विकिपीडिया sawiki https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.7 first-letter माध्यमम् विशेषः सम्भाषणम् सदस्यः सदस्यसम्भाषणम् विकिपीडिया विकिपीडियासम्भाषणम् सञ्चिका सञ्चिकासम्भाषणम् मीडियाविकि मीडियाविकिसम्भाषणम् फलकम् फलकसम्भाषणम् साहाय्यम् साहाय्यसम्भाषणम् वर्गः वर्गसम्भाषणम् प्रवेशद्वारम् प्रवेशद्वारसम्भाषणम् TimedText TimedText talk पटलम् पटलसम्भाषणम् Event Event talk 0 1465 499600 499571 2026-06-22T02:07:22Z InternetArchiveBot 31833 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 499600 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = Republic of Namibia |native_name = <!--{{unbulleted list |{{native name|af|Republiek van Namibië}} |{{native name|de|Republik Namibia}}}}--> |common_name = Namibia |image_flag = Flag of Namibia.svg |image_coat = Coat of Arms of Namibia.svg |image_map = Location Namibia AU Africa.svg |map_caption = {{map caption |countryprefix= |location_color=dark blue |region=Africa |region_color=dark grey |subregion=the [[African Union]] |subregion_color=light blue}} |national_motto = "Unity, Liberty, Justice" |national_anthem = "[[Namibia, Land of the Brave]]"<br /> |official_languages = [[English language|English]] |regional_languages = {{unbulleted list |[[Afrikaans]] ([[lingua franca]]) |[[German language|German]] |[[Kwangali language|Rukwangali]] |[[Silozi]] |[[Setswana]] |[[Khoekhoe language|Damara/Nama]] |[[Herero language|Herero]] |[[Oshiwambo language|Oshiwambo]]}} |ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 49.8% [[Ovambo people|Ovambo]] | 9.3% [[Kavango people|Kavango]] | 7.5% [[Damara (people)|Damara]] | 7.5% [[Herero people|Herero]] | 6.4% [[Whites in Namibia|White]] | 4.8% [[Nama people|Nama]] | 4.1% [[Coloureds|Coloured]] | 3.7% [[Caprivi Strip|Caprivian]] | 2.9% [[San people|San]] | 2.5% [[Basters]] | 0.6% [[Tswana people|Tswana]] | 0.9% others }} |ethnic_groups_year = 2000 |demonym = Namibian |capital = [[Windhoek]] |latd=22 |latm=34.2 |latNS=S |longd=17 |longm=5.167 |longEW=E |largest_city = capital |government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[presidential system|presidential]] [[constitutional republic]] |leader_title1 = [[List of Presidents of Namibia|President]] |leader_name1 = [[Hifikepunye Pohamba]] |leader_title2 = ''[[List of Presidents of Namibia|President-elect]]'' |leader_name2 = ''[[Hage Geingob]]'' |leader_title3 = [[Prime Minister of Namibia|Prime Minister]] |leader_name3 = [[Hage Geingob]] |area_rank = 34th |area_magnitude = 1 E11 |area_km2 = 825,615 |area_sq_mi = 318,696 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |percent_water = negligible |population_estimate = |population_estimate_rank = |population_estimate_year = |population_census = 2,113,077<ref name=geo>{{cite web |url=http://www.geohive.com/cntry/namibia.aspx |title=GeoHive – Namibia population |publisher=GeoHive |accessdate=12 December 2013}}</ref> |population_census_year = 2011 |population_density_km2 = 2.54 |population_density_sq_mi = 6.6 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = 235th |GDP_PPP = $18.800&nbsp;billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2013/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=19&pr.y=1&sy=2009&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=728&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a= |title=Namibia |publisher=International Monetary Fund |accessdate=17 April 2013}}</ref> |GDP_PPP_rank = |GDP_PPP_year = 2014 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $8,577<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = |GDP_nominal = $13.064&nbsp;billion<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_nominal_year = 2014 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $5,961<ref name=imf2/> |legislature = [[Parliament of Namibia|Parliament]] |upper_house = [[National Council (Namibia)|National Council]] |lower_house = [[National Assembly (Namibia)|National Assembly]] |sovereignty_type = Independence |established_event1 = from [[South Africa]] |established_date1 = 21 March 1990 |established_event2 = [[Constitution of Namibia|Constitution]] |established_date2 = 12 March 1990 |Gini_year = 2009 |Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |Gini = 59.7 <!--number only--> |Gini_ref =<ref name=undppov>{{cite web|title=Economic Policy and Poverty Unit|url=http://www.undp.org.na/economic-policypoverty.aspx|publisher=UNDP Namibia|accessdate=10 September 2013|archive-date=2 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202055434/http://www.undp.org.na/economic-policypoverty.aspx|deadurl=yes}}</ref> |Gini_rank = |HDI_year = 2013<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> |HDI_change = steady<!--increase/decrease/steady--> |HDI = 0.624<!--number only--> |HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr14-summary-en.pdf |title=2014 Human Development Report Summary |date=2014 |accessdate=27 July 2014 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme | pages=21–25}}</ref> |HDI_rank = 127th |currency = [[Namibian dollar]] |currency_code = NAD |country_code = |time_zone = [[West Africa Time|WAT]] |utc_offset = +1 |time_zone_DST = [[West Africa Summer Time|WAST]] |utc_offset_DST = +2 |drives_on = [[Right- and left-hand traffic|left]] |calling_code = [[+264]] |cctld = [[.na]] }} '''नमीबिया''' अफ्रीका-महाद्वीपे दक्षिण-पश्‍चिमे देश: अस्‍ति. ==टिप्पणी== {{reflist}} == External links == * [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/namibia.htm Namibia] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * {{dmoz|Regional/Africa/Namibia}} * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=NA Key Development Forecasts for Namibia] from [[International Futures]] ; Government * [http://www.grnnet.gov.na Republic of Namibia]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121204101417/http://www.grnnet.gov.na/ |date=2012-12-04 }} Government Portal *[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-n/namibia.html Chief of State and Cabinet Members] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210072855/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-n/namibia.html |date=2008-12-10 }} ; Education * [http://www.polytechnic.edu.na Polytechnic of Namibia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228194338/http://www.polytechnic.edu.na/ |date=2009-02-28 }} ; Corruption *[http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/namibia/snapshot.aspx Namibia Corruption Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220022104/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/namibia/snapshot.aspx |date=2014-02-20 }} from the [[Business Anti-Corruption Portal]] ; Tourism * [http://www.etoshanationalpark.org/ Etosha National Park] * [http://www.sossusvlei.org/ Sossusvlei] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222071454/http://www.sossusvlei.org/ |date=2014-12-22 }} ; UN peacekeeping * [http://knbsz.gov.hu/hu/letoltes/szsz/2013_1_spec.pdf UN peacekeeping in Namibia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217203716/http://knbsz.gov.hu/hu/letoltes/szsz/2013_1_spec.pdf |date=2014-12-17 }} [[वर्गः:आफ्रिकाखण्डस्य राष्ट्राणि]] [[वर्गः:विभिन्नदेशसम्बद्धाः स्टब्स्]] [[वर्गः:सर्वे अपूर्णलेखाः]] db8oya0gkgxt1ooec4kx3kv6cbnbhpo 0 20437 499599 353036 2026-06-22T01:33:19Z InternetArchiveBot 31833 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 499599 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Titian Girolamo Fracastoro.jpg|left|thumb|Portrait of Girolamo Fracastoro by [[Titian]], c.1528]] अयं '''जिरोलावो फ्राकास्टोरो''' [[इटली]]देशस्थः कश्चन प्रसिद्धः वैद्यः तथा तर्कपण्डितः । सः "[[अन्कण्टीजियम् आण्ड् कण्टीजियस् डिसीसस्]]" नामकं पुस्तकम् [[१५४६]] तमे वर्षे अलिखत् । तस्मिन् पुस्तके सः कतिपय रोगाः एकस्मात् अन्यं प्रति प्रसरन्ति । कतिपय् रोगाः वस्तूनां माध्यमेन अपि प्रसरन्ति" इति विवृतवान् आसीत् । ==बाह्यसम्पर्कतन्तुः== *[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0YsHAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA65&dq=Hieronymi+Fracastorii&ei=wJLuRuTBDpvy6wLjgZWcBw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=true Poems (Siphilis, Lib. 1-3 and others] in: ''Poemata Selecta Italorum, qui Seculo Decimo Sexto Latine scripserunt'', London 1808, 65-135. (Latin text) *[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=J_k7AAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Hieronymi Fracastorii Syphilis sive morbus Gallicus. '' - Basileae, 1536.] (Latin text) *[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-RdT_rEKWJQC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Hieronymi Fracastorii Homocentrica; Eiusdem de causis criticorum dierum per ea quae in nobis sunt'' – 1538.] (Latin text) *[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rG98CDUIsWoC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Hieronymi Fracastorii Veronensis Opera Omnia.'' 1584.] (Astron., medical, & philosophical writings, Latin text) *[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sr-zfpJ9L9gC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Hieronymi Fracastorii Veronensis Operum Pars Prior.'' 1591.] (Philosoph. & medical writings, Latin text) *[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VUoJAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1&lpg=PA1&dq=%22qui+casus+rerum+varii%22&source=web&ots=XtvlRM14Y8&sig=8iW_nO-hWtAkUAjWqUfCU3mB-Sw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22qui%20casus%20rerum%20varii%22&f=false ''Fracastor – La Syphilis (1530) – Le Mal Français (Extrait du Livre De contagionibus, 1546) '', Paris, 1869] (Latin and French transl.) *[http://digilander.libero.it/camdic/FRACASTORO.htm Di Cicco, C.: ''Fracastoro, Girolamo (1478-1553)''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305014512/http://digilander.libero.it/camdic/FRACASTORO.htm |date=2016-03-05 }} 17° Congress Eur. Acad. Dermatology and Venereology, Paris 2008, (abstract in English, links to publ.) * [https://archive.org/stream/firstsixthpartm03poemgoog#page/n348/mode/2up Nahum Tate's English translation of ''Syphilis''] (a translation of 1686 in a reprint of 1714), the first full translation of ''Syphilis'' into any language. * [https://eee.uci.edu/clients/bjbecker/PlaguesandPeople/week4b.html Excerpts of an English translation of ''Syphilis sive Morbus Gallicus''] *[http://hos.ou.edu/galleries//16thCentury/Fracastoro/ University of Oklahoma Libraries, History of Science Collections, Online Galleries] * [http://himetop.wikidot.com/girolamo-fracastoro Places and memorials related to Girolamo Fracastoro] [[वर्गः:अन्यदेशीयवैद्याः]] [[वर्गः:विदेशीयव्यक्तिसम्बद्धाः स्टब्स्]] [[वर्गः:सारमञ्जूषा योजनीया‎]] [[वर्गः:सर्वे अपूर्णलेखाः]] 1z9hqwnc05xe9jk9ux99wbkrfibvwtd 0 27270 499602 495966 2026-06-22T03:01:04Z InternetArchiveBot 31833 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 499602 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writing system |name=बांलालिपिः |type=[[अबुगिडा]] |languages=[[बांला]] |time= एकादश शतकतः वर्तमानकालः |region=India and Nepal |fam1=[[प्रोटो-सिनेटिक्]] |fam2=[[ध्वन्यात्मकलिपिः]] |fam3=[[अरमाईक् लिपिः]] |fam4=[[ब्राह्मीलिपिः]] |fam5=[[गुप्तलिपिः]] |fam6=[[सिद्धमातृकालिपिः]] |fam7=[[नागरीलिपिः|पूर्वनागरीलिपिः]] |direction = वर्णानां वामतो गतिः |sisters=[[असमिया लिपिः]],[[ओड़िया लिपिः]] |unicode=[http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0980.pdf U+0980&ndash;U+09FF] |iso15924=Beng |sample=Bangla Lipi.svg |imagesize=250px }} '''बांलालिपिः'''({{lang-bn|বাংলা লিপি}} ''Bangla lipi'' or {{lang-bn|বাংলা হরফ}} '''''Bangla horof''''' ) एका [[बांला]]भाषायाः लेखनपद्धतिः । बांलालिपिः पूर्वा [[नागरीलिपिः|नागरीलिपेः]] एका संस्कारिता लिपिः, यस्या प्रयोगः [[असमियालिपिः|असमिया]] वा [[मणिपुरीलिपिः|विष्णुप्रिया मणिपुरी]] लिखने अपि भवति । पूर्वा [[नागरीलिपिः|नागरीलिपेः]] सम्बन्धः [[ब्राह्मीलिपिः|ब्राह्मीलिपिना]] सह तथा देवनागर्या एवं [[भारतम्|भारतस्य]] अन्यलेखनपद्धत्या सह अपि आसीत् । बांलालिपिः [[अबुगिडा]] लेखनपद्धतेः प्रकारविशेषा । अस्याः लिपेः वर्णानां वामतो गतिः । प्रसिद्धा उत्तरीलिपिः ([[देवनागरीलिपिः|देवनागरेत्यादि]])सदृशा अस्यापि लेखनशैल्यां 'शिरोरेखायाः' प्रयोगः अस्ति । ==इतिहासः== बांलालिपेर्जन्म [[सिद्धमातृकालिपिः|सिद्धमातृकालिपितः]], या लिपिः [[भारतीयलिपयः|भारतीयलिपिषु]] अन्यतमा तथा उत्तर[[ब्राह्मीलिपिः|ब्राह्मीलिपेः]] प्रकारभेदा । बांलाभाषा व्यतिरिच्य असमिया-मनिपुरी-मैथिलीभाषी जनानामपि लेखनार्थं प्रयुज्यमाना लिपिरियम् । तथापि व्यतासस्तु अस्ति एव । यथा- ''वर्णनम्'' *संयुक्तवर्णः 'क्ष' (ক্ষ) (उच्चारणम् :असमिया- ''khyô'', बांला- ''khio'') पृथक् वर्णरूपेण असमियावर्णमालायां तिष्ठति (ক্ষ <khyô>) किन्तु बांलाभाषायाम् एषः संयुक्तवर्णरूपेणैव तिष्ठति (विश्लेषणम् क्+ष=क्ष, बांला: ক্‌+ষ <kṣô>)। परन्तु उच्चारणं समानं भवति उभयत्रापि (ख्य খ্য <khy>) । * 'र'(''rô'') इति व्यञ्जनवर्णः बांलायाम् ''র'' एवं लिख्यते, ''ৰ'' इत्येवम् असमिया-मनिपुरी-मैथिलीभाषाषु लिख्यते । * बांलाभाषायां ''व'' इति वर्णः नास्ति परन्तु असमियाभाषायां 'व'(''wô'') 'ৱ' इत्येवं विधा लिख्यते । वस्तुतस्तु बांलालिपिः, अस्याः सम्पर्कः निर्दिष्टएकया भाषया सह नास्ति । मध्ययुगीयभारते (१०००- १८००) पूर्वदिशि प्रायः विकल्पेन उपयुज्यमाना लिपिः आसीत् । बांलालिपेः उच्चस्तरीकरणम् आधुनिकयुगे [[ईश्वरचन्द्र विद्यासागर]]महोदयेन कृतम् । एषा बांलालिपिः पूर्वं [[संस्कृतम्|संस्कृत]]लेखनार्थं प्रयुक्ता आसीत् । मध्ययुगस्य अनुवर्तीकाले एषा लिपिः पालि-बांला-असमियाभाषाणां मूललिपिरूपेण स्थिता आसीत् । भारतीयसाहित्य-लेखनेतिहासे अनया लिपिना रचितं बृहत्साहित्यभाण्डारम् अस्ति । ==उच्चस्तरीकरणम्== [[चित्रम्:Rabindranath Tagore Signature.svg|thumb|300px|[[रवीन्द्रनाथ ठाकुरः|रवीन्द्रनाथ वर्यस्य]](রবীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুর) स्वहस्ताक्षरम्]] बाङ्गलालिपेः वर्णमालायां संयुक्तवर्णाः विशिष्टाकारैः तिष्ठन्ति कदाचित् अत्यन्तविरलभङ्ग्या लिख्यते । एतस्मात् अस्याः लिपेर्शिक्षणं पठनं वा दुष्करम् भवति । तस्मात् बाङ्गलाभाषानिमित्तं बाङ्गलालिपेः उच्चस्तरीकरणस्य प्रचेष्टा बाङ्गलाशिक्षाजगति परिलक्ष्यते । उल्लेखयोग्यानि केन्द्राणि यथा-[[ढाका]] ([[बाङ्गलादेशः]]), [[कोलकाता]]([[पश्चिमबङ्गराज्यम्]], [[भारतम्]]) । इयं लिपिः अद्यपि सर्वप्रदेशेषु समरूपे विराजिता नास्ति । एकस्य शब्दस्य कृते विभिन्नप्रचीनरूपाणि प्रचलितानि सन्ति । अस्या लिपेः प्रादेशिकभेदेषु केवलं असमिया तथा बाङ्गलालिपयोः वैचित्राणि विधिबद्धव्यवस्था अस्ति । <br /> <!