ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ satwiki https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%AC%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%9B_%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%9F MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.19 first-letter ᱢᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱨᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱫ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱢᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱣᱤᱠᱤ ᱢᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱣᱤᱠᱤ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱜᱚᱸᱲᱚᱸ ᱜᱚᱸᱲᱚᱸ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ TimedText TimedText talk ᱢᱳᱰᱩᱞ ᱢᱳᱰᱩᱞ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ Event Event talk 0 9167 197822 188114 2026-09-14T12:26:40Z ᱯᱨᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱦᱮᱢᱵᱨᱚᱢ 8509 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 197822 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = ᱚᱢᱤᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱦ | image = File:Ameera_Shah.jpg | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1979|9|24|df=y}} | birth_place = [[ᱢᱩᱢᱵᱟᱭ]] [[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] | residence = [[ᱢᱩᱢᱵᱟᱭ]] | nationality = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ]] | alma_mater = ᱚᱥᱴᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱠᱥᱟᱥ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟ.ᱜᱟᱲ | occupation = ᱢ. ᱰ. , [[:en:Metropolis Lab|Metropolis Healthcare]] | website = [http://www.metropolisindia.com/about-metropolis/management-team/ms-ameera-shah-promoter-managing-director-metropolis-healthcare-ltd/ Ameera Shah - Metropolis Healthcare] }} '''ᱚᱢᱤᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱦ''' (ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱒᱔ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱗᱙) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱴᱨᱚᱯᱚᱞᱤᱥ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷᱠᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱱᱮᱡᱤᱝ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱢᱵᱟᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱞᱴᱤᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱗ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱴᱨᱚᱯᱚᱞᱤᱥ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷᱠᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮᱛ ᱰᱨ. ᱥᱩᱥᱤᱞ ᱥᱟᱦ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱣᱟᱨᱞᱰ ᱮᱠᱚᱱᱚᱢᱤᱠ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱢ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱭᱚᱝ ᱜᱞᱳᱵᱟᱞ ᱞᱤᱰᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫ-ᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news |title=Ameera Shah: The Lifeline Builder |url=https://www.vervemagazine.in/people/ameera-shah-the-lifeline-builder |publisher=Verve (Indian magazine) |date=June 18, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=9 Alumni Named Young Global Leaders |url=https://www.alumni.hbs.edu/stories/Pages/story-bulletin.aspx?num=4545&sf37056440=1 |publisher=Harvard Business School |date=March 1, 2015}}</ref> ==ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ== ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱢᱤᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱦ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱨ. ᱥᱩᱥᱤᱞ ᱥᱟᱦ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱛᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤᱥᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱨ. ᱰᱩᱨᱩ ᱥᱟᱦ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱭᱱᱟᱠᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤᱥᱴ ᱢᱩᱢᱵᱟᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱟᱠᱛᱚᱨ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱟᱡ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱟᱯᱚᱨᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱦ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱴᱤᱠᱥᱴ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱦᱤ. ᱟᱨ. ᱨᱮ ᱡᱩᱱᱤᱭᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱨᱥ ᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱢᱟᱨᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱠᱚᱱᱚᱢᱤᱠᱥ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱥᱴᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱠᱥᱟᱥ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱱᱟᱱᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱭ ᱫᱚ [[ᱱᱤᱭᱩ ᱭᱚᱨᱠ]] ᱨᱮ ᱜᱳᱞᱰᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱠᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱵᱟᱨᱰ ᱵᱤᱡᱱᱮᱥ ᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱚᱨ-ᱯᱨᱮᱥᱤᱰᱮᱱᱴ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱡᱽᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱯᱨᱚᱜᱨᱟᱢ (Owner-President Management Program) ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱮᱫ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱦ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱰᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ, ᱤᱱᱰᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤ ᱮᱵᱷᱮᱱᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱱᱠᱞᱟᱵᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱭᱩᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱡᱽᱢᱮᱸᱴ ᱚᱦᱢᱚᱫᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ, ᱦᱟᱨᱵᱟᱨᱰ ᱵᱤᱡᱱᱮᱥ ᱥᱠᱩᱞ, ᱴᱮᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤ.ᱟᱭᱤ.ᱟᱭᱤ. ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ==ᱱᱤᱡᱮᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ == ᱚᱢᱤᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱦ ᱒᱐᱑᱐ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{cite news |title=How to have a stress-free wedding |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20101018-how-to-have-a-stressfree-wedding-744357-2010-10-18 |access-date=12 April 2023 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱟᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱢᱚᱱᱛ ᱥᱟᱠᱷᱫᱮᱵᱽ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱤᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱮᱱᱴᱨᱱᱮᱨᱯᱨᱤᱭᱩᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱴᱨᱚᱯᱚᱞᱤᱥ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷᱠᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱱᱚᱱ-ᱮᱠᱡᱤᱠᱩᱴᱤᱵ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱒᱐᱒᱐ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱨᱢᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟ. ᱠᱚᱵᱷᱤᱰ-᱑᱙ ᱯᱟᱱᱰᱮᱢᱤᱠ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ [[ᱫᱩᱵᱟᱭ]] ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news |title=Ameera Shah: The disciplined leader at work |url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com/news/big-story/the-disciplined-leader-at-work-111628425322117.html |access-date=12 April 2023 |work=Mint |date=8 August 2021 |language=en |archive-date=12 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412073018/https://lifestyle.livemint.com/news/big-story/the-disciplined-leader-at-work-111628425322117.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ]] pi6qk70gpyb2efo5pn3i3v1yq0ybpyt 0 13788 197831 129498 2026-09-14T14:57:06Z ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ 5347 197831 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = ᱥᱞᱳᱵᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱹᱯᱱᱟᱹᱛ | native_name = {{native name|sk|Slovenská republika}} | common_name = Slovakia | image_flag = Flag of Slovakia.svg | image_coat = Coat of Arms of Slovakia.svg | image_map = EU-Slovakia.svg | map_caption = {{map caption |location_color=dark green |region=ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯ |region_color=dark grey |subregion= [[ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱚ ᱤᱣᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ]] |subregion_color=green |legend=EU-Slovakia.svg}} | image_map2 = Slovakia in the world (W3).svg | map_caption2 = ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱞᱳᱵᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱶᱠᱟᱹ | national_anthem = "{{lang|sk|[[Nad Tatrou sa blýska]]|italic=no}}"<br/>{{raise|0.1em|({{Lang-en|"Lightning Over the Tatras"}})}}<div style="padding-top:0.5em;">[[File:National anthem of Slovakia, performed by the United States Navy Band.ogg|center]]</div> | official_languages = [[ᱥᱞᱳᱵᱷᱟᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱞᱳᱵᱷᱟᱠ]] | demonym = [[ᱥᱞᱳᱵᱷᱟᱠ ᱦᱚᱲ|ᱥᱞᱳᱵᱷᱟᱠ]] | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list |᱘᱐.᱗% [[ᱥᱞᱳᱵᱷᱟᱠ]] |᱘.᱕% [[:en:Hungarians in Slovakia|ᱦᱟᱝᱜᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ]] |᱒.0% [[:en:Romani people in Slovakia|ᱨᱳᱢᱟ]] ᱑.᱖% ᱮᱴᱟᱜ |᱗.᱒% Unspecified }} | ethnic_groups_year = ᱒᱐᱑᱑<ref>{{cite web |url=https://slovak.statistics.sk/wps/wcm/connect/1f62189f-cc70-454d-9eab-17bdf5e1dc4a/Tab_10_Obyvatelstvo_SR_podla_narodnosti_scitanie_2011_2001_1991.pdf?MOD=AJPERES |title=Tab. 10 Obyvateľstvo SR podľa národnosti – sčítanie 2011, 2001, 1991 |publisher=Portal.statistics.sk |access-date=21 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305121029/https://slovak.statistics.sk/wps/wcm/connect/1f62189f-cc70-454d-9eab-17bdf5e1dc4a/Tab_10_Obyvatelstvo_SR_podla_narodnosti_scitanie_2011_2001_1991.pdf?MOD=AJPERES |archive-date=5 March 2016}}</ref> | capital = [[ᱵᱨᱟᱛᱤᱥᱞᱟᱵᱷᱟ]] | coordinates = {{Coord|48|09|N|17|07|E|type:city}} | largest_city = ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ | government_type = {{nowrap|[[:en:Unitary state|Unitary]] [[:en:Parliamentary system|parliamentary]]}} [[:en:republic|republic]] | leader_title1 = [[ᱥᱞᱳᱵᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ|ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ]] | leader_name1 = [[:en:Zuzana Čaputová|Zuzana Čaputová]] | leader_title2 = [[ᱥᱞᱳᱵᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ|ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ]] | leader_name2 = [[:en:Eduard Heger|Eduard Heger]] | leader_title3 = [[:en:List of speakers of Slovak parliaments|ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱩᱱᱥᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱯᱤᱠᱟᱨ]] | leader_name3 = [[Boris Kollár]] | legislature = [[:en:National Council (Slovakia)|ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱩᱱᱥᱤᱞ]] | area_rank = ᱑᱒᱗ ᱟᱱ | area_km2 = 49,035 <!--http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html--> | area_sq_mi = 18,932 | percent_water = 0.0789 | population_estimate = {{increase}} 5,464,060<ref>{{cite web |url=https://slovak.statistics.sk/wps/portal/ext/themes/demography/population/news/!ut/p/z1/tVRbd6IwEP4rffEREgiX0De0LVrdVqWo8NITISorEMpF6v76DeDprr1g92E9nhOdfDPzzTczAR5YAS8hh3BLipAlJOL_XU97nukj3O9LJsT9hQxH-sNcGs9m1lhSwLIBDCxzqOgTCPHEUuHIHDpzY4YQNBHwvuMPv_iY8Hv-HQCvO_wCeMDzkyItdsBl65zsBJoIYbIRyL7oQf6DZTFX45BQIU8zcjj24CGnxZ6fKlJ1ZaMYgow0IihYVgUjWOuCJGvE0H2iyAapw6d-GACXSqqPJewLVCe-oBBCORpSQUFY2kiBJAdQel8O7E8QHN2P7Yfh4E62HLUp586eyqahWIOb-eMdHD0NZGxPNBm--XcAuvwtrbudjzfKeTs-0uvOzxNcbKfXCXH0E6ArxSWRWkDXzF6amhZgzmYze7JYQGsh8xRIsuCD43BVtAuAJw3cAy9cx2LlxyIUIUR8VrCBFKxBTVMNVC-emawR3gIvoxua0UwsM76Pu6JI8-se7EGaiFW4D1MahERk2bYHP3PasbwAq_dYYNMEuLxX-pfNlHSwPIS0Ak5Sb0AE7H8c5SE8L1LHOkS6jhVZMTQVNSWGP19ePJMvIEsK-sqJ_o8N5Cy2EVu3r1mtXyNfVVViTc5ncQ9GrCjzHswpyfwd8F5Kmh3BKmVpGTUv4bc9I-aTiIJVvj_Ju5hMT4PszBVo6vf9_lS7QY9QawVtUtnldkvzOtFtQtYRDZ7nNAloxmNwSM7KzKeDWqKkeGABPb_1WUpHwUfbmaXMQuC2JAc8Cs2u2xr5VUSOrGzi8n7wslKWFSQS7QZ81aKvptwY0eJqGSYBq5o38w-fr_0-pd8yavO7f2nMjdzQLNfr6TzJ6dbTmu8Fe1wfwI2K7K1MHi2NHceJMTqGYSjs57fz4a8JXQrWYI1_FPiIokPMb8-_1TA2fwM0eHjd/dz/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/ |title= Stock of population in the SR on 30th September 2020 |website=slovak.statistics.sk |date=1 June 2020}}</ref> | population_estimate_rank = 119th | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_census = 5,397,036 | population_census_year = 2011 | population_census_rank = | population_density_km2 = 111 | population_density_sq_mi = 287 | population_density_rank = 88th | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $209.186 billion<ref name="IMFWEOSK">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=83&pr.y=10&sy=2017&ey=2024&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=936&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2019 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |access-date=15 January 2020}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_rank = 68th | GDP_PPP_year = 2020 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $38,321<ref name="IMFWEOSK"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 37th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $111.874 billion<ref name="IMFWEOSK"/> | GDP_nominal_rank = 60th | GDP_nominal_year = 2020 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $20,495<ref name="IMFWEOSK"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 40th | sovereignty_type = [[:en:Czechoslovak declaration of independence|ᱪᱮᱠᱳᱥᱞᱳᱵᱷᱟᱠ ᱯᱷᱩᱱᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ]] | established_event1 = {{longitem|style=line-height:1.15em; |{{nowrap|from [[Austria-Hungary]]<br/>{{small|([[First Czechoslovak Republic|Czechoslovakia]])}}}}}} | established_date1 = 28 October 1918 | established_event2 = [[Autonomous Land of Slovakia]] {{small|(within [[Second Czechoslovak Republic]])}} | established_date2 = 23 November 1938 | established_event3 = [[Slovak Republic (1939–1945)|First Slovak Republic]] {{small|(client state of [[Nazi Germany]])}} | established_date3 = 14 March 1939 | established_event4 = [[Slovak Socialist Republic]] {{small|(within [[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic|Czechoslovak Federation]])}} | established_date4 = 1 January 1969 | established_event5 = {{nowrap|Slovak Republic}} {{small|(change of name within [[Czech and Slovak Federative Republic|Czechoslovak Federation]])}} | established_date5 = 1 March 1990 | established_event6 = {{nowrap|[[Dissolution of Czechoslovakia|from]] [[Czech and Slovak Federative Republic|Czechoslovakia]]}} | established_date6 = 1 January 1993^a | established_event7 = {{nowrap|[[2004 enlargement of the European Union|Joined]] the [[European Union]]}} | established_date7 = 1 May 2004 | Gini_year = 2018 | Gini_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini = 20.9 <!--number only--> | Gini_ref = <ref name=eurogini>{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=tessi190&plugin=1 |title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income - EU-SILC survey |publisher=[[Eurostat]] |website=ec.europa.eu |access-date=8 January 2020}}</ref> | Gini_rank = 8th | HDI_year = 2019<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI = 0.860 <!--number only--> | HDI_ref = <ref name=HDI>{{cite book|title=Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene|date=15 December 2020|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|isbn=978-92-1-126442-5|pages=343-346|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf|access-date=16 December 2020}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 39th | currency = Euro ([[Euro sign|€]]) | currency_code = EUR | country_code = | time_zone = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset = +1 | time_zone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] | utc_offset_DST = +2 | drives_on = right | patron_saint = [[Saints Cyril and Methodius]]<br/>[[Our Lady of the Seven Sorrows|Our Lady of Sorrows]] | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Slovakia|+421]]^b | cctld = [[.sk]] and [[.eu]] | footnote_a = [[Czechoslovakia]] split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia; see [[Dissolution of Czechoslovakia|Velvet Divorce]]. | footnote_b = Shared code 42 with the Czech Republic until 1997. | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |75.9% [[Christianity]]|13.4% [[Irreligion|No religion]]|0.5% Others |10.6% Unanswered}} | religion_year = 2011 | religion_ref = <ref>{{cite web | title =Table 14 Population by religion | publisher =Statistical Office of the SR | year =2011 | url =http://portal.statistics.sk/files/table-14.pdf | access-date =Jun 8, 2012 | archive-date =November 14, 2012 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20121114211304/http://portal.statistics.sk/files/table-14.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref> }} '''ᱥᱞᱳᱵᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟ''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Slovakia.ogg|s|l|oʊ|ˈ|v|æ|k|i|ə|,_|-|ˈ|v|ɑː|k|-}}<ref>{{citation |last=Wells |first=John C. |year=2008 |title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary |edition=3rd |publisher=Longman |isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Roach |first=Peter |year=2011 |title=Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary |edition=18th |place=Cambridge |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-15253-2}}</ref>); ([[ᱥᱞᱳᱵᱷᱟᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱞᱳᱵᱷᱟᱠ]]: Slovensko) ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞᱤ '''ᱥᱞᱳᱵᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱹᱯᱱᱟᱹᱛ''' (ᱥᱞᱳᱵᱷᱟᱠ: Slovenská republika), ᱫᱚ [[ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱛᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱮᱥᱮᱫ (Landlocked country) ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ [[ᱯᱳᱞᱮᱱᱰ]], ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱫ [[ᱤᱣᱠᱨᱮᱱ]], ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱮᱫ [[ᱦᱟᱝᱜᱮᱨᱤ]], ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱥᱮᱫ [[ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱥᱮᱫ [[ᱪᱮᱠ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱟᱛᱚᱱᱛᱨᱚ]] ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱔᱙,᱐᱐᱐ ᱪᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱤᱢᱤ (᱑᱙,᱐᱐᱐ ᱪᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱭᱤᱞ) ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱪ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱞᱳᱵᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱕.᱔ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱜᱮ [[ᱥᱞᱳᱵᱷᱟᱠ ᱦᱚᱲ]] ᱾ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ [[ᱵᱨᱟᱛᱤᱥᱞᱟᱵᱷᱟ]] ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ [[ᱠᱳᱥᱤᱪᱮ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ== ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== ==ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ== ==ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ== ==ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ== ==ᱰᱮᱢᱚᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤ== ==ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ== ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟ.ᱠᱷᱭᱟ.ᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{Sisterlinks|ᱥᱞᱳᱵᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟ|voy=Slovakia}} <!--========================{{No more links}}============================ |PLEASE BE CAUTIOUS IN ADDING MORE LINKS TO THIS ARTICLE. Wikipedia | |is not a collection of links nor should it be used for advertising. | |Excessive or inappropriate links WILL BE DELETED. | |See [[Wikipedia:External links]] & [[Wikipedia:Spam]] for details. | |If there are already plentiful links, please propose additions or | |replacements on this article's discussion page, or submit your link | |to the relevant category at the Open Directory Project (dmoz.org) | |and link back to that category using the {{dmoz}} template. | ========================{{No more links}}=============================--> ; Government * [http://www.vlada.gov.sk/government-office-of-the-slovak-republic/ Government Office of the Slovak Republic] * [https://www.prezident.sk/en/ President of the Slovak Republic] * [http://www.foreign.gov.sk/web/en Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of the Slovak Republic] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190722072329/https://slovak.statistics.sk/ Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic] ; Tourism and living information * [http://slovakia.travel/en Official Slovak National Tourism Portal] * [https://www.zssk.sk/en/ Railways of Slovak Republic] * [https://www.lonelyplanet.com/slovakia Slovakia] at [[Lonely Planet]] ; General Information * {{CIA World Factbook link|lo|Slovakia}} * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17847682 Slovakia profile] from the [[BBC News]] * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=SK Key Development Forecasts for the Slovak Republic] from [[International Futures]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹᱢ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱚ ᱤᱣᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ]] lcogc5jc77hql0pw2h8ssdhkutrh381 0 24964 197830 159046 2026-09-14T14:53:20Z ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ 5347 197830 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox sportsperson | name = ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱚᱡᱽ ᱵᱳᱢᱢᱟᱫᱮᱵᱚᱨᱟ | image = BDhiraj.png | caption = ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱚᱡᱽ ᱵᱳᱢᱢᱟᱫᱮᱵᱚᱨᱟ ᱒᱐᱒᱖ ᱟᱨᱪᱮᱨᱤ ᱣᱟᱨᱞᱰ ᱠᱚᱯ ᱨᱮ | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|2001|09|04}} | birth_place = [[ᱵᱤᱡᱚᱭᱣᱟᱰᱟ]], [[ᱟᱱᱫᱷᱨᱚ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ]], ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ | sport = [[ᱟᱨᱪᱮᱨᱤ]] | event = [[ᱨᱤᱠᱚᱨᱵᱷ ᱟᱜ|ᱨᱤᱠᱚᱨᱵᱷ]] | 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ᱟᱱᱛᱟᱞᱭᱟ]]|ᱮᱠᱞᱟ}} {{MedalBronze|[[᱒᱐᱒᱓ ᱟᱨᱪᱮᱨᱤ ᱣᱟᱨᱞᱰ ᱠᱚᱯ|᱒᱐᱒᱓ ᱢᱮᱰᱮᱞᱤᱱ]]|ᱴᱤᱢ}} {{MedalBronze|[[᱒᱐᱒᱓ ᱟᱨᱪᱮᱨᱤ ᱣᱟᱨᱞᱰ ᱠᱚᱯ|᱒᱐᱒᱓ ᱯᱮᱨᱤᱥ]]|ᱴᱤᱢ}} {{MedalBronze|[[᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱟᱨᱪᱮᱨᱤ ᱣᱟᱨᱞᱰ ᱠᱚᱯ|᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱥᱟᱝᱦᱟᱭ]]|ᱢᱤᱠᱥᱰ ᱴᱤᱢ}} {{MedalBronze|[[᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱟᱨᱪᱮᱨᱤ ᱣᱟᱨᱞᱰ ᱠᱚᱯ|᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱟᱱᱛᱟᱞᱭᱟ]]|ᱢᱤᱠᱥᱰ ᱴᱤᱢ}} {{MedalBronze|[[᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱟᱨᱪᱮᱨᱤ ᱣᱟᱨᱞᱰ ᱠᱚᱯ|᱒᱐২৪ ᱟᱱᱛᱟᱞᱭᱟ]]|ᱮᱠᱞᱟ}} {{MedalBronze|[[᱒᱐᱒᱕ ᱟᱨᱪᱮᱨᱤ ᱣᱟᱨᱞᱰ ᱠᱚᱯ|᱒᱐᱒᱕ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱨᱟᱞ ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱤᱰᱟ]]|ᱮᱠᱞᱟ}} {{MedalCompetition|ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱚᱯ}} {{MedalGold|᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱵᱟᱜᱽᱫᱟᱫᱽ|ᱮᱠᱞᱟ}} {{MedalGold|᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱵᱟᱜᱽᱫᱟᱫᱽ|ᱴᱤᱢ}} {{MedalGold|᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱵᱟᱜᱽᱫᱟᱫᱽ|ᱢᱤᱠᱥᱰ ᱴᱤᱢ}} {{MedalSilver|᱒᱐᱑᱘ ᱵᱮᱝᱠᱚᱠ|ᱴᱤᱢ}} {{MedalCompetition|[[ᱣᱟᱨᱞᱰ ᱭᱩᱛᱷ ᱟᱨᱪᱮᱨᱤ ᱪᱟᱢᱯᱤᱭᱚᱱᱥᱤᱯ|ᱣᱟᱨᱞᱰ ᱭᱩᱛᱷ ᱪᱟᱢᱯᱤᱭᱚᱱᱥᱤᱯ]]}} {{MedalGold|[[᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱣᱟᱨᱞᱰ ᱟᱨᱪᱮᱨᱤ ᱭᱩᱛᱷ ᱪᱟᱢᱯᱤᱭᱚᱱᱥᱤᱯ|᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱨᱳᱠᱞᱟᱣ]]|ᱴᱤᱢ}} {{MedalCompetition|[[ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱨᱪᱮᱨᱤ ᱪᱟᱢᱯᱤᱭᱚᱱᱥᱤᱯ|ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱩᱱᱤᱭᱚᱨ ᱪᱟᱢᱯᱤᱭᱚᱱᱥᱤᱯ]]}} {{MedalSilver|[[᱒᱐᱑᱗ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱨᱪᱮᱨᱤ ᱪᱟᱢᱯᱤᱭᱚᱱᱥᱤᱯ|᱒᱐᱑᱗ ᱵᱷᱩᱵᱽᱱᱮᱥᱚᱨ]]|ᱴᱤᱢ}} | module = {{Infobox military person | embed = yes | allegiance = | branch = {{Army|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ}} | service_years = | rank = [[ᱥᱩᱵᱮᱫᱟᱨ]] | unit = | awards = }} }} '''ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱚᱡᱽ ᱵᱳᱢᱢᱟᱫᱮᱵᱚᱨᱟ''' (ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱔ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱐᱑) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱤᱠᱚᱨᱵᱷ ᱟᱨᱪᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhiraj Bommadevara &#124; World Archery |url=https://www.worldarchery.sport/profile/22125/dhiraj-bommadevara/biography |access-date=5 October 2023 |website=worldarchery.sport |language=en}}</ref> ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱚᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱚᱞᱤᱢᱯᱤᱠᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱳᱰᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱠᱚᱨᱵᱷ ᱢᱤᱠᱥᱰ ᱴᱤᱢ ᱤᱵᱷᱮᱱᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Anjishnu |date=2 August 2024 |title=Paris 2024 Olympics archery: Dhiraj Bommadevara-Ankita Bhakat miss mixed team bronze medal by a whisker |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/paris-2024-olympics-archery-india-mixed-team-finish-fourth |website=Olympics.com}}</ref> == ᱱᱤᱡᱮᱨᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ == ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱚᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱱᱫᱷᱨᱚ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱵᱤᱡᱚᱭᱣᱟᱰᱟ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱵᱳᱢᱢᱟᱫᱮᱵᱚᱨᱟ ᱥᱨᱚᱵᱚᱬ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨᱪᱮᱨᱤ ᱮᱥᱳᱥᱤᱭᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱡᱚᱭᱣᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱥ.ᱟᱨ.ᱟᱨ. ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤ.ᱵᱷᱤ.ᱟᱨ. ᱜᱚᱵᱷᱚᱨᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Padmadeo |first=Vinayak |date=14 January 2023 |title=Armyman Dhiraj Bommadevara on target, breaks WR in archery trials |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sports/armyman-dhiraj-bommadevara-on-target-breaks-wr-in-archery-trials-470481 |access-date=5 October 2023 |website=tribuneindia.com}}</ref> ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱪᱮᱨᱤ ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱭᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱐᱖ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱡᱚᱭᱣᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱳᱞᱜᱟ ᱟᱨᱪᱮᱨᱤ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ, ᱪᱮᱨᱩᱠᱩᱨᱤ ᱥᱚᱛᱭᱚᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱚᱬᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱯᱩᱱᱮ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮ.ᱮᱥ.ᱟᱭ.ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱴᱨᱮᱱᱤᱝ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ [[ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱞᱫᱟᱨ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=29 April 2023 |title=Right backing behind archer Dhiraj's success |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/right-backing-behind-archer-dhirajs-success/articleshow/99859408.cms?from=mdr |access-date=5 October 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=4 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504002640/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/right-backing-behind-archer-dhirajs-success/articleshow/99859408.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱞᱤᱢᱯᱤᱠ ᱜᱳᱞᱰ ᱠᱣᱮᱥᱴ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱭ ᱧᱟᱢᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":2" /> == ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱭᱚᱨ == '''<big>ᱮᱠᱳᱞᱮᱰᱥ</big>''' ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱚᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱛᱷ ᱥᱟᱞᱩᱝᱠᱷᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱫᱤᱛᱭᱚ ᱪᱚᱣᱫᱷᱚᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱣᱟᱨᱞᱰ ᱟᱨᱪᱮᱨᱤ ᱭᱩᱛᱷ ᱪᱟᱢᱯᱤᱭᱚᱱᱥᱤᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ ᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱱᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱯᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱕-᱓ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱚᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ [[ᱪᱤᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱦᱟᱝᱡᱳᱣ]] ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐᱒᱒ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱯᱨᱮᱡᱮᱱᱴ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱓᱘᱖ ᱥᱠᱳᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱨᱮᱰᱤ ᱮᱞᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱑᱓᱗᱖ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱠᱚᱨᱰ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱑᱔᱔᱐ WR ᱮ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2023 |title=Full list of Indian athletes for Asian Games 2023 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/asian-games-2023-full-list-of-634-indian-athletes-who-will-take-part-in-hangzhou-event-13042652.html |access-date=5 October 2023 |website=Firstpost |language=en |archive-date=27 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827113112/https://www.firstpost.com/sports/asian-games-2023-full-list-of-634-indian-athletes-who-will-take-part-in-hangzhou-event-13042652.html |url-status=live}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱠᱚᱨᱵᱷ ᱴᱤᱢ ᱤᱵᱷᱮᱱᱴ ᱨᱮ (ᱚᱛᱚᱱᱩ ᱫᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱩᱥᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱞᱠᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ) ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ [[᱒᱐᱒᱒ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ]] ᱨᱮ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ ᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=6 October 2023 |title=India men's archery recurve team finishes with silver medal |url=https://www.business-standard.com/sports/asian-games/asian-games-india-men-s-archery-recurve-team-finishes-with-silver-medal-123100600624_1.html |access-date=6 October 2023 |website=business-standard.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Malik |first1=Varun |date=6 October 2023 |title=Asian Games 2023: Atanu Das, Dhiraj Bommadevara, Tushar Shelke bag Silver medal in recurve archery final |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/other/asian-games-2023-atanu-das-dhiraj-bommadevara-tushar-shelke-bag-silver-medal-in-recurve-archery-final-india-asian-games-medals-2023-10-06-896492 |access-date=6 October 2023 |website=indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Asian Games 2023: India settle for silver in recurve men's team event in archery after losing to South Korea |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/asian-games-2023-india-settle-for-silver-in-recurve-mens-team-event-in-archery-after-losing-to-south-korea-2445433-2023-10-06 |access-date=6 October 2023 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> ᱒᱐᱒᱓ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱵᱚᱨᱞᱤᱱ]] ᱨᱮ ᱣᱟᱨᱞᱰ ᱪᱟᱢᱯᱤᱭᱚᱱᱥᱤᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱯᱨᱮᱡᱮᱱᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱸᱠᱤᱝ ᱤᱥᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱒ ᱭᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱣᱩᱱᱰ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱑᱖ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱪᱠᱟ ᱜᱮᱭ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Archery BOMMADEVARA Dhiraj - The 19th Asian Games |url=https://info.hangzhou2022.cn/en/results/archery/athlete-profile-n2003222-bommadevara-dhiraj.htm |access-date=5 October 2023 |website=info.hangzhou2022.cn}}{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2023 |title=Failure a perfect target practice for archer Dhiraj |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/failure-a-perfect-target-practice-for-archer-dhiraj-101694269304916.html |access-date=5 October 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> ᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱱᱛᱟᱞᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱣᱟᱨᱞᱰ ᱠᱚᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱴᱤᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ (ᱨᱟᱣᱩᱱᱰ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱑᱖ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱨᱮᱰᱤ ᱮᱞᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ) ᱾<ref name=":1" /> ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱓ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱨᱢᱳᱥᱤᱞᱳ, ᱢᱮᱠᱥᱤᱠᱳ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱪᱮᱨᱤ ᱣᱟᱨᱞᱰ ᱠᱚᱯ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱱᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ,<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=11 September 2023 |title=Dhiraj loses bronze play-off, India returns with a silver from Archery World Cup Final |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/archery/archery-world-cup-final-dhiraj-bommadevara-third-place-playoff-silver-medal-prathamesh-jawkar/article67294343.ece |access-date=5 October 2023 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref> ᱕-ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱚᱞᱤᱢᱯᱤᱠ ᱪᱟᱢᱯᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱤᱢ ᱣᱩ-ᱡᱤᱱ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱢᱤᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱔ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱚᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱝᱠᱤᱛᱟ ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱚᱛ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱝᱦᱟᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱠᱥᱰ ᱴᱤᱢ ᱵᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ ᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ===᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱨ ᱚᱞᱤᱢᱯᱤᱠᱥ=== ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱚᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱨ ᱚᱞᱤᱢᱯᱤᱠᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱚᱞᱤᱢᱯᱤᱠ ᱮᱯᱤᱭᱟᱨᱮᱱᱥ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱮᱸᱠᱤᱝ ᱨᱟᱣᱩᱱᱰ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱚᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱔ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ (᱖᱘᱑ ᱥᱠᱳᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱞᱤᱢᱯᱤᱠ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨᱪᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱨᱮᱸᱠᱤᱝ ᱥᱠᱳᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱑/᱑᱖ ᱮᱞᱤᱢᱤᱱᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱣᱩᱱᱰ ᱨᱮ [[ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱟ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱮᱨᱤᱠ ᱯᱤᱴᱚᱨᱥ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱕-᱖ (᱑᱐-᱑᱐+) ᱛᱮᱭ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱚᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱴᱤᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱨᱚᱵᱤᱱ ᱡᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[ᱛᱚᱨᱩᱱᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱟᱭ]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱣᱟᱴᱚᱨ-ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱱᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱴᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱣᱟᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱚᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱝᱠᱤᱛᱟ ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱚᱛ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱠᱥᱰ ᱴᱤᱢ ᱵᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ ᱢᱮᱪ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱚᱞᱤᱢᱯᱤᱠ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ ᱢᱮᱪ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱨᱮᱰᱤ ᱮᱞᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱣᱯᱷᱳᱞᱰ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱱ ᱭᱩ.ᱮᱥ.ᱮ. ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒-᱖ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Ankita Bhakat and Dhiraj Bommadevara miss medal by a whisker but script history for Indian archery in Paris Olympics |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/ankita-bhakat-and-dhiraj-bommadevara-miss-medal-by-a-whisker-but-script-history-for-indian-archery-in-paris-olympics-101722605522066.html |website=hindustantimes.com |publisher=Hindustan Times |access-date=2 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=BHAKAT Ankita |url=https://olympics.com/en/paris-2024/athlete/ankita-bhakat_1546200 |work=[[Paris 2024 Olympics]] |access-date=2 August 2024 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730150249/https://olympics.com/en/paris-2024/athlete/ankita-bhakat_1546200 |archive-date=30 July 2024}}</ref><ref name="Paris 2024">{{cite web |title=BOMMADEVARA Dhiraj |url=https://olympics.com/en/paris-2024/athlete/dhiraj-bommadevara_1546108 |work=[[Paris 2024 Olympics]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730143811/https://olympics.com/en/paris-2024/athlete/dhiraj-bommadevara_1546108 |archive-date=30 July 2024}}</ref> === ᱚᱞᱤᱢᱯᱤᱠᱥ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ === ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱚᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ [[ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱤᱰᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱪᱮᱨᱤ ᱣᱟᱨᱞᱰ ᱠᱚᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱤᱥᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱴᱤᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ (ᱚᱛᱚᱱᱩ ᱫᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ [[ᱛᱚᱨᱩᱱᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱟᱭ]] ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ) ᱟᱨ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ (ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱣᱟᱨᱞᱰ ᱪᱟᱢᱯᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱱᱫᱽᱨᱮᱥ ᱛᱮᱢᱤᱱᱳ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ) ᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱣᱟᱨᱞᱰ ᱠᱚᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱣᱟᱨᱞᱰ ᱪᱟᱢᱯᱤᱭᱚᱱᱥᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱤᱥᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱢᱮᱪ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱒᱐᱒᱕ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱨᱪᱮᱨᱤ ᱪᱟᱢᱯᱤᱭᱚᱱᱥᱤᱯ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱚᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱦᱩᱞ ᱯᱟᱣᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱖-᱒ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ ᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱨᱤᱠᱚᱨᱵᱷ ᱪᱟᱢᱯᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱤᱢ ᱤᱵᱷᱮᱱᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱣᱟᱞᱤᱯᱷᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ) ᱾ === ᱒᱐᱒᱖ === ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱚᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱴᱨᱟᱭᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱒᱐᱒᱖ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱯᱨᱮᱡᱮᱱᱴ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱠᱣᱟᱞᱤᱯᱷᱟᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 May 2026|title=2nd Phase & Final Selection Trial for the 2026 Asian Games & 2026 World Cup Stage 3 & 4 held at SAI NCOE, Sonipat, Haryana from 15th to 18th May, 2026 trials|url=https://api.indianarchery.info/uploads/images/img1779093580871.pdf|access-date=19 May 2026|website=[[Archery Association of India]]|language=en}}</ref> ᱡᱩᱱ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱱᱛᱟᱞᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐᱒᱖ ᱟᱨᱪᱮᱨᱤ ᱣᱟᱨᱞᱰ ᱠᱚᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱓ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱤᱥᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱠᱥᱰ ᱴᱤᱢ ᱤᱵᱷᱮᱱᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱥᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ ᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 June 2026|title=Dhiraj, Kumkum shine as India shock Korea to win World Cup archery gold|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/archery-world-cup-antalya-india-beat-south-korea-dhiraj-kumkum-recurve-mixed-team-gold-2926461-2026-06-14|access-date=14 June 2026|website=[[India Today]]|language=en}}</ref> ᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱪᱮᱨᱤ ᱣᱟᱨᱞᱰ ᱠᱚᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱭᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱣᱟᱨᱞᱰ ᱠᱚᱯ ᱴᱟᱭᱴᱚᱞ ᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱞᱤ ᱣᱩ ᱥᱚᱠ ᱗-᱓ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮ ᱤᱥᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱠᱥᱰ ᱴᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱴᱟᱭᱴᱚᱞ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨᱚᱜ ᱟᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱨᱪᱚᱨ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 June 2026|title=Dhiraj Bommadevara Completes Golden Double With Maiden Individual World Cup Gold|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/archery/dhiraj-bommadevara-completes-golden-double-with-maiden-individual-world-cup-gold-11635336|access-date=14 June 2026|website=[[NDTV Sports]]|language=en}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱕ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤ.ᱟᱭ.ᱮᱥ.ᱮᱢ. ᱣᱟᱨᱞᱰ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱨᱪᱮᱨᱤ ᱪᱟᱢᱯᱤᱭᱚᱱᱥᱤᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱝᱜᱤᱛᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱨᱤᱠᱚᱨᱵᱷ ᱢᱤᱠᱥᱰ ᱴᱤᱢ ᱥᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ ᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== <references /> ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== * {{sports links}} * {{2022 Asian Games profile|archery/athlete-profile-n2003222-bommadevara-dhiraj}} * {{Instagram}}<!-- per [[WP:ELMINOFFICIAL]], choose one official website only --> [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱐᱐᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱨᱪᱚᱨ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱟᱱᱫᱷᱨᱚ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱨᱪᱚᱨ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱐᱒᱒ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱪᱚᱨ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱟᱨᱪᱮᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱐᱒᱒ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱨ ᱚᱞᱤᱢᱯᱤᱠᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱪᱚᱨ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱚᱞᱤᱢᱯᱤᱠ ᱟᱨᱪᱚᱨ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱑ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ]] 8bohd7y6e27gyf0sdsmmdjh1hx7k82h 0 25340 197832 178087 2026-09-14T22:42:14Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 197832 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Indian badminton player}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}} {{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}} {{Infobox badminton player | name = Ashmita Chaliha | country = India | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1999|10|18}} | birth_place = [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]], India | residence = | height = 1.67 m | weight = 52 kg | years_active = 2015-present | handedness = Left | coach = Edwin Iriawan<br />Suranjan Bhobora | event = Women's singles | highest_ranking = 42 (13 June 2023) | current_ranking = 49 (18 July 2023) | played = | titles = | medal_templates = {{MedalSport | Women's [[badminton]] }} {{MedalCountry | {{IND}} }} {{MedalCompetition | [[Badminton at the South Asian Games|South Asian Games]] }} {{MedalGold | {{Nowrap|[[Badminton at the 2019 South Asian Games|2019 Kathmandu-Pokhara]]}} | {{Nowrap|Women's singles}} }} {{MedalGold | [[Badminton at the 2019 South Asian Games|2019 Kathmandu-Pokhara]] | Women's team }} | bwf_id = DA0DFEBE-3320-42CB-85D1-A23C63ED9E01 |career_record=70 wins, 34 losses}} '''ᱚᱥᱢᱤᱛᱟ ᱪᱚᱞᱤᱦᱟ''' (ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱑᱘ ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱙᱙) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱰᱢᱤᱱᱴᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰᱤᱭᱟ. [[ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱦᱟᱴᱤ]] ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱗ ᱵᱚᱪᱷᱚᱨ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱮᱰᱢᱤᱱᱴᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ|ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] ᱠᱚᱪ ᱮᱰᱣᱤᱱ ᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱩᱨᱚᱬᱡᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱵᱮᱰᱢᱤᱱᱴᱚᱱ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱩᱞᱮᱞᱟ ᱜᱳᱯᱤᱪᱚᱸᱰ ᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱪᱚᱞᱤᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱡᱩᱱᱤᱭᱚᱨ ᱴᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱗ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱩᱱᱤᱭᱚᱨ ᱪᱟᱢᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱᱥᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |first=Ria |last=Das |title=#WomenAtAsiad: Meet The Left-handed Shuttler Ashmita Chaliha |url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/news/independence-day-women-swat-team-guards-red-fort | publisher=SheThePeople.TV |date=16 August 2018 |accessdate=21 November 2018}}</ref> ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐᱑᱘ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web | url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/sport/others/asian-games-2018-heres-the-list-of-indian-squads/articleshow/65144637.cms | title=Asian Games 2018: Here's the list of Indian squads | publisher=[[Mumbai Mirror]] | date=26 July 2018 | accessdate=27 July 2018 | archive-date=21 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921191036/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/sport/others/asian-games-2018-heres-the-list-of-indian-squads/articleshow/65144637.cms | url-status=dead }}</ref> ᱪᱚᱞᱤᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱩᱵᱟᱭ ᱤᱱᱴᱚᱨᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱪᱮᱞᱮᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱚᱞᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱥᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱨ ᱤᱱᱴᱚᱨᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱴᱟᱭᱴᱚᱞ ᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫ-ᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Guwahati girl Ashmita Chaliha wins Dubai International Badminton Challenge |url=http://www.guwahatiplus.com/daily-news/guwahati-girl-ashmita-chaliha-wins-dubai-international-badminton-challenge | publisher=G Plus |date=19 November 2018 |accessdate=21 November 2018}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱚᱞᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱤᱢ ᱤᱵᱷᱮᱱᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱳᱞᱰ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟ. ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱭᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/sag-2019-siril-ashmita-lead-india-to-6-badminton-golds/1679538 |title=SAG 2019: Siril, Ashmita lead India to 6 badminton golds |publisher=Outlook India |date=6 December 2019 |access-date=10 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210170856/https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/sag-2019-siril-ashmita-lead-india-to-6-badminton-golds/1679538 |archive-date=10 December 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> == ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱭᱚᱨ == '''᱒᱐᱑᱗-᱒᱐᱒᱑: ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱭᱚᱨ''' ᱒᱐᱑᱗ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱩᱱᱤᱭᱚᱨ ᱪᱟᱢᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱᱥᱤᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱥᱢᱤᱛᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱣᱩᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱱᱤᱭᱚᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱪᱟᱢᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱᱥᱤᱯ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱤᱢ ᱤᱵᱷᱮᱱᱴ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱴᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱖ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱤᱵᱷᱮᱱᱴ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱓᱒ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱣᱩᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱥᱢᱤᱛᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱘ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱟᱴᱟ ᱚᱯᱮᱱ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱤᱱᱴᱚᱨᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱴᱩᱨᱱᱟᱢᱮᱱᱴ, ᱢᱤᱫ BWF ᱤᱱᱴᱚᱨᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱪᱮᱞᱮᱸᱡᱽ ᱴᱩᱨᱱᱟᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱟᱹᱣ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱒᱐᱑᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱩᱵᱟᱭ ᱤᱱᱴᱚᱨᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱴᱩᱨᱱᱟᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱟᱥᱢᱤᱛᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱘ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱴᱤᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱴᱤᱢ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱴᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱳᱣᱟᱨᱴᱚᱨᱯᱷᱟᱭᱱᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ [[ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑-᱓ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱬᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱚᱥᱢᱤᱛᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱵᱮᱰᱢᱤᱱᱴᱚᱱ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱢᱟᱭᱠᱥᱴ ᱴᱤᱢ ᱪᱟᱢᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱᱥᱤᱯ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱴᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱣᱟᱴᱚᱨ-ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱱᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱨᱮ, ᱚᱥᱢᱤᱛᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱜᱚᱭᱟᱛᱷᱨᱤ ᱜᱳᱯᱤᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱬᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱚᱞᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ [[ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ]] ᱴᱤᱢ ᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱬᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱴᱤᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ '''᱒᱐᱒᱒: ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ''' ᱚᱥᱢᱤᱛᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱳᱯᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱳᱣᱟᱨᱴ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱱᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱯᱤ.ᱵᱤ. ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ (᱗ - ᱒᱑, ᱑᱘ - ᱒᱑) ᱥᱟᱭᱮᱫᱽ ᱢᱳᱫᱤ ᱤᱱᱴᱚᱨᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ, ᱚᱥᱢᱤᱛᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱨᱟᱣᱩᱱᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱤᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱱᱥᱚᱫᱽ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱫᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱚᱥᱢᱤᱛᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱒᱒ [[ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ]] ᱚᱯᱮᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱢᱤᱴ ᱴᱚᱥᱱᱤᱣᱟᱞ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱢᱤᱯᱷᱟᱭᱱᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱚᱥᱢᱤᱛᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱒᱒ ᱵᱮᱰᱢᱤᱱᱴᱚᱱ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱴᱤᱢ ᱪᱟᱢᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱᱥᱤᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱫ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱜᱮᱭ ᱡᱤᱛᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱴᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱨᱩᱯ ᱯᱷᱮᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱜᱮᱭ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱚ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱳᱠ-ᱟᱩᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱫ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱩᱭᱥᱚᱨᱤᱥ ᱚᱯᱮᱱ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱭᱤᱞᱰᱠᱟᱨᱰ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱣᱩᱱᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱤᱨᱥᱴᱤ ᱜᱤᱞᱢᱩᱨ ᱑᱘ - ᱒᱑,᱒᱐ - ᱒᱒ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱒᱒ ᱚᱨᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱᱥ ᱢᱟᱥᱴᱚᱨᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱴᱨᱤ ᱠᱩᱥᱩᱢᱟ ᱣᱟᱨᱫᱟᱱᱤ ᱑᱗ - ᱒᱑, ᱒᱑ - ᱑᱙ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱔ - ᱒᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱨᱟᱣᱩᱱᱰ ᱮᱠᱥᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱱᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ == === ᱥᱟᱣᱩᱛᱷ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱷᱮᱞ === ''ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ'' {| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;" ! Year ! Venue ! Opponent ! Score ! Result |- style="background:#FFAAAA" | align="center" | [[Badminton at the 2019 South Asian Games|2019]] | align="left" | [[Pokhara Rangasala|Badminton Covered Hall]], [[Pokhara]], Nepal | align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Gayathri Gopichand]] | align="left" | 21–18, 25–23 | style="text-align:left; background:white" | [[File:Med 1.png|Gold]] '''Gold''' |} === BWF ᱡᱮᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱪᱮᱞᱮᱱᱡᱽ/ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱡᱽ (᱓ᱴᱟᱭᱴᱮᱞ, ᱑ᱨᱚᱱᱚᱨ ᱚᱯ) === ''ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ'' {| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;" ! Year ! Tournament ! Opponent ! Score ! Result |- style="background:#D8CEF6" | align="center" | 2018 | align="left" | [[India International Challenge|Tata Open India International]] | align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vrushali Gummadi]] | align="left" | 21–16, 21–13 | style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner''' |- style="background:#D8CEF6" | align="center" | 2018 | align="left" | [[Dubai International (badminton)|Dubai International]] | align="left" | {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Jeon Ju-i]] | align="left" | 21–19, 21–15 | style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner''' |- style="background:#D8CEF6" | align="center" | 2022 | align="left" | [[Bangladesh International]] | align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Aakarshi Kashyap]] | align="left" | 15–21, 13–21 | style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up''' |- style="background:#D8CEF6" | align="center" | 2023 | align="left" | [[Maldives International]] | align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Tasnim Mir]] | align="left" | 19–21, 21–17, 21–11 | style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner''' |} : {{Color box|#D8CEF6|border=darkgray}} [[BWF International Challenge]] tournament : {{Color box|#D5D5D5|border=darkgray}} [[BWF International Series]] tournament : {{Color box|#E9E9E9|border=darkgray}} [[BWF Future Series]] tournament == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ]] gm6u5j645yd95gilu75yg5glgdabo88 0 38047 197840 197809 2026-09-15T06:34:05Z MT731 2184 197840 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ (᱑᱘᱙᱔-᱑᱙᱘᱓)}} {{Infobox person | name = ᱜᱷᱚᱱᱥᱭᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱥ ᱵᱤᱲᱞᱟ | honorific_suffix = | image = GDBIRLAUCOBANK.jpg | caption = ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱘᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱲᱞᱟ | birth_name = | birth_date = ᱒ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱑᱘᱙᱔ | birth_place = [[ᱯᱤᱞᱟᱱᱤ]], [[ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱯᱩᱛᱟᱱᱟ ᱮᱡᱮᱱᱥᱤ]], [[ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1983|6|11|1894|4|2|df=y}} | spouse = {{plainlist| * ᱫᱩᱨᱜᱟ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ * ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱵᱤᱲᱞᱟ }} | children = ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱢᱤ ᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱥ ᱵᱤᱲᱞᱟ<br />[[ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱟ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱲᱞᱟ]]<br />[[ᱵᱚᱥᱚᱸᱛ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ|ᱵᱚᱥᱚᱸᱛ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱲᱞᱟ]] | father = [[ᱵᱟᱞᱫᱮᱵᱽ ᱫᱟᱥ ᱵᱤᱲᱞᱟ]] | relatives = [[ᱵᱤᱲᱞᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ]] ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ }} [[File:G. D. Birl, posing next to a bust of his father, at his palacial home in 1946.jpg|thumb|᱑᱙᱔᱖ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤ. ᱰᱤ. ᱵᱤᱲᱞᱟ]] '''ᱜᱷᱚᱱᱥᱭᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱥ ᱵᱤᱲᱞᱟ''' (᱑᱐ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱑᱙᱘᱔ ᱑᱑ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱑᱙᱘᱓) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱤᱲᱞᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ==ᱵᱤᱲᱞᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== ᱜᱷᱚᱱᱥᱭᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱥ ᱵᱤᱲᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱣᱟᱲᱤ [[ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ|ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤ]] ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱯᱩᱛᱚᱱᱟ]] ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱷᱩᱱᱡᱷᱩᱱᱩ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱤᱞᱟᱱᱤ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱙᱘᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱑᱐ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name="ODNB">{{ODNBweb|id=52776|title=Birla, Ghanshyam Das (1894–1983), businessman and politician in India}}</ref> ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱵᱚᱞᱫᱮᱵᱽᱫᱟᱥ ᱵᱤᱲᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱘᱘᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱞᱫᱮᱣ ᱫᱟᱥ ᱵᱤᱲᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱚᱢᱵᱮᱭᱮ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱘᱘᱔ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱢᱵᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱱᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱞᱫᱮᱣ ᱫᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱘᱙᱗ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ [[ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ|ᱠᱟᱞᱠᱟᱛᱛᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱞᱫᱮᱣ ᱫᱟᱥ ᱡᱩᱜᱚᱞ ᱠᱤᱥᱳᱨ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱞᱵᱷᱚᱨ, ᱠᱚᱴᱚᱱ, ᱜᱨᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱔ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱡᱩᱜᱚᱞ ᱠᱤᱥᱳᱨ, ᱨᱟᱢᱮᱥᱣᱚᱨ ᱫᱟᱥ, ᱠᱷᱟᱱᱥᱭᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱨᱚᱡᱽ ᱢᱳᱦᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱷᱚᱱᱥᱭᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ==ᱵᱤᱲᱞᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ== ᱡᱤ. ᱰᱤ. ᱵᱤᱲᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱤ ᱞᱮᱱᱰᱤᱝ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱱᱩᱯᱷᱮᱠᱪᱚᱨᱤᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱩᱴᱤ ᱯᱨᱚᱰᱭᱩᱥᱚᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱯᱨᱮᱥᱤᱰᱮᱱᱥᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱜᱮ "ᱡᱩᱴᱤ ᱵᱨᱚᱠᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱤᱡᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾"<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Purie|first1=Aroon|last2=Dubashi|first2=Jay|date=5 March 2014|title=I am not a businessman|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/interview/story/19790430-i-have-been-a-student-all-my-life-gd-birla-821984-2014-03-05|magazine=India Today|access-date=28 January 2017}}</ref> ᱑᱙᱑᱘ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱲᱞᱟ ᱡᱩᱴ ᱢᱤᱞᱥ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱸᱥ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱚᱞᱤ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱠᱚᱴᱤᱥ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱵᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ,{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}} ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱩᱫᱽᱜᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱥᱟᱢᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱛᱚᱯᱚᱞ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱵᱤᱲᱞᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ [[File:G._D._Birla,_Vallabhbhai_Patel,_and_Manibehn_Patel.jpg|thumbnail|ᱡᱤ. ᱰᱤ. ᱵᱤᱲᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱵᱷᱚᱞᱞᱚᱵᱷ ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱤ ᱯᱚᱴᱮᱞ|ᱵᱷᱚᱞᱞᱚᱵᱷᱵᱷᱟᱭ ᱯᱟᱴᱮᱞ]] ᱥᱟᱶ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱴᱮᱞᱤᱡ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱵᱤᱲᱞᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ, ᱑᱙᱔᱖ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ, ᱨᱮ ᱾ ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱤᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱵᱚᱞᱫᱮᱵᱽ ᱫᱟᱥ ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱯᱟᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱮ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾]] ᱑᱙᱑᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱕ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱤᱱᱵᱷᱮᱥᱴᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱲᱞᱟ ᱵᱨᱚᱰᱟᱨᱥ ᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱮᱰ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾{{Citation needed|reason=INR 5 million in 1919 is a lot of money. Citation is needed|date=April 2017}} ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱮ [[ᱜᱣᱟᱞᱤᱭᱚᱨ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱞ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱒᱖ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=ODNB/> ᱑᱙᱓᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ [[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱛᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱵᱟᱠ ᱥᱚᱝᱜᱷᱚ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮᱛ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name="Revankar1971">{{cite book|author=Ratna G. Revankar|title=The Indian Constitution--: A Case Study of Backward Classes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ukZRZk_ttYcC&pg=PA124|date= 1971|publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press|isbn=978-0-8386-7670-7|pages=124–}}</ref> ᱑᱙᱔᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱢᱳᱴᱚᱨᱥ]] ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱵᱤᱲᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱮᱠᱥᱴᱚᱞ ᱤᱱᱰᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱱᱵᱷᱮᱥᱴᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱢᱮᱱᱴ, ᱠᱮᱢᱤᱠᱟᱞᱥ, ᱨᱟᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱴᱤᱞ ᱴᱭᱩᱵᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱔᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱣᱤᱴ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱢᱳᱵᱷᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱷᱚᱱᱥᱭᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱥ ᱵᱤᱲᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱱᱮᱡᱽᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱨᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱵᱮᱝᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱭᱩᱱᱟᱭᱴᱮᱰ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱨᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱵᱮᱸᱠ ᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱮᱰ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱭᱩ.ᱥᱤ.ᱳ. ᱵᱮᱸᱠ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱭᱩᱱᱟᱭᱴᱮᱰ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱨᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱵᱮᱸᱠ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱔᱓ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱨᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱵᱮᱸᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱟᱱᱛᱷᱨᱚᱯᱤ== [[File:Ghanshyam Das Birla 1984 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱘᱔ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱴᱟᱢᱯ ᱨᱮ]] [[File:Statue of Ghanshyam Das Birla (Golders Green Crematorium).jpg|thumb|[[ᱜᱳᱞᱰᱟᱨᱥ ᱜᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱨᱮᱢᱮᱴᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱢ]] ᱨᱮ ᱜᱷᱚᱱᱥᱭᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱥ ᱵᱤᱲᱞᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱨ]] ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱱᱯᱷᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚᱠᱪᱚᱨᱟᱞ ᱰᱮᱵᱽᱞᱚᱯᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱵᱤᱲᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱤᱞᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱲᱞᱟ ᱤᱱᱡᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟᱨᱤᱝ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ (᱑᱙᱖᱔ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱲᱞᱟ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱭᱩᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱤᱵᱷᱮᱴᱤᱝ) ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱵᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱭᱩᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱴᱮᱠᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱭᱩᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱔᱓ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱭᱩᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱯᱤᱞᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱲᱞᱟ ᱯᱚᱵᱽᱞᱤᱠ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ, ᱵᱤᱲᱞᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱡᱮᱱᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱯᱚᱵᱽᱞᱤᱠ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱞᱤᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱤᱞᱟᱱᱤ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱭᱩᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱚᱲᱤ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱲᱞᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱴᱟᱭᱴᱮᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱮᱠᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱮᱥ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ, ᱡᱤ. ᱰᱤ. ᱵᱤᱲᱞᱟ ᱢᱮᱢᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ, ᱨᱟᱱᱤᱦᱮᱴ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱚ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱵᱤ.ᱠᱮ. ᱵᱤᱲᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱲᱞᱟ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱞᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱞᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱴᱤᱡᱮᱱᱥ ᱮᱡᱩᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱥᱳᱥᱟᱭᱴᱤ (KCES) ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱕᱗ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ]] ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[ᱯᱚᱫᱽᱢᱚ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱩᱥᱚᱬ]] ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱵᱤᱲᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱡᱮᱴᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>Alter, Joseph S. (1992). ''The Wrestler's Body: Identity and Ideology in North India''. University of California Press. p. 89. {{ISBN|978-0520076976}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱑ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱑᱙᱘᱓ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱘᱙ ᱵᱚᱪᱷᱚᱨ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱚᱱᱰᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱳᱞᱰᱟᱨᱥ ᱜᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱨᱮᱢᱮᱥᱴᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱢ, ᱦᱩᱯ ᱞᱮᱱ, [[ᱞᱚᱱᱰᱚᱱ]] ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱴᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ==ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱛᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ== ᱵᱤᱲᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱛᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ]] ᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱑᱖ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱧᱟᱯᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮ [[ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ]] ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱟᱞ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱴ== ᱑᱙᱔᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ (ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱚᱞ) ᱨᱮ ᱒-᱓ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱠᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱞᱤᱥ, ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱯᱟᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱩᱞᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱩᱥᱠᱤᱞ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱡᱤ ᱰᱤ ᱵᱤᱲᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱩᱫᱳᱜᱳᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱢᱩᱠᱷᱚᱨᱡᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱝᱜᱮᱡ ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref>Mukherjee, Janam. Hungry Bengal: War, famine and the end of empire. Oxford University Press, 2015.</ref> ᱵᱤᱲᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱞᱤᱱᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱠᱟᱛᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱩᱫᱽᱜᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱩᱛᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱷᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱢ ᱰᱷᱮᱨᱚᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱩᱞᱟᱹᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱴᱯᱷᱚᱞᱤᱭᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱛᱷᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱟᱜᱟᱲᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱵᱚᱡᱽ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱫᱽᱜᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱫᱽᱜᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱨᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢᱤᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱢᱩᱥᱠᱤᱞ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱵᱷ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱩᱫᱽᱜᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣ ᱯᱨᱚᱵᱚᱱ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱫᱽᱜᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ ᱟᱜ "ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱞᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ" ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱥᱟᱹᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱟᱞ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱩᱠ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱴᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ==ᱟᱯᱟ ᱥᱚᱢᱯᱚᱛᱤ== ᱡᱤ. ᱰᱤ. ᱵᱤᱲᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱢᱤ ᱱᱤᱵᱟᱥ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱫᱩᱨᱜᱟ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱭᱤᱡ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ [[ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱟ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱲᱞᱟ|ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱟ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱚᱥᱚᱸᱛ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ|ᱵᱚᱥᱚᱸᱛ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ]] (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱵᱤᱲᱞᱟ ᱭᱤᱡ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ [[ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞᱟᱢ ᱵᱤᱲᱞᱟ]] ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱢᱤ ᱱᱤᱵᱟᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟ ᱡᱩᱜᱚᱞ ᱠᱤᱥᱳᱨ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ==ᱜᱷᱚᱱᱥᱭᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱥ ᱵᱤᱲᱞᱟ-ᱟᱜ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ== ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ, ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱛᱷᱟ, ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ * डायरी के कुछ पन्ने (ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱤ ᱠᱮ ᱠᱩᱪ ᱯᱟᱱᱱᱮ ᱥᱮ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ), ᱑᱙᱔᱐ * रुपए की कहानी (ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱭᱮ ᱠᱤ ᱠᱟᱦᱟᱱᱤ ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱯᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ), ᱑᱙᱔᱘ * बापू (ᱵᱟᱯᱩ), ᱑᱙᱔᱑ * कुछ देखा कुछ सुना (ᱠᱩᱪᱷ ᱫᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱠᱩᱪᱷ ᱥᱩᱱᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ), ᱑᱙᱖᱖ * जमनालाल बजाज ([[ᱡᱚᱢᱱᱟᱞᱟᱞ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱡᱽ]]) * ध्रुवोपाख्यान, ᱑᱙᱖᱐ * रूप और स्वरूप : चार विचार-प्रेरक निबंध, ᱑᱙᱖᱐ * ᱥᱩᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨ, ᱑᱙᱕᱐ * ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱛᱢᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱨᱮᱺ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱚᱨᱥᱚᱱᱟᱞ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ (ᱠᱟᱞᱠᱟᱛᱛᱟ, ᱑᱙᱕᱓) ==ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱢᱮ== *ᱡᱟᱡᱽᱱᱤ, ᱟᱨ. ᱮᱱ., ''ᱡᱤ. ᱰᱤ. ᱵᱤᱲᱞᱟ'' (ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ, ᱑᱙᱘᱕) *ᱨᱳᱥ, ᱮ., '' ᱮᱢᱤᱥᱟᱨᱤ: ᱡᱤ. ᱰᱤ. ᱵᱤᱲᱞᱟ, ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱯᱮᱱᱰᱮᱱᱥ'' (᱑᱙᱘᱖) ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{commons category}} * [http://www.newswiretoday.com/news/17338/ Rs 2.80 Billion BITS Pilani Hyderabad Campus Foundation Laid] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20090503081424/http://www.indiaprwire.com/pressrelease/education/200704282735.htm AP CM Readies BITS Pilani Hyderabad Campus] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927220126/http://mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=42869 Milestone for BITS Pilani Hyderabad] *[http://www.prlog.org/10015165-chief-minister-ap-lays-the-bits-pilani-hyderabad-campus-foundation-stone.html Chief Minister AP Lays the BITS Pilani Hyderabad Campus Foundation] *[http://www.openpr.com/news/19598/BITS-Pilani-Makes-the-Right-Move-at-the-Right-Time.html BITS Pilani Makes the Right Move at the Right Time] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20090218234426/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/millennium/100people/birla.html People who shaped India] *[http://www.gandhiheritageportal.org/fundamental_workdetail/MzktNzY=#page/1/mode/2up In the Shadow of the Mahatma] by Ghanshyam Das Birla *[https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/86383/jsmuk_1.pdf Hungry Bengal] by Janam Mukherjee {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:ᱵᱤᱲᱞᱟ, ᱡᱤ ᱰᱤ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱘᱙᱔ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱘᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱴᱨᱮᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱰᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱫᱽᱢᱚ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱩᱥᱚᱬ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱵᱤᱲᱞᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ|ᱡᱤ.ᱰᱤ.]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱣᱩᱱᱰᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱐ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱟᱱᱛᱷᱨᱚᱯᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱷᱩᱱᱡᱷᱩᱱᱩ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱴᱮᱠᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱤᱱᱰᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱤᱱᱰᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱸᱠᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱤᱱᱰᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱢᱳᱴᱚᱨ ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱱᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] 5yftr9xw8od8g81dixey560h76sudm9 0 38051 197820 2026-09-14T12:11:36Z ᱯᱨᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱦᱮᱢᱵᱨᱚᱢ 8509 "{{Infobox person | name = ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱤ | occupation = ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱢᱟᱪᱮᱛ | nationality = ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ | notable_works = ᱯᱟᱴᱠᱟᱨ, ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱫᱟᱨᱮ | awards = ᱵᱤᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱥᱟ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ (᱒᱐᱑᱑) }} '''ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱤ''' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 197820 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱤ | occupation = ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱢᱟᱪᱮᱛ | nationality = ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ | notable_works = ᱯᱟᱴᱠᱟᱨ, ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱫᱟᱨᱮ | awards = ᱵᱤᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱥᱟ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ (᱒᱐᱑᱑) }} '''ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱤ''' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱭᱟᱱ, ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱨᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾ == ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ == ᱑᱙ ᱵᱚᱪᱷᱚᱨ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱜᱟᱭᱟᱱ ''ᱯᱟᱴᱠᱟᱨ'' ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱒᱕ ᱚᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱑᱙᱘᱔ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱞ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱰᱤᱭᱳ ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ 'A' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱑᱙᱘᱖ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ''ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱫᱟᱨᱮ'' (ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱠᱴ ᱜᱟᱭᱟᱱ) ᱦᱚᱸ ᱨᱮᱰᱤᱭᱳ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱢᱟᱪᱮᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱰᱨ. ᱥᱩᱦᱨᱤᱫᱽ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱚᱣᱢᱤᱠ (ᱢᱮᱪᱮᱫᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ 'ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱯᱨᱮᱥ' ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤᱠ) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱧᱟᱯᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ᱾ == ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱠᱚ == •⁠ ⁠''ᱥᱳᱲᱮ'' (᱑᱙᱙᱒) (ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱮᱸ, ᱜᱟᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ) •⁠ ⁠''ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱠᱟᱹᱨ'' (᱑᱙᱙᱗) •⁠ ⁠''ᱵᱟᱲᱮᱼᱫᱟᱨᱮ'' (᱑᱙᱙᱘) •⁠ ⁠''ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱨᱚᱱᱚᱲ'' (᱒᱐᱐᱐) •⁠ ⁠''ᱮᱛᱳ'' (᱒᱐᱑᱕) == ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱨᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ == •⁠ ⁠'''᱒᱐᱑᱒''': [[ᱥᱟᱦᱤᱛᱭᱚ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ]], ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ 'ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱵᱟᱨ-ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱨᱟᱹᱭ' ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱡ᱾ •⁠ ⁠'''᱒᱐᱑᱓''': ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱨᱟᱞ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱤᱭᱩᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱝᱜᱩᱭᱮᱡᱮᱥ (CIIL), ᱢᱟᱭᱥᱩᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ 'ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱨᱚᱱᱚᱲ' ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ᱾ •⁠ ⁠'''᱒᱐᱑᱗''': ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ-ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ-ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ 'ᱯᱮ-ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱨᱟᱹᱭ' ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱚᱡᱤᱴᱚᱨ᱾ == ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ == •⁠ ⁠'''᱒᱐᱐᱗''': ᱚᱞ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲ ᱥᱮᱢᱞᱮᱫ, ᱡᱷᱟᱲᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ᱾ •⁠ ⁠'''᱒᱐᱐᱘''': ᱚᱞ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ, ᱡᱷᱟᱲᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ᱾ •⁠ ⁠'''᱒᱐᱑᱑''': ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ''ᱵᱤᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱥᱟ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ''᱾ mf1h02x76d48apgsdss943s3bwphihp 197821 197820 2026-09-14T12:14:46Z ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱ ᱗ 1744 /* ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱠᱚ */ 197821 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱤ | occupation = ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱢᱟᱪᱮᱛ | nationality = ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ | notable_works = ᱯᱟᱴᱠᱟᱨ, ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱫᱟᱨᱮ | awards = ᱵᱤᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱥᱟ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ (᱒᱐᱑᱑) }} '''ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱤ''' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱭᱟᱱ, ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱨᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾ == ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ == ᱑᱙ ᱵᱚᱪᱷᱚᱨ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱜᱟᱭᱟᱱ ''ᱯᱟᱴᱠᱟᱨ'' ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱒᱕ ᱚᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱑᱙᱘᱔ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱞ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱰᱤᱭᱳ ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ 'A' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱑᱙᱘᱖ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ''ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱫᱟᱨᱮ'' (ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱠᱴ ᱜᱟᱭᱟᱱ) ᱦᱚᱸ ᱨᱮᱰᱤᱭᱳ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱢᱟᱪᱮᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱰᱨ. ᱥᱩᱦᱨᱤᱫᱽ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱚᱣᱢᱤᱠ (ᱢᱮᱪᱮᱫᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ 'ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱯᱨᱮᱥ' ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤᱠ) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱧᱟᱯᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ᱾ == ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱠᱚ == * ⁠''ᱥᱳᱲᱮ'' (᱑᱙᱙᱒) (ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱮᱸ, ᱜᱟᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ) * ⁠''ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱠᱟᱹᱨ'' (᱑᱙᱙᱗) * ⁠''ᱵᱟᱲᱮᱼᱫᱟᱨᱮ'' (᱑᱙᱙᱘) * ⁠''ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱨᱚᱱᱚᱲ'' (᱒᱐᱐᱐) * ⁠''ᱮᱛᱳ'' (᱒᱐᱑᱕) == ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱨᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ == •⁠ ⁠'''᱒᱐᱑᱒''': [[ᱥᱟᱦᱤᱛᱭᱚ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ]], ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ 'ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱵᱟᱨ-ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱨᱟᱹᱭ' ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱡ᱾ •⁠ ⁠'''᱒᱐᱑᱓''': ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱨᱟᱞ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱤᱭᱩᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱝᱜᱩᱭᱮᱡᱮᱥ (CIIL), ᱢᱟᱭᱥᱩᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ 'ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱨᱚᱱᱚᱲ' ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ᱾ •⁠ ⁠'''᱒᱐᱑᱗''': ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ-ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ-ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ 'ᱯᱮ-ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱨᱟᱹᱭ' ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱚᱡᱤᱴᱚᱨ᱾ == ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ == •⁠ ⁠'''᱒᱐᱐᱗''': ᱚᱞ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲ ᱥᱮᱢᱞᱮᱫ, ᱡᱷᱟᱲᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ᱾ •⁠ ⁠'''᱒᱐᱐᱘''': ᱚᱞ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ, ᱡᱷᱟᱲᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ᱾ •⁠ ⁠'''᱒᱐᱑᱑''': ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ''ᱵᱤᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱥᱟ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ''᱾ iecfkqmzjp0fpgql2xnexum52wymt2b 197823 197821 2026-09-14T12:32:52Z ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱ ᱗ 1744 /* ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱨᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ */ 197823 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱤ | occupation = ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱢᱟᱪᱮᱛ | nationality = ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ | notable_works = ᱯᱟᱴᱠᱟᱨ, ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱫᱟᱨᱮ | awards = ᱵᱤᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱥᱟ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ (᱒᱐᱑᱑) }} '''ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱤ''' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱭᱟᱱ, ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱨᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾ == ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ == ᱑᱙ ᱵᱚᱪᱷᱚᱨ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱜᱟᱭᱟᱱ ''ᱯᱟᱴᱠᱟᱨ'' ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱒᱕ ᱚᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱑᱙᱘᱔ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱞ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱰᱤᱭᱳ ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ 'A' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱑᱙᱘᱖ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ''ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱫᱟᱨᱮ'' (ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱠᱴ ᱜᱟᱭᱟᱱ) ᱦᱚᱸ ᱨᱮᱰᱤᱭᱳ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱢᱟᱪᱮᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱰᱨ. ᱥᱩᱦᱨᱤᱫᱽ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱚᱣᱢᱤᱠ (ᱢᱮᱪᱮᱫᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ 'ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱯᱨᱮᱥ' ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤᱠ) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱧᱟᱯᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ᱾ == ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱠᱚ == * ⁠''ᱥᱳᱲᱮ'' (᱑᱙᱙᱒) (ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱮᱸ, ᱜᱟᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ) * ⁠''ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱠᱟᱹᱨ'' (᱑᱙᱙᱗) * ⁠''ᱵᱟᱲᱮᱼᱫᱟᱨᱮ'' (᱑᱙᱙᱘) * ⁠''ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱨᱚᱱᱚᱲ'' (᱒᱐᱐᱐) * ⁠''ᱮᱛᱳ'' (᱒᱐᱑᱕) == ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱨᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ == * ⁠'''᱒᱐᱑᱒''': [[ᱥᱟᱦᱤᱛᱭᱚ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ]], ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ 'ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱵᱟᱨ-ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱨᱟᱹᱭ' ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱡ᱾ * ⁠'''᱒᱐᱑᱓''': ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱨᱟᱞ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱤᱭᱩᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱝᱜᱩᱭᱮᱡᱮᱥ (CIIL), ᱢᱟᱭᱥᱩᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ 'ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱨᱚᱱᱚᱲ' ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ᱾ * ⁠'''᱒᱐᱑᱗''': ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ-ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ-ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ 'ᱯᱮ-ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱨᱟᱹᱭ' ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱚᱡᱤᱴᱚᱨ᱾ == ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ == •⁠ ⁠'''᱒᱐᱐᱗''': ᱚᱞ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲ ᱥᱮᱢᱞᱮᱫ, ᱡᱷᱟᱲᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ᱾ •⁠ ⁠'''᱒᱐᱐᱘''': ᱚᱞ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ, ᱡᱷᱟᱲᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ᱾ •⁠ ⁠'''᱒᱐᱑᱑''': ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ''ᱵᱤᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱥᱟ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ''᱾ kqua8rfsgc2yk3wyg5jy4evya2t5ygv 197824 197823 2026-09-14T12:33:12Z ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱ ᱗ 1744 /* ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ */ 197824 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱤ | occupation = ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱢᱟᱪᱮᱛ | nationality = ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ | notable_works = ᱯᱟᱴᱠᱟᱨ, ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱫᱟᱨᱮ | awards = ᱵᱤᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱥᱟ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ (᱒᱐᱑᱑) }} '''ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱤ''' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱭᱟᱱ, ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱨᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾ == ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ == ᱑᱙ ᱵᱚᱪᱷᱚᱨ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱜᱟᱭᱟᱱ ''ᱯᱟᱴᱠᱟᱨ'' ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱒᱕ ᱚᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱑᱙᱘᱔ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱞ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱰᱤᱭᱳ ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ 'A' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱑᱙᱘᱖ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ''ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱫᱟᱨᱮ'' (ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱠᱴ ᱜᱟᱭᱟᱱ) ᱦᱚᱸ ᱨᱮᱰᱤᱭᱳ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱢᱟᱪᱮᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱰᱨ. ᱥᱩᱦᱨᱤᱫᱽ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱚᱣᱢᱤᱠ (ᱢᱮᱪᱮᱫᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ 'ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱯᱨᱮᱥ' ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤᱠ) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱧᱟᱯᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ᱾ == ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱠᱚ == * ⁠''ᱥᱳᱲᱮ'' (᱑᱙᱙᱒) (ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱮᱸ, ᱜᱟᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ) * ⁠''ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱠᱟᱹᱨ'' (᱑᱙᱙᱗) * ⁠''ᱵᱟᱲᱮᱼᱫᱟᱨᱮ'' (᱑᱙᱙᱘) * ⁠''ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱨᱚᱱᱚᱲ'' (᱒᱐᱐᱐) * ⁠''ᱮᱛᱳ'' (᱒᱐᱑᱕) == ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱨᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ == * ⁠'''᱒᱐᱑᱒''': [[ᱥᱟᱦᱤᱛᱭᱚ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ]], ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ 'ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱵᱟᱨ-ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱨᱟᱹᱭ' ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱡ᱾ * ⁠'''᱒᱐᱑᱓''': ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱨᱟᱞ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱤᱭᱩᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱝᱜᱩᱭᱮᱡᱮᱥ (CIIL), ᱢᱟᱭᱥᱩᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ 'ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱨᱚᱱᱚᱲ' ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ᱾ * ⁠'''᱒᱐᱑᱗''': ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ-ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ-ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ 'ᱯᱮ-ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱨᱟᱹᱭ' ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱚᱡᱤᱴᱚᱨ᱾ == ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ == * ⁠'''᱒᱐᱐᱗''': ᱚᱞ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲ ᱥᱮᱢᱞᱮᱫ, ᱡᱷᱟᱲᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ᱾ * ⁠'''᱒᱐᱐᱘''': ᱚᱞ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ, ᱡᱷᱟᱲᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ᱾ * ⁠'''᱒᱐᱑᱑''': ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ''ᱵᱤᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱥᱟ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ''᱾ 12gbjskusor0a0thyh9ephgrk8sig47 0 38052 197825 2026-09-14T13:03:50Z ᱚᱨᱯᱤᱛᱟ ᱦᱮᱢᱵᱨᱚᱢ 7474 "{{other uses|ᱵᱟᱞᱤ (ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱚᱨᱛᱷᱚ)}} <!-- See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian cities]] for details -->{{Infobox settlement | name = ᱵᱟᱞᱤ ᱫᱮᱣᱟᱱᱜᱚᱧ | other_name = | nickname = | type = ᱟᱹᱛᱩ | image = | alt = | caption = | pushpin_map..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 197825 wikitext text/x-wiki {{other uses|ᱵᱟᱞᱤ (ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱚᱨᱛᱷᱚ)}} <!-- See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian cities]] for details -->{{Infobox settlement | name = ᱵᱟᱞᱤ ᱫᱮᱣᱟᱱᱜᱚᱧ | other_name = | nickname = | type = ᱟᱹᱛᱩ | image = | alt = | caption = | pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_alt = | pushpin_caption = [[ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]], [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ | coordinates = {{coord|22.81224|N|87.76836|E|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} | subdivision_type1 = [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱮᱫ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ|ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | subdivision_name1 = [[ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] | subdivision_type2 = [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛᱠᱚ|ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | subdivision_name2 = [[ᱦᱩᱜᱽᱞᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱦᱩᱜᱽᱞᱤ]] | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | named_for = | government_type = | governing_body = | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_rank = | area_total_km2 = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_total = ᱔,᱐᱖᱓ | population_as_of = ᱒᱐᱑᱑ | population_rank = | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_footnotes = | demographics_type1 = ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ | demographics1_title1 = ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ | demographics1_info1 = [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]], [[ᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱡᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱡᱤ]] | time_zone1 = [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱠ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ|IST]] | utc_offset1 = +᱕:᱓᱐ | postal_code_type = [[ᱯᱤᱱ ᱠᱳᱰ|ᱯᱤᱱ]] | postal_code = ᱗᱑᱒᱖᱑᱖ | area_code_type = ᱴᱮᱞᱤᱯᱷᱳᱱ/[[ standard trunk dialing | ᱮᱥ.ᱴᱤ.ᱰᱤ.]] ᱠᱳᱰ | area_code = ᱐᱓᱒᱑᱑ | registration_plate = | custom_label1_sec1 = [[ᱞᱳᱠ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱚᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ | custom_data1_sec1 = [[ᱟᱨᱟᱢᱵᱟᱜᱽ (ᱞᱳᱠ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱚᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ)|ᱟᱨᱟᱢᱵᱟᱜᱽ]] | custom_label2_sec1 = [[ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ | custom_data2_sec1 = [[ᱜᱳᱜᱷᱟᱴ (ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ)|ᱜᱳᱜᱷᱟᱴ]] | website = {{URL|hooghly.gov.in/}} | footnotes = }} '''ᱵᱟᱞᱤ ᱫᱮᱣᱟᱱᱜᱚᱧ''' ( ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱵᱟᱞᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ-ᱟ) ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱦᱩᱜᱽᱞᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱟᱨᱟᱢᱵᱟᱜᱽ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱷᱤᱡᱚᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱜᱳᱜᱷᱟᱴ I]] ᱥᱤᱰᱤ ᱵᱞᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱟᱨ [[ᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢ ᱯᱟᱧᱪᱟᱭᱮᱛ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ {{OSM Location map | width=500| height=300| zoom=10 | coord={{coord|22|50|0|N|87|46|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''ᱦᱩᱜᱽᱞᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱟᱢᱵᱟᱜᱽ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱷᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ''' M: ᱢᱩᱱᱥᱤᱯᱟᱞ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ/ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ, R: ᱟᱹᱛᱩ/ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ, H: ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ/ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱢᱮᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱞᱟᱹᱴᱩ ᱢᱮᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ |mark-coord1= {{coord|22|53|50|N|87|41|40|E}}| label-pos1=right|label1=Goghat | numbered1=R| mark-title1= [[Goghat]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=13| mark-size1=13|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2 |mark-coord2={{coord|22|43|5|N|87|51|40|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2=Khanakul | numbered2=R| mark-title2= [[Khanakul]] (R) |mark-coord3={{coord|22|54|10|N|87|39|30|E}} | label-pos3=top|label3=Kamarpukur | numbered3=R| mark-title3= [[Kamarpukur]] (R) |mark-coord4={{coord|22|50|40|N|87|57|37|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4=Pursurah| numbered4=R| mark-title4= [[Pursurah]] (R) |mark-coord5={{coord|22|56|45|N|87|41|18|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5=Bengai| numbered5=R| mark-title5= [[Bengai]] (R) |mark-coord6={{coord|22|53|35|N|87|53|55|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Keshabpur| numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Keshabpur, Hooghly]] (R) |mark-coord7={{coord|22|44|25|N|87|51|40|E}} | label-pos7=top|label7= Radhanagore| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Radhanagore]] (R) |mark-coord8={{coord|22|49|25|N|87|57|40|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8= Shrirampur| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Shrirampur, Arambagh]] (R) |mark-coord9={{coord|22|43|41|N|87|52|30|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Natibpur| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Natibpur, Hooghly]] (R) |mark-coord10={{coord|22|47|30|N|87|54|0|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Dakshin Narayanpur| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Dakshin Narayanpur]] (R) |mark-coord11={{coord|22|53|20|N|87|46|48|E}}| label-pos11=right|label11= Arambag| numbered11=M| mark-title11= [[Arambag]] (M)| shape-color11= #800000 |mark-coord12={{coord|22|52|10|N|87|39|57|E}}| label-pos12=bottom|label12= Gar Mandaran| numbered12=H| mark-title12= [[Gar Mandaran]] (H) |shape-color12=#AA6666 |mark-coord13={{coord|22|54|0|N|87|32|13|E}}| label-pos13=left|label13= Badanganj| numbered13=H| mark-title13= [[Badanganj]] (H) |shape-color13=#AA6666 |mark-coord14={{coord|22|48|44|N|87|46|6|E}}| label-pos14=left|label14= Bali Dewanganj| numbered14=H| mark-title14= Bali Dewanganj (H) |shape-color14=black| label-size14=13|label-color14=black |mark-coord15={{coord|22|54|30|N|87|51|44|E}}| label-pos15=left|label15= Bhalia| numbered15=H| mark-title15= [[Bhalia]] (H) |shape-color15=#AA6666 |mark-coord16={{coord|22|51|41|N|87|48|45|E}}| label-pos16=left|label16= Dihi|labela16= Bayara| numbered16=H| mark-title16= [[Dihi Bayara]] (H) |shape-color16=#AA6666 |mark-coord17={{coord|22|55|10|N|87|33|25|E}}| label-pos17=top|label17= Fului| numbered17=H| mark-title17= [[Fului]] (H) |shape-color17=#AA6666 |mark-coord18={{coord|22|46|32|N|87|48|30|E}}| label-pos18=right|label18= Gourhati| numbered18=H| mark-title18= [[Gourhati]] (H) |shape-color18=#AA6666 |mark-coord19={{coord|22|51|20|N|87|51|2|E}}| label-pos19=right|label19= Hamirbati| numbered19=H| mark-title19= [[Hamirbati]] (H) |shape-color19=#AA6666 |mark-coord20={{coord|22|52|15|N|87|50|32|E}}| label-pos20=right|label20= Hat Basantapur| numbered20=H| mark-title20= [[Hat Basantapur]] (H) |shape-color20=#AA6666 |mark-coord21={{coord|22|54|50|N|87|32|17|E}}| label-pos21=left|label21= Kayapat| numbered21=H| mark-title21= [[Kayapat]] (H) |shape-color21=#AA6666 |mark-coord22={{coord|22|50|30|N|87|49|39|E}}| label-pos22=right|label22= Kanpur| numbered22=H| mark-title22= [[Kanpur, Hooghly]] (H) |shape-color22=#AA6666 |mark-coord23={{coord|22|49|30|N|87|51|2|E}}| label-pos23=bottom|label23= Madhabpur| numbered23=H| mark-title23= [[Madhabpur, Hooghly]] (H) |shape-color23=#AA6666 |mark-coord24={{coord|22|53|10|N|87|35|52|E}}| label-pos24=bottom|label24= Mamudpur| numbered24=H| mark-title24= [[Mamudpur, Arambagh]] (H) |shape-color24=#AA6666 |mark-coord25={{coord|22|53|5|N|87|37|2|E}}| label-pos25=right|label25= Memanpur| numbered25=H| mark-title25= [[Memanpur]] (H) |shape-color25=#AA6666 |mark-coord26={{coord|22|48|30|N|87|56|13|E}}| label-pos26=right|label26= Parul| numbered26=H| mark-title26= [[Parul, Hooghly]] (H) |shape-color26=#AA6666 |mark-coord27={{coord|22|54|5|N|87|37|45|E}}| label-pos27=left|label27= Satberia| numbered27=H| mark-title27= [[Satberia]] (H) |shape-color27=#AA6666 |mark-coord28={{coord|22|53|0|N|87|34|1|E}}| label-pos28=left|label28= Shyambazar| numbered28=H| mark-title28= [[Shyambazar, Hooghly]] (H) |shape-color28=#AA6666 |mark-coord29={{coord|22|58|0|N|87|43|40|E}}|label29= Dwarakeswar|labela29= River| label-color29 = #77A1CB| label-angle29=60| label-pos29=top| label-size29=11| mark-size29=0| mark-title29=none |mark-coord30={{coord|22|47|30|N|87|54|10|E}}|label30= Mundeswari|labela30= River| label-color30 = #77A1CB| label-angle30=65| label-pos30=top| label-size30=11| mark-size30=0| mark-title30=none |mark-coord31={{coord|22|44|0|N|87|43|0|E}}|label31= Rupnarayan |labela31= River| label-color31 = #77A1CB| label-angle31=80| label-pos31=top| label-size31=11| mark-size31=0| mark-title31=none |mark-coord32={{coord|22|44|0|N|87|58|40|E}}|label32= Damodar |labela32= River| label-color32 = #77A1CB| label-angle32=85| label-pos32=top| label-size32=11| mark-size32=0| mark-title32=none}} {{clear|left}} =ᱴᱷᱟᱶ= ᱵᱟᱞᱤ ᱫᱮᱣᱟᱱᱜᱚᱧ ᱫᱚ {{coord|22.81224|N|87.76836|E|}} ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱟᱢᱵᱟᱜᱽ-ᱜᱷᱟᱴᱟᱞ ᱨᱳᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱟᱢᱵᱟᱜᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱓ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ =ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ= ᱢᱮᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱨᱟᱢᱵᱟᱜᱽ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱷᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ – ᱫᱣᱟᱨᱟᱠᱮᱥᱣᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ – ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱵᱟᱸᱠᱩᱲᱟ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱵᱽ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱞᱤ ᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ, ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1912_PART_A_DCHB_HUGLI.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Hugli, Series-20, Part XIIA | work= Physiography, Page 17-19|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 25 September 2020 }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱙᱔.᱗᱗% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱕.᱒᱓% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Hooghly |work = Table 2.2, 2.4(a) |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 25 September 2020 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref> <small>ᱱᱳᱴ: ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱷᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱢᱮᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱜᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱴᱩ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱥᱠᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱮᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾</small> ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ [[᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ|᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱵᱟᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱔,᱐᱖᱓ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱒,᱐᱙᱓ (᱕᱒%) ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑,᱙᱗᱐ (᱔᱘%) ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱐-᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱓᱗᱖ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱵᱟᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱚᱞ-ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱒,᱙᱒᱒ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ (᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱗᱙.᱒᱕%)᱾<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 27 August 2018 }}</ref> ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱞᱤ ᱫᱮᱣᱟᱱᱜᱚᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱨᱟᱣᱩᱛᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱴᱳᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱤᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱪᱚᱱᱰᱤ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱓ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱪᱩᱲᱟᱹ (pinnacles) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱩᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱩᱲᱟᱹ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱩᱨᱜᱟ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱤᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱰᱤᱯᱟᱨᱴᱢᱮᱱᱴ (state archaeological department) ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱱᱚ cross-style/ unique ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ''ᱡᱳᱲ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤ'' ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ''ᱱᱚᱵᱚ ᱨᱚᱛᱱᱚ'' ᱪᱩᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱠᱩᱴᱤᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ''ᱨᱟᱥ ᱢᱚᱧᱪᱚ'' ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱴᱮᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴᱟ ( ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱡᱚᱥᱟᱯᱟᱵᱽ) ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱮᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite web | url = http://rangan-datta.info/index.php | title = Next weekend you can be at Bali Dewanganj | first= Rangan| last= Datta| publisher = The Telegraph, 4 April 2010 |access-date = 21 September 2020}}</ref> [[ᱰᱮᱵᱷᱤᱰ ᱢᱮᱠᱠᱟᱪᱤᱭᱚᱱ|ᱰᱮᱵᱷᱤᱰ ᱡᱮ. ᱢᱮᱠᱠᱟᱪᱤᱭᱚᱱ (David J. McCutchion)]] ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ:<ref>McCutchion, David J., ''Late Mediaeval Temples of Bengal'', first published 1972, reprinted 2017, pages 29, 36, 47, 55. The Asiatic Society, Kolkata, {{ISBN| 98-93-81574-65-2}}</ref> * ᱨᱟᱣᱩᱛ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱫᱩᱨᱜᱟ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ''[[ ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱤᱞ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱱᱟᱹᱨ # ᱪᱟᱞᱟ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱤᱞ | ᱡᱳᱲ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ]]'' ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ''ᱱᱚᱵᱚ ᱨᱚᱛᱱᱚ'' ᱪᱩᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱑' ᱑᱐" ᱪᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ (square) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱘ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ * ᱜᱷᱳᱥ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱢᱳᱫᱚᱨ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱤᱞ, ᱢᱮᱫᱤᱱᱤᱯᱩᱨ ᱴᱟᱭᱤᱯ ''ᱟᱴ ᱪᱟᱞᱟ'' ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱒᱒' x ᱑᱙' ᱖" ᱢᱟᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ, ᱑᱘᱒᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ * ᱨᱟᱣᱩᱛᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱣᱩᱛ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱥᱱᱩ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ''ᱯᱚᱧᱪᱚ ᱨᱚᱛᱱᱚ'' ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱴᱮᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ, ᱒᱒' ᱖" ᱪᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ (square) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ * ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱪᱚᱱᱰᱤ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱤᱞ, ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱹᱬ ᱴᱮᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱑᱓ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱪᱩᱲᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱵᱟᱞᱤ ᱫᱮᱣᱟᱱᱜᱚᱧ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱫᱩᱨᱜᱟ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱤᱞ (ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱱᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨ S-WB-58 ᱨᱮ) ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱷᱮ (Archaeological Survey of India) ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ [[ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱢᱟᱨᱚᱠ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱤᱥᱴ | ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱢᱟᱨᱚᱠ ᱞᱤᱥᱴ ]] ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite web| url = http://asi.nic.in/asi_protected_monu_west_bengal.asp |title = Protected Monuments in West Bengal |publisher= Archaeological Survey of India|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130903065804/http://asi.nic.in/asi_protected_monu_west_bengal.asp | access-date = 27 September 2020|archive-date = 2013-09-03 }}</ref> ᱵᱟᱞᱤ ᱫᱮᱣᱟᱱᱜᱚᱧ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱨᱤ <gallery> File:Shiva Durga temple or simply, Durga temple of Bally Diwanganj of Goghat PS in Hooghly district of West Bengal (07).jpg| ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱫᱩᱨᱜᱟ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱤᱞ (ᱥᱮ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱫᱩᱨᱜᱟ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱤᱞ) ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱥᱱᱩ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱤᱞ ᱥᱟᱶ File:Shiva Durga temple or simply, Durga temple of Bally Diwanganj of Goghat PS in Hooghly district of West Bengal (118).jpg| ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱫᱩᱨᱜᱟ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱴᱮᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴᱟ ᱯᱮᱱᱮᱞ File:Shiva Durga temple or simply, Durga temple of Bally Diwanganj of Goghat PS in Hooghly district of West Bengal (19).jpg| ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱫᱩᱨᱜᱟ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱮᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴᱟ ᱯᱮᱱᱮᱞ File:Vishnu temple of Rautpara in Bally Dewanganj, Goghat PS, Hooghly district 36.jpg| ᱨᱟᱣᱩᱛᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱥᱱᱩ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱤᱞ File:Damodar temple, Ghosh family temple, Bally Dewanganj 20.jpg| ᱜᱷᱳᱥ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱢᱳᱫᱚᱨ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱤᱞ File:Damodar temple, Ghosh family temple, Bally Dewanganj 12.jpg| ᱫᱟᱢᱳᱫᱚᱨ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ File:Dilapidated temple of Dalal para of Bally Dewanganj 01.jpg| ᱫᱟᱞᱟᱞᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱢᱤ ᱡᱚᱱᱟᱨᱫᱚᱱ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱤᱞ File:Dilapidated temple of Dalal para of Bally Dewanganj 39.jpg| ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱢᱤ ᱡᱚᱱᱟᱨᱫᱚᱱ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ File:Mangal Chandi temple of Rautpara in Bally Dewanganj, PS Goghat, Hooghly district 09.jpg| ᱨᱟᱣᱩᱛᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱪᱚᱱᱰᱤ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱤᱞ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱑᱓ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱪᱩᱲᱟᱹ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱩᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ File:Mangal Chandi temple of Rautpara in Bally Dewanganj, PS Goghat, Hooghly district 05.jpg| ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱪᱚᱱᱰᱤ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ File:Shib kuthi of Bally Dewanganj 37.jpg|'' ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱠᱩᱴᱤᱨ '' File:Das Durga temple of Rautpara in Bally Dewanganj, Goghat PS, Hooghly district 02.jpg| ᱨᱟᱣᱩᱛᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱥ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱫᱩᱨᱜᱟ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱤᱞ File:Rasa Mancha of Bally Dewanganj 12.jpg|'' ᱨᱟᱥ ᱢᱚᱧᱪᱚ '' File:Rasa Mancha of Bally Dewanganj 04.jpg|'' ᱨᱟᱥ ᱢᱚᱧᱪᱚ '' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ </gallery> ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ {{Reflist}} ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ {{commons category|Bali Dewanganj}} {{Hooghly District}} {{Temple towns in West Bengal}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱦᱩᱜᱽᱞᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱠᱚ]] 3riz3oesoh09ctcz6aopcx13go8ixui 197826 197825 2026-09-14T13:05:42Z ᱚᱨᱯᱤᱛᱟ ᱦᱮᱢᱵᱨᱚᱢ 7474 /* ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ */ 197826 wikitext text/x-wiki {{other uses|ᱵᱟᱞᱤ (ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱚᱨᱛᱷᱚ)}} <!-- See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian cities]] for details -->{{Infobox settlement | name = ᱵᱟᱞᱤ ᱫᱮᱣᱟᱱᱜᱚᱧ | other_name = | nickname = | type = ᱟᱹᱛᱩ | image = | alt = | caption = | pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_alt = | pushpin_caption = [[ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]], [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ | coordinates = {{coord|22.81224|N|87.76836|E|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} | subdivision_type1 = [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱮᱫ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ|ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | subdivision_name1 = [[ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] | subdivision_type2 = [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛᱠᱚ|ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | subdivision_name2 = [[ᱦᱩᱜᱽᱞᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱦᱩᱜᱽᱞᱤ]] | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | named_for = | government_type = | governing_body = | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_rank = | area_total_km2 = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_total = ᱔,᱐᱖᱓ | population_as_of = ᱒᱐᱑᱑ | population_rank = | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_footnotes = | demographics_type1 = ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ | demographics1_title1 = ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ | demographics1_info1 = [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]], [[ᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱡᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱡᱤ]] | time_zone1 = [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱠ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ|IST]] | utc_offset1 = +᱕:᱓᱐ | postal_code_type = [[ᱯᱤᱱ ᱠᱳᱰ|ᱯᱤᱱ]] | postal_code = ᱗᱑᱒᱖᱑᱖ | area_code_type = ᱴᱮᱞᱤᱯᱷᱳᱱ/[[ standard trunk dialing | ᱮᱥ.ᱴᱤ.ᱰᱤ.]] ᱠᱳᱰ | area_code = ᱐᱓᱒᱑᱑ | registration_plate = | custom_label1_sec1 = [[ᱞᱳᱠ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱚᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ | custom_data1_sec1 = [[ᱟᱨᱟᱢᱵᱟᱜᱽ (ᱞᱳᱠ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱚᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ)|ᱟᱨᱟᱢᱵᱟᱜᱽ]] | custom_label2_sec1 = [[ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ | custom_data2_sec1 = [[ᱜᱳᱜᱷᱟᱴ (ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ)|ᱜᱳᱜᱷᱟᱴ]] | website = {{URL|hooghly.gov.in/}} | footnotes = }} '''ᱵᱟᱞᱤ ᱫᱮᱣᱟᱱᱜᱚᱧ''' ( ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱵᱟᱞᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ-ᱟ) ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱦᱩᱜᱽᱞᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱟᱨᱟᱢᱵᱟᱜᱽ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱷᱤᱡᱚᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱜᱳᱜᱷᱟᱴ I]] ᱥᱤᱰᱤ ᱵᱞᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱟᱨ [[ᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢ ᱯᱟᱧᱪᱟᱭᱮᱛ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ {{OSM Location map | width=500| height=300| zoom=10 | coord={{coord|22|50|0|N|87|46|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''ᱦᱩᱜᱽᱞᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱟᱢᱵᱟᱜᱽ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱷᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ''' M: ᱢᱩᱱᱥᱤᱯᱟᱞ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ/ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ, R: ᱟᱹᱛᱩ/ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ, H: ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ/ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱢᱮᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱞᱟᱹᱴᱩ ᱢᱮᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ |mark-coord1= {{coord|22|53|50|N|87|41|40|E}}| label-pos1=right|label1=Goghat | numbered1=R| mark-title1= [[Goghat]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=13| mark-size1=13|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2 |mark-coord2={{coord|22|43|5|N|87|51|40|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2=Khanakul | numbered2=R| mark-title2= [[Khanakul]] (R) |mark-coord3={{coord|22|54|10|N|87|39|30|E}} | label-pos3=top|label3=Kamarpukur | numbered3=R| mark-title3= [[Kamarpukur]] (R) |mark-coord4={{coord|22|50|40|N|87|57|37|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4=Pursurah| numbered4=R| mark-title4= [[Pursurah]] (R) |mark-coord5={{coord|22|56|45|N|87|41|18|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5=Bengai| numbered5=R| mark-title5= [[Bengai]] (R) |mark-coord6={{coord|22|53|35|N|87|53|55|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Keshabpur| numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Keshabpur, Hooghly]] (R) |mark-coord7={{coord|22|44|25|N|87|51|40|E}} | label-pos7=top|label7= Radhanagore| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Radhanagore]] (R) |mark-coord8={{coord|22|49|25|N|87|57|40|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8= Shrirampur| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Shrirampur, Arambagh]] (R) |mark-coord9={{coord|22|43|41|N|87|52|30|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Natibpur| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Natibpur, Hooghly]] (R) |mark-coord10={{coord|22|47|30|N|87|54|0|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Dakshin Narayanpur| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Dakshin Narayanpur]] (R) |mark-coord11={{coord|22|53|20|N|87|46|48|E}}| label-pos11=right|label11= Arambag| numbered11=M| mark-title11= [[Arambag]] (M)| shape-color11= #800000 |mark-coord12={{coord|22|52|10|N|87|39|57|E}}| label-pos12=bottom|label12= Gar Mandaran| numbered12=H| mark-title12= [[Gar Mandaran]] (H) |shape-color12=#AA6666 |mark-coord13={{coord|22|54|0|N|87|32|13|E}}| label-pos13=left|label13= Badanganj| numbered13=H| mark-title13= [[Badanganj]] (H) |shape-color13=#AA6666 |mark-coord14={{coord|22|48|44|N|87|46|6|E}}| label-pos14=left|label14= Bali Dewanganj| numbered14=H| mark-title14= Bali Dewanganj (H) |shape-color14=black| label-size14=13|label-color14=black |mark-coord15={{coord|22|54|30|N|87|51|44|E}}| label-pos15=left|label15= Bhalia| numbered15=H| mark-title15= [[Bhalia]] (H) |shape-color15=#AA6666 |mark-coord16={{coord|22|51|41|N|87|48|45|E}}| label-pos16=left|label16= Dihi|labela16= Bayara| numbered16=H| mark-title16= [[Dihi Bayara]] (H) |shape-color16=#AA6666 |mark-coord17={{coord|22|55|10|N|87|33|25|E}}| label-pos17=top|label17= Fului| numbered17=H| mark-title17= [[Fului]] (H) |shape-color17=#AA6666 |mark-coord18={{coord|22|46|32|N|87|48|30|E}}| label-pos18=right|label18= Gourhati| numbered18=H| mark-title18= [[Gourhati]] (H) |shape-color18=#AA6666 |mark-coord19={{coord|22|51|20|N|87|51|2|E}}| label-pos19=right|label19= Hamirbati| numbered19=H| mark-title19= [[Hamirbati]] (H) |shape-color19=#AA6666 |mark-coord20={{coord|22|52|15|N|87|50|32|E}}| label-pos20=right|label20= Hat Basantapur| numbered20=H| mark-title20= [[Hat Basantapur]] (H) |shape-color20=#AA6666 |mark-coord21={{coord|22|54|50|N|87|32|17|E}}| label-pos21=left|label21= Kayapat| numbered21=H| mark-title21= [[Kayapat]] (H) |shape-color21=#AA6666 |mark-coord22={{coord|22|50|30|N|87|49|39|E}}| label-pos22=right|label22= Kanpur| numbered22=H| mark-title22= [[Kanpur, Hooghly]] (H) |shape-color22=#AA6666 |mark-coord23={{coord|22|49|30|N|87|51|2|E}}| label-pos23=bottom|label23= Madhabpur| numbered23=H| mark-title23= [[Madhabpur, Hooghly]] (H) |shape-color23=#AA6666 |mark-coord24={{coord|22|53|10|N|87|35|52|E}}| label-pos24=bottom|label24= Mamudpur| numbered24=H| mark-title24= [[Mamudpur, Arambagh]] (H) |shape-color24=#AA6666 |mark-coord25={{coord|22|53|5|N|87|37|2|E}}| label-pos25=right|label25= Memanpur| numbered25=H| mark-title25= [[Memanpur]] (H) |shape-color25=#AA6666 |mark-coord26={{coord|22|48|30|N|87|56|13|E}}| label-pos26=right|label26= Parul| numbered26=H| mark-title26= [[Parul, Hooghly]] (H) |shape-color26=#AA6666 |mark-coord27={{coord|22|54|5|N|87|37|45|E}}| label-pos27=left|label27= Satberia| numbered27=H| mark-title27= [[Satberia]] (H) |shape-color27=#AA6666 |mark-coord28={{coord|22|53|0|N|87|34|1|E}}| label-pos28=left|label28= Shyambazar| numbered28=H| mark-title28= [[Shyambazar, Hooghly]] (H) |shape-color28=#AA6666 |mark-coord29={{coord|22|58|0|N|87|43|40|E}}|label29= Dwarakeswar|labela29= River| label-color29 = #77A1CB| label-angle29=60| label-pos29=top| label-size29=11| mark-size29=0| mark-title29=none |mark-coord30={{coord|22|47|30|N|87|54|10|E}}|label30= Mundeswari|labela30= River| label-color30 = #77A1CB| label-angle30=65| label-pos30=top| label-size30=11| mark-size30=0| mark-title30=none |mark-coord31={{coord|22|44|0|N|87|43|0|E}}|label31= Rupnarayan |labela31= River| label-color31 = #77A1CB| label-angle31=80| label-pos31=top| label-size31=11| mark-size31=0| mark-title31=none |mark-coord32={{coord|22|44|0|N|87|58|40|E}}|label32= Damodar |labela32= River| label-color32 = #77A1CB| label-angle32=85| label-pos32=top| label-size32=11| mark-size32=0| mark-title32=none}} {{clear|left}} =ᱴᱷᱟᱶ= ᱵᱟᱞᱤ ᱫᱮᱣᱟᱱᱜᱚᱧ ᱫᱚ {{coord|22.81224|N|87.76836|E|}} ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱟᱢᱵᱟᱜᱽ-ᱜᱷᱟᱴᱟᱞ ᱨᱳᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱟᱢᱵᱟᱜᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱓ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ =ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ= ᱢᱮᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱨᱟᱢᱵᱟᱜᱽ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱷᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ – ᱫᱣᱟᱨᱟᱠᱮᱥᱣᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ – ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱵᱟᱸᱠᱩᱲᱟ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱵᱽ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱞᱤ ᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ, ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1912_PART_A_DCHB_HUGLI.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Hugli, Series-20, Part XIIA | work= Physiography, Page 17-19|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 25 September 2020 }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱙᱔.᱗᱗% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱕.᱒᱓% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Hooghly |work = Table 2.2, 2.4(a) |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 25 September 2020 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref> <small>ᱱᱳᱴ: ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱷᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱢᱮᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱜᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱴᱩ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱥᱠᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱮᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾</small> ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ [[᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ|᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱵᱟᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱔,᱐᱖᱓ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱒,᱐᱙᱓ (᱕᱒%) ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑,᱙᱗᱐ (᱔᱘%) ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱐-᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱓᱗᱖ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱵᱟᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱚᱞ-ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱒,᱙᱒᱒ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ (᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱗᱙.᱒᱕%)᱾<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 27 August 2018 }}</ref> ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱞᱤ ᱫᱮᱣᱟᱱᱜᱚᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱨᱟᱣᱩᱛᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱴᱳᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱤᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱪᱚᱱᱰᱤ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱓ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱪᱩᱲᱟᱹ (pinnacles) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱩᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱩᱲᱟᱹ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱩᱨᱜᱟ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱤᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱰᱤᱯᱟᱨᱴᱢᱮᱱᱴ (state archaeological department) ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱱᱚ cross-style/ unique ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ''ᱡᱳᱲ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤ'' ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ''ᱱᱚᱵᱚ ᱨᱚᱛᱱᱚ'' ᱪᱩᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱠᱩᱴᱤᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ''ᱨᱟᱥ ᱢᱚᱧᱪᱚ'' ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱴᱮᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴᱟ ( ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱡᱚᱥᱟᱯᱟᱵᱽ) ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱮᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite web | url = http://rangan-datta.info/index.php | title = Next weekend you can be at Bali Dewanganj | first= Rangan| last= Datta| publisher = The Telegraph, 4 April 2010 |access-date = 21 September 2020}}</ref> [[ᱰᱮᱵᱷᱤᱰ ᱢᱮᱠᱠᱟᱪᱤᱭᱚᱱ|ᱰᱮᱵᱷᱤᱰ ᱡᱮ. ᱢᱮᱠᱠᱟᱪᱤᱭᱚᱱ (David J. McCutchion)]] ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ:<ref>McCutchion, David J., ''Late Mediaeval Temples of Bengal'', first published 1972, reprinted 2017, pages 29, 36, 47, 55. The Asiatic Society, Kolkata, {{ISBN| 98-93-81574-65-2}}</ref> * ᱨᱟᱣᱩᱛ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱫᱩᱨᱜᱟ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ''[[ ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱤᱞ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱱᱟᱹᱨ # ᱪᱟᱞᱟ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱤᱞ | ᱡᱳᱲ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ]]'' ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ''ᱱᱚᱵᱚ ᱨᱚᱛᱱᱚ'' ᱪᱩᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱑' ᱑᱐" ᱪᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ (square) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱘ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ * ᱜᱷᱳᱥ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱢᱳᱫᱚᱨ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱤᱞ, ᱢᱮᱫᱤᱱᱤᱯᱩᱨ ᱴᱟᱭᱤᱯ ''ᱟᱴ ᱪᱟᱞᱟ'' ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱒᱒' x ᱑᱙' ᱖" ᱢᱟᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ, ᱑᱘᱒᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ * ᱨᱟᱣᱩᱛᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱣᱩᱛ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱥᱱᱩ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ''ᱯᱚᱧᱪᱚ ᱨᱚᱛᱱᱚ'' ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱴᱮᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ, ᱒᱒' ᱖" ᱪᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ (square) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ * ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱪᱚᱱᱰᱤ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱤᱞ, ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱹᱬ ᱴᱮᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱑᱓ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱪᱩᱲᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱵᱟᱞᱤ ᱫᱮᱣᱟᱱᱜᱚᱧ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱫᱩᱨᱜᱟ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱤᱞ (ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱱᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨ S-WB-58 ᱨᱮ) ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱷᱮ (Archaeological Survey of India) ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ [[ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱢᱟᱨᱚᱠ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱤᱥᱴ | ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱢᱟᱨᱚᱠ ᱞᱤᱥᱴ ]] ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite web| url = http://asi.nic.in/asi_protected_monu_west_bengal.asp |title = Protected Monuments in West Bengal |publisher= Archaeological Survey of India|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130903065804/http://asi.nic.in/asi_protected_monu_west_bengal.asp | access-date = 27 September 2020|archive-date = 2013-09-03 }}</ref> ᱵᱟᱞᱤ ᱫᱮᱣᱟᱱᱜᱚᱧ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱨᱤ <gallery> File:Shiva Durga temple or simply, Durga temple of Bally Diwanganj of Goghat PS in Hooghly district of West Bengal (07).jpg| ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱫᱩᱨᱜᱟ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱤᱞ (ᱥᱮ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱫᱩᱨᱜᱟ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱤᱞ) ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱥᱱᱩ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱤᱞ ᱥᱟᱶ File:Shiva Durga temple or simply, Durga temple of Bally Diwanganj of Goghat PS in Hooghly district of West Bengal (118).jpg| ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱫᱩᱨᱜᱟ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱴᱮᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴᱟ ᱯᱮᱱᱮᱞ File:Shiva Durga temple or simply, Durga temple of Bally Diwanganj of Goghat PS in Hooghly district of West Bengal (19).jpg| ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱫᱩᱨᱜᱟ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱮᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴᱟ ᱯᱮᱱᱮᱞ File:Vishnu temple of Rautpara in Bally Dewanganj, Goghat PS, Hooghly district 36.jpg| ᱨᱟᱣᱩᱛᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱥᱱᱩ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱤᱞ File:Damodar temple, Ghosh family temple, Bally Dewanganj 20.jpg| ᱜᱷᱳᱥ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱢᱳᱫᱚᱨ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱤᱞ File:Damodar temple, Ghosh family temple, Bally Dewanganj 12.jpg| ᱫᱟᱢᱳᱫᱚᱨ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ File:Dilapidated temple of Dalal para of Bally Dewanganj 01.jpg| ᱫᱟᱞᱟᱞᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱢᱤ ᱡᱚᱱᱟᱨᱫᱚᱱ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱤᱞ File:Dilapidated temple of Dalal para of Bally Dewanganj 39.jpg| ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱢᱤ ᱡᱚᱱᱟᱨᱫᱚᱱ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ File:Mangal Chandi temple of Rautpara in Bally Dewanganj, PS Goghat, Hooghly district 09.jpg| ᱨᱟᱣᱩᱛᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱪᱚᱱᱰᱤ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱤᱞ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱑᱓ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱪᱩᱲᱟᱹ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱩᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ File:Mangal Chandi temple of Rautpara in Bally Dewanganj, PS Goghat, Hooghly district 05.jpg| ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱪᱚᱱᱰᱤ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ File:Shib kuthi of Bally Dewanganj 37.jpg|'' ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱠᱩᱴᱤᱨ '' File:Das Durga temple of Rautpara in Bally Dewanganj, Goghat PS, Hooghly district 02.jpg| ᱨᱟᱣᱩᱛᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱥ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱫᱩᱨᱜᱟ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱤᱞ File:Rasa Mancha of Bally Dewanganj 12.jpg|'' ᱨᱟᱥ ᱢᱚᱧᱪᱚ '' File:Rasa Mancha of Bally Dewanganj 04.jpg|'' ᱨᱟᱥ ᱢᱚᱧᱪᱚ '' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ </gallery> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{commons category|Bali Dewanganj}} {{Hooghly District}} {{Temple towns in West Bengal}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱦᱩᱜᱽᱞᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱠᱚ]] dknbxm03jmvhr2mg1e0z5ierr21wq2r 0 38053 197827 2026-09-14T13:21:48Z ᱚᱨᱯᱤᱛᱟ ᱦᱮᱢᱵᱨᱚᱢ 7474 "{{Infobox settlement | name = ᱥᱚᱱᱤᱛᱯᱩᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ | other_name = | settlement_type = [[ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ|ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ]] [[ᱟᱥᱟᱢ]] ᱨᱮ | image_skyline = Landscape of Nameri National Park.jpg | image_alt = | image_caption = ᱱᱟᱢᱮᱨ..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 197827 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = ᱥᱚᱱᱤᱛᱯᱩᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ | other_name = | settlement_type = [[ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ|ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ]] [[ᱟᱥᱟᱢ]] ᱨᱮ | image_skyline = Landscape of Nameri National Park.jpg | image_alt = | image_caption = [[ᱱᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮ [[ᱠᱟᱢᱮᱝ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ]] ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ [[ᱦᱤᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭ]] ᱥᱟᱶ | nickname = | image_map = Sonitpur in Assam (India).svg | map_alt = | map_caption = ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ | coordinates = {{coord|26.63|N|92.8|E|display=title}} | subdivision_type = ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} | subdivision_type1 = [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱮᱫ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ|ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | subdivision_name1 = [[ᱟᱥᱟᱢ]] | subdivision_type2 = [[ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ ᱠᱚ|ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ]] | subdivision_name2 = [[ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ|ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱟᱥᱟᱢ]] | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | seat_type = ᱦᱮᱰᱠᱣᱟᱴᱚᱨ | seat = [[ᱛᱮᱡᱽᱯᱩᱨ]] | government_footnotes = | leader_party = | leader_title = [[ᱞᱳᱠ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ|ᱞᱳᱠ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ]] | leader_name = [[ᱥᱚᱱᱤᱛᱯᱩᱨ ᱞᱳᱠ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ|ᱥᱚᱱᱤᱛᱯᱩᱨ]] | leader_title1 = [[विधान सभा|विधान सभा ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ]] | leader_name1 = [[ᱵᱚᱨᱪᱟᱞᱟ (विधान सभा ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ)|ᱵᱚᱨᱪᱟᱞᱟ]], [[ᱛᱮᱡᱽᱯᱩᱨ (विधान सभा ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ)|ᱛᱮᱡᱽᱯᱩᱨ]], [[ᱨᱚᱝᱜᱟᱯᱟᱨᱟ (विधान सभा ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ)|ᱨᱚᱝᱜᱟᱯᱟᱨᱟ]], [[ᱥᱩᱛᱤᱭᱟ (विधान सभा ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ)|ᱥᱩᱛᱤᱭᱟ]] | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = | area_rank = | area_total_km2 = 2076.70 | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 48-560 | population_total = 13,11,619 | population_as_of = 2011 | population_rank = | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_footnotes = | demographics_type1 = ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ | demographics1_title1 = ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ | demographics1_info1 = [[ᱚᱥᱚᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱚᱥᱚᱢᱤᱭᱟ]] | timezone1 = [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱠ ᱥᱚᱢᱚᱭ|IST]] | utc_offset1 = +5:30 | postal_code_type = <!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --> | postal_code = | registration_plate = AS12 | website = {{URL|https://sonitpur.assam.gov.in/}} | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-AS]] | footnotes = | official_name = }} '''ᱥᱚᱱᱤᱛᱯᱩᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ''' [{{IPAc-en|ˌ|s|ə|ʊ|n|ɪ|t|ˈ|p|ʊ|ə}} ᱥᱮ {{IPAc-en|ˌ|ʃ|ə|ʊ|n|ɪ|t|ˈ|p|ʊ|ə}}] ᱫᱚ [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱟᱥᱟᱢ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ|ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱮᱰᱠᱣᱟᱴᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ [[ᱛᱮᱡᱽᱯᱩᱨ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ == ᱥᱚᱱᱤᱛᱯᱩᱨ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱬ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱚᱠᱟᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱠᱟ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱬ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱱᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽᱫᱷᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱟᱬᱟᱥᱩᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱚᱜᱚᱵᱟᱱ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱮᱡᱮᱱᱰ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱵᱟᱬᱟᱥᱩᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱱᱤᱛᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱚᱜᱚᱵᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱮᱨᱟ ᱩᱥᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱱᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽᱫᱷᱚ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱥᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ Śōṇita ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ "ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ", ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱱᱤᱛᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟ direct ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ "ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ" ᱾ ᱥᱚᱱᱤᱛᱯᱩᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱮᱰᱠᱣᱟᱴᱚᱨ ᱛᱮᱡᱽᱯᱩᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱚᱱᱤᱛᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱥᱚᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱᱚᱨᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ "ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ" ᱾ == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == === ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ === ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱡᱽᱯᱩᱨ ᱟ circulation ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱟᱢᱨᱩᱯ]] ᱨᱟᱡᱽ central ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ [[ᱢᱞᱮᱪᱪᱷᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ|ᱢᱞᱮᱪᱪᱷᱚ]] ᱥᱮ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱥᱛᱚᱢᱵᱷᱚ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱟ collect ᱨᱮ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱗ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱐ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱢᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱛᱮᱡᱽᱯᱩᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱩᱯᱯᱮᱥᱣᱚᱨ, ᱦᱚᱰᱚᱯᱮᱥᱣᱚᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱦᱟᱴᱟᱯᱮᱥᱣᱚᱨ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ vital ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=https://sonitpur.assam.gov.in/about-us/history |website=Sonitpur District |publisher=Government of Assam |access-date=11 June 2026}}</ref> ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱦᱚᱨᱡᱽᱡᱚᱨᱚᱵᱚᱨᱢᱚᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱡᱽᱯᱩᱨ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱚᱞ (Tezpur rock inscription), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱕᱑᱐ ᱜᱩᱯᱛᱚ ᱮᱨᱟ (᱘᱒᱙–᱘᱓᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=The Rock Inscription on the bank of the Brahmaputra, Tezpur |url=https://www.asiguwahaticircle.gov.in/rock%20inscription.html |website=Archaeological Survey of India, Guwahati Circle |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |access-date=11 June 2026}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱛᱵᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟ-ᱯᱚᱨᱵᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ (Da-Parbatia temple door-frame) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱴᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ভাসᱠᱚᱨᱭᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱨᱮᱥᱴᱷᱚ ᱱᱩᱢᱩᱱᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ,<ref>{{cite web |title=Da Parbatia Gate |url=https://sonitpur.assam.gov.in/tourist-place-detail/272 |website=Sonitpur District |publisher=Government of Assam |access-date=11 June 2026}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱢᱩᱱᱤ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ (Bamuni Hill) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱙-᱑᱐ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱥᱛᱚᱢᱵᱷᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Masonry Remains of the Bamuni Hill, Tezpur |url=https://www.asiguwahaticircle.gov.in/masory%20remains.html |website=Archaeological Survey of India, Guwahati Circle |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |access-date=11 June 2026}}</ref> === ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ === ᱠᱟᱢᱨᱩᱯ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱯᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱵᱟᱨᱳ-ᱵᱷᱩᱭᱟᱸ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱪᱩᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ]] ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱟᱢᱮᱝ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ|ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱚᱞᱤ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>"..the Chutiya kingdom was bound by the Himalayas on the north, river Burhi Dihing on the south, Patkai ranges on the east and Bharali river in the west"{{harvcol|Dutta|1985|pp=28}}</ref> ᱵᱩᱨᱚᱱᱡᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱑᱕᱒᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱩᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, [[ᱥᱩᱦᱩᱝᱢᱩᱝ]] ᱟᱜ ᱟᱦᱳᱢ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱑᱕᱒᱗ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱕᱒᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱚᱞᱤ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱨᱟᱣᱛᱟ-ᱛᱮᱢᱚᱱᱤ (ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱨᱚᱝ-ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱶ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ) ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱷᱩᱭᱟᱸ ᱠᱚᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱵᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨᱠᱩᱞᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ (ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱤᱢᱯᱩᱨ-ᱵᱤᱥᱣᱚᱱᱟᱛᱷ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ) ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱦᱚᱪᱚ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>According to ''Purani Assam Buranji'', p.27. the twelve Bara Bhuyans of Rowta-Temani (mid-Assam, on either banks of the Brahmaputra) namely Utai, Tamai, Rai, Sakai, Kausika, Uzir, Laskar, Comdar, Sanatana, Keho, Rambhat and Bhakat with four sub-Bhuyans each, were transported and settled in various places of Uttara-kula (Biswanath, Lakhimpur districts). The Lacam Kalita Bhuyan family was placed at Bahbari(Lakhimpur), while one of them was settled on the river Sonari(Dhakuakhana), and another on the hills. As per ''Satsari Buranji'', p.16, Suhungmung suppressed the Baro-Bhuyans in Rowta. The people of the region were placed under the leadership of the Baro-Bhuyans and re-settled at different places of the kingdom.</ref> ᱑᱕᱒᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱩᱦᱩᱝᱢᱩᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱞᱩᱣ ᱠᱚᱱᱥᱮᱝ ᱫᱷᱟᱱᱩᱫᱷᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱜᱳᱦᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱴᱤᱭᱟᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱜᱳᱦᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱟᱢᱳᱱᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱱᱫᱤᱠᱳᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ-ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱯᱟᱛᱨᱚ ᱜᱳᱦᱟᱭᱤᱱ (''Chao-Sheng-lung'') ᱩᱯᱟᱫᱷᱤ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱦᱳᱢ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱚᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱑᱕᱒᱗ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱕᱒᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱩᱭᱟᱸ ᱠᱚᱠᱚ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>Barua, G.C.,"Ahom Buranji, p. 62, "The heavenly king proceeded to Shaola(Biswanath). He ordered Shenglung, Thaomung Shenba, and some others to go and remain at Teomani-Rowta. They did accordingly proceeded to the place and stopped there...The king passed the year Lakni Taomit (1528 AD) in peace. In Lakni Kaken (in 1529 AD), the king, with his son, the Dangarias and followers proceeded to Shaola(Sala). The heavenly king sent a messenger to Shenglung and other directing them to return from Teomani-Rowta. The king then ordered Thaomung Katak and Thaomung Mungklang to cross the Bharali river and plunder the wide country on the other side. Both of them acted as desired and returned with some captives who were produced before the king. Thaomung Katak was placed at Narayanpur."</ref><ref>Bhuyan, S.K, ''Deodhai Asam Buranji'',p.21,"ৰজাদেৱে বিশ্বনাথ লৈ গৈ ত্যাওচুংলুং-কংচেᱝ, থাওমুং-চেনব‌ এই দুইক ৰেটাই-টেমনিত থাকিব দিলেগৈ। পাচে থাওমুং-কটকক উজিৰক ধৰিবলৈ পঠালে। উজিৰে এই কথা জানি ভাগি পৰাৰ...লাক্নি কাকেও শকত ৰজাদেৱৰ‌ বাপেক-পুতেক ৰাজ্যে-সমন্বিতে বিশ্বনাথলৈ গৈ কলᱝᱜᱮᱫᱤ মানুহ পঠাই ৰেটাই-টেমনিৰ পৰা ত্যাওচুংলুং-কᱝচেঙᱠ লোকজন সহিতে আহিব দিলে। পাচে ৰজাদেৱᱮ থাওমুং-কটক, থাওমুং-মুংক্লাᱝ, এই দুইᱠ ভৰলীয়ে উজাই পঠালে, বোলে-"তহঁতে দুয়ে ভৰলু পাৰ হৈ‌ গৈ যᱤ মানুহ পাᱣ ধৰি আনগৈ।" পাচে ইবোলাᱠ দুয়ᱚ গৈ‌ যᱤ মানুহ পালে আনি ৰজাদেৱৰ ঠাইᱛ দিলেহি। পাচে থাওমুং-কটকᱠ নাৰায়ণপুৰᱛ ৰাজ দি তাতে থাকিᱵ দিলে।"</ref> [[File:Map of Baro-Bhuyan territories.jpg|thumb|[[ᱵᱟᱨᱳ-ᱵᱷᱩᱭᱟᱸ]] ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱯ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱖ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱦᱩᱝᱢᱩᱝ ᱮ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾]] [[ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱥᱩᱞᱛᱟᱱᱟᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ, ᱛᱩᱨᱵᱚᱠ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱵᱚᱲᱚ ᱩᱡᱤᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱴ ᱢᱟᱞᱤᱠ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱢᱟᱱᱰᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱑᱕᱒ adopt ᱟᱨ ᱑᱕᱓᱒ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱦᱳᱢ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱥᱣᱚᱱᱟᱛᱷ, ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱶ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱱᱤᱛᱯᱩᱨ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱦᱳᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱖ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ᱫᱚᱨᱚᱝ-ᱥᱚᱱᱤᱛᱯᱩᱨ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱦᱳᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟ processes [[ᱠᱳᱪ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ|ᱠᱳᱪ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ]] ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱞ ᱜᱳᱦᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱩᱠᱷᱟᱢᱯᱷᱟ]] (ᱠᱷᱳᱨᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ) ᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱕᱖᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱤᱥᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱫᱟᱯᱷᱞᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱠᱳᱪ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱯᱷᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱡᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=History of North East India, 1228 to 1947 |url=https://ide.rgu.ac.in/docs/UG_HisI.pdf |website=Institute of Distance Education, Rajiv Gandhi University |publisher=Rajiv Gandhi University |page=47 |access-date=11 June 2026}}</ref> [[ᱱᱚᱨᱚ ᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱚᱱ]] ᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱳᱪ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱵᱽ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱢᱮᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱦᱳᱢ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱱᱚᱨᱚ ᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ [[ᱪᱤᱞᱟᱨᱟᱭ]] ᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱛᱮ [[ᱜᱚᱲᱜᱟᱶ]] ᱨᱮ ᱟᱦᱳᱢ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱩᱴ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱦᱳᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱨ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱫᱷᱭᱚ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱳᱪ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱵᱽ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱜᱷᱩᱫᱮᱵᱽ ᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱜᱷᱩᱫᱮᱵᱽ ᱟᱦᱳᱢ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱵᱤᱫᱽᱨᱳᱦ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱨᱚ ᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱳᱪ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ— [[ᱥᱚᱝᱠᱳᱥ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱵᱽ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱟᱜᱷᱩᱫᱮᱵᱽ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱢᱤ ᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱟᱜᱷᱩᱫᱮᱵᱽ ᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱳᱪ ᱦᱟᱡᱳ]] ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱳᱪ ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱠᱳᱪ ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ]] ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱳᱪ ᱦᱟᱡᱳ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱦᱳᱢ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱳᱪ ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱜᱚᱞ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱳᱪ ᱦᱟᱡᱳ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱦᱳᱢ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱢᱮᱝ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱚᱨᱮᱞᱤ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱱᱤᱛᱯᱩᱨ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="DarrangGazetteer">{{Cite web|title=Assam District Gazetteers Volume V: Darrang|url=http://indianculture.gov.in/gazettes/assam-district-gazetteers-volume-v-darrang-0|access-date=2021-05-07|website=INDIAN CULTURE|language=en}}</ref> ᱑᱖᱕᱘ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ [[ᱥᱟᱦ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱ]] ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱪᱚᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ vital ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱦᱳᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱥᱚᱝᱠᱳᱥ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱮ [[ᱢᱤᱨ ᱡᱩᱢᱞᱟ ᱒|ᱢᱤᱨ ᱡᱩᱢᱞᱟ II]] ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱪᱚ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱲᱜᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱩᱜᱚᱞ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱤᱞᱜᱷᱟᱴ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱦᱳᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱮᱡᱽᱯᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱱᱫᱚᱨᱟ ᱜᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱚᱵᱮ, ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ-ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱢᱩᱜᱚᱞ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱛᱤ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱦᱳᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ [[ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱦᱟᱴᱤ]] ᱠᱚ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="DarrangGazetteer" /> ᱫᱚᱨᱚᱝ-ᱥᱚᱱᱤᱛᱯᱩᱨ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱯᱷᱮᱰ ᱨᱮ [[ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨᱥ#ᱫᱚᱨᱚᱝ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨᱥ|ᱫᱚᱨᱚᱝ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨᱥ]] ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ-ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱩᱨᱤᱜᱩᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱤᱞᱤᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱦᱳᱢ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱵᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟᱯᱟᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ structured ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟᱯᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱛ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱳᱱᱯᱟ ᱢᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ, ᱵᱚᱨᱚᱝ [[ᱛᱚᱣᱟᱝ]] ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱜ ᱜᱩ components ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |last=Bose |first=Manilal |title=Historical and Constitutional Documents of North-Eastern India, 1824–1973 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |location=New Delhi |year=1979 |page=32}}</ref> ᱟᱦᱳᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ [[ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱟᱯ ᱥᱤᱝᱦᱚ]] ᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱑᱖᱑᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱚᱞᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱞᱤ ᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱢᱚ ᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱚᱱ ᱩᱯᱟᱫᱷᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱨ-ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱤᱡ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱫᱚᱨᱚᱝ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱦᱳᱢ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱤᱱ ᱥᱮᱫ [[ᱜᱳᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱞ ᱟᱞᱤ]] ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱦᱳᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱳᱪ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱴᱠᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱵᱩᱨᱤᱜᱩᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱤᱞᱤᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱨᱚᱝ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱦᱳᱢ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱚᱵᱮ [[ᱡᱚᱭᱚᱫᱷᱣᱚᱡᱽ ᱥᱤᱝᱦᱚ]] ᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱦᱳᱢ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ (ᱟᱥᱟᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱥᱤᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ) ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱦᱳᱢ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱤᱢᱟᱹᱭᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱫᱚᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱨ ᱟᱫᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last=Phukan |first=J. N. |title=Ahom-Bhutan Relations with Specific Reference to Royal Bhutanese Embassy Visiting Ahom Capital in 1801 |journal=Journal of Bhutan Studies |volume=30 |date=Summer 2014 |pages=64–66 |url=https://d1i1jdw69xsqx0.cloudfront.net/digitalhimalaya/collections/journals/jbs/pdf/JBS_30_03.pdf |access-date=1 July 2026}}</ref> ᱫᱚᱨᱚᱝ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱴᱚᱠᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱱᱚᱡᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ [[ᱜᱚᱫᱟᱫᱷᱚᱨ ᱥᱤᱝᱦᱚ]] ᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱦᱟᱴᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ [[ᱵᱚᱨᱯᱷᱩᱠᱚᱱ]] ᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱢᱨᱩᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱨᱚᱝ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱩᱨᱤᱜᱩᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱤᱞᱤᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ, ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟᱯᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥ direct ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱳᱱᱯᱟ ᱥᱟᱛᱜᱷᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱛ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱟᱥᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱚᱨᱰ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱳᱱᱯᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱤᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱛ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱛᱮ [[ᱞᱦᱟᱥᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱤᱵᱽᱵᱚᱛᱤ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱣᱟᱝ ᱫᱮᱵᱽ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref>{{harvcol|Das|1998|p=26}}</ref> ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟᱯᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱵᱽᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref>{{harvcol|Das|1998|pp=38–39}}</ref> ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱟᱯ ᱥᱤᱝᱦᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟᱯᱟᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱛ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱫᱷᱭᱚ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱦᱳᱢ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱑᱘ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ, [[ᱢᱳᱣᱟᱢᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱽᱨᱳᱦ]] ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱦᱳᱢ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱠᱚᱢᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱳᱣᱟᱢᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱦᱳᱢ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱫᱩᱲᱩᱵ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ᱨᱚᱝᱯᱩᱨ, ᱟᱥᱟᱢ|ᱨᱚᱝᱯᱩᱨ]] ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱟᱦᱳᱢ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱜᱚᱣᱨᱤᱱᱟᱛᱷ ᱥᱤᱝᱦᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱧᱤᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱫᱟ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱫᱚᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚ ᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱚᱞᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱲᱟ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱚᱪᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱗᱙᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱦᱳᱢ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱩᱞ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱽᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱦᱟᱴᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚ ᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱑᱗᱙᱔ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱽᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱦᱳᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱝᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name="DarrangGazetteer" /> === ᱵᱽᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ === ᱑᱘᱑᱘ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤ (Burmese) ᱠᱚ ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱦᱳᱢ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱘᱒᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, [[ᱯᱩᱞᱩᱣ ᱮᱝᱞᱳ-ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ]] ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ [[ᱭᱟᱱᱫᱟᱵᱳ ᱪᱩᱠᱛᱤ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱽᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟ strategic ᱫᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱱᱤᱛᱯᱩᱨ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱽᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="DarrangGazetteer" /> ᱑᱘᱔᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟᱯᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ [[ᱤᱥᱴ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱱᱤ]] ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{harvcol|Das|1998|p=26}}</ref> ᱑᱘᱓᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱨᱚᱝ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱱᱤᱛᱯᱩᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱑᱘᱓᱕ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱮᱰᱠᱣᱟᱴᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱡᱽᱯᱩᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱽᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱦᱟ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ (tea plantations) ᱠᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ᱪᱷᱳᱴᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱯᱩᱨ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱚᱱᱤᱛᱯᱩᱨ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name="DarrangGazetteer" /> == ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ == {{unreferenced section|date=December 2018}} * ᱦᱮᱰᱠᱣᱟᱴᱚᱨ: ᱛᱮᱡᱽᱯᱩᱨ * ᱨᱮᱵᱷᱮᱱᱤᱣ ᱥᱟᱨᱠᱮᱞ/ᱛᱚᱦᱥᱤᱞ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱞ: * ᱢᱚᱣᱡᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱞ: ᱒᱖ * ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱴᱤ ᱰᱮᱵᱷᱮᱞᱚᱯᱢᱮᱱᱴ (C.D.) ᱵᱽᱞᱚᱠ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱞ: ᱑᱗ * ᱛᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱞ: ᱑᱑ * ᱟᱸᱪᱚᱞᱤᱠ ᱯᱚᱸᱪᱟᱭᱚᱛ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱞ: ᱗ * ᱟᱛᱳ ᱯᱚᱸᱪᱟᱭᱚᱛ (Gaon Panchayats) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ: ᱑᱕᱘ * ᱟᱛᱳ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱞ: ᱑᱖᱑᱕ ([[ᱵᱳᱰᱳᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱨᱤᱡᱚᱱ|BTAD]] ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱙ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ) * ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ/ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱞ: ᱖ * ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ: [[ᱛᱮᱡᱽᱯᱩᱨ]], [[ᱫᱷᱮᱠᱤᱭᱟᱡᱩᱞᱤ]], [[ᱨᱚᱝᱜᱟᱯᱟᱨᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱡᱟᱢᱩᱜᱩᱲᱤᱦᱟᱴ]] * ᱢᱤᱣᱱᱤᱥᱤᱯᱟᱞᱤᱴᱤ ᱵᱳᱨᱰ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱞ: ᱒ * ᱴᱟᱣᱩᱱ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱴᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱞ: ᱔ * ᱯᱩᱞᱤᱥ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱞ: ᱑ (ᱥᱚᱱᱤᱛᱯᱩᱨ ᱯᱩᱞᱤᱥ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ) == ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ == ᱥᱚᱱᱤᱛᱯᱩᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ [[ᱦᱤᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱮᱰ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱽᱨᱚᱦᱢᱚᱯᱩᱛᱨᱚ]] ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱭᱫᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱤᱱ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="Dutta-2012">{{Citation|last=Dutta |first=Joydev |year=2012 |chapter=Chapter 2. Study Area |title=Assessment of soil and water quality in and around the small tea gardens of Gohpur and Biswanath Chariali sub divisions of Sonitpur district Assam India |series=thesis, [[Gauhati University]] |hdl=10603/116399 |chapter-url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/116399/10/10_chapter%202.pdf |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/116399 }}</ref><ref name="Saikia">{{Citation|last=Saikia |first=Bipul |year=2013 |chapter=Chapter 3. Study Area |title=Taxonomic diversity, utilization and market potential of wild edible plants in Sonitpur District of Assam |series=thesis, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology (NERIST) |hdl=10603/45986 |chapter-url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/jspui/bitstream/10603/45986/11/11_chapter%203.pdf |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/45986 }}</ref> ᱥᱚᱱᱤᱛᱯᱩᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱤ ᱟᱝᱞᱚᱝ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ]] ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, {{Convert|5324|sqkm|sqmi|0}} ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ,<ref name='Reference Annual'>{{Cite book | editor-last = Srivastava | editor-first = Dayawanti | display-editors = etal | title = India 2010: A Reference Annual | chapter = States and Union Territories: Assam: Government | edition = 54th | publisher = Additional Director General, Publications Division, [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)]], [[Government of India]] | year = 2010 | location = New Delhi, India | pages = 1116 | isbn = 978-81-230-1617-7}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱜᱣᱟᱰᱟᱞᱠᱟᱱᱟᱞ]] ᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name='Islands'>{{cite web | url = http://islands.unep.ch/Tiarea.htm | title = Island Directory Tables: Islands by Land Area | access-date = 2011-10-11 | date = 1998-02-18 | publisher = [[United Nations Environment Program]] | quote = Guadalcanal 5,353km2}}</ref> [[ᱵᱽᱨᱚᱦᱢᱚᱯᱩᱛᱨᱚ]] ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ, ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱵᱷᱚᱨᱚᱞᱤ]], [[ᱜᱚᱵᱷᱚᱨᱩ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ|ᱜᱚᱵᱷᱚᱨᱩ]], ᱵᱚᱨᱜᱚᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱩᱲᱳᱭ ᱾<ref name="Saikia" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Sarma |first=Nayan |chapter=An Overview of the Brahmaputra River System |editor-last1=Singh |editor-first1=Vijay P. |editor-last2=Sharma |editor-first2=Nayan |editor-last3=Ojha |editor-first3=C. Shekhar P. |title=The Brahmaputra Basin Water Resources |date=9 March 2013 |location=Dordrecht |publisher=Springer Verlag |pages=72–87, [https://books.google.com/books?id=RjrpCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83&lpg=PA83 page 83] |isbn=978-94-017-0540-0 }}</ref> === ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ === ᱥᱚᱱᱤᱛᱯᱩᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱵᱤᱨ-ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱵᱤᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱙᱘ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱚᱱᱤᱛᱯᱩᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱥᱮᱫ [[ᱱᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ {{convert|200|km2|mi2|abbr=on|1}} ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=parks>{{cite web|author=Indian Ministry of Forests and Environment|title=Protected areas: Assam|url=http://oldwww.wii.gov.in/envis/envis_pa_network/index.htm|access-date=September 25, 2011|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823163836/http://oldwww.wii.gov.in/envis/envis_pa_network/index.htm|archive-date=August 23, 2011}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ [[ᱚᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱫᱚᱨᱚᱝ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱙᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ {{convert|79|km2|mi2|abbr=on|1}} ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=parks/> ᱥᱚᱱᱤᱛᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱨ-ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱵᱤᱨ|ᱵᱤᱨ-ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱵᱤᱨ]] ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ: [[ᱵᱩᱲᱟᱪᱟᱯᱚᱨᱤ ᱵᱤᱨ-ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱵᱤᱨ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱳᱱᱟᱭ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱭ ᱵᱤᱨ-ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱵᱤᱨ]] ᱾<ref name=parks /> ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱨᱮᱡᱤᱥᱴᱟᱨᱰ ᱵᱤᱨ (RF) ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ: ᱵᱮᱦᱟᱞᱤ RF (᱑᱔᱐ km²), ᱱᱚᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨ RF (᱖᱙ km²), ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱨᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨ RF (᱒᱖᱐ km²) ᱾<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Mazoomdaar |first=Jay |date=20 June 2011 |title=Where the Forests Have No Trees |magazine=[[Open (Indian magazine)|Open]] |url=https://openthemagazine.com/features/india/where-the-forests-have-no-trees/ }}</ref> === ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ === ᱥᱚᱱᱤᱛᱯᱩᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ|ᱥᱟᱵᱽ-ᱴᱨᱳᱯᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱯᱷᱳᱨᱮᱥᱴ ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ]] ('''Af''') ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱫᱽᱨᱚ (Hot & Wet) ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱢᱤᱰ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱮᱵᱷᱚᱨᱮᱡᱽ ᱛᱟᱯᱢᱟᱱ ᱒᱗ °C ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱓,᱐᱐᱐ mm ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ === ᱫᱟᱨᱮ-ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱣ-ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ === ᱥᱚᱱᱤᱛᱯᱩᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ semi-evergreen, moist deciduous ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Saikia" /> ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ: ''[[Aegle marmelos]]'', ''[[Albizia procera]]'', ''[[Alstonia scholaris]]'', ''[[Arundo donax]]'', ''[[Bambusa balcooa]]'', ''[[Cynodon dactylon]]'', ''[[Dipterocarpus macrocarpus]]'', ''[[Duabanga grandiflora]]'', ''[[Eichhornia crassipes]]'', ''[[Mesua#Species|Mesua assamica]]'', ''[[Melocanna baccifera]]'', ''[[Mesua ferrea]]'', ''[[Shorea assamica]]'' ᱟᱨ ''[[Shorea robusta]]'' ᱾<ref name="Saikia" /> [[File:Salnabari - Sonitpur Assam.jpg|800px|center|ᱥᱟᱞᱱᱟᱵᱟᱨᱤ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱭᱟ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱚᱞᱤ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱥᱨᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱨᱚᱠ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱧᱟᱯᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ]] == ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ == ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱱᱤᱛᱯᱩᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱑,᱙᱒᱔,᱑᱑᱐ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, [[ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱶ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱫᱷᱩᱵᱽᱲᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ]] ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱾<ref name="districtcensus">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Sonitpur |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/242/download/618/DH_2011_1807_PART_A_DCHB_SONITPUR.pdf |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱥᱚᱱᱤᱛᱯᱩᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱑,᱙᱒᱔,᱑᱑᱐ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ,<ref name="districtcensus"/> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱞᱮᱥᱳᱛᱷᱳ]] ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = June 13, 2007 | access-date = 2011-10-01 | quote = Lesotho 1,924,886}}</ref> ᱥᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱣᱮᱥᱴ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱡᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php|title=2010 Resident Population Data|publisher=U. S. Census Bureau|access-date=2011-09-30| quote = West Virginia 1,852,994}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱔᱕ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱸᱠ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱟ (᱖᱔᱐ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ) ᱾<ref name=districtcensus/> ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱜᱷᱚᱱᱚᱛᱣᱚ (density) ᱫᱚ {{convert| 365 |PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}} ᱾<ref name=districtcensus/> ᱒᱐᱐᱑-᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ-ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱫᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱕.᱖᱗% ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=districtcensus/> ᱥᱚᱱᱤᱛᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱚᱱᱩᱯᱟᱛ (sex ratio) ᱫᱚ ᱑᱐᱐᱐ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱙᱔᱖ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ,<ref name=districtcensus/> ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱠᱷᱱᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚᱨ (literacy rate) ᱫᱚ ᱖᱙.᱙᱖% ᱾ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱓,᱑᱑,᱖᱑᱙ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱔᱒,᱔᱗᱗ (᱑᱐.᱘᱖%) ᱦᱚᱲ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱚᱱᱤᱛᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱚᱱᱩᱯᱟᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱐᱐᱐ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱙᱕᱐ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱰᱭᱩᱞᱰ ᱠᱟᱥᱴ (SC) ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱰᱭᱩᱞᱰ ᱴᱨᱟᱭᱤᱵᱽ (ST) ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱖᱕,᱓᱖᱗ (᱔.᱙᱘%) ᱟᱨ ᱑᱓᱙,᱐᱓᱓ (᱑᱐.᱖᱐%) ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾<ref name=districtcensus/> === ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ === {{bar box |title=ᱥᱚᱱᱤᱛᱯᱩᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ (᱒᱐᱑᱑)<ref name="Religion"/> |titlebar=#Fcd116 |left1=ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ |right1=ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱚᱲᱟ (%) |float=left |bars= {{bar percent|[[ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ]]|darkorange|69.27}} {{bar percent|[[ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ|ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ]]|green|22.75}} {{bar percent|[[ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ|ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ (Christian)]]|dodgerblue|7.30}} {{bar percent|ᱮᱴᱟᱜᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ|black|0.68}} }} ᱥᱚᱱᱤᱛᱯᱩᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱙᱐᱘,᱕᱖᱕ (᱖᱙.᱒᱗%) ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱙᱘,᱓᱘᱑ (᱒᱒.᱗᱕%) ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱙᱕,᱗᱗᱔ (᱗.᱓᱐%) ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ (Christian) ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ [[ᱵᱩᱫᱽᱫᱷᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]] (0.5%), [[ᱡᱮᱱ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱤᱠᱷ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]] ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟᱭᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion: Assam |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11365/download/14478/DDW18C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=census.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> === ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ === {{Pie chart |thumb = right |caption = ᱥᱚᱱᱤᱛᱯᱩᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ (᱒᱐᱑᱑)<ref name="languages"/> |label1 = [[ᱚᱥᱚᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱚᱥᱚᱢᱤᱭᱟ]] |value1 = 37.01 |color1 = purple |label2 = [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] |value2 = 19.27 |color2 = orchid |label3 = [[ᱥᱟᱫᱽᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱟᱫᱽᱨᱤ]] |value3 = 12.52 |color3 = burlywood |label4 = [[ᱵᱳᱰᱳ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱵᱳᱰᱳ]] |value4 = 8.93 |color4 = royalblue |label5 = [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ]] |value5 = 6.63 |color5 = lightcoral |label6 = [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ]] |value6 = 3.79 |color6 = orange |label7 = [[ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]] |value7 = 2.54 |color7 = saddlebrown |label8 = [[ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟᱨᱤ]] |value8 = 1.98 |color8 = teal |label9 = ᱮᱴᱟᱜᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ |value9 = 7.33 |color9 = grey }} ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱞᱟᱜᱽᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱖᱐᱐,᱐᱐᱐ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱽᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱔᱖% ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱚᱞᱤᱛᱟ]], [[ᱟᱥᱟᱢᱤᱥ ᱵᱟᱢᱬᱮ]], [[ᱠᱳᱪ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱚᱝᱥᱤ]], [[ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ|ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱤ]], [[ᱠᱮᱣᱴ]] (ᱠᱟᱭᱵᱚᱨᱛᱚ), [[ᱢᱤᱥᱤᱝ ᱦᱚᱲ|ᱢᱤᱥᱤᱝ]], ᱱᱟᱛᱷ ᱡᱳᱜᱤ, [[ᱵᱳᱰᱳ ᱦᱚᱲ|ᱵᱳᱰᱳ]], ᱴᱷᱮᱝᱜᱟᱞ ᱠᱚᱪᱟᱨᱤ, [[ᱪᱩᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ|ᱪᱩᱛᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱨᱟᱵᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ|ᱨᱟᱵᱷᱟ]], ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ-ᱨᱚᱲᱮᱫ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱽᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱦᱟ ᱤᱱᱰᱚᱥᱴᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱞᱟᱨᱠ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ, ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱮ internal ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱚᱥᱚᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱪᱟᱦᱟ-ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ|ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ]] (Tea-garden tribes) ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱟᱯᱲᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱦᱟ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ [[ᱥᱟᱫᱽᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱟᱫᱽᱨᱤ]] (ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ) ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ [[ᱚᱥᱚᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱚᱥᱚᱢᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱣᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱟᱜᱽᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱕᱐,᱐᱐᱐ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟᱨᱤ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱠᱩᱲᱩᱠᱷ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱠᱩᱲᱩᱠᱷ]] ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱓᱗.᱐᱑% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ [[ᱚᱥᱚᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱚᱥᱚᱢᱤᱭᱟ]], ᱑᱙.᱓᱖% [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]], ᱑᱒.᱕᱒% [[ᱥᱟᱫᱽᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱟᱫᱽᱨᱤ]], ᱘.᱙᱓% [[ᱵᱳᱰᱳ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱵᱳᱰᱳ]], ᱖.᱖᱓% [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ]], ᱓.᱗᱙% [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ]], ᱒.᱕᱔% [[ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱟᱨ ᱑.᱙᱘% [[ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟᱨᱤ]] ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱞᱩᱣ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ (mother tongue) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name="languages">{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-16 Population By Mother Tongue: Assam |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10195/download/13307/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1800.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> == ᱜᱟᱨᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱤᱥᱴ == {| class="wikitable" !Sr No. !Guardian_Minister !Tenure ! colspan="2" |Party |- |'''1.''' |[[Pijush Hazarika]] |2021 Incumbent |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] |} == ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ == ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ: <!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦---> <!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦---> *[[ᱡᱽᱭᱳᱛᱤ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱜᱚᱨᱣᱟᱞᱟ]] (᱑᱙᱐᱓–᱑᱙᱕᱑) ᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱚᱞᱤᱡ, ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱤᱡ *[[ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱞᱟᱠᱟᱱᱛᱚ ᱵᱷᱚᱴᱴᱟᱪᱟᱨᱭᱚ (ᱟᱥᱟᱢ)|ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱞᱟᱠᱟᱱᱛᱚ ᱵᱷᱚᱴᱴᱟᱪᱟᱨᱭᱚ]], ᱚᱥᱚᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ *[[ᱚᱝᱠᱩᱥᱤᱛᱟ ᱵᱳᱨᱳ]], ᱵᱚᱠᱥᱚᱨ *[[ᱡᱚᱢᱩᱱᱟ ᱵᱳᱨᱳ]], ᱵᱚᱠᱥᱚᱨ *[[ᱵᱷᱩᱯᱮᱱ ᱦᱟᱡᱚᱨᱤᱠᱟ|ᱰᱚ. ᱵᱷᱩᱯᱮᱱ ᱦᱟᱡᱚᱨᱤᱠᱟ]], ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱤᱡ *[[ᱵᱤᱥᱱᱩ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱫᱽ ᱨᱟᱵᱷᱟ]] (᱑᱙᱐᱙–᱖᱙), ᱚᱥᱚᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱛᱤ ᱯᱨᱚᱪᱟᱨᱚᱠ *[[ᱯᱷᱚᱱᱤ ᱥᱚᱨᱢᱟ]] (᱑᱙᱐᱙–᱗᱐), ᱛᱷᱤᱭᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ, ᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱤᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ == ᱦᱮᱡ ᱥᱮᱱ == * ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ : [[ᱫᱮᱠᱟᱨᱜᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ|ᱫᱮᱠᱟᱨᱜᱟᱶ]], [[ᱨᱚᱝᱜᱟᱯᱟᱨᱟ ᱱᱚᱨᱛᱷ ᱡᱚᱝᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ|ᱨᱚᱝᱜᱟᱯᱟᱨᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱤᱥᱣᱚᱱᱟᱛᱷ ᱪᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ|ᱵᱤᱥᱣᱚᱱᱟᱛᱷ ᱪᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱞᱤ]] ᱾ * ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱭᱟᱨᱯᱳᱨᱴ : [[ᱥᱟᱞᱳᱱᱤᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱮᱭᱟᱨᱯᱳᱨᱴ]], [[ᱛᱮᱡᱽᱯᱩᱨ]] ᱾ * [[ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱥᱴᱮᱴ ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥᱯᱳᱨᱴ ᱠᱚᱨᱯᱳᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ]] (ASTC) ᱥᱴᱮᱱᱰ : ᱛᱮᱡᱽᱯᱩᱨ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱾ == ᱱᱳᱴᱥ == {{Reflist}} == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == * {{Cite thesis|last=Das|first=Smriti|date=1998|title=Assam Bhutan relations with special reference to duars from 1681 to 1949 |type=PhD |publisher=Guwahati University |url=https://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/195 |hdl=10603/67909}} * {{cite book|last=Eilmer|first=David|title=The Emperor Far Away:Travels at the Edge of China|year=2014|publisher=Bloomsbury}} *{{cite book|last1=Mizuno|first1=Kazuharu|last2=Tenpa|first2=Lobsang|title=Himalayan Nature and Tibetan Buddhist Culture in Arunachal Pradesh, India : A Study of Monpa|year=2015|publisher=Springer }} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{Commons category}} * [https://sonitpur.assam.gov.in/ ᱥᱚᱱᱤᱛᱯᱩᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱣᱮᱵᱽᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ] {{Geographic location |Centre = ᱥᱚᱱᱤᱛᱯᱩᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ |North = [[ᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱟᱢᱮᱝ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ]], [[ᱚᱨᱩᱬᱟᱪᱚᱞ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ]] |Northeast = [[ᱯᱟᱯᱩᱢ ᱯᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ]], [[ᱚᱨᱩᱬᱟᱪᱚᱞ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ]] |East = [[ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱤᱢᱯᱩᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ]] |Southeast = [[ᱜᱳᱞᱟᱜᱷᱟᱴ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ]] |South = [[ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱶ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ]] |Southwest = [[ᱢᱚᱨᱤᱜᱟᱶ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ]] |West = [[ᱩᱫᱟᱹᱞᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ]], [[ᱫᱚᱨᱚᱝ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ]] |Northwest = [[ᱣᱮᱥᱴ ᱠᱟᱢᱮᱝ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ]], [[ᱚᱨᱩᱬᱟᱪᱚᱞ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ]] }} {{Assam}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Sonitpur district| ]] [[Category:Districts of Assam]] [[Category:1983 establishments in Assam]] 9rc9etw7soo3j2o6yjzoxv94snkw5ax 0 38054 197828 2026-09-14T14:14:28Z ᱚᱨᱯᱤᱛᱟ ᱦᱮᱢᱵᱨᱚᱢ 7474 "{{Infobox settlement | name = ᱜᱚᱲ ᱢᱟᱱᱫᱟᱨᱚᱱ | other_name = | nickname = | type = ᱟᱹᱛᱩ | image = Gar Mandaran Park and mound in Hooghly district 01.jpg | alt = | caption = ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱚᱲ ᱢᱟᱱᱫᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ঢᱤᱯᱤ | pushpin_map..