱫᱽᱭᱟ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ]] ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Kannampilly 2003"/> ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ, ᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱚᱬ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱚᱬ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱩᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱞᱜᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱹᱬᱠᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱬᱠᱚᱲ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱡᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱹᱬᱠᱚᱲ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱽᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱩᱫᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱵᱽᱡᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱡᱚᱨ, ᱟᱱᱟᱨᱚᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱱᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱵᱽᱡᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱥᱟᱫᱽᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟᱸᱡᱽ ᱥᱮ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱩᱬ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱪᱩᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶ ''ᱵᱷᱮᱴᱴᱤᱞᱟ ᱢᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱱ'', ᱯᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ<ref name="India.com 2017">{{cite web | title=Onam Sadya Items That Make the Traditional Recipe of Kerala Festival a Hit | website=India.com | date=3 September 2017 | url=http://www.india.com/festivals-events/onam-sadhya-items-that-make-the-traditional-recipe-of-kerala-festival-a-hit-2445898/ | access-date=20 September 2018}}</ref> ᱠᱚ ᱛᱚᱜᱚᱡᱽ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱭ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱪᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟᱭᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name="India.com 2017"/> == ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ == *ᱛᱨᱤᱵᱮᱱᱫᱨᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱭᱟ *ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱭᱟ == ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ == [[File:Kichadi Sadhya.jpg|thumb|left|ᱯᱟᱪᱟᱰᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱽᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾]] ᱥᱟᱫᱽᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱴᱤᱠᱤᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ,<ref>{{cite book | last=Basu | first=M. | title=Masala: Indian Cooking for Modern Living | publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing | year=2018 | isbn=978-1-4088-8687-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WDNWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT268 | access-date=20 September 2018 | page=pt268}}</ref> ᱮᱱᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱢᱟᱦᱟ ᱥᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱴᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱥᱟᱹᱛᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ, ᱥᱟᱫᱽᱭᱟ ᱴᱮᱵᱩᱞ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱩᱲᱩᱵ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱫᱽᱭᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ/ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱱᱢᱟᱱ ᱱᱤᱪᱚᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱱᱛᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱫᱽᱭᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱜᱽᱱᱤ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱱᱮᱦᱚᱸᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱩᱞᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱩᱞᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱤᱞᱟᱵᱷᱤᱞᱟᱠᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱫᱽᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ]] ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="NDTV Food 2017"/> ᱡᱚᱢ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱩᱴᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱚᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="The Hans India 2016">{{cite web | title=The festive feast | website=The Hans India | date=11 September 2016 | url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Sunday-Hans/2016-09-11/The-festive-feast/253227 | access-date=20 September 2018}}</ref> ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱠ ᱮ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱦᱟ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="The Hans India 2016"/> ᱮᱱᱦᱚᱸ, ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web | last=Pillai | first=Pooja | title=God's Own Platter | website=The Indian Express | date=14 September 2016 | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/food-wine/gods-kerala-onam-meal-food-feast-own-platter-3029921/ | access-date=20 September 2018}}</ref> ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱛᱨᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱠᱳᱨ-ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱥᱟᱫᱽᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Hindu2016b">{{cite web|author=N. Satyendran |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/onam-on-a-leaf/article9092190.ece |title=Onam on a leaf |work=The Hindu |date=2010-08-10 |access-date=2016-09-14}}</ref> ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱯᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Kannampilly 2003" /><ref name="Punit 2015" /> ᱮᱱᱦᱚᱸ, ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱩᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱨᱚᱱᱢᱩᱞᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱞᱟ-ᱥᱟᱫᱽᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱫᱽᱭᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱖᱔ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |date=22 August 2015 |title=Sing out loud for a 64-dish sadya |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/Sing-out-loud-for-a-64-dish-sadya/articleshow/48620396.cms |access-date=20 September 2018 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ == ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ:<ref name="Hindu2016b"/><ref name="Indianexpress">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/food-wine/onam-special-heres-what-a-traditional-onam-sadhya-consists-of-3028642/ |title=Onam special: Here's what a traditional Onam sadhya consists of |website=The Indian Express|date=2016-09-13 |access-date=2016-09-13}}</ref> [[File:Sadhya Items.jpg|thumb|250px|ᱥᱟᱫᱽᱭᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱷᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱟᱸᱴᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ: ᱯᱟᱭᱟᱥᱟᱢ (ᱢᱚᱜᱽ ᱨᱮ), ᱠᱟᱨᱞᱟ ᱛᱷᱳᱨᱟᱱ, ᱟᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟᱞ, ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱱ, ᱞᱮᱢᱵᱩ ᱟᱪᱟᱨ, ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱟᱨ, ᱢᱟᱴᱷᱟ, ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱫᱟᱠᱟ]] * ᱫᱟᱠᱟ: ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱽᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ (ᱟᱫᱷᱟ-ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱥ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱨᱟᱣᱩᱱ<ref name="Hindu2016b"/><ref name=ctsadhya>{{cite web|author1=Ramya Menon|title=God's Own Feast-ival!|url=http://www.cucumbertown.com/gods-own-feast-ival-onam|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904212725/http://www.cucumbertown.com/gods-own-feast-ival-onam|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-09-04|website=Cucumbertown}}</ref>) ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱽᱭᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱢᱟᱴᱴᱟ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web | last=Tiwari | first=Nimisha | title=Flavours of India: Here's a look at a plethora of dishes that make festivals fun | website=The Economic Times | date=19 July 2018 | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/travel/flavours-of-india-heres-a-look-at-a-plethora-of-dishes-that-make-festivals-fun/articleshow/65039593.cms | access-date=20 September 2018}}</ref> * ᱯᱟᱨᱤᱯᱯᱩ: ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱰᱷᱟ ᱩᱛᱩ [[ᱫᱟᱹᱞ]] ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱾ * ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱟᱨ: [[ᱫᱟᱹᱞ]], ᱡᱚᱡᱚ, ᱥᱚᱵᱽᱡᱤ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱢᱩᱱᱜᱟᱹ]], ᱵᱤᱞᱟᱹᱛᱤ, ᱯᱤᱸᱰᱟᱹ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱰᱷᱟ ᱨᱟᱥᱮ, ᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ * ᱨᱟᱥᱟᱢ: ᱡᱚᱡᱚ,<ref name="Firstpost 2017"/> ᱵᱤᱞᱟᱹᱛᱤ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱥᱞᱟ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱳᱞᱢᱚᱨᱤᱪ, ᱦᱤᱝ, ᱫᱷᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟ, ᱢᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪ, ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱷᱟᱞ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱭ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱱᱦᱚᱸ, ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱫᱽᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ * ᱟᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟᱞ: ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱵᱽᱡᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱹᱬᱠᱚᱲ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱰᱷᱟ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱹᱬᱠᱚᱲ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱷᱩᱸᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Punit 2015"/> * ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱱ: ᱫᱟᱹᱦᱤ, ᱱᱟᱹᱬᱠᱚᱲ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱥᱚᱵᱽᱡᱤ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ "ᱱᱮᱱᱫᱽᱨᱟᱱ" ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱟᱞᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱤᱸᱰᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱰᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱚᱡᱚ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱴᱤᱠᱟᱹᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Indianexpress"/> * ᱳᱞᱟᱱ: ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱠᱚᱦᱰᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱢᱚᱴᱚᱨ, ᱱᱟᱹᱬᱠᱚᱲ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱫᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱨᱠᱚᱲ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱷᱩᱸᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Punit 2015"/><ref name="Hindu2016b"/> * ᱠᱩᱴᱴᱩᱠᱟᱨᱤ: ᱥᱚᱵᱽᱡᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱯᱤᱸᱰᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱷᱚᱞᱟ ᱫᱟᱹᱞ, ᱱᱟᱹᱬᱠᱚᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱳᱞᱢᱚᱨᱤᱪ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-09|title=Onam Sadya: Know Everything About It|url=https://www.caringlyyours.com/everything-about-onam-sadya/|access-date=2020-08-13|website=Caringly Yours|language=en-US|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624123722/https://www.caringlyyours.com/everything-about-onam-sadya/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * ᱮᱨᱤᱥᱥᱮᱨᱤ: ᱠᱚᱦᱰᱟ, ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ-ᱢᱮᱫ ᱢᱚᱴᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱹᱬᱠᱚᱲ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱰᱷᱟ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱾<ref>{{cite web | title=When kanji used to be the special item on wedding menu | website=OnManorama | date=29 August 2018 | url=https://food.manoramaonline.com/food/foodie/2018/08/29/when-kanji-used-to-be-the-special-item-wedding-menu.html | access-date=20 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Kannan | first=A. | title=From the South Delectable Home Cooking | publisher=DC Books | year=2011 | isbn=978-81-921926-2-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ne6vDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 | access-date=20 September 2018 | page=1}}</ref> * ᱯᱟᱪᱟᱰᱤ: ᱫᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱡᱚ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱨ]] ᱥᱮ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱠᱚᱦᱰᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱩᱲᱤ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱨᱤᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱹᱬᱠᱚᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱡᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱩᱲᱤ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱷᱩᱸᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Indianexpress"/><ref name="Tastycircle">{{cite web|author=N. Satyendran |url=http://www.tastycircle.com/recipe/pachadi/ |title=Pachadi|date=6 July 2012 |access-date=2016-09-14}}</ref> * ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱯᱟᱪᱟᱰᱤ: ᱯᱟᱪᱟᱰᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱨᱩᱯ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱱᱟᱨᱚᱥ, ᱠᱚᱦᱰᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱝᱜᱩᱨ ᱫᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Punit 2015"/> ᱨᱟᱥᱮ ᱢᱚᱥᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱨᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱞ ᱢᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱨᱤᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱹᱬᱠᱚᱲ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Indianexpress"/><ref name="Tastycircle"/> * ᱯᱩᱞᱤᱥᱥᱮᱨᱤ: ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱡᱚ, ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱛᱞᱟ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱡᱚᱡᱚ ᱫᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Kannampilly 2003">{{cite book | last=Kannampilly | first=V. | title=The Essential Kerala Cookbook | publisher=Penguin Books | year=2003 | isbn=978-0-14-302950-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pYfOCaAPb3sC&pg=PA9 | access-date=20 September 2018 | page=9}}</ref> ᱢᱟᱢᱯᱟᱡᱷᱟ-ᱯᱩᱞᱤᱥᱥᱮᱨᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱨ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱩᱞ ᱟᱨ [[ᱜᱩᱲ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ * ᱤᱱᱡᱤᱯᱩᱞᱤ: ᱟᱫᱟ, ᱡᱚᱡᱚ, ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱞ ᱢᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱲ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱟᱪᱟᱨ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱞᱤ-ᱤᱱᱡᱤ ᱦᱚᱸᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web | title=Onam 2018: All the delicacies that make up the very vast Onam sadhya feast | website=The Indian Express | date=24 August 2018 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/food-wine/onam-2018-dishes-onam-sadhya-5322737/ | access-date=20 September 2018}}</ref> * ᱛᱷᱳᱨᱟᱱ: ᱜᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱹᱬᱠᱚᱲ ᱥᱟᱶ (ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ) [[ᱢᱚᱴᱚᱨ]], ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱵᱤᱱᱥ, ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱴᱷᱟᱲ, ᱜᱟᱡᱚᱨ, ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱸᱫᱷᱟ ᱠᱳᱵᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱡᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱽᱡᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱾ * ᱢᱮᱡᱷᱩᱠᱠᱩᱯᱩᱨᱟᱴᱴᱤ: ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱨᱟᱢᱤᱥ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱵᱽᱡᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱥᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱡᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱮᱭᱟᱸᱡᱽ ᱥᱮ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱯᱮᱭᱟᱸᱡᱽ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ * [[ᱟᱪᱟᱨ]]: ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱞ [[ᱩᱞ]] (ᱩᱞ ᱟᱪᱟᱨ),<ref name="NDTV Food 2017"/> ᱞᱮᱢᱵᱩ,<ref name="Firstpost 2017">{{cite web | title=Watch: Essential parts of an Onam Sadhya | website=Firstpost | date=4 September 2017 | url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/watch-breaking-down-the-onam-sadhya-4007925.html | access-date=20 September 2018}}</ref> ᱠᱟᱜᱽᱡᱤ ᱞᱮᱢᱵᱩ, (ᱱᱟᱨᱟᱝᱜᱟᱠᱟᱨᱤ) ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱷᱟᱞ ᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱾ * ᱯᱟᱯᱟᱰᱟᱢ: ᱫᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱠᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱵᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ * ᱥᱟᱨᱠᱟᱨᱟ ᱩᱯᱯᱮᱨᱤ: ᱜᱩᱲ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱪᱤᱯᱥ ᱾ <ref name="Punit 2015"/> * ᱠᱟᱭᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱩᱛᱷᱟᱛᱷᱩ: ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱪᱤᱯᱥ ᱾ <ref name="NDTV Food 2017"/> * [[ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ]]: ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱽᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ, ᱯᱟᱭᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ * ᱪᱟᱢᱢᱟᱱᱛᱷᱤ ᱯᱳᱰᱤ: ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱚᱥᱞᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱪᱟᱴᱱᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱹᱬᱠᱚᱲ ᱜᱩᱸᱰᱟᱹ ᱾ * ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟᱢ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱳᱨᱩ ᱦᱚᱸᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ: ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱢᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱞ ᱢᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪ, ᱟᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱣᱟᱜ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="NDTV Food 2017"/><ref name="Firstpost 2017"/> *ᱠᱟᱫᱩᱢᱟᱝᱜᱟ: ᱜᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱩᱞ ᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱽᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱥᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱷᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱭᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="NDTV Food 2017"/> == ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱷᱚᱢᱚᱱ == ''ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱷᱚᱢᱚᱱ'' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱰᱷᱟ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱯᱟᱭᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱜᱮ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ [[ᱪᱤᱱᱤ]] ᱥᱮ ᱜᱩᱲ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱬᱠᱚᱲ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱷᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱭᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱷᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱬᱠᱚᱲ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱭᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ * ᱯᱟᱞᱟᱫᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱷᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱟᱫᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱯᱮᱴᱟᱜ, ᱛᱳᱣᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book | last=Kannampilly | first=V. | title=The Essential Kerala Cookbook | publisher=Penguin Books | year=2003 | isbn=978-0-14-302950-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pYfOCaAPb3sC&pg=PA232 | access-date=20 September 2018 | page=232}}</ref> * ᱯᱟᱡᱷᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱷᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ "ᱱᱮᱱᱫᱽᱨᱟ" ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱜᱩᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱹᱬᱠᱚᱲ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web | last=James | first=Merin | title=It's sadhya time, let's feast! | website=The Asian Age | date=31 August 2017 | url=https://www.asianage.com/life/food/310817/its-sadhya-time-lets-feast.html | access-date=20 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Varghese | first=T. | title=Stark World Kerala | publisher=Stark World Pub. | year=2006 | isbn=978-81-902505-1-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lDhuAAAAMAAJ | access-date=20 September 2018 | page=107}}</ref> * ᱜᱳᱛᱷᱟᱢᱯᱩ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱷᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱜᱚᱦᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Rai"/> * ᱯᱟᱨᱤᱯᱯᱩ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱷᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱢᱩᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book | last=Abram | first=D. | title=The Rough Guide to Kerala | publisher=Rough Guides | year=2010 | isbn=978-1-4053-8806-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NqjHz7n3Un0C&pg=PT86 | access-date=20 September 2018 | page=pt86}}</ref> * ᱪᱟᱠᱠᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱷᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱴᱷᱟᱲ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web | title=Chakka Maholsavam to feature jackfruit delicacies | website=The Hindu | date=10 May 2018 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/chakka-maholsavam-to-feature-jackfruit-delicacies/article23829437.ece | access-date=20 September 2018}}</ref> * ᱟᱫᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱷᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ-ᱟᱫᱟ (ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱪᱮᱯᱮᱴᱟᱜ) ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/kerala-celebrates-onam-with-payasam-fetes/article36014401.ece | title=Payasam fetes usher in the sweet notes of Onam in Kerala | newspaper=The Hindu | date=20 August 2021 | last1=Nagarajan | first1=Saraswathy }}</ref> * ᱠᱟᱫᱟᱞᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱷᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱩᱴ ᱫᱟᱹᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book | author=India Ministry of Tourism | title=Explore India: The Official Newsletter of the Ministry of Tourism | publisher=Durga Das Publications Pvt. Limited | issue=v. 3 | year=2001 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qk0sAQAAMAAJ | access-date=20 September 2018 }}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == * {{commons category-inline|Sadya}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱢ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱟᱯᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱥᱚᱵᱽᱡᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱳᱱᱟᱢ]] 513uyxvzbhp8tfdns4e8zzklrmo8d49 0 37652 196704 196250 2026-08-13T01:16:02Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 196704 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Matta Rice.jpg|thumb|ᱢᱟᱴᱴᱟ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ]] [[File:Matta Rice - കുത്തരി ചോറ്.JPG|thumb|ᱢᱟᱴᱴᱟ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ (ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ)]] [[File:Brown rice porridge.jpg|thumbnail|ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱡᱟᱣ]] [[File:Par cooked brown rice - stonesoup.jpg|thumbnail|ᱟᱫᱷᱟ-ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ]] '''ᱢᱟᱴᱴᱟ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ''' ('''ᱯᱟᱞᱟᱠᱠᱟᱫᱟᱱ/ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ/ᱨᱳᱡᱽ ᱢᱟᱴᱴᱟ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ''', '''ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱡᱮ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ, ᱥᱮ ᱠᱩᱛᱷᱛᱷᱟᱨᱤᱥᱤ''' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ) ({{langx|ml|കേരള മട്ട}}, ᱛᱩᱞᱩ:കജെ അരി, [[ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]]: ମୁଗେଇ ଚାଉଳ (Mugei Chaula), ᱠᱚᱱᱱᱚᱰᱚ: ಕಜೆ, ಕುಚಲಕ್ಕಿ, {{Langx|ta|குத்தரிசி|lit=Kuttarici}}) ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱩᱰᱩᱯᱤ]] ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱤᱱ ᱠᱚᱱᱱᱚᱰᱚ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ, [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱞᱟᱠᱠᱟᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱥᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱢᱚᱭᱩᱨᱵᱷᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱢᱚᱭᱩᱨᱵᱷᱚᱸᱡᱽ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱟᱞᱮᱥᱚᱨ]] ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ, ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱯᱷᱱᱟ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ [https://www.google.com/search?client=ms-android-oneplus-terr1-rso2&hs=uCPq&sca_esv=af88a0e320de74d3&sxsrf=APpeQnv49AS7yhPCQ6TRXZv0FTjJA5zHQw:1786162527750&q=mugei+chaula&spell=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiu6-j3lZCWAxVzTmwGHWiKL9UQBSgAegQIChAB&biw=354&bih=652&dpr=3.5#sbfbu=1&pi=mugei%20chaula ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ-ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ] ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/03/17/stories/2008031755050400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080321223633/http://www.hindu.com/2008/03/17/stories/2008031755050400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2008-03-21|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2008-03-17|title=Recognition for two rice varieties}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=தேசிய அறுவடைக்கு பிந்திய முகாமைத்துவ நிறுவனத்தின் 2020 |url=https://naosl.gov.lk/web/images/audit-reports/upload/2020/corporation/2-viii/National-Institute-of-Post-Harvest-Management--T.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240512194403/https://naosl.gov.lk/web/images/audit-reports/upload/2020/corporation/2-viii/National-Institute-of-Post-Harvest-Management--T.pdf |archive-date=12 May 2024 |access-date=12 May 2024 |website=National Audit Office}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱴᱟ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱵᱷ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱤᱰᱞᱤ, ᱟᱯᱯᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱟᱠᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ == ᱯᱟᱞᱟᱠᱠᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱴᱴᱟ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱳᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱨᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾{{cn|date=October 2023}} ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱢᱟᱴᱴᱟ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱹᱬ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ''ᱠᱳᱱᱰᱟᱴᱴᱟᱢ'', ''ᱢᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱩ'' ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sify.com/news/kerala-exporters-appeal-against-rice-export-ban-news-national-jegnDEgjehe.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716071224/http://www.sify.com/news/kerala-exporters-appeal-against-rice-export-ban-news-national-jegnDEgjehe.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2011-07-16|title=Kerala exporters appeal against rice export ban|work=Sify}}</ref> ᱪᱩᱱᱱᱤᱞᱟ ᱢᱟᱴᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱨᱤ ᱯᱤ.ᱥᱤ. ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱫᱮᱵᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱖᱖ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ''ᱨᱟᱭᱤᱥ ᱤᱱ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ'' ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ''ᱛᱷᱤᱨᱩᱠᱠᱩᱨᱟᱞ'' ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱮᱨᱟ/ᱪᱳᱞᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ == ᱪᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ == ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱢᱟᱴᱴᱟ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]], [[ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ]] ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ [[ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱥᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱴᱴᱟ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱪᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱕᱐᱐ ᱠᱤᱞᱳ ᱦᱳᱲᱳ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ]] ᱓᱐᱐ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱮᱢᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱴᱴᱟ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱡᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱲᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱕,᱐᱐᱐ ᱴᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱡᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/agri-biz/article1383905.ece#|title=Govt lifts export ban on certain rice, onion varieties|date=11 February 2011|work=The Hindu Business Line|access-date=19 June 2011}}</ref> ᱯᱟᱞᱟᱠᱠᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱴᱴᱟ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱞᱟᱠᱠᱟᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱰᱷᱟ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱠᱟᱥᱠᱚᱢ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱥᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱪᱟᱥᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱳᱲᱳ ᱜᱚᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ 'ᱯᱩᱱᱛᱷᱟᱞᱯᱟᱫᱟᱢ' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ [[ᱜᱤᱛᱤᱞ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱳᱲᱳ ᱜᱚᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱴᱤᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Krishnakumar |first1=A.K. |last2=Koshy |first2=M.M. |year=1985 |title=Physical characteristics of the poonthalpadam soils of Kerala |journal=Agricultural Research Journal of Kerala. |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=141-145}}</ref> == ᱜᱩᱱ ᱠᱚ == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱯᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ (ᱟᱫᱷᱟ-ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ) ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱳᱡᱽ ᱢᱟᱴᱴᱟ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱯᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱵᱨᱟᱣᱩᱱ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ-ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱜᱮ, ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱴᱴᱟ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=AR2002>{{cite web|url=https://agresearchmag.ars.usda.gov/2002/may/rice|title=USDA ARS Online Magazine Vol. 50, No. 5}}</ref> [[File:Kerala matta rice.jpg|thumb|ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱢᱟᱴᱴᱟ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ/ᱯᱟᱞᱟᱠᱠᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱴᱴᱟ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ]] === ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱱ === ᱯᱟᱞᱟᱠᱠᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱴᱴᱟ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱞᱟᱠᱠᱟᱫᱽ ᱢᱟᱴᱴᱟ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱢᱟᱨᱥ ᱯᱨᱚᱰᱭᱩᱥᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱮᱰ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱡᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ (Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration & Protection) Act, 1999) ᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱡᱤᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=gi>{{cite journal|last=Kochhar|first=Sudhir|date=July 2008|title=Institutions and Capacity Building for the Evolution of Intellectual Property Rights Regime in India: IV– Identification and Disclosure of IP Products for their IPR Protection in Plants and Animals|journal=Journal of Intellectual Property Rights|publisher=CSIR|pages=336–343|issn=0975-1076|url=http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/1782}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱚᱴᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱨᱯ (pericarp) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=gi/> ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱨᱯ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱚᱴᱟ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱤ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ-ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱴᱤᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱠᱟᱥᱠᱚᱢ ᱥᱮ ᱨᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱥᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱞᱟᱠᱠᱟᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱩᱱ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱱᱛᱷᱟᱞᱯᱟᱫᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱖᱐-᱘᱐% ᱠᱷᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱤᱛᱤᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱯᱟᱞᱟᱠᱠᱟᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱣᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ, ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱭ<ref name=gi/> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱞᱟᱠᱠᱟᱫᱽ ᱜᱮᱯ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱜᱷᱟᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱤᱸᱜᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ === ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ === ᱟᱫᱷᱟ-ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱜᱮ ᱴᱤᱲᱤᱡ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱞᱚᱦᱚᱫ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|title=Travel Thursday #12 {{!}} Rosamatta Rice {{!}} Puzhukkalari {{!}} Chambaavari|url=https://vegeyum.wordpress.com/2008/05/23/tt1/|date=23 May 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nandyala.org/mahanandi/archives/2006/10/30/rosematta-rice-and-dal/|title=Rosematta Rice And Dal|date=30 October 2006}}</ref> ᱢᱟᱴᱴᱟ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱥᱤᱱᱟ ᱾{{fact|date=September 2019}} ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱴᱩᱠᱩᱡ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱨᱩᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱑ ᱴᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱞᱚᱦᱚᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱚᱪᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱔ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱘ ᱜᱩᱱᱟ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱓᱐ ᱴᱤᱲᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱰᱮᱡᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱑᱕-᱒᱐ ᱴᱤᱲᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱑᱕-᱒᱐ ᱴᱤᱲᱤᱡ ᱥᱮ ᱤᱥᱤᱱᱚᱜ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱰᱮᱡᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱚᱪᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱑᱐-᱑᱕ ᱴᱤᱲᱤᱡ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asiyama.blogspot.co.uk/2013/09/perfect-kerala-matta-rice-brown-rice.html|title=My Healthy Happy Kitchen|author=Asiya Omar|publisher=asiyama.blogspot.co.uk}}</ref> == ᱜᱩᱱᱢᱟᱱ == ᱦᱳᱲᱳ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱰᱮᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱚᱪᱚᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫᱟᱜ ᱚᱪᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱨᱮᱰ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱭᱩᱴᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱨᱴᱤᱝ ᱢᱮᱥᱤᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱮᱠᱤᱝ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/rice-app-gets-a-bran-update/article7943592.ece|title=Rice app gets a 'bran' update|first=K.A.|last=Shaji|date=3 December 2015|website=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref> == ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱵᱷ ᱠᱚ == ᱯᱟᱞᱟᱠᱠᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱴᱴᱟ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱥ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱤ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱥᱟᱭ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ-ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱤ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱴᱤᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.healthbenefitstimes.com/health-benefits-of-red-rice/|title=Health benefits of Red Rice|author=Sylvia|work=HB times|date=14 June 2015 }}</ref> ᱑/᱔ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱖᱐ ᱠᱮᱞᱳᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱑ ᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱵᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{Cn|date=August 2024}} ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱵᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱴᱴᱟ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱵᱨᱟᱣᱩᱱ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱯ ᱢᱟᱴᱴᱟ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱘᱔ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱢᱮᱜᱽᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱠᱮᱞᱥᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{Cn|date=January 2021}} == ᱪᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱤ-ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱨᱥ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ == ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱜᱚᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱜᱚᱨᱦᱟᱠ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱢᱟᱴᱴᱟ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱡᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱚᱞᱳᱡᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> == ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱞ == ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱢᱟᱴᱴᱟ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱵᱽᱥᱤᱰᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ (PDS) ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱚᱵᱷᱤᱡᱚᱜᱽ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱥᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://digitalpaper.mathrubhumi.com/c/3687424|date=21 October 2014|title=Palakkad|access-date=10 August 2026|archive-date=29 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829160637/https://digitalpaper.mathrubhumi.com/c/3687424|url-status=dead}}</ref> == ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ == * [[ᱥᱟᱫᱽᱭᱟ]] – ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱢᱟᱴᱴᱟ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ<ref>{{cite web | last=Tiwari | first=Nimisha | title=Flavours of India: Here's a look at a plethora of dishes that make festivals fun | website=The Economic Times | date=19 July 2018 | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/travel/flavours-of-india-heres-a-look-at-a-plethora-of-dishes-that-make-festivals-fun/articleshow/65039593.cms | access-date=20 September 2018}}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱤ.ᱟᱭ. ᱴᱮᱜᱽ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱯᱟᱞᱟᱠᱠᱟᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱥᱵᱟᱥ]] qmch4x9hgmb2qkqvtp84qaw8a87ey8l 0 37657 196567 196255 2026-08-12T18:31:23Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196567 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox food | name = ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱪᱤᱯᱥ | image = File:Chips de bananes de São Tomé-et-Príncipe.jpg | caption = | country = | type = [[ᱪᱤᱯ (ᱥᱱᱮᱠ)|ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱯᱥ]] | course = [[ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱠᱟᱣ|ᱰᱤᱯ-ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱭᱮᱰ]] [[ᱥᱱᱮᱠᱥ]], ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱰᱤᱥ | served = ᱨᱩᱢ ᱴᱮᱢᱯᱮᱨᱮᱪᱟᱨ }} {{Infobox nutritional value | name = ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱪᱤᱯᱥ | image = File:Banana chips from the Philippines made with Saba bananas 01.jpg | image_alt = [[ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱᱥ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱪᱤᱯᱥ | caption = [[ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱᱥ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱪᱤᱯᱥ | serving_size = 100g | kJ = 2170 | water = 4.3 g | carbs = 58.40g | sugars = 35.34g | fiber = 7.7g | fat = 33.60g | satfat = 28.970g | monofat = 1.950g | polyfat = 0.630g | protein = 2.30g | vitA_ug = 4 | vitA_iu = 83 | thiamin_mg = 0.085 | riboflavin_mg = 0.017 | niacin_mg = 0.710 | vitB6_mg = 0.260 | folate_ug = 14 | vitC_mg = 6.3 | vitE_mg = 0.24 | vitK_ug = 1.3 | calcium_mg = 18 | iron_mg = 1.25 | magnesium_mg = 76 | phosphorus_mg = 56 | potassium_mg = 536 | sodium_mg = 6 | zinc_mg = 0.75 | copper_mg = 0.205 | source_usda = 1 | note=[https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/1102628/nutrients Link to USDA Database entry] }} ᱢᱤᱫ '''ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱪᱤᱯᱥ''' (ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ '''ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱯ''' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ) ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱠᱟᱣ ᱥᱮ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ, ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱫ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ, ᱥᱴᱟᱨᱪ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ (ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱴᱮᱱ) ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱟᱵᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱱᱫᱽᱨᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ᱪᱤᱱᱤ]], [[ᱧᱮᱞᱮ]], ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ, ᱥᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱚᱥᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=mis.dost.gov.ph |title=How to Make Sweet and Salted Banana Chips |url=http://www.mixph.com/2006/09/how-to-make-sweet-and-salted-banana-chips.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111228190442/http://www.mixph.com/2006/09/how-to-make-sweet-and-salted-banana-chips.html |archive-date=28 December 2011 |access-date=16 May 2012 |website=EntrePinoys Atbp.}}</ref><ref name="Pillay" /> ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱪᱤᱯᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱠᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱮᱥ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱪᱤᱯᱥ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱡᱟᱭᱤᱡ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱪᱤᱯᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱡᱟ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]], [[ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]], [[ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Robinson">{{Cite book |last1=Robinson |first1=John Charles |title=Bananas and Plantains |last2=Galán Saúco |first2=Víctor |date=2010 |publisher=CABI |isbn=978-1-84593-738-6 |page=16}}</ref><ref name="Molina">{{Cite book |last1=Molina |first1=A. |title=Bananas and Food Security / Les productions bananières: un enjeu économique majeur pour la sécurité alimentaire |last2=Valmayor |first2=R. V. |date=1999 |publisher=Bioversity International |editor-last=Picq |editor-first=C. |page=434 |chapter=Banana Production Systems in Southeast Asia |editor-last2=Fouré |editor-first2=E. |editor-last3=Frison |editor-first3=E. A.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-09 |title=Indian banana prices fall as exports to Middle East slow |url=https://www.freshplaza.com/asia/article/9817750/indian-banana-prices-fall-as-exports-to-middle-east-slow/ |access-date=2026-07-09 |website=www.freshplaza.com |language=en}}</ref> == ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱡᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ == ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱡᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱪᱤᱯᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ-ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱱᱯᱷᱞᱟᱣᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱟᱨᱠᱚᱲ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱠᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱪᱤᱯᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ (ᱟᱞᱩ ᱪᱤᱯᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ), ᱔% ᱜᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ (ᱴᱮᱵᱩᱞ), ᱟᱨ ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ, ᱢᱚᱥᱞᱟ, ᱪᱤᱱᱤ-ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ ᱥᱮ ᱜᱩᱲ-ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ, ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱦᱚᱫ ᱜᱮ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱪᱤᱯᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱾ == ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ == ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱪᱤᱯᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱠᱮᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱠᱮᱱ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱰᱷᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱵᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱵᱨᱟᱣᱩᱱ, ᱪᱟᱢᱲᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱚᱜᱚᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱩᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱠ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ, ᱮᱱᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱤ == ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱪᱤᱯᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱔% ᱫᱟᱜ, ᱕᱘% [[ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱳᱦᱟᱭᱰᱨᱮᱴ]] ᱠᱚ, ᱓᱔% [[ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ]], ᱟᱨ ᱒% ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱐૦-ᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱽ ᱨᱮ, ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱪᱤᱯᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱕᱒᱐ ᱠᱮᱞᱳᱨᱤ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱜᱽᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱚᱢ (᱒᱑% DV) ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ ᱵᱤ᱖ (᱒᱐% DV) ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱹᱬ ᱥᱚᱨᱥ (ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱒᱐% ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ, DV) ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱽ ᱛᱮ [[ᱢᱮᱬᱦᱮᱫ]], ᱛᱟᱢᱵᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱳᱴᱟᱥᱤᱭᱚᱢ (᱑᱐% ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱑% DV) (ᱴᱮᱵᱩᱞ) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱭᱠᱨᱳᱱᱤᱣᱴᱨᱤᱭᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱽ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ (ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱤ ᱴᱮᱵᱩᱞ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ) ᱾ == ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ == === ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱᱥ === ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱᱥ ᱫᱚ, ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱪᱤᱯᱥ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱡᱟᱭᱤᱡ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱓᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱽ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱡᱟᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ [[ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]], [[ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱟ]], ᱤᱭᱩᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ, [[ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ]], [[ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱪᱤᱱ]], ᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱙ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱪᱤᱯᱥ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱡᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱓᱕ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱰᱚᱞᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Molina" /><ref name="Robinson" /><ref name="Pillay">{{Cite book |title=Banana Breeding: Progress and Challenges |date=2011 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-4398-0018-8 |editor-last=Pillay |editor-first=Michael |page=273 |editor-last2=Tenkouano |editor-first2=Abdou}}</ref> ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱪᱤᱯᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ''ᱯᱤᱱᱟᱥᱩᱜᱽᱵᱳ'' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱡᱽ ᱯᱟᱣᱰᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱪᱤᱯᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱵᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱟᱨᱰᱟᱵᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱪᱤᱯᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱞ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱠᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱪᱤᱯᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱥᱢᱳᱴᱤᱠ ᱰᱤᱦᱟᱭᱰᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ {{convert|375|°F|°C|abbr=on}} ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱨᱠᱚᱲ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱑ ᱴᱤᱲᱤᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱠᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜ ᱪᱤᱯᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ-ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Pillay" /><ref name="Po">{{Cite book |last=Po |first=Lillian G. |title=Handbook of Food Products Manufacturing: Health, Meat, Milk, Poultry, Seafood, and Vegetables |url=https://archive.org/details/handbookoffoodpr0000unse_e8h4 |date=2007 |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |isbn=978-0-470-04964-8 |editor-last=Hui |editor-first=Y. H. |page=[https://archive.org/details/handbookoffoodpr0000unse_e8h4/page/825 825] |chapter=Major Tropical Fruits and Products: Banana, Mango, and Pineapple}}</ref><ref name="delacruz">{{Cite book |last1=Dela Cruz |first1=F. S. Jr. |url=https://www.bioversityinternational.org/fileadmin/_migrated/uploads/tx_news/Farmer_s_handbook_on_introduced_and_local_banana_cultivars_in_the_Philippines_1376.pdf |title=Farmers' Handbook on Introduced and Local Banana Cultivars in the Philippines |last2=Gueco |first2=L. S. |last3=Damasco |first3=O. P. |last4=Huelgas |first4=V. C. |last5=Dela Cueva |first5=F. M. |last6=Dizon |first6=T. O. |last7=Sison |first7=M. L. J. |last8=Banasihan |first8=I. G. |last9=Sinohin |first9=V. O. |publisher=Bioversity International |date=2008 |isbn=978-971-91751-8-6 |name-list-style=amp |last10=Molina |first10=A. B. Jr.}}</ref> === ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ === ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱡᱤ ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱴᱮᱱ ᱪᱤᱯᱥ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ''{{lang|ml|ᱱᱮᱱᱛᱷᱨᱟ-ᱠᱟᱭᱟ ᱩᱯᱯᱮᱨᱤ}}'' ᱥᱮ ''{{lang|ml|ᱵᱷᱟᱡᱷᱟᱭᱠᱠᱟ ᱩᱯᱯᱮᱨᱤ}}'' ᱥᱮ ''{{lang|ml|ᱩᱯᱯᱮᱨᱤ}}'' ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱹᱬᱠᱚᱲ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱡᱤᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ignatius Pereira |date=April 13, 2013 |title=Banana Chips from Kerala, India |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/the-taste-of-kerala/article4605855.ece |access-date=2013-04-13}}</ref> ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ-ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱴᱮᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱯᱥ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱤᱯᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱥᱞᱟ ᱥᱮ [[ᱜᱩᱲ]] ᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱷᱟᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱴᱮᱱ ᱪᱤᱯᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ''{{lang|ml|ᱯᱟᱪᱠᱠᱟᱭᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱩᱛᱷᱟᱛᱷᱩ}}'' ᱟᱨ ''{{lang|ml|ᱠᱟᱭᱟ ᱩᱯᱯᱮᱨᱤ}}'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ; ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱜᱩᱲ-ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱪᱤᱯᱥ ᱫᱚ ''{{lang|ml|ᱥᱟᱨᱠᱟᱨᱟ ᱩᱯᱯᱮᱨᱤ}}'' ᱥᱮ ''{{lang|ml|ᱥᱟᱨᱠᱠᱟᱨᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟᱴᱴᱤ}}'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ {{lang|ml|ᱥᱟᱨᱠᱟᱨᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟᱴᱴᱤ}} ᱫᱚ {{lang|ml|ᱩᱯᱯᱮᱨᱤ}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱳᱱᱟᱢ]] ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ {{lang|ml|[[ᱥᱟᱫᱽᱭᱟ]]}} ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ === ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ === [[File:Keripik pisang Lampung.JPG|thumb|right|ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ''[[ᱠᱨᱤᱯᱤᱠ]] ᱯᱤᱥᱟᱝ'' (ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱪᱤᱯᱥ)]] ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱱᱮᱠᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱾ ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱪᱤᱯᱥ ᱫᱚ ''ᱠᱨᱤᱯᱤᱠ ᱯᱤᱥᱟᱝ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱫ ''ᱠᱨᱤᱯᱤᱠ'' (ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱪᱤᱯ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱯ) ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''ᱠᱨᱤᱯᱤᱠ ᱯᱤᱥᱟᱝ'' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱫ ᱥᱱᱮᱠᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱮᱱᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱵᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱢᱟᱛᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱢᱟᱞᱩᱠᱩ ᱨᱮ, ''ᱯᱤᱥᱟᱝ ᱢᱩᱞᱩ ᱵᱮᱵᱮᱠ'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱰᱮ-ᱢᱚᱪᱟ-ᱨᱩᱯ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱪᱤᱯᱥ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱟᱞ, ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱡᱤ ᱵᱟᱫᱟᱢ, ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱡᱤ ᱮᱱᱪᱳᱵᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenikmatan Dalam Kesederhanaan Pisang Goreng Mulut Bebek |url=https://indonesiakaya.com/pustaka-indonesia/kenikmatan-dalam-kesederhanaan-pisang-goreng-mulut-bebek/ |website=indonesiakaya.com |access-date=21 April 2022 |language=Indonesian}}</ref> ᱞᱟᱢᱯᱩᱝ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱪᱤᱯᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱚᱠᱞᱮᱴ ᱯᱟᱣᱰᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ''ᱠᱨᱤᱯᱤᱠ ᱯᱤᱥᱟᱝ ᱪᱚᱠᱞᱟᱴ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mandasari |first1=Rizky |title=Cara Membuat Keripik Pisang Coklat Khas Lampung |url=https://www.liputan6.com/lifestyle/read/3675319/cara-membuat-keripik-pisang-coklat-khas-lampung-renyah-dan-enak-ala-rumahan |website=liputan6.com |date=25 October 2018 |access-date=21 April 2022 |language=Indonesian}}</ref> ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱵᱟᱝ-ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱛᱞᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱮᱫᱟ, ᱞᱮᱢᱵᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱞᱚᱦᱚᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱯᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱪᱷᱟᱠᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Banana Chips (Keripik Pisang) |url=http://indonesiaoriginalrecipes.blogspot.co.id/2013/11/banana-chips-keripik-pisang.html |website=Indonesian Original Recipe}}</ref> ᱵᱟᱝ-ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱴᱟᱨᱪ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱠᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ''ᱯᱤᱥᱟᱝ ᱜᱳᱨᱮᱝ'' ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱡᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱥᱱᱮᱠᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱮᱱᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱛᱞᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱥᱱᱮᱠᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ === ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ === {{Main|ᱪᱤᱯᱷᱞᱮ}} ᱪᱤᱯᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱩᱮᱥᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱫᱟᱢ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱯᱥ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱯᱟᱴᱟᱠᱳᱱᱮᱥ, ᱫᱚ [[ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ]]ᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱤᱯᱷᱞᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱯᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱴᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱴᱨᱚᱯᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ, ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱴᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱴᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱠᱟᱣ ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱴᱮᱱ ᱪᱤᱯᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱠᱥᱤᱠᱳ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱴᱟᱵᱟᱥᱠᱳ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ == <gallery> File:Banana Chips preparation.jpg|ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱪᱤᱯᱥ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱠᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ File:Chips Palakkad.jpg|ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱡᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱪᱤᱯᱥ File:Homemade_4_Cut_Banana_Chips.jpg|ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱪᱤᱯᱥ File:Jaggery Chips BNC.jpg|ᱜᱩᱲ ᱪᱤᱯᱥ File:2020-06-10 16 38 39 Banana chips from Giant in the Franklin Farm section of Oak Hill, Fairfax County, Virginia.jpg|ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱪᱤᱯᱥ File:723Pinasugbo consilva 07.jpg|''ᱯᱤᱱᱟᱥᱩᱜᱽᱵᱳ'', ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱵᱷᱤᱥᱟᱭᱟᱥ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱪᱤᱯᱥ ᱥᱱᱮᱠᱥ File:Banana Chips in Palakkad.jpg| ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱞᱟᱠᱠᱟᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱳᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱪᱤᱯᱥ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱪᱷᱟᱠᱟᱣᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ File:Banana Chips from India.jpg|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱪᱤᱯᱥ ᱾ File:Ripe Banana Chips.jpg|ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱪᱤᱯᱥ ᱾ </gallery> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ == {{reflist|30em}} {{commons}} [[Category:ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱡᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱠᱟᱣ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱱᱮᱠᱥ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱱᱮᱠᱥ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱱᱮᱠᱥ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱱᱮᱠᱥ ᱠᱚ]] gt75ksiio6zyz9rak7crq6simv7skgb 0 37670 196698 196268 2026-08-12T23:48:32Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 196698 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox food | name = ᱟᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟᱞ | image = Ayiyal.jpg | caption = | alternate_name = അവിയൽ | national_cuisine = [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] | region = [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] | creator = | course = | served = | country = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] | main_ingredient = [[ᱥᱚᱵᱽᱡᱤ ᱠᱚ]], [[ᱱᱟᱹᱬᱠᱚᱲ]], [[ᱫᱟᱹᱦᱤ]] | variations = | calories = | other = }} '''ᱟᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟᱞ''' ᱥᱮ '''ᱟᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟᱞ''' ({{langx|ml|അവിയല്‍}}, pronounced {{IPA|ml|aʋijal|}}) ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.tasteatlas.com/avial|website=www.tasteatlas.com|title=Avial|access-date=14 Aug 2020}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱜᱷᱟᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱑᱓ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱵᱽᱡᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱨᱠᱚᱲ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱰᱷᱟ ᱥᱴᱤᱣ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱨᱠᱚᱲ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱷᱩᱸᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ (ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ ''ᱩᱱᱩ''), ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ [[ᱥᱟᱫᱽᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱜᱷᱟᱱᱴᱟ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XykOAQAAMAAJ&q=nair+cuisine | title=Encyclopedia of Food and Culture: Food production to Nuts | volume=2 | first1=Solomon H. | last1=Katz | first2=William Woys | last2=Weaver | publisher=Scribner | isbn=978-0-684-80566-5 | year=2003 | quote=Certain vegetable specialities, although eaten by all Keralites, have special Nair associations. Aviyal is a mixture of green bananas, drumsticks, various beans, and green cashews (distinct to Nair cuisine), cooked with ground coconut"|author-link2=William Woys Weaver}}</ref> ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱛᱨᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱠᱳᱨ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱛᱞᱟ ᱨᱟᱥᱮ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ; ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱟᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱰᱷᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ == ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ == ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱟᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱮᱠᱮᱱ ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱫ ᱥᱚᱵᱽᱡᱤ ᱜᱮᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱵᱽᱡᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱳᱞ ᱯᱤᱸᱰᱟᱹ, ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ, ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱠᱚᱦᱰᱟ (ᱣᱟᱠᱥ ᱜᱳᱨᱰ), ᱜᱟᱡᱚᱨ, ᱵᱤᱱᱥ, [[ᱵᱮᱸᱜᱟᱲ]], ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱨ, ᱢᱩᱱᱜᱟᱹ ᱥᱩᱴᱤ, ᱪᱤᱪᱤᱸᱜᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱤᱱᱥ, ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱳᱡᱷᱤᱠᱳᱰ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱞᱟ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱳᱞᱞᱟᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱵᱽᱡᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱤᱞᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱞ ᱩᱞ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱚᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱥᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ-ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱰᱤᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱠᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ "ᱟᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟᱞ" ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ 'ᱦᱮᱰᱮᱡ' ᱥᱮ 'ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱥᱤᱱ' ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱚᱪᱚᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ — ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱢᱟᱭᱛᱷᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤ == ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱟᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱨᱵᱟᱱᱴᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱢ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱱᱵᱟᱥ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱞᱞᱟᱵᱷᱟ (ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱤᱢ ᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ) ᱵᱤᱨᱟᱴᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱪᱩᱞᱦᱟᱹᱥᱟᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱥᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱵᱽᱡᱤ ᱜᱮᱫ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱦᱮᱰᱮᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱤᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱹᱬᱠᱚᱲ ᱮᱢ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://recipes.keralaglobal.com/avial.php|title=Avial|website=recipes.keralaglobal.com|access-date=30 May 2017|archive-date=29 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029222037/http://recipes.keralaglobal.com/avial.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.onamfestival.org/avial.html|title=Avial, Recipe of Avial, Avial Recipe|first=Siddhartha|last=Gupta|website=www.onamfestival.org|access-date=30 May 2017}}</ref> ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱵᱷᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱵᱤᱨᱟᱴᱟ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱟᱪᱠᱟ ᱯᱮᱲᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱰᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱥᱤᱯᱤ ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱥᱚᱵᱽᱡᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱥᱚᱵᱽᱡᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱣᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱤᱢ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱠᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱩᱲᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱤᱥ ᱮᱢᱟᱫᱮ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱠᱚᱣᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱚᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱜᱤᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱣᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱸᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱩᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱩᱠᱷ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱳᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱟᱪᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ, ᱵᱷᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱵᱷᱳᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱚ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱱᱦᱚᱸ, ᱵᱷᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱠᱩᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱥᱚᱵᱽᱡᱤ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱨᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱠᱳᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱴᱷᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱷᱳᱡᱽ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱴᱷᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱪᱩᱞᱦᱟᱹᱥᱟᱲ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱪᱩᱞᱦᱟᱹᱥᱟᱲ ᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱩᱱᱤᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱥᱚᱵᱽᱡᱤ ᱩᱨᱩᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱚᱵᱽᱡᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱥᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱮ ᱦᱩᱠᱩᱢ ᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱮ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱦᱩᱭᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱦᱩᱠᱩᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱽᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu-blog.com/2011/03/bhima-and-story-of-avial-origin-of.html|title=Bhima and the Story of Avial – Origin of Vegetable Dish Aviyal|website=www.hindu-blog.com|access-date=30 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.ishafoundation.org/inside-isha/happenings/mahabharat-live-blog/|title=Mahabharat Live Blog - The Isha Blog|date=11 February 2012|access-date=30 May 2017|archive-date=12 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140612113650/http://blog.ishafoundation.org/inside-isha/happenings/mahabharat-live-blog/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/avial-the-dish-some-say-was-invented-by-one-of-the-pandavas-1783939|title=Avial, The Dish Some Say Was Invented By One Of The Pandavas|website=food.ndtv.com|access-date=14 Aug 2020}}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ == * [[ᱥᱟᱫᱽᱭᱟ]] == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{commons category|Avial (food)}} * [https://www.keralatourism.org/video-gallery/avial-vegetarian-cuisine/69 ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱟᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟᱞ] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱚᱵᱽᱡᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱣᱟᱠᱥ ᱜᱳᱨᱰ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱨ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱜᱩᱢ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] epqq8r4irnunotru4spiqudlgkxw70o 0 37679 196700 196283 2026-08-13T00:23:43Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 196700 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Indianfoodleaf.jpg|thumb|right|[[ᱳᱱᱟᱢ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱥᱟᱫᱽᱭᱟ]] ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ: ᱠᱤᱪᱟᱰᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱾]] '''''ᱠᱤᱪᱟᱰᱤ''''' ᱫᱚ ''ᱯᱟᱪᱟᱰᱤ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱡᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Modi can't live without 'khichdi' and 'poha' |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/food/features/2019/05/01/om-modi-favourite-food-khichdi-and-poha-recipes.html |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=PM Modi can't live without 'khichdi' and 'poha' |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Poojari |first=Devi |title=Key Differences Between Kichadi and Pachadi |url=https://www.slurrp.com/article/kichadi-vs-pachadi-key-differences-between-the-kerala-style-yoghurt-side-dishes-1712589063594 |date=8 April 2024}}</ref> ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱡᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱹᱦᱤ, ᱨᱤᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱮᱥᱴ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ [[ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱨ]], ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱠᱚᱦᱰᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱠᱚᱦᱰᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱡᱤ ᱛᱩᱲᱤ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱤᱪᱟᱰᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[ᱥᱟᱫᱽᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 September 2019 |title=Here's looking at the delicious Onam Sadhya |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food-news/heres-looking-at-the-delicious-onam-sadhya/articleshow/71047268.cms |access-date=13 March 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱭᱛᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱩᱲᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱷᱩᱸᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |last=Rohatgi |first=Gauri |title=How To Make South-Indian-Style Tomato Raita |url=https://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/how-to-make-south-indian-style-tomato-raita-3224331 |access-date=11 October 2022 |website=[[NDTV|NDTV Food]] |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ᱠᱤᱪᱟᱰᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱳᱡᱽ [[ᱥᱟᱫᱽᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ [[ᱳᱱᱟᱢ]] ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱥᱩ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Rai">{{cite book |last=Rai |first=J. |title=Curry Cookbook – Keralan Cuisine – Jay Rai's Indian Kitchen: करी व्यंजनों |publisher=Springwood Media |isbn=978-1-4761-2308-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5zDWhOU-I04C&pg=PT4 |pages=pt4-5}}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ == {{Reflist|30em}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] 07519hg8akcmamfsrl80qp1z8gfhbcw 0 37682 196696 196287 2026-08-12T23:44:48Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 196696 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox food | name = ᱟᱫᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱷᱚᱢᱚᱱ | image = അടപ്രഥമൻ.JPG | caption = ᱟᱫᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱷᱚᱢᱚᱱ | alternate_name = | country = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] | region = [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] | creator = | course = [[ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ]] | type = [[ᱯᱩᱰᱤᱝ]] | served = | main_ingredient = [[ᱟᱫᱟ (ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ)|ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱟᱫᱟ]], [[ᱱᱟᱹᱬᱠᱚᱲ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ]], [[ᱜᱩᱲ]] ᱥᱮ [[ᱪᱤᱱᱤ]], [[ᱜᱷᱤ]] | variations = | calories = | other = }} '''ᱟᱫᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱷᱚᱢᱚᱱ''' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱟᱫᱟ (ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱛᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱪᱮᱯᱮᱴᱟᱜ) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱹᱬᱠᱚᱲ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱲ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱥᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/how-to-prepare-the-mainstay-of-classic-ada-pradhaman-fresh-from-the-kitchen/article32465762.ece | title=How to prepare the mainstay of classic ada pradhaman fresh from the kitchen | newspaper=The Hindu | date=28 August 2020 | last1=S | first1=Harikumar J. }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Sudhir |title=Ada Pradhaman Recipe by Sudhir Nair - Courtyard Bengaluru - Outer Ring Road |url=https://food.ndtv.com/recipe-ada-pradhaman-952489 |access-date=2022-06-17 |website=[[NDTV]] |language=en |archive-date=2022-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518071020/https://food.ndtv.com/recipe-ada-pradhaman-952489 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kapoor |first=Sanjeev Dak |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=06-82npRVR4C&dq=%22ada+pradhaman%22&pg=PA94 |title=Dakshin Delights |date=2009 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7991-400-7 |language=en}}</ref> ᱟᱫᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱷᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ [[ᱳᱱᱟᱢ]] ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱭᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱟᱫᱽᱭᱟ]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> == ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ == ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱟᱫᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱹᱬᱠᱚᱲ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱭᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱲ ᱨᱟᱥᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱫᱟᱢ, ᱠᱤᱥᱢᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱞᱟᱪᱤ ᱜᱩᱸᱰᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web | url=https://rakskitchen.net/ada-pradhaman-recipe-onam-recipes/ | title=Ada pradhaman recipe, Onam recipes | date=30 August 2020 }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱜᱮᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shah |first=Niraalee |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7YdUEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22ada+pradhaman%22&pg=PT257 |title=Indian Etiquette: A Glimpse Into India's Culture |date=2021-12-13 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-63886-554-4 |language=en}}</ref> == ᱯᱟᱞᱟᱫᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱷᱚᱢᱚᱱ == '''ᱯᱟᱞᱟᱫᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱷᱚᱢᱚᱱ''' ᱥᱮ '''ᱯᱟᱞᱟᱫᱟ ᱯᱟᱭᱟᱥᱟᱢ''' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱭᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ '''ᱯᱟᱞ''' ([[ᱛᱳᱣᱟ]]), ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱟᱫᱟ, ᱪᱤᱱᱤ, ᱮᱞᱟᱪᱤ ᱜᱩᱸᱰᱟᱹ, ᱵᱟᱫᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱤᱥᱢᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web | url=https://food.ndtv.com/recipe-palada-pradhaman-219751 | title=Palada Pradhaman Recipe | access-date=2026-08-10 | archive-date=2026-05-10 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260510074436/https://food.ndtv.com/recipe-palada-pradhaman-219751 | url-status=dead }}</ref> ᱯᱟᱞᱟᱫᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱷᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱥᱮ ᱯᱟᱞᱟᱫᱟ ᱯᱟᱭᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱫᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱯᱩᱰᱤᱝ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] 1if38ks3kzsj3y5045fxdz9385v6epg 0 37684 196463 196289 2026-08-12T16:58:19Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196463 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox food | name = | image = Achappam.jpg | image_size = | image_alt = | caption = | alternate_name = | type = [[ᱠᱩᱠᱤ (Cookie)|ᱠᱩᱠᱤ]], [[ᱣᱟᱯᱷᱮᱞ (Waffle)|ᱣᱟᱯᱷᱮᱞ]] | course = | country = | region = [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] | national_cuisine = | creator = | mintime = 45 | maxtime = 60 | served = | main_ingredient = [[ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ|ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ]] | minor_ingredient = [[ᱵᱤᱞᱤ (ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ)|ᱵᱤᱞᱤ]], [[ᱱᱟᱹᱬᱠᱚᱲ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ]], [[ᱛᱤᱞᱢᱤᱧ ᱡᱟᱝ]] | variations = | serving_size = 100 g | calories = 634 | calories_ref =<ref>{{cite web |title=Achappam/Achu murukku Recipe: How to Make Achappam/ Achu murukku|url=https://recipes.timesofindia.com/recipes/achappam/rs58221296.cms |website=recipes.timesofindia.com |language=en}}</ref> | protein = | fat = | carbohydrate = | glycemic_index = | similar_dish = [[ᱨᱳᱡᱮᱴ (ᱠᱩᱠᱤ)]] | other = }} ᱢᱤᱫ '''ᱟᱪᱟᱯᱯᱟᱢ''' (ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ 'ᱟᱪᱷ' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ ᱟᱨ 'ᱟᱯᱯᱟᱢ' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ) ᱥᱮ '''ᱟᱪᱩ ᱢᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱩ''' ([[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱛᱮ 'ᱢᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱩ' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱫ ᱥᱱᱮᱠᱥ) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ, ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱠᱟᱣ ᱨᱳᱡᱽ ᱠᱩᱠᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ, ᱱᱟᱹᱬᱠᱚᱲ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ, ᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Gopalakrishnan|first=Swathi|date=24 December 2018|title=Delivering Noël: Indians celebr-eat their Christmas, and how!|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/lifestyle/food/delivering-noel-indian-celebr-eat-christmas-1502718853.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525192507/https://www.thestatesman.com/lifestyle/food/delivering-noel-indian-celebr-eat-christmas-1502718853.html |archive-date=2021-05-25 |access-date=13 December 2020|website=The Statesman}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite news|last1=Rajkumar|first1=Shanthini|date=31 December 2015|title=Of rose cookies and kalkals|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/yearend-festivities-bring-on-a-nostalgia-trip-more-so-when-associated-with-food/article8050191.ece}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱱᱮᱠᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱟᱪᱽ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |last1=Menon |first1=A. Sreedhara |title=Social and cultural history of Kerala |date=1979 |publisher=Sterling |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BXluAAAAMAAJ&q=Achappam |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Choondal |first1=Chummar |title=Christian Folklore |date=1988 |publisher=Kerala Folklore Academy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UdLYAAAAMAAJ&q=Achappam |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Abraham|first=Tanya|title=Eating With History|publisher=Niyogi Books|year=2020|isbn=9789389136265|location=|pages=}}</ref> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ''ᱠᱩᱭᱤᱦ ᱞᱳᱭᱟᱝ'' (ᱯᱤᱛᱚᱞ), ''ᱟᱠᱩᱣᱟᱱ'' (ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ), ''ᱠᱮᱯ'' (ᱥᱴᱟᱢᱯ), ''ᱵᱩᱝᱜᱟ ᱨᱳᱥ'' (ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱯ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ), ''ᱵᱩᱝᱜᱟ ᱰᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ'' (ᱰᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ), ''ᱜᱳᱭᱟᱝ'' (ᱦᱤᱞᱟᱹᱣ), ''ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱟᱝ ᱞᱳᱭᱟᱝ'', ''ᱰᱳᱠ ᱡᱳᱠ'' (ᱫᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱴᱩᱥ), ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱾ ᱨᱳᱡᱽ ᱠᱩᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱳᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱱᱮᱠᱥ ᱫᱳᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ == ᱟᱪᱟᱯᱯᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱤᱡᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱬᱦᱮᱫ ᱥᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽ, ᱨᱩᱯ, ᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|last1=Engelhardt|first1=Elizabeth S. D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mdiuDwAAQBAJ&q=patterned+mould+achappam&pg=PA189|title=The Food We Eat, the Stories We Tell: Contemporary Appalachian Tables|last2=Smith|first2=Lora E.|date=2019|publisher=Ohio University Press|isbn=978-0-8214-4687-4|language=en}}</ref> ᱢᱮᱬᱦᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱩᱨ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱵᱮᱴᱟᱨ (batter) ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱬᱦᱮᱫ ᱵᱮᱲᱦᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱫ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱩᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱬᱦᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱢᱮᱬᱦᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> ᱟᱪᱟᱯᱯᱟᱢ ᱵᱮᱴᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ, ᱵᱤᱞᱤ, ᱪᱤᱱᱤ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱨᱠᱚᱲ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Bhathena|first=Tanaz|title=The Beauty of the Moment|url=https://archive.org/details/beautyofmoment0000tana|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux (BYR)|year=2019|isbn=9780374308483|location=|pages=}}</ref> ᱟᱪᱟᱯᱯᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱟ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱤᱞᱢᱤᱧ, ᱡᱤᱨᱟᱹ, ᱟᱨ ᱮᱞᱟᱪᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱚᱥᱞᱟ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> == ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ == ᱟᱪᱟᱯᱯᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ, ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱯ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱡᱤ ᱠᱩᱠᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ''ᱠᱳᱠᱤᱥ'' ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱟᱪᱽ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ''ᱱᱟᱱ-ᱮ ᱯᱟᱱᱡᱮᱨᱮᱭᱤ'', ᱟᱱᱫᱷᱨᱚ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ''ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱵᱤ ᱯᱩᱵᱷᱵᱷᱩᱞᱩ'', ᱟᱨ ᱤᱥᱠᱮᱱᱰᱤᱱᱮᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ''ᱨᱳᱡᱮᱴ'' ᱾<ref name="onmanorama-history">{{cite web |title=Is it really Kerala's achappam? |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/food/features/2020/04/25/kerala-achappam-rose-cookies-history.html |website=Onmanorama |publisher=Malayala Manorama |date=25 April 2020 |access-date=30 July 2026}}</ref> == ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱢᱟᱥ == ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱪᱟᱯᱯᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱢᱟᱥ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱥᱱᱮᱠᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ''ᱠᱟᱞᱠᱟᱞ'' ᱟᱨ ''ᱠᱩᱡᱷᱟᱞᱟᱯᱯᱟᱢ'' ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name="gulfnews">{{cite web |title=A quick, crunchy Xmas recipe from Kerala: Achappam or deep-fried rose cookies |url=https://gulfnews.com/food/guide-cooking/a-quick-crunchy-xmas-recipe-from-kerala-achappam-or-deep-fried-rose-cookies-1.1639384249666 |website=Gulf News |date=December 2021 |access-date=30 July 2026}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱮᱥᱴᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱢᱟᱥ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱱᱮᱠᱥ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱠᱟᱣ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱡᱤ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱱᱟᱹᱬᱠᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] 0gmwr708jqw2bz8p7dam7n4y9q99sbu 0 37686 196706 196325 2026-08-13T01:50:47Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 196706 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ (ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱑᱙᱕᱖)}} {{Use British English|date=September 2014}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}} {{Infobox person | name = ᱥᱣᱟᱛᱤ ᱯᱤᱨᱟᱢᱚᱞ | image = Dr. Swati Piramal.JPG | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1956|3|28}} | occupation = ᱯᱤᱨᱟᱢᱚᱞ ᱮᱱᱴᱟᱨᱯᱨᱮᱥ ᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱮᱰ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ [[ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ]] | alma_mater = [[ᱢᱩᱢᱵᱟᱭ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ]]<br />[[ᱦᱟᱨᱵᱟᱨᱰ ᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱯᱚᱵᱽᱞᱤᱠ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ]] | spouse = [[ᱚᱡᱚᱭ ᱯᱤᱨᱟᱢᱚᱞ]] | children = ᱒ }} '''ᱥᱣᱟᱛᱤ ᱚᱡᱚᱭ ᱯᱤᱨᱟᱢᱚᱞ''' (ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱒᱘ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱑᱙᱕᱖) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱥᱤᱠᱷᱱᱟᱹᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱠᱷᱱᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱤᱨᱟᱢᱚᱞ ᱜᱨᱩᱯ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱤᱡᱮᱯᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱱᱜᱞᱳᱢᱮᱨᱚᱴ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢᱮᱥᱭᱩᱴᱤᱠᱚᱞ, ᱯᱷᱤᱱᱟᱱᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱤᱥ, ᱨᱤᱭᱮᱞ ᱮᱥᱴᱮᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱞᱟᱥ ᱯᱟᱠᱮᱡᱤᱝ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stock Quote News - Stock Market Quotes, Online Stock Quotes, India|url=https://in.reuters.com/finance/stocks/company-officers/PIRAta.NS|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102134640/https://in.reuters.com/finance/stocks/company-officers/PIRAta.NS|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 January 2020|access-date=2020-09-17|website=in.reuters.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-26 |title=Partnerships to Advance Public Health and the Economy in the COVID-19 Era |url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/partnerships-to-advance-public-health-and-the-economy-in-the-covid-19-era/ |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=India Education {{!}} Latest Education News {{!}} Global Educational News {{!}} Recent Educational News |language=en-US |archive-date=17 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117114244/https://indiaeducationdiary.in/partnerships-to-advance-public-health-and-the-economy-in-the-covid-19-era/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ᱯᱤᱨᱟᱢᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱒ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱯᱚᱫᱽᱢᱚ ᱥᱨᱤ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|title=Swati Piramal - Most Powerful Women in 2012 - Fortune India|url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/mpw/swati-piramal?year=2012|access-date=2020-09-17|website=www.fortuneindia.com|language=en}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱯᱮᱠᱥ ᱪᱮᱢᱵᱟᱨ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱨᱥ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bureau|first=The SME Times News|date=2018-01-20|title=Swati Piramal- The first woman President of India's Apex Chamber of Commerce, ASSOCHAM|url=http://thesmetimes.com/swati-piramal-first-woman-president-indias-apex-chamber-commerce-assocham/|access-date=2020-09-17|website=The SME Times|language=en-US|archive-date=18 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218160125/https://thesmetimes.com/swati-piramal-first-woman-president-indias-apex-chamber-commerce-assocham/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱵᱟᱨᱰ ᱵᱳᱨᱰ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱥᱩᱯᱚᱨᱥᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱨᱵᱟᱨᱰ ᱵᱤᱡᱽᱱᱮᱥ ᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱵᱽᱞᱤᱠ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱤᱱᱟᱥ ᱟᱰᱵᱷᱤᱥᱟᱱᱴ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2012-05-28|title=Swati Piramal elected to Harvard board of overseers|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/swati-piramal-elected-to-harvard-board-of-overseers-112052800144_1.html|access-date=2020-09-17}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱣᱚᱞᱥᱤᱝᱦᱟᱢ ᱦᱟᱣᱩᱥ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱡᱮᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ, ᱢᱩᱢᱵᱟᱭ|ᱥᱮᱸᱴ. ᱡᱮᱵᱤᱭᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ, ᱢᱩᱢᱵᱟᱭ]] ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱘᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱢᱵᱟᱭ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱰᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤ, ᱮᱢ.ᱵᱤ.ᱵᱤ.ᱮᱥ. ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱵᱟᱨᱰ ᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱳᱯᱷ ᱯᱚᱵᱽᱞᱤᱠ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱟᱞᱩᱢᱱᱩᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱙᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱤᱨᱟᱢᱚᱞ ᱜᱨᱩᱯ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱪᱮᱭᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱ [[ᱚᱡᱚᱭ ᱯᱤᱨᱟᱢᱚᱞ]] ᱥᱟᱶᱮ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stock Quote News - Stock Market Quotes, Online Stock Quotes, India|url=https://in.reuters.com/finance/stocks/company-officers/PIRAta.NS|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102134640/https://in.reuters.com/finance/stocks/company-officers/PIRAta.NS|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 January 2020|access-date=2020-09-17|website=in.reuters.