----सम्भवतः अस्याः लिपेः सुनिश्चित এটা সম্ভবত হয় যে [[প্রমিতকরণ]] বর্ণমালার ব্যাপকভাবে কম্পিউটারে এটি typeset প্রয়োজন দ্বারা প্রভাবিত হবে. বড় বর্ণমালার কিছু অনিয়মিত conjuncts omitting, [[হওয়া ASCII]] অক্ষর সেটের মধ্যে, অকপটতা একটি বড় চুক্তি, সঙ্গে প্রতিনিধিত্ব করা যাবে. কাজ বিকাশ 2001 কাছাকাছি থেকে চলছে হয়েছে [[ইউনিকোড]] [[ফন্ট]], এবং এটা ঐতিহ্যগত এবং আধুনিক দুই ধরন, বিভক্ত করবে বলে মনে হয়. এই এবং বাংলা ভাষা, একটি সঙ্গে তার আচরণ উইকিপিডিয়া অন্যান্য নিবন্ধে [বাঙালি [Romanization | Romanization]] বাংলা phonology মধ্যে specializing ভাষাবিদ ব্যবহৃত প্রকল্প [[আন্তর্জাতিক ধ্বনিক বর্ণমালা | IPA]] বরাবর অন্তর্ভুক্ত করা হয় ট্রান্সক্রিপশন. পশ্চিমবঙ্গ সরকারের সাম্প্রতিক প্রচেষ্টার প্রাথমিক বিদ্যালয় গ্রন্থে বাংলা বানান সরল উপর দৃষ্টি নিবদ্ধ করা. It seems likely that the [[standardization]] of the alphabet will be greatly influenced by the need to typeset it on computers. The large alphabet can be represented, with a great deal of ingenuity, within the [[ASCII]] character set, omitting certain irregular conjuncts. Work has been underway since around 2001 to develop [[Unicode]] [[fonts]], and it seems likely that it will split into two variants, traditional and modern. In this and other articles on Wikipedia dealing with the Bengali language, a [[Romanization of Bengali|Romanization]] scheme used by linguists specializing in Bengali phonology is included along with [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] transcription. A recent effort by the government of West Bengal focused on simplifying Bengali orthography in primary school texts. ==बाङ्गलावर्णानाम् आकार(glyphs)वर्णना== The glyphs of the Bengali script can be divided into vowel diacritics, consonant and vowel letters (including consonant conjuncts), modifiers, digits, and punctuation marks. ===स्वरवर्णाः=== [[File:Bengali Vowel Signs.png|thumb|right|600px|The consonant ক (''k'') along with the diacritic form of the vowels অ, আ, ই, ঈ, উ, ঊ, ঋ, এ, ঐ, ও and ঔ.]] The Bengali script has a total of 11 vowel [[grapheme]]s, each of which is called a স্বরবর্ণ ''shôrobôrno'' "vowel letter". These ''shôrobôrno''s represent six of the seven [[Bengali_phonology#Consonants_and_vowels|main vowel sounds]] of Bengali, along with two vowel [[Bengali_phonology#Diphthongs|diphthongs]]. All of these are used in both [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Assamese language|Assamese]], the two main languages using the script. There is no standard character in the script for the Bengali main vowel sound {{IPA|/æ/}}, and vowel length differences thought to be represented by different vowel graphemes (e.g., ''hrôshsho i'' vs. ''dirgho i'') do not hold true for the spoken language. Also, the grapheme called ''ri'' does not really represent a vowel phoneme, rather the sound {{IPA|/ri/}}. When a vowel sound occurs at the beginning of a syllable or when it follows another vowel, it is written using a distinct letter. But when a vowel sound follows a consonant (or a consonant cluster), it is written with a diacritic which, depending on the vowel, can appear above, below, before or after the consonant. The diacritic cannot appear without a consonant. A diacritic form is named by adding a "-kar" to the end of the name of the corresponding vowel letter (see table below). An exception to the above system is the vowel {{IPA|/ɔ/}}. This has no diacritic form, but is considered inherent in every consonant letter. To specifically denote the absence of this inherent vowel {{IPA|[ɔ]}} following a consonant, a diacritic called the ''hôshonto'' (্) may be written underneath the consonant. Although there are only two diphthongs in the inventory of the script, the Bengali sound system has in fact many diphthongs.<ref>Different Bengali linguists give different numbers of Bengali diphthongs in their works depending on methodology, e.g. 25 (Chatterji 1939: 40), 31 (Hai 1964), 45 (Ashraf and Ashraf 1966: 49), 28 (Kostic and Das 1972:6-7) and 17 (Sarkar 1987).</ref> Most of these diphthongs are represented by juxtaposing the graphemes of their forming vowels, as in কেউ ''keu'' {{IPA|/keu/}}. The table below shows the vowels present in the modern (i.e., since late nineteenth century) inventory of the Bengali alphabet, which has abandoned three historical vowels, ''rri'', ''li'', and ''lli'', traditionally placed between ''ri'' and ''e''. {| class="wikitable" |- |+ '''बाङ्गला स्वरवर्णाः''' (স্বরবর্ণ ''shôrobôrno'')''' |- ! स्वरवर्णाः !! वर्णस्य नामः !! ऐ पि ए <br />लिप्यन्तरणम् !! '''क्''' कारेण सह स्वरवर्णानां योजनम् {{IPA|[kɔ]}} (ক) !! उच्चारणम् !! ऐ पि ए !! |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | অ || shôro ô <br /> (shôre ô) <br /> "vowel ô"|| {{IPA|/ɔ/}} and {{IPA|/o/}}<ref name="inherent">The natural pronunciation of the grapheme অ, whether in its independent (visible) form or in its "inherent" (invisible) form in a consonant grapheme, is {{IPA|/ɔ/}}. But its pronunciation changes to {{IPA|/o/}} in the following contexts: * অ is in the first syllable and there is a ই {{IPA|/i/}} or উ {{IPA|/u/}} in the next syllable, as in অতি ''oti'' "much" {{IPA|/ot̪i/}}, বলছি ''bolcchi'' "(I am) speaking" {{IPA|/ˈboltʃʰi/}} * if the অ is the inherent vowel in a word-initial consonant cluster ending in ''rôfôla'' "rô ending" {{IPA|/r/}}, as in প্রথম ''prothom'' "first" {{IPA|/prot̪ʰom/}} * if the next consonant cluster contains a ''jôfôla'' "jô ending", as in অন্য ''onno'' "other" {{IPA|/onːo/}}, জন্য ''jonno'' "for" {{IPA|/dʒonːo/}} </ref> || style="font-size:14pt;" | ক <span style="font-size:100%;">(none) | | kô and ko || align=center | {{IPA|/kɔ/}} and {{IPA|/ko/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | আ || shôro a <br> (shôre a) <br /> "vowel a"|| {{IPA|/a/}} || style="font-size:14pt;" | কা | | ka || align=center | {{IPA|/ka/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | ই || hrôshsho i <br> (hrôshsho i) <br /> "short i"|| {{IPA|/i/}} || style="font-size:14pt;" | কি | | ki || align=center | {{IPA|/ki/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | ঈ || dirgho i <br /> "long i"|| {{IPA|/i/}} || style="font-size:14pt;" | কী | | kee || align=center | {{IPA|/ki/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | উ || hrôshsho u <br> (rôshsho u) <br /> "short u"|| {{IPA|/u/}} || style="font-size:14pt;" | কু | | ku || align=center | {{IPA|/ku/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | ঊ || dirgho u <br /> "long u"|| {{IPA|/u/}} || style="font-size:14pt;" | কূ | | koo || align=center | {{IPA|/ku/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | ঋ || ri || {{IPA|/ri/}} || style="font-size:14pt;" | কৃ | | kri || align=center | {{IPA|/kri/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | এ || e || {{IPA|/e/}} and {{IPA|/æ/}} || style="font-size:14pt;" | কে | | kê and ke || align=center | {{IPA|/ke/}} and {{IPA|/kæ/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | ঐ || oi || {{IPA|/oj/}} || style="font-size:14pt;" | কৈ | | koi || align=center | {{IPA|/koj/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | ও || o || {{IPA|/o/}} || style="font-size:14pt;" | কো | | ko || align=center | {{IPA|/ko/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | ঔ || ou || {{IPA|/ow/}} || style="font-size:14pt;" | কৌ | | kou || align=center | {{IPA|/kow/}} |- |} {| class="wikitable" |- |+ '''स्वर वर्ण''' |- ! अक्षर !! अक्षर का नाम !! '''ক''' के साथ स्वर-वर्णों का योजन!! स्वर का नाम !! रोमनीकृत !! [[आईपीए|IPA]] |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | অ || शोरो अ || style="font-size:14pt;" | ক <font size=2>(कोई नहीं) | (कोई नहीं) || kô and ko || align=center | {{IPA|/kɔ/ एवं /ko/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | আ || शोरो आ || style="font-size:14pt;" | কা | आ-कार || ka || align=center | {{IPA|/ka/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | ই || ह्रोश्शो-इ || style="font-size:14pt;" | কি | ह्रोश्शो-इकार || ki || align=center | {{IPA|/ki/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | ঈ || दीर्घो-ई || style="font-size:14pt;" | কী | दीर्घोई-कार || ki || align=center | {{IPA|/ki/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | উ || ह्रोश्शो-उ || style="font-size:14pt;" | কু | ह्रोश्शो-उकार || ku || align=center | {{IPA|/ku/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | ঊ || दीर्घो-ऊ || style="font-size:14pt;" | কূ |दीर्घो-ऊकार || ku || align=center | {{IPA|/ku/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | ঋ || ॠ || style="font-size:14pt;" | কৃ | ॠ-कार/ॠ-फोला || ॠ || align=center | {{IPA|/kri/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | এ || ए, ऍ || style="font-size:14pt;" | কে | एकार || kê एवं ke || align=center | {{IPA|/kæ/ एवं /ke/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | ঐ || ओई || style="font-size:14pt;" | কৈ | ओईकार || koi || align=center | {{IPA|/koj/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | ও || o || style="font-size:14pt;" | কো | ओकार || ko || align=center | {{IPA|/ko/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | ঔ || ओऊ || style="font-size:14pt;" | কৌ | ओऊकार || kou || align=center | {{IPA|/kow/}} |- |} === अन्य === {| class="wikitable" |- |+ '''अन्य वर्ण''' |- ! {{यूनिकोड|[kɔ]}} (ক) के साथ प्रयुक्त संकेतक !! नाम !! कार्य !! रोमनीकृत !! [[आईपीए|IPA]] |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | ক্ | [[विराम|होलोन्तो]] || Suppresses the inherent vowel || k || {{IPA|/k/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | কৎ | खोंडोत्तो || Final unaspirated dental {{IPA|[t̪]}} (ত) || kôt || {{IPA|/kɔt̪/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | কং | [[अनुस्वार|ओनुसार]] || Final [[velar nasal]] || kôņ || {{IPA|/kɔŋ/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | কঃ | [[विसर्ग|बिसर्गो]] || Final [[voiceless glottal fricative|voiceless breath]] || kôh || {{IPA|/kɔh/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | কঁ | [[चंद्रबिंदु|चोन्द्रोबिन्दू]] || Vowel [[nasalization]] || kôñ || {{IPA|/kɔ̃/}} |- |} === व्यंजन वर्ण === {| class="wikitable" |- |+ '''व्यंजन वर्ण''' |- ! अक्षर !! अक्षर का नाम !! रोमनीकृत !! [[आईपीए|IPA]] |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | ক || क || k || align=center | {{IPA|/k/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | খ || ख || kh || align=center | {{IPA|/kʰ/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | গ || ग || g || align=center | {{IPA|/g/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | ঘ || घ || gh || align=center | {{IPA|/gʱ/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | ঙ || अंगो/उँआ || ņ || align=center | {{IPA|/ŋ/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | চ || च || ch || align=center | {{IPA|/tʃ/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | ছ || छ || chh || align=center | {{IPA|/tʃʰ/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | জ || बोरीगोजो (ज) <br /> (burgijjô) || j || align=center | {{IPA|/dʒ/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | ঝ || झ || jh || align=center | {{IPA|/dʒʱ/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | ঞ || इंगो, इंय || n || align=center | {{IPA|/n/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | ট || ट || ţ || align=center | {{IPA|/ʈ/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | ঠ || ठ || ţh || align=center | {{IPA|/ʈʰ/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | ড || ड || đ || align=center | {{IPA|/ɖ/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | ঢ || ढ || đh || align=center | {{IPA|/ɖʱ/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | ণ || मूर्धोन्नो न <br /> (moddhennô) || n || align=center | {{IPA|/n/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | ত || त || t || align=center | {{IPA|/t̪/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | থ || थ || th || align=center | {{IPA|/t̪ʰ/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | দ || द || d || align=center | {{IPA|/d̪/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | ধ || ध || dh || align=center | {{IPA|/d̪ʱ/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | ন || दोंतो न <br /> (dontennô) || n || align=center | {{IPA|/n/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | প || प || p || align=center | {{IPA|/p/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | ফ || फ || f || align=center | {{IPA|/f/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | ব || ब || b || align=center | {{IPA|/b/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | ভ || भ || bh || align=center | {{IPA|/bʱ/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | ম || म || m || align=center | {{IPA|/m/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | য || अंतोस्थो ज (य) <br /> (ontostejô) || j || align=center | {{IPA|/dʒ/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | র || बोए-शून्नो र (र) || r || align=center | {{IPA|/ɾ/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | ল || ल || l || align=center | {{IPA|/l/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | শ || तालब्बो श <br /> (taleboshshô) || sh एवं s || align=center | {{IPA|/ʃ/}} / {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | ষ || मूरधोन्नो श (ष) || sh || align=center | {{IPA|/ʃ/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | স || दोंतो श <br /> (donteshshô) || sh एवं s || align=center | {{IPA|/ʃ/}} / {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | হ || ह || h || align=center | {{IPA|/h/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | য় || ओंतोस्थो य <br /> (ontosteô) || e एवं - || align=center | {{IPA|/e̯/}} /- |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | ড় || दूई शून्नो र (ड़) || ŗ || align=center | {{IPA|/ɽ/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | ঢ় || धोए शून्नो ड़ो || ŗh || align=center | {{IPA|/ɽ/}} |- |} === अंक === {| class="wikitable" |- |+ '''अंक''' |- ! अरबी अंक ! 0 ! 1 ! 2 ! 3 ! 4 ! 5 ! 6 ! 7 ! 8 ! 9 ! 10 |- ! बांग्ला अंक | ০ | ১ | ২ | ৩ | ৪ | ৫ | ৬ | ৭ | ৮ | ৯ | ১০ |- ! rowspan="2" | बांग्ला नाम | शून्नो | एक | दुई | तीन | चार | पाच | छोय | शात | आट | नोय | दॉश |- | শুন্য | এক | দুই | তিন | চার | পাঁচ | ছয় | সাত | আট | নয় | দশ |- |} ===व्यञ्जनवर्णाः=== Consonant letters are called ব্যঞ্জনবর্ণ ''bênjonbôrno'' "consonant letter" in Bengali. The names of these letters are typically just the consonant sound plus the inherent vowel ''ô''. Since the inherent vowel is assumed and not written, most letters' names look identical to the letter itself (e.g. the name of the letter ঘ is itself ঘ ''ghô''). Some letters that have lost their distinctive pronunciation in Modern Bengali are called by a more elaborate name. For example, since the consonant phoneme {{IPA|/n/}} can be written ন, ণ, or ঞ (depending on the spelling of the particular word), these letters are not simply called ''nô''; instead, they are called দন্ত্য ন ''donto nô'' ("[[dental consonant|dental]] n"), মূর্ধন্য ণ ''murdhonno nô'' ("[[Retroflex consonant|cerebral]] n"), and ঞীয়/ইঙ ''niô''/''ingô''. Similarly, the phoneme {{IPA|/ʃ/}} can be written শ ''talobbo shô'' ([[palatal consonant|"palatal]] s"), ষ ''murdhonno shô'' ("cerebral s"), or স ''donto shô'' ("dental s"), depending on the word. Since the consonant ঙ {{IPA|/ŋ/}} cannot occur at the beginning of a word in Bengali, its name is not ঙ ''ngô'' but উঙ ''ungô'' (pronounced by some as উম ''umô'' or উঁঅ ''ũô''). Similarly, since semivowels ({{IPA|[j]}}, {{IPA|[w]}}, {{IPA|[e̯]}}, {{IPA|[o̯]}}) cannot occur at the beginning of a Bengali word, the name for "semi-vowel {{unicode|e̯}}" য় is not অন্তঃস্থ য় ''{{unicode|ôntostho e̯ô}}'' but অন্তঃস্থ অ ''ôntostho ô''. In the earlier inventories of the Bengali alphabet, one can find a second ''bô'' (called ''ôntostho bô'') following ''lô''. This ''ôntostho bô'' originally represented a {{IPA|/v/}} or {{IPA|/w/}} sound, but later merged with the ''borgio bô'' in the Bengali language. The two ''bô'''s were represented with identically but occurred in two different places in the inventory. In the orthography of Bangladesh, only ''borgio bô'' is retained. The ''ôntostho bô'' continues to be used in the Indian state of West Bengal. The table below presents the Bengali consonant letters in their traditional order. {| class="wikitable" |- |+ '''Bengali consonants (ব্যঞ্জনবর্ণ ''bênjonbôrno'')''' |- ! Letter !! Name of <br />consonant !! [[Romanization of Bengali|Transliteration]] !