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 197828 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = ᱜᱚᱲ ᱢᱟᱱᱫᱟᱨᱚᱱ | other_name = | nickname = | type = ᱟᱹᱛᱩ | image = Gar Mandaran Park and mound in Hooghly district 01.jpg | alt = | caption = ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱚᱲ ᱢᱟᱱᱫᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ঢᱤᱯᱤ | pushpin_map = India West Bengal # India | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_alt = | pushpin_caption = ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ, ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ | coordinates = {{coord|22.874799|N|87.665972|E|display=inline, title}} | subdivision_type = ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} | subdivision_type1 = ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ | subdivision_name1 = [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] | subdivision_type2 = ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ | subdivision_name2 = [[ᱦᱩᱜᱽᱞᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ|ᱦᱩᱜᱽᱞᱤ]] | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | named_for = | government_type = | governing_body = | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_rank = | area_total_km2 = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 42 | population_total = ᱖᱒᱖᱔ | population_as_of = ᱒᱐᱑᱑ | population_rank = | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_footnotes = | demographics_type1 = ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ | demographics1_title1 = ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ | demographics1_info1 = [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]], [[ᱤᱝᱨᱮᱡᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱝᱨᱮᱡᱤ]] | time_zone1 = IST | utc_offset1 = +᱕:᱓᱐ | postal_code_type = PIN | postal_code = 712612 (Mandaran) | area_code_type = STD ᱠᱳᱰ | area_code = 03221 | registration_plate = | custom_label1_sec1 = ᱞᱳᱠ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ | custom_data1_sec1 = [[ᱟᱨᱟᱢᱵᱟᱜᱽ ᱞᱳᱠ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ|ᱟᱨᱟᱢᱵᱟᱜᱽ]] | custom_label2_sec1 = ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ | custom_data2_sec1 = [[ᱜᱳᱜᱷᱟᱴ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ|ᱜᱳᱜᱷᱟᱴ]] | website = {{URL|http://hooghly.gov.in/}} | footnotes = }} '''ᱜᱚᱲ ᱢᱟᱱᱫᱟᱨᱚᱱ''' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱜᱽᱞᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱟᱢᱵᱟᱜᱽ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱷᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱳᱜᱷᱟᱴ II ᱥᱤᱰᱤ ᱵᱞᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱯᱚᱧᱪᱟᱭᱮᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ == ᱩᱯᱩᱨᱩᱢ == ᱜᱚᱲ ᱢᱟᱱᱫᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱚᱲ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱟᱸᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱝᱠᱤᱢ ᱪᱚᱱᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱪᱮᱴᱟᱨᱡᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱑᱘᱖᱕ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱯᱚᱱᱭᱟᱥ ''ᱫᱩᱨᱜᱮᱥᱱᱚᱱᱫᱤᱱᱤ'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ᱾<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/banking-on-history-religion-to-attract-tourists-in-hooghly/article2486151.ece | title = Banking on history, religion to attract tourists in Hooghly | publisher = The Hindu, 26 September 2011 | access-date = 24 June 2017}}</ref> ''ᱫᱩᱨᱜᱮᱥᱱᱚᱱᱫᱤᱱᱤ'' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱᱴᱤᱠ ᱩᱯᱚᱱᱭᱟᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱤᱛ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱯᱟᱴᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱥᱱᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱵᱤᱨᱮᱱᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱥᱤᱝ ᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲ ᱢᱟᱱᱫᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱜᱚᱲ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱢᱩᱜᱷᱚᱞ ᱥᱮᱱᱟᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱝ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱩᱛᱨᱚ, ᱡᱚᱜᱚᱛ ᱥᱤᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱴᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱴᱠᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱩᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟᱠᱚ᱾ ᱡᱚᱜᱚᱛ ᱥᱤᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱵᱤᱨᱮᱱᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱥᱤᱝ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱪᱚᱨᱚᱠ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱮᱨᱟ ᱛᱤᱞᱳᱛᱛᱚᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱯᱟᱴᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱵᱤᱨᱮᱱᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱥᱤᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱜᱚᱛ ᱥᱤᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱞᱳᱛᱛᱚᱢᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱤ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱠᱤᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱴᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱱᱟᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱠᱳᱴᱞᱩ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾<ref name= bankim>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ytOhDQAAQBAJ&q=Gar+Mandaran&pg=PT27 | title = Builders of Modern India: Bankim Chandra Chattejee|first= S.K.|last=Bose | work = Visions of the Past | year = 1974| publisher = Publications Division, Government of India | isbn = 9788123022697| access-date = 24 June 2017}}</ref> ᱑᱘᱖᱕ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱞᱮᱱ ''ᱫᱩᱨᱜᱮᱥᱱᱚᱱᱫᱤᱱᱤ'' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟ literature ᱫᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ-ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱚᱱᱭᱟᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱵᱚᱝᱠᱤᱢ ᱪᱚᱱᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱵᱷᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱑᱓ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱮᱰᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾<ref name= bankim/> == ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ == {{OSM Location map |width=500| height=300| zoom=10 |coord={{coord|22|50|0|N|87|46|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''ᱦᱩᱜᱽᱞᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱟᱢᱵᱟᱜᱽ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱷᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ''' M: ᱢᱩᱱᱥᱤᱯᱟᱞᱤᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ/ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ, R: ᱟᱹᱛᱩ/ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ, H: ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ/ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱱᱚᱠᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱱᱚᱠᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ-ᱪᱩᱯᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ |mark-coord1= {{coord|22|53|50|N|87|41|40|E}}| label-pos1=right|label1=Goghat | numbered1=R| mark-title1= [[Goghat]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=13| mark-size1=13|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2 |mark-coord2={{coord|22|43|5|N|87|51|40|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2=Khanakul | numbered2=R| mark-title2= [[Khanakul]] (R) |mark-coord3={{coord|22|54|10|N|87|39|30|E}} | label-pos3=top|label3=Kamarpukur | numbered3=R| mark-title3= [[Kamarpukur]] (R) |mark-coord4={{coord|22|50|40|N|87|57|37|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4=Pursurah| numbered4=R| mark-title4= [[Pursurah]] (R) |mark-coord5={{coord|22|56|45|N|87|41|18|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5=Bengai| numbered5=R| mark-title5= [[Bengai]] (R) |mark-coord6={{coord|22|53|35|N|87|53|55|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Keshabpur| numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Keshabpur, Hooghly]] (R) |mark-coord7={{coord|22|44|25|N|87|51|40|E}} | label-pos7=top|label7= Radhanagore| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Radhanagore]] (R) |mark-coord8={{coord|22|49|25|N|87|57|40|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8= Shrirampur| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Shrirampur, Arambagh]] (R) |mark-coord9={{coord|22|43|41|N|87|52|30|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Natibpur| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Natibpur, Hooghly]] (R) |mark-coord10={{coord|22|47|30|N|87|54|0|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Dakshin Narayanpur| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Dakshin Narayanpur]] (R) |mark-coord11={{coord|22|53|20|N|87|46|48|E}}| label-pos11=right|label11= Arambag| numbered11=M| mark-title11= [[Arambag]] (M)| shape-color11= #800000 |mark-coord12={{coord|22|52|10|N|87|39|57|E}}| label-pos12=bottom|label12= Gar Mandaran| numbered12=H| mark-title12= Gar Mandaran (H)|shape-color12=black| label-size12=13|label-color12=black |mark-coord13={{coord|22|54|0|N|87|32|13|E}}| label-pos13=left|label13= Badanganj| numbered13=H| mark-title13= [[Badanganj]] (H) |shape-color13=#AA6666 |mark-coord14={{coord|22|48|44|N|87|46|6|E}}| label-pos14=left|label14= Bali Dewanganj| numbered14=H| mark-title14= [[Bali Dewanganj]] (H) |shape-color14=#AA6666 |mark-coord15={{coord|22|54|30|N|87|51|44|E}}| label-pos15=left|label15= Bhalia| numbered15=H| mark-title15= [[Bhalia]] (H) |shape-color15=#AA6666 |mark-coord16={{coord|22|51|41|N|87|48|45|E}}| label-pos16=left|label16= Dihi|labela16= Bayara| numbered16=H| mark-title16= [[Dihi Bayara]] (H) |shape-color16=#AA6666 |mark-coord17={{coord|22|55|10|N|87|33|25|E}}| label-pos17=top|label17= Fului| numbered17=H| mark-title17= [[Fului]] (H) |shape-color17=#AA6666 |mark-coord18={{coord|22|46|32|N|87|48|30|E}}| label-pos18=right|label18= Gourhati| numbered18=H| mark-title18= [[Gourhati]] (H) |shape-color18=#AA6666 |mark-coord19={{coord|22|51|20|N|87|51|2|E}}| label-pos19=right|label19= Hamirbati| numbered19=H| mark-title19= [[Hamirbati]] (H) |shape-color19=#AA6666 |mark-coord20={{coord|22|52|15|N|87|50|32|E}}| label-pos20=right|label20= Hat Basantapur| numbered20=H| mark-title20= [[Hat Basantapur]] (H) |shape-color20=#AA6666 |mark-coord21={{coord|22|54|50|N|87|32|17|E}}| label-pos21=left|label21= Kayapat| numbered21=H| mark-title21= [[Kayapat]] (H) |shape-color21=#AA6666 |mark-coord22={{coord|22|50|30|N|87|49|39|E}}| label-pos22=right|label22= Kanpur| numbered22=H| mark-title22= [[Kanpur, Hooghly]] (H) |shape-color22=#AA6666 |mark-coord23={{coord|22|49|30|N|87|51|2|E}}| label-pos23=bottom|label23= Madhabpur| numbered23=H| mark-title23= [[Madhabpur, Hooghly]] (H) |shape-color23=#AA6666 |mark-coord24={{coord|22|53|10|N|87|35|52|E}}| label-pos24=bottom|label24= Mamudpur| numbered24=H| mark-title24= [[Mamudpur, Arambagh]] (H) |shape-color24=#AA6666 |mark-coord25={{coord|22|53|5|N|87|37|2|E}}| label-pos25=right|label25= Memanpur| numbered25=H| mark-title25= [[Memanpur]] (H) |shape-color25=#AA6666 |mark-coord26={{coord|22|48|30|N|87|56|13|E}}| label-pos26=right|label26= Parul| numbered26=H| mark-title26= [[Parul, Hooghly]] (H) |shape-color26=#AA6666 |mark-coord27={{coord|22|54|5|N|87|37|45|E}}| label-pos27=left|label27= Satberia| numbered27=H| mark-title27= [[Satberia]] (H) |shape-color27=#AA6666 |mark-coord28={{coord|22|53|0|N|87|34|1|E}}| label-pos28=left|label28= Shyambazar| numbered28=H| mark-title28= [[Shyambazar, Hooghly]] (H) |shape-color28=#AA6666 |mark-coord29={{coord|22|58|0|N|87|43|40|E}}|label29= Dwarakeswar|labela29= River| label-color29 = #77A1CB| label-angle29=60| label-pos29=top| label-size29=11| mark-size29=0| mark-title29=none |mark-coord30={{coord|22|47|30|N|87|54|10|E}}|label30= Mundeswari|labela30= River| label-color30 = #77A1CB| label-angle30=65| label-pos30=top| label-size30=11| mark-size30=0| mark-title30=none |mark-coord31={{coord|22|44|0|N|87|43|0|E}}|label31= Rupnarayan |labela31= River| label-color31 = #77A1CB| label-angle31=80| label-pos31=top| label-size31=11| mark-size31=0| mark-title31=none |mark-coord32={{coord|22|44|0|N|87|58|40|E}}|label32= Damodar |labela32= River| label-color32 = #77A1CB| label-angle32=85| label-pos32=top| label-size32=11| mark-size32=0| mark-title32=none}} === ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ === ᱟᱨᱟᱢᱵᱟᱜᱽ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱷᱤᱡᱚᱱ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱠᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱮᱠᱷᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ - ᱫᱣᱟᱨᱚᱠᱮᱥᱣᱚᱨ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱜᱟ semi ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ-ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ – ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱸᱠᱩᱲᱟ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱵᱽ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱞᱤ-ᱚᱛ (alluvial plain) ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ, ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱱ-ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1912_PART_A_DCHB_HUGLI.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Hugli, Series-20, Part XIIA | work= Physiography, Page 17-19|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 25 September 2020 }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱙᱔.᱗᱗% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱕.᱒᱓% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ/ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Hooghly |work = Table 2.2, 2.4(a) |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 25 September 2020 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref> <small>ᱱᱳᱴ: ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱠᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱷᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱢᱩᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱮᱠᱷᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱠᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱠᱨᱤᱱ ᱱᱚᱠᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾</small> === ᱴᱷᱟᱶ === ᱜᱚᱲ ᱢᱟᱱᱫᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ {{coord|22.874799|N|87.665972|E|display=inline}} ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == [[ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱤᱞ:Tomb of Syed Ismail Gazi at Garh Mandaran 01.jpg|thumb|ᱜᱚᱲ ᱢᱟᱱᱫᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱦ ᱤᱥᱢᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱜᱟᱡᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ]] ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ (medieval times) ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱚᱲ (ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ Garh) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱨᱟ (Sura) ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱤᱥ ᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱝᱜᱟᱞᱤ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱠ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱲ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱨᱟᱡᱮᱱᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱪᱳᱞᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱤᱨᱩᱢᱩᱨᱟᱭ ᱥᱤᱞᱟᱞᱮᱠᱷ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱚᱵᱷᱤᱡᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱬᱚᱥᱩᱨᱟ (Ranasura) ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱠ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ''ᱨᱟᱢᱪᱚᱨᱤᱛᱚᱢ'' (Ramacharitam) ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱢᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱢᱚᱱᱛᱚ (vassal) ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱯᱟᱨᱟᱢᱟᱱᱫᱟᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱢᱤᱥᱩᱨᱟ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ-ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱡᱚᱭ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱩᱴᱠᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ, ᱱᱚᱨᱚᱥᱤᱝᱦᱚ ᱫᱮᱵᱽ I ᱫᱚ ᱑᱒᱕᱖ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱢᱩᱨᱫᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱥᱩᱞᱛᱟᱱᱮᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱚᱲ ᱮ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱡᱚᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱠ ᱠᱚᱯᱤᱞᱮᱱᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱫᱮᱵᱽ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱩᱴᱠᱚᱞ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱟᱯᱚᱨᱩᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱫᱮᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱩᱞᱛᱟᱱ ᱟᱞᱟᱣᱩᱫᱽᱫᱤᱱ ᱦᱩᱥᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱦ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱢᱩᱠᱩᱱᱫᱚ ᱫᱮᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱷᱚᱲᱟ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱚᱲ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱯᱟᱦᱟᱲ ᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱜᱟ ᱳᱰᱳᱠ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟᱠᱚ᱾ {{Citation needed|date=October 2025}} ᱢᱩᱜᱷᱚᱞ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱥᱟᱯᱛᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢ (Saptagram) ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱩᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱳᱱ (administrative zones) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ – ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱛᱜᱟᱶ, ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱞᱤᱢᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱱᱫᱟᱨᱚᱱ᱾<ref>{{cite book |last=Patree |first=Purnendu |author-link=Purnendu Patri |year=1995 |orig-year=First published 1979 |title=Purano Kolkatar Kathachitra |publisher=Dey's Publishing |language=bn |pages=65–71 |isbn=81-7079-751-9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Chattopadhyay|first=Rupendra Kumar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5aRmDwAAQBAJ&dq=Grave+in+Garh+Mandaran&pg=PT104|title=The Archaeology of Coastal Bengal|date=2018-01-19|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-909180-5|language=en}}</ref> ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱦ ᱤᱥᱢᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱜᱟᱡᱤ (Shah Ismail Ghazi) ᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱲ ᱢᱟᱱᱫᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ঢᱤᱯᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|last=CENSUS 1961|first=DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK|title=PLACES OF TOURISTS' INTEREST|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5181/1/44369_1961_HOO.pdf|access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref> == ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ == ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱜᱚᱲ ᱢᱟᱱᱫᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱖,᱒᱖᱔ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱓,᱒᱔᱒ (᱕᱒%) ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱓,᱐᱒᱒ (᱔᱘%) ᱫᱚ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱐-᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱗᱓᱔ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱜᱚᱲ ᱢᱟᱱᱫᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ-ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱔,᱑᱐᱐ (᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱗᱔.᱑᱔%) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 20 June 2017 }}</ref> == ᱦᱮᱡ ᱥᱮᱱ == ᱜᱚᱲ ᱢᱟᱱᱫᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱢᱟᱨᱯᱩᱠᱩᱨ-ᱜᱚᱲ ᱢᱟᱱᱫᱟᱨᱚᱱ-ᱠᱟᱡᱽᱞᱟ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>Google maps</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱟᱢᱟᱨᱯᱩᱠᱩᱨ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱝᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ == ᱥᱤᱠᱷᱱᱟᱹᱛ == ᱜᱚᱲ ᱢᱟᱱᱫᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱭ ᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ-ᱢᱟᱫᱷᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ-ᱮᱰᱩᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱸᱥᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱔᱔ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.icbse.com/schools/gar-mandaran-high-school/19121204703 | title = Gar Mandaran High School | publisher =ICBSE | access-date = 24 June 2017}}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == * {{Commons category-inline|Garh Mandaran}} {{Hooghly District}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱦᱩᱜᱽᱞᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱠᱚ]] suqsjongasten317wv0guwfmwrjzrj9 0 38055 197829 2026-09-14T14:25:28Z ᱚᱨᱯᱤᱛᱟ ᱦᱮᱢᱵᱨᱚᱢ 7474 "{{Infobox historic site | name = ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ | native_name = | other_name = ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤ ᱜᱚᱲᱤ | image = Rakhigarhi Harappan civilization.jpg | caption = | pushpin_map = India Haryana#India#South Asia | pushpin_alt = | pushpin_relief = y | coordinates = {{Coord|29|17|35|N|76|6|51|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}} | location = [[ᱦᱟᱸᱥᱤ]] ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ, ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬ..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 197829 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox historic site | name = ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ | native_name = | other_name = ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤ ᱜᱚᱲᱤ | image = Rakhigarhi Harappan civilization.jpg | caption = | pushpin_map = India Haryana#India#South Asia | pushpin_alt = | pushpin_relief = y | coordinates = {{Coord|29|17|35|N|76|6|51|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}} | location = [[ᱦᱟᱸᱥᱤ]] ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ, [[ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] | region = | type = ᱟᱹᱛᱩ / ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ | part_of = | length = | width = | area = {{convert|350|ha|abbr=on}}<ref group=web name="Subramanian_2014_The_Hindu"/> | height = | builder = | material = | built = {{circa|3500 BC}} | abandoned = | epochs = <!-- actually displays as "Periods" --> | cultures = [[ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ]] | dependency_of = | occupants = | event = | excavations = 1963, 1997–2000, 2012–2016, 2021–ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ<ref group=web name=Ahluwalia_2023_The_Print/> | archaeologists = | condition = | ownership = | management = | public_access = | website = | notes = }} '''ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ''' ᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ '''ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤ ᱜᱚᱲᱤ''' ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱦᱟᱸᱥᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱟᱨ [[ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱕᱐ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱜᱷᱟᱜᱽᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ]] ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ,{{sfnp|Wright|2009|p=133}} ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱜᱽᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱗ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱝᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱨᱤ-ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ (6000?/4600-3300 BC), ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ (3300-2600 BC), ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ (2600-1900 BC) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Garge|2010|p=25}} ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱕ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐᱑᱔ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱹᱠᱷᱩᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱘᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱐᱐+ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ,{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|p=72}}{{sfnp|Coningham|Young|2015|p=183}}{{sfnp|Kenoyer|1998|p=49}}{{sfnp|Allchin|Erdosy|1995|p=78}}{{sfnp|Heitzman|2008|p=35}}{{sfnp|Wright|2009|p=133}}{{refn|group=note|name="size"}} ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱕ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱩᱨ-ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ (ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ)|ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱗ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱫᱮᱠᱷᱟᱣ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|p=72}} ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱗ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱝᱢᱟ শ্মᱥᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Nath et al.|2015|loc=fig. 1}}{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|p=72}}{{sfnp|Shinde et al.|2019}} ᱒᱐᱑᱔ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ (ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱗ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ) ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ - ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ/ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱵᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱑ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱤᱱ/ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ{{sfn|Shinde|Shin|Bhattacharyya|2023|pp=33, 45}} - ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱵᱷᱮ]] (ASI) ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ,<ref group=web name="Subramanian_2014_The_Hindu"/> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱓᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱕᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|p=72}}{{sfnp|Nath et al.|2015|p=10|ps=: "mounds of which 1 to 5 are integrated while a few are removed from each other."}} ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱑᱙᱙᱐ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱒᱐᱑᱒ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱑᱖ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱒᱒ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref group=web name=Ahluwalia_2023_The_Print/> ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱜᱮ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ {{sfnp|Possehl|2002|pp=63, 71, 72}}<ref group=web name="Nath_2020_The_Hindu"/> ᱟᱨ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾{{sfnp|McIntosh|2008|p=215, 293}} ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱱ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[ᱢᱤᱛᱟᱛᱷᱚᱞ]] ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ [[ᱞᱳᱦᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱟᱜᱷᱳ]], ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱟᱹᱣᱨᱤ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱥᱤᱱᱰᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ (᱒᱐᱑᱙) ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ (skeleton) ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ DNA-ᱴᱮᱥᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ DNA ᱨᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱯᱤ (steppe) ᱦᱟᱯᱲᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱟᱨᱭᱚ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱛᱷᱤᱭᱚᱨᱤ]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫᱚᱜ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱤᱱᱰᱳ-ᱟᱨᱭᱚ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱴᱮᱯᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Shinde et al.|2019}} == ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱬ ᱠᱚ == === ᱴᱷᱟᱶ === ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱷᱟᱜᱽᱜᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ,{{sfnp|Wright|2009|p=133}} ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱜᱽᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱗ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱝᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ᱾ ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧ, ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref group=web name=census2011-1>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0612_PART_B_DCHB_HISAR.pdf Census of India, 2011]</ref> [[ᱡᱮᱱ ᱢᱮᱠᱤᱱᱴᱳᱥ]] (Jane McIntosh) ᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱣᱟᱞᱤᱠ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱨᱟᱜᱽ historic/ ᱯᱨᱟᱜᱽ-ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[ᱫᱨᱤᱥᱚᱫᱽᱣᱚᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾{{sfnp|McIntosh|2008|p=76}} [[ᱪᱚᱣᱛᱚᱝ]] ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱚᱨᱥᱩᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱜᱷᱟᱜᱽᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref group=web name="ambalaonline"/><ref group=web name="Chopra_2010_IE"/> === ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱞ === [[ᱜᱨᱮᱜᱚᱨᱤ ᱯᱳᱥᱮᱦᱞ]], [[ᱡᱳᱱᱟᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱠ ᱠᱮᱱᱳᱭᱮᱨ]], [[ᱨᱮᱢᱚᱱᱰ ᱚᱞᱪᱤᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱨᱤᱴᱟ ᱯᱤ. ᱨᱟᱭᱤᱴ]] ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱹᱠᱷᱩᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱘᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱐᱐+ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Allchin|Erdosy|1995|p=78}}{{sfnp|Kenoyer|1998|p=49}}{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|p=72}}{{sfnp|Heitzman|2008|p=35}}{{sfnp|Wright|2009|p=133}}{{sfnp|Coningham|Young|2015|p=183}}{{refn|group=note|name="size"}} ᱱᱟᱛᱷ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ (᱒᱐᱑᱕) ᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, "ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [{{convert|300|hectare|km2}}] ᱨᱮᱰᱤᱭᱚᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱗ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱑ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱕ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾"{{sfnp|Nath et al.|2015}} ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ''"RGR-x"'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱴᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ RGR-1 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ RGR-11᱾<ref group=web name="ASI_1997-98"/> ᱒᱐᱑᱔ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ, ᱗ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱔ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ, RGR-8 ᱟᱨ RGR-9, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱵᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱥ-ᱵᱟᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ [[ᱵᱚᱥᱚᱱᱛᱚ ᱥᱤᱱᱰᱮ]] ᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱕ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ {{convert|350|hectare|km2}} ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱸᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱢᱚᱦᱮᱸᱡᱳ-ᱫᱟᱲᱳ]] (᱓᱐᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱕᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾<ref group=web name="Subramanian_2014_The_Hindu"/><ref group=web name="Deswal_2015_The_Tribune"/> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ [[ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ (ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ)|ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|p=72}} ᱕ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱨ-ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ RGR-1 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ RGR-5, ᱫᱚ ᱘᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱐᱐+ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ RGR-6 ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ "ᱟᱨᱰᱟ" (Arda) ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ:{{sfnp|Nath et al.|2015|loc=fig. 1}} ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ "ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ",{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|p=72}} ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱮ ᱫᱮᱠᱷᱟᱣ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾ (ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱵᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ [[ᱠᱩᱥᱟᱬ ᱥᱟᱢᱨᱟᱡᱽ]] ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾{{sfn|Shinde|Shin|Bhattacharyya|2023|p=33}}) RGR-7 ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱝᱢᱟ শ্মᱥᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱫᱮᱠᱷᱟᱣ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾{{sfnp|Nath et al.|2015|loc=fig. 1}}{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|p=72}} ᱒᱐᱑᱔ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ (ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱗ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ) ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ - ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ/ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱵᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱑ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱤᱱ/ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ{{sfn|Shinde|Shin|Bhattacharyya|2023|pp=33, 45}} - ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱵᱷᱮ (ASI) ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ,<ref group=web name="Subramanian_2014_The_Hindu"/> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱓᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱕᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|p=72}}{{sfnp|Nath et al.|2015|p=10|ps=: "mounds of which 1 to 5 are integrated while a few are removed from each other."}} === ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ (Dating) === {{see also|Periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation|l1=ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ|Pottery in the Indian subcontinent|l2=ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱚᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱹᱴᱤ-ᱦᱟ we/ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟ network/ ᱵᱟ pattern/ ᱵᱟ spatial/ ᱵᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ|Black and red ware}} ᱛᱮᱡᱚᱥ ᱜᱟᱨᱜᱮ ᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ "ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱛᱟ external/ ᱛᱷᱟ semi/ ᱛᱷᱟᱨ" ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ "᱖᱐᱐᱐(?)-᱔᱖᱐᱐-᱓᱘᱐᱐" ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱟᱨ Period I ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ "᱓᱒᱐᱐-᱒᱘᱐᱐ ᱵᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱤ." (B.C.E.) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Garge|2010|p=25}} ᱯᱳᱥᱮᱦᱞ ᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ "RGR-6, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱳᱛᱷᱤ (ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ)|ᱥᱳᱛᱷᱤ]]-[[ᱥᱤᱥᱣᱟᱞ]] ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱟᱨᱰᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾"{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|p=72}} ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ RGR-1 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ RGR-6 ᱫᱚ ''" pre-formation age ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ"'' ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ RGR-7 ᱫᱚ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟ micro/ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref group=web name="Deswal_2018_TTI"/> ASI ᱫᱚ RGR-1, RGR-2, RGR-6 ᱟᱨ RGR-7 ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱚᱱ ᱰᱮᱴᱤᱝ (carbon dated) ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾ RGR-6 ᱨᱮ ''[[Pottery in the Indian subcontinent#Cultures with overlap with Indus Valley Civilization|Pre-harappan Phase]]'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱛᱷᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱕,᱖᱔᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ (BP) ᱟᱨ ᱕,᱔᱔᱐ (BP) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ RGR-1 ᱨᱮ ''[[Periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation#Early, Mature and Late Harappan|Early Harappan Phase]]'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱕,᱒᱐᱐ ᱟᱨ ᱔,᱕᱗᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ BP ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ RGR-2 ᱨᱮ focus/ ᱦᱚᱸ ''Early Harappan Phase'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱕,᱒᱐᱐ ᱟᱨ ᱔,᱕᱗᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ''[[Periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation#Datings and alternative proposals|Mature Harappan Phase]]'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱢᱯᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱔,᱐᱔᱐ ᱟᱨ ᱓,᱙᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ BP ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref group=web name="Deswal_2018_TTI"/> RGR-7, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ''Mature Harappan Phase'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱔᱖᱐᱐ BP ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Shinde et al.|2019}}<ref group=web name="Subramian_2015_TheHindu"/> ᱒᱐᱑᱔ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱙᱙᱗ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱖ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱰᱤᱭᱳᱠᱟᱨᱵᱚᱱ ᱰᱮᱴᱤᱝ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱜᱟᱹᱠᱷᱩᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱢᱚᱨᱮᱱᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱱᱟᱛᱷ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ Pre-formative, Early Harappan, ᱟᱨ Mature Harappan ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾ RGR-6 ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱨᱮ Sothi Phase ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱴᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ Pre-formative ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱰᱮᱴᱤᱝ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ: <math>6420 \pm 110</math> ᱟᱨ <math>6230 \pm 320</math> ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ (BP), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ <math>4470 \pm 110</math> '''B.C.E.''' ᱟᱨ <math>4280 \pm 320</math> '''B.C.E.''' ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Nath|Garge|Law|2014|p=84}} === ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ === ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮ design/ ᱵᱮ platform/ ᱵᱮ network/ ᱥᱩᱨ-ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱷᱟᱜᱽᱜᱟᱨ-ᱦᱟᱠᱲᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ, ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ ᱨᱮ [[ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱤᱥᱴ|ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ]] ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[ᱵᱷᱤᱨᱨᱟᱬᱟ]] (ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱔ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱘ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ-᱗ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱵᱤ.ᱥᱤ. ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ) ᱘᱖ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ,{{sfnp|Mani|2008|p=237-238}}{{sfnp|Sarkar et al.|2016|p=2-3}} [[ᱠᱩᱱᱟᱞ, ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ|ᱠᱩᱱᱟᱞ]] (''ᱠᱩᱱᱟᱞ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱨᱮᱦᱢᱟᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨᱤ]] ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱯᱲᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ) ᱗᱕ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ,<ref>Charles Keith Maisels, [https://books.google.com/books?id=I2dgI2ijww8C&pg=PA216 ''Early Civilizations of the Old World: The Formative Histories of Egypt, The Levant, Mesopotamia, India and China.''] Routledge, 2003 {{ISBN|1134837305}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Archaeological Survey of|first=India|title=Excavations at Kunal,Haryana|journal=Indian Archaeology 1998-99 a Review|year=2004|pages=11–12|url=http://asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/Indian%20Archaeology%201998-99%20A%20Review.pdf|access-date=13 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508064754/http://asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/Indian%20Archaeology%201998-99%20A%20Review.pdf|archive-date=8 May 2012}}</ref> [[ᱥᱤᱥᱣᱟᱞ]] (''[[Siswal#Sothi-Siswal culture|ᱥᱳᱛᱷᱤ-ᱥᱤᱥᱣᱟᱞ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ]]'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱓᱘᱐᱐ ᱵᱤ.ᱥᱤ. ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ-ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ) ᱗᱕ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ,{{sfnp|Garge|2010|pp=15–40}}<ref name=dis1>[https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/the-harappan-civilisation-its-sub-cultures.html The Harappan Civilisation: Its Sub-cultures], Daily Pioneer, 10 May 2018.</ref> ᱟᱨ [[ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱵᱚᱝᱜᱟ]] (ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ) ᱒᱓᱕ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ,<ref>{{cite book|title= History of India |first= Herman |last= Kulke |publisher= Routledge |year=2004 |page=25 |isbn= 978-0-415-32920-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RoW9GuFJ9GIC&q=india++history}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱜᱷᱟᱜᱽᱜᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱵᱽ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ [[ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱵᱚᱝᱜᱟ]], [[ᱠᱩᱱᱟᱞ, ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ|ᱠᱩᱱᱟᱞ]], [[ᱵᱟᱞᱩ, ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ|ᱵᱟᱞᱩ]], [[ᱵᱷᱤᱨᱨᱟᱬᱟ]], ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟᱞᱤ]] ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Nath|Garge|Law|2014|p=84}} == ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ (Excavations) == {{see also|Phase (archaeology)|l1=ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ (Phases)|Chronological dating|l2=ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ|Pottery#Fabric|l3= ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱤᱠ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ}} ᱒᱐᱒᱐ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ, ASI ᱟᱨ ᱰᱮᱠᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱕% ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱜᱮ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref group=web name="Nath_2020_The_Hindu"/> === ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱚ === ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱒᱑-᱑᱙᱒᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱓᱑ ᱨᱮ [[ᱢᱚᱦᱮᱸᱡᱳ-ᱫᱟᱲᱳ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱞᱩ ᱑᱙᱖᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱑᱙᱙᱗–᱑᱙᱙᱘, ᱑᱙᱙᱘–᱑᱙᱙᱙ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱙᱙–᱒᱐᱐᱐, ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱑–᱒᱐᱑᱖ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱑ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ RGR-1 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ RGR-11 ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ RGR-5 ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱥᱟᱦᱯᱩᱨ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾ RGR-1 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ RGR-3, RGR6 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ RGR9 ᱟᱨ RGR-4 ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref group=web name="ASI_1997-98"/><ref group=web name="Deswal_2015_The_Tribune"/><ref name="Harappan Surprises"/><ref group=web name="Subramanian_2014_The_Hindu"/><ref group=web name="Deswal_2018_TTI"/> ᱑᱙᱖᱓ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ, [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱵᱷᱮ]] (ASI) ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Wright|2009|p=107}}<ref>{{citation|last=Sinopoli|first=Carla M.|editor=Norman Yoffee|title=The Cambridge World History|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKawBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA325|year=2015|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-19008-4|page=325|chapter=Ancient South Asian cities in their regions}} Quote: "Excavations have also occurred at Rakhigarhi, but only brief notes have been published, and little information is currently available on its form and organization. (page 325)"</ref> ᱑᱙᱖᱙ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ, [[ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱠᱷᱮᱛᱨᱚ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱤᱢ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱠ ᱥᱴᱚᱰᱤᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱰᱤᱱ ᱰᱨ. [[ᱥᱩᱨᱚᱡᱽ ᱵᱷᱟᱱ (ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱜᱟᱹᱠᱷᱩᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ)|ᱥᱩᱨᱚᱡᱽ ᱵᱷᱟᱱ]] ᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱞ-ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾<ref name=Anath1/> ᱑᱙᱙᱗–᱙᱘, ᱑᱙᱙᱘–᱙᱙ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱙᱙–᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱨᱮ, ASI ᱴᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱰᱨ. ᱟᱢᱚᱨᱮᱱᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱱᱟᱛᱷ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤᱠ ᱡᱚᱨᱱᱟᱞ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾<ref name=Anath1>Bhartesh Singh Thakur, [http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/former-archaeological-survey-director-sentenced-to-jail-for-fraud/story-PY4UDmliPR8nP174sVa4kK.html "Former Archaeological Survey director sentenced to jail for fraud"], [[Hindustan Times]], 15 October 2015.</ref><ref>{{cite web | first1=Amarendra | last1=Nath | url=http://asi.nic.in/pdf_data/rakhigarhi_excavation_report_new.pdf | title=Excavations at Rakhigarhi [1997-98 to 1999-2000] | access-date=22 February 2016 | website=Archaeological Survey of India | page=306 | date=31 December 2014}}</ref> ᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱴᱟᱠᱟ-ᱯᱟᱭᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ [[ᱥᱮᱸ central/ ᱥᱮ central/ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱨᱟᱞ ᱵᱤᱣᱨᱳ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱵᱷᱮᱥᱴᱤᱜᱮᱥᱚᱱ|CBI]] ᱛᱚᱱᱚᱠᱷᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱷ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref name=fraud1>{{cite news|title=Former Archaeological Survey director sentenced to jail for fraud|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/former-archaeological-survey-director-sentenced-to-jail-for-fraud/story-PY4UDmliPR8nP174sVa4kK.html|access-date=6 January 2016|work=Hindustan Times|date=15 October 2015}}</ref> ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱜᱮ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱮᱥᱚᱱᱟᱞ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱑᱖ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ, [[ᱰᱮᱠᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱯᱳᱥᱴ-ᱜᱨᱮᱡᱩᱮᱴ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱤᱥᱟᱨᱪ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱭᱩᱴ]] ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱤᱥ-ᱪᱟᱱᱥᱮᱞᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱜᱟᱹᱠᱷᱩᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱰᱨ. ᱵᱚᱥᱚᱱᱛᱚ ᱥᱤᱱᱰᱮ ᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱴᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱚ common/ ᱥᱚ common/ ᱥᱚ custom/ ᱥᱚ cross/ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱥᱭᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤᱠ ᱡᱚᱨᱱᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite news | first=Kuldip | last=Dhiman | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/book-reviews/engulfed-in-the-labyrinths-of-time-260177/ | title=Engulfed in the labyrinths of time | newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] | date=3 July 2016}}</ref>{{sfnp|Shinde|Green|Parmar|Sable|2012|p=48}} ᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ASI ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ [[ᱥᱮ central/ ᱥᱮ central/ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱨᱟᱞ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ]] ᱟᱨ ᱰᱨ. ᱵᱚᱥᱚᱱᱛᱚ ᱥᱤᱱᱰᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾<ref group=web name="Deswal_2018_TTI">Deepender Deswal (2018), [https://web.archive.org/web/20210919044542/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/harappan-site-in-hisar-draws-interest-of-archaeologists-313230 Harappan site in Hisar draws interest of archaeologists], The Tribune India, 18 September 2021.</ref> === ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ === [[File:Skeleton harappa.JPG|thumbnail|ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ (skeleton), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ [[ᱱᱮᱥᱚᱱᱟᱞ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ, ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ|ᱱᱮᱥᱚᱱᱟᱞ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ]] ᱨᱮ ᱫᱮᱠᱷᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾]] ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱵᱤᱛ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱔,᱖᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ (skeletons), ᱜᱚᱲ ᱯᱨᱟᱪᱤᱨ (fortification) ᱟᱨ ᱤᱴᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref group=web name="Nath_2020_The_Hindu"/> ==== ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ==== ASI ᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱕,᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ (artefacts) ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|pp=63, 71, 72}}<ref name="Harappan Surprises">{{cite web |title=Harappan Surprises | url=http://www.frontline.in/arts-and-culture/heritage/harappan-surprises/article6032206.ece?homepage=true |publisher=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |date=13 June 2014|access-date=14 March 2018}}</ref> ᱯᱟᱠᱟ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ, ᱱᱟᱞᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ, ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ, ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ, [[ᱴᱮᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴᱟ]] (terracotta) ᱤᱴᱟᱹ, ᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ, ᱟᱨ [[ᱠᱟᱸᱥᱟ]] (bronze) ᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝᱟᱱ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱬ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱜᱚᱦᱚᱬᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴᱟ, ᱥᱟᱸᱠᱷ (conch) ᱪᱮᱞᱮ, ᱥᱚᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝᱟᱱ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱥᱟᱠᱚᱢ (bangles) ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070225134410/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=223720 ''Chandigarh Newsline'', 2/23/2007, 'Rakhigarhi is the Largest Harappan Site Ever Found']</ref> ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑.᱙᱒ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱪᱚᱲᱟ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ ᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱵᱚᱝᱜᱟ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱪᱚᱲᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾ ᱪᱟᱹᱴᱤ-ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱵᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱵᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟᱞᱤ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾ ᱠᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱥᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟ traditional/ ᱡᱚ traditional/ ᱡᱚ cross/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ natives/ ᱡᱚ Native/ ᱡᱚ natives/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ natives/ ᱡᱚ Native/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ nat/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ nativity/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ nat/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ custom/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ natively/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ ᱭᱚᱜᱽᱭᱚ ᱵᱟᱝᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮᱭᱟᱠᱚ᱾ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱭᱞᱟᱹ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱤᱴᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱞᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱴᱮᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴᱟ ᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ (weights), ᱠᱟᱸᱥᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ, ᱱᱟᱠᱤᱡ, ᱛᱟᱸᱵᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱥᱤ, ᱥᱩᱸ we/ ᱥᱩᱸ create/ ᱥᱩᱸ we/ ᱥᱩᱸ cross/ ᱥᱩᱸ needle/ ᱥᱩᱸᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱮᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴᱟ ᱥᱤᱞ (seals) ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱸᱥᱟ ᱵᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱑ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱠᱷᱟᱱᱟ (gold foundry) ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱓᱐᱐᱐ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱰ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝᱟᱱ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱰ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱟᱵ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱩᱸ we/ ᱩᱱᱩ we/ ᱩᱱᱩ cross/ ᱩᱱᱩ native/ ᱩᱱᱩ stove/ ᱩᱱᱩᱫᱩᱜ (furnace) ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱑᱑ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ (skeletons) ᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ (ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ) ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ, ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱵᱟᱥᱚᱱ-ᱯᱟᱛᱟ an/ ᱯᱟᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱮᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱸᱠᱷ ᱥᱟᱠᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱡᱩᱵᱚᱱᱫᱷ (armlet) ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝᱟᱱ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ==== ᱜᱚᱞᱟ/ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ (Granary) ==== ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ (2600 BCE ᱠᱷᱚᱱ 2000 BCE) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱚᱞᱟ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ (granary) ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱜᱚᱞᱟ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ-ᱤᱴᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱚᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟ software/ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟ cross/ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟ native/ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟ cross/ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟ compute/ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟ compute/ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟ-ᱞᱮᱵᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱗ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱪᱟ structure/ ᱪᱟ cross/ ᱪᱟ standard/ ᱪᱟ coordinate/ ᱪᱟ corner/ ᱪᱟ rectangular ᱵᱟᱝᱢᱟ square ᱠᱩᱷᱲᱤ (chambers) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ Significant a9xnn7cymzhwj29r702iiastd44ys70 197833 197829 2026-09-15T04:46:42Z ᱚᱨᱯᱤᱛᱟ ᱦᱮᱢᱵᱨᱚᱢ 7474 /* ᱜᱚᱞᱟ/ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ (Granary) */ 197833 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox historic site | name = ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ | native_name = | other_name = ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤ ᱜᱚᱲᱤ | image = Rakhigarhi Harappan civilization.jpg | caption = | pushpin_map = India Haryana#India#South Asia | pushpin_alt = | pushpin_relief = y | coordinates = {{Coord|29|17|35|N|76|6|51|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}} | location = [[ᱦᱟᱸᱥᱤ]] ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ, [[ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] | region = | type = ᱟᱹᱛᱩ / ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ | part_of = | length = | width = | area = {{convert|350|ha|abbr=on}}<ref group=web name="Subramanian_2014_The_Hindu"/> | height = | builder = | material = | built = {{circa|3500 BC}} | abandoned = | epochs = <!-- actually displays as "Periods" --> | cultures = [[ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ]] | dependency_of = | occupants = | event = | excavations = 1963, 1997–2000, 2012–2016, 2021–ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ<ref group=web name=Ahluwalia_2023_The_Print/> | archaeologists = | condition = | ownership = | management = | public_access = | website = | notes = }} '''ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ''' ᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ '''ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤ ᱜᱚᱲᱤ''' ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱦᱟᱸᱥᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱟᱨ [[ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱕᱐ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱜᱷᱟᱜᱽᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ]] ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ,{{sfnp|Wright|2009|p=133}} ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱜᱽᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱗ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱝᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱨᱤ-ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ (6000?/4600-3300 BC), ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ (3300-2600 BC), ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ (2600-1900 BC) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Garge|2010|p=25}} ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱕ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐᱑᱔ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱹᱠᱷᱩᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱘᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱐᱐+ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ,{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|p=72}}{{sfnp|Coningham|Young|2015|p=183}}{{sfnp|Kenoyer|1998|p=49}}{{sfnp|Allchin|Erdosy|1995|p=78}}{{sfnp|Heitzman|2008|p=35}}{{sfnp|Wright|2009|p=133}}{{refn|group=note|name="size"}} ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱕ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱩᱨ-ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ (ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ)|ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱗ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱫᱮᱠᱷᱟᱣ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|p=72}} ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱗ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱝᱢᱟ শ্মᱥᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Nath et al.|2015|loc=fig. 1}}{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|p=72}}{{sfnp|Shinde et al.|2019}} ᱒᱐᱑᱔ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ (ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱗ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ) ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ - ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ/ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱵᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱑ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱤᱱ/ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ{{sfn|Shinde|Shin|Bhattacharyya|2023|pp=33, 45}} - ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱵᱷᱮ]] (ASI) ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ,<ref group=web name="Subramanian_2014_The_Hindu"/> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱓᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱕᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|p=72}}{{sfnp|Nath et al.|2015|p=10|ps=: "mounds of which 1 to 5 are integrated while a few are removed from each other."}} ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱑᱙᱙᱐ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱒᱐᱑᱒ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱑᱖ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱒᱒ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref group=web name=Ahluwalia_2023_The_Print/> ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱜᱮ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ {{sfnp|Possehl|2002|pp=63, 71, 72}}<ref group=web name="Nath_2020_The_Hindu"/> ᱟᱨ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾{{sfnp|McIntosh|2008|p=215, 293}} ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱱ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[ᱢᱤᱛᱟᱛᱷᱚᱞ]] ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ [[ᱞᱳᱦᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱟᱜᱷᱳ]], ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱟᱹᱣᱨᱤ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱥᱤᱱᱰᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ (᱒᱐᱑᱙) ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ (skeleton) ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ DNA-ᱴᱮᱥᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ DNA ᱨᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱯᱤ (steppe) ᱦᱟᱯᱲᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱟᱨᱭᱚ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱛᱷᱤᱭᱚᱨᱤ]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫᱚᱜ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱤᱱᱰᱳ-ᱟᱨᱭᱚ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱴᱮᱯᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Shinde et al.|2019}} == ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱬ ᱠᱚ == === ᱴᱷᱟᱶ === ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱷᱟᱜᱽᱜᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ,{{sfnp|Wright|2009|p=133}} ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱜᱽᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱗ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱝᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ᱾ ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧ, ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref group=web name=census2011-1>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0612_PART_B_DCHB_HISAR.pdf Census of India, 2011]</ref> [[ᱡᱮᱱ ᱢᱮᱠᱤᱱᱴᱳᱥ]] (Jane McIntosh) ᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱣᱟᱞᱤᱠ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱨᱟᱜᱽ historic/ ᱯᱨᱟᱜᱽ-ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[ᱫᱨᱤᱥᱚᱫᱽᱣᱚᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾{{sfnp|McIntosh|2008|p=76}} [[ᱪᱚᱣᱛᱚᱝ]] ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱚᱨᱥᱩᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱜᱷᱟᱜᱽᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref group=web name="ambalaonline"/><ref group=web name="Chopra_2010_IE"/> === ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱞ === [[ᱜᱨᱮᱜᱚᱨᱤ ᱯᱳᱥᱮᱦᱞ]], [[ᱡᱳᱱᱟᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱠ ᱠᱮᱱᱳᱭᱮᱨ]], [[ᱨᱮᱢᱚᱱᱰ ᱚᱞᱪᱤᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱨᱤᱴᱟ ᱯᱤ. ᱨᱟᱭᱤᱴ]] ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱹᱠᱷᱩᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱘᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱐᱐+ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Allchin|Erdosy|1995|p=78}}{{sfnp|Kenoyer|1998|p=49}}{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|p=72}}{{sfnp|Heitzman|2008|p=35}}{{sfnp|Wright|2009|p=133}}{{sfnp|Coningham|Young|2015|p=183}}{{refn|group=note|name="size"}} ᱱᱟᱛᱷ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ (᱒᱐᱑᱕) ᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, "ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [{{convert|300|hectare|km2}}] ᱨᱮᱰᱤᱭᱚᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱗ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱑ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱕ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾"{{sfnp|Nath et al.|2015}} ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ''"RGR-x"'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱴᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ RGR-1 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ RGR-11᱾<ref group=web name="ASI_1997-98"/> ᱒᱐᱑᱔ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ, ᱗ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱔ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ, RGR-8 ᱟᱨ RGR-9, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱵᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱥ-ᱵᱟᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ [[ᱵᱚᱥᱚᱱᱛᱚ ᱥᱤᱱᱰᱮ]] ᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱕ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ {{convert|350|hectare|km2}} ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱸᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱢᱚᱦᱮᱸᱡᱳ-ᱫᱟᱲᱳ]] (᱓᱐᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱕᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾<ref group=web name="Subramanian_2014_The_Hindu"/><ref group=web name="Deswal_2015_The_Tribune"/> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ [[ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ (ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ)|ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|p=72}} ᱕ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱨ-ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ RGR-1 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ RGR-5, ᱫᱚ ᱘᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱐᱐+ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ RGR-6 ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ "ᱟᱨᱰᱟ" (Arda) ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ:{{sfnp|Nath et al.|2015|loc=fig. 1}} ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ "ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ",{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|p=72}} ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱮ ᱫᱮᱠᱷᱟᱣ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾ (ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱵᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ [[ᱠᱩᱥᱟᱬ ᱥᱟᱢᱨᱟᱡᱽ]] ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾{{sfn|Shinde|Shin|Bhattacharyya|2023|p=33}}) RGR-7 ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱝᱢᱟ শ্মᱥᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱫᱮᱠᱷᱟᱣ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾{{sfnp|Nath et al.|2015|loc=fig. 1}}{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|p=72}} ᱒᱐᱑᱔ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ (ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱗ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ) ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ - ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ/ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱵᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱑ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱤᱱ/ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ{{sfn|Shinde|Shin|Bhattacharyya|2023|pp=33, 45}} - ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱵᱷᱮ (ASI) ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ,<ref group=web name="Subramanian_2014_The_Hindu"/> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱓᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱕᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|p=72}}{{sfnp|Nath et al.|2015|p=10|ps=: "mounds of which 1 to 5 are integrated while a few are removed from each other."}} === ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ (Dating) === {{see also|Periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation|l1=ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ|Pottery in the Indian subcontinent|l2=ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱚᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱹᱴᱤ-ᱦᱟ we/ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟ network/ ᱵᱟ pattern/ ᱵᱟ spatial/ ᱵᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ|Black and red ware}} ᱛᱮᱡᱚᱥ ᱜᱟᱨᱜᱮ ᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ "ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱛᱟ external/ ᱛᱷᱟ semi/ ᱛᱷᱟᱨ" ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ "᱖᱐᱐᱐(?)-᱔᱖᱐᱐-᱓᱘᱐᱐" ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱟᱨ Period I ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ "᱓᱒᱐᱐-᱒᱘᱐᱐ ᱵᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱤ." (B.C.E.) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Garge|2010|p=25}} ᱯᱳᱥᱮᱦᱞ ᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ "RGR-6, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱳᱛᱷᱤ (ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ)|ᱥᱳᱛᱷᱤ]]-[[ᱥᱤᱥᱣᱟᱞ]] ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱟᱨᱰᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾"{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|p=72}} ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ RGR-1 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ RGR-6 ᱫᱚ ''" pre-formation age ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ"'' ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ RGR-7 ᱫᱚ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟ micro/ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref group=web name="Deswal_2018_TTI"/> ASI ᱫᱚ RGR-1, RGR-2, RGR-6 ᱟᱨ RGR-7 ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱚᱱ ᱰᱮᱴᱤᱝ (carbon dated) ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾ RGR-6 ᱨᱮ ''[[Pottery in the Indian subcontinent#Cultures with overlap with Indus Valley Civilization|Pre-harappan Phase]]'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱛᱷᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱕,᱖᱔᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ (BP) ᱟᱨ ᱕,᱔᱔᱐ (BP) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ RGR-1 ᱨᱮ ''[[Periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation#Early, Mature and Late Harappan|Early Harappan Phase]]'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱕,᱒᱐᱐ ᱟᱨ ᱔,᱕᱗᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ BP ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ RGR-2 ᱨᱮ focus/ ᱦᱚᱸ ''Early Harappan Phase'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱕,᱒᱐᱐ ᱟᱨ ᱔,᱕᱗᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ''[[Periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation#Datings and alternative proposals|Mature Harappan Phase]]'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱢᱯᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱔,᱐᱔᱐ ᱟᱨ ᱓,᱙᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ BP ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref group=web name="Deswal_2018_TTI"/> RGR-7, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ''Mature Harappan Phase'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱔᱖᱐᱐ BP ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Shinde et al.|2019}}<ref group=web name="Subramian_2015_TheHindu"/> ᱒᱐᱑᱔ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱙᱙᱗ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱖ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱰᱤᱭᱳᱠᱟᱨᱵᱚᱱ ᱰᱮᱴᱤᱝ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱜᱟᱹᱠᱷᱩᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱢᱚᱨᱮᱱᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱱᱟᱛᱷ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ Pre-formative, Early Harappan, ᱟᱨ Mature Harappan ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾ RGR-6 ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱨᱮ Sothi Phase ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱴᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ Pre-formative ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱰᱮᱴᱤᱝ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ: <math>6420 \pm 110</math> ᱟᱨ <math>6230 \pm 320</math> ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ (BP), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ <math>4470 \pm 110</math> '''B.C.E.''' ᱟᱨ <math>4280 \pm 320</math> '''B.C.E.''' ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Nath|Garge|Law|2014|p=84}} === ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ === ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮ design/ ᱵᱮ platform/ ᱵᱮ network/ ᱥᱩᱨ-ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱷᱟᱜᱽᱜᱟᱨ-ᱦᱟᱠᱲᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ, ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ ᱨᱮ [[ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱤᱥᱴ|ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ]] ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[ᱵᱷᱤᱨᱨᱟᱬᱟ]] (ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱔ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱘ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ-᱗ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱵᱤ.ᱥᱤ. ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ) ᱘᱖ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ,{{sfnp|Mani|2008|p=237-238}}{{sfnp|Sarkar et al.|2016|p=2-3}} [[ᱠᱩᱱᱟᱞ, ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ|ᱠᱩᱱᱟᱞ]] (''ᱠᱩᱱᱟᱞ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱨᱮᱦᱢᱟᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨᱤ]] ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱯᱲᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ) ᱗᱕ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ,<ref>Charles Keith Maisels, [https://books.google.com/books?id=I2dgI2ijww8C&pg=PA216 ''Early Civilizations of the Old World: The Formative Histories of Egypt, The Levant, Mesopotamia, India and China.''] Routledge, 2003 {{ISBN|1134837305}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Archaeological Survey of|first=India|title=Excavations at Kunal,Haryana|journal=Indian Archaeology 1998-99 a Review|year=2004|pages=11–12|url=http://asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/Indian%20Archaeology%201998-99%20A%20Review.pdf|access-date=13 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508064754/http://asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/Indian%20Archaeology%201998-99%20A%20Review.pdf|archive-date=8 May 2012}}</ref> [[ᱥᱤᱥᱣᱟᱞ]] (''[[Siswal#Sothi-Siswal culture|ᱥᱳᱛᱷᱤ-ᱥᱤᱥᱣᱟᱞ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ]]'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱓᱘᱐᱐ ᱵᱤ.ᱥᱤ. ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ-ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ) ᱗᱕ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ,{{sfnp|Garge|2010|pp=15–40}}<ref name=dis1>[https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/the-harappan-civilisation-its-sub-cultures.html The Harappan Civilisation: Its Sub-cultures], Daily Pioneer, 10 May 2018.</ref> ᱟᱨ [[ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱵᱚᱝᱜᱟ]] (ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ) ᱒᱓᱕ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ,<ref>{{cite book|title= History of India |first= Herman |last= Kulke |publisher= Routledge |year=2004 |page=25 |isbn= 978-0-415-32920-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RoW9GuFJ9GIC&q=india++history}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱜᱷᱟᱜᱽᱜᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱵᱽ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ [[ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱵᱚᱝᱜᱟ]], [[ᱠᱩᱱᱟᱞ, ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ|ᱠᱩᱱᱟᱞ]], [[ᱵᱟᱞᱩ, ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ|ᱵᱟᱞᱩ]], [[ᱵᱷᱤᱨᱨᱟᱬᱟ]], ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟᱞᱤ]] ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Nath|Garge|Law|2014|p=84}} == ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ (Excavations) == {{see also|Phase (archaeology)|l1=ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ (Phases)|Chronological dating|l2=ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ|Pottery#Fabric|l3= ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱤᱠ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ}} ᱒᱐᱒᱐ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ, ASI ᱟᱨ ᱰᱮᱠᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱕% ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱜᱮ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref group=web name="Nath_2020_The_Hindu"/> === ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱚ === ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱒᱑-᱑᱙᱒᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱓᱑ ᱨᱮ [[ᱢᱚᱦᱮᱸᱡᱳ-ᱫᱟᱲᱳ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱞᱩ ᱑᱙᱖᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱑᱙᱙᱗–᱑᱙᱙᱘, ᱑᱙᱙᱘–᱑᱙᱙᱙ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱙᱙–᱒᱐᱐᱐, ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱑–᱒᱐᱑᱖ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱑ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ RGR-1 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ RGR-11 ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ RGR-5 ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱥᱟᱦᱯᱩᱨ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾ RGR-1 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ RGR-3, RGR6 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ RGR9 ᱟᱨ RGR-4 ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref group=web name="ASI_1997-98"/><ref group=web name="Deswal_2015_The_Tribune"/><ref name="Harappan Surprises"/><ref group=web name="Subramanian_2014_The_Hindu"/><ref group=web name="Deswal_2018_TTI"/> ᱑᱙᱖᱓ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ, [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱵᱷᱮ]] (ASI) ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Wright|2009|p=107}}<ref>{{citation|last=Sinopoli|first=Carla M.|editor=Norman Yoffee|title=The Cambridge World History|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKawBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA325|year=2015|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-19008-4|page=325|chapter=Ancient South Asian cities in their regions}} Quote: "Excavations have also occurred at Rakhigarhi, but only brief notes have been published, and little information is currently available on its form and organization. (page 325)"</ref> ᱑᱙᱖᱙ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ, [[ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱠᱷᱮᱛᱨᱚ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱤᱢ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱠ ᱥᱴᱚᱰᱤᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱰᱤᱱ ᱰᱨ. [[ᱥᱩᱨᱚᱡᱽ ᱵᱷᱟᱱ (ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱜᱟᱹᱠᱷᱩᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ)|ᱥᱩᱨᱚᱡᱽ ᱵᱷᱟᱱ]] ᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱞ-ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾<ref name=Anath1/> ᱑᱙᱙᱗–᱙᱘, ᱑᱙᱙᱘–᱙᱙ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱙᱙–᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱨᱮ, ASI ᱴᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱰᱨ. ᱟᱢᱚᱨᱮᱱᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱱᱟᱛᱷ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤᱠ ᱡᱚᱨᱱᱟᱞ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾<ref name=Anath1>Bhartesh Singh Thakur, [http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/former-archaeological-survey-director-sentenced-to-jail-for-fraud/story-PY4UDmliPR8nP174sVa4kK.html "Former Archaeological Survey director sentenced to jail for fraud"], [[Hindustan Times]], 15 October 2015.</ref><ref>{{cite web | first1=Amarendra | last1=Nath | url=http://asi.nic.in/pdf_data/rakhigarhi_excavation_report_new.pdf | title=Excavations at Rakhigarhi [1997-98 to 1999-2000] | access-date=22 February 2016 | website=Archaeological Survey of India | page=306 | date=31 December 2014}}</ref> ᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱴᱟᱠᱟ-ᱯᱟᱭᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ [[ᱥᱮᱸ central/ ᱥᱮ central/ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱨᱟᱞ ᱵᱤᱣᱨᱳ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱵᱷᱮᱥᱴᱤᱜᱮᱥᱚᱱ|CBI]] ᱛᱚᱱᱚᱠᱷᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱷ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref name=fraud1>{{cite news|title=Former Archaeological Survey director sentenced to jail for fraud|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/former-archaeological-survey-director-sentenced-to-jail-for-fraud/story-PY4UDmliPR8nP174sVa4kK.html|access-date=6 January 2016|work=Hindustan Times|date=15 October 2015}}</ref> ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱜᱮ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱮᱥᱚᱱᱟᱞ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱑᱖ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ, [[ᱰᱮᱠᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱯᱳᱥᱴ-ᱜᱨᱮᱡᱩᱮᱴ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱤᱥᱟᱨᱪ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱭᱩᱴ]] ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱤᱥ-ᱪᱟᱱᱥᱮᱞᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱜᱟᱹᱠᱷᱩᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱰᱨ. ᱵᱚᱥᱚᱱᱛᱚ ᱥᱤᱱᱰᱮ ᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱴᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱚ common/ ᱥᱚ common/ ᱥᱚ custom/ ᱥᱚ cross/ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱥᱭᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤᱠ ᱡᱚᱨᱱᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite news | first=Kuldip | last=Dhiman | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/book-reviews/engulfed-in-the-labyrinths-of-time-260177/ | title=Engulfed in the labyrinths of time | newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] | date=3 July 2016}}</ref>{{sfnp|Shinde|Green|Parmar|Sable|2012|p=48}} ᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ASI ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ [[ᱥᱮ central/ ᱥᱮ central/ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱨᱟᱞ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ]] ᱟᱨ ᱰᱨ. ᱵᱚᱥᱚᱱᱛᱚ ᱥᱤᱱᱰᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾<ref group=web name="Deswal_2018_TTI">Deepender Deswal (2018), [https://web.archive.org/web/20210919044542/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/harappan-site-in-hisar-draws-interest-of-archaeologists-313230 Harappan site in Hisar draws interest of archaeologists], The Tribune India, 18 September 2021.</ref> === ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ === [[File:Skeleton harappa.JPG|thumbnail|ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ (skeleton), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ [[ᱱᱮᱥᱚᱱᱟᱞ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ, ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ|ᱱᱮᱥᱚᱱᱟᱞ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ]] ᱨᱮ ᱫᱮᱠᱷᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾]] ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱵᱤᱛ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱔,᱖᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ (skeletons), ᱜᱚᱲ ᱯᱨᱟᱪᱤᱨ (fortification) ᱟᱨ ᱤᱴᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref group=web name="Nath_2020_The_Hindu"/> ==== ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ==== ASI ᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱕,᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ (artefacts) ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|pp=63, 71, 72}}<ref name="Harappan Surprises">{{cite web |title=Harappan Surprises | url=http://www.frontline.in/arts-and-culture/heritage/harappan-surprises/article6032206.ece?homepage=true |publisher=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |date=13 June 2014|access-date=14 March 2018}}</ref> ᱯᱟᱠᱟ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ, ᱱᱟᱞᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ, ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ, ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ, [[ᱴᱮᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴᱟ]] (terracotta) ᱤᱴᱟᱹ, ᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ, ᱟᱨ [[ᱠᱟᱸᱥᱟ]] (bronze) ᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝᱟᱱ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱬ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱜᱚᱦᱚᱬᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴᱟ, ᱥᱟᱸᱠᱷ (conch) ᱪᱮᱞᱮ, ᱥᱚᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝᱟᱱ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱥᱟᱠᱚᱢ (bangles) ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070225134410/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=223720 ''Chandigarh Newsline'', 2/23/2007, 'Rakhigarhi is the Largest Harappan Site Ever Found']</ref> ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑.᱙᱒ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱪᱚᱲᱟ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ ᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱵᱚᱝᱜᱟ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱪᱚᱲᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾ ᱪᱟᱹᱴᱤ-ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱵᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱵᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟᱞᱤ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾ ᱠᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱥᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟ traditional/ ᱡᱚ traditional/ ᱡᱚ cross/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ natives/ ᱡᱚ Native/ ᱡᱚ natives/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ natives/ ᱡᱚ Native/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ nat/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ nativity/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ nat/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ custom/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ natively/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ ᱭᱚᱜᱽᱭᱚ ᱵᱟᱝᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮᱭᱟᱠᱚ᱾ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱭᱞᱟᱹ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱤᱴᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱞᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱴᱮᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴᱟ ᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ (weights), ᱠᱟᱸᱥᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ, ᱱᱟᱠᱤᱡ, ᱛᱟᱸᱵᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱥᱤ, ᱥᱩᱸ we/ ᱥᱩᱸ create/ ᱥᱩᱸ we/ ᱥᱩᱸ cross/ ᱥᱩᱸ needle/ ᱥᱩᱸᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱮᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴᱟ ᱥᱤᱞ (seals) ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱸᱥᱟ ᱵᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱑ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱠᱷᱟᱱᱟ (gold foundry) ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱓᱐᱐᱐ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱰ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝᱟᱱ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱰ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱟᱵ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱩᱸ we/ ᱩᱱᱩ we/ ᱩᱱᱩ cross/ ᱩᱱᱩ native/ ᱩᱱᱩ stove/ ᱩᱱᱩᱫᱩᱜ (furnace) ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱑᱑ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ (skeletons) ᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ (ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ) ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ, ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱵᱟᱥᱚᱱ-ᱯᱟᱛᱟ an/ ᱯᱟᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱮᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱸᱠᱷ ᱥᱟᱠᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱡᱩᱵᱚᱱᱫᱷ (armlet) ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝᱟᱱ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ==== ᱜᱚᱞᱟ/ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ (Granary) ==== ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ (2600 BCE ᱠᱷᱚᱱ 2000 BCE) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱚᱞᱟ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ (granary) ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱜᱚᱞᱟ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ-ᱤᱴᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱚᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟ software/ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟ cross/ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟ native/ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟ cross/ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟ compute/ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟ compute/ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟ-ᱞᱮᱵᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱗ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱪᱟ structure/ ᱪᱟ cross/ ᱪᱟ standard/ ᱪᱟ coordinate/ ᱪᱟ corner/ ᱪᱟ rectangular ᱵᱟᱝᱢᱟ square ᱠᱩᱷᱲᱤ (chambers) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ==== ᱥᱟᱯᱟᱯ ᱠᱚ ==== ᱛᱟᱸᱵᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟ (hafts) ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱸᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱟᱯ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ, ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱰᱟᱯᱟᱞ, ᱜᱩᱞᱤ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ/ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ (toy culture) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ (stamps), ᱜᱚᱦᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ 'ᱪᱟᱨᱴ' (chert) ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ-ᱵᱟᱬᱤᱡ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱩᱯᱚᱛᱭᱚᱠᱟ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ (IVC) ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱵᱽᱭᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟ (standardised weight systems) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱟᱹᱣᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news |title=Dig this! 5,000-yr-old skeletons found in Hisar |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/haryana/archaeologists-find-5-000-yr-old-skeletons-at-rakhigarhi-in-hisar/article1-1337371.