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Alumni News and Features|url=https://alumni.sph.harvard.edu/s/1319/02-HSPH/20/interior.aspx?sid=1319&gid=2&pgid=252&cid=1285&ecid=1285&ciid=2757&crid=0|access-date=2020-09-17|website=alumni.sph.harvard.edu|language=en}}</ref> ==ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ== ᱥᱣᱟᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱦ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱘ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱑᱙᱕᱖ ᱨᱮ [[ᱢᱩᱢᱵᱟᱭ]] ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Piramal Family's Purposeful Philanthropy |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/philanthropy-awards-2014/the-piramal-familys-purposeful-philanthropy/39303/0 |access-date=2022-06-13 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref> ᱯᱤᱨᱟᱢᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱨᱳᱱᱤᱠ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ, ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱭ ᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱰᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-04-04|title=Dr. Swati A Piramal a women[sic] Business tycoon|url=https://magazine.xpert.tv/dr-swati-a-piramal-a-women-business-tycoon/|access-date=2020-09-17|website=Xpert Magazine|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱦᱟᱨᱵᱟᱨᱰ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱥᱤᱠᱷᱱᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱴᱜᱨᱟᱡᱩᱣᱮᱴ ᱠᱳᱨᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2014-06-01|title=Swati Piramal: What makes her special|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/swati-piramal-what-makes-her-special/15344153|access-date=2020-09-17|website=mid-day|language=en}}</ref> ᱑᱙᱗᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱤᱨᱟᱢᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱭᱳ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟ.ᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱰᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱭᱳ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ। ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱕,᱐᱐᱐ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱤᱨᱟᱢᱚᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱵᱳᱨᱳ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱭᱳ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱑᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱛ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱫᱤᱥᱟ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱱᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Piramal Healthcare Director runs the business with a smile|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/special/most-powerful-women-in-business-2011-swati-piramal/story/18325.html|access-date=2020-09-17|website=www.businesstoday.in|date=30 August 2011 }}</ref> ==ᱱᱤᱡᱮᱨᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ== ᱥᱣᱟᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱦ ᱯᱤᱨᱟᱢᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱡᱚᱭ ᱯᱤᱨᱟᱢᱚᱞ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱟᱱᱚᱱᱫᱽ ᱯᱤᱨᱟᱢᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱥᱟ ᱚᱢᱵᱟᱱᱤ, ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱜᱟᱱᱚᱛ [[ᱢᱩᱠᱮᱥ ᱚᱢᱵᱟᱱᱤ]] ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡ ᱟᱭᱳ [[ᱱᱤᱛᱟ ᱚᱢᱵᱟᱱᱤ]] ᱭᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-12 |title=Isha Ambani and Anand Piramal {{!}} Mumbai {{!}} Celebrity Weddings |url=https://www.weddingsutra.com/celebrity-weddings/celeb-weddings/isha-ambani-and-anand-piramal-mumbai/ |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=WeddingSutra}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|date=December 12, 2018 |title=Who is Anand Piramal, the man Mukesh Ambani's daughter Isha is marrying?|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/celebrity/story/who-is-anand-piramal-mukesh-ambani-isha-1406111-2018-12-10|access-date=2022-02-11|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref> ᱚᱡᱚᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱣᱟᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱱᱚᱱᱫᱤᱱᱤ ᱯᱤᱨᱟᱢᱚᱞ ᱰᱤ ᱡᱚᱝ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ ᱯᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱰᱤ ᱡᱚᱝ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news|title=Interesting things about Nandini Piramal you need to know - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/interesting-things-about-nandini-piramal-you-need-to-know/articleshow/70073776.cms|access-date=2022-02-11|website=The Times of India|date=4 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref> ᱥᱟᱦ-ᱯᱤᱨᱟᱢᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱞᱤᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱤᱨᱟᱢᱚᱞ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-15 |title=Isha Ambani and Anand Piramal to move into ₹450 cr Mumbai bungalow |url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/content/antilia-isha-ambani-anand-piramal-mumbai/ |access-date=2022-06-13 |website=Architectural Digest India |language=en-IN}}</ref> ==ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱭᱚᱨ== [[ᱢᱩᱢᱵᱟᱭ]] ᱨᱮ ᱜᱳᱯᱤ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱟ ᱯᱤᱨᱟᱢᱚᱞ ᱦᱚᱥᱯᱤᱴᱟᱞ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱷᱚᱱᱰᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name=":1">{{cite journal|title=Swati Piramal joins Nestle Board of Directors|date=2 August 2010|url=https://www.nestle.in/asset-library/documents/profile/swati_a_piramal_profileandloa.pdf|accessdate=23 September 2016}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱠᱨᱳᱱᱤᱠ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ, ᱚᱥᱴᱤᱭᱳᱯᱳᱨᱳᱥᱤᱥ, ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟ, ᱛᱩᱵᱽᱨᱤᱠᱩᱞᱳᱥᱤᱥ, ᱮᱯᱤᱞᱮᱯᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱭᱳ ᱮᱵᱷᱮᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱥᱤᱠᱷᱱᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱮᱢᱯᱮᱱ ᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} ᱯᱤᱨᱟᱢᱚᱞ ᱯᱷᱚᱸᱰᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱰᱤᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ HMRI - ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱳᱵᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱥᱚᱨᱵᱷᱤᱥ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱠᱷᱱᱟᱹᱛ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱮᱫᱟᱭ,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Piramal|first1=Swati|title=Swati Piramal {{!}} The foundation for a family|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/x9LaUEgIY4mqjN6VogiGPO/My-work-to-support-adolescent-girls-in-India.html|accessdate=23 September 2016|website= Livemint.com |date=23 February 2014}}</ref> ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱢᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱮᱠᱴ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱢᱩᱱᱤᱴᱤ ᱮᱡᱩᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟᱡᱚᱞ ᱯᱷᱚᱸᱰᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱳᱱᱰᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱠᱞᱤᱸᱠ ᱣᱟᱜᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{cite news|last1=Of India|first1=Press Trust|title=Assocham appoints Swati Piramal as its new president|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/assocham-appoints-swati-piramal-as-its-new-president-109100900176_1.html|accessdate=23 September 2016|agency=Press Trust of India|newspaper=Business Standard|date=9 October 2009}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱕ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱘ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱮᱞ ᱳᱯᱷ ᱯᱷᱮᱢ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Piramal Healthcare Director runs the business with a smile|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/special/most-powerful-women-in-business-2011-swati-piramal/story/18325.html|access-date=2020-09-17|website=www.businesstoday.in|date=30 August 2011 }}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ (᱒᱐᱑᱐-᱒᱐᱑᱔) ᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":1" /> ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱵᱟᱨᱰ ᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱯᱚᱵᱽᱞᱤᱠ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱨᱵᱟᱨᱰ ᱵᱤᱡᱽᱱᱮᱥ ᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱰᱵᱷᱤᱥᱴᱮᱴᱤᱵᱽ ᱵᱳᱨᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱥᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱟᱭᱤ ᱟᱭᱤ ᱴᱤ ᱵᱚᱢᱵᱮ, ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱨᱣᱟᱨᱰ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱳᱨᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kanga|first1=Fareeda|title=Swati Piramal: What makes her special|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/swati-piramal-what-makes-her-special/15344153|accessdate=23 September 2016|agency=Mid-Day|publisher=Mid-Day Infomedia Ltd|date=1 June 2014}}</ref> == ᱵᱳᱨᱰ ᱢᱮᱢᱵᱟᱨᱥᱤᱯ ᱠᱚ== * ᱯᱤᱨᱟᱢᱚᱞ ᱜᱨᱩᱯ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱤᱥ-ᱪᱮᱭᱟᱨᱯᱟᱨᱥᱚᱱ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-05-16|title=First Indian garden at the Chelsea Flower Show wins Silver Gilt medal|url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/content/first-indian-garden-chelsea-flower-show-swati-piramal/|access-date=2020-09-18|website=Architectural Digest India|language=en-US}}</ref> * ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ, ᱯᱤᱨᱟᱢᱚᱞ ᱯᱷᱟᱣᱩᱱᱰᱮᱥᱚᱱ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alumni News and Features|url=https://alumni.sph.harvard.edu/s/1319/02-HSPH/20/interior.aspx?sid=1319&gid=2&pgid=252&cid=1285&ecid=1285&crid=0&calpgid=61&calcid=753|access-date=2020-09-18|website=alumni.sph.harvard.edu|language=en}}</ref> * ᱦᱟᱨᱣᱟᱨᱰ ᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱯᱟᱵᱽᱞᱤᱠ ᱦᱮᱞᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱨᱣᱟᱨᱰ ᱵᱤᱡᱽᱱᱮᱥ ᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱰᱤᱱ ᱮᱰᱵᱷᱟᱭᱡᱚᱨᱤ ᱵᱳᱨᱰ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-04-25|title=Swati Piramal, Director of Piramal Healthcare|url=https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/voices/events/piramal/|access-date=2020-09-18|website=Voices in Leadership|language=en-us}}</ref> * ᱵᱮ-ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ, ᱱᱮᱥᱞᱮ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱮᱰ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr. Swati A. Piramal, Non-Executive Director|url=https://www.nestle.in/sites/g/files/pydnoa451/files/asset-library/documents/profile/dr_swati_piramal.pdf}}</ref> * ᱙᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱯᱮᱠᱥ ᱪᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱠᱚᱢᱟᱨᱥ, ᱟᱥᱚᱥᱪᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱯᱨᱟᱥᱛᱷᱤᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> * ᱑᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ (᱒᱐᱐᱖-᱒᱐᱑᱔) ᱯᱨᱟᱢᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱜᱽᱭᱟᱱᱤᱠ ᱥᱚᱞᱦᱟᱭᱤᱡ ᱵᱳᱨᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱯᱨᱟᱢᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱤᱥᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{Commons category|ᱥᱣᱟᱛᱤ ᱯᱤᱨᱟᱢᱚᱞ}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:ᱯᱤᱨᱟᱢᱚᱞ, ᱥᱣᱟᱛᱤ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱕᱖ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱢᱩᱢᱵᱟᱭ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱢᱮᱥᱭᱩᱴᱤᱠ ᱤᱱᱰᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱰᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱫᱽᱢᱚ ᱥᱨᱤ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱦᱟᱨᱵᱟᱨᱰ ᱴᱤ. ᱮᱪ. ᱪᱟᱱ ᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱯᱚᱵᱽᱞᱤᱠ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱢᱩᱢᱵᱟᱭ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱯᱤᱨᱟᱢᱚᱞ ᱜᱩᱴ]] bg92lgrcyncotss6ri3dznwu6p0fk2a 0 37690 196697 196317 2026-08-12T23:48:31Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 196697 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox food | name = ᱟᱵᱷᱤᱞ ᱢᱤᱞᱠ | image = Aval milk from aluva, kerala, india.jpg | caption = | alternate_name = അവൽ മിൽക്ക് | country = ᱵᱷᱤ ᱮᱪ ᱟᱵᱷᱤᱞᱢᱤᱞᱠ ᱠᱳᱴᱴᱟᱠᱠᱟᱞ [[ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱯᱯᱩᱨᱚᱢ]], [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] | year = ᱑᱙᱙᱓ | variations = | serving_size = 100 g | calories = 162 | protein = 4.86 | fat = 4.2 | carbohydrate = 9 | glycemic_index = }} '''ᱟᱵᱷᱟᱞ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ''' ᱥᱮ '''ᱟᱵᱷᱤᱞ ᱢᱤᱞᱠ'''<ref>{{Cite web|last=അലി|first=ഷേഹി|title=അവല്‍ മില്‍ക്ക് തയ്യാറാക്കാം|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/food/recipies/snacks/avil-milk-recipe-easy-recipes-easy-cooking-1.4252426|access-date=2021-10-04|website=Mathrubhumi|language=en|archive-date=4 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004144140/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/food/recipies/snacks/avil-milk-recipe-easy-recipes-easy-cooking-1.4252426|url-status=dead}}</ref> ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱧᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱵᱷᱟᱞ [[ᱛᱳᱣᱟ]] ᱫᱚ ᱟᱵᱷᱟᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱳᱦᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱛᱟᱵᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱫᱟᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|title=വിരുന്നുകാർക്ക് നൽകാം അവല്‍-പഴം ഷെയ്ക്ക്|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/lifestyle/recipes/how-to-make-avil-milk-shake-in-malayalam/articleshow/55910369.cms|access-date=2021-10-04|website=malayalam.samayam.com|language=ml|archive-date=2021-10-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004144148/https://malayalam.samayam.com/lifestyle/recipes/how-to-make-avil-milk-shake-in-malayalam/articleshow/55910369.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref> == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == ᱟᱵᱷᱤᱞ ᱢᱤᱞᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤ ᱮᱪ ᱟᱵᱷᱤᱞᱢᱤᱞᱠ ᱠᱳᱴᱴᱟᱠᱠᱟᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱤ ᱮᱪ ᱟᱵᱷᱤᱞᱢᱤᱞᱠ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱷᱟᱫᱟᱠᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱥᱮᱱ ᱮ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/pachakam/readers-recipe/2020/06/23/malabar-special-aval-milk.html |title=അവൽ മിൽക്ക് ഒരു ഗ്ലാസ് കുടിച്ചാൽ മതി വയറു നിറയും... |website=manoramaonline.co |date=2020-06-23}}</ref> ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱡᱤ ᱛᱟᱵᱮᱱ / ᱯᱳᱦᱟ, ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ, ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱡᱤ ᱪᱤᱱᱟᱵᱟᱫᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱫᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/cooking/readers-recipe/2021/03/18/flattened-rice-milk.html|title=ഉള്ളം തണുപ്പിക്കാൻ ഒരു ഗ്ലാസ് അവൽ മിൽക്ക്|date=18 March 2021|website=Manorama Online|language=Malayalam}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱥᱢᱩᱫᱷᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱮᱦᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱟᱱᱴ ᱟᱵᱷᱤᱞ ᱢᱤᱞᱠ ᱢᱤᱠᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱟᱵᱷᱤᱞ ᱢᱤᱞᱠ ᱧᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱵᱨᱟᱱᱰ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱳᱴᱴᱟᱠᱠᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱵᱷᱤᱞᱩᱢ ᱠᱞᱚᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ, ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱟᱱᱴ ᱟᱵᱷᱤᱞ ᱢᱤᱞᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱚᱱᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱤ-ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱨᱥ ᱯᱞᱟᱴᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱟᱢᱟᱡᱚᱱ, ᱯᱷᱞᱤᱯᱠᱟᱨᱴ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱵᱷᱤᱞᱩᱢᱠᱞᱚᱵᱽ ᱥᱴᱳᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱵᱨᱟᱱᱰ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱟᱵᱷᱤᱞᱩᱢ ᱠᱞᱚᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱟᱱᱴ ᱟᱵᱷᱤᱞ ᱢᱤᱞᱠ ᱯᱷᱨᱩᱴ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱡᱽ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱩᱴᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱩᱞ ᱠᱩᱴᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱢᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱠᱩᱴᱤ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱟᱵᱷᱤᱞ ᱢᱤᱞᱠ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱞᱜᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱚᱞᱳᱡᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱠᱮᱱ ᱖᱐ ᱴᱤᱯᱤᱡ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱡᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱨᱟᱱᱰ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱩᱵᱷᱤᱞ, ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱳᱡᱷᱤᱠᱳᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ, ᱦᱚᱸ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱟᱱᱴ ᱟᱵᱷᱤᱞ ᱢᱤᱞᱠ ᱯᱨᱤᱢᱤᱠᱥ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱧᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ, ᱟᱞᱜᱟ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ == ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ == <gallery> File:Kasargod Aval Milk.jpg File:Aval milk from aluva.jpg File:Aval milk from Angamaly Town.jpg File:Aval-Milk-അവൽ-മിൽക്ക്.jpg </gallery> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{reflist}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱧᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱨᱟᱢᱤᱥ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱲ ᱧᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ|ᱥᱮᱠ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱵᱤᱱ-ᱟᱞᱠᱚᱦᱚᱞ ᱧᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] hbf81f9w4hd6hs7ap94x8idj9j730x8 0 37691 196535 196318 2026-08-12T18:00:21Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196535 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox food | name = ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱯᱷᱨᱤᱴᱟᱨ | image = Banana Fritters and tea.jpg | caption = [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]], ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱯᱷᱨᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ | alternate_name = | country = | region = [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱜᱟᱥᱠᱟᱨ]], [[ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱵᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱚᱢᱚᱦᱟᱫᱮᱥ]] | creator = | type = [[ᱯᱷᱨᱤᱴᱟᱨ]] | served = | main_ingredient = [[ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ]] ᱥᱮ [[ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ|ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱴᱮᱱ]], [[ᱵᱮᱴᱟᱨ (ᱤᱥᱤᱱ)|ᱵᱮᱴᱟᱨ]] | variations = | calories = | other = }} ᱢᱤᱫ '''ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱯᱷᱨᱤᱴᱟᱨ''' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱨᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱴᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ]] ᱥᱮ ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱴᱮᱱ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ [[ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ]] ᱨᱮ ᱰᱤᱯ-ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, [[ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱜᱟᱥᱠᱟᱨ]], ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ == === ᱵᱨᱩᱱᱮᱭ === ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱯᱷᱨᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱨᱩᱱᱮᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱥᱱᱮᱠᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ {{Lang|ms|ᱪᱩᱪᱩᱨ ᱯᱤᱥᱟᱝ}} ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Ng 5.8.2019">{{cite news |author=Grace Ng |title=6 must-try dishes in Brunei for the adventurous |date=5 August 2019 |work=[[Free Malaysia Today]] |url=https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/leisure/2019/08/05/6-must-try-dishes-in-brunei-for-the-adventurous/ |access-date=20 November 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120060258/https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/leisure/2019/08/05/6-must-try-dishes-in-brunei-for-the-adventurous/ |archive-date=20 November 2021 }}</ref><ref name="escape Brunei">{{cite magazine |author=<!-- not stated --> |date=<!-- not stated --> |title=BRUNEI Kekayaan Alam, sejarah dan budaya |magazine=escape! |page=11 |language=id |via=PDFSLIDE.NET |url=https://pdfslide.net/documents/ecape-indonesia-magazine-brunei-supplement.html |access-date=20 November 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120061312/https://pdfslide.net/documents/ecape-indonesia-magazine-brunei-supplement.html |archive-date=20 November 2021}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[#ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ|ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[#ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ|ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ''ᱯᱤᱥᱟᱝ ᱜᱳᱨᱮᱝ'' ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ {{Lang|ms|ᱪᱩᱪᱩᱨ ᱯᱤᱥᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱫᱩ}}, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱧᱮᱞᱮ]] ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ {{lang|ms|ᱪᱩᱪᱩᱨ ᱯᱤᱥᱟᱝ}} ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱵ ᱵᱮᱲᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ({{lang|ms|ᱢᱤᱱᱩᱢ ᱯᱮᱴᱟᱝ}}) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Brudirect 8.8.2020">{{cite news |author=<!-- not stated --> |title=Cucur Pisang Madu C-Pyan : Sambutan Amat Menggalakkan |date=8 August 2020 |work=Brudirect.com |language=ms |url=https://brudirect.com/news.php?id=99346 |access-date=20 November 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120054852/https://brudirect.com/news.php?id=99346 |archive-date=20 November 2021 }}</ref> === ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ === [[File:Noum Chek Chien.jpg|thumb|ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱯᱷᱨᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱭᱮᱢ ᱨᱤᱯ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ]] ᱠᱷᱢᱮᱨ ᱛᱮ, ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱯᱷᱨᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ''ᱱᱩᱢ ᱪᱮᱠ ᱪᱤᱭᱮᱱ'' ({{lang|km|នំចេកចៀន}}; {{literal translation|ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱡᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱯᱤᱴᱷᱟᱹ}}) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱯᱮᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ, ᱛᱤᱞᱢᱤᱧ ᱡᱟᱝ, ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱸᱰᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱨᱠᱚᱲ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱰᱷᱟ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ [[ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱪᱤᱱᱤ]] ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱤᱯ-ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱯᱷᱨᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱱᱮᱠᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱨᱠᱚᱲ ᱟᱭᱤᱥ ᱠᱨᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rivière |first1=Joannès |authorlink1=Joannès Rivière |date=2008 |title=Cambodian Cooking: A humanitarian project in collaboration with Act for Cambodia |url=https://archive.org/details/cambodiancooking0000rivi |publisher=[[Periplus Editions]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/cambodiancooking0000rivi/page/89 89] |isbn=978-0-794-65039-1}}</ref> [[ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱯᱷᱨᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱫᱳᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ''ᱪᱮᱠ ᱪᱤᱭᱮᱱ ᱯᱤᱥᱮᱥ'' ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱱᱳᱢ ᱯᱮᱱᱦ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ – ᱢᱟᱣ ᱛᱥᱮ ᱛᱩᱝ ᱵᱩᱞᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱢᱯᱩᱪᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱨᱚᱢ ᱵᱩᱞᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news |last=Taing |first=Rinith |url=https://www.khmertimeskh.com/50618983/deep-fried-with-hope-and-hard-wok/ |title=Deep-Fried with Hope and Hard Wok |date=28 June 2019 |newspaper=[[Khmer Times]] |access-date=17 October 2021}}</ref> === ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ === ==== ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ==== [[File:Pazhampori.jpg|thumb|right|[[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ''ᱵᱷᱟᱡᱷᱟᱠᱠᱟᱯᱯᱟᱢ'']] ''ᱵᱷᱟᱡᱷᱟᱠᱠᱟᱯᱯᱟᱢ'' ᱥᱮ ''ᱯᱟᱡᱷᱟᱢ ᱯᱳᱨᱤ'' ({{langx|ml|പഴം പൊരി}}), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ''ᱮᱛᱷᱟᱠᱠᱟ ᱟᱯᱯᱟᱢ'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ [[ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ]] ᱥᱮ ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱴᱮᱱ<ref name="Fodors 2015"/> ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱭᱫᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱨᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱱᱮᱠᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾<ref name="Fodors 2015"/><ref>{{cite news|last1=Sathyendran|first1=Nithya|title=Kerala on the menu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/Kerala-on-the-menu/article16700614.ece|accessdate=2 December 2017|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=25 November 2016}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱚᱱᱱᱚᱰᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱠᱚᱱᱱᱚᱰᱚ]] ᱛᱮ ''ᱵᱟᱞᱮᱠᱟᱭᱤ ᱵᱟᱡᱽᱡᱤ'' ({{lang|kn|ಬಾಳೆಕಾಯಿ ಬಜ್ಜಿ}}), [[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ]] ᱛᱮ ''ᱵᱷᱟᱡᱷᱟᱠᱠᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱡᱽᱡᱤ'', ᱟᱨ [[ᱛᱮᱞᱩᱜᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱮᱞᱩᱜᱩ]] ᱛᱮ ''ᱟᱨᱟᱴᱤᱠᱟᱭᱟ ᱵᱟᱡᱽᱡᱤ'' ({{lang|te|అరటికాయ బజ్జి}}) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''ᱯᱟᱡᱷᱟᱢ ᱯᱳᱨᱤ'' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱴᱮᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱴᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱷᱚᱞᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱭᱫᱟ, ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ, ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱜᱩᱸᱰᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱴᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱩᱱᱩᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱵᱨᱟᱣᱩᱱ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱤᱯ-ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱭ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tastycircle.com/recipe/pazham-pori/|title=Pazham Pori / Ethakka appam - Kerala Recipes|date=2013-11-02|website=Tasty Circle|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-22}}</ref> ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ [[ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ]] ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱯᱷᱨᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱯᱟᱡᱷᱟᱢ ᱯᱳᱨᱤ'' ᱥᱮ ''ᱮᱛᱷᱟᱠᱠᱟ ᱟᱯᱯᱟᱢ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ''ᱱᱮᱱᱫᱽᱨᱟᱱ'' ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱨᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱨᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱵ ᱵᱮᱲᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱱᱮᱠᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱰᱤᱥ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="Ng 5.8.2019" /> ''ᱯᱟᱡᱷᱟᱢ ᱯᱳᱨᱤ'' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱵ ᱵᱮᱲᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱱᱮᱠᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱥᱴᱩᱨᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱡᱷᱟᱢ ᱯᱳᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/Kerala-on-the-menu/article16700614.ece|title=Kerala on the menu|last=Sathyendran|first=Nita|date=2016-11-25|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-02-22|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> === ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ === [[File:Pisang goreng in a basket.jpg|thumb|ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮᱱ ''[[ᱜᱳᱨᱮᱝᱜᱟᱱ]]'' (ᱯᱷᱨᱤᱴᱟᱨ) ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧᱤᱡ ''ᱯᱤᱥᱟᱝ ᱜᱳᱨᱮᱝ'' ᱮ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾]] [[File:Menggoreng bakwan dan pisang goreng.JPG|thumb|[[ᱠᱟᱨᱤᱢᱩᱱ ᱡᱟᱣᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ''ᱯᱤᱥᱟᱝ ᱜᱳᱨᱮᱝ'' ᱠᱚ ᱪᱷᱟᱠᱟᱣᱮᱫᱟ]] [[ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱯᱷᱨᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ''ᱯᱤᱥᱟᱝ ᱜᱳᱨᱮᱝ'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book |last=Backshall |first=Stephen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WKoIooGXjPYC&q=pisang+goreng+indonesian+fried+banana&pg=PA1093 |title=Indonesia |date=2003 |publisher=Rough Guides |isbn=9781858289915 |pages=1093}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧᱚᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="Street Food">{{cite book |last1=Kraig |first1=Bruce |last2=Sen |first2=Colleen Taylor |authorlink2=Colleen Taylor Sen |title=Street Food around the World: An Encyclopedia of Food and Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9XCjAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA183 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |year=2013 |page=183 |isbn=978-1-59884-955-4}}</ref> ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ''ᱯᱤᱥᱟᱝ ᱜᱳᱨᱮᱝ'' ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱰᱤᱯ-ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱭ ᱟ; ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱴᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱴᱮᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ''ᱯᱤᱥᱟᱝ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ'', ''ᱯᱤᱥᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱱᱫᱩᱠ'' ᱟᱨ ''ᱯᱤᱥᱟᱝ ᱠᱮᱯᱳᱠ'' ᱫᱚ ᱯᱤᱥᱟᱝ ᱜᱳᱨᱮᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱡᱚ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱠᱟᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ''ᱯᱤᱥᱟᱝ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ'' ᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱵᱮᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="All about Pisang Goreng">{{Cite news |url=https://www.indoindians.com/all-about-pisang-goreng/|title=All about Pisang Goreng |last=Fauziah |date=2017-07-07 |work=Indoindians |access-date=2018-06-25|language=en-US}}</ref> ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱵᱮᱴᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱢ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱤᱯ-ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱭ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱤᱥᱟᱝ ᱜᱳᱨᱮᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱴᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱟ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱪᱷᱟᱠᱟᱣ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱮᱴᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ, ᱜᱚᱦᱚᱢ, ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ, ᱴᱮᱯᱤᱭᱳᱠᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱨᱮᱰ ᱠᱨᱟᱢᱵᱽᱥ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱥᱤᱯᱤ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱥᱚ ᱟᱹᱜᱩᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱴᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱬᱠᱚᱲ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱥᱮ [[ᱛᱳᱣᱟ]] ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱱᱤᱞᱟ ᱮᱠᱥᱴᱨᱟᱠᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="allrecipes.asia">{{Cite web|url=http://allrecipes.asia/recipe/668/pisang-goreng--indonesian-banana-fritters-.aspx|title=Pisang Goreng (Indonesian Banana Fritters)|website=allrecipes.asia|language=en|access-date=2018-06-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922132524/http://allrecipes.asia/recipe/668/pisang-goreng--indonesian-banana-fritters-.aspx|archive-date=22 September 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱱᱠᱟ ᱜᱮᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱥᱮ ᱴᱚᱯᱤᱝ ᱵᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱾ ᱮᱱᱦᱚᱸ, ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱯᱷᱤ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ, ᱠᱮᱯᱷᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱥᱴᱩᱨᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ''ᱯᱤᱥᱟᱝ ᱜᱳᱨᱮᱝ'' ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱸᱰᱟᱹ ᱪᱤᱱᱤ, ᱫᱟᱞᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱪᱤᱱᱤ, ᱪᱤᱡᱽ, ᱡᱟᱢ, ᱠᱚᱱᱰᱮᱱᱥᱰ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ, ᱪᱚᱠᱞᱮᱴ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱱᱤᱞᱟ ᱟᱭᱤᱥ ᱠᱨᱤᱢ ᱮᱨ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱵ ᱵᱮᱲᱟ ᱪᱟ ᱥᱮ [[ᱠᱚᱯᱷᱤ]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱱᱮᱠᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ''ᱣᱟᱨᱩᱝ ᱠᱳᱯᱤ'' (ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱯᱷᱤ ᱫᱳᱠᱟᱱ) ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱚᱯᱷᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱪᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ''ᱯᱤᱥᱟᱝ ᱜᱳᱨᱮᱝ'' ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱱᱮᱠᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱯᱷᱨᱤᱴᱟᱨᱥ ᱟᱨ ''ᱠᱩᱭᱮ'' ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱯᱷᱨᱤᱴᱟᱨᱥ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱨᱤᱴᱟᱨᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱮ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Street Food"/> ᱯᱤᱥᱟᱝ ᱜᱳᱨᱮᱝ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ, ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱴᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱰᱤᱯ-ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱭ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱴᱮᱢᱯᱮᱦ, ''ᱢᱮᱱᱰᱳᱣᱟᱱ'', ᱴᱳᱯᱷᱩ (''ᱛᱟᱦᱩ ᱜᱳᱨᱮᱝ''), ᱳᱱᱠᱳᱢ, ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱨᱠᱮᱸᱫᱽ, ᱠᱟᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟ ᱠᱩᱴᱤ, ᱠᱟᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟ ᱴᱟᱯᱟᱭ, ᱴᱮᱯᱤᱭᱳᱠᱟ (''ᱪᱤᱨᱮᱝ''), ᱥᱚᱵᱽᱡᱤ ᱠᱚ (''ᱵᱟᱠᱣᱟᱱ'') ᱟᱨ ᱵᱨᱮᱰᱯᱷᱨᱩᱴ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indoindians.com/gorengan-indonesias-favorite-fried-snacks/|title=Gorengan: Indonesia's Favorite Fried Snacks|last=Fauziah|date=2017-06-02|work=Indoindians|access-date=2018-06-27|language=en-US}}</ref> ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ''ᱯᱤᱥᱟᱝ ᱜᱳᱨᱮᱝ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱥᱤᱯᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ, ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="All about Pisang Goreng"/> [[ᱵᱟᱞᱤ]] ᱨᱮ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ, ''ᱯᱤᱥᱟᱝ ᱜᱳᱨᱮᱝ'' ᱫᱚ ''ᱜᱳᱫᱳᱦ ᱵᱤᱭᱩ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, [[ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱡᱟᱵᱷᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱪᱟᱣ ᱜᱳᱨᱮᱝ'', [[ᱡᱟᱵᱷᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ''ᱜᱮᱫᱷᱟᱝ ᱜᱳᱨᱮᱝ'', ᱥᱤᱵᱳᱞᱜᱟ ᱨᱮ ''ᱯᱤᱥᱟᱝ ᱨᱟᱠᱤᱛ'' ᱟᱨ ᱯᱳᱱᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱᱟᱠ ᱨᱮ ''ᱯᱤᱥᱟᱝ ᱠᱤᱯᱟᱥ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://inforesep.com/resep-pisang-goreng.html|title=Resep Pisang Goreng - InfoReseps.com|work=inforesep.com|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530074250/http://inforesep.com/resep-pisang-goreng.html|archivedate=2013-05-30}}</ref> ''ᱯᱤᱥᱟᱝ ᱜᱳᱨᱮᱝ'' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ''ᱜᱳᱨᱮᱝᱜᱟᱱ'' ᱯᱷᱨᱤᱴᱟᱨᱥ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱡᱤ ᱴᱳᱯᱷᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱮᱢᱯᱮᱦ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱱᱦᱚᱸ, ''ᱯᱤᱥᱟᱝ ᱜᱳᱨᱮᱝ ᱯᱳᱱᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱᱟᱠ'' ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱫᱳᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱠᱮᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱯᱷᱨᱤᱴᱟᱨᱥ ᱜᱮᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://traveling.bisnis.com/read/20180221/223/741463/pisang-goreng-khas-pontianak-makin-banyak-peminat|title=Pisang Goreng Khas Pontianak Makin Banyak Peminat|language = id|website=Bisnis.com|date=21 February 2018 |access-date=2020-02-05}}</ref> ==== ''ᱯᱤᱥᱟᱝ ᱜᱳᱨᱮᱝ'' ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ==== [[File:Pisang Molen.jpg|thumb|upright|''ᱯᱤᱥᱟᱝ ᱢᱳᱞᱮᱱ'']] [[File:Pisang Goreng Sambal Roa Manado.jpg|thumb|upright|''ᱯᱤᱥᱟᱝ ᱜᱳᱨᱮᱝ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱰᱳ'', ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱷᱟᱞ ''ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱟᱞ ᱨᱳᱣᱟ'' ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ]] ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ''ᱯᱤᱥᱟᱝ ᱜᱳᱨᱮᱝ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ: ;''ᱯᱤᱥᱟᱝ ᱜᱳᱨᱮᱝ ᱠᱤᱯᱟᱥ'' ᱥᱮ ''ᱯᱤᱥᱟᱝ ᱜᱳᱨᱮᱝ ᱯᱳᱱᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱᱟᱠ'' : ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱸᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ, ᱵᱮᱴᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱰᱤᱯ-ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ''ᱯᱤᱥᱟᱝ ᱜᱳᱨᱮᱝ ᱯᱳᱱᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱᱟᱠ'' ᱟᱨ ''ᱯᱤᱥᱟᱝ ᱜᱳᱨᱮᱝ ᱠᱤᱯᱟᱥ'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱯᱟᱸᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱟᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="All about Pisang Goreng"/> ;''ᱯᱤᱥᱟᱝ ᱜᱳᱨᱮᱝ ᱯᱟᱥᱤᱨ'' : ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ "ᱜᱤᱛᱤᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱡᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ", ᱵᱮᱴᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱨᱮᱰ ᱠᱨᱟᱢᱵᱽᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱫ ᱜᱩᱸᱰᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱨᱳᱠᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="All about Pisang Goreng"/> ;''ᱯᱤᱥᱟᱝ ᱜᱳᱨᱮᱝ ᱠᱨᱮᱢᱮᱥ'' : ᱡᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱤᱡᱽ ''ᱯᱤᱥᱟᱝ ᱜᱳᱨᱮᱝ ᱠᱨᱮᱢᱮᱥ'' ᱫᱚ ''ᱯᱤᱥᱟᱝ ᱜᱳᱨᱮᱝ ᱯᱟᱥᱤᱨ'' ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱴᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱷᱟᱠᱟᱣ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱮᱴᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ, ᱵᱷᱮᱱᱤᱞᱟ ᱮᱠᱥᱴᱨᱟᱠᱴ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱹᱬᱠᱚᱲ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱤᱯ-ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱭ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱫ ''ᱠᱨᱮᱢᱮᱥ'' ᱫᱟᱱᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ, ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱥᱚ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="All about Pisang Goreng"/> ;''ᱯᱤᱥᱟᱝ ᱜᱳᱨᱮᱝ ᱢᱟᱫᱩ'' : ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ "[[ᱧᱮᱞᱮ]] ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱡᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ", ᱵᱮᱴᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱡᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱢᱮᱞᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽ ᱧᱮᱞᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="All about Pisang Goreng"/> ;''ᱯᱤᱥᱟᱝ ᱢᱳᱞᱮᱱ'' : ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱪᱽ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ, ''ᱯᱤᱥᱟᱝ ᱢᱳᱞᱮᱱ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ "ᱯᱮᱥᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ" ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱴᱟᱨ-ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ ᱯᱤᱥᱟᱝ ᱜᱳᱨᱮᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ''ᱯᱤᱥᱟᱝ ᱢᱳᱞᱮᱱ'' ᱫᱚ ᱪᱷᱟᱠᱟᱣ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱯ-ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱛᱞᱟ ᱯᱮᱥᱴᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱯᱮᱥᱴᱨᱤ ᱪᱟᱢᱲᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱦᱚᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱵᱮᱡ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="All about Pisang Goreng"/> ;''ᱯᱤᱥᱟᱝ ᱪᱳᱠᱮᱞᱟᱴ'' : ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱳ ᱛᱮ ''ᱯᱤᱥᱪᱳᱠ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱛᱞᱟ ᱠᱨᱮᱯ ᱪᱟᱢᱲᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱚᱠᱞᱮᱴ ᱥᱯᱨᱤᱝᱠᱟᱞᱥ ᱥᱮ ᱪᱚᱠᱞᱮᱴ ᱠᱚᱱᱰᱮᱱᱥᱰ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱯᱨᱤᱝ ᱨᱳᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱰᱤᱯ-ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱭ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱳ ''ᱛᱩᱨᱳᱱ'' ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ;''ᱯᱤᱥᱟᱝ ᱮᱢᱵᱟᱞ'' : ''ᱠᱟᱭ ᱯᱤᱥᱟᱝ ᱜᱳᱨᱮᱝ'' ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱴᱟᱨ-ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ''ᱯᱤᱥᱟᱝ ᱜᱳᱨᱮᱝ'' ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱴᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ''ᱮᱢᱵᱟᱞ'' (ᱴᱮᱯᱤᱭᱳᱠᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱟᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟ ᱥᱴᱟᱨᱪ) ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |last1=Stefany |first1=Aprilia |title=Pisang Embal, Sajian Pisang Goreng Khas Kei |date=17 May 2019 |url=https://travelingyuk.com/pisang-embal-kepulauan-kei/201201 |access-date=21 April 2022 |language=Indonesian}}</ref> ;''ᱯᱤᱥᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱜᱮᱴ'' : ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱱᱟᱜᱮᱴ-ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱡᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱫᱚ ''ᱯᱤᱥᱟᱝ ᱜᱳᱨᱮᱝ ᱯᱟᱥᱤᱨ'' ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱨᱮᱰ ᱠᱨᱟᱢᱵᱽᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧᱟ, ᱪᱤᱠᱮᱱ ᱱᱟᱜᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.com/tren/read/2019/12/15/095200765/pisang-nugget-paling-tren-di-pencarian-resep-bagaimana-membuatnya|title=Pisang Nugget Paling Tren di Pencarian Resep, Bagaimana Membuatnya? Halaman all|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|website=KOMPAS.com|date=15 December 2019 |language=id|access-date=2020-02-05}}</ref> ;''ᱯᱤᱥᱟᱝ ᱜᱳᱨᱮᱝ ᱛᱮᱞᱟᱱᱡᱟᱝ'' : ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ "ᱩᱞᱟᱹᱝ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱡᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ", ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱴᱟᱨ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱡᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ ᱵᱟᱴᱟᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱜᱟᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱭᱟ,<ref name="All about Pisang Goreng"/> ᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱤᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱮᱰᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''ᱯᱤᱥᱟᱝ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ'' ᱟᱨ ''ᱯᱤᱥᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱱᱫᱩᱠ'' ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱴᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱡᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ;''ᱯᱤᱥᱟᱝ ᱜᱳᱨᱮᱝ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱰᱳ'' : ''ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱰᱳ ᱯᱤᱥᱟᱝ ᱜᱳᱨᱮᱝ'' ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱴᱟᱨ-ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ''ᱯᱤᱥᱟᱝ ᱜᱳᱨᱮᱝ'' ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱟᱞ ᱨᱳᱣᱟ'' ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱨᱳᱣᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱟᱴᱠᱟ ᱢᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱷᱟᱞ ᱢᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪ ᱯᱮᱥᱴ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="All about Pisang Goreng"/> <gallery class="center" caption="Pisang goreng" widths="190px" heights="170px"> File:Pisang goreng fried banana.JPG|ᱯᱷᱤᱠᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱴᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ''ᱯᱤᱥᱟᱝ ᱜᱳᱨᱮᱝ'' ᱾ File:YosriPisangTandukGoreng.jpg|ᱵᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱴᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ''ᱯᱤᱥᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱱᱫᱩᱠ ᱜᱳᱨᱮᱝ'' ᱾ File:Pisang goreng snack.jpg|ᱰᱤᱥᱠ-ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱮᱯᱮᱴ ''ᱯᱤᱥᱟᱝ ᱜᱳᱨᱮᱝ'' ᱾ File:Pisangcokelat.jpg|''[[ᱯᱤᱥᱪᱳᱠ]]'', ᱪᱚᱠᱞᱮᱴ ᱥᱟᱶ ''ᱯᱤᱥᱟᱝ ᱜᱳᱨᱮᱝ'' </gallery>``` === ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱜᱟᱥᱠᱟᱨ === [[ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱜᱟᱥᱠᱟᱨ]] ᱨᱮ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱢᱳᱯᱷᱳ ᱟᱠᱳᱱᱰᱨᱳ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ—ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱴᱮᱱ—ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱷᱚᱞᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱜ, ᱞᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱵᱮᱴᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱩᱱᱩᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱴᱟᱨ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ, ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱦᱚᱢ ᱥᱮ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ, ᱵᱤᱞᱤ, ᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱥᱤ ᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱱᱤᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱩᱱᱩᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱫ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ, ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱵᱮᱡᱚᱜ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱡᱤᱭᱟ<ref>{{Cite web |last=RASOLONOMENDRAIBE |first=Fabruce |date=2024-10-07 |title=Mofo Akondro, literally banana fritters! |url=https://www.vivytravel.com/mofo-akondro-literally-banana-fritters/ |access-date=2025-08-21 |website=Vivy Travel Madagascar |language=en-US}}</ref> ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱡᱤ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱢᱳᱯᱷᱳ ᱟᱠᱳᱱᱰᱨᱳ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱞᱜᱟ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱫᱳᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱷᱤᱲ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱜᱮᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧᱟ, ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱛᱟᱲᱟᱢ ᱛᱟᱲᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱥᱱᱮᱠᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱾ === ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱟᱯᱩᱨ === [[File:Goreng pisang.jpg|thumb|''ᱯᱤᱥᱟᱝ ᱜᱳᱨᱮᱝ'' ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ]] [[ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱟᱯᱩᱨ]] ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱯᱷᱨᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ [[ᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ''ᱯᱤᱥᱟᱝ ᱜᱳᱨᱮᱝ'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ {{lang|ms|ᱪᱮᱠᱳᱫᱳᱠ ᱯᱤᱥᱟᱝ}} ᱟᱨ {{lang|ms|ᱡᱮᱢᱯᱩᱴ-ᱡᱮᱢᱯᱩᱴ ᱯᱤᱥᱟᱝ}} ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱯᱷᱨᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱴᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱴᱮᱱ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ [[ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ|ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ]] ᱨᱮ ᱰᱤᱯ-ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Goldstein |editor-first=Darra |editor-link=Darra Goldstein |title=The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets |year=2015 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XPNgBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT511 |isbn=978-0-199-31339-6}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱱ ᱵᱮᱲᱟ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱱᱮᱠᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧᱚᱜᱼᱟ,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.travelblissful.com/goreng-pisang-a-street-hawker-delight-in-penang-malaysia/ |title=GORENG PISANG: A STREET HAWKER DELIGHT IN PENANG, MALAYSIA Travel Blissful |work=travelblissful.com|date=15 November 2014 }}</ref> ᱮᱱᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱳᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ, ᱡᱚᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱟᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱠᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Where to find the best goreng pisang in Singapore for the perfect midday snack |url=https://www.lifestyleasia.com/sg/dining/food/best-goreng-pisang-and-fried-bananas-in-singapore/ |website=Lifestyle Asia Singapore |access-date=13 July 2023 |date=8 September 2022}}</ref> ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱳᱦᱳᱨ ᱨᱮ, '''ᱯᱤᱥᱟᱝ ᱜᱳᱨᱮᱝ''' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ '''ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱟᱞ ᱠᱤᱪᱟᱯ''' ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱷᱟᱞ ᱥᱳᱭᱟ ᱥᱚᱥ ᱰᱤᱯ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱡᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱯᱷᱨᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱷᱟᱞ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱮ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2022-07-27 |title=The Best Pisang Goreng you can taste in Johor Bahru |url=https://tourismjohor.my/the-best-pisang-goreng-you-can-taste-in-johor-bahru/ |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=Tourism Johor |language=en}}</ref> === ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ === ᱜᱟᱰᱷᱟ, ᱡᱷᱟᱞ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱥᱚᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱯᱷᱨᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱠᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tate |first=D. J. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8QtIAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Banana+fritter%22+%22Myanmar%22 |title=Tropical Fruit of the Philippines |date=2000 |publisher=Archipelago Press |isbn=978-981-4068-00-0 |language=en}}</ref> === ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱᱥ === [[File:Maruya 01 Philippines.jpg|thumb|right|ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱᱥ ''ᱢᱟᱨᱩᱭᱟ'']] ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱡᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱵᱟ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱳ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''ᱯᱨᱤᱴᱳᱝ ᱥᱟᱜᱤᱝ'' ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱡᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱵᱟ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ (ᱵᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱴᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ) ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱨᱟᱥᱮ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱮᱴᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ''ᱢᱟᱨᱩᱭᱟ'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱮᱵᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱯᱟᱛᱞᱟ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱸᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱱᱦᱚᱸ, ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱳ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱤᱣ ᱟᱨ ''ᱛᱩᱨᱳᱱ'' ᱾ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱤᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱢᱮᱞᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽ ᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱡᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱛᱩ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ; ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ''ᱛᱩᱨᱳᱱ'' ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱡᱤ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ''ᱞᱩᱢᱯᱤᱭᱟ'' ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱨᱮᱯ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱥᱤᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ === ᱥᱩᱨᱤᱱᱟᱢ === [[ᱥᱩᱨᱤᱱᱟᱢ]] ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱱᱮᱠᱥ ᱫᱚ ''ᱵᱟᱠᱟᱵᱟᱱᱟ'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱨᱤᱱᱟᱢᱤᱡᱽ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱡᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ) ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://southamericanfood.about.com/od/appetizersfirstcourses/r/bakabana.htm |title=South American Food |access-date=2021-11-17 |archive-date=2016-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815211433/http://southamericanfood.about.com/od/appetizersfirstcourses/r/bakabana.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> === ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ === [[File:Kluai thot.jpg|thumb|ᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱯᱷᱨᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ]] ''ᱠᱞᱩᱣᱟᱭ ᱠᱷᱮᱠ'' ({{langx|th|กล้วยแขก}}, {{IPA|th|klûa̯j kʰɛ̀ːk|pron}}), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ''ᱠᱞᱩᱣᱟᱭ ᱛᱷᱳᱴ'' ({{lang|th|กล้วยทอด}}, {{IPA|th|klûa̯j tʰɔ̂ːt|}}) ᱦᱚᱸᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱥᱱᱮᱠᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ''ᱠᱞᱩᱣᱟᱭ ᱠᱷᱮᱠ'' ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱡᱤ, ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱛᱤᱞᱢᱤᱧ ᱮᱨ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱫᱳᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱱᱮᱠᱥ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ''ᱠᱷᱟᱱᱳᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱭ ᱱᱳᱠ ᱠᱨᱟᱛᱷᱟ'', ''ᱠᱷᱟᱣ ᱢᱟᱣ ᱛᱷᱳᱴ'', ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱡᱤ ᱥᱟᱨᱩ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱾ ᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ''ᱠᱞᱩᱣᱟᱭ'' ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ "ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ", ᱟᱨ ''ᱠᱷᱮᱠ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ "ᱯᱮᱲᱟ" ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ ᱥᱮ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ — ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱞᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱮᱥᱤᱯᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱷᱨᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ [[ᱵᱮᱝᱠᱚᱠ]] ᱨᱮ ''ᱠᱞᱩᱣᱟᱭ ᱠᱷᱮᱠ'' ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱞᱟᱱ ᱞᱩᱣᱟᱝ ᱪᱷᱚᱠ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱟᱠᱠᱨᱟᱯᱷᱟᱛᱫᱤ ᱯᱷᱳᱝ ᱪᱷᱚᱠ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱳᱢ ᱯᱨᱟᱯ ᱥᱟᱛᱛᱨᱩ ᱯᱷᱟᱭ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱝ ᱞᱳᱭᱮᱝ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ, ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ''ᱠᱞᱩᱣᱟᱭ ᱠᱷᱮᱠ'' ᱫᱳᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱯᱨᱳᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱜᱽ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱲᱟᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱨᱟᱭᱵᱷᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱒᱐᱑᱘ ᱨᱮ, ᱵᱮᱝᱠᱚᱠ ᱢᱮᱴᱨᱳᱯᱳᱞᱤᱴᱟᱱ ᱮᱰᱢᱤᱱᱤᱥᱴᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ (BMA) ᱫᱚ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.khaosodenglish.com/news/bangkok/2018/02/15/bangkok-declares-war-fried-banana-vendors/|work=[[Khao Sod]]|date=2018-02-15|access-date=2019-05-20|title=Bangkok Declares War on Fried Banana Vendors (Again)|first= Asaree|last= Thaitrakulpanich}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.komchadluek.net/news/regional/264118|work=[[Kom Chad Luek]]|date=2017-03-10|access-date=2019-05-20|title=ใครเคยกิน? "กล้วยทอดนางเลิ้ง"|language=th|trans-title=Who ever ate? "Nang Loeng Fried Banana"|first=Chalinee|last=Therasupa}}</ref> === ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ === [[Image:Chuối chiên.JPG|right|thumb|ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢᱤᱡᱽ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱯᱷᱨᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ]] ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢᱤᱡᱽ ᱛᱮ, ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱯᱷᱨᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ''ᱪᱩᱭᱳᱭ ᱪᱤᱭᱮᱱ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ''ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱱᱟ ᱯᱷᱞᱮᱢᱵᱮ'' ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱤᱯ-ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢᱤᱡᱽ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱯᱷᱨᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱢ ᱥᱮ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱩᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |last1=Trang |first1=Corinne |authorlink1=Corinne Trang |date=1999 |title=Authentic Vietnamese Cooking: Food from a Family Table |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1KPlqAmRcbYC&pg=PT231 |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |page=231 |isbn=978-0-684-86444-0}}</ref> == ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ == * [[ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱤᱣ]], ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱡᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱳ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱯ * [[ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱡᱤ ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱴᱮᱱ]], ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱡᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ|ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ]] ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱯ * [[ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ]] *[[ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱪᱤᱯᱥ]] == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{reflist|refs= <ref name="Fodors 2015">{{cite book |title=Fodor's Essential India: with Delhi, Rajasthan, Mumbai & Kerala |publisher=Travel Distribution |series=Full-color Travel Guide |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-101-87868-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Spp5BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT772 |accessdate=January 29, 2017 |page=772}}</ref> }} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱴᱮᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱱᱮᱠᱥ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱱᱮᱠᱥ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱵᱨᱩᱱᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱳ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱟᱯᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢᱤᱡᱽ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱚ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱨᱟᱢᱤᱥ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱵᱟᱨᱢᱤᱡᱽ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱱᱮᱠᱥ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱱᱮᱠᱥ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱩᱨᱤᱱᱟᱢᱤᱡᱽ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱯᱷᱨᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱱᱮᱠᱥ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱨᱟᱢᱤᱥ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱜᱟᱥᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱟᱢᱟᱭᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] 1xjhk49jf8iu7tfp3cogkqpcr6i2fcq 0 37701 196453 196361 2026-08-12T16:53:40Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196453 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox food | image = Malabar Porotta (cropped).jpg | caption = ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ | image_alt = ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱞᱮᱴᱵᱨᱮᱰ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ | alternate_name = ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ, ᱵᱟᱨᱚᱴᱟ | region = [[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ]], [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]], [[ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ]] | type = [[ᱯᱷᱞᱮᱴᱵᱨᱮᱰ]] | main_ingredient = [[ᱢᱚᱭᱫᱟ (ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ)|ᱢᱚᱭᱫᱟ]], ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ, ᱫᱟᱜ, ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ | minor_ingredient = [[ᱵᱤᱞᱤ (ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ)|ᱵᱤᱞᱤ]], [[ᱪᱤᱱᱤ]] | other = | associated_cuisine = [[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]], [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]], [[ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] | variations = [[ᱨᱳᱴᱤ ᱪᱟᱱᱟᱭ]], [[ᱠᱳᱛᱷᱩ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ]] }} '''ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ''' (ᱥᱮ '''ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ''' ) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱞᱮᱴᱵᱨᱮᱰ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱭᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱵᱮᱡ, ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱫ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱴᱟ ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ '''ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ''' (ᱥᱮ '''ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ'''), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱤᱯᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱯᱮᱡ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ '''ᱵᱷᱤᱪᱩ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ''' ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱱ-ᱠᱚᱬ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱸᱡᱽᱟ; '''ᱥᱤᱞᱳᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ''' ᱦᱚᱸ ᱚᱱᱠᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱳᱛᱷᱩ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱩᱴᱤ ᱠᱩᱴᱤ ᱚᱪᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱳᱨᱢᱟ, ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱭ, ᱥᱮ ᱵᱤᱞᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱞᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱞᱮᱴᱵᱨᱮᱰ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱦᱚᱢ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ, ᱨᱮᱥᱴᱩᱨᱮᱱᱴ, ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ, ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱳᱴᱤ ᱪᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ == ''ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ'' ᱫᱚ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ''ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱟ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ ᱾<ref name="Sannith" /> ''ᱵᱟᱨᱚᱴᱟ'' ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ;<ref name="Simon" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ]] ᱨᱚᱲ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ''ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ'' ᱫᱚ [[ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ]] ᱨᱚᱲ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Sannith" /> == ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ == [[File:A Aesthetic Parota making part 1.ogv|thumb|left|thumbtime=7|alt=ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱵᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱯᱟᱛᱞᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱩᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱞᱱᱟ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱮᱯᱮᱡᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾|ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪᱮᱫᱟ ᱾]] ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱭᱫᱟ, ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ, ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ, ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱯᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱦᱚᱸᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱭᱟ ᱾{{sfnm|1a1=Indrani|1a2=Jyothsna Rao|1a3=Udaya Sankar|1a4=Venkateswara Rao|1y=2000|1p=323|2a1=Parimala|2a2=Sudha|2y=2015|2p=76|3a1=Prasada Rao|3a2=Hemalatha|3y=2014|3p=288}} ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱩᱯᱟᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱕ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱐ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱩᱯᱟᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱑.᱕ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒.᱕ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Qarooni|1996|p=89}} ᱢᱚᱭᱫᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱩᱴᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱵᱮᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱮᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱳ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱫ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashok |first=Krish |date=23 October 2020 |title=Masala Lab {{!}} Why maida is not the supervillain of the flour world |url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/food/masala-lab-why-maida-is-not-the-flour-world-villain-111603383026971.html |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}</ref> ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱟ,{{sfn|Qarooni|1996|p=89}} ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱮᱵᱮᱡ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="Nagarajan" /> ᱕ ᱴᱤᱯᱤᱡ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ,{{sfn|Qarooni|1996|p=89}} ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱛᱞᱟ ᱥᱤᱴ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱮᱯᱮᱡᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱸᱡᱽᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Parimala|Sudha|2015|p=77}} ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱩᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱮᱯᱮᱴ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱮᱯᱮᱡᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Parimala|Sudha|2015|p=76}}<ref name="Sannith" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{Convert|15|to|20|cm|in}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ {{Convert|5|to|7.5|mm|in}} ᱢᱚᱴᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ,{{sfn|Haridas Rao|Sai Manohar|2003|p=1035}} ᱥᱮ {{Convert|2|to|3|mm|in}} ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱯᱟᱛᱞᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱣᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱤᱥᱤᱱᱟ,{{sfnm|1a1=Qarooni|1y=1996|1p=89|2a1=Prasada Rao|2a2=Hemalatha|2y=2014|2p=288}} ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱞᱴᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱥᱯᱮᱪᱩᱞᱟ (spatula) ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾<ref name="Simon" /> ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱟᱥᱟᱯᱯᱟ ᱤᱱᱫᱽᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱟᱢ ᱵᱷᱮᱸᱠᱟᱴᱮᱥᱣᱟᱨᱟ ᱨᱟᱣ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ {{Convert|230|C|F|-1}} ᱨᱮ ᱒ ᱴᱤᱯᱤᱡ ᱾{{sfnm|1a1=Indrani|1a2=Venkateswara Rao|1y=2007|1p=71|2a1=Parimala|2a2=Sudha|2y=2015|2p=77}}{{efn|ᱤᱱᱫᱽᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱸᱠᱟᱴᱮᱥᱣᱟᱨᱟ ᱨᱟᱣ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱸᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱨᱮᱥᱤᱯᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱐᱐ ᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ, ᱖᱐ ᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱜ, ᱑᱕ ᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ, ᱑᱐ ᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ, ᱑ ᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ, ᱟᱨ ᱑ ᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ,{{sfnm|1a1=Indrani|1a2=Venkateswara Rao|1y=2011|1p=28|2a1=Parimala|2a2=Sudha|2y=2015|2p=77}} ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱔ ᱴᱤᱯᱤᱡ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱤᱯᱤᱭᱟ, ᱓᱐ ᱴᱤᱯᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱕ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾{{sfnm|1a1=Indrani|1a2=Venkateswara Rao|1y=2007|1p=71|2a1=Parimala|2a2=Sudha|2y=2015|2p=77}}}} ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱤ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name="Simon" /> {{Gallery | title=ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | width=180 | height=120 | File:മൈദ 6xv .jpg|alt1=ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱜᱩᱞᱤ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ ᱾|ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱢᱚᱭᱫᱟ (ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ)|ᱢᱚᱭᱫᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ | File:Round spiralled ball of dough.jpg|alt2=ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱜᱩᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾|ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ ᱜᱩᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱫ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩᱭᱟ ᱾ | File:Parotta (deep fried) in making in Tuticorin district JEG2827.JPG|alt3=ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱪᱮᱯᱮᱴ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾|ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱯᱮᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱮᱯᱮᱡᱟ ᱾ | Kerala Porotta making 02 (cropped).jpg|alt4=ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱛᱟᱣᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱨᱟᱣᱩᱱ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱮᱦᱚᱵᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾|ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱤᱥᱤᱱᱟ ᱾ }} ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱛᱞᱟ, ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱫ,<ref name="Nagarajan" /> ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱨᱤᱢ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱵᱨᱟᱣᱩᱱ ᱫᱟᱜᱽ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾{{sfnm|1a1=Parimala|1a2=Sudha|1y=2015|1p=76|2a1=Prasada Rao|2a2=Hemalatha|2y=2014|2p=289}} ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱵᱮᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱮᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱣᱩᱛᱷᱯᱷᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱵᱮᱡ ᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹᱣᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱛᱚᱜᱚᱡ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfnm|1a1=Indrani|1a2=Venkateswara Rao|1y=2011|1p=28|2a1=Parimala|2a2=Sudha|2y=2015|2pp=76–77}} ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ-ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱟᱱ, ᱵᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱯᱷᱞᱮᱴᱵᱨᱮᱰ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Prasada Rao|Hemalatha|2014|p=288}} ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱞᱮᱴᱵᱨᱮᱰ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Prabhasankar|Indrani|Jyotsna|Venkateswara Rao|2004|p=2131}} ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱭᱫᱟ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱴᱟ (ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱜᱚᱦᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ) ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Prasada Rao|Hemalatha|2014|p=288}}<ref name="Ghose">{{Cite web |last=Ghose |first=Sandip |date=2023-08-27 |title=Paratha, parotta, prata: How a humble flatbread went global |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/web-only/2023/Aug/19/paratha-parotta-prata-how-a-humble-flatbread-went-global-2606881.html |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱟᱹᱜᱩᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱮᱴ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="Pillai" /> ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱳ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱭ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ,{{sfn|Mir|Shah|2018|p=93}} ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Pillai" /> {{Multiple image | total_width = 270 | image1 = Parotta Beef-a local restaurant-Kerala (cropped).jpg | alt1 = ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱵᱨᱟᱣᱩᱱ ᱡᱤᱞ | image2 = Soru from south India parotta salna (cropped).jpg | alt2 = ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱨᱟᱜ, ᱨᱟᱥᱮ ᱟᱱ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱾ | footer = ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱯᱷ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱭ|ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱭ]] (ᱞᱮᱸᱜᱟ) ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱨᱮ [[ᱥᱟᱞᱱᱟ (ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ)|ᱥᱟᱞᱱᱟ]] (ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ) ᱾ }} ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Harikumar" /><ref name="Shrikumar" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱨᱟᱢᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱥᱮ ᱨᱳᱥᱴ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Pant|2013|p=32}}<ref name="Outlook India-2023" /> ᱠᱳᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Pant|2013|p=32}} ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱡᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref name="Ghose" /><ref name="Outlook India-2023" /> ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱢ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱩᱛᱩ,<ref name="Simon" /><ref name="Pillai" /> ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱱᱤᱨᱟᱢᱤᱥ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱚᱵᱽᱡᱤ ᱠᱳᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱟᱫᱟᱞᱟ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Simon" /> ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱥᱟᱞᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱚᱸᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱞᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱥᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱢ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱮᱨᱚᱢ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱥᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱟ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ;<ref name="Sannith" /><ref name="Outlook India-2023" /> ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱞᱱᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Pillai" /> ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱞᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱡᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref name="Sannith" /> ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ [[ᱢᱟᱫᱩᱨᱟᱭ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱥᱴᱩᱨᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱾<ref name="Sukanya" /> ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ, ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱪᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Pant|2013|p=32}} ᱨᱮᱥᱴᱩᱨᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Tirpude|Singh|2025|p=81}}<ref name="Sukanya" /> == ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ == {{Multiple image |perrow=2 |total_width=300 |image1=Porotta 04.jpg |alt1=ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ, ᱜᱩᱴᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱞᱮᱴᱵᱨᱮᱰ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱨᱟᱣᱩᱱ ᱫᱟᱜᱽ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ |caption1=ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ |image2=Veechu Rotti.jpg |alt2=ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱵᱷᱟᱸᱡᱽ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱩᱱ-ᱠᱚᱬ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱾ ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱥᱤᱱᱚᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱸᱡᱽ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ |caption2=ᱵᱷᱤᱪᱩ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱱ-ᱠᱚᱬ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱸᱡᱽᱟ ᱾ |image3=Veg Kothu Parotta served in Tamil Nadu (cropped).JPG |alt3=ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱵᱽᱡᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱟᱢᱚᱪ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ |caption3=[[ᱠᱳᱛᱷᱩ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ]] ᱫᱚ ᱚᱪᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ |image4=Pearl City's Poricha (Fried) Parotta with Mutton Saalna (cropped).jpg |alt4=ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱫ ᱵᱨᱟᱣᱩᱱᱤᱝ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ |caption4={{lang|ta-Latn|ᱯᱳᱨᱤᱪᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ}} ᱫᱚ ᱰᱤᱯ-ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱭ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ |image5=Bun Parotta-2-Rasipuram-namakkal-India.jpg |alt5=ᱨᱩᱴᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱢᱚᱴᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱵᱨᱟᱣᱩᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ |caption5=ᱵᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱵᱟᱱ (ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ)|ᱵᱟᱱ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ |image6=Coin porotta (cropped).jpg |alt6=ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ, ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ |caption6=ᱠᱚᱭᱮᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱪᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ |image7=Nool porotta (cropped).jpg |alt7=ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱨ ᱚᱪᱚᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱵᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ |caption7={{lang|ml-Latn|ᱱᱩᱞ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ}} ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱛᱟᱹᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ |image8=Beef Kizhi Porotta.jpg |alt8=ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱾ |caption8={{lang|ml-Latn|ᱠᱤᱡᱷᱤ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ}} ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱵᱮᱜᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱯ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱤᱥᱤᱱᱟ ᱾ }} [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ (ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ) ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱥᱤᱯᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱮᱯᱮᱡ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Ghose" /><ref name="Outlook India-2023" /> ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ, ᱛᱳᱣᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Simon">{{Cite news |last=Simon |first=Steni |date=11 November 2022 |title=We love parotta |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2022/Nov/11/we-love-parotta-2517387.html |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> ᱱᱟᱨᱠᱚᱲ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Sannith" /> ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="Outlook India-2023">{{Cite web |date=2023-01-27 |title=A Taste of Kerala: The Malabar Parotta |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/travel/a-taste-of-kerala-the-malabar-parotta-news-203829 |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=[[Outlook India]] |language=en}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱪᱷᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱴᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Ghose" /><ref name="Outlook India-2023" /> ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱫᱩᱨᱟᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱰᱷᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="Sukanya">{{Cite news |last=Sukanya |first=Indumathy |date=5 December 2022 |title=Have you tasted the legendary parottas of Madurai? |url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/food/have-you-tasted-the-legendary-parottas-of-madurai-111670223368025.html |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}</ref> ᱵᱷᱤᱪᱩ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱛᱞᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱱ-ᱠᱚᱬ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱸᱡᱽᱟ,<ref name="Ghose" /> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ,<ref name="Simon" /> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱪᱟᱯᱟᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Sukanya" /> ᱥᱤᱞᱳᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱪᱩ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱸᱰᱟᱹ ᱡᱤᱞ<ref name="Ghose" /> ᱥᱮ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱞᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Sukanya" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ (ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱞᱳᱱ) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱪᱮᱱᱱᱟᱭ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱩᱦᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱥᱴᱩᱨᱮᱱᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱞᱳᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱨᱚᱢ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱢᱲᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Sannith" /> ᱠᱳᱛᱷᱩ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ({{translation|ᱜᱩᱸᱰᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ}})<ref name="Simon" /> ᱫᱚ ᱠᱩᱴᱤ ᱠᱩᱴᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱪᱚᱜᱟ; ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱞ, ᱵᱤᱞᱤ, ᱥᱚᱵᱽᱡᱤ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱮᱭᱟᱸᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Nagarajan" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref name="Simon" /> ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Pillai" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾<ref name="Nagarajan" /> ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Nagarajan" /><ref name="Ghose" /> {{lang|ta-Latn|ᱯᱳᱨᱤᱪᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ}}, ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷᱩᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱩᱯ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱩᱜᱟᱹᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱰᱤᱯ-ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱭ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ; ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Nagarajan" /><ref name="Sukanya" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱱᱟ [[ᱫᱟᱹᱞ]] ᱥᱮ ᱟᱞᱩ ᱥᱚᱵᱽᱡᱤ ᱮᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Nagarajan" /> ᱢᱟᱫᱩᱨᱟᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱵᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ, ᱛᱳᱣᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱛᱞᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱯᱟᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱵᱮᱡ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Nagarajan" /><ref name="Sukanya" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾<ref name="Ghose" /> ᱠᱚᱭᱮᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱚᱪᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ—ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ {{Convert|2|cm|in|0}} ᱜᱟᱱ<ref name="Nagarajan" />—ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱾<ref name="Simon" /> ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ, {{lang|ml-Latn|ᱪᱟᱴᱴᱤ ᱯᱟᱞ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ}} ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱨᱠᱚᱲ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱡᱩ, ᱠᱤᱥᱢᱤᱥ, ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱡᱤ ᱯᱮᱭᱟᱸᱡᱽ ᱮᱨ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ; ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ [[ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ]] ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱯ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱤᱥᱤᱱᱟ ᱾ {{lang|ml-Latn|ᱠᱤᱡᱷᱤ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ}} ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱵᱮᱜᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱯ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱤᱥᱤᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Nagarajan" /> {{lang|ml-Latn|ᱠᱤᱡᱷᱤ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ}} ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{lang|ml-Latn|ᱛᱷᱩᱠᱠᱩ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ}} ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Simon" /> ᱢᱟᱫᱩᱨᱟᱭ ᱨᱮ, {{lang|ml-Latn|ᱠᱤᱡᱷᱤ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ}} ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name="Sukanya" /> ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ {{lang|ml-Latn|ᱱᱩᱞ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ}}, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱫ, ᱥᱩᱛᱟᱹᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ (translucent) ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="Nagarajan" /> ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Pillai" /> ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱯ, ᱨᱳᱴᱤ ᱪᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ,<ref name="Kirch">{{Cite web |last=Kirch |first=John |date=31 July 2009 |title=Roti Canai - Kuala Lumpur takes a flatbread to new heights |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124893513501192849 |access-date=27 October 2024 |website=Wall Street Journal}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱫ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Sannith" /> ᱛᱨᱤᱱᱤᱫᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱳᱵᱟᱜᱳ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱥ-ᱟᱯ-ᱥᱟᱴ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Pillai" /> == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱠᱚ == [[File:An image of Parotta.jpg|thumb|alt=ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱩᱠᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ, ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱞᱮᱴᱵᱨᱮᱰ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱨᱟᱣᱩᱱ ᱫᱟᱜᱽ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾|ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱞᱩᱴᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾]] ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱱᱥᱳᱨᱤ (sensory) ᱜᱩᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱥᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱥ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ, ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ, ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱛᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Parimala|Sudha|2015|p=77}} ᱤᱱᱫᱽᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱸᱠᱟᱴᱮᱥᱣᱟᱨᱟ ᱨᱟᱣ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱞᱟᱥᱴᱤᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱥᱠᱳᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Indrani|Venkateswara Rao|2007|p=105}} ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱤᱦᱤ ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱵᱮᱡ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Sakhare|Inamdar|Soumya|Indrani|2014|p=4113}} ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱢᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱱᱥᱳᱨᱤ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,{{sfnm|1a1=Indrani|1a2=Venkateswara Rao|1y=2000|1p=881|2a1=Parimala|2a2=Sudha|2y=2015|2p=77|3a1=Prasada Rao|3a2=Hemalatha|3y=2014|3p=289}} ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱚᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱮᱢᱟᱭ ᱾{{sfn|Prabhasankar|Indrani|Rajiv|Venkateswara Rao|2003|p=607}} ᱜᱞᱩᱴᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱢᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱥᱴᱟᱨᱪ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱢᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱜᱽ ᱟᱱ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Parimala|Sudha|2015|p=77}} ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱥᱴᱟᱨᱪ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡᱚᱜ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfnm|1a1=Prabhasankar|1a2=Indrani|1a3=Rajiv|1a4=Venkateswara Rao|1y=2003|1p=Prabhasankar|2a1=Indrani|2a2=Jyotsna|2a3=Venkateswara Rao|2y=2004|2p=2132}} ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱰᱤᱴᱤᱵᱷᱥ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Parimala|Sudha|2015|p=78}} ᱮᱱᱡᱟᱭᱤᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱭᱞᱟᱱᱮᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱤᱭᱮᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱩᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾{{sfnm|1a1=Prabhasankar|1a2=Indrani|1a3=Jyotsna|1a4=Venkateswara Rao|1y=2004|1p=2133|2a1=Prasada Rao|2a2=Hemalatha|2y=2014|2p=289}} ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱴᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱢᱟᱨᱮᱜ ᱮᱦᱚᱵᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱵᱮᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Indrani|Venkateswara Rao|2011|p=35}} ᱦᱟᱭᱰᱨᱳᱠᱚᱞᱳᱭᱮᱰᱥ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Fadda|Sanguinetti|Del Caro|Collar|2014|p=477}} ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱲ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱾{{sfnm|1a1=Parimala|1a2=Sudha|1y=2015|1p=77|2a1=Prasada Rao|2a2=Hemalatha|2y=2014|2p=289}} == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ-ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱥ ᱫᱟᱞᱟᱞ ᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱫᱟᱜ-ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱡᱽ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Nagarajan" /><ref name="Ghose" /> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ,<ref name="Nagarajan" /><ref name="Pillai" /> ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱦᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱪᱟᱥᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱦᱚᱢ-ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱴᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ ᱾<ref name="Nagarajan" /><ref name="Outlook India-2023" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ, ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱾<ref name="Ghose" /> ᱫᱟᱞᱟᱞ ᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ, ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱟᱹᱣ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹᱣᱜᱼᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Pillai" /> ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ, ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱤᱨᱢᱤᱴᱤᱭᱟ ᱢᱩᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱳᱴᱤ ᱪᱟᱱᱟᱭ—ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱱᱱᱟᱭ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ—ᱥᱮ ᱨᱳᱴᱤ ᱯᱨᱟᱴᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Ghose" /><ref name="Kirch" /> ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱦᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱤᱫᱤᱭᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ-ᱡᱚᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱒᱐ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱴᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Parimala|Sudha|2015|p=76}} ᱟᱠᱟᱞ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱢᱟᱫᱩᱨᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷᱩᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱮᱱᱟ; ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱥᱛᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱫᱩᱨᱟᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱳᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱕᱐ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Shrikumar" /> ᱠᱳᱛᱷᱩ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱫᱩᱨᱟᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱾<ref name="Nagarajan" /> ᱠᱚᱭᱮᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙ᱰ᱐ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱩᱴᱤᱠᱳᱨᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱤᱞᱳᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱩᱴᱤᱠᱳᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱞᱳᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Sannith" /> ᱵᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱙᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱫᱩᱨᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱠᱟᱫᱟᱭ ᱨᱮᱥᱴᱩᱨᱮᱱᱴ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Sukanya" /> {{lang|ml-Latn|ᱱᱩᱞ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ}} ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱯᱷ ᱥᱩᱨᱮᱥ ᱯᱤᱞᱞᱟᱭ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱟᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱨᱤᱞᱥ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱯᱳᱥᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱷ ᱞᱟᱠᱷ ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱩᱡᱽ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="Nagarajan" /> ᱒᱐᱒᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱳᱵᱷᱤᱰ-᱑᱙ ᱞᱚᱠᱰᱟᱣᱩᱱ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱥᱴᱩᱨᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Kanth">{{Cite news |last=Kanth |first=Ajay |date=14 June 2020 |title=Porotta in huge demand as dine-in services pick up |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/Jun/14/porotta-in-huge-demand-as-dine-in-services-pick-up-2156312.html |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱜᱮ, ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱚᱛᱷᱚᱨᱤᱴᱤ ᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱮᱰᱵᱷᱟᱱᱥ ᱨᱩᱞᱤᱝ ᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱲ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱨᱩᱴᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱴᱮᱠᱥ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱲ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱨᱳᱫᱷ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱵᱮ-ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱱᱤᱥᱟᱱᱟ ᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ #handsofparotta ᱦᱮᱥᱴᱮᱜᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱨᱮᱱᱰ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Pillai">{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Pooja |date=18 June 2020 |title=Meet the parotta – the Kerala flatbread that attracts more GST than North Indian roti |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/parotta-kerala-more-gst-than-roti-6457742/ |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref name="Harikumar">{{Cite news |last=Harikumar |first=J. S. |date=24 June 2020 |title=#handsoffporotta... Why Malayalis are up in arms against a GST ruling on their favourite parotta |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/handsoffporotta-why-malayalis-are-up-in-arms-against-a-gst-ruling-on-their-favourite-porotta/article31833264.ece |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> == ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ == [[File:Barotta stall.