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | ক || kô || k || align=center | {{IPA|/k/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | খ || khô || kh || align=center | {{IPA|/kʰ/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | গ || gô || g || align=center | {{IPA|/ɡ/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | ঘ || ghô || gh || align=center | {{IPA|/ɡʱ/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | ঙ || ungô, umô || ņ || align=center | {{IPA|/ŋ/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | চ || chô || ch || align=center | {{IPA|/tʃ/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | ছ || chhô || chh || align=center | {{IPA|/tʃʰ/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | জ || borgio jô <br> (burgijjô) || j || align=center | {{IPA|/dʒ/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | ঝ || jhô || jh || align=center | {{IPA|/dʒʱ/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | ঞ || ingô, niô || n || align=center | {{IPA|/n/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | ট || ţô || ţ || align=center | {{IPA|/ʈ/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | ঠ || ţhô || ţh || align=center | {{IPA|/ʈʰ/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | ড || đô || đ || align=center | {{IPA|/ɖ/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | ঢ || đhô || đh || align=center | {{IPA|/ɖʱ/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | ণ || murdhonno nô <br> (moddhennô) || n || align=center | {{IPA|/n/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | ত || tô || t || align=center | {{IPA|/t̪/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | থ || thô || th || align=center | {{IPA|/t̪ʰ/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | দ || dô || d || align=center | {{IPA|/d̪/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | ধ || dhô || dh || align=center | {{IPA|/d̪ʱ/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | ন || donto nô <br> (dontennô) || n || align=center | {{IPA|/n/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | প || pô || p || align=center | {{IPA|/p/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | ফ || phô || ph || align=center | {{IPA|/pʰ/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | ব || bô (the so-called borgio bô) || b || align=center | {{IPA|/b/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | ভ || bhô || bh || align=center | {{IPA|/bʱ/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | ম || mô || m || align=center | {{IPA|/m/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | য || ôntostho jô <br> (ontostejô) || j || align=center | {{IPA|/dʒ/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | র || (bôe bindu/shunno) rô || r || align=center | {{IPA|/ɾ/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | ল || lô || l || align=center | {{IPA|/l/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | শ || talobbo shô <br> (taleboshshô) || sh and s || align=center | {{IPA|/ʃ/}} / {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | ষ || murdhonno shô <br> (muddhennoshshô) <br> (peţ kaţa shô) || sh || align=center | {{IPA|/ʃ/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | স || donto shô <br> (donteshshô) || sh and s || align=center | {{IPA|/ʃ/}} / {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | হ || hô || h || align=center | {{IPA|/h/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | য় || ôntostho ô <br> (ontosteô) || e and – || align=center | {{IPA|/e̯/}} /- |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | ড় || đôe shunno/bindu ŗô || ŗ || align=center | {{IPA|/ɽ/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | ঢ় || đhôe shunno/bindu ŗô || ŗh || align=center | {{IPA|/ɽ/}} |- |} ===व्यञ्जनसंयुक्तवर्णाः=== [[File:Bengali conjunct ndr.png|thumb|right|200px|The consonant ligature ''ndrô'' (ন্দ্র) : ন (''n'') in gray, দ (''d'') in blue and র (''r'') in red.]] [[File:Bangla consonant conjuncts.svg|thumb|right|200px|List of all Bengali consonant conjuncts.]] Up to four consecutive consonants not separated by vowels can be orthographically represented as a [[Ligature (typography)|ligature]] called a "consonant conjunct" (Bengali: যুক্তাক্ষর ''juktakkhor'' or যুক্তবর্ণ ''juktobôrno''). Typically, the first consonant in the conjunct is shown above and/or to the left of the following consonants. Many consonants appear in an abbreviated or compressed form when serving as part of a conjunct. Others simply take exceptional forms in conjuncts, bearing little or no resemblance to the base character. Often, consonant conjuncts are not actually pronounced as would be implied by the pronunciation of the individual components. For example, adding ল ''lô'' underneath শ ''shô'' in Bengali creates the conjunct শ্ল, which is not pronounced ''shlô'' but ''slô'' in Bengali. Many conjuncts represent Sanskrit sounds that were lost centuries before modern Bengali was ever spoken, as in জ্ঞ, which is a combination of জ ''jô'' and ঞ ''niô'', but is not pronounced ''jnô''. Instead, it is pronounced ''ggõ'' in Bengali. Thus, as conjuncts often represent (combinations of) sounds that cannot be easily understood from the components, the following descriptions are concerned only with the construction of the conjunct, and not the resulting pronunciation. Thus, a variant of the [[IAST]] romanization scheme is used instead of the [[Romanization of Bengali|phonemic romanization]]. ====विशिष्टरूपानि==== Some consonants fuse in such a way that one stroke of the first consonant also serves as a stroke of the next. *The consonants can be placed on top of one another, sharing their vertical line: ক্ক kkô গ্ন gnô গ্ল glô ন্ন nnô প্ন pnô প্প ppô ল্ল llô etc. *As the last member of a conjunct, ৱ wô and ব bô can hang on the vertical line under the preceding consonants, taking the shape of ব bô (here referred to as বফলা ''bôfôla''): গ্ব gwô/gbô ণ্ব {{unicode|ṇwô,ṇbô}} দ্ব dwô/dbô ল্ব lwô/lbo শ্ব śwô/śbô. *The consonants can also be placed side-by-side, sharing their vertical line: দ্দ ddô ন্দ ndô ব্দ bdô ব্জ bjô প্ট {{unicode|pṭô}} শ্চ ścô শ্ছ śchô etc. ====सम्भावितरूपानि==== Some consonants are simply written closer to one another to indicate that they are in a conjunct together. *As the last member of a conjunct, গ gô can appear unaltered, with the preceding consonant simply written closer to it: দ্গ dgô. *As the last member of a conjunct, ৱ wô and ব bô can appear immediately to the right of the preceding consonant, taking the shape of ব bô (here referred to as বফলা ''bôfôla''): ধ্ব dhwô/dhbô ব্ব bbô/bwô হ্ব hbô/hwô. ====जटिलरूपानि==== Some consonants are compressed (and often simplified) when appearing as the first member of a conjunct. *As the first member of a conjunct, the consonants ঙ ŋô চ cô ড {{unicode|ḍô}} ব bô and ৱ wô are often compressed and placed at the top-left of the following consonant, with little or no change to the basic shape: ঙ্ক্ষ {{unicode|ŋkṣô}} ঙ্খ ŋkhô ঙ্ঘ ŋghô ঙ্ম ŋmô চ্চ ccô চ্ছ cchô চ্ঞ cñô ড্ড {{unicode|ḍḍô}} ব্ব bbô/bwô ৱ্ব wbô/wwo. *As the first member of a conjunct, ত tô is compressed and placed above the following consonant, with little or no change to the basic shape: ত্ন tnô ত্ম tmô ত্ব twô/tbô. *As the first member of a conjunct, ম mô is compressed and simplified to a curved shape. It is placed above or to the top-left of the following consonant: ম্ন mnô ম্প mpô ম্ফ mfô ম্ব mbô/mwô ম্ভ mbhô ম্ম mmô ম্ল mlô. *As the first member of a conjunct, ষ {{unicode|ṣô}} is compressed and simplified to an oval shape with a diagonal stroke through it. It is placed to the top-left of the following consonants: ষ্ক {{unicode|ṣkô}} ষ্ট {{unicode|ṣṭô}} ষ্ঠ {{unicode|ṣṭhô}} ষ্প {{unicode|ṣpô}} ষ্ফ {{unicode|ṣfô}} ষ্ম {{unicode|ṣmô}}. *As the first member of a conjunct, স sô is compressed and simplified to a ribbon shape. It is placed above or to the top-left of the following consonant: স্ক skô স্খ skhô স্ট {{unicode|sṭô}} স্ত stô স্থ sthô স্ন snô স্প spô স্ফ sfô স্ব swô/sbô স্ম smô স্ল slô. ====सङ्कीर्णरूपानि==== Some consonants are abbreviated when appearing in conjuncts, losing part of their basic shape. *As the first member of a conjunct, জ jô can lose its final downstroke: জ্জ jjô জ্ঞ jñô জ্ব jwô/jbô. *As the first member of a conjunct, ঞ ñô can lose its bottom half: ঞ্চ ñcô ঞ্ছ ñchô ঞ্জ ñjô ঞ্ঝ ñjhô. *As the last member of a conjunct, ঞ ñô can lose its left half (the এ part): জ্ঞ jñô. *As the first member of a conjunct, ণ {{unicode|ṇô}} and প pô can lose their downstroke: ণ্ঠ {{unicode|ṇṭhô}} ণ্ড {{unicode|ṇḍô}} প্ত ptô প্স psô. *As the first member of a conjunct, ত tô and ভ bhô can lose their final upward tail: ত্ত ttô ত্থ tthô ত্র trô ভ্র bhrô. *As the last member of a conjunct, থ thô can lose its final upstroke, taking the form of হ hô instead (this form is called খণ্ড-থ khônḍo thô or "broken thô"(ঽ)) : ন্থ nthô স্থ sthô. An exception is ম্থ mthô (see on the compressed forms part) *As the last member of a conjunct, ম mô can lose its initial downstroke: ক্ম kmô গ্ম gmô ঙ্ম ŋmô ট্ম {{unicode|ṭmô}} ণ্ম {{unicode|ṇmô}} ত্ম tmô দ্ম dmô ন্ম nmô ম্ম mmô শ্ম śmô ষ্ম {{unicode|ṣmô}} স্ম smô. *As the last member of a conjunct, স sô can lose its top half: ক্স ksô ন্স nsô. *As the last member of a conjuct ট {{unicode|ṭô}}, ড {{unicode|ḍô}} and ঢ {{unicode|ḍhô}} can lose their matra: প্ট {{unicode|pṭô}} ণ্ড {{unicode|ṇḍô}} ণ্ট {{unicode|ṇṭô}} ণ্ঢ {{unicode|ṇḍhô}} *As the last member of a conjuct ড {{unicode|ḍô}} can change its shape: ণ্ড {{unicode|ṇḍô}} ====विविधरूपानि==== Some consonants have forms that are used regularly, but only within conjuncts. *As the first member of a conjunct, ঙ ŋô can appear as a loop and curl: ঙ্ক ŋkô ঙ্গ ŋgô. *As the last member of a conjunct, the curled top of ধ dhô is replaced by a straight downstroke to the right, taking the form of ঝ jhô instead: গ্ধ gdhô দ্ধ ddhô ন্ধ ndhô ব্ধ bdhô. *As the first member of a conjunct, র rô appears as a diagonal stroke (called রেফ ''ref'') above the following member: র্ক rkô র্খ rkhô র্গ rgô র্ঘ rghô etc. *As the last member of a conjunct, র rô appears as a wavy horizontal line (called রফলা ''rôfôla'') under the previous member: খ্র khrô গ্র grô ঘ্র ghrô ব্র brô etc. **In some fonts, certain conjuncts with রফলা ''rôfôla'' appear using the compressed (and often simplified) form of the previous consonant: জ্র jrô ট্র {{unicode|ṭrô}} ঠ্র {{unicode|ṭhrô}} ড্র {{unicode|ḍrô}} ম্র mrô স্র srô. **In some fonts, certain conjuncts with রফলা ''rôfôla'' appear using the abbreviated form of the previous consonant: ক্র krô ত্র trô ভ্র bhrô *As the last member of a conjunct, য yô appears as a wavy vertical line (called যফলা ''jôfôla'') to the right of the previous member: ক্য kyô খ্য khyô গ্য gyô ঘ্য ghyô etc. **In some fonts, certain conjuncts with যফলা ''jôfôla'' appear using special fused forms: দ্য dyô ন্য nyô শ্য śyô ষ্য {{unicode|ṣyô}} স্য syô হ্য hyô. ====अपवादकरूपानि==== *When followed by র rô, ক kô takes on the abbreviated form of ত tô with the addition of a curl to the right: ক্র krô. *When preceded by the abbreviated form of ঞ ñô, চ cô takes the shape of ব bô: ঞ্চ ñcô *When preceded by another ট {{unicode|ṭô}}, ট {{unicode|ṭô}} is reduced to a leftward curl: ট্ট {{unicode|ṭṭô}}. *When preceded by ষ {{unicode|ṣô}}, ণ {{unicode|ṇô}} appears as two loops to the right: ষ্ণ {{unicode|ṣṇô}}. *As the first member of a conjunct, or when word-final and followed by no vowel, ত tô can appear as ৎ (called খণ্ড-ত ''{{unicode|khônḍo tô}}'' or "broken ''tô''"): ৎস tsô ৎপ tpô ৎক tkô etc. *When preceded by হ hô, ন nô appears as a curl to the right: হ্ন hnô. *Certain combinations simply must be memorized: ক্ষ {{unicode|kṣô}} হ্ম hmô. *When followed by ত tô, ক kô takes on the shape of ত্ত ttô with the addition of a curl to the right: ক্ত ktô. ====वैकल्पिकसंयुक्तरूपानि==== When serving as a vowel sign, উ u, ঊ ū, and ঋ {{unicode|ṛ}} take on many exceptional forms. *উ u **When following গ gô or শ śô, it takes on a variant form resembling the final tail of ও o: গু gu শু śu. **When following a ত tô that is already part of a conjunct with প pô, ন nô or স sô, it is fused with the ত tô to resemble ও o: ন্তু ntu স্তু stu প্তু ptu. **When following র rô, and in many fonts also following the variant রফলা ''rôfôla'', it appears as an upward curl to the right of the preceding consonant as opposed to a downward loop below: রু ru গ্রু gru ত্রু tru থ্রু thru দ্রু dru ধ্রু dhru ব্রু bru ভ্রু bhru শ্রু śru. **When following হ hô, it appears as an extra curl: হু hu. *ঊ ū **When following র rô, and in many fonts also following the variant রফলা ''rôfôla'', it appears as a downstroke to the right of the preceding consonant as opposed to a downward hook below: রূ rū গ্রূ grū থ্রূ thrū দ্রূ drū ধ্রূ dhrū ভ্রূ bhrū শ্রূ śrū. *ঋ {{unicode|ṛ}} **When following হ hô, it takes the variant shape of ঊ ū: হৃ {{unicode|hṛ}}. Conjuncts of three consonants also exist, and follow the same rules as above. Examples include স sô + ত tô +র rô = স্ত্র strô, ম mô + প pô + র rô = ম্প্র mprô, ঙ ŋô + ক kô + ষ {{unicode|ṣô}} = ঙ্ক্ষ {{unicode|ŋkṣô}}, জ jô + জ jô + ৱ wô = জ্জ্ব jjwô, ক kô + ষ {{unicode|ṣô}} + ম mô = ক্ষ্ম {{unicode|kṣmô}}. Theoretically, four-consonant conjuncts can also be created, as in র rô + স sô + ট {{unicode|ṭô}} + র rô = র্স্ট্র {{unicode|rsṭrô}}, but these are not found in real words. ===अन्यरूपानि=== {| class="wikitable" |- |+ '''Modifier and other graphemes in Bengali''' |- ! Symbol with {{IPA|[kɔ]}} (ক) !! Name !! Function !! [[Romanization of Bengali|Transliteration]] !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | ক্ | [[virama|hôshonto]] <br />"final hôsh" || Suppresses the inherent vowel {{IPA|[ɔ]}}|| k || {{IPA|/k/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | কৎ | khônđo tô <br />"broken tô" || Final unaspirated dental {{IPA|[t̪]}} (ত) || kôt || {{IPA|/kɔt̪/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | কং | [[anusvara|ônushshôr]] || Final [[velar nasal]] || kông || {{IPA|/kɔŋ/}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | কঃ | [[visarga|bishôrgo]] | # pronounced as syllable-final [[voiceless glottal fricative|voiceless breath]], as in উঃ # isn't pronounced, but [[gemination|geminates]] the following consonant, as in দুঃসময় # isn't pronounced at all, as in দুঃস্থ | - | # {{IPA|[uh]}} # {{IPA|[d̪uʃːomɔj]}} # {{IPA|[d̪ustʰo]}} |- | style="font-size:14pt;" | কঁ | [[chandrabindu|chôndrobindu]] <br /> "moon-dot"|| Vowel [[nasalization]] || kôñ || {{IPA|/kɔ̃/}} |- |} ঃ ''-h'' and ং ''-ng'' are also often used as [[Abbreviation|abbreviation marks]] in Bengali, with ং ''-ng'' used when the next sound following the abbreviation would be a nasal sound, and ঃ ''-h'' otherwise. For example ডঃ ''ḍôh'' stands for ডক্টর ''ḍôkṭor'' "doctor" and নং ''nông'' stands for নম্বর ''nômbor'' "number". Some abbreviations have no marking at all, as in ঢাবি ''ḍhabi'' for ঢাকা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় ''Ḍhaka Bishshobiddalôe'' "Dhaka University". The full stop can also be used when writing out English letters as initials, such as ই.