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415222158/http://www.hindustantimes.com/haryana/archaeologists-find-5-000-yr-old-skeletons-at-rakhigarhi-in-hisar/article1-1337371.aspx |archive-date=15 April 2015 |work=Hindustan Times|date=15 April 2015}}</ref> ==== ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ, ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ-ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱪᱷᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ-ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ==== ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ (Fire altars) ᱟᱨ [[Apse|ᱟᱯᱥᱤᱰᱟᱞ (apsidal)]] ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref group=web name="ASI_1997-98"/>{{dead link|date=November 2021}} ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱸᱥᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱥᱠᱚᱢ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ, [[Chanhudaro|ᱪᱟᱱᱦᱩᱫᱟᱲᱚ]] ᱟᱨ [[Harappa|ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾{{sfnp|McIntosh|2008|p=293, 333}} ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ {{quantify|date=September 2021}} ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱢᱩᱦᱩᱨ (stamps seals) ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|pp=63, 71, 72}} ==== ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱜᱟᱰ ᱠᱚ ==== ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱪᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ (cemetery) ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱜᱟᱰ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱤᱴᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱰᱟᱯᱟᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱜᱟᱰ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱸᱫᱩᱠ (wooden coffin) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|pp=63, 71, 72}} ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱜᱟᱰ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ; ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱴᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾{{sfnp|McIntosh|2008|p=215, 293}} ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱔᱖ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ (skeletons) ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱕᱓ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱓᱗ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ-ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ (anthropological) ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱠᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱑᱗ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ-ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ (adults), ᱘ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱦᱚᱲ (subadults) ᱟᱨ ᱑᱒ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱗ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ (sex) ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱗ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱫᱷᱟᱹ (supine position) ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱸᱰᱩᱵ (prone position) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱮᱪᱟᱠ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱜᱟᱰ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱜᱟᱰ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱪᱟᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱴᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟ (pottery) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱪᱟᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟ (votive pots) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ (secondary burials) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱞᱚ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱞᱚ (cremation practices) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱟᱵᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱩᱬ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱜᱩᱴ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ (group burials) ᱟᱨ ᱚᱸᱰᱩᱵ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ (lineage) ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱮᱞᱤᱭᱳ-ᱯᱮᱨᱟᱥᱟᱭᱴᱤᱠ (Paleo-parasitical) ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ DNA ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱠᱷᱟ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news|date=26 March 2018|title=Mysteries of Rakhigarhi's Harappan Necropolis: In burials from 4,000 years ago, women both exalted, condemned|work=The Indian Express|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/mysteries-of-rakhigarhis-harappan-necropolis-in-burials-from-4000-years-ago-women-both-exalted-condemned-5111253/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Shinde|first1=Vasant S.|last2=Kim|first2=Yong Jun|last3=Woo|first3=Eun Jin|last4=Jadhav|first4=Nilesh|last5=Waghmare|first5=Pranjali|last6=Yadav|first6=Yogesh|last7=Munshi|first7=Avradeep|last8=Chatterjee|first8=Malavika|last9=Panyam|first9=Amrithavalli|date=21 February 2018|title=Archaeological and anthropological studies on the Harappan cemetery of Rakhigarhi, India|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=13|issue=2|article-number=e0192299|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0192299|issn=1932-6203|pmc=5821334|pmid=29466426|bibcode=2018PLoSO..1392299S|doi-access=free}}</ref> ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱡ (stomach) ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱮᱨᱟᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ (Parasite eggs) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ (origins) ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ [[A-DNA|aDNA]] ᱟᱨ ᱯᱮᱨᱟᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹᱱ DNA ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱠᱷᱟ (analysis) ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news|date=12 January 2014|title=Scientists to study parasite eggs in Harappan graves|work=The Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Scientists-to-study-parasite-eggs-in-Harappan-graves/articleshow/28692622.cms}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Biomedical Studies on Archaeology|url=http://shinpaleopathology.blogspot.in/2014/02/our-work-on-rakhigarhi.html|date=19 February 2014|access-date=9 June 2014|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305004158/http://shinpaleopathology.blogspot.in/2014/02/our-work-on-rakhigarhi.html}}</ref> ==== ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ==== {{See also|Indo-Aryan migrations|Indigenous Aryanism}} ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ, ᱰᱷᱤᱯ RGR-7 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱔,᱖᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱞᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ-ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ, ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ-ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ ('I6113' ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ) ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾{{sfnp|Shinde et al.|2019}} ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱸᱠᱷᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=bp3>{{cite news|title=Dig this! 5,000-yr-old skeletons found in Hisar |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/haryana/archaeologists-find-5-000-yr-old-skeletons-at-rakhigarhi-in-hisar/article1-1337371.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415222158/http://www.hindustantimes.com/haryana/archaeologists-find-5-000-yr-old-skeletons-at-rakhigarhi-in-hisar/article1-1337371.aspx|archive-date=15 April 2015| work=Hindustan Times| date=15 April 2015}}</ref><ref group=web name="Nath_2020_The_Hindu"/> {{anchor | Love | Couple | Love birds | Rakhigarhi love birds }} {{external media | float = | width = 258px | topic = <!--centered italic text---> | caption = <!-- text placed left or right of headerimage ---> | headerimage = <!--search commons please include "|alt= text" and x-height in px "|x20px" example [[File:YouTube Logo 2017.svg|alt=YouTube logo|x20px|left]] or ...|right]] ---> | title = | image1 = Photo of the [https://synapse.koreamed.org/articles/ViewImage.php?fn=acb-51-200-g002_1049ACB&id=F2 skeleton of ''"Rakhigarhi love birds"'' buried together] with male (11A) facing the woman (11B), with their [[Antyesti#Cremation rituals|feet pointing south]] and head towards north.<ref name=jh4/>}} ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱓᱕ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱔᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱤᱡ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮᱱᱤᱡ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱟᱲᱮ-ᱟᱲᱮ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ (ceremonial burial) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ [[Veneration of the dead#India|ᱜᱚᱡ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ]] ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱴᱚᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ (collar bone) ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[agate|ᱮᱜᱮᱴ (agate)]] ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>[https://edition.cnn.com/2019/01/10/health/harappa-grave-couple-india-scli-intl/index.html Ancient lovers found in Indian burial site mystify and intrigue archaeologists], CNN, 10 January 2019.</ref><ref name=jh4>Vasant Shinde1, et al, 2018, [https://synapse.koreamed.org/articles/1101692 A young couple's grave found in the Rakhigarhi cemetery of the Harappan Civilization], Anatomy & Cell Biology, vol 51 (3), pp. 200-204.</ref> ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱚ {{height|cm=177}} ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱚ {{height|cm=171}} ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ, ᱪᱚᱴ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱵᱮᱲᱟ ᱨᱮ ''"ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱱᱤᱨᱚᱜᱽ"'' ᱠᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-46806084 Harappa grave of ancient 'couple' reveals secrets], BBC, 9 January 2019.</ref> ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱮ ᱮᱴ ᱟᱞ. (Shinde et al. 2019) ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ DNA- ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱠᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱘ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱨᱮ ''Cell Magazine'' ᱨᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ DNA ᱨᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱯᱤ (steppe) ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[Aryan migration theory|ᱟᱨᱭᱚ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱥᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱛᱚ]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫᱚᱜ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱤᱱᱰᱚ-ᱟᱨᱭᱚ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱴᱮᱯᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾{{sfnp|Shinde et al.|2019}}<ref name="Bal_2019_The_Caravan">{{Cite magazine |last=Bal |first=Hartosh Singh |date=30 September 2019 |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/commentary/what-media-reporting-ancient-dna-results-says-about-our-times |title=What media reporting on ancient DNA results says about our times |magazine=The Caravan |access-date=7 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Mahalakshmi |first=R. |date=October 2019 |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/heritage/article29507212.ece |title=DNA analysis of Harappan skeleton from Rakhigarhi: Thin evidence |magazine=Frontline |access-date=7 December 2019}}</ref> ᱒᱐᱑᱖ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱢᱩᱴ ᱖᱑ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾{{citation needed|date=July 2024}} ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱮ, ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱛᱚᱛᱣᱚ-ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽᱱᱟᱭᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ DNA ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱛᱟᱹᱠᱱᱤᱠ (technology) ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱔᱕᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref group=web name="Subramian_2015_TheHindu"/> ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱚ {{height|cm=175.8}} ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱚ {{height|cm=166.1}} ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱚᱸᱫᱟᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>Nath A., Walimbe S.R., Garge T.M., Mushrif-Tripathy V., Dehuri R., and Malik A. (2015) Harappan interments at Rakhigarhi, Haryana. Man and Environment, XL: 9–32.</ref> ᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱨᱮ, ᱓.᱕ ᱥᱠᱚᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ 'ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱗' (Mound 7) ᱞᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱕᱖ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakrabarty |first1=Sreeparna |date=7 May 2024 |title=The 4,600-year-old woman from Rakhigarhi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/the-4600-year-old-woman-from-rakhigarhi/article68132364.ece |work=The Hindu |access-date=21 July 2024}}</ref> === ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱞᱳᱪᱚᱱᱟ === [[Archaeological Survey of India|ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱛᱚᱛᱣᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱵᱷᱮ]] (ASI) ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ (digs) ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ "[[zamindar|ᱡᱚᱢᱤᱱᱫᱟᱨᱤ]]" ᱵᱽᱭᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱞᱳᱪᱚᱱᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ "ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱞᱟ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ" ᱴᱷᱮᱱ "ᱞᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱠᱪᱷᱚᱛᱨᱚ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ" ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,{{sfn|Avikunthak|2022|p=84}} ᱟᱨ ASI ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱩᱬ/ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱠ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱩᱠᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Varma|Menon|2010|loc=note 14|ps=: "The prestige of an archaeologist was not assessed on the basis of his/her analytical or theoretical contribution to Indian archaeology but on the number of sites discovered and the temporal antiquity of the site. It was understood that the older the site, the more prestigious it was to discover and dig it. [...] specialists are in short supply in the ASI… to tell you the truth, they don't encourage specialisation in the ASI… there were no archaeozoologists, archaeobotanists, archaeometallurgists nor were there any lithic or ceramic specialists [at [[Bhirrana]]]. [...] all senior archaeologists in the ASI have right wing sympathies"}} ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱱᱰᱤᱛ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱽᱭᱟᱠᱷᱭᱟ, ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱛᱚᱛᱣᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ, ASI ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱱᱛᱟᱹᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱵᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ: ASI ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ [[Hindutva|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩᱛᱣᱚ]] ᱪᱤᱱᱛᱟᱹᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ [[Vedas|ᱵᱮᱫᱽ]] ᱟᱨ [[Sanskrit|ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ]] ᱥᱟᱶ (ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ) ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱭᱚᱛᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱫᱮᱥᱤ (indigenous) ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱱᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ [[Saraswati River|ᱥᱚᱨᱚᱥᱣᱚᱛᱤ ᱱᱟᱹᱭ]] ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[Indigenous Aryanism|ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ]] ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱩᱞ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱨᱮ "ᱵᱤᱵᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ" ᱾{{sfn|Avikunthak|2022|pp=34, 51-56}} 1ywjrmp2tpy1lv3fh29q1pf88h0yehs 197834 197833 2026-09-15T04:49:29Z ᱚᱨᱯᱤᱛᱟ ᱦᱮᱢᱵᱨᱚᱢ 7474 /* ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱞᱳᱪᱚᱱᱟ */ 197834 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox historic site | name = ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ | native_name = | other_name = ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤ ᱜᱚᱲᱤ | image = Rakhigarhi Harappan civilization.jpg | caption = | pushpin_map = India Haryana#India#South Asia | pushpin_alt = | pushpin_relief = y | coordinates = {{Coord|29|17|35|N|76|6|51|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}} | location = [[ᱦᱟᱸᱥᱤ]] ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ, [[ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] | region = | type = ᱟᱹᱛᱩ / ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ | part_of = | length = | width = | area = {{convert|350|ha|abbr=on}}<ref group=web name="Subramanian_2014_The_Hindu"/> | height = | builder = | material = | built = {{circa|3500 BC}} | abandoned = | epochs = <!-- actually displays as "Periods" --> | cultures = [[ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ]] | dependency_of = | occupants = | event = | excavations = 1963, 1997–2000, 2012–2016, 2021–ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ<ref group=web name=Ahluwalia_2023_The_Print/> | archaeologists = | condition = | ownership = | management = | public_access = | website = | notes = }} '''ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ''' ᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ '''ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤ ᱜᱚᱲᱤ''' ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱦᱟᱸᱥᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱟᱨ [[ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱕᱐ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱜᱷᱟᱜᱽᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ]] ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ,{{sfnp|Wright|2009|p=133}} ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱜᱽᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱗ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱝᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱨᱤ-ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ (6000?/4600-3300 BC), ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ (3300-2600 BC), ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ (2600-1900 BC) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Garge|2010|p=25}} ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱕ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐᱑᱔ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱹᱠᱷᱩᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱘᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱐᱐+ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ,{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|p=72}}{{sfnp|Coningham|Young|2015|p=183}}{{sfnp|Kenoyer|1998|p=49}}{{sfnp|Allchin|Erdosy|1995|p=78}}{{sfnp|Heitzman|2008|p=35}}{{sfnp|Wright|2009|p=133}}{{refn|group=note|name="size"}} ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱕ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱩᱨ-ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ (ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ)|ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱗ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱫᱮᱠᱷᱟᱣ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|p=72}} ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱗ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱝᱢᱟ শ্মᱥᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Nath et al.|2015|loc=fig. 1}}{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|p=72}}{{sfnp|Shinde et al.|2019}} ᱒᱐᱑᱔ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ (ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱗ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ) ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ - ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ/ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱵᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱑ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱤᱱ/ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ{{sfn|Shinde|Shin|Bhattacharyya|2023|pp=33, 45}} - ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱵᱷᱮ]] (ASI) ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ,<ref group=web name="Subramanian_2014_The_Hindu"/> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱓᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱕᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|p=72}}{{sfnp|Nath et al.|2015|p=10|ps=: "mounds of which 1 to 5 are integrated while a few are removed from each other."}} ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱑᱙᱙᱐ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱒᱐᱑᱒ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱑᱖ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱒᱒ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref group=web name=Ahluwalia_2023_The_Print/> ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱜᱮ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ {{sfnp|Possehl|2002|pp=63, 71, 72}}<ref group=web name="Nath_2020_The_Hindu"/> ᱟᱨ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾{{sfnp|McIntosh|2008|p=215, 293}} ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱱ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[ᱢᱤᱛᱟᱛᱷᱚᱞ]] ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ [[ᱞᱳᱦᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱟᱜᱷᱳ]], ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱟᱹᱣᱨᱤ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱥᱤᱱᱰᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ (᱒᱐᱑᱙) ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ (skeleton) ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ DNA-ᱴᱮᱥᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ DNA ᱨᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱯᱤ (steppe) ᱦᱟᱯᱲᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱟᱨᱭᱚ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱛᱷᱤᱭᱚᱨᱤ]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫᱚᱜ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱤᱱᱰᱳ-ᱟᱨᱭᱚ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱴᱮᱯᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Shinde et al.|2019}} == ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱬ ᱠᱚ == === ᱴᱷᱟᱶ === ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱷᱟᱜᱽᱜᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ,{{sfnp|Wright|2009|p=133}} ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱜᱽᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱗ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱝᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ᱾ ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧ, ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref group=web name=census2011-1>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0612_PART_B_DCHB_HISAR.pdf Census of India, 2011]</ref> [[ᱡᱮᱱ ᱢᱮᱠᱤᱱᱴᱳᱥ]] (Jane McIntosh) ᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱣᱟᱞᱤᱠ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱨᱟᱜᱽ historic/ ᱯᱨᱟᱜᱽ-ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[ᱫᱨᱤᱥᱚᱫᱽᱣᱚᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾{{sfnp|McIntosh|2008|p=76}} [[ᱪᱚᱣᱛᱚᱝ]] ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱚᱨᱥᱩᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱜᱷᱟᱜᱽᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref group=web name="ambalaonline"/><ref group=web name="Chopra_2010_IE"/> === ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱞ === [[ᱜᱨᱮᱜᱚᱨᱤ ᱯᱳᱥᱮᱦᱞ]], [[ᱡᱳᱱᱟᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱠ ᱠᱮᱱᱳᱭᱮᱨ]], [[ᱨᱮᱢᱚᱱᱰ ᱚᱞᱪᱤᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱨᱤᱴᱟ ᱯᱤ. ᱨᱟᱭᱤᱴ]] ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱹᱠᱷᱩᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱘᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱐᱐+ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Allchin|Erdosy|1995|p=78}}{{sfnp|Kenoyer|1998|p=49}}{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|p=72}}{{sfnp|Heitzman|2008|p=35}}{{sfnp|Wright|2009|p=133}}{{sfnp|Coningham|Young|2015|p=183}}{{refn|group=note|name="size"}} ᱱᱟᱛᱷ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ (᱒᱐᱑᱕) ᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, "ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [{{convert|300|hectare|km2}}] ᱨᱮᱰᱤᱭᱚᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱗ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱑ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱕ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾"{{sfnp|Nath et al.|2015}} ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ''"RGR-x"'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱴᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ RGR-1 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ RGR-11᱾<ref group=web name="ASI_1997-98"/> ᱒᱐᱑᱔ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ, ᱗ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱔ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ, RGR-8 ᱟᱨ RGR-9, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱵᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱥ-ᱵᱟᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ [[ᱵᱚᱥᱚᱱᱛᱚ ᱥᱤᱱᱰᱮ]] ᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱕ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ {{convert|350|hectare|km2}} ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱸᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱢᱚᱦᱮᱸᱡᱳ-ᱫᱟᱲᱳ]] (᱓᱐᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱕᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾<ref group=web name="Subramanian_2014_The_Hindu"/><ref group=web name="Deswal_2015_The_Tribune"/> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ [[ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ (ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ)|ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|p=72}} ᱕ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱨ-ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ RGR-1 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ RGR-5, ᱫᱚ ᱘᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱐᱐+ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ RGR-6 ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ "ᱟᱨᱰᱟ" (Arda) ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ:{{sfnp|Nath et al.|2015|loc=fig. 1}} ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ "ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ",{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|p=72}} ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱮ ᱫᱮᱠᱷᱟᱣ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾ (ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱵᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ [[ᱠᱩᱥᱟᱬ ᱥᱟᱢᱨᱟᱡᱽ]] ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾{{sfn|Shinde|Shin|Bhattacharyya|2023|p=33}}) RGR-7 ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱝᱢᱟ শ্মᱥᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱫᱮᱠᱷᱟᱣ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾{{sfnp|Nath et al.|2015|loc=fig. 1}}{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|p=72}} ᱒᱐᱑᱔ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ (ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱗ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ) ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ - ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ/ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱵᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱑ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱤᱱ/ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ{{sfn|Shinde|Shin|Bhattacharyya|2023|pp=33, 45}} - ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱵᱷᱮ (ASI) ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ,<ref group=web name="Subramanian_2014_The_Hindu"/> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱓᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱕᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|p=72}}{{sfnp|Nath et al.|2015|p=10|ps=: "mounds of which 1 to 5 are integrated while a few are removed from each other."}} === ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ (Dating) === {{see also|Periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation|l1=ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ|Pottery in the Indian subcontinent|l2=ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱚᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱹᱴᱤ-ᱦᱟ we/ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟ network/ ᱵᱟ pattern/ ᱵᱟ spatial/ ᱵᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ|Black and red ware}} ᱛᱮᱡᱚᱥ ᱜᱟᱨᱜᱮ ᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ "ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱛᱟ external/ ᱛᱷᱟ semi/ ᱛᱷᱟᱨ" ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ "᱖᱐᱐᱐(?)-᱔᱖᱐᱐-᱓᱘᱐᱐" ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱟᱨ Period I ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ "᱓᱒᱐᱐-᱒᱘᱐᱐ ᱵᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱤ." (B.C.E.) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Garge|2010|p=25}} ᱯᱳᱥᱮᱦᱞ ᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ "RGR-6, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱳᱛᱷᱤ (ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ)|ᱥᱳᱛᱷᱤ]]-[[ᱥᱤᱥᱣᱟᱞ]] ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱟᱨᱰᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾"{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|p=72}} ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ RGR-1 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ RGR-6 ᱫᱚ ''" pre-formation age ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ"'' ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ RGR-7 ᱫᱚ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟ micro/ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref group=web name="Deswal_2018_TTI"/> ASI ᱫᱚ RGR-1, RGR-2, RGR-6 ᱟᱨ RGR-7 ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱚᱱ ᱰᱮᱴᱤᱝ (carbon dated) ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾ RGR-6 ᱨᱮ ''[[Pottery in the Indian subcontinent#Cultures with overlap with Indus Valley Civilization|Pre-harappan Phase]]'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱛᱷᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱕,᱖᱔᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ (BP) ᱟᱨ ᱕,᱔᱔᱐ (BP) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ RGR-1 ᱨᱮ ''[[Periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation#Early, Mature and Late Harappan|Early Harappan Phase]]'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱕,᱒᱐᱐ ᱟᱨ ᱔,᱕᱗᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ BP ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ RGR-2 ᱨᱮ focus/ ᱦᱚᱸ ''Early Harappan Phase'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱕,᱒᱐᱐ ᱟᱨ ᱔,᱕᱗᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ''[[Periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation#Datings and alternative proposals|Mature Harappan Phase]]'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱢᱯᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱔,᱐᱔᱐ ᱟᱨ ᱓,᱙᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ BP ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref group=web name="Deswal_2018_TTI"/> RGR-7, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ''Mature Harappan Phase'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱔᱖᱐᱐ BP ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Shinde et al.|2019}}<ref group=web name="Subramian_2015_TheHindu"/> ᱒᱐᱑᱔ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱙᱙᱗ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱖ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱰᱤᱭᱳᱠᱟᱨᱵᱚᱱ ᱰᱮᱴᱤᱝ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱜᱟᱹᱠᱷᱩᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱢᱚᱨᱮᱱᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱱᱟᱛᱷ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ Pre-formative, Early Harappan, ᱟᱨ Mature Harappan ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾ RGR-6 ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱨᱮ Sothi Phase ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱴᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ Pre-formative ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱰᱮᱴᱤᱝ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ: <math>6420 \pm 110</math> ᱟᱨ <math>6230 \pm 320</math> ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ (BP), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ <math>4470 \pm 110</math> '''B.C.E.''' ᱟᱨ <math>4280 \pm 320</math> '''B.C.E.''' ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Nath|Garge|Law|2014|p=84}} === ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ === ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮ design/ ᱵᱮ platform/ ᱵᱮ network/ ᱥᱩᱨ-ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱷᱟᱜᱽᱜᱟᱨ-ᱦᱟᱠᱲᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ, ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ ᱨᱮ [[ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱤᱥᱴ|ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ]] ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[ᱵᱷᱤᱨᱨᱟᱬᱟ]] (ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱔ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱘ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ-᱗ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱵᱤ.ᱥᱤ. ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ) ᱘᱖ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ,{{sfnp|Mani|2008|p=237-238}}{{sfnp|Sarkar et al.|2016|p=2-3}} [[ᱠᱩᱱᱟᱞ, ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ|ᱠᱩᱱᱟᱞ]] (''ᱠᱩᱱᱟᱞ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱨᱮᱦᱢᱟᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨᱤ]] ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱯᱲᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ) ᱗᱕ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ,<ref>Charles Keith Maisels, [https://books.google.com/books?id=I2dgI2ijww8C&pg=PA216 ''Early Civilizations of the Old World: The Formative Histories of Egypt, The Levant, Mesopotamia, India and China.''] Routledge, 2003 {{ISBN|1134837305}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Archaeological Survey of|first=India|title=Excavations at Kunal,Haryana|journal=Indian Archaeology 1998-99 a Review|year=2004|pages=11–12|url=http://asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/Indian%20Archaeology%201998-99%20A%20Review.pdf|access-date=13 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508064754/http://asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/Indian%20Archaeology%201998-99%20A%20Review.pdf|archive-date=8 May 2012}}</ref> [[ᱥᱤᱥᱣᱟᱞ]] (''[[Siswal#Sothi-Siswal culture|ᱥᱳᱛᱷᱤ-ᱥᱤᱥᱣᱟᱞ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ]]'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱓᱘᱐᱐ ᱵᱤ.ᱥᱤ. ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ-ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ) ᱗᱕ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ,{{sfnp|Garge|2010|pp=15–40}}<ref name=dis1>[https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/the-harappan-civilisation-its-sub-cultures.html The Harappan Civilisation: Its Sub-cultures], Daily Pioneer, 10 May 2018.</ref> ᱟᱨ [[ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱵᱚᱝᱜᱟ]] (ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ) ᱒᱓᱕ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ,<ref>{{cite book|title= History of India |first= Herman |last= Kulke |publisher= Routledge |year=2004 |page=25 |isbn= 978-0-415-32920-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RoW9GuFJ9GIC&q=india++history}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱜᱷᱟᱜᱽᱜᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱵᱽ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ [[ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱵᱚᱝᱜᱟ]], [[ᱠᱩᱱᱟᱞ, ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ|ᱠᱩᱱᱟᱞ]], [[ᱵᱟᱞᱩ, ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ|ᱵᱟᱞᱩ]], [[ᱵᱷᱤᱨᱨᱟᱬᱟ]], ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟᱞᱤ]] ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Nath|Garge|Law|2014|p=84}} == ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ (Excavations) == {{see also|Phase (archaeology)|l1=ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ (Phases)|Chronological dating|l2=ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ|Pottery#Fabric|l3= ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱤᱠ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ}} ᱒᱐᱒᱐ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ, ASI ᱟᱨ ᱰᱮᱠᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱕% ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱜᱮ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref group=web name="Nath_2020_The_Hindu"/> === ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱚ === ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱒᱑-᱑᱙᱒᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱓᱑ ᱨᱮ [[ᱢᱚᱦᱮᱸᱡᱳ-ᱫᱟᱲᱳ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱞᱩ ᱑᱙᱖᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱑᱙᱙᱗–᱑᱙᱙᱘, ᱑᱙᱙᱘–᱑᱙᱙᱙ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱙᱙–᱒᱐᱐᱐, ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱑–᱒᱐᱑᱖ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱑ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ RGR-1 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ RGR-11 ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ RGR-5 ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱥᱟᱦᱯᱩᱨ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾ RGR-1 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ RGR-3, RGR6 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ RGR9 ᱟᱨ RGR-4 ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref group=web name="ASI_1997-98"/><ref group=web name="Deswal_2015_The_Tribune"/><ref name="Harappan Surprises"/><ref group=web name="Subramanian_2014_The_Hindu"/><ref group=web name="Deswal_2018_TTI"/> ᱑᱙᱖᱓ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ, [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱵᱷᱮ]] (ASI) ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Wright|2009|p=107}}<ref>{{citation|last=Sinopoli|first=Carla M.|editor=Norman Yoffee|title=The Cambridge World History|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKawBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA325|year=2015|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-19008-4|page=325|chapter=Ancient South Asian cities in their regions}} Quote: "Excavations have also occurred at Rakhigarhi, but only brief notes have been published, and little information is currently available on its form and organization. (page 325)"</ref> ᱑᱙᱖᱙ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ, [[ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱠᱷᱮᱛᱨᱚ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱤᱢ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱠ ᱥᱴᱚᱰᱤᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱰᱤᱱ ᱰᱨ. [[ᱥᱩᱨᱚᱡᱽ ᱵᱷᱟᱱ (ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱜᱟᱹᱠᱷᱩᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ)|ᱥᱩᱨᱚᱡᱽ ᱵᱷᱟᱱ]] ᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱞ-ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾<ref name=Anath1/> ᱑᱙᱙᱗–᱙᱘, ᱑᱙᱙᱘–᱙᱙ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱙᱙–᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱨᱮ, ASI ᱴᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱰᱨ. ᱟᱢᱚᱨᱮᱱᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱱᱟᱛᱷ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤᱠ ᱡᱚᱨᱱᱟᱞ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾<ref name=Anath1>Bhartesh Singh Thakur, [http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/former-archaeological-survey-director-sentenced-to-jail-for-fraud/story-PY4UDmliPR8nP174sVa4kK.html "Former Archaeological Survey director sentenced to jail for fraud"], [[Hindustan Times]], 15 October 2015.</ref><ref>{{cite web | first1=Amarendra | last1=Nath | url=http://asi.nic.in/pdf_data/rakhigarhi_excavation_report_new.pdf | title=Excavations at Rakhigarhi [1997-98 to 1999-2000] | access-date=22 February 2016 | website=Archaeological Survey of India | page=306 | date=31 December 2014}}</ref> ᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱴᱟᱠᱟ-ᱯᱟᱭᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ [[ᱥᱮᱸ central/ ᱥᱮ central/ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱨᱟᱞ ᱵᱤᱣᱨᱳ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱵᱷᱮᱥᱴᱤᱜᱮᱥᱚᱱ|CBI]] ᱛᱚᱱᱚᱠᱷᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱷ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref name=fraud1>{{cite news|title=Former Archaeological Survey director sentenced to jail for fraud|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/former-archaeological-survey-director-sentenced-to-jail-for-fraud/story-PY4UDmliPR8nP174sVa4kK.html|access-date=6 January 2016|work=Hindustan Times|date=15 October 2015}}</ref> ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱜᱮ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱮᱥᱚᱱᱟᱞ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱑᱖ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ, [[ᱰᱮᱠᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱯᱳᱥᱴ-ᱜᱨᱮᱡᱩᱮᱴ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱤᱥᱟᱨᱪ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱭᱩᱴ]] ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱤᱥ-ᱪᱟᱱᱥᱮᱞᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱜᱟᱹᱠᱷᱩᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱰᱨ. ᱵᱚᱥᱚᱱᱛᱚ ᱥᱤᱱᱰᱮ ᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱴᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱚ common/ ᱥᱚ common/ ᱥᱚ custom/ ᱥᱚ cross/ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱥᱭᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤᱠ ᱡᱚᱨᱱᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite news | first=Kuldip | last=Dhiman | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/book-reviews/engulfed-in-the-labyrinths-of-time-260177/ | title=Engulfed in the labyrinths of time | newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] | date=3 July 2016}}</ref>{{sfnp|Shinde|Green|Parmar|Sable|2012|p=48}} ᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ASI ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ [[ᱥᱮ central/ ᱥᱮ central/ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱨᱟᱞ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ]] ᱟᱨ ᱰᱨ. ᱵᱚᱥᱚᱱᱛᱚ ᱥᱤᱱᱰᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾<ref group=web name="Deswal_2018_TTI">Deepender Deswal (2018), [https://web.archive.org/web/20210919044542/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/harappan-site-in-hisar-draws-interest-of-archaeologists-313230 Harappan site in Hisar draws interest of archaeologists], The Tribune India, 18 September 2021.</ref> === ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ === [[File:Skeleton harappa.JPG|thumbnail|ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ (skeleton), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ [[ᱱᱮᱥᱚᱱᱟᱞ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ, ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ|ᱱᱮᱥᱚᱱᱟᱞ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ]] ᱨᱮ ᱫᱮᱠᱷᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾]] ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱵᱤᱛ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱔,᱖᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ (skeletons), ᱜᱚᱲ ᱯᱨᱟᱪᱤᱨ (fortification) ᱟᱨ ᱤᱴᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref group=web name="Nath_2020_The_Hindu"/> ==== ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ==== ASI ᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱕,᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ (artefacts) ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|pp=63, 71, 72}}<ref name="Harappan Surprises">{{cite web |title=Harappan Surprises | url=http://www.frontline.in/arts-and-culture/heritage/harappan-surprises/article6032206.ece?homepage=true |publisher=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |date=13 June 2014|access-date=14 March 2018}}</ref> ᱯᱟᱠᱟ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ, ᱱᱟᱞᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ, ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ, ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ, [[ᱴᱮᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴᱟ]] (terracotta) ᱤᱴᱟᱹ, ᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ, ᱟᱨ [[ᱠᱟᱸᱥᱟ]] (bronze) ᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝᱟᱱ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱬ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱜᱚᱦᱚᱬᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴᱟ, ᱥᱟᱸᱠᱷ (conch) ᱪᱮᱞᱮ, ᱥᱚᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝᱟᱱ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱥᱟᱠᱚᱢ (bangles) ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070225134410/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=223720 ''Chandigarh Newsline'', 2/23/2007, 'Rakhigarhi is the Largest Harappan Site Ever Found']</ref> ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑.᱙᱒ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱪᱚᱲᱟ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ ᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱵᱚᱝᱜᱟ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱪᱚᱲᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾ ᱪᱟᱹᱴᱤ-ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱵᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱵᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟᱞᱤ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾ ᱠᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱥᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟ traditional/ ᱡᱚ traditional/ ᱡᱚ cross/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ natives/ ᱡᱚ Native/ ᱡᱚ natives/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ natives/ ᱡᱚ Native/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ nat/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ nativity/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ nat/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ custom/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ natively/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ ᱭᱚᱜᱽᱭᱚ ᱵᱟᱝᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮᱭᱟᱠᱚ᱾ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱭᱞᱟᱹ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱤᱴᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱞᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱴᱮᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴᱟ ᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ (weights), ᱠᱟᱸᱥᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ, ᱱᱟᱠᱤᱡ, ᱛᱟᱸᱵᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱥᱤ, ᱥᱩᱸ we/ ᱥᱩᱸ create/ ᱥᱩᱸ we/ ᱥᱩᱸ cross/ ᱥᱩᱸ needle/ ᱥᱩᱸᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱮᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴᱟ ᱥᱤᱞ (seals) ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱸᱥᱟ ᱵᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱑ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱠᱷᱟᱱᱟ (gold foundry) ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱓᱐᱐᱐ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱰ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝᱟᱱ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱰ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱟᱵ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱩᱸ we/ ᱩᱱᱩ we/ ᱩᱱᱩ cross/ ᱩᱱᱩ native/ ᱩᱱᱩ stove/ ᱩᱱᱩᱫᱩᱜ (furnace) ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱑᱑ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ (skeletons) ᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ (ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ) ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ, ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱵᱟᱥᱚᱱ-ᱯᱟᱛᱟ an/ ᱯᱟᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱮᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱸᱠᱷ ᱥᱟᱠᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱡᱩᱵᱚᱱᱫᱷ (armlet) ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝᱟᱱ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ==== ᱜᱚᱞᱟ/ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ (Granary) ==== ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ (2600 BCE ᱠᱷᱚᱱ 2000 BCE) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱚᱞᱟ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ (granary) ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱜᱚᱞᱟ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ-ᱤᱴᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱚᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟ software/ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟ cross/ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟ native/ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟ cross/ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟ compute/ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟ compute/ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟ-ᱞᱮᱵᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱗ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱪᱟ structure/ ᱪᱟ cross/ ᱪᱟ standard/ ᱪᱟ coordinate/ ᱪᱟ corner/ ᱪᱟ rectangular ᱵᱟᱝᱢᱟ square ᱠᱩᱷᱲᱤ (chambers) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ==== ᱥᱟᱯᱟᱯ ᱠᱚ ==== ᱛᱟᱸᱵᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟ (hafts) ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱸᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱟᱯ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ, ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱰᱟᱯᱟᱞ, ᱜᱩᱞᱤ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ/ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ (toy culture) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ (stamps), ᱜᱚᱦᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ 'ᱪᱟᱨᱴ' (chert) ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ-ᱵᱟᱬᱤᱡ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱩᱯᱚᱛᱭᱚᱠᱟ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ (IVC) ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱵᱽᱭᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟ (standardised weight systems) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱟᱹᱣᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news |title=Dig this! 5,000-yr-old skeletons found in Hisar |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/haryana/archaeologists-find-5-000-yr-old-skeletons-at-rakhigarhi-in-hisar/article1-1337371.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415222158/http://www.hindustantimes.com/haryana/archaeologists-find-5-000-yr-old-skeletons-at-rakhigarhi-in-hisar/article1-1337371.aspx |archive-date=15 April 2015 |work=Hindustan Times|date=15 April 2015}}</ref> ==== ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ, ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ-ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱪᱷᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ-ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ==== ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ (Fire altars) ᱟᱨ [[Apse|ᱟᱯᱥᱤᱰᱟᱞ (apsidal)]] ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref group=web name="ASI_1997-98"/>{{dead link|date=November 2021}} ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱸᱥᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱥᱠᱚᱢ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ, [[Chanhudaro|ᱪᱟᱱᱦᱩᱫᱟᱲᱚ]] ᱟᱨ [[Harappa|ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾{{sfnp|McIntosh|2008|p=293, 333}} ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ {{quantify|date=September 2021}} ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱢᱩᱦᱩᱨ (stamps seals) ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|pp=63, 71, 72}} ==== ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱜᱟᱰ ᱠᱚ ==== ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱪᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ (cemetery) ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱜᱟᱰ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱤᱴᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱰᱟᱯᱟᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱜᱟᱰ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱸᱫᱩᱠ (wooden coffin) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|pp=63, 71, 72}} ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱜᱟᱰ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ; ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱴᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾{{sfnp|McIntosh|2008|p=215, 293}} ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱔᱖ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ (skeletons) ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱕᱓ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱓᱗ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ-ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ (anthropological) ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱠᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱑᱗ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ-ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ (adults), ᱘ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱦᱚᱲ (subadults) ᱟᱨ ᱑᱒ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱗ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ (sex) ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱗ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱫᱷᱟᱹ (supine position) ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱸᱰᱩᱵ (prone position) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱮᱪᱟᱠ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱜᱟᱰ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱜᱟᱰ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱪᱟᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱴᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟ (pottery) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱪᱟᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟ (votive pots) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ (secondary burials) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱞᱚ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱞᱚ (cremation practices) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱟᱵᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱩᱬ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱜᱩᱴ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ (group burials) ᱟᱨ ᱚᱸᱰᱩᱵ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ (lineage) ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱮᱞᱤᱭᱳ-ᱯᱮᱨᱟᱥᱟᱭᱴᱤᱠ (Paleo-parasitical) ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ DNA ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱠᱷᱟ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news|date=26 March 2018|title=Mysteries of Rakhigarhi's Harappan Necropolis: In burials from 4,000 years ago, women both exalted, condemned|work=The Indian Express|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/mysteries-of-rakhigarhis-harappan-necropolis-in-burials-from-4000-years-ago-women-both-exalted-condemned-5111253/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Shinde|first1=Vasant S.|last2=Kim|first2=Yong Jun|last3=Woo|first3=Eun Jin|last4=Jadhav|first4=Nilesh|last5=Waghmare|first5=Pranjali|last6=Yadav|first6=Yogesh|last7=Munshi|first7=Avradeep|last8=Chatterjee|first8=Malavika|last9=Panyam|first9=Amrithavalli|date=21 February 2018|title=Archaeological and anthropological studies on the Harappan cemetery of Rakhigarhi, India|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=13|issue=2|article-number=e0192299|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0192299|issn=1932-6203|pmc=5821334|pmid=29466426|bibcode=2018PLoSO..1392299S|doi-access=free}}</ref> ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱡ (stomach) ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱮᱨᱟᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ (Parasite eggs) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ (origins) ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ [[A-DNA|aDNA]] ᱟᱨ ᱯᱮᱨᱟᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹᱱ DNA ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱠᱷᱟ (analysis) ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news|date=12 January 2014|title=Scientists to study parasite eggs in Harappan graves|work=The Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Scientists-to-study-parasite-eggs-in-Harappan-graves/articleshow/28692622.cms}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Biomedical Studies on Archaeology|url=http://shinpaleopathology.blogspot.in/2014/02/our-work-on-rakhigarhi.html|date=19 February 2014|access-date=9 June 2014|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305004158/http://shinpaleopathology.blogspot.in/2014/02/our-work-on-rakhigarhi.html}}</ref> ==== ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ==== {{See also|Indo-Aryan migrations|Indigenous Aryanism}} ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ, ᱰᱷᱤᱯ RGR-7 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱔,᱖᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱞᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ-ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ, ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ-ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ ('I6113' ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ) ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾{{sfnp|Shinde et al.|2019}} ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱸᱠᱷᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=bp3>{{cite news|title=Dig this! 5,000-yr-old skeletons found in Hisar |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/haryana/archaeologists-find-5-000-yr-old-skeletons-at-rakhigarhi-in-hisar/article1-1337371.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415222158/http://www.hindustantimes.com/haryana/archaeologists-find-5-000-yr-old-skeletons-at-rakhigarhi-in-hisar/article1-1337371.aspx|archive-date=15 April 2015| work=Hindustan Times| date=15 April 2015}}</ref><ref group=web name="Nath_2020_The_Hindu"/> {{anchor | Love | Couple | Love birds | Rakhigarhi love birds }} {{external media | float = | width = 258px | topic = <!--centered italic text---> | caption = <!-- text placed left or right of headerimage ---> | headerimage = <!--search commons please include "|alt= text" and x-height in px "|x20px" example [[File:YouTube Logo 2017.svg|alt=YouTube logo|x20px|left]] or ...|right]] ---> | title = | image1 = Photo of the [https://synapse.koreamed.org/articles/ViewImage.php?fn=acb-51-200-g002_1049ACB&id=F2 skeleton of ''"Rakhigarhi love birds"'' buried together] with male (11A) facing the woman (11B), with their [[Antyesti#Cremation rituals|feet pointing south]] and head towards north.<ref name=jh4/>}} ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱓᱕ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱔᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱤᱡ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮᱱᱤᱡ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱟᱲᱮ-ᱟᱲᱮ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ (ceremonial burial) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ [[Veneration of the dead#India|ᱜᱚᱡ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ]] ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱴᱚᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ (collar bone) ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[agate|ᱮᱜᱮᱴ (agate)]] ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>[https://edition.cnn.com/2019/01/10/health/harappa-grave-couple-india-scli-intl/index.html Ancient lovers found in Indian burial site mystify and intrigue archaeologists], CNN, 10 January 2019.</ref><ref name=jh4>Vasant Shinde1, et al, 2018, [https://synapse.koreamed.org/articles/1101692 A young couple's grave found in the Rakhigarhi cemetery of the Harappan Civilization], Anatomy & Cell Biology, vol 51 (3), pp. 200-204.</ref> ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱚ {{height|cm=177}} ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱚ {{height|cm=171}} ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ, ᱪᱚᱴ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱵᱮᱲᱟ ᱨᱮ ''"ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱱᱤᱨᱚᱜᱽ"'' ᱠᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-46806084 Harappa grave of ancient 'couple' reveals secrets], BBC, 9 January 2019.</ref> ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱮ ᱮᱴ ᱟᱞ. (Shinde et al. 2019) ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ DNA- ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱠᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱘ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱨᱮ ''Cell Magazine'' ᱨᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ DNA ᱨᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱯᱤ (steppe) ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[Aryan migration theory|ᱟᱨᱭᱚ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱥᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱛᱚ]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫᱚᱜ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱤᱱᱰᱚ-ᱟᱨᱭᱚ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱴᱮᱯᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾{{sfnp|Shinde et al.|2019}}<ref name="Bal_2019_The_Caravan">{{Cite magazine |last=Bal |first=Hartosh Singh |date=30 September 2019 |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/commentary/what-media-reporting-ancient-dna-results-says-about-our-times |title=What media reporting on ancient DNA results says about our times |magazine=The Caravan |access-date=7 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Mahalakshmi |first=R. |date=October 2019 |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/heritage/article29507212.ece |title=DNA analysis of Harappan skeleton from Rakhigarhi: Thin evidence |magazine=Frontline |access-date=7 December 2019}}</ref> ᱒᱐᱑᱖ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱢᱩᱴ ᱖᱑ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾{{citation needed|date=July 2024}} ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱮ, ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱛᱚᱛᱣᱚ-ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽᱱᱟᱭᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ DNA ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱛᱟᱹᱠᱱᱤᱠ (technology) ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱔᱕᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref group=web name="Subramian_2015_TheHindu"/> ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱚ {{height|cm=175.8}} ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱚ {{height|cm=166.1}} ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱚᱸᱫᱟᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>Nath A., Walimbe S.R., Garge T.M., Mushrif-Tripathy V., Dehuri R., and Malik A. (2015) Harappan interments at Rakhigarhi, Haryana. Man and Environment, XL: 9–32.</ref> ᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱨᱮ, ᱓.᱕ ᱥᱠᱚᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ 'ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱗' (Mound 7) ᱞᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱕᱖ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakrabarty |first1=Sreeparna |date=7 May 2024 |title=The 4,600-year-old woman from Rakhigarhi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/the-4600-year-old-woman-from-rakhigarhi/article68132364.ece |work=The Hindu |access-date=21 July 2024}}</ref> === ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱞᱳᱪᱚᱱᱟ === [[Archaeological Survey of India|ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱛᱚᱛᱣᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱵᱷᱮ]] (ASI) ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ (digs) ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ "[[zamindar|ᱡᱚᱢᱤᱱᱫᱟᱨᱤ]]" ᱵᱽᱭᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱞᱳᱪᱚᱱᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ "ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱞᱟ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ" ᱴᱷᱮᱱ "ᱞᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱠᱪᱷᱚᱛᱨᱚ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ" ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,{{sfn|Avikunthak|2022|p=84}} ᱟᱨ ASI ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱩᱬ/ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱠ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱩᱠᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Varma|Menon|2010|loc=note 14|ps=: "The prestige of an archaeologist was not assessed on the basis of his/her analytical or theoretical contribution to Indian archaeology but on the number of sites discovered and the temporal antiquity of the site. It was understood that the older the site, the more prestigious it was to discover and dig it. [...] specialists are in short supply in the ASI… to tell you the truth, they don't encourage specialisation in the ASI… there were no archaeozoologists, archaeobotanists, archaeometallurgists nor were there any lithic or ceramic specialists [at [[Bhirrana]]]. [...] all senior archaeologists in the ASI have right wing sympathies"}} ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱱᱰᱤᱛ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱽᱭᱟᱠᱷᱭᱟ, ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱛᱚᱛᱣᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ, ASI ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱱᱛᱟᱹᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱵᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ: ASI ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ [[Hindutva|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩᱛᱣᱚ]] ᱪᱤᱱᱛᱟᱹᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ [[Vedas|ᱵᱮᱫᱽ]] ᱟᱨ [[Sanskrit|ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ]] ᱥᱟᱶ (ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ) ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱭᱚᱛᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱫᱮᱥᱤ (indigenous) ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱱᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ [[Saraswati River|ᱥᱚᱨᱚᱥᱣᱚᱛᱤ ᱱᱟᱹᱭ]] ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[Indigenous Aryanism|ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ]] ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱩᱞ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱨᱮ "ᱵᱤᱵᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ" ᱾{{sfn|Avikunthak|2022|pp=34, 51-56}} == ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ == === ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ === ᱒᱐᱑᱒ ᱢᱮ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱜᱞᱳᱵᱟᱞ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱯᱷᱚᱸᱰ (Global Heritage Fund) ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨᱟᱱ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱮᱥᱚᱨ, ᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱵᱽᱭᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱩᱴᱯᱟᱴ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱣᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref group=web name="Deswal_2015_The_Tribune"/><ref>{{cite web | title = Rakhigarhi likely to be developed into a world heritage site |publisher=India Today | url = https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/rakhigarhi-all-set-to-be-developed-as-a-heritage-site-as-plans-road-to-fame-through-harappa-157337-2013-03-31 | date=31 March 2013| access-date = 8 August 2013 }}</ref> [[Sunday Times|ᱥᱟᱱᱰᱮ ᱴᱟᱭᱤᱢᱥ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱒᱐᱑᱒ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱢᱮᱬᱦᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱣᱩᱱᱰᱨᱤ ᱵᱷᱤᱛ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱪᱟᱠ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱱᱤᱡᱮᱨᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web | url = http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-06-03/news/32006465_1_heritage-sites-mound-archaeological-survey | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130523000002/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-06-03/news/32006465_1_heritage-sites-mound-archaeological-survey | archive-date = 23 May 2013 | title = Can Rakhigarhi, the largest Indus Valley Civilisation site be saved? | last1 = Archana | first1 = Khare Ghose | date = 3 June 2012 | website = [[Sunday Times]] | access-date = 5 June 2012 }}</ref> ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ, ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ, ᱵᱮ-ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱᱤ ᱜᱤᱛᱤᱞ ᱞᱟ, ᱵᱮ-ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱᱤ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱛᱚᱛᱣᱚ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱩᱢᱵᱽᱲᱩ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱫᱷᱣᱚᱝᱥᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱹᱡᱟᱹᱭᱟᱱ ᱚᱯᱚᱨᱟᱫᱷ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱖ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱘᱐% – ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱟᱨ ᱗ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱨᱮ ᱔ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱪᱟᱥ-ᱵᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱫᱷᱣᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref group=web name="Deswal_2015_The_Tribune"/> === ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ === ᱰᱷᱤᱯ R4 ᱟᱨ R5 ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱪᱟᱠ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱑᱕᱒ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref group=web name="Nath_2020_The_Hindu"/> ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱚᱪᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱳᱨᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱢᱞᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ASI ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱓᱕᱐-ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱑ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱛᱚᱛᱣᱚ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱘᱓.᱕ ᱮᱠᱚᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref group=web name="Nath_2020_The_Hindu"/> === ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ-ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ === ᱒᱐᱒᱐ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ, ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ [[Nirmala Sitharaman|ᱱᱤᱨᱢᱚᱞᱟ ᱥᱤᱛᱟ-ᱨᱟᱢᱚᱱ]] ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱭᱠᱳᱱᱤᱠ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news |last=Maanav |first=Sushil |date=2 February 2020 |title=Rakhigarhi to be developed as iconic site |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/rakhigarhi-to-be-developed-as-iconic-site-34808 |work=The Tribune |access-date=20 July 2024}}</ref> ASI ᱫᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱚᱪᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱱᱟ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ R4 ᱟᱨ R5 ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱑᱕᱒ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱪᱚᱜᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱣᱩᱥᱤᱝ ᱯᱷᱞᱮᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ-ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref group=web name="Nath_2020_The_Hindu"/> === ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱷᱤᱞ === {{main|Rakhigarhi Indus Valley Civilisation Museum}} {{see also|Haryana Rural Antique Museum|Jahaj Kothi Museum}} ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[Indus Valley Civilisation|ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱩᱯᱚᱛᱭᱚᱠᱟ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ]] ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sura |first1=Ajay |date=13 February 2016 |title=Harappan museum at Rakhigarhi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Harappan-museum-at-Rakhigarhi/articleshow/50971406.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=20 July 2024}}</ref> ᱖᱐ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ [[Haryana Rural Antique Museum|ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ]] ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University|CCS HAU]] ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ ᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ-ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱥ-ᱵᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱠᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱫᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|title=Gazetteer of India Haryana, Hisar|url=http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/gazetteer_india_hisar.pdf|website=revenueharyana.gov.in|publisher=Government OF Haryana|access-date=31 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140501213030/http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/gazetteer_india_hisar.pdf|archive-date=1 May 2014}}</ref> [[George Thomas (soldier)|ᱡᱚᱨᱡᱽ ᱛᱷᱚᱢᱟᱥ]] ᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[Jahaj Kothi Museum|ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱡᱽ ᱠᱳᱴᱷᱤ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ]] ᱫᱚ [[Firoz Shah Palace Complex|ᱯᱷᱤᱨᱳᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱦ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱞᱮᱠᱥ]] ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ [[Archaeological Survey of India|ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱛᱚᱛᱣᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱵᱷᱮ]] ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ-ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>[http://haryanatourism.gov.in/showpage.aspx?contentid=5262 Jahaj Kothi museum]</ref> ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱦᱟᱱᱟ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ [[johad|ᱡᱚᱦᱟᱲ]] ᱫᱚ ᱡᱷᱤᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱷᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱷᱤᱞ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮ [[tower|ᱵᱩᱨᱡᱤ]] ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[ghat|ᱜᱷᱟᱴ]] ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱷᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱨᱠ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱷᱤᱞ ᱟᱪᱩᱨ ᱛᱮ, ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱛᱟᱲᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>[https://www.jagran.com/haryana/hisar-lake-being-built-in-rakhigarhi-on-the-lines-of-sukhna-lake-of-chandigarh-22025020.html Lake being built in Rakhigarhi] ([https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=hi&tl=en&u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jagran.com%2Fharyana%2Fhisar-lake-being-built-in-rakhigarhi-on-the-lines-of-sukhna-lake-of-chandigarh-22025020.html english translation of original hindi news "चंडीगढ़ की सुखना लेक की तर्ज पर राखीगढ़ी में बन रही झील"]), Dainik Jagran, 16 September 2021.</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱷᱟᱴ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱮ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ [[Drishadvati river|ᱫᱽᱨᱤᱥᱚᱫᱽᱣᱚᱛᱤ ᱱᱟᱹᱭ]] ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱤᱸᱜᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ [[Lothal|ᱞᱳᱛᱷᱟᱞ]] ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ [[Dholavira#Coastal route|ᱫᱷᱳᱞᱟᱵᱷᱤᱨᱟ]] ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱫᱤ-ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱷᱟᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[Indus–Mesopotamia relations|ᱢᱮᱥᱳᱯᱳᱴᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ]] ([[Elam|ᱮᱞᱟᱢ]] ᱟᱨ [[Sumer|ᱥᱩᱢᱮᱨ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ) ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref>[https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/heritage/article29507212.ece DNA analysis of Harappan skeleton from Rakhigarhi: Thin evidence], Frontline, 11 October 2019.</ref> 50y75oj22cph9bpmclaa3awf8acdz23 197835 197834 2026-09-15T04:52:19Z ᱚᱨᱯᱤᱛᱟ ᱦᱮᱢᱵᱨᱚᱢ 7474 /* ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱷᱤᱞ */ 197835 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox historic site | name = ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ | native_name = | other_name = ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤ ᱜᱚᱲᱤ | image = Rakhigarhi Harappan civilization.jpg | caption = | pushpin_map = India Haryana#India#South Asia | pushpin_alt = | pushpin_relief = y | coordinates = {{Coord|29|17|35|N|76|6|51|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}} | location = [[ᱦᱟᱸᱥᱤ]] ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ, [[ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] | region = | type = ᱟᱹᱛᱩ / ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ | part_of = | length = | width = | area = {{convert|350|ha|abbr=on}}<ref group=web name="Subramanian_2014_The_Hindu"/> | height = | builder = | material = | built = {{circa|3500 BC}} | abandoned = | epochs = <!-- actually displays as "Periods" --> | cultures = [[ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ]] | dependency_of = | occupants = | event = | excavations = 1963, 1997–2000, 2012–2016, 2021–ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ<ref group=web name=Ahluwalia_2023_The_Print/> | archaeologists = | condition = | ownership = | management = | public_access = | website = | notes = }} '''ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ''' ᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ '''ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤ ᱜᱚᱲᱤ''' ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱦᱟᱸᱥᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱟᱨ [[ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱕᱐ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱜᱷᱟᱜᱽᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ]] ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ,{{sfnp|Wright|2009|p=133}} ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱜᱽᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱗ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱝᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱨᱤ-ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ (6000?/4600-3300 BC), ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ (3300-2600 BC), ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ (2600-1900 BC) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Garge|2010|p=25}} ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱕ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐᱑᱔ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱹᱠᱷᱩᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱘᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱐᱐+ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ,{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|p=72}}{{sfnp|Coningham|Young|2015|p=183}}{{sfnp|Kenoyer|1998|p=49}}{{sfnp|Allchin|Erdosy|1995|p=78}}{{sfnp|Heitzman|2008|p=35}}{{sfnp|Wright|2009|p=133}}{{refn|group=note|name="size"}} ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱕ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱩᱨ-ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ (ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ)|ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱗ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱫᱮᱠᱷᱟᱣ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|p=72}} ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱗ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱝᱢᱟ শ্মᱥᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Nath et al.|2015|loc=fig. 1}}{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|p=72}}{{sfnp|Shinde et al.|2019}} ᱒᱐᱑᱔ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ (ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱗ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ) ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ - ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ/ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱵᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱑ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱤᱱ/ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ{{sfn|Shinde|Shin|Bhattacharyya|2023|pp=33, 45}} - ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱵᱷᱮ]] (ASI) ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ,<ref group=web name="Subramanian_2014_The_Hindu"/> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱓᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱕᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|p=72}}{{sfnp|Nath et al.|2015|p=10|ps=: "mounds of which 1 to 5 are integrated while a few are removed from each other."}} ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱑᱙᱙᱐ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱒᱐᱑᱒ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱑᱖ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱒᱒ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref group=web name=Ahluwalia_2023_The_Print/> ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱜᱮ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ {{sfnp|Possehl|2002|pp=63, 71, 72}}<ref group=web name="Nath_2020_The_Hindu"/> ᱟᱨ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾{{sfnp|McIntosh|2008|p=215, 293}} ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱱ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[ᱢᱤᱛᱟᱛᱷᱚᱞ]] ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ [[ᱞᱳᱦᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱟᱜᱷᱳ]], ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱟᱹᱣᱨᱤ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱥᱤᱱᱰᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ (᱒᱐᱑᱙) ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ (skeleton) ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ DNA-ᱴᱮᱥᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ DNA ᱨᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱯᱤ (steppe) ᱦᱟᱯᱲᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱟᱨᱭᱚ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱛᱷᱤᱭᱚᱨᱤ]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫᱚᱜ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱤᱱᱰᱳ-ᱟᱨᱭᱚ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱴᱮᱯᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Shinde et al.|2019}} == ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱬ ᱠᱚ == === ᱴᱷᱟᱶ === ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱷᱟᱜᱽᱜᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ,{{sfnp|Wright|2009|p=133}} ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱜᱽᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱗ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱝᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ᱾ ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧ, ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref group=web name=census2011-1>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0612_PART_B_DCHB_HISAR.pdf Census of India, 2011]</ref> [[ᱡᱮᱱ ᱢᱮᱠᱤᱱᱴᱳᱥ]] (Jane McIntosh) ᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱣᱟᱞᱤᱠ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱨᱟᱜᱽ historic/ ᱯᱨᱟᱜᱽ-ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[ᱫᱨᱤᱥᱚᱫᱽᱣᱚᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾{{sfnp|McIntosh|2008|p=76}} [[ᱪᱚᱣᱛᱚᱝ]] ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱚᱨᱥᱩᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱜᱷᱟᱜᱽᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref group=web name="ambalaonline"/><ref group=web name="Chopra_2010_IE"/> === ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱞ === [[ᱜᱨᱮᱜᱚᱨᱤ ᱯᱳᱥᱮᱦᱞ]], [[ᱡᱳᱱᱟᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱠ ᱠᱮᱱᱳᱭᱮᱨ]], [[ᱨᱮᱢᱚᱱᱰ ᱚᱞᱪᱤᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱨᱤᱴᱟ ᱯᱤ. ᱨᱟᱭᱤᱴ]] ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱹᱠᱷᱩᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱘᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱐᱐+ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Allchin|Erdosy|1995|p=78}}{{sfnp|Kenoyer|1998|p=49}}{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|p=72}}{{sfnp|Heitzman|2008|p=35}}{{sfnp|Wright|2009|p=133}}{{sfnp|Coningham|Young|2015|p=183}}{{refn|group=note|name="size"}} ᱱᱟᱛᱷ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ (᱒᱐᱑᱕) ᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, "ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [{{convert|300|hectare|km2}}] ᱨᱮᱰᱤᱭᱚᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱗ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱑ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱕ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾"{{sfnp|Nath et al.|2015}} ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ''"RGR-x"'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱴᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ RGR-1 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ RGR-11᱾<ref group=web name="ASI_1997-98"/> ᱒᱐᱑᱔ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ, ᱗ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱔ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ, RGR-8 ᱟᱨ RGR-9, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱵᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱥ-ᱵᱟᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ [[ᱵᱚᱥᱚᱱᱛᱚ ᱥᱤᱱᱰᱮ]] ᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱕ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ {{convert|350|hectare|km2}} ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱸᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱢᱚᱦᱮᱸᱡᱳ-ᱫᱟᱲᱳ]] (᱓᱐᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱕᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾<ref group=web name="Subramanian_2014_The_Hindu"/><ref group=web name="Deswal_2015_The_Tribune"/> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ [[ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ (ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ)|ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|p=72}} ᱕ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱨ-ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ RGR-1 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ RGR-5, ᱫᱚ ᱘᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱐᱐+ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ RGR-6 ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ "ᱟᱨᱰᱟ" (Arda) ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ:{{sfnp|Nath et al.|2015|loc=fig. 1}} ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ "ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ",{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|p=72}} ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱮ ᱫᱮᱠᱷᱟᱣ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾ (ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱵᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ [[ᱠᱩᱥᱟᱬ ᱥᱟᱢᱨᱟᱡᱽ]] ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾{{sfn|Shinde|Shin|Bhattacharyya|2023|p=33}}) RGR-7 ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱝᱢᱟ শ্মᱥᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱫᱮᱠᱷᱟᱣ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾{{sfnp|Nath et al.|2015|loc=fig. 1}}{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|p=72}} ᱒᱐᱑᱔ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ (ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱗ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ) ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ - ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ/ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱵᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱑ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱤᱱ/ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ{{sfn|Shinde|Shin|Bhattacharyya|2023|pp=33, 45}} - ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱵᱷᱮ (ASI) ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ,<ref group=web name="Subramanian_2014_The_Hindu"/> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱓᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱕᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|p=72}}{{sfnp|Nath et al.|2015|p=10|ps=: "mounds of which 1 to 5 are integrated while a few are removed from each other."}} === ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ (Dating) === {{see also|Periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation|l1=ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ|Pottery in the Indian subcontinent|l2=ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱚᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱹᱴᱤ-ᱦᱟ we/ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟ network/ ᱵᱟ pattern/ ᱵᱟ spatial/ ᱵᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ|Black and red ware}} ᱛᱮᱡᱚᱥ ᱜᱟᱨᱜᱮ ᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ "ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱛᱟ external/ ᱛᱷᱟ semi/ ᱛᱷᱟᱨ" ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ "᱖᱐᱐᱐(?)-᱔᱖᱐᱐-᱓᱘᱐᱐" ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱟᱨ Period I ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ "᱓᱒᱐᱐-᱒᱘᱐᱐ ᱵᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱤ." (B.C.E.) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Garge|2010|p=25}} ᱯᱳᱥᱮᱦᱞ ᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ "RGR-6, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱳᱛᱷᱤ (ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ)|ᱥᱳᱛᱷᱤ]]-[[ᱥᱤᱥᱣᱟᱞ]] ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱟᱨᱰᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾"{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|p=72}} ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ RGR-1 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ RGR-6 ᱫᱚ ''" pre-formation age ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ"'' ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ RGR-7 ᱫᱚ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟ micro/ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref group=web name="Deswal_2018_TTI"/> ASI ᱫᱚ RGR-1, RGR-2, RGR-6 ᱟᱨ RGR-7 ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱚᱱ ᱰᱮᱴᱤᱝ (carbon dated) ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾ RGR-6 ᱨᱮ ''[[Pottery in the Indian subcontinent#Cultures with overlap with Indus Valley Civilization|Pre-harappan Phase]]'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱛᱷᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱕,᱖᱔᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ (BP) ᱟᱨ ᱕,᱔᱔᱐ (BP) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ RGR-1 ᱨᱮ ''[[Periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation#Early, Mature and Late Harappan|Early Harappan Phase]]'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱕,᱒᱐᱐ ᱟᱨ ᱔,᱕᱗᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ BP ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ RGR-2 ᱨᱮ focus/ ᱦᱚᱸ ''Early Harappan Phase'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱕,᱒᱐᱐ ᱟᱨ ᱔,᱕᱗᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ''[[Periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation#Datings and alternative proposals|Mature Harappan Phase]]'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱢᱯᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱔,᱐᱔᱐ ᱟᱨ ᱓,᱙᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ BP ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref group=web name="Deswal_2018_TTI"/> RGR-7, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ''Mature Harappan Phase'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱔᱖᱐᱐ BP ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Shinde et al.|2019}}<ref group=web name="Subramian_2015_TheHindu"/> ᱒᱐᱑᱔ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱙᱙᱗ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱖ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱰᱤᱭᱳᱠᱟᱨᱵᱚᱱ ᱰᱮᱴᱤᱝ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱜᱟᱹᱠᱷᱩᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱢᱚᱨᱮᱱᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱱᱟᱛᱷ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ Pre-formative, Early Harappan, ᱟᱨ Mature Harappan ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾ RGR-6 ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱨᱮ Sothi Phase ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱴᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ Pre-formative ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱰᱮᱴᱤᱝ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ: <math>6420 \pm 110</math> ᱟᱨ <math>6230 \pm 320</math> ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ (BP), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ <math>4470 \pm 110</math> '''B.C.E.''' ᱟᱨ <math>4280 \pm 320</math> '''B.C.E.''' ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Nath|Garge|Law|2014|p=84}} === ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ === ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮ design/ ᱵᱮ platform/ ᱵᱮ network/ ᱥᱩᱨ-ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱷᱟᱜᱽᱜᱟᱨ-ᱦᱟᱠᱲᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ, ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ ᱨᱮ [[ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱤᱥᱴ|ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ]] ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[ᱵᱷᱤᱨᱨᱟᱬᱟ]] (ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱔ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱘ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ-᱗ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱵᱤ.ᱥᱤ. ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ) ᱘᱖ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ,{{sfnp|Mani|2008|p=237-238}}{{sfnp|Sarkar et al.|2016|p=2-3}} [[ᱠᱩᱱᱟᱞ, ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ|ᱠᱩᱱᱟᱞ]] (''ᱠᱩᱱᱟᱞ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱨᱮᱦᱢᱟᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨᱤ]] ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱯᱲᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ) ᱗᱕ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ,<ref>Charles Keith Maisels, [https://books.google.com/books?id=I2dgI2ijww8C&pg=PA216 ''Early Civilizations of the Old World: The Formative Histories of Egypt, The Levant, Mesopotamia, India and China.''] Routledge, 2003 {{ISBN|1134837305}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Archaeological Survey of|first=India|title=Excavations at Kunal,Haryana|journal=Indian Archaeology 1998-99 a Review|year=2004|pages=11–12|url=http://asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/Indian%20Archaeology%201998-99%20A%20Review.pdf|access-date=13 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508064754/http://asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/Indian%20Archaeology%201998-99%20A%20Review.pdf|archive-date=8 May 2012}}</ref> [[ᱥᱤᱥᱣᱟᱞ]] (''[[Siswal#Sothi-Siswal culture|ᱥᱳᱛᱷᱤ-ᱥᱤᱥᱣᱟᱞ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ]]'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱓᱘᱐᱐ ᱵᱤ.ᱥᱤ. ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ-ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ) ᱗᱕ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ,{{sfnp|Garge|2010|pp=15–40}}<ref name=dis1>[https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/the-harappan-civilisation-its-sub-cultures.html The Harappan Civilisation: Its Sub-cultures], Daily Pioneer, 10 May 2018.</ref> ᱟᱨ [[ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱵᱚᱝᱜᱟ]] (ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ) ᱒᱓᱕ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ,<ref>{{cite book|title= History of India |first= Herman |last= Kulke |publisher= Routledge |year=2004 |page=25 |isbn= 978-0-415-32920-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RoW9GuFJ9GIC&q=india++history}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱜᱷᱟᱜᱽᱜᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱵᱽ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ [[ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱵᱚᱝᱜᱟ]], [[ᱠᱩᱱᱟᱞ, ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ|ᱠᱩᱱᱟᱞ]], [[ᱵᱟᱞᱩ, ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ|ᱵᱟᱞᱩ]], [[ᱵᱷᱤᱨᱨᱟᱬᱟ]], ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟᱞᱤ]] ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Nath|Garge|Law|2014|p=84}} == ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ (Excavations) == {{see also|Phase (archaeology)|l1=ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ (Phases)|Chronological dating|l2=ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ|Pottery#Fabric|l3= ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱤᱠ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ}} ᱒᱐᱒᱐ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ, ASI ᱟᱨ ᱰᱮᱠᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱕% ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱜᱮ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref group=web name="Nath_2020_The_Hindu"/> === ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱚ === ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱒᱑-᱑᱙᱒᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱓᱑ ᱨᱮ [[ᱢᱚᱦᱮᱸᱡᱳ-ᱫᱟᱲᱳ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱞᱩ ᱑᱙᱖᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱑᱙᱙᱗–᱑᱙᱙᱘, ᱑᱙᱙᱘–᱑᱙᱙᱙ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱙᱙–᱒᱐᱐᱐, ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱑–᱒᱐᱑᱖ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱑ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ RGR-1 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ RGR-11 ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ RGR-5 ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱥᱟᱦᱯᱩᱨ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾ RGR-1 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ RGR-3, RGR6 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ RGR9 ᱟᱨ RGR-4 ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref group=web name="ASI_1997-98"/><ref group=web name="Deswal_2015_The_Tribune"/><ref name="Harappan Surprises"/><ref group=web name="Subramanian_2014_The_Hindu"/><ref group=web name="Deswal_2018_TTI"/> ᱑᱙᱖᱓ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ, [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱵᱷᱮ]] (ASI) ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Wright|2009|p=107}}<ref>{{citation|last=Sinopoli|first=Carla M.|editor=Norman Yoffee|title=The Cambridge World History|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKawBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA325|year=2015|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-19008-4|page=325|chapter=Ancient South Asian cities in their regions}} Quote: "Excavations have also occurred at Rakhigarhi, but only brief notes have been published, and little information is currently available on its form and organization. (page 325)"</ref> ᱑᱙᱖᱙ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ, [[ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱠᱷᱮᱛᱨᱚ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱤᱢ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱠ ᱥᱴᱚᱰᱤᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱰᱤᱱ ᱰᱨ. [[ᱥᱩᱨᱚᱡᱽ ᱵᱷᱟᱱ (ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱜᱟᱹᱠᱷᱩᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ)|ᱥᱩᱨᱚᱡᱽ ᱵᱷᱟᱱ]] ᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱞ-ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾<ref name=Anath1/> ᱑᱙᱙᱗–᱙᱘, ᱑᱙᱙᱘–᱙᱙ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱙᱙–᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱨᱮ, ASI ᱴᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱰᱨ. ᱟᱢᱚᱨᱮᱱᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱱᱟᱛᱷ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤᱠ ᱡᱚᱨᱱᱟᱞ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾<ref name=Anath1>Bhartesh Singh Thakur, [http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/former-archaeological-survey-director-sentenced-to-jail-for-fraud/story-PY4UDmliPR8nP174sVa4kK.html "Former Archaeological Survey director sentenced to jail for fraud"], [[Hindustan Times]], 15 October 2015.</ref><ref>{{cite web | first1=Amarendra | last1=Nath | url=http://asi.nic.in/pdf_data/rakhigarhi_excavation_report_new.pdf | title=Excavations at Rakhigarhi [1997-98 to 1999-2000] | access-date=22 February 2016 | website=Archaeological Survey of India | page=306 | date=31 December 2014}}</ref> ᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱴᱟᱠᱟ-ᱯᱟᱭᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ [[ᱥᱮᱸ central/ ᱥᱮ central/ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱨᱟᱞ ᱵᱤᱣᱨᱳ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱵᱷᱮᱥᱴᱤᱜᱮᱥᱚᱱ|CBI]] ᱛᱚᱱᱚᱠᱷᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱷ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref name=fraud1>{{cite news|title=Former Archaeological Survey director sentenced to jail for fraud|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/former-archaeological-survey-director-sentenced-to-jail-for-fraud/story-PY4UDmliPR8nP174sVa4kK.html|access-date=6 January 2016|work=Hindustan Times|date=15 October 2015}}</ref> ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱜᱮ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱮᱥᱚᱱᱟᱞ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱑᱖ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ, [[ᱰᱮᱠᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱯᱳᱥᱴ-ᱜᱨᱮᱡᱩᱮᱴ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱤᱥᱟᱨᱪ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱭᱩᱴ]] ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱤᱥ-ᱪᱟᱱᱥᱮᱞᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱜᱟᱹᱠᱷᱩᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱰᱨ. ᱵᱚᱥᱚᱱᱛᱚ ᱥᱤᱱᱰᱮ ᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱴᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱚ common/ ᱥᱚ common/ ᱥᱚ custom/ ᱥᱚ cross/ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱥᱭᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤᱠ ᱡᱚᱨᱱᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite news | first=Kuldip | last=Dhiman | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/book-reviews/engulfed-in-the-labyrinths-of-time-260177/ | title=Engulfed in the labyrinths of time | newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] | date=3 July 2016}}</ref>{{sfnp|Shinde|Green|Parmar|Sable|2012|p=48}} ᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ASI ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ [[ᱥᱮ central/ ᱥᱮ central/ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱨᱟᱞ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ]] ᱟᱨ ᱰᱨ. ᱵᱚᱥᱚᱱᱛᱚ ᱥᱤᱱᱰᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾<ref group=web name="Deswal_2018_TTI">Deepender Deswal (2018), [https://web.archive.org/web/20210919044542/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/harappan-site-in-hisar-draws-interest-of-archaeologists-313230 Harappan site in Hisar draws interest of archaeologists], The Tribune India, 18 September 2021.</ref> === ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ === [[File:Skeleton harappa.JPG|thumbnail|ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ (skeleton), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ [[ᱱᱮᱥᱚᱱᱟᱞ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ, ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ|ᱱᱮᱥᱚᱱᱟᱞ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ]] ᱨᱮ ᱫᱮᱠᱷᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾]] ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱵᱤᱛ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱔,᱖᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ (skeletons), ᱜᱚᱲ ᱯᱨᱟᱪᱤᱨ (fortification) ᱟᱨ ᱤᱴᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref group=web name="Nath_2020_The_Hindu"/> ==== ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ==== ASI ᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱕,᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ (artefacts) ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|pp=63, 71, 72}}<ref name="Harappan Surprises">{{cite web |title=Harappan Surprises | url=http://www.frontline.in/arts-and-culture/heritage/harappan-surprises/article6032206.ece?homepage=true |publisher=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |date=13 June 2014|access-date=14 March 2018}}</ref> ᱯᱟᱠᱟ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ, ᱱᱟᱞᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ, ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ, ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ, [[ᱴᱮᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴᱟ]] (terracotta) ᱤᱴᱟᱹ, ᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ, ᱟᱨ [[ᱠᱟᱸᱥᱟ]] (bronze) ᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝᱟᱱ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱬ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱜᱚᱦᱚᱬᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴᱟ, ᱥᱟᱸᱠᱷ (conch) ᱪᱮᱞᱮ, ᱥᱚᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝᱟᱱ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱥᱟᱠᱚᱢ (bangles) ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070225134410/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=223720 ''Chandigarh Newsline'', 2/23/2007, 'Rakhigarhi is the Largest Harappan Site Ever Found']</ref> ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑.᱙᱒ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱪᱚᱲᱟ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ ᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱵᱚᱝᱜᱟ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱪᱚᱲᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾ ᱪᱟᱹᱴᱤ-ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱵᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱵᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟᱞᱤ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾ ᱠᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱥᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟ traditional/ ᱡᱚ traditional/ ᱡᱚ cross/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ natives/ ᱡᱚ Native/ ᱡᱚ natives/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ natives/ ᱡᱚ Native/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ nat/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ nativity/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ nat/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ custom/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ natively/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ ᱭᱚᱜᱽᱭᱚ ᱵᱟᱝᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮᱭᱟᱠᱚ᱾ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱭᱞᱟᱹ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱤᱴᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱞᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱴᱮᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴᱟ ᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ (weights), ᱠᱟᱸᱥᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ, ᱱᱟᱠᱤᱡ, ᱛᱟᱸᱵᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱥᱤ, ᱥᱩᱸ we/ ᱥᱩᱸ create/ ᱥᱩᱸ we/ ᱥᱩᱸ cross/ ᱥᱩᱸ needle/ ᱥᱩᱸᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱮᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴᱟ ᱥᱤᱞ (seals) ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱸᱥᱟ ᱵᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱑ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱠᱷᱟᱱᱟ (gold foundry) ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱓᱐᱐᱐ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱰ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝᱟᱱ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱰ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱟᱵ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱩᱸ we/ ᱩᱱᱩ we/ ᱩᱱᱩ cross/ ᱩᱱᱩ native/ ᱩᱱᱩ stove/ ᱩᱱᱩᱫᱩᱜ (furnace) ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱑᱑ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ (skeletons) ᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ (ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ) ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ, ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱵᱟᱥᱚᱱ-ᱯᱟᱛᱟ an/ ᱯᱟᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱮᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱸᱠᱷ ᱥᱟᱠᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱡᱩᱵᱚᱱᱫᱷ (armlet) ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝᱟᱱ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ==== ᱜᱚᱞᱟ/ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ (Granary) ==== ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ (2600 BCE ᱠᱷᱚᱱ 2000 BCE) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱚᱞᱟ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ (granary) ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱜᱚᱞᱟ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ-ᱤᱴᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱚᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟ software/ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟ cross/ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟ native/ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟ cross/ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟ compute/ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟ compute/ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟ-ᱞᱮᱵᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱗ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱪᱟ structure/ ᱪᱟ cross/ ᱪᱟ standard/ ᱪᱟ coordinate/ ᱪᱟ corner/ ᱪᱟ rectangular ᱵᱟᱝᱢᱟ square ᱠᱩᱷᱲᱤ (chambers) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ==== ᱥᱟᱯᱟᱯ ᱠᱚ ==== ᱛᱟᱸᱵᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟ (hafts) ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱸᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱟᱯ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ, ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱰᱟᱯᱟᱞ, ᱜᱩᱞᱤ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ/ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ (toy culture) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ (stamps), ᱜᱚᱦᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ 'ᱪᱟᱨᱴ' (chert) ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ-ᱵᱟᱬᱤᱡ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱩᱯᱚᱛᱭᱚᱠᱟ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ (IVC) ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱵᱽᱭᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟ (standardised weight systems) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱟᱹᱣᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news |title=Dig this! 5,000-yr-old skeletons found in Hisar |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/haryana/archaeologists-find-5-000-yr-old-skeletons-at-rakhigarhi-in-hisar/article1-1337371.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415222158/http://www.hindustantimes.com/haryana/archaeologists-find-5-000-yr-old-skeletons-at-rakhigarhi-in-hisar/article1-1337371.aspx |archive-date=15 April 2015 |work=Hindustan Times|date=15 April 2015}}</ref> ==== ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ, ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ-ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱪᱷᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ-ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ==== ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ (Fire altars) ᱟᱨ [[Apse|ᱟᱯᱥᱤᱰᱟᱞ (apsidal)]] ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref group=web name="ASI_1997-98"/>{{dead link|date=November 2021}} ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱸᱥᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱥᱠᱚᱢ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ, [[Chanhudaro|ᱪᱟᱱᱦᱩᱫᱟᱲᱚ]] ᱟᱨ [[Harappa|ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾{{sfnp|McIntosh|2008|p=293, 333}} ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ {{quantify|date=September 2021}} ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱢᱩᱦᱩᱨ (stamps seals) ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|pp=63, 71, 72}} ==== ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱜᱟᱰ ᱠᱚ ==== ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱪᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ (cemetery) ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱜᱟᱰ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱤᱴᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱰᱟᱯᱟᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱜᱟᱰ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱸᱫᱩᱠ (wooden coffin) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|pp=63, 71, 72}} ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱜᱟᱰ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ; ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱴᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾{{sfnp|McIntosh|2008|p=215, 293}} ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱔᱖ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ (skeletons) ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱕᱓ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱓᱗ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ-ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ (anthropological) ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱠᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱑᱗ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ-ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ (adults), ᱘ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱦᱚᱲ (subadults) ᱟᱨ ᱑᱒ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱗ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ (sex) ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱗ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱫᱷᱟᱹ (supine position) ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱸᱰᱩᱵ (prone position) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱮᱪᱟᱠ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱜᱟᱰ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱜᱟᱰ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱪᱟᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱴᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟ (pottery) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱪᱟᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟ (votive pots) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ (secondary burials) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱞᱚ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱞᱚ (cremation practices) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱟᱵᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱩᱬ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱜᱩᱴ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ (group burials) ᱟᱨ ᱚᱸᱰᱩᱵ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ (lineage) ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱮᱞᱤᱭᱳ-ᱯᱮᱨᱟᱥᱟᱭᱴᱤᱠ (Paleo-parasitical) ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ DNA ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱠᱷᱟ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news|date=26 March 2018|title=Mysteries of Rakhigarhi's Harappan Necropolis: In burials from 4,000 years ago, women both exalted, condemned|work=The Indian Express|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/mysteries-of-rakhigarhis-harappan-necropolis-in-burials-from-4000-years-ago-women-both-exalted-condemned-5111253/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Shinde|first1=Vasant S.|last2=Kim|first2=Yong Jun|last3=Woo|first3=Eun Jin|last4=Jadhav|first4=Nilesh|last5=Waghmare|first5=Pranjali|last6=Yadav|first6=Yogesh|last7=Munshi|first7=Avradeep|last8=Chatterjee|first8=Malavika|last9=Panyam|first9=Amrithavalli|date=21 February 2018|title=Archaeological and anthropological studies on the Harappan cemetery of Rakhigarhi, India|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=13|issue=2|article-number=e0192299|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0192299|issn=1932-6203|pmc=5821334|pmid=29466426|bibcode=2018PLoSO..1392299S|doi-access=free}}</ref> ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱡ (stomach) ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱮᱨᱟᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ (Parasite eggs) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ (origins) ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ [[A-DNA|aDNA]] ᱟᱨ ᱯᱮᱨᱟᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹᱱ DNA ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱠᱷᱟ (analysis) ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news|date=12 January 2014|title=Scientists to study parasite eggs in Harappan graves|work=The Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Scientists-to-study-parasite-eggs-in-Harappan-graves/articleshow/28692622.cms}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Biomedical Studies on Archaeology|url=http://shinpaleopathology.blogspot.in/2014/02/our-work-on-rakhigarhi.html|date=19 February 2014|access-date=9 June 2014|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305004158/http://shinpaleopathology.blogspot.in/2014/02/our-work-on-rakhigarhi.html}}</ref> ==== ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ==== {{See also|Indo-Aryan migrations|Indigenous Aryanism}} ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ, ᱰᱷᱤᱯ RGR-7 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱔,᱖᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱞᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ-ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ, ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ-ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ ('I6113' ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ) ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾{{sfnp|Shinde et al.|2019}} ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱸᱠᱷᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=bp3>{{cite news|title=Dig this! 5,000-yr-old skeletons found in Hisar |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/haryana/archaeologists-find-5-000-yr-old-skeletons-at-rakhigarhi-in-hisar/article1-1337371.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415222158/http://www.hindustantimes.com/haryana/archaeologists-find-5-000-yr-old-skeletons-at-rakhigarhi-in-hisar/article1-1337371.aspx|archive-date=15 April 2015| work=Hindustan Times| date=15 April 2015}}</ref><ref group=web name="Nath_2020_The_Hindu"/> {{anchor | Love | Couple | Love birds | Rakhigarhi love birds }} {{external media | float = | width = 258px | topic = <!--centered italic text---> | caption = <!-- text placed left or right of headerimage ---> | headerimage = <!--search commons please include "|alt= text" and x-height in px "|x20px" example [[File:YouTube Logo 2017.svg|alt=YouTube logo|x20px|left]] or ...|right]] ---> | title = | image1 = Photo of the [https://synapse.koreamed.org/articles/ViewImage.php?fn=acb-51-200-g002_1049ACB&id=F2 skeleton of ''"Rakhigarhi love birds"'' buried together] with male (11A) facing the woman (11B), with their [[Antyesti#Cremation rituals|feet pointing south]] and head towards north.<ref name=jh4/>}} ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱓᱕ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱔᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱤᱡ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮᱱᱤᱡ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱟᱲᱮ-ᱟᱲᱮ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ (ceremonial burial) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ [[Veneration of the dead#India|ᱜᱚᱡ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ]] ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱴᱚᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ (collar bone) ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[agate|ᱮᱜᱮᱴ (agate)]] ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>[https://edition.cnn.com/2019/01/10/health/harappa-grave-couple-india-scli-intl/index.html Ancient lovers found in Indian burial site mystify and intrigue archaeologists], CNN, 10 January 2019.</ref><ref name=jh4>Vasant Shinde1, et al, 2018, [https://synapse.koreamed.org/articles/1101692 A young couple's grave found in the Rakhigarhi cemetery of the Harappan Civilization], Anatomy & Cell Biology, vol 51 (3), pp. 200-204.</ref> ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱚ {{height|cm=177}} ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱚ {{height|cm=171}} ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ, ᱪᱚᱴ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱵᱮᱲᱟ ᱨᱮ ''"ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱱᱤᱨᱚᱜᱽ"'' ᱠᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-46806084 Harappa grave of ancient 'couple' reveals secrets], BBC, 9 January 2019.</ref> ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱮ ᱮᱴ ᱟᱞ. (Shinde et al. 2019) ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ DNA- ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱠᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱘ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱨᱮ ''Cell Magazine'' ᱨᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ DNA ᱨᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱯᱤ (steppe) ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[Aryan migration theory|ᱟᱨᱭᱚ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱥᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱛᱚ]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫᱚᱜ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱤᱱᱰᱚ-ᱟᱨᱭᱚ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱴᱮᱯᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾{{sfnp|Shinde et al.|2019}}<ref name="Bal_2019_The_Caravan">{{Cite magazine |last=Bal |first=Hartosh Singh |date=30 September 2019 |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/commentary/what-media-reporting-ancient-dna-results-says-about-our-times |title=What media reporting on ancient DNA results says about our times |magazine=The Caravan |access-date=7 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Mahalakshmi |first=R. |date=October 2019 |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/heritage/article29507212.ece |title=DNA analysis of Harappan skeleton from Rakhigarhi: Thin evidence |magazine=Frontline |access-date=7 December 2019}}</ref> ᱒᱐᱑᱖ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱢᱩᱴ ᱖᱑ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾{{citation needed|date=July 2024}} ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱮ, ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱛᱚᱛᱣᱚ-ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽᱱᱟᱭᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ DNA ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱛᱟᱹᱠᱱᱤᱠ (technology) ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱔᱕᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref group=web name="Subramian_2015_TheHindu"/> ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱚ {{height|cm=175.8}} ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱚ {{height|cm=166.1}} ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱚᱸᱫᱟᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>Nath A., Walimbe S.R., Garge T.M., Mushrif-Tripathy V., Dehuri R., and Malik A. (2015) Harappan interments at Rakhigarhi, Haryana. Man and Environment, XL: 9–32.</ref> ᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱨᱮ, ᱓.᱕ ᱥᱠᱚᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ 'ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱗' (Mound 7) ᱞᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱕᱖ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakrabarty |first1=Sreeparna |date=7 May 2024 |title=The 4,600-year-old woman from Rakhigarhi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/the-4600-year-old-woman-from-rakhigarhi/article68132364.ece |work=The Hindu |access-date=21 July 2024}}</ref> === ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱞᱳᱪᱚᱱᱟ === [[Archaeological Survey of India|ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱛᱚᱛᱣᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱵᱷᱮ]] (ASI) ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ (digs) ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ "[[zamindar|ᱡᱚᱢᱤᱱᱫᱟᱨᱤ]]" ᱵᱽᱭᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱞᱳᱪᱚᱱᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ "ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱞᱟ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ" ᱴᱷᱮᱱ "ᱞᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱠᱪᱷᱚᱛᱨᱚ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ" ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,{{sfn|Avikunthak|2022|p=84}} ᱟᱨ ASI ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱩᱬ/ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱠ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱩᱠᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Varma|Menon|2010|loc=note 14|ps=: "The prestige of an archaeologist was not assessed on the basis of his/her analytical or theoretical contribution to Indian archaeology but on the number of sites discovered and the temporal antiquity of the site. It was understood that the older the site, the more prestigious it was to discover and dig it. [...] specialists are in short supply in the ASI… to tell you the truth, they don't encourage specialisation in the ASI… there were no archaeozoologists, archaeobotanists, archaeometallurgists nor were there any lithic or ceramic specialists [at [[Bhirrana]]]. [...] all senior archaeologists in the ASI have right wing sympathies"}} ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱱᱰᱤᱛ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱽᱭᱟᱠᱷᱭᱟ, ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱛᱚᱛᱣᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ, ASI ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱱᱛᱟᱹᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱵᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ: ASI ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ [[Hindutva|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩᱛᱣᱚ]] ᱪᱤᱱᱛᱟᱹᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ [[Vedas|ᱵᱮᱫᱽ]] ᱟᱨ [[Sanskrit|ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ]] ᱥᱟᱶ (ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ) ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱭᱚᱛᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱫᱮᱥᱤ (indigenous) ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱱᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ [[Saraswati River|ᱥᱚᱨᱚᱥᱣᱚᱛᱤ ᱱᱟᱹᱭ]] ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[Indigenous Aryanism|ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ]] ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱩᱞ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱨᱮ "ᱵᱤᱵᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ" ᱾{{sfn|Avikunthak|2022|pp=34, 51-56}} == ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ == === ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ === ᱒᱐᱑᱒ ᱢᱮ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱜᱞᱳᱵᱟᱞ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱯᱷᱚᱸᱰ (Global Heritage Fund) ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨᱟᱱ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱮᱥᱚᱨ, ᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱵᱽᱭᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱩᱴᱯᱟᱴ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱣᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref group=web name="Deswal_2015_The_Tribune"/><ref>{{cite web | title = Rakhigarhi likely to be developed into a world heritage site |publisher=India Today | url = https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/rakhigarhi-all-set-to-be-developed-as-a-heritage-site-as-plans-road-to-fame-through-harappa-157337-2013-03-31 | date=31 March 2013| access-date = 8 August 2013 }}</ref> [[Sunday Times|ᱥᱟᱱᱰᱮ ᱴᱟᱭᱤᱢᱥ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱒᱐᱑᱒ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱢᱮᱬᱦᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱣᱩᱱᱰᱨᱤ ᱵᱷᱤᱛ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱪᱟᱠ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱱᱤᱡᱮᱨᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web | url = http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-06-03/news/32006465_1_heritage-sites-mound-archaeological-survey | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130523000002/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-06-03/news/32006465_1_heritage-sites-mound-archaeological-survey | archive-date = 23 May 2013 | title = Can Rakhigarhi, the largest Indus Valley Civilisation site be saved? | last1 = Archana | first1 = Khare Ghose | date = 3 June 2012 | website = [[Sunday Times]] | access-date = 5 June 2012 }}</ref> ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ, ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ, ᱵᱮ-ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱᱤ ᱜᱤᱛᱤᱞ ᱞᱟ, ᱵᱮ-ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱᱤ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱛᱚᱛᱣᱚ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱩᱢᱵᱽᱲᱩ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱫᱷᱣᱚᱝᱥᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱹᱡᱟᱹᱭᱟᱱ ᱚᱯᱚᱨᱟᱫᱷ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱖ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱘᱐% – ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱟᱨ ᱗ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱨᱮ ᱔ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱪᱟᱥ-ᱵᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱫᱷᱣᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref group=web name="Deswal_2015_The_Tribune"/> === ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ === ᱰᱷᱤᱯ R4 ᱟᱨ R5 ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱪᱟᱠ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱑᱕᱒ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref group=web name="Nath_2020_The_Hindu"/> ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱚᱪᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱳᱨᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱢᱞᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ASI ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱓᱕᱐-ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱑ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱛᱚᱛᱣᱚ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱘᱓.᱕ ᱮᱠᱚᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref group=web name="Nath_2020_The_Hindu"/> === ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ-ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ === ᱒᱐᱒᱐ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ, ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ [[Nirmala Sitharaman|ᱱᱤᱨᱢᱚᱞᱟ ᱥᱤᱛᱟ-ᱨᱟᱢᱚᱱ]] ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱭᱠᱳᱱᱤᱠ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news |last=Maanav |first=Sushil |date=2 February 2020 |title=Rakhigarhi to be developed as iconic site |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/rakhigarhi-to-be-developed-as-iconic-site-34808 |work=The Tribune |access-date=20 July 2024}}</ref> ASI ᱫᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱚᱪᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱱᱟ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ R4 ᱟᱨ R5 ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱑᱕᱒ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱪᱚᱜᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱣᱩᱥᱤᱝ ᱯᱷᱞᱮᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ-ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref group=web name="Nath_2020_The_Hindu"/> === ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱷᱤᱞ === {{main|Rakhigarhi Indus Valley Civilisation Museum}} {{see also|Haryana Rural Antique Museum|Jahaj Kothi Museum}} ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[Indus Valley Civilisation|ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱩᱯᱚᱛᱭᱚᱠᱟ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ]] ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sura |first1=Ajay |date=13 February 2016 |title=Harappan museum at Rakhigarhi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Harappan-museum-at-Rakhigarhi/articleshow/50971406.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=20 July 2024}}</ref> ᱖᱐ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ [[Haryana Rural Antique Museum|ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ]] ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University|CCS HAU]] ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ ᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ-ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱥ-ᱵᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱠᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱫᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|title=Gazetteer of India Haryana, Hisar|url=http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/gazetteer_india_hisar.pdf|website=revenueharyana.gov.in|publisher=Government OF Haryana|access-date=31 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140501213030/http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/gazetteer_india_hisar.pdf|archive-date=1 May 2014}}</ref> [[George Thomas (soldier)|ᱡᱚᱨᱡᱽ ᱛᱷᱚᱢᱟᱥ]] ᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[Jahaj Kothi Museum|ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱡᱽ ᱠᱳᱴᱷᱤ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ]] ᱫᱚ [[Firoz Shah Palace Complex|ᱯᱷᱤᱨᱳᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱦ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱞᱮᱠᱥ]] ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ [[Archaeological Survey of India|ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱛᱚᱛᱣᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱵᱷᱮ]] ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ-ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>[http://haryanatourism.gov.in/showpage.aspx?contentid=5262 Jahaj Kothi museum]</ref> ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱦᱟᱱᱟ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ [[johad|ᱡᱚᱦᱟᱲ]] ᱫᱚ ᱡᱷᱤᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱷᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱷᱤᱞ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮ [[tower|ᱵᱩᱨᱡᱤ]] ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[ghat|ᱜᱷᱟᱴ]] ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱷᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱨᱠ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱷᱤᱞ ᱟᱪᱩᱨ ᱛᱮ, ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱛᱟᱲᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>[https://www.jagran.com/haryana/hisar-lake-being-built-in-rakhigarhi-on-the-lines-of-sukhna-lake-of-chandigarh-22025020.html Lake being built in Rakhigarhi] ([https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=hi&tl=en&u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jagran.com%2Fharyana%2Fhisar-lake-being-built-in-rakhigarhi-on-the-lines-of-sukhna-lake-of-chandigarh-22025020.html english translation of original hindi news "चंडीगढ़ की सुखना लेक की तर्ज पर राखीगढ़ी में बन रही झील"]), Dainik Jagran, 16 September 2021.</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱷᱟᱴ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱮ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ [[Drishadvati river|ᱫᱽᱨᱤᱥᱚᱫᱽᱣᱚᱛᱤ ᱱᱟᱹᱭ]] ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱤᱸᱜᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ [[Lothal|ᱞᱳᱛᱷᱟᱞ]] ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ [[Dholavira#Coastal route|ᱫᱷᱳᱞᱟᱵᱷᱤᱨᱟ]] ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱫᱤ-ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱷᱟᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[Indus–Mesopotamia relations|ᱢᱮᱥᱳᱯᱳᱴᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ]] ([[Elam|ᱮᱞᱟᱢ]] ᱟᱨ [[Sumer|ᱥᱩᱢᱮᱨ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ) ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref>[https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/heritage/article29507212.ece DNA analysis of Harappan skeleton from Rakhigarhi: Thin evidence], Frontline, 11 October 2019.</ref> == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ == * [[Indus Valley Civilisation|ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱩᱯᱚᱛᱭᱚᱠᱟ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ]] ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭᱟᱱ * [[List of inventions and discoveries of the Indus Valley Civilization|ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱩᱯᱚᱛᱭᱚᱠᱟ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱰᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ]] * [[Rakhigarhi Indus Valley Civilisation Museum|ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱩᱯᱚᱛᱭᱚᱠᱟ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ]] ti33996r0o2gku7di18tph6zgrpdecj 197836 197835 2026-09-15T04:54:13Z ᱚᱨᱯᱤᱛᱟ ᱦᱮᱢᱵᱨᱚᱢ 7474 /* ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ */ 197836 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox historic site | name = ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ | native_name = | other_name = ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤ ᱜᱚᱲᱤ | image = Rakhigarhi Harappan civilization.jpg | caption = | pushpin_map = India Haryana#India#South Asia | pushpin_alt = | pushpin_relief = y | coordinates = {{Coord|29|17|35|N|76|6|51|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}} | location = [[ᱦᱟᱸᱥᱤ]] ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ, [[ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] | region = | type = ᱟᱹᱛᱩ / ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ | part_of = | length = | width = | area = {{convert|350|ha|abbr=on}}<ref group=web name="Subramanian_2014_The_Hindu"/> | height = | builder = | material = | built = {{circa|3500 BC}} | abandoned = | epochs = <!-- actually displays as "Periods" --> | cultures = [[ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ]] | dependency_of = | occupants = | event = | excavations = 1963, 1997–2000, 2012–2016, 2021–ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ<ref group=web name=Ahluwalia_2023_The_Print/> | archaeologists = | condition = | ownership = | management = | public_access = | website = | notes = }} '''ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ''' ᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ '''ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤ ᱜᱚᱲᱤ''' ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱦᱟᱸᱥᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱟᱨ [[ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱕᱐ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱜᱷᱟᱜᱽᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ]] ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ,{{sfnp|Wright|2009|p=133}} ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱜᱽᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱗ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱝᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱨᱤ-ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ (6000?/4600-3300 BC), ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ (3300-2600 BC), ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ (2600-1900 BC) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Garge|2010|p=25}} ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱕ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐᱑᱔ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱹᱠᱷᱩᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱘᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱐᱐+ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ,{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|p=72}}{{sfnp|Coningham|Young|2015|p=183}}{{sfnp|Kenoyer|1998|p=49}}{{sfnp|Allchin|Erdosy|1995|p=78}}{{sfnp|Heitzman|2008|p=35}}{{sfnp|Wright|2009|p=133}}{{refn|group=note|name="size"}} ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱕ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱩᱨ-ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ (ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ)|ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱗ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱫᱮᱠᱷᱟᱣ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|p=72}} ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱗ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱝᱢᱟ শ্মᱥᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Nath et al.|2015|loc=fig. 1}}{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|p=72}}{{sfnp|Shinde et al.|2019}} ᱒᱐᱑᱔ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ (ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱗ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ) ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ - ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ/ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱵᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱑ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱤᱱ/ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ{{sfn|Shinde|Shin|Bhattacharyya|2023|pp=33, 45}} - ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱵᱷᱮ]] (ASI) ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ,<ref group=web name="Subramanian_2014_The_Hindu"/> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱓᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱕᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|p=72}}{{sfnp|Nath et al.|2015|p=10|ps=: "mounds of which 1 to 5 are integrated while a few are removed from each other."}} ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱑᱙᱙᱐ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱒᱐᱑᱒ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱑᱖ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱒᱒ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref group=web name=Ahluwalia_2023_The_Print/> ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱜᱮ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ {{sfnp|Possehl|2002|pp=63, 71, 72}}<ref group=web name="Nath_2020_The_Hindu"/> ᱟᱨ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾{{sfnp|McIntosh|2008|p=215, 293}} ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱱ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[ᱢᱤᱛᱟᱛᱷᱚᱞ]] ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ [[ᱞᱳᱦᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱟᱜᱷᱳ]], ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱟᱹᱣᱨᱤ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱥᱤᱱᱰᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ (᱒᱐᱑᱙) ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ (skeleton) ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ DNA-ᱴᱮᱥᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ DNA ᱨᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱯᱤ (steppe) ᱦᱟᱯᱲᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱟᱨᱭᱚ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱛᱷᱤᱭᱚᱨᱤ]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫᱚᱜ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱤᱱᱰᱳ-ᱟᱨᱭᱚ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱴᱮᱯᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Shinde et al.|2019}} == ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱬ ᱠᱚ == === ᱴᱷᱟᱶ === ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱷᱟᱜᱽᱜᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ,{{sfnp|Wright|2009|p=133}} ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱜᱽᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱗ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱝᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ᱾ ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧ, ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref group=web name=census2011-1>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0612_PART_B_DCHB_HISAR.pdf Census of India, 2011]</ref> [[ᱡᱮᱱ ᱢᱮᱠᱤᱱᱴᱳᱥ]] (Jane McIntosh) ᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱣᱟᱞᱤᱠ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱨᱟᱜᱽ historic/ ᱯᱨᱟᱜᱽ-ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[ᱫᱨᱤᱥᱚᱫᱽᱣᱚᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾{{sfnp|McIntosh|2008|p=76}} [[ᱪᱚᱣᱛᱚᱝ]] ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱚᱨᱥᱩᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱜᱷᱟᱜᱽᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref group=web name="ambalaonline"/><ref group=web name="Chopra_2010_IE"/> === ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱞ === [[ᱜᱨᱮᱜᱚᱨᱤ ᱯᱳᱥᱮᱦᱞ]], [[ᱡᱳᱱᱟᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱠ ᱠᱮᱱᱳᱭᱮᱨ]], [[ᱨᱮᱢᱚᱱᱰ ᱚᱞᱪᱤᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱨᱤᱴᱟ ᱯᱤ. ᱨᱟᱭᱤᱴ]] ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱹᱠᱷᱩᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱘᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱐᱐+ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Allchin|Erdosy|1995|p=78}}{{sfnp|Kenoyer|1998|p=49}}{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|p=72}}{{sfnp|Heitzman|2008|p=35}}{{sfnp|Wright|2009|p=133}}{{sfnp|Coningham|Young|2015|p=183}}{{refn|group=note|name="size"}} ᱱᱟᱛᱷ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ (᱒᱐᱑᱕) ᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, "ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [{{convert|300|hectare|km2}}] ᱨᱮᱰᱤᱭᱚᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱗ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱑ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱕ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾"{{sfnp|Nath et al.|2015}} ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ''"RGR-x"'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱴᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ RGR-1 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ RGR-11᱾<ref group=web name="ASI_1997-98"/> ᱒᱐᱑᱔ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ, ᱗ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱔ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ, RGR-8 ᱟᱨ RGR-9, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱵᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱥ-ᱵᱟᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ [[ᱵᱚᱥᱚᱱᱛᱚ ᱥᱤᱱᱰᱮ]] ᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱕ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ {{convert|350|hectare|km2}} ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱸᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱢᱚᱦᱮᱸᱡᱳ-ᱫᱟᱲᱳ]] (᱓᱐᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱕᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾<ref group=web name="Subramanian_2014_The_Hindu"/><ref group=web name="Deswal_2015_The_Tribune"/> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ [[ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ (ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ)|ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|p=72}} ᱕ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱨ-ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ RGR-1 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ RGR-5, ᱫᱚ ᱘᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱐᱐+ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ RGR-6 ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ "ᱟᱨᱰᱟ" (Arda) ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ:{{sfnp|Nath et al.|2015|loc=fig. 1}} ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ "ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ",{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|p=72}} ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱮ ᱫᱮᱠᱷᱟᱣ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾ (ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱵᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ [[ᱠᱩᱥᱟᱬ ᱥᱟᱢᱨᱟᱡᱽ]] ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾{{sfn|Shinde|Shin|Bhattacharyya|2023|p=33}}) RGR-7 ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱝᱢᱟ শ্মᱥᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱫᱮᱠᱷᱟᱣ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾{{sfnp|Nath et al.|2015|loc=fig. 1}}{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|p=72}} ᱒᱐᱑᱔ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ (ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱗ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ) ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ - ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ/ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱵᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱑ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱤᱱ/ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ{{sfn|Shinde|Shin|Bhattacharyya|2023|pp=33, 45}} - ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱵᱷᱮ (ASI) ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ,<ref group=web name="Subramanian_2014_The_Hindu"/> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱓᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱕᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|p=72}}{{sfnp|Nath et al.|2015|p=10|ps=: "mounds of which 1 to 5 are integrated while a few are removed from each other."}} === ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ (Dating) === {{see also|Periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation|l1=ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ|Pottery in the Indian subcontinent|l2=ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱚᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱹᱴᱤ-ᱦᱟ we/ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟ network/ ᱵᱟ pattern/ ᱵᱟ spatial/ ᱵᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ|Black and red ware}} ᱛᱮᱡᱚᱥ ᱜᱟᱨᱜᱮ ᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ "ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱛᱟ external/ ᱛᱷᱟ semi/ ᱛᱷᱟᱨ" ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ "᱖᱐᱐᱐(?)-᱔᱖᱐᱐-᱓᱘᱐᱐" ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱟᱨ Period I ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ "᱓᱒᱐᱐-᱒᱘᱐᱐ ᱵᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱤ." (B.C.E.) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Garge|2010|p=25}} ᱯᱳᱥᱮᱦᱞ ᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ "RGR-6, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱳᱛᱷᱤ (ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ)|ᱥᱳᱛᱷᱤ]]-[[ᱥᱤᱥᱣᱟᱞ]] ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱟᱨᱰᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾"{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|p=72}} ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ RGR-1 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ RGR-6 ᱫᱚ ''" pre-formation age ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ"'' ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ RGR-7 ᱫᱚ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟ micro/ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref group=web name="Deswal_2018_TTI"/> ASI ᱫᱚ RGR-1, RGR-2, RGR-6 ᱟᱨ RGR-7 ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱚᱱ ᱰᱮᱴᱤᱝ (carbon dated) ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾ RGR-6 ᱨᱮ ''[[Pottery in the Indian subcontinent#Cultures with overlap with Indus Valley Civilization|Pre-harappan Phase]]'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱛᱷᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱕,᱖᱔᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ (BP) ᱟᱨ ᱕,᱔᱔᱐ (BP) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ RGR-1 ᱨᱮ ''[[Periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation#Early, Mature and Late Harappan|Early Harappan Phase]]'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱕,᱒᱐᱐ ᱟᱨ ᱔,᱕᱗᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ BP ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ RGR-2 ᱨᱮ focus/ ᱦᱚᱸ ''Early Harappan Phase'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱕,᱒᱐᱐ ᱟᱨ ᱔,᱕᱗᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ''[[Periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation#Datings and alternative proposals|Mature Harappan Phase]]'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱢᱯᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱔,᱐᱔᱐ ᱟᱨ ᱓,᱙᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ BP ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref group=web name="Deswal_2018_TTI"/> RGR-7, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ''Mature Harappan Phase'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱔᱖᱐᱐ BP ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Shinde et al.|2019}}<ref group=web name="Subramian_2015_TheHindu"/> ᱒᱐᱑᱔ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱙᱙᱗ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱖ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱰᱤᱭᱳᱠᱟᱨᱵᱚᱱ ᱰᱮᱴᱤᱝ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱜᱟᱹᱠᱷᱩᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱢᱚᱨᱮᱱᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱱᱟᱛᱷ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ Pre-formative, Early Harappan, ᱟᱨ Mature Harappan ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾ RGR-6 ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱨᱮ Sothi Phase ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱴᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ Pre-formative ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱰᱮᱴᱤᱝ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ: <math>6420 \pm 110</math> ᱟᱨ <math>6230 \pm 320</math> ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ (BP), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ <math>4470 \pm 110</math> '''B.C.E.''' ᱟᱨ <math>4280 \pm 320</math> '''B.C.E.''' ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Nath|Garge|Law|2014|p=84}} === ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ === ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮ design/ ᱵᱮ platform/ ᱵᱮ network/ ᱥᱩᱨ-ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱷᱟᱜᱽᱜᱟᱨ-ᱦᱟᱠᱲᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ, ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ ᱨᱮ [[ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱤᱥᱴ|ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ]] ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[ᱵᱷᱤᱨᱨᱟᱬᱟ]] (ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱔ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱘ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ-᱗ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱵᱤ.ᱥᱤ. ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ) ᱘᱖ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ,{{sfnp|Mani|2008|p=237-238}}{{sfnp|Sarkar et al.|2016|p=2-3}} [[ᱠᱩᱱᱟᱞ, ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ|ᱠᱩᱱᱟᱞ]] (''ᱠᱩᱱᱟᱞ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱨᱮᱦᱢᱟᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨᱤ]] ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱯᱲᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ) ᱗᱕ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ,<ref>Charles Keith Maisels, [https://books.google.com/books?id=I2dgI2ijww8C&pg=PA216 ''Early Civilizations of the Old World: The Formative Histories of Egypt, The Levant, Mesopotamia, India and China.''] Routledge, 2003 {{ISBN|1134837305}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Archaeological Survey of|first=India|title=Excavations at Kunal,Haryana|journal=Indian Archaeology 1998-99 a Review|year=2004|pages=11–12|url=http://asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/Indian%20Archaeology%201998-99%20A%20Review.pdf|access-date=13 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508064754/http://asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/Indian%20Archaeology%201998-99%20A%20Review.pdf|archive-date=8 May 2012}}</ref> [[ᱥᱤᱥᱣᱟᱞ]] (''[[Siswal#Sothi-Siswal culture|ᱥᱳᱛᱷᱤ-ᱥᱤᱥᱣᱟᱞ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ]]'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱓᱘᱐᱐ ᱵᱤ.ᱥᱤ. ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ-ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ) ᱗᱕ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ,{{sfnp|Garge|2010|pp=15–40}}<ref name=dis1>[https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/the-harappan-civilisation-its-sub-cultures.html The Harappan Civilisation: Its Sub-cultures], Daily Pioneer, 10 May 2018.</ref> ᱟᱨ [[ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱵᱚᱝᱜᱟ]] (ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ) ᱒᱓᱕ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ,<ref>{{cite book|title= History of India |first= Herman |last= Kulke |publisher= Routledge |year=2004 |page=25 |isbn= 978-0-415-32920-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RoW9GuFJ9GIC&q=india++history}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱜᱷᱟᱜᱽᱜᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱵᱽ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ [[ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱵᱚᱝᱜᱟ]], [[ᱠᱩᱱᱟᱞ, ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ|ᱠᱩᱱᱟᱞ]], [[ᱵᱟᱞᱩ, ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ|ᱵᱟᱞᱩ]], [[ᱵᱷᱤᱨᱨᱟᱬᱟ]], ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟᱞᱤ]] ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Nath|Garge|Law|2014|p=84}} == ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ (Excavations) == {{see also|Phase (archaeology)|l1=ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ (Phases)|Chronological dating|l2=ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ|Pottery#Fabric|l3= ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱤᱠ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ}} ᱒᱐᱒᱐ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ, ASI ᱟᱨ ᱰᱮᱠᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱕% ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱜᱮ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref group=web name="Nath_2020_The_Hindu"/> === ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱚ === ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱒᱑-᱑᱙᱒᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱓᱑ ᱨᱮ [[ᱢᱚᱦᱮᱸᱡᱳ-ᱫᱟᱲᱳ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱞᱩ ᱑᱙᱖᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱑᱙᱙᱗–᱑᱙᱙᱘, ᱑᱙᱙᱘–᱑᱙᱙᱙ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱙᱙–᱒᱐᱐᱐, ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱑–᱒᱐᱑᱖ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱑ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ RGR-1 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ RGR-11 ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ RGR-5 ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱥᱟᱦᱯᱩᱨ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾ RGR-1 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ RGR-3, RGR6 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ RGR9 ᱟᱨ RGR-4 ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref group=web name="ASI_1997-98"/><ref group=web name="Deswal_2015_The_Tribune"/><ref name="Harappan Surprises"/><ref group=web name="Subramanian_2014_The_Hindu"/><ref group=web name="Deswal_2018_TTI"/> ᱑᱙᱖᱓ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ, [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱵᱷᱮ]] (ASI) ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Wright|2009|p=107}}<ref>{{citation|last=Sinopoli|first=Carla M.|editor=Norman Yoffee|title=The Cambridge World History|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKawBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA325|year=2015|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-19008-4|page=325|chapter=Ancient South Asian cities in their regions}} Quote: "Excavations have also occurred at Rakhigarhi, but only brief notes have been published, and little information is currently available on its form and organization. (page 325)"</ref> ᱑᱙᱖᱙ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ, [[ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱠᱷᱮᱛᱨᱚ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱤᱢ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱠ ᱥᱴᱚᱰᱤᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱰᱤᱱ ᱰᱨ. [[ᱥᱩᱨᱚᱡᱽ ᱵᱷᱟᱱ (ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱜᱟᱹᱠᱷᱩᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ)|ᱥᱩᱨᱚᱡᱽ ᱵᱷᱟᱱ]] ᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱞ-ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾<ref name=Anath1/> ᱑᱙᱙᱗–᱙᱘, ᱑᱙᱙᱘–᱙᱙ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱙᱙–᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱨᱮ, ASI ᱴᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱰᱨ. ᱟᱢᱚᱨᱮᱱᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱱᱟᱛᱷ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤᱠ ᱡᱚᱨᱱᱟᱞ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾<ref name=Anath1>Bhartesh Singh Thakur, [http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/former-archaeological-survey-director-sentenced-to-jail-for-fraud/story-PY4UDmliPR8nP174sVa4kK.html "Former Archaeological Survey director sentenced to jail for fraud"], [[Hindustan Times]], 15 October 2015.</ref><ref>{{cite web | first1=Amarendra | last1=Nath | url=http://asi.nic.in/pdf_data/rakhigarhi_excavation_report_new.pdf | title=Excavations at Rakhigarhi [1997-98 to 1999-2000] | access-date=22 February 2016 | website=Archaeological Survey of India | page=306 | date=31 December 2014}}</ref> ᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱴᱟᱠᱟ-ᱯᱟᱭᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ [[ᱥᱮᱸ central/ ᱥᱮ central/ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱨᱟᱞ ᱵᱤᱣᱨᱳ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱵᱷᱮᱥᱴᱤᱜᱮᱥᱚᱱ|CBI]] ᱛᱚᱱᱚᱠᱷᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱷ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref name=fraud1>{{cite news|title=Former Archaeological Survey director sentenced to jail for fraud|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/former-archaeological-survey-director-sentenced-to-jail-for-fraud/story-PY4UDmliPR8nP174sVa4kK.html|access-date=6 January 2016|work=Hindustan Times|date=15 October 2015}}</ref> ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱜᱮ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱮᱥᱚᱱᱟᱞ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱑᱖ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ, [[ᱰᱮᱠᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱯᱳᱥᱴ-ᱜᱨᱮᱡᱩᱮᱴ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱤᱥᱟᱨᱪ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱭᱩᱴ]] ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱤᱥ-ᱪᱟᱱᱥᱮᱞᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱜᱟᱹᱠᱷᱩᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱰᱨ. ᱵᱚᱥᱚᱱᱛᱚ ᱥᱤᱱᱰᱮ ᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱴᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱚ common/ ᱥᱚ common/ ᱥᱚ custom/ ᱥᱚ cross/ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱥᱭᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤᱠ ᱡᱚᱨᱱᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite news | first=Kuldip | last=Dhiman | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/book-reviews/engulfed-in-the-labyrinths-of-time-260177/ | title=Engulfed in the labyrinths of time | newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] | date=3 July 2016}}</ref>{{sfnp|Shinde|Green|Parmar|Sable|2012|p=48}} ᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ASI ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ [[ᱥᱮ central/ ᱥᱮ central/ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱨᱟᱞ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ]] ᱟᱨ ᱰᱨ. ᱵᱚᱥᱚᱱᱛᱚ ᱥᱤᱱᱰᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾<ref group=web name="Deswal_2018_TTI">Deepender Deswal (2018), [https://web.archive.org/web/20210919044542/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/harappan-site-in-hisar-draws-interest-of-archaeologists-313230 Harappan site in Hisar draws interest of archaeologists], The Tribune India, 18 September 2021.</ref> === ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ === [[File:Skeleton harappa.JPG|thumbnail|ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ (skeleton), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ [[ᱱᱮᱥᱚᱱᱟᱞ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ, ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ|ᱱᱮᱥᱚᱱᱟᱞ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ]] ᱨᱮ ᱫᱮᱠᱷᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾]] ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱵᱤᱛ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱔,᱖᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ (skeletons), ᱜᱚᱲ ᱯᱨᱟᱪᱤᱨ (fortification) ᱟᱨ ᱤᱴᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref group=web name="Nath_2020_The_Hindu"/> ==== ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ==== ASI ᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱕,᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ (artefacts) ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|pp=63, 71, 72}}<ref name="Harappan Surprises">{{cite web |title=Harappan Surprises | url=http://www.frontline.in/arts-and-culture/heritage/harappan-surprises/article6032206.ece?homepage=true |publisher=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |date=13 June 2014|access-date=14 March 2018}}</ref> ᱯᱟᱠᱟ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ, ᱱᱟᱞᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ, ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ, ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ, [[ᱴᱮᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴᱟ]] (terracotta) ᱤᱴᱟᱹ, ᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ, ᱟᱨ [[ᱠᱟᱸᱥᱟ]] (bronze) ᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝᱟᱱ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱬ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱜᱚᱦᱚᱬᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴᱟ, ᱥᱟᱸᱠᱷ (conch) ᱪᱮᱞᱮ, ᱥᱚᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝᱟᱱ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱥᱟᱠᱚᱢ (bangles) ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070225134410/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=223720 ''Chandigarh Newsline'', 2/23/2007, 'Rakhigarhi is the Largest Harappan Site Ever Found']</ref> ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑.᱙᱒ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱪᱚᱲᱟ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ ᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱵᱚᱝᱜᱟ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱪᱚᱲᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾ ᱪᱟᱹᱴᱤ-ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱵᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱵᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟᱞᱤ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾ ᱠᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱥᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟ traditional/ ᱡᱚ traditional/ ᱡᱚ cross/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ natives/ ᱡᱚ Native/ ᱡᱚ natives/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ natives/ ᱡᱚ Native/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ nat/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ nativity/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ nat/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ custom/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ natively/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ ᱭᱚᱜᱽᱭᱚ ᱵᱟᱝᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮᱭᱟᱠᱚ᱾ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱭᱞᱟᱹ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱤᱴᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱞᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱴᱮᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴᱟ ᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ (weights), ᱠᱟᱸᱥᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ, ᱱᱟᱠᱤᱡ, ᱛᱟᱸᱵᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱥᱤ, ᱥᱩᱸ we/ ᱥᱩᱸ create/ ᱥᱩᱸ we/ ᱥᱩᱸ cross/ ᱥᱩᱸ needle/ ᱥᱩᱸᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱮᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴᱟ ᱥᱤᱞ (seals) ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱸᱥᱟ ᱵᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱑ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱠᱷᱟᱱᱟ (gold foundry) ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱓᱐᱐᱐ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱰ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝᱟᱱ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱰ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱟᱵ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱩᱸ we/ ᱩᱱᱩ we/ ᱩᱱᱩ cross/ ᱩᱱᱩ native/ ᱩᱱᱩ stove/ ᱩᱱᱩᱫᱩᱜ (furnace) ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱑᱑ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ (skeletons) ᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ (ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ) ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ, ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱵᱟᱥᱚᱱ-ᱯᱟᱛᱟ an/ ᱯᱟᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱮᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱸᱠᱷ ᱥᱟᱠᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱡᱩᱵᱚᱱᱫᱷ (armlet) ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝᱟᱱ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ==== ᱜᱚᱞᱟ/ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ (Granary) ==== ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ (2600 BCE ᱠᱷᱚᱱ 2000 BCE) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱚᱞᱟ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ (granary) ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱜᱚᱞᱟ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ-ᱤᱴᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱚᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟ software/ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟ cross/ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟ native/ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟ cross/ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟ compute/ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟ compute/ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟ-ᱞᱮᱵᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱗ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱪᱟ structure/ ᱪᱟ cross/ ᱪᱟ standard/ ᱪᱟ coordinate/ ᱪᱟ corner/ ᱪᱟ rectangular ᱵᱟᱝᱢᱟ square ᱠᱩᱷᱲᱤ (chambers) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ==== ᱥᱟᱯᱟᱯ ᱠᱚ ==== ᱛᱟᱸᱵᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟ (hafts) ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱸᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱟᱯ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ, ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱰᱟᱯᱟᱞ, ᱜᱩᱞᱤ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ/ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ (toy culture) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ (stamps), ᱜᱚᱦᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ 'ᱪᱟᱨᱴ' (chert) ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ-ᱵᱟᱬᱤᱡ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱩᱯᱚᱛᱭᱚᱠᱟ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ (IVC) ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱵᱽᱭᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟ (standardised weight systems) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱟᱹᱣᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news |title=Dig this! 5,000-yr-old skeletons found in Hisar |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/haryana/archaeologists-find-5-000-yr-old-skeletons-at-rakhigarhi-in-hisar/article1-1337371.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415222158/http://www.hindustantimes.com/haryana/archaeologists-find-5-000-yr-old-skeletons-at-rakhigarhi-in-hisar/article1-1337371.aspx |archive-date=15 April 2015 |work=Hindustan Times|date=15 April 2015}}</ref> ==== ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ, ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ-ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱪᱷᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ-ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ==== ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ (Fire altars) ᱟᱨ [[Apse|ᱟᱯᱥᱤᱰᱟᱞ (apsidal)]] ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref group=web name="ASI_1997-98"/>{{dead link|date=November 2021}} ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱸᱥᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱥᱠᱚᱢ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ, [[Chanhudaro|ᱪᱟᱱᱦᱩᱫᱟᱲᱚ]] ᱟᱨ [[Harappa|ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾{{sfnp|McIntosh|2008|p=293, 333}} ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ {{quantify|date=September 2021}} ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱢᱩᱦᱩᱨ (stamps seals) ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|pp=63, 71, 72}} ==== ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱜᱟᱰ ᱠᱚ ==== ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱪᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ (cemetery) ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱜᱟᱰ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱤᱴᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱰᱟᱯᱟᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱜᱟᱰ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱸᱫᱩᱠ (wooden coffin) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|pp=63, 71, 72}} ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱜᱟᱰ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ; ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱴᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾{{sfnp|McIntosh|2008|p=215, 293}} ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱔᱖ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ (skeletons) ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱕᱓ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱓᱗ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ-ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ (anthropological) ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱠᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱑᱗ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ-ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ (adults), ᱘ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱦᱚᱲ (subadults) ᱟᱨ ᱑᱒ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱗ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ (sex) ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱗ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱫᱷᱟᱹ (supine position) ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱸᱰᱩᱵ (prone position) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱮᱪᱟᱠ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱜᱟᱰ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱜᱟᱰ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱪᱟᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱴᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟ (pottery) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱪᱟᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟ (votive pots) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ (secondary burials) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱞᱚ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱞᱚ (cremation practices) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱟᱵᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱩᱬ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱜᱩᱴ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ (group burials) ᱟᱨ ᱚᱸᱰᱩᱵ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ (lineage) ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱮᱞᱤᱭᱳ-ᱯᱮᱨᱟᱥᱟᱭᱴᱤᱠ (Paleo-parasitical) ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ DNA ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱠᱷᱟ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news|date=26 March 2018|title=Mysteries of Rakhigarhi's Harappan Necropolis: In burials from 4,000 years ago, women both exalted, condemned|work=The Indian Express|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/mysteries-of-rakhigarhis-harappan-necropolis-in-burials-from-4000-years-ago-women-both-exalted-condemned-5111253/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Shinde|first1=Vasant S.|last2=Kim|first2=Yong Jun|last3=Woo|first3=Eun Jin|last4=Jadhav|first4=Nilesh|last5=Waghmare|first5=Pranjali|last6=Yadav|first6=Yogesh|last7=Munshi|first7=Avradeep|last8=Chatterjee|first8=Malavika|last9=Panyam|first9=Amrithavalli|date=21 February 2018|title=Archaeological and anthropological studies on the Harappan cemetery of Rakhigarhi, India|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=13|issue=2|article-number=e0192299|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0192299|issn=1932-6203|pmc=5821334|pmid=29466426|bibcode=2018PLoSO..1392299S|doi-access=free}}</ref> ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱡ (stomach) ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱮᱨᱟᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ (Parasite eggs) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ (origins) ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ [[A-DNA|aDNA]] ᱟᱨ ᱯᱮᱨᱟᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹᱱ DNA ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱠᱷᱟ (analysis) ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news|date=12 January 2014|title=Scientists to study parasite eggs in Harappan graves|work=The Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Scientists-to-study-parasite-eggs-in-Harappan-graves/articleshow/28692622.cms}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Biomedical Studies on Archaeology|url=http://shinpaleopathology.blogspot.in/2014/02/our-work-on-rakhigarhi.html|date=19 February 2014|access-date=9 June 2014|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305004158/http://shinpaleopathology.blogspot.in/2014/02/our-work-on-rakhigarhi.html}}</ref> ==== ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ==== {{See also|Indo-Aryan migrations|Indigenous Aryanism}} ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ, ᱰᱷᱤᱯ RGR-7 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱔,᱖᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱞᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ-ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ, ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ-ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ ('I6113' ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ) ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾{{sfnp|Shinde et al.|2019}} ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱸᱠᱷᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=bp3>{{cite news|title=Dig this! 5,000-yr-old skeletons found in Hisar |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/haryana/archaeologists-find-5-000-yr-old-skeletons-at-rakhigarhi-in-hisar/article1-1337371.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415222158/http://www.hindustantimes.com/haryana/archaeologists-find-5-000-yr-old-skeletons-at-rakhigarhi-in-hisar/article1-1337371.aspx|archive-date=15 April 2015| work=Hindustan Times| date=15 April 2015}}</ref><ref group=web name="Nath_2020_The_Hindu"/> {{anchor | Love | Couple | Love birds | Rakhigarhi love birds }} {{external media | float = | width = 258px | topic = <!--centered italic text---> | caption = <!-- text placed left or right of headerimage ---> | headerimage = <!--search commons please include "|alt= text" and x-height in px "|x20px" example [[File:YouTube Logo 2017.svg|alt=YouTube logo|x20px|left]] or ...|right]] ---> | title = | image1 = Photo of the [https://synapse.koreamed.org/articles/ViewImage.php?fn=acb-51-200-g002_1049ACB&id=F2 skeleton of ''"Rakhigarhi love birds"'' buried together] with male (11A) facing the woman (11B), with their [[Antyesti#Cremation rituals|feet pointing south]] and head towards north.