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱫᱳᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ, ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱜᱨᱤᱞ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟᱭ ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱾|ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾]] ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,{{sfn|Parimala|Sudha|2015|p=76}} ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱦᱤᱨ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Sannith">{{Cite web |last=Sannith |first=Jude |date=2020-07-17 |title=How the parotta became South India's favourite flatbread - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/buzz/how-the-parotta-became-south-indias-favourite-flatbread-6366721.htm |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=[[CNBC TV18]]}}</ref> ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Nagarajan">{{Cite news |last=Nagarajan |first=Saraswathy |date=2024-01-05 |title=Kerala's signature dish, the Porotta, from Kanhangad to Kaliyikkavila |url=https://www.thehindu.com/food/features/experience-the-layered-story-of-keralas-signature-dish-the-porotta-from-kanhangad-to-kaliyikkavila/article67557335.ece |access-date=2024-10-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱚᱦᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfnm|1a1=Indrani|1a2=Jyothsna Rao|1a3=Udaya Sankar|1a4=Venkateswara Rao|1y=2000|1p=323|2a1=Parimala|2a2=Sudha|2y=2015|2p=76}} ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱩᱴᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ, ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱟᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="Nagarajan" /> ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Outlook India-2023" /> ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮ-ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱷᱟᱴᱴᱩᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="Nagarajan" /> ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱳᱛᱷᱩ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱫᱩᱨᱟᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{lang|ta-Latn|ᱨᱳᱣᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱠᱟᱫᱟᱭ}} ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Sannith" /> ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱟ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ, ᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱫᱳᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Outlook India-2023" /> ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Indrani|Jyothsna Rao|Udaya Sankar|Venkateswara Rao|2000|p=324}} ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱲ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱲ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Parimala|Sudha|2015|p=79}} ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱥᱴᱩᱨᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Indrani|Jyothsna Rao|Udaya Sankar|Venkateswara Rao|2000|p=324}} ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱮᱠᱮᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱮ ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ—ᱢᱟᱫᱩᱨᱟᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱢᱟᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ<ref name="Sukanya" />—ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱯᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name="Nagarajan" /> {{As of|2020}}, ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱥᱴᱩᱨᱮᱱᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱑᱐᱐ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱑,᱐᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Kanth" /> {{As of|2022}}, ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱮᱞᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱤ ᱮᱯ ᱥᱩᱭᱤᱜᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱚᱨᱰᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Anilkumar">{{Cite news |last=Anilkumar |first=T. |date=28 December 2022 |title=Porotta is king in 2022, overtakes biriyani, idiyappam in online orders |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2022/Dec/29/porotta-is-king-in-2022-overtakes-biriyani-idiyappam-in-online-orders-2532655.html |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> ᱢᱟᱫᱩᱨᱟᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱕᱐ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱫᱩᱨᱟᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱥᱴᱩᱨᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱤᱡᱷᱤ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱾<ref name="Sukanya" /> ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱥᱮᱯᱷ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ {{lang|zh-Latn|ᱤᱱᱰᱩ ᱥᱩᱭᱤ ᱵᱤᱝ}} ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ananth |first=M. K. |date=8 July 2020 |title=Why these Indian Parotta Makers Want to Return to China |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/why-these-indian-parotta-makers-want-to-return-to-china/articleshow/74113505.cms |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=[[Times of India]] |agency=[[Times News Network]]}}</ref> ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="Nagarajan" /> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱯᱱᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ "ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ" ᱾<ref name="Anilkumar" /> ᱵᱤ.ᱵᱤ.ᱥᱤ. ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱒᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="Nagarajan" /> ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟᱱ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref name="Ghose" /> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ ᱾<ref name="Pillai" /> ᱥᱟᱞᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱫᱩᱨᱟᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ, ᱠᱚᱢᱮᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱩᱨᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱩᱯᱱᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ''ᱵᱷᱮᱱᱱᱤᱞᱟ ᱠᱟᱵᱟᱰᱤ ᱠᱩᱡᱷᱩ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ "ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱥᱩᱨᱤ" ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Shrikumar">{{Cite news |last=Shrikumar |first=A. |date=12 April 2018 |title=Three cheers for Salna |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/parottas-without-the-flavoursome-salna-is-an-incomplete-meal-a-look-at-the-history-and-evolution-of-the-popular-street-food-that-locals-are-addicted-to/article23513533.ece |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> == ᱱᱳᱴᱥ == {{notelist}} == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ == {{Reflist}} === ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ === {{refbegin}} * {{Cite journal |last=Fadda |first=C. |last2=Sanguinetti |first2=A. M. |last3=Del Caro |first3=A. |last4=Collar |first4=C. |last5=Piga |first5=A. |date=July 2014 |title=Bread Staling: Updating the View |journal=Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=473–492 |doi=10.1111/1541-4337.12064 |issn=1541-4337|hdl=10261/137948 |hdl-access=free }} * {{Cite book |last=Haridas Rao |first=P. |title=Chapatis and Related Products |last2=Sai Manohar |first2=R. |publisher=[[Academic Press]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-12-227055-0 |editor-last=Caballero |editor-first=Benjamin |edition=2nd |pages=1033–1044}} * {{Cite journal |last=Indrani |first=D. |last2=Jyothsna Rao |first2=S. |last3=Udaya Sankar |first3=K. |last4=Venkateswara Rao |first4=G. |date=June 2000 |title=Changes in the physical-chemical and organoleptic characteristics of parotta during storage |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_food-research-international_2000_33_5/page/323 |journal=[[Food Research International]] |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=323–329 |doi=10.1016/S0963-9969(00)00025-9}} * {{Cite journal |last=Indrani |first=D. |last2=Venkateswara Rao |first2=G. |date=January 2000 |title=Effect of chemical composition of wheat flour and functional properties of dough on the quality of south Indian parotta |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_food-research-international_2000_33_10/page/875 |journal=[[Food Research International]] |volume=33 |issue=10 |pages=875–881 |doi=10.1016/S0963-9969(00)00117-4}} * {{Cite journal |last=Indrani |first=D. |last2=Venkateswara Rao |first2=G. |date=March 2007 |title=Rheological characteristics of wheat flour dough as influenced by ingredients of parotta |journal=[[Journal of Food Engineering]] |volume=79 |issue=1 |pages=100–105 |doi=10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2006.01.033}} * {{Cite book |last1=Indrani |first1=Dasappa |last2=Venkateswara Rao |first2=Gandham |chapter=South Indian Parotta: An Unleavened Flat Bread |date=2011 |title=Flour and Breads and their Fortification in Health and Disease Prevention |url=https://archive.org/details/flourbreadstheir0000unse |pages=[https://archive.org/details/flourbreadstheir0000unse/page/27 27]–36 |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-380886-8.10003-0 |isbn=978-0-12-380886-8 |editor1-last=Preedy |editor1-first=Victor R. |editor2-last=Watson |editor2-first=Ronald Ross |editor3-last=Patel |editor3-first=Vinood B.}} * {{Cite book |last=Mir |first=Shabir Ahmad |title=Encyclopedia of Food Chemistry |last2=Shah |first2=Manzoor Ahmad |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-12-814045-1 |chapter=Indian Flatbreads: How Structure Influences Properties |pages=90–95 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-08-100596-5.21697-1}} * {{Cite book |last=Qarooni |first=Jalal |chapter=Flat Breads |year=1996 |title=Flat Bread Technology |pages=67–119 |place=Boston |publisher=[[Springer US]] |doi=10.1007/978-1-4613-1175-1_4 |isbn=978-1-4612-8498-7}} * {{Cite journal |last=Pant |first=Pushpesh |date=2013 |title=India: Food and the Making of the Nation |journal=India International Centre Quarterly |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=1–34 |issn=0376-9771 |jstor=24393273}} * {{Cite journal |last=Parimala |first=K. R. |last2=Sudha |first2=M. L. |date=2015-01-02 |title=Wheat-Based Traditional Flat Breads of India |journal=[[Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition]] |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=67–81 |doi=10.1080/10408398.2011.647121 |issn=1040-8398}} * {{Cite journal |last=Prabhasankar |first=P. |last2=Indrani |first2=D. |last3=Jyotsna |first3=R. |last4=Venkateswara Rao |first4=G. |date=December 2004 |title=Influence of enzymes on rheological, microstructure and quality characteristics of parotta—an unleavened Indian flat bread |journal=[[Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture]] |volume=84 |issue=15 |pages=2128–2134 |doi=10.1002/jsfa.1927 |issn=0022-5142}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Prabhasankar |first1=P. |last2=Indrani |first2=D. |last3=Jyotsna |first3=Rajiv |last4=Venkateswara Rao |first4=G. |date=September 2003 |title=Scanning electron microscopic and electrophoretic studies of the baking process of south Indian parotta—an unleavened flat bread |url=https://archive.org/details/food-chemistry_2003-09_82_4/page/603 |journal=[[Food Chemistry (journal)|Food Chemistry]] |volume=82 |issue=4 |pages=603–609 |doi=10.1016/S0308-8146(03)00017-7}} * {{Cite book |last=Prasada Rao |first=U. J. S. |chapter=Enzymes |date=2014-07-11 |title=Bakery Products Science and Technology |pages=275–294 |editor-last=Zhou |editor-first=Weibiao |edition=1 |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |doi=10.1002/9781118792001.ch15 |isbn=978-1-119-96715-6 |last2=Hemalatha |first2=M. S. |editor2-last=Hui |editor2-first=Y. H. |editor3-last=De Leyn |editor3-first=I. |editor4-last=Pagani |editor4-first=M. A.}} * {{Cite journal |last=Sakhare |first=Suresh D. |last2=Inamdar |first2=Aashitosh A. |last3=Soumya |first3=C. |last4=Indrani |first4=D. |last5=Venkateswara Rao |first5=G. |date=December 2014 |title=Effect of flour particle size on microstructural, rheological and physico-sensory characteristics of bread and south Indian parotta |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4252461/ |journal=[[Journal of Food Science and Technology]] |volume=51 |issue=12 |pages=4108–4113 |doi=10.1007/s13197-013-0939-5 |doi-access=free |issn=0022-1155 |pmc=4252461 |pmid=25477689}} * {{Cite journal |last=Tirpude |first=Rahul |last2=Singh |first2=Sumer |date=July 2025 |title=A Comprehensive Study of use of Plant Leaves in Product Packaging |journal=Journal of Packaging Technology and Research |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=77–86 |doi=10.1007/s41783-025-00184-7 |issn=2520-1034}} {{refend}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ == {{commons category|Parotta}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱟ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱩᱴᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱜᱚᱦᱚᱢ ᱨᱩᱴᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱴᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱢᱟᱫᱩᱨᱟᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ]] 3i1328aulkv5lg9glyss8flrypv2dmf 0 37704 196654 196428 2026-08-12T20:08:29Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260812)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196654 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Martial art | image = Kalari Pattu.jpg | imagecaption = | name = ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ | aka = ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ, ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ, ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴ<ref name=BlackBelt/> | focus = [[ᱦᱟᱭᱵᱨᱤᱰ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ|ᱦᱟᱭᱵᱨᱤᱰ]] | hardness = [[ᱯᱷᱩᱞ-ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱟᱠᱴ]], [[ᱥᱮᱢᱤ-ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱟᱠᱴ]] | country = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] | creator = [[ᱯᱚᱨᱥᱩᱨᱟᱢ]] (ᱞᱮᱡᱮᱱᱰ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ){{refn|group=note|name="Parashurama"}} | formation = | famous pract = [[ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ|ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] | parenthood = | descendant arts = | olympic = ᱵᱟᱝ | meaning = "ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ" }} {{Hinduism |schools}} '''ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ''' ({{IPA|ml|kɐɭɐɾipːɐjɐtːɨ̆|lang}}), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ '''ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ''' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱑-᱑᱒ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ CE ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="KK" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=P. C.|first=Anaswara|date=16 June 2018|title=Meet Gangadharan, First Indian With A PhD On Kalaripayattu Who Later Became A Practitioner Too|work=[[Outlook India]]|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/gangadharans-is-a-curious-cv-theorist-practitioner-of-kalaripayattu/312572|access-date=10 October 2021}}</ref> == ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ == ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱑-᱑᱒ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ {{lang|ml-Latn|Kalaripayattu}} ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ – {{lang|ml-Latn|[[ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ]]}} (ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱥᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ) ᱟᱨ {{lang|ml-Latn|ᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ}} (ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ "ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ" ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ {{lang|ml-Latn|Kalari}} ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱥᱮ [[ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ]] ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ {{lang|ml-Latn|Khaloorika}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱠᱛᱤ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱮᱵᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱟᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="EK">{{Cite journal|last=S|first=Sreenath|date=2017|title=Effect of Kalaripayattu on physical fitness variables among college students|url=https://www.kheljournal.com/archives/2017/vol4issue4/PartG/4-4-23-934.pdf|journal=International Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Health|volume=4|pages=1–7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=T. Sreedharan Nair |first= Chirakkal |author-link= |title=Kalarippayattu: The Complete Guide to Kerala's Ancient Martial Art |year=2015 |url=https://archive.org/details/kalarippayattuco0000nair |location= |publisher= |page= |isbn=9789384030513}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=John |first=Shaji K. |date=2011 |title=Kalarippayattu: The Martial and healing art of Kerala |url=https://ia600303.us.archive.org/33/items/Kalarippayattu/Kalarippayattuebook.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Devi |first=Thanooja |date=November 2020 |title=THE KALARI, GYMNASIUM OF KERALA |url=https://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2011253.pdf}}</ref> ''ᱠᱟᱢᱤᱠᱟ ᱟᱜᱟᱢᱟ'' ᱕ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ CE ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱥᱟᱭᱵᱷᱟ ᱟᱜᱟᱢᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, {{lang|sa-Latn|ᱠᱷᱟᱞᱩᱨᱤᱠᱟ}} ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofh07achauoft/page/186/mode/2up?view=theater | title=An encyclopaedia of Hindu architecture | date=1946 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/kamika-agama-purva-pada-part-1 | title=Kamika Agama – Purva Pada (Shaivite Hindu Text) }}</ref> == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == === ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱡᱮᱱᱰ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ === ᱞᱮᱡᱮᱱᱰ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱯᱚᱨᱥᱩᱨᱟᱢ, ᱵᱤᱥᱱᱩ ᱟᱜ ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱚᱛᱟᱨ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱵᱟᱥᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾{{refn|group=note|name="Parashurama"}} ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱥᱩᱨᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱑᱐᱘ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱜᱮᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱭᱟ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱒᱑ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱜᱩᱨᱩ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱾{{sfnp|Shaji|2011|p=4}} ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱡᱮᱱᱰ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱟᱭᱭᱟᱯᱯᱟ, ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ, ᱢᱩᱦᱟᱢᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱨᱟᱯᱯᱟᱱᱪᱤᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱮ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2015/jan/24/in-memory-of-a-warrior-deity-709189.html | title=In Memory of a Warrior Deity | date=24 January 2015 }}</ref> === ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ === ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯ ᱡᱟᱨᱨᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱥᱟᱝᱜᱟᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ (᱖᱐᱐ BCE – ᱓᱐᱐ CE) ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱨᱟᱵᱤᱲᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱫᱷᱟᱱᱩᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱫᱤᱠ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾{{sfnp|Zarrilli|1994}} ᱥᱟᱝᱜᱟᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭᱤᱡ ᱜᱮ ᱴᱟᱨᱜᱮᱴ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ, ᱥᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱫᱮᱡᱚᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name="Subramanian, N. 1966">Subramanian, N. (1966). ''[[iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.111129|Sangam polity]]''. Bombay: Asian Publishing House – via Internet Archive.</ref> ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱟ (''ᱵᱷᱮᱞ''), ᱛᱟᱨᱣᱟᱲᱮ (''ᱵᱷᱟᱞ''), ᱰᱷᱟᱞ (''ᱠᱮᱰᱟᱦᱟᱢ''), ᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨ (''ᱵᱷᱤᱞ ᱟᱢᱵᱩ'') ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<!--Language? Except for 'spear' these are similar to the Tamil words--> === ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ (c. ᱑᱑᱐᱐ CE – c. ᱑᱕᱐᱐ CE)=== ᱡᱟᱨᱨᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱫᱚ CE "ᱠᱚᱢ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ" ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾{{sfnp|Zarrilli|1994}} ᱑᱑ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱨᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱴᱷᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱳᱞᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱴᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱨᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱴᱷᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱮᱞᱟᱢᱠᱩᱞᱟᱢ ᱠᱩᱱᱡᱟᱱ ᱯᱤᱞᱞᱟᱭ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾{{sfnp|Zarrilli|1994}} ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱮ. ᱥᱨᱤᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱚᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱤᱭᱩᱰᱟᱞ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ, ᱜᱩᱴ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱯᱟᱨᱴᱟᱱ-ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱤᱥᱤᱯᱞᱤᱱ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱭ ᱮᱢᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾{{sfnp|Menon|2011|p=82}} ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ''ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ'' ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ''ᱵᱷᱚᱜᱚᱵᱚᱛᱤ'' ᱥᱮ ''ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱫᱮᱵᱷᱟᱴᱟ'' ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱤᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ<!-- Quite unlikely that children had anything like formal school-education. JJ 13 nov, 2023 --> ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ''ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ'' ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾{{sfnp|Menon|2011|p=82}}{{sfnp|Wollok|2011|p=250}}{{sfnp|Arafath|2016}} ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱥᱮᱠᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱷᱤᱭᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱾{{sfnp|Menon|2011|p=82}}{{sfnp|Wollok|2011|p=250}}{{sfnp|Arafath|2016}}<!-- According to Menon, unlike other parts of India, warriors in [[Kerala]] belonged to all castes and religions, and were from both sexes.{{sfnp|Menon|2011|p=82}}--> ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱡᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨᱤ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ''ᱵᱷᱟᱫᱟᱠᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱴᱴᱩ'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱚᱪᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭᱤᱡ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱒ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟᱭ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |last= T. Sreedharan Nair |first= Chirakkal |author-link= |title=Kalarippayattu: The Complete Guide to Kerala's Ancient Martial Art |year= 2015 |url= https://archive.org/details/kalarippayattuco0000nair |location= |publisher= |page= |isbn=9789384030513}}</ref><ref name="auto"/> ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ''ᱟᱱᱠᱟᱢ'' (ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ "ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ" ᱥᱮ "ᱥᱚᱝᱜᱨᱟᱢ") ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱞᱦᱮ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱚᱞᱦᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ''ᱟᱱᱠᱟᱢ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱯ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ''ᱯᱳᱭᱛᱷᱩ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ''ᱟᱱᱠᱟᱢ'' ᱥᱮ ''ᱯᱳᱭᱛᱷᱩ'' ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭᱤᱡ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭᱤᱡ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ''ᱟᱱᱠᱟᱢ'' ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱑᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭᱤᱡ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfnp|Menon|2011|p=83-84}} ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱚᱱᱟᱞ ᱠᱩᱲᱟᱹᱭ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭᱤᱡ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ''ᱟᱱᱠᱟᱢ'' ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾{{sfnp|Menon|2011|p=83}} === ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱯᱚᱱᱤᱵᱮᱥᱚᱠ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ (c. ᱑᱕᱐᱐ – c. ᱑᱙᱐᱐ CE)=== ==== ᱤᱭᱩᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱵᱚᱨᱚᱱ ==== [[File:Gama route 1.svg|thumb|right|[[ᱵᱷᱟᱥᱠᱳ ᱰᱟ ᱜᱟᱢᱟ]] ᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱷᱟᱨ (᱑᱔᱙᱗-᱑᱔᱙᱙) ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ]] ᱑᱔᱙᱘ ᱨᱮ, ᱵᱷᱟᱥᱠᱳ ᱰᱟ ᱜᱟᱢᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱭᱩᱨᱳᱯ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱤᱱᱰᱳ-ᱤᱭᱩᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal|first=Glenn |last=Ames|editor-first=Ivana |editor-last=Elbl|title=Portugal and its Empire, 1250–1800 (Collected Essays in Memory of Glenn J. Ames) |journal=Portuguese Studies Review |volume=17 |issue=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hld-AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA12|year=2012|publisher=Trent University Press|pages=12–15 with footnotes, context: 11–32}}</ref> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱰᱟᱪᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱞᱳᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|first1=M. O.|last1=Koshy|title=The Dutch Power in Kerala, 1729–1758|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ro8SLhyAc9AC|year=1989|publisher=Mittal|isbn=978-81-7099-136-6|page=61}}</ref> ᱰᱟᱪᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱖᱑᱙ ᱨᱮ [[ᱥᱩᱨᱚᱛ]] ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱩᱣᱟᱨᱴᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱵᱳᱥᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱖ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱮ ᱦᱤᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱷᱤᱭᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱮᱴᱣᱟᱨᱠ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ,{{sfnp|Wollok|2011|p=250}}{{sfnp|Arafath|2016}} ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱮᱴᱣᱟᱨᱠ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ:{{sfnp|Menon|2011|p=82}}{{sfnp|Zarrilli|1979}} {{blockquote|ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱤᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱞ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱨᱤᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ; ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨᱚᱜ, ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱫᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱮᱵᱮᱡ ᱡᱚᱭᱮᱱᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ; ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱳᱰ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱟ, ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱟ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱨᱣᱟᱲᱮ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱣᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱟᱲᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ, ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ (ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱥᱩᱱ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ) ᱡᱟᱣᱜᱮ (ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ) ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱮᱱᱥᱤᱝ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱾{{sfnp|Menon|2011|p=82}}}} ᱑᱖᱖᱙ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱖᱗᱖ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱪᱽ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱚᱵᱷᱚᱨᱱᱚᱨ ᱦᱮᱱᱰᱨᱤᱠ ᱵᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱰ, ''ᱦᱳᱨᱴᱩᱥ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨᱤᱠᱩᱥ'' ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱮᱠᱟᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ: {{blockquote|ᱪᱮᱠᱟᱵᱷᱟᱥ (ᱛᱷᱤᱭᱭᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ) ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱮᱠᱟᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱤᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱮᱱᱥᱤᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱭᱨᱳᱥ (ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ) ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rIZHDwAAQBAJ&dq=The+silgos%28chegos%29usually+serve+to+teach+nayros+in+the+fencing+school&pg=RA1-PA8|title = Hendrik Adriaan van Reed Tot Drakestein 1636–1691 and Hortus, Malabaricus|isbn = 9781351441070|last1 = Heniger|first1 = J.|year = 2017| publisher=Routledge }}</ref>}} ==== ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ ==== ᱑᱗ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱫᱩᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱳᱯ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱭᱩᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱟᱜᱽᱱᱮᱭᱟᱥᱛᱨᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱨᱣᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="BlackBelt">{{cite web|last=Doctor|first=Fali E.|date=July 1973|title=Kalari Payat – Ancient Art of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WdcDAAAAMBAJ|access-date=6 November 2020|publisher=[[Black Belt (magazine)|Black Belt]]|pages=23–25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Menon|first=A. Sreedhara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S9RMxjdjUVAC&pg=PA38|title=Legacy of Kerala|date=2010-07-12|publisher=D. C. Books|isbn=978-81-264-3798-6|pages=38|language=en|access-date=10 October 2021}}</ref> ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ "ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ" ᱫᱚ ''ᱵᱷᱟᱫᱟᱠᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱴᱴᱩᱠᱟᱞ'' (᱑᱗-᱑᱘ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ{{sfnp|Menon|2011|p=81}}) ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭᱤᱡ ᱦᱤᱨᱳ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱨᱳᱭᱤᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱟᱨᱳᱢᱟᱞ ᱪᱮᱠᱟᱵᱷᱟᱨ (᱑᱖ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ), ᱪᱟᱱᱫᱩ ᱪᱮᱠᱟᱵᱷᱟᱨ (᱑᱖ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ), ᱩᱱᱱᱤᱭᱟᱨᱪᱟ (᱑᱖ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ),<ref name="AK">{{Cite news |last=Soman |first=Deepa |date=31 March 2019 |title=Kalaripayattu is alive and kicking |work=[[Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kalaripayattu-is-alive-and-kicking/articleshow/68644512.cms |access-date=21 December 2020}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱛᱷᱟᱪᱳᱞᱤ ᱳᱛᱷᱮᱱᱟᱱ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ, ᱵᱤᱨᱵᱟᱱᱴᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱫᱚᱨᱥᱚᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾{{sfnp|Menon|2011|p=82–83}} ᱦᱤᱨᱳ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱨᱳᱭᱤᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱭᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱾{{sfnp|Menon|2011|p=81}} ᱵᱷᱟᱫᱟᱠᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱴᱴᱩᱠᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱢᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱥᱣᱟᱨᱛᱷ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱾ [[File:Kottakkal Kanaran Gurukkal.jpg|thumb|150px|[[ᱠᱳᱴᱴᱟᱠᱠᱟᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ]] (᱑᱘᱕᱐-᱑᱙᱔᱑), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ "ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱫᱨᱳᱱᱟᱪᱟᱨᱭᱟ" ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ]] ᱑᱘᱐᱔ ᱨᱮ, ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱳᱴᱴᱟᱭᱟᱛᱷᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱯᱟᱡᱷᱟᱥᱥᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱓᱐ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ, ᱑᱘᱐᱕ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱡᱷᱟᱥᱥᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ''ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ'' ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟᱭᱤᱴ ''ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ'' ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱨᱳᱫᱷ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱠᱩ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱚᱸᱜᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ''ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ'' ᱠᱚ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱳᱴᱴᱟᱠᱠᱟᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ, ᱠᱮᱞᱩ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱯ ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱳᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱢᱩᱱᱱᱤ ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱤᱲᱦᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱜᱮ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱑᱙᱒᱐ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱦᱚᱸᱠᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="KK" /><ref name="MW" /> === ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ (᱒᱐-᱒᱑ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ)=== ᱑᱙᱒᱐ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱞᱟᱥᱥᱮᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]]{{sfnp|Zarrilli|1998}} ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱷᱮᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱗᱐ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱛᱚᱸᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ''ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ'' ᱠᱚ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱳᱴᱴᱟᱠᱠᱟᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ, ᱪᱟᱢᱵᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱟᱱᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱾ ᱪᱟᱢᱵᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱟᱱᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱳᱴᱴᱟᱠᱠᱟᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ CVN ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ''ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ'' ᱠᱚᱭ ᱡᱷᱤᱡ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱜᱮ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱮ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="MW" /> ᱪᱤᱨᱟᱠᱠᱟᱞ ᱴᱤ. ᱥᱨᱤᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ<ref name="MW" /> ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱧᱟᱢᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱱᱤᱠ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱨᱤᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱓᱗ ᱨᱮ ''ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ'', ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ''ᱢᱮᱭᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ'', ᱥᱮ ᱠᱚᱱᱰᱤᱥᱚᱱᱤᱝ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ''ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱛᱷᱟᱨᱤ'' ᱥᱮ ᱢᱚᱪᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱠᱩᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="KK" /> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱱᱤᱠ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱟᱭᱢᱟᱨ ᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱧᱟᱢᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ''ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ – ᱮ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱞᱤᱴ ᱜᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱴᱩ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ'ᱥ ᱮᱱᱥᱤᱭᱮᱱᱴ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱾'' ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ, ᱥᱨᱤᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱱᱳᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱮᱥ. ᱟᱨ. ᱮ. ᱫᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱥ. ᱟᱨ. ᱰᱤ. ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱣᱮᱥᱴᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱵᱩᱠᱥ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱑,᱗᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱵᱚᱨᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱱᱤᱠ ᱨᱮᱯᱷᱟᱨᱮᱱᱥ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱚᱸᱜᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="KK" /> ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱠᱚᱛᱷᱚᱠᱚᱞᱤ]] ᱟᱨ ᱢᱳᱦᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟᱴᱴᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="AK"/> ᱱᱮᱦᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱜᱮ, ᱮᱴᱟᱜ, ᱵᱟᱝ-ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱤᱡ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱥᱩᱱᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱳᱨᱟᱥᱣᱟᱢᱤ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱱᱟᱴᱭᱚᱢ ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱤᱡ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sobers|first=S. N. Venkatnag|date=31 October 2019|title=World Is A Stage For Vasundhara|work=[[Star of Mysore]]|url=https://starofmysore.com/world-is-a-stage-for-vasundhara/|access-date=10 October 2021}}</ref> ᱒૦᱑᱗ ᱨᱮ, ᱵᱷᱟᱫᱟᱠᱟᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱗᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨᱟᱱ ''ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ'', ᱥᱨᱤ ᱢᱤᱱᱟᱠᱥᱤ ᱟᱢᱢᱟ, ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ [[ᱯᱚᱫᱽᱢᱚᱥᱨᱤ]] ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="SF" /><ref name="OD" /> ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ, ᱛᱤᱨᱩᱵᱚᱱᱚᱱᱛᱯᱩᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ ᱡᱷᱤᱡ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱴᱩᱨᱤᱡᱚᱢ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱟᱜ ᱧᱮᱞ-ᱥᱟᱢᱴᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="KA">{{Cite news|last=Radhakrishnan|first=S. Anil|date=2021-01-10|title=Kalaripayattu academy braces for action|language=en-IN|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/kalaripayattu-academy-braces-for-action/article33539155.ece|access-date=2021-04-07|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="BT">{{Cite news|date=10 January 2021|title=Kerala govt to set up Kalaripayattu Academy to boost traditional martial art form|work=[[Yahoo! News]]|url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/kerala-govt-set-kalaripayattu-academy-062937244.html|access-date=18 June 2021}}</ref><ref name="AF">{{Cite news|date=10 January 2021|title=Kerala govt to set up Kalaripayattu Academy to boost traditional martial art form|work=[[Asian News International]]|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/kerala-govt-to-set-up-kalaripayattu-academy-to-boost-traditional-martial-art-form20210110115811/|access-date=18 June 2021}}</ref> ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱓,᱕᱐᱐ ᱯᱷᱩᱴ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱞᱞᱟᱨ ᱠᱨᱟᱯᱷᱴᱥ ᱵᱷᱤᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱠᱞᱟᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ''ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ'' ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱨᱤ ᱢᱤᱱᱟᱠᱥᱤ ᱟᱢᱢᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ''ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ'' ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱫᱽᱢᱚᱥᱨᱤ ᱧᱟᱢᱤᱡ ᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱐᱐ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ, ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱜᱮ, ᱥᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱵ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱠᱞᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱨᱟᱹ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ [[ᱯᱤᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱤ ᱵᱤᱡᱟᱭᱟᱱ]] ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱞᱟᱵᱟᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="KA" /><ref name="BT" /><ref name="AF" /> == ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ == [[File:Urumi in Kalaripayattu.webm|thumb|upright=1|[[ᱠᱳᱡᱷᱤᱠᱳᱰ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱯᱮᱨᱟᱢᱵᱽᱨᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱝᱜᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮ [[ᱩᱨᱩᱢᱤ]] ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱾ ᱟᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱑᱘᱙᱕ ᱨᱮ, ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱮᱛᱷᱱᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱟᱨ (ethnographer) ᱮᱯᱷ. ᱯᱷᱳᱥᱮᱴ (F. Fawcett) ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱜᱮᱭ ᱦᱤᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ [[ᱛᱷᱩᱨᱟᱭᱩᱨ|ᱯᱟᱭᱭᱳᱞᱤ]] ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ 'ᱣᱟᱴᱴᱟ' (ᱳᱴᱴᱟ) ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱨᱚᱜ, ᱫᱟᱞ, ᱥᱮ ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ 'ᱥᱟᱨᱤᱨᱟᱵᱷᱟᱫᱤ' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |last=Prasad |first=S. R. D. |title=Kalaripayattu Vijnanakosham |year=2018 |publisher=Kairali Books |isbn=9789388087544 |page=212}}</ref>]] [[File:Kalaripayattu performance 3.jpg|thumb|ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ]] [[File:Kalaripayattu performance 1.jpg|thumb|ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ]] === ᱜᱩᱨᱩ-ᱥᱤᱥᱭᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ === ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ''ᱜᱩᱨᱩ-ᱥᱤᱥᱭᱟ'' ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="KD">{{Cite news |last=Khullar |first=Gagan |date=25 June 2019 |title=The ancient martial art of Kalaripayattu in Delhi |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/fitness/the-ancient-martial-art-of-kalaripayattu-in-delhi/article28136442.ece |access-date=21 December 2020}}</ref> ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱪᱮᱫᱚᱜ, ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱮ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ''ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱩᱞ'' ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book|last=John|first=Shaji K.|url=https://www.academia.edu/29708005|title=Kalaripayattu: The Martial and Healing Art of Kerala|publisher=[[Academia.edu]]|year=2011|isbn=|location=Kottayam, Kerala|pages=19}}</ref> === ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱢᱚᱨ === ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱞ, ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱟ, ᱥᱟᱵ, ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱯ, ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfnp|Zarrilli|1998}} ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭᱤᱡ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱟᱨᱢᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱢᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱵᱮᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱲᱟᱣᱱᱟ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱸᱴ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ-ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱫᱟ ᱛᱤ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name="KD" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Francis |first1=Jibin |last2=Christadoss |first2=B. Beneson Thilager |date=April 2020 |title=An Appraisal of Kalarippayattu and Its Association with the Culture of Kerala |url=http://www.bodhijournals.com/pdf/V4N3/Bodhi_V4N3_009.pdf |journal=Bodhi International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and Science |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=1–2}}</ref> ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱰᱱᱟᱹ, ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱟ, ᱠᱟᱴᱟᱨᱤ, ᱟᱨ ᱩᱨᱩᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfnp|Zarrilli|1979}} === ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ === [[File:Kalari poothara pooja - cropped.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱟᱨᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ, ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱱᱟᱱᱦᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ, ᱮᱭᱟᱭ-ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱠᱚᱬ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱸᱜᱩ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱪᱟᱠᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/kalaripayattu/training/poothara|title=Kalari Poothara - the seven-tiered platform &#124; Kalari Training &#124; Kalaripayattu and Kerala|website=Kalaripayattu}}</ref>]] ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ''ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ''ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ]] ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ''ᱵᱟᱥᱛᱩ ᱥᱟᱥᱛᱨᱚ''<ref name="MH">{{Cite book|last=John|first=Shaji K.|url=https://www.academia.edu/29708005 |title=Kalaripayattu: The Martial and Healing Arts of Kerala|publisher=[[Academia.edu]] |year=2011 |location=Kottayam, Kerala|pages=21}}</ref>ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱢᱟᱯ (dimensions) ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ''ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱛ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱦᱤᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ''ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱛ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ''ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱜᱤᱛᱤᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱨᱟᱱ-ᱢᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱱ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱭ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ'' ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ''ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ''ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱟᱨᱟ'', ''ᱜᱟᱱᱟᱯᱟᱛᱤᱛᱷᱟᱨᱟ'', ᱟᱨ ''ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱛᱷᱟᱨᱟ'' ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ''ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱟᱨᱟ'' (ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ "ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ" ᱥᱮ "ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱚᱛ") ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱭᱟᱭ-ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱯᱟᱹᱞ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ-ᱨᱩᱯ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ''ᱠᱩᱢᱵᱷᱟ'' ᱥᱮ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱟᱱ-ᱢᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ, ᱟᱭᱩᱨᱵᱮᱫᱽ,{{sfnp|Zarrilli|1994}} ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱩᱨᱵᱮᱫᱤᱠ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱭᱟᱭ ''ᱫᱷᱟᱛᱩ'' ᱟᱨ ''ᱠᱳᱥᱟ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ''ᱠᱩᱢᱵᱷᱟ'' ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱚᱜᱚᱵᱚᱛᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱫᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱟᱱᱟᱯᱟᱛᱤᱛᱷᱟᱨᱟ (ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ "ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ") ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ]] ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱭᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱛᱷᱟᱨᱟ (ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ "ᱜᱩᱨᱩ ᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ") ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ''ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ'' ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱩᱨᱩ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱤᱲᱦᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱟᱱᱟᱯᱟᱛᱤᱛᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ''ᱳᱴᱴᱟ'', ᱥᱮ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ-ᱨᱩᱯ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ''ᱯᱟᱫᱩᱠᱟ'', ᱥᱮ ᱯᱟᱱᱟᱦᱤ ᱫᱚ, ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱛᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ ᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="MH" /> ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱚᱫᱽᱨᱚᱠᱟᱞᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱷᱚᱜᱚᱵᱚᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sebastian|first=Shevlin|date=9 March 2014|title=Warrior On The Stage|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2014/mar/09/warrior-on-the-stage-583937.html|access-date=1 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=8 June 2019|title=Kalarivathukkal Thirumudi Utsavam & Pooram Mahotsavam|url=http://www.keralaculture.org/kerala-festivals/pooram-thirumudi-utsavam/144/4|access-date=1 January 2021|website=Kerala Culture}}</ref> ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱥᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱞᱚᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱞᱚᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱤᱞᱚᱠ ᱥᱮ ᱴᱤᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name="KD"/> === ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢ === ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢ ᱫᱚ ''ᱠᱟᱪᱟᱠᱮᱴᱴᱟᱞ'' ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱳᱭᱮᱱᱠᱞᱳᱛᱷ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news|last=Manoj|first=E. M.|date=3 October 2015|title=When Kalaripayattu dons new attire|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/when-kalaripayattu-dons-new-attire/article7718272.ece#|access-date=21 December 2020}}</ref> ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱥᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱨᱩ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱪᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱠᱩᱢ, ᱥᱮ ''ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱛᱷᱟᱨᱤ'', ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="AK" /> === ''ᱪᱩᱵᱷᱟᱫᱩ'' ᱟᱨ ''ᱵᱷᱟᱫᱤᱵᱷᱩ'' === ᱟᱭᱢᱟ [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱳᱜᱟ, ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱦᱤᱨ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱰ ᱥᱯᱮᱨᱤᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ{{sfnp|Zarrilli|1998}} ᱟᱨ [[ᱠᱚᱛᱷᱚᱠᱚᱞᱤ]] ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱞᱟᱥᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱤᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="Luijendijk 08">Luijendijk, D. H. (2008). ''[https://www.amazon.com/dp/1409226263 Kalarippayat: The Essence and Structure of an Indian Martial Art]'', Oprat, {{ISBN|978-1-4092-2626-0}}</ref> ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱲᱟᱢ (''ᱪᱩᱵᱷᱟᱫᱩ'') ᱟᱨ ᱯᱳᱥᱪᱟᱨᱢ (''ᱵᱷᱟᱫᱤᱵᱷᱩ'') ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kalaripayattu|url=https://www.topendsports.com/sport/list/kalaripayattu.htm|access-date=2020-12-22|website=Topend Sports}}</ref> ''ᱪᱩᱵᱷᱟᱫᱩ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ 'ᱛᱟᱲᱟᱢ' ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱛᱟᱲᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ''ᱵᱷᱟᱫᱤᱵᱷᱩ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ 'ᱯᱳᱥᱪᱟᱨᱢ' ᱥᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱱᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱠᱮᱱ ᱯᱳᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨᱟ ᱚᱱᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ''ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ'', ᱟᱨ ''ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱥᱴᱮᱱᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ, ᱢᱮᱥᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾{{sfnp|Zarrilli|1998}} === ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ === ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥᱤᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭᱤᱡ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱫᱟ ᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥᱤᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱴᱠᱟᱣ, ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮ-ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱴᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱞᱟᱢᱵᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱥᱤᱯᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ === ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱡᱽ === ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱱ-ᱢᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱮᱭᱟᱱᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱢᱟᱪᱮᱛ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱵᱮᱡ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱞᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱱ-ᱢᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱱ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱡᱽ (''ᱩᱡᱷᱤᱪᱤᱞ'') ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ''ᱛᱷᱤᱨᱩᱢᱟᱞ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱵᱮᱡ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ''ᱠᱟᱴᱪᱟ ᱛᱷᱤᱨᱩᱢᱟᱞ'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="auto"/> == ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱠᱚ <span class="anchor" id="Techniques"></span> == ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ, ᱥᱮ ''ᱵᱷᱟᱡᱷᱤ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{refn|group=note|''ᱦᱚᱱᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱡᱷᱤ'' (ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ "[[ᱦᱚᱱᱩᱢᱟᱱ]] ᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨ") ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱯᱤᱰ (speed) ᱟᱨ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱮᱯᱞᱤᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ (technical application) ᱨᱮ ᱡᱳᱨ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱮᱲᱮ ᱥᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''ᱵᱟᱞᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱡᱷᱤ'' (ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ "[[ᱵᱟᱞᱤ (ᱨᱟᱢᱟᱭᱚᱱ)|ᱵᱟᱞᱤ]] ᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨ") ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱮᱯᱞᱤᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱳᱨ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''ᱵᱷᱤᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱡᱷᱤ'' (ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ "[[ᱵᱷᱤᱢ]] ᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨ") ᱨᱮ, ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="HA" />}} ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ, ᱥᱮ ''ᱵᱷᱟᱫᱟᱠᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ'', ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ, ᱥᱮ ''ᱛᱷᱮᱠᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱾''<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Kalaripayattu |url=https://kalaripayattuclass.com/about-kalaripayattu/ |access-date=2019-12-10 |website=Kalaripayattu Class |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327016876 |doi=10.1177/2455929618773388|title=Exploring the Relevance of Cultural Resource Management: A Case Study of Kalaripayattu |year=2018 |last1=Vinodan |first1=A. |last2=Meera |first2=S. |journal=Journal of Heritage Management |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=71–86 |s2cid=158232813}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/kalaripayattu-to-have-a-mixed-syllabus-soon-463521.html |title=Kalaripayattu to have a mixed syllabus soon |date=9 April 2012}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱥᱮ ''ᱵᱷᱟᱡᱷᱤ'' (ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ "ᱦᱚᱨ" ᱥᱮ "ᱦᱚᱨᱟ") ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ''ᱦᱚᱱᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱡᱷᱤ'', ''ᱵᱷᱤᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱡᱷᱤ'', ᱟᱨ ''ᱵᱟᱞᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱡᱷᱤ'' ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱾<ref name="HA">{{Cite book |last=John|first=Shaji K. |url=https://www.academia.edu/29708005|title=Kalaripayattu: The Martial and Healing Arts of Kerala|publisher=[[Academia.edu]]|year=2011|isbn=|location=Kottayam, Kerala|pages=19–20}}</ref> ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ, ᱥᱮ ''ᱵᱷᱟᱫᱟᱠᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ'', ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱵᱮᱡ ᱞᱟᱲᱟᱣᱱᱟ, ᱮᱲᱮ, ᱫᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ, ᱥᱮ ''ᱛᱷᱮᱠᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ'', ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ, ᱤᱢᱯᱮᱠᱴ ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹᱭ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤ-ᱛᱮ-ᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱭᱮᱱᱴ ᱥᱴᱨᱟᱭᱤᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱳᱨ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|last=Youseph|first=Ramon|date=2018-05-30|title=Martial Art of the Month: Kalaripayattu|url=https://kungfukingdom.com/martial-art-of-the-month-kalaripayattu/|access-date=2021-04-07|website=Kung-fu Kingdom|language=en-GB}}</ref> ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ, ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ, ᱥᱮ ''ᱢᱚᱫᱷᱭᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ'' ᱦᱚᱸ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfnp|Green|2001}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cruz|first=Edmund|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OCJiDwAAQBAJ|title=Health, Longevity and the Martial Arts|publisher=Authorhouse|year=2018|isbn=9781546239796|location=|pages=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Luijendijk|first=Dick|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hISikpYZ9hYC|title=Kalarippayat|publisher=Lulu.com|date=July 2005|isbn=9781409226260|location=|pages=}}</ref> ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ, ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ''ᱛᱩᱞᱩᱱᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱫᱟᱠᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱴᱴᱩᱠᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱩᱞᱩ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱥᱤᱢᱤᱛ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ, ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱸᱴ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ''ᱫᱨᱳᱱᱟᱢᱵᱟᱞᱞᱤ'', ''ᱳᱰᱤᱢᱩᱨᱟᱥᱥᱮᱨᱤ'', ''ᱛᱩᱞᱩ ᱱᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱭᱵᱷᱟ ᱢᱩᱨᱟ'', ᱟᱨ ''ᱠᱟᱭᱭᱟᱝᱜᱟᱞᱤ'' ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kalaripayattuclass.com/manoeuvre-tryst-with-kalaripayattu-veteran-sri-srd-prasad-gurukkal-of-bharat-kalari/ |title=Manoeuvre tryst with Kalaripayattu Veteran Sri SRD Prasad Gurukkal of Bharat Kalari |date=26 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiavideo.org/kerala/arts/onathallu-marital-art--2985.php|title = Onathallu, Kayyankali, Martial art, Entertainment, Kerala, India, Video}}</ref><!-- Kalaripayattu has three forms, which are distinguished by their attacking and defensive patterns. They are ''Arappa Kayy'', ''Pilla Thangi'', and ''Vatten Thiripp''. --> === ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ <span class="anchor" id="Northern kalaripayattu"></span> === ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ''ᱵᱷᱟᱫᱟᱠᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ "ᱟᱥᱚᱞ" ᱨᱩᱯ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱞᱮᱵᱮᱡ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱡᱳᱨ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟ<ref>{{Cite news |last=Akundi |first=Sweta |date=30 July 2018 |title=The 'kalari' burner |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/fitness/the-kalari-burner/article24551272.ece |access-date=21 December 2020}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ''ᱢᱮᱭ ᱠᱟᱱᱱᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱟᱢ'' ᱥᱞᱳᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ "ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱫ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱮ" ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ''ᱢᱮᱭᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ'' (ᱠᱟᱨᱟᱴᱮ ᱨᱮ [[ᱠᱟᱴᱟ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ) ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱵᱮᱡ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱠᱤᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱤᱯᱷᱮᱱᱥᱤᱵᱷ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ''ᱢᱮᱭᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱨᱩ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱫᱚ ''ᱢᱮᱭᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ'' (ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱥᱴᱮᱱᱥ), ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ''ᱠᱳᱞᱛᱷᱟᱨᱤ'' (ᱠᱟᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ), ''ᱟᱱᱜᱟᱛᱷᱟᱨᱤ'' (ᱢᱮᱬᱦᱮᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ) ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ''ᱵᱷᱮᱨᱩᱢ ᱠᱟᱭ'' (ᱥᱟᱫᱟ ᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ) ᱾<ref>{{Cite news|last=Anima|first=P.|date=30 May 2014|title=I am... Radhika M, Kalaripayattu Instructor|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/I-am...-Radhika-M-Kalaripayattu-Instructor/article11643987.ece|access-date=21 December 2020}}</ref> ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ''ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ'' ᱠᱚᱫᱚ (ᱤᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ) ᱓ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱖ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱦᱚᱵᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱠᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱪᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱴᱷᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱴᱷᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱢᱮᱬᱦᱮᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱜᱩᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱴᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱨᱣᱟᱲᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱤᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kerala.me/specialities/art-and-culture/kalaripayattu|title=Kalaripayattu {{!}} Art & Culture of Kerala |website=Kerala Tourist Information|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-10}}</ref> === ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ <span class="anchor" id="Southern kalaripayattu"></span> === ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ''ᱛᱷᱮᱠᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱜᱚᱥᱛᱭᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱢᱟ ᱟᱫᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱫᱤ ᱢᱩᱨᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱢᱟ ᱟᱫᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱢᱟ ᱟᱫᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱢᱟ ᱟᱫᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱞᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ-ᱮᱴᱟᱜᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱢᱟ ᱟᱫᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book|last1=DeMarco|first1=Michael|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d_cPEAAAQBAJ|title=Martial and Healing Traditions of India|last2=Zarrilli|last3=Nongmaithem|last4=Dipl|publisher=Independently Published|year=2020|isbn=9798694263177|pages=6|chapter=1|quote=The linguistic, social, religious, historical, technical and geographical differences briefly recounted above suggest that kalarippayattu and varma ati are closely related but distinct systems of martial practice. Historically, it is probable that the similarity between the two arts depended entirely on proximity, with the kalarippayattu styles and traditions of Malabar quite distinct from those of Tamil practitioners, while those in southern Kerala were not only similar to one another, but were probably mixed styles of practice.}}</ref> ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱥᱩᱨᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱜᱚᱥᱛᱭᱚ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱭᱟᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨᱤ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱾{{Citation needed|date=April 2021}} ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱞᱮᱵᱮᱡ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱳᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱛᱤ-ᱛᱮ-ᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ, ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱤᱢᱯᱮᱠᱴ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱩᱴᱣᱟᱨᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱡᱳᱨ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news|date=21 December 2020|title=Kalari makes its first move Down Under|work=The Indian Sun|url=https://www.theindiansun.com.au/2014/08/11/kalari-makes-first-move/|access-date=21 December 2020}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱪᱩᱵᱷᱟᱫᱩ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱣᱟᱭ ᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ [[ᱡᱩᱰᱳ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="EK" /> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ, ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱯᱮᱨᱤᱝ ᱮᱦᱚᱵᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱵᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱴᱷᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱮᱦᱚᱵᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱴᱷᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭᱤᱡ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱟᱴᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱰᱤᱯᱷᱮᱱᱥᱤᱵᱷ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭᱤᱡ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱴᱷᱮᱸᱜᱟ, ᱛᱟᱨᱣᱟᱲᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱯᱮᱨᱤᱝ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱵᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹᱭ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ''ᱢᱟᱨᱢᱟ'' ᱯᱚᱭᱮᱱᱴ (ᱯᱨᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱭᱮᱱᱴ) ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱜᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱭᱟ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ''ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ'' ᱮ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱷᱤᱠ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://agasthyakalari.org/html/kalari-kerala.htm|title=Agasthya Kalari – for Siddha Treatments, Kalari Marma Treatments and offers training in Kalari strictly based on ancient scripts – located in Cochin, Kerala, India|website=Agasthya Bharatha Kalari|access-date=2019-12-10|archive-date=25 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191125233034/http://www.agasthyakalari.org/html/kalari-kerala.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> == ''ᱢᱟᱨᱢᱟᱥᱟᱥᱛᱨᱚᱢ'' – ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱞ == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭᱤᱡ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱤᱠ ''ᱢᱟᱨᱢᱟᱢ'' (ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ) ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮ-ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱮ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱠᱮᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱸᱥᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ-ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱞᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱢᱟ ᱾ ''ᱢᱟᱨᱢᱟᱥᱟᱥᱛᱨᱚᱢ'' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱢᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱳᱨ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱟᱱ-ᱢᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱱ (''ᱢᱟᱨᱢᱟᱪᱤᱠᱤᱛᱥᱟ'') ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|title=Marma Therapy |website=National Health Portal of India|url=https://www.nhp.gov.in/marma-therapy_mtl|access-date=2020-12-22|archive-date=27 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027234126/https://www.nhp.gov.in/marma-therapy_mtl|url-status=dead}}</ref> ᱢᱟᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱟᱱ-ᱢᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱩᱨᱵᱮᱫᱽ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱫᱫᱷᱟ ᱨᱟᱱ-ᱢᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱞᱳᱪᱚᱠ ᱠᱚᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱱᱤᱭᱩᱴᱨᱟᱞ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱢᱟᱢ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱣᱜᱮ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}} ᱢᱟᱨᱢᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱨᱤᱜᱽ ᱵᱮᱫᱽ'' ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱡᱽᱨᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ''ᱢᱟᱨᱢᱟᱢ'' ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱨᱤᱛᱨᱟ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱨᱢᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱯᱷᱟᱨᱮᱱᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ''ᱚᱛᱷᱚᱨᱵᱚ ᱵᱮᱫᱽ'' ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>Subhash Ranade (1993). ''Natural Healing Through Ayurveda'' (p. 161). Passage Press. Utah USA.</ref> ᱵᱮᱫᱤᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱠᱟᱵᱽᱭᱚ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱪᱷᱤᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱯᱷᱟᱨᱮᱱᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱟᱹᱣ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾{{sfnp|Zarrilli|1994}} ᱥᱩᱥᱨᱩᱛᱟ (c. ᱖ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ BCE) ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ''ᱥᱩᱥᱨᱩᱛᱟ ᱥᱚᱝᱦᱤᱛᱟ'' ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱑᱐᱗ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱯ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>G. D. Singhal, L. V. Guru (1973). ''Anatomical and Obstetrical Considerations in Ancient Indian Surgery Based on Sarira-Sthana of Susruta Samhita''.</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱑᱐᱗ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ, ᱖᱔ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱢᱩᱴᱷᱟᱹ ᱥᱮ ᱴᱷᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱴᱷᱤᱠ ᱥᱟᱺᱦᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱞ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Svinth">J. R. Svinth (2002). [http://ejmas.com/kronos "A Chronological History of the Martial Arts and Combative Sports"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228093034/http://ejmas.com/kronos/ |date=28 December 2010 }} ''Electronic Journals of Martial Arts and Sciences''.</ref> ᱥᱩᱥᱨᱩᱛᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱱ-ᱢᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱤᱥᱤᱯᱞᱤᱱ ᱟᱭᱩᱨᱵᱮᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱛ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱡᱳᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱢᱟ ᱟᱫᱤ ᱾ == ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱵᱳᱰᱤ (bodies) ᱠᱚ == ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ, ᱛᱤᱨᱩᱵᱚᱱᱚᱱᱛᱯᱩᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱮᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ (IKF) ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱵᱳᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱳᱰ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱟᱞᱚᱭ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱳᱰ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱮᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news|title=Kalaripayattu eyes Olympics berth|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kalaripayattu-eyes-olympics-berth/article8634888.ece|access-date=19 November 2020|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=23 May 2016}}</ref> ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱮᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ , ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱳᱡᱷᱤᱠᱳᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱵᱳᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱳᱞᱤᱢᱯᱤᱠ ᱮᱥᱳᱥᱤᱭᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="ranking">{{cite news|author=Express Features|title=Kacha Grading System to be introduced for Kalaripayattu|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2013/jul/15/kacha-grading-system-to-be-introduced-for-kalaripayattu-496837.html|access-date=19 November 2020|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=15 July 2013}}</ref> ᱛᱤᱨᱩᱵᱚᱱᱚᱱᱛᱯᱩᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱮᱥᱳᱥᱤᱭᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱵᱳᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱴᱮᱴ ᱥᱯᱳᱨᱴᱥ ᱠᱟᱣᱩᱱᱥᱤᱞ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news|author=Express News Service|title=Kalari Training by Fake Bodies Alleged|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2014/jun/30/kalari-training-by-fake-bodies-alleged-630393.html|access-date=19 November 2020|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=30 June 2014}}</ref> == ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ == ᱠᱳᱴᱴᱟᱠᱠᱟᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ (᱑᱘᱕᱐-᱑᱙᱓᱕), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ "ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱫᱨᱳᱱᱟᱪᱟᱨᱭᱟ" ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱢᱵᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱟᱱᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ''ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ'' ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱳᱴᱴᱟᱠᱠᱟᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ''ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱜᱮ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱭ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱪᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="MW">{{Cite news|last=Gopalakrishnan|first=K. K.|date=2018-10-04|title=Meet the Malabar warrior, S.R.D. Prasad Gurukkal|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/meet-the-malabar-warrior-kalarippayattu-exponent-srd-prasad-gurukkal/article25122777.ece|access-date=2021-05-23|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="KK">{{Cite news|last=Gopalakrishnan|first=K. K.|date=2011-02-10|title=King of Kalarippayattu|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/King-of-Kalarippayattu/article15285978.ece|access-date=2021-05-23|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> ᱪᱟᱢᱵᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱟᱱᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ (᱑᱙᱐᱕-᱑᱙᱔᱔), ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ''ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ'' ᱟᱨ ᱠᱳᱴᱴᱟᱠᱠᱟᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ "CVN" ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ গᱚᱴᱟ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮ CVN ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱷᱤᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱭ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="MW" /> ᱪᱤᱨᱟᱠᱠᱟᱞ ᱴᱤ. ᱥᱨᱤᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ (᱑᱙᱐᱙-᱑᱙᱘᱔), ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ''ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ'', ᱟᱨ ᱥᱨᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ (ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ) ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ, ''ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ'', ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱓᱗ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ, ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="KK" /> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱱᱤᱠ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱟᱭᱢᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ''ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ – ᱮ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱞᱤᱴ ᱜᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱴᱩ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ'ᱥ ᱮᱱᱥᱤᱭᱮᱱᱴ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱾'' ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱱᱤᱠ ᱨᱮᱯᱷᱟᱨᱮᱱᱥ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="KK" /> ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱤᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, ᱢᱤᱱᱟᱠᱥᱤ ᱟᱢᱢᱟ,<ref name="SF">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/magazine-37038134/the-sword-fighting-granny-showing-the-young-how-it-s-done|title = The sword-fighting granny|work = BBC News}}</ref><ref name="OD">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/meenakshi-amma-the-grand-old-dame-of-kalaripayattu/article25307782.ece|title=Meet Meenakshi Amma, the grand old dame of Kalaripayattu|newspaper=The Hindu|date=25 October 2018|last1=Sathyendran|first1=Nita}}</ref> ᱵᱷᱟᱫᱟᱠᱟᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱗᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨᱟᱱ ''ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ'' ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱝᱠᱚᱨᱟ ᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱚᱱ ᱪᱩᱱᱫᱟᱭᱤᱞ,<ref>{{Cite news|date=2022-01-26|title=An ambassador for Kalaripayattu worldwide|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/an-ambassador-for-kalaripayattu-worldwide/article38326385.ece|access-date=2022-01-28|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> ᱪᱟᱵᱷᱟᱠᱠᱟᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ''ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ'', ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ [[ᱯᱚᱫᱽᱢᱚᱥᱨᱤ]] ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱛᱮᱠᱤᱱ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ == [[File:JasmineSimhalan-kalaripayatt-silamb.gif|right|ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴᱤᱥᱴ [[ᱡᱟᱥᱢᱤᱱ ᱥᱤᱢᱦᱟᱞᱟᱱ]] ''ᱢᱮᱭᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ'' ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ |frame]]ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱱᱳᱵᱷᱮᱞ ''ᱳᱰᱟᱭᱟᱱ'' ᱟᱨ ''ᱳᱰᱟᱭᱟᱱ II – ᱭᱩᱫᱽᱫᱷᱟᱢ'' ᱨᱮ, ᱴᱟᱭᱴᱮᱞ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱤᱡᱤᱞᱟᱱᱴᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱖ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱤᱭᱩᱰᱟᱞ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱴ (set) ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news|last1=Chhibber|first1=Mini Anthikad|date=24 August 2014|title=An equal music|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/writer-suhas-sundar-and-artist-deepak-sharma-feel-they-work-better-as-a-team/article6345035.ece|access-date=20 November 2020}}</ref> ''ᱞᱤᱴᱤᱞ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱣᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱨᱥ'', ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱩᱱᱡᱽ ᱮᱱᱤᱢᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱨᱴᱩᱱ ᱱᱮᱴᱣᱟᱨᱠ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱨᱴᱩᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱜᱮ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱮᱱᱤᱢᱮᱴᱮᱰ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ''ᱚᱨᱡᱩᱱ: ᱫᱟ ᱣᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱤᱱᱥ'' (᱒᱐᱑᱒) ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱳᱞ-ᱯᱞᱮᱭᱤᱝ ᱜᱮᱢ ''ᱟᱥᱣᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢᱟ – ᱫᱟ ᱤᱢᱢᱳᱨᱴᱟᱞ'' ᱨᱮ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱤᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱲᱟᱣᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱢᱟᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱳᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱯᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱱᱤᱢᱮᱴᱮᱰ ᱴᱮᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱡᱽ ''ᱥᱴᱤᱵᱷᱮᱱ ᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥ'' ᱨᱮ ᱠᱳᱱᱤ ᱢᱟᱦᱮᱥᱣᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱭᱳ ᱜᱮᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ, ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱮᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ''ᱥᱳᱞᱠᱮᱞᱤᱵᱟᱨ'' ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱳᱞᱰᱳ, ''ᱰᱮᱛᱷ ᱵᱮᱴᱮᱞ'' ᱨᱮ ᱟᱥᱩᱨᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱢᱟᱝᱜᱟ ᱴᱤᱵᱷᱤ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱡᱽ ''ᱠᱮᱱᱤᱪᱤ: ᱫᱟ ᱢᱟᱭᱴᱤᱭᱮᱥᱴ ᱰᱤᱥᱟᱭᱯᱚᱞ'' ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱞ ᱨᱚᱦᱢᱟᱱ, ᱤᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱴᱮᱱᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱳ ᱠᱟᱱᱳ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="cartoons">{{cite news|last=Nair|first=Shreejaya|title=Comics go the Kalari way |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150911/lifestyle-offbeat/article/comics-go-kalari-way|access-date=20 November 2020|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=12 September 2015}}</ref> ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱨᱮ, ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱢᱟᱝᱜᱟ, ''ᱟᱜᱟᱨᱤ'' ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱚᱵᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱢᱟᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{cite news|author=TNN|date=25 May 2019|title=Kalaripayattu warrior Ravi to be the first Indian character in Manga comic|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/kalaripayattu-warrior-ravi-to-be-first-indian-character-in-manga-comic/articleshow/68552880.cms|access-date=19 November 2020}}</ref> ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱯᱷᱟᱨᱮᱱᱥ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱰᱚᱠᱭᱩᱢᱮᱱᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱟᱱ ᱰᱚᱠᱭᱩᱢᱮᱱᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱤ.ᱵᱤ.ᱥᱤ. ᱰᱚᱠᱭᱩᱢᱮᱱᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ''ᱫᱟ ᱣᱮ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱫᱟ ᱣᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱨ'' ᱾<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/Dmt0WTZfKI0 Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20200129025454/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dmt0WTZfKI0 Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite AV media| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dmt0WTZfKI0| title = The Way of the Warrior: Kalari, The Indian Way | website=[[YouTube]]| date = 17 September 2011 }}{{cbignore}}</ref> ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱠᱣᱮᱥᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱒ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱰᱚᱠᱭᱩᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|title=Fight Quest India (Kalarippayattu) |website=IMDb|date=26 September 2008|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1298941/|access-date=2020-12-22}}</ref> === ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮ === ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ: {{colbegin}} *''ᱛᱷᱟᱪᱳᱞᱤ ᱳᱛᱷᱮᱱᱟᱱ'' (᱑᱙᱖᱔) *''[[ᱟᱨᱳᱢᱟᱞᱩᱱᱱᱤ]]'' (᱑᱙᱗᱒) *''[[ᱳᱱᱫᱟᱱᱳᱱᱫᱩ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱫᱟᱞᱞᱤ]]'' ([[ᱠᱚᱱᱱᱚᱰᱚ]]) (᱑᱙᱗᱘) *''[[ᱪᱤᱞᱟᱢᱵᱩ]]'' (᱑᱙᱘᱖) *''[[ᱳᱨᱩ ᱵᱷᱟᱫᱟᱠᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱤᱨᱟᱜᱟᱛᱷᱟ]]'' (᱑᱙᱘᱙) *''[[ᱠᱟᱞᱞᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱯᱯᱟᱞᱤᱞ ᱛᱷᱟᱱᱱᱮ]]'' (᱑᱙᱙᱑) *''[[ᱛᱷᱟᱪᱳᱞᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱜᱷᱤᱥ ᱪᱮᱠᱟᱵᱷᱟᱨ]]'' (᱑᱙᱙᱕) *''[[ᱚᱥᱳᱠᱟ (᱒᱐᱐᱑ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ)|ᱚᱥᱳᱠᱟ]]'' (᱒᱐᱐᱑) ([[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ]]) *''[[ᱫᱟ ᱢᱤᱛᱷ (ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ)|ᱫᱟ ᱢᱤᱛᱷ]]'' (᱒᱐᱐᱕) ([[ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ]]) *''[[ᱫᱟ ᱞᱟᱥᱴ ᱞᱤᱡᱚᱱ]]'' (᱒᱐᱐᱗) ([[ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ]]) *''[[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱡᱷᱟᱥᱥᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ (ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ)|ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱡᱷᱟᱥᱥᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ]]'' (᱒᱐᱐᱙) *''[[ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱥᱟᱨᱟ (ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ)|ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱥᱟᱨᱟ]]'' (᱒᱐᱑᱐) ([[ᱛᱮᱞᱩᱜᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱮᱞᱩᱜᱩ]]) * ''[[ᱩᱨᱩᱢᱤ (ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ)|ᱩᱨᱩᱢᱤ]]'' (᱒᱐᱑᱑) * ''[[ᱠᱚᱢᱟᱱᱰᱳ (᱒᱐১৩ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ)|ᱠᱚᱢᱟᱱᱰᱳ]]'' (᱒᱐᱑᱓) ([[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ]]) * ''[[ᱵᱟᱡᱤᱨᱟᱣ ᱢᱟᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤ]]'' (᱒᱐᱑᱕) ([[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ]]) * ''[[ᱵᱟᱜᱷᱤ (᱒᱐᱑᱖ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ)|ᱵᱟᱜᱷᱤ]]'' (᱒᱐᱑᱖) ([[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ]]) * ''[[ᱵᱷᱤᱨᱟᱢ (᱒᱐᱑᱖ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ)|ᱵᱷᱤᱨᱟᱢ]]'' (᱒᱐᱑᱖) * ''[[ᱯᱚᱫᱽᱢᱟᱵᱚᱛ]]'' (᱒᱐᱑᱘) ([[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ]]) * ''[[ᱠᱟᱭᱟᱢᱠᱩᱞᱟᱢ ᱠᱳᱪᱩᱱᱱᱤ (᱒᱐᱑᱘ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ)|ᱠᱟᱭᱟᱢᱠᱩᱞᱟᱢ ᱠᱳᱪᱩᱱᱱᱤ]]'' (᱒᱐᱑᱘) * ''[[ᱡᱟᱝᱜᱽᱞᱤ (᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ)|ᱡᱟᱝᱜᱽᱞᱤ]]'' (᱒᱐১৯) ([[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ]]) * ''[[ᱟᱛᱷᱤᱨᱟᱱ]]'' (᱒᱐᱑᱙) * ''[[ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱠ]]'' (᱒᱐᱒᱑) ([[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ]]) * ''[[ᱥᱯᱟᱭᱰᱟᱨ-ᱢᱮᱱ: ᱮᱠᱨᱳᱥ ᱫᱟ ᱥᱯᱟᱭᱰᱟᱨ-ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥ]]'' (᱒᱐᱒᱓) ([[ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ]]) * ''[[ARM (ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ)|ᱚᱡᱚᱭᱟᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱱᱫᱟᱢ ᱢᱳᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ]]'' (᱒᱐᱒᱔) * ''[[ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱥᱩᱱᱫᱟᱨᱤ (ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ)]]'' (᱒᱐᱒᱕) {{colend}} == ᱱᱳᱴᱥ == {{reflist|group=note|35em|refs= <!