ইউ. ''i iu'' "[[European Union|E.U.]]". The ''jôphôla'' is sometimes used as a diacritic to indicate non-Bengali vowels of various kinds in transliterated foreign words. For example, the [[schwa]] is indicated by a ''jôphôla'', the French u and the German umlaut [[ü]] as উ্য, the German umlaut [[ö]] as ও্য or এ্য, etc. The apostrophe, known in Bengali as ঊর্ধ্বকমা ''urdhokôma'' "upper comma", is sometimes used to distinguish between [[homograph]]s, as in পাটা ''paţa'' "plank" and পা'টা ''paţa'' "the leg". Sometimes a hyphen is used for the same purpose (as in পা-টা, an alternative of পা'টা). ===संख्याः=== The Bengali script has ten [[Numerical digit|digit]]s (graphemes or symbols indicating the numbers from 0 to 9), which are variants of [[Indian numerals]] (known as [[Arabic numerals]] in the West). Bengali digits have no horizontal headstroke or "matra". {| class="wikitable" |- |+ '''Bengali digits''' |- ! English digits ! 0 ! 1 ! 2 ! 3 ! 4 ! 5 ! 6 ! 7 ! 8 ! 9 |- ! Bengali digits | ০ | ১ | ২ | ৩ | ৪ | ৫ | ৬ | ৭ | ৮ | ৯ |- ! rowspan="2" | Bengali names <br />of digits | shunno | êk | dui | tin | char | pãch | chhôe | shat | aţ | nôe |- | শূন্য | এক | দুই | তিন | চার | পাঁচ | ছয় | সাত | আট | নয় |- |} Numbers larger than 9 are written in Bengali using a positional base 10 numeral system (the decimal system), just as in English. A period or dot is used to denote the [[decimal separator]], which separates the integral and the fractional parts of a decimal number. When writing large numbers with many digits, commas are used as delimiters to [[Decimal_separator#Digit_grouping|group]] digits, indicating the [[thousand]] (হাজার ''hajar''), the [[hundred thousand]] or [[lakh]] (লাখ ''lakh'' or লক্ষ ''lokkho''), and the [[ten million]] or hundred lakh or [[crore]] (কোটি ''{{unicode|koṭi}}'' or ক্রোড় ''{{unicode|kroṛ}}'') units. In other words, going leftwards from the decimal separator, the first grouping consists of three digits, and the subsequent groupings always consist of 2 digits. For example, the English number 17,557,345 will be written in traditional Bengali as ১,৭৫,৫৭,৩৪৫ (এক কোটি, পঁচাত্তর লাখ, সাতান্ন হাজার, তিন শ পঁয়তাল্লিশ ''{{unicode|êk koṭi põchattor lakh, shatanno hajar, tin sho põetallish}}'', "one crore, seventy-five lakhs, fifty-seven thousand, three hundred forty-five"). ===मात्रा=== Whereas in western scripts (Latin, Cyrillic, etc.) the letter-forms stand on an invisible baseline, the Bengali letter-forms hang from a visible horizontal left-to-right headstroke called মাত্রা ''matra'' (not to be confused with its Hindi cognate ''matra'', which denotes the dependent forms of Hindi vowels). The presence and absence of this matra can be important. For example, the letter ত {{IPA|[tɔ]}} and the numeral ৩ "3" are distinguishable only by the presence or absence of the ''matra'', as is the case between the consonant cluster ত্র {{IPA|[trɔ]}} and the independent vowel এ {{IPA|[e]}}. The letter-forms also employ the concepts of letter-width and letter-height (the vertical space between the visible matra and an invisible baseline). ===लेखनचिह्नानि=== Bengali punctuation marks, apart from the downstroke daŗi (|), the Bengali equivalent of a full stop, have been adopted from western scripts and their usage is similar. Commas, semicolons, colons, quotation marks, etc. are the same as in English. The concept of using capital letters is absent in the Bengali script, hence proper names are unmarked. ==बाङ्गलापाठेषु वैविधत्वम्== [[File:Tagore handwriting Bengali.jpg|thumb|right|300px|An example of handwritten Bengali script. Part of a poem written by Nobel Laureate [[Rabindranath Tagore]] in 1926 in Hungary.]] ===गतिः=== Bengali text is written and read horizontally, from left to right. ===आकारः=== The consonant graphemes and the full form of vowel graphemes fit into an imaginary rectangle of uniform size (i.e. uniform width and height). The size of a consonant conjunct, regardless of its complexity, is deliberately maintained the same as that of a single consonant grapheme, so that diacritic vowel forms can be attached to it without any distortion. ===रिक्तस्थलम्=== In a typical Bengali text, orthographic words, i.e., words as they are written, can be seen as being separated from each other by an even spacing. Graphemes within a word are also evenly spaced, but this spacing is much narrower than the spacing between words. ===शब्दस्य वैविध्यत्वम्=== In every Bengali orthographic word, one can find different kinds of graphemes and their combinations, and they are as follows: * Independent form of vowel graphemes, which can be found at the beginning of a word or after another vowel sound. * Consonant graphemes (or consonant conjuncts) with no diacritic vowel form attached to them. An inherent vowel (either {{IPA|/ɔ/}} or {{IPA|/o/}}, depending on context<ref name="inherent" />) is nevertheless assumed to be attached to them. * Consonant graphemes (or consonant conjuncts) with a diacritic vowel form attached to them. * Other modifier symbols indicating nasalization of vowels, suppression of the inherent vowel, etc. ==धाराहीनता== The following inconsistencies are inherent in the Bengali script and orthography. They often put additional burden on the person learning the script. The inconsistencies manifest themselves in various ways. Sometimes there are multiple different letters or symbols for the same sound (over-production). Sometimes a letter loses its original sound value. In other instances, the coverage of phonological information by the script is incomplete, inconsistent and/or ambiguous. Most of these inconsistencies can be attributed to the fact that the script was originally conceived to represent Sanskrit sounds. ==='''इ'''{{IPA|[i]}} एवं '''उ'''{{IPA|[u]}} स्वरयोः विशिष्टोच्चारणम्=== The Bengali script has two symbols for the vowel sound {{IPA|[i]}} and two symbols for the vowel sound {{IPA|[u]}}. This redundancy stems from the time when this script was used to write [[Sanskrit]], a language that had a short {{IPA|[i]}} and a long {{IPA|[iː]}}, and a short {{IPA|[u]}} and a long {{IPA|[uː]}}. These letters are preserved in the Bengali script with their traditional names of ''hrôshsho i/u'' (lit. "short i/u") and ''dirgho i/u'' (lit. "long i/u") despite the fact that they are no longer pronounced differently in ordinary speech. These graphemes do serve an etymological function, however, in preserving the original Sanskrit spelling in ''tôtshomo'' Bengali words (i.e., words that were borrowed from Sanskrit). ===स्वरवर्णः '''ऋ'''=== The grapheme called ''ri'' does not really represent a vowel phoneme in Bengali, rather the consonant-vowel combination {{IPA|/ri/}}. Nevertheless, it is included in the vowel section of the inventory of the Bengali script. This inconsistency is also a remnant from Sanskrit, where the grapheme represents a [[retroflex approximant]], a sound considered a vowel in Sanskrit. ===स्वरवर्णोच्चारणम् {{IPA|[æ]}}=== Even though the [[near-open front unrounded vowel]] {{IPA|[æ]}} is one of the seven main vowel sounds in the standard Bengali language, no distinct vowel symbol has been allotted for it in the script, since there is no {{IPA|[æ]}} sound in Sanskrit, the primary written language when the script was conceived. As a result, this sound is orthographically realized by multiple means in modern Bengali orthography, usually using some combination of এ, অ, আ and the jôfôla (diacritic form of the consonant grapheme য ''ôntostho jô'') as seen in the following examples: * word-initially: এত {{IPA|[æt̪o]}} "so much", এ্যাকাডেমী {{IPA|[ækademi]}} "academy", অ্যামিবা {{IPA|[æmiba]}} "amoeba" * word-medially and following a consonant: দেখা {{IPA|[d̪ækha]}} "to see", ব্যস্ত {{IPA|[bæst̪o]}} "busy", ব্যাকরণ {{IPA|[bækɔron]}} "grammar". ===ত(त) एवं ৎ(त्)=== In native or ''tôdbhôbo'' Bengali words, syllable-final ত ''tô'' is pronounced {{IPA|/t̪/}}, as in নাতনি {{IPA|/nat̪ni/}} "grand daughter", করাত {{IPA|/kɔrat̪/}} "saw", etc. ৎ (called খণ্ড-ত ''{{unicode|khônḍo tô}}'' "broken ''tô''") is always used syllable-finally and always pronounced as {{IPA|/t̪/}}. It is predominantly found in loan words from Sanskrit such as ভবিষ্যৎ {{IPA|/bʱobiʃːɔt̪/}} "future", সত্যজিৎ {{IPA|/ʃot̪ːod͡ʒit̪/}} "Satyajit (a proper name)", etc. It is also found in some onomatopoeic words (such as থপাৎ {{IPA|/t̪ʰopat̪/}} "sound of something heavy that fell", মড়াৎ {{IPA|/mɔɽat̪/}} "sound of something breaking", etc.), as the first member of some consonant conjuncts (such as ৎস tsô, ৎপ tpô, ৎক tkô, etc.), and in some foreign loanwords (e.g. নাৎসি {{IPA|/nat̪si/}} "Nazi", জুজুৎসু {{IPA|/d͡ʒud͡ʒut̪su/}} "Jujitsu", etc.) which contain the same conjuncts. This is an over-production inconsistency, where the sound {{IPA|/t̪/}} is realized by both ত and ৎ. This creates confusion among inexperienced writers of Bengali. There is no simple way of telling which symbol should be used. Usually, the contexts where ৎ is used need to be memorized, as these are less frequent. ===শ(श), ষ(ष) एवं স(स)=== Three graphemes&mdash;শ ''talobbo shô'' "palatal s", ষ ''murdhonno shô'' "cerebral s", and স ''donto shô'' "dental s"&mdash;are used to represent the [[voiceless palato-alveolar fricative]] {{IPA|[ʃ]}}, as seen in their word-final pronunciations in ফিসফিস {{IPA|[pʰiʃpʰiʃ]}} "whisper", বিশ {{IPA|[biʃ]}} "twenty" and বিষ {{IPA|[biʃ]}} "poison". The grapheme স ''donto shô'' "dental s", however, does retain the [[voiceless alveolar fricative]] {{IPA|[s]}} sound when used as the first component in certain consonant conjuncts as in স্খলন {{IPA|[skʰɔlon]}} "fall", স্পন্দন {{IPA|[spɔndon]}} "beat", etc. ===জ(ज) एवं য (य)=== There are two letters (জ and য) for the [[voiced postalveolar affricate]] {{IPA|[dʒ]}}. Compare জাল {{IPA|[dʒal]}} "net" and যাও {{IPA|[dʒao]}} "Go!". ===ণ(ण)=== What was once pronounced and written as a retroflex nasal ণ {{IPA|[ɳ]}} is now pronounced as an alveolar {{IPA|[n]}} (unless conjoined with another [[retroflex consonant]] such as ট, ঠ, ড and ঢ), although the spelling does not reflect this change. ==तुलना== [[File:Oriya VowelComp.gif]] [[File:Oriya ConsComp.gif]] [[File:Oriya MatraComp.gif]] ==रोमनलिप्यन्तरकरणम्== The romanization of Bengali is the representation of the [[Bengali language]] in the [[Latin script]]. While different standards for [[romanization]] have been proposed for Bengali, these have not been adopted with the degree of uniformity seen in languages such as [[Japanese language|Japanese]] or [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]].<ref>In Japanese there exists some debate as to whether to accent certain distinctions, such as Tōhoku vs Tohoku. Sanskrit is well standardized, because the speaking community is relatively small, and [[sound change]] is not a large concern</ref> Most standardized Bengali romanizations are adapted from standards proposed for Indic languages, and these models are compared below. ===इतिहासः=== The Portuguese missionaries stationed in Bengal in the 16th century were the first people to employ the [[Latin alphabet]] in writing Bengali books, the most famous of which are the ''Crepar Xaxtrer Orth, Bhed'' and the ''Vocabolario em idioma Bengalla, e Portuguez dividido em duas partes'', both written by [[Manuel da Assumpção]]. But the Portuguese-based romanization did not take root. In the late 18th century Augustin Aussant used a romanization scheme based on the French alphabet. At the same time, [[Nathaniel Brassey Halhed]] used a romanization scheme based on English for his Bengali grammar book. After Halhed, the renowned English philologist and oriental scholar [[Sir William Jones]] devised a romanization scheme for Bengali and for Indian languages in general, and published it in the ''Asiatick Researches'' journal in 1801.<ref>Jones 1801</ref> This scheme came to be known as the "Jonesian System" of romanization, and served as a model for the next century and a half. ===भाषान्तरीकरणम् vs लिप्यन्तरीकरणम्=== The Romanization of a language written in a non-Roman script can be based on [[transliteration]] ([[orthography|orthographically]] accurate, i.e. the original spelling can be recovered) or [[transcription (linguistics)|transcription]] (phonetically accurate, i.e. the pronunciation can be reproduced). This distinction is important in Bengali as its orthography was adopted from Sanskrit, and ignores [[sound change]] processes of several millennia. To some degree, all writing systems differ from the way the language is pronounced, but this may be more extreme for languages like Bengali. For example, the three letters শ, ষ, and স had distinct pronunciations in Sanskrit, but over several centuries, the standard pronunciation of Bengali (usually modeled on the [[Nadia district|Nadia]] dialect), has lost these phonetic distinctions (all three are usually pronounced as IPA {{IPA|[ʃ]}}) while the spelling distinction nevertheless persists in orthography. In written texts, it is easy to distinguish between homophones such as শাপ ''shap'' "curse" and সাপ ''shap'' "snake". Such a distinction could be particularly relevant in searching for the term in an encyclopedia, for example. However, the fact that the words sound identical means that they would be transcribed identically; thus, some important meaning distinctions cannot be rendered in a transcription model. Another issue with transcription systems is that cross-dialectal and cross-[[Register (sociolinguistics)|register]] differences are widespread, and thus the same word or [[lexeme]] may have many different transcriptions. Even simple words like মন "mind" may be pronounced "mon", "môn", or (in poetry) "mônô" (e.g. the Indian national anthem, [[Jana Gana Mana]]). Often, different [[phonemes]] (meaningfully different sounds) are represented by the same symbol or [[grapheme]]. Thus, the vowel এ can represent both {{IPA|[e]}} (এল ''elo'' {{IPA|[elo]}} "came"), or {{IPA|[ɛ]}} (এক ''êk'' {{IPA|[ɛk]}} "one"). Occasionally, words written in the same way ([[homograph]]s) may have different pronunciations for differing meanings: মত can mean "opinion" (pronounced ''môt''), or "similar to" (''môto''). Thus, some important phonemic distinctions cannot be rendered in a transliteration model. In addition, when representing a Bengali