<ref name=jh4/>}} ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱓᱕ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱔᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱤᱡ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮᱱᱤᱡ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱟᱲᱮ-ᱟᱲᱮ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ (ceremonial burial) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ [[Veneration of the dead#India|ᱜᱚᱡ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ]] ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱴᱚᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ (collar bone) ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[agate|ᱮᱜᱮᱴ (agate)]] ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>[https://edition.cnn.com/2019/01/10/health/harappa-grave-couple-india-scli-intl/index.html Ancient lovers found in Indian burial site mystify and intrigue archaeologists], CNN, 10 January 2019.</ref><ref name=jh4>Vasant Shinde1, et al, 2018, [https://synapse.koreamed.org/articles/1101692 A young couple's grave found in the Rakhigarhi cemetery of the Harappan Civilization], Anatomy & Cell Biology, vol 51 (3), pp. 200-204.</ref> ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱚ {{height|cm=177}} ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱚ {{height|cm=171}} ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ, ᱪᱚᱴ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱵᱮᱲᱟ ᱨᱮ ''"ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱱᱤᱨᱚᱜᱽ"'' ᱠᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-46806084 Harappa grave of ancient 'couple' reveals secrets], BBC, 9 January 2019.</ref> ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱮ ᱮᱴ ᱟᱞ. (Shinde et al. 2019) ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ DNA- ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱠᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱘ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱨᱮ ''Cell Magazine'' ᱨᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ DNA ᱨᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱯᱤ (steppe) ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[Aryan migration theory|ᱟᱨᱭᱚ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱥᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱛᱚ]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫᱚᱜ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱤᱱᱰᱚ-ᱟᱨᱭᱚ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱴᱮᱯᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾{{sfnp|Shinde et al.|2019}}<ref name="Bal_2019_The_Caravan">{{Cite magazine |last=Bal |first=Hartosh Singh |date=30 September 2019 |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/commentary/what-media-reporting-ancient-dna-results-says-about-our-times |title=What media reporting on ancient DNA results says about our times |magazine=The Caravan |access-date=7 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Mahalakshmi |first=R. |date=October 2019 |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/heritage/article29507212.ece |title=DNA analysis of Harappan skeleton from Rakhigarhi: Thin evidence |magazine=Frontline |access-date=7 December 2019}}</ref> ᱒᱐᱑᱖ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱢᱩᱴ ᱖᱑ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾{{citation needed|date=July 2024}} ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱮ, ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱛᱚᱛᱣᱚ-ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽᱱᱟᱭᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ DNA ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱛᱟᱹᱠᱱᱤᱠ (technology) ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱔᱕᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref group=web name="Subramian_2015_TheHindu"/> ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱚ {{height|cm=175.8}} ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱚ {{height|cm=166.1}} ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱚᱸᱫᱟᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>Nath A., Walimbe S.R., Garge T.M., Mushrif-Tripathy V., Dehuri R., and Malik A. (2015) Harappan interments at Rakhigarhi, Haryana. Man and Environment, XL: 9–32.</ref> ᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱨᱮ, ᱓.᱕ ᱥᱠᱚᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ 'ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱗' (Mound 7) ᱞᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱕᱖ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakrabarty |first1=Sreeparna |date=7 May 2024 |title=The 4,600-year-old woman from Rakhigarhi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/the-4600-year-old-woman-from-rakhigarhi/article68132364.ece |work=The Hindu |access-date=21 July 2024}}</ref> === ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱞᱳᱪᱚᱱᱟ === [[Archaeological Survey of India|ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱛᱚᱛᱣᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱵᱷᱮ]] (ASI) ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ (digs) ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ "[[zamindar|ᱡᱚᱢᱤᱱᱫᱟᱨᱤ]]" ᱵᱽᱭᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱞᱳᱪᱚᱱᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ "ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱞᱟ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ" ᱴᱷᱮᱱ "ᱞᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱠᱪᱷᱚᱛᱨᱚ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ" ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,{{sfn|Avikunthak|2022|p=84}} ᱟᱨ ASI ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱩᱬ/ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱠ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱩᱠᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Varma|Menon|2010|loc=note 14|ps=: "The prestige of an archaeologist was not assessed on the basis of his/her analytical or theoretical contribution to Indian archaeology but on the number of sites discovered and the temporal antiquity of the site. It was understood that the older the site, the more prestigious it was to discover and dig it. [...] specialists are in short supply in the ASI… to tell you the truth, they don't encourage specialisation in the ASI… there were no archaeozoologists, archaeobotanists, archaeometallurgists nor were there any lithic or ceramic specialists [at [[Bhirrana]]]. [...] all senior archaeologists in the ASI have right wing sympathies"}} ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱱᱰᱤᱛ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱽᱭᱟᱠᱷᱭᱟ, ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱛᱚᱛᱣᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ, ASI ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱱᱛᱟᱹᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱵᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ: ASI ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ [[Hindutva|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩᱛᱣᱚ]] ᱪᱤᱱᱛᱟᱹᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ [[Vedas|ᱵᱮᱫᱽ]] ᱟᱨ [[Sanskrit|ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ]] ᱥᱟᱶ (ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ) ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱭᱚᱛᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱫᱮᱥᱤ (indigenous) ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱱᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ [[Saraswati River|ᱥᱚᱨᱚᱥᱣᱚᱛᱤ ᱱᱟᱹᱭ]] ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[Indigenous Aryanism|ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ]] ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱩᱞ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱨᱮ "ᱵᱤᱵᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ" ᱾{{sfn|Avikunthak|2022|pp=34, 51-56}} == ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ == === ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ === ᱒᱐᱑᱒ ᱢᱮ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱜᱞᱳᱵᱟᱞ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱯᱷᱚᱸᱰ (Global Heritage Fund) ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨᱟᱱ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱮᱥᱚᱨ, ᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱵᱽᱭᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱩᱴᱯᱟᱴ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱣᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref group=web name="Deswal_2015_The_Tribune"/><ref>{{cite web | title = Rakhigarhi likely to be developed into a world heritage site |publisher=India Today | url = https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/rakhigarhi-all-set-to-be-developed-as-a-heritage-site-as-plans-road-to-fame-through-harappa-157337-2013-03-31 | date=31 March 2013| access-date = 8 August 2013 }}</ref> [[Sunday Times|ᱥᱟᱱᱰᱮ ᱴᱟᱭᱤᱢᱥ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱒᱐᱑᱒ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱢᱮᱬᱦᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱣᱩᱱᱰᱨᱤ ᱵᱷᱤᱛ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱪᱟᱠ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱱᱤᱡᱮᱨᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web | url = http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-06-03/news/32006465_1_heritage-sites-mound-archaeological-survey | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130523000002/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-06-03/news/32006465_1_heritage-sites-mound-archaeological-survey | archive-date = 23 May 2013 | title = Can Rakhigarhi, the largest Indus Valley Civilisation site be saved? | last1 = Archana | first1 = Khare Ghose | date = 3 June 2012 | website = [[Sunday Times]] | access-date = 5 June 2012 }}</ref> ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ, ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ, ᱵᱮ-ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱᱤ ᱜᱤᱛᱤᱞ ᱞᱟ, ᱵᱮ-ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱᱤ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱛᱚᱛᱣᱚ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱩᱢᱵᱽᱲᱩ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱫᱷᱣᱚᱝᱥᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱹᱡᱟᱹᱭᱟᱱ ᱚᱯᱚᱨᱟᱫᱷ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱖ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱘᱐% – ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱟᱨ ᱗ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱨᱮ ᱔ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱪᱟᱥ-ᱵᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱫᱷᱣᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref group=web name="Deswal_2015_The_Tribune"/> === ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ === ᱰᱷᱤᱯ R4 ᱟᱨ R5 ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱪᱟᱠ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱑᱕᱒ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref group=web name="Nath_2020_The_Hindu"/> ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱚᱪᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱳᱨᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱢᱞᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ASI ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱓᱕᱐-ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱑ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱛᱚᱛᱣᱚ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱘᱓.᱕ ᱮᱠᱚᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref group=web name="Nath_2020_The_Hindu"/> === ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ-ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ === ᱒᱐᱒᱐ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ, ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ [[Nirmala Sitharaman|ᱱᱤᱨᱢᱚᱞᱟ ᱥᱤᱛᱟ-ᱨᱟᱢᱚᱱ]] ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱭᱠᱳᱱᱤᱠ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news |last=Maanav |first=Sushil |date=2 February 2020 |title=Rakhigarhi to be developed as iconic site |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/rakhigarhi-to-be-developed-as-iconic-site-34808 |work=The Tribune |access-date=20 July 2024}}</ref> ASI ᱫᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱚᱪᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱱᱟ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ R4 ᱟᱨ R5 ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱑᱕᱒ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱪᱚᱜᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱣᱩᱥᱤᱝ ᱯᱷᱞᱮᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ-ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref group=web name="Nath_2020_The_Hindu"/> === ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱷᱤᱞ === {{main|Rakhigarhi Indus Valley Civilisation Museum}} {{see also|Haryana Rural Antique Museum|Jahaj Kothi Museum}} ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[Indus Valley Civilisation|ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱩᱯᱚᱛᱭᱚᱠᱟ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ]] ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sura |first1=Ajay |date=13 February 2016 |title=Harappan museum at Rakhigarhi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Harappan-museum-at-Rakhigarhi/articleshow/50971406.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=20 July 2024}}</ref> ᱖᱐ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ [[Haryana Rural Antique Museum|ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ]] ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University|CCS HAU]] ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ ᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ-ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱥ-ᱵᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱠᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱫᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|title=Gazetteer of India Haryana, Hisar|url=http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/gazetteer_india_hisar.pdf|website=revenueharyana.gov.in|publisher=Government OF Haryana|access-date=31 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140501213030/http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/gazetteer_india_hisar.pdf|archive-date=1 May 2014}}</ref> [[George Thomas (soldier)|ᱡᱚᱨᱡᱽ ᱛᱷᱚᱢᱟᱥ]] ᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[Jahaj Kothi Museum|ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱡᱽ ᱠᱳᱴᱷᱤ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ]] ᱫᱚ [[Firoz Shah Palace Complex|ᱯᱷᱤᱨᱳᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱦ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱞᱮᱠᱥ]] ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ [[Archaeological Survey of India|ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱛᱚᱛᱣᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱵᱷᱮ]] ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ-ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>[http://haryanatourism.gov.in/showpage.aspx?contentid=5262 Jahaj Kothi museum]</ref> ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱦᱟᱱᱟ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ [[johad|ᱡᱚᱦᱟᱲ]] ᱫᱚ ᱡᱷᱤᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱷᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱷᱤᱞ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮ [[tower|ᱵᱩᱨᱡᱤ]] ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[ghat|ᱜᱷᱟᱴ]] ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱷᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱨᱠ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱷᱤᱞ ᱟᱪᱩᱨ ᱛᱮ, ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱛᱟᱲᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>[https://www.jagran.com/haryana/hisar-lake-being-built-in-rakhigarhi-on-the-lines-of-sukhna-lake-of-chandigarh-22025020.html Lake being built in Rakhigarhi] ([https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=hi&tl=en&u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jagran.com%2Fharyana%2Fhisar-lake-being-built-in-rakhigarhi-on-the-lines-of-sukhna-lake-of-chandigarh-22025020.html english translation of original hindi news "चंडीगढ़ की सुखना लेक की तर्ज पर राखीगढ़ी में बन रही झील"]), Dainik Jagran, 16 September 2021.</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱷᱟᱴ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱮ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ [[Drishadvati river|ᱫᱽᱨᱤᱥᱚᱫᱽᱣᱚᱛᱤ ᱱᱟᱹᱭ]] ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱤᱸᱜᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ [[Lothal|ᱞᱳᱛᱷᱟᱞ]] ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ [[Dholavira#Coastal route|ᱫᱷᱳᱞᱟᱵᱷᱤᱨᱟ]] ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱫᱤ-ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱷᱟᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[Indus–Mesopotamia relations|ᱢᱮᱥᱳᱯᱳᱴᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ]] ([[Elam|ᱮᱞᱟᱢ]] ᱟᱨ [[Sumer|ᱥᱩᱢᱮᱨ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ) ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref>[https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/heritage/article29507212.ece DNA analysis of Harappan skeleton from Rakhigarhi: Thin evidence], Frontline, 11 October 2019.</ref> == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ == * [[Indus Valley Civilisation|ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱩᱯᱚᱛᱭᱚᱠᱟ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ]] ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭᱟᱱ * [[List of inventions and discoveries of the Indus Valley Civilization|ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱩᱯᱚᱛᱭᱚᱠᱟ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱰᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ]] * [[Rakhigarhi Indus Valley Civilisation Museum|ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱩᱯᱚᱛᱭᱚᱠᱟ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ]] == ᱱᱳᱴ ᱠᱚ == {{reflist|group=note|refs= <!-- ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽ --> {{refn|group=note|name="size"|ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽ: * {{harvnb|Allchin|Erdosy|1995|p=78}}: "᱘᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱒᱕ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟᱞᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾" * {{harvnb|Kenoyer|1998|p=49}}: "ᱠᱮᱪᱟᱠ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱖ ᱜᱩᱬ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱑᱕᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱮᱥᱮᱫ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ [...] ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱭᱚᱛᱟ: ᱢᱚᱦᱮᱸᱡᱚ-ᱫᱟᱲᱳ (+᱒᱐᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ), ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ (+᱑᱕᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ), ᱜᱚᱱᱮᱨᱤᱣᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ (+᱘᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ) ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱳᱞᱟᱵᱷᱤᱨᱟ (᱑᱐᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ) ᱾" * {{harvnb|Possehl|2002|p=72}}: "ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱗ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱩᱥᱩᱞᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱪᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱳᱡᱷᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱰᱮ-ᱯᱟᱥᱮ ᱴᱟᱺᱰᱤ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱰᱷᱟᱞᱩ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱤᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱨᱮ (RGR-1 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ 5) ᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ RGR-6, ᱟᱨᱰᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱳᱛᱷᱤ-ᱥᱤᱥᱣᱟᱞ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ, ᱯᱟᱞᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱧ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱧᱮᱞᱤᱧ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱧᱟᱹᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱘᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾" * {{harvnb|Heitzman|2008|p=35}}: "ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱦᱮᱸᱡᱚ-ᱫᱟᱲᱳ (᱑᱐᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱒᱐᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱮᱥᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ); ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤ ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ (᱑᱕᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ); ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱳᱞᱟᱵᱷᱤᱨᱟ (᱑᱐᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ); ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤ ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱱᱮᱨᱤᱣᱟᱞᱟ (᱘᱒ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ); ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ (᱘᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱐ base᱕ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ) ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾" * {{harvnb|Wright|2009|p=133}}: "ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱐᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾" * {{harvnb|Coningham|Young|2015|p=183}} ᱠᱳᱴ: ᱢᱚᱦᱮᱸᱡᱚ-ᱫᱟᱲᱳ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱕᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱮᱥᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱕᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ, ᱫᱷᱳᱞᱟᱵᱷᱤᱨᱟ ᱑᱐᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱱᱮᱨᱤᱣᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱘᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾"}} }} qlo1xdbejqhgse1vtturk7uz3n3jqnq 197837 197836 2026-09-15T04:58:46Z ᱚᱨᱯᱤᱛᱟ ᱦᱮᱢᱵᱨᱚᱢ 7474 197837 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox historic site | name = ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ | native_name = | other_name = ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤ ᱜᱚᱲᱤ | image = Rakhigarhi Harappan civilization.jpg | caption = | pushpin_map = India Haryana#India#South Asia | pushpin_alt = | pushpin_relief = y | coordinates = {{Coord|29|17|35|N|76|6|51|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}} | location = [[ᱦᱟᱸᱥᱤ]] ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ, [[ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] | region = | type = ᱟᱹᱛᱩ / ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ | part_of = | length = | width = | area = {{convert|350|ha|abbr=on}}<ref group=web name="Subramanian_2014_The_Hindu"/> | height = | builder = | material = | built = {{circa|3500 BC}} | abandoned = | epochs = <!-- actually displays as "Periods" --> | cultures = [[ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ]] | dependency_of = | occupants = | event = | excavations = 1963, 1997–2000, 2012–2016, 2021–ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ<ref group=web name=Ahluwalia_2023_The_Print/> | archaeologists = | condition = | ownership = | management = | public_access = | website = | notes = }} '''ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ''' ᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ '''ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤ ᱜᱚᱲᱤ''' ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱦᱟᱸᱥᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱟᱨ [[ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱕᱐ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱜᱷᱟᱜᱽᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ]] ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ,{{sfnp|Wright|2009|p=133}} ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱜᱽᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱗ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱝᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱨᱤ-ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ (6000?/4600-3300 BC), ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ (3300-2600 BC), ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ (2600-1900 BC) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Garge|2010|p=25}} ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱕ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐᱑᱔ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱹᱠᱷᱩᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱘᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱐᱐+ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ,{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|p=72}}{{sfnp|Coningham|Young|2015|p=183}}{{sfnp|Kenoyer|1998|p=49}}{{sfnp|Allchin|Erdosy|1995|p=78}}{{sfnp|Heitzman|2008|p=35}}{{sfnp|Wright|2009|p=133}}{{refn|group=note|name="size"}} ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱕ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱩᱨ-ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ (ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ)|ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱗ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱫᱮᱠᱷᱟᱣ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|p=72}} ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱗ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱝᱢᱟ শ্মᱥᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Nath et al.|2015|loc=fig. 1}}{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|p=72}}{{sfnp|Shinde et al.|2019}} ᱒᱐᱑᱔ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ (ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱗ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ) ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ - ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ/ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱵᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱑ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱤᱱ/ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ{{sfn|Shinde|Shin|Bhattacharyya|2023|pp=33, 45}} - ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱵᱷᱮ]] (ASI) ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ,<ref group=web name="Subramanian_2014_The_Hindu"/> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱓᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱕᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|p=72}}{{sfnp|Nath et al.|2015|p=10|ps=: "mounds of which 1 to 5 are integrated while a few are removed from each other."}} ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱑᱙᱙᱐ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱒᱐᱑᱒ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱑᱖ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱒᱒ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref group=web name=Ahluwalia_2023_The_Print/> ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱜᱮ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ {{sfnp|Possehl|2002|pp=63, 71, 72}}<ref group=web name="Nath_2020_The_Hindu"/> ᱟᱨ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾{{sfnp|McIntosh|2008|p=215, 293}} ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱱ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[ᱢᱤᱛᱟᱛᱷᱚᱞ]] ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ [[ᱞᱳᱦᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱟᱜᱷᱳ]], ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱟᱹᱣᱨᱤ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱥᱤᱱᱰᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ (᱒᱐᱑᱙) ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ (skeleton) ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ DNA-ᱴᱮᱥᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ DNA ᱨᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱯᱤ (steppe) ᱦᱟᱯᱲᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱟᱨᱭᱚ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱛᱷᱤᱭᱚᱨᱤ]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫᱚᱜ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱤᱱᱰᱳ-ᱟᱨᱭᱚ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱴᱮᱯᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Shinde et al.|2019}} == ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱬ ᱠᱚ == === ᱴᱷᱟᱶ === ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱷᱟᱜᱽᱜᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ,{{sfnp|Wright|2009|p=133}} ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱜᱽᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱗ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱝᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ᱾ ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧ, ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref group=web name=census2011-1>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0612_PART_B_DCHB_HISAR.pdf Census of India, 2011]</ref> [[ᱡᱮᱱ ᱢᱮᱠᱤᱱᱴᱳᱥ]] (Jane McIntosh) ᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱣᱟᱞᱤᱠ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱨᱟᱜᱽ historic/ ᱯᱨᱟᱜᱽ-ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[ᱫᱨᱤᱥᱚᱫᱽᱣᱚᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾{{sfnp|McIntosh|2008|p=76}} [[ᱪᱚᱣᱛᱚᱝ]] ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱚᱨᱥᱩᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱜᱷᱟᱜᱽᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref group=web name="ambalaonline"/><ref group=web name="Chopra_2010_IE"/> === ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱞ === [[ᱜᱨᱮᱜᱚᱨᱤ ᱯᱳᱥᱮᱦᱞ]], [[ᱡᱳᱱᱟᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱠ ᱠᱮᱱᱳᱭᱮᱨ]], [[ᱨᱮᱢᱚᱱᱰ ᱚᱞᱪᱤᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱨᱤᱴᱟ ᱯᱤ. ᱨᱟᱭᱤᱴ]] ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱹᱠᱷᱩᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱘᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱐᱐+ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Allchin|Erdosy|1995|p=78}}{{sfnp|Kenoyer|1998|p=49}}{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|p=72}}{{sfnp|Heitzman|2008|p=35}}{{sfnp|Wright|2009|p=133}}{{sfnp|Coningham|Young|2015|p=183}}{{refn|group=note|name="size"}} ᱱᱟᱛᱷ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ (᱒᱐᱑᱕) ᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, "ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [{{convert|300|hectare|km2}}] ᱨᱮᱰᱤᱭᱚᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱗ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱑ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱕ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾"{{sfnp|Nath et al.|2015}} ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ''"RGR-x"'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱴᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ RGR-1 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ RGR-11᱾<ref group=web name="ASI_1997-98"/> ᱒᱐᱑᱔ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ, ᱗ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱔ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ, RGR-8 ᱟᱨ RGR-9, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱵᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱥ-ᱵᱟᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ [[ᱵᱚᱥᱚᱱᱛᱚ ᱥᱤᱱᱰᱮ]] ᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱕ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ {{convert|350|hectare|km2}} ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱸᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱢᱚᱦᱮᱸᱡᱳ-ᱫᱟᱲᱳ]] (᱓᱐᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱕᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾<ref group=web name="Subramanian_2014_The_Hindu"/><ref group=web name="Deswal_2015_The_Tribune"/> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ [[ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ (ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ)|ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|p=72}} ᱕ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱨ-ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ RGR-1 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ RGR-5, ᱫᱚ ᱘᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱐᱐+ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ RGR-6 ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ "ᱟᱨᱰᱟ" (Arda) ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ:{{sfnp|Nath et al.|2015|loc=fig. 1}} ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ "ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ",{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|p=72}} ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱮ ᱫᱮᱠᱷᱟᱣ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾ (ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱵᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ [[ᱠᱩᱥᱟᱬ ᱥᱟᱢᱨᱟᱡᱽ]] ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾{{sfn|Shinde|Shin|Bhattacharyya|2023|p=33}}) RGR-7 ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱝᱢᱟ শ্মᱥᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱫᱮᱠᱷᱟᱣ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾{{sfnp|Nath et al.|2015|loc=fig. 1}}{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|p=72}} ᱒᱐᱑᱔ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ (ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱗ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ) ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ - ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ/ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱵᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱑ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱤᱱ/ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ{{sfn|Shinde|Shin|Bhattacharyya|2023|pp=33, 45}} - ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱵᱷᱮ (ASI) ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ,<ref group=web name="Subramanian_2014_The_Hindu"/> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱓᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱕᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|p=72}}{{sfnp|Nath et al.|2015|p=10|ps=: "mounds of which 1 to 5 are integrated while a few are removed from each other."}} === ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ (Dating) === {{see also|Periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation|l1=ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ|Pottery in the Indian subcontinent|l2=ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱚᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱹᱴᱤ-ᱦᱟ we/ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟ network/ ᱵᱟ pattern/ ᱵᱟ spatial/ ᱵᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ|Black and red ware}} ᱛᱮᱡᱚᱥ ᱜᱟᱨᱜᱮ ᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ "ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱛᱟ external/ ᱛᱷᱟ semi/ ᱛᱷᱟᱨ" ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ "᱖᱐᱐᱐(?)-᱔᱖᱐᱐-᱓᱘᱐᱐" ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱟᱨ Period I ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ "᱓᱒᱐᱐-᱒᱘᱐᱐ ᱵᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱤ." (B.C.E.) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Garge|2010|p=25}} ᱯᱳᱥᱮᱦᱞ ᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ "RGR-6, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱳᱛᱷᱤ (ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ)|ᱥᱳᱛᱷᱤ]]-[[ᱥᱤᱥᱣᱟᱞ]] ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱟᱨᱰᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾"{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|p=72}} ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ RGR-1 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ RGR-6 ᱫᱚ ''" pre-formation age ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ"'' ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ RGR-7 ᱫᱚ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟ micro/ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref group=web name="Deswal_2018_TTI"/> ASI ᱫᱚ RGR-1, RGR-2, RGR-6 ᱟᱨ RGR-7 ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱚᱱ ᱰᱮᱴᱤᱝ (carbon dated) ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾ RGR-6 ᱨᱮ ''[[Pottery in the Indian subcontinent#Cultures with overlap with Indus Valley Civilization|Pre-harappan Phase]]'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱛᱷᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱕,᱖᱔᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ (BP) ᱟᱨ ᱕,᱔᱔᱐ (BP) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ RGR-1 ᱨᱮ ''[[Periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation#Early, Mature and Late Harappan|Early Harappan Phase]]'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱕,᱒᱐᱐ ᱟᱨ ᱔,᱕᱗᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ BP ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ RGR-2 ᱨᱮ focus/ ᱦᱚᱸ ''Early Harappan Phase'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱕,᱒᱐᱐ ᱟᱨ ᱔,᱕᱗᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ''[[Periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation#Datings and alternative proposals|Mature Harappan Phase]]'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱢᱯᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱔,᱐᱔᱐ ᱟᱨ ᱓,᱙᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ BP ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref group=web name="Deswal_2018_TTI"/> RGR-7, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ''Mature Harappan Phase'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱔᱖᱐᱐ BP ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Shinde et al.|2019}}<ref group=web name="Subramian_2015_TheHindu"/> ᱒᱐᱑᱔ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱙᱙᱗ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱖ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱰᱤᱭᱳᱠᱟᱨᱵᱚᱱ ᱰᱮᱴᱤᱝ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱜᱟᱹᱠᱷᱩᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱢᱚᱨᱮᱱᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱱᱟᱛᱷ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ Pre-formative, Early Harappan, ᱟᱨ Mature Harappan ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾ RGR-6 ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱨᱮ Sothi Phase ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱴᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ Pre-formative ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱰᱮᱴᱤᱝ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ: <math>6420 \pm 110</math> ᱟᱨ <math>6230 \pm 320</math> ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ (BP), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ <math>4470 \pm 110</math> '''B.C.E.''' ᱟᱨ <math>4280 \pm 320</math> '''B.C.E.''' ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Nath|Garge|Law|2014|p=84}} === ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ === ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮ design/ ᱵᱮ platform/ ᱵᱮ network/ ᱥᱩᱨ-ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱷᱟᱜᱽᱜᱟᱨ-ᱦᱟᱠᱲᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ, ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ ᱨᱮ [[ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱤᱥᱴ|ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ]] ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[ᱵᱷᱤᱨᱨᱟᱬᱟ]] (ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱔ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱘ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ-᱗ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱵᱤ.ᱥᱤ. ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ) ᱘᱖ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ,{{sfnp|Mani|2008|p=237-238}}{{sfnp|Sarkar et al.|2016|p=2-3}} [[ᱠᱩᱱᱟᱞ, ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ|ᱠᱩᱱᱟᱞ]] (''ᱠᱩᱱᱟᱞ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱨᱮᱦᱢᱟᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨᱤ]] ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱯᱲᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ) ᱗᱕ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ,<ref>Charles Keith Maisels, [https://books.google.com/books?id=I2dgI2ijww8C&pg=PA216 ''Early Civilizations of the Old World: The Formative Histories of Egypt, The Levant, Mesopotamia, India and China.''] Routledge, 2003 {{ISBN|1134837305}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Archaeological Survey of|first=India|title=Excavations at Kunal,Haryana|journal=Indian Archaeology 1998-99 a Review|year=2004|pages=11–12|url=http://asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/Indian%20Archaeology%201998-99%20A%20Review.pdf|access-date=13 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508064754/http://asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/Indian%20Archaeology%201998-99%20A%20Review.pdf|archive-date=8 May 2012}}</ref> [[ᱥᱤᱥᱣᱟᱞ]] (''[[Siswal#Sothi-Siswal culture|ᱥᱳᱛᱷᱤ-ᱥᱤᱥᱣᱟᱞ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ]]'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱓᱘᱐᱐ ᱵᱤ.ᱥᱤ. ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ-ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ) ᱗᱕ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ,{{sfnp|Garge|2010|pp=15–40}}<ref name=dis1>[https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/the-harappan-civilisation-its-sub-cultures.html The Harappan Civilisation: Its Sub-cultures], Daily Pioneer, 10 May 2018.</ref> ᱟᱨ [[ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱵᱚᱝᱜᱟ]] (ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ) ᱒᱓᱕ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ,<ref>{{cite book|title= History of India |first= Herman |last= Kulke |publisher= Routledge |year=2004 |page=25 |isbn= 978-0-415-32920-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RoW9GuFJ9GIC&q=india++history}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱜᱷᱟᱜᱽᱜᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱵᱽ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ [[ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱵᱚᱝᱜᱟ]], [[ᱠᱩᱱᱟᱞ, ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ|ᱠᱩᱱᱟᱞ]], [[ᱵᱟᱞᱩ, ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ|ᱵᱟᱞᱩ]], [[ᱵᱷᱤᱨᱨᱟᱬᱟ]], ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟᱞᱤ]] ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Nath|Garge|Law|2014|p=84}} == ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ (Excavations) == {{see also|Phase (archaeology)|l1=ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ (Phases)|Chronological dating|l2=ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ|Pottery#Fabric|l3= ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱤᱠ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ}} ᱒᱐᱒᱐ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ, ASI ᱟᱨ ᱰᱮᱠᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱕% ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱜᱮ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref group=web name="Nath_2020_The_Hindu"/> === ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱚ === ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱒᱑-᱑᱙᱒᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱓᱑ ᱨᱮ [[ᱢᱚᱦᱮᱸᱡᱳ-ᱫᱟᱲᱳ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱞᱩ ᱑᱙᱖᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱑᱙᱙᱗–᱑᱙᱙᱘, ᱑᱙᱙᱘–᱑᱙᱙᱙ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱙᱙–᱒᱐᱐᱐, ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱑–᱒᱐᱑᱖ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱑ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ RGR-1 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ RGR-11 ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ RGR-5 ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱥᱟᱦᱯᱩᱨ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾ RGR-1 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ RGR-3, RGR6 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ RGR9 ᱟᱨ RGR-4 ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref group=web name="ASI_1997-98"/><ref group=web name="Deswal_2015_The_Tribune"/><ref name="Harappan Surprises"/><ref group=web name="Subramanian_2014_The_Hindu"/><ref group=web name="Deswal_2018_TTI"/> ᱑᱙᱖᱓ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ, [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱵᱷᱮ]] (ASI) ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Wright|2009|p=107}}<ref>{{citation|last=Sinopoli|first=Carla M.|editor=Norman Yoffee|title=The Cambridge World History|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKawBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA325|year=2015|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-19008-4|page=325|chapter=Ancient South Asian cities in their regions}} Quote: "Excavations have also occurred at Rakhigarhi, but only brief notes have been published, and little information is currently available on its form and organization. (page 325)"</ref> ᱑᱙᱖᱙ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ, [[ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱠᱷᱮᱛᱨᱚ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱤᱢ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱠ ᱥᱴᱚᱰᱤᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱰᱤᱱ ᱰᱨ. [[ᱥᱩᱨᱚᱡᱽ ᱵᱷᱟᱱ (ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱜᱟᱹᱠᱷᱩᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ)|ᱥᱩᱨᱚᱡᱽ ᱵᱷᱟᱱ]] ᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱞ-ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾<ref name=Anath1/> ᱑᱙᱙᱗–᱙᱘, ᱑᱙᱙᱘–᱙᱙ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱙᱙–᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱨᱮ, ASI ᱴᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱰᱨ. ᱟᱢᱚᱨᱮᱱᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱱᱟᱛᱷ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤᱠ ᱡᱚᱨᱱᱟᱞ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾<ref name="Anath1">Bhartesh Singh Thakur, [http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/former-archaeological-survey-director-sentenced-to-jail-for-fraud/story-PY4UDmliPR8nP174sVa4kK.html "Former Archaeological Survey director sentenced to jail for fraud"], [[Hindustan Times]], 15 October 2015.</ref><ref>{{cite web | first1=Amarendra | last1=Nath | url=http://asi.nic.in/pdf_data/rakhigarhi_excavation_report_new.pdf | title=Excavations at Rakhigarhi [1997-98 to 1999-2000] | access-date=22 February 2016 | website=Archaeological Survey of India | page=306 | date=31 December 2014}}</ref> ᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱴᱟᱠᱟ-ᱯᱟᱭᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ [[ᱥᱮᱸ central/ ᱥᱮ central/ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱨᱟᱞ ᱵᱤᱣᱨᱳ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱵᱷᱮᱥᱴᱤᱜᱮᱥᱚᱱ|CBI]] ᱛᱚᱱᱚᱠᱷᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱷ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref name=fraud1>{{cite news|title=Former Archaeological Survey director sentenced to jail for fraud|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/former-archaeological-survey-director-sentenced-to-jail-for-fraud/story-PY4UDmliPR8nP174sVa4kK.html|access-date=6 January 2016|work=Hindustan Times|date=15 October 2015}}</ref> ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱜᱮ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱮᱥᱚᱱᱟᱞ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱑᱖ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ, [[ᱰᱮᱠᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱯᱳᱥᱴ-ᱜᱨᱮᱡᱩᱮᱴ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱤᱥᱟᱨᱪ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱭᱩᱴ]] ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱤᱥ-ᱪᱟᱱᱥᱮᱞᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱜᱟᱹᱠᱷᱩᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱰᱨ. ᱵᱚᱥᱚᱱᱛᱚ ᱥᱤᱱᱰᱮ ᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱴᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱚ common/ ᱥᱚ common/ ᱥᱚ custom/ ᱥᱚ cross/ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱥᱭᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤᱠ ᱡᱚᱨᱱᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite news | first=Kuldip | last=Dhiman | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/book-reviews/engulfed-in-the-labyrinths-of-time-260177/ | title=Engulfed in the labyrinths of time | newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] | date=3 July 2016}}</ref>{{sfnp|Shinde|Green|Parmar|Sable|2012|p=48}} ᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ASI ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ [[ᱥᱮ central/ ᱥᱮ central/ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱨᱟᱞ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ]] ᱟᱨ ᱰᱨ. ᱵᱚᱥᱚᱱᱛᱚ ᱥᱤᱱᱰᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾<ref group=web name="Deswal_2018_TTI">Deepender Deswal (2018), [https://web.archive.org/web/20210919044542/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/harappan-site-in-hisar-draws-interest-of-archaeologists-313230 Harappan site in Hisar draws interest of archaeologists], The Tribune India, 18 September 2021.</ref> === ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ === [[File:Skeleton harappa.JPG|thumbnail|ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ (skeleton), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ [[ᱱᱮᱥᱚᱱᱟᱞ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ, ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ|ᱱᱮᱥᱚᱱᱟᱞ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ]] ᱨᱮ ᱫᱮᱠᱷᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾]] ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱵᱤᱛ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱔,᱖᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ (skeletons), ᱜᱚᱲ ᱯᱨᱟᱪᱤᱨ (fortification) ᱟᱨ ᱤᱴᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref group=web name="Nath_2020_The_Hindu"/> ==== ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ==== ASI ᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱕,᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ (artefacts) ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|pp=63, 71, 72}}<ref name="Harappan Surprises">{{cite web |title=Harappan Surprises | url=http://www.frontline.in/arts-and-culture/heritage/harappan-surprises/article6032206.ece?homepage=true |publisher=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |date=13 June 2014|access-date=14 March 2018}}</ref> ᱯᱟᱠᱟ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ, ᱱᱟᱞᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ, ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ, ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ, [[ᱴᱮᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴᱟ]] (terracotta) ᱤᱴᱟᱹ, ᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ, ᱟᱨ [[ᱠᱟᱸᱥᱟ]] (bronze) ᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝᱟᱱ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱬ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱜᱚᱦᱚᱬᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴᱟ, ᱥᱟᱸᱠᱷ (conch) ᱪᱮᱞᱮ, ᱥᱚᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝᱟᱱ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱥᱟᱠᱚᱢ (bangles) ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070225134410/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=223720 ''Chandigarh Newsline'', 2/23/2007, 'Rakhigarhi is the Largest Harappan Site Ever Found']</ref> ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑.᱙᱒ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱪᱚᱲᱟ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ ᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱵᱚᱝᱜᱟ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱪᱚᱲᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾ ᱪᱟᱹᱴᱤ-ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱵᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱵᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟᱞᱤ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾ ᱠᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱥᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟ traditional/ ᱡᱚ traditional/ ᱡᱚ cross/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ natives/ ᱡᱚ Native/ ᱡᱚ natives/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ natives/ ᱡᱚ Native/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ nat/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ nativity/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ nat/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ custom/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ natively/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ ᱭᱚᱜᱽᱭᱚ ᱵᱟᱝᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮᱭᱟᱠᱚ᱾ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱭᱞᱟᱹ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱤᱴᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱞᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱴᱮᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴᱟ ᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ (weights), ᱠᱟᱸᱥᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ, ᱱᱟᱠᱤᱡ, ᱛᱟᱸᱵᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱥᱤ, ᱥᱩᱸ we/ ᱥᱩᱸ create/ ᱥᱩᱸ we/ ᱥᱩᱸ cross/ ᱥᱩᱸ needle/ ᱥᱩᱸᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱮᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴᱟ ᱥᱤᱞ (seals) ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱸᱥᱟ ᱵᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱑ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱠᱷᱟᱱᱟ (gold foundry) ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱓᱐᱐᱐ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱰ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝᱟᱱ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱰ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱟᱵ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱩᱸ we/ ᱩᱱᱩ we/ ᱩᱱᱩ cross/ ᱩᱱᱩ native/ ᱩᱱᱩ stove/ ᱩᱱᱩᱫᱩᱜ (furnace) ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱑᱑ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ (skeletons) ᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ (ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ) ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ, ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱵᱟᱥᱚᱱ-ᱯᱟᱛᱟ an/ ᱯᱟᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱮᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱸᱠᱷ ᱥᱟᱠᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱡᱩᱵᱚᱱᱫᱷ (armlet) ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝᱟᱱ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ==== ᱜᱚᱞᱟ/ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ (Granary) ==== ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ (2600 BCE ᱠᱷᱚᱱ 2000 BCE) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱚᱞᱟ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ (granary) ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱜᱚᱞᱟ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ-ᱤᱴᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱚᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟ software/ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟ cross/ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟ native/ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟ cross/ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟ compute/ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟ compute/ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟ-ᱞᱮᱵᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱗ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱪᱟ structure/ ᱪᱟ cross/ ᱪᱟ standard/ ᱪᱟ coordinate/ ᱪᱟ corner/ ᱪᱟ rectangular ᱵᱟᱝᱢᱟ square ᱠᱩᱷᱲᱤ (chambers) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ==== ᱥᱟᱯᱟᱯ ᱠᱚ ==== ᱛᱟᱸᱵᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟ (hafts) ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱸᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱟᱯ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ, ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱰᱟᱯᱟᱞ, ᱜᱩᱞᱤ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ/ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ (toy culture) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ (stamps), ᱜᱚᱦᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ 'ᱪᱟᱨᱴ' (chert) ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ-ᱵᱟᱬᱤᱡ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱩᱯᱚᱛᱭᱚᱠᱟ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ (IVC) ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱵᱽᱭᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟ (standardised weight systems) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱟᱹᱣᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news |title=Dig this! 5,000-yr-old skeletons found in Hisar |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/haryana/archaeologists-find-5-000-yr-old-skeletons-at-rakhigarhi-in-hisar/article1-1337371.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415222158/http://www.hindustantimes.com/haryana/archaeologists-find-5-000-yr-old-skeletons-at-rakhigarhi-in-hisar/article1-1337371.aspx |archive-date=15 April 2015 |work=Hindustan Times|date=15 April 2015}}</ref> ==== ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ, ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ-ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱪᱷᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ-ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ==== ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ (Fire altars) ᱟᱨ [[Apse|ᱟᱯᱥᱤᱰᱟᱞ (apsidal)]] ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref group=web name="ASI_1997-98"/>{{dead link|date=November 2021}} ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱸᱥᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱥᱠᱚᱢ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ, [[Chanhudaro|ᱪᱟᱱᱦᱩᱫᱟᱲᱚ]] ᱟᱨ [[Harappa|ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾{{sfnp|McIntosh|2008|p=293, 333}} ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ {{quantify|date=September 2021}} ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱢᱩᱦᱩᱨ (stamps seals) ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|pp=63, 71, 72}} ==== ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱜᱟᱰ ᱠᱚ ==== ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱪᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ (cemetery) ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱜᱟᱰ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱤᱴᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱰᱟᱯᱟᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱜᱟᱰ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱸᱫᱩᱠ (wooden coffin) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾{{sfnp|Possehl|2002|pp=63, 71, 72}} ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱜᱟᱰ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ; ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱴᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾{{sfnp|McIntosh|2008|p=215, 293}} ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱔᱖ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ (skeletons) ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱕᱓ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱓᱗ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ-ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ (anthropological) ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱠᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱑᱗ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ-ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ (adults), ᱘ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱦᱚᱲ (subadults) ᱟᱨ ᱑᱒ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱗ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ (sex) ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱗ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱫᱷᱟᱹ (supine position) ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱸᱰᱩᱵ (prone position) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱮᱪᱟᱠ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱜᱟᱰ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱜᱟᱰ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱪᱟᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱴᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟ (pottery) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱪᱟᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟ (votive pots) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ (secondary burials) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱞᱚ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱞᱚ (cremation practices) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱟᱵᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱩᱬ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱜᱩᱴ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ (group burials) ᱟᱨ ᱚᱸᱰᱩᱵ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ (lineage) ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱮᱞᱤᱭᱳ-ᱯᱮᱨᱟᱥᱟᱭᱴᱤᱠ (Paleo-parasitical) ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ DNA ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱠᱷᱟ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news|date=26 March 2018|title=Mysteries of Rakhigarhi's Harappan Necropolis: In burials from 4,000 years ago, women both exalted, condemned|work=The Indian Express|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/mysteries-of-rakhigarhis-harappan-necropolis-in-burials-from-4000-years-ago-women-both-exalted-condemned-5111253/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Shinde|first1=Vasant S.|last2=Kim|first2=Yong Jun|last3=Woo|first3=Eun Jin|last4=Jadhav|first4=Nilesh|last5=Waghmare|first5=Pranjali|last6=Yadav|first6=Yogesh|last7=Munshi|first7=Avradeep|last8=Chatterjee|first8=Malavika|last9=Panyam|first9=Amrithavalli|date=21 February 2018|title=Archaeological and anthropological studies on the Harappan cemetery of Rakhigarhi, India|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=13|issue=2|article-number=e0192299|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0192299|issn=1932-6203|pmc=5821334|pmid=29466426|bibcode=2018PLoSO..1392299S|doi-access=free}}</ref> ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱡ (stomach) ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱮᱨᱟᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ (Parasite eggs) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ (origins) ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ [[A-DNA|aDNA]] ᱟᱨ ᱯᱮᱨᱟᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹᱱ DNA ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱠᱷᱟ (analysis) ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news|date=12 January 2014|title=Scientists to study parasite eggs in Harappan graves|work=The Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Scientists-to-study-parasite-eggs-in-Harappan-graves/articleshow/28692622.cms}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Biomedical Studies on Archaeology|url=http://shinpaleopathology.blogspot.in/2014/02/our-work-on-rakhigarhi.html|date=19 February 2014|access-date=9 June 2014|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305004158/http://shinpaleopathology.blogspot.in/2014/02/our-work-on-rakhigarhi.html}}</ref> ==== ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ==== {{See also|Indo-Aryan migrations|Indigenous Aryanism}} ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ, ᱰᱷᱤᱯ RGR-7 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱔,᱖᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱞᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ-ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ, ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ-ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ ('I6113' ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ) ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾{{sfnp|Shinde et al.|2019}} ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱸᱠᱷᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=bp3>{{cite news|title=Dig this! 5,000-yr-old skeletons found in Hisar |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/haryana/archaeologists-find-5-000-yr-old-skeletons-at-rakhigarhi-in-hisar/article1-1337371.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415222158/http://www.hindustantimes.com/haryana/archaeologists-find-5-000-yr-old-skeletons-at-rakhigarhi-in-hisar/article1-1337371.aspx|archive-date=15 April 2015| work=Hindustan Times| date=15 April 2015}}</ref><ref group=web name="Nath_2020_The_Hindu"/> {{anchor | Love | Couple | Love birds | Rakhigarhi love birds }} {{external media | float = | width = 258px | topic = <!--centered italic text---> | caption = <!-- text placed left or right of headerimage ---> | headerimage = <!--search commons please include "|alt= text" and x-height in px "|x20px" example [[File:YouTube Logo 2017.svg|alt=YouTube logo|x20px|left]] or ...|right]] ---> | title = | image1 = Photo of the [https://synapse.koreamed.org/articles/ViewImage.php?fn=acb-51-200-g002_1049ACB&id=F2 skeleton of ''"Rakhigarhi love birds"'' buried together] with male (11A) facing the woman (11B), with their [[Antyesti#Cremation rituals|feet pointing south]] and head towards north.<ref name=jh4/>}} ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱓᱕ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱔᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱤᱡ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮᱱᱤᱡ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱟᱲᱮ-ᱟᱲᱮ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ (ceremonial burial) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ [[Veneration of the dead#India|ᱜᱚᱡ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ]] ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱴᱚᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ (collar bone) ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[agate|ᱮᱜᱮᱴ (agate)]] ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>[https://edition.cnn.com/2019/01/10/health/harappa-grave-couple-india-scli-intl/index.html Ancient lovers found in Indian burial site mystify and intrigue archaeologists], CNN, 10 January 2019.</ref><ref name=jh4>Vasant Shinde1, et al, 2018, [https://synapse.koreamed.org/articles/1101692 A young couple's grave found in the Rakhigarhi cemetery of the Harappan Civilization], Anatomy & Cell Biology, vol 51 (3), pp. 200-204.</ref> ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱚ {{height|cm=177}} ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱚ {{height|cm=171}} ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ, ᱪᱚᱴ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱵᱮᱲᱟ ᱨᱮ ''"ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱱᱤᱨᱚᱜᱽ"'' ᱠᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-46806084 Harappa grave of ancient 'couple' reveals secrets], BBC, 9 January 2019.</ref> ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱮ ᱮᱴ ᱟᱞ. (Shinde et al. 2019) ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ DNA- ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱠᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱘ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱨᱮ ''Cell Magazine'' ᱨᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ DNA ᱨᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱯᱤ (steppe) ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[Aryan migration theory|ᱟᱨᱭᱚ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱥᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱛᱚ]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫᱚᱜ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱤᱱᱰᱚ-ᱟᱨᱭᱚ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱴᱮᱯᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾{{sfnp|Shinde et al.|2019}}<ref name="Bal_2019_The_Caravan">{{Cite magazine |last=Bal |first=Hartosh Singh |date=30 September 2019 |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/commentary/what-media-reporting-ancient-dna-results-says-about-our-times |title=What media reporting on ancient DNA results says about our times |magazine=The Caravan |access-date=7 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Mahalakshmi |first=R. |date=October 2019 |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/heritage/article29507212.ece |title=DNA analysis of Harappan skeleton from Rakhigarhi: Thin evidence |magazine=Frontline |access-date=7 December 2019}}</ref> ᱒᱐᱑᱖ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱢᱩᱴ ᱖᱑ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾{{citation needed|date=July 2024}} ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱮ, ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱛᱚᱛᱣᱚ-ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽᱱᱟᱭᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ DNA ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱛᱟᱹᱠᱱᱤᱠ (technology) ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱔᱕᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref group=web name="Subramian_2015_TheHindu"/> ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱚ {{height|cm=175.8}} ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱚ {{height|cm=166.1}} ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱚᱸᱫᱟᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>Nath A., Walimbe S.R., Garge T.M., Mushrif-Tripathy V., Dehuri R., and Malik A. (2015) Harappan interments at Rakhigarhi, Haryana. Man and Environment, XL: 9–32.</ref> ᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱨᱮ, ᱓.᱕ ᱥᱠᱚᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ 'ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱗' (Mound 7) ᱞᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱕᱖ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakrabarty |first1=Sreeparna |date=7 May 2024 |title=The 4,600-year-old woman from Rakhigarhi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/the-4600-year-old-woman-from-rakhigarhi/article68132364.ece |work=The Hindu |access-date=21 July 2024}}</ref> === ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱞᱳᱪᱚᱱᱟ === [[Archaeological Survey of India|ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱛᱚᱛᱣᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱵᱷᱮ]] (ASI) ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ (digs) ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ "[[zamindar|ᱡᱚᱢᱤᱱᱫᱟᱨᱤ]]" ᱵᱽᱭᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱞᱳᱪᱚᱱᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ "ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱞᱟ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ" ᱴᱷᱮᱱ "ᱞᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱠᱪᱷᱚᱛᱨᱚ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ" ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,{{sfn|Avikunthak|2022|p=84}} ᱟᱨ ASI ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱩᱬ/ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱠ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱩᱠᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Varma|Menon|2010|loc=note 14|ps=: "The prestige of an archaeologist was not assessed on the basis of his/her analytical or theoretical contribution to Indian archaeology but on the number of sites discovered and the temporal antiquity of the site. It was understood that the older the site, the more prestigious it was to discover and dig it. [...] specialists are in short supply in the ASI… to tell you the truth, they don't encourage specialisation in the ASI… there were no archaeozoologists, archaeobotanists, archaeometallurgists nor were there any lithic or ceramic specialists [at [[Bhirrana]]]. [...] all senior archaeologists in the ASI have right wing sympathies"}} ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱱᱰᱤᱛ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱽᱭᱟᱠᱷᱭᱟ, ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱛᱚᱛᱣᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ, ASI ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱱᱛᱟᱹᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱵᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ: ASI ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ [[Hindutva|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩᱛᱣᱚ]] ᱪᱤᱱᱛᱟᱹᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ [[Vedas|ᱵᱮᱫᱽ]] ᱟᱨ [[Sanskrit|ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ]] ᱥᱟᱶ (ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ) ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱭᱚᱛᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱫᱮᱥᱤ (indigenous) ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱱᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ [[Saraswati River|ᱥᱚᱨᱚᱥᱣᱚᱛᱤ ᱱᱟᱹᱭ]] ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[Indigenous Aryanism|ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ]] ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱩᱞ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱨᱮ "ᱵᱤᱵᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ" ᱾{{sfn|Avikunthak|2022|pp=34, 51-56}} == ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ == === ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ === ᱒᱐᱑᱒ ᱢᱮ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱜᱞᱳᱵᱟᱞ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱯᱷᱚᱸᱰ (Global Heritage Fund) ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨᱟᱱ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱮᱥᱚᱨ, ᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱵᱽᱭᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱩᱴᱯᱟᱴ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱣᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref group=web name="Deswal_2015_The_Tribune"/><ref>{{cite web | title = Rakhigarhi likely to be developed into a world heritage site |publisher=India Today | url = https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/rakhigarhi-all-set-to-be-developed-as-a-heritage-site-as-plans-road-to-fame-through-harappa-157337-2013-03-31 | date=31 March 2013| access-date = 8 August 2013 }}</ref> [[Sunday Times|ᱥᱟᱱᱰᱮ ᱴᱟᱭᱤᱢᱥ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱒᱐᱑᱒ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱢᱮᱬᱦᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱣᱩᱱᱰᱨᱤ ᱵᱷᱤᱛ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱪᱟᱠ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱱᱤᱡᱮᱨᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web | url = http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-06-03/news/32006465_1_heritage-sites-mound-archaeological-survey | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130523000002/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-06-03/news/32006465_1_heritage-sites-mound-archaeological-survey | archive-date = 23 May 2013 | title = Can Rakhigarhi, the largest Indus Valley Civilisation site be saved? | last1 = Archana | first1 = Khare Ghose | date = 3 June 2012 | website = [[Sunday Times]] | access-date = 5 June 2012 }}</ref> ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ, ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ, ᱵᱮ-ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱᱤ ᱜᱤᱛᱤᱞ ᱞᱟ, ᱵᱮ-ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱᱤ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱛᱚᱛᱣᱚ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱩᱢᱵᱽᱲᱩ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱫᱷᱣᱚᱝᱥᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱹᱡᱟᱹᱭᱟᱱ ᱚᱯᱚᱨᱟᱫᱷ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱖ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱘᱐% – ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱟᱨ ᱗ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱨᱮ ᱔ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱪᱟᱥ-ᱵᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱫᱷᱣᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref group=web name="Deswal_2015_The_Tribune"/> === ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ === ᱰᱷᱤᱯ R4 ᱟᱨ R5 ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱪᱟᱠ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱑᱕᱒ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref group=web name="Nath_2020_The_Hindu"/> ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱚᱪᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱳᱨᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱢᱞᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ASI ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱓᱕᱐-ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱑ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱛᱚᱛᱣᱚ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱘᱓.᱕ ᱮᱠᱚᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref group=web name="Nath_2020_The_Hindu"/> === ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ-ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ === ᱒᱐᱒᱐ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ, ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ [[Nirmala Sitharaman|ᱱᱤᱨᱢᱚᱞᱟ ᱥᱤᱛᱟ-ᱨᱟᱢᱚᱱ]] ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱭᱠᱳᱱᱤᱠ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news |last=Maanav |first=Sushil |date=2 February 2020 |title=Rakhigarhi to be developed as iconic site |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/rakhigarhi-to-be-developed-as-iconic-site-34808 |work=The Tribune |access-date=20 July 2024}}</ref> ASI ᱫᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱚᱪᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱱᱟ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ R4 ᱟᱨ R5 ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱑᱕᱒ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱪᱚᱜᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱣᱩᱥᱤᱝ ᱯᱷᱞᱮᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ-ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref group=web name="Nath_2020_The_Hindu"/> === ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱷᱤᱞ === {{main|Rakhigarhi Indus Valley Civilisation Museum}} {{see also|Haryana Rural Antique Museum|Jahaj Kothi Museum}} ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[Indus Valley Civilisation|ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱩᱯᱚᱛᱭᱚᱠᱟ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ]] ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sura |first1=Ajay |date=13 February 2016 |title=Harappan museum at Rakhigarhi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Harappan-museum-at-Rakhigarhi/articleshow/50971406.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=20 July 2024}}</ref> ᱖᱐ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ [[Haryana Rural Antique Museum|ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ]] ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University|CCS HAU]] ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ ᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ-ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱥ-ᱵᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱠᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱫᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|title=Gazetteer of India Haryana, Hisar|url=http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/gazetteer_india_hisar.pdf|website=revenueharyana.gov.in|publisher=Government OF Haryana|access-date=31 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140501213030/http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/gazetteer_india_hisar.pdf|archive-date=1 May 2014}}</ref> [[George Thomas (soldier)|ᱡᱚᱨᱡᱽ ᱛᱷᱚᱢᱟᱥ]] ᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[Jahaj Kothi Museum|ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱡᱽ ᱠᱳᱴᱷᱤ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ]] ᱫᱚ [[Firoz Shah Palace Complex|ᱯᱷᱤᱨᱳᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱦ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱞᱮᱠᱥ]] ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ [[Archaeological Survey of India|ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱛᱚᱛᱣᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱵᱷᱮ]] ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ-ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>[http://haryanatourism.gov.in/showpage.aspx?contentid=5262 Jahaj Kothi museum]</ref> ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱦᱟᱱᱟ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ [[johad|ᱡᱚᱦᱟᱲ]] ᱫᱚ ᱡᱷᱤᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱷᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱷᱤᱞ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮ [[tower|ᱵᱩᱨᱡᱤ]] ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[ghat|ᱜᱷᱟᱴ]] ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱷᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱨᱠ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱷᱤᱞ ᱟᱪᱩᱨ ᱛᱮ, ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱛᱟᱲᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>[https://www.jagran.com/haryana/hisar-lake-being-built-in-rakhigarhi-on-the-lines-of-sukhna-lake-of-chandigarh-22025020.html Lake being built in Rakhigarhi] ([https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=hi&tl=en&u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jagran.com%2Fharyana%2Fhisar-lake-being-built-in-rakhigarhi-on-the-lines-of-sukhna-lake-of-chandigarh-22025020.html english translation of original hindi news "चंडीगढ़ की सुखना लेक की तर्ज पर राखीगढ़ी में बन रही झील"]), Dainik Jagran, 16 September 2021.</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱷᱟᱴ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱮ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ [[Drishadvati river|ᱫᱽᱨᱤᱥᱚᱫᱽᱣᱚᱛᱤ ᱱᱟᱹᱭ]] ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱤᱸᱜᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ [[Lothal|ᱞᱳᱛᱷᱟᱞ]] ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ [[Dholavira#Coastal route|ᱫᱷᱳᱞᱟᱵᱷᱤᱨᱟ]] ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱫᱤ-ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱷᱟᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[Indus–Mesopotamia relations|ᱢᱮᱥᱳᱯᱳᱴᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ]] ([[Elam|ᱮᱞᱟᱢ]] ᱟᱨ [[Sumer|ᱥᱩᱢᱮᱨ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ) ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref>[https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/heritage/article29507212.ece DNA analysis of Harappan skeleton from Rakhigarhi: Thin evidence], Frontline, 11 October 2019.</ref> == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ == * [[Indus Valley Civilisation|ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱩᱯᱚᱛᱭᱚᱠᱟ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ]] ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭᱟᱱ * [[List of inventions and discoveries of the Indus Valley Civilization|ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱩᱯᱚᱛᱭᱚᱠᱟ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱰᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ]] * [[Rakhigarhi Indus Valley Civilisation Museum|ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱩᱯᱚᱛᱭᱚᱠᱟ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ]] == ᱱᱳᱴ ᱠᱚ == {{reflist|group=note|refs= <!-- ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽ --> {{refn|group=note|name="size"|ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽ: * {{harvnb|Allchin|Erdosy|1995|p=78}}: "᱘᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱒᱕ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟᱞᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾" * {{harvnb|Kenoyer|1998|p=49}}: "ᱠᱮᱪᱟᱠ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱖ ᱜᱩᱬ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱑᱕᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱮᱥᱮᱫ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ [...] ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱭᱚᱛᱟ: ᱢᱚᱦᱮᱸᱡᱚ-ᱫᱟᱲᱳ (+᱒᱐᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ), ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ (+᱑᱕᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ), ᱜᱚᱱᱮᱨᱤᱣᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ (+᱘᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ) ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱳᱞᱟᱵᱷᱤᱨᱟ (᱑᱐᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ) ᱾" * {{harvnb|Possehl|2002|p=72}}: "ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱗ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱩᱥᱩᱞᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱪᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱳᱡᱷᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱰᱮ-ᱯᱟᱥᱮ ᱴᱟᱺᱰᱤ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱰᱷᱟᱞᱩ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱤᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱨᱮ (RGR-1 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ 5) ᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ RGR-6, ᱟᱨᱰᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱳᱛᱷᱤ-ᱥᱤᱥᱣᱟᱞ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ, ᱯᱟᱞᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱧ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱧᱮᱞᱤᱧ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱧᱟᱹᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱘᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾" * {{harvnb|Heitzman|2008|p=35}}: "ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱦᱮᱸᱡᱚ-ᱫᱟᱲᱳ (᱑᱐᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱒᱐᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱮᱥᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ); ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤ ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ (᱑᱕᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ); ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱳᱞᱟᱵᱷᱤᱨᱟ (᱑᱐᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ); ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤ ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱱᱮᱨᱤᱣᱟᱞᱟ (᱘᱒ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ); ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ (᱘᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱐ base᱕ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ) ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾" * {{harvnb|Wright|2009|p=133}}: "ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱐᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾" * {{harvnb|Coningham|Young|2015|p=183}} ᱠᱳᱴ: ᱢᱚᱦᱮᱸᱡᱚ-ᱫᱟᱲᱳ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱕᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱮᱥᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱕᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ, ᱫᱷᱳᱞᱟᱵᱷᱤᱨᱟ ᱑᱐᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱱᱮᱨᱤᱣᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱘᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾"}} }} == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == mcrd39163ded07zoqjpg78vpb9dbk7x 14 38056 197838 2026-09-15T06:07:16Z MT731 2184 "{{Portal|Biography|Business and economics|India}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ|ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ|-ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ]] ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ|ᱵᱮᱯᱟ..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 197838 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Portal|Biography|Business and economics|India}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ|ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ|-ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ|ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ]] j1f5nrku6597hvtulk5uap4a6jjqjcj 14 38057 197839 2026-09-15T06:13:40Z MT731 2184 "{{Commons category|ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱮᱫ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ|ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ]] ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷ..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 197839 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commons category|ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱮᱫ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ|ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ]] e14jqr16g1ups2d3caqohjgwymybhiw 0 38058 197841 2026-09-15T06:46:29Z ~2026-46233-29 11527 "ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱵᱤᱱᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱥᱲᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾" ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 197841 wikitext text/x-wiki ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱵᱤᱱᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱥᱲᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ 6re5w4vcll4ciecgimdrdi0sptco32y 197842 197841 2026-09-15T06:52:00Z ~2026-46233-29 11527 /* */ 197842 wikitext text/x-wiki ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱵᱤᱱᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱥᱲᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱚ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ 75rabe0nn7h4fryyt5116mm8ddtj0x0 197844 197842 2026-09-15T06:56:05Z ~2026-46233-29 11527 /* */ 197844 wikitext text/x-wiki ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱵᱤᱱᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱥᱲᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱚ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ =ᱧᱩᱢ ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ= ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮᱢᱟᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱾ q4t7dvck3mo23k64b2crui6qaj7uxcp 197845 197844 2026-09-15T06:57:46Z ~2026-46233-29 11527 /* */ 197845 wikitext text/x-wiki ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱵᱤᱱᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱥᱲᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱚ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ===ᱧᱩᱢ ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ=== ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮᱢᱟᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱾ hawarbfev6l9ab004f5nqw3i4f3ghbz 0 38059 197843 2026-09-15T06:55:45Z ᱚᱨᱯᱤᱛᱟ ᱦᱮᱢᱵᱨᱚᱢ 7474 "{{Infobox settlement | name = ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱠᱟ | native_name = | native_name_lang = | other_name = | nickname = | settlement_type = ᱴᱟᱣᱩᱱ | image_skyline = | image_alt = | image_caption = | pushpin_map = India Delhi#India3 | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ | coordinate..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 197843 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱠᱟ | native_name = | native_name_lang = | other_name = | nickname = | settlement_type = ᱴᱟᱣᱩᱱ | image_skyline = | image_alt = | image_caption = | pushpin_map = India Delhi#India3 | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ | coordinates = {{coord|28.67944|N|77.02835|E|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ | subdivision_name = [[File:Flag of India.svg|thumb|200px|ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱨ]] [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ]] | subdivision_type1 = [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱮᱫ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ|ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | subdivision_name1 = [[ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ]] | subdivision_type2 = [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ|ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ]] | subdivision_name2 = [[ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ]] | established_title = <!-- ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ --> | established_date = | founder = | named_for = | government_type = | governing_body = | leader_title = [[ᱞᱳᱠ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱚᱫᱽ]] | leader_name = [[ yogender Chandoliya | ᱭᱳᱜᱮᱱᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱪᱚᱱᱫᱳᱞᱤᱭᱟ]]<ref>https://sansad.in/ls/members/biographyM/5587?from=members</ref> | leader_title1 = [[ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ (ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ)|ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ]] | leader_name1 = [[ᱜᱚᱡᱮᱱᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱰᱨᱟᱞ]]<ref>{{Cite web | title=Gajender Drall (BJP) Candidate from Mundka Constituency, Gajender Drall Political Career, Age, Education, Election Result 2025 - India Today | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/delhi/candidate-gajender-drall-146 | access-date=2026-07-07 | website=www.indiatoday.in}}</ref> | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_rank = | area_total_km2 = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_total = ᱔᱓᱘᱙᱘ | population_as_of = ᱒᱐᱐᱑ | population_rank = | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_footnotes = | demographics_type1 = ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ | demographics1_title1 = ᱨᱚᱲᱚᱜ-ᱟ | demographics1_info1 = [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ]], [[ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱣᱤ]] | demographics1_title2 = ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ | demographics1_info2 = [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ]], [[ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ]] | timezone1 = [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ|IST]] | utc_offset1 = +᱕:᱓᱐ | postal_code_type = [[ᱯᱤᱱ ᱠᱳᱰ|PIN]] | postal_code = ᱑᱑᱐᱐᱔᱑ | area_code_type = ᱴᱮᱞᱤᱯᱷᱳᱱ ᱠᱳᱰ | area_code = ᱒᱘᱓᱔ | registration_plate = | blank1_name_sec1 = [[ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱤ]] | blank1_info_sec1 = ᱑.᱒᱗ [[ᱠᱚᱲᱟ|♂]]/[[ᱠᱩᱲᱤ|♀]] | website = | footnotes = | official_name = }} '''ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱠᱟ''' ᱫᱚ [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ]] ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱥᱮᱱᱥᱚᱥ ᱴᱟᱣᱩᱱ]] ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱜᱟᱹᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱫᱤ ᱪᱟᱸᱪᱟ (infrastructural) ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ]] ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ "Muṇḍa" (মুণ্ড) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ "ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ" ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱳᱠᱟᱞ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, [[ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚ]] ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ [[ᱥᱤᱥᱩᱯᱟᱞ]] ᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ''ᱥᱤᱥᱩᱯᱟᱞ'' ᱥᱮ ''ᱥᱤᱥᱩᱣᱟᱞᱟ'' ᱯᱩᱠᱷᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱩᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news |title=Two-phase plan for Mundka pond restoration |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/two-phase-plan-for-mundka-pond-restoration/articleshow/118713680.cms |access-date=2025-03-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱫᱟ ᱵᱷᱮᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ [[ᱱᱟᱝᱞᱚᱭ ᱡᱟᱴ]], ᱵᱟᱠᱠᱟᱨᱣᱟᱞᱟ, [[ᱛᱤᱠᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱱ]], [[ᱨᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱠᱷᱮᱲᱟ (ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ)]], ᱨᱟᱥᱩᱞᱯᱩᱨ ᱟᱨ [[ᱜᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱟ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱵᱳᱸᱜᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱰᱳ. [[ᱥᱟᱦᱤᱵᱽ ᱥᱤᱝ ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱟ]] ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ [[ᱯᱚᱨᱵᱮᱥ ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱟ]] ᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ [[ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱠᱟ (ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱱᱤᱨᱵᱟᱪᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱹᱪ)]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱤᱡ [[ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ (ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ)|ᱮᱢ.ᱮᱞ.ᱮ]] ᱫᱚ [[ᱜᱚᱡᱮᱱᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱰᱨᱟᱞ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/partywisewinresult-369U05.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250208115749/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/partywisewinresult-369U05.htm |archive-date=2025-02-08 |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=results.eci.gov.in |language=en}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱛᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ (ᱵᱤ.ᱡᱮ.ᱯᱤ)]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://delhiassembly.nic.in/aspfile/whos_who/VIthAssembly/WhosWho/SukhbirSinghDalal.htm|title=Sukhbir Singh Dalal|website=delhiassembly.nic.in|access-date=29 September 2018}}</ref> [[ yogender Chandoliya | ᱭᱳᱜᱮᱱᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱪᱚᱱᱫᱳᱞᱤᱭᱟ]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=National Informatics |title=Digital Sansad |url=https://sansad.in/ls/members/biographyM/5587?from=members |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=Digital Sansad |language=en}}</ref> ᱫᱚ [[ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱞᱳᱠ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱱᱤᱨᱵᱟᱪᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱹᱪ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱤᱡ [[ᱞᱳᱠ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱚᱫᱽ|ᱮᱢ.ᱯᱤ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱠᱟ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ point ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱠᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱱᱤᱨᱵᱟᱪᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱹᱪ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ [[File:The Union Labour Minister Dr. Sahib Singh speaking at the launch of the adoption of village Mundka in New Delhi on February 20, 2004.jpg|thumb|217x217px|ᱰᱳ. ᱥᱟᱦᱤᱵᱽ ᱥᱤᱝ ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱟ]] == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱵᱽᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ]] ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱟᱥ-ᱵᱟᱥ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱦᱩᱢ, ᱡᱚ (barley), ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱡᱽᱨᱟ (millet) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱵᱽᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱡᱽᱱᱟ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[Ryotwari]] ᱥᱮ ᱥᱟᱥᱣᱟᱛ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱳᱵᱚᱥᱛᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱠᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱟᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱡᱽᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱱᱟᱴ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱵᱽᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱵᱷ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ (ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ-ᱨᱳᱦᱛᱟᱠ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱡ-ᱥᱮᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱠᱟ ᱯᱩᱞᱤᱥ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ (ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱱᱟᱝᱞᱚᱭ) ᱫᱚ ᱒᱙ ᱚᱠᱛᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱘᱖᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱞᱤᱥ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱽᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱯᱩᱞᱤᱥ ᱟᱹᱱ ᱑᱘᱖᱑<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Police Act, 1861 |url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/police_act_1861.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229232412/https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/Police_act_1861.pdf |archive-date=2023-12-29 |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=www.mha.gov.in}}</ref> ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱞᱤᱥ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱱ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱰᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱕ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱯᱩᱞᱤᱥ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ, ᱥᱚᱵᱽᱡᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱰᱤ, ᱢᱮᱦᱨᱳᱞᱤ, ᱠᱳᱴᱣᱟᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱠᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharatvarsh |first=TV9 |date=2021-11-23 |title=160 साल पहले अंग्रेजी हुकूमत के बनाए गए 'भारतीय पुलिस अधिनियम' के बाद दिल्ली में खुले ये पहले पांच थाने |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/crime/delhi-police-history-first-five-police-stations-opened-in-delhi-after-the-indian-police-act-made-by-the-british-rule-in-1861-926957.html |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=TV9 Bharatvarsh |language=hi}}</ref> == ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱴᱭᱟᱹᱨ == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ]] ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ''muṇḍa'' (মুণ্ড) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ "ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ" ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱳᱠᱟᱞ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, [[ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚ]] ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ [[ᱥᱤᱥᱩᱯᱟᱞ]] ᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱥᱩᱯᱟᱞ ᱯᱩᱠᱷᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱩᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱫᱟᱫᱟ ᱵᱷᱮᱨᱚᱵᱽ (ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱳ) ᱛᱷᱟᱱ == ᱫᱟᱫᱟ [[ᱵᱷᱮᱨᱚᱵᱽ]] ᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱟᱫᱟ ᱵᱷᱮᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱠᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱩᱞᱚᱫᱮᱵᱽᱛᱟ]] (ᱟᱯᱟᱛ-ᱦᱟᱯᱟᱛ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱳᱠᱟᱞ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱫᱟ ᱵᱷᱮᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱨ-ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱠᱷ-ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱤ, ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱳᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱟᱫᱟ ᱵᱷᱮᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[ᱵᱷᱟᱱᱰᱟᱨᱟ (ᱥᱟ common ᱡᱚᱢ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ)]] ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱩ sacred ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱱ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱒᱕ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱨᱵᱟᱪᱚᱱ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱟᱫᱽ, [[ᱯᱚᱨᱵᱮᱥ ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱟ]] ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱟᱯᱟᱛ-ᱦᱟᱯᱟᱛ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱫᱟ ᱵᱷᱮᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name="Parvesh"/> == ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ == ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=16 June 2004|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=1 November 2008|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱕᱗,᱕᱙᱐ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱕᱖% ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱔᱔% ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web| title=District census handbook of all the nine districts village and town wise primary census abstract (PCA) | url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/913/download/36520/DH_2011_0700_PART_B_DCHB_NCT_OF_DELHI.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260417052626/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/913/download/36520/DH_2011_0700_PART_B_DCHB_NCT_OF_DELHI.pdf | archive-date=2026-04-17}}</ref> ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱞ-ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ (literacy) ᱫᱚ ᱗᱘% ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱵᱷᱚᱨᱮᱡᱽ ᱗᱔.᱐᱔% ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱚᱞ-ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱗᱕% ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱚᱞ-ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱖᱕% ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ, ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱑᱖% ᱫᱚ ᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱘ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱦᱮᱡ-ᱥᱮᱱ == === ᱢᱮᱴᱨᱚ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ (DMRC) === [[File:Delhimap.jpg|thumb|160x160px|[[ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱠᱥᱟ, ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱮᱫᱟ]] [[ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱠᱟ (ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱢᱮᱴᱨᱚ)|ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱠᱟ ᱢᱮᱴᱨᱚ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ]] ᱫᱚ ᱒ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱒᱐᱑᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱰᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱠᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱤᱱᱫᱚᱨᱞᱳᱠ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ {{convert|15.1|km|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱰᱳᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱰᱳᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱽᱨᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱤᱱᱫᱚᱨᱞᱳᱠ ᱢᱮᱴᱨᱚ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ|ᱤᱱᱫᱚᱨᱞᱳᱠ]] ([[ᱫᱤᱞᱥᱟᱫᱽ ᱜᱟᱨᱰᱮᱱ ᱢᱮᱴᱨᱚ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ|ᱫᱤᱞᱥᱟᱫᱽ ᱜᱟᱨᱰᱮᱱ]] - [[ᱨᱤᱛᱷᱟᱞᱟ ᱢᱮᱴᱨᱚ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ|ᱨᱤᱛᱷᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ) ᱟᱨ [[ᱠᱤᱨᱛᱤ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱢᱮᱴᱨᱚ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ|ᱠᱤᱨᱛᱤ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ]] ([[ᱫᱣᱟᱨᱠᱟ, ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ|ᱫᱣᱟᱨᱠᱟ]] - [[ᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰᱟ ᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱚᱨ ᱢᱮᱴᱨᱚ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ|ᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰᱟ ᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱚᱨ]] / [[ᱵᱟᱭᱥᱟᱞᱤ ᱢᱮᱴᱨᱚ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ|ᱵᱟᱭᱥᱟᱞᱤ]] ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱚᱱᱚᱴ ᱯᱞᱮᱥ, ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ|ᱠᱚᱱᱚᱴ ᱯᱞᱮᱥ]] (ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱒ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱫᱩᱨᱜᱚᱲ]] ([[ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ]]) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱐ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Green1"/><ref name="Green2"/> [[ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱠᱟ ᱤᱱᱰᱚᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱴᱨᱚ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ]], ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱜᱟᱹᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱳᱫᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ === ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ (ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱨᱮᱞ) === ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ, ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱵᱽᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ-ᱨᱳᱦᱛᱟᱠ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ-ᱨᱳᱦᱛᱟᱠ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ, ᱑᱘᱗᱖-᱑᱘᱘᱔ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱵᱽᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱠᱟ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱳᱠᱟᱞ ᱴᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱞᱜᱟᱹᱰᱤ (freight) ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱹᱪᱷᱞᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ, ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱥᱟᱵᱽ-ᱚᱨᱵᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱱᱮᱴᱣᱟᱨᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ, ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ (ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱳᱰ '''MQC''') ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱨᱮᱞ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱡᱳᱱ]] ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mundka Railway Station (MQC) : Station Code, Time Table, Map, Enquiry |url=https://www.ndtv.com/indian-railway/mundka-mqc-station |access-date=2025-03-14 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref> === ᱦᱚᱨ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ === ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱙ (ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ)|ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱙ (NH-9)]] ᱟᱨ '''ᱟᱣᱩᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱤᱝ ᱨᱳᱰ''' ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱜᱟᱹᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ NH-9 (ᱨᱳᱦᱛᱟᱠ ᱨᱳᱰ), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ NH-10 ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱠᱟ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱳᱦᱛᱟᱠ, ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ, ᱯᱚᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ, ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞ-ᱥᱟᱜᱟᱲ (freight) ᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱦᱮᱡ-ᱥᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱣᱩᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱤᱝ ᱨᱳᱰ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ NH-48 ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱠᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱯᱚᱧᱡᱟᱵᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱽ, ᱯᱤᱛᱟᱢᱯᱩᱨᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱚᱣᱞᱟ ᱠᱩᱣᱟᱸ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱕ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱰᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[ᱫᱣᱟᱨᱠᱟ ᱮᱠᱥᱯᱨᱮᱥᱣᱮ]] ᱟᱨ [[Urban Extension Road-II]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-18 |title=Delhi's new ring road built at Rs 3,600 crore likely to be inaugurated in December |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cities/delhi/story/delhi-uer-ii-project-nearing-completion-full-operations-expected-by-december-2024-2619389-2024-10-18 |access-date=2025-03-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> ᱫᱚ ᱫᱣᱟᱨᱠᱟ, ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢ, ᱟᱨ IGI ᱮᱭᱟᱨᱯᱳᱨᱴ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ === ᱵᱟᱥ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ (DTC) === ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱫᱩᱨᱜᱚᱲ, ᱱᱟᱝᱞᱚᱭ, ᱯᱤᱨᱟᱜᱚᱲᱦᱤ, ᱯᱚᱧᱡᱟᱵᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱽ, ᱫᱣᱟᱨᱠᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱱᱚᱴ ᱯᱞᱮᱥ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱥ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥᱯᱳᱨᱴ ᱠᱚᱨᱯᱳᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ]] ('''DTC''') ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱡᱮᱨᱟᱜ (private) ᱵᱟᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ-ᱥᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱩᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱦᱮᱡ-ᱥᱮᱱ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ {| class="wikitable" |'''᱑᱑᱔STL''' |ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱠᱟ - ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ | ᱱᱟᱝᱞᱚᱭ, ᱯᱤᱨᱟᱜᱚᱲᱦᱤ, ᱯᱚᱧᱡᱟᱵᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱽ | |---| | '''᱑᱒᱓''' | | ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱠᱟ - ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱢ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱴᱟᱨᱢᱤᱱᱟᱞ | | ᱱᱟᱝᱞᱚᱭ, ᱯᱚᱥᱪᱤᱢ ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ, ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱠᱯᱩᱨᱤ | | - | | '''᱑᱒᱓A''' | | ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱠᱟ - ᱱᱚᱡᱚᱯᱜᱚᱲ | | ᱛᱤᱠᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱱ, ᱫᱣᱟᱨᱠᱟ ᱢᱳᱲ | | - | | '''᱙᱖᱙''' | | ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱠᱟ - ᱨᱳᱦᱤᱬᱤ ᱥᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱒᱒ | | ᱯᱤᱨᱟᱜᱚᱲᱦᱤ, ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞᱯᱩᱨᱤ, ᱥᱩᱞᱛᱟᱱᱯᱩᱨᱤ | | - | | '''RTP''' | | ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱠᱟ - ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱫᱩᱨᱜᱚᱲ | | ᱛᱤᱠᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱱ, ᱟᱥᱳᱫᱷᱟ, ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ | | - | | '''᱙᱒᱐''' | | ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱠᱟ - ᱟᱭ.ᱮᱥ.ᱵᱤ.ᱴᱤ ᱠᱟᱥᱢᱤᱨᱤ ᱜᱮᱴ | | ᱠᱟᱨᱳᱞ ᱵᱟᱜᱽ, ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱞᱟ, ᱢᱳᱨᱤ ᱜᱮᱴ | | - | | '''TMS (ᱨᱤᱝ ᱨᱳᱰ ᱵᱟᱥ)''' | | ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱵᱮ linear/ circular ᱦᱚᱨ | | ᱟᱣᱩᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱤᱝ ᱨᱳᱰ, ᱫᱷᱚᱣᱞᱟ ᱠᱩᱣᱟᱸ, AIIMS | | } | | ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱑᱕-᱓᱐ ᱢᱤᱱᱤᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ | == ᱫᱟᱜ ᱞᱤᱸᱜᱤᱱ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ == ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱠᱟ, ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱜᱮ, ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱞᱤᱸᱜᱤᱱ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟᱜ (waterlogging) ᱟᱱᱟᱴ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-04 |title=Delhi Rains: Downpour leaves several parts of capital city waterlogged; traffic police issues advisory |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/delhi-rains-downpour-leaves-several-parts-of-capital-city-waterlogged-traffic-police-issues-advisory/articleshow/113064071.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-03-14 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱜᱟᱹᱲ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ (industrialization) ᱟᱨ ᱠᱳᱴᱷᱟ-ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱠᱩᱸᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱞᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱥᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱱᱟᱞᱟ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱛᱤᱸᱜᱩ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱵᱽᱨᱟ ᱜᱤᱰᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱞᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ-ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱞᱟ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱤᱸᱜᱤᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱝᱞᱚᱭ ᱢᱮᱴᱨᱚ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱠᱨᱤ ᱵᱳᱨᱰᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱳᱦᱛᱟᱠ ᱨᱳᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ-ᱥᱮᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱱᱟᱴ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱡᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱝᱞᱚᱭ, ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱠᱟ, ᱜᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱠᱨᱤ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ-ᱥᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-13 |title=PWD flooded with waterlogging complaints |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-faces-waterlogging-crisis-pwd-receives-over-80-complaints-amid-rains/articleshow/113333348.cms |access-date=2025-03-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> == ᱒᱐᱒᱒ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ == {{Main|᱒᱐᱒᱒ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱥᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ}} ᱑᱓ ᱢᱮ ᱒᱐᱒᱒ ᱨᱮ [[ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱠᱟ ᱢᱮᱴᱨᱚ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ]] ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱳᱱ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱱ (commercial building) ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ [[ short circuit ]] ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ CCTV ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱣᱴᱚᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱟ optical/ lost ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱞ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-05-14 |title=Delhi: 27 killed in commercial building blaze in Mundka; building owners detained |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/massive-fire-breaks-out-in-building-near-delhis-mundka-metro-station-one-dead/articleshow/91548528.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-03-14 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> == ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ == * [[ᱯᱚᱨᱵᱮᱥ ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱟ]] (ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱑᱙᱗᱗), ᱨᱟᱡᱽ point<ref name="Parvesh"/> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ == * [[ᱥᱟᱦᱤᱵᱽ ᱥᱤᱝ ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱟ]] * [[ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱢᱮᱴᱨᱚ]] * [[ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ]] * [[᱒᱐᱒᱒ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱥᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ]] * [[ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] [[Category:ᱛᱟᱹᱠᱟᱹ:ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱟᱣᱩᱱ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱛᱟᱹᱠᱟᱹ:ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱠᱚ]] 7ub5u9tqc6ccgkz1ccadf49o3c13tx8 0 38060 197846 2026-09-15T07:06:57Z ᱚᱨᱯᱤᱛᱟ ᱦᱮᱢᱵᱨᱚᱢ 7474 "{{short description|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱯᱞᱟᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}} {{Infobox settlement | name = ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱤᱨᱟᱡᱽ | official_name = ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱤᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨᱯᱟᱞᱤᱠᱟ | other_name = | native_name = राजविराज | native_name_lang =..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 197846 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱯᱞᱟᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}} {{Infobox settlement | name = ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱤᱨᱟᱡᱽ | official_name = ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱤᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨᱯᱟᱞᱤᱠᱟ | other_name = | native_name = राजविराज | native_name_lang = | type = [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ|ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ]] | motto = "ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱤᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ, ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ"<ref>Rajbiraj Municipality official website</ref> | image = {{Photomontage | photo2a = Gajendra Chauk.jpg | photo3a = Neta Chwok, Rajbiraj (1).JPG | photo3b = Krishna Temple (1).JPG | photo4a = Bhagwati Mandir Rajbiraj (2).JPG | photo4b = Rajdevi Temple,Rajbiraj (2).JPG | spacing = 1 | color_border = white | color = white | size = 300 | foot_montage = ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱷᱚᱲᱤ ᱪᱚᱠᱨᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ<br />[[ᱜᱚᱡᱮᱱᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱪᱚᱠ]] (ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱛᱨᱤᱵᱷᱩᱣᱚᱱ ᱪᱚᱠ), ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚ ᱛᱷᱟᱱ, [[ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱛᱷᱟᱱ]], [[ᱵᱷᱚᱜᱚᱣᱚᱛᱤ ᱛᱷᱟᱱ]] ᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱛᱟ ᱪᱚᱠ/ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱱ ᱪᱚᱠ/ᱜᱷᱚᱱᱴᱟ focus }} | image_size = | caption = | image_map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=280|frame-height=220|frame-coordinates={{Coord|26.5|N|86.75|E}}|stroke-width=2|zoom=10|type=shape-inverse|stroke-color=#525252|id=Q2463109}} | named_for = [[ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱛᱷᱟᱱ]] | pushpin_map = Nepal Madhesh Province#Nepal | pushpin_label_position = top | map_caption = ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱤᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ | map_size = 300 <!-- Location --> | subdivision_type = [[ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ]] | subdivision_name = [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ]] | subdivision_type1 = [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ|ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | subdivision_name1 = [[ᱢᱚᱫᱷᱮᱥ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱢᱚᱫᱷᱮᱥ]] | subdivision_type2 = [[ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ]] | subdivision_name2 = [[ᱢᱤᱛᱷᱤᱞᱟ (ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ)|ᱢᱤᱛᱷᱤᱞᱟ]] | subdivision_type3 = [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ|ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ]] | subdivision_name3 = [[ᱥᱚᱯᱛᱚᱨᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ|ᱥᱚᱯᱛᱚᱨᱤ]] | subdivision_type4 = ᱣᱟᱨᱰ ᱮᱞ | subdivision_name4 = ᱑᱖ | government_footnotes = | leader_title = [[ᱢᱮᱭᱚᱨ]] | leader_name = ''ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ'' | leader_title1 = [[ᱰᱮᱯᱩᱴᱤ ᱢᱮᱭᱚᱨ]] | leader_name1 = ᱤᱥᱨᱚᱛ ᱯᱨᱚᱵᱤᱱ ([[People's Socialist Party, Nepal (2020)|PSP-N]]) | leader_title2 = ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ | leader_name2 = | leader_title3 = | leader_name3 = | leader_title4 = [[ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱚᱫᱽ (ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ)|ᱮᱢ.ᱯᱤ]] | leader_name4 = [[ᱨᱟᱢᱡᱤ ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ]] ({{small|[[Rastriya Swatantra Party]]}}) | established_title = <bgcolor="red"> | established_date = | established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated --> | established_date2 = <!-- Area --> | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = ᱕᱕.᱖᱔ <!-- Population --> | population_as_of = [[᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ|᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ]] | population_footnotes = | population_note = | population_total = ᱗᱐,᱘᱐᱓<ref name="Census">{{Cite web |title=National population and housing census |url=https://censusnepal.cbs.gov.np/results/population?province=2&district=15&municipality=13 |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=Census Nepal}}</ref> | population_density_km2 = auto | population_metro = | population_density_metro_km2 = | population_demonym = ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱤᱨᱟᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹ <!-- General information --> | time_zone = [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ|NST]] | utc_offset = +᱕:᱔᱕ | time_zone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | coordinates = {{coord|26|32|26|N|86|44|55|E|region:NP_type:city|display=inline,title}} | elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> tags--> | elevation_m = ᱗᱖ <!-- Area/postal codes & others --> | postal_code_type = [[ᱯᱤᱱ ᱠᱳᱰ|ᱯᱳᱥᱴᱟᱞ ᱠᱳᱰ]] | postal_code = ᱕᱖᱔᱐᱐ | area_code = ᱐᱓᱑ | custom_label_sec1 = [[ᱚᱞ-ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱤ]] | custom_data_sec1 = ᱗᱖.᱖᱐% | website = {{URL|www.rajbirajmun.gov.np}} | footnotes = }} '''ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱤᱨᱟᱡᱽ''' ({{langx|ne|राजविराज}}) ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱢᱚᱫᱷᱮᱥ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ-ᱢᱟᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ|ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨᱯᱟᱞᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ "ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱤᱸᱠ ᱥᱤᱴᱤ (ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱯᱤ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ)" ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱑᱙᱓᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ "ᱯᱤᱸᱠ ᱥᱤᱴᱤ" [[ᱡᱚᱭᱯᱩᱨ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱫᱽᱜᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱠᱥᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ - ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ [[ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱤᱝ]] ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=Rajbiraj/> ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱤᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱚᱯᱛᱚᱨᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱔᱔ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ [[ᱦᱚᱱᱩᱢᱟᱱᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ, ᱥᱚᱯᱛᱚᱨᱤ|ᱦᱚᱱᱩᱢᱟᱱᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱘ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news |title=Terms of Reference for the preparation of IUDP of municipality |url=https://mofald.gov.np/sites/default/files/News_Notices/Napakha.PDF |access-date=30 November 2023 |agency=MOFALD |publisher=Government of Nepal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Ajay Kumar |title=हनुमाननगरका मूर्तिहरू घर फर्किन्छन् ! |url=https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2021/07/980439 |access-date=2018-02-05 |website=Onlinekhabar |language=ne}}</ref> ᱑᱙᱕᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨᱯᱟᱞᱤᱠᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱷᱳ scientific/ ᱜᱷᱳᱥᱬᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.housingnepal.com/articles/display/rapid-urbanization-in-nepal-an-asset-or-liability |title=Rapid urbanization in Nepal |website=www.housingnepal.com |access-date=8 May 2018}}</ref> [[᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ|᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱗᱐,᱘᱐᱓ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱗᱗ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ]] ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="Census"/> ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱕᱕.᱖᱔ ᱫᱚ surface ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱖ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱣᱟᱨᱰ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱔ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ [[ᱥᱮᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ|ᱥᱮᱱ]] ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱩᱨᱩᱥ ᱞᱮᱱ [[ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱛᱷᱟᱱ]] ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱴᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Monuments of Saptari">{{cite book|last1=Dāsa|first1=Harikāntalāla|title=Saptarī Jillākā pramukha sāṃskr̥tika sthalaharu : eka adhyayana : laghuanusandhānakārya|date=2003|publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna|location=Kāṭhamāḍauṃ|isbn=9789993350569|pages=120|edition=1. saṃskaraṇa.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asianart.com/articles/saptari/index.html |title=Sanjib Chaudhary: The ruins of Sen palace and temple in Saptari district of Nepal |website=www.asianart.com |access-date=8 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="Das">{{cite journal |last=Das |first=Basudevlal |title=The Sena Dynasty: From Bengal to Nepal |journal=Academic Voices |date=2014 |page=6 |url= https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/AV/article/download/12350/10009}}</ref> ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱤᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱫᱷᱩᱱᱤᱠ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ point ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ [[#ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ|ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ]] ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱤᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱯᱛᱚᱨᱤ ᱒(ᱵᱤ) ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱱᱤᱨᱵᱟᱪᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱹᱪ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ [[ᱢᱚᱫᱷᱮᱥ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ|ᱢᱚᱫᱷᱮᱥ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱭᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱴᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱮᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱯᱛᱚᱨᱤ ᱒ ᱱᱤᱨᱵᱟᱪᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱹᱪ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ [[ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱚᱫᱽ (ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ)|ᱮᱢ.ᱯᱤ]] ᱭᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱴᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱦᱮᱡ-ᱥᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱗᱘ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱵᱤᱨᱟᱴᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ]] ᱟᱨ ᱑᱐ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ-ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ|ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ-ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ]] ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ [[ᱠᱩᱱᱟᱣᱞᱤ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fgbsCgAAQBAJ&q=Rajbiraj%2520and%2520kunauli&pg=PT24 |title=Nepal - India Open Borders: Problems and Prospects |last=Pyakurel |first=Uddab P. |date=2015-12-20 |publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-84464-92-9 |language=en}}</ref> == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == === ᱯᱨᱟᱪᱤᱱ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ === ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ [[ᱢᱤᱛᱷᱤᱞᱟ (ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ)|ᱢᱤᱛᱷᱤᱞᱟ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱠ]] (ᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱘ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ-᱗ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ) ᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱦᱳᱭᱳᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jha, Makhan, 1941- |title=Anthropology of ancient Hindu kingdoms : a study in civilizational perspective |date=1997 |publisher=M.D. Publications |isbn=81-7533-034-1 |location=New Delhi |oclc=37992849}}</ref><ref>[[Michael Witzel]] (1989), ''Tracing the Vedic dialects'' in ''Dialectes dans les litteratures Indo-Aryennes'' ed. [[Colette Caillat|Caillat]], Paris, pages 13, 17 116-124, 141-143</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ [[ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱠᱯᱩᱨ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱣᱲᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱠ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱵᱳᱭᱦᱟ [[ᱠᱩᱥᱚᱫᱷᱣᱚᱡᱽ]] ᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱪ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱮᱨᱟ [[ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱚᱵᱤ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱨᱩᱛᱚᱠᱤᱨᱛᱤ]] ᱫᱚ [[ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱚᱛ (ᱨᱟᱢᱟᱭᱚᱬ)|ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱚᱛ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱚᱛᱨᱩᱜᱷᱱᱚ]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ [[ᱠᱩᱥᱚᱫᱷᱣᱚᱡᱽ]] ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱪᱷᱞᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱭᱮ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ Samkashya|ᱥᱚᱝᱠᱟᱥᱭᱟ]] ᱛᱮᱭ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Ramayan">{{cite book |last1=BALAKANDA |title=Balmiki Ramayana |publisher=IIT Kanpur |pages=SARGA 71 |url=https://www.valmiki.iitk.ac.in/summary?field_kanda_tid=1&field_sarga_value=71 |access-date=30 May 2020}}</ref> [[ᱢᱟᱹ formal ᱡᱩᱜᱽ]] ᱕᱒᱐ [[ common ᱮᱨᱟ|CE]] ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Grierson, George Abraham, Sir, 1851-1941. |title=Seven grammars of the dialects and subdialects of the Bihárí language : spoken in the Province of Bihár, in the eastern portion of the North-Western Provinces, and the northern portion of the Central Provinces |date=2005 |publisher=Kalpaz Publications |isbn=81-7835-451-9 |location=Delhi |pages=230 |oclc=297507808}}</ref> [[ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱥᱟᱞᱮᱥ]] ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱛᱷᱤᱞᱟ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱤᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱕ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱ]] ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yadav |first=Mithilesh |title=King Sahlesh: The lesser known legend of Mithila |url=https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/39909/ |access-date=2020-06-10 |website=My Republica |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Rays and ways of Indian culture |date=1996 |publisher=M.D. Publications |isbn=81-85880-98-0 |location=New Delhi |page=200 |oclc=34851354}}</ref> ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ [[ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ]] ᱫᱚ ᱑᱑ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱔ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱛᱷᱤᱞᱟ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ '''ᱛᱤᱨᱦᱩᱛ''' ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ) ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱕ ᱟᱱᱤᱡ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ [[ᱥᱚᱠᱛᱤᱥᱤᱝᱦᱚᱫᱮᱵᱽ]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chaudhary |first=Radhakrishna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JO4toCiJ2ecC&q=Mithilak%2520Itihas |title=Mithilak Itihas |publisher=Ram Vilas Sahu |isbn=978-93-80538-28-0 |pages=70–112 |language=hi}}</ref> (᱑᱒᱘᱕ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱒᱙᱕ CE) ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ [[ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱥᱤᱝᱦᱚᱫᱮᱵᱽ]] ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱟᱪᱤᱱ [[ᱪᱷᱤᱱᱱᱚᱢᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱵᱷᱚᱜᱚᱣᱚᱛᱤ ᱛᱷᱟᱱ]] ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲ (fort) ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱳᱠᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ '''ᱜᱚᱰᱷᱤ ᱜᱟᱪᱷᱤ''' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Harikant">{{Citation |last=Das, Harikant Lal |url=http://www.madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=33586 |title=Saptari Jillaka Pramukh Aitihasik Gadhiharu |date=2010 |publisher=Sajha Prakashan |page=25 |language=ne}}</ref> [[ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ]] ᱫᱷᱩᱲᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱮᱱ ᱵᱟᱫᱽ, [[ᱥᱮᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ]] ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ [[ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱚᱞ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[ᱨᱩᱯᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ, ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ|ᱨᱩᱯᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ]] ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱛᱷᱤᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱞᱚ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱑᱕ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱘ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="Das"/> [[ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱛᱷᱟᱱ]] ᱫᱚ ᱑᱔ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱩᱨᱩᱥ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ<ref name="Harikant"/> ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱚᱫᱷᱣᱚᱡᱽ ᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱤᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ [[ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱚᱵᱤ]], [[ᱩᱨᱢᱤᱞᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱨᱩᱛᱚᱠᱤᱨᱛᱤ]] ᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Ramayan"/> === ᱟᱹᱫᱷᱩᱱᱤᱠ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ === ᱑᱘᱑᱖ ᱨᱮ [[ᱥᱩᱜᱚᱣᱞᱤ ᱥᱩᱦᱤ-ᱛᱚᱯᱚᱞ (Treaty of Sugauli)]] ᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ strike|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱕᱐ ᱜᱮᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ-ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱮᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱤᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨᱯᱟᱞᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱤᱝ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱤᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=Rajbiraj>{{cite web|title=Rajbiraj revisited|url=http://archive.nepalitimes.com/news.php?id=5454#.YNXQFjfP32c|website=Nepal Times| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625124538/http://archive.nepalitimes.com/news.php?id=5454#.YNXQFjfP32c |access-date=19 July 2002| archive-date=25 June 2021 }}</ref> [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ]] ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱳᱰᱮᱞ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱞᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name=Planned>{{cite web|title=Nepal's first planned town on revival road|url=http://myrepublica.com/portal/index.php?action=news_details&news_id=73973|website=My Republica|access-date=2 May 2015}}</ref> ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱤᱧᱡᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱴᱮᱠᱴ [[ᱰᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱡᱚᱝ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱟ]] ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ [[ᱡᱚᱭᱯᱩᱨ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱤᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱠᱥᱟ ᱭᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.spotlightnepal.com/2017/08/12/dilli-jung-thapa-forgotten-hero/ |title=DILLI JUNG THAPA Forgotten Hero |last=Magazine |first=New Spolight |website=SpotlightNepal |language=en |access-date=8 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.spotlightnepal.com/2016/02/19/what-went-wrong-in-my-madhesh/ |title=What Went Wrong In My Madhesh? |last=Magazine |first=New Spolight |website=SpotlightNepal |language=en |access-date=8 May 2018}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱠᱷᱱᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱤᱛᱩᱱ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱪᱟᱹᱴᱭᱟᱹᱨ == ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱤᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱴᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ "ᱨᱟᱡᱽ" ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ "ᱨᱟᱡᱽ" ( state / ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ) ᱟᱨ "ᱵᱤᱨᱟᱡᱽ" ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ "ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ" ᱥᱮ "ᱵᱟᱥᱟᱜ" ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=Rajdevi>{{cite web|title=Rajdevi Temple|url=http://bossnepal.com/rajdevi-temple/|website=Boss Nepal|access-date=5 April 2015}}</ref> == ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ == ᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱤᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱗᱐,᱘᱐᱓ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱓᱖,᱒᱘᱔ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱓᱔,᱕᱑᱙ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱞ-ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱗᱖.᱖᱐% ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱚᱞ-ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱘᱕.᱓᱐% ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱚᱞ-ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱖᱗.᱔᱐% ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Census"/> ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]] ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟᱭᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱘᱗%, ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ ᱑᱐.᱘᱙%, ᱡᱮᱭᱱ ᱑.᱒᱖% ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱠᱷ ᱐.᱖᱔% ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name="Rajbiraj Demography">{{cite web|title=National Population and Housing Census 2011|url=http://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/15%20Saptari_VDCLevelReport.pdf|website=Central Bureau of Statistics|access-date=1 March 2014|archive-date=1 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140801192402/http://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/15%20Saptari_VDCLevelReport.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ, ᱥᱤᱠᱷ, ᱡᱮᱭᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱩᱫᱽᱫᱷᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱤᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ-ᱜᱳᱥᱴᱷᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ [[ᱛᱚᱨᱟᱭ]] ᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱸᱛᱟᱠ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱠᱟᱭᱚᱥᱛᱷᱚ]], [[ᱣᱮᱥᱭᱚ|ᱫᱮᱣ]], [[ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ]], [[ᱢᱚᱱᱰᱚᱞ]], [[ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ]], [[ᱢᱮᱭᱛᱷᱤᱞ ᱵᱟ formal|ᱵᱟ formal]], [[ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱯᱩᱛ]], [[ᱢᱟᱨᱣᱟᱲᱤ]], [[ᱛᱷᱟᱨᱩ]], [[ᱵᱟᱰᱦᱟᱭ]], [[ᱞᱩᱦᱟᱨ]], ᱥᱚᱱᱟᱨ, [[ᱛᱮᱞᱤ]], [[ᱵᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱫᱟᱢᱟᱭ]], [[ᱱᱮᱣᱟᱨ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱟ formal|ᱵᱟᱦᱩᱱ]] ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWvtsgEACAAJ&q=The+Caste+System+in+Terai+Madhesh |title=The Caste System in Terai Madhesh |last=Rakesh |first=Ram Dayal |date=2015 |publisher=Adroit Publishers |isbn=9788187393108 |language=en}}</ref> {{bar box |title=ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱤᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ<ref name="Rajbiraj Demography" /> |titlebar=#Fcd116 |left1=ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ |right1=ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱚᱲᱟ (%) |float=right |bars= {{bar percent|[[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ]]|#FF6600|᱘᱗.᱐᱑}} {{bar percent|[[ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ|ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ]]|#009000|᱑᱐.᱘᱙}} {{bar percent|[[ᱡᱮᱭᱱ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ|ᱡᱮᱭᱱ]]|#FFFF00|᱑.᱒᱖}} {{bar percent|ᱥᱤᱠᱷ|#808080|᱐.᱖᱔}} {{bar percent|ᱮᱴᱟᱜᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ|#808080|᱐.᱒᱐}} <small>ᱮᱴᱟᱜᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ [[ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ|ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ]], [[ᱵᱩᱫᱽᱫᱷᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ|ᱵᱩᱫᱽᱫᱷᱚ]] ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ (᱐.᱑᱙%)</small> }} == ᱦᱮᱡ-ᱥᱮᱱ == === ᱦᱚᱨ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ === ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱤᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱢᱚᱦᱮᱱᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱢᱟᱨᱜᱽ|ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱢᱟᱨᱜᱽ]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ tilt ᱨᱮ ᱑᱐ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱗ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱞᱟᱠᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱢᱟᱨᱜᱽ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱢᱟᱨᱜᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱵᱽ-ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱢᱟᱨᱜᱽ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[ᱵᱟᱥ]] ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ-ᱥᱮᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ, [[ᱤᱞᱮᱠᱴᱨᱤᱠ ᱨᱤᱠᱥᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[ Tata Magic | ᱢᱟᱭᱠᱨᱳ ᱵᱷᱮᱱ]] ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱳᱠᱟᱞ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ-ᱥᱮᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱥᱟ central/ ᱥᱟᱯᱟᱯ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ === ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱨ === {{Main|ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱤᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱵᱤᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱸᱫᱚᱨ}} ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱤᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱸᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ [[ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱤᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱵᱤᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱸᱫᱚᱨ]] ([[IATA]]: RJB, [[ICAO]]: VNRB) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱕᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱ ᱡᱚᱦᱚᱜᱤᱡ ᱦᱮᱡ-ᱥᱮᱱ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ [[ᱜᱚᬬᱮᱥ ᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱝ]] ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱰᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱨᱟᱭ ᱯᱮ ᱜᱮᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱵᱟᱫᱽ, [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱚᱨᱤᱠ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱹ authority|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱚᱨᱤᱠ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱹᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ (CAAN)]] ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱙᱐ ᱜᱮᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱓᱐᱓ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ (Nepalese Rupees) ᱠᱚᱨᱪᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱸᱫᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱩ-ᱯᱷᱮᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱒᱐᱐᱗ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱨᱤ ᱮᱭᱟᱨᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱕᱐-ᱥᱤᱴᱟᱹᱨ CRJ-200 ᱫᱚ ᱒᱓ ᱢᱮ ᱒᱐᱑᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱥᱴ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/rajbiraj-airport-gets-rolling-after-successful-test-flight/ |title=Rajbiraj airport gets rolling after successful test flight |date=23 May 2018 |website=The Himalayan Times |language=en-US |access-date=26 June 2018}}</ref> ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱔ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱒᱐᱑᱘ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2018-06-25/rajbiraj-airport-begins-commercial-operations.html |title=Rajbiraj Airport begins commercial operations |language=en |access-date=26 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2018-05-25/rajbiraj-airport-resumes-operations-after-a-decade.html |title=Rajbiraj Airport resumes operations after a decade |language=en |access-date=26 June 2018}}</ref> ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱒᱐᱒᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, [[ᱵᱩᱫᱽᱫᱷᱚ ᱮᱭᱟᱨ]] ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱤᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ [[ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱢᱟᱱᱰᱩ]] ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.buddhaair.com/flights-to-rajbiraj|title=Buddha air}}</ref> === ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱦᱮᱡ-ᱥᱮᱱ === ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ-ᱥᱮᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ [[ᱯᱮᱰᱚᱞ ᱨᱤᱠᱥᱟ]] ᱟᱨ ᱤᱞᱮᱠᱴᱨᱤᱠ ᱨᱤᱠᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱤᱧ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ [[ᱚᱴᱳ ᱨᱤᱠᱥᱟ]] ᱦᱚᱸ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱚᱞᱚᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ == ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱤᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨᱯᱟᱞᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ [[ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤ standard| ᱴᱨᱳᱯᱤᱠᱟᱞ (tropical) ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱫᱚ - [[ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ]], [[ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ|ᱢᱚᱱᱥᱩᱱ (ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ)]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱛᱚᱨᱟᱭ]] (ᱴᱮᱸᱰᱟ) ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱤᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱵᱷᱟᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱞᱳᱞᱳ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|title=Rising Temperature|url=http://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/rising-mercury-brings-tarai-life-to-standstill/|website=The Himalayan Times|access-date=6 June 2015|date=6 June 2015}}</ref> ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱳᱞᱳ-ᱮᱞ (temperature) ᱫᱚ ᱒᱓°C (᱗᱓°F) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱔᱔°C (᱑᱑᱑°F) ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[ ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ|ᱢᱚᱱᱥᱩᱱ]] ᱫᱚ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱩᱲᱤ ᱟᱨ [[ ᱨᱤᱢᱤᱞ ᱜᱚᱨᱡᱟᱣ| ᱨᱤᱢᱤᱞ ᱜᱚᱨᱡᱟᱣ]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ (humidity) ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱲ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱳᱞᱳ-ᱮᱞ ᱖°C (᱔᱑°F) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱐°C (᱘᱖°F) ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱤᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱦᱤᱨᱤ ( visit ) ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ (tourists) ᱠᱚ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ, ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱲ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱳᱞᱳ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ {{Weather box | location = ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱤᱨᱟᱡᱽ (᱑᱙᱙᱑–᱒᱐᱒᱐ ᱱᱳᱨᱢᱟᱞ) | metric first = Y | single line = Y |collapsed = Y | Jan high C = 22.4 | Feb high C = 25.5 | Mar high C = 31.7 | Apr high C = 34.6 | May high C = 34.3 | Jun high C = 33.9 | Jul high C = 32.9 | Aug high C = 33.3 | Sep high C = 33.2 | Oct high C = 32.4 | Nov high C = 29.7 | Dec high C = 25.0 | year high C = |Jan mean C = 16.1 |Feb mean C = 19.0 |Mar mean C = 24.2 |Apr mean C = 28.0 |May mean C = 29.0 |Jun mean C = 29.5 |Jul mean C = 28.9 }} tcqocbkdtz1lhykd0zz4f5mpsjz9qb6 197847 197846 2026-09-15T07:07:30Z ᱚᱨᱯᱤᱛᱟ ᱦᱮᱢᱵᱨᱚᱢ 7474 197847 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱤᱨᱟᱡᱽ | official_name = ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱤᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨᱯᱟᱞᱤᱠᱟ | other_name = | native_name = राजविराज | native_name_lang = | type = [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ|ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ]] | motto = "ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱤᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ, ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ"<ref>Rajbiraj Municipality official website</ref> | image = {{Photomontage | photo2a = Gajendra Chauk.jpg | photo3a = Neta Chwok, Rajbiraj (1).JPG | photo3b = Krishna Temple (1).JPG | photo4a = Bhagwati Mandir Rajbiraj (2).JPG | photo4b = Rajdevi Temple,Rajbiraj (2).JPG | spacing = 1 | color_border = white | color = white | size = 300 | foot_montage = ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱷᱚᱲᱤ ᱪᱚᱠᱨᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ<br />[[ᱜᱚᱡᱮᱱᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱪᱚᱠ]] (ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱛᱨᱤᱵᱷᱩᱣᱚᱱ ᱪᱚᱠ), ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚ ᱛᱷᱟᱱ, [[ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱛᱷᱟᱱ]], [[ᱵᱷᱚᱜᱚᱣᱚᱛᱤ ᱛᱷᱟᱱ]] ᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱛᱟ ᱪᱚᱠ/ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱱ ᱪᱚᱠ/ᱜᱷᱚᱱᱴᱟ focus }} | image_size = | caption = | image_map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=280|frame-height=220|frame-coordinates={{Coord|26.5|N|86.75|E}}|stroke-width=2|zoom=10|type=shape-inverse|stroke-color=#525252|id=Q2463109}} | named_for = [[ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱛᱷᱟᱱ]] | pushpin_map = Nepal Madhesh Province#Nepal | pushpin_label_position = top | map_caption = ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱤᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ | map_size = 300 <!-- Location --> | subdivision_type = [[ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ]] | subdivision_name = [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ]] | subdivision_type1 = [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ|ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | subdivision_name1 = [[ᱢᱚᱫᱷᱮᱥ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱢᱚᱫᱷᱮᱥ]] | subdivision_type2 = [[ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ]] | subdivision_name2 = [[ᱢᱤᱛᱷᱤᱞᱟ (ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ)|ᱢᱤᱛᱷᱤᱞᱟ]] | subdivision_type3 = [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ|ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ]] | subdivision_name3 = [[ᱥᱚᱯᱛᱚᱨᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ|ᱥᱚᱯᱛᱚᱨᱤ]] | subdivision_type4 = ᱣᱟᱨᱰ ᱮᱞ | subdivision_name4 = ᱑᱖ | government_footnotes = | leader_title = [[ᱢᱮᱭᱚᱨ]] | leader_name = ''ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ'' | leader_title1 = [[ᱰᱮᱯᱩᱴᱤ ᱢᱮᱭᱚᱨ]] | leader_name1 = ᱤᱥᱨᱚᱛ ᱯᱨᱚᱵᱤᱱ ([[People's Socialist Party, Nepal (2020)|PSP-N]]) | leader_title2 = ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ | leader_name2 = | leader_title3 = | leader_name3 = | leader_title4 = [[ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱚᱫᱽ (ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ)|ᱮᱢ.ᱯᱤ]] | leader_name4 = [[ᱨᱟᱢᱡᱤ ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ]] ({{small|[[Rastriya Swatantra Party]]}}) | established_title = <bgcolor="red"> | established_date = | established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated --> | established_date2 = <!-- Area --> | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = ᱕᱕.᱖᱔ <!-- Population --> | population_as_of = [[᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ|᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ]] | population_footnotes = | population_note = | population_total = ᱗᱐,᱘᱐᱓<ref name="Census">{{Cite web |title=National population and housing census |url=https://censusnepal.cbs.gov.np/results/population?province=2&district=15&municipality=13 |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=Census Nepal}}</ref> | population_density_km2 = auto | population_metro = | population_density_metro_km2 = | population_demonym = ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱤᱨᱟᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹ <!-- General information --> | time_zone = [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ|NST]] | utc_offset = +᱕:᱔᱕ | time_zone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | coordinates = {{coord|26|32|26|N|86|44|55|E|region:NP_type:city|display=inline,title}} | elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> tags--> | elevation_m = ᱗᱖ <!-- Area/postal codes & others --> | postal_code_type = [[ᱯᱤᱱ ᱠᱳᱰ|ᱯᱳᱥᱴᱟᱞ ᱠᱳᱰ]] | postal_code = ᱕᱖᱔᱐᱐ | area_code = ᱐᱓᱑ | custom_label_sec1 = [[ᱚᱞ-ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱤ]] | custom_data_sec1 = ᱗᱖.᱖᱐% | website = {{URL|www.rajbirajmun.gov.np}} | footnotes = }} '''ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱤᱨᱟᱡᱽ''' ({{langx|ne|राजविराज}}) ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱢᱚᱫᱷᱮᱥ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ-ᱢᱟᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ|ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨᱯᱟᱞᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ "ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱤᱸᱠ ᱥᱤᱴᱤ (ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱯᱤ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ)" ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱑᱙᱓᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ "ᱯᱤᱸᱠ ᱥᱤᱴᱤ" [[ᱡᱚᱭᱯᱩᱨ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱫᱽᱜᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱠᱥᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ - ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ [[ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱤᱝ]] ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=Rajbiraj/> ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱤᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱚᱯᱛᱚᱨᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱔᱔ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ [[ᱦᱚᱱᱩᱢᱟᱱᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ, ᱥᱚᱯᱛᱚᱨᱤ|ᱦᱚᱱᱩᱢᱟᱱᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱘ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news |title=Terms of Reference for the preparation of IUDP of municipality |url=https://mofald.gov.np/sites/default/files/News_Notices/Napakha.PDF |access-date=30 November 2023 |agency=MOFALD |publisher=Government of Nepal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Ajay Kumar |title=हनुमाननगरका मूर्तिहरू घर फर्किन्छन् ! |url=https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2021/07/980439 |access-date=2018-02-05 |website=Onlinekhabar |language=ne}}</ref> ᱑᱙᱕᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨᱯᱟᱞᱤᱠᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱷᱳ scientific/ ᱜᱷᱳᱥᱬᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.housingnepal.com/articles/display/rapid-urbanization-in-nepal-an-asset-or-liability |title=Rapid urbanization in Nepal |website=www.housingnepal.com |access-date=8 May 2018}}</ref> [[᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ|᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱗᱐,᱘᱐᱓ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱗᱗ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ]] ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="Census"/> ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱕᱕.᱖᱔ ᱫᱚ surface ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱖ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱣᱟᱨᱰ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱔ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ [[ᱥᱮᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ|ᱥᱮᱱ]] ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱩᱨᱩᱥ ᱞᱮᱱ [[ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱛᱷᱟᱱ]] ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱴᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Monuments of Saptari">{{cite book|last1=Dāsa|first1=Harikāntalāla|title=Saptarī Jillākā pramukha sāṃskr̥tika sthalaharu : eka adhyayana : laghuanusandhānakārya|date=2003|publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna|location=Kāṭhamāḍauṃ|isbn=9789993350569|pages=120|edition=1. saṃskaraṇa.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asianart.com/articles/saptari/index.html |title=Sanjib Chaudhary: The ruins of Sen palace and temple in Saptari district of Nepal |website=www.asianart.com |access-date=8 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="Das">{{cite journal |last=Das |first=Basudevlal |title=The Sena Dynasty: From Bengal to Nepal |journal=Academic Voices |date=2014 |page=6 |url= https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/AV/article/download/12350/10009}}</ref> ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱤᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱫᱷᱩᱱᱤᱠ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ point ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ [[#ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ|ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ]] ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱤᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱯᱛᱚᱨᱤ ᱒(ᱵᱤ) ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱱᱤᱨᱵᱟᱪᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱹᱪ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ [[ᱢᱚᱫᱷᱮᱥ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ|ᱢᱚᱫᱷᱮᱥ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱭᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱴᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱮᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱯᱛᱚᱨᱤ ᱒ ᱱᱤᱨᱵᱟᱪᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱹᱪ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ [[ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱚᱫᱽ (ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ)|ᱮᱢ.ᱯᱤ]] ᱭᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱴᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱦᱮᱡ-ᱥᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱗᱘ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱵᱤᱨᱟᱴᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ]] ᱟᱨ ᱑᱐ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ-ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ|ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ-ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ]] ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ [[ᱠᱩᱱᱟᱣᱞᱤ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fgbsCgAAQBAJ&q=Rajbiraj%2520and%2520kunauli&pg=PT24 |title=Nepal - India Open Borders: Problems and Prospects |last=Pyakurel |first=Uddab P. |date=2015-12-20 |publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-84464-92-9 |language=en}}</ref> == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == === ᱯᱨᱟᱪᱤᱱ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ === ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ [[ᱢᱤᱛᱷᱤᱞᱟ (ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ)|ᱢᱤᱛᱷᱤᱞᱟ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱠ]] (ᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱘ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ-᱗ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ) ᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱦᱳᱭᱳᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jha, Makhan, 1941- |title=Anthropology of ancient Hindu kingdoms : a study in civilizational perspective |date=1997 |publisher=M.D. Publications |isbn=81-7533-034-1 |location=New Delhi |oclc=37992849}}</ref><ref>[[Michael Witzel]] (1989), ''Tracing the Vedic dialects'' in ''Dialectes dans les litteratures Indo-Aryennes'' ed. [[Colette Caillat|Caillat]], Paris, pages 13, 17 116-124, 141-143</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ [[ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱠᱯᱩᱨ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱣᱲᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱠ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱵᱳᱭᱦᱟ [[ᱠᱩᱥᱚᱫᱷᱣᱚᱡᱽ]] ᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱪ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱮᱨᱟ [[ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱚᱵᱤ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱨᱩᱛᱚᱠᱤᱨᱛᱤ]] ᱫᱚ [[ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱚᱛ (ᱨᱟᱢᱟᱭᱚᱬ)|ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱚᱛ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱚᱛᱨᱩᱜᱷᱱᱚ]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ [[ᱠᱩᱥᱚᱫᱷᱣᱚᱡᱽ]] ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱪᱷᱞᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱭᱮ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ Samkashya|ᱥᱚᱝᱠᱟᱥᱭᱟ]] ᱛᱮᱭ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Ramayan">{{cite book |last1=BALAKANDA |title=Balmiki Ramayana |publisher=IIT Kanpur |pages=SARGA 71 |url=https://www.valmiki.iitk.ac.in/summary?field_kanda_tid=1&field_sarga_value=71 |access-date=30 May 2020}}</ref> [[ᱢᱟᱹ formal ᱡᱩᱜᱽ]] ᱕᱒᱐ [[ common ᱮᱨᱟ|CE]] ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Grierson, George Abraham, Sir, 1851-1941. |title=Seven grammars of the dialects and subdialects of the Bihárí language : spoken in the Province of Bihár, in the eastern portion of the North-Western Provinces, and the northern portion of the Central Provinces |date=2005 |publisher=Kalpaz Publications |isbn=81-7835-451-9 |location=Delhi |pages=230 |oclc=297507808}}</ref> [[ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱥᱟᱞᱮᱥ]] ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱛᱷᱤᱞᱟ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱤᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱕ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱ]] ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yadav |first=Mithilesh |title=King Sahlesh: The lesser known legend of Mithila |url=https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/39909/ |access-date=2020-06-10 |website=My Republica |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Rays and ways of Indian culture |date=1996 |publisher=M.D. Publications |isbn=81-85880-98-0 |location=New Delhi |page=200 |oclc=34851354}}</ref> ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ [[ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ]] ᱫᱚ ᱑᱑ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱔ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱛᱷᱤᱞᱟ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ '''ᱛᱤᱨᱦᱩᱛ''' ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ) ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱕ ᱟᱱᱤᱡ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ [[ᱥᱚᱠᱛᱤᱥᱤᱝᱦᱚᱫᱮᱵᱽ]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chaudhary |first=Radhakrishna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JO4toCiJ2ecC&q=Mithilak%2520Itihas |title=Mithilak Itihas |publisher=Ram Vilas Sahu |isbn=978-93-80538-28-0 |pages=70–112 |language=hi}}</ref> (᱑᱒᱘᱕ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱒᱙᱕ CE) ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ [[ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱥᱤᱝᱦᱚᱫᱮᱵᱽ]] ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱟᱪᱤᱱ [[ᱪᱷᱤᱱᱱᱚᱢᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱵᱷᱚᱜᱚᱣᱚᱛᱤ ᱛᱷᱟᱱ]] ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲ (fort) ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱳᱠᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ '''ᱜᱚᱰᱷᱤ ᱜᱟᱪᱷᱤ''' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Harikant">{{Citation |last=Das, Harikant Lal |url=http://www.madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=33586 |title=Saptari Jillaka Pramukh Aitihasik Gadhiharu |date=2010 |publisher=Sajha Prakashan |page=25 |language=ne}}</ref> [[ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ]] ᱫᱷᱩᱲᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱮᱱ ᱵᱟᱫᱽ, [[ᱥᱮᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ]] ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ [[ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱚᱞ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[ᱨᱩᱯᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ, ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ|ᱨᱩᱯᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ]] ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱛᱷᱤᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱞᱚ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱑᱕ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱘ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="Das"/> [[ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱛᱷᱟᱱ]] ᱫᱚ ᱑᱔ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱩᱨᱩᱥ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ<ref name="Harikant"/> ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱚᱫᱷᱣᱚᱡᱽ ᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱤᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ [[ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱚᱵᱤ]], [[ᱩᱨᱢᱤᱞᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱨᱩᱛᱚᱠᱤᱨᱛᱤ]] ᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Ramayan"/> === ᱟᱹᱫᱷᱩᱱᱤᱠ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ === ᱑᱘᱑᱖ ᱨᱮ [[ᱥᱩᱜᱚᱣᱞᱤ ᱥᱩᱦᱤ-ᱛᱚᱯᱚᱞ (Treaty of Sugauli)]] ᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ strike|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱕᱐ ᱜᱮᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ-ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱮᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱤᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨᱯᱟᱞᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱤᱝ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱤᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=Rajbiraj>{{cite web|title=Rajbiraj revisited|url=http://archive.nepalitimes.com/news.php?id=5454#.YNXQFjfP32c|website=Nepal Times| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625124538/http://archive.nepalitimes.com/news.php?id=5454#.YNXQFjfP32c |access-date=19 July 2002| archive-date=25 June 2021 }}</ref> [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ]] ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱳᱰᱮᱞ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱞᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name=Planned>{{cite web|title=Nepal's first planned town on revival road|url=http://myrepublica.com/portal/index.php?action=news_details&news_id=73973|website=My Republica|access-date=2 May 2015}}</ref> ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱤᱧᱡᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱴᱮᱠᱴ [[ᱰᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱡᱚᱝ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱟ]] ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ [[ᱡᱚᱭᱯᱩᱨ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱤᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱠᱥᱟ ᱭᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.spotlightnepal.com/2017/08/12/dilli-jung-thapa-forgotten-hero/ |title=DILLI JUNG THAPA Forgotten Hero |last=Magazine |first=New Spolight |website=SpotlightNepal |language=en |access-date=8 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.spotlightnepal.com/2016/02/19/what-went-wrong-in-my-madhesh/ |title=What Went Wrong In My Madhesh? |last=Magazine |first=New Spolight |website=SpotlightNepal |language=en |access-date=8 May 2018}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱠᱷᱱᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱤᱛᱩᱱ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱪᱟᱹᱴᱭᱟᱹᱨ == ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱤᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱴᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ "ᱨᱟᱡᱽ" ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ "ᱨᱟᱡᱽ" ( state / ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ) ᱟᱨ "ᱵᱤᱨᱟᱡᱽ" ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ "ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ" ᱥᱮ "ᱵᱟᱥᱟᱜ" ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=Rajdevi>{{cite web|title=Rajdevi Temple|url=http://bossnepal.com/rajdevi-temple/|website=Boss Nepal|access-date=5 April 2015}}</ref> == ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ == ᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱤᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱗᱐,᱘᱐᱓ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱓᱖,᱒᱘᱔ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱓᱔,᱕᱑᱙ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱞ-ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱗᱖.᱖᱐% ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱚᱞ-ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱘᱕.᱓᱐% ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱚᱞ-ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱖᱗.᱔᱐% ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Census"/> ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]] ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟᱭᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱘᱗%, ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ ᱑᱐.᱘᱙%, ᱡᱮᱭᱱ ᱑.᱒᱖% ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱠᱷ ᱐.᱖᱔% ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name="Rajbiraj Demography">{{cite web|title=National Population and Housing Census 2011|url=http://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/15%20Saptari_VDCLevelReport.pdf|website=Central Bureau of Statistics|access-date=1 March 2014|archive-date=1 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140801192402/http://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/15%20Saptari_VDCLevelReport.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ, ᱥᱤᱠᱷ, ᱡᱮᱭᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱩᱫᱽᱫᱷᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱤᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ-ᱜᱳᱥᱴᱷᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ [[ᱛᱚᱨᱟᱭ]] ᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱸᱛᱟᱠ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱠᱟᱭᱚᱥᱛᱷᱚ]], [[ᱣᱮᱥᱭᱚ|ᱫᱮᱣ]], [[ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ]], [[ᱢᱚᱱᱰᱚᱞ]], [[ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ]], [[ᱢᱮᱭᱛᱷᱤᱞ ᱵᱟ formal|ᱵᱟ formal]], [[ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱯᱩᱛ]], [[ᱢᱟᱨᱣᱟᱲᱤ]], [[ᱛᱷᱟᱨᱩ]], [[ᱵᱟᱰᱦᱟᱭ]], [[ᱞᱩᱦᱟᱨ]], ᱥᱚᱱᱟᱨ, [[ᱛᱮᱞᱤ]], [[ᱵᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱫᱟᱢᱟᱭ]], [[ᱱᱮᱣᱟᱨ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱟ formal|ᱵᱟᱦᱩᱱ]] ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWvtsgEACAAJ&q=The+Caste+System+in+Terai+Madhesh |title=The Caste System in Terai Madhesh |last=Rakesh |first=Ram Dayal |date=2015 |publisher=Adroit Publishers |isbn=9788187393108 |language=en}}</ref> {{bar box |title=ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱤᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ<ref name="Rajbiraj Demography" /> |titlebar=#Fcd116 |left1=ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ |right1=ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱚᱲᱟ (%) |float=right |bars= {{bar percent|[[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ]]|#FF6600|᱘᱗.᱐᱑}} {{bar percent|[[ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ|ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ]]|#009000|᱑᱐.᱘᱙}} {{bar percent|[[ᱡᱮᱭᱱ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ|ᱡᱮᱭᱱ]]|#FFFF00|᱑.᱒᱖}} {{bar percent|ᱥᱤᱠᱷ|#808080|᱐.᱖᱔}} {{bar percent|ᱮᱴᱟᱜᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ|#808080|᱐.᱒᱐}} <small>ᱮᱴᱟᱜᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ [[ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ|ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ]], [[ᱵᱩᱫᱽᱫᱷᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ|ᱵᱩᱫᱽᱫᱷᱚ]] ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ (᱐.᱑᱙%)</small> }} == ᱦᱮᱡ-ᱥᱮᱱ == === ᱦᱚᱨ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ === ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱤᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱢᱚᱦᱮᱱᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱢᱟᱨᱜᱽ|ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱢᱟᱨᱜᱽ]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ tilt ᱨᱮ ᱑᱐ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱗ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱞᱟᱠᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱢᱟᱨᱜᱽ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱢᱟᱨᱜᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱵᱽ-ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱢᱟᱨᱜᱽ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[ᱵᱟᱥ]] ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ-ᱥᱮᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ, [[ᱤᱞᱮᱠᱴᱨᱤᱠ ᱨᱤᱠᱥᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[ Tata Magic | ᱢᱟᱭᱠᱨᱳ ᱵᱷᱮᱱ]] ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱳᱠᱟᱞ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ-ᱥᱮᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱥᱟ central/ ᱥᱟᱯᱟᱯ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ === ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱨ === {{Main|ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱤᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱵᱤᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱸᱫᱚᱨ}} ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱤᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱸᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ [[ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱤᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱵᱤᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱸᱫᱚᱨ]] ([[IATA]]: RJB, [[ICAO]]: VNRB) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱕᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱ ᱡᱚᱦᱚᱜᱤᱡ ᱦᱮᱡ-ᱥᱮᱱ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ [[ᱜᱚᬬᱮᱥ ᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱝ]] ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱰᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱨᱟᱭ ᱯᱮ ᱜᱮᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱵᱟᱫᱽ, [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱚᱨᱤᱠ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱹ authority|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱚᱨᱤᱠ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱹᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ (CAAN)]] ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱙᱐ ᱜᱮᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱓᱐᱓ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ (Nepalese Rupees) ᱠᱚᱨᱪᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱸᱫᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱩ-ᱯᱷᱮᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱒᱐᱐᱗ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱨᱤ ᱮᱭᱟᱨᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱕᱐-ᱥᱤᱴᱟᱹᱨ CRJ-200 ᱫᱚ ᱒᱓ ᱢᱮ ᱒᱐᱑᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱥᱴ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/rajbiraj-airport-gets-rolling-after-successful-test-flight/ |title=Rajbiraj airport gets rolling after successful test flight |date=23 May 2018 |website=The Himalayan Times |language=en-US |access-date=26 June 2018}}</ref> ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱔ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱒᱐᱑᱘ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2018-06-25/rajbiraj-airport-begins-commercial-operations.html |title=Rajbiraj Airport begins commercial operations |language=en |access-date=26 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2018-05-25/rajbiraj-airport-resumes-operations-after-a-decade.html |title=Rajbiraj Airport resumes operations after a decade |language=en |access-date=26 June 2018}}</ref> ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱒᱐᱒᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, [[ᱵᱩᱫᱽᱫᱷᱚ ᱮᱭᱟᱨ]] ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱤᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ [[ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱢᱟᱱᱰᱩ]] ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.buddhaair.com/flights-to-rajbiraj|title=Buddha air}}</ref> === ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱦᱮᱡ-ᱥᱮᱱ === ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ-ᱥᱮᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ [[ᱯᱮᱰᱚᱞ ᱨᱤᱠᱥᱟ]] ᱟᱨ ᱤᱞᱮᱠᱴᱨᱤᱠ ᱨᱤᱠᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱤᱧ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ [[ᱚᱴᱳ ᱨᱤᱠᱥᱟ]] ᱦᱚᱸ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱚᱞᱚᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ == ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱤᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨᱯᱟᱞᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ [[ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤ standard| ᱴᱨᱳᱯᱤᱠᱟᱞ (tropical) ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱫᱚ - [[ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ]], [[ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ|ᱢᱚᱱᱥᱩᱱ (ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ)]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱛᱚᱨᱟᱭ]] (ᱴᱮᱸᱰᱟ) ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱤᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱵᱷᱟᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱞᱳᱞᱳ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|title=Rising Temperature|url=http://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/rising-mercury-brings-tarai-life-to-standstill/|website=The Himalayan Times|access-date=6 June 2015|date=6 June 2015}}</ref> ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱳᱞᱳ-ᱮᱞ (temperature) ᱫᱚ ᱒᱓°C (᱗᱓°F) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱔᱔°C (᱑᱑᱑°F) ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[ ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ|ᱢᱚᱱᱥᱩᱱ]] ᱫᱚ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱩᱲᱤ ᱟᱨ [[ ᱨᱤᱢᱤᱞ ᱜᱚᱨᱡᱟᱣ| ᱨᱤᱢᱤᱞ ᱜᱚᱨᱡᱟᱣ]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ (humidity) ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱲ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱳᱞᱳ-ᱮᱞ ᱖°C (᱔᱑°F) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱐°C (᱘᱖°F) ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱤᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱦᱤᱨᱤ ( visit ) ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ (tourists) ᱠᱚ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ, ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱲ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱳᱞᱳ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ {{Weather box | location = ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱤᱨᱟᱡᱽ (᱑᱙᱙᱑–᱒᱐᱒᱐ ᱱᱳᱨᱢᱟᱞ) | metric first = Y | single line = Y |collapsed = Y | Jan high C = 22.4 | Feb high C = 25.5 | Mar high C = 31.7 | Apr high C = 34.6 | May high C = 34.3 | Jun high C = 33.9 | Jul high C = 32.9 | Aug high C = 33.3 | Sep high C = 33.2 | Oct high C = 32.4 | Nov high C = 29.7 | Dec high C = 25.0 | year high C = |Jan mean C = 16.1 |Feb mean C = 19.0 |Mar mean C = 24.2 |Apr mean C = 28.0 |May mean C = 29.0 |Jun mean C = 29.5 |Jul mean C = 28.9 }} 8ag82rmt7y1bu6ghszy08078z5h7f9a 0 38061 197848 2026-09-15T07:20:57Z ᱚᱨᱯᱤᱛᱟ ᱦᱮᱢᱵᱨᱚᱢ 7474 "{{Infobox settlement | name = ᱥᱮᱭᱟᱠᱷᱟᱞᱟ | native_name = | native_name_lang = | other_name = ᱥᱤᱭᱟᱠᱷᱟᱞᱟ, ᱥᱤᱦᱟᱠᱷᱟᱞᱟ | nickname = | type = ᱟᱛᱳ | image = | alt = | caption = | pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India | pushpin_label_posi..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 197848 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = ᱥᱮᱭᱟᱠᱷᱟᱞᱟ | native_name = | native_name_lang = | other_name = ᱥᱤᱭᱟᱠᱷᱟᱞᱟ, ᱥᱤᱦᱟᱠᱷᱟᱞᱟ | nickname = | type = ᱟᱛᱳ | image = | alt = | caption = | pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_alt = | pushpin_caption = ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ | coordinates = {{coord|22.7677229|N|88.1743169|E|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ | subdivision_name = {{flag|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ}} | subdivision_type1 = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱮᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ|ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | subdivision_name1 = [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] | subdivision_type2 = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ|ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ]] | subdivision_name2 = [[ᱦᱩᱜᱽᱞᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ|ᱦᱩᱜᱽᱞᱤ]] | established_title = | established_date = | named_for = | government_type = | governing_body = [[ᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢ ᱯᱟᱸᱪᱟᱭᱟᱛ]] | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_rank = | area_total_km2 = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_total = ᱖,᱔᱓᱔ | population_as_of = ᱒᱐᱑᱑ | population_rank = | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_footnotes = | demographics_type1 = ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ | demographics1_title1 = ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ | demographics1_info1 = [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]], [[ᱤᱝᱨᱟᱹᱡᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱝᱨᱟᱹᱡᱤ]] | time_zone1 = [[ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱴᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨᱰ ᱴᱟᱭᱤᱢ|ᱟᱭ.ᱮᱥ.ᱴᱤ (IST)]] | utc_offset1 = +᱕:᱓᱐ | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code_type = ᱴᱮᱞᱤᱯᱷᱳᱱ ᱠᱳᱰ | area_code = ᱐᱓᱒᱑᱒ | registration_plate = WB | custom_label1_sec1 = [[ᱞᱳᱠ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ | custom_data1_sec1 = [[ᱥᱨᱤᱨᱟᱢᱯᱩᱨ (ᱞᱳᱠ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ)|ᱥᱨᱤᱨᱟᱢᱯᱩᱨ]] | custom_label2_sec1 = [[ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ | custom_data2_sec1 = [[ᱪᱚᱱᱰᱤᱛᱚᱞᱟ (ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ)|ᱪᱚᱱᱰᱤᱛᱚᱞᱟ]] | website = {{URL|wb.gov.in}} | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-WB]] | footnotes = }} ''' ᱥᱤᱭᱟᱠᱷᱟᱞᱟ/ᱥᱮᱭᱟᱠᱷᱟᱞᱟ ''' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ, [[ᱦᱩᱜᱽᱞᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ|ᱦᱩᱜᱽᱞᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱥᱨᱤᱨᱟᱢᱯᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱷᱤᱡᱚᱱ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱪᱚᱱᱰᱤᱛᱚᱞᱟ ᱑]] ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱩᱱᱱᱚᱭᱚᱱ ᱵᱞᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱟᱛᱳ]] ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢ ᱯᱟᱸᱪᱟᱭᱟᱛ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱪᱚᱱᱰᱤᱛᱚᱞᱟ]] ᱯᱩᱞᱤᱥ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |url= http://banglarbhumi.gov.in/banglarbhumi/(S(34prhyngb4rxzrx25wan0tst))/ASP%20PAGES/info_block.aspx?distcode=06&bcode=10 |title= Mouza Information |publisher= Land & Land Reforms Department, Government of West Bengal |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161222011900/http://banglarbhumi.gov.in/banglarbhumi/(S(o5nvju0slgdmw3352gvdrcuo))/ASP%20PAGES/info_block.aspx?distcode=06&bcode=10 |archive-date= 2016-12-22 }}</ref> == ᱵᱷᱩᱜᱳᱞ == ᱥᱮᱭᱟᱠᱷᱟᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ {{coord|22.7677229|N|88.1743169|E| source:itwiki_region:IN}} ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ === ᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢ ᱯᱟᱸᱪᱟᱭᱟᱛ === ᱥᱮᱭᱟᱠᱷᱟᱞᱟ [[ᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢ ᱯᱟᱸᱪᱟᱭᱟᱛ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱛᱳ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ: [[ᱪᱟᱠ ᱛᱟᱡᱽᱯᱩᱨ]], [[ᱢᱟᱫᱷᱩᱯᱩᱨ, ᱪᱚᱱᱰᱤᱛᱚᱞᱟ-᱑|ᱢᱟᱫᱷᱩᱯᱩᱨ]], [[ᱯᱟᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱛᱟᱡᱽᱯᱩᱨ]], [[ᱯᱟᱴᱩᱞ, ᱪᱚᱱᱰᱤᱛᱚᱞᱟ-᱑|ᱯᱟᱴᱩᱞ]], [[ᱨᱟᱜᱷᱩᱱᱟᱛᱷᱯᱩᱨ, ᱪᱚᱱᱰᱤᱛᱚᱞᱟ-᱑|ᱨᱟᱜᱷᱩᱱᱟᱛᱷᱯᱩᱨ]], [[ᱥᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤᱯᱩᱨ]] ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱭᱟᱠᱷᱟᱞᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web | url = https://villageinfo.in/west-bengal/hugli/chanditala-i/sehakhala.html| title = Sehakhala| publisher = Indian Village Directory |access-date = 12 October 2018}}</ref> [[File:Map of Sehakhala GP.png|thumb|ᱥᱮᱭᱟᱠᱷᱟᱞᱟ ᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢ ᱯᱟᱸᱪᱟᱭᱟᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱠᱥᱟ]] == ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ == [[᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱭᱟᱠᱷᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱖,᱔᱓᱔ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱓,᱒᱕᱓ (᱕᱑%) ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱓,᱑᱘᱑ (᱔᱙%) ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱕᱔᱒ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱭᱟᱠᱷᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱔,᱙᱕᱕ (᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱤᱥᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱘᱔.᱑᱐%) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 7 October 2018}}</ref> == ᱦᱮᱡ ᱥᱮᱱ == === ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ === ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ, [[ᱵᱟᱨᱩᱭᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ]], [[ᱦᱟᱣᱲᱟ-ᱵᱚᱨᱫᱷᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱳᱨᱰ]] ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ ᱥᱟᱵᱽ-ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ]] ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web | url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/all/14441/1/2 | title = 36811 Howrah Bardhaman Local (via Chord) | publisher = indiarailinfo |access-date = 6 October 2018}}</ref><ref name=google>Google maps</ref> ᱥᱮᱭᱟᱠᱷᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱙᱑᱕-᱑᱙᱗᱑ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ [[ᱱᱮᱨᱳ ᱜᱮᱡᱽ]] ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ SH 15 ᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱵᱳᱨᱰ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱦᱟᱭᱣᱮ ᱫᱚ [[ᱢᱟᱨᱴᱤᱱᱥ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ]] ᱥᱮᱭᱟᱠᱷᱟᱞᱟ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱜᱮᱭ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟᱭᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ === ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ === [[ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱦᱟᱭᱣᱮ ᱑᱕ (ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ)|ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱦᱟᱭᱣᱮ ᱑᱕]] (ᱚᱦᱤᱞᱭᱟᱵᱟᱭᱤ ᱦᱳᱞᱠᱟᱨ ᱨᱳᱰ) ᱟᱨ ᱓᱑ ᱱᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱨᱳᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱨᱚᱥᱤᱝ ᱯᱚᱭᱮᱱᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱛᱳ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ '''᱓᱑ ᱱᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱨᱳᱰ''' ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱭᱣᱮ ᱑᱙ (ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ)|ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱭᱣᱮ ᱑᱙]] ([[ᱵᱟᱲᱟ ᱠᱟᱢᱟᱞᱯᱩᱨ|ᱵᱳᱲᱟ]]), [[ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱦᱟᱭᱣᱮ ᱑᱓ (ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ)|ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱦᱟᱭᱣᱮ ᱑᱓]] (ᱢᱤᱞᱠᱤ ᱵᱟᱫᱟᱢᱛᱟᱞᱟ) ᱟᱨ [[ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱦᱟᱭᱣᱮ ᱖ (ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ)|ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱦᱟᱭᱣᱮ ᱖]]/ [[ᱡᱤ.ᱴᱤ. ᱨᱳᱰ]] (ᱱᱚᱵᱚᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢ) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=google/> === ᱵᱟᱥ === ==== ᱯᱨᱟᱭᱵᱷᱮᱴ ᱵᱟᱥ ==== * ᱒᱖ [[ᱵᱚᱱᱦᱩᱜᱽᱞᱤ]] – [[ᱪᱟᱢᱯᱟᱰᱟᱝ ᱜᱟ]] * ᱓᱑ [[ᱥᱨᱤᱨᱟᱢᱯᱩᱨ]] - [[ᱡᱟᱝᱜᱤᱯᱟᱲᱟ]] * ᱒᱖A [[ᱥᱨᱤᱨᱟᱢᱯᱩᱨ]] - [[ᱟᱣᱥᱵᱟᱹᱞᱤ]] * ᱒᱖C [[ᱵᱚᱱᱦᱩᱜᱽᱞᱤ]] - [[ᱡᱚᱜᱚᱛᱵᱚᱞᱞᱚᱵᱷᱯᱩᱨ]] * E᱓᱖ [[ᱮᱥᱯᱞᱟᱱᱮᱰ, ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ|ᱮᱥᱯᱞᱟᱱᱮᱰ]] - [[ᱪᱟᱢᱯᱟᱰᱟᱝ ᱜᱟ]] == ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ == * ᱥᱮᱭᱟᱠᱷᱟᱞᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱤᱢᱟᱫᱷᱚᱵᱽ ᱦᱟᱭ ᱥᱠᱩᱞ * ᱥᱮᱭᱟᱠᱷᱟᱞᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱤᱢᱟᱫᱷᱚᱵᱽ ᱜᱟᱨᱞᱥ ᱦᱟᱭ ᱥᱠᱩᱞ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{reflist}} {{ᱦᱩᱜᱽᱞᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ}} {{ᱥᱨᱤᱨᱟᱢᱯᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱷᱤᱡᱚᱱ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱦᱩᱜᱽᱞᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱛᱳ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱪᱚᱱᱰᱤᱛᱚᱞᱟ ᱑ ᱥᱤᱰᱤ ᱵᱞᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱛᱳ ᱠᱚ]] qmxnqcozq4wptzo795040p42zxoj64w 0 38062 197849 2026-09-15T07:39:25Z ᱚᱨᱯᱤᱛᱟ ᱦᱮᱢᱵᱨᱚᱢ 7474 "<!-- See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian cities]] for details -->{{Infobox settlement | name = ᱫᱤᱦᱤ ᱵᱟᱭᱟᱨᱟ | other_name = | nickname = | type = ᱟᱛᱳ | image = | alt = | caption = | pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_alt = | pushpin..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 197849 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian cities]] for details -->{{Infobox settlement | name = ᱫᱤᱦᱤ ᱵᱟᱭᱟᱨᱟ | other_name = | nickname = | type = ᱟᱛᱳ | image = | alt = | caption = | pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_alt = | pushpin_caption = ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ | coordinates = {{coord|22.8614|N|87.8127|E|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ | subdivision_name = {{flag|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ}} | subdivision_type1 = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱮᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ|ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | subdivision_name1 = [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] | subdivision_type2 = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ|ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ]] | subdivision_name2 = [[ᱦᱩᱜᱽᱞᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ|ᱦᱩᱜᱽᱞᱤ]] | established_title = <!-- Established --> | established_date = | founder = | named_for = | government_type = | governing_body = | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_rank = | area_total_km2 = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_total = ᱓᱖᱙᱗ | population_as_of = ᱒᱐᱑᱑ | population_rank = | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_footnotes = | demographics_type1 = ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ | demographics1_title1 = ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ | demographics1_info1 = [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]], [[ᱤᱝᱨᱟᱹᱡᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱝᱨᱟᱹᱡᱤ]] | time_zone1 = [[ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱴᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨᱰ ᱴᱟᱭᱤᱢ|ᱟᱭ.ᱮᱥ.ᱴᱤ (IST)]] | utc_offset1 = +᱕:᱓᱐ | postal_code_type = [[ᱯᱤᱱ ᱠᱳᱰ|ᱯᱤᱱ]] | postal_code = 712413 | area_code_type = ᱴᱮᱞᱤᱯᱷᱳᱱ/[[ᱮᱥ.ᱴᱤ.ᱰᱤ ᱠᱳᱰ|ᱮᱥ.ᱴᱤ.ᱰᱤ]] ᱠᱳᱰ | area_code = 03211 | registration_plate = | custom_label1_sec1 = [[ᱞᱳᱠ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ | custom_data1_sec1 = [[ᱟᱨᱟᱢᱵᱟᱜᱽ (ᱞᱳᱠ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ)|ᱟᱨᱟᱢᱵᱟᱜᱽ]] | custom_label2_sec1 = [[ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ | custom_data2_sec1 = [[ᱟᱨᱟᱢᱵᱟᱜᱽ (ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ)|ᱟᱨᱟᱢᱵᱟᱜᱽ]] | website = {{URL|hooghly.gov.in/}} | footnotes = }} '''ᱫᱤᱦᱤ ᱵᱟᱭᱟᱨᱟ''' (ᱫᱤᱦᱤ ᱵᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱚᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ) ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱮᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ|ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱦᱩᱜᱽᱞᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱟᱨᱟᱢᱵᱟᱜᱽ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱷᱤᱡᱚᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱟᱨᱟᱢᱵᱟᱜᱽ (ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱩᱱᱱᱚᱭᱚᱱ ᱵᱞᱚᱠ)|ᱟᱨᱟᱢᱵᱟᱜᱽ]] [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱩᱱᱱᱚᱭᱚᱱ ᱵᱞᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ|ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱩᱱᱱᱚᱭᱚᱱ ᱵᱞᱚᱠ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱛᱳ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱵᱷᱩᱜᱳᱞ == {{OSM Location map |width=500| height=300| zoom=10 |coord={{coord|22|50|0|N|87|46|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''ᱦᱩᱜᱽᱞᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱟᱢᱵᱟᱜᱽ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱷᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ''' M: ᱢᱩᱱᱤᱥᱤᱯᱟᱞᱤᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ/ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ, R: ᱟᱹᱛᱩ/ ᱥᱚᱦᱨᱤ ᱠᱮᱱᱫᱽᱨᱚ, H: ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ/ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱮᱱᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱱᱚᱠᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱱᱟᱴ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱞᱟᱹᱴᱩ ᱱᱚᱠᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ |mark-coord1= {{coord|22|53|50|N|87|41|40|E}}| label-pos1=right|label1= ᱜᱳᱜᱷᱟᱴ | numbered1=R| mark-title1= [[ᱜᱳᱜᱷᱟᱴ]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=13| mark-size1=13|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2 |mark-coord2={{coord|22|43|5|N|87|51|40|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2= ᱠᱷᱟᱱᱟᱠᱩᱞ | numbered2=R| mark-title2= [[ᱠᱷᱟᱱᱟᱠᱩᱞ]] (R) |mark-coord3={{coord|22|54|10|N|87|39|30|E}} | label-pos3=top|label3= ᱠᱟᱢᱟᱨᱯᱩᱠᱩᱨ | numbered3=R| mark-title3= [[ᱠᱟᱢᱟᱨᱯᱩᱠᱩᱨ]] (R) |mark-coord4={{coord|22|50|40|N|87|57|37|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= ᱯᱩᱨᱥᱩᱲᱟ | numbered4=R| mark-title4= [[ᱯᱩᱨᱥᱩᱲᱟ]] (R) |mark-coord5={{coord|22|56|45|N|87|41|18|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5= ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱟᱭ | numbered5=R| mark-title5= [[ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱟᱭ]] (R) |mark-coord6={{coord|22|53|35|N|87|53|55|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= ᱠᱮᱥᱚᱵᱽᱯᱩᱨ | numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[ᱠᱮᱥᱚᱵᱽᱯᱩᱨ, ᱦᱩᱜᱽᱞᱤ]] (R) |mark-coord7={{coord|22|44|25|N|87|51|40|E}} | label-pos7=top|label7= ᱨᱟᱫᱷᱟᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ | numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[ᱨᱟᱫᱷᱟᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ, ᱦᱩᱜᱽᱞᱤ|ᱨᱟᱫᱷᱟᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ]] (R) |mark-coord8={{coord|22|49|25|N|87|57|40|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8= ᱥᱨᱤᱨᱟᱢᱯᱩᱨ | numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[ᱥᱨᱤᱨᱟᱢᱯᱩᱨ, ᱟᱨᱟᱢᱵᱟᱜᱽ]] (R) |mark-coord9={{coord|22|43|41|N|87|52|30|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= ᱱᱟᱴᱤᱵᱽᱯᱩᱨ | numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[ᱱᱟᱴᱤᱵᱽᱯᱩᱨ, ᱦᱩᱜᱽᱞᱤ]] (R) |mark-coord10={{coord|22|47|30|N|87|54|0|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱤᱱ ᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱚᱱᱯᱩᱨ | numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱤᱱ ᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱚᱱᱯᱩᱨ]] (R) |mark-coord11={{coord|22|53|20|N|87|46|48|E}}| label-pos11=right|label11= ᱟᱨᱟᱢᱵᱟᱜᱽ | numbered11=M| mark-title11= [[ᱟᱨᱟᱢᱵᱟᱜᱽ]] (M)| shape-color11= #800000 |mark-coord12={{coord|22|52|10|N|87|39|57|E}}| label-pos12=bottom|label12= ᱜᱚᱲ ᱢᱟᱱᱫᱟᱨᱚᱱ | numbered12=H| mark-title12= [[ᱜᱚᱲ ᱢᱟᱱᱫᱟᱨᱚᱱ]] (H) |shape-color12=#AA6666 |mark-coord13={{coord|22|54|0|N|87|32|13|E}}| label-pos13=left|label13= ᱵᱟᱫᱟᱱᱜᱚᱸᱡᱽ | numbered13=H| mark-title13= [[ᱵᱟᱫᱟᱱᱜᱚᱸᱡᱽ]] (H) |shape-color13=#AA6666 |mark-coord14={{coord|22|48|44|N|87|46|6|E}}| label-pos14=left|label14= ᱵᱟᱞᱤ ᱫᱮᱣᱟᱱᱜᱚᱸᱡᱽ | numbered14=H| mark-title14= [[ᱵᱟᱞᱤ ᱫᱮᱣᱟᱱᱜᱚᱸᱡᱽ]] (H) |shape-color14=#AA6666 |mark-coord15={{coord|22|54|30|N|87|51|44|E}}| label-pos15=left|label15= ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱤᱭᱟ | numbered15=H| mark-title15= [[ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱤᱭᱟ]] (H) |shape-color15=#AA6666 |mark-coord16={{coord|22|51|41|N|87|48|45|E}}| label-pos16=left|label16= ᱫᱤᱦᱤ |labela16= ᱵᱟᱭᱟᱨᱟ | numbered16=H| mark-title16= ᱫᱤᱦᱤ ᱵᱟᱭᱟᱨᱟ (H) |shape-color16=black| label-size16=13|label-color16=black <!-- make the subject of the article stand out with black colors --> |mark-coord17={{coord|22|55|10|N|87|33|25|E}}| label-pos17=top|label17= ᱯᱷᱩᱞᱩᱭ | numbered17=H| mark-title17= [[ᱯᱷᱩᱞᱩᱭ]] (H) |shape-color17=#AA6666 |mark-coord18={{coord|22|46|32|N|87|48|30|E}}| label-pos18=right|label18= ᱜᱩᱲᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤ | numbered18=H| mark-title18= [[ᱜᱩᱲᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤ]] (H) |shape-color18=#AA6666 |mark-coord19={{coord|22|51|20|N|87|51|2|E}}| label-pos19=right|label19= ᱦᱟᱢᱤᱨᱵᱟᱴᱤ | numbered19=H| mark-title19= [[ᱦᱟᱢᱤᱨᱵᱟᱴᱤ]] (H) |shape-color19=#AA6666 |mark-coord20={{coord|22|52|15|N|87|50|32|E}}| label-pos20=right|label20= ᱦᱟᱴ ᱵᱟᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱯᱩᱨ | numbered20=H| mark-title20= [[ᱦᱟᱴ ᱵᱟᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱯᱩᱨ]] (H) |shape-color20=#AA6666 |mark-coord21={{coord|22|54|50|N|87|32|17|E}}| label-pos21=left|label21= ᱠᱟᱭᱟᱯᱟᱴ | numbered21=H| mark-title21= [[ᱠᱟᱭᱟᱯᱟᱴ]] (H) |shape-color21=#AA6666 |mark-coord22={{coord|22|50|30|N|87|49|39|E}}| label-pos22=right|label22= ᱠᱟᱱᱯᱩᱨ | numbered22=H| mark-title22= [[ᱠᱟᱱᱯᱩᱨ, ᱦᱩᱜᱽᱞᱤ]] (H) |shape-color22=#AA6666 |mark-coord23={{coord|22|49|30|N|87|51|2|E}}| label-pos23=bottom|label23= ᱢᱟᱫᱷᱚᱵᱽᱯᱩᱨ | numbered23=H| mark-title23= [[ᱢᱟᱫᱷᱚᱵᱽᱯᱩᱨ, ᱦᱩᱜᱽᱞᱤ]] (H) |shape-color23=#AA6666 |mark-coord24={{coord|22|53|10|N|87|35|52|E}}| label-pos24=bottom|label24= ᱢᱟᱢᱩᱫᱽᱯᱩᱨ | numbered24=H| mark-title24= [[ᱢᱟᱢᱩᱫᱽᱯᱩᱨ, ᱟᱨᱟᱢᱵᱟᱜᱽ]] (H) |shape-color24=#AA6666 |mark-coord25={{coord|22|53|5|N|87|37|2|E}}| label-pos25=right|label25= ᱢᱮᱢᱟᱱᱯᱩᱨ | numbered25=H| mark-title25= [[ᱢᱮᱢᱟᱱᱯᱩᱨ]] (H) |shape-color25=#AA6666 |mark-coord26={{coord|22|48|30|N|87|56|13|E}}| label-pos26=right|label26= ᱯᱟᱨᱩᱞ | numbered26=H| mark-title26= [[ᱯᱟᱨᱩᱞ, ᱦᱩᱜᱽᱞᱤ]] (H) |shape-color26=#AA6666 |mark-coord27={{coord|22|54|5|N|87|37|45|E}}| label-pos27=left|label27= ᱥᱟᱛᱵᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ | numbered27=H| mark-title27= [[ᱥᱟᱛᱵᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ]] (H) |shape-color27=#AA6666 |mark-coord28={{coord|22|53|0|N|87|34|1|E}}| label-pos28=left|label28= ᱥᱭᱟᱢᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ | numbered28=H| mark-title28= [[ᱥᱭᱟᱢᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ, ᱦᱩᱜᱽᱞᱤ]] (H) |shape-color28=#AA6666 |mark-coord29={{coord|22|58|0|N|87|43|40|E}}|label29= ᱫᱣᱟᱨᱚᱠᱮᱥᱣᱚᱨ |labela29= ᱜᱟᱰᱟ | label-color29 = #77A1CB| label-angle29=60| label-pos29=top| label-size29=11| mark-size29=0| mark-title29=none |mark-coord30={{coord|22|47|30|N|87|54|10|E}}|label30= ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱮᱥᱣᱚᱨᱤ |labela30= ᱜᱟᱰᱟ | label-color30 = #77A1CB| label-angle30=65| label-pos30=top| label-size30=11| mark-size30=0| mark-title30=none |mark-coord31={{coord|22|44|0|N|87|43|0|E}}|label31= ᱨᱩᱯᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱚᱱ |labela31= ᱜᱟᱰᱟ | label-color31 = #77A1CB| label-angle31=80| label-pos31=top| label-size31=11| mark-size31=0| mark-title31=none |mark-coord32={{coord|22|44|0|N|87|58|40|E}}|label32= ᱫᱟᱢᱳᱫᱚᱨ |labela32= ᱜᱟᱰᱟ | label-color32 = #77A1CB| label-angle32=85| label-pos32=top| label-size32=11| mark-size32=0| mark-title32=none}} {{clear|left}} === ᱴᱷᱟᱶ === ᱫᱤᱦᱤ ᱵᱟᱭᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ {{coord|22.8614|N|87.8127|E|}} ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ === ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱧᱮᱱᱮᱞ === ᱟᱨᱟᱢᱵᱟᱜᱽ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱷᱤᱡᱚᱱ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱠᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱵᱷᱩᱜᱳᱞᱤᱠ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ – ᱫᱣᱟᱨᱚᱠᱮᱥᱣᱚᱨ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱪᱷᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ – ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱵᱟᱸᱠᱩᱲᱟ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱛ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱛᱞᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ (alluvial plain) ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ, ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱱ-ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱᱛᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1912_PART_A_DCHB_HUGLI.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Hugli, Series-20, Part XIIA | work= Physiography, Page 17-19|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 25 September 2020 }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱥᱛᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱙᱔.᱗᱗% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮ elements᱕.᱒᱓% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Hooghly |work = Table 2.2, 2.4(a) |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 25 September 2020}}</ref> <small>ᱱᱳᱴ: ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱠᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱷᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱠᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱜᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱴᱩ ᱯᱷᱩᱞ ᱥᱠᱨᱤᱱ ᱱᱚᱠᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾</small> == ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ == [[᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱫᱤᱦᱤ ᱵᱟᱭᱟᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱓,᱖᱙᱗ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱑,᱘᱕᱘ (᱕᱐%) ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑,᱘᱓᱙ (᱕᱐%) ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱐-᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱓᱘᱙ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱤᱦᱤ ᱵᱟᱭᱟᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱒,᱕᱐᱖ (᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱤᱥᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱗᱕.᱗᱖%) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 22 September 2020 }}</ref> == ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ == [[ᱰᱮᱵᱷᱤᱰ ᱢᱮᱠᱠᱟᱪᱤᱭᱚᱱ|ᱰᱮᱵᱷᱤᱰ ᱡᱮ. ᱢᱮᱠᱠᱟᱪᱤᱭᱚᱱ]] ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ''[[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱥᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱛᱭᱚ#ᱪᱟᱞᱟ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ|ᱟᱴ ᱪᱟᱞᱟ]]'', ᱑᱙ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱫᱤᱱᱤᱯᱩᱨ ᱴᱟᱭᱤᱯ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱘᱕᱘ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱕’ ᱙" x ᱑᱔’ ᱔" ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱪᱣᱮ ᱯᱮᱱᱮᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱯᱮᱱᱮᱞ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱴᱮᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴᱟ ᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>McCutchion, David J., ''Late Mediaeval Temples of Bengal'', first published 1972, reprinted 2017, page 36. The Asiatic Society, Kolkata, {{ISBN| 978-93-81574-65-2}}</ref> == ᱫᱤᱦᱤ ᱵᱟᱭᱟᱨᱟ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱨᱤ == <gallery widths="180px" heights="150px"> File:Atchala temple of Pal family also known as Swarup Narayan temple of Dihi Bayra in Arambagh PS of Hooghly distric (02).jpg|ᱯᱟᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ''ᱟᱴ ᱪᱟᱞᱟ'' ᱥᱣᱚᱨᱩᱯ ᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱚᱱ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱘᱕᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ File:Atchala temple of Pal family also known as Swarup Narayan temple of Dihi Bayra in Arambagh PS of Hooghly distric (101).jpg|ᱥᱣᱚᱨᱩᱯ ᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱚᱱ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴᱟ ᱨᱤᱞᱤᱯᱷ File:Atchala temple of Pal family also known as Swarup Narayan temple of Dihi Bayra in Arambagh PS of Hooghly distric (53).jpg|ᱥᱣᱚᱨᱩᱯ ᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱚᱱ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴᱟ ᱨᱤᱞᱤᱯᱷ </gallery> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{commons category|Dehibayra}} {{ᱦᱩᱜᱽᱞᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ}} {{ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱦᱩᱜᱽᱞᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱛᱳ ᱠᱚ]] pxcsyx27zsr544q02gu2oayjbtm8m3n 0 38063 197850 2026-09-15T07:44:28Z MT731 2184 "{{Short description|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱤᱱᱰᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱟᱱᱛᱷᱨᱚᱯᱤᱥᱴ (᱑᱙᱒᱑-᱒᱐᱑᱙)}} {{infobox person | honorific_prefix = ᱥᱚᱨ | name = ᱵᱚᱥᱚᱸᱛ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ | image = Basant Kumar Birla - Kolkata 2009-05-02 0066.jpg | alt = | caption..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 197850 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱤᱱᱰᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱟᱱᱛᱷᱨᱚᱯᱤᱥᱴ (᱑᱙᱒᱑-᱒᱐᱑᱙)}} {{infobox person | honorific_prefix = ᱥᱚᱨ | name = ᱵᱚᱥᱚᱸᱛ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ | image = Basant Kumar Birla - Kolkata 2009-05-02 0066.jpg | alt = | caption = | honorific_suffix = ᱡᱤᱥᱤᱮᱢ | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1921|1|12}} | birth_place = [[ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ|ᱠᱟᱞᱠᱟᱛᱛᱟ]], [[ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱯᱨᱮᱥᱤᱰᱮᱱᱥᱤ]], [[ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2019|7|3|1921|1|12}} | death_place = [[ᱢᱩᱢᱵᱟᱭ]], [[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] | body_discovered = | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> | monuments = | citizenship = ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ | other_names = | known_for = ᱤᱱᱰᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ, ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱟᱱᱛᱷᱨᱚᱯᱤᱥᱴ | television = | education = [[ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ]], (ᱵᱤᱹᱮᱥᱥᱤ) | alma_mater = | employer = | notable_works = | style = | agent = | occupation = ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ, [[ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ]] | years_active = ᱑᱙᱔᱒–᱒᱐᱑᱙ | title = ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮᱛ | term = | predecessor = [[ᱜᱷᱚᱱᱥᱭᱟᱢᱫᱟᱥ ᱫᱟᱥ ᱵᱤᱲᱞᱟ]] | successor = [[ᱟᱫᱤᱛᱭᱚ ᱵᱤᱠᱨᱚᱢ ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ]] | political_party = | movement = | opponents = | boards = | criminal_charge = | criminal_penalty = | criminal_status = | spouse = {{marriage|[[ᱥᱚᱨᱚᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ]]|1942}} | partner = | children = ᱓ ᱥᱚᱝᱜᱮ [[ᱟᱫᱤᱛᱭᱚ ᱵᱤᱠᱨᱚᱢ ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ]] | father = [[ᱜᱷᱚᱱᱥᱭᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱥ ᱵᱤᱲᱞᱟ]] | relatives = [[ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞᱟᱢ ᱵᱤᱲᱞᱟ]] (ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ) <br>[[ᱟᱱᱚᱱᱭᱟ ᱵᱤᱲᱞᱟ]] (ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱢ-ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱢ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ) <br> [[ᱠᱮ.ᱠᱮ ᱵᱤᱲᱞᱟ]] (ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟ) | callsign = | awards = [[ᱯᱚᱫᱽᱢᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱥᱚᱬ]] <br> [[ᱥᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱯᱮ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱮᱥ]] <br> [[ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱞᱤᱠ ᱒ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱮᱥ]] | signature = Signature of B. K. Birla.svg | signature_alt = ᱵᱤ. ᱠᱮ. ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ | website = | footnotes = | module = }} '''ᱵᱚᱥᱚᱸᱛ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ''' (᱑᱒ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱙᱒᱑ - ᱓ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱒᱐᱑᱙) ᱫᱚ [[ᱵᱤᱲᱞᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱤᱱᱰᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱟᱱᱛᱷᱨᱚᱯᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱟᱨᱯᱚᱱ ᱤᱪᱟᱨᱪᱤᱴᱤ ᱴᱨᱚᱥᱴ, ᱵᱤ.ᱠᱮ. ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱭᱩᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱡᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟᱨᱤᱝ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ (ᱵᱤ.ᱠᱮ.ᱵᱤ.ᱵᱤ.ᱴᱤ.) ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱴᱨᱚᱥᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱭᱩᱴ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ== ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱒ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱙᱒᱑ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱑᱕ ᱵᱚᱪᱷᱚᱨ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱥᱚᱨᱟᱢ ᱤᱱᱰᱚᱥᱴᱨᱤᱡᱽ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮᱛ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾{{when|date=January 2012}} ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱴ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱴᱚᱱ, ᱵᱤᱥᱠᱳᱥ, ᱯᱚᱞᱤᱭᱮᱥᱴᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱭᱞᱚᱱ ᱭᱟᱨᱱ, ᱨᱮᱯᱷᱨᱟᱠᱴᱚᱨᱤ, ᱯᱮᱯᱚᱨ, ᱤᱥᱯᱤᱝ, ᱴᱟᱭᱟᱨᱠᱳᱨᱰ, ᱯᱨᱟᱥᱯᱟᱨᱴ ᱯᱮᱯᱚᱨ, ᱥᱯᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱭᱤᱯ, ᱥᱤᱢᱮᱱᱴ, ᱪᱟᱭ, ᱠᱚᱯᱷᱤ, ᱠᱟᱨᱰᱟᱢᱚᱢ, ᱠᱮᱢᱤᱠᱟᱞᱥ, ᱯᱞᱟᱭᱣᱮᱰ, ᱮᱢᱰᱤᱯᱤ ᱵᱳᱨᱰ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱤᱱᱰᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱱᱥᱮᱱᱴᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱕᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱫᱳ ᱤᱴᱤᱭᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱴᱮᱠᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞᱥ ᱮᱠᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱤᱱᱰᱚᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱭᱮᱸᱴ ᱣᱮᱸᱪᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Ethiopia India Relationship">{{cite news |title=Industrialist Basant Kumar Birla passes away |url=http://www.ethiopianembassy.org.in/EthiopiaIndia.htm |accessdate=14 July 2019}}</ref> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ, ᱤᱛᱷᱤᱭᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱥᱮᱞᱟᱥᱤ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ, ᱤᱛᱷᱤᱭᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱞᱤᱠ ᱒ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹᱭ ᱮᱢᱟᱫᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name="Ethiopia India Relationship"/> ᱑᱓ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱑᱙᱔᱒ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ [[ᱡᱚᱢᱱᱟᱞᱟᱞ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱡᱽ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱛᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ]] ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱨᱤᱡᱽᱞᱟᱞ ᱵᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱥᱟᱨᱚᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ [[ᱟᱫᱤᱛᱭᱚ ᱵᱤᱠᱨᱚᱢ ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ]] ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱡᱚᱭᱚᱥᱨᱤ ᱢᱳᱦᱛᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱡᱩᱥᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱮᱛᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱓ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱙᱘ ᱵᱚᱪᱷᱚᱨ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="ToI Industrialist Basant Kumar Birla passes away">{{cite news |title=Industrialist Basant Kumar Birla passes away |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/industrialist-basant-kumar-birla-passes-away/articleshow/70057795.cms |accessdate=3 July 2019 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> ==ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱟᱱᱛᱷᱨᱚᱯᱤ== ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱟᱨᱯᱚᱱ ᱪᱟᱨᱪᱤᱴᱤ ᱴᱨᱚᱥᱴ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮᱛ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱤᱞᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤ.ᱠᱮ. ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱭᱩᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱡᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱨᱤᱝ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱤᱱᱡᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱨᱤᱝ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱮ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱣᱟᱨᱜᱟᱥᱨᱚᱢ ᱴᱨᱚᱥᱴ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮᱛ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱨᱤᱥᱤᱠᱮᱥ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱮ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ ᱯᱚᱵᱽᱞᱤᱠ ᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱯᱤᱞᱟᱱᱤ, [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our History and Legacy {{!}} BPS Pilani |url=https://www.bpspilani.edu.in/our-history |access-date=2026-07-09 |website=www.bpspilani.edu.in}}</ref> ᱟᱨ [[ᱫᱳᱦᱟ]], [[ᱠᱟᱛᱟᱨ]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=BPS history |url=https://www.bpsdoha.net/about-us/bps-history}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ, ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱨᱥ ᱢᱩᱢᱵᱟᱭ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱞᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ''ᱥᱵᱷᱟᱱᱛᱟᱦ ᱥᱩᱠᱷᱟᱭᱟ'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱤ.ᱠᱮ. ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟ ᱦᱚᱞ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ- ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟ ᱦᱚᱞ, ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ ᱥᱤᱥᱩ ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤ.ᱰᱤ. ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱚᱨ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱰᱤᱭᱚᱥ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱭᱩᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱡᱽᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ (ᱵᱤ.ᱤ.ᱮᱢ.ᱴᱮᱪ.) ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ== * [[ᱵᱤᱲᱞᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ]] * [[ᱵᱤ.ᱠᱮ. ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ]] {{Commons category|ᱵᱚᱥᱚᱸᱛ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ}} ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ, ᱵᱚᱥᱚᱸᱛ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱒᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱣᱩᱱᱰᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱴᱮᱠᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱤᱱᱰᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱐ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱟᱱᱛᱷᱨᱚᱯᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱚᱨᱰᱮᱱ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱦᱮᱞᱤ ᱴᱨᱤᱱᱤᱴᱤ (ᱮᱛᱷᱤᱭᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟ) ᱨᱤᱱ ᱧᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] qk7m8d7j53k4cstlat5ff3sugqupkse 197852 197850 2026-09-15T07:49:04Z MT731 2184 197852 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱤᱱᱰᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱟᱱᱛᱷᱨᱚᱯᱤᱥᱴ (᱑᱙᱒᱑-᱒᱐᱑᱙)}} {{infobox person | honorific_prefix = ᱥᱚᱨ | name = ᱵᱚᱥᱚᱸᱛ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ | image = Basant Kumar Birla - Kolkata 2009-05-02 0066.jpg | alt = | caption = | honorific_suffix = ᱡᱤᱥᱤᱮᱢ | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1921|1|12}} | birth_place = [[ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ|ᱠᱟᱞᱠᱟᱛᱛᱟ]], [[ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱯᱨᱮᱥᱤᱰᱮᱱᱥᱤ]], [[ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2019|7|3|1921|1|12}} | death_place = [[ᱢᱩᱢᱵᱟᱭ]], [[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] | body_discovered = | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> | monuments = | citizenship = ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ | other_names = | known_for = ᱤᱱᱰᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ, ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱟᱱᱛᱷᱨᱚᱯᱤᱥᱴ | television = | education = [[ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ]], (ᱵᱤᱹᱮᱥᱥᱤ) | alma_mater = | employer = | notable_works = | style = | agent = | occupation = ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ, [[ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ]] | years_active = ᱑᱙᱔᱒–᱒᱐᱑᱙ | title = ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮᱛ | term = | predecessor = [[ᱜᱷᱚᱱᱥᱭᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱥ ᱵᱤᱲᱞᱟ]] | successor = [[ᱟᱫᱤᱛᱭᱚ ᱵᱤᱠᱨᱚᱢ ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ]] | political_party = | movement = | opponents = | boards = | criminal_charge = | criminal_penalty = | criminal_status = | spouse = {{marriage|[[ᱥᱚᱨᱚᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ]]|1942}} | partner = | children = ᱓ ᱥᱚᱝᱜᱮ [[ᱟᱫᱤᱛᱭᱚ ᱵᱤᱠᱨᱚᱢ ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ]] | father = [[ᱜᱷᱚᱱᱥᱭᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱥ ᱵᱤᱲᱞᱟ]] | relatives = [[ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞᱟᱢ ᱵᱤᱲᱞᱟ]] (ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ) <br>[[ᱟᱱᱚᱱᱭᱟ ᱵᱤᱲᱞᱟ]] (ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱢ-ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱢ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ) <br> [[ᱠᱮ.ᱠᱮ ᱵᱤᱲᱞᱟ]] (ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟ) | callsign = | awards = [[ᱯᱚᱫᱽᱢᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱥᱚᱬ]] <br> [[ᱥᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱯᱮ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱮᱥ]] <br> [[ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱞᱤᱠ ᱒ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱮᱥ]] | signature = Signature of B. K. Birla.svg | signature_alt = ᱵᱤ. ᱠᱮ. ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ | website = | footnotes = | module = }} '''ᱵᱚᱥᱚᱸᱛ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ''' (᱑᱒ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱙᱒᱑ - ᱓ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱒᱐᱑᱙) ᱫᱚ [[ᱵᱤᱲᱞᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱤᱱᱰᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱟᱱᱛᱷᱨᱚᱯᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱟᱨᱯᱚᱱ ᱤᱪᱟᱨᱪᱤᱴᱤ ᱴᱨᱚᱥᱴ, ᱵᱤ.ᱠᱮ. ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱭᱩᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱡᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟᱨᱤᱝ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ (ᱵᱤ.ᱠᱮ.ᱵᱤ.ᱵᱤ.ᱴᱤ.) ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱴᱨᱚᱥᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱭᱩᱴ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ== ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱒ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱙᱒᱑ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱑᱕ ᱵᱚᱪᱷᱚᱨ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱥᱚᱨᱟᱢ ᱤᱱᱰᱚᱥᱴᱨᱤᱡᱽ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮᱛ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾{{when|date=January 2012}} ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱴ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱴᱚᱱ, ᱵᱤᱥᱠᱳᱥ, ᱯᱚᱞᱤᱭᱮᱥᱴᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱭᱞᱚᱱ ᱭᱟᱨᱱ, ᱨᱮᱯᱷᱨᱟᱠᱴᱚᱨᱤ, ᱯᱮᱯᱚᱨ, ᱤᱥᱯᱤᱝ, ᱴᱟᱭᱟᱨᱠᱳᱨᱰ, ᱯᱨᱟᱥᱯᱟᱨᱴ ᱯᱮᱯᱚᱨ, ᱥᱯᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱭᱤᱯ, ᱥᱤᱢᱮᱱᱴ, ᱪᱟᱭ, ᱠᱚᱯᱷᱤ, ᱠᱟᱨᱰᱟᱢᱚᱢ, ᱠᱮᱢᱤᱠᱟᱞᱥ, ᱯᱞᱟᱭᱣᱮᱰ, ᱮᱢᱰᱤᱯᱤ ᱵᱳᱨᱰ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱤᱱᱰᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱱᱥᱮᱱᱴᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱕᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱫᱳ ᱤᱴᱤᱭᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱴᱮᱠᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞᱥ ᱮᱠᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱤᱱᱰᱚᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱭᱮᱸᱴ ᱣᱮᱸᱪᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Ethiopia India Relationship">{{cite news |title=Industrialist Basant Kumar Birla passes away |url=http://www.ethiopianembassy.org.in/EthiopiaIndia.htm |accessdate=14 July 2019}}</ref> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ, ᱤᱛᱷᱤᱭᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱥᱮᱞᱟᱥᱤ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ, ᱤᱛᱷᱤᱭᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱞᱤᱠ ᱒ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹᱭ ᱮᱢᱟᱫᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name="Ethiopia India Relationship"/> ᱑᱓ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱑᱙᱔᱒ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ [[ᱡᱚᱢᱱᱟᱞᱟᱞ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱡᱽ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱛᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ]] ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱨᱤᱡᱽᱞᱟᱞ ᱵᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱥᱟᱨᱚᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ [[ᱟᱫᱤᱛᱭᱚ ᱵᱤᱠᱨᱚᱢ ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ]] ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱡᱚᱭᱚᱥᱨᱤ ᱢᱳᱦᱛᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱡᱩᱥᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱮᱛᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱓ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱙᱘ ᱵᱚᱪᱷᱚᱨ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="ToI Industrialist Basant Kumar Birla passes away">{{cite news |title=Industrialist Basant Kumar Birla passes away |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/industrialist-basant-kumar-birla-passes-away/articleshow/70057795.cms |accessdate=3 July 2019 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> ==ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱟᱱᱛᱷᱨᱚᱯᱤ== ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱟᱨᱯᱚᱱ ᱪᱟᱨᱪᱤᱴᱤ ᱴᱨᱚᱥᱴ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮᱛ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱤᱞᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤ.ᱠᱮ. ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱭᱩᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱡᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱨᱤᱝ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱤᱱᱡᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱨᱤᱝ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱮ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱣᱟᱨᱜᱟᱥᱨᱚᱢ ᱴᱨᱚᱥᱴ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮᱛ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱨᱤᱥᱤᱠᱮᱥ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱮ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ ᱯᱚᱵᱽᱞᱤᱠ ᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱯᱤᱞᱟᱱᱤ, [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our History and Legacy {{!}} BPS Pilani |url=https://www.bpspilani.edu.in/our-history |access-date=2026-07-09 |website=www.bpspilani.edu.in}}</ref> ᱟᱨ [[ᱫᱳᱦᱟ]], [[ᱠᱟᱛᱟᱨ]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=BPS history |url=https://www.bpsdoha.net/about-us/bps-history}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ, ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱨᱥ ᱢᱩᱢᱵᱟᱭ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱞᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ''ᱥᱵᱷᱟᱱᱛᱟᱦ ᱥᱩᱠᱷᱟᱭᱟ'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱤ.ᱠᱮ. ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟ ᱦᱚᱞ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ- ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟ ᱦᱚᱞ, ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ ᱥᱤᱥᱩ ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤ.ᱰᱤ. ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱚᱨ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱰᱤᱭᱚᱥ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱭᱩᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱡᱽᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ (ᱵᱤ.ᱤ.ᱮᱢ.ᱴᱮᱪ.) ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ== * [[ᱵᱤᱲᱞᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ]] * [[ᱵᱤ.ᱠᱮ. ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ]] {{Commons category|ᱵᱚᱥᱚᱸᱛ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ}} ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ, ᱵᱚᱥᱚᱸᱛ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱒᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱣᱩᱱᱰᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱴᱮᱠᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱤᱱᱰᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱐ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱟᱱᱛᱷᱨᱚᱯᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱚᱨᱰᱮᱱ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱦᱮᱞᱤ ᱴᱨᱤᱱᱤᱴᱤ (ᱮᱛᱷᱤᱭᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟ) ᱨᱤᱱ ᱧᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] jwsgzhbmg2oyhahmfaqq0u5arnmxp7x 197856 197852 2026-09-15T09:37:37Z MT731 2184 197856 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱤᱱᱰᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱟᱱᱛᱷᱨᱚᱯᱤᱥᱴ (᱑᱙᱒᱑-᱒᱐᱑᱙)}} {{infobox person | honorific_prefix = ᱥᱚᱨ | name = ᱵᱚᱥᱚᱸᱛ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ | image = Basant Kumar Birla - Kolkata 2009-05-02 0066.jpg | alt = | caption = | honorific_suffix = ᱡᱤᱥᱤᱮᱢ | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1921|1|12}} | birth_place = [[ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ|ᱠᱟᱞᱠᱟᱛᱛᱟ]], [[ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱯᱨᱮᱥᱤᱰᱮᱱᱥᱤ]], [[ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2019|7|3|1921|1|12}} | death_place = [[ᱢᱩᱢᱵᱟᱭ]], [[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] | body_discovered = | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> | monuments = | citizenship = ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ | other_names = | known_for = ᱤᱱᱰᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ, ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱟᱱᱛᱷᱨᱚᱯᱤᱥᱴ | television = | education = [[ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ]], (ᱵᱤᱹᱮᱥᱥᱤ) | alma_mater = | employer = | notable_works = | style = | agent = | occupation = ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ, [[ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ]] | years_active = ᱑᱙᱔᱒–᱒᱐᱑᱙ | title = ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮᱛ | term = | predecessor = [[ᱜᱷᱚᱱᱥᱭᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱥ ᱵᱤᱲᱞᱟ]] | successor = [[ᱟᱫᱤᱛᱭᱚ ᱵᱤᱠᱨᱚᱢ ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ]] | political_party = | movement = | opponents = | boards = | criminal_charge = | criminal_penalty = | criminal_status = | spouse = {{marriage|[[ᱥᱚᱨᱚᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ]]|1942}} | partner = | children = ᱓ ᱥᱚᱝᱜᱮ [[ᱟᱫᱤᱛᱭᱚ ᱵᱤᱠᱨᱚᱢ ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ]] | father = [[ᱜᱷᱚᱱᱥᱭᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱥ ᱵᱤᱲᱞᱟ]] | relatives = [[ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞᱟᱢ ᱵᱤᱲᱞᱟ]] (ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ) <br>[[ᱚᱱᱚᱱᱭᱟ ᱵᱤᱲᱞᱟ]] (ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱢ-ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱢ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ) <br> [[ᱠᱮ.ᱠᱮ ᱵᱤᱲᱞᱟ]] (ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟ) | callsign = | awards = [[ᱯᱚᱫᱽᱢᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱥᱚᱬ]] <br> [[ᱥᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱯᱮ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱮᱥ]] <br> [[ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱞᱤᱠ ᱒ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱮᱥ]] | signature = Signature of B. K. Birla.svg | signature_alt = ᱵᱤ. ᱠᱮ. ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ | website = | footnotes = | module = }} '''ᱵᱚᱥᱚᱸᱛ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ''' (᱑᱒ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱙᱒᱑ - ᱓ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱒᱐᱑᱙) ᱫᱚ [[ᱵᱤᱲᱞᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱤᱱᱰᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱟᱱᱛᱷᱨᱚᱯᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱟᱨᱯᱚᱱ ᱤᱪᱟᱨᱪᱤᱴᱤ ᱴᱨᱚᱥᱴ, ᱵᱤ.ᱠᱮ. ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱭᱩᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱡᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟᱨᱤᱝ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ (ᱵᱤ.ᱠᱮ.ᱵᱤ.ᱵᱤ.ᱴᱤ.) ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱴᱨᱚᱥᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱭᱩᱴ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ== ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱒ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱙᱒᱑ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱑᱕ ᱵᱚᱪᱷᱚᱨ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱥᱚᱨᱟᱢ ᱤᱱᱰᱚᱥᱴᱨᱤᱡᱽ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮᱛ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾{{when|date=January 2012}} ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱴ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱴᱚᱱ, ᱵᱤᱥᱠᱳᱥ, ᱯᱚᱞᱤᱭᱮᱥᱴᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱭᱞᱚᱱ ᱭᱟᱨᱱ, ᱨᱮᱯᱷᱨᱟᱠᱴᱚᱨᱤ, ᱯᱮᱯᱚᱨ, ᱤᱥᱯᱤᱝ, ᱴᱟᱭᱟᱨᱠᱳᱨᱰ, ᱯᱨᱟᱥᱯᱟᱨᱴ ᱯᱮᱯᱚᱨ, ᱥᱯᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱭᱤᱯ, ᱥᱤᱢᱮᱱᱴ, ᱪᱟᱭ, ᱠᱚᱯᱷᱤ, ᱠᱟᱨᱰᱟᱢᱚᱢ, ᱠᱮᱢᱤᱠᱟᱞᱥ, ᱯᱞᱟᱭᱣᱮᱰ, ᱮᱢᱰᱤᱯᱤ ᱵᱳᱨᱰ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱤᱱᱰᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱱᱥᱮᱱᱴᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱕᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱫᱳ ᱤᱴᱤᱭᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱴᱮᱠᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞᱥ ᱮᱠᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱤᱱᱰᱚᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱭᱮᱸᱴ ᱣᱮᱸᱪᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Ethiopia India Relationship">{{cite news |title=Industrialist Basant Kumar Birla passes away |url=http://www.ethiopianembassy.org.in/EthiopiaIndia.htm |accessdate=14 July 2019}}</ref> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ, ᱤᱛᱷᱤᱭᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱥᱮᱞᱟᱥᱤ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ, ᱤᱛᱷᱤᱭᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱞᱤᱠ ᱒ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹᱭ ᱮᱢᱟᱫᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name="Ethiopia India Relationship"/> ᱑᱓ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱑᱙᱔᱒ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ [[ᱡᱚᱢᱱᱟᱞᱟᱞ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱡᱽ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱛᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ]] ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱨᱤᱡᱽᱞᱟᱞ ᱵᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱥᱟᱨᱚᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ [[ᱟᱫᱤᱛᱭᱚ ᱵᱤᱠᱨᱚᱢ ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ]] ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱡᱚᱭᱚᱥᱨᱤ ᱢᱳᱦᱛᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱡᱩᱥᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱮᱛᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱓ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱙᱘ ᱵᱚᱪᱷᱚᱨ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="ToI Industrialist Basant Kumar Birla passes away">{{cite news |title=Industrialist Basant Kumar Birla passes away |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/industrialist-basant-kumar-birla-passes-away/articleshow/70057795.cms |accessdate=3 July 2019 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> ==ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱟᱱᱛᱷᱨᱚᱯᱤ== ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱟᱨᱯᱚᱱ ᱪᱟᱨᱪᱤᱴᱤ ᱴᱨᱚᱥᱴ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮᱛ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱤᱞᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤ.ᱠᱮ. ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱭᱩᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱡᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱨᱤᱝ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱤᱱᱡᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱨᱤᱝ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱮ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱣᱟᱨᱜᱟᱥᱨᱚᱢ ᱴᱨᱚᱥᱴ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮᱛ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱨᱤᱥᱤᱠᱮᱥ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱮ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ ᱯᱚᱵᱽᱞᱤᱠ ᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱯᱤᱞᱟᱱᱤ, [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our History and Legacy {{!}} BPS Pilani |url=https://www.bpspilani.edu.in/our-history |access-date=2026-07-09 |website=www.bpspilani.edu.in}}</ref> ᱟᱨ [[ᱫᱳᱦᱟ]], [[ᱠᱟᱛᱟᱨ]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=BPS history |url=https://www.bpsdoha.net/about-us/bps-history}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ, ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱨᱥ ᱢᱩᱢᱵᱟᱭ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱞᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ''ᱥᱵᱷᱟᱱᱛᱟᱦ ᱥᱩᱠᱷᱟᱭᱟ'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱤ.ᱠᱮ. ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟ ᱦᱚᱞ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ- ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟ ᱦᱚᱞ, ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ ᱥᱤᱥᱩ ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤ.ᱰᱤ. ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱚᱨ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱰᱤᱭᱚᱥ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱭᱩᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱡᱽᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ (ᱵᱤ.ᱤ.ᱮᱢ.ᱴᱮᱪ.) ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ== * [[ᱵᱤᱲᱞᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ]] * [[ᱵᱤ.ᱠᱮ. ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ]] {{Commons category|ᱵᱚᱥᱚᱸᱛ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ}} ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ, ᱵᱚᱥᱚᱸᱛ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱒᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱣᱩᱱᱰᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱴᱮᱠᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱤᱱᱰᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱐ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱟᱱᱛᱷᱨᱚᱯᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱚᱨᱰᱮᱱ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱦᱮᱞᱤ ᱴᱨᱤᱱᱤᱴᱤ (ᱮᱛᱷᱤᱭᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟ) ᱨᱤᱱ ᱧᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] 2ch3wlk0t4rtx9zfpxmmlhqfj8dquxi 197857 197856 2026-09-15T09:50:29Z MT731 2184 197857 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱤᱱᱰᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱟᱱᱛᱷᱨᱚᱯᱤᱥᱴ (᱑᱙᱒᱑-᱒᱐᱑᱙)}} {{infobox person | honorific_prefix = ᱥᱚᱨ | name = ᱵᱚᱥᱚᱸᱛ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ | image = Basant Kumar Birla - Kolkata 2009-05-02 0066.jpg | alt = | caption = | honorific_suffix = ᱡᱤᱥᱤᱮᱢ | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1921|1|12}} | birth_place = [[ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ|ᱠᱟᱞᱠᱟᱛᱛᱟ]], [[ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱯᱨᱮᱥᱤᱰᱮᱱᱥᱤ]], [[ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2019|7|3|1921|1|12}} | death_place = [[ᱢᱩᱢᱵᱟᱭ]], [[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] | body_discovered = | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> | monuments = | citizenship = ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ | other_names = | known_for = ᱤᱱᱰᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ, ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱟᱱᱛᱷᱨᱚᱯᱤᱥᱴ | television = | education = [[ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ]], (ᱵᱤᱹᱮᱥᱥᱤ) | alma_mater = | employer = | notable_works = | style = | agent = | occupation = ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ, [[ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ]] | years_active = ᱑᱙᱔᱒–᱒᱐᱑᱙ | title = ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮᱛ | term = | predecessor = [[ᱜᱷᱚᱱᱥᱭᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱥ ᱵᱤᱲᱞᱟ]] | successor = [[ᱟᱫᱤᱛᱭᱚ ᱵᱤᱠᱨᱚᱢ ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ]] | political_party = | movement = | opponents = | boards = | criminal_charge = | criminal_penalty = | criminal_status = | spouse = {{marriage|[[ᱥᱚᱨᱚᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱲᱞᱟ]]|1942}} | partner = | children = ᱓ ᱥᱚᱝᱜᱮ [[ᱟᱫᱤᱛᱭᱚ ᱵᱤᱠᱨᱚᱢ ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ]] | father = [[ᱜᱷᱚᱱᱥᱭᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱥ ᱵᱤᱲᱞᱟ]] | relatives = [[ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞᱟᱢ ᱵᱤᱲᱞᱟ]] (ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ) <br>[[ᱚᱱᱚᱱᱭᱟ ᱵᱤᱲᱞᱟ]] (ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱢ-ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱢ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ) <br> [[ᱠᱮ.ᱠᱮ ᱵᱤᱲᱞᱟ]] (ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟ) | callsign = | awards = [[ᱯᱚᱫᱽᱢᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱥᱚᱬ]] <br> [[ᱥᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱯᱮ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱮᱥ]] <br> [[ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱞᱤᱠ ᱒ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱮᱥ]] | signature = Signature of B. K. Birla.svg | signature_alt = ᱵᱤ. ᱠᱮ. ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ | website = | footnotes = | module = }} '''ᱵᱚᱥᱚᱸᱛ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ''' (᱑᱒ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱙᱒᱑ - ᱓ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱒᱐᱑᱙) ᱫᱚ [[ᱵᱤᱲᱞᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱤᱱᱰᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱟᱱᱛᱷᱨᱚᱯᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱟᱨᱯᱚᱱ ᱤᱪᱟᱨᱪᱤᱴᱤ ᱴᱨᱚᱥᱴ, ᱵᱤ.ᱠᱮ. ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱭᱩᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱡᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟᱨᱤᱝ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ (ᱵᱤ.ᱠᱮ.ᱵᱤ.ᱵᱤ.ᱴᱤ.) ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱴᱨᱚᱥᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱭᱩᱴ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ== ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱒ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱙᱒᱑ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱑᱕ ᱵᱚᱪᱷᱚᱨ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱥᱚᱨᱟᱢ ᱤᱱᱰᱚᱥᱴᱨᱤᱡᱽ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮᱛ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾{{when|date=January 2012}} ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱴ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱴᱚᱱ, ᱵᱤᱥᱠᱳᱥ, ᱯᱚᱞᱤᱭᱮᱥᱴᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱭᱞᱚᱱ ᱭᱟᱨᱱ, ᱨᱮᱯᱷᱨᱟᱠᱴᱚᱨᱤ, ᱯᱮᱯᱚᱨ, ᱤᱥᱯᱤᱝ, ᱴᱟᱭᱟᱨᱠᱳᱨᱰ, ᱯᱨᱟᱥᱯᱟᱨᱴ ᱯᱮᱯᱚᱨ, ᱥᱯᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱭᱤᱯ, ᱥᱤᱢᱮᱱᱴ, ᱪᱟᱭ, ᱠᱚᱯᱷᱤ, ᱠᱟᱨᱰᱟᱢᱚᱢ, ᱠᱮᱢᱤᱠᱟᱞᱥ, ᱯᱞᱟᱭᱣᱮᱰ, ᱮᱢᱰᱤᱯᱤ ᱵᱳᱨᱰ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱤᱱᱰᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱱᱥᱮᱱᱴᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱕᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱫᱳ ᱤᱴᱤᱭᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱴᱮᱠᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞᱥ ᱮᱠᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱤᱱᱰᱚᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱭᱮᱸᱴ ᱣᱮᱸᱪᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Ethiopia India Relationship">{{cite news |title=Industrialist Basant Kumar Birla passes away |url=http://www.ethiopianembassy.org.in/EthiopiaIndia.htm |accessdate=14 July 2019}}</ref> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ, ᱤᱛᱷᱤᱭᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱥᱮᱞᱟᱥᱤ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ, ᱤᱛᱷᱤᱭᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱞᱤᱠ ᱒ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹᱭ ᱮᱢᱟᱫᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name="Ethiopia India Relationship"/> ᱑᱓ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱑᱙᱔᱒ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ [[ᱡᱚᱢᱱᱟᱞᱟᱞ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱡᱽ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱛᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ]] ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱨᱤᱡᱽᱞᱟᱞ ᱵᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱥᱟᱨᱚᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ [[ᱟᱫᱤᱛᱭᱚ ᱵᱤᱠᱨᱚᱢ ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ]] ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱡᱚᱭᱚᱥᱨᱤ ᱢᱳᱦᱛᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱡᱩᱥᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱮᱛᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱓ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱙᱘ ᱵᱚᱪᱷᱚᱨ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="ToI Industrialist Basant Kumar Birla passes away">{{cite news |title=Industrialist Basant Kumar Birla passes away |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/industrialist-basant-kumar-birla-passes-away/articleshow/70057795.cms |accessdate=3 July 2019 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> ==ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱟᱱᱛᱷᱨᱚᱯᱤ== ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱟᱨᱯᱚᱱ ᱪᱟᱨᱪᱤᱴᱤ ᱴᱨᱚᱥᱴ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮᱛ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱤᱞᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤ.ᱠᱮ. ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱭᱩᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱡᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱨᱤᱝ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱤᱱᱡᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱨᱤᱝ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱮ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱣᱟᱨᱜᱟᱥᱨᱚᱢ ᱴᱨᱚᱥᱴ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮᱛ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱨᱤᱥᱤᱠᱮᱥ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱮ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ ᱯᱚᱵᱽᱞᱤᱠ ᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱯᱤᱞᱟᱱᱤ, [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our History and Legacy {{!}} BPS Pilani |url=https://www.bpspilani.edu.in/our-history |access-date=2026-07-09 |website=www.bpspilani.edu.in}}</ref> ᱟᱨ [[ᱫᱳᱦᱟ]], [[ᱠᱟᱛᱟᱨ]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=BPS history |url=https://www.bpsdoha.net/about-us/bps-history}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ, ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱨᱥ ᱢᱩᱢᱵᱟᱭ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱞᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ''ᱥᱵᱷᱟᱱᱛᱟᱦ ᱥᱩᱠᱷᱟᱭᱟ'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱤ.ᱠᱮ. ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟ ᱦᱚᱞ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ- ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟ ᱦᱚᱞ, ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ ᱥᱤᱥᱩ ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤ.ᱰᱤ. ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱚᱨ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱰᱤᱭᱚᱥ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱭᱩᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱡᱽᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ (ᱵᱤ.ᱤ.ᱮᱢ.ᱴᱮᱪ.) ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ== * [[ᱵᱤᱲᱞᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ]] * [[ᱵᱤ.ᱠᱮ. ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ]] {{Commons category|ᱵᱚᱥᱚᱸᱛ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ}} ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ, ᱵᱚᱥᱚᱸᱛ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱒᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱣᱩᱱᱰᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱴᱮᱠᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱤᱱᱰᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱐ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱟᱱᱛᱷᱨᱚᱯᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱚᱨᱰᱮᱱ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱦᱮᱞᱤ ᱴᱨᱤᱱᱤᱴᱤ (ᱮᱛᱷᱤᱭᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟ) ᱨᱤᱱ ᱧᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] p067t72a10u75qdomrka1fes1ccfo9r 0 38064 197851 2026-09-15T07:47:54Z ᱚᱨᱯᱤᱛᱟ ᱦᱮᱢᱵᱨᱚᱢ 7474 "<!-- See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian cities]] for details -->{{Infobox settlement | name = ᱥᱟᱛᱵᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ | other_name = | nickname = | type = ᱟᱛᱳ | image = | alt = | caption = | pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_alt = | pushpin_cap..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 197851 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian cities]] for details -->{{Infobox settlement | name = ᱥᱟᱛᱵᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ | other_name = | nickname = | type = ᱟᱛᱳ | image = | alt = | caption = | pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_alt = | pushpin_caption = ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ | coordinates = {{coord|22.901523|N|87.623872|E|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ | subdivision_name = {{flag|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ}} | subdivision_type1 = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱮᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ|ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | subdivision_name1 = [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] | subdivision_type2 = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ|ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ]] | subdivision_name2 = [[ᱦᱩᱜᱽᱞᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ|ᱦᱩᱜᱽᱞᱤ]] | established_title = <!-- Established --> | established_date = | founder = | named_for = | government_type = | governing_body = | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_rank = | area_total_km2 = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_total = ᱒᱑᱐᱙ | population_as_of = ᱒᱐᱑᱑ | population_rank = | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_footnotes = | demographics_type1 = ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ | demographics1_title1 = ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ | demographics1_info1 = [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]], [[ᱤᱝᱨᱟᱹᱡᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱝᱨᱟᱹᱡᱤ]] | time_zone1 = [[ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱴᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨᱰ ᱴᱟᱭᱤᱢ|ᱟᱭ.ᱮᱥ.ᱴᱤ (IST)]] | utc_offset1 = +᱕:᱓᱐ | postal_code_type = [[ᱯᱤᱱ ᱠᱳᱰ|ᱯᱤᱱ]] | postal_code = 712612 | area_code_type = ᱴᱮᱞᱤᱯᱷᱳᱱ/[[ᱮᱥ.ᱴᱤ.ᱰᱤ ᱠᱳᱰ|ᱮᱥ.ᱴᱤ.ᱰᱤ]] ᱠᱳᱰ | area_code = 03211 | registration_plate = | custom_label1_sec1 = [[ᱞᱳᱠ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ | custom_data1_sec1 = [[ᱟᱨᱟᱢᱵᱟᱜᱽ (ᱞᱳᱠ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ)|ᱟᱨᱟᱢᱵᱟᱜᱽ]] | custom_label2_sec1 = [[ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ | custom_data2_sec1 = [[ᱜᱳᱜᱷᱟᱴ (ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ)|ᱜᱳᱜᱷᱟᱴ]] | website = {{URL|hooghly.gov.in/}} | footnotes = }} '''ᱥᱟᱛᱵᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ''' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱮᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ|ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱦᱩᱜᱽᱞᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱟᱨᱟᱢᱵᱟᱜᱽ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱷᱤᱡᱚᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱜᱳᱜᱷᱟᱴ ᱒]] [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱩᱱᱱᱚᱭᱚᱱ ᱵᱞᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ|ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱩᱱᱱᱚᱭᱚᱱ ᱵᱞᱚᱠ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱛᱳ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == ᱜᱚᱫᱟᱫᱷᱚᱨ ᱪᱚᱴᱴᱳᱯᱟᱫᱷᱭᱟᱭ ([[ᱨᱟᱢᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚ]]) ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱯᱟᱛ ᱠᱷᱩᱫᱤᱨᱟᱢ ᱪᱚᱴᱴᱳᱯᱟᱫᱷᱭᱟᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱛᱵᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱜᱷᱩᱵᱤᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱠᱮ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱢᱟᱱᱚᱱᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮᱱᱤᱡ [[ᱡᱚᱢᱤᱱᱫᱟᱨ]] ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ (ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱯᱷᱳᱴᳳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱚᱨᱟᱜ ᱱᱳᱴ) ᱾ == ᱵᱷᱩᱜᱳᱞ == {{OSM Location map |width=500| height=300| zoom=10 |coord={{coord|22|50|0|N|87|46|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''ᱦᱩᱜᱽᱞᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱟᱢᱵᱟᱜᱽ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱷᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ''' M: ᱢᱩᱱᱤᱥᱤᱯᱟᱞᱤᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ/ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ, R: ᱟᱹᱛᱩ/ ᱥᱚᱦᱨᱤ ᱠᱮᱱᱫᱽᱨᱚ, H: ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ/ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱮᱱᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱱᱚᱠᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱱᱟᱴ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱞᱟᱹᱴᱩ ᱱᱚᱠᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ |mark-coord1= {{coord|22|53|50|N|87|41|40|E}}| label-pos1=right|label1= ᱜᱳᱜᱷᱟᱴ | numbered1=R| mark-title1= [[ᱜᱳᱜᱷᱟᱴ]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=13| mark-size1=13|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2 |mark-coord2={{coord|22|43|5|N|87|51|40|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2= ᱠᱷᱟᱱᱟᱠᱩᱞ | numbered2=R| mark-title2= [[ᱠᱷᱟᱱᱟᱠᱩᱞ]] (R) |mark-coord3={{coord|22|54|10|N|87|39|30|E}} | label-pos3=top|label3= ᱠᱟᱢᱟᱨᱯᱩᱠᱩᱨ | numbered3=R| mark-title3= [[ᱠᱟᱢᱟᱨᱯᱩᱠᱩᱨ]] (R) |mark-coord4={{coord|22|50|40|N|87|57|37|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= ᱯᱩᱨᱥᱩᱲᱟ | numbered4=R| mark-title4= [[ᱯᱩᱨᱥᱩᱲᱟ]] (R) |mark-coord5={{coord|22|56|45|N|87|41|18|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5= ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱟᱭ | numbered5=R| mark-title5= [[ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱟᱭ]] (R) |mark-coord6={{coord|22|53|35|N|87|53|55|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= ᱠᱮᱥᱚᱵᱽᱯᱩᱨ | numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[ᱠᱮᱥᱚᱵᱽᱯᱩᱨ, ᱦᱩᱜᱽᱞᱤ]] (R) |mark-coord7={{coord|22|44|25|N|87|51|40|E}} | label-pos7=top|label7= ᱨᱟᱫᱷᱟᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ | numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[ᱨᱟᱫᱷᱟᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ, ᱦᱩᱜᱽᱞᱤ|ᱨᱟᱫᱷᱟᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ]] (R) |mark-coord8={{coord|22|49|25|N|87|57|40|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8= ᱥᱨᱤᱨᱟᱢᱯᱩᱨ | numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[ᱥᱨᱤᱨᱟᱢᱯᱩᱨ, ᱟᱨᱟᱢᱵᱟᱜᱽ]] (R) |mark-coord9={{coord|22|43|41|N|87|52|30|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= ᱱᱟᱴᱤᱵᱽᱯᱩᱨ | numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[ᱱᱟᱴᱤᱵᱽᱯᱩᱨ, ᱦᱩᱜᱽᱞᱤ]] (R) |mark-coord10={{coord|22|47|30|N|87|54|0|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱤᱱ ᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱚᱱᱯᱩᱨ | numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱤᱱ ᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱚᱱᱯᱩᱨ]] (R) |mark-coord11={{coord|22|53|20|N|87|46|48|E}}| label-pos11=right|label11= ᱟᱨᱟᱢᱵᱟᱜᱽ | numbered11=M| mark-title11= [[ᱟᱨᱟᱢᱵᱟᱜᱽ]] (M)| shape-color11= #800000 |mark-coord12={{coord|22|52|10|N|87|39|57|E}}| label-pos12=bottom|label12= ᱜᱚᱲ ᱢᱟᱱᱫᱟᱨᱚᱱ | numbered12=H| mark-title12= [[ᱜᱚᱲ ᱢᱟᱱᱫᱟᱨᱚᱱ]] (H) |shape-color12=#AA6666 |mark-coord13={{coord|22|54|0|N|87|32|3|E}}| label-pos13=left|label13= ᱵᱟᱫᱟᱱᱜᱚᱸᱡᱽ | numbered13=H| mark-title13= [[ᱵᱟᱫᱟᱱᱜᱚᱸᱡᱽ]] (H) |shape-color13=#AA6666 |mark-coord14={{coord|22|48|44|N|87|46|6|E}}| label-pos14=left|label14= ᱵᱟᱞᱤ ᱫᱮᱣᱟᱱᱜᱚᱸᱡᱽ | numbered14=H| mark-title14= [[ᱵᱟᱞᱤ ᱫᱮᱣᱟᱱᱜᱚᱸᱡᱽ]] (H) |shape-color14=#AA6666 |mark-coord15={{coord|22|54|30|N|87|51|44|E}}| label-pos15=left|label15= ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱤᱭᱟ | numbered15=H| mark-title15= [[ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱤᱭᱟ]] (H) |shape-color15=#AA6666 |mark-coord16={{coord|22|51|41|N|87|48|45|E}}| label-pos16=left|label16= ᱫᱤᱦᱤ |labela16= ᱵᱟᱭᱟᱨᱟ | numbered16=H| mark-title16= [[ᱫᱤᱦᱤ ᱵᱟᱭᱟᱨᱟ]] (H) |shape-color16=#AA6666 |mark-coord17={{coord|22|55|10|N|87|33|25|E}}| label-pos17=top|label17= ᱯᱷᱩᱞᱩᱭ | numbered17=H| mark-title17= [[ᱯᱷᱩᱞᱩᱭ]] (H) |shape-color17=#AA6666 |mark-coord18={{coord|22|46|32|N|87|48|30|E}}| label-pos18=right|label18= ᱜᱩᱲᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤ | numbered18=H| mark-title18= [[ᱜᱩᱲᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤ]] (H) |shape-color18=#AA6666 |mark-coord19={{coord|22|51|20|N|87|51|2|E}}| label-pos19=right|label19= ᱦᱟᱢᱤᱨᱵᱟᱴᱤ | numbered19=H| mark-title19= [[ᱦᱟᱢᱤᱨᱵᱟᱴᱤ]] (H) |shape-color19=#AA6666 |mark-coord20={{coord|22|52|15|N|87|50|32|E}}| label-pos20=right|label20= ᱦᱟᱴ ᱵᱟᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱯᱩᱨ | numbered20=H| mark-title20= [[ᱦᱟᱴ ᱵᱟᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱯᱩᱨ]] (H) |shape-color20=#AA6666 |mark-coord21={{coord|22|54|50|N|87|32|17|E}}| label-pos21=left|label21= ᱠᱟᱭᱟᱯᱟᱴ | numbered21=H| mark-title21= [[ᱠᱟᱭᱟᱯᱟᱴ]] (H) |shape-color21=#AA6666 |mark-coord22={{coord|22|50|30|N|87|49|39|E}}| label-pos22=right|label22= ᱠᱟᱱᱯᱩᱨ | numbered22=H| mark-title22= [[ᱠᱟᱱᱯᱩᱨ, ᱦᱩᱜᱽᱞᱤ]] (H) |shape-color22=#AA6666 |mark-coord23={{coord|22|49|30|N|87|51|2|E}}| label-pos23=bottom|label23= ᱢᱟᱫᱷᱚᱵᱽᱯᱩᱨ | numbered23=H| mark-title23= [[ᱢᱟᱫᱷᱚᱵᱽᱯᱩᱨ, ᱦᱩᱜᱽᱞᱤ]] (H) |shape-color23=#AA6666 |mark-coord24={{coord|22|53|10|N|87|35|52|E}}| label-pos24=bottom|label24= ᱢᱟᱢᱩᱫᱽᱯᱩᱨ | numbered24=H| mark-title24= [[ᱢᱟᱢᱩᱫᱽᱯᱩᱨ, ᱟᱨᱟᱢᱵᱟᱜᱽ]] (H) |shape-color24=#AA6666 |mark-coord25={{coord|22|53|5|N|87|37|2|E}}| label-pos25=right|label25= ᱢᱮᱢᱟᱱᱯᱩᱨ | numbered25=H| mark-title25= [[ᱢᱮᱢᱟᱱᱯᱩᱨ]] (H) |shape-color25=#AA6666 |mark-coord26={{coord|22|48|30|N|87|56|13|E}}| label-pos26=right|label26= ᱯᱟᱨᱩᱞ | numbered26=H| mark-title26= [[ᱯᱟᱨᱩᱞ, ᱦᱩᱜᱽᱞᱤ]] (H) |shape-color26=#AA6666 |mark-coord27={{coord|22|54|5|N|87|38|0|E}}| label-pos27=left|label27= ᱥᱟᱛᱵᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ | numbered27=H| mark-title27= ᱥᱟᱛᱵᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ (H) |shape-color27=black| label-size27=13|label-color27=black <!-- make the subject of the article stand out with black colors --> |mark-coord28={{coord|22|53|0|N|87|34|1|E}}| label-pos28=left|label28= ᱥᱭᱟᱢᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ | numbered28=H| mark-title28= [[ᱥᱭᱟᱢᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ, ᱦᱩᱜᱽᱞᱤ]] (H) |shape-color28=#AA6666 |mark-coord29={{coord|22|58|0|N|87|43|40|E}}|label29= ᱫᱣᱟᱨᱚᱠᱮᱥᱣᱚᱨ |labela29= ᱜᱟᱰᱟ | label-color29 = #77A1CB| label-angle29=60| label-pos29=top| label-size29=11| mark-size29=0| mark-title29=none |mark-coord30={{coord|22|47|30|N|87|54|10|E}}|label30= ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱮᱥᱣᱚᱨᱤ |labela30= ᱜᱟᱰᱟ | label-color30 = #77A1CB| label-angle30=65| label-pos30=top| label-size30=11| mark-size30=0| mark-title30=none |mark-coord31={{coord|22|44|0|N|87|43|0|E}}|label31= ᱨᱩᱯᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱚᱱ |labela31= ᱜᱟᱰᱟ | label-color31 = #77A1CB| label-angle31=80| label-pos31=top| label-size31=11| mark-size31=0| mark-title31=none |mark-coord32={{coord|22|44|0|N|87|58|40|E}}|label32= ᱫᱟᱢᱳᱫᱚᱨ |labela32= ᱜᱟᱰᱟ | label-color32 = #77A1CB| label-angle32=85| label-pos32=top| label-size32=11| mark-size32=0| mark-title32=none}} === ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱧᱮᱱᱮᱞ === ᱟᱨᱟᱢᱵᱟᱜᱽ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱷᱤᱡᱚᱱ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱠᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱵᱷᱩᱜᱳᱞᱤᱠ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ – ᱫᱣᱟᱨᱚᱠᱮᱥᱣᱚᱨ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱪᱷᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ – ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱸᱠᱩᱲᱟ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱛ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱛᱞᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ (alluvial plain) ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ, ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱱ-ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱᱛᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1912_PART_A_DCHB_HUGLI.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Hugli, Series-20, Part XIIA | work= Physiography, Page 17-19|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 25 September 2020 }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱥᱛᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱙᱔.᱗᱗% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱕.᱒᱓% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Hooghly |work = Table 2.2, 2.4(a) |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 25 September 2020 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref> <small>ᱱᱳᱴ: ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱠᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱷᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱠᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱜᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱴᱩ ᱯᱷᱩᱞ ᱥᱠᱨᱤᱱ ᱱᱚᱠᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾</small> === ᱴᱷᱟᱶ === ᱥᱟᱛᱵᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ {{coord|22.901523|N|87.623872|E|}} ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ == [[᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱥᱟᱛᱵᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱑,᱓᱗᱘ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱗᱒᱕ (᱕᱓%) ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱖᱕᱓ (᱔᱗%) ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱐-᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱔᱙ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱛᱵᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱙᱕᱗ (᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱤᱥᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱗᱗.᱘᱗%) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 22 September 2020 }}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱛᱵᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱨᱤ == <gallery widths="210px" heights="160px"> File:Atchala temple (Raghubir temple of the Rai family.) of Satberia village in Goghat PS in Hooghly district 01.jpg|ᱨᱟᱭ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ''[[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱥᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱛᱭᱚ#ᱪᱟᱞᱟ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ|ᱟᱴ ᱪᱟᱞᱟ]]'' ᱨᱟᱜᱷᱩᱵᱤᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ, ᱞᱮᱴᱮᱨᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱘ ᱨᱮ তোলা ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱾ File:Atchala temple (Raghubir temple of the Rai family.) of Satberia village in Goghat PS in Hooghly district 06.jpg|ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱥᱟᱯᱟᱯ File:Atchala temple (Raghubir temple of the Rai family.) of Satberia village in Goghat PS in Hooghly district 18.jpg|[[façade|ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ </gallery> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{commons category|Satberia, Arambagh}} {{ᱦᱩᱜᱽᱞᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱦᱩᱜᱽᱞᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱛᱳ ᱠᱚ]] 8d48v489su3hu0u06mie6xnt5yucfto 2 38065 197853 2026-09-15T09:11:05Z Ramjit Tudu 52 Translated from [[:en:Badrinath (film)]] via Source Translation Tool (https://source-translation.toolforge.org) 197853 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤ. ᱵᱷᱤ. ᱵᱤᱱᱟᱭᱚᱠ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱤᱞﻢ}} {{EngvarB|date=January 2014}} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}} {{Infobox film | name = ᱵᱚᱫᱽᱨᱤᱱᱟᱛᱷ | image = Badrinath poster.jpg | alt = ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱨᱣᱟᱲᱮ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟᱭ᱾ | caption = ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱢᱟ ᱨᱤᱞᱤᱡᱽ ᱯᱳᱥᱴᱟᱨ | director = [[ᱵᱷᱤ. ᱵᱷᱤ. ᱵᱤᱱᱟᱭᱚᱠ]] | producer = [[ᱚᱞᱞᱩ ᱚᱨᱚᱵᱤᱱᱫᱽ]] | writer = ᱪᱤᱱᱱᱤ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱟ | starring = {{plainlist| * [[ᱚᱞᱞᱩ ᱚᱨᱡᱩᱱ]] * [[ᱛᱚᱢᱟᱱᱱᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱴᱤᱭᱟ]] * [[ᱯᱨᱚᱠᱟᱥ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ]] * [[ᱠᱮᱞᱤ ᱫᱳᱨᱡᱤ]] * [[ᱚᱥᱣᱤᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱞᱥᱮᱠᱚᱨ]]}} | music = [[ᱮᱢ. ᱮᱢ. ᱠᱤᱨᱚᱵᱚᱬᱤ]] | cinematography = [[ᱪᱳᱴᱟ ᱠᱮ. ᱱᱟᱭᱰᱩ]] | editing = ᱜᱚᱣᱛᱚᱢ ᱨᱟᱡᱩ | studio = [[ᱜᱤᱛᱷᱟ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ]] | distributor = ᱜᱤᱛᱷᱟ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ | released = {{Film date|df=yes|2011|6|10}} | runtime = ᱑᱔᱐ ᱴᱤᱯᱤᱡ<ref name="IMDA">{{Cite web |title=BADRENATH (NC16) |url=https://imdaonline.imda.gov.sg/classification/Search/Film/SearchDetail.aspx?sType=Feature&sRowID=AAAgZnAAAAAADF8AAB |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028002031/https://imdaonline.imda.gov.sg/classification/Search/Film/SearchDetail.aspx?sType=Feature&sRowID=AAAgZnAAAAAADF8AAB |archive-date=28 October 2022 |access-date=7 December 2020 |website=[[Infocomm Media Development Authority]]}}</ref> | country = ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ | language = ᱛᱮᱞᱩᱜᱩ | budget = {{INR}}᱓᱕–᱔᱒ ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱲ<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2011 |title=Badrinath |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2011/Jun/14/badrinath-262670.html |access-date=12 June 2024 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tollywood actor Allu Arjun's film Badrinath costs Rs 42 crore |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/20110620-actor-allu-arjun-film-badrinath-most-expensive-tollywood-film-746467-2011-06-10 |access-date=17 June 2011 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> | gross = <!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--> }} 9vb9dkf3z6t60rnc2yngejqq8tqk9wg 197854 197853 2026-09-15T09:31:34Z Ramjit Tudu 52 Translated from [[:en:Badrinath (film)]] via Source Translation Tool (https://source-translation.toolforge.org) 197854 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤ. ᱵᱷᱤ. ᱵᱤᱱᱟᱭᱚᱠ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱤᱞﻢ}} {{EngvarB|date=January 2014}} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}} {{Infobox film | name = ᱵᱚᱫᱽᱨᱤᱱᱟᱛᱷ | image = Badrinath poster.jpg | alt = ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱨᱣᱟᱲᱮ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟᱭ᱾ | caption = ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱢᱟ ᱨᱤᱞᱤᱡᱽ ᱯᱳᱥᱴᱟᱨ | director = [[ᱵᱷᱤ. ᱵᱷᱤ. ᱵᱤᱱᱟᱭᱚᱠ]] | producer = [[ᱚᱞᱞᱩ ᱚᱨᱚᱵᱤᱱᱫᱽ]] | writer = ᱪᱤᱱᱱᱤ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱟ | starring = {{plainlist| * [[ᱚᱞᱞᱩ ᱚᱨᱡᱩᱱ]] * [[ᱛᱚᱢᱟᱱᱱᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱴᱤᱭᱟ]] * [[ᱯᱨᱚᱠᱟᱥ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ]] * [[ᱠᱮᱞᱤ ᱫᱳᱨᱡᱤ]] * [[ᱚᱥᱣᱤᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱞᱥᱮᱠᱚᱨ]]}} | music = [[ᱮᱢ. ᱮᱢ. ᱠᱤᱨᱚᱵᱚᱬᱤ]] | cinematography = [[ᱪᱳᱴᱟ ᱠᱮ. ᱱᱟᱭᱰᱩ]] | editing = ᱜᱚᱣᱛᱚᱢ ᱨᱟᱡᱩ | studio = [[ᱜᱤᱛᱷᱟ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ]] | distributor = ᱜᱤᱛᱷᱟ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ | released = {{Film date|df=yes|2011|6|10}} | runtime = ᱑᱔᱐ ᱴᱤᱯᱤᱡ<ref name="IMDA">{{Cite web |title=BADRENATH (NC16) |url=https://imdaonline.imda.gov.sg/classification/Search/Film/SearchDetail.aspx?sType=Feature&sRowID=AAAgZnAAAAAADF8AAB |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028002031/https://imdaonline.imda.gov.sg/classification/Search/Film/SearchDetail.aspx?sType=Feature&sRowID=AAAgZnAAAAAADF8AAB |archive-date=28 October 2022 |access-date=7 December 2020 |website=[[Infocomm Media Development Authority]]}}</ref> | country = ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ | language = ᱛᱮᱞᱩᱜᱩ | budget = {{INR}}᱓᱕–᱔᱒ ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱲ<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2011 |title=Badrinath |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2011/Jun/14/badrinath-262670.html |access-date=12 June 2024 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tollywood actor Allu Arjun's film Badrinath costs Rs 42 crore |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/20110620-actor-allu-arjun-film-badrinath-most-expensive-tollywood-film-746467-2011-06-10 |access-date=17 June 2011 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> | gross = <!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--> }} '''''ᱵᱚᱫᱽᱨᱤᱱᱟᱛᱷ''''' (ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ '''''ᱵᱚᱫᱽᱨᱮᱱᱟᱛᱷ''''')<ref>{{Cite web |title=Badrenath (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/badrenath-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/925480747 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412135047/https://music.apple.com/us/album/badrenath-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/925480747 |archive-date=12 April 2020 |access-date=12 April 2020 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref> ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[ᱛᱮᱞᱩᱜᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱮᱞᱩᱜᱩ]] ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱹ ᱵᱷᱤᱹ ᱵᱤᱱᱟᱭᱚᱠ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱞᱞᱩ ᱟᱨᱟᱵᱤᱱᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Badrinath temple is a backdrop of the film |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-shooting-badrinath-in-the-himalayas/20110607.htm#1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610005106/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-shooting-badrinath-in-the-himalayas/20110607.htm#1 |archive-date=10 June 2011 |access-date=7 June 2011 |publisher=[[Rediff.com]] |quote=It's an action-oriented love story and the Badrinath temple is a backdrop.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chiru, Ram Charan, Allu Arjun at Badrinath audio launch |url=https://www.ndtv.com/photos/entertainment/chiru-ram-charan-allu-arjun-at-badrinath-audio-launch-10407#photo-128374 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623134636/http://www.ndtv.com/photos/entertainment/chiru-ram-charan-allu-arjun-at-badrinath-audio-launch-10407#photo-128374 |archive-date=23 June 2013 |access-date=8 May 2011 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |quote=Badrinath is an action love story which has generated quite a hype among Allu Arjun's fans.}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱫᱚ [[ᱚᱞᱞᱩ ᱚᱨᱡᱩᱱ|ᱚᱞᱞᱩ ᱚᱨᱡᱩᱱ]] ᱢᱩᱬ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱥᱟᱢᱩᱨᱟᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱯᱟᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ [[ᱛᱚᱢᱟᱱᱱᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱴᱤᱭᱟ|ᱛᱚᱢᱟᱱᱱᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱴᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱯᱨᱚᱠᱟᱥ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ]], ᱠᱮᱞᱤ ᱰᱚᱨᱡᱤ, [[ᱚᱥᱣᱤᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱞᱥᱮᱠᱚᱨ|ᱚᱥᱣᱤᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱞᱥᱮᱠᱚᱨ]], ᱨᱟᱠᱮᱥ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱨᱤ, ᱨᱟᱣ ᱨᱟᱢᱮᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱟᱜᱟᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱫᱽᱨᱤ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱥᱟᱢᱩᱨᱟᱭ|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱢᱩᱨᱟᱭ]] ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱜᱩᱨᱩ ᱵᱷᱤᱥᱢᱚ ᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱚᱬ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ [[ᱵᱚᱫᱽᱨᱤᱱᱟᱛᱷ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱵᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱵᱚᱫᱽᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱞᱚᱠᱟᱱᱚᱱᱫᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱨᱤᱠᱟᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱥᱛᱤᱠ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱮ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱨᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱢᱟᱢᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱜᱩᱨᱩ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮᱨᱮ ᱦᱤᱫᱤᱡ ᱟᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=22 May 2011 |title=Allu Arjun romances Tamannaah in Italy |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/allu-arjun-romances-tamannaah-italy-070231101.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729065241/https://www.yahoo.com/news/allu-arjun-romances-tamannaah-italy-070231101.html |archive-date=29 July 2021 |access-date=22 May 2011 |publisher=[[Yahoo!]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Allu Arjun's Badrinath audio released |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/allu-arjuns-badrinath-audio-released/articleshow/8194756.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606112326/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/allu-arjuns-badrinath-audio-released/articleshow/8194756.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=6 June 2021 |access-date=8 May 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |quote=The film, directed by VV Vinayak is an action-packed, romantic entertainer.}}</ref> 3ojy0ceupzan0zo2tidje9f5oau3j1b 197855 197854 2026-09-15T09:37:26Z Ramjit Tudu 52 Translated from [[:en:Badrinath (film)]] via Source Translation Tool (https://source-translation.toolforge.org) 197855 wikitext text/x-wiki ==ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ== {{Infobox album | name = ᱵᱚᱫᱽᱨᱤᱱᱟᱛᱷ | type = ᱥᱟᱶᱩᱰᱴᱨᱟᱠ | artist = [[ᱮᱢ. ᱮᱢ. ᱠᱤᱨᱚᱵᱚᱬᱤ]] | cover = | alt = | released = ᱗ ᱢᱮ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ | recorded = ᱒᱐᱑᱑ | venue = | studio = | genre = Soundtrack | length = ᱓᱕:᱔᱙ | label = [[ᱟᱫᱤᱛᱭᱟ ᱢᱩᱣᱡᱤᱠ]] | producer = ᱮᱢ. ᱮᱢ. ᱠᱤᱨᱚᱵᱚᱬᱤ | prev_title = [[:en:Once Upon a Warrior|Once Upon a Warrior]] | prev_year = 2011 | next_title = ᱨᱟᱡᱟᱱᱱᱟ | next_year = 2011 }} cjia3wwqznt021bcvpxrnx3sy0trgdo