-- P --> <!-- "Parashurama" --> {{refn|group=note|name="Parashurama"|ᱯᱚᱨᱥᱩᱨᱟᱢ: * {{harvtxt|Green|2001|p=225}}: "ᱢᱚᱪᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭᱤᱡ-ᱨᱤᱥᱤ ᱯᱚᱨᱥᱩᱨᱟᱢ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱟ ᱾" * {{harvtxt|Zarrilli|1998|p=31}}: "ᱢᱚᱪᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱛᱮ, ᱨᱤᱥᱤ ᱯᱚᱨᱥᱩᱨᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾"}} }} == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ == {{Reflist}} == ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱠᱚ == {{refbegin}} <!-- A --> * {{cite journal | last1=Arafath | first1=P. K. Yasser | title=The Nadapuram Enigma a History of Violence and Communalism in North Malabar (1957–2015) | journal=Economic and Political Weekly | volume=51 | issue=15 | date=9 April 2016 | url=https://www.academia.edu/24354760 }}<!-- G --> * {{cite book| last =Green | first =Thomas A. | year =2001 | title =Martial Arts of the World: A–Q | publisher =ABC-CLIO | isbn =9781576071502 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=v32oHSE5t6cC}}<!-- M --> * {{Cite book | last =Menon | first=A. Sreedhara | date =4 March 2011 | title =Kerala History and its Makers | publisher =D. C. Books | isbn =978-81-264-3782-5 | language =en | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=wnAjqjhc1VcC | access-date =10 October 2021}}<!-- S --> * {{Cite book | last =Shaji | first =John K. | year =2011 | title =Kalaripayattu: The Martial and Healing Arts of Kerala | publisher=Published by the author | url =https://www.academia.edu/29708005}}<!-- W --> * {{cite book|last=Wollok|first=Jenniffer G.|year=2011|title=Rethinking Chivalry and Courtly Love|publisher=ABC Publishing|isbn=9780275984885|page=250|language=English|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=orTn7RpmyZIC&dq=thiyyas+martial+arts&pg=PA250|access-date=18 January 2022}}<!-- Z --> * {{cite journal | last =Zarrilli | first =Phillip B. | year =1979 | title =Kalarippayatt, Martial Art of Kerala | journal =The Drama Review | volume =23 | issue =2 | pages =113–124 | doi =10.2307/1145220 | jstor =1145220 | url =https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-drama-review-tdr/article/abs/kalarippayatt-martial-art-of-kerala/3A948AB69C08CF861B11679A51F7DA06 | url-access =subscription }} * {{cite journal | last =Zarrilli | first =Phillip B. | year =1992 | title =To Heal and/or To Harm: The Vital Spots (Marmmam/Varmam) in Two South Indian Martial Traditions Part I: Focus on Kerala's Kalarippayattu | journal =[[Journal of Asian Martial Arts]] | volume =1 | issue =1 | url =https://spa.exeter.ac.uk/drama/staff/kalari/healharm.html }} * {{cite journal | last =Zarrilli | first =Phillip B. | year =1994 | title =A South Indian Martial art and the Yoga and Ayurvedic Paradigms | journal =Journal of Asian Martial Arts | url =https://spa.exeter.ac.uk/drama/staff/kalari/power.html | archive-date =16 September 2008 | access-date =23 February 2023 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20080916172804/https://spa.exeter.ac.uk/drama/staff/kalari/power.html | url-status =dead }}{{issue needed|date=June 2025}} * {{cite book | last =Zarrilli | first =Phillip B. | year =1998 | title =When the Body Becomes All Eyes: Paradigms, Discourses, and Practices of Power in Kalarippayattu, a South Indian Martial Art | publisher =Oxford University Press | isbn =9780195639407 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=EP6BAAAAMAAJ }} {{refend}} == ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱢᱮ == * ᱵᱟᱞᱟᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱟᱱ, ᱯᱤ (᱑᱙᱙᱕) ''ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ: ᱫᱟ ᱮᱱᱥᱤᱭᱮᱱᱴ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ'', ᱥᱤ. ᱵᱷᱤ. ᱜᱳᱵᱷᱤᱱᱫᱟᱱᱠᱩᱴᱴᱤ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟ ᱑᱙᱙᱕, {{ASIN|B0006F9ONS}} * ᱰᱮᱱᱳᱰ, ᱯᱮᱴᱨᱤᱠ (᱑᱙᱙᱖) ''ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴ'', ᱵᱩᱰᱳᱥᱴᱳᱨ, {{ISBN|2-908580-62-4}} * ᱮᱞᱜᱩᱰ, ᱨᱚᱵᱟᱨᱴ (᱒᱐᱐᱕), ''ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱟᱨᱢᱥ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱤᱪᱩᱣᱟᱞ: ᱟᱨᱢᱥ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱟᱨᱢᱳᱨ ᱯᱷᱨᱚᱢ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱑᱔᱐᱐-᱑᱘᱖᱕'', ᱮᱵᱩᱨᱳᱱ, {{ISBN|90-5972-020-2}} * ᱡᱟᱨᱨᱤᱞᱞᱤ, ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯ ᱵᱤ. (᱑᱙᱙᱒) "[https://spa.exeter.ac.uk/drama/staff/kalari/healharm.html ᱴᱩ ᱦᱤᱞ ᱮᱱᱰ/ᱚᱨ ᱴᱩ ᱦᱟᱨᱢ: ᱫᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱴᱟᱞ ᱥᱯᱚᱴᱥ ᱤᱱ ᱴᱩ ᱥᱟᱣᱩᱛᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱴᱨᱮᱰᱤᱥᱚᱱᱥ]" * ᱡᱟᱨᱨᱤᱞᱞᱤ, ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯ ᱵᱤ. (᱑᱙᱙᱓), "[https://web.archive.org/web/20070628182657/http://www.phillipzarrilli.com/downloads/actualizing_power.pdf ᱮᱠᱪᱩᱣᱟᱞᱟᱭᱤᱡᱤᱝ ᱯᱟᱣᱟᱨ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱠᱨᱟᱯᱷᱴᱤᱝ ᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱯᱷ ᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ]"'', [[ᱡᱚᱨᱱᱟᱞ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ]]'' == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ == {{Commons category|Kalarippayattu}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20171027154055/http://prd.kerala.gov.in/kalarippayatu.htm ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ - ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ], ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱣᱮᱵᱽᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ ([[Wayback Machine]] ᱠᱚᱯᱤ) * [https://youtube.com/@ParasuramaKalari?si=APJlGs0Sqrm24Js0 ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱭᱳ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱡᱽ] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ| ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ]] l3r02yusdz7tj5bxgvtjg41tkk2kxil 196699 196654 2026-08-12T23:57:32Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 196699 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Martial art | image = Kalari Pattu.jpg | imagecaption = | name = ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ | aka = ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ, ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ, ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴ<ref name=BlackBelt/> | focus = [[ᱦᱟᱭᱵᱨᱤᱰ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ|ᱦᱟᱭᱵᱨᱤᱰ]] | hardness = [[ᱯᱷᱩᱞ-ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱟᱠᱴ]], [[ᱥᱮᱢᱤ-ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱟᱠᱴ]] | country = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] | creator = [[ᱯᱚᱨᱥᱩᱨᱟᱢ]] (ᱞᱮᱡᱮᱱᱰ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ){{refn|group=note|name="Parashurama"}} | formation = | famous pract = [[ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ|ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] | parenthood = | descendant arts = | olympic = ᱵᱟᱝ | meaning = "ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ" }} {{Hinduism |schools}} '''ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ''' ({{IPA|ml|kɐɭɐɾipːɐjɐtːɨ̆|lang}}), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ '''ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ''' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱑-᱑᱒ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ CE ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="KK" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=P. C.|first=Anaswara|date=16 June 2018|title=Meet Gangadharan, First Indian With A PhD On Kalaripayattu Who Later Became A Practitioner Too|work=[[Outlook India]]|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/gangadharans-is-a-curious-cv-theorist-practitioner-of-kalaripayattu/312572|access-date=10 October 2021}}</ref> == ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ == ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱑-᱑᱒ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ {{lang|ml-Latn|Kalaripayattu}} ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ – {{lang|ml-Latn|[[ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ]]}} (ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱥᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ) ᱟᱨ {{lang|ml-Latn|ᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ}} (ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ "ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ" ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ {{lang|ml-Latn|Kalari}} ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱥᱮ [[ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ]] ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ {{lang|ml-Latn|Khaloorika}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱠᱛᱤ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱮᱵᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱟᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="EK">{{Cite journal|last=S|first=Sreenath|date=2017|title=Effect of Kalaripayattu on physical fitness variables among college students|url=https://www.kheljournal.com/archives/2017/vol4issue4/PartG/4-4-23-934.pdf|journal=International Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Health|volume=4|pages=1–7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=T. Sreedharan Nair |first= Chirakkal |author-link= |title=Kalarippayattu: The Complete Guide to Kerala's Ancient Martial Art |year=2015 |url=https://archive.org/details/kalarippayattuco0000nair |location= |publisher= |page= |isbn=9789384030513}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=John |first=Shaji K. |date=2011 |title=Kalarippayattu: The Martial and healing art of Kerala |url=https://ia600303.us.archive.org/33/items/Kalarippayattu/Kalarippayattuebook.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Devi |first=Thanooja |date=November 2020 |title=THE KALARI, GYMNASIUM OF KERALA |url=https://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2011253.pdf}}</ref> ''ᱠᱟᱢᱤᱠᱟ ᱟᱜᱟᱢᱟ'' ᱕ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ CE ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱥᱟᱭᱵᱷᱟ ᱟᱜᱟᱢᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, {{lang|sa-Latn|ᱠᱷᱟᱞᱩᱨᱤᱠᱟ}} ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofh07achauoft/page/186/mode/2up?view=theater | title=An encyclopaedia of Hindu architecture | date=1946 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/kamika-agama-purva-pada-part-1 | title=Kamika Agama – Purva Pada (Shaivite Hindu Text) }}</ref> == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == === ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱡᱮᱱᱰ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ === ᱞᱮᱡᱮᱱᱰ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱯᱚᱨᱥᱩᱨᱟᱢ, ᱵᱤᱥᱱᱩ ᱟᱜ ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱚᱛᱟᱨ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱵᱟᱥᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾{{refn|group=note|name="Parashurama"}} ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱥᱩᱨᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱑᱐᱘ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱜᱮᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱭᱟ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱒᱑ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱜᱩᱨᱩ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱾{{sfnp|Shaji|2011|p=4}} ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱡᱮᱱᱰ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱟᱭᱭᱟᱯᱯᱟ, ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ, ᱢᱩᱦᱟᱢᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱨᱟᱯᱯᱟᱱᱪᱤᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱮ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2015/jan/24/in-memory-of-a-warrior-deity-709189.html | title=In Memory of a Warrior Deity | date=24 January 2015 }}</ref> === ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ === ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯ ᱡᱟᱨᱨᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱥᱟᱝᱜᱟᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ (᱖᱐᱐ BCE – ᱓᱐᱐ CE) ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱨᱟᱵᱤᱲᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱫᱷᱟᱱᱩᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱫᱤᱠ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾{{sfnp|Zarrilli|1994}} ᱥᱟᱝᱜᱟᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭᱤᱡ ᱜᱮ ᱴᱟᱨᱜᱮᱴ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ, ᱥᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱫᱮᱡᱚᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name="Subramanian, N. 1966">Subramanian, N. (1966). ''[[iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.111129|Sangam polity]]''. Bombay: Asian Publishing House – via Internet Archive.</ref> ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱟ (''ᱵᱷᱮᱞ''), ᱛᱟᱨᱣᱟᱲᱮ (''ᱵᱷᱟᱞ''), ᱰᱷᱟᱞ (''ᱠᱮᱰᱟᱦᱟᱢ''), ᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨ (''ᱵᱷᱤᱞ ᱟᱢᱵᱩ'') ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<!--Language? Except for 'spear' these are similar to the Tamil words--> === ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ (c. ᱑᱑᱐᱐ CE – c. ᱑᱕᱐᱐ CE)=== ᱡᱟᱨᱨᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱫᱚ CE "ᱠᱚᱢ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ" ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾{{sfnp|Zarrilli|1994}} ᱑᱑ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱨᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱴᱷᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱳᱞᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱴᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱨᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱴᱷᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱮᱞᱟᱢᱠᱩᱞᱟᱢ ᱠᱩᱱᱡᱟᱱ ᱯᱤᱞᱞᱟᱭ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾{{sfnp|Zarrilli|1994}} ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱮ. ᱥᱨᱤᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱚᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱤᱭᱩᱰᱟᱞ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ, ᱜᱩᱴ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱯᱟᱨᱴᱟᱱ-ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱤᱥᱤᱯᱞᱤᱱ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱭ ᱮᱢᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾{{sfnp|Menon|2011|p=82}} ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ''ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ'' ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ''ᱵᱷᱚᱜᱚᱵᱚᱛᱤ'' ᱥᱮ ''ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱫᱮᱵᱷᱟᱴᱟ'' ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱤᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ<!-- Quite unlikely that children had anything like formal school-education. JJ 13 nov, 2023 --> ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ''ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ'' ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾{{sfnp|Menon|2011|p=82}}{{sfnp|Wollok|2011|p=250}}{{sfnp|Arafath|2016}} ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱥᱮᱠᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱷᱤᱭᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱾{{sfnp|Menon|2011|p=82}}{{sfnp|Wollok|2011|p=250}}{{sfnp|Arafath|2016}}<!-- According to Menon, unlike other parts of India, warriors in [[Kerala]] belonged to all castes and religions, and were from both sexes.{{sfnp|Menon|2011|p=82}}--> ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱡᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨᱤ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ''ᱵᱷᱟᱫᱟᱠᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱴᱴᱩ'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱚᱪᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭᱤᱡ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱒ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟᱭ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |last= T. Sreedharan Nair |first= Chirakkal |author-link= |title=Kalarippayattu: The Complete Guide to Kerala's Ancient Martial Art |year= 2015 |url= https://archive.org/details/kalarippayattuco0000nair |location= |publisher= |page= |isbn=9789384030513}}</ref><ref name="auto"/> ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ''ᱟᱱᱠᱟᱢ'' (ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ "ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ" ᱥᱮ "ᱥᱚᱝᱜᱨᱟᱢ") ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱞᱦᱮ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱚᱞᱦᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ''ᱟᱱᱠᱟᱢ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱯ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ''ᱯᱳᱭᱛᱷᱩ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ''ᱟᱱᱠᱟᱢ'' ᱥᱮ ''ᱯᱳᱭᱛᱷᱩ'' ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭᱤᱡ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭᱤᱡ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ''ᱟᱱᱠᱟᱢ'' ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱑᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭᱤᱡ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfnp|Menon|2011|p=83-84}} ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱚᱱᱟᱞ ᱠᱩᱲᱟᱹᱭ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭᱤᱡ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ''ᱟᱱᱠᱟᱢ'' ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾{{sfnp|Menon|2011|p=83}} === ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱯᱚᱱᱤᱵᱮᱥᱚᱠ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ (c. ᱑᱕᱐᱐ – c. ᱑᱙᱐᱐ CE)=== ==== ᱤᱭᱩᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱵᱚᱨᱚᱱ ==== [[File:Gama route 1.svg|thumb|right|[[ᱵᱷᱟᱥᱠᱳ ᱰᱟ ᱜᱟᱢᱟ]] ᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱷᱟᱨ (᱑᱔᱙᱗-᱑᱔᱙᱙) ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ]] ᱑᱔᱙᱘ ᱨᱮ, ᱵᱷᱟᱥᱠᱳ ᱰᱟ ᱜᱟᱢᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱭᱩᱨᱳᱯ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱤᱱᱰᱳ-ᱤᱭᱩᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal|first=Glenn |last=Ames|editor-first=Ivana |editor-last=Elbl|title=Portugal and its Empire, 1250–1800 (Collected Essays in Memory of Glenn J. Ames) |journal=Portuguese Studies Review |volume=17 |issue=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hld-AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA12|year=2012|publisher=Trent University Press|pages=12–15 with footnotes, context: 11–32}}</ref> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱰᱟᱪᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱞᱳᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|first1=M. O.|last1=Koshy|title=The Dutch Power in Kerala, 1729–1758|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ro8SLhyAc9AC|year=1989|publisher=Mittal|isbn=978-81-7099-136-6|page=61}}</ref> ᱰᱟᱪᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱖᱑᱙ ᱨᱮ [[ᱥᱩᱨᱚᱛ]] ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱩᱣᱟᱨᱴᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱵᱳᱥᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱖ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱮ ᱦᱤᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱷᱤᱭᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱮᱴᱣᱟᱨᱠ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ,{{sfnp|Wollok|2011|p=250}}{{sfnp|Arafath|2016}} ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱮᱴᱣᱟᱨᱠ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ:{{sfnp|Menon|2011|p=82}}{{sfnp|Zarrilli|1979}} {{blockquote|ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱤᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱞ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱨᱤᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ; ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨᱚᱜ, ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱫᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱮᱵᱮᱡ ᱡᱚᱭᱮᱱᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ; ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱳᱰ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱟ, ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱟ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱨᱣᱟᱲᱮ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱣᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱟᱲᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ, ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ (ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱥᱩᱱ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ) ᱡᱟᱣᱜᱮ (ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ) ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱮᱱᱥᱤᱝ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱾{{sfnp|Menon|2011|p=82}}}} ᱑᱖᱖᱙ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱖᱗᱖ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱪᱽ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱚᱵᱷᱚᱨᱱᱚᱨ ᱦᱮᱱᱰᱨᱤᱠ ᱵᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱰ, ''ᱦᱳᱨᱴᱩᱥ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨᱤᱠᱩᱥ'' ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱮᱠᱟᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ: {{blockquote|ᱪᱮᱠᱟᱵᱷᱟᱥ (ᱛᱷᱤᱭᱭᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ) ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱮᱠᱟᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱤᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱮᱱᱥᱤᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱭᱨᱳᱥ (ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ) ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rIZHDwAAQBAJ&dq=The+silgos%28chegos%29usually+serve+to+teach+nayros+in+the+fencing+school&pg=RA1-PA8|title = Hendrik Adriaan van Reed Tot Drakestein 1636–1691 and Hortus, Malabaricus|isbn = 9781351441070|last1 = Heniger|first1 = J.|year = 2017| publisher=Routledge }}</ref>}} ==== ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ ==== ᱑᱗ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱫᱩᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱳᱯ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱭᱩᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱟᱜᱽᱱᱮᱭᱟᱥᱛᱨᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱨᱣᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="BlackBelt">{{cite web|last=Doctor|first=Fali E.|date=July 1973|title=Kalari Payat – Ancient Art of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WdcDAAAAMBAJ|access-date=6 November 2020|publisher=[[Black Belt (magazine)|Black Belt]]|pages=23–25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Menon|first=A. Sreedhara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S9RMxjdjUVAC&pg=PA38|title=Legacy of Kerala|date=2010-07-12|publisher=D. C. Books|isbn=978-81-264-3798-6|pages=38|language=en|access-date=10 October 2021}}</ref> ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ "ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ" ᱫᱚ ''ᱵᱷᱟᱫᱟᱠᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱴᱴᱩᱠᱟᱞ'' (᱑᱗-᱑᱘ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ{{sfnp|Menon|2011|p=81}}) ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭᱤᱡ ᱦᱤᱨᱳ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱨᱳᱭᱤᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱟᱨᱳᱢᱟᱞ ᱪᱮᱠᱟᱵᱷᱟᱨ (᱑᱖ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ), ᱪᱟᱱᱫᱩ ᱪᱮᱠᱟᱵᱷᱟᱨ (᱑᱖ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ), ᱩᱱᱱᱤᱭᱟᱨᱪᱟ (᱑᱖ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ),<ref name="AK">{{Cite news |last=Soman |first=Deepa |date=31 March 2019 |title=Kalaripayattu is alive and kicking |work=[[Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kalaripayattu-is-alive-and-kicking/articleshow/68644512.cms |access-date=21 December 2020}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱛᱷᱟᱪᱳᱞᱤ ᱳᱛᱷᱮᱱᱟᱱ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ, ᱵᱤᱨᱵᱟᱱᱴᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱫᱚᱨᱥᱚᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾{{sfnp|Menon|2011|p=82–83}} ᱦᱤᱨᱳ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱨᱳᱭᱤᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱭᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱾{{sfnp|Menon|2011|p=81}} ᱵᱷᱟᱫᱟᱠᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱴᱴᱩᱠᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱢᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱥᱣᱟᱨᱛᱷ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱾ [[File:Kottakkal Kanaran Gurukkal.jpg|thumb|150px|[[ᱠᱳᱴᱴᱟᱠᱠᱟᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ]] (᱑᱘᱕᱐-᱑᱙᱔᱑), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ "ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱫᱨᱳᱱᱟᱪᱟᱨᱭᱟ" ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ]] ᱑᱘᱐᱔ ᱨᱮ, ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱳᱴᱴᱟᱭᱟᱛᱷᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱯᱟᱡᱷᱟᱥᱥᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱓᱐ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ, ᱑᱘᱐᱕ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱡᱷᱟᱥᱥᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ''ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ'' ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟᱭᱤᱴ ''ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ'' ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱨᱳᱫᱷ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱠᱩ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱚᱸᱜᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ''ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ'' ᱠᱚ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱳᱴᱴᱟᱠᱠᱟᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ, ᱠᱮᱞᱩ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱯ ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱳᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱢᱩᱱᱱᱤ ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱤᱲᱦᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱜᱮ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱑᱙᱒᱐ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱦᱚᱸᱠᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="KK" /><ref name="MW" /> === ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ (᱒᱐-᱒᱑ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ)=== ᱑᱙᱒᱐ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱞᱟᱥᱥᱮᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]]{{sfnp|Zarrilli|1998}} ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱷᱮᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱗᱐ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱛᱚᱸᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ''ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ'' ᱠᱚ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱳᱴᱴᱟᱠᱠᱟᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ, ᱪᱟᱢᱵᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱟᱱᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱾ ᱪᱟᱢᱵᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱟᱱᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱳᱴᱴᱟᱠᱠᱟᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ CVN ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ''ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ'' ᱠᱚᱭ ᱡᱷᱤᱡ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱜᱮ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱮ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="MW" /> ᱪᱤᱨᱟᱠᱠᱟᱞ ᱴᱤ. ᱥᱨᱤᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ<ref name="MW" /> ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱧᱟᱢᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱱᱤᱠ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱨᱤᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱓᱗ ᱨᱮ ''ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ'', ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ''ᱢᱮᱭᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ'', ᱥᱮ ᱠᱚᱱᱰᱤᱥᱚᱱᱤᱝ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ''ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱛᱷᱟᱨᱤ'' ᱥᱮ ᱢᱚᱪᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱠᱩᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="KK" /> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱱᱤᱠ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱟᱭᱢᱟᱨ ᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱧᱟᱢᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ''ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ – ᱮ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱞᱤᱴ ᱜᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱴᱩ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ'ᱥ ᱮᱱᱥᱤᱭᱮᱱᱴ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱾'' ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ, ᱥᱨᱤᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱱᱳᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱮᱥ. ᱟᱨ. ᱮ. ᱫᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱥ. ᱟᱨ. ᱰᱤ. ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱣᱮᱥᱴᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱵᱩᱠᱥ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱑,᱗᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱵᱚᱨᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱱᱤᱠ ᱨᱮᱯᱷᱟᱨᱮᱱᱥ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱚᱸᱜᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="KK" /> ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱠᱚᱛᱷᱚᱠᱚᱞᱤ]] ᱟᱨ ᱢᱳᱦᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟᱴᱴᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="AK"/> ᱱᱮᱦᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱜᱮ, ᱮᱴᱟᱜ, ᱵᱟᱝ-ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱤᱡ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱥᱩᱱᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱳᱨᱟᱥᱣᱟᱢᱤ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱱᱟᱴᱭᱚᱢ ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱤᱡ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sobers|first=S. N. Venkatnag|date=31 October 2019|title=World Is A Stage For Vasundhara|work=[[Star of Mysore]]|url=https://starofmysore.com/world-is-a-stage-for-vasundhara/|access-date=10 October 2021}}</ref> ᱒૦᱑᱗ ᱨᱮ, ᱵᱷᱟᱫᱟᱠᱟᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱗᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨᱟᱱ ''ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ'', ᱥᱨᱤ ᱢᱤᱱᱟᱠᱥᱤ ᱟᱢᱢᱟ, ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ [[ᱯᱚᱫᱽᱢᱚᱥᱨᱤ]] ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="SF" /><ref name="OD" /> ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ, ᱛᱤᱨᱩᱵᱚᱱᱚᱱᱛᱯᱩᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ ᱡᱷᱤᱡ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱴᱩᱨᱤᱡᱚᱢ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱟᱜ ᱧᱮᱞ-ᱥᱟᱢᱴᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="KA">{{Cite news|last=Radhakrishnan|first=S. Anil|date=2021-01-10|title=Kalaripayattu academy braces for action|language=en-IN|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/kalaripayattu-academy-braces-for-action/article33539155.ece|access-date=2021-04-07|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="BT">{{Cite news|date=10 January 2021|title=Kerala govt to set up Kalaripayattu Academy to boost traditional martial art form|work=[[Yahoo! News]]|url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/kerala-govt-set-kalaripayattu-academy-062937244.html|access-date=18 June 2021}}</ref><ref name="AF">{{Cite news|date=10 January 2021|title=Kerala govt to set up Kalaripayattu Academy to boost traditional martial art form|work=[[Asian News International]]|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/kerala-govt-to-set-up-kalaripayattu-academy-to-boost-traditional-martial-art-form20210110115811/|access-date=18 June 2021}}</ref> ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱓,᱕᱐᱐ ᱯᱷᱩᱴ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱞᱞᱟᱨ ᱠᱨᱟᱯᱷᱴᱥ ᱵᱷᱤᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱠᱞᱟᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ''ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ'' ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱨᱤ ᱢᱤᱱᱟᱠᱥᱤ ᱟᱢᱢᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ''ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ'' ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱫᱽᱢᱚᱥᱨᱤ ᱧᱟᱢᱤᱡ ᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱐᱐ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ, ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱜᱮ, ᱥᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱵ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱠᱞᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱨᱟᱹ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ [[ᱯᱤᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱤ ᱵᱤᱡᱟᱭᱟᱱ]] ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱞᱟᱵᱟᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="KA" /><ref name="BT" /><ref name="AF" /> == ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ == [[File:Urumi in Kalaripayattu.webm|thumb|upright=1|[[ᱠᱳᱡᱷᱤᱠᱳᱰ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱯᱮᱨᱟᱢᱵᱽᱨᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱝᱜᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮ [[ᱩᱨᱩᱢᱤ]] ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱾ ᱟᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱑᱘᱙᱕ ᱨᱮ, ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱮᱛᱷᱱᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱟᱨ (ethnographer) ᱮᱯᱷ. ᱯᱷᱳᱥᱮᱴ (F. Fawcett) ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱜᱮᱭ ᱦᱤᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ [[ᱛᱷᱩᱨᱟᱭᱩᱨ|ᱯᱟᱭᱭᱳᱞᱤ]] ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ 'ᱣᱟᱴᱴᱟ' (ᱳᱴᱴᱟ) ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱨᱚᱜ, ᱫᱟᱞ, ᱥᱮ ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ 'ᱥᱟᱨᱤᱨᱟᱵᱷᱟᱫᱤ' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |last=Prasad |first=S. R. D. |title=Kalaripayattu Vijnanakosham |year=2018 |publisher=Kairali Books |isbn=9789388087544 |page=212}}</ref>]] [[File:Kalaripayattu performance 3.jpg|thumb|ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ]] [[File:Kalaripayattu performance 1.jpg|thumb|ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ]] === ᱜᱩᱨᱩ-ᱥᱤᱥᱭᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ === ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ''ᱜᱩᱨᱩ-ᱥᱤᱥᱭᱟ'' ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="KD">{{Cite news |last=Khullar |first=Gagan |date=25 June 2019 |title=The ancient martial art of Kalaripayattu in Delhi |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/fitness/the-ancient-martial-art-of-kalaripayattu-in-delhi/article28136442.ece |access-date=21 December 2020}}</ref> ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱪᱮᱫᱚᱜ, ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱮ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ''ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱩᱞ'' ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book|last=John|first=Shaji K.|url=https://www.academia.edu/29708005|title=Kalaripayattu: The Martial and Healing Art of Kerala|publisher=[[Academia.edu]]|year=2011|isbn=|location=Kottayam, Kerala|pages=19}}</ref> === ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱢᱚᱨ === ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱞ, ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱟ, ᱥᱟᱵ, ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱯ, ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfnp|Zarrilli|1998}} ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭᱤᱡ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱟᱨᱢᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱢᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱵᱮᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱲᱟᱣᱱᱟ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱸᱴ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ-ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱫᱟ ᱛᱤ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name="KD" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Francis |first1=Jibin |last2=Christadoss |first2=B. Beneson Thilager |date=April 2020 |title=An Appraisal of Kalarippayattu and Its Association with the Culture of Kerala |url=http://www.bodhijournals.com/pdf/V4N3/Bodhi_V4N3_009.pdf |journal=Bodhi International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and Science |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=1–2}}</ref> ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱰᱱᱟᱹ, ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱟ, ᱠᱟᱴᱟᱨᱤ, ᱟᱨ ᱩᱨᱩᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfnp|Zarrilli|1979}} === ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ === [[File:Kalari poothara pooja - cropped.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱟᱨᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ, ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱱᱟᱱᱦᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ, ᱮᱭᱟᱭ-ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱠᱚᱬ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱸᱜᱩ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱪᱟᱠᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/kalaripayattu/training/poothara|title=Kalari Poothara - the seven-tiered platform &#124; Kalari Training &#124; Kalaripayattu and Kerala|website=Kalaripayattu}}</ref>]] ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ''ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ''ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ]] ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ''ᱵᱟᱥᱛᱩ ᱥᱟᱥᱛᱨᱚ''<ref name="MH">{{Cite book|last=John|first=Shaji K.|url=https://www.academia.edu/29708005 |title=Kalaripayattu: The Martial and Healing Arts of Kerala|publisher=[[Academia.edu]] |year=2011 |location=Kottayam, Kerala|pages=21}}</ref>ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱢᱟᱯ (dimensions) ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ''ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱛ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱦᱤᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ''ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱛ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ''ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱜᱤᱛᱤᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱨᱟᱱ-ᱢᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱱ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱭ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ'' ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ''ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ''ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱟᱨᱟ'', ''ᱜᱟᱱᱟᱯᱟᱛᱤᱛᱷᱟᱨᱟ'', ᱟᱨ ''ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱛᱷᱟᱨᱟ'' ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ''ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱟᱨᱟ'' (ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ "ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ" ᱥᱮ "ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱚᱛ") ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱭᱟᱭ-ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱯᱟᱹᱞ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ-ᱨᱩᱯ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ''ᱠᱩᱢᱵᱷᱟ'' ᱥᱮ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱟᱱ-ᱢᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ, ᱟᱭᱩᱨᱵᱮᱫᱽ,{{sfnp|Zarrilli|1994}} ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱩᱨᱵᱮᱫᱤᱠ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱭᱟᱭ ''ᱫᱷᱟᱛᱩ'' ᱟᱨ ''ᱠᱳᱥᱟ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ''ᱠᱩᱢᱵᱷᱟ'' ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱚᱜᱚᱵᱚᱛᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱫᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱟᱱᱟᱯᱟᱛᱤᱛᱷᱟᱨᱟ (ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ "ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ") ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ]] ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱭᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱛᱷᱟᱨᱟ (ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ "ᱜᱩᱨᱩ ᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ") ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ''ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ'' ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱩᱨᱩ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱤᱲᱦᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱟᱱᱟᱯᱟᱛᱤᱛᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ''ᱳᱴᱴᱟ'', ᱥᱮ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ-ᱨᱩᱯ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ''ᱯᱟᱫᱩᱠᱟ'', ᱥᱮ ᱯᱟᱱᱟᱦᱤ ᱫᱚ, ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱛᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ ᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="MH" /> ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱚᱫᱽᱨᱚᱠᱟᱞᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱷᱚᱜᱚᱵᱚᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sebastian|first=Shevlin|date=9 March 2014|title=Warrior On The Stage|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2014/mar/09/warrior-on-the-stage-583937.html|access-date=1 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=8 June 2019|title=Kalarivathukkal Thirumudi Utsavam & Pooram Mahotsavam|url=http://www.keralaculture.org/kerala-festivals/pooram-thirumudi-utsavam/144/4|access-date=1 January 2021|website=Kerala Culture}}</ref> ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱥᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱞᱚᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱞᱚᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱤᱞᱚᱠ ᱥᱮ ᱴᱤᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name="KD"/> === ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢ === ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢ ᱫᱚ ''ᱠᱟᱪᱟᱠᱮᱴᱴᱟᱞ'' ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱳᱭᱮᱱᱠᱞᱳᱛᱷ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news|last=Manoj|first=E. M.|date=3 October 2015|title=When Kalaripayattu dons new attire|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/when-kalaripayattu-dons-new-attire/article7718272.ece#|access-date=21 December 2020}}</ref> ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱥᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱨᱩ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱪᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱠᱩᱢ, ᱥᱮ ''ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱛᱷᱟᱨᱤ'', ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="AK" /> === ''ᱪᱩᱵᱷᱟᱫᱩ'' ᱟᱨ ''ᱵᱷᱟᱫᱤᱵᱷᱩ'' === ᱟᱭᱢᱟ [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱳᱜᱟ, ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱦᱤᱨ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱰ ᱥᱯᱮᱨᱤᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ{{sfnp|Zarrilli|1998}} ᱟᱨ [[ᱠᱚᱛᱷᱚᱠᱚᱞᱤ]] ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱞᱟᱥᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱤᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="Luijendijk 08">Luijendijk, D. H. (2008). ''[https://www.amazon.com/dp/1409226263 Kalarippayat: The Essence and Structure of an Indian Martial Art]'', Oprat, {{ISBN|978-1-4092-2626-0}}</ref> ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱲᱟᱢ (''ᱪᱩᱵᱷᱟᱫᱩ'') ᱟᱨ ᱯᱳᱥᱪᱟᱨᱢ (''ᱵᱷᱟᱫᱤᱵᱷᱩ'') ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kalaripayattu|url=https://www.topendsports.com/sport/list/kalaripayattu.htm|access-date=2020-12-22|website=Topend Sports}}</ref> ''ᱪᱩᱵᱷᱟᱫᱩ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ 'ᱛᱟᱲᱟᱢ' ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱛᱟᱲᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ''ᱵᱷᱟᱫᱤᱵᱷᱩ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ 'ᱯᱳᱥᱪᱟᱨᱢ' ᱥᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱱᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱠᱮᱱ ᱯᱳᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨᱟ ᱚᱱᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ''ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ'', ᱟᱨ ''ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱥᱴᱮᱱᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ, ᱢᱮᱥᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾{{sfnp|Zarrilli|1998}} === ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ === ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥᱤᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭᱤᱡ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱫᱟ ᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥᱤᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱴᱠᱟᱣ, ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮ-ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱴᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱞᱟᱢᱵᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱥᱤᱯᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ === ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱡᱽ === ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱱ-ᱢᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱮᱭᱟᱱᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱢᱟᱪᱮᱛ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱵᱮᱡ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱞᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱱ-ᱢᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱱ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱡᱽ (''ᱩᱡᱷᱤᱪᱤᱞ'') ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ''ᱛᱷᱤᱨᱩᱢᱟᱞ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱵᱮᱡ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ''ᱠᱟᱴᱪᱟ ᱛᱷᱤᱨᱩᱢᱟᱞ'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="auto"/> == ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱠᱚ <span class="anchor" id="Techniques"></span> == ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ, ᱥᱮ ''ᱵᱷᱟᱡᱷᱤ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{refn|group=note|''ᱦᱚᱱᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱡᱷᱤ'' (ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ "[[ᱦᱚᱱᱩᱢᱟᱱ]] ᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨ") ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱯᱤᱰ (speed) ᱟᱨ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱮᱯᱞᱤᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ (technical application) ᱨᱮ ᱡᱳᱨ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱮᱲᱮ ᱥᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''ᱵᱟᱞᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱡᱷᱤ'' (ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ "[[ᱵᱟᱞᱤ (ᱨᱟᱢᱟᱭᱚᱱ)|ᱵᱟᱞᱤ]] ᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨ") ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱮᱯᱞᱤᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱳᱨ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''ᱵᱷᱤᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱡᱷᱤ'' (ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ "[[ᱵᱷᱤᱢ]] ᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨ") ᱨᱮ, ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="HA" />}} ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ, ᱥᱮ ''ᱵᱷᱟᱫᱟᱠᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ'', ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ, ᱥᱮ ''ᱛᱷᱮᱠᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱾''<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Kalaripayattu |url=https://kalaripayattuclass.com/about-kalaripayattu/ |access-date=2019-12-10 |website=Kalaripayattu Class |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327016876 |doi=10.1177/2455929618773388|title=Exploring the Relevance of Cultural Resource Management: A Case Study of Kalaripayattu |year=2018 |last1=Vinodan |first1=A. |last2=Meera |first2=S. |journal=Journal of Heritage Management |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=71–86 |s2cid=158232813}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/kalaripayattu-to-have-a-mixed-syllabus-soon-463521.html |title=Kalaripayattu to have a mixed syllabus soon |date=9 April 2012}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱥᱮ ''ᱵᱷᱟᱡᱷᱤ'' (ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ "ᱦᱚᱨ" ᱥᱮ "ᱦᱚᱨᱟ") ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ''ᱦᱚᱱᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱡᱷᱤ'', ''ᱵᱷᱤᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱡᱷᱤ'', ᱟᱨ ''ᱵᱟᱞᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱡᱷᱤ'' ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱾<ref name="HA">{{Cite book |last=John|first=Shaji K. |url=https://www.academia.edu/29708005|title=Kalaripayattu: The Martial and Healing Arts of Kerala|publisher=[[Academia.edu]]|year=2011|isbn=|location=Kottayam, Kerala|pages=19–20}}</ref> ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ, ᱥᱮ ''ᱵᱷᱟᱫᱟᱠᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ'', ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱵᱮᱡ ᱞᱟᱲᱟᱣᱱᱟ, ᱮᱲᱮ, ᱫᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ, ᱥᱮ ''ᱛᱷᱮᱠᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ'', ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ, ᱤᱢᱯᱮᱠᱴ ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹᱭ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤ-ᱛᱮ-ᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱭᱮᱱᱴ ᱥᱴᱨᱟᱭᱤᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱳᱨ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|last=Youseph|first=Ramon|date=2018-05-30|title=Martial Art of the Month: Kalaripayattu|url=https://kungfukingdom.com/martial-art-of-the-month-kalaripayattu/|access-date=2021-04-07|website=Kung-fu Kingdom|language=en-GB}}</ref> ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ, ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ, ᱥᱮ ''ᱢᱚᱫᱷᱭᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ'' ᱦᱚᱸ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfnp|Green|2001}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cruz|first=Edmund|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OCJiDwAAQBAJ|title=Health, Longevity and the Martial Arts|publisher=Authorhouse|year=2018|isbn=9781546239796|location=|pages=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Luijendijk|first=Dick|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hISikpYZ9hYC|title=Kalarippayat|publisher=Lulu.com|date=July 2005|isbn=9781409226260|location=|pages=}}</ref> ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ, ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ''ᱛᱩᱞᱩᱱᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱫᱟᱠᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱴᱴᱩᱠᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱩᱞᱩ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱥᱤᱢᱤᱛ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ, ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱸᱴ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ''ᱫᱨᱳᱱᱟᱢᱵᱟᱞᱞᱤ'', ''ᱳᱰᱤᱢᱩᱨᱟᱥᱥᱮᱨᱤ'', ''ᱛᱩᱞᱩ ᱱᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱭᱵᱷᱟ ᱢᱩᱨᱟ'', ᱟᱨ ''ᱠᱟᱭᱭᱟᱝᱜᱟᱞᱤ'' ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kalaripayattuclass.com/manoeuvre-tryst-with-kalaripayattu-veteran-sri-srd-prasad-gurukkal-of-bharat-kalari/ |title=Manoeuvre tryst with Kalaripayattu Veteran Sri SRD Prasad Gurukkal of Bharat Kalari |date=26 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiavideo.org/kerala/arts/onathallu-marital-art--2985.php|title = Onathallu, Kayyankali, Martial art, Entertainment, Kerala, India, Video}}</ref><!-- Kalaripayattu has three forms, which are distinguished by their attacking and defensive patterns. They are ''Arappa Kayy'', ''Pilla Thangi'', and ''Vatten Thiripp''. --> === ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ <span class="anchor" id="Northern kalaripayattu"></span> === ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ''ᱵᱷᱟᱫᱟᱠᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ "ᱟᱥᱚᱞ" ᱨᱩᱯ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱞᱮᱵᱮᱡ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱡᱳᱨ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟ<ref>{{Cite news |last=Akundi |first=Sweta |date=30 July 2018 |title=The 'kalari' burner |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/fitness/the-kalari-burner/article24551272.ece |access-date=21 December 2020}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ''ᱢᱮᱭ ᱠᱟᱱᱱᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱟᱢ'' ᱥᱞᱳᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ "ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱫ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱮ" ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ''ᱢᱮᱭᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ'' (ᱠᱟᱨᱟᱴᱮ ᱨᱮ [[ᱠᱟᱴᱟ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ) ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱵᱮᱡ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱠᱤᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱤᱯᱷᱮᱱᱥᱤᱵᱷ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ''ᱢᱮᱭᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱨᱩ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱫᱚ ''ᱢᱮᱭᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ'' (ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱥᱴᱮᱱᱥ), ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ''ᱠᱳᱞᱛᱷᱟᱨᱤ'' (ᱠᱟᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ), ''ᱟᱱᱜᱟᱛᱷᱟᱨᱤ'' (ᱢᱮᱬᱦᱮᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ) ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ''ᱵᱷᱮᱨᱩᱢ ᱠᱟᱭ'' (ᱥᱟᱫᱟ ᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ) ᱾<ref>{{Cite news|last=Anima|first=P.|date=30 May 2014|title=I am... Radhika M, Kalaripayattu Instructor|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/I-am...-Radhika-M-Kalaripayattu-Instructor/article11643987.ece|access-date=21 December 2020}}</ref> ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ''ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ'' ᱠᱚᱫᱚ (ᱤᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ) ᱓ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱖ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱦᱚᱵᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱠᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱪᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱴᱷᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱴᱷᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱢᱮᱬᱦᱮᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱜᱩᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱴᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱨᱣᱟᱲᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱤᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kerala.me/specialities/art-and-culture/kalaripayattu|title=Kalaripayattu {{!}} Art & Culture of Kerala |website=Kerala Tourist Information|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-10}}</ref> === ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ <span class="anchor" id="Southern kalaripayattu"></span> === ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ''ᱛᱷᱮᱠᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱜᱚᱥᱛᱭᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱢᱟ ᱟᱫᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱫᱤ ᱢᱩᱨᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱢᱟ ᱟᱫᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱢᱟ ᱟᱫᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱢᱟ ᱟᱫᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱞᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ-ᱮᱴᱟᱜᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱢᱟ ᱟᱫᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book|last1=DeMarco|first1=Michael|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d_cPEAAAQBAJ|title=Martial and Healing Traditions of India|last2=Zarrilli|last3=Nongmaithem|last4=Dipl|publisher=Independently Published|year=2020|isbn=9798694263177|pages=6|chapter=1|quote=The linguistic, social, religious, historical, technical and geographical differences briefly recounted above suggest that kalarippayattu and varma ati are closely related but distinct systems of martial practice. Historically, it is probable that the similarity between the two arts depended entirely on proximity, with the kalarippayattu styles and traditions of Malabar quite distinct from those of Tamil practitioners, while those in southern Kerala were not only similar to one another, but were probably mixed styles of practice.}}</ref> ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱥᱩᱨᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱜᱚᱥᱛᱭᱚ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱭᱟᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨᱤ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱾{{Citation needed|date=April 2021}} ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱞᱮᱵᱮᱡ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱳᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱛᱤ-ᱛᱮ-ᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ, ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱤᱢᱯᱮᱠᱴ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱩᱴᱣᱟᱨᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱡᱳᱨ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news|date=21 December 2020|title=Kalari makes its first move Down Under|work=The Indian Sun|url=https://www.theindiansun.com.au/2014/08/11/kalari-makes-first-move/|access-date=21 December 2020}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱪᱩᱵᱷᱟᱫᱩ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱣᱟᱭ ᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ [[ᱡᱩᱰᱳ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="EK" /> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ, ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱯᱮᱨᱤᱝ ᱮᱦᱚᱵᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱵᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱴᱷᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱮᱦᱚᱵᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱴᱷᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭᱤᱡ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱟᱴᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱰᱤᱯᱷᱮᱱᱥᱤᱵᱷ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭᱤᱡ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱴᱷᱮᱸᱜᱟ, ᱛᱟᱨᱣᱟᱲᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱯᱮᱨᱤᱝ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱵᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹᱭ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ''ᱢᱟᱨᱢᱟ'' ᱯᱚᱭᱮᱱᱴ (ᱯᱨᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱭᱮᱱᱴ) ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱜᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱭᱟ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ''ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ'' ᱮ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱷᱤᱠ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://agasthyakalari.org/html/kalari-kerala.htm|title=Agasthya Kalari – for Siddha Treatments, Kalari Marma Treatments and offers training in Kalari strictly based on ancient scripts – located in Cochin, Kerala, India|website=Agasthya Bharatha Kalari|access-date=2019-12-10|archive-date=25 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191125233034/http://www.agasthyakalari.org/html/kalari-kerala.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> == ''ᱢᱟᱨᱢᱟᱥᱟᱥᱛᱨᱚᱢ'' – ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱞ == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭᱤᱡ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱤᱠ ''ᱢᱟᱨᱢᱟᱢ'' (ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ) ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮ-ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱮ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱠᱮᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱸᱥᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ-ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱞᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱢᱟ ᱾ ''ᱢᱟᱨᱢᱟᱥᱟᱥᱛᱨᱚᱢ'' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱢᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱳᱨ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱟᱱ-ᱢᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱱ (''ᱢᱟᱨᱢᱟᱪᱤᱠᱤᱛᱥᱟ'') ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|title=Marma Therapy |website=National Health Portal of India|url=https://www.nhp.gov.in/marma-therapy_mtl|access-date=2020-12-22|archive-date=27 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027234126/https://www.nhp.gov.in/marma-therapy_mtl|url-status=dead}}</ref> ᱢᱟᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱟᱱ-ᱢᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱩᱨᱵᱮᱫᱽ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱫᱫᱷᱟ ᱨᱟᱱ-ᱢᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱞᱳᱪᱚᱠ ᱠᱚᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱱᱤᱭᱩᱴᱨᱟᱞ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱢᱟᱢ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱣᱜᱮ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}} ᱢᱟᱨᱢᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱨᱤᱜᱽ ᱵᱮᱫᱽ'' ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱡᱽᱨᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ''ᱢᱟᱨᱢᱟᱢ'' ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱨᱤᱛᱨᱟ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱨᱢᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱯᱷᱟᱨᱮᱱᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ''ᱚᱛᱷᱚᱨᱵᱚ ᱵᱮᱫᱽ'' ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>Subhash Ranade (1993). ''Natural Healing Through Ayurveda'' (p. 161). Passage Press. Utah USA.</ref> ᱵᱮᱫᱤᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱠᱟᱵᱽᱭᱚ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱪᱷᱤᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱯᱷᱟᱨᱮᱱᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱟᱹᱣ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾{{sfnp|Zarrilli|1994}} ᱥᱩᱥᱨᱩᱛᱟ (c. ᱖ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ BCE) ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ''ᱥᱩᱥᱨᱩᱛᱟ ᱥᱚᱝᱦᱤᱛᱟ'' ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱑᱐᱗ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱯ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>G. D. Singhal, L. V. Guru (1973). ''Anatomical and Obstetrical Considerations in Ancient Indian Surgery Based on Sarira-Sthana of Susruta Samhita''.</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱑᱐᱗ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ, ᱖᱔ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱢᱩᱴᱷᱟᱹ ᱥᱮ ᱴᱷᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱴᱷᱤᱠ ᱥᱟᱺᱦᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱞ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Svinth">J. R. Svinth (2002). [http://ejmas.com/kronos "A Chronological History of the Martial Arts and Combative Sports"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228093034/http://ejmas.com/kronos/ |date=28 December 2010 }} ''Electronic Journals of Martial Arts and Sciences''.</ref> ᱥᱩᱥᱨᱩᱛᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱱ-ᱢᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱤᱥᱤᱯᱞᱤᱱ ᱟᱭᱩᱨᱵᱮᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱛ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱡᱳᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱢᱟ ᱟᱫᱤ ᱾ == ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱵᱳᱰᱤ (bodies) ᱠᱚ == ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ, ᱛᱤᱨᱩᱵᱚᱱᱚᱱᱛᱯᱩᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱮᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ (IKF) ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱵᱳᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱳᱰ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱟᱞᱚᱭ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱳᱰ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱮᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news|title=Kalaripayattu eyes Olympics berth|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kalaripayattu-eyes-olympics-berth/article8634888.ece|access-date=19 November 2020|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=23 May 2016}}</ref> ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱮᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ , ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱳᱡᱷᱤᱠᱳᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱵᱳᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱳᱞᱤᱢᱯᱤᱠ ᱮᱥᱳᱥᱤᱭᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="ranking">{{cite news|author=Express Features|title=Kacha Grading System to be introduced for Kalaripayattu|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2013/jul/15/kacha-grading-system-to-be-introduced-for-kalaripayattu-496837.html|access-date=19 November 2020|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=15 July 2013}}</ref> ᱛᱤᱨᱩᱵᱚᱱᱚᱱᱛᱯᱩᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱮᱥᱳᱥᱤᱭᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱵᱳᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱴᱮᱴ ᱥᱯᱳᱨᱴᱥ ᱠᱟᱣᱩᱱᱥᱤᱞ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news|author=Express News Service|title=Kalari Training by Fake Bodies Alleged|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2014/jun/30/kalari-training-by-fake-bodies-alleged-630393.html|access-date=19 November 2020|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=30 June 2014}}</ref> == ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ == ᱠᱳᱴᱴᱟᱠᱠᱟᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ (᱑᱘᱕᱐-᱑᱙᱓᱕), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ "ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱫᱨᱳᱱᱟᱪᱟᱨᱭᱟ" ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱢᱵᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱟᱱᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ''ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ'' ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱳᱴᱴᱟᱠᱠᱟᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ''ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱜᱮ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱭ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱪᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="MW">{{Cite news|last=Gopalakrishnan|first=K. K.|date=2018-10-04|title=Meet the Malabar warrior, S.R.D. Prasad Gurukkal|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/meet-the-malabar-warrior-kalarippayattu-exponent-srd-prasad-gurukkal/article25122777.ece|access-date=2021-05-23|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="KK">{{Cite news|last=Gopalakrishnan|first=K. K.|date=2011-02-10|title=King of Kalarippayattu|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/King-of-Kalarippayattu/article15285978.ece|access-date=2021-05-23|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> ᱪᱟᱢᱵᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱟᱱᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ (᱑᱙᱐᱕-᱑᱙᱔᱔), ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ''ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ'' ᱟᱨ ᱠᱳᱴᱴᱟᱠᱠᱟᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ "CVN" ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ গᱚᱴᱟ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮ CVN ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱷᱤᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱭ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="MW" /> ᱪᱤᱨᱟᱠᱠᱟᱞ ᱴᱤ. ᱥᱨᱤᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ (᱑᱙᱐᱙-᱑᱙᱘᱔), ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ''ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ'', ᱟᱨ ᱥᱨᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ (ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ) ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ, ''ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ'', ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱓᱗ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ, ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="KK" /> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱱᱤᱠ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱟᱭᱢᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ''ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ – ᱮ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱞᱤᱴ ᱜᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱴᱩ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ'ᱥ ᱮᱱᱥᱤᱭᱮᱱᱴ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱾'' ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱱᱤᱠ ᱨᱮᱯᱷᱟᱨᱮᱱᱥ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="KK" /> ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱤᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, ᱢᱤᱱᱟᱠᱥᱤ ᱟᱢᱢᱟ,<ref name="SF">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/magazine-37038134/the-sword-fighting-granny-showing-the-young-how-it-s-done|title = The sword-fighting granny|work = BBC News}}</ref><ref name="OD">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/meenakshi-amma-the-grand-old-dame-of-kalaripayattu/article25307782.ece|title=Meet Meenakshi Amma, the grand old dame of Kalaripayattu|newspaper=The Hindu|date=25 October 2018|last1=Sathyendran|first1=Nita}}</ref> ᱵᱷᱟᱫᱟᱠᱟᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱗᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨᱟᱱ ''ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ'' ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱝᱠᱚᱨᱟ ᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱚᱱ ᱪᱩᱱᱫᱟᱭᱤᱞ,<ref>{{Cite news|date=2022-01-26|title=An ambassador for Kalaripayattu worldwide|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/an-ambassador-for-kalaripayattu-worldwide/article38326385.ece|access-date=2022-01-28|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> ᱪᱟᱵᱷᱟᱠᱠᱟᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ''ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ'', ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ [[ᱯᱚᱫᱽᱢᱚᱥᱨᱤ]] ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱛᱮᱠᱤᱱ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ == [[File:JasmineSimhalan-kalaripayatt-silamb.gif|right|ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴᱤᱥᱴ [[ᱡᱟᱥᱢᱤᱱ ᱥᱤᱢᱦᱟᱞᱟᱱ]] ''ᱢᱮᱭᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ'' ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ |frame]]ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱱᱳᱵᱷᱮᱞ ''ᱳᱰᱟᱭᱟᱱ'' ᱟᱨ ''ᱳᱰᱟᱭᱟᱱ II – ᱭᱩᱫᱽᱫᱷᱟᱢ'' ᱨᱮ, ᱴᱟᱭᱴᱮᱞ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱤᱡᱤᱞᱟᱱᱴᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱖ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱤᱭᱩᱰᱟᱞ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱴ (set) ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news|last1=Chhibber|first1=Mini Anthikad|date=24 August 2014|title=An equal music|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/writer-suhas-sundar-and-artist-deepak-sharma-feel-they-work-better-as-a-team/article6345035.ece|access-date=20 November 2020}}</ref> ''ᱞᱤᱴᱤᱞ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱣᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱨᱥ'', ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱩᱱᱡᱽ ᱮᱱᱤᱢᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱨᱴᱩᱱ ᱱᱮᱴᱣᱟᱨᱠ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱨᱴᱩᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱜᱮ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱮᱱᱤᱢᱮᱴᱮᱰ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ''ᱚᱨᱡᱩᱱ: ᱫᱟ ᱣᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱤᱱᱥ'' (᱒᱐᱑᱒) ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱳᱞ-ᱯᱞᱮᱭᱤᱝ ᱜᱮᱢ ''ᱟᱥᱣᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢᱟ – ᱫᱟ ᱤᱢᱢᱳᱨᱴᱟᱞ'' ᱨᱮ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱤᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱲᱟᱣᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱢᱟᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱳᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱯᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱱᱤᱢᱮᱴᱮᱰ ᱴᱮᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱡᱽ ''ᱥᱴᱤᱵᱷᱮᱱ ᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥ'' ᱨᱮ ᱠᱳᱱᱤ ᱢᱟᱦᱮᱥᱣᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱭᱳ ᱜᱮᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ, ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱮᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ''ᱥᱳᱞᱠᱮᱞᱤᱵᱟᱨ'' ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱳᱞᱰᱳ, ''ᱰᱮᱛᱷ ᱵᱮᱴᱮᱞ'' ᱨᱮ ᱟᱥᱩᱨᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱢᱟᱝᱜᱟ ᱴᱤᱵᱷᱤ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱡᱽ ''ᱠᱮᱱᱤᱪᱤ: ᱫᱟ ᱢᱟᱭᱴᱤᱭᱮᱥᱴ ᱰᱤᱥᱟᱭᱯᱚᱞ'' ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱞ ᱨᱚᱦᱢᱟᱱ, ᱤᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱴᱮᱱᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱳ ᱠᱟᱱᱳ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="cartoons">{{cite news|last=Nair|first=Shreejaya|title=Comics go the Kalari way |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150911/lifestyle-offbeat/article/comics-go-kalari-way|access-date=20 November 2020|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=12 September 2015}}</ref> ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱨᱮ, ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱢᱟᱝᱜᱟ, ''ᱟᱜᱟᱨᱤ'' ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱚᱵᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱢᱟᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{cite news|author=TNN|date=25 May 2019|title=Kalaripayattu warrior Ravi to be the first Indian character in Manga comic|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/kalaripayattu-warrior-ravi-to-be-first-indian-character-in-manga-comic/articleshow/68552880.cms|access-date=19 November 2020}}</ref> ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱯᱷᱟᱨᱮᱱᱥ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱰᱚᱠᱭᱩᱢᱮᱱᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱟᱱ ᱰᱚᱠᱭᱩᱢᱮᱱᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱤ.ᱵᱤ.ᱥᱤ. ᱰᱚᱠᱭᱩᱢᱮᱱᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ''ᱫᱟ ᱣᱮ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱫᱟ ᱣᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱨ'' ᱾<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/Dmt0WTZfKI0 Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20200129025454/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dmt0WTZfKI0 Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite AV media| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dmt0WTZfKI0| title = The Way of the Warrior: Kalari, The Indian Way | website=[[YouTube]]| date = 17 September 2011 }}{{cbignore}}</ref> ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱠᱣᱮᱥᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱒ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱰᱚᱠᱭᱩᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|title=Fight Quest India (Kalarippayattu) |website=IMDb|date=26 September 2008|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1298941/|access-date=2020-12-22}}</ref> === ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮ === ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ: {{colbegin}} *''ᱛᱷᱟᱪᱳᱞᱤ ᱳᱛᱷᱮᱱᱟᱱ'' (᱑᱙᱖᱔) *''[[ᱟᱨᱳᱢᱟᱞᱩᱱᱱᱤ]]'' (᱑᱙᱗᱒) *''[[ᱳᱱᱫᱟᱱᱳᱱᱫᱩ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱫᱟᱞᱞᱤ]]'' ([[ᱠᱚᱱᱱᱚᱰᱚ]]) (᱑᱙᱗᱘) *''[[ᱪᱤᱞᱟᱢᱵᱩ]]'' (᱑᱙᱘᱖) *''[[ᱳᱨᱩ ᱵᱷᱟᱫᱟᱠᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱤᱨᱟᱜᱟᱛᱷᱟ]]'' (᱑᱙᱘᱙) *''[[ᱠᱟᱞᱞᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱯᱯᱟᱞᱤᱞ ᱛᱷᱟᱱᱱᱮ]]'' (᱑᱙᱙᱑) *''[[ᱛᱷᱟᱪᱳᱞᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱜᱷᱤᱥ ᱪᱮᱠᱟᱵᱷᱟᱨ]]'' (᱑᱙᱙᱕) *''[[ᱚᱥᱳᱠᱟ (᱒᱐᱐᱑ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ)|ᱚᱥᱳᱠᱟ]]'' (᱒᱐᱐᱑) ([[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ]]) *''[[ᱫᱟ ᱢᱤᱛᱷ (ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ)|ᱫᱟ ᱢᱤᱛᱷ]]'' (᱒᱐᱐᱕) ([[ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ]]) *''[[ᱫᱟ ᱞᱟᱥᱴ ᱞᱤᱡᱚᱱ]]'' (᱒᱐᱐᱗) ([[ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ]]) *''[[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱡᱷᱟᱥᱥᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ (ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ)|ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱡᱷᱟᱥᱥᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ]]'' (᱒᱐᱐᱙) *''[[ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱥᱟᱨᱟ (ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ)|ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱥᱟᱨᱟ]]'' (᱒᱐᱑᱐) ([[ᱛᱮᱞᱩᱜᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱮᱞᱩᱜᱩ]]) * ''[[ᱩᱨᱩᱢᱤ (ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ)|ᱩᱨᱩᱢᱤ]]'' (᱒᱐᱑᱑) * ''[[ᱠᱚᱢᱟᱱᱰᱳ (᱒᱐১৩ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ)|ᱠᱚᱢᱟᱱᱰᱳ]]'' (᱒᱐᱑᱓) ([[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ]]) * ''[[ᱵᱟᱡᱤᱨᱟᱣ ᱢᱟᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤ]]'' (᱒᱐᱑᱕) ([[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ]]) * ''[[ᱵᱟᱜᱷᱤ (᱒᱐᱑᱖ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ)|ᱵᱟᱜᱷᱤ]]'' (᱒᱐᱑᱖) ([[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ]]) * ''[[ᱵᱷᱤᱨᱟᱢ (᱒᱐᱑᱖ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ)|ᱵᱷᱤᱨᱟᱢ]]'' (᱒᱐᱑᱖) * ''[[ᱯᱚᱫᱽᱢᱟᱵᱚᱛ]]'' (᱒᱐᱑᱘) ([[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ]]) * ''[[ᱠᱟᱭᱟᱢᱠᱩᱞᱟᱢ ᱠᱳᱪᱩᱱᱱᱤ (᱒᱐᱑᱘ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ)|ᱠᱟᱭᱟᱢᱠᱩᱞᱟᱢ ᱠᱳᱪᱩᱱᱱᱤ]]'' (᱒᱐᱑᱘) * ''[[ᱡᱟᱝᱜᱽᱞᱤ (᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ)|ᱡᱟᱝᱜᱽᱞᱤ]]'' (᱒᱐১৯) ([[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ]]) * ''[[ᱟᱛᱷᱤᱨᱟᱱ]]'' (᱒᱐᱑᱙) * ''[[ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱠ]]'' (᱒᱐᱒᱑) ([[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ]]) * ''[[ᱥᱯᱟᱭᱰᱟᱨ-ᱢᱮᱱ: ᱮᱠᱨᱳᱥ ᱫᱟ ᱥᱯᱟᱭᱰᱟᱨ-ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥ]]'' (᱒᱐᱒᱓) ([[ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ]]) * ''[[ARM (ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ)|ᱚᱡᱚᱭᱟᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱱᱫᱟᱢ ᱢᱳᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ]]'' (᱒᱐᱒᱔) * ''[[ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱥᱩᱱᱫᱟᱨᱤ (ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ)]]'' (᱒᱐᱒᱕) {{colend}} == ᱱᱳᱴᱥ == {{reflist|group=note|35em|refs= <!-- P --> <!-- "Parashurama" --> {{refn|group=note|name="Parashurama"|ᱯᱚᱨᱥᱩᱨᱟᱢ: * {{harvtxt|Green|2001|p=225}}: "ᱢᱚᱪᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭᱤᱡ-ᱨᱤᱥᱤ ᱯᱚᱨᱥᱩᱨᱟᱢ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱟ ᱾" * {{harvtxt|Zarrilli|1998|p=31}}: "ᱢᱚᱪᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱛᱮ, ᱨᱤᱥᱤ ᱯᱚᱨᱥᱩᱨᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾"}} }} == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ == {{Reflist}} == ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱠᱚ == {{refbegin}} <!-- A --> * {{cite journal | last1=Arafath | first1=P. K. Yasser | title=The Nadapuram Enigma a History of Violence and Communalism in North Malabar (1957–2015) | journal=Economic and Political Weekly | volume=51 | issue=15 | date=9 April 2016 | url=https://www.academia.edu/24354760 }}<!-- G --> * {{cite book| last =Green | first =Thomas A. | year =2001 | title =Martial Arts of the World: A–Q | publisher =ABC-CLIO | isbn =9781576071502 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=v32oHSE5t6cC}}<!-- M --> * {{Cite book | last =Menon | first=A. Sreedhara | date =4 March 2011 | title =Kerala History and its Makers | publisher =D. C. Books | isbn =978-81-264-3782-5 | language =en | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=wnAjqjhc1VcC | access-date =10 October 2021}}<!-- S --> * {{Cite book | last =Shaji | first =John K. | year =2011 | title =Kalaripayattu: The Martial and Healing Arts of Kerala | publisher=Published by the author | url =https://www.academia.edu/29708005}}<!-- W --> * {{cite book|last=Wollok|first=Jenniffer G.|year=2011|title=Rethinking Chivalry and Courtly Love|publisher=ABC Publishing|isbn=9780275984885|page=250|language=English|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=orTn7RpmyZIC&dq=thiyyas+martial+arts&pg=PA250|access-date=18 January 2022}}<!-- Z --> * {{cite journal | last =Zarrilli | first =Phillip B. | year =1979 | title =Kalarippayatt, Martial Art of Kerala | journal =The Drama Review | volume =23 | issue =2 | pages =113–124 | doi =10.2307/1145220 | jstor =1145220 | url =https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-drama-review-tdr/article/abs/kalarippayatt-martial-art-of-kerala/3A948AB69C08CF861B11679A51F7DA06 | url-access =subscription }} * {{cite journal | last =Zarrilli | first =Phillip B. | year =1992 | title =To Heal and/or To Harm: The Vital Spots (Marmmam/Varmam) in Two South Indian Martial Traditions Part I: Focus on Kerala's Kalarippayattu | journal =[[Journal of Asian Martial Arts]] | volume =1 | issue =1 | url =https://spa.exeter.ac.uk/drama/staff/kalari/healharm.html | archive-date =2023-06-01 | access-date =2026-08-12 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20230601082829/https://spa.exeter.ac.uk/drama/staff/kalari/healharm.html | url-status =dead }} * {{cite journal | last =Zarrilli | first =Phillip B. | year =1994 | title =A South Indian Martial art and the Yoga and Ayurvedic Paradigms | journal =Journal of Asian Martial Arts | url =https://spa.exeter.ac.uk/drama/staff/kalari/power.html | archive-date =16 September 2008 | access-date =23 February 2023 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20080916172804/https://spa.exeter.ac.uk/drama/staff/kalari/power.html | url-status =dead }}{{issue needed|date=June 2025}} * {{cite book | last =Zarrilli | first =Phillip B. | year =1998 | title =When the Body Becomes All Eyes: Paradigms, Discourses, and Practices of Power in Kalarippayattu, a South Indian Martial Art | publisher =Oxford University Press | isbn =9780195639407 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=EP6BAAAAMAAJ }} {{refend}} == ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱢᱮ == * ᱵᱟᱞᱟᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱟᱱ, ᱯᱤ (᱑᱙᱙᱕) ''ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ: ᱫᱟ ᱮᱱᱥᱤᱭᱮᱱᱴ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ'', ᱥᱤ. ᱵᱷᱤ. ᱜᱳᱵᱷᱤᱱᱫᱟᱱᱠᱩᱴᱴᱤ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟ ᱑᱙᱙᱕, {{ASIN|B0006F9ONS}} * ᱰᱮᱱᱳᱰ, ᱯᱮᱴᱨᱤᱠ (᱑᱙᱙᱖) ''ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴ'', ᱵᱩᱰᱳᱥᱴᱳᱨ, {{ISBN|2-908580-62-4}} * ᱮᱞᱜᱩᱰ, ᱨᱚᱵᱟᱨᱴ (᱒᱐᱐᱕), ''ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱟᱨᱢᱥ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱤᱪᱩᱣᱟᱞ: ᱟᱨᱢᱥ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱟᱨᱢᱳᱨ ᱯᱷᱨᱚᱢ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱑᱔᱐᱐-᱑᱘᱖᱕'', ᱮᱵᱩᱨᱳᱱ, {{ISBN|90-5972-020-2}} * ᱡᱟᱨᱨᱤᱞᱞᱤ, ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯ ᱵᱤ. (᱑᱙᱙᱒) "[https://spa.exeter.ac.uk/drama/staff/kalari/healharm.html ᱴᱩ ᱦᱤᱞ ᱮᱱᱰ/ᱚᱨ ᱴᱩ ᱦᱟᱨᱢ: ᱫᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱴᱟᱞ ᱥᱯᱚᱴᱥ ᱤᱱ ᱴᱩ ᱥᱟᱣᱩᱛᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱴᱨᱮᱰᱤᱥᱚᱱᱥ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601082829/https://spa.exeter.ac.uk/drama/staff/kalari/healharm.html |date=2023-06-01 }}" * ᱡᱟᱨᱨᱤᱞᱞᱤ, ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯ ᱵᱤ. (᱑᱙᱙᱓), "[https://web.archive.org/web/20070628182657/http://www.phillipzarrilli.com/downloads/actualizing_power.pdf ᱮᱠᱪᱩᱣᱟᱞᱟᱭᱤᱡᱤᱝ ᱯᱟᱣᱟᱨ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱠᱨᱟᱯᱷᱴᱤᱝ ᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱯᱷ ᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ]"'', [[ᱡᱚᱨᱱᱟᱞ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ]]'' == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ == {{Commons category|Kalarippayattu}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20171027154055/http://prd.kerala.gov.in/kalarippayatu.htm ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ - ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ], ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱣᱮᱵᱽᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ ([[Wayback Machine]] ᱠᱚᱯᱤ) * [https://youtube.com/@ParasuramaKalari?si=APJlGs0Sqrm24Js0 ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱭᱳ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱡᱽ] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ| ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ]] kllyl3mnkb6qx95so3d06kwg8w91gvk 0 37707 196714 196433 2026-08-13T03:58:08Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 196714 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱴ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ | other_name = | settlement_type = | image_skyline = Kochi, Fishing nets at sunset, Kerala, India.jpg | image_caption = | pushpin_map = | coordinates = {{coord|9.9658|N|76.2421|E|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ | subdivision_name = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] | subdivision_type1 = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱮᱫ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ|ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | subdivision_name1 = [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] | subdivision_type2 = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ|ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | subdivision_name2 = [[ᱮᱨᱱᱟᱠᱩᱞᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱮᱨᱱᱟᱠᱩᱞᱟᱢ]] | established_title = <!-- Established --> | established_date = | parts_type = [[ᱛᱚᱦᱥᱤᱞ|ᱛᱟᱞᱩᱠᱟ]] ᱠᱚ | leader_title = ᱪᱮᱭᱟᱨᱯᱟᱨᱥᱚᱱ | leader_name = | area_total_km2 = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 29 | population_footnotes = | population_total = 234990 | population_as_of = | population_density_km2 = auto | demographics_type1 = ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ | demographics1_title1 = ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ | demographics1_info1 = [[ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ]], [[ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ]], [[ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ]] (ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ) | timezone1 = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱠ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ|IST]] | utc_offset1 = +5:30 | postal_code_type = [[ᱯᱳᱥᱴᱟᱞ ᱤᱱᱰᱮᱠᱥ ᱱᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨ|ᱯᱤᱱ]] | postal_code = 682001 | area_code_type = ᱴᱮᱞᱤᱯᱷᱳᱱ ᱠᱳᱰ | area_code = 0484 | registration_plate = KL-43 | website = }} [[File:Kochi, Fishing nets, Kerala, India.jpg|thumb|right|[[ᱪᱤᱱᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱟ]] (ᱪᱤᱱᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱡᱟᱞᱟᱢ)]] '''ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱴ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|oʊ|tʃ|i}} {{respell|KOH|chee}}, {{IPA|ml|cò:çi kō:tā|lang|link=yes}}; ᱠᱳᱪᱤᱱ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ: ''Cochim de Baixo'', {{IPA|pt-PT|kuˈʃĩ ðɨ ˈβaʃu|lang}}), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ '''ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱴ ᱠᱳᱪᱤᱱ''' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2016-01-05 |title=It's 127 Years Since 'Chandrabhanu' Gutted 'Cochi' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2016/Jan/05/its-127-years-since-chandrabhanu-gutted-cochi-864792.html |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/kochi/fort-kochi.php |title=Fort Kochi, Ernakulam, Kerala, India |website=Kerala Tourism - Kochi |language=en |access-date=2026-07-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ernakulam.nic.in/en/tourist-place/fort-kochi/ |title=FORT KOCHI {{!}} Ernakulam District Website {{!}} India |language=en-US |access-date=2026-07-28}}</ref><ref>[https://www.keralatourism.org/destination/fort-kochi/422/ Fort Kochi]</ref> ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱴ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱴ ᱢᱟᱱᱩᱭᱮᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vascohomestay.com/fort_cochin.html|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191212225025/http://www.vascohomestay.com/fort_cochin.html|archive-date = 12 December 2019|title = About Fort Cochin &#124; Vasco House Fort Cochin &#124; Homestay Fort Cochin &#124; Heritage House}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱤᱭᱩᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱤᱞᱞᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱤᱥᱴ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱡᱽ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.kimansion.com/fort-kochi.htm | title=THE MELTING POT OF CULTURES | publisher=Kimansion | access-date=25 June 2016 | archive-date=15 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315175638/http://www.kimansion.com/fort-kochi.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱥᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ''ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ'' ᱥᱮ ''ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ'' ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱢᱟᱴᱴᱟᱱᱪᱮᱨᱤ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱖᱗ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱤᱣᱱᱤᱥᱤᱯᱟᱞᱤᱴᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱨ-ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱢᱩᱱᱤᱥᱤᱯᱟᱞ ᱠᱚᱨᱯᱚᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱴ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱡᱚᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱡᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱟᱜ "᱒᱐᱒᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱡᱚᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱴᱚᱯ ᱒᱕ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱡᱚᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ" ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goodmorningamerica.com/travel/story/book-trip-2020-national-geographic-67111675|title=Here's where you should book a trip in 2020|website=Good Morning America}}</ref> == ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ == ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱴ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱨᱱᱟᱠᱩᱞᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱨᱟᱭᱵᱷᱮᱴ ᱵᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥᱯᱳᱨᱴ ᱵᱟᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱴ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ-ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨ, ᱵᱷᱳᱞᱵᱷᱳ ᱵᱟᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱳᱪᱤᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ, ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱤᱞᱟ ᱢᱳᱵᱤᱞᱤᱴᱤ ᱦᱟᱵᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰ ᱤᱱᱯᱷᱳ ᱯᱟᱨᱠ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ {{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} == ᱩᱯᱚᱱᱤᱵᱮᱥᱚᱠ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ == BC ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱜᱨᱳᱵᱷ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱥᱟᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱤᱛᱤᱞ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱳᱪᱩ ᱟᱡᱷᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ 'ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱜᱩᱱ' ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱴᱴᱟᱱᱪᱮᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ [[ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ]] ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱱ-ᱪᱮᱨᱤ'' ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ''ᱪᱮᱨᱤ'' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ''ᱢᱟᱫᱽ'' ᱥᱮ [[ᱜᱟᱹᱭ]] ᱫᱚ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱠᱤᱞᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱓᱔᱑ AD ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ [[ᱥᱩᱱᱟᱢᱤ]] ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱠᱳᱰᱩᱝᱜᱟᱞᱞᱩᱨ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚᱨ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾{{Citation needed|date=June 2009}} ᱯᱮᱨᱩᱢᱯᱟᱫᱟᱯᱯᱩ ᱥᱣᱟᱨᱩᱯᱟᱢ, ᱥᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱞᱞᱟ, ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱵᱷᱟᱛᱷᱤ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱳᱡᱷᱤᱠᱳᱰ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱡᱟᱢᱳᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱩᱯᱚᱱᱤᱵᱮᱥᱚᱠ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱨᱤᱯᱩᱱᱤᱛᱷᱩᱨᱟ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱭᱥᱱᱚᱵᱽ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱮ ''ᱢᱟᱫᱩ'' ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == ᱠᱳᱡᱷᱤᱠᱳᱰ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[ᱠᱟᱱᱱᱩᱨ]], ᱠᱳᱞᱞᱟᱢ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name="Malekandathil">''The Portuguese, Indian Ocean and European Bridgeheads 1500–1800''. Festschrift in Honour of Prof. K. S. Mathew (2001). Edited by: Pius Malekandathil and T. Jamal Mohammed. Fundacoa Oriente. Institute for Research in Social Sciences and Humanities of MESHAR (Kerala)</ref> ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱴ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱯᱚᱱᱤᱵᱮᱥᱚᱠ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱴᱷᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱑᱔᱙᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱤᱥᱠᱚᱵᱷᱟᱨᱤ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱯᱯᱟᱫᱽ ᱠᱳᱡᱷᱤᱠᱳᱰ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱤᱭᱩᱨᱳᱯ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱷᱤᱡ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>DC Books, Kottayam (2007), A. Sreedhara Menon, A Survey of Kerala History</ref> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱴ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱕᱐᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱯᱷᱳᱱᱥᱳ ᱰᱮ ᱟᱞᱵᱩᱠᱮᱨᱠ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱳᱡᱷᱤᱠᱳᱰ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱢᱩᱛᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱟᱫᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱴ ᱤᱢᱟᱱᱩᱭᱮᱞ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱮᱢᱟᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱴ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱤᱞᱞᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱰᱟᱪᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱤᱞᱞᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱤᱨᱡᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱕᱑᱖ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱚᱠᱟ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧ ᱥᱮᱸᱴ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥᱤᱥ ᱜᱤᱨᱡᱟᱹ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱴ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱖᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱵᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱖᱘᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱪᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱥᱚᱝᱥᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱮᱛᱷᱳᱞᱤᱠ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱱᱵᱷᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱟᱪᱽ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱴ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱑᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱵᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱑᱗᱙᱕ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱰᱟᱪᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱵᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱴ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱵᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱔᱗ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾[[File:Kerala St. Francis Church 1.JPG|thumb|right|[[ᱥᱮᱸᱴ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥᱤᱥ ᱜᱤᱨᱡᱟᱹ, ᱠᱳᱪᱤ|ᱥᱮᱸᱴ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥᱤᱥ ᱜᱤᱨᱡᱟᱹ]] ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ [[ᱵᱷᱟᱥᱠᱳ ᱰᱟ ᱜᱟᱢᱟ]] ᱠᱚ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ]] [[File:Kathedralbasilika Santa Cruz 2018-04-04a.jpg|thumb| right| ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱴ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟ ᱠᱨᱩᱡᱽ ᱠᱮᱛᱷᱮᱰᱨᱟᱞ ᱵᱮᱥᱤᱞᱤᱠᱟ]]]] [[File:Fort Cochin view.JPG|thumb|ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱧᱮᱱᱮᱞ]] [[File:Mad Crab.jpg|thumb|ᱜᱤᱰᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱞᱟᱥᱴᱤᱠ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱴᱠᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱵᱽᱨᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱴ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱨᱮ]] [[File:Kerala jain temple.jpg|thumb|right|ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱴ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱨᱮ [[ᱡᱚᱭᱱᱚ]] ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ]] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱩᱯᱚᱱᱤᱵᱮᱥᱚᱠ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ, ᱰᱟᱪᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱴ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱸᱴ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥᱤᱥ ᱜᱤᱨᱡᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱕᱐᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱛᱷᱳᱞᱤᱠ ᱜᱤᱨᱡᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱟᱥᱠᱳ ᱰᱟ ᱜᱟᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱤᱨᱡᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱪᱟᱨᱪ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱥᱟᱣᱩᱛᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱵᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱩᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱳᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱛᱷᱳᱞᱤᱠ ᱰᱟᱭᱳᱥᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱕᱕᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱯᱟᱫᱽᱨᱳᱣᱟᱰᱳ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱵᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱮᱰᱠᱩᱣᱟᱴᱚᱨ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱴ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diocese of Cochin |url=https://catholicism.en-academic.com/13839/Diocese_of_Cochin |access-date=2022-07-27 |website=Academic Dictionaries and Encyclopedias |language=en}}</ref> ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟ ᱠᱨᱩᱡᱽ ᱵᱮᱥᱤᱞᱤᱠᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱖ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Santa Cruz Cathedral Basilica Fort Kochi - History, Architecture |url=https://www.tradekerala.com/directory-trade_kerala/listing/santa-cruz-cathedral-basilica-fort-kochi-history-architecture/ |access-date=2022-07-27 |website=Trade Kerala |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819180832/https://www.tradekerala.com/directory-trade_kerala/listing/santa-cruz-cathedral-basilica-fort-kochi-history-architecture/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱳᱴᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱳᱞᱰ ᱦᱟᱨᱵᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱣᱩᱥ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱦᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤᱭ ᱚᱨᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱯᱚᱱᱤᱵᱮᱥᱚᱠ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱡᱟᱞᱟᱢ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱔ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱟ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ === ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱠᱚ === ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱮᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱱᱟ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱚᱥᱞᱟ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱳᱞᱢᱚᱨᱤᱪ, ᱫᱟᱞᱪᱤᱱᱤ, ᱮᱞᱟᱪᱤ, ᱞᱚᱵᱚᱝ, ᱪᱚᱱᱫᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱴ, ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱫᱤᱭᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱥᱞᱟ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱩᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱚᱥᱞᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱽ ᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱤᱭᱩᱨᱳᱯ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱰᱟᱪᱽ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱾ === ᱖᱐᱐ AD ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ === ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱚᱞᱤᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ, ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱥ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book |last=Slapak |first=Orpa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qhKGPprbQaYC&q=two+millennia |title=The Jews of India: A Story of Three Communities |publisher=The Israel Museum |year=2003 |isbn=965-278-179-7 |location=Jerusalem |pages=27}}</ref> === ᱑᱓᱔᱑ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ === ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱳᱰᱩᱝᱜᱟᱞᱞᱩᱨ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱚᱥᱞᱟ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ === ᱑᱕᱐᱐ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ === ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱳᱡᱷᱤᱠᱳᱰ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱡᱟᱢᱳᱨᱤᱱ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ: ᱵᱷᱟᱥᱠᱳ ᱰᱟ ᱜᱟᱢᱟ ᱠᱳᱡᱷᱤᱠᱳᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱮᱰᱨᱳ ᱟᱞᱵᱷᱟᱨᱮᱥ ᱠᱟᱵᱽᱨᱟᱞ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱾ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱳᱡᱷᱤᱠᱳᱰ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱟᱢᱳᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱟᱸᱥᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱡᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱳᱡᱷᱤᱠᱳᱰ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱟ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱤᱭᱩᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱩᱯᱚᱱᱤᱵᱮᱥ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾{{Citation needed|date=June 2009}} ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱥ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱵᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱥᱴᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱜᱤᱨᱡᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱴᱤᱱ ᱜᱤᱨᱡᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱤᱠᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱯᱮᱨᱦᱮᱸᱰᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱜᱤᱨᱡᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱳᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱴᱤᱱ ᱜᱤᱨᱡᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱩᱱᱟᱱ ᱠᱩᱨᱤᱥ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱴᱴᱟᱱᱪᱮᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱱᱟᱱ ᱠᱩᱨᱤᱥ ᱜᱤᱨᱡᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥᱤᱥ ᱡᱟᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱵᱟᱯᱛᱤᱥᱢᱟ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱛᱷᱳᱞᱤᱠ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱮᱞ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.cochin.org.uk/culture/history.html | title=Cochin History | publisher=Cochin.org | access-date=25 June 2016}}</ref> === ᱑᱖᱖᱓ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ === ᱠᱳᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱳᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚᱜᱚᱛ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱞᱤᱭᱟᱛᱷ ᱟᱪᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱮᱣᱛᱟ ᱛᱮ, ᱰᱟᱪᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱖᱖᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱟᱪᱽ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱟᱪᱽ ᱤᱥᱴ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱴᱣᱟᱨᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱟᱪᱽ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱮᱛᱷᱳᱞᱤᱠ ᱥᱚᱝᱥᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web | url=http://travel.india.com/kochi/places-to-visit/forts-fort-kochi/ | title=Fort Kochi | publisher=Travel India | access-date=25 June 2016 | archive-date=29 June 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629073150/http://travel.india.com/kochi/places-to-visit/forts-fort-kochi/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> === ᱑᱘ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ === ᱑᱗᱖᱐ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ, ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱚᱥᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱭᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱞᱤ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱩᱱᱤᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱴᱤᱯᱩ ᱥᱩᱞᱛᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱾ ᱴᱤᱯᱩ ᱥᱩᱞᱛᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱭᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱴᱷᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱵᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱗᱙᱐ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ === ᱑᱙ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ === ᱑᱘᱑᱔ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱫᱽᱨᱟᱥ ᱯᱨᱮᱥᱤᱰᱮᱱᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱩᱯᱚᱱᱤᱵᱮᱥᱚᱠ ᱥᱟᱢᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱒᱐ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱣᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱴ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱣᱱᱤᱥᱤᱯᱟᱞᱤᱴᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱘᱖᱖ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱫᱽᱨᱟᱥ ᱮᱠᱴ ᱑᱐ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱑᱘᱖᱕ (ᱤᱢᱯᱨᱩᱵᱷᱢᱮᱱᱴᱥ ᱤᱱ ᱴᱟᱣᱩᱱᱥ ᱮᱠᱴ ᱑᱘᱕᱐ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨ)<ref name="Ref1">{{cite web |url=http://www.lawmin.nic.in/chronology.doc |title=CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF CENTRAL ACTS (Updated up to 17-10-2014) |website=Lawmin.nic.in |access-date=2016-08-07 |archive-date=7 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107091128/http://lawmin.nic.in/chronology.doc |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="c1881">{{cite book |last1=Lewis McIver |first1=G. Stokes |title=Imperial Census of 1881 Operations and Results in the Presidency of Madras |date=1883 |publisher=E.Keys at the Government Press |location=Madras |page=444 |edition=(Vol II) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b_YIAAAAQAAJ |access-date=5 December 2020}}</ref><ref name="google.co.in">{{cite book |last1=Presidency |first1=Madras (India |title=Madras District Gazetteers, Statistical Appendix For Malabar District. |date=1915 |publisher=The Superintendent, Government Press |location=Madras |page=20 |edition=Vol.2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aUEwnQEACAAJ |access-date=2 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="frowde">{{cite book |last1=HENRY FROWDE, M.A. |first1=Imperial Gazetteer of India |title=Imperial Gazetteer of India |date=1908–1909 |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |edition=New |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/ |access-date=2 December 2020}}</ref> ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱢᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱠᱳᱡᱷᱤᱠᱳᱰ, [[ᱠᱟᱱᱱᱩᱨ]], ᱛᱷᱟᱞᱟᱥᱥᱮᱨᱤ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱞᱟᱠᱠᱟᱰ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱣᱱᱤᱥᱤᱯᱟᱞᱤᱴᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱣᱱᱤᱥᱤᱯᱟᱞᱤᱴᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱘᱘᱙ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱳᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱓᱐᱐ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ == {{Commons category|Fort Kochi}} * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p4TNrIoSfjk ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱴ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱡᱚᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱮᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱭᱩᱴᱤᱭᱩᱵᱽ ᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱭᱳ] * [http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/column-of-fire/article5526421.ece/ ᱠᱳᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ ᱑᱘᱘᱙ - ''ᱫᱟ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ'' ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ] * [https://josbinitty.com/travel/fort-kochi-its-beauty-culture-and-history. ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱴ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ - ᱡᱳᱥᱵᱤᱱ ᱤᱴᱴᱤ] {{Geographic Location | title = '''ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ''' | Northwest = ''[[ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ]]'' | North = ''[[ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ]]'' ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱷᱤᱯᱤᱱ ᱫᱤᱯ]] | Northeast = ''[[ᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱟᱱᱟᱰ ᱡᱷᱤᱞ]]'' ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱞᱟᱨᱯᱟᱰᱟᱢ]] | West = ''[[ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ]]'' | Centre = ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱴ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ | East = ''[[ᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱟᱱᱟᱰ ᱡᱷᱤᱞ]]'' ᱟᱨ [[ᱣᱤᱞᱤᱝᱰᱚᱱ ᱫᱤᱯ]] | Southwest = ''[[ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ]]'' | South = [[ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟᱢᱵᱷᱮᱞᱤ]] | Southeast = [[ᱯᱟᱞᱞᱩᱨᱩᱛᱷᱤ]] }} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱡᱚᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱕᱐᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱢᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱮᱨᱱᱟᱠᱩᱞᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱡᱚᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ]] dkl9759kve0fmh3zbn0iglfjk3tpc5n 0 37711 196703 196437 2026-08-13T00:27:21Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 196703 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Kerala Houseboat (191490747).jpeg|thumb|[[ᱯᱳᱱᱱᱟᱱᱤ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱭᱭᱟᱢ ᱡᱷᱤᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱣᱩᱥᱵᱳᱴ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱠᱣᱟᱴᱟᱨ ᱧᱮᱱᱮᱞ]] [[File:Alappuzha Boat Beauty W.jpg|thumb|[[ᱟᱞᱟᱯᱯᱩᱡᱷᱟ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱦᱟᱣᱩᱥᱵᱳᱴ]] [[File:Kettuvallam Houseboat.jpg|thumb|ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱰᱮᱠ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ''ᱠᱮᱴᱴᱩᱵᱷᱟᱞᱞᱟᱢ'' ᱦᱟᱣᱩᱥᱵᱳᱴ]] '''ᱠᱮᱴᱴᱩᱵᱷᱟᱞᱞᱟᱢ''' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱣᱩᱥᱵᱳᱴ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name = "Book">Ayub, Akber (ed), ''Kerala: Maps & More'', ''Backwaters'', 2006 edition 2007 reprint, p. 47, Stark World Publishing, Bangalore, {{ISBN|81-902505-2-3}}</ref> ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱮᱴᱴᱩᱵᱷᱟᱞᱞᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱴᱩᱨᱤᱡᱚᱢ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱳᱴ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name = "News">{{cite web | url = http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/lf/2002/03/11/stories/2002031100370200.htm | title = Cruising along in designer houseboats | access-date = 2008-01-06 | last = Radhakrishnan | first = S. Anil | publisher = The Hindu, 11 March 2002 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080202145528/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/lf/2002/03/11/stories/2002031100370200.htm | archive-date = 2 February 2008 | url-status = usurped }}</ref> == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == [[File:Kottappuram-nileshwaram-house-boat.jpg|thumb|[[ᱱᱤᱞᱮᱥᱣᱟᱨ]], [[ᱠᱟᱥᱟᱨᱜᱳᱰ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱠᱟᱥᱟᱨᱜᱳᱰ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱟᱵᱽᱵᱷᱟᱭᱤ ᱵᱮᱠᱣᱟᱴᱟᱨᱥ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ''ᱠᱮᱴᱴᱩᱵᱷᱟᱞᱞᱟᱢ'']] ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ''ᱩᱨᱩ'' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱰᱷᱳ-ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱡᱽ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱳᱡᱷᱤᱠᱳᱰ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱵᱮᱯᱳᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱢᱤᱥᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/the-boatmakers-of-beypore/article4884192.ece|title=The boat-makers of Beypore|newspaper=The Hindu |date=6 July 2013|access-date=17 April 2018|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱞᱟᱢᱵᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱜᱩᱭᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amartya.de/beypore1.htm|title=Ship building in Beypore|website=amartya.de|access-date=17 April 2018|archive-date=25 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425051616/http://www.amartya.de/beypore1.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱵᱮᱠᱣᱟᱴᱟᱨᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ, ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name = "Book"/><ref name = "Boat2">{{cite web | url =http://www.kettuvallam.com/Content-16/Kerala-Houseboat.html | title =Cargo boats | access-date =2008-01-05 | publisher =Worldviewer | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20071029111803/http://www.kettuvallam.com/Content-16/Kerala-Houseboat.html | archive-date =29 October 2007 | url-status =dead }}</ref> ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name = "Book"/> == ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ == [[File:Uru.jpg|thumbnail|[[ᱠᱳᱡᱷᱤᱠᱳᱰ|ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱠᱟᱴ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱵᱮᱯᱳᱨ]] ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ''[[ᱩᱨᱩ (ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ)|ᱩᱨᱩ]]'', ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱪᱟᱞᱤᱭᱟᱨ]] ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱢᱚᱪᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾]] ᱢᱤᱫ '''ᱠᱮᱴᱴᱩᱵᱷᱟᱞᱞᱟᱢ''' ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱓᱐.᱕ ᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱔ ᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱠᱳᱯᱷᱨᱮᱱᱰᱞᱤ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ; ᱢᱟᱫ, ᱱᱟᱹᱬᱠᱚᱲ ᱥᱩᱛᱟᱹᱢ, ᱵᱟᱵᱮᱨ, ᱢᱟᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱤ, ᱜᱟᱞᱤᱪᱟ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱾ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ '''"ᱟᱱᱡᱤᱞᱤ"''' (''Artocarpus hirsuta'') ᱾ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱱᱤᱥᱰ ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱟᱞ ᱨᱩᱢ, ᱰᱟᱵᱚᱞ ᱨᱩᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱨᱤᱯᱚᱞ ᱨᱩᱢ ᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱣᱩᱥᱵᱳᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱴᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱹᱬᱠᱚᱲ ᱥᱩᱛᱟᱹᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱵᱮᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱚᱞ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name = "Boat4">{{cite web| url = http://www.keralatravels.com/houseboat/| title = Unforgettable house boat ride| access-date = 2008-01-05| work = Alleppey| publisher = Travel Division of Kerala.com| archive-date = 2007-09-10| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070910022626/http://www.keralatravels.com/houseboat/| url-status = dead}}</ref> ᱠᱮᱴᱴᱩᱵᱷᱟᱞᱞᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱴᱚᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱦᱤᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱸᱰᱟ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱮᱴᱴᱩᱵᱷᱟᱞᱞᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱰᱤᱡᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱩᱨᱤᱥᱴ ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱰᱤᱡᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱲᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱩᱲᱩᱵ ᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱴᱟ ᱵᱤᱪᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ, ᱦᱚᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱷᱚᱨᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱩᱜᱟᱹᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ [[File:House boat fascia.jpg|thumb|ᱠᱮᱴᱴᱩᱵᱷᱟᱞᱞᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱥᱮᱫ]] ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱰᱤᱡᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱴᱚᱭᱞᱮᱴ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱵᱮᱰᱨᱩᱢ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱝ ᱥᱯᱮᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱩᱞᱦᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱲᱟ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱱᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱫᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱫᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱰᱨᱩᱢ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱝ ᱥᱯᱮᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱮᱠ ᱵᱟᱞᱠᱳᱱᱤ (balcony) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱞᱮᱴᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱞᱠᱳᱱᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱤᱴᱤᱝᱥ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱴᱚᱭᱞᱮᱴ ᱥᱤᱴ, ᱥᱟᱣᱟᱨ ᱴᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱸᱠᱨᱤᱴ ᱥᱞᱮᱵᱽ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱭᱞᱮᱴ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱴᱤᱞ ᱠᱮᱵᱤᱱᱮᱴ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱴᱤᱞ ᱡᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱠᱴᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱠᱴᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱟᱱ, ᱵᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱞ ᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱴᱚᱭᱞᱮᱴ ᱥᱤᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱤᱸᱜᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱲᱟᱜᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭᱳ-ᱴᱚᱭᱞᱮᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱠᱣᱟᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱱᱟᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱩᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱞᱟᱥᱴᱤᱠ ᱴᱮᱝᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱩᱞᱦᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱭᱞᱮᱴ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱭᱤᱯ, ᱴᱮᱝᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱱᱛᱷᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱹᱬᱠᱚᱲ ᱥᱩᱛᱟᱹᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱴᱩᱨᱤᱡᱚᱢ == ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱡᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱴᱨᱮᱵᱷᱮᱞᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ 'ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱕᱐ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ' ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/businessline/2000/07/13/stories/111302c4.htm |title=Going beyond God's own country |access-date=2008-01-08 |last=Mathew |first=Mony K. |publisher=The Hindu Business Line, 13 July 2000 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071220083148/http://www.hinduonnet.com/businessline/2000/07/13/stories/111302c4.htm |archive-date=20 December 2007 }}</ref> ᱫᱟ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, " 'ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱥᱤ-ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱞᱮᱜᱩᱱ ᱠᱚ, ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ-ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱷᱤᱞ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱹᱬᱠᱚᱲ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱥᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱱᱟᱞ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱨᱩᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱱ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱤ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱨᱩᱡᱽ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱮᱴᱴᱩᱵᱷᱟᱞᱞᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱴᱩᱨᱤᱡᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾"<ref name = "News"/> ᱙᱐０ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱮᱴᱴᱩᱵᱷᱟᱞᱞᱟᱢ ᱵᱮᱠᱣᱟᱴᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱩᱨᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2005103101070300.htm&date=2005/10/31/&prd=mp& | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090520163825/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2005103101070300.htm&date=2005/10/31/&prd=mp& | url-status = usurped | archive-date = 20 May 2009 | title = Eco-friendly boats to ply backwaters| access-date = 2008-01-06 | last = Abraham | first = Tanya | publisher = The Hindu, 31 October 2005 }}</ref> ᱴᱩᱨ ᱚᱯᱟᱨᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱚᱯᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ [[ᱠᱟᱱᱱᱩᱨ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱠᱟᱱᱱᱩᱨ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱴᱩᱨᱤᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱣᱩᱱᱥᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱴᱴᱟᱢᱯᱟᱞᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱨᱟᱭᱵᱷᱮᱴ ᱨᱤᱥᱳᱨᱴ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ 'ᱱᱟᱫᱤ ᱫᱚᱨᱥᱚᱱ' (ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱧᱮᱞ) ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟᱭ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱩᱨᱤᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱟᱯᱟᱴᱴᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2006031314030300.htm&date=2006/03/13/&prd=th& | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20110711171002/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2006031314030300.htm&date=2006/03/13/&prd=th& | url-status =usurped | archive-date =11 July 2011 | title = Valapattanam attracting tourists| access-date = 2008-01-06 | publisher = The Hindu, 13 March 2006 }}</ref> ᱠᱟᱞᱩᱨ-ᱠᱟᱫᱽᱵᱷᱟᱱᱛᱷᱨᱟ ᱨᱳᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱴᱴᱩᱵᱷᱟᱞᱞᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱯᱷᱩᱰ ᱦᱳᱴᱮᱞ ᱡᱷᱤᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news | title = Fish on the boat eating out | last = Priyadershini| first = S. | work = The Hindu | date = 13 December 2007 }}</ref> == ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ == <gallery class="center"> image:Kerala Launch.JPG|ᱯᱟᱥᱮᱱᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱮᱨᱤ image:Kerala Country Boat.jpg|ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱮᱨᱤ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱮᱫᱟ image:Enten backwaters.JPG|ᱵᱮᱠᱣᱟᱴᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱰᱮ ᱠᱚ image:Kerala Houseboat Breakfast.JPG|ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱴᱴᱩᱵᱷᱟᱞᱞᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ image:Kerala Houseboat View.JPG|ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱴᱴᱩᱵᱷᱟᱞᱞᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱮᱱᱮᱞ </gallery> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == <!----NO COMMERCIAL LINKS PLEASE---> {{commons category}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱦᱟᱣᱩᱥᱵᱳᱴ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱩᱨᱤᱡᱚᱢ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱩᱨᱤᱥᱴ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ]] avok1d863y1a3ahlax7iexb0yf118aj 0 37717 196444 2026-08-12T15:43:23Z ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ 5347 "[[File:Malabar_Christians_of_19th_century.jpg|thumb|[[ᱥᱮᱸᱴ ᱛᱷᱳᱢᱟᱥ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ|ᱱᱟᱥᱨᱟᱱᱤᱥ]] ᱥᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ (ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ) ᱾ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱓᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱳᱪᱤᱱ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱨᱳᱭᱟᱞ ᱣᱟᱨ..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 196444 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Malabar_Christians_of_19th_century.jpg|thumb|[[ᱥᱮᱸᱴ ᱛᱷᱳᱢᱟᱥ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ|ᱱᱟᱥᱨᱟᱱᱤᱥ]] ᱥᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ (ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ) ᱾ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱓᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱳᱪᱤᱱ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱨᱳᱭᱟᱞ ᱣᱟᱨ ᱮᱯᱷᱚᱨᱴᱥ ᱥᱳᱵᱷᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾]] '''''ᱪᱟᱴᱴᱟᱭᱩᱢ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩᱢ''''' ({{langx|ml|ചട്ടയും മുണ്ടും}}) ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|title=ചട്ടയും മുണ്ടും ധരിച്ച്‌ അവര്‍ ഒത്തുകൂടുന്നു|url=https://www.mangalam.com/news/district-detail/30889-kottayam.html|access-date=2021-03-16|website=www.mangalam.com|language=en}}</ref> == ᱵᱤᱵᱚᱨᱚᱱ == ᱪᱟᱴᱴᱟᱭᱩᱢ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱵᱟᱨ-ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱱ ᱥᱩᱛᱟᱹᱢ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ''ᱪᱟᱴᱴᱟ'' ᱟᱨ ''ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩ'' ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱸᱴ ᱛᱷᱳᱢᱟᱥ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱟ ᱾<ref name="cmbs" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ''ᱠᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱤ'' ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱟ ᱾<ref name="th chatta" /> === ᱪᱟᱴᱴᱟ === ᱪᱟᱴᱴᱟ ({{langx|ml|ചട്ട}}) ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱥᱤᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="cmnsc">{{cite web |last=John |first=Jackson |date=20 March 2014 |title=Lifestyle of Kerala Syrian Christians |url=https://www.nasrani.net/2008/04/15/lifestyle-of-kerala-syrian-christians/ |website=www.nasrani.net |access-date=30 May 2026}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ ᱛᱤ ᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱠᱮᱴ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱞᱟᱣᱩᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="cmnsc" /><ref name="th chatta">{{cite news |last=Deepa |first=J. |date=7 April 2013 |title=Ciao to the chatta? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/ciao-to-the-chatta/article4588281.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=31 May 2026}}</ref> ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱵᱞᱟᱣᱩᱡᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱮ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱷᱤᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="th chatta" /> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱴᱚᱜ ᱰᱤᱡᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ-ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱡᱷᱤᱡ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ V-ᱨᱩᱯ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱷᱤᱡ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="th chatta" /> ᱦᱚᱴᱚᱜ, ᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱲᱮ, ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="th chatta" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱩᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ === ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩ === ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩ ({{langx|ml|മുണ്ട്}}) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱟᱸᱰᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱝᱜᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱜᱚᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱚᱡᱽ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱸᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ''ᱱᱡᱳᱨᱤ'' ({{langx|ml|ഞൊറി}}) ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="cmnsc" /> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱞᱤᱴᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="th chatta" /> ''ᱠᱟᱪᱟᱢᱩᱨᱤ'' ({{langx|ml|കച്ചമുറി}}) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱟ ᱾<ref name="th chatta" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱱᱦᱟ ᱡᱮᱨᱨᱤ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱨᱨᱤ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱟᱹᱦᱩ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱡᱮᱨᱨᱤ-ᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱪᱟᱢᱩᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱰᱤᱴᱮᱞᱤᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ, ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱜᱚᱭᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱱᱟᱦᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱲ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="th chatta" /> ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱶᱟᱭ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱦᱟᱱᱦᱟᱨ ᱮᱨᱟ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱪᱟᱢᱩᱨᱤ ᱮᱢᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="th chatta" /> ᱠᱟᱪᱟᱢᱩᱨᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱪᱪᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱨᱳᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱪᱟᱢᱩᱨᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱪᱟᱴᱴᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name="th chatta" /> === ᱠᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱤ === ''ᱠᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱤ'' ({{langx|ml|കവണി}}), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ-ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱪᱟᱴᱴᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="cmnsc" /> ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱭᱮᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="cmbs" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱲᱟᱢ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ,<ref name="cmnsc" /> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱞᱤᱴ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱨᱳᱪ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱛᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱚᱞ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱳᱱᱟ-ᱯᱷᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱢᱮᱬᱦᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="th chatta" /> ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱞᱤᱴ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱨᱤᱢᱤᱥ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱢᱵᱽᱨᱳᱭᱰᱟᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="th chatta" /> ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱯᱷ-ᱦᱣᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱨᱚᱝ, ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱨᱨᱤ ᱟᱲᱮ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱰᱤᱡᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱞᱟᱨᱟᱢᱟᱯᱩᱨᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢᱟᱞ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱤᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱳ ᱛᱤ-ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱢᱪᱷᱟ ({{langx|ml|തോർത്ത്}}) ᱠᱚ ᱤᱫᱤᱭᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name="th chatta" /> === ᱠᱟᱥᱟᱵᱷᱩ === ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱜᱤᱨᱡᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱱ ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ''ᱠᱟᱥᱟᱵᱷᱩ'' ᱛᱮ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱮ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ {{Citation needed|date=May 2026}} == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == ᱪᱟᱴᱴᱟᱭᱩᱢ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ-ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]]ᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱡᱳᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱵᱽᱬᱮ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱟᱴᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱯᱮᱨᱦᱮᱸᱰᱮ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ; ᱮᱱᱦᱚᱸ, ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ|ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱯᱯᱤᱞᱟ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱥ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱠᱮᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱯᱯᱤᱞᱟ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱱᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱟᱱ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱴᱴᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ, ᱱᱟᱥᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name="cmnsc" /> ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱮᱞᱵᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱪᱟᱴᱴᱟᱭᱩᱢ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name="th chatta" /> ᱑᱙᱕᱐ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱴᱴᱟᱭᱩᱢ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱩᱱᱩᱠᱠᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱮᱱᱦᱚᱸ, ᱑᱙᱗᱐ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ [[ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ]] ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="cmbs">{{cite news |author=<!-- not stated --> |date=3 December 2014 |title=Chatta-Mundu: Traditional Syrian Christian women's attire slips into oblivion (Fashion Feature) |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/chatta-mundu-traditional-syrian-christian-women-s-attire-slips-into-oblivion-fashion-feature-114120300373_1.html |work=[[Business Standard]] |access-date=31 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=<!-- not stated --> |date= |title=Costumes |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/christianity/costume/33 |website=www.keralatourism.org/christianity |publisher=www.keralatourism.org |access-date=30 May 2026}}</ref> ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱯᱤᱲᱦᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱪᱩᱲᱤᱫᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ [[ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱠᱮᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱤᱢᱤᱛ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="cmnsc" /><ref>Anthropologica Vol 46, 2004, Canadian Anthropology Society, p. 262</ref> == ᱟᱨᱴ ᱨᱮ == [[File:Knanaya_Margam_Kali.jpg|thumb|ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱴᱴᱟᱭᱩᱢ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱜᱟᱢᱠᱟᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱮᱫᱟ]] ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱢᱟᱨᱜᱟᱢᱠᱟᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱴᱴᱟᱭᱩᱢ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱳ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ == [[ᱚᱨᱩᱱᱫᱷᱚᱛᱤ ᱨᱚᱭ]] ᱟᱜ ᱑᱙᱙᱗ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱩᱠᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱢᱟᱢ, ''ᱫᱟ ᱜᱚᱰ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱥᱢᱚᱞ ᱛᱷᱤᱝᱥ'' ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱳᱪᱩ ᱢᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱴᱴᱟᱭᱩᱢ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩᱢ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱠᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟᱭᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|last = Roy|first = Arundhati| title = The God of Small Things| publisher = HarperPerennial| year = 1998| pages = 321| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2GESvfIWs4YC|isbn=9780060977498}}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{reflist}} === ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ === * {{cite book | last=Vellian |first= Jacob|year=1990|title= Crown, Veil, Cross: Marriage Rights |series= Syrian Church Series |volume=15|publisher= Anita Printers|oclc= 311292786}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱚ]] dn6pcifijzgmv91n6remt0kp3n5487v 196709 196444 2026-08-13T02:53:34Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 196709 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Malabar_Christians_of_19th_century.jpg|thumb|[[ᱥᱮᱸᱴ ᱛᱷᱳᱢᱟᱥ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ|ᱱᱟᱥᱨᱟᱱᱤᱥ]] ᱥᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ (ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ) ᱾ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱓᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱳᱪᱤᱱ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱨᱳᱭᱟᱞ ᱣᱟᱨ ᱮᱯᱷᱚᱨᱴᱥ ᱥᱳᱵᱷᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾]] '''''ᱪᱟᱴᱴᱟᱭᱩᱢ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩᱢ''''' ({{langx|ml|ചട്ടയും മുണ്ടും}}) ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|title=ചട്ടയും മുണ്ടും ധരിച്ച്‌ അവര്‍ ഒത്തുകൂടുന്നു|url=https://www.mangalam.com/news/district-detail/30889-kottayam.html|access-date=2021-03-16|website=www.mangalam.com|language=en|archive-date=2019-08-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822011752/https://www.mangalam.com/news/district-detail/30889-kottayam.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> == ᱵᱤᱵᱚᱨᱚᱱ == ᱪᱟᱴᱴᱟᱭᱩᱢ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱵᱟᱨ-ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱱ ᱥᱩᱛᱟᱹᱢ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ''ᱪᱟᱴᱴᱟ'' ᱟᱨ ''ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩ'' ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱸᱴ ᱛᱷᱳᱢᱟᱥ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱟ ᱾<ref name="cmbs" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ''ᱠᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱤ'' ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱟ ᱾<ref name="th chatta" /> === ᱪᱟᱴᱴᱟ === ᱪᱟᱴᱴᱟ ({{langx|ml|ചട്ട}}) ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱥᱤᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="cmnsc">{{cite web |last=John |first=Jackson |date=20 March 2014 |title=Lifestyle of Kerala Syrian Christians |url=https://www.nasrani.net/2008/04/15/lifestyle-of-kerala-syrian-christians/ |website=www.nasrani.net |access-date=30 May 2026}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ ᱛᱤ ᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱠᱮᱴ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱞᱟᱣᱩᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="cmnsc" /><ref name="th chatta">{{cite news |last=Deepa |first=J. |date=7 April 2013 |title=Ciao to the chatta? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/ciao-to-the-chatta/article4588281.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=31 May 2026}}</ref> ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱵᱞᱟᱣᱩᱡᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱮ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱷᱤᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="th chatta" /> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱴᱚᱜ ᱰᱤᱡᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ-ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱡᱷᱤᱡ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ V-ᱨᱩᱯ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱷᱤᱡ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="th chatta" /> ᱦᱚᱴᱚᱜ, ᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱲᱮ, ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="th chatta" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱩᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ === ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩ === ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩ ({{langx|ml|മുണ്ട്}}) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱟᱸᱰᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱝᱜᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱜᱚᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱚᱡᱽ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱸᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ''ᱱᱡᱳᱨᱤ'' ({{langx|ml|ഞൊറി}}) ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="cmnsc" /> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱞᱤᱴᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="th chatta" /> ''ᱠᱟᱪᱟᱢᱩᱨᱤ'' ({{langx|ml|കച്ചമുറി}}) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱟ ᱾<ref name="th chatta" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱱᱦᱟ ᱡᱮᱨᱨᱤ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱨᱨᱤ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱟᱹᱦᱩ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱡᱮᱨᱨᱤ-ᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱪᱟᱢᱩᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱰᱤᱴᱮᱞᱤᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ, ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱜᱚᱭᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱱᱟᱦᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱲ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="th chatta" /> ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱶᱟᱭ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱦᱟᱱᱦᱟᱨ ᱮᱨᱟ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱪᱟᱢᱩᱨᱤ ᱮᱢᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="th chatta" /> ᱠᱟᱪᱟᱢᱩᱨᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱪᱪᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱨᱳᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱪᱟᱢᱩᱨᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱪᱟᱴᱴᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name="th chatta" /> === ᱠᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱤ === ''ᱠᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱤ'' ({{langx|ml|കവണി}}), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ-ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱪᱟᱴᱴᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="cmnsc" /> ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱭᱮᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="cmbs" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱲᱟᱢ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ,<ref name="cmnsc" /> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱞᱤᱴ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱨᱳᱪ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱛᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱚᱞ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱳᱱᱟ-ᱯᱷᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱢᱮᱬᱦᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="th chatta" /> ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱞᱤᱴ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱨᱤᱢᱤᱥ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱢᱵᱽᱨᱳᱭᱰᱟᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="th chatta" /> ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱯᱷ-ᱦᱣᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱨᱚᱝ, ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱨᱨᱤ ᱟᱲᱮ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱰᱤᱡᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱞᱟᱨᱟᱢᱟᱯᱩᱨᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢᱟᱞ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱤᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱳ ᱛᱤ-ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱢᱪᱷᱟ ({{langx|ml|തോർത്ത്}}) ᱠᱚ ᱤᱫᱤᱭᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name="th chatta" /> === ᱠᱟᱥᱟᱵᱷᱩ === ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱜᱤᱨᱡᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱱ ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ''ᱠᱟᱥᱟᱵᱷᱩ'' ᱛᱮ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱮ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ {{Citation needed|date=May 2026}} == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == ᱪᱟᱴᱴᱟᱭᱩᱢ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ-ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]]ᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱡᱳᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱵᱽᱬᱮ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱟᱴᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱯᱮᱨᱦᱮᱸᱰᱮ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ; ᱮᱱᱦᱚᱸ, ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ|ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱯᱯᱤᱞᱟ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱥ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱠᱮᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱯᱯᱤᱞᱟ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱱᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱟᱱ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱴᱴᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ, ᱱᱟᱥᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name="cmnsc" /> ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱮᱞᱵᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱪᱟᱴᱴᱟᱭᱩᱢ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name="th chatta" /> ᱑᱙᱕᱐ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱴᱴᱟᱭᱩᱢ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱩᱱᱩᱠᱠᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱮᱱᱦᱚᱸ, ᱑᱙᱗᱐ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ [[ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ]] ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="cmbs">{{cite news |author=<!-- not stated --> |date=3 December 2014 |title=Chatta-Mundu: Traditional Syrian Christian women's attire slips into oblivion (Fashion Feature) |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/chatta-mundu-traditional-syrian-christian-women-s-attire-slips-into-oblivion-fashion-feature-114120300373_1.html |work=[[Business Standard]] |access-date=31 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=<!-- not stated --> |date= |title=Costumes |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/christianity/costume/33 |website=www.keralatourism.org/christianity |publisher=www.keralatourism.org |access-date=30 May 2026}}</ref> ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱯᱤᱲᱦᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱪᱩᱲᱤᱫᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ [[ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱠᱮᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱤᱢᱤᱛ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="cmnsc" /><ref>Anthropologica Vol 46, 2004, Canadian Anthropology Society, p. 262</ref> == ᱟᱨᱴ ᱨᱮ == [[File:Knanaya_Margam_Kali.jpg|thumb|ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱴᱴᱟᱭᱩᱢ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱜᱟᱢᱠᱟᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱮᱫᱟ]] ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱢᱟᱨᱜᱟᱢᱠᱟᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱴᱴᱟᱭᱩᱢ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱳ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ == [[ᱚᱨᱩᱱᱫᱷᱚᱛᱤ ᱨᱚᱭ]] ᱟᱜ ᱑᱙᱙᱗ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱩᱠᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱢᱟᱢ, ''ᱫᱟ ᱜᱚᱰ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱥᱢᱚᱞ ᱛᱷᱤᱝᱥ'' ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱳᱪᱩ ᱢᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱴᱴᱟᱭᱩᱢ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩᱢ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱠᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟᱭᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|last = Roy|first = Arundhati| title = The God of Small Things| publisher = HarperPerennial| year = 1998| pages = 321| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2GESvfIWs4YC|isbn=9780060977498}}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{reflist}} === ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ === * {{cite book | last=Vellian |first= Jacob|year=1990|title= Crown, Veil, Cross: Marriage Rights |series= Syrian Church Series |volume=15|publisher= Anita Printers|oclc= 311292786}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱚ]] czefy7tcnano6zgg2h8885376hrhisw 0 37718 196445 2026-08-12T15:50:41Z ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ 5347 "[[File:Saree of Kasaragod.jpg|alt=Kasaragod Saree|thumb|ᱠᱟᱥᱟᱨᱜᱳᱰ ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ]] ᱢᱤᱫ '''ᱠᱟᱥᱟᱨᱜᱳᱰ ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ''' ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱥᱟᱨᱜᱳᱰ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱛᱮᱧ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱥᱩᱛ..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 196445 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Saree of Kasaragod.jpg|alt=Kasaragod Saree|thumb|ᱠᱟᱥᱟᱨᱜᱳᱰ ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ]] ᱢᱤᱫ '''ᱠᱟᱥᱟᱨᱜᱳᱰ ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ''' ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱥᱟᱨᱜᱳᱰ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱛᱮᱧ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ [[ᱥᱩᱛᱟᱹᱢ]] [[ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱛᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱲᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱨᱟᱵᱷᱟᱞᱤ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kasaragod: Exploring North Kerala|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/story/69390/kasaragod-exploring-north-kerala|access-date=2021-05-30|website=www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/|language=en}}</ref> == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱮᱧ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱘ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱨᱟᱵᱷᱟᱞᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱭᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱴᱷᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ''ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱢᱟᱥᱟᱞᱤᱭᱟᱥ'' ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kasaragod Sarees (Kerala) (GI Regn No. 170) {{!}} Textiles Committee|url=https://textilescommittee.nic.in/kasaragod-sarees-kerala-gi-regn-no-170#:~:text=GI%20Regn%20No.-,170),State%20en%20route%20Tamil%20Nadu.|access-date=2021-05-30|website=textilescommittee.nic.in}}</ref> == ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱛ == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱮᱧ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱞᱟᱨᱟᱢᱟᱯᱩᱨᱟᱢ, ᱠᱩᱛᱷᱟᱢᱯᱟᱞᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱝᱜᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|title=Weaving tradition of Kasaragod Sarees|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/photo-gallery/kasaragod-sarees/2252|access-date=2021-05-30|website=Kerala Tourism|language=en}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱩᱛᱟᱹᱢ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱜᱟᱨ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱠᱣᱟᱨᱰ ᱢᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱥᱮ ᱰᱳᱵᱤ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱢᱩᱦᱤᱛᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱖᱐ - ᱑᱐᱐ ᱨᱮᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱥᱩᱛᱟᱹᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱴ ᱰᱟᱭ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-05|title=Kasaragod Cotton|url=https://isha.sadhguru.org/in/en/outreach/save-the-weave/indian-weaves/kasaragod-cotton|access-date=2021-05-30|website=Isha Sadhguru|language=en}}</ref> ᱱᱮᱦᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱞᱠ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱓᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ''ᱠᱟᱥᱟᱨᱜᱳᱰ ᱣᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥ ᱠᱳ-ᱚᱯᱟᱨᱮᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱯᱨᱚᱰᱟᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱥᱮᱞ ᱥᱳᱥᱟᱭᱴᱤ ᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱮᱰ'' ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱮᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|author=P. Sudhakaran|date=Dec 28, 2013|title=Kasargod Saree: Reviving a tradition {{!}} Bengaluru News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/kasargod-saree-reviving-a-tradition/articleshow/28055734.cms|access-date=2021-05-30|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|author=P. Sudhakaran|date=Dec 28, 2013|title=Kasargod Saree: Reviving a tradition {{!}} Bengaluru News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/kasargod-saree-reviving-a-tradition/articleshow/28055734.cms|access-date=2021-05-30|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> == ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ == ᱒᱐᱐᱙ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱥᱟᱨᱜᱳᱰ ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨᱡᱤ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ]] ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|title=Details {{!}} Geographical Indications {{!}} Intellectual Property India|url=http://ipindiaservices.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/Details/170|access-date=2021-05-30|website=ipindiaservices.gov.in}}</ref> == ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ == * [[ᱠᱩᱛᱷᱟᱢᱯᱩᱞᱞᱤ ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ]] == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ == {{Reflist}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱟᱥᱟᱨᱜᱳᱰ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] 19mr62viayp6y4vbpu6arhc2al6k8ry 0 37719 196446 2026-08-12T15:59:01Z ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ 5347 "'''ᱠᱟᱥᱟᱵᱷᱩ''' ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱤ-ᱛᱮᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱩᱢᱟᱹᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱛᱟᱹᱢ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱜᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱤᱡᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 196446 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ᱠᱟᱥᱟᱵᱷᱩ''' ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱤ-ᱛᱮᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱩᱢᱟᱹᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱛᱟᱹᱢ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱜᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱤᱡᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱱᱦᱟ ᱥᱩᱛᱟᱹᱢ ᱛᱮᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱥᱟᱵᱷᱩ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱥᱟᱵᱷᱩ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱯᱷ-ᱦᱣᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱥᱩᱛᱟᱹᱢ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱥᱟᱵᱷᱩ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ == [[File:Scene from Gajendra Moksha Mural in Krishnapuram, 1730 CE.jpg|thumb|ᱵᱟᱨ-ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱥᱟᱵᱷᱩ ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ, ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱢᱤᱣᱨᱟᱞ (Mural) ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ, ᱑᱗᱓᱐ CE ᱾]] ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ''ᱠᱟᱥᱟᱵᱷᱩ'' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱛᱟᱹᱢ ᱥᱮ ᱞᱩᱢᱟᱹᱝ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱜᱟᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱰᱤᱡᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱱᱦᱟ ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱥᱩᱛᱟᱹᱢ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.utsavpedia.com/motifs-embroideries/simple-and-gorgeous-kerela-kasavu/|title=All About Kerala Kasavu Saree - Its Varieties And More|date=2017-02-27|website=Utsavpedia|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-30}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ, ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱟ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱚ, ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱠᱚ, ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ''ᱯᱤᱨᱟᱱᱱᱟ ᱱᱟᱞ'' (ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱮᱞᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ) ᱨᱮ ᱾ ''[[ᱵᱤᱥᱩ]]'' ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱹᱬᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ''ᱵᱤᱥᱩᱠᱠᱟᱱᱤ'' (ᱵᱟᱹᱛᱤ) ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ''ᱠᱟᱥᱟᱵᱷᱩ'' ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱳᱦᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟᱴᱴᱟᱢ (ᱵᱤᱥᱱᱩ ᱟᱜ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱮᱠᱮᱱ ''ᱠᱟᱥᱟᱵᱷᱩ'' ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱜᱮᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱟ ᱾ ''ᱠᱟᱭᱠᱳᱴᱴᱤᱠᱟᱞᱤ'' ᱥᱮ ᱛᱷᱤᱨᱩᱵᱷᱟᱛᱷᱤᱨᱟᱠᱠᱟᱞᱤ<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onamfestival.org/kaikotti-kali.html|title=Kaikotti Kali, Thiruvathirakali, Folk Dance, Kaikotti kali Dance of Kerala|website=www.onamfestival.org|access-date=2019-07-30}}</ref> (ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ''ᱠᱟᱥᱟᱵᱷᱩ'' [[ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ|ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱵᱞᱟᱣᱩᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱟᱵᱷᱟᱴᱴᱟᱢ ᱛᱷᱤᱨᱩᱱᱟᱞ ᱵᱟᱞᱟᱨᱟᱢᱟᱵᱷᱟᱨᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤᱨᱮᱱ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱮᱨᱟ ᱩᱢᱢᱤᱱᱤ ᱛᱷᱟᱢᱵᱤ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ 'ᱤᱥᱴᱟᱰᱤ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱰᱚᱠᱩᱢᱮᱱᱴᱤᱝ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱵᱟᱞᱟᱨᱟᱢᱟᱯᱩᱨᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱨᱤᱡᱽ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱠᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱤᱠᱥ' ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨᱠᱳᱭᱮᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱞᱤᱭᱟ/ᱪᱟᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱮᱣᱛᱟ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱤ-ᱛᱮᱧ ᱥᱤᱞᱯᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ, ᱛᱮᱧ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱩᱛᱟᱹᱢ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱨᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱠᱳᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱩᱛᱟᱹᱢ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱟᱪᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱩᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ (exporters) ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱛᱤ-ᱛᱮᱧ ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱠᱚ == ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ''ᱠᱟᱥᱟᱵᱷᱩ'' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱥᱩᱛᱟᱹᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱯᱷ-ᱦᱣᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''ᱠᱟᱥᱟᱵᱷᱩ'' ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ, ᱯᱩᱱ-ᱠᱚᱬ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱴᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ''ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢᱟ, ᱟᱨ ''ᱵᱷᱮᱥᱴᱤ,'' ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ''ᱵᱷᱮᱥᱴᱤ'' ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱨᱟᱜ, ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱵᱞᱟᱣᱩᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱨᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱟ ᱾ ''ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩ'' ᱟᱨ ''ᱵᱷᱮᱥᱴᱤ'' ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ "''ᱠᱟᱥᱟᱵᱷᱩ'' ᱥᱮᱴ" ᱥᱮ "''ᱠᱟᱥᱟᱵᱷᱩ ᱥᱮᱴᱴᱩ''" ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱓/᱔" ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ᱖" ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱴᱷᱟᱶ == ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ''ᱠᱟᱥᱟᱵᱷᱩ'' ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ, [[ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ]], [[ᱟᱱᱫᱷᱨᱚ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ]], ᱟᱨ [[ᱛᱮᱞᱮᱝᱜᱟᱱᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱾ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ''ᱠᱟᱥᱟᱵᱷᱩ'' ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱞᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱳᱴᱴᱟᱯᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [https://www.keralatourism.org/destination/kuthampully-handloom-village/584 ᱠᱩᱛᱷᱟᱢᱯᱟᱞᱞᱤ], ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱷᱨᱤᱥᱩᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱞᱟᱠᱠᱟᱰ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱩᱛᱷᱟᱢᱯᱟᱞᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱮᱧ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱮᱵᱷᱟᱝᱜᱟ ᱪᱮᱴᱴᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱕᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱠᱳᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news |last=George |first=Anubha |date=6 October 2018|title=For 500 years, a Kannadiga community of weavers has produced Kerala's iconic white and gold saree|url=https://scroll.in/magazine/881619/for-500-years-a-kannadiga-community-of-weavers-has-produced-keralas-iconic-white-and-gold-saree|url-status=live|work=Scroll.in|location= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701100352/https://scroll.in/magazine/881619/for-500-years-a-kannadiga-community-of-weavers-has-produced-keralas-iconic-white-and-gold-saree|archive-date=1 July 2021|access-date=1 July 2021}}</ref> ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱮ ''ᱠᱟᱥᱟᱵᱷᱩ'' ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ, ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱨᱟᱞᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽᱰ, ᱜᱩᱴ ᱢᱤᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧᱟ ᱾ == ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ''ᱠᱟᱥᱟᱵᱷᱩ'' == ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ''ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩ-ᱵᱷᱮᱥᱴᱤ'' <ref>{{cite web|url=https://ikasavu.com/kerala_women_ethnic_collection/kerala_set_mundu/handloom_set_mundu|title=Kerala Kasavu|publisher=external|access-date=2019-10-03|archive-date=2021-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411161758/https://ikasavu.com/kerala_women_ethnic_collection/kerala_set_mundu/handloom_set_mundu|url-status=dead}}</ref> ᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱵᱟᱨ-ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ-ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟ ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱟᱨᱟᱜ, ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ, ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱢᱩᱦᱤᱛᱟᱱ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱣᱟᱨ ᱞᱩᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱤ-ᱛᱮᱧ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣᱮᱫᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱮᱠᱥᱪᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱨᱚᱰᱟᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱥᱛᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ == <!-- Inline citations added to your article will automatically display here. See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:REFB for instructions on how to add citations. --> {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kasavu}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱛᱮᱧ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱩᱛᱟᱹᱢ]] duy6a6r5omleoefhbpirnkn6zt7oupb 0 37720 196447 2026-08-12T16:39:38Z ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ 5347 "[[File:Malayali women wearing Kerala saree.jpg|thumb|ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩᱢ ᱱᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱛᱷᱩᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾]] '''ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ''' (ᱥᱮᱴ-ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ) ({{Langx|ml|കേരള സാരി}}) ᱫᱚ..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 196447 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Malayali women wearing Kerala saree.jpg|thumb|ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩᱢ ᱱᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱛᱷᱩᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾]] '''ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ''' (ᱥᱮᱴ-ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ) ({{Langx|ml|കേരള സാരി}}) ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩᱢ ᱱᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱛᱷᱩᱢ == [[File:Scene from Gajendra Moksha Mural in Krishnapuram, 1730 CE.jpg|thumb|ᱵᱟᱨ-ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ, ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱢᱤᱣᱨᱟᱞ (Mural) ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ, ᱑᱗᱓᱐ CE ᱾]] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ''ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩᱢ ᱱᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱛᱷᱩᱢ'' ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱞᱟᱥᱤᱠ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩᱢ ᱱᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱛᱷᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩᱢ ᱱᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱛᱷᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨ-ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨ-ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩᱢ ᱱᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱛᱷᱩᱢ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱤᱵᱷᱤ ᱵᱟᱸᱫᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩᱢ ᱱᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱛᱷᱩᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱤ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱣᱟᱥᱤ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩᱢ ᱱᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱛᱷᱩᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱢᱤᱣᱨᱟᱞ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱮ-ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱥᱛᱤᱛᱣᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ-ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩᱢ, ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧ ᱢᱳᱦᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟᱴᱴᱟᱢ ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱤᱵᱷᱤ-ᱵᱟᱸᱫᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱳᱵᱷᱟᱨ-ᱞᱮᱯᱤᱝ ᱯᱞᱤᱴᱥ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ-ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱨ-ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟᱢ-ᱱᱮᱨᱭᱟᱛᱷᱩᱢ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>Wall paintings in North Kerala, India: 1000 years of temple art, Albrecht Frenz, Ke. Ke Mārār, page 93</ref><ref name="Boulanger"/><ref name= Mukulika>Miller, Daniel & Banerjee, Mukulika; (2004) "The Sari", Lustre press / Roli books</ref> == ᱛᱮᱧ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱚ == ᱵᱟᱞᱟᱨᱟᱢᱟᱯᱩᱨᱟᱢ, ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱝᱜᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱛᱷᱟᱢᱯᱟᱞᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱛᱮᱧ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱞᱟᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱡᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱴᱮᱜᱽ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱟᱥᱟᱵᱷᱩ ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱛᱮᱧ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱥᱩᱛᱟᱹᱢ ᱥᱮ ᱞᱩᱢᱟᱹᱝ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱞᱟᱨᱟᱢᱟᱯᱩᱨᱟᱢ ᱠᱞᱟᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱛᱮᱧ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱥᱟᱵᱷᱩ ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱮᱧᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱞᱟᱨᱟᱢᱟᱯᱩᱨᱟᱢ ᱠᱞᱟᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱛᱟᱹᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱩᱢᱟᱹᱝ ᱥᱩᱛᱟᱹᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱧᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nagarajan |first=Saraswathy |date=2020-08-21 |title=Preserving the famous legacy of weavers in Balaramapuram in Kerala capital |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/preserving-the-famous-legacy-of-weavers-in-balaramapuram-in-kerala-capital/article32413618.ece |access-date=2024-05-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱝᱜᱟᱞᱟᱢ, ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱠᱞᱟᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ, ᱥᱩᱛᱟᱹᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱩᱢᱟᱹᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱨ ᱟᱱ ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱛᱮᱧ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱞᱟᱨᱟᱢᱟᱯᱩᱨᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱡᱳᱨ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱝᱜᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱮᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱞᱤᱭᱟᱢ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱞᱤᱭᱟᱛᱷ ᱟᱪᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱝᱜᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚᱜᱚᱛ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱖ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱝᱜᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱮᱵᱷᱟᱝᱜᱟ ᱪᱮᱴᱴᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱠᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news |last=Alexander |first=Deepa |date=2020-09-19 |title=Chendamangalam sari: a saga of hope and resilience |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/fashion/chendamangalam-sari-a-saga-of-hope-and-resilience/article32647783.ece |access-date=2024-05-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=JAMES |first=SHALINI |date=2019-12-20 |title=Read about the regained looms of Chendamangalam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/keralas-design-community-got-together-to-bat-for-chendamangalam-handloom-in-2019/article30358790.ece |access-date=2024-05-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-18 |title=Weaving Chendamangalam {{!}} Craft Documentation & Research Kerala Handloom |url=https://gaatha.org/Craft-of-India/handloom-weaving-chendamangalam/ |access-date=2023-04-01 |language=en-US}}</ref> ᱠᱩᱛᱷᱟᱢᱯᱟᱞᱞᱤ ᱠᱞᱟᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱷᱨᱤᱥᱩᱨ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱕᱐０ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱟᱯᱲᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱭᱥᱩᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱩᱛᱷᱟᱢᱯᱟᱞᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱛᱮᱧ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱮᱧ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱩᱛᱷᱟᱢᱯᱟᱞᱞᱤ ᱛᱮᱧ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱠᱞᱟᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱮᱴᱟᱨᱱ, ᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱳᱴᱤᱯᱷ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news |last=George |first=Anubha |date=6 October 2018|title=For 500 years, a Kannadiga community of weavers has produced Kerala's iconic white and gold saree|url=https://scroll.in/magazine/881619/for-500-years-a-kannadiga-community-of-weavers-has-produced-keralas-iconic-white-and-gold-saree|url-status=live|work=Scroll.in|location= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701100352/https://scroll.in/magazine/881619/for-500-years-a-kannadiga-community-of-weavers-has-produced-keralas-iconic-white-and-gold-saree|archive-date=1 July 2021|access-date=1 July 2021}}</ref> == ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ == [[File:തിരുവാതിര കളി.JPG|thumb|ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱛᱷᱤᱨᱩᱵᱷᱟᱛᱷᱤᱨᱟᱠᱟᱞᱤ ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱾]] ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱤ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name= "Boulanger">Boulanger 1997, Ghurye 1951</ref> ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱫᱟ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩᱢ ᱱᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱛᱷᱩᱢ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱤ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱳᱱᱟᱢ]] ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱮᱠᱮᱱ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱾<ref name="Hindu2016a">{{cite news |date=2016-09-14 |title=Say it in gold and off-white |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/say-it-in-gold-and-offwhite/article9104929.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Kochi, India}}</ref> == ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ == ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩᱢ ᱱᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱛᱷᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱨᱚᱵᱤ ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱚᱠᱩᱱᱛᱚᱞᱟ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱮᱫ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩᱢ ᱱᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱛᱷᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱸᱫᱮ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ 'ᱱᱤᱵᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ' ᱥᱮ 'ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱸᱫᱮ' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱚᱢᱚᱦᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱭᱤᱝ ᱱᱤᱵᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱮ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name= "Miller">Miller & Banerjee 2004</ref> == ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ == * [[ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ]] * [[ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩᱢ ᱱᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱛᱷᱩᱢ]] * [[ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩ]] == ᱱᱳᱴᱥ == <references /> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱠᱚ == {{refbegin}} *Boulanger, C (1997) ''Saris: An Illustrated Guide to the Indian Art of Draping'', Shakti Press International, New York. {{ISBN|0-9661496-1-0}} *Mohapatra, R. P. (1992) ''Fashion styles of ancient India'', B. R. Publishing corporation, {{ISBN|81-7018-723-0}} *Alkazi, Roshan (1983) "Ancient Indian costume", Art Heritage *Mahaparinibbanasutta (ancient Buddhist text) *Miller, Daniel & Banerjee, Mukulika; (2004) ''The Sari'', Lustre press / Roli books * Bjorn Landstrom (1964) ''The Quest for India'', Doubleday English edition, Stockholm. * T.K Velu Pillai, (1940) "The Travancore State Manual"; 4 volumes; Trivandrum * Miller, J. Innes. (1969). ''The Spice Trade of The Roman Empire: 29 B.C. to A.D. 641''. Oxford University Press. Special edition for Sandpiper Books. 1998. {{ISBN|0-19-814264-1}}. * K.V. Krishna Iyer (1971) "Kerala’s Relations with the Outside World," pp. 70, 71 in ''The Cochin Synagogue Quatercentenary Celebrations Commemoration Volume'', Kerala History Association, Cochin. * Periplus Maris Erythraei, ''The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea'', (trans). Wilfred Schoff (1912), reprinted South Asia Books 1995 {{ISBN|81-215-0699-9}} {{refend}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱚ]]``` abuc82duvewpq98alcmu8mbqssjfzl1 0 37721 196448 2026-08-12T16:48:56Z ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ 5347 "'''ᱠᱩᱛᱷᱟᱢᱯᱩᱞᱞᱤ ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ''' ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱨᱤᱥᱩᱨ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱤᱨᱩᱵᱷᱤᱞᱣᱟᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱯᱚᱧᱪᱟᱭᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱛᱷᱟᱢᱯᱩᱞᱞᱤ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱛᱮᱧ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟ..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 196448 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ᱠᱩᱛᱷᱟᱢᱯᱩᱞᱞᱤ ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ''' ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱨᱤᱥᱩᱨ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱤᱨᱩᱵᱷᱤᱞᱣᱟᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱯᱚᱧᱪᱟᱭᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱛᱷᱟᱢᱯᱩᱞᱞᱤ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱛᱮᱧ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱩᱛᱷᱟᱢᱯᱩᱞᱞᱤ ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ikasavu.com/kerala_women_ethnic_collection/kerala_set_mundu/handloom_set_mundu|title=Kuthampully Saree|publisher=external|access-date=3 October 2019|archive-date=11 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411161758/https://ikasavu.com/kerala_women_ethnic_collection/kerala_set_mundu/handloom_set_mundu|url-status=dead}}</ref> ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == ᱑᱙᱗᱒ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱩᱛᱷᱟᱢᱯᱩᱞᱞᱤ ᱦᱮᱱᱰᱞᱩᱢ ᱤᱱᱰᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱠᱳ-ᱚᱯᱟᱨᱮᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱥᱳᱥᱟᱭᱴᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱐᱒ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱡᱤᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱩᱛᱷᱟᱢᱯᱩᱞᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱱᱟᱲᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱮᱵᱷᱟᱝᱜᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱟᱞᱩᱨᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱭᱥᱩᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱠᱩᱛᱷᱟᱢᱯᱩᱞᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱘᱑᱔ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱩᱛᱷᱟᱢᱯᱩᱞᱞᱤ ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱮᱠᱴ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱤᱱᱴᱮᱞᱮᱠᱪᱩᱣᱟᱞ ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-10/thiruvananthapuram/32155187_1_branding-exercise-regional-brands-international-branding |archive-url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-10/thiruvananthapuram/32155187_1_branding-exercise-regional-brands-international-branding |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-01-03 |newspaper=[[ᱫᱟ ᱴᱟᱭᱤᱢᱥ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ]] |title=Kerala handloom to get international branding |accessdate=2012-06-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thiruvilwamala.com/about-village.html |title=Kuthampully |publisher=Thiruvilwamala |accessdate=2012-06-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://keralalivenews.blogspot.in/2009/06/kuthampully-handloom-weaving-devanga_10.html |title=Weaving a Devanga style |publisher=Keralalivenews |accessdate=2012-06-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.malabarshopping.com/women-collections/womens-dresses/kerala-set-saree |title=Kuthampully Kerala Saree}}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ == {{reflist}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱛᱷᱨᱤᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱛᱷᱨᱤᱥᱩᱨ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱨᱟᱱᱰ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] 47s9xzyjhw6pqvrnbgkptmgm2onfav6 196701 196448 2026-08-13T00:24:40Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 196701 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ᱠᱩᱛᱷᱟᱢᱯᱩᱞᱞᱤ ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ''' ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱨᱤᱥᱩᱨ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱤᱨᱩᱵᱷᱤᱞᱣᱟᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱯᱚᱧᱪᱟᱭᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱛᱷᱟᱢᱯᱩᱞᱞᱤ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱛᱮᱧ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱩᱛᱷᱟᱢᱯᱩᱞᱞᱤ ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ikasavu.com/kerala_women_ethnic_collection/kerala_set_mundu/handloom_set_mundu|title=Kuthampully Saree|publisher=external|access-date=3 October 2019|archive-date=11 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411161758/https://ikasavu.com/kerala_women_ethnic_collection/kerala_set_mundu/handloom_set_mundu|url-status=dead}}</ref> ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == ᱑᱙᱗᱒ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱩᱛᱷᱟᱢᱯᱩᱞᱞᱤ ᱦᱮᱱᱰᱞᱩᱢ ᱤᱱᱰᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱠᱳ-ᱚᱯᱟᱨᱮᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱥᱳᱥᱟᱭᱴᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱐᱒ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱡᱤᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱩᱛᱷᱟᱢᱯᱩᱞᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱱᱟᱲᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱮᱵᱷᱟᱝᱜᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱟᱞᱩᱨᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱭᱥᱩᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱠᱩᱛᱷᱟᱢᱯᱩᱞᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱘᱑᱔ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱩᱛᱷᱟᱢᱯᱩᱞᱞᱤ ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱮᱠᱴ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱤᱱᱴᱮᱞᱮᱠᱪᱩᱣᱟᱞ ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-10/thiruvananthapuram/32155187_1_branding-exercise-regional-brands-international-branding |archive-url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-10/thiruvananthapuram/32155187_1_branding-exercise-regional-brands-international-branding |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-01-03 |newspaper=[[ᱫᱟ ᱴᱟᱭᱤᱢᱥ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ]] |title=Kerala handloom to get international branding |accessdate=2012-06-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thiruvilwamala.com/about-village.html |title=Kuthampully |publisher=Thiruvilwamala |accessdate=2012-06-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://keralalivenews.blogspot.in/2009/06/kuthampully-handloom-weaving-devanga_10.html |title=Weaving a Devanga style |publisher=Keralalivenews |accessdate=2012-06-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.malabarshopping.com/women-collections/womens-dresses/kerala-set-saree |title=Kuthampully Kerala Saree |access-date=2026-08-12 |archive-date=2016-05-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515065143/http://www.malabarshopping.com/women-collections/womens-dresses/kerala-set-saree |url-status=dead }}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ == {{reflist}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱛᱷᱨᱤᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱛᱷᱨᱤᱥᱩᱨ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱨᱟᱱᱰ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] aj8kxth5tghyldiqxq407vtk9c4xf9i 0 37722 196459 2026-08-12T16:57:01Z ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ 5347 "[[File:Malabar Christians of 19th century.jpg|thumb|[[ᱥᱮᱸᱴ ᱛᱷᱳᱢᱟᱥ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ|ᱱᱟᱥᱨᱟᱱᱤᱥ]] ᱥᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚ [[ᱪᱟᱴᱴᱟᱭᱩᱢ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩᱢ|ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩ]] ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ (ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ) ᱾ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱓᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱳᱪᱤᱱ ᱥ..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 196459 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Malabar Christians of 19th century.jpg|thumb|[[ᱥᱮᱸᱴ ᱛᱷᱳᱢᱟᱥ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ|ᱱᱟᱥᱨᱟᱱᱤᱥ]] ᱥᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚ [[ᱪᱟᱴᱴᱟᱭᱩᱢ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩᱢ|ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩ]] ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ (ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ) ᱾ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱓᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱳᱪᱤᱱ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱨᱳᱭᱟᱞ ᱣᱟᱨ ᱮᱯᱷᱚᱨᱴᱥ ᱥᱳᱵᱷᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾]] [[File:Raja_Ravi_Varma,_There_Comes_Papa_(1893).jpg|thumb|[[ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ]] ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩᱢ ᱱᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱛᱩᱢ]] ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, [[ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱨᱚᱵᱤ ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱟ]] ᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ]] [[File:Mundu Dhothi Veshti Kerala Style മുണ്ട്.JPG|thumb|upright|ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱞᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ]] '''ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩ''' ([[ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ]]: {{Transliteration|ml|ISO|muṇṭŭ}}; {{IPA|ml|muɳɖɯ̽|pron}}) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]], ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ, [[ᱞᱟᱠᱷᱭᱟᱫᱤᱯ]] ᱫᱤᱯᱠᱚ, ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ [[ᱢᱟᱞᱫᱤᱯ]] ᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱸᱰᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱩᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱩᱝᱜᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱨᱳᱝ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[ᱥᱩᱛᱟᱹᱢ]] ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱧᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱨᱤᱢ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱛᱟᱹᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱽᱞᱤᱪ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱽᱞᱤᱪ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ {{Transliteration|ml|ISO|khadaṟ muṇṭŭ}} ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤ-ᱛᱮᱧ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱽᱞᱤᱪ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩ ᱫᱚ {{Transliteration|ml|ISO|nēriyatu}} ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱵᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ — ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱟᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱟᱵᱚᱞ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱟᱞ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱟᱸᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱠᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱜᱮᱠᱚ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱟᱵᱚᱞ ᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱸᱡᱽᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱠᱚᱲᱟ == ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱢᱚᱴᱟ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱨ ᱛᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ''ᱠᱟᱨᱟ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''ᱠᱟᱨᱟ'' ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ''ᱠᱟᱨᱟ'' (ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱴᱴᱤ) ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|title=Dresses & Costumes Of Kerala|url=http://www.indfy.com/kerala/dresses.html}}</ref> ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ-ᱯᱩᱱᱟᱹᱭ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ (ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ), ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱢᱵᱽᱨᱳᱭᱰᱟᱨᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱥᱟᱵᱷᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱤᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ 'ᱠᱟᱨᱟ' ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱟᱭ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ (ᱠᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ) ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱟᱥᱛᱤᱠ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱞᱚᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱠᱟᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ''ᱢᱮᱞᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩ'' ᱫᱚ {{Transliteration|ml|ISO|nēriyatu}} ᱥᱮ {{Transliteration|ml|ISO|tunḍŭ}} ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱟ; 'ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩ' ᱟᱨ 'ᱢᱮᱞᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩ' ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ (ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ) ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱨᱴ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ''ᱢᱮᱞ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩ'' ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱛᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱵᱟᱵᱽᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ {{Transliteration|ml|ISO|utarīyam}} ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱦᱤᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱵᱷᱟᱭᱩᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ, ᱯᱚᱫᱽᱢᱟᱱᱟᱵᱷᱟᱥᱣᱟᱢᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱤᱨᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩ ᱟᱨ ''ᱢᱮᱞ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩ'' ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱵᱮᱲᱦᱟᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱲᱟ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ == ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩᱢ ᱱᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱛᱩᱢ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱿ ''ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩᱢ ᱱᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱛᱩᱢ'' ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱴ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱞᱟᱹᱣᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ''ᱠᱟᱨᱟ'' ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱮᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱞᱟᱣᱩᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱟ, ᱰᱟᱸᱰᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱛᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱥᱮᱴ-ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱟ ᱾ [[ᱪᱟᱴᱴᱟᱭᱩᱢ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩᱢ]] ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ (ᱱᱟᱥᱨᱟᱱᱤ) ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱟᱴᱴᱟᱭᱩᱢ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱴᱴᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱜᱟᱢᱠᱟᱞᱤ ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ''ᱵᱷᱮᱥᱴᱤ'' ᱫᱚ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱠᱩᱴᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ (ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ) ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩ ᱥᱟᱶ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢᱟᱞ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱟ ᱾ == ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱞᱩᱸᱜᱤ == [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮ, ᱞᱩᱸᱜᱤ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{Transliteration|ml|ISO|kaili}} ᱥᱮ {{Transliteration|ml|ISO|kaili muṇṭŭ}} ᱦᱚᱸᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱞᱩᱸᱜᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱩᱸᱜᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱩᱸᱜᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱚᱝ-ᱵᱤᱨᱚᱝ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱰᱤᱡᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱮᱨᱩᱣᱟ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱩᱸᱜᱤ ({{Transliteration|ml|ISO|kāvi muṇṭŭ}}) ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} {{commons category|Mundu}} # South India By Richard Plunkettx. {{ISBN|1-86450-161-8}} # Female Ascetics: Hierarchy and Purity in an Indian Religious Movement By Wendy Sinclair-Brull page number 170. {{ISBN|0-7007-0422-1}} # The Syrian Christians of Kerala By S. G. Pothan. [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱥᱠᱟᱨᱴ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ]] fky5a3ob9layt6y5ryplwqqz4whyqh6 0 37723 196478 2026-08-12T17:10:49Z ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ 5347 "[[File:Varma Raja Ravi-Lady with Veena.jpg|thumb|ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ, ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱨᱚᱵᱤ ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱟ]] '''ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩᱢ ᱱᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱛᱩᱢ''' ([[ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ]]: മുണ്ട് നേരിയത്; ᱥᱮᱴᱴᱩ-ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩ-ᱥᱮᱴ) ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱯᱟᱪ..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 196478 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Varma Raja Ravi-Lady with Veena.jpg|thumb|ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ, ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱨᱚᱵᱤ ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱟ]] '''ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩᱢ ᱱᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱛᱩᱢ''' ([[ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ]]: മുണ്ട് നേരിയത്; ᱥᱮᱴᱴᱩ-ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩ-ᱥᱮᱴ) ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ, [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱠᱮᱱ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱜᱮ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name= "Boulanger">Boulanger, C (1997) Saris: An Illustrated Guide to the Indian Art of Draping, Shakti Press International, New York. {{ISBN|0-9661496-1-0}}</ref><ref name= "Ghurye">Ghurye (1951) "Indian costume", Popular book depot (Bombay); (Includes rare photographs of 19th century Namboothiri and Nair women in ancient sari with bare upper torso)</ref> ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩᱢ ᱱᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱛᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ, ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱩᱴᱤ ᱫᱚ ''[[ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩ]]'' ᱥᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ {{Transliteration|ml|ISO|tuṇi}} (ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ {{Transliteration|ml|ISO|nēriyatu}} ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name="Boulanger"/><ref name="Ghurye"/> ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩᱢ ᱱᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱛᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱴᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ {{Transliteration|ml|ISO|nēriyatu}} ᱫᱚ ᱵᱞᱟᱣᱩᱡᱽ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱸᱵᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱥᱮ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ {{Transliteration|ml|ISO|nēriyatu}} ᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱛᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Boulanger"/> == ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ == ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩᱢ ᱱᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ]], ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ ᱟᱨ [[ᱡᱚᱭᱱᱚ]] ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ "ᱥᱟᱴᱴᱤᱠᱟ" ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Buddhist">Mahaparinibbanasutta (ancient Buddhist text)</ref> ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱱᱛᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟ (ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ) ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="alkazi">Alkazi, Roshan (1983) "Ancient Indian costume", Art Heritage</ref> ᱱᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱛᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱛᱞᱟ ᱥᱠᱟᱨᱯᱷ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱛᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ-ᱡᱚᱭᱱᱚ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ''ᱩᱛᱛᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟ'' ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="alkazi"/><ref name= "Mohapatra">Mohapatra, R. P. (1992) "Fashion styles of ancient India", B. R. Publishing corporation, {{ISBN|81-7018-723-0}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱨ-ᱥᱮᱴ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ]] ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Govind Sadashiv Ghurye 1951 p.236">Govind Sadashiv Ghurye (1951) "Indian Costume.", p.236</ref><ref name="Sulochana Ayyar 1987 p.152">Sulochana Ayyar (1987) "Costumes and Ornaments as Depicted in the Sculptures of Gwalior Museum.", p.152</ref><ref>Kusumanjali Prakashan, 1993 "The Natyasastra tradition and ancient Indian society", p.63</ref> ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩᱢ ᱱᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱨᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱠᱳᱨ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩᱢ ᱱᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ 'ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱚ ᱠᱳᱴᱤ- ᱥᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ' ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱡᱟᱶᱟᱭ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱦᱩ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱮᱢᱟᱭᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱢᱤᱣᱨᱟᱞ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱮ-ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱥᱛᱤᱛᱣᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ-ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩᱢ, ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧ ᱢᱳᱦᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟᱴᱴᱟᱢ ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱤᱵᱷᱤ-ᱵᱟᱸᱫᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱳᱵᱷᱟᱨ-ᱞᱮᱯᱤᱝ ᱯᱞᱤᱴᱥ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ-ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱨ-ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟᱢ ᱱᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱛᱩᱢ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ]] ᱨᱮ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="North Kerala page 93">Wall paintings in North Kerala, India: 1000 years of temple art, Albrecht Frenz, Ke. Ke Mārār, page 93</ref> == ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱸᱫᱮ == [[file:Raja Ravi Varma - Mahabharata - Shakuntala.jpg|thumb|''ᱥᱚᱠᱩᱱᱛᱚᱞᱟ'', [[ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱨᱚᱵᱤ ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱟ]] ᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱪᱪᱷᱟ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩᱢ ᱱᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱛᱩᱢ (ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱸᱵᱟᱣ) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱸᱫᱮ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾]] ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩᱢ ᱱᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱨᱤᱢ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱴᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱴᱴᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ''ᱠᱟᱨᱟ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱸᱫᱮᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱴᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱩᱠᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱟᱸᱰᱟ ᱵᱮᱲᱦᱟᱭ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ [[ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱴᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱛᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱵᱷᱟᱰᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱯᱮᱴᱤᱠᱳᱴ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱸᱵᱟᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱛᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱞᱟᱣᱩᱡᱽ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱲᱟᱢ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱰᱟᱸᱰᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱛᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱬᱟ-ᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱡ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱡᱷᱤᱡ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱲᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱛᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ 'ᱱᱤᱵᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ' ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧ 'ᱱᱤᱵᱷᱤ ᱵᱟᱸᱫᱮ' ᱫᱚ, ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name= Mukulika>Miller, Daniel & Banerjee, Mukulika; (2004) "The Sari", Lustre press / Roli books</ref> ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩᱢ ᱱᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱸᱫᱮ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱞᱟᱣᱩᱡᱽ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱟᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱞᱟᱹᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ == ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩᱢ ᱱᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ [[ᱳᱱᱟᱢ]] ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩᱢ ᱱᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱠᱮᱱ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ''ᱠᱟᱭᱠᱳᱴᱴᱤᱠᱟᱞᱞᱤ'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩᱢ ᱱᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱛᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱥᱮ ''ᱠᱟᱥᱟᱵᱷᱩ'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ "ᱠᱟᱥᱟᱵᱷᱩ ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ" ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩᱢ ᱱᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱛᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱞᱟᱣᱩᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱺᱜᱽᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱞᱟᱣᱩᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱵᱞᱟᱣᱩᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱥᱟᱵᱷᱩ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟ ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ, ᱛᱟᱢᱵᱟ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱨᱴᱤᱯᱷᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩ-ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱛᱟᱹᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱣᱜᱮ ᱛᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱧᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱨᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱜᱟᱨ ᱰᱤᱡᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱰᱤᱡᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱞᱞᱩ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩᱢ ᱱᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ''ᱥᱮᱴ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩ'', ᱠᱟᱥᱟᱵᱷᱩ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩ, ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩ-ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ, ᱥᱮᱴ-ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ, ᱥᱮ ᱥᱮᱴ ᱵᱷᱮᱥᱴᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱮᱥᱴᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱞᱟᱣᱩᱡᱽ-ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱞᱞᱩ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱟ ᱾ == ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ == [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ]] ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱩᱴᱤ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩᱢ ᱱᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱛᱩᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱤ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱣᱟᱥᱤ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩᱢ ᱱᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱛᱩᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱟ ᱾ == ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ == ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩᱢ ᱱᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱤ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Boulanger"/><ref name="Ghurye"/> ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱫᱟ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩᱢ ᱱᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱛᱩᱢ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱤ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩᱢ ᱱᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱛᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱨᱚᱵᱤ ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱚᱠᱩᱱᱛᱚᱞᱟ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱮᱫ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩᱢ ᱱᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱸᱫᱮ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ 'ᱱᱤᱵᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ' ᱥᱮ 'ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱸᱫᱮ' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱚᱢᱚᱦᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱭᱤᱝ ᱱᱤᱵᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱮ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="Mukulika"/> == ᱱᱳᱴᱥ == {{reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{commons category}} == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ == {{refbegin}} *Boulanger, C (1997) Saris: An Illustrated Guide to the Indian Art of Draping, Shakti Press International, New York. {{ISBN|0-9661496-1-0}} *Mohapatra, R. P. (1992) "Fashion styles of ancient India", B. R. Publishing corporation, {{ISBN|81-7018-723-0}} *Ghurye (1951) "Indian costume", Popular book depot (Bombay); (Includes rare photographs of 19th century Namboothiri and nair women in ancient sari with bare upper torso). *Alkazi, Roshan (1983) "Ancient Indian costume", Art Heritage *Mahaparinibbanasutta (ancient Buddhist text) *Miller, Daniel & Banerjee, Mukulika; (2004) "The Sari", Lustre press / Roli books * Bjorn Landstrom (1964) "The Quest for India", [[Doubleday (publisher)]] English Edition, Stockholm. * T.K Velu Pillai, (1940) "The Travancore State Manual"; 4 volumes; Trivandrum * Miller, J. Innes. (1969). The Spice Trade of The Roman Empire: 29 B.C. to A.D. 641. Oxford University Press. Special edition for Sandpiper Books. 1998. {{ISBN|0-19-814264-1}}. * K.V. Krishna Iyer (1971) Kerala's Relations with the Outside World, pp. 70, 71 in "The Cochin Synagogue Quatercentenary Celebrations Commemoration Volume", Kerala History Association, Cochin. * Periplus Maris Erythraei "The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea", (trans). Wilfred Schoff (1912), reprinted South Asia Books 1995 {{ISBN|81-215-0699-9}} {{refend}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱚ]] d6w0l11lvhd9tohha6i40w7060pkhf5 0 37724 196485 2026-08-12T17:15:37Z ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ 5347 "'''''ᱳᱱᱱᱟᱨᱟ''''' ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱨᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ<ref>{{Cite book|last=Das|first=Kamala|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0G5tAwAAQBAJ&dq=Onnara+undergarment&pg=PT72|title=A Childhood In Malabar: A Memoir|date=2009-09-01|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=978-93-5118-152-1|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite boo..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 196485 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''ᱳᱱᱱᱟᱨᱟ''''' ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱨᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ<ref>{{Cite book|last=Das|first=Kamala|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0G5tAwAAQBAJ&dq=Onnara+undergarment&pg=PT72|title=A Childhood In Malabar: A Memoir|date=2009-09-01|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=978-93-5118-152-1|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Weisbord|first=Merrily|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QAkc5KPSO9kC&dq=Onnara+undergarment&pg=PA77|title=The Love Queen of Malabar: Memoir of a Friendship with Kamala Das|date=2010-09-30|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP|isbn=978-0-7735-8141-8|pages=78|language=en}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮ [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ]] ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱟ ᱾ {{Lang|ml|ᱳᱱᱱᱟᱨᱟ}} ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱩᱛᱤ (ᱥᱟᱨᱳᱝ) ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱛᱚᱞ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡ ᱛᱮᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱟᱲᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱵᱤᱵᱚᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ == ᱖ {{Lang|ml|ᱢᱩᱡᱷᱟᱢ}} × ᱓ {{Lang|ml|ᱢᱩᱡᱷᱟᱢ}} (᱑ {{Lang|ml|ᱢᱩᱡᱷᱟᱢ}} = ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱑.᱕ ᱯᱷᱩᱴ) ᱢᱟᱯ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱩᱛᱟᱹᱢ (ᱛᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱧ) ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱰᱟᱸᱰᱟ ᱵᱮᱲᱦᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ (ᱯᱟᱵᱷᱟᱰᱟ, [[ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤ]], ᱥᱮ [[ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩ]]) ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚ == {{Lang|ml|ᱳᱱᱱᱟᱨᱟ}} ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ {{Lang|ml|ᱛᱷᱟᱨ}} ᱦᱚᱸᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ; {{Lang|ml|ᱳᱱᱱᱟᱨᱟ}} ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱱᱦᱚᱸ, {{Lang|ml|ᱳᱱᱱᱟᱨᱟ}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ {{Lang|ml|ᱛᱷᱟᱨ}} ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ {{Lang|ml|ᱛᱷᱟᱨ}} ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ {{Lang|ml|ᱳᱱᱱᱟᱨᱟ}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱞᱜᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ {{Lang|ml|ᱛᱷᱟᱨ}} ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱚ]] ouio7tg60nniqzjbqy97qc3s1j0mtwy 0 37725 196710 2026-08-13T03:13:08Z ᱯᱨᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱦᱮᱢᱵᱨᱚᱢ 8509 "{{Infobox person | name = ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱫᱟᱥ ᱢᱩᱨᱢᱩ | other_names = ᱠᱚᱭᱢᱟᱭᱩᱜᱤ | image = | caption = | birth_place = ᱡᱟᱢᱤᱨᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ, ᱡᱟᱢᱵᱚᱱᱤ, ᱵᱟᱸᱠᱩᱲᱟ, ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ | occupation = ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱡ | language = ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ | nationality = ᱵᱷᱟᱨ..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 196710 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱫᱟᱥ ᱢᱩᱨᱢᱩ | other_names = ᱠᱚᱭᱢᱟᱭᱩᱜᱤ | image = | caption = | birth_place = ᱡᱟᱢᱤᱨᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ, ᱡᱟᱢᱵᱚᱱᱤ, ᱵᱟᱸᱠᱩᱲᱟ, ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ | occupation = ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱡ | language = ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ | nationality = ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ | notable_works = * ᱥᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ ᱥᱩᱥᱩᱨᱵᱟᱝ<ref name="book"/> * ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱜᱟᱭᱜᱚᱢ<ref name="book"/> }} '''ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱫᱟᱥ ᱢᱩᱨᱢᱩ''' ('''ᱠᱚᱭᱢᱟᱭᱩᱜᱤ''') ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ<ref name="book">ᱥᱟᱸᱣᱛᱟᱞᱤ ᱥᱟᱦᱤᱛᱭᱮᱨ ᱤᱛᱤᱦᱟᱥ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ - ᱓᱘᱘</ref>। == ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ == ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱫᱟᱥ ᱢᱩᱨᱢᱩ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱥᱛᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ<ref name="book"/>। ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱸᱠᱩᱲᱟ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱢᱵᱚᱱᱤ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱡᱟᱢᱤᱨᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱤᱨᱟᱹᱵᱟᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ<ref name="book"/>। == ᱥᱟᱦᱤᱛᱭᱤᱠ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ == ᱑᱙᱘᱐ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱭ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ<ref name="book"/>। ᱑᱙᱘᱐ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱜᱩᱬ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱭ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱷᱟᱞᱠᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ<ref name="book"/>। ᱑᱙᱙᱑ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ "ᱟᱝᱜᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨ" ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ<ref name="book"/>। ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ "ᱠᱚᱭᱢᱟᱭᱩᱜᱤ" ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱠᱩ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱣᱦᱟᱨᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ<ref name="book"/>। == ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ == * '''ᱥᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ ᱥᱩᱥᱩᱨᱵᱟᱝ''' (ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ) - ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ<ref name="book"/>। * '''ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱜᱟᱭᱜᱚᱢ''' (ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ) - ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ<ref name="book"/>। == ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ == <references /> 4wy74x2i7ds1za2xzh7oxz292f89xxw 196719 196710 2026-08-13T06:20:40Z ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱ ᱗ 1744 /* */ 196719 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱫᱟᱥ ᱢᱩᱨᱢᱩ | other_names = ᱠᱚᱭᱢᱟᱭᱩᱜᱤ | image = | caption = | birth_place = ᱡᱟᱢᱤᱨᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ, ᱡᱟᱢᱵᱚᱱᱤ, [[ᱵᱟᱸᱠᱩᱲᱟ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱵᱟᱸᱠᱩᱲᱟ]], [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] | occupation = ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱡ | language = ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ | nationality = ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ | notable_works = * ᱥᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ ᱥᱩᱥᱩᱨᱵᱟᱝ<ref name="book"/> * ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱜᱟᱭᱜᱚᱢ<ref name="book"/> }} '''ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱫᱟᱥ ᱢᱩᱨᱢᱩ''' ('''ᱠᱚᱭᱢᱟᱭᱩᱜᱤ''') ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ<ref name="book">ᱥᱟᱸᱣᱛᱟᱞᱤ ᱥᱟᱦᱤᱛᱭᱮᱨ ᱤᱛᱤᱦᱟᱥ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ - ᱓᱘᱘</ref>। == ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ == ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱫᱟᱥ ᱢᱩᱨᱢᱩ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱥᱛᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ<ref name="book"/>। ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱸᱠᱩᱲᱟ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱢᱵᱚᱱᱤ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱡᱟᱢᱤᱨᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱤᱨᱟᱹᱵᱟᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ<ref name="book"/>। == ᱥᱟᱦᱤᱛᱭᱤᱠ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ == ᱑᱙᱘᱐ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱭ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ<ref name="book"/>। ᱑᱙᱘᱐ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱜᱩᱬ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱭ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱷᱟᱞᱠᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ<ref name="book"/>। ᱑᱙᱙᱑ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ "ᱟᱝᱜᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨ" ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ<ref name="book"/>। ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ "ᱠᱚᱭᱢᱟᱭᱩᱜᱤ" ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱠᱩ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱣᱦᱟᱨᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ<ref name="book"/>। == ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ == * '''ᱥᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ ᱥᱩᱥᱩᱨᱵᱟᱝ''' (ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ) - ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ<ref name="book"/>। * '''ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱜᱟᱭᱜᱚᱢ''' (ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ) - ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ<ref name="book"/>। == ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ == <references /> q8o6tufdjig51epoysa7zhqo87d2ee4 196720 196719 2026-08-13T06:21:24Z ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱ ᱗ 1744 /* ᱥᱟᱦᱤᱛᱭᱤᱠ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ */ 196720 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱫᱟᱥ ᱢᱩᱨᱢᱩ | other_names = ᱠᱚᱭᱢᱟᱭᱩᱜᱤ | image = | caption = | birth_place = ᱡᱟᱢᱤᱨᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ, ᱡᱟᱢᱵᱚᱱᱤ, [[ᱵᱟᱸᱠᱩᱲᱟ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱵᱟᱸᱠᱩᱲᱟ]], [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] | occupation = ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱡ | language = ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ | nationality = ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ | notable_works = * ᱥᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ ᱥᱩᱥᱩᱨᱵᱟᱝ<ref name="book"/> * ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱜᱟᱭᱜᱚᱢ<ref name="book"/> }} '''ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱫᱟᱥ ᱢᱩᱨᱢᱩ''' ('''ᱠᱚᱭᱢᱟᱭᱩᱜᱤ''') ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ<ref name="book">ᱥᱟᱸᱣᱛᱟᱞᱤ ᱥᱟᱦᱤᱛᱭᱮᱨ ᱤᱛᱤᱦᱟᱥ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ - ᱓᱘᱘</ref>। == ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ == ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱫᱟᱥ ᱢᱩᱨᱢᱩ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱥᱛᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ<ref name="book"/>। ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱸᱠᱩᱲᱟ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱢᱵᱚᱱᱤ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱡᱟᱢᱤᱨᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱤᱨᱟᱹᱵᱟᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ<ref name="book"/>। == ᱥᱟᱦᱤᱛᱭᱤᱠ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ == ᱑᱙᱘᱐ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱭ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ<ref name="book"/>। ᱑᱙᱘᱐ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱜᱩᱬ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱭ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱷᱟᱞᱠᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ<ref name="book"/>। ᱑᱙᱙᱑ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ "[[ᱟᱸᱜᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨ (ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ)|ᱟᱸᱜᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨ]]" ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ<ref name="book"/>। ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ "ᱠᱚᱭᱢᱟᱭᱩᱜᱤ" ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱠᱩ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱣᱦᱟᱨᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ<ref name="book"/>। == ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ == * '''ᱥᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ ᱥᱩᱥᱩᱨᱵᱟᱝ''' (ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ) - ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ<ref name="book"/>। * '''ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱜᱟᱭᱜᱚᱢ''' (ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ) - ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ<ref name="book"/>। == ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ == <references /> 56lfseal4vmgnf0m68tbpr6jasqqk78 196721 196720 2026-08-13T06:22:04Z ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱ ᱗ 1744 196721 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱫᱟᱥ ᱢᱩᱨᱢᱩ | other_names = ᱠᱚᱭᱢᱟᱭᱩᱜᱤ | image = | caption = | birth_place = ᱡᱟᱢᱤᱨᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ, ᱡᱟᱢᱵᱚᱱᱤ, [[ᱵᱟᱸᱠᱩᱲᱟ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱵᱟᱸᱠᱩᱲᱟ]], [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] | occupation = ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱡ | language = ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ | nationality = ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ | notable_works = * ᱥᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ ᱥᱩᱥᱩᱨᱵᱟᱝ<ref name="book"/> * ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱜᱟᱭᱜᱚᱢ<ref name="book"/> }} '''ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱫᱟᱥ ᱢᱩᱨᱢᱩ''' ('''ᱠᱚᱭᱢᱟᱭᱩᱜᱤ''') ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ<ref name="book">ᱥᱟᱸᱣᱛᱟᱞᱤ ᱥᱟᱦᱤᱛᱭᱮᱨ ᱤᱛᱤᱦᱟᱥ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ - ᱓᱘᱘</ref>। == ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ == ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱫᱟᱥ ᱢᱩᱨᱢᱩ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱥᱛᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ<ref name="book"/>। ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱸᱠᱩᱲᱟ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱢᱵᱚᱱᱤ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱡᱟᱢᱤᱨᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱤᱨᱟᱹᱵᱟᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ<ref name="book"/>। == ᱥᱟᱦᱤᱛᱭᱤᱠ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ == ᱑᱙᱘᱐ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱭ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ<ref name="book"/>। ᱑᱙᱘᱐ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱜᱩᱬ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱭ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱷᱟᱞᱠᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ<ref name="book"/>। ᱑᱙᱙᱑ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ "[[ᱟᱺᱜᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨ (ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ)|ᱟᱺᱜᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨ]]" ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ<ref name="book"/>। ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ "ᱠᱚᱭᱢᱟᱭᱩᱜᱤ" ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱠᱩ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱣᱦᱟᱨᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ<ref name="book"/>। == ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ == * '''ᱥᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ ᱥᱩᱥᱩᱨᱵᱟᱝ''' (ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ) - ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ<ref name="book"/>। * '''ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱜᱟᱭᱜᱚᱢ''' (ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ) - ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ<ref name="book"/>। == ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ == <references /> e4l3p2vk7llozn2wpc4ehlnp2ed8fqy 0 37726 196711 2026-08-13T03:19:38Z ᱯᱨᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱦᱮᱢᱵᱨᱚᱢ 8509 "{{Infobox person | name = ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱯᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱨᱢᱩ | image = | caption = | birth_place = ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱜᱚᱲᱟ, ᱢᱮᱦᱤ ᱥᱩᱨ, ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ | residence = ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ, ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ | occupation = ᱜᱟᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱜᱟᱵᱟᱱ..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 196711 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱯᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱨᱢᱩ | image = | caption = | birth_place = ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱜᱚᱲᱟ, ᱢᱮᱦᱤ ᱥᱩᱨ, ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ | residence = ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ, ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ | occupation = ᱜᱟᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱜᱟᱵᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ | language = ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ | nationality = ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ | notable_works = * ᱥᱟᱸᱣᱛᱟ ᱜᱩᱨᱩ<ref name="book"/> * ᱯᱟᱞᱟᱴ<ref name="book"/> }} '''ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱯᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱨᱢᱩ''' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱜᱟᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱜᱟᱵᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ<ref name="book">ᱥᱟᱸᱣᱛᱟᱞᱤ ᱥᱟᱦᱤᱛᱭᱮᱨ ᱤᱛᱤᱦᱟᱥ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ - ᱓᱘᱘</ref>। == ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ == ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱯᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱨᱢᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱦᱤ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱜᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱤᱨᱟᱹᱵᱟᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ<ref name="book"/>। ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱟᱹᱭ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ<ref name="book"/>। == ᱥᱟᱦᱤᱛᱭᱤᱠ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ == ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ-ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱯᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱨᱢᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱭᱟᱱ ᱪᱷᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ<ref name="book"/>। ᱛᱟᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ<ref name="book"/>। ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱫᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱟᱭ ᱠᱚᱱᱚ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ<ref name="book"/>। == ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ == * '''ᱥᱟᱸᱣᱛᱟ ᱜᱩᱨᱩ''' (ᱜᱟᱭᱟᱱ) - ᱑᱙᱙᱐ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ<ref name="book"/>। * '''ᱯᱟᱞᱟᱴ''' (ᱜᱟᱭᱟᱱ) - ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ<ref name="book"/>। == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == <references /> 85rb471hbb89auvk8buzm388d9vyy3r 196718 196711 2026-08-13T06:20:01Z ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱ ᱗ 1744 /* */ 196718 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱯᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱨᱢᱩ | image = | caption = | birth_place = ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱜᱚᱲᱟ, ᱢᱮᱦᱤ ᱥᱩᱨ, [[ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ]], [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] | residence = ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ, ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ | occupation = ᱜᱟᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱜᱟᱵᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ | language = ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ | nationality = ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ | notable_works = * ᱥᱟᱸᱣᱛᱟ ᱜᱩᱨᱩ<ref name="book"/> * ᱯᱟᱞᱟᱴ<ref name="book"/> }} '''ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱯᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱨᱢᱩ''' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱜᱟᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱜᱟᱵᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ<ref name="book">ᱥᱟᱸᱣᱛᱟᱞᱤ ᱥᱟᱦᱤᱛᱭᱮᱨ ᱤᱛᱤᱦᱟᱥ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ - ᱓᱘᱘</ref>। == ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ == ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱯᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱨᱢᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱦᱤ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱜᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱤᱨᱟᱹᱵᱟᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ<ref name="book"/>। ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱟᱹᱭ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ<ref name="book"/>। == ᱥᱟᱦᱤᱛᱭᱤᱠ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ == ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ-ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱯᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱨᱢᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱭᱟᱱ ᱪᱷᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ<ref name="book"/>। ᱛᱟᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ<ref name="book"/>। ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱫᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱟᱭ ᱠᱚᱱᱚ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ<ref name="book"/>। == ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ == * '''ᱥᱟᱸᱣᱛᱟ ᱜᱩᱨᱩ''' (ᱜᱟᱭᱟᱱ) - ᱑᱙᱙᱐ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ<ref name="book"/>। * '''ᱯᱟᱞᱟᱴ''' (ᱜᱟᱭᱟᱱ) - ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ<ref name="book"/>। == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == <references /> 9emlvlc8hlfg5oc3b1wapoh0im3ufu4 0 37727 196712 2026-08-13T03:27:21Z ᱯᱨᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱦᱮᱢᱵᱨᱚᱢ 8509 "{{Infobox person | name = ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚᱞᱟᱞ ᱦᱮᱢᱵᱨᱚᱢ | image = | caption = | birth_place = ᱥᱩᱜᱷᱤᱥᱚᱞ, ᱨᱟᱢᱜᱚᱲ, ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱢᱮᱫᱤᱱᱤᱯᱩᱨ, ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ | residence = ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ, ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ | occupation = ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱡ, ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤ..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 196712 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚᱞᱟᱞ ᱦᱮᱢᱵᱨᱚᱢ | image = | caption = | birth_place = ᱥᱩᱜᱷᱤᱥᱚᱞ, ᱨᱟᱢᱜᱚᱲ, ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱢᱮᱫᱤᱱᱤᱯᱩᱨ, ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ | residence = ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ, ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ | occupation = ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱡ, ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ | language = ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ | nationality = ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ | notable_works = * ᱠᱷᱮᱨᱣᱟᱲ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ (᱒᱐᱐᱔) }} '''ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚᱞᱟᱞ ᱦᱮᱢᱵᱨᱚᱢ''' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱡ, ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ᱾ == ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ == ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚᱞᱟᱞ ᱦᱮᱢᱵᱨᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱢᱮᱫᱤᱱᱤᱯᱩᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱢᱜᱚᱲ ᱰᱟᱠ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱜᱷᱤᱥᱚᱞ ᱟᱹᱛᱳ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱤᱨᱟᱹᱵᱟᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱥᱛᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟᱭ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱦᱤᱛᱭᱤᱠ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ == ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱡ (Editor) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱯᱩᱨᱩᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱟ᱾ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱤᱱᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱠᱚᱞᱪᱚᱨᱟᱞ ᱟᱯᱷᱮᱭᱟᱨᱥ ᱰᱤᱯᱟᱨᱴᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ "ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ" ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱟᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ "ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ" ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱠᱟᱢᱮᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱑᱙᱘᱐ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚᱞᱟᱞ ᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱪᱟᱨᱪᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱫᱽᱭᱚ ᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮᱭ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱪᱷᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ == ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ == * '''ᱠᱷᱮᱨᱣᱟᱲ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ''' - ᱒᱐᱐᱔ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == <references /> em1imgl7ikkv9wsrww8urrenhjl83j4 196716 196712 2026-08-13T06:18:51Z ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱ ᱗ 1744 /* */ 196716 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚᱞᱟᱞ ᱦᱮᱢᱵᱨᱚᱢ | image = | caption = | birth_place = ᱥᱩᱜᱷᱤᱥᱚᱞ, ᱨᱟᱢᱜᱚᱲ, ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱢᱮᱫᱤᱱᱤᱯᱩᱨ, ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ | residence = ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ, [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] | occupation = ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱡ, ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ | language = ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ | nationality = ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ | notable_works = * ᱠᱷᱮᱨᱣᱟᱲ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ (᱒᱐᱐᱔) }} '''ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚᱞᱟᱞ ᱦᱮᱢᱵᱨᱚᱢ''' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱡ, ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ᱾ == ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ == ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚᱞᱟᱞ ᱦᱮᱢᱵᱨᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱢᱮᱫᱤᱱᱤᱯᱩᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱢᱜᱚᱲ ᱰᱟᱠ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱜᱷᱤᱥᱚᱞ ᱟᱹᱛᱳ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱤᱨᱟᱹᱵᱟᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱥᱛᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟᱭ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱦᱤᱛᱭᱤᱠ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ == ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱡ (Editor) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱯᱩᱨᱩᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱟ᱾ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱤᱱᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱠᱚᱞᱪᱚᱨᱟᱞ ᱟᱯᱷᱮᱭᱟᱨᱥ ᱰᱤᱯᱟᱨᱴᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ "ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ" ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱟᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ "ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ" ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱠᱟᱢᱮᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱑᱙᱘᱐ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚᱞᱟᱞ ᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱪᱟᱨᱪᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱫᱽᱭᱚ ᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮᱭ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱪᱷᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ == ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ == * '''ᱠᱷᱮᱨᱣᱟᱲ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ''' - ᱒᱐᱐᱔ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == <references /> cqqoerj88ih5wfsv854zqscgg1bpoif 196717 196716 2026-08-13T06:19:13Z ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱ ᱗ 1744 /* ᱥᱟᱦᱤᱛᱭᱤᱠ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ */ 196717 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚᱞᱟᱞ ᱦᱮᱢᱵᱨᱚᱢ | image = | caption = | birth_place = ᱥᱩᱜᱷᱤᱥᱚᱞ, ᱨᱟᱢᱜᱚᱲ, ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱢᱮᱫᱤᱱᱤᱯᱩᱨ, ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ | residence = ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ, [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] | occupation = ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱡ, ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ | language = ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ | nationality = ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ | notable_works = * ᱠᱷᱮᱨᱣᱟᱲ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ (᱒᱐᱐᱔) }} '''ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚᱞᱟᱞ ᱦᱮᱢᱵᱨᱚᱢ''' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱡ, ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ᱾ == ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ == ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚᱞᱟᱞ ᱦᱮᱢᱵᱨᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱢᱮᱫᱤᱱᱤᱯᱩᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱢᱜᱚᱲ ᱰᱟᱠ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱜᱷᱤᱥᱚᱞ ᱟᱹᱛᱳ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱤᱨᱟᱹᱵᱟᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱥᱛᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟᱭ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱦᱤᱛᱭᱤᱠ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ == ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱡ (Editor) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱯᱩᱨᱩᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱟ᱾ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱤᱱᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱠᱚᱞᱪᱚᱨᱟᱞ ᱟᱯᱷᱮᱭᱟᱨᱥ ᱰᱤᱯᱟᱨᱴᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ "[[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]]" ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱟᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ "ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ" ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱠᱟᱢᱮᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱑᱙᱘᱐ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚᱞᱟᱞ ᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱪᱟᱨᱪᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱫᱽᱭᱚ ᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮᱭ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱪᱷᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ == ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ == * '''ᱠᱷᱮᱨᱣᱟᱲ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ''' - ᱒᱐᱐᱔ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == <references /> jvyfhvrflhj5fnk4tbvbs3i6dy1xnfw 0 37728 196713 2026-08-13T03:31:55Z ᱯᱨᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱦᱮᱢᱵᱨᱚᱢ 8509 "{{Infobox person | name = ᱠᱟᱸᱥᱟᱭ ᱠᱩᱸᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ | other_names = ᱵᱮᱭᱫᱚᱱᱟᱛᱷ ᱥᱚᱨᱮᱱ | image = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1958|10|4}} | birth_place = ᱢᱚᱜᱚᱨᱟᱡᱽᱯᱩᱨ, ᱫᱷᱟᱲᱥᱟ, ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱢᱮᱫᱤᱱᱤᱯᱩᱨ, ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ | occupation = ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ (ᱜᱚᱞ..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 196713 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = ᱠᱟᱸᱥᱟᱭ ᱠᱩᱸᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ | other_names = ᱵᱮᱭᱫᱚᱱᱟᱛᱷ ᱥᱚᱨᱮᱱ | image = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1958|10|4}} | birth_place = ᱢᱚᱜᱚᱨᱟᱡᱽᱯᱩᱨ, ᱫᱷᱟᱲᱥᱟ, ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱢᱮᱫᱤᱱᱤᱯᱩᱨ, ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ | occupation = ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ (ᱜᱚᱞᱯᱚᱠᱟᱨ) | language = ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ | nationality = ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ }} '''ᱠᱟᱸᱥᱟᱭ ᱠᱩᱸᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ''' ( ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱱᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ᱾ ᱟᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ '''ᱵᱮᱭᱫᱚᱱᱟᱛᱷ ᱥᱚᱨᱮᱱ''' ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ == ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ == ᱵᱮᱭᱫᱚᱱᱟᱛᱷ ᱥᱚᱨᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱔ ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱕᱘ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱢᱮᱫᱤᱱᱤᱯᱩᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱟᱲᱥᱟ ᱰᱟᱠ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱜᱚᱨᱟᱡᱽᱯᱩᱨ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ᱾ ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱟᱯᱟᱛ-ᱮᱝᱜᱟᱛᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱵᱤᱥᱛᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱚᱛᱷᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱦᱤᱛᱭᱤᱠ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ == ᱵᱮᱭᱫᱚᱱᱟᱛᱷ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ (ᱜᱚᱞᱯᱚᱠᱟᱨ) ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ᱾ ᱑᱙᱘᱐ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱪᱟᱨᱪᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ "ᱨᱤᱢᱤᱞ" ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱚᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾ ᱟᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱᱴᱤᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱷᱚᱴᱮᱞ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱑᱙᱘᱐ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱦᱚᱴᱟᱛ ᱜᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱫᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱯᱩᱨᱩᱱ ᱜᱷᱟᱴᱛᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ == ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ == ᱠᱟᱸᱥᱟᱭ ᱠᱩᱸᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱱᱚ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱛᱷᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == <references /> 61jnovqeiutey859218o5w7zgm0fr38 0 37729 196724 2026-08-13T07:44:40Z ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ 5347 "{{Infobox film | name = ᱪᱮᱢᱢᱤᱱ | image = Chemmeen.JPG | caption = ᱯᱳᱥᱴᱟᱨ | director = [[ᱨᱟᱢᱩ ᱠᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱛ]] | producer = [[:ml:ബാബു_ഇസ്മയിൽ_സേട്ടു|ᱵᱟᱵᱩ ᱤᱥᱢᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱥᱮᱴ (ᱠᱟᱱᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱩ)]] | screenplay = [[ᱮᱥ. ᱮᱞ. ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱫᱟᱱᱟᱱᱫᱟᱱ]]..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 196724 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | name = ᱪᱮᱢᱢᱤᱱ | image = Chemmeen.JPG | caption = ᱯᱳᱥᱴᱟᱨ | director = [[ᱨᱟᱢᱩ ᱠᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱛ]] | producer = [[:ml:ബാബു_ഇസ്മയിൽ_സേട്ടു|ᱵᱟᱵᱩ ᱤᱥᱢᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱥᱮᱴ (ᱠᱟᱱᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱩ)]] | screenplay = [[ᱮᱥ. ᱮᱞ. ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱫᱟᱱᱟᱱᱫᱟᱱ]] | based_on = {{based on|''[[ᱪᱮᱢᱢᱤᱱ (ᱜᱟᱢᱟᱢ)|ᱪᱮᱢᱢᱤᱱ]]''|[[ᱛᱷᱟᱠᱟᱡᱷᱤ ᱥᱤᱵᱷᱟᱥᱚᱝᱠᱚᱨ ᱯᱤᱞᱞᱟᱭ]]}} | starring = [[ᱥᱚᱛᱭᱟᱱ (ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱴᱚᱨ)|ᱥᱚᱛᱭᱟᱱ]]<br />[[ᱥᱤᱞᱟ]]<br />[[ᱢᱟᱫᱷᱩ (ᱟᱠᱴᱚᱨ)|ᱢᱟᱫᱷᱩ]]<br />[[ᱠᱳᱴᱴᱟᱨᱟᱠᱠᱟᱨᱟ ᱥᱨᱤᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ]] | music = [[ᱥᱟᱞᱤᱞ ᱪᱚᱣᱫᱷᱚᱨᱤ]] | cinematography = [[ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱟᱥ ᱵᱟᱨᱴᱞᱤ]]<br /> [[:ml: വർഗ്ഗം:യു._രാജഗോപാൽ_കാമറ_ചലിപ്പിച്ച_ചലച്ചിത്രങ്ങൾ|ᱤᱭᱩ. ᱨᱟᱡᱟᱜᱳᱯᱟᱞ]] | editing = [[ᱦᱨᱤᱥᱤᱠᱮᱥ ᱢᱩᱠᱷᱟᱨᱡᱤ]]<br />[[ᱠᱮ. ᱰᱤ. ᱡᱚᱨᱡᱽ]] | studio = ᱠᱟᱱᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢᱥ | distributor = | released = {{Film date|1966|8|19|df=y}} | runtime = | country = ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ | language = ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ | budget = {{INR}}᱘ ᱞᱟᱠᱷ<ref name="boxoffice">{{Cite news |last=Pradeep |first=K |date=13 August 2015 |title=Behind the scenes of Chemmeen |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/collection-of-facts-and-trivia-about-malayalam-film-chemmeen/article7530083.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411204415/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/collection-of-facts-and-trivia-about-malayalam-film-chemmeen/article7530083.ece |archive-date=11 April 2017 |website=[[ᱫᱟ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ]]}}</ref> | gross = {{INR}}᱔᱐ ᱞᱟᱠᱷ <ref name="boxoffice" /> }} '''''ᱪᱮᱢᱢᱤᱱ''''' ({{translation|[[ᱤᱪᱟᱹᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ]]}}) ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱖᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ-ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱᱥ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱷᱟᱠᱟᱡᱷᱤ ᱥᱤᱵᱷᱟᱥᱚᱝᱠᱚᱨ ᱯᱤᱞᱞᱟᱭ ᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱢᱟᱢ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱥ. ᱮᱞ. ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱫᱟᱱᱟᱱᱫᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱠᱨᱤᱱᱯᱞᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱨᱟᱢᱩ ᱠᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱛ ᱮ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢᱥ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱵᱩ ᱤᱥᱢᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱥᱮᱴ ᱮ ᱯᱨᱳᱰᱤᱣᱥ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱨᱩᱛᱷᱟᱢᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱥᱚᱛᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱞᱟᱱᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱠᱳᱴᱴᱟᱨᱟᱠᱠᱟᱨᱟ ᱥᱨᱤᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱢᱵᱟᱱᱠᱩᱱᱡᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱫᱷᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱤᱠᱩᱴᱴᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱸᱥᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱮᱨᱟ, ᱠᱟᱨᱩᱛᱷᱟᱢᱢᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱹᱬ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ, ᱯᱟᱨᱤᱠᱩᱴᱴᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟ-ᱥᱟᱹᱯᱷᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱡᱮᱱᱰ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱮᱡᱮᱱᱰ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱟᱡᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱟᱶᱟᱭ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮ-ᱵᱤᱥᱣᱟᱥ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ, ᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ (''ᱠᱟᱫᱟᱞᱟᱢᱢᱟ'', ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱭᱳ) ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤᱭ ᱡᱚᱢᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱢᱟᱴᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱟᱥ ᱵᱟᱨᱴᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱭᱩ. ᱨᱟᱡᱟᱜᱳᱯᱟᱞ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱮᱰᱤᱴᱤᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱨᱤᱥᱤᱠᱮᱥ ᱢᱩᱠᱷᱟᱨᱡᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮ. ᱰᱤ. ᱡᱚᱨᱡᱽ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱥᱠᱳᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱞᱤᱞ ᱪᱚᱣᱫᱷᱚᱨᱤ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱮ. ᱡᱮ. ᱭᱮᱥᱩᱫᱟᱥ, ᱯᱤ. ᱞᱤᱞᱟ, ᱢᱟᱱᱱᱟ ᱰᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱷᱟ ᱯᱤ. ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱖᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱥᱮᱱᱥᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙ ᱟᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱑᱙᱖᱖ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱤᱞᱤᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱠᱨᱤᱴᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱨᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱩ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱴᱤᱥᱴᱤᱠ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱞᱚᱠᱵᱟᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱚᱨᱰ ᱮ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱨᱤᱭᱮᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱞᱴ ᱠᱞᱟᱥᱤᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news|last=Venkiteswaran|first=C. S.|date=2015-08-13|title=Chemmeen: 50 Years of a Classic|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/malayalam-film-chemmeen-completes-50-years-of-its-release/article7530129.ece|access-date=2021-06-14|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=10 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710225830/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/malayalam-film-chemmeen-completes-50-years-of-its-release/article7530129.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Gupta|1980|loc=''Chemmeen'' (1965), by Ramu Kariat in Kerala, is usually cited as the first notable creative film in the South}} ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱖᱕ ᱨᱮ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱟᱜ]] ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱯᱷᱤᱪᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ ᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱯᱷᱮᱥᱴᱤᱵᱷᱟᱞ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱜᱳ ᱯᱷᱮᱥᱴᱤᱵᱷᱟᱞ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹᱭ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱵᱤᱮᱱ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱵᱷ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ''᱑᱐᱐ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=IBN2 /> ''ᱪᱮᱢᱢᱤᱱ'' ᱫᱚ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱛᱮ ''ᱪᱮᱢᱢᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱦᱨᱮᱱ'' ᱟᱨ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ ''ᱫᱟ ᱮᱝᱜᱟᱨ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱫᱟ ᱥᱤ'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱰᱟᱵᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱞᱤᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱠᱣᱮᱞ, ''ᱛᱷᱤᱨᱟᱠᱟᱞᱠᱠᱟᱯᱯᱩᱨᱟᱢ'', ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱙᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱤᱞᱤᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/sandakozhi-2-Tamil-film-sequels-time-between-release|title=Mind The Gap: Tamil Sequels And The Time Between Them|work=[[ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱮᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016203230/https://www.filmcompanion.in/sandakozhi-2-Tamil-film-sequels-time-between-release|archive-date=16 October 2018}}</ref> == ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ == ᱠᱟᱨᱩᱛᱷᱟᱢᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱸᱥᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱵᱤᱡ, ᱪᱮᱢᱵᱟᱱᱠᱩᱱᱡᱩ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱮᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱯᱟᱨᱤᱠᱩᱴᱴᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱮᱢᱵᱟᱱᱠᱩᱱᱡᱩ ᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱠᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱨᱤᱠᱩᱴᱴᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱩᱠᱢᱩ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱪᱮᱢᱵᱟᱱᱠᱩᱱᱡᱩ ᱴᱟᱠᱟᱭ ᱮᱢᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱨᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱠᱮᱱ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱜᱮᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱨᱩᱛᱷᱟᱢᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱪᱟᱠᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱮᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱤᱠᱩᱴᱴᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱮᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱮ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱭᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱨᱩᱛᱷᱟᱢᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱤᱠᱩᱴᱴᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲ ᱮ ᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱞᱟᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱢᱵᱟᱱᱠᱩᱱᱡᱩ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱷᱟᱨ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱠᱟᱨᱩᱛᱷᱟᱢᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱭᱳᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱪᱠᱟ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱮᱦᱚᱸᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱡᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱟᱶᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱛᱮ, ᱪᱮᱢᱵᱟᱱᱠᱩᱱᱡᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱮ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱪᱮᱢᱵᱟᱱᱠᱩᱱᱡᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱟᱞᱪᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱭᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱤᱡ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱮ-ᱤᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱛᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱤᱠᱩᱴᱴᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱸᱜᱟᱞ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱹᱦᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱪᱮᱢᱵᱟᱱᱠᱩᱱᱡᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱯᱯᱤᱠᱩᱱᱡᱩ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱟᱺᱰᱤ ᱮᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟᱭ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱧᱪᱟᱢᱤ, ᱪᱮᱢᱵᱟᱱᱠᱩᱱᱡᱩ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱮᱨᱟ, ᱟᱡᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱠᱤ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱮᱜᱮᱨ ᱠᱤᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱣᱜᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱ ᱮ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱠᱤᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱯᱯᱤᱠᱩᱱᱡᱩ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ, ᱯᱟᱧᱪᱟᱢᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱚᱯᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱮ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱤᱢᱳᱥᱚᱱᱟᱞ ᱵᱽᱞᱮᱠᱢᱮᱞ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱯᱟᱯᱯᱤᱠᱩᱱᱡᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱢᱵᱟᱱᱠᱩᱱᱡᱩ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱴᱟᱠᱟᱭ ᱠᱩᱢᱵᱽᱲᱩᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱧᱪᱟᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱢᱵᱟᱱᱠᱩᱱᱡᱩ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱯᱯᱤᱠᱩᱱᱡᱩ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱜᱤᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱮ ᱯᱟᱜᱽᱞᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱜᱽᱞᱟᱢᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱯᱟᱧᱪᱟᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱨᱩᱛᱷᱟᱢᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱟᱨᱩᱛᱷᱟᱢᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱹᱦᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱤᱠᱩᱴᱴᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱞᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱭᱠᱚᱴ ᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱨᱩᱛᱷᱟᱢᱢᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱛᱮ, ᱯᱟᱞᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱭ-ᱵᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱮᱠᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱮᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱭᱳ-ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱞᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱹᱦᱩ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱱᱫᱮᱦ ᱮᱦᱚᱵᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱤᱱ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱨᱩᱛᱷᱟᱢᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱧᱪᱟᱢᱤ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱤᱠᱠᱩᱴᱴᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱮ ᱠᱩᱞᱤᱭᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢᱮᱭᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱨᱩᱛᱷᱟᱢᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱲᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱫᱳᱥ ᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱛᱮ, ᱠᱟᱨᱩᱛᱷᱟᱢᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱤᱠᱩᱴᱴᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱧᱟᱯᱟᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱞᱟᱱᱤ, ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱨᱠ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱵᱮ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱯᱟᱥᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱩᱱᱩᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱛᱟᱜ, ᱠᱟᱨᱩᱛᱷᱟᱢᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱮᱠᱩᱴᱴᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱜᱮᱠᱤᱱ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱾ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ, ᱯᱟᱞᱟᱱᱤ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱨᱠ ᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/classic-movie-of-all-time/article38372423.ece | title=Why 'Chemmeen' remains a high point in Malayalam cinema | newspaper=The Hindu | date=3 February 2022 | last1=Roy | first1=Piyush | archive-date=6 February 2022 | access-date=6 February 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206115543/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/classic-movie-of-all-time/article38372423.ece | url-status=live }}</ref> == ᱯᱟᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱠᱚ == * ᱥᱤᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱨᱩᱛᱷᱟᱢᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ * ᱢᱟᱫᱷᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱤᱠᱩᱴᱴᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ * ᱥᱚᱛᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱞᱟᱱᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ * ᱠᱳᱴᱴᱟᱨᱟᱠᱠᱟᱨᱟ ᱥᱨᱤᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱢᱵᱟᱱᱠᱩᱱᱡᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ * ᱟᱫᱩᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱠᱠᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ * ᱞᱚᱛᱷᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱧᱪᱟᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ * ᱟᱫᱩᱨ ᱯᱟᱝᱠᱟᱡᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱞᱞᱟ ᱯᱮᱱᱱᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ * ᱮᱥ. ᱯᱤ. ᱯᱤᱞᱞᱟᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱪᱟᱱᱠᱩᱱᱡᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ * ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱱᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱯᱯᱤᱠᱠᱩᱱᱡᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ * ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱱᱟ * ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱷᱩᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟᱛᱷᱟᱱ * ᱱᱤᱞᱟᱢᱵᱩᱨ ᱟᱭᱤᱥᱟ * ᱡᱮᱨᱟᱨᱰ ᱡᱳᱥᱮᱠᱩᱴᱴᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱨᱠ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ == ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ == === ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ === ᱠᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱷᱟᱠᱟᱡᱷᱤ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ {{INR}}᱘᱐᱐᱐ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱜᱟᱢᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name = hindu>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/collection-of-facts-and-trivia-about-malayalam-film-chemmeen/article7530083.ece|title=Behind the scenes of Chemmeen|newspaper=The Hindu|date=13 August 2015|last1=By|first1=Compiled|last2=Pradeep|first2=K.|archive-date=11 April 2017|access-date=16 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411204415/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/collection-of-facts-and-trivia-about-malayalam-film-chemmeen/article7530083.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?contentId=9433257&programId=7940958&channelId=-1073751665&BV_ID=@@@&tabId=9|title=തകഴിയെ കാത്ത കാത്ത|newspaper=[[ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟ ᱢᱟᱱᱳᱨᱟᱢᱟ]]|date=1 June 2011|access-date=29 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404154713/http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?contentId=9433257&programId=7940958&channelId=-1073751665&BV_ID=@@@&tabId=9|archive-date=4 April 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> ᱜᱟᱢᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱨᱟᱢᱩ ᱠᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱨᱤᱥᱠ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱥᱟᱨᱠᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱮᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱡᱮ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱢᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/28/stories/2008012852290300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080129231946/http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/28/stories/2008012852290300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 January 2008 |title=Cinema limits freedom of viewers |date=28 January 2008 |access-date=27 May 2011 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢᱥ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱵᱩ ᱤᱥᱢᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱥᱮᱴ ᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱨᱟᱢᱩ ᱠᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱛ ᱜᱟᱢᱟᱢ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱟᱱᱰ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱮ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱵᱩ ᱤᱥᱢᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱥᱮᱴ (ᱠᱟᱱᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱩ) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱯᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱒᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱟᱱᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱨᱮᱵᱮᱱ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="hindu" /> === ᱥᱩᱴᱤᱝ === ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱜᱟᱢᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ [[ᱟᱞᱟᱯᱯᱩᱡᱷᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱴ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱴᱤᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱷᱨᱤᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱴᱴᱤᱠᱟ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱨᱩᱵᱚᱱᱚᱱᱛᱯᱩᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱠᱟᱞᱟ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralatourism.com/php/placeDetails.php?plid=179&cid=2&did=14&linkid=&partid=|title=Thrissur " Nattika Beach|publisher=Keralatourism.com|access-date=29 May 2011|archive-date=22 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110122012035/http://www.keralatourism.com/php/placeDetails.php?plid=179&cid=2&did=14&linkid=&partid=|url-status=dead}}</ref> ᱨᱟᱢᱩ ᱠᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱷᱟᱠᱟᱡᱷᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱢᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱤᱠ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱥᱩᱴᱤᱝ ᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱠᱠᱟᱰ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱟᱲᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱽ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱠᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱳᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱴᱴᱤᱠᱟ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤᱭ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name = hindu /> ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱤᱞᱤᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱔᱐ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱟᱫᱷᱩ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱱᱟᱴᱴᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱴᱤᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱚᱛᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱴᱤᱝ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱩᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="40 anniversary">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/11/25/stories/2005112501190200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109223953/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/11/25/stories/2005112501190200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 November 2012 |author=G. Jayakumar|title=Remembering a classic |date=25 November 2005|access-date=27 May 2011 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱴᱤᱝ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱢᱟᱴᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱟᱥ ᱵᱟᱨᱴᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱤᱞᱤᱯ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱭᱩ. ᱨᱟᱡᱟᱜᱳᱯᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name = hindu /> == ᱥᱟᱣᱩᱱᱰᱴᱨᱮᱠ (Soundtrack) == {{Infobox album | name = ᱪᱮᱢᱢᱤᱱ | type = ᱥᱟᱣᱩᱱᱰᱴᱨᱮᱠ (soundtrack) | artist = [[ᱥᱟᱞᱤᱞ ᱪᱚᱣᱫᱷᱚᱨᱤ]] | cover = | released = ᱑᱙᱖᱕ | recorded = ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱥᱴᱩᱰᱤᱭᱳ ᱨᱮᱠᱚᱨᱰᱤᱝ ᱛᱷᱤᱭᱮᱴᱟᱨ, ᱢᱟᱫᱽᱨᱟᱥ | venue = | studio = | genre = [[ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ|ᱣᱟᱨᱞᱰ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱠ]] | length = | label = [[ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱜᱟᱢᱟ|ᱦᱤᱡᱽ ᱢᱟᱥᱴᱟᱨ'ᱥ ᱵᱷᱚᱭᱮᱥ (His Master's Voice)]] | producer = ᱵᱟᱵᱩ ᱤᱥᱢᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱥᱮᱴ | prev_title = [[ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱽ ᱟᱣᱨ ᱥᱩᱨᱟᱡᱽ]] | prev_year = ᱑᱙᱖᱕ | year = ᱑᱙᱖᱕ | next_title = ''ᱮᱡᱷᱩᱨᱟᱛᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟᱞ'' | next_year = ᱑᱙᱖᱘ }} ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱞᱤᱞ ᱪᱚᱣᱫᱷᱚᱨᱤ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱢᱟᱵᱷᱟᱨᱢᱟ ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ''ᱪᱮᱢᱢᱤᱱ'' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱞᱤᱞ ᱪᱚᱣᱫᱷᱚᱨᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ {|class="wikitable" |- !ᱮᱞ !! ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ !! ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ !! ᱚᱞ !! ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ (ᱴᱤᱯᱤᱡ:ᱥᱮᱠᱮᱱᱰ) |- | ᱑ || "ᱠᱟᱫᱟᱞᱤᱱᱟᱠᱠᱟᱨᱮ ᱯᱳᱱᱳᱨᱮ" || [[ᱠᱮ. ᱡᱮ. ᱭᱮᱥᱩᱫᱟᱥ]] || [[ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱢᱟᱵᱷᱟᱨᱢᱟ]] || ᱓:᱔᱘ |- | ᱒ || "ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱥᱟᱢᱟᱭᱱᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱩ" || [[ᱢᱟᱱᱱᱟ ᱰᱮ]] || ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱢᱟᱵᱷᱟᱨᱢᱟ || ᱓:᱑᱒ |- | ᱓ || "ᱯᱮᱱᱱᱟᱞᱮ ᱯᱮᱱᱱᱟᱞᱮ" || ᱠᱮ. ᱡᱮ. ᱭᱮᱥᱩᱫᱟᱥ, [[ᱯᱤ. ᱞᱤᱞᱟ]], ᱠᱳᱨᱟᱥ (Chorus) || ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱢᱟᱵᱷᱟᱨᱢᱟ || ᱕:᱓᱙ |- | ᱔ || "ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱟᱠᱠᱟᱨᱮ" || ᱠᱮ. ᱡᱮ. ᱭᱮᱥᱩᱫᱟᱥ, ᱯᱤ. ᱞᱤᱞᱟ, ᱠᱳᱨᱟᱥ (Chorus), [[ᱠᱮ. ᱯᱤ. ᱩᱫᱟᱭᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱩ]], [[ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱷᱟ ᱯᱤ. ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ]] || ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱢᱟᱵᱷᱟᱨᱢᱟ || ᱓:᱑᱙ |- | ᱕ || ᱛᱷᱤᱢ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱠ (Theme Music) || ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱨᱩᱢᱮᱱᱴᱟᱞ (Instrumental) || ||᱒:᱒᱐ |} == ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ == * ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱯᱷᱤᱪᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-04/did-you-know-/32253677_1_national-award-first-malayalam-film-best-feature-film |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627114511/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-04/did-you-know-/32253677_1_national-award-first-malayalam-film-best-feature-film |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 June 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Chemmeen won the National Award |access-date=11 October 2012}}</ref> *ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢᱯᱷᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ - ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ''ᱦᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱤᱥᱢᱟᱭᱤᱞ'' ᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ (᱑᱙᱖᱖)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5UqAAAAYAAJ&q=+chemmeen|title = Collections|year = 1991}}</ref> * ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱜᱳ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱯᱷᱮᱥᱴᱤᱵᱷᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱨᱴᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠᱮᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱢᱮᱨᱤᱴ * ᱠᱟᱱᱥ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱯᱷᱮᱥᱴᱤᱵᱷᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱢᱟᱴᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ – ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱟᱥ ᱵᱟᱨᱴᱞᱤ<ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20100809115516/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2006/08/11/stories/2006081101690200.htm "Fifty and still refreshing"]}}. ''The Hindu''. 11 August 2006. Retrieved 24 May 2011.</ref> == ᱮᱯᱮᱨᱦᱮᱸᱰᱮ == ᱒᱐᱑᱗ ᱨᱮ, ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱡᱩᱵᱽᱞᱤ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱭᱠᱚᱴ (boycotted) ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱠᱷᱤᱞᱟ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱫᱷᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱚᱯᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ-ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱷᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱨᱟᱞ ᱥᱮᱠᱨᱮᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ-ᱮᱢ.ᱮᱞ.ᱮ. ᱵᱷᱤ. ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱠᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ''ᱫᱟ ᱱᱤᱣᱥ ᱢᱤᱱᱤᱴ'' ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢᱮᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱱᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ "ᱵᱤᱱᱟᱹ-ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨᱟᱱ" ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ "ᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱧ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱤᱧ ''ᱪᱮᱢᱢᱤᱱ'' ᱤᱧ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱦᱟᱲᱟ ᱮᱱᱟᱹᱧ ᱡᱮ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱞᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱮᱲᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾"<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2017-02-28 |title=Tired of insulting portrayals, Kerala fisherfolk protest 50-year event on cult film Chemmeen |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tired-insulting-portrayals-kerala-fisherfolk-protest-50-year-event-cult-film-chemmeen-57889 |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=The News Minute |language=en |archive-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327111215/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tired-insulting-portrayals-kerala-fisherfolk-protest-50-year-event-cult-film-chemmeen-57889 |url-status=live }}</ref> == ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱛ == {{quote box | quote = ''ᱪᱮᱢᱢᱤᱱ'' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱮᱠᱮᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱢᱩᱦᱤᱛᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ-ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱨᱮᱰᱤᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱭᱠᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ: ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱢᱟᱴᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱟᱥ ᱵᱟᱨᱴᱞᱤ, ᱮᱰᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱨᱤᱥᱤᱠᱮᱥ ᱢᱩᱠᱷᱟᱨᱡᱤ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱞᱤᱞ ᱪᱚᱣᱫᱷᱚᱨᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱣᱩᱱᱰᱴᱨᱮᱠ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧᱤᱡ [[ᱠᱮ. ᱡᱮ. ᱭᱮᱥᱩᱫᱟᱥ]], [[ᱯᱤ. ᱞᱤᱞᱟ]] ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱴᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱱᱱᱟ ᱰᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ | source = [[ᱟᱱᱱᱟ ᱮᱢ. ᱮᱢ. ᱵᱷᱮᱴᱴᱤᱠᱟᱰ]], ''[[ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱴᱯᱳᱥᱴ]]'' ᱾<ref name="firstpost" /> | align = right | width = 32.5% }} ''ᱪᱮᱢᱢᱤᱱ'' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱞᱟᱥᱤᱠ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱴ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ; ᱠᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱛ ᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ, ᱠᱨᱤᱴᱤᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱥᱴᱟᱨᱯᱤᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ [[ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ|ᱠᱚᱧᱮ]] ᱨᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱢᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Venkiteswaran">{{Cite news |last=Venkiteswaran |first=C. S. |date=2016-03-29 |title=Chemmeen: 50 Years of a Classic |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/malayalam-film-chemmeen-completes-50-years-of-its-release/article7530129.ece |access-date=2022-11-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=10 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710225830/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/malayalam-film-chemmeen-completes-50-years-of-its-release/article7530129.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱜᱳ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱯᱷᱮᱥᱴᱤᱵᱷᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱨᱴᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠᱮᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱢᱮᱨᱤᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱥ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱯᱷᱮᱥᱴᱤᱵᱷᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0">https://web.archive.org/web/20181016203230/https://www.filmcompanion.in/sandakozhi-2-Tamil-film-sequels-time-between-release</ref> ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱘ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱒᱐᱑᱗ ᱨᱮ [[ᱟᱞᱟᱯᱯᱩᱡᱷᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ''ᱪᱮᱢᱢᱤᱱ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱡᱩᱵᱽᱞᱤ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱨᱟᱹ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ [[ᱯᱤᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱤ ᱵᱤᱡᱟᱭᱟᱱ]] ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱮ ᱡᱷᱤᱡ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name=":1" /> ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱨᱮ, ''ᱫᱟ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ'' ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱤ. ᱮᱥ. ᱵᱷᱮᱱᱠᱤᱴᱮᱥᱣᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, "ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱥᱛᱤᱛᱣᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ; ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱩᱠᱷ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱛᱤᱥ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱯᱮᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭᱟ, ᱩᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱫᱩᱠᱷ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱯᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧᱟ ᱾" ᱩᱱᱤ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, "''ᱪᱮᱢᱢᱤᱱ'' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ, ᱜᱩᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ, ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱤᱢᱳᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱸᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱞᱮ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱢᱩᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾"<ref name="Venkiteswaran" /> ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱐ ᱨᱮ, ''ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱴᱯᱳᱥᱴ'' ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱱᱱᱟ ᱮᱢ. ᱮᱢ. ᱵᱷᱮᱴᱴᱤᱠᱟᱰ ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, "ᱨᱟᱢᱩ ᱠᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱛ ᱟᱜ ''ᱪᱮᱢᱢᱤᱱ'' ᱫᱚ ᱤᱧ ᱚᱰᱤᱭᱳᱵᱷᱤᱡᱩᱣᱟᱞ ᱢᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱮᱱᱮᱞ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱩᱦᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱫᱤᱧᱟ ᱾<ref name="firstpost">{{Cite web |date=2020-09-22 |title=Indian films that sparked the critic in me: Ramu Kariat's Chemmeen remains misunderstood and misrepresented – even by its admirers |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/indian-films-that-sparked-the-critic-in-me-ramu-kariats-chemmeen-remains-misunderstood-and-misrepresented-even-by-its-admirers-8839641.html |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=[[Firstpost]] |language=en |archive-date=9 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109201003/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/indian-films-that-sparked-the-critic-in-me-ramu-kariats-chemmeen-remains-misunderstood-and-misrepresented-even-by-its-admirers-8839641.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱒᱐᱒᱒ ᱨᱮ, ''ᱫᱟ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ'' ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱤᱭᱩᱥ ᱨᱚᱭ ᱫᱚ ''ᱪᱮᱢᱢᱤᱱ'' ᱫᱚ "ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ" ᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ "ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱱᱩᱱᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱟᱨᱴᱤᱥᱴᱤᱠ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ" ᱮ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱣᱩᱱᱰᱴᱨᱮᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱭ ᱮ ᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, "ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ''ᱪᱮᱢᱢᱤᱱ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱮᱞᱮᱱᱴᱮᱰ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ-ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱚᱞᱤᱣᱩᱰ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱠ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱞᱤᱞ ᱪᱚᱣᱫᱷᱚᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱥᱠᱳᱨ ᱮ ᱛᱮᱧᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱞᱮᱭᱰᱳᱥᱠᱳᱯᱤᱠ ᱥᱮᱴᱤᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱥᱟᱵᱟ ᱾"<ref>{{Cite news |last=Roy |first=Piyush |date=2022-02-03 |title=Why 'Chemmeen' remains a high point in Malayalam cinema |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/classic-movie-of-all-time/article38372423.ece |access-date=2022-11-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> ᱒᱐᱑᱓ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱑᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ''ᱥᱤᱮᱱᱮᱱ-ᱟᱭᱵᱤᱮᱱ'' ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱣᱮᱵᱽᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱱᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱯᱳᱞ ᱨᱮ, "ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ" ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱳᱞ ᱨᱮ ''ᱪᱮᱢᱢᱤᱱ'' ᱫᱚ ᱒᱓ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="IBN2">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130607012016/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mayabazar-is-indias-greatest-film-ever-ibnlive-poll/391184-8-66.html "'Mayabazar' is India's greatest film ever: IBNLive poll"] . [[IBN Live]]. 12 May 2013. Retrieved 24 May 2013.</ref><ref name="IBN1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130425235027/http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/13200-78.html "100 Years of Indian Cinema: The 100 greatest Indian films of all time"]. [[IBN Live]]. 26 April 2013. Retrieved 24 May 2013.</ref><ref name="IBN3">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130501074840/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ibnlive-poll-vote-for-indias-greatest-film-of-all-time/387871-8.html "IBNLive Poll: Vote for India's greatest film of all time"]. [[IBN Live]]. 26 April 2013. Retrieved 24 May 2013.</ref> ᱒᱐᱑᱗ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱦᱟᱥᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱗᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ "ᱪᱮᱢᱢᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱞᱤᱞ ᱪᱚᱣᱫᱷᱚᱨᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ, ᱦᱨᱤᱥᱤᱠᱮᱥ ᱢᱩᱠᱷᱟᱨᱡᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱰᱤᱴᱤᱝ, ᱨᱟᱢᱩ ᱠᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱛ ᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ...ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭᱟ ᱾"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bollywood blockbuster to Kollywood classic: Kamal Haasan picks his 70 favourite movies |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/interactives/kamal-hassan-70-movies |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=Hindustan Times |archive-date=13 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713153725/https://www.hindustantimes.com/interactives/kamal-hassan-70-movies/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ᱒᱐᱐᱕ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱳᱦᱚᱱᱞᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ''ᱪᱮᱢᱢᱤᱱ'' ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱯ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ "''ᱪᱮᱢᱢᱤᱱ'' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱞᱟᱥᱤᱠ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱢᱩᱦᱤᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾"<ref>{{Cite web |title=India's Best Films: Mohanlal |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/jun/07list.htm |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=www.rediff.com |archive-date=9 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109191753/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/jun/07list.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> ᱒᱐᱑᱖ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ [[ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ (ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ)|᱗᱐ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ]] ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱤᱣᱥ ᱮᱡᱮᱱᱥᱤ ''ᱮᱱᱰᱤᱴᱤᱵᱷᱤ'' ᱫᱚ "᱗᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ, ᱗᱐ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ" ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ''ᱪᱮᱢᱢᱤᱱ'' ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Happy Independence Day: 70 Years, 70 Great Films |url=https://www.ndtv.com/photos/entertainment/happy-independence-day-70-years-70-great-films-15114 |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=NDTV.com |archive-date=9 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109191754/https://www.ndtv.com/photos/entertainment/happy-independence-day-70-years-70-great-films-15114 |url-status=live }}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ == {{Reflist}} == ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱠᱚ == * {{cite journal|last=Gupta|first=CD|title=New Directions in Indian Cinema|journal=Film Quarterly|year=1980|volume=34|issue=1| pages=32–42|doi=10.1525/fq.1980.34.1.04a00070|jstor=1211852}} * {{cite news | url = http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/11/22/stories/2010112250310400.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121109070813/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/11/22/stories/2010112250310400.htm | url-status = dead | archive-date = 9 November 2012 | title = ''Chemmeen'' 1965 | author = B. Vijayakumar | date = 22 November 2010 | newspaper = [[The Hindu]] | location=Chennai, India }} * {{cite news | url = http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/13/stories/2005101301370200.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20051103044301/http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/13/stories/2005101301370200.htm | url-status = dead | archive-date = 3 November 2005 | title = Celebrating 40 years of a movie classic | date = 13 October 2005 | newspaper = [[The Hindu]] | location=Chennai, India }} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ == * {{IMDb title}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱖᱖ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱖᱖ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ-ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱯᱷᱤᱪᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱜᱟᱢᱟᱢ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱨᱟᱢᱩ ᱠᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱛ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱟᱞᱤᱞ ᱪᱚᱣᱫᱷᱚᱨᱤ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱠᱳᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱛᱷᱨᱤᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱴᱤᱝ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚ|ᱪᱮᱢᱢᱤᱱ᱑]] hfh1qjnh87w221bfqstuqi6x2diudd1 196725 196724 2026-08-13T07:45:05Z ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ 5347 /* ᱥᱟᱣᱩᱱᱰᱴᱨᱮᱠ (Soundtrack) */ 196725 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | name = ᱪᱮᱢᱢᱤᱱ | image = Chemmeen.JPG | caption = ᱯᱳᱥᱴᱟᱨ | director = [[ᱨᱟᱢᱩ ᱠᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱛ]] | producer = [[:ml:ബാബു_ഇസ്മയിൽ_സേട്ടു|ᱵᱟᱵᱩ ᱤᱥᱢᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱥᱮᱴ (ᱠᱟᱱᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱩ)]] | screenplay = [[ᱮᱥ. ᱮᱞ. ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱫᱟᱱᱟᱱᱫᱟᱱ]] | based_on = {{based on|''[[ᱪᱮᱢᱢᱤᱱ (ᱜᱟᱢᱟᱢ)|ᱪᱮᱢᱢᱤᱱ]]''|[[ᱛᱷᱟᱠᱟᱡᱷᱤ ᱥᱤᱵᱷᱟᱥᱚᱝᱠᱚᱨ ᱯᱤᱞᱞᱟᱭ]]}} | starring = [[ᱥᱚᱛᱭᱟᱱ (ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱴᱚᱨ)|ᱥᱚᱛᱭᱟᱱ]]<br />[[ᱥᱤᱞᱟ]]<br />[[ᱢᱟᱫᱷᱩ (ᱟᱠᱴᱚᱨ)|ᱢᱟᱫᱷᱩ]]<br />[[ᱠᱳᱴᱴᱟᱨᱟᱠᱠᱟᱨᱟ ᱥᱨᱤᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ]] | music = [[ᱥᱟᱞᱤᱞ ᱪᱚᱣᱫᱷᱚᱨᱤ]] | cinematography = [[ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱟᱥ ᱵᱟᱨᱴᱞᱤ]]<br /> [[:ml: വർഗ്ഗം:യു._രാജഗോപാൽ_കാമറ_ചലിപ്പിച്ച_ചലച്ചിത്രങ്ങൾ|ᱤᱭᱩ. ᱨᱟᱡᱟᱜᱳᱯᱟᱞ]] | editing = [[ᱦᱨᱤᱥᱤᱠᱮᱥ ᱢᱩᱠᱷᱟᱨᱡᱤ]]<br />[[ᱠᱮ. ᱰᱤ. ᱡᱚᱨᱡᱽ]] | studio = ᱠᱟᱱᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢᱥ | distributor = | released = {{Film date|1966|8|19|df=y}} | runtime = | country = ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ | language = ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ | budget = {{INR}}᱘ ᱞᱟᱠᱷ<ref name="boxoffice">{{Cite news |last=Pradeep |first=K |date=13 August 2015 |title=Behind the scenes of Chemmeen |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/collection-of-facts-and-trivia-about-malayalam-film-chemmeen/article7530083.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411204415/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/collection-of-facts-and-trivia-about-malayalam-film-chemmeen/article7530083.ece |archive-date=11 April 2017 |website=[[ᱫᱟ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ]]}}</ref> | gross = {{INR}}᱔᱐ ᱞᱟᱠᱷ <ref name="boxoffice" /> }} '''''ᱪᱮᱢᱢᱤᱱ''''' ({{translation|[[ᱤᱪᱟᱹᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ]]}}) ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱖᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ-ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱᱥ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱷᱟᱠᱟᱡᱷᱤ ᱥᱤᱵᱷᱟᱥᱚᱝᱠᱚᱨ ᱯᱤᱞᱞᱟᱭ ᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱢᱟᱢ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱥ. ᱮᱞ. ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱫᱟᱱᱟᱱᱫᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱠᱨᱤᱱᱯᱞᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱨᱟᱢᱩ ᱠᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱛ ᱮ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢᱥ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱵᱩ ᱤᱥᱢᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱥᱮᱴ ᱮ ᱯᱨᱳᱰᱤᱣᱥ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱨᱩᱛᱷᱟᱢᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱥᱚᱛᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱞᱟᱱᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱠᱳᱴᱴᱟᱨᱟᱠᱠᱟᱨᱟ ᱥᱨᱤᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱢᱵᱟᱱᱠᱩᱱᱡᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱫᱷᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱤᱠᱩᱴᱴᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱸᱥᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱮᱨᱟ, ᱠᱟᱨᱩᱛᱷᱟᱢᱢᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱹᱬ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ, ᱯᱟᱨᱤᱠᱩᱴᱴᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟ-ᱥᱟᱹᱯᱷᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱡᱮᱱᱰ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱮᱡᱮᱱᱰ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱟᱡᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱟᱶᱟᱭ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮ-ᱵᱤᱥᱣᱟᱥ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ, ᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ (''ᱠᱟᱫᱟᱞᱟᱢᱢᱟ'', ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱭᱳ) ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤᱭ ᱡᱚᱢᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱢᱟᱴᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱟᱥ ᱵᱟᱨᱴᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱭᱩ. ᱨᱟᱡᱟᱜᱳᱯᱟᱞ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱮᱰᱤᱴᱤᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱨᱤᱥᱤᱠᱮᱥ ᱢᱩᱠᱷᱟᱨᱡᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮ. ᱰᱤ. ᱡᱚᱨᱡᱽ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱥᱠᱳᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱞᱤᱞ ᱪᱚᱣᱫᱷᱚᱨᱤ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱮ. ᱡᱮ. ᱭᱮᱥᱩᱫᱟᱥ, ᱯᱤ. ᱞᱤᱞᱟ, ᱢᱟᱱᱱᱟ ᱰᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱷᱟ ᱯᱤ. ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱖᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱥᱮᱱᱥᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙ ᱟᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱑᱙᱖᱖ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱤᱞᱤᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱠᱨᱤᱴᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱨᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱩ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱴᱤᱥᱴᱤᱠ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱞᱚᱠᱵᱟᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱚᱨᱰ ᱮ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱨᱤᱭᱮᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱞᱴ ᱠᱞᱟᱥᱤᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news|last=Venkiteswaran|first=C. S.|date=2015-08-13|title=Chemmeen: 50 Years of a Classic|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/malayalam-film-chemmeen-completes-50-years-of-its-release/article7530129.ece|access-date=2021-06-14|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=10 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710225830/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/malayalam-film-chemmeen-completes-50-years-of-its-release/article7530129.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Gupta|1980|loc=''Chemmeen'' (1965), by Ramu Kariat in Kerala, is usually cited as the first notable creative film in the South}} ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱖᱕ ᱨᱮ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱟᱜ]] ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱯᱷᱤᱪᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ ᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱯᱷᱮᱥᱴᱤᱵᱷᱟᱞ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱜᱳ ᱯᱷᱮᱥᱴᱤᱵᱷᱟᱞ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹᱭ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱵᱤᱮᱱ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱵᱷ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ''᱑᱐᱐ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=IBN2 /> ''ᱪᱮᱢᱢᱤᱱ'' ᱫᱚ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱛᱮ ''ᱪᱮᱢᱢᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱦᱨᱮᱱ'' ᱟᱨ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ ''ᱫᱟ ᱮᱝᱜᱟᱨ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱫᱟ ᱥᱤ'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱰᱟᱵᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱞᱤᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱠᱣᱮᱞ, ''ᱛᱷᱤᱨᱟᱠᱟᱞᱠᱠᱟᱯᱯᱩᱨᱟᱢ'', ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱙᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱤᱞᱤᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/sandakozhi-2-Tamil-film-sequels-time-between-release|title=Mind The Gap: Tamil Sequels And The Time Between Them|work=[[ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱮᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016203230/https://www.filmcompanion.in/sandakozhi-2-Tamil-film-sequels-time-between-release|archive-date=16 October 2018}}</ref> == ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ == ᱠᱟᱨᱩᱛᱷᱟᱢᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱸᱥᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱵᱤᱡ, ᱪᱮᱢᱵᱟᱱᱠᱩᱱᱡᱩ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱮᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱯᱟᱨᱤᱠᱩᱴᱴᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱮᱢᱵᱟᱱᱠᱩᱱᱡᱩ ᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱠᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱨᱤᱠᱩᱴᱴᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱩᱠᱢᱩ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱪᱮᱢᱵᱟᱱᱠᱩᱱᱡᱩ ᱴᱟᱠᱟᱭ ᱮᱢᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱨᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱠᱮᱱ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱜᱮᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱨᱩᱛᱷᱟᱢᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱪᱟᱠᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱮᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱤᱠᱩᱴᱴᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱮᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱮ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱭᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱨᱩᱛᱷᱟᱢᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱤᱠᱩᱴᱴᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲ ᱮ ᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱞᱟᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱢᱵᱟᱱᱠᱩᱱᱡᱩ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱷᱟᱨ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱠᱟᱨᱩᱛᱷᱟᱢᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱭᱳᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱪᱠᱟ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱮᱦᱚᱸᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱡᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱟᱶᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱛᱮ, ᱪᱮᱢᱵᱟᱱᱠᱩᱱᱡᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱮ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱪᱮᱢᱵᱟᱱᱠᱩᱱᱡᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱟᱞᱪᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱭᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱤᱡ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱮ-ᱤᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱛᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱤᱠᱩᱴᱴᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱸᱜᱟᱞ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱹᱦᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱪᱮᱢᱵᱟᱱᱠᱩᱱᱡᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱯᱯᱤᱠᱩᱱᱡᱩ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱟᱺᱰᱤ ᱮᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟᱭ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱧᱪᱟᱢᱤ, ᱪᱮᱢᱵᱟᱱᱠᱩᱱᱡᱩ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱮᱨᱟ, ᱟᱡᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱠᱤ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱮᱜᱮᱨ ᱠᱤᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱣᱜᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱ ᱮ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱠᱤᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱯᱯᱤᱠᱩᱱᱡᱩ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ, ᱯᱟᱧᱪᱟᱢᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱚᱯᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱮ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱤᱢᱳᱥᱚᱱᱟᱞ ᱵᱽᱞᱮᱠᱢᱮᱞ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱯᱟᱯᱯᱤᱠᱩᱱᱡᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱢᱵᱟᱱᱠᱩᱱᱡᱩ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱴᱟᱠᱟᱭ ᱠᱩᱢᱵᱽᱲᱩᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱧᱪᱟᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱢᱵᱟᱱᱠᱩᱱᱡᱩ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱯᱯᱤᱠᱩᱱᱡᱩ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱜᱤᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱮ ᱯᱟᱜᱽᱞᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱜᱽᱞᱟᱢᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱯᱟᱧᱪᱟᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱨᱩᱛᱷᱟᱢᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱟᱨᱩᱛᱷᱟᱢᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱹᱦᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱤᱠᱩᱴᱴᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱞᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱭᱠᱚᱴ ᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱨᱩᱛᱷᱟᱢᱢᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱛᱮ, ᱯᱟᱞᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱭ-ᱵᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱮᱠᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱮᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱭᱳ-ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱞᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱹᱦᱩ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱱᱫᱮᱦ ᱮᱦᱚᱵᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱤᱱ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱨᱩᱛᱷᱟᱢᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱧᱪᱟᱢᱤ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱤᱠᱠᱩᱴᱴᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱮ ᱠᱩᱞᱤᱭᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢᱮᱭᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱨᱩᱛᱷᱟᱢᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱲᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱫᱳᱥ ᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱛᱮ, ᱠᱟᱨᱩᱛᱷᱟᱢᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱤᱠᱩᱴᱴᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱧᱟᱯᱟᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱞᱟᱱᱤ, ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱨᱠ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱵᱮ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱯᱟᱥᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱩᱱᱩᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱛᱟᱜ, ᱠᱟᱨᱩᱛᱷᱟᱢᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱮᱠᱩᱴᱴᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱜᱮᱠᱤᱱ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱾ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ, ᱯᱟᱞᱟᱱᱤ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱨᱠ ᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/classic-movie-of-all-time/article38372423.ece | title=Why 'Chemmeen' remains a high point in Malayalam cinema | newspaper=The Hindu | date=3 February 2022 | last1=Roy | first1=Piyush | archive-date=6 February 2022 | access-date=6 February 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206115543/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/classic-movie-of-all-time/article38372423.ece | url-status=live }}</ref> == ᱯᱟᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱠᱚ == * ᱥᱤᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱨᱩᱛᱷᱟᱢᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ * ᱢᱟᱫᱷᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱤᱠᱩᱴᱴᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ * ᱥᱚᱛᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱞᱟᱱᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ * ᱠᱳᱴᱴᱟᱨᱟᱠᱠᱟᱨᱟ ᱥᱨᱤᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱢᱵᱟᱱᱠᱩᱱᱡᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ * ᱟᱫᱩᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱠᱠᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ * ᱞᱚᱛᱷᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱧᱪᱟᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ * ᱟᱫᱩᱨ ᱯᱟᱝᱠᱟᱡᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱞᱞᱟ ᱯᱮᱱᱱᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ * ᱮᱥ. ᱯᱤ. ᱯᱤᱞᱞᱟᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱪᱟᱱᱠᱩᱱᱡᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ * ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱱᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱯᱯᱤᱠᱠᱩᱱᱡᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ * ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱱᱟ * ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱷᱩᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟᱛᱷᱟᱱ * ᱱᱤᱞᱟᱢᱵᱩᱨ ᱟᱭᱤᱥᱟ * ᱡᱮᱨᱟᱨᱰ ᱡᱳᱥᱮᱠᱩᱴᱴᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱨᱠ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ == ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ == === ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ === ᱠᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱷᱟᱠᱟᱡᱷᱤ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ {{INR}}᱘᱐᱐᱐ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱜᱟᱢᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name = hindu>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/collection-of-facts-and-trivia-about-malayalam-film-chemmeen/article7530083.ece|title=Behind the scenes of Chemmeen|newspaper=The Hindu|date=13 August 2015|last1=By|first1=Compiled|last2=Pradeep|first2=K.|archive-date=11 April 2017|access-date=16 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411204415/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/collection-of-facts-and-trivia-about-malayalam-film-chemmeen/article7530083.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?contentId=9433257&programId=7940958&channelId=-1073751665&BV_ID=@@@&tabId=9|title=തകഴിയെ കാത്ത കാത്ത|newspaper=[[ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟ ᱢᱟᱱᱳᱨᱟᱢᱟ]]|date=1 June 2011|access-date=29 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404154713/http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?contentId=9433257&programId=7940958&channelId=-1073751665&BV_ID=@@@&tabId=9|archive-date=4 April 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> ᱜᱟᱢᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱨᱟᱢᱩ ᱠᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱨᱤᱥᱠ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱥᱟᱨᱠᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱮᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱡᱮ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱢᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/28/stories/2008012852290300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080129231946/http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/28/stories/2008012852290300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 January 2008 |title=Cinema limits freedom of viewers |date=28 January 2008 |access-date=27 May 2011 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢᱥ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱵᱩ ᱤᱥᱢᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱥᱮᱴ ᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱨᱟᱢᱩ ᱠᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱛ ᱜᱟᱢᱟᱢ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱟᱱᱰ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱮ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱵᱩ ᱤᱥᱢᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱥᱮᱴ (ᱠᱟᱱᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱩ) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱯᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱒᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱟᱱᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱨᱮᱵᱮᱱ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="hindu" /> === ᱥᱩᱴᱤᱝ === ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱜᱟᱢᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ [[ᱟᱞᱟᱯᱯᱩᱡᱷᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱴ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱴᱤᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱷᱨᱤᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱴᱴᱤᱠᱟ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱨᱩᱵᱚᱱᱚᱱᱛᱯᱩᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱠᱟᱞᱟ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralatourism.com/php/placeDetails.php?plid=179&cid=2&did=14&linkid=&partid=|title=Thrissur " Nattika Beach|publisher=Keralatourism.com|access-date=29 May 2011|archive-date=22 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110122012035/http://www.keralatourism.com/php/placeDetails.php?plid=179&cid=2&did=14&linkid=&partid=|url-status=dead}}</ref> ᱨᱟᱢᱩ ᱠᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱷᱟᱠᱟᱡᱷᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱢᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱤᱠ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱥᱩᱴᱤᱝ ᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱠᱠᱟᱰ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱟᱲᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱽ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱠᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱳᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱴᱴᱤᱠᱟ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤᱭ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name = hindu /> ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱤᱞᱤᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱔᱐ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱟᱫᱷᱩ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱱᱟᱴᱴᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱴᱤᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱚᱛᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱴᱤᱝ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱩᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="40 anniversary">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/11/25/stories/2005112501190200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109223953/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/11/25/stories/2005112501190200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 November 2012 |author=G. Jayakumar|title=Remembering a classic |date=25 November 2005|access-date=27 May 2011 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱴᱤᱝ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱢᱟᱴᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱟᱥ ᱵᱟᱨᱴᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱤᱞᱤᱯ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱭᱩ. ᱨᱟᱡᱟᱜᱳᱯᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name = hindu /> == ᱥᱟᱣᱩᱱᱰᱴᱨᱮᱠ == {{Infobox album | name = ᱪᱮᱢᱢᱤᱱ | type = ᱥᱟᱣᱩᱱᱰᱴᱨᱮᱠ (soundtrack) | artist = [[ᱥᱟᱞᱤᱞ ᱪᱚᱣᱫᱷᱚᱨᱤ]] | cover = | released = ᱑᱙᱖᱕ | recorded = ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱥᱴᱩᱰᱤᱭᱳ ᱨᱮᱠᱚᱨᱰᱤᱝ ᱛᱷᱤᱭᱮᱴᱟᱨ, ᱢᱟᱫᱽᱨᱟᱥ | venue = | studio = | genre = [[ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ|ᱣᱟᱨᱞᱰ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱠ]] | length = | label = [[ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱜᱟᱢᱟ|ᱦᱤᱡᱽ ᱢᱟᱥᱴᱟᱨ'ᱥ ᱵᱷᱚᱭᱮᱥ (His Master's Voice)]] | producer = ᱵᱟᱵᱩ ᱤᱥᱢᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱥᱮᱴ | prev_title = [[ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱽ ᱟᱣᱨ ᱥᱩᱨᱟᱡᱽ]] | prev_year = ᱑᱙᱖᱕ | year = ᱑᱙᱖᱕ | next_title = ''ᱮᱡᱷᱩᱨᱟᱛᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟᱞ'' | next_year = ᱑᱙᱖᱘ }} ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱞᱤᱞ ᱪᱚᱣᱫᱷᱚᱨᱤ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱢᱟᱵᱷᱟᱨᱢᱟ ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ''ᱪᱮᱢᱢᱤᱱ'' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱞᱤᱞ ᱪᱚᱣᱫᱷᱚᱨᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ {|class="wikitable" |- !ᱮᱞ !! ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ !! ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ !! ᱚᱞ !! ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ (ᱴᱤᱯᱤᱡ:ᱥᱮᱠᱮᱱᱰ) |- | ᱑ || "ᱠᱟᱫᱟᱞᱤᱱᱟᱠᱠᱟᱨᱮ ᱯᱳᱱᱳᱨᱮ" || [[ᱠᱮ. ᱡᱮ. ᱭᱮᱥᱩᱫᱟᱥ]] || [[ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱢᱟᱵᱷᱟᱨᱢᱟ]] || ᱓:᱔᱘ |- | ᱒ || "ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱥᱟᱢᱟᱭᱱᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱩ" || [[ᱢᱟᱱᱱᱟ ᱰᱮ]] || ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱢᱟᱵᱷᱟᱨᱢᱟ || ᱓:᱑᱒ |- | ᱓ || "ᱯᱮᱱᱱᱟᱞᱮ ᱯᱮᱱᱱᱟᱞᱮ" || ᱠᱮ. ᱡᱮ. ᱭᱮᱥᱩᱫᱟᱥ, [[ᱯᱤ. ᱞᱤᱞᱟ]], ᱠᱳᱨᱟᱥ (Chorus) || ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱢᱟᱵᱷᱟᱨᱢᱟ || ᱕:᱓᱙ |- | ᱔ || "ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱟᱠᱠᱟᱨᱮ" || ᱠᱮ. ᱡᱮ. ᱭᱮᱥᱩᱫᱟᱥ, ᱯᱤ. ᱞᱤᱞᱟ, ᱠᱳᱨᱟᱥ (Chorus), [[ᱠᱮ. ᱯᱤ. ᱩᱫᱟᱭᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱩ]], [[ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱷᱟ ᱯᱤ. ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ]] || ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱢᱟᱵᱷᱟᱨᱢᱟ || ᱓:᱑᱙ |- | ᱕ || ᱛᱷᱤᱢ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱠ (Theme Music) || ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱨᱩᱢᱮᱱᱴᱟᱞ (Instrumental) || ||᱒:᱒᱐ |} == ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ == * ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱯᱷᱤᱪᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-04/did-you-know-/32253677_1_national-award-first-malayalam-film-best-feature-film |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627114511/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-04/did-you-know-/32253677_1_national-award-first-malayalam-film-best-feature-film |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 June 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Chemmeen won the National Award |access-date=11 October 2012}}</ref> *ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢᱯᱷᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ - ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ''ᱦᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱤᱥᱢᱟᱭᱤᱞ'' ᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ (᱑᱙᱖᱖)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5UqAAAAYAAJ&q=+chemmeen|title = Collections|year = 1991}}</ref> * ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱜᱳ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱯᱷᱮᱥᱴᱤᱵᱷᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱨᱴᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠᱮᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱢᱮᱨᱤᱴ * ᱠᱟᱱᱥ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱯᱷᱮᱥᱴᱤᱵᱷᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱢᱟᱴᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ – ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱟᱥ ᱵᱟᱨᱴᱞᱤ<ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20100809115516/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2006/08/11/stories/2006081101690200.htm "Fifty and still refreshing"]}}. ''The Hindu''. 11 August 2006. Retrieved 24 May 2011.</ref> == ᱮᱯᱮᱨᱦᱮᱸᱰᱮ == ᱒᱐᱑᱗ ᱨᱮ, ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱡᱩᱵᱽᱞᱤ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱭᱠᱚᱴ (boycotted) ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱠᱷᱤᱞᱟ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱫᱷᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱚᱯᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ-ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱷᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱨᱟᱞ ᱥᱮᱠᱨᱮᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ-ᱮᱢ.ᱮᱞ.ᱮ. ᱵᱷᱤ. ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱠᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ''ᱫᱟ ᱱᱤᱣᱥ ᱢᱤᱱᱤᱴ'' ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢᱮᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱱᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ "ᱵᱤᱱᱟᱹ-ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨᱟᱱ" ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ "ᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱧ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱤᱧ ''ᱪᱮᱢᱢᱤᱱ'' ᱤᱧ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱦᱟᱲᱟ ᱮᱱᱟᱹᱧ ᱡᱮ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱞᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱮᱲᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾"<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2017-02-28 |title=Tired of insulting portrayals, Kerala fisherfolk protest 50-year event on cult film Chemmeen |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tired-insulting-portrayals-kerala-fisherfolk-protest-50-year-event-cult-film-chemmeen-57889 |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=The News Minute |language=en |archive-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327111215/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tired-insulting-portrayals-kerala-fisherfolk-protest-50-year-event-cult-film-chemmeen-57889 |url-status=live }}</ref> == ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱛ == {{quote box | quote = ''ᱪᱮᱢᱢᱤᱱ'' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱮᱠᱮᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱢᱩᱦᱤᱛᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ-ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱨᱮᱰᱤᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱭᱠᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ: ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱢᱟᱴᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱟᱥ ᱵᱟᱨᱴᱞᱤ, ᱮᱰᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱨᱤᱥᱤᱠᱮᱥ ᱢᱩᱠᱷᱟᱨᱡᱤ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱞᱤᱞ ᱪᱚᱣᱫᱷᱚᱨᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱣᱩᱱᱰᱴᱨᱮᱠ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧᱤᱡ [[ᱠᱮ. ᱡᱮ. ᱭᱮᱥᱩᱫᱟᱥ]], [[ᱯᱤ. ᱞᱤᱞᱟ]] ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱴᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱱᱱᱟ ᱰᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ | source = [[ᱟᱱᱱᱟ ᱮᱢ. ᱮᱢ. ᱵᱷᱮᱴᱴᱤᱠᱟᱰ]], ''[[ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱴᱯᱳᱥᱴ]]'' ᱾<ref name="firstpost" /> | align = right | width = 32.5% }} ''ᱪᱮᱢᱢᱤᱱ'' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱞᱟᱥᱤᱠ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱴ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ; ᱠᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱛ ᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ, ᱠᱨᱤᱴᱤᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱥᱴᱟᱨᱯᱤᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ [[ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ|ᱠᱚᱧᱮ]] ᱨᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱢᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Venkiteswaran">{{Cite news |last=Venkiteswaran |first=C. S. |date=2016-03-29 |title=Chemmeen: 50 Years of a Classic |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/malayalam-film-chemmeen-completes-50-years-of-its-release/article7530129.ece |access-date=2022-11-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=10 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710225830/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/malayalam-film-chemmeen-completes-50-years-of-its-release/article7530129.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱜᱳ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱯᱷᱮᱥᱴᱤᱵᱷᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱨᱴᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠᱮᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱢᱮᱨᱤᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱥ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱯᱷᱮᱥᱴᱤᱵᱷᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0">https://web.archive.org/web/20181016203230/https://www.filmcompanion.in/sandakozhi-2-Tamil-film-sequels-time-between-release</ref> ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱘ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱒᱐᱑᱗ ᱨᱮ [[ᱟᱞᱟᱯᱯᱩᱡᱷᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ''ᱪᱮᱢᱢᱤᱱ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱡᱩᱵᱽᱞᱤ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱨᱟᱹ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ [[ᱯᱤᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱤ ᱵᱤᱡᱟᱭᱟᱱ]] ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱮ ᱡᱷᱤᱡ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name=":1" /> ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱨᱮ, ''ᱫᱟ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ'' ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱤ. ᱮᱥ. ᱵᱷᱮᱱᱠᱤᱴᱮᱥᱣᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, "ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱥᱛᱤᱛᱣᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ; ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱩᱠᱷ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱛᱤᱥ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱯᱮᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭᱟ, ᱩᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱫᱩᱠᱷ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱯᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧᱟ ᱾" ᱩᱱᱤ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, "''ᱪᱮᱢᱢᱤᱱ'' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ, ᱜᱩᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ, ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱤᱢᱳᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱸᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱞᱮ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱢᱩᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾"<ref name="Venkiteswaran" /> ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱐ ᱨᱮ, ''ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱴᱯᱳᱥᱴ'' ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱱᱱᱟ ᱮᱢ. ᱮᱢ. ᱵᱷᱮᱴᱴᱤᱠᱟᱰ ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, "ᱨᱟᱢᱩ ᱠᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱛ ᱟᱜ ''ᱪᱮᱢᱢᱤᱱ'' ᱫᱚ ᱤᱧ ᱚᱰᱤᱭᱳᱵᱷᱤᱡᱩᱣᱟᱞ ᱢᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱮᱱᱮᱞ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱩᱦᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱫᱤᱧᱟ ᱾<ref name="firstpost">{{Cite web |date=2020-09-22 |title=Indian films that sparked the critic in me: Ramu Kariat's Chemmeen remains misunderstood and misrepresented – even by its admirers |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/indian-films-that-sparked-the-critic-in-me-ramu-kariats-chemmeen-remains-misunderstood-and-misrepresented-even-by-its-admirers-8839641.html |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=[[Firstpost]] |language=en |archive-date=9 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109201003/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/indian-films-that-sparked-the-critic-in-me-ramu-kariats-chemmeen-remains-misunderstood-and-misrepresented-even-by-its-admirers-8839641.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱒᱐᱒᱒ ᱨᱮ, ''ᱫᱟ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ'' ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱤᱭᱩᱥ ᱨᱚᱭ ᱫᱚ ''ᱪᱮᱢᱢᱤᱱ'' ᱫᱚ "ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ" ᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ "ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱱᱩᱱᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱟᱨᱴᱤᱥᱴᱤᱠ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ" ᱮ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱣᱩᱱᱰᱴᱨᱮᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱭ ᱮ ᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, "ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ''ᱪᱮᱢᱢᱤᱱ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱮᱞᱮᱱᱴᱮᱰ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ-ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱚᱞᱤᱣᱩᱰ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱠ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱞᱤᱞ ᱪᱚᱣᱫᱷᱚᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱥᱠᱳᱨ ᱮ ᱛᱮᱧᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱞᱮᱭᱰᱳᱥᱠᱳᱯᱤᱠ ᱥᱮᱴᱤᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱥᱟᱵᱟ ᱾"<ref>{{Cite news |last=Roy |first=Piyush |date=2022-02-03 |title=Why 'Chemmeen' remains a high point in Malayalam cinema |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/classic-movie-of-all-time/article38372423.ece |access-date=2022-11-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> ᱒᱐᱑᱓ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱑᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ''ᱥᱤᱮᱱᱮᱱ-ᱟᱭᱵᱤᱮᱱ'' ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱣᱮᱵᱽᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱱᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱯᱳᱞ ᱨᱮ, "ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ" ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱳᱞ ᱨᱮ ''ᱪᱮᱢᱢᱤᱱ'' ᱫᱚ ᱒᱓ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="IBN2">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130607012016/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mayabazar-is-indias-greatest-film-ever-ibnlive-poll/391184-8-66.html "'Mayabazar' is India's greatest film ever: IBNLive poll"] . [[IBN Live]]. 12 May 2013. Retrieved 24 May 2013.</ref><ref name="IBN1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130425235027/http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/13200-78.html "100 Years of Indian Cinema: The 100 greatest Indian films of all time"]. [[IBN Live]]. 26 April 2013. Retrieved 24 May 2013.</ref><ref name="IBN3">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130501074840/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ibnlive-poll-vote-for-indias-greatest-film-of-all-time/387871-8.html "IBNLive Poll: Vote for India's greatest film of all time"]. [[IBN Live]]. 26 April 2013. Retrieved 24 May 2013.</ref> ᱒᱐᱑᱗ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱦᱟᱥᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱗᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ "ᱪᱮᱢᱢᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱞᱤᱞ ᱪᱚᱣᱫᱷᱚᱨᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ, ᱦᱨᱤᱥᱤᱠᱮᱥ ᱢᱩᱠᱷᱟᱨᱡᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱰᱤᱴᱤᱝ, ᱨᱟᱢᱩ ᱠᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱛ ᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ...ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭᱟ ᱾"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bollywood blockbuster to Kollywood classic: Kamal Haasan picks his 70 favourite movies |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/interactives/kamal-hassan-70-movies |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=Hindustan Times |archive-date=13 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713153725/https://www.hindustantimes.com/interactives/kamal-hassan-70-movies/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ᱒᱐᱐᱕ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱳᱦᱚᱱᱞᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ''ᱪᱮᱢᱢᱤᱱ'' ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱯ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ "''ᱪᱮᱢᱢᱤᱱ'' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱞᱟᱥᱤᱠ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱢᱩᱦᱤᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾"<ref>{{Cite web |title=India's Best Films: Mohanlal |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/jun/07list.htm |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=www.rediff.com |archive-date=9 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109191753/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/jun/07list.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> ᱒᱐᱑᱖ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ [[ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ (ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ)|᱗᱐ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ]] ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱤᱣᱥ ᱮᱡᱮᱱᱥᱤ ''ᱮᱱᱰᱤᱴᱤᱵᱷᱤ'' ᱫᱚ "᱗᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ, ᱗᱐ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ" ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ''ᱪᱮᱢᱢᱤᱱ'' ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Happy Independence Day: 70 Years, 70 Great Films |url=https://www.ndtv.com/photos/entertainment/happy-independence-day-70-years-70-great-films-15114 |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=NDTV.com |archive-date=9 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109191754/https://www.ndtv.com/photos/entertainment/happy-independence-day-70-years-70-great-films-15114 |url-status=live }}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ == {{Reflist}} == ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱠᱚ == * {{cite journal|last=Gupta|first=CD|title=New Directions in Indian Cinema|journal=Film Quarterly|year=1980|volume=34|issue=1| pages=32–42|doi=10.1525/fq.1980.34.1.04a00070|jstor=1211852}} * {{cite news | url = http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/11/22/stories/2010112250310400.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121109070813/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/11/22/stories/2010112250310400.htm | url-status = dead | archive-date = 9 November 2012 | title = ''Chemmeen'' 1965 | author = B. Vijayakumar | date = 22 November 2010 | newspaper = [[The Hindu]] | location=Chennai, India }} * {{cite news | url = http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/13/stories/2005101301370200.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20051103044301/http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/13/stories/2005101301370200.htm | url-status = dead | archive-date = 3 November 2005 | title = Celebrating 40 years of a movie classic | date = 13 October 2005 | newspaper = [[The Hindu]] | location=Chennai, India }} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ == * {{IMDb title}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱖᱖ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱖᱖ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ-ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱯᱷᱤᱪᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱜᱟᱢᱟᱢ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱨᱟᱢᱩ ᱠᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱛ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱟᱞᱤᱞ ᱪᱚᱣᱫᱷᱚᱨᱤ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱠᱳᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱛᱷᱨᱤᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱴᱤᱝ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚ|ᱪᱮᱢᱢᱤᱱ᱑]] kh8zu2sp5xyhzi3tgwzd1sbwvob8yrc 0 37730 196726 2026-08-13T08:36:22Z ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ 5347 "{{Infobox film | name = ᱥᱣᱚᱭᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨᱚᱢ | image = Swayamvaram 1972.jpg | alt = ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱳᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱟᱠᱴᱨᱮᱥ, ᱥᱟᱨᱚᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ | caption = ᱛᱷᱤᱭᱮᱴᱨᱤᱠᱟᱞ..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 196726 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | name = ᱥᱣᱚᱭᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨᱚᱢ | image = Swayamvaram 1972.jpg | alt = ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱳᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱟᱠᱴᱨᱮᱥ, ᱥᱟᱨᱚᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ | caption = ᱛᱷᱤᱭᱮᱴᱨᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱨᱤᱞᱤᱡᱽ ᱯᱳᱥᱴᱟᱨ | director = [[ᱚᱫᱩᱨ ᱜᱳᱯᱟᱞᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚᱱ]] | producer = | writer = ᱚᱫᱩᱨ ᱜᱳᱯᱟᱞᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚᱱ<br/>[[ᱠᱮ. ᱯᱤ. ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨᱚᱱ]] | screenplay = | story = ᱚᱫᱩᱨ ᱜᱳᱯᱟᱞᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚᱱ | starring = {{unbulleted list|[[ᱢᱚᱫᱷᱩ (ᱟᱠᱴᱚᱨ)|ᱢᱚᱫᱷᱩ]]|[[ᱥᱟᱨᱚᱫᱟ (ᱟᱠᱴᱨᱮᱥ)|ᱥᱟᱨᱚᱫᱟ]]|[[ᱚᱫᱩᱨ ᱵᱷᱚᱵᱟᱱᱤ]]|[[ᱠᱮ. ᱯᱤ. ᱮ. ᱥᱤ. ᱞᱚᱞᱤᱛᱟ]]|[[ᱛᱷᱤᱠᱠᱩᱨᱤᱥᱤ ᱥᱩᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ]]|[[ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱜᱳᱯᱤ]]}} | music = [[ᱮᱢ. ᱵᱤ. ᱥᱨᱤᱱᱤᱵᱟᱥᱚᱱ]] | cinematography = [[ᱢᱟᱱᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱨᱚᱵᱤ ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱟ]] | editing = ᱨᱚᱢᱮᱥᱚᱱ | studio = ᱪᱤᱛᱨᱚᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱳ-ᱚᱯᱚᱨᱮᱴᱤᱵᱽ | distributor = ᱪᱤᱛᱨᱚᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱳ-ᱚᱯᱚᱨᱮᱴᱤᱵᱽ | released = {{Film date|1972|11|24|df=y}} | runtime = ᱑᱓᱑ ᱴᱤᱯᱤᱡ | country = ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ | language = ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ | budget = {{INRConvert|250000}}<ref name="40years">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/universal-and-timeless/article4123362.ece |title=Universal and timeless |last=Venkiteswaran |first=C. S. |date=22 November 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=10 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217161045/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/universal-and-timeless/article4123362.ece |archive-date=17 December 2017 |author-link=C. S. Venkiteswaran |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> }} '''''ᱥᱣᱚᱭᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨᱚᱢ''''' ({{langx|en|One's Own Choice|italic=yes}}) ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱗᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱰᱨᱟᱢᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱫᱩᱨ ᱜᱳᱯᱟᱞᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱨᱳᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱫᱷᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱨᱚᱫᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱨᱳᱞ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱤᱠᱠᱩᱨᱤᱥᱤ ᱥᱩᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ, ᱚᱫᱩᱨ ᱵᱷᱚᱵᱟᱱᱤ, ᱠᱮ. ᱯᱤ. ᱮ. ᱥᱤ. ᱞᱚᱞᱤᱛᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱜᱳᱯᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱩᱨᱤ-ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱤᱥᱣᱟᱢ (ᱢᱚᱫᱷᱩ) ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱛᱟ (ᱥᱟᱨᱚᱫᱟ) ᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱭᱳ-ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱟᱶᱟᱭ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ''ᱥᱣᱚᱭᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨᱚᱢ'' ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣᱟ— ᱜᱳᱯᱟᱞᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ, ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱜᱳᱯᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱴ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ, ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱛᱨᱚᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱳ-ᱚᱯᱚᱨᱮᱴᱤᱵᱽ ᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱯᱨᱚᱰᱭᱩᱥ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱳᱯᱟᱞᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚᱱ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱜᱮᱭ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱢ. ᱵᱤ. ᱥᱨᱤᱱᱤᱵᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱠ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱟᱱᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱨᱚᱵᱤ ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱢᱮᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ, ᱟᱨ ᱨᱚᱢᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱮᱰᱤᱴᱤᱝ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ-ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱮ. ᱯᱤ. ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱳᱯᱟᱞᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱠᱨᱤᱯᱴ ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱳᱯᱟᱞᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱱᱟᱱᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱯᱚᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱞᱳᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱮᱦᱚᱸᱨ ᱮ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ FFC ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱤᱛᱨᱚᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱣᱮᱵᱽ ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱢᱟ ᱢᱩᱵᱷᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱱᱠᱨᱚᱱᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽᱰ ᱥᱟᱰᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱞᱳᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱮᱫ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱰᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱴᱢᱳᱴᱤᱯᱷ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱮᱫ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱥᱠᱳ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱯᱷᱮᱥᱴᱤᱵᱷᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱯᱷᱮᱥᱴᱤᱵᱷᱟᱞ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙۷᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱯᱷᱤᱪᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ, ᱜᱳᱯᱟᱞᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱨᱚᱫᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱴᱨᱮᱥ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ == ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱩᱨᱤ-ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱤ, ᱵᱤᱥᱣᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱛᱟ, ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤᱭᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱦᱳᱴᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱠᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱩᱥᱟᱹᱨᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ, ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱦᱳᱴᱮᱞ ᱛᱮᱠᱤᱱ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱤᱥᱣᱟᱢ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱠᱟᱨ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜ ᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱳ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱜᱚᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ''ᱱᱤᱨᱵᱷᱨᱤᱛᱤ'' (''ᱮᱠᱥᱴᱮᱥᱤ'') ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱢᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱜᱚᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱠᱢᱩᱭ ᱧᱮᱞᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱜᱚᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱯᱟᱢᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱢᱟᱢ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱨᱮᱵᱮᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱭᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱮ ᱜᱟᱢᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱤᱢᱳᱥᱚᱱᱟᱞ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱛᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱞᱥ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭ ᱧᱟᱢᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ {{INR}} ᱑,᱐᱐᱐ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱠᱤᱣᱨᱤᱴᱤ ᱰᱤᱯᱳᱡᱤᱴ ᱮᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ-ᱥᱟᱠᱥᱮᱥ ᱨᱤᱠᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱯ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱚᱥᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱵᱚᱲᱦᱮ ᱠᱤᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱠᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱲᱟᱢ ᱵᱩᱰᱷᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱞᱭᱟᱱᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱥᱭᱟ ᱟᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱩᱲᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱡᱩᱨᱤ-ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱸᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱ ᱥᱤᱛᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱭᱱᱟ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫᱚᱜ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱾ ᱵᱤᱥᱣᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱩᱞᱳᱡᱤ ᱢᱟᱪᱮᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱩᱥᱟᱹᱨᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱚᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱫᱳᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱩᱲᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱤᱨᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱜᱤᱰᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱾ ᱵᱤᱥᱣᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱛᱟ ᱟᱠᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱨᱤᱠᱟᱹᱭᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱩᱥᱟᱹᱨᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱠᱢᱩ ᱢᱮᱴᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱸᱴ ᱛᱮᱠᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱤᱥᱣᱟᱢ ᱮ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱜᱼᱟ, ᱥᱤᱛᱟ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱨᱤᱠᱟᱹᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱦᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱱᱦᱚᱸ, ᱵᱤᱥᱣᱟᱢ ᱮ ᱜᱳᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱟᱠᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱚᱴᱚ ᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱤᱥᱣᱟᱢ ᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱤᱛᱟ ᱟᱡᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱭᱳ-ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱞᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱭᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱨᱮᱵᱮᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱛᱟ ᱟᱡᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱛᱳᱣᱟᱭ ᱧᱩ ᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱠᱟᱵᱽᱭᱚ, ''ᱨᱟᱢᱟᱭᱚᱱ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱠᱚᱭᱚᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱛᱟ ᱥᱣᱚᱭᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱠᱚᱭᱚᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱯᱟᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱠᱚ == * ᱢᱚᱫᱷᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱥᱣᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ * ᱥᱟᱨᱚᱫᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ * ᱚᱫᱩᱨ ᱵᱷᱚᱵᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱠᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ * ᱠᱮ. ᱯᱤ. ᱮ. ᱥᱤ. ᱞᱚᱞᱤᱛᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱞᱭᱟᱱᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱥᱭᱟ * ᱛᱷᱤᱠᱠᱩᱨᱤᱥᱤ ᱥᱩᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱯᱨᱤᱱᱥᱤᱯᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ * ᱯᱤ. ᱠᱮ. ᱵᱷᱮᱱᱩᱠᱩᱴᱴᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱥᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱥᱢᱟᱜᱽᱞᱟᱨ * ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱠᱚᱢ ᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱥᱮᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ * ᱠᱟᱨᱟᱢᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱨᱫᱟᱱᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱷᱚᱢᱢᱟᱪᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ * ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱜᱳᱯᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱜᱤᱰᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ == ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ == === ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ === ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱟᱶᱟᱭ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web| url=http://pib.nic.in/prs/iffi2007/birth.pdf | title=IFFI: 2007 | publisher=[[Press Information Bureau|Press Information Bureau (India)]] | year=2007 | page=168 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202142941/http://pib.nic.in/prs/iffi2007/birth.pdf | archive-date=2 February 2014 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱱᱫᱟᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱢᱪᱟᱸᱫᱽ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱚᱢᱚᱨᱛᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱥᱤ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Bhaskaran|2010|p=44}} ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱤᱞᱤᱡᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ''One's Own Choice'' ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱮᱱᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱥᱠᱳ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱯᱷᱮᱥᱴᱤᱵᱷᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ''On Own Will'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="MIFF2">{{cite web |year=1973 |title=8th Moscow International Film Festival |url=http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff37/eng/archives/?year=1973 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222083418/http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff37/eng/archives/?year=1973 |archive-date=22 December 2015 |access-date=11 December 2015 |publisher=[[Moscow International Film Festival]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref> ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ''By Choice'',{{sfn|NFDC|1991|p=38}} ''Her Own Choice'',{{sfn|Thoraval|2002|p=411}} ''Marriage by Choice'',<ref>{{cite journal | title=The Gulf in the imagination: Migration, Malayalam cinema and regional identity | last=Radhakrishnan | first=R. | author-link=R. Radhakrishnan (literary critic) | journal=Contributions to Indian Sociology | year=2009 | volume=43 | issue=2 | pages=217–245| doi=10.1177/006996670904300202| s2cid=145594307 }}</ref> ''Betrothal by Choice'',{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1999|p=387}} ''The Betrothal'',{{sfn|Dharap|1973|p=311}} ᱟᱨ ''The Selection'' ᱾<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net/swayamvaram.html | title=Adoor Gopalakrishnan: Swayamvaram | publisher=Cinemaofmalayalam.net | access-date=13 July 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141121002910/http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net/swayamvaram.html | archive-date=21 November 2014}}</ref> === ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ === [[ᱯᱩᱱᱮ]] ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱴᱮᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱤᱭᱩᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ, ᱜᱳᱯᱟᱞᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱞᱟᱞ ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱢᱟ|ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱣᱮᱵᱽ]] ᱢᱩᱵᱷᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱩᱦᱤᱛ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱖᱕ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱞᱟᱥᱢᱮᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮ "ᱪᱤᱛᱨᱚᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱳ-ᱚᱯᱚᱨᱮᱴᱤᱵᱽ" ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱥᱳᱥᱟᱭᱴᱤ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="Time"/> ᱜᱳᱯᱟᱞᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱᱴᱤᱠ ᱥᱠᱨᱤᱯᱴ ''ᱠᱟᱢᱩᱠᱤ'' ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱱᱟᱱᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱯᱚᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ (ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱰᱮᱵᱷᱞᱚᱯᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱚᱨᱯᱚᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Gopalakrishnan|2001}}<ref>{{cite news |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/Storyold/14196/ |title=Low-key Mumbai film festival ends on high note |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=1 December 1997 |access-date=24 February 2013 |location=Mumbai |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709092656/http://archive.indianexpress.com/Storyold/14196/ |archive-date=9 July 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ''ᱥᱣᱚᱭᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨᱚᱢ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱠᱨᱤᱯᱴ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱱᱟᱱᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱯᱚᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ {{INRConvert|150000}} ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱳᱱ ᱮ ᱟᱯᱨᱩᱵᱷ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱱᱦᱚᱸ, ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱴᱮᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱤᱭᱩᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱥ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=40years/> ᱜᱳᱯᱟᱞᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ-ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱮ. ᱯᱤ. ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱠᱨᱤᱯᱴ ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_mohanlal-to-star-in-screen-adaptation-of-the-master-builder_1061316 | title=Mohanlal to star in screen adaptation of 'The Master Builder' | newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]] | date=31 October 2006 | access-date=11 July 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004021420/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_mohanlal-to-star-in-screen-adaptation-of-the-master-builder_1061316 | archive-date=4 October 2012}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱛᱨᱚᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱳ-ᱚᱯᱚᱨᱮᱴᱤᱵᱽ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱳ-ᱚᱯᱚᱨᱮᱴᱤᱵᱽ ᱥᱳᱥᱟᱭᱴᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ''ᱥᱣᱚᱭᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨᱚᱢ'' ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱯᱷᱤᱪᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/28/stories/2005102819290300.htm | title=Good films open up unfamiliar worlds: Adoor | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=28 October 2005 | access-date=12 July 2011 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110054532/http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/28/stories/2005102819290300.htm | archive-date=10 November 2012 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=http://www.dishumdishum.com/BollyPresentation/GLOBALIZATION.PDF | title=Bollywood and Globalization | publisher=[[San Francisco State University]] | author=Acharya, Sharmistha | page=15 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182016/http://www.dishumdishum.com/BollyPresentation/GLOBALIZATION.PDF | archive-date=3 March 2016 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ ᱫᱚ {{INRConvert|250000}} ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱳᱯᱟᱞᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱰᱚᱠᱭᱩᱢᱮᱱᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱨᱚᱰᱟᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱟᱠᱟᱭ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ, ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱨᱚᱰᱭᱩᱥᱚᱨ, ᱪᱤᱛᱨᱚᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱳ-ᱚᱯᱚᱨᱮᱴᱤᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱦᱟᱹᱯᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Gopalakrishnan|2001}} ᱨᱤᱛᱣᱤᱠ ᱜᱷᱟᱴᱟᱠ ᱟᱜ ᱑᱙᱖᱕ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ''ᱥᱩᱵᱟᱨᱱᱟᱨᱮᱠᱷᱟ'' ᱫᱚ ᱜᱳᱯᱟᱞᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱝᱜᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱯᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱵᱟᱵᱽᱬᱮ ᱨᱤᱯᱷᱤᱣᱡᱤ ᱤᱥᱣᱚᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱟᱡᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱥᱮᱨᱟ ᱥᱤᱛᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱵᱷᱤᱨᱟᱢ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱠᱤᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱤᱯᱷᱤᱣᱡᱤ ᱠᱮᱢᱯ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ-ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱮᱠᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱵᱷᱤᱨᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱛᱟ ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ ᱛᱮᱠᱤᱱ ᱧᱤᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱤᱥᱣᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱧᱩ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱥᱭᱟ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜᱼᱟ; ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱛᱟ ᱩᱱᱤᱭ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱜᱳᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱳᱯᱟᱞᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱧᱤᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱩᱨᱤ-ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱮ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ === ᱠᱟᱥᱴᱤᱝ === ᱜᱳᱯᱟᱞᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱨᱳᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱢᱩᱴᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱚᱰᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱪᱤᱴᱷᱤ ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱮᱞᱟ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Gopalakrishnan|2001}} ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱨᱳᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, ᱜᱳᱯᱟᱞᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱨᱚᱫᱟ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱮ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱠᱥᱮᱥ ᱟᱠᱴᱨᱮᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱳᱯᱟᱞᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚᱱ ᱩᱱᱤ ''ᱥᱣᱚᱭᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨᱚᱢ'' ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱴ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱩᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱠᱚᱢᱟᱨᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱭ ᱯᱟᱴ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱨᱚᱫᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱴ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱨᱮᱵᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱳᱯᱟᱞᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚᱱ [[ᱪᱮᱱᱱᱟᱭ]] ᱨᱮ, ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱫᱽ ᱥᱴᱩᱰᱤᱭᱳᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱩᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱩᱱᱤᱭ ᱨᱮᱵᱮᱱ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Sharada on Swayamvaram">{{cite web | url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/sep/08sarada.htm | title=Adoor made us forget our identities | work=[[Rediff.com]] | date=8 September 2005 | access-date=13 July 2011 | author=Warrier, Shobha | author-link=Shobha Warrier | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026081832/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/sep/08sarada.htm | archive-date=26 October 2012 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱨᱳᱞ, ᱢᱚᱫᱷᱩ, ᱫᱚ ᱜᱳᱯᱟᱞᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱸᱥ ᱮ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱳᱯᱟᱞᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ FTII ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱢᱚᱫᱷᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱳᱯᱟᱞᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱨᱚᱫᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱯᱟᱴ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱳᱯᱟᱞᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ''ᱥᱣᱚᱭᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨᱚᱢ'' ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱢᱚᱫᱷᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱨᱵᱷᱤᱭᱩ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ "[...] ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱳᱯᱟᱞᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚᱱ ''ᱥᱣᱚᱭᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨᱚᱢ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱫᱤᱧᱟ, ᱤᱧ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾"<ref name="Madhu about Swayamvaram"/> ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ "ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚᱭ ᱟᱸᱥᱚᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱡᱮ ᱯᱨᱮᱢ ᱱᱟᱡᱤᱨ ᱚᱫᱩᱨ ᱟᱜ ''ᱥᱣᱚᱭᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨᱚᱢ'' ᱨᱮᱭ ᱯᱟᱴ ᱠᱚᱜ ᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱯᱟᱞᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱤᱡᱤ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾"<ref name="Madhu">{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/03/stories/2005100318250300.htm | title=Nostalgia spices up Gurupuja | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=3 October 2005 | access-date=9 July 2011 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071123165944/http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/03/stories/2005100318250300.htm | archive-date=23 November 2007 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱴᱚᱨ-ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱛᱷᱤᱠᱠᱩᱨᱤᱥᱤ ᱥᱩᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱯᱨᱤᱱᱥᱤᱯᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱜᱳᱯᱤ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱤᱱᱰᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ''ᱥᱣᱚᱭᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨᱚᱢ'' ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱜᱤᱰᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱮᱠᱴᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱨᱳᱞ ᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱫᱷᱩ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200801291862.htm | title=Gopi, a versatile actor | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=29 January 2008 | access-date=12 July 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110054719/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200801291862.htm | archive-date=10 November 2012}}</ref> ᱜᱳᱯᱤ ᱫᱚ ''ᱥᱣᱚᱭᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨᱚᱢ'' ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱟᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱳᱯᱟᱞᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱪᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ, ''ᱠᱳᱰᱤᱭᱮᱴᱴᱟᱢ'' ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱨᱳᱞ ᱮ ᱯᱟᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ<ref name="Bharath Gopi">{{cite news | url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/jan/29gopi.htm | title=Goodbye, Mr Bharat Gopi | work=[[Rediff.com]] | date=29 January 2008 | access-date=12 July 2011 | author=Warrier, Shobha | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721234517/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/jan/29gopi.htm | archive-date=21 July 2015 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> ᱟᱨ "ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱜᱳᱯᱤ" ᱥᱮ "ᱠᱳᱰᱤᱭᱮᱴᱴᱟᱢ ᱜᱳᱯᱤ" ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱠᱨᱤᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱤᱱᱥᱯᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱗᱗ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱕ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱳᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ "ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ" ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name="1978awards ">{{cite web | url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm25thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=27NFA.pdf | title=25th National Film Festival (1978) | publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] | access-date=30 July 2011 | page=7 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721170417/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm25thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=27NFA.pdf | archive-date=21 July 2011 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> ᱠᱮ. ᱯᱤ. ᱮ. ᱥᱤ. ᱞᱚᱞᱤᱛᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱳᱯᱟᱞᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱮ ᱯᱟᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ''ᱥᱣᱚᱭᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨᱚᱢ'' ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱥᱭᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱨᱳᱞ ᱮ ᱯᱟᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/sense-and-sensibility/article96096.ece | title=Sense and Sensibility | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=29 January 2010 | access-date=10 July 2011 | author=Nagarajan, Saraswathy | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222015836/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/sense-and-sensibility/article96096.ece | archive-date=22 February 2014 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱵᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱠᱚᱢ ᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱥᱮᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱜᱚᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱮ ᱯᱟᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱳᱯᱟᱞᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱴ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱠᱨᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱯᱟᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news | url=http://hindu.com/2005/05/24/stories/2005052418210300.htm | title=Vaikom remembered | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=24 May 2005 | access-date=11 July 2011 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105012317/http://www.hindu.com/2005/05/24/stories/2005052418210300.htm | archive-date=5 November 2012 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> === ᱥᱩᱴᱤᱝ === ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱜᱳᱯᱟᱞᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="MankadaRaviVarma"/> ''ᱥᱣᱚᱭᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨᱚᱢ'' ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱱᱠᱨᱚᱱᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽᱰ ᱥᱟᱰᱮ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱞᱳᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱴᱤᱝ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱳᱯᱟᱞᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱚᱰᱤᱭᱳ ᱨᱮᱠᱚᱨᱰᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="restoration">{{cite news | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/adoor-s-swayamvaram-on-brand-new-print/story-cPec7Qi3VOnoYaMpa3D4XP.html | title=Adoor's Swayamvaram on brand new print | work=[[Hindustan Times]] | date=26 November 2012 | access-date=11 December 2015 | author=Bhaskaran, Gautaman | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222094807/http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/adoor-s-swayamvaram-on-brand-new-print/story-cPec7Qi3VOnoYaMpa3D4XP.html | archive-date=22 December 2015 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱥᱤᱰᱭᱩᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱴᱤᱝ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱟᱠᱴᱨᱮᱥ, ᱥᱟᱨᱚᱫᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱰᱭᱩᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱳᱯᱟᱞᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱰᱭᱩᱞ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Gopalakrishnan|2001}} ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱟᱠᱴᱚᱨ, ᱢᱚᱫᱷᱩ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱨᱵᱷᱤᱭᱩ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱜᱳᱯᱟᱞᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱨᱮᱱ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱟᱹᱣ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱳᱯᱟᱞᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱴᱤᱝ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱟᱡᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱨᱤᱣ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱩᱴᱤᱝ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name="Madhu about Swayamvaram">{{cite web | url=http://inhome.rediff.com/movies/2005/sep/06madhu.htm | title=Adoor's first leading man | work=[[Rediff.com]] | date=6 September 2005 | access-date=12 July 2011 | author=Warrier, Shobha | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327085739/http://inhome.rediff.com/movies/2005/sep/06madhu.htm | archive-date=27 March 2012 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱳᱯᱟᱞᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱢᱟᱴᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱱᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱨᱚᱵᱤ ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ-ᱜᱚᱯᱚᱲᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2007/09/07/stories/2007090750230100.htm | title=Painting with light | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=7 September 2007 | access-date=21 June 2011 | author=Nagarajan, Saraswathy | location=Chennai, India | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108124228/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2007/09/07/stories/2007090750230100.htm | archive-date=8 November 2012 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> ᱜᱳᱯᱟᱞᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱢᱟᱴᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ''ᱳᱞᱟᱵᱷᱩᱢ ᱛᱷᱤᱨᱟᱵᱷᱩᱢ'' (᱑᱙᱗᱐), ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱱᱤ ''ᱥᱣᱚᱭᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨᱚᱢ'' ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱜᱳᱯᱟᱞᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱠᱨᱤᱯᱴ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱟ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱮ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱵᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱨᱮᱵᱮᱱ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ "ᱵᱤᱥᱛᱟᱨ" ᱟᱨ "ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ" ᱥᱠᱨᱤᱯᱴ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="MankadaRaviVarma">{{cite web | url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-obit-mankada-ravi-varma/20101123.htm | title=Goodbye, Mankada Ravi Varma | work=[[Rediff.com]] | date=23 November 2010 | access-date=21 June 2011 | author=Warrier, Shobha | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110118214536/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-obit-mankada-ravi-varma/20101123.htm | archive-date=18 January 2011 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/oct/16ravi.htm | title=I can't say no to Adoor | work=[[Rediff.com]] | date=16 October 2000 | access-date=12 July 2011 | author=Warrier, Shobha | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026081551/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/oct/16ravi.htm | archive-date=26 October 2012 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> ᱦᱟᱦᱟᱲᱟ ᱜᱮ, ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱓᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ''ᱥᱣᱚᱭᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨᱚᱢ'' ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱠᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱢᱟᱴᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/jan/10ravi.htm | title=We have a long way to go | work=[[Rediff.com]] | date=10 January 2001 | access-date=12 July 2011 | author=Warrier, Shobha | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110105135834/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/jan/10ravi.htm | archive-date=5 January 2011 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱠᱮᱱ ᱮᱢ. ᱵᱤ. ᱥᱨᱤᱱᱤᱵᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱥᱠᱳᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱰᱤᱴᱤᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱢᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱥ. ᱮᱥ. ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱫᱟᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱨᱚᱰᱟᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱰᱤᱡᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱰᱮ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱤ. ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱫᱟᱥ ᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ ᱫᱚ {{INRConvert|250000}} ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱱᱟᱱᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱯᱚᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱳᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ {{INR}} ᱑᱕᱐,᱐᱐᱐ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name=40years/> == ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ == ᱱᱤᱨᱟᱫᱽ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱯᱟᱛᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ, ''ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱢᱟ ᱤᱱ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ'' ᱨᱮᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, "ᱚᱫᱩᱨ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱩᱱᱤ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ-ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱮᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜᱼᱟ – ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ, ''ᱥᱣᱚᱭᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨᱚᱢ'' ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱭᱛᱤ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱟᱺᱜᱽᱣᱟᱹ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱡᱩᱨᱤ-ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱦᱤᱨ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱱᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱛᱮᱠᱤᱱ ᱧᱤᱨᱟ, ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱠᱤᱱ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱠᱢᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨᱟᱱ ᱠᱩᱠᱢᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱫᱚᱨᱥᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱛ, [[ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲ]] ᱟᱨ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱟᱫᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ, ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱯ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱸᱛᱚᱨ-ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ, ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ, ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡᱚᱜ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱟᱹᱜᱩᱭᱟ – ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''ᱥᱣᱚᱭᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨᱚᱢ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱭᱛᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱦᱤᱨ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ - ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ-ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱢᱮᱱᱴᱨᱤ ᱾"<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gopalan |first=Lalitha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lSvOMAAACAAJ |title=The Cinema of India |date=2009 |publisher=Wallflower Press |isbn=978-1-905674-92-3 |language=en}}</ref> ᱢᱤᱫ ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱨᱵᱷᱤᱭᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱳᱯᱟᱞᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, "''ᱥᱣᱚᱭᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨᱚᱢ'' ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱭᱛᱤᱠ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾" ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱠᱨᱤᱴᱤᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱤᱛᱣᱤᱠ ᱜᱷᱟᱴᱟᱠ ᱟᱜ ''ᱥᱩᱵᱟᱨᱱᱟᱨᱮᱠᱷᱟ'' (᱑᱙᱖᱕) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱳᱯᱟᱞᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱷᱟᱴᱟᱠ ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱚᱛᱭᱚᱡᱤᱛ ᱨᱟᱭ]] ᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ''ᱥᱣᱚᱭᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨᱚᱢ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱷᱟᱴᱟᱠ ᱟᱜ ''ᱥᱩᱵᱟᱨᱱᱟᱨᱮᱠᱷᱟ'' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ''ᱥᱣᱚᱭᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨᱚᱢ'' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱷᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Gopalakrishnan|2001}} ᱢᱤᱫ ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱨᱵᱷᱤᱭᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱳᱯᱟᱞᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, "''ᱥᱣᱚᱭᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨᱚᱢ'' ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱭᱛᱤᱠ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chronicler |first=Bharat |date=2012-11-22 |title=Revisiting Swayamvaram 40 years on, with its director |url=https://bharatgopy.com/revisiting-swayamvaram-40-years-on-with-its-director/ |access-date=2024-03-30 |website=Bharat Gopy |language=en-US |archive-date=30 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330124004/https://bharatgopy.com/revisiting-swayamvaram-40-years-on-with-its-director/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ''ᱥᱳᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱴ ᱠᱟᱞᱪᱟᱨ'' ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱩᱣᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, "ᱚᱫᱩᱨ ᱜᱳᱯᱟᱞᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴ (directed) ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ''ᱥᱣᱚᱭᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨᱚᱢ'' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱠᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱡᱩᱨᱤ-ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱥᱴᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱨᱤᱠᱟᱹ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱤᱨᱳ (Hero) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱫᱚᱨᱥᱚᱵᱟᱫᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ, ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱥᱴᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱜᱮᱭ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾"<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Swayamvaram (1972) |url=https://bharatgopy.com/filmography/swayamvaram-1972/ |access-date=2024-03-30 |website=Bharat Gopy |language=en-US}}</ref> ᱥᱩᱨᱚᱱᱡᱚᱱ ᱜᱟᱝᱜᱩᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ, ''ᱫᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢᱥ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱚᱫᱩᱨ ᱜᱳᱯᱟᱞᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚᱱ'' ᱨᱮᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, "ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱠᱟᱨ, ᱢᱮᱞᱳᱰᱨᱟᱢᱮᱴᱤᱠ, ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢᱩᱞᱟᱭᱤᱠ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱦᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱡᱩᱣᱟᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱰᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱸᱴ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱨᱩᱯ—ᱰᱚᱠᱭᱩᱢᱮᱱᱴᱟᱨᱤ, ᱯᱷᱤᱠᱥᱚᱱ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱮᱱᱴᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ—ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱩᱠᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱨᱤᱠᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱚᱨᱚᱜᱤᱡ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱴᱟᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱥ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ''ᱥᱣᱚᱭᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨᱚᱢ'', ''ᱮᱞᱤᱯᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱭᱟᱢ'' (᱑᱙᱘᱑) ᱟᱨ ''ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ'' (᱑᱙᱙᱔) ᱞᱮᱠᱟ, ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ (ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱭᱛᱤᱠ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ) ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ, ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾"<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Films of Adoor Gopalakrishnan |url=https://anthempress.com/the-films-of-adoor-gopalakrishnan-pb |access-date=2024-03-30 |website=AnthemPress |language=en |archive-date=30 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330124004/https://anthempress.com/the-films-of-adoor-gopalakrishnan-pb |url-status=live }}</ref> == ᱨᱤᱞᱤᱡᱽ == ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱨᱤᱴᱤᱠᱟ ᱨ ᱧᱮᱧᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱮᱢ. ᱜᱳᱵᱷᱤᱱᱫᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ ''ᱥᱟᱢᱤᱠᱥᱟ'' ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱥᱴᱳᱨᱤ ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱢᱟᱫᱽᱨᱟᱥ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ [[ᱪᱮᱱᱱᱟᱭ]] ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮﻤᱤᱱᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Gopalakrishnan|2001}} ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱵᱩᱫᱷᱤᱡᱤᱵᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱮᱠᱥᱯᱟᱨᱴ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱯᱤ. ᱵᱷᱟᱥᱠᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱵᱟᱞᱩ ᱢᱟᱦᱮᱱᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Gopalakrishnan|2001}} ==ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ== ===ᱠᱨᱤᱴᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱨᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱩ=== ''ᱫᱟ ᱜᱟᱨᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ'' ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱩᱣᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, "ᱜᱳᱯᱟᱞᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱚᱢᱟᱨᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱠᱢᱟᱠ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾" ''ᱫᱟ ᱴᱟᱭᱤᱢᱥ'' ᱨᱮᱱ ᱫᱤᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱣᱮᱞ ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, "ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱫᱩᱨ ᱜᱳᱯᱟᱞᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚᱱ ᱟᱜ “ᱥᱣᱚᱭᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨᱚᱢ” ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱨᱚᱫᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱠᱴᱨᱮᱥ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱴ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱷᱚᱞᱠᱟᱣᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱤᱨᱟᱭ, ᱮᱠᱮᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫᱚᱜ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲ ᱡᱩᱱᱩᱱ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱟ ᱾"<ref name=":0" /> ''ᱫᱟ ᱚᱵᱽᱡᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟᱨ'' ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱚᱨᱡᱽ ᱢᱮᱞᱤ ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, "ᱚᱫᱩᱨ ᱜᱳᱯᱟᱞᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ''ᱥᱣᱚᱭᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨᱚᱢ'' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱡᱩᱨᱤ-ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱯᱚᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾"<ref name=":0" /> ''ᱴᱟᱭᱤᱢᱟᱣᱩᱴ'' ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱨᱤᱱᱟ ᱜᱞᱮᱥᱱᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, "ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱵᱤᱵᱚᱨᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱟᱺᱜᱽᱣᱟᱹ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱱᱮᱴᱣᱟᱨᱠ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱛᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱠᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ – ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱞᱥ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱪᱮᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱢᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱤᱨᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱛᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱡᱳᱨ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟᱭ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣᱟ ᱾"<ref name=":0" /> ''ᱯᱨᱟᱵᱷᱫᱟ'' ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱩᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, "ᱚᱫᱩᱨ ᱜᱳᱯᱟᱞᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱥᱣᱚᱭᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱢᱵᱮ ᱥᱴᱩᱰᱤᱭᱳ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱠᱢᱟᱠ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱪᱤᱱᱛᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱸᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱫᱟᱹᱭ-ᱫᱷᱚᱠᱫᱷᱚᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱛᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱥᱣᱟᱢ ᱟᱜ ᱫᱩᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾"<ref name=":0" /> ''ᱫᱟ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱠᱥᱯᱨᱮᱥ'' ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱩᱣᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, "ᱚᱫᱩᱨ ᱜᱳᱯᱟᱞᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚᱱ ᱟᱜ ''ᱥᱣᱚᱭᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨᱚᱢ'' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱤᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱩᱨᱤ-ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱥᱴᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱢᱤᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱚᱠᱭᱩᱢᱮᱱᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱯᱷᱳᱴᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭᱟ, ᱚᱱᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱾”<ref name=":0" /> ''ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢᱯᱷᱮᱭᱟᱨ'' ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, "ᱥᱣᱚᱭᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ, ᱚᱫᱩᱨ ᱜᱳᱯᱟᱞᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱡᱩᱣᱟᱞᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱟᱹᱣ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱭᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾" ''ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱴᱟᱭᱤᱢᱥ'' ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱨᱤᱴᱤᱠ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ "ᱪᱮᱠᱳᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ" ᱮ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, " ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾"<ref name=":0" /> ''ᱫᱟ ᱤᱠᱳᱱᱳᱢᱤᱠ ᱴᱟᱭᱤᱢᱥ'' ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱨᱤᱴᱤᱠ ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, "ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱫᱩᱨ ᱜᱳᱯᱟᱞᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚᱱ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ) ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱞᱤᱥᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱜᱤᱰᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱦᱮᱣᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱛᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱞᱟᱸᱫᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱾ ''ᱥᱣᱚᱭᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨᱚᱢ'' ᱨᱮ, ᱞᱟᱸᱫᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱨᱤ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾"<ref name=":0" /> ''ᱞᱤᱝᱠ'' ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, "ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱡᱳᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱠᱮᱱ ᱵᱷᱤᱡᱩᱣᱟᱞᱥ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱡᱩᱣᱟᱞᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱨᱟᱢᱮᱴᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱾"<ref name=":0" /> ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱮᱠᱥᱯᱟᱨᱴ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱨᱤᱴᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱢᱚᱨᱮᱥ ᱫᱚᱛᱛᱚ, ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ''ᱫᱟ ᱮᱱᱥᱟᱭᱠᱞᱳᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱤᱴᱟᱨᱮᱪᱟᱨ'' ᱨᱮ, "ᱱᱤᱭᱳ-ᱨᱤᱭᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴᱤᱠ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ" ᱟᱨ "ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱱᱟᱣᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ" ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱮ ᱠᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Datta|2006|pp=752–753}} ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱵᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱤ. ᱯᱤ. ᱥᱩᱨᱮᱱᱫᱽᱨᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱫᱚ "ᱰᱤᱥᱴᱟᱨᱵᱤᱝ" ᱮ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱫᱟ, ᱜᱳᱯᱟᱞᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱠᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web | url=http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main14.asp?filename=hub092405The_Arbiter.asp | title=The Arbiter of Sanity | work=[[Tehelka]] | date=24 September 2005 | access-date=13 July 2011 | last=Surendran | first=C. P. | author-link=C. P. Surendran | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221154944/http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main14.asp?filename=hub092405The_Arbiter.asp | archive-date=21 February 2014 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> ᱥᱭᱟᱢ ᱵᱮᱱᱮᱜᱟᱞ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱳᱯᱟᱞᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱤᱡ, ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ''ᱥᱣᱚᱭᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨᱚᱢ'' ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱠᱩᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Datta|2002|pp=217}} ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱨᱤᱴᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱳᱯᱟᱞᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚᱱ "ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱩᱠᱞᱤ" ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱫᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱮᱱᱦᱚᱸ, ᱢᱩᱨᱠᱳᱛᱷ ᱠᱩᱱᱦᱟᱯᱯᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱤ. ᱮᱢ. ᱯᱤ. ᱱᱮᱰᱩᱝᱜᱟᱰᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱨᱤᱴᱤᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱮᱰᱩᱝᱜᱟᱰᱤ ᱫᱚ "''ᱥᱣᱚᱭᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨᱚᱢ'' ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱮᱫ?" ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱮᱞᱟᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Gopalakrishnan|2001}} === ᱵᱚᱠᱥ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥ (Box office) === ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱛᱷᱤᱭᱮᱴᱨᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱨᱤᱥᱯᱚᱱᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱳᱯᱟᱞᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱮ "ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ" ᱾{{sfn|Gopalakrishnan|2001}} ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱷᱤᱭᱮᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟ ᱨᱤᱞᱤᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱨᱤᱥᱯᱚᱱᱥ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱳᱯᱟᱞᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱯᱨᱚᱰᱭᱩᱥᱚᱨ, FFC ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱞᱳᱱ (loan) ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱭ ᱮᱢᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Jayaram|1996}} ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱗᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱘ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱥᱠᱳ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱯᱷᱮᱥᱴᱤᱵᱷᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="MIFF2"/> == ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱛ == ''ᱥᱣᱚᱭᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨᱚᱢ'' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱣᱮᱵᱽ ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱢᱟ ᱢᱩᱵᱷᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="Time">{{cite magazine | url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,447254,00.html | title=Knee Deep in the New Wave | magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] | date=28 April 2003 | access-date=12 July 2011 | last=Walsh | first=Bryan | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110120211009/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,447254,00.html | archive-date=20 January 2011 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>{{sfn|Hakemulder|de Jonge|Singh|1998|pp=118}} ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱮᱞ, ᱠᱳᱢᱮᱰᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱮᱞᱳᱰᱨᱟᱢᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱥᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ "ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ" ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱧᱮᱧᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱠᱮᱱ "ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ-ᱞᱟᱹᱭ" ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/06/23/stories/2006062300970300.htm | title=Wide range of films | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=23 June 2006 | access-date=9 July 2011 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204030551/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/06/23/stories/2006062300970300.htm | archive-date=4 February 2014 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2007/12/02/stories/2007120250130500.htm | title=Strength in the face of adversity | date=2 December 2007 | access-date=11 July 2011 | author=Gopalakrishnan, K. K. | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081105162152/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2007/12/02/stories/2007120250130500.htm | archive-date=5 November 2008 | work=[[The Hindu]] | df=dmy-all }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱝ-ᱟᱴᱠᱟᱣ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱢᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ-ᱧᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱢᱟᱴᱤᱠ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Datta|2006|pp=752–753}} ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, "ᱵᱟᱝ-ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱭᱡᱤᱝ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚ", "ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱭᱡᱤᱝ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚ" ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢᱟᱨᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱠᱥᱮᱥ ᱮ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱨᱴᱤᱥᱴᱤᱠ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱨᱤᱠᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ "ᱠᱚᱢᱟᱨᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚ" ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱨᱤ ᱵᱚᱠᱥ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥ ᱥᱟᱠᱥᱮᱥ ᱮ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Menon|1998|p=26}} ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱨᱤᱴᱤᱠ ᱠᱳᱡᱷᱤᱠᱳᱫᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ''ᱥᱣᱚᱭᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨᱚᱢ'' ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱑᱐ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |author=Kozhikodan |author-link=Kozhikodan |year=2001 |title=മലയാള സിനിമയിലെ എക്കാലത്തെയും മികച്ച പത്ത് ചിത്രങ്ങൾ [Malayala Cinemayile Ekkalatheyum Mikacha Pathu Chithrangal: 10 Best Films of All Time in Malayalam Cinema] |location=[[Calicut]], India |publisher=Poorna Publications }}</ref> ''ᱥᱣᱚᱭᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨᱚᱢ'' ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ, ᱜᱳᱯᱟᱞᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱰᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱴᱢᱳᱴᱤᱯᱷ (ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱨᱵᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱤᱢ) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱮᱫ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web | url=http://inhome.rediff.com/movies/2009/mar/02adoor-gopalakrishnan-on-resul-pookutty-sound.htm | title=Before Resul Pookutty, there was Adoor Gopalakrishnan | work=[[Rediff.com]] | date=20 March 2009 | access-date=19 July 2011 | author=Vilakudy, Rajaneesh | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327085807/http://inhome.rediff.com/movies/2009/mar/02adoor-gopalakrishnan-on-resul-pookutty-sound.htm | archive-date=27 March 2012 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱢᱟ-ᱧᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱮᱢᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱵᱮᱠᱜᱽᱨᱟᱣᱩᱱᱰ ᱥᱠᱳᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱰᱮ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book | title=Sound in Moving Pictures | publisher=[[Mathrubhumi]] | author=Krishnanunny, T. | year=2011 | isbn=978-81-8265-022-0}}</ref> ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱨᱤᱴᱤᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱵᱤᱡᱚᱭᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱫᱟᱥ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱰᱮ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱮᱠᱜᱽᱨᱟᱣᱩᱱᱰ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱰᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Vijayakrishnan|1987|p=135}} ᱯᱟᱴᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱨᱤᱴᱤᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱜᱳᱯᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱥᱠᱨᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="Bharath Gopi" /> ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱚᱫᱷᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱯᱟᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱢᱩ ᱠᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱛ ᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ-ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ, ''[[ᱪᱮᱢᱢᱤᱱ]]'' (᱑᱙᱖᱕) ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ''ᱥᱣᱚᱭᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨᱚᱢ'' ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨᱚᱜ ᱴᱩᱰᱟᱹᱜ ᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="Madhu about Swayamvaram" /> ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱟᱨᱠᱟᱭᱤᱵᱷ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱰᱤᱡᱤᱴᱟᱞ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱨᱤᱥᱴᱳᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱴᱟᱭᱴᱮᱞᱥ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱨᱤᱥᱴᱳᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱯᱷᱮᱥᱴᱤᱵᱷᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱣᱤᱥᱠᱚᱱᱥᱤᱱ-ᱢᱤᱞᱣᱟᱩᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱳᱯᱟᱞᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱯᱷᱤᱪᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ''ᱥᱣᱚᱭᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨᱚᱢ'' ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱨᱤᱥᱴᱳᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱾<ref name=restoration/> == ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ == ;᱑᱙᱗᱓ ᱢᱚᱥᱠᱳ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱯᱷᱮᱥᱴᱤᱵᱷᱟᱞ (ᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟ)<ref name="MIFF2"/> * ᱚᱫᱩᱨ ᱜᱳᱯᱟᱞᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚᱱ – ''ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ'' ;᱑᱙᱗᱓ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ (ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ)<ref name="20thaward">{{cite web | url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm20thNFAAward.aspx | title=20th National Film Awards | publisher=[[International Film Festival of India]] | access-date=26 September 2011 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105220349/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm20thNFAAward.aspx | archive-date=5 November 2013 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> * ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱯᱷᱤᱪᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ * ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ: ᱚᱫᱩᱨ ᱜᱳᱯᱟᱞᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚᱱ * ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱴᱨᱮᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ: ᱥᱟᱨᱚᱫᱟ * ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱢᱟᱴᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ: ᱢᱟᱱᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱨᱚᱵᱤ ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱟ ;᱑᱙᱗᱓ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ (ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawares.htm | title=State Film Awards 1969–2008 | publisher=Information and Public Relation Department of Kerala | access-date=8 July 2011 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232254/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawares.htm | archive-date=3 March 2016 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> * ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱯᱷᱳᱴᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ (ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ-ᱟᱨ-ᱯᱩᱸᱰ): ᱢᱟᱱᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱨᱚᱵᱤ ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱟ * ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ: ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱫᱟᱛᱷᱟᱱ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ == {{Reflist|30em}} https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8j_SiHxCkDM&t=796s ᱚᱫᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱨᱵᱷᱤᱭᱩ (Interview) ᱥᱣᱚᱭᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱕᱐ == ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱠᱚ == {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book|title=Adoor Gopalakrishnan: 25 years of film making|last=Jayaram|first=S. B.|publisher=[[Chalachithram (magazine)|Chalachithram]]|year=1996|oclc=47954603}} * {{cite book|last=Bhaskaran|first=Gautaman|title=Adoor Gopalakrishnan: A Life in Cinema|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|year=2010|isbn=978-0-670-08171-4|location=Delhi}} * {{cite book|last=NFDC|title=Cinema in India, Volume 2|publisher=[[National Film Development Corporation of India]]|year=1991|location=Delhi}} * {{cite book|last=Thoraval|first=Yves|title=The Cinemas of India (1896–2000)|publisher=Macmillan India|year=2002|isbn=0-333-93410-5|location=Delhi}} * {{cite book|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish|last2=Willemen|first2=Paul|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=1999|isbn=0-85170-455-7}} * {{cite book|last=Datta|first=Amaresh|title=The Encyclopaedia Of Indian Literature|chapter=Cinema Malayalam|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&pg=PA752|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|year=2006|isbn=978-81-260-1803-1}} * {{cite book|last1=Hakemulder|first1=Jan R.|last2=de Jonge|first2=Fay A. C.|last3=Singh|first3=Prabhash P.|title=Future of journalism, mass communication and public relations|publisher=Anmol Publications|year=1998|isbn=978-81-261-0067-5|oclc=46886511}} * {{cite book|last=Dharap|first=B. V.|title=Indian films|publisher=National Film Archive of India|year=1973|issn=0377-7359|oclc=692141264}} * {{cite interview|title=Of Life...On Films...:Adoor on Swayamvaram|date=2001|last=Gopalakrishnan|first=Adoor|subject-link=Adoor Gopalakrishnan|publisher=Deep Focus|edition=Oct 2001 – Jan 2002|interviewer=[[C. S. Venkiteswaran]]}} * {{cite book|title=Malayala Cinemayude Katha|author=Vijayakrishnan|author-link=Vijayakrishnan|year=1987|publisher=[[Kerala State Film Development Corporation]]|isbn=978-81-8264-070-2}} * {{cite journal|last=Menon|first=Dhanya|title=Malayalam Literary Survey (Journal)|volume=20|issue=1–21|year=1998|publisher=[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]]}} * {{cite book|last=Datta|first=Sangeeta|title=Shyam Benegal|url=https://archive.org/details/shyambenegal00datt|url-access=registration|publisher=[[British Film Institute]]|year=2002|isbn=978-0-85170-907-9}} {{Refend}} == ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱢᱮ == * {{cite journal |last1=Babu Subramanian |title=In The Forests of The Plight: A Fiftieth Anniversary Tribute To Adoor Gopalakrishnan's First Film SWAYAMVARAM (1972) |journal=Journal of Indian Cinema |date=November 2022 |url=https://filmcriticscircle.com/journal/anantaram/ |access-date=28 January 2023 |archive-date=27 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127140117/https://filmcriticscircle.com/journal/anantaram/ |url-status=dead }} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ == * {{IMDb title|0069334}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱗᱒ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱗᱒ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ-ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙৭᱒ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙৭᱒ ᱰᱨᱟᱢᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱰᱨᱟᱢᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱚᱫᱩᱨ ᱜᱳᱯᱟᱞᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱴᱨᱮᱥ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ-ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱴ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱨᱮᱱ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱯᱷᱤᱪᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱢᱟᱴᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱢᱟᱴᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱵᱚᱥᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚ]] rpy4yv4zhpu80ckz2fkmvyccq8bkrc3 0 37731 196727 2026-08-13T08:51:58Z ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ 5347 "{{Infobox film | image = Nirmalayam poster.jpg | caption = ᱯᱳᱥᱴᱟᱨ | director = [[ᱮᱢ. ᱴᱤ. ᱵᱟᱥᱩᱫᱮᱵᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ]]<ref name="prd" /> | producer = ᱮᱢ. ᱴᱤ. ᱵᱟᱥᱩᱫᱮᱵᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ | writer = ᱮᱢ. ᱴᱤ. ᱵᱟᱥᱩᱫᱮᱵᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ | based_on = {{based on|''ᱯᱟᱞᱞᱤᱵᱷᱟᱞᱩᱢ ᱠᱟᱞ..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 196727 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | image = Nirmalayam poster.jpg | caption = ᱯᱳᱥᱴᱟᱨ | director = [[ᱮᱢ. ᱴᱤ. ᱵᱟᱥᱩᱫᱮᱵᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ]]<ref name="prd" /> | producer = ᱮᱢ. ᱴᱤ. ᱵᱟᱥᱩᱫᱮᱵᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ | writer = ᱮᱢ. ᱴᱤ. ᱵᱟᱥᱩᱫᱮᱵᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ | based_on = {{based on|''ᱯᱟᱞᱞᱤᱵᱷᱟᱞᱩᱢ ᱠᱟᱞᱪᱤᱞᱟᱢᱵᱩᱢ''|ᱮᱢ. ᱴᱤ. ᱵᱟᱥᱩᱫᱮᱵᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ}} | narrator = | starring = [[ᱯᱤ. ᱡᱮ. ᱟᱱᱴᱳᱱᱤ]]<br>[[ᱥᱩᱢᱤᱛᱨᱟ (ᱟᱠᱴᱨᱮᱥ)|ᱥᱩᱢᱤᱛᱨᱟ]]<br>[[ᱨᱚᱵᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱚᱱ]] | music = '''ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚ:'''<br>[[ᱠᱮ. ᱨᱟᱜᱷᱚᱵᱚᱱ]]<br>'''ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱥᱠᱳᱨ (score):'''<br>[[ᱮᱢ. ᱵᱤ. ᱥᱨᱤᱱᱤᱵᱟᱥᱚᱱ]] | cinematography = [[ᱨᱟᱢᱚᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱵᱟᱵᱩ]] | editing = ᱨᱚᱵᱤ | studio = ᱱᱳᱵᱷᱮᱞ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢᱥ | distributor = ᱱᱳᱵᱷᱮᱞ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢᱥ | released = {{Film date|1973|11|23|df=y}} | runtime = ᱑᱓᱔ ᱴᱤᱯᱤᱡ | country = ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ | language = [[ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ]] | budget = | gross = }} '''''ᱱᱤᱨᱢᱟᱞᱭᱟᱢ''''' ({{translation|''"ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱠᱚ"'' ᱥᱮ ''"ᱦᱚᱞᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ"''}}) ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱗᱓ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ-ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱢ. ᱴᱤ. ᱵᱟᱥᱩᱫᱮᱵᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱤ. ᱡᱮ. ᱟᱱᱴᱳᱱᱤ, ᱥᱩᱢᱤᱛᱨᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱨᱚᱵᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name="prd">{{cite web|url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/1973.htm|title=List of Malayalam films released during the year 1973|publisher=PRD, [[Government of Kerala]]|access-date=2009-10-20|archive-date=12 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090512151725/http://prd.kerala.gov.in/1973.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> ᱯᱤ. ᱡᱮ. ᱟᱱᱴᱳᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱗᱔ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ''ᱵᱷᱮᱞᱤᱪᱟᱯᱯᱟᱰᱩ'' (ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ]] ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱟᱭ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱳᱨᱟᱠᱟᱞ ᱥᱮ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱴ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/03/15/stories/2005031514720300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105124428/http://www.hindu.com/2005/03/15/stories/2005031514720300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-11-05|title=P.J. Antony remembered|date=2005-03-15|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2009-09-23|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱗᱔ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱯᱷᱤᱪᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱞᱟᱥᱤᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news|title=Screenplays for ever|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/screenplays-for-ever/article6449094.ece|agency=[[The Hindu]]|date=26 September 2014|access-date=17 February 2015|archive-date=20 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220071645/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/screenplays-for-ever/article6449094.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱢ. ᱴᱤ. ᱵᱟᱥᱩᱫᱮᱵᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱳ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ''ᱯᱟᱞᱞᱤᱵᱷᱟᱞᱩᱢ ᱠᱟᱞᱪᱤᱞᱟᱢᱵᱩᱢ'' ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0">{{cite news |last=Vijayakumar |first=B. |date=2011-09-25 |title=Nirmalyam 1973 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article2482063.ece |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India |access-date=6 October 2012 |archive-date=18 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718034614/http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article2482063.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱢ. ᱴᱤ. ᱵᱟᱥᱩᱫᱮᱵᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱵᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱚᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱯᱟᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱵᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱢᱤᱛᱨᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱴ ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱠᱥᱮᱥ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱢ. ᱴᱤ. ᱵᱟᱥᱩᱫᱮᱵᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱳ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ "ᱯᱟᱞᱞᱤᱵᱷᱟᱞᱩᱢ ᱠᱟᱞᱪᱤᱞᱟᱢᱵᱩᱢ" ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ== ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱲᱦᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱤ. ᱡᱮ. ᱟᱱᱴᱳᱱᱤ (ᱵᱷᱮᱞᱤᱪᱟᱯᱯᱟᱰᱩ ᱥᱮ ᱳᱨᱟᱠᱟᱞ) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱧᱮᱞ-ᱥᱟᱢᱴᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱮᱞᱤᱪᱟᱯᱯᱟᱰᱩ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱦᱩ, ᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱟᱱᱤ, ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ, ᱟᱯᱯᱩ, ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱛᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱪᱟᱵᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱮᱞᱤᱪᱟᱯᱯᱟᱰᱩ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱮᱨᱟ, ᱟᱢᱢᱤᱱᱤ, ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱩᱡᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱟ ᱫᱳᱠᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱯᱩᱡᱟᱹᱨᱤ, ᱵᱽᱨᱚᱦᱢᱚᱫᱟᱛᱛᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱢᱵᱳᱛᱷᱤᱨᱤ, ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ-ᱥᱟᱢᱴᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱟᱸᱥᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱢᱤᱥᱮᱨᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱞᱤᱪᱟᱯᱯᱟᱰᱩ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱮᱨᱟ ᱟᱢᱢᱤᱱᱤ ᱮ ᱮᱲᱮᱭᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱛᱩᱭ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱵᱷᱮᱞᱤᱪᱟᱯᱯᱟᱰᱩ ᱠᱚᱭᱚᱜ ᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱤᱱ, ᱩᱱᱤᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ, ᱟᱯᱯᱩ, ᱥᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱛᱟᱨᱣᱟᱲᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱷᱚᱠ ᱫᱳᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱨᱤᱠᱟᱹᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱞᱤᱪᱟᱯᱯᱟᱰᱩ ᱱᱚᱣᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱟᱯᱯᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱥᱟᱹᱨᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱢᱚᱞᱯᱚᱠᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱮᱦᱚᱵᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱦᱩ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱥᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ, ᱵᱷᱮᱞᱤᱪᱟᱯᱯᱟᱰᱩ ᱧᱮᱞᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱹᱦᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱡᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱮᱠᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱨᱤ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱜᱤᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱳᱨᱟᱠᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱛᱟᱨᱣᱟᱲᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱞᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱫᱟᱞᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ==ᱯᱟᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱠᱚ== * ᱯᱤ. ᱡᱮ. ᱟᱱᱴᱳᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱞᱤᱪᱟᱯᱯᱟᱰ (ᱳᱨᱟᱠᱟᱞ) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ * ᱥᱩᱢᱤᱛᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱞᱤᱪᱟᱯᱯᱟᱰ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱮᱨᱟ ᱟᱢᱢᱤᱱᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ * ᱨᱚᱵᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱽᱨᱚᱦᱢᱚᱫᱟᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱢᱵᱳᱛᱷᱤᱨᱤ, ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱩᱡᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ * ᱠᱟᱵᱷᱤᱭᱩᱨ ᱯᱳᱱᱱᱟᱢᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱞᱤᱪᱟᱯᱯᱟᱰ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱦᱩ ᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱟᱱᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ * ᱥᱩᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱞᱤᱪᱟᱯᱯᱟᱰ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱟᱯᱯᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ * ᱠᱩᱱᱡᱟᱱᱰᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱡᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ * ᱥᱚᱝᱠᱚᱨᱟᱰᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱵᱷᱩᱱᱱᱤ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ * ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ * ᱠᱳᱴᱴᱟᱨᱟᱠᱠᱟᱨᱟ ᱥᱨᱤᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱛᱷᱟᱢᱵᱩᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ * ᱮᱢ. ᱮᱥ. ᱱᱟᱢᱵᱳᱛᱷᱤᱨᱤ * ᱮᱥ. ᱯᱤ. ᱯᱤᱞᱞᱟᱭ ==ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ== === ᱠᱟᱥᱴᱤᱝ (Casting) === ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱠᱟᱥᱴᱤᱝ ᱫᱚ "ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱞᱦᱟ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ" ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱥᱚᱝᱠᱚᱨᱟᱰᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱨᱤᱣ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱞᱤᱪᱟᱯᱯᱟᱰ ᱨᱳᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱠᱨᱤᱣ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱳᱡᱟᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱨᱳᱫᱷ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱳᱞ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱤᱞᱟᱹᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟᱭᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ "ᱯᱟᱛᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱢᱡᱳᱨ" ᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱡ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱯᱤ. ᱡᱮ. ᱟᱱᱴᱳᱱᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱨᱳᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱥᱚᱞᱦᱟ ᱟᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱯᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>[http://www.janayugomonline.com/php/newsDetails.php?nid=1005104 "ശങ്കരാടി,നാട്യങ്ങളില്ലാത്ത നടന്‍"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424054549/http://www.janayugomonline.com/php/newsDetails.php?nid=1005104 |date=24 April 2012 }}. ''Janayugom''. Retrieved 2012-01-04.</ref> ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱧᱟᱯᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱱᱴᱳᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱳᱞ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱷᱤᱭᱮᱴᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱱᱴᱳᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱤᱴᱷᱤᱭ ᱠᱩᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱨᱳᱞ ᱮ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GOpJstoIPoE |title=അൻപതിലും വാടാത്ത 'നിർമാല്യം': പച്ചമനുഷ്യന്റെ നിസ്സഹായതകളുടെ നേർച്ചിത്രം{{!}}50 years of Nirmalyam Movie |language=en |access-date=2024-04-07 |via=www.youtube.com |archive-date=7 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407203316/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GOpJstoIPoE |url-status=live }}</ref> ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱤ. ᱡᱮ. ᱟᱱᱴᱳᱱᱤ ᱞᱳᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱷᱮᱞᱤᱪᱟᱯᱯᱟᱰ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱱᱮᱦᱚᱸᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱨᱩ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱤᱱᱟᱭ ᱮᱢᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱲᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱨᱟᱭ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱢᱟᱴᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱢᱚᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱵᱟᱵᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱽᱞᱚᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, "ᱩᱱᱤ [ᱟᱱᱴᱳᱱᱤ] ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱠᱨᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱞᱤᱪᱟᱯᱯᱟᱰ ᱮ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱫᱟᱭ ᱾"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Babu |first=Ramachandra' |date=2013-07-28 |title=Ramachandra Babu: NIRMALYAM - A Land Mark in Malayalam Cinema |url=http://ramachandrababu.blogspot.com/2013/07/nirmalyam-land-mark-in-malayalam-cinema.html |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=Ramachandra Babu |archive-date=7 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407203317/http://ramachandrababu.blogspot.com/2013/07/nirmalyam-land-mark-in-malayalam-cinema.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ᱨᱟᱢᱚᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱵᱟᱵᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱑᱙᱗᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱢ. ᱴᱤ. ᱵᱟᱥᱩᱫᱮᱵᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱯᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱯᱩᱱᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱤᱭᱩᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱠᱨᱤᱱᱯᱞᱮ ᱠᱞᱟᱥ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱤᱡᱤᱴᱤᱝ ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱢᱟᱫᱽᱨᱟᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱯᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ''ᱱᱤᱨᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱢ'' ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ, ᱵᱟᱵᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱠᱮᱱ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱜᱮᱭ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱢᱟᱴᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ "ᱦᱟᱦᱟᱲᱟ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾" ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱥᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ "ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱴᱷᱤᱠ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱷᱩᱞ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱾"<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Babu |first=Ramachandra' |date=2010-06-11 |title=Ramachandra Babu: NIRMALYAM - Nostalgia |url=http://ramachandrababu.blogspot.com/2010/06/nirmalyam-nostalgia.html |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=Ramachandra Babu |archive-date=7 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407203316/http://ramachandrababu.blogspot.com/2010/06/nirmalyam-nostalgia.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱢ. ᱴᱤ. ᱵᱟᱥᱩᱫᱮᱵᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱢᱤᱛᱨᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨᱠᱳᱭᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱥᱠᱚᱴ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱪᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ, ᱥᱩᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱴ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱚᱯᱷᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱵᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱚᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱯᱟᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱵᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱚᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱴ ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱠᱥᱮᱥ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱟᱢᱚᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱵᱟᱵᱩ, ᱮᱢ. ᱟᱡᱟᱫᱽ (ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱥᱳᱥᱤᱭᱮᱴ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ) ᱟᱨ ᱨᱚᱵᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱱᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱤᱭᱩᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱪ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":1" /> === ᱥᱩᱴᱤᱝ === {{Quote box | quote = ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱣᱜᱮ ᱥᱤᱱ (scenes) ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱲ ᱥᱤᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱴ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱴ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱫᱚᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱜ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱩᱴᱤᱝ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱞᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ | source = ᱢᱩᱠᱠᱳᱞᱟ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱢᱚᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱵᱟᱵᱩ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱾{{citation needed|date=May 2024}} | align = right | width = 40% | sstyle = text-align:right }} ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱥᱩᱴᱤᱝ ᱞᱳᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱰᱟᱯᱯᱟᱞ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱢᱩᱠᱠᱳᱞᱟ (ᱢᱩᱠᱩᱛᱷᱟᱞᱟ) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱢ. ᱴᱤ. ᱵᱟᱥᱩᱫᱮᱵᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱱᱳᱵᱷᱮᱞ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢᱥ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> ᱠᱨᱤᱣ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱞᱚᱡᱽ (lodges) ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":1" /> ᱟᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱥᱩᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱟᱢᱟ, ᱮᱰᱟᱯᱯᱟᱞ ᱠᱩᱴᱴᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱵᱷᱤᱭᱩᱨ ᱯᱳᱱᱱᱟᱢᱢᱟ, ᱥᱩᱢᱤᱛᱨᱟ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱡᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱮᱲᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟᱭ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱠᱨᱤᱣ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱮᱰᱟᱯᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱢᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱱᱴᱳᱱᱤ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱠᱨᱤᱣ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":1" /> ᱥᱩᱴᱤᱝ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱨᱤᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱡᱽᱞᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name=":1" /> ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱵᱤᱡᱽᱞᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱨᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ KSEB ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰᱚᱜ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name=":1" /> ᱵᱤᱡᱽᱞᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱞᱳᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱓ ᱯᱷᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱟᱱᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱡᱽᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱠᱮᱱ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱞᱳᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱵᱤᱡᱽᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱞᱤᱪᱟᱯᱯᱟᱰ ᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱞᱳᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name=":2">Ramachandra Babu. [http://www.ramachandrababu.blogspot.com/search?updated-max=2010-09-09T18:58:00%2B05:30&max-results=7 ''Nirmalyam''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115195118/http://ramachandrababu.blogspot.com/search?updated-max=2010-09-09T18:58:00%2B05:30&max-results=7 |date=15 November 2022 }}. ''Nostalgia''. Retrieved 13 January 2012.</ref> ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱡᱽᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱵᱷᱳᱞᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ (ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱑᱒᱐-᱑᱕᱐ ᱵᱷᱳᱞᱴ) ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱥᱩᱴᱤᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱙ ᱵᱟᱡᱮ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱬᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱤᱫᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name=":2" /> ᱩᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱵᱤᱡᱽᱞᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱳᱰ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱳᱞᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱒᱐᱐ ᱵᱷᱳᱞᱴ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name=":2" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱛᱮ, ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱥᱩᱴᱤᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱴᱤᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱨᱤᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱤᱯᱷᱞᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱠᱟᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱢᱟᱫᱽᱨᱟᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ-ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱴ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":2" /> {{Quote box | quote = ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱞᱳᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ, ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱯᱩᱡᱟᱹ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱨᱤᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱡᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ, ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱯᱤ.ᱡᱮ ᱟᱱᱴᱳᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱢ.ᱴᱤ. ᱫᱚ ᱠᱞᱟᱭᱢᱮᱠᱥ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱤ. ᱡᱮ. ᱟᱱᱴᱳᱱᱤ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱰᱭᱩᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱵᱤᱨᱳᱫᱷ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱾ | source = ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱴᱤᱝ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱢᱚᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱵᱟᱵᱩ{{citation needed|date=May 2024}} | align = left | width = 40% | sstyle = text-align:right }} ᱥᱩᱴᱤᱝ ᱥᱤᱰᱭᱩᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱮᱢ.ᱴᱤ. ᱵᱟᱥᱩᱫᱮᱵᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱪᱟᱵᱟ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱨᱤᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱞᱟᱭᱢᱮᱠᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱩᱴᱤᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱳᱨᱟᱱᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮ ᱠᱩᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱮ. ᱵᱷᱤᱱᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱩᱴᱤᱝ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱤᱱᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱦᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱩᱴ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱮ ᱠᱩᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱨᱤᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱸᱴ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱹᱬ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name=":1" /> ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱥᱩᱴᱤᱝ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱹᱬ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱦᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱴᱟᱠᱟᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱽ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱦᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":2" /> ᱥᱨᱤᱠᱳᱵᱷᱤᱞ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱥᱤᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱥᱤᱰᱭᱩᱞ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> ᱠᱨᱤᱣ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱠᱟᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱨᱤᱠᱳᱵᱷᱤᱞ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱴᱤᱝ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱯᱩᱡᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱠᱨᱤᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱵᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name=":2" /> ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱞᱳᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, ᱠᱨᱤᱣ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱫᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱷᱤᱨᱩᱢᱤᱴᱴᱟᱠᱳᱰ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱥᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱷᱚᱝᱜᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱡᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":2" /> == ᱥᱟᱣᱩᱱᱰᱴᱨᱮᱠ (Soundtrack) == ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱮ. ᱨᱟᱜᱷᱚᱵᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱣᱟᱛᱷᱤ ᱛᱷᱤᱨᱩᱱᱟᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱰᱟᱥᱥᱮᱨᱤ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=https://malayalasangeetham.info/mmdb/4736.html|title=Nirmalyam [1973]|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info|access-date=2009-10-20|archive-date=26 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100926113403/http://www.malayalasangeetham.info/mmdb/4736.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ᱵᱮᱠᱜᱽᱨᱟᱣᱩᱱᱰ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱢ. ᱵᱤ. ᱥᱨᱤᱱᱤᱵᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ {| class="wikitable" border="1" ! ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ !! ᱯᱞᱮᱵᱮᱠ (Playback) ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ !! ᱚᱞ !! ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ |- | "ᱯᱟᱱᱤᱢᱟᱛᱷᱤᱢᱩᱠᱷᱤ ᱵᱟᱞ.." | [[ᱠᱮ. ᱯᱤ. ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱦᱢᱟᱱᱟᱱᱫᱟᱱ]], ᱥᱩᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨᱤ ᱱᱟᱨᱮᱱᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱚᱱ | [[ᱥᱣᱟᱛᱷᱤ ᱛᱷᱤᱨᱩᱱᱟᱞ]] | |- | "ᱛᱷᱤᱱᱛᱷᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱛᱷᱟᱨᱳ.." | ᱥᱩᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨᱤ ᱱᱟᱨᱮᱱᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱚᱱ, ᱯᱟᱫᱽᱢᱤᱱᱤ | [[ᱮᱰᱟᱥᱥᱮᱨᱤ]] | |- | "ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢᱟᱭ.." | ᱠᱮ. ᱯᱤ. ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱦᱢᱟᱱᱟᱱᱫᱟᱱ, ᱮᱞ. ᱟᱨ. ᱟᱱᱡᱟᱞᱤ | ᱮᱰᱟᱥᱥᱮᱨᱤ | |- | "ᱥᱨᱤᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱮᱵᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱷᱟᱱᱛᱮ.." | ᱠᱮ. ᱯᱤ. ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱦᱢᱟᱱᱟᱱᱫᱟᱱ, ᱯᱟᱫᱽᱢᱤᱱᱤ | ᱮᱰᱟᱥᱥᱮᱨᱤ | |} ==ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ== * ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱯᱷᱤᱪᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ * ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ - ᱯᱤ. ᱡᱮ. ᱟᱱᱴᱳᱱᱤ * ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ * ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ - ᱯᱤ. ᱡᱮ. ᱟᱱᱴᱳᱱᱤ * ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱮᱰᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ * ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱥᱠᱨᱤᱱᱯᱞᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== * {{IMDb title|0070449|Nirmalyam}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱗᱓ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱗᱓ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ-ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱗᱓ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ-ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱴ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱮᱢ. ᱴᱤ. ᱵᱟᱥᱩᱫᱮᱵᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱠᱨᱤᱱᱯᱞᱮ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱯᱷᱤᱪᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱴᱤᱝ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱳᱡᱷᱤᱠᱳᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱴᱤᱝ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱮᱢ. ᱴᱤ. ᱵᱟᱥᱩᱫᱮᱵᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚ]] s8otoqmyn1da06xi37huf8jyahtq8qo 0 37732 196728 2026-08-13T09:06:43Z ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ 5347 "{{Infobox film | name = ᱪᱤᱫᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨᱚᱢ | image = Chidambaram film.jpg | caption = ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱚᱥᱚᱱᱟᱞ ᱯᱳᱥᱴᱟᱨ | director = [[ᱡᱤ. ᱚᱨᱚᱵᱤᱱᱫᱚᱱ]] | producer = ᱡᱤ. ᱚᱨᱚᱵᱤᱱᱫᱚᱱ | screenplay = ᱡᱤ. ᱚᱨᱚᱵᱤᱱᱫᱚᱱ | story = [[ᱥᱤ. ᱵᱷᱤ. ᱥᱨᱤᱨᱚᱢᱚᱱ]] | narrator =..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 196728 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | name = ᱪᱤᱫᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨᱚᱢ | image = Chidambaram film.jpg | caption = ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱚᱥᱚᱱᱟᱞ ᱯᱳᱥᱴᱟᱨ | director = [[ᱡᱤ. ᱚᱨᱚᱵᱤᱱᱫᱚᱱ]] | producer = ᱡᱤ. ᱚᱨᱚᱵᱤᱱᱫᱚᱱ | screenplay = ᱡᱤ. ᱚᱨᱚᱵᱤᱱᱫᱚᱱ | story = [[ᱥᱤ. ᱵᱷᱤ. ᱥᱨᱤᱨᱚᱢᱚᱱ]] | narrator = | starring = [[ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱜᱳᱯᱤ]]<br />[[ᱥᱢᱤᱛᱟ ᱯᱟᱴᱤᱞ]]<br />[[ᱥᱨᱤᱱᱤᱵᱟᱥᱚᱱ]]<br />ᱢᱳᱦᱚᱱ ᱫᱟᱥ | music = ᱡᱤ. ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱚᱱ | cinematography = [[ᱥᱟᱡᱤ ᱮᱱ. ᱠᱚᱨᱩᱱ]] | editing = | studio = ᱥᱩᱨᱭᱚᱠᱟᱱᱛᱤ | distributor = ᱥᱟᱡᱽ ᱢᱩᱵᱷᱤᱡᱽ | released = {{Film date|1985|3|8|df=y}} | runtime = ᱑᱐᱐ ᱴᱤᱯᱤᱡ | country = ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ | language = ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ | budget = | gross = }} '''''ᱪᱤᱫᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨᱚᱢ''''' ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱘᱕ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤ. ᱚᱨᱚᱵᱤᱱᱫᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱚᱞ, ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱰᱭᱩᱥ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤ. ᱵᱷᱤ. ᱥᱨᱤᱨᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="G.Aravindan: Chidambaram">{{cite web |url=http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net/chidambaram.html |title=G.Aravindan: Chidambaram |publisher=Cinemaofmalayalam.net |accessdate=2010-09-21 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101211102423/http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net/chidambaram.html |archivedate=11 December 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=1892|title=Chidambaram|accessdate=2014-10-22|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?2651|title=Chidambaram|accessdate=2014-10-22|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022211840/http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?2651|archivedate=22 October 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/chidambaram-malayalam-movie/|title=Chidambaram|accessdate=2014-10-22|publisher=spicyonion.com|url-status=usurped|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022221036/http://spicyonion.com/title/chidambaram-malayalam-movie/|archivedate=22 October 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱜᱚᱲᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱜᱽ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱟᱭᱚᱥᱪᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱜᱳᱯᱤ, [[ᱥᱢᱤᱛᱟ ᱯᱟᱴᱤᱞ]], ᱥᱨᱤᱱᱤᱵᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱳᱦᱚᱱ ᱫᱟᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱨᱳᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱯᱷᱤᱪᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ == ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱜᱷᱟᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞᱱᱟᱰᱩ]] ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱢ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱᱰᱤ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱢ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟᱭ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱥᱩᱯᱚᱨᱤᱱᱴᱮᱱᱰᱮᱱᱴ ᱥᱚᱝᱠᱚᱨᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱚᱝᱠᱚᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱨᱮᱵᱮᱱ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱮᱫ ᱥᱩᱯᱚᱨᱵᱷᱟᱭᱡᱚᱨ ᱡᱮᱠᱚᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱢᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱᱰᱤ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱥᱟᱹᱛᱚᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲᱚᱜ ᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱚᱝᱠᱚᱨᱚᱱ ᱢᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱᱰᱤ ᱟᱡ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱧᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱱᱮᱣᱛᱟᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱮᱠᱚᱵᱽ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱱᱮᱣᱛᱟᱭᱟ; ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱠᱚᱵᱽ ᱢᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱢᱤᱫ "ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ" ᱥᱟᱶ ᱧᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱯᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱᱰᱤ ᱥᱚᱝᱠᱚᱨᱚᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱟᱭᱚᱥᱪᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱚᱝᱠᱚᱨᱚᱱ ᱢᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱡᱤᱯ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱢ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱵᱽᱠᱟᱢᱤ, ᱢᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱᱰᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱵᱟᱹᱦᱩ, ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱮᱥ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤᱭ ᱦᱟᱦᱟᱲᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱢ ᱫᱟᱬᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱢᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱᱰᱤ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱵᱽᱠᱟᱢᱤ ᱮ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱭᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱞᱚᱭ ᱫᱟᱬᱟᱱ ᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱴᱷᱤ ᱚᱞ ᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱱᱵᱷᱮᱞᱚᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱴᱷᱤᱠᱟᱹᱱᱟ ᱚᱞ ᱚᱪᱚᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱝᱠᱚᱨᱚᱱ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱮ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱚᱝᱠᱚᱨᱚᱱ ᱥᱤᱵᱽᱠᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱱᱮᱰᱩᱢᱩᱰᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱱᱚᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱢ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱚᱝᱠᱚᱨᱚᱱ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱤᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱮᱠᱚᱵᱽ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱠᱚᱵᱽ ᱥᱤᱵᱽᱠᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱟᱯ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱝᱠᱚᱨᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱨᱟᱹᱜᱤᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱠᱚᱵᱽ ᱫᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱨᱤᱠᱟᱹᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱸᱥ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ, ᱡᱮᱠᱚᱵᱽ ᱥᱤᱵᱽᱠᱟᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱥᱴᱮᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱮᱢᱟᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱰᱤᱭᱩᱴᱤ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ, ᱢᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱᱰᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱴ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱚᱴᱚᱨᱵᱟᱭᱤᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱰᱮ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱵᱽᱠᱟᱢᱤ ᱡᱮᱠᱚᱵᱽ ᱥᱟᱶᱮ ᱫᱷᱚᱠᱟ ᱮᱢᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱸᱫᱮᱦ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱮ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱝᱠᱚᱨᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱷᱚᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱥᱤᱵᱽᱠᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱫᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱜᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱜᱚᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱚᱝᱠᱚᱨᱚᱱ ᱮᱥᱴᱮᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱧᱤᱨ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱜᱟᱛᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱠᱤᱱ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱧᱩᱭᱤᱡ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱤᱱᱴᱤᱝ ᱯᱨᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭ ᱧᱟᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱧᱩ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱤᱵᱷᱚᱨ ᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱟᱯ ᱛᱟᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱰᱟᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱥᱚᱞᱦᱟ ᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱠᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱠᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱰᱟᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱛᱤᱨᱛᱷᱚ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ [[ᱪᱤᱫᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨᱚᱢ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱤᱞᱞᱟᱭ ᱱᱟᱴᱟᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱚᱝᱠᱚᱨᱚᱱ ᱥᱤᱵᱽᱠᱟᱢᱤ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱫᱦᱟᱸ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟᱣᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱯᱟᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱠᱚ == *ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱜᱳᱯᱤ - ᱥᱚᱝᱠᱚᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ *ᱥᱨᱤᱱᱤᱵᱟᱥᱚᱱ - ᱢᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱᱰᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ *[[ᱥᱢᱤᱛᱟ ᱯᱟᱴᱤᱞ]] - ᱥᱤᱵᱽᱠᱟᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ (ᱫᱩᱨᱜᱟ ᱥᱩᱱᱫᱚᱨᱨᱟᱡᱚᱱ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ) *ᱤᱱᱱᱚᱥᱮᱱᱴ - ᱟᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ *ᱱᱮᱰᱩᱢᱩᱰᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱩ - ᱟᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ *ᱢᱩᱨᱟᱞᱤ - ᱪᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ *ᱰᱨ. ᱢᱳᱦᱚᱱᱫᱟᱥ - ᱡᱮᱠᱚᱵᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ *ᱡᱮᱢᱥ - ᱡᱚᱱᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ == ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ == ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤ. ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;" ! ᱮᱞ !! ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ !! ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧᱤᱭᱟᱹ !! ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ !! ᱚᱠᱛᱚ (ᱢᱤᱱᱤᱴ:ᱥᱮᱠᱮᱱᱰ) |- | ᱑ || ᱟᱴᱴᱤᱞᱮᱯᱳᱠᱩᱢ ᱛᱷᱟᱱᱱᱤ || ᱥᱤᱨᱠᱟᱡᱷᱤ ᱥᱤᱵᱽᱪᱤᱫᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨᱚᱢ || || |- | ᱒ || ᱟᱱᱤᱛᱷᱤᱱᱩᱫᱟᱭ (ᱵᱤᱴ) || || ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ || |- | ᱓ || ᱢᱟᱨᱜᱷᱟᱡᱷᱤ (ᱵᱤᱴ) || || ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ || |- | ᱔ || ᱛᱷᱟᱞᱤᱨ || [[ᱯᱤ. ᱢᱟᱫᱷᱩᱨᱤ]] || ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ || |- | ᱕ || ᱛᱷᱚᱱᱰᱟ ᱨᱟᱱᱰᱩᱢ || [[ᱯᱤ. ᱢᱟᱫᱷᱩᱨᱤ]] || || |- | ᱖ || ᱩᱱᱱᱟᱢᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱩᱢᱟᱭᱟᱞᱳᱰᱩᱢ || [[ᱯᱤ. ᱢᱟᱫᱷᱩᱨᱤ]] || || |} == ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ == ᱚᱨᱚᱵᱤᱱᱫᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤ. ᱵᱷᱤ. ᱥᱨᱤᱨᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱭᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱯᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱨᱚᱰᱭᱩᱥᱚᱨ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱨᱤᱠᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱟᱡ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱯᱨᱚᱰᱭᱩᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱵᱚᱡᱮᱴ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱩᱴᱤᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[ᱤᱰᱩᱠᱠᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱱᱱᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱢᱟᱴᱴᱩᱯᱮᱴᱴᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Interview: Aravindan">{{cite web |url=http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net/aravindan_df8.html |title=Interview: Aravindan |publisher=Cinemaofmalayalam.net |accessdate=2010-09-21 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101211102358/http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net/aravindan_df8.html |archivedate=11 December 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> === ᱠᱟᱥᱴᱤᱝ === ᱚᱨᱚᱵᱤᱱᱫᱚᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ, ᱪᱤᱫᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ [[ᱥᱢᱤᱛᱟ ᱯᱟᱴᱤᱞ]], ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱨᱚᱵᱤᱱᱫᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱳᱯᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱸᱥ ᱮ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱨᱚᱵᱤᱱᱫᱚᱱ ᱟᱡ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱮ ᱯᱨᱚᱰᱭᱩᱥᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱟᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱨᱚᱵᱤᱱᱫᱚᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, "ᱥᱢᱤᱛᱟ ᱯᱟᱴᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱤᱧᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱸᱥ ᱮ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱳᱯᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱨᱮᱵᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱧᱟᱜ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱰᱚᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱟᱨᱴᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱤᱧ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱸᱥ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱧ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾"<ref name="Interview: Aravindan"/> == ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ == ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ-ᱠᱩᱲᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱤᱵᱽᱠᱟᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱᱰᱤ ᱮ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲᱮᱭᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱪᱚᱨᱚᱠ ᱥᱚᱝᱠᱚᱨᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱨᱥᱤᱛᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱚᱝᱠᱚᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱵᱽᱠᱟᱢᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱥ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱨᱚᱵᱤᱱᱫᱚᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, "ᱥᱤᱵᱽᱠᱟᱢᱤ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱥᱚᱝᱠᱚᱨᱚᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱤᱱᱯᱷᱮᱪᱩᱭᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱞᱮ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱯᱨᱟᱢ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾"<ref name="Interview: Aravindan"/> ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱝᱠᱚᱨᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱧᱤᱨ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱠᱟᱹ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱟᱭᱚᱥᱪᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ-ᱯᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱫᱽᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ ᱪᱟᱵᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱚ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱝᱠᱚᱨᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱢᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱᱰᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱵᱽᱠᱟᱢᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱞᱜᱟ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[ᱪᱤᱫᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨᱚᱢ]] ᱫᱚ [[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞᱱᱟᱰᱩ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱚᱝᱠᱚᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱷᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱫᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱵᱽᱠᱟᱢᱤ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱤᱫᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱡᱮᱱᱰ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱠᱟᱞᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱵᱮᱲᱦᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱤᱫᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱤᱞᱞᱟᱭ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱠᱟᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱟᱜ ᱟᱱᱟᱱᱫᱟ ᱛᱟᱱᱰᱟᱵᱷᱟ (ᱟᱱᱟᱱᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱴᱟᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ) ᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱪᱮᱞᱮᱧᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱵᱽ, ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱪᱟᱵᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱨᱮᱵᱮᱱ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱷᱤᱞᱞᱟᱭ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟᱭ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱨᱫᱷᱵᱷᱚ ᱛᱟᱱᱰᱟᱵᱷᱟ (ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱫ) ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱤ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.davidgodman.org/asaints/gurunam1.shtml |title=Guru Namasivaya |publisher=Davidgodman.org |date=1945-12-06 |accessdate=2010-09-21}}</ref> ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱡᱮᱱᱰ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱫᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟᱭ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="G.Aravindan: Chidambaram"/> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ, ᱠᱟᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚᱥ ᱮ ᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱚᱝᱠᱚᱨᱚᱱ, ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱵᱽᱠᱟᱢᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱮ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲᱮᱭᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱫᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱦᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱞᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱝᱠᱚᱨᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱵᱽᱠᱟᱢᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱠᱜᱽᱨᱟᱣᱩᱱᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱭᱵᱷᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱳᱯᱟᱞᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱨᱤᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ "ᱢᱟᱨᱜᱟᱡᱷᱤ ᱢᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ ᱛᱷᱤᱨᱩᱵᱷᱟᱛᱷᱤᱨᱟᱭ ᱱᱟᱞ" ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱨᱳᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ, "ᱵᱷᱟᱡᱷᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱭᱛᱷᱤᱨᱤᱠᱠᱩᱫᱩ" ᱴᱳᱰᱤ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱨ "ᱥᱤᱵᱟᱞᱳᱜᱟᱱᱟᱛᱷᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱱᱰᱩ" ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱷᱟᱜᱳᱣᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱨ ᱛᱷᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ "ᱛᱷᱚᱱᱰᱟᱨ ᱟᱱᱡᱩ ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱨᱩᱢ ᱟᱰᱟᱠᱠᱤ" (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱨᱱᱟᱛᱷ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ) ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱧᱮᱧᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱭ == ''ᱪᱤᱫᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨᱚᱢ'' ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱤᱞᱤᱡᱽ ᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱨᱤᱴᱤᱠ ᱵᱤᱠᱨᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱝ ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, "''ᱪᱤᱫᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨᱚᱢ'' ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱥᱚᱸᱫᱮᱦ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱨᱚᱵᱤᱱᱫᱚᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱵᱷᱤᱡᱩᱣᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱹᱬ ᱫᱚ ''ᱯᱳᱠᱠᱩᱵᱷᱮᱭᱤᱞ'' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱫᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣᱜ ᱩᱠᱩ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱮᱥᱛᱷᱮᱯᱯᱟᱱ'' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱟᱹᱣ ᱥᱟᱺᱦᱤᱡ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ''ᱪᱤᱫᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨᱚᱢ'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲ, ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ, ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱦᱤᱨ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chidambaram (1986) film featuring Bharat Gopy |url=https://bharatgopy.com/filmography/chidambaram-1986/ |access-date=2023-01-19 |website=Bharat Gopy |language=en-US}}</ref> ᱤᱠᱵᱟᱞ ᱢᱟᱥᱩᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱚᱵᱤᱱᱫᱽᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱨᱤᱴᱤᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ''ᱪᱤᱫᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨᱚᱢ'', ᱚᱨᱚᱵᱤᱱᱫᱚᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱨᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱠᱥᱮᱥ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ "ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ" ᱟᱨ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱢᱟ ᱟᱨᱴᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱥᱴᱤᱝ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Interview: Aravindan" /> ᱮᱱᱦᱚᱸ, ᱚᱨᱚᱵᱤᱱᱫᱚᱱ ᱟᱡ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱥᱮᱥ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱦᱟᱦᱟᱲᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱣᱜᱮ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱮ ᱠᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱮ, "ᱤᱧ ᱵᱟᱹᱧ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱩᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱧᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾"<ref name="Interview: Aravindan" /> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == * {{IMDb title|id=0088907|title=Chidambaram}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱘᱕ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱘᱕ ᱰᱨᱟᱢᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱘᱕ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ-ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱤ. ᱚᱨᱚᱵᱤᱱᱫᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱯᱷᱤᱪᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱰᱨᱟᱢᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚ]] fxwlvftfzj93xofgy6mvzhxmo761p21