word to allow speakers of other languages to pronounce it easily, it may be better to use a transcription, which does not include the silent letters and other idiosyncrasies (e.g. স্বাস্থ্য ''shastho'', spelled <swāsthya>, or অজ্ঞান ''ôggên'', spelled <ajñāna>) that make Bengali orthography so complicated. ===रोमनलिप्यन्तरकरणस्य तौलनम्=== Comparisons of standard romanization schemes for Bengali are given in the table below. Two standards are commonly used for transliteration of Indic languages including Bengali. Many standards (e.g. NLK / ISO), use diacritic marks and permit case markings for proper nouns. Newer forms (e.g. Harvard-Kyoto) are more suited for [[ASCII]]-derivative keyboards, and use upper- and lower-case letters contrastively and forgo normal standards for English capitalization. * "NLK" stands for the diacritic-based letter-to-letter transliteration schemes, best represented by the [[National Library at Kolkata romanization]] or the [[ISO 15919]], or [[IAST]]. This is the ISO standard, and it uses diacritic marks (e.g. ā) to reflect the additional characters and sounds of Bengali letters. * [[ITRANS]] is an [[ASCII]] representation for Sanskrit; it is one-to-many, i.e. there may be more than one way of transliterating characters, which can make internet searching more complicated. ITRANS representations forgo capitalization norms of English so as to be able to represent the characters using a normal ASCII keyboard. * "HK" stands for two other case-sensitive letter-to-letter transliteration schemes: [[Harvard-Kyoto]] and [http://wiki.gaudiyakutir.com/XIAST XIAST] scheme. These are similar to the ITRANS scheme, and use only one form for each character. * XHK or Extended Harvard-Kyoto ([http://wiki.gaudiyakutir.com/XHK XHK]) stands for the case-sensitive letter-to-letter Extended [[Harvard-Kyoto]] transliteration. This adds some specific characters for handling Bengali text to IAST. * "Wiki" stands for a [[phonemic orthography|phonemic]] transcription-based romanization. It is a sound-preserving transcription based on what is perceived to be the standard pronunciation of the Bengali words, with no reference to how it is written in Bengali script. It uses diacritics often used by linguists specializing in Bengali (other than [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]), and is the transcription system used to represent Bengali sounds in [[Wikipedia]] articles. ===उदाहरणानि=== The following table includes examples of Bengali words Romanized using the various systems mentioned above. {| class="wikitable" |+Example words ! In orthography || Meaning || [[National Library at Kolkata romanization|NLK]] || [http://wiki.gaudiyakutir.com/XHK XHK] || [[ITRANS]] || [[Harvard-Kyoto|HK]] || Wiki || [[IPA]] |-style="text-align:center" ! মন |''mind''|| mana || mana || mana || mana || mon || {{IPA|[mon]}} |-style="text-align:center" ! সাপ |''snake''|| sāpa || sApa || saapa || sApa || shap || {{IPA|[ʃap]}} |-style="text-align:center" ! শাপ |''curse''|| śāpa || zApa || shaapa || zApa || shap || {{IPA|[ʃap]}} |-style="text-align:center" ! মত |''opinion''|| mata || mata || mata || mata || môt || {{IPA|[mɔt̪]}} |-style="text-align:center" ! মত |''like''|| mata || mata || mata || mata || môto || {{IPA|[mɔt̪o]}} |-style="text-align:center" ! তেল |''oil''|| tēla || tela || tela || tela || tel || {{IPA|[t̪el]}} |-style="text-align:center" ! গেল |''went''|| gēla || gela || gela || gela || gêlo || {{IPA|[ɡɛlo]}} |-style="text-align:center" ! জ্বর |''fever''|| jvara || jvara || jvara || jvara || jôr || {{IPA|[dʒɔr]}} |-style="text-align:center" ! স্বাস্থ্য |''health''|| svāsthya || svAsthya || svaasthya || svAsthya || shastho || {{IPA|[ʃast̪ʰo]}} |-style="text-align:center" ! বাংলাদেশ |''Bangladesh''|| {{Unicode|bāṃlādēśa}} || bAMlAdeza || baa.mlaadesha || bAMlAdeza || Bangladesh || {{IPA|[baŋlad̪eʃ]}} |-style="text-align:center" ! ব্যঞ্জনধ্বনি |''consonant''|| byañjanadhvani || byaJjanadhvani || bya~njanadhvani || byaJjanadhvani || bênjondhoni || {{IPA|[bɛndʒond̪ʱoni]}} |-style="text-align:center" ! আত্মহত্যা |''suicide''|| ātmahatyā || AtmahatyA || aatmahatyaa || AtmahatyA || attõhotta || {{IPA|[at̪ːõhot̪ːa]}} |} ===रोमनलिप्यन्तरकरणस्य उद्धरणम्=== The [[IPA]] (International Phonetic Alphabet) transcription is provided in the rightmost column, representing the most common pronunciation of the glyph in Standard Colloquial Bengali, alongside the various romanizations described above. {| style="align:center; width:60%;" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto" |- valign="top" | {| class="wikitable" |+Vowels ! Symbol || [[National Library at Kolkata romanization|NLK]] || [http://wiki.gaudiyakutir.com/XHK XHK] || [[ITRANS]] || [[Harvard-Kyoto|HK]] || Wiki || [[IPA]] |-style="text-align:center" ! অ | a || a || a || a || ô/o || {{IPA|[ɔ]/[o]}} |-style="text-align:center" ! আ | ā || ā || A~aa || A || a || {{IPA|[a]}} |-style="text-align:center" ! ই | i || i || i || i || i || {{IPA|[i]}} |-style="text-align:center" ! ঈ | ī || ī || I~ii || I || i || {{IPA|[i]}} |-style="text-align:center" ! উ | u || u || u || u || u || {{IPA|[u]}} |-style="text-align:center" ! ঊ | ū || ū || U~uu || U || u || {{IPA|[u]}} |-style="text-align:center" ! ঋ | {{Unicode|ṛ}} || {{Unicode|ṛ}} || RRi~R^i || R || ri || {{IPA|[ri]}} |-style="text-align:center" ! এ | ē || e || e || e || ê/e || {{IPA|[ɛ]/[e]}} |-style="text-align:center" ! ঐ | ai || ai || ai || ai || oi || {{IPA|[oj]}} |-style="text-align:center" ! ও | ō || o || o || o || o || {{IPA|[o]}} |-style="text-align:center" ! ঔ | au || au || au || au || ou || {{IPA|[ow]}} |} | {| class="wikitable" |+Consonants ! Symbol || [[National Library at Kolkata romanization|NLK]] || [http://wiki.gaudiyakutir.com/XHK XHK] || [[ITRANS]] || [[Harvard-Kyoto|HK]] || Wiki || [[IPA]] |-style="text-align:center" ! ক || k || k || k || k || k || {{IPA|[k]}} |-style="text-align:center" ! খ || kh || kh || kh || kh || kh || {{IPA|[kʰ]}} |-style="text-align:center" ! গ || g || g || g || g || g || {{IPA|[ɡ]}} |-style="text-align:center" ! ঘ || gh || gh || gh || gh || gh || {{IPA|[ɡʱ]}} |-style="text-align:center" ! ঙ || {{Unicode|ṅ}} || {{Unicode|ṅ}} || ~N || G || ng || {{IPA|[ŋ]}} |-style="text-align:center" ! চ || c || c || ch || c || ch || {{IPA|[tʃ]}} |-style="text-align:center" ! ছ || ch || ch || Ch || ch || chh || {{IPA|[tʃʰ]}} |-style="text-align:center" ! জ || j || j || j || j || j || {{IPA|[dʒ]}} |-style="text-align:center" ! ঝ || jh || jh || jh || jh || jh || {{IPA|[dʒʱ]}} |-style="text-align:center" ! ঞ || ñ || ñ || ~n || J || n || {{IPA|[n]}} |-style="text-align:center" ! ট || {{Unicode|ṭ}} || {{Unicode|ṭ}} || T || T || ţ || {{IPA|[ʈ]}} |-style="text-align:center" ! ঠ || {{Unicode|ṭh}} || {{Unicode|ṭh}} || Th || Th || ţh || {{IPA|[ʈʰ]}} |-style="text-align:center" ! ড || {{Unicode|ḍ}} || {{Unicode|ḍ}} || D || D || đ || {{IPA|[ɖ]}} |-style="text-align:center" ! ড় || {{Unicode|ḍ}} || {{Unicode|ḏ}} || .D || P || ŗ || {{IPA|[ɽ]}} |-style="text-align:center" ! ঢ || {{Unicode|ḍh}} || {{Unicode|ḍh}} || Dh || Dh || đh || {{IPA|[ɖʱ]}} |-style="text-align:center" ! ঢ় || {{Unicode|ḍh}} || {{Unicode|ḏh}} || .Dh || Ph || ŗ || {{IPA|[ɽ]}} |-style="text-align:center" ! ণ || {{Unicode|ṇ}} || {{Unicode|ṇ}} || N || N || n || {{IPA|[n]}} |-style="text-align:center" ! ত || t || t || t || t || t || {{IPA|[t̪]}} |-style="text-align:center" ! থ || th || th || th || th || th || {{IPA|[t̪ʰ]}} |-style="text-align:center" ! দ || d || d || d || d || d || {{IPA|[d̪]}} |-style="text-align:center" ! ধ || dh || dh || dh || dh || dh || {{IPA|[d̪ʱ]}} |-style="text-align:center" ! ন || n || n || n || n || n || {{IPA|[n]}} |-style="text-align:center" ! প || p || p || p || p || p || {{IPA|[p]}} |-style="text-align:center" ! ফ || ph || ph || ph || ph || ph || {{IPA|[pʰ]}} |-style="text-align:center" ! ব || b || b || b || b || b || {{IPA|[b]}} |-style="text-align:center" ! ভ || bh || bh || bh || bh || bh || {{IPA|[bʱ]}} |-style="text-align:center" ! ম || m || m || m || m || m || {{IPA|[m]}} |-style="text-align:center" ! য || {{Unicode|ẏ}} || y || y || y || j || {{IPA|[dʒ]}} |-style="text-align:center" ! য় || y || {{Unicode|ẏ}} || Y || Y || e/- || {{IPA|[e]}}/&ndash; |-style="text-align:center" ! র || r || r || r || r || r || {{IPA|[r]}} |-style="text-align:center" ! ল || l || l || l || l || l || {{IPA|[l]}} |-style="text-align:center" ! শ || ś || ś || sh || z || sh/s || {{IPA|[ʃ]/[s]}} |-style="text-align:center" ! ষ || {{Unicode|ṣ}} || {{Unicode|ṣ}} || Sh || S || sh || {{IPA|[ʃ]}} |-style="text-align:center" ! স || s || s || s || s || sh/s || {{IPA|[ʃ]/[s]}} |-style="text-align:center" ! হ || h || h || h || h || h || {{IPA|[ɦ]}} |} | {| class="wikitable" |+Miscellaneous ! Symbol || [[National Library at Kolkata romanization|NLK]] || [http://wiki.gaudiyakutir.com/XHK XHK] || [[ITRANS]] || [[Harvard-Kyoto|HK]] || Wiki || [[IPA]] |-style="text-align:center" ! {{Unicode|ঃ}} | {{Unicode|ḥ}} || {{Unicode|ḥ}} || H || H || varies || varies |-style="text-align:center" ! {{Unicode|ং}} | {{Unicode|ṃ}} || {{Unicode|ṁ}} || .m || M || ng || {{IPA|[ŋ]}} |-style="text-align:center" ! {{Unicode|ঁ}} | {{Unicode|ṃ}} || {{Unicode|ɱ}} || .N || ~ || ~ || {{IPA|[~]}} <small>([[nasalization]])<small> |-style="text-align:center" ! {{Unicode|্য}} | y || y || y || y || varies || varies |-style="text-align:center" ! {{Unicode|্ব}} | v || v || v || v || varies || varies |-style="text-align:center" ! ক্ষ | {{Unicode|kṣ}} || {{Unicode|kṣ}} || x || kS || kkh/kh || {{IPA|[kʰː]/[kʰ]}} |-style="text-align:center" ! জ্ঞ | jñ || jñ || GY || jJ || gg/g || {{IPA|[ɡː]/[ɡ]}} |-style="text-align:center" ! শ্র | śr || śr || shr || zr || sr || {{IPA|[sr]}} |} |} ==यूनिकोड संस्करणम्== Bengali script was added to the [[Unicode]] Standard in October, 1991 with the release of version 1.0. The Unicode block for Bengali is U+0980 ... U+09FF: {{फलकम्:बाङ्गला यूनिकोड संस्करणम्}} == बाङ्गला उत्टङ्कनविधिः == ==='''अभ्र''' धन्यात्मक-उत्टङ्कनविधिः=== This keyboard is an integral part of an open source initiative, [[Avro Keyboard]], by [[Omicron Lab]] [[File:Avro Phonetic Keyboard Layout.png|750px]] === '''बिजय'''उत्टङ्कनविधिः === The [[Bijoy keyboard]] layout was commercialized by Mostafa Jabbar as part of the Bengali software package [[Bijoy Ekushe]]. [[File:Bijoy Keyboard image.jpg|750px]] === '''इन्स्क्रिप्ट्'''उत्टङ्कनविधिः === [[File:Inscript Bengali.svg|750px]] The [[InScript keyboard]] layout was designed by the Indian government to standardize the inputting of [[Indic scripts]]. === '''प्रभात्'''उत्टङ्कनविधिः === People used to typing Romanized forms of Bengali will find it easier to use a more phonetic layout such as the [[Wikimedia:commons:File:KB-Bengali-Probhat.svg|Probhat layout]] shown below, which is one of several [[Bengali input methods]] available. [[File:KB-Bengali-Probhat.svg|750px]] ==Grapheme frequency== According to Bengali linguist [[Munier Chowdhury]], the following 9 graphemes are the most frequent in Bengali texts:<ref>See Chowdhury 1963</ref> {| class = wikitable |- !Grapheme !! Percentage |- | আ || 11.32 |- | এ || 8.96 |- | র || 7.01 |- | অ || 6.63 |- | ব || 4.44 |- | ক || 4.15 |- | ল || 4.14 |- | ত || 3.83 |- | ম || 2.78 |} ==उदाहरणपाठः== ===लेखः १: मानवाधिकारस्य विश्वव्यापीघोषणा(Universal Declaration of Human Rights)=== <br>'''[[Bengali language|Bengali]] in Bengali alphabet'''<br> :'''ধারা ১:''' সমস্ত মানুষ স্বাধীনভাবে সমান মর্যাদা এবং অধিকার নিয়ে জন্মগ্রহণ করে। তাঁদের বিবেক এবং বুদ্ধি আছে; সুতরাং সকলেরই একে অপরের প্রতি ভ্রাতৃত্বসুলভ মনোভাব নিয়ে আচরণ করা উচিত। <br>'''[[Bengali language|Bengali]] in [[Romanization of Bengali|Romanization]]'''<br> :{{unicode|'''Dhara êk:''' Shômosto manush shadhinbhabe shôman môrjada ebong odhikar nie jônmogrohon kôre. Tãder bibek ebong buddhi achhe; shutorang shôkoleri êke ôporer proti bhrattrittoshulôbh monobhab nie achoron kôra uchit}}. <br>'''[[Bengali language|Bengali]] in [[IPA]]'''<br> :{{IPA|'''d̪ʱara æk''' ʃɔmost̪o manuʃ ʃad̪ʱinbʱabe ʃɔman mɔrdʒad̪a eboŋ od̪ʱikar nie dʒɔnmoɡrohon kɔre. t̪ãd̪er bibek eboŋ bud̪ʱːi atʃʰe; ʃut̪oraŋ ʃɔkoleri æke ɔporer prot̪i bʱrat̪ːrit̪ːoʃulɔbʱ monobʱab nie atʃoron kɔra utʃit̪}}. <br>'''Gloss'''<br> :'''Clause 1:''' All human free-manner-in equal dignity and right taken birth-take do. Their reason and intelligence exist; therefore everyone-indeed one another's towards brotherhood-ly attitude taken conduct do should. <br>'''Translation'''<br> :'''Article 1:''' All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience. Therefore, they should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. === Amar Shonar Bangla === The following is a sample text of script, from the song ''[[Amar Shonar Bangla]]'' (''আমার সোনার বাংলা'') written by [[Rabindranath Tagore]] (রবীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুর ''{{unicode|Robindronath Ṭhakur}}''). The song was later adopted as the [[National anthem]] of [[Bangladesh]]. {| cellpadding="6" !align="left"|[[Bengali script|Bangla (Bengali) script]]||align="left"|Romanization||align="left"|Literal translation |- |<big>মা, তোর মুখের বাণী আমার কানে লাগে সুধার মতো- মা তোর বদন খানি মলিন হলে আমি নয়ন ও মায় আমি নয়ন জলে ভাসি সোনার বাংলা, আমি তোমায় ভালবাসি</big> || Ma, tor mukher bani<br/> Amar kane lage<br/> Sudhar môto-<br/> Ma tor bôdonkhani molin hole<br/> ami nôyon <br/> o may ami nôyonjôle bhashi<br/> shonar bangla,<br/> ami tomay bhalobashi! || Oh mother mine, words from your lips<br/> Are like nectar to my ears.<br/> Ah, what a thrill!<br/> If sadness, O mother mine,<br/> Casts a gloom on your face,<br/> My eyes are filled with tears!<br/> My Bengal of Gold,<br/> I love you. |- |} ===जन-गण-मन=== The following is a sample text of script, from the song [[Jana Gana Mana]] (জন গণ মন ''Jôno Gôno Mono''). The selection is a [[Bengali language|Bengali]] song, written in ''Shadhubhasha'' (সাধুভাষা) style. The song was later adopted as the [[national anthem]] of [[India]]. It was written by [[Rabindranath Tagore]] (রবীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুর ''{{unicode|Robindronath Ṭhakur}}'') who is acknowledged{{By whom|date=May 2012}} as the single most important and defining figure of Bengali literature. <blockquote> <big>জনগণমন-অধিনায়ক জয় হে ভারতভাগ্যবিধাতা!<br /> পঞ্জাব সিন্ধু গুজরাট মরাঠা দ্রাবিড় উৎকল বঙ্গ<br /> বিন্ধ্য হিমাচল যমুনা গঙ্গা উচ্ছলজলধিতরঙ্গ<br /> তব শুভ নামে জাগে, তব শুভ আশিস মাগে,<br /> গাহে তব জয়গাথা।<br /> জনগণমঙ্গলদায়ক জয় হে ভারতভাগ্যবিধাতা!<br /> জয় হে, জয় হে, জয় হে, জয় জয় জয়, জয় হে ॥</big><br /><br /> </blockquote> In [[Romanization of Bengali|Romanization]]: <blockquote> <big>Jônogônomono-odhinaeoko jôeô he Bharotobhaggobidhata! <br/> Pônjabo Shindhu Gujoraţo Môraţha Drabiŗo Utkôlo Bônggo, <br/> Bindho Himachôlo Jomuna Gôngga Uchchhôlojôlodhitoronggo, <br/> Tôbo shubho name jage, tôbo shubho ashish mage, <br/> Gahe tôbo jôeogatha. <br/> Jônogônomonggolodaeoko jôeô he Bharotobhaggobidhata! <br/> Jôeo he, jôeo he, jôeo he, jôeo jôeo jôeo, jôeo he! </big> </blockquote>---> ==टिप्पणी== {{reflist|2}} ==बाह्यानुबन्धाः== * [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/bengali.htm Omniglot – Bengali Alphabet] ;digital encoding and rendering * [http://www.omicronlab.com/avro-keyboard.html Free Unicode Compliant Bangla Typing Software] * [http://www.ekushey.org Ekushey Free Unicode Bangla Computing Solutions] * [http://www.nongnu.org/freebangfont/ Free Bangla Unicode Fonts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080211105358/http://www.nongnu.org/freebangfont/ |date=2008-02-11 }} * [http://www.bengalinux.org/ Ankur – Supporting Bangla (Bengali) on GNU/Linux] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050529081357/http://www.bengalinux.org/ |date=2005-05-29 }} * [http://sourceforge.net/projects/openbangsee/ Open source Bangla Transliteration Library] [[वर्गः:लिपयः]] [[वर्गः:लिपिसम्बद्धाः स्टब्स्]] [[वर्गः:सर्वे अपूर्णलेखाः]] ms3axokbul2ncmmsp3i78r40dqf372y 0 80305 499598 471958 2026-06-21T23:40:13Z InternetArchiveBot 31833 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 499598 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Refimprove|date=May 2018}} '''अमीरियराज्यम्''' अमीरेण शासितः प्रदेशः अस्ति, <ref>{{Cite web|title=The definition of emirate|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/emirate|website=Dictionary.com}}</ref> मुस्लिमजगति राजपुत्रैः अथवा उच्चपदाधिकारिभिः प्रयुक्तः उपाधिः । ऐतिहासिकदृष्ट्या अमीरियराज्यः खलीफातीयराज्यस्य अपेक्षया लघुः राजनैतिक-धार्मिकः एककः भवति । <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.shakuhachi.net/what-is-the-difference-between-an-emirate-and-a-caliphate/|title=What is the difference between an emirate and a caliphate? – Shakuhachi.net|access-date=2022-10-19|archive-date=2022-10-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003155448/https://www.shakuhachi.net/what-is-the-difference-between-an-emirate-and-a-caliphate/|deadurl=yes}}</ref> अमुस्लिमसन्दर्भेषु क्षुद्रराज्यस्य समकक्षं मन्यते । सम्प्रति विश्वे द्वौ अमीरियराज्यौ स्तः ये स्वतन्त्रराज्यौ स्तः ( [[कुवैत|कुवैतं]] [[कतार|कतारं]] च ), तथा च एकं राज्यं यत् सप्त अमीरातानां संघेन युक्तम् अस्ति, [[संयुक्त अरब अमीरियराज्यानि (सं॰अ॰अ॰)|संयुक्त अरब अमीरियराज्यानि]] [[अफगानिस्थानम्|अफगानिस्थाने अमान्यता प्राप्तं तालिबान् राज्यम्]] अपि अमीरियराज्यम् इति शैलीकृतम् अस्ति । विश्वे पूर्वं स्वतन्त्रा अमीरियराज्यनां महती संख्या अधुना बृहत्तरराज्यानां भागः अस्ति, यथा [[नैजीरिया|नाइजीरियादेशे]] दृश्यते । <ref>{{Cite book | url = https://books.openedition.org/ifra/413?lang=en | title = A Dangerous Awakening : The Politicization of Religion in Nigeria | date = 21 February 2013 | pages = 9–43 }}</ref> ht81t9npmhfba6ehr2afv4g1ht55ge7 0 81068 499601 499438 2026-06-22T02:56:59Z InternetArchiveBot 31833 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 499601 wikitext text/x-wiki [[सञ्चिका:Balram Shukla (poet and author).png|चित्रपाठ्यम्=कविः बलरामशुक्लः|लघुचित्रम्|बलरामशुक्लः]] '''बलरामशुक्लः''' ॥[[आङ्ग्लभाषा|आङ्ग्ले]] Balram Shukla॥ <ref name="sv"><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" id="CITEREFSharma2014">Sharma, Jeevan (1 November 2014). "विद्वत्परिचयः" &#x5B;Introduction to a scholar&#x5D;. ''संस्कृतवाणी'' (in Sanskrit). Delhi: Srinivas Sanskrit Vidyapeeth. '''1''' (15): 2. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[//www.worldcat.org/issn/2349-0586 2349-0586]. RNI No. DELSAN/2014/55803.</cite></ref> [[नवदेहली|नवदेहल्या]] एकः शिक्षाविद् कविः लेखकश्च वर्तते। स [[संस्कृतम्|संस्कृतस्य]] भारतीयसाहित्यस्य च स्वशिक्षितो विद्वान् अस्ति । <ref name="vartavali" /> स [[देहलीविश्वविद्यालयः|दिल्लीविश्वविद्यालये]] [[संस्कृतम्|संस्कृतस्य]] प्राध्यापकरूपेण कार्यं करोति। स संस्कृतस्य [[हिन्दी|हिन्द्या]] [[उर्दू|उर्दूभाषायाः]] [[फारसीभाषा|फारसीभाषायाः]] अपि च [[प्राकृतम्|प्राकृतस्य]] विद्वान् अस्ति । <ref name="ss">{{Cite journal|location=Delhi|title=डॉ.बलरामशुक्लः पारसीकस्नातकोत्तरे सुवर्णपदकं लभते|date=16 July 2012|page=1}}</ref> <ref name="sv" /> स उभयोः संस्कृते फारसीभाषायां च काव्यं रचयति। <ref name="ss" /> अपि च समानछन्दोभिः फारसीकाव्यं संस्कृते भाषान्तरीकरोति। <ref name="vartavali" /> [[भारतस्य राष्ट्रपतिः|भारतस्य राष्ट्रपतिना]] २०१३ तमे वर्षे संस्कृतस्य बद्रायणव्यासपुरस्कारेण पुरस्कृतः अस्ति। <ref name="outlook">{{Cite news|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/prez-gives-certificate-of-honour-to-language-experts/825216|title=Prez Gives Certificate of Honour to Language Experts|date=17 January 2014}}</ref> अष्टपुस्तकानि अनेन रचितानि सन्ति। == जीवनम्‌ == बलराम [[उत्तरप्रदेशराज्यम्|उत्तरप्रदेशस्य]] [[महाराजागञ्ज, उत्तरप्रदेशः|महाराजगञ्जस्य]] सोहरौनाराजाग्रामस्य निवासी अस्ति। <ref name="jagran">{{Cite news|url=http://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/maharajganj-11061315.html|title=डा.बलराम शुक्ल को मिला राष्ट्रपति सम्मान|date=4 February 2014}}</ref>एतस्य जन्म १९८२ तमे ख्रिष्टाब्दे जनवरिमासस्य ऊनविंशे दिनाङ्के जातः। तस्य पिता सेवानिवृत्तो विद्यालयशिक्षकोऽस्ति। <ref name="jagran2" /> तस्य प्रारम्भिकशिक्षा महाराजगञ्जे जाता। <ref name="jagran2">{{Cite news|title=डॉ.बलराम शुक्ल को महर्षि बादरायण व्यास सम्मान|date=18 August 2013}}</ref> [[गोरखपुरम्|गोरक्षपुरतः]] कलास्नातकपदवीं तथा च [[देहलीविश्वविद्यालयः|दिल्लीविश्वविद्यालयात्]] संस्कृतभाषायां फारसीभाषायां च कलापरास्नातकपदवीं प्राप्तवान्। <ref name="jagran2" /> बलराम उभयविषयेषु शीर्षस्थानं प्राप्य [[सि डि देशमुख|सिडिदेशमुख]]<nowiki/>स्वर्णपदकम् अपि प्राप्तवान्। <ref name="jagran2" /> ततो बलरामो दिल्लीविश्वविद्यालयात् संस्कृतव्याकरणविषये विद्यावाचस्पतिपदवीं प्राप्तवान्। <ref name="jagran2" /> बलरामः संस्कृते अनुसन्धानं सम्पद्य फारसीभाषायाम् अनुसन्धानं प्रारभत। २००४ तमात् वर्षात् बलरामो दिल्लीविश्वविद्यालयेन मानितेषु विभिन्नेषु महाविद्यालयेषु अध्यापनं करोति यथा हिन्दूकोलेज् हंसराजकालेज् इत्येतयोः। <ref name="sv"/> सम्प्रति स दिल्लीविश्वविद्यालयस्य संस्कृतविभागे प्राध्यापकोऽस्ति । <ref name="sv" /> २०२२ तमस्य वर्षस्य फेब्रुवरीमासे तेन [[शिमला|शिमलाया]] [http://iias.ac.in/2020/03/23/balram-shukla/ भारतीयोच्चाऽध्ययनसंस्थाने] प्राकृत कविता के चारुत्व के भाषिक प्रयोजक इत्यस्मिन् विषये अनुसन्धानं सम्पन्नम्। == ख्यातिः == बलरामोऽद्यत्वे संस्कृतस्य अग्रणियुवविद्वान् स्वीकृतः अस्ति। स भारते [[ईरान|ईराणदेशे]] च संस्कृतफारसीज्ञानाय च संस्कृतव्याकरणस्य निपुणतायै च संस्कृतस्य काव्यार्थं च सुप्रसिद्धोऽस्ति। <ref name="vartavali" /> स प्रायः फारसीकाव्यस्य समानछन्दोभिः संस्कृते भाषान्तरीकरोति । <ref name="vartavali" /> बलरामो रूमिणः शतगझलगीतैः सह अनेकपरिशिष्टानां फारसीभाषया हिन्दीभाषायां भाषान्तरं कृतवान् अस्ति। सद्यः इराणस्य कलाशालायां तस्य उपस्थितौ पुस्तकस्य विमोचनं जातम्। साहित्यसमीक्षका अस्य पुस्तकस्य हिन्दीभाषायाम् अग्रणीकृतित्वेन अनुवादस्य आदर्शत्वेन च अत्यन्तं प्रशंसाम् अकुर्वन् । सम्प्रति स [[भारतीयसमाजविज्ञानसंशोधनमण्डली|भारतीयसामाजिकाऽनुसन्धानपरिषदा]] प्रायोजितयोः मेण्ड् मौरेलिटि एण्ड् मोटिभ्स् : लर्णिङ्ग् फ्रौम् इण्डियन् ट्रडिशन् ॥आङ्ग्ले Mind, Morality and Motives : Learning from Indian Tradition इति॥ च इण्डवीराणियन् कोग्नेट् ग्लौसरी ॥आङ्ग्ले Indo-Iranian Cognate Glossary॥ चेत्येतयोः अनुसन्धानं करोति।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://iias.ac.in/2020/03/23/balram-shukla/|title=बलरामशुक्लस्य विषये}}</ref> बलरामस्य फारसीगीतयः सद्यः हफ्त शायर् अज् फर्दा इति खण्डे सङ्गृहीताः सन्ति येषु सप्तानीराणियुवानां फारसीकविनां प्रतिरूपकविताः सन्ति। <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://taaghche.ir/book/45380/%D9%87%D9%81%D8%AA-%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%9B-%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81%DB%8C-%D9%88-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84-%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%87-%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%DA%86%D9%86%D8%AF-%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B1-%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C-%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%BA%DB%8C%D8%B1-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C|title=دانلود کتاب و کتاب صوتی با طاقچه|date=|website=طاقچه|language=fa|accessdate=2 June 2019}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === पुरस्काराश्च सम्मानाः === बलरामाय अनेकाः सम्मानाः प्रदत्ताः सन्ति। तेषु केचन अधो लिखिताः। * २०१२ तमे ख्रिष्टाब्दे दिल्लीविश्वविद्यालये फारसीभाषायाः कलास्नातकोत्तरपाठ्यक्रमे स्वर्णपदकं प्रदत्तम्। <ref name="ss"/> * २०१२ तमे ख्रिष्टाब्दे ईराणस्य तत्कालीनराष्ट्रपतिना महमूदाहमदीनेजाद् इत्यनेन फारसीसाहित्ये योगदानस्य कृते सम्मानितः। <ref name="jagran2"/> * २०१३ तमे ख्रिष्टाब्दे भारतस्य तत्कालीनेन राष्ट्रपतिना [[प्रणब मुखर्जि|प्रणबमुखर्जिना]] महर्षिबद्रायणव्याससम्मानः प्रदत्तः। * २०१७ तमस्य ख्रिष्टाब्दस्य अक्टूबरमासस्य द्विदिनाङ्के पण्डितप्रतापनारायणमिश्रयुवसाहित्यकारसम्मानः [[लखनौ|लक्ष्मणपुरस्य]] भोरावदेवरससेवान्यासेन प्रदत्तः। <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.patrika.com/lucknow-news/pratap-narayan-mishra-yuva-sahityakar-samman-2017-declared-1780191/|title=प्रताप नारायण मिश्र युवा साहित्यकार सम्मान के लिए 6 साहित्यकार चयनित|website=www.patrika.com|language=hindi|accessdate=2 June 2019}}</ref> * तल्लिखितः परिवाहः साहित्याऽकादमीसंस्थया प्रकाशितश्च उत्तरप्रदेशसंस्कृतसंस्थानेन २०१८ तमे ख्रिष्टाब्दे कालिदाससम्मानप्रदत्तः अस्ति। <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/maharajganj-event-17480569.html|title=कालिदास सम्मान से नवाजे गए डा. बलराम शुक्ल|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi|accessdate=2 June 2019}}</ref> * * २०२२ तमे ख्रिष्टाब्दे कविकुलगुरुकालिदाससंस्कृतविश्वविद्यालयेन महाकविकालिदाससंस्कृतव्रतिराष्ट्रीयपुरस्कारः प्रदत्तः।<ref>{{Cite news|title=बलराम शुक्ल को महाकवि कालिदास संस्कृतव्रति राष्ट्रीय पुरस्कार|url=http://m.rashtriyasahara.com/imageview_32239_133548750_4_6_19-09-2022_4_i_1_sf.html|accessdate=8 October 2022}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title=राष्ट्रीय पुरस्कार से सम्मानित हुए प्रो बलराम|url=https://epaper.livehindustan.com/Home/MShareArticle?OrgId=199a4ff4901&imageview=0|accessdate=8 October 2022|archive-date=8 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008172305/https://epaper.livehindustan.com/Home/MShareArticle?OrgId=199a4ff4901&imageview=0|deadurl=yes}}</ref> == दृष्टिः == बलरामस्य मतो यत् संस्कृतभाषायां फारसीभाषायां च प्रायः ३५० समानाः शब्दाः सन्ति। बलरामः कथयति यत् रूमी च हाफिज् शिराजी चेत्यादीनां केषाञ्चन फारसीकविनां प्रभावः संस्कृतसहितानाम् अनेकानाम् भारतीयभाषाणां काव्येषु दृश्यते <ref name="vartavali" /> अपि च बेदिल्देहलवी इत्यादिषु भारतस्य फारसीकविषु अपि दृश्यते। <ref name="vartavali" /> संस्कृतकाव्यस्य विषये बलरामस्य मतो यत् अद्यत्वे अपि वैदिककालस्य समानेषु छन्दःसु च समानेषु विषयेषु च संस्कृतकाव्यस्य रचना भवति। अद्यत्वे अपि [[वाल्मीकिः|वाल्मीकि]][[वेदव्यासः|व्यासे]]<nowiki/>त्यादीनां काव्यरचने शक्नुवन्तः कवयो भारते सन्ति चेति। <ref name="vartavali" /> == कृतयः == === ग्रन्थाः === * {{Lang|hi|आधुनिक संस्कृत साहित्य संचयन}} इति नाम भारते आधुनिकसंस्कृतकाव्यविषये हिन्दीसंशोधनग्रन्थस्य सम्पादको बलरामशुक्लः। देहल्या विद्यानिधिप्रकाशनात्। [[अन्ताराष्ट्रियमानकपुस्तकसङ्ख्या|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-81-86700-86-0|978-81-86700-86-0]] * ''इष्ग्वतेश'' ॥फारसीभाषायां{{Lang|fa|عشق و آتش}}॥ फारसीकाव्यसङ्ग्रहः। तेहरानस्य ईराणमिधत्प्रकाशनात्।[[अन्ताराष्ट्रियमानकपुस्तकसङ्ख्या|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-600-5312-11-9|९७८-६००-५३१२-११]] -९ . * {{Lang|hi|भारतीय एवं पाश्चात्त्य वाक्यार्थ सिद्धान्त}} नाम वाक्यार्थस्य भारतीयपाश्चात्यसिद्धान्तानां विषये हिन्दीसंशोधनग्रन्थस्य लेखकः । नवदेहल्याः प्रतिभाप्रकाशनात्। [[अन्ताराष्ट्रियमानकपुस्तकसङ्ख्या|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-81-7702-335-0|978-81-7702-335-0]] . * मोहताशमकाशनिनः दवाजदेहबन्दस्य हिन्द्यनुवादः। रामपुरस्य रामपुररजापुस्तकालयात्। [[अन्ताराष्ट्रियमानकपुस्तकसङ्ख्या|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-93-82949-20-6|978-93-82949-20-6]] . * {{Lang|sa|लघुसन्देशं}} नाम लघुसंस्कृतकाव्यसङ्ग्रहः। [[अन्ताराष्ट्रियमानकपुस्तकसङ्ख्या|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-93-85539-03-9|978-93-85539-03-9]] . * {{Lang|sa|परिवाहः}} नाम संस्कृतकाव्यसङ्ग्रहः ।[[अन्ताराष्ट्रियमानकपुस्तकसङ्ख्या|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-81-260-4787-1|९७८-८१-२६०-४७८७-१]]<nowiki/> साहित्याऽकादमीद्वारा प्रकाशितः * कवितापुत्रीकाजातिः मूलसंस्कृतकाव्यसंग्रह। नवदेहल्या राष्ट्रीयसंस्कृतसंस्थानात्। * निःशब्दनूपुर नाम रूमिणः शतगझलगीतानां सङ्ग्रहश्च हिन्द्यनुवादः। नवदेहल्या राजकमलप्रकाशनात्।[[अन्ताराष्ट्रियमानकपुस्तकसङ्ख्या|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-93-88183-25-3|९७८-९३-८८१८३-२५-३]] * * शतावधानिरचनासञ्चयनं नाम आधुनिकसंस्कृतकवेः शतावधानिनो डो आर् गणेशस्य सप्तसुन्दररचनासु विस्तृतपरिचयेन च ६०० टिप्पणिभिः सह सम्पादितम्। नवदेहल्या साहित्याऽकादमीतः। [[अन्ताराष्ट्रियमानकपुस्तकसङ्ख्या|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-93-89195-01-9|978-93-89195-01-9]] * झाफ्रानोसन्दल ॥फारसीभाषायाम् {{Lang|fa|زعفران و صندل}} ॥ फारसीगझलसङ्ग्रहः तेहरानतः। <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tasnimnews.com/fa/news/1398/10/24/2181770/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%87-%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%A2%DB%8C%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B1-%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%B1-%D8%B4%D8%AF-%D8%B2%D8%B9%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%88-%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84-%D8%B4%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF|trans_title=fa:سروده‌های آیینی شاعر هندو منتشر شد/ «زعفران و صندل» شکلا به ایران رسید- اخبار فرهنگی - اخبار تسنیم|date=14 January 2020}}</ref> * पश्यन्ती नाम पञ्चसप्ततेः समकालीनसंस्कृतकविनां काव्यसङ्ग्रहः। प्रयागराजस्य राकाप्रकाशनात्। [[अन्ताराष्ट्रियमानकपुस्तकसङ्ख्या|ISBN]] ९७८-९३-९०९६४-२७-७ * * निःशब्दनूपुरस्य द्वितीयसंस्करणम्। [https://www.firstpost.com/art-and-culture/tracing-the-unabating-universal-influence-of-rumi-and-his-connection-to-indian-vedantic-thought-10223581.html दिसम्बरमासः] २०२१ [[अन्ताराष्ट्रियमानकपुस्तकसङ्ख्या|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-93-90971-62-6|९७८-९३-९०९७१-६२-६]] === काव्योदाहरणम् === बलरामस्य समछन्दोऽनुवादः रूमिणो मश्नवी इत्यस्य उद्घाटनद्वयस्य संस्कृतभाषायाम् {| class="wikitable" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto; width: 50em;" |+ |<poem> Original Persian بشنو از نی چون حکایت میکند از جداییها شکایت میکند کز نیستان تا مرا ببریدهاند در نفیرم مرد و زن نالیدهاند سینه خواهم شرحه شرحه از فراق تا بگویم شرح درد اشتیاق هر کسی کو دور ماند از اصل خویش باز جوید روزگار وصل خویش </poem> |<poem> Sanskrit translation श्रूयतां वंशीगलाद्वंशीकथा कथ्यमाना विप्रयोगाणां व्यथा। वंशिकारण्याद्यतो मां लूनवान् सर्वलोकः कण्ठतो मे दूनवान्। तद्वियोगैश्छिन्नभिन्नं मन्मनः स्याद्यथोद्वेगं ब्रवीत्वेतज्जनः। येन केनापि स्वमूलाद्भ्रश्यते तेन भूयो योगमार्गोऽन्विष्यते। </poem> |- | colspan="2" | |} बलरामेण रचित एकः संस्कृतश्लोकः {{Center|सर्वाङ्गं मलयजगन्धवन्द्यमानं किं भूयो निटिलतटे पटीरचर्चा। संजाता मम धमनी ससूत्रजाला संशीर्णा पुनरुपवीतसूत्रतः किम्॥}} == सन्दर्भाः == {{Reflist}} [[वर्गः:जीवतव्यक्तयः]] [[वर्गः:१९८२ जननम्]] aggxi0mk9h7q1qw9v3j7lj3p1cgrjq7 0 91928 499603 499497 2026-06-22T06:46:32Z CommonsDelinker 200 Removing [[:c:File:Balen_Shah3-cropped.png|Balen_Shah3-cropped.png]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:The Squirrel Conspiracy|The Squirrel Conspiracy]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Balen Shah3-cropped.png|]]. 499603 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Officeholder |name=बालेन्द्र शाह |native_name={{nobold|बालेन्द्र शाह}} |image= |caption=आधिकारिक छविचित्रम् |office=[[नेपालदेशस्य प्रधानमन्त्री]] |termstart=27 March 2026 |termend= |president=[[रामचन्द्र पौडेल]] |succeeding=[[सुशीला कार्की]] (अन्तरिम) |office1=[[प्रतिनिधि सभा (Nepal)|Member-elect of Parliament, Pratinidhi Sabha]] |termstart1=26 March 2026 |termend1= |succeeding1=[[केपी शर्मा ओली]] |constituency1=[[झापा ५]] |office2=पञ्चादश[[नगरप्रमुख]] काष्ठमण्डप महानगरपालिका |termstart2=30 May 2022 |termend2=18 January 2026 |deputy2=सुनीता डंगोल |predecessor2=[[विद्यासुन्दर शाक्य]] |successor2=[[सुनीता डंगोल]] (acting) |birth_name=बालेन्द्र साह |birth_date={{birth date and age|1990|04|27|df=y}} |birth_place=[[काष्ठमण्डप]], Nepal |party=[[राष्ट्रिय स्वतन्त्र पार्टी]] (2025–present) |otherparty=[[Independent politician|Independent]] (2022–2025) |alma_mater=Himalayan WhiteHouse International College ([[Bachelor of Engineering|BE]])<br>Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology, Karnataka (India)([[Master of Engineering|MTech]]) |profession={{hlist|[[Politician]]|[[rapping|rapper]] |[[structural engineer]]}} |spouse={{marriage|सविना काफ्ले|2018}} |children=1 |parents={{hlist|रामनारायण शाह|ध्रुवदेवी शाह}} |signature=Signature of Balen Shah.svg }} '''बालेन्''' इति नाम्ना प्रसिद्धः '''बालेन्द्र शाह''' [अ] (जन्म 27 एप्रिल् 1990) नेपाली राजनीतिज्ञः, गायक, र्‍यापर च अस्ति, यः सम्वत् २०८२ (२०२६) आम निर्वाचने स्वपक्षस्य विजयात् परं नेपालदेशस्य प्रधानमन्त्रि-पदे नियुक्तोस्ति।{{Efn|{{langx|ne|बालेन्द्र शाह|bālendra śāha|}}; {{IPA|ne|balendrʌ‿saha|IPA}}}} सः स्वमन्त्रिसभायाः निर्माणेन नेपालदेशस्य प्रथमः माधेशी प्रधानमन्त्री अभवत्। तेन १३ चैत्र २०८२ रामनवम्या शुवअवसरे राष्ट्रपति रामचन्द्र पौडेलेनसह पद गोपनीयताया सपथ अग्रहत्। <ref> {{cite news |author=<!-- not stated --> |date=27-mar-2026 | title= नवनियुक्त प्रधानमन्त्री बालेन्द्र शाह र १४ मन्त्रीद्वारा शपथग्रहण| url=https://www.bbc.com/nepali/articles/c05dl8nq1ndo |work= |location= |publisher= BBC Nepali |access-date=6-april-2026}} </ref> इतपूर्वं सः २०२२ तः २०२६ पर्यन्तं काष्ठमण्डप-नगरस्य १५ तमः महापौरः इति रूपेण कार्यम् अकरोत्, यः कार्यालयम् धारयन् प्रथमः स्वतन्त्रः अभ्यर्थी आसीत्। २०२२ तमे वर्षे स्थानीयनिर्वाचने, शाह वर्यः काष्ठमण्डप-नगरस्य महापौरत्वेन निर्वाचितः, स्वस्य कार्यकाले, सः अपशिष्टप्रबन्धने यातायातप्रबन्धने च उपक्रमान् प्रवर्तयत्। तस्य प्रशासनं अवैधरूपेण निर्मितानां संरचनानां विध्वंसः, अव्यवस्थितनिवासानां निर्वहणं, वीथिविक्रेतृणां विरुद्धं प्रवर्तन-कार्यम् इत्यादीनां विषयेषु अपि विमर्शस्य विवादस्य च सम्मुखीभूव। महापौरत्वेन कार्यकाले, शाह्-वर्यः उत्तरभारतस्य भागान् स्व्यकरोत्, बृहत्तर-नेपाल-असहिष्णुताम् अपि प्रवर्धयत्। वैचारिकरूपेण लोकप्रियतावादी इति लक्षितः शाह्, २०२५ तमे वर्षे जनरल्-ज़ड्-इत्यस्य विरोधेषु प्रमुखः राजनैतिकः व्यक्तिः इति उद्भूतः। २०२६ जनवरीमासे, सः काष्ठमण्डप-नगरस्य महापौरपदात् त्यागपत्रं कृत्वा, २०२६ आमनिर्वाचने दलस्य प्रधानमन्त्रीपदस्य अभ्यर्थित्वं कर्तुं राष्ट्रीयस्वतन्त्रपक्षेन सम्मिलितः। सः पूर्वप्रधानमन्त्रिणं के. पी. शर्मा ओली इत्येनं झापा जनपद-५ क्षेत्र मध्ये भूस्खलनेन पराजयत, येन तस्य दलस्य ऐतिहासिकं द्वितियांश-बहुमतं प्राप्तम्। बालेन् शाह् १९९० एप्रिल् ४ दिनाङ्के काठ्मण्डू-नगरस्य नारादेवी-नगरे एका माधेशी-कुटुम्बे अजायत। सः आयुर्वेदचिकित्सकस्य रामनारायणशाहस्य तथा ध्रुवदेवीशाहस्य च कनिष्ठपुत्रः अस्ति। तस्य पिता नरदेवी-आयुर्वेद-चिकित्सालये नियुक्तः भूत्वा, तस्य मातापितरौ, एकदरा, महोत्तरी-नगरात् काठमाण्डू-नगरं प्रति गतवन्तः।<ref>{{Cite web|title='Balen, come to your home village after win'|url=https://risingnepaldaily.com/news/11721|accessdate=2026-03-19|website=GorakhaPatra}}</ref> शाह-वर्यः अलायन्स-अकाडेमी इत्यत्र अध्ययनं कृत्वा तत्र स्वस्य प्रवेशिका समापितवान्। शाह् वर्यः स्वस्य १०+२ अध्ययनार्थं वी. एस्. निकेतन उच्चमाध्यमिकविद्यालयात् कृतवान। सः हिमालयन व्हाइट-हाउस्-अन्तराष्ट्रिय-महाविद्यालयात् सिविल-अभियान्त्रिके स्नातकपदवीं (बि. ई.) प्राप्तवान्। सः निट्टे मीनाक्षी इन्स्टिट्यूट अफ टेक्नोलोजी, बेङ्गलूरु (VTU) इत्यतः संरचनात्मक-अभियान्त्रिके स्नातकोत्तरपदवीं (Mtech) अपि प्राप्तवान्। शाह-वर्यः काष्ठमण्डप-विश्वविद्यालयात् नागरिक-अभियान्त्रिकी-विषये विद्यावारिधी अध्ययनार्थं के. यू. शोधकर्तृ-अध्येतावृत्तिम् अवाप्नोत्, 'पर्यटनस्य अर्थव्यवस्थायाः च प्रोत्साहनाय नेवा-परम्परा-संरचनानां संरक्षणम्' इति विषये।<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=बेलवासे|first=अस्मिता|date=26 May 2022|title=काठमाडौँका 'लेन'मा बालेन|url=https://nagariknews.nagariknetwork.com/politics/835441-1653546559.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527192608/https://nagariknews.nagariknetwork.com/politics/835441-1653546559.html|archivedate=27 May 2022|accessdate=26 May 2022|website=Nagarik News|language=ne}}</ref> == सङ्गीतवृत्तिः == २०१० तमस्य दशकस्य आरम्भात् आरभ्य शाह् नेपालदेशस्य हिप-हप्-दृश्ये संलग्नः आसित्। सः २०१२ तमे वर्षे स्वस्य प्रथमं एकलं गीत सङ्ग्रह 'सडक् बालक्' इति प्रकाशितवान्, यत् सः नवम्यां दर्जायां पुनः लिखितवान्, यत् गीतं नगरीय-युवानां कष्टानि प्रतिबिम्बयति, नेफाप (नेपाली हिप्-हप्) समुदाये तस्य प्रवेशं च अङ्कयति। 2013 तमे वर्षे यदा सः यू-ट्यूब्-युद्ध-र्याप्-श्रृङ्खलायां रा-बार्ज़् इत्यस्मिन् भागम् अगृह्णात् तदा तस्य दृश्यता वर्धिता, येन नेपालस्य भूगर्भीय-हिप्-हप्-समुदायस्य मध्ये मान्यता प्राप्ता।<ref name="Wiki" /> शाहस्य सङ्गीतं सामाजिकरूपेण जागरूकविषयाणां कृते प्रसिद्धम् अस्ति, यत् नेपाले भ्रष्टाचारः, असमानता, नगरजीवनं च इत्यादीन् विषयान् सम्बोधयति । <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> एकः उल्लेखनीयः पटलः अस्ति 'बलिदान' ('बलिदान'), यः राजनैतिकभ्रष्टाचारस्य आलोचनां कृतवान् तथा च युवाभिः प्रेक्षकैः सह सम्बद्धः अभवत्, ऑनलाइन-मञ्चानां माध्यमेन व्यापकरूपेण प्रसिद्धः अभवत् तथा च तस्य राजनैतिक-वृत्तेः पूर्वं तस्य सार्वजनिक-प्रोफाइल-मध्ये योगदानं दत्तवान् <ref name="Reuters">{{Cite news|title=Nepali rapper turned mayor is young people's favourite in political crisis|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/nepali-rapper-turned-mayor-is-young-peoples-favourite-political-crisis-2025-09-10/|accessdate=2026-01-21}}</ref> 2025 तमे वर्षस्य प्रायशः अन्तिममासे शाह् वर्यः 'नेपाल हाँसेको...' इति गीतं नेपालीचलच्चित्रस्य ''लाज् शरणम्'' इत्यस्य ध्वनिमुद्रिकायाः कृते अभ्यनयत्। सः यत् गीतं लिखितवान्, रचितवान्, प्रदर्शनं च कृतवान्, तत् मूलतः तस्य यू-ट्यूब्-वाहिन्यां प्रकाशितम् आसीत्, चलच्चित्रस्य प्रचारार्थं पुनः प्रकाशितम् आसीत्। द्वितीयस्य विमोचनस्य अनन्तरं तत् शीघ्रमेव यू-ट्यूब्-ट्रेण्डिङ्ग्-म्यूसिक्-चार्ट्-मध्ये प्रविष्टम्। <ref name="KathmanduPost">{{Cite web|title=Balen's 'Laaj Sharanam' OST released|url=https://kathmandupost.com/movie-review/2025/02/11/balen-s-laaj-sharanam-ost-released|accessdate=2026-01-21|website=Kathmandu Post}}</ref> == महापौर काष्ठमण्डप महानगरपालिका (2022-2026) == शाह वर्यः काठमाण्डू-नगरस्य महापौरस्य कृते भ्रष्टाचार-विरोधस्य, पारदर्शितायाः, उत्तरदायित्वस्य च मञ्चे प्रचारम् अकरोत्। तस्य अभियानस्य मुख्यः लक्ष्यितः श्रोतृवर्गः काठमाण्डू-नगरस्य नेवार-समुदायः आसीत्। सः विभिन्नेषु पोड्कास्ट-कार्यक्रमेषु च अदृश्यत, अपि च प्रेक्षकाः तं मतदानं कर्तुं प्रत्यायोजयत्। निर्वाचने, शाह-वर्यः महापौरत्वेन निर्वाचितः, नेपाली-काङ्ग्रेस्-पक्षस्य श्रृजना सिंह-इत्येनं तथा च नेकपा (एमाले) -पक्षस्य अभ्यर्थिं पूर्व-महापौरं केशव-स्थपित-इत्येनं पराजयत।<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-05-26|title=Balen Shah elected Mayor of Kathmandu, Sunita Dangol Deputy Mayor|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/balen-shah-elected-mayor-of-kathmandu-sunita-dangol-deputy-mayor|accessdate=2026-03-09|website=The Himalayan Times|language=en}}</ref> राजनैतिक-व्यक्तिरूपेण शाह-वर्यस्य उदयः, बिबेकशील-नेपाली-पक्षस्य संस्थापकेन स्वर्गीयेन उज्ज्वल-थापा इत्यनेन प्रवर्तिते वैकल्पिकराजनीतेः भावस्य अनुवर्तनं इति बहुधा मन्यते। 2021 तमे वर्षे जून-मासे कोविड-19 सम्बद्धैः जटिलतासु मृतः थापा इत्ययं नेपालस्य सुस्थिरराजनैतिकसंस्थां प्रति चुनौतीं कृत्वा, युवान् नागरिकजीवने प्रवेष्टुं प्रेरयित्वा, भ्रष्टाचारस्य सामाजिक-अन्यायस्य च विरुद्धं अभियानं कृत्वा, आन्दोलनं निर्मातुं वर्षाणि व्यतीतवान्। यदा शाह 2022 तमे वर्षे महापौरपदस्य स्पर्धां प्रविष्टवान्, तदा बिवेकशील-आन्दोलनस्य अनेके वयोवृद्धाः तस्य अभियाने सम्मिलिताः।<ref>{{Cite news|title=Can Nepal's Viral Mayor Run the Country?|url=https://kathmandupost.com/politics/2026/01/28/can-nepal-s-viral-mayor-run-the-country|date=2026-01-28|accessdate=2026-02-01}}</ref> === आधारभूत संरचना एवं सार्वजनिक सेवा === 2022 जून् 6 दिनाङ्के, नगरविकासमन्त्रालयस्य नवनिर्वाचितप्रतिनिधिनां च मध्ये 7 जून् तः 2022 अगस्ट 18 दिनाङ्कपर्यन्तं अपशिष्ट-व्ययनस्य आरम्भार्थं सहमतिः अभवत्, स्थानीयानां सर्वकारीय-अधिकारिणां च मध्ये चतुर्णां बिन्दूनां सन्धेः अनन्तरं, शाह-वर्यः सर्वान् असंकलित-घन-अपशिष्टानां व्ययनस्य निर्वहणं कर्तुं स्वायत्त-कम्पनीन् इत्येतान् निर्देशितवान्।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Balen directed private companies to manage garbage|url=https://nepalnews.com/s/capital/balen-directed-private-companies-to-manage-garbage-within-a-week|date=22 August 2022|accessdate=29 July 2023|website=nepalnews.com}}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> शाह इत्यस्य प्रशासनस्य अधीने वीथि-सुलभतायां स्वच्छतायां च निवेशः कार्यान्वितः, यत्र दृष्टिबाधितानां नागरिकाणां कृते नगरे स्वतन्त्रतया गमनार्थं स्पर्श-युक्ताः पादचारि-मार्गाः स्थापिताः। फ़ाल्चा-शैल्याः लोकयान-स्थानकेभ्यः-पारम्परिक-नेवारी-विश्रामस्थानैः प्रेरिताः संरचनाः-अपि सम्पूर्णे नगरे निर्मिताः आसन्। नूतनाः लोकयान-मार्गाः प्रवर्तिताः, लोकयान-स्थानकेभ्यः उन्नयनं कृतम्, यात्रिकाणां कृते अधिकं विश्वसनीय-यात्रा-अनुभवाय पटु चिटिका (स्मार्ट-टिकटिङ्ग)-व्यवस्था च कार्यान्विता।<ref>{{Cite web|title=A year of Balen: Hits and misses|url=https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/a-year-of-balen-hits-and-misses|publisher=My Republica|date=2023-05-14|accessdate=2024-01-10}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === पारदर्शिता === कार्यभारं स्वीकृत्य तस्य प्रथमेषु कार्येषु अन्यतमरूपेण, शाह-वर्यः नगरपालिका-परिषद-सभानां चलदृष्य माध्यमेन प्रत्यक्षप्रसारणम् आरभत-काष्ठमण्डप नगरस्य-इतिहासे प्रथमवारं एतादृशी कार्यवाहिनः सार्वजनिकरूपेण प्रसारिताः। तस्य प्रशासनम् अनलाइन-भवन-अनुमति-व्यवस्थाम् अपि प्रवर्तयत्, दक्षतां वर्धयितुं भ्रष्टाचारस्य अवसरान् न्यूनीकर्तुं च डिजिटल-हस्ताक्षरान् कार्यान्वयत्।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kathmandu Metropolitan City goes digital|url=https://risingnepaldaily.com/news/29315|publisher=The Rising Nepal|date=2023-03-21|accessdate=2024-01-10}}</ref> === शिक्षा === शाह-वर्यः सामुदायिकविद्यालयेषु "पाठ्यपुस्तक-मुक्त-शुक्रवासरः" इति कार्यक्रमम् आरभत, यस्य उद्देश्यं छात्राणां तांत्रिककौशलस्य विकासाय पाठ्येतरक्रियाकलापेषु च संलग्नुं साहाय्यं करोति स्म। सः काष्ठमण्डप-नगरस्य स्वायत्तविद्यालयान् अपि निर्देशं दत्तवान् यत् विद्यमानशिक्षाविधानस्य अनुरूपं न्यूनातिन्यूनं 10 प्रतिशतं छात्राणां कृते छात्रवृत्तिः प्रदत्ता भवेत् इति।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Balen Shah directs private schools to provide scholarships|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2022/10/05/balen-shah-directs-private-schools-to-provide-10-percent-scholarships|publisher=The Kathmandu Post|date=2022-10-05|accessdate=2024-01-10}}</ref> === आरोग्यसेवा === कान्ति-बाल-चिकित्सालये आधुनिक-शल्यचिकित्सा-रङ्गशालाः स्थापयितुं, त्रिभुवन-विश्वविद्यालय-शिक्षण-चिकित्सालये बाह्यरोगिणां सेवां वर्धयितुं, मनमोहन-प्रत्यारोपण-केन्द्रे कोरोनरी-परिचर्यायाः वर्धनार्थं च शाह-इत्यस्य प्रशासनं नव कोटी रूप्यकाणि प्रतिबद्धम् अकरोत्।<ref>{{Cite web|title=KMC allocates budget for Kathmandu hospitals|url=https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/kmc-allocates-budget-for-hospitals|publisher=My Republica|date=2023-02-18|accessdate=2024-01-10}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === सांस्कृतिक सम्पदा === शाह इत्यस्य प्रशासनं काष्ठमण्डप-नगरस्य अमूर्तसांस्कृतिकपरम्परां समर्थयतां कार्यक्रमान् विस्तारयत्, यत्र जीवित[[कुमारी (जीवितदेवी)|कुमारी]], भैरवः, गणेशपरम्पराः च आसन्। त्रिभुवनविश्वविद्यालयेन सह अपि नगरपालिका-सेवां आधुनिकीकर्तुं, हिटी इति नाम्ना प्रसिद्धानां पारम्परिकजलस्रोतां संरक्षितुं च सहमतिः अभवत्।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kathmandu city signs agreement with Tribhuvan University|url=https://risingnepaldaily.com/news/27201|publisher=The Rising Nepal|date=2023-01-15|accessdate=2024-01-10}}</ref> === उन्मूलन एवं निष्कासन === 2022 तमे वर्षे, महापौरत्वेन निर्वाचितस्य अनन्तरं शीघ्रमेव, शाह-वर्यः काष्ठमण्डप-नगरे व्यापकं विध्वंस-अभियानम् आरब्धवान्, यत्र बुल्डोज़र्-यन्त्राणि उपयुज्य सार्वजनिकभूमिं उल्लङ्घयन्तः भवनानि, संरचनाः च नष्टानि कृतवन्तः। सः मुख्यतया बनेश्वरस्य अल्फा बीटा कम्प्लेक्स, खिचापोखरी इत्यस्य आर. बी. कम्प्लेक्स् न्यू रोड् इत्यस्य सूरज आर्केड, तथा भोटाहिती-नगरं रत्न-पार्क इत्यनेन सह योजयतः अधस्तनमार्गः इत्यादीन् वाणिज्य-भवनानि लक्ष्यीकृतवान्। काष्ठमण्डप-महानगर-नगरं एतेषां व्यवसायानां कृते 35-दिनेभ्यः सूचनाम् अददात्, यदा समयसीमाः समाप्ताः, तत्क्षणमेव संरचनाः ध्वंसितुम् आरब्धम्। ध्वंसानि प्रारम्भे जनैः व्यापकरूपेण प्रशंसाम् अवाप्नुवन्, परन्तु अन्ततः उच्च-हस्तेन समीचीनेन, प्रारम्भिक-ध्वंसस्य अनन्तरं अनुवर्तनं न भवेत् इति च निन्दाम् अवाप्नोत्।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mayor Shah's demolition drive draws cheers, but concerns too|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2022/09/05/mayor-shah-s-demolition-drive-draws-cheers-but-concerns-too|website=kathmandupost.com|accessdate=2026-01-27|language=English}}</ref> ध्वंस-अभियानस्य भागरूपेण, शाह्-वर्यः पूर्वं निर्मितां टुकुचा (इच्छुमति) -नदीं अपि खनयितुं प्रायतत। सः जय् नेपाल-चलच्चित्र-भवनस्य भागम् ध्वंसम् अकरोत्, तस्य परिसरस्य अधः नदीं च आविष्कृतवान्। परन्तु, पटन्-उच्चन्यायालयस्य स्थगन-आदेशेन अन्याः विध्वंसकार्याणि स्थगिताः। विमर्शकाः उक्तवन्तः यत् टुकुचा नदी न तु जलनिर्गमन-नहरः आसीत्, शाह् इत्यस्य कार्यैः निजीसम्पत्तेः अधिकारस्य उल्लङ्घनः अभवत् इति। 2023 तमे वर्षे उच्चन्यायालयेन अन्ततः निर्णयः कृतः यत् यद्यपि तुकुचा एका न्याय्यनदी आसीत् तथा च संरक्षणाय योग्यः आसीत्, तथापि निजीसम्पत्तिधारकाणां अधिकारेषु अपि एतत् प्रवर्तते। 2026 तमवर्षपर्यन्तं, जय-नेपाल-चलच्चित्र-भवनस्य परिसरे इयं नदी अनावृत्तम् अस्ति, परन्तु अग्रे संरक्षण-कार्यं न अभवत्। 2022 तमवर्षस्य नवेम्बर्-मासे काठमाण्डू-महानगरं बागमती-नद्याः तटे निवसतां भूमिहीनान् जनान् निष्कासयितुं प्रायतत। अस्य प्रयासस्य परिणामेन नगरपालिकायाः कर्मचारिणां अतिक्रमणकारिणां च मध्ये तीव्रयुद्धं जातम्, यस्मिन् 21 तः अधिकाः जनाः व्रणिताः अभवन्। प्रयासस्य अनन्तरं, विस्थापकाः शाह् इत्यस्य, नगरस्य अधिकारिणां च कार्याणां विरुद्धं विरोधं कृतवन्तः, स्थानात् स्थानान्तरणात् पूर्वं वैकल्पिक-आवास-व्यवस्थायाः याचनाम् अकुर्वन्। एतानि याचनाः कार्यकर्तृभिः समर्थिताः, ये ध्वंस-अभियानस्य आरम्भात् पूर्वं वैकल्पिक-आवासस्य व्यवस्थां कर्तुं शाह्-नगरं च प्रार्थयन्ति स्म।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why does government often fail to address the problems of urban squatters?|url=https://www.nepallivetoday.com/2023/05/11/why-does-government-often-fail-to-address-the-problems-of-urban-squatters/|website=Nepal Live Today|accessdate=2026-01-27|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> शाह् इत्यस्य नेतृत्वे काठ्मण्डू-महानगर-सर्वकारः, वीथि-विक्रेतृणां विरुद्धं असमान-बलप्रयोगस्य आरोपस्य कारणात् ह्युमन्-रैट्स्-वाच् इत्यादिभिः सङ्घटनैः निन्दाम् अन्वभूत्। तस्य नीतिभिः सामाजिककार्यकर्तृभिः लघु-स्तरस्य विरोधस्य उदयः अपि अभवत्, यस्य आरम्भः नगरपालिका-आरक्षकैः विक्रेतृणां सम्पत्तिं अनुधावनं, प्रहारणं, अभिग्रहणम् च दर्शयमानानां चित्र-चित्राणां प्रसारणेन अभवत्। वीथिविक्रेतृषु शाह् इत्यस्य दमनस्य विमर्शकानां तर्कः अस्ति यत् देशस्य अर्थव्यवस्थायाः प्रायः अर्धभागः अनौपचारिकव्यापारेषु आश्रितः अस्ति इति कारणात्, एतादृशाः क्रियाः व्यवहार्य-वैकल्पिक-उपायान् न दत्त्वा नगरीय-दरिद्राणां जीवनस्तरं प्रतिकूलरूपेण प्रभावयन्ति।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Street vendors are crucial to urban economy, but their plight is huge|url=http://kathmandupost.com/money/2022/04/22/street-vendors-are-crucial-to-urban-economy-but-their-plight-is-huge|accessdate=29 July 2023|website=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> 2023 सेप्टेम्बर्-मासे, ऐह् इति नाम्ना प्रसिद्धः राजनैतिकः कार्यकर्ता काठमाण्डू-नगरसदस्यालयात् बहिः 199 घण्टाः यावत् स्थितः आसीत्, यावत् वैकल्पिकस्य समाधानस्य प्रस्तावः न भवेत् तावत् यावत् वीथिविक्रेतृभ्यः हस्तक्षेपं विना व्यापारस्य अनुमतिः दीयन्तु इति महापौरं प्रार्थयत्। काठमाण्डू-4 इत्यस्य सांसदः गगन् थापा, पूर्वउपप्रधानमन्त्रिणः कमल् थापा, पूर्ववित्तमन्त्रिणः सुरेन्द्र पाण्डे इत्यादयः व्यक्तयः अस्य विरोधस्य समर्थनं कृतवन्तः। विरोधं सम्बोधयन् महापौरः शाह् वर्यः फ़ेस्बुक् इत्यत्र अवदत् यत् सः एम्. पि. थापा इत्यादिभिः विधायकैः स्थापितान् विद्यमानान् नियमान् प्रवर्तयति इति। सः अपि तर्कं कृतवान् यत् वीथि-विक्रेतृणां प्रतिबन्धणेन दारिद्र्यं प्रभावीरूपेण न समाप्यते, अपि च नगरस्य मार्ग-विस्तार-उपक्रमेषु तेषां सम्पत्तिः अभिगृहीतानां अन्यायस्य विषये चिन्तां प्रकटितवान्। काठमाण्डू-महानगर-नगरस्य तथा ऐ. ऐ. एच्. इत्यस्य च मध्ये, मार्गविक्रेतृभ्यः वैकल्पिक-योजना, विशिष्टक्षेत्राणां कालानां च कृते अस्थायी-अनुमतिः, तथा च अभिगृहीत-वस्तूनां स्वामिनां प्रति प्रत्यागमनं च लक्ष्यीकृत्य, सहमतिः अभवत्।<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 September 2023|title=Don't get emotional, doing business on streets is illegal: Balen Shah tells Iih|url=https://en.setopati.com/political/161824/|accessdate=10 October 2023|website=Setopati}}</ref> === टिप्पणीः [[सिंहप्रासाद|सिंह दरबार]] हिंसा उद्रेक === 2023 सेप्टेम्बर्-मासे, शाह्-वर्यः फ़ेस्बुक्-इत्यत्र सङ्घस्य सर्वकारस्य प्रशासनिककेन्द्रं सिंह-दर्बार्-इतीदं ज्वालयितुं सार्वजनिकरूपेण धमनीयत। तस्य पदम्, तस्य पत्नी सबीना काफ्ले इत्यस्याः सर्वकारीय-फलकयुक्ते वाहनस्य यात्रायाम् यातायात-आरक्षकैः नियमित-सुरक्षा-परीक्षणार्थं प्रतिषिद्धायाः अनन्तरं अभवत्। शाह् वर्यः अलिखत् यत्, "अद्य किमपि न अभवत्।, परन्तु यदि श्वः परं के. एम्. सी. यानानि स्थगिताः तर्हि अहं सिंह-दर्बार्-मध्ये अग्निम् प्रज्वालयामि।" फ़ेस्बुक्-लेखः असंवेदनशीलः इति, सङ्घस्य सर्वकारस्य विरुद्धं हिंसाम् उद्रेकयितुं च समर्थः इति नागरिक-समाजेन राजनैतिक-दलैः च बहु निन्दितः आसीत्। विवादस्य अनन्तरं, शाह् इत्यस्य व्यक्तिगत-परामर्शकः भूपदेव शाह् इत्येषः पत्रिका-वक्तव्यं प्रकाशितवान् यत् प्रसव-वेदनया सह चिकित्सालयं गच्छन् काफ़्ले इत्यस्य अनावश्यकः उत्पीडनम् अभवत् इति। परन्तु, पश्चात् प्रकटितं यत् काफ्ले एकसप्ताहाभ्यन्तरे एव प्रसवम् अकरोत्, तथा च पत्रिका-वक्तव्यं स्पष्टतया असत्यम् आसीत् इति। 2025 सेप्टेम्बर्-मासे, जनरल् ज़ड्-आन्दोलनकारिणः सिङ्घादर्बर् इत्येतं अग्न्यस्त्राणि प्राहरन्। <ref>{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Monica|title=Nepal Election 2026: Meet Balendra 'Balen' Shah, Gen Z-backed frontrunner who once sparked outrage with 'Fu** India' post; know about his education, family, net worth|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/world/photo-gallery-meet-balendra-shah-gen-z-backed-frontrunner-in-nepal-election-2026-once-sparked-outrage-with-fu-india-post-know-about-his-education-family-net-worth-3202412|accessdate=2026-03-12|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref> === बृहत् नेपालदेशस्य मानचित्रम् === 2023 जून्-मासे, शाह वर्यः स्वस्य कार्यालये बृहत् नेपाल 'ग्रेटर् नेपाल' इति मानचित्रं स्थापयित्वा विवादम् अजनयत्, येन भारतस्य प्रबलः विरोधः अभवत्। बृहत्तर-नेपाल इति एका अविवादिता परिकल्पना अस्ति यत् 1816 तमवर्षस्य सुगौली-सन्धेः पूर्वं नेपालस्य वर्तमानसीमायाम् बहिः स्थितेषु प्रदेशेषु, अधुना अनेकेषु भारतीय-राज्येषु स्थितेषु क्षेत्रेषु च अधिकारान् प्रतिपादयति। भारतस्य नूतनसंसदभवनस्य मौर्यसाम्राज्यस्य भित्तिचित्रस्य विवादस्य प्रतीकरूपेण शाह-वर्यस्य मानचित्रस्य प्रदर्शनं व्यापकरूपेण सूचितम् आसीत्।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Amid Akhanda Bharat map row, KMC Mayor Balen Shah displays a map of 'Greater Nepal' at his office|url=https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/map-of-greater-nepal-in-mayor-balen-s-office|accessdate=30 Dec 2025|website=My Republica|date=8 August 2024}}</ref> === भारतीयचलच्चित्राणां अस्थायी-निषेधः === 2023 तमे वर्षे जून्-मासे, भारतीयचलच्चित्रे आदिपुरुषे "सीता भारतस्य पुत्री" इति कथितं संवादं समाविष्टं कृत्वा, शाह् वर्यः काठमाण्डू-नगरे सर्वाणि भारतीयचलच्चित्राणि प्रदर्शयितुं निषेधितवान्। संवादः नेपालदेशे विवादम् उदपादयत्, यत्र रामायणस्य सीता परम्परागतरूपेण नेपालदेशस्य जनक्पुर अजायत इति मन्यते। अस्य प्रतिबन्धस्य विषये पटान्-उच्चन्यायालये आक्षेपः कृतः, येन शाह्-वर्यः प्रतिबन्धं निवारयितुं आदिष्टः। शाह्-वर्यः प्रारम्भे निराकृतवान्, परन्तु प्रतिबन्धं उत्थापयितुं बाध्यः अभवत्। पश्चात् सः पुनः सामाजिकमाध्यमं स्वीकृत्य सङ्घीयं शासनं न्यायपालिकां च "भारतीय-दासाः" इति उक्तवान्। न्यायालयस्य आदेशेन तस्य निष्कासनस्य निर्देशः दत्तः, तथापि सः प्रतिबन्धं निरूढवान्। <ref>{{Cite web|title=Govt and court Indian slaves, I won't obey court order: Balen Shah|url=https://en.setopati.com/political/161280/|website=Setopati|accessdate=2026-01-27}}</ref> === समीपस्थदेशानां राजनैतिकदलानां च विषये आक्षेपार्हानि पोस्ट्स् === 2025 तमे वर्षे नवेम्बर्-मासे, शाह् वर्यः फ़ेस्बुक् इत्यत्र पोस्ट् कृतवान्, भारतम्, चैना, संयुक्तराज्यम् इत्यादीन् मित्रदेशान्, तथा च सि. पि. एन्. (यु. एम्. एल्.) नेपालीकाङ्ग्रेस्, राष्ट्रीयस्वतन्त्रपक्षः, आर्. पि. पि., तथा माओवादिनः इत्यादीन् विभिन्नेषु राजनैतिकदलान् लक्ष्यीकृत्य, तेषाम् सर्वेषाम् उपरि अपवित्रं शपयन्। तत् पोस्ट् शीघ्रमेव निष्कासितम्, परन्तु ततः पूर्वं न, विदेशैः सह नेपालस्य मैत्रीबन्धनं हानिं जनयति, शत्रुतायाः वातावरणम् जनयति इति च पुनः एकवारं सर्वतः निन्दाम् आमन्त्रयत्।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Is Balendra Shah answerable to anyone?|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2025/11/03/is-balendra-shah-answerable-to-anyone|website=kathmandupost.com|accessdate=2026-01-27|language=English}}</ref> === 2025 जेन Z विरोधः === 2025 सेप्टेम्बर-मासे नवयुवा (जेन्-ज़ी) इत्यस्य विरोधस्य अनन्तरं, नेपाली-काङ्ग्रेस्-पक्षस्य छात्रविभागः नेपाल-छात्रसङ्घः, शाह-वर्यस्य विरुद्धं आरक्षक-परिवादं दत्तवान्, सः हिंसाम् उदपादयत्, सिंहप्रासाद इत्यादिषु भवनेषु तथा सङ्घीय-संसदेताम् प्रदर्शनकारीभिः प्रज्वालितान् अग्नि-यन्त्रान् नियन्त्रयितुं अग्निशामकान् नियन्तुं च असफलः अभवत् इति आरोपं कृतवान्। शाह-वर्यः एतान् अभियोगान् निराकृतवान्, यत् नगरस्य दलानि सार्वजनिकसुरक्षायै, मूलसौकर्याणां रक्षणाय च अहोरात्रम् कार्यम् अकुर्वन् इति।<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-08-08|title=NSU files police complaint against Mayor Balen and Sudan Gurung|url=https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/nsu-files-police-complaint-against-mayor-balen-and-sudan-gurung-38-40.html|accessdate=2025-11-05|website=myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com|language=en}}</ref> == प्रधानमन्त्री-पदनाम == === महानिर्वाचन 2026 === 2025 डिसेम्बर् 28 दिनाङ्के, शाह्-वर्यः औपचारिकरूपेण राष्ट्रिय-स्वतन्त्र-पार्टी (आर्. एस्. पि.) इत्यनेन सह एकीकृतः, 2026 जनवरी 18 दिनाङ्के काठमाण्डू-नगरस्य महापौरपदात् त्यागपत्रं कृत्वा, दलस्य प्रधानमन्त्रीपदस्य अभ्यर्थिरूपेण 2026 तमे वर्षे नेपाली-सामान्यनिर्वाचने भागं स्वीकृतवान्। तस्य प्रवेशः पक्षस्य कृते एकस्याः निर्णायकसमये अभवत्, यः स्वसंस्थापकस्य रबी-लामिचाने इत्यस्य अनेकेषां विधिसङ्गत्याः छायाभ्यां सह सङ्घर्षं कुर्वन् आसीत्, यस्मिन् नेपालस्य सहकारिके क्षेत्रे कपटस्य आरोपः, धनस्य कथित-दुर्विनियोगः च अन्तर्भवन्ति।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kathmandu Mayor Balendra Shah joins Rastriya Swatantra Party|url=https://www.newsonair.gov.in/kathmandu-mayor-balendra-shah-joins-rastriya-swatantra-party/|publisher=DD News On Air|accessdate=2026-03-06}}</ref> राजनैतिकविश्लेषकानां कृते शाह् इत्यस्य प्रवेशस्य श्रेयः आसीत् यत् सः आर्. एस्. पि. मध्ये नूतनजीवनं प्रसरयत् इति। "शाह्, घिसिङ्ग् इत्यादीनां बृहतां नामानां आगमनानन्तरं परिवर्तितः अवतारः आर. एस्. पी. निर्वाचन-परिदृश्यं पुनः आकारं दातुं शक्नोति" इति राजनैतिकविश्लेषकः श्रीकृष्णा अनिरुद्ध गौतमः अवदत्। विलयसमवायां भ्रष्टाचार-विरोधी-याचनाः, जन-Z-आकांक्षाः, शासन-सुधारः च सम्बोधयन् सप्तसूत्रीया प्रतिबद्धतां समाविष्टम् आसीत्, येन आर. एस्. पी. पारम्परिक-स्थापन-दलानां प्रमुख-विकल्परूपेण स्थापितः।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kathmandu Mayor Balendra Shah joins Rastriya Swatantra Party|url=https://www.newsonair.gov.in/kathmandu-mayor-balendra-shah-joins-rastriya-swatantra-party/|publisher=DD News On Air|accessdate=2026-03-06}}</ref> यद्यपि लमिछाने आर्. एस्. पि. इत्यस्य औपचारिकं अध्यक्षपदं धारयति स्म, तथापि शाह् शीघ्रमेव दलस्य प्रबलः सार्वजनिकः मुखः, तस्य निर्वाचनस्य गतिः च प्रमुखः स्रोतः अभवत्। लमिछाने इत्यस्य विपरीतं, यस्य राजनैतिकशैली महत्त्वपूर्णं विवादम् आकर्षयति स्म, शाह् इत्येषः मृदुतरं, अधिकसमावेशीयं च दृष्टिकोणम् अन्ववर्तयत्, येन विभाजनात्मकं भाषणं द्वेषा भाषणं वा विना सम्पूर्णे नेपालदेशात् महतीं समर्थनं प्राप्तम्। तस्य प्रचारसभासु नेपाली-युवानां, महिलानां, माधेशी-समुदायानां, प्रवासी-समर्थकाणां च सामूहिक-सहभागिता अभवत्, येन क्षेत्रीय-जातीय-मार्गान् अतिक्रम्य विस्तृत-राष्ट्रिय-आग्रहः प्रतिबिम्बितः।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Balen Shah: Rapper, mayor, Nepal's next prime minister?|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2026/3/2/balen-shah-rapper-mayor-nepals-next-prime-minister|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=2026-03-02|accessdate=2026-03-06}}</ref> शाह् वर्यः 19 जनवरी 2026 तमे दिने जनक्पुर एकस्मिन् जनसभायां आर्. एस्. पि. पक्षस्य निर्वाचने पदार्पणं कृतवान्, स्वस्य महोत्रीमण्डले जन्म लब्धस्य माधेशस्य पुत्रत्वेन स्वयं उपस्थापितवान्, अपि च दलस्य व्याप्तिम् नगरात् बहिः विस्तारयितुं प्रायतत। सः उच्चप्रवृत्तिं प्राप्तस्य [[झापामण्डलम्|झपा]]<nowiki/>-5 निर्वाचनक्षेत्रे स्पर्धां कर्तुं चितवान्, स्वस्य दुर्गे चतुर्वारं पूर्वप्रधानमन्त्रिणं के. पी. शर्मा ओली-वर्यं साक्षात् च्यालेञ् कृतवान्, या स्पर्धा राष्ट्रिय-अन्ताराष्ट्रिय-अवधानं आकर्षयत्।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Balendra Shah's Party Heading Towards Landslide Victory in Nepal|url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2026/03/06/balendra-shahs-party-heading-towards-landslide-victory-in-nepal/|publisher=Kashmir Observer|date=2026-03-06|accessdate=2026-03-06}}</ref> 5 मार्च् 2026 सामान्यनिर्वाचने, आर. एस्. पी. प्रारम्भिकमतगणनायां प्रबलशक्तिरूपेण उद्भूतम्, प्रत्यक्षतया निर्वाचितेषु 165 स्थानेषु 90 तः अधिकेषु निर्वाचनक्षेत्रेषु अग्रे आसीत्, यस्य परिणामः शाह् इत्यनेन जनैः उत्पद्यमानः उत्साहस्य तरङ्गः इति बहुधा आरोपितः आसीत्। काठमाण्डू-उपत्यका सर्वेषु दशसु निर्वाचनक्षेत्रेषु दलः अग्रे आसीत्, तस्य प्रतिद्वन्द्वी नेपालीकाङ्ग्रेस्, सी. पी. एन्. (यू. एम्. एल्.), सी. पि. एन्. च (माओस्ट् सेण्टर्) बहु पिहिताः आसन्। झपा-5 मध्ये, शाह्-वर्यः ओली-वर्यं 68,348 मतैः पराजयत, ओली-वर्यम् 18,734 मतैः पराजयत्।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Srivastava|first=Nisha|date=2026-03-06|title=Who is Balendra 'Balen' Shah? Contesting Candidate From Jhapa-5 Constituency in Nepal Election 2026 — Net Worth, Wife and Family Details|url=https://sundayguardianlive.com/world/who-is-balendra-balen-shah-contesting-candidate-from-jhapa-5-constituency-in-nepal-election-2026-net-worth-wife-and-family-details-174289/|accessdate=2026-03-12|website=The Sunday Guardian|language=en-US}}</ref> == व्यक्तिगतं जीवनम् == शाह इत्ययं सार्वजनिकस्वास्थ्य व्यवसायिनी सबीना काफ्ले इत्यनया सह परिणीतवान्। सः तिनकुने-नगरस्य गैरीगाउँ-नगरे स्वपत्न्या पुत्र्या च सह निवसति। <ref name=":269228" /> == निर्वाचनस्य इतिहासः == === 2022 काष्ठमण्डप महापौर निर्वाचनम् === बालेन शाह 2020 तमात् वर्षात् अभ्यर्थित्वस्य योजनां विषये विचारं कुर्वन् आसीत्, 2021 डिसेम्बर 17 दिनाङ्के स्वस्य फ़ेसबुक-पृष्ठस्य माध्यमेन स्वतन्त्र-अभ्यर्थिरूपेण महापौरपदस्य स्पर्धां करिष्यति इति अघोषयत्। तस्य अभियानं अपशिष्टप्रबन्धने, मार्ग-यातायातनियन्त्रणे, सार्वजनिकसेवायां प्रदाने, भ्रष्टाचार-निरोधने, नगरस्य सांस्कृतिकपरम्परायाः संरक्षणे च केन्द्रितम् आसीत्।<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|date=26 May 2022|title='Balen' canes parties with the walking stick|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/05/26/balen-canes-parties-with-the-walking-stick|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526151646/https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/05/26/balen-canes-parties-with-the-walking-stick|archivedate=26 May 2022|accessdate=26 May 2022|website=[[The Kathmandu Post]]|language=English}}</ref> शाह 26 मे 2022 दिनाङ्के निर्वाचिता, प्रदत्तानां मतानां प्रायसः 38.6% नित्वा विजयं प्राप्तवान्। सः नेपाली-काङ्ग्रेस-पक्षस्य अभ्यर्थिं सिर्जना-श्रेष्ठ इत्येनं तथा पूर्व-महापौरं तथा च नेकपा (एमाले) पक्षस्य अभ्यर्थीं केशव-स्थपितम् 23,000 मतपरिमाणेन पराजयत।<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=26 May 2022|title='लौरो' बोकेर बालेन बने काठमाण्डू महानगर प्रमुख, को हुन् उनको विजयका सारथि|url=https://www.bbc.com/nepali/news-61566558|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529004207/https://www.bbc.com/nepali/news-61566558|archivedate=29 May 2022|accessdate=26 May 2022|website=BBC News|language=ne}}</ref> शाह-वर्यः 2022 मे 30 दिनाङ्के महापौरत्वेन शपथं स्वीकृतवान्, निर्वाचने निर्वाचिताः नगरपालिका-सभायाः अन्येभ्यः सदस्यान् पदस्य शपथं च प्रदत्तवान्।<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 May 2022|title=KMC Mayor Balen Shah takes oath of office and secrecy|url=https://english.khabarhub.com/2022/30/254867/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530071551/https://english.khabarhub.com/2022/30/254867/|archivedate=30 May 2022|accessdate=30 May 2022|website=Khabarhub|language=en}}</ref>{{Election box begin|title=Mayoral elections result}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=Balendra Shah|votes=61,767|percentage=38.6%|change=''New''}} {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Nepali Congress|candidate=Sirjana Singh|votes=38,341|percentage=24.0%|change=+1.1%}} === 2026-प्रतिनिधिसभा निर्वाचनम् === काष्ठमण्डप-नगरस्य महापौरपदस्य कार्यावधेः अनन्तरं, शाह-वर्यः 2026 जनवरीमासे महापौरपदात् त्यागपत्रं कृत्वा, 2026 तमे वर्षे नेपाल-सामान्यनिर्वाचने राष्ट्रियस्वतन्त्र दल (रास्वपा) स्य प्रधानमन्त्रीपदस्य अभ्यर्थी अभवत्। 2008 तमवर्षस्य निर्वाचनात् अतिरिच्य, 2008 तमवर्षस्य निर्वाचने, केवलं 2023 आमनिर्वाचने, ओली 54,319 मतैः 28,576 मतपरिमाणेन च विजितवान्, सः 2008 तमवर्षात् आरभ्य यत्र अपि निर्वाचने आसीत्, तस्मिन् स्थाने, चतुर्वारं पूर्वप्रधानमन्त्रिणं तथा सि. पि. एन्. (यु. एम्. एल्.) अध्यक्षं के. पि. शर्मा ओली-वर्यं साक्षात् प्रतिदधात्, सः ५ नं झापा-निर्वाचनक्षेत्रे स्पर्धां कर्तुं चितः।<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 March 2026|title=RSP dominates early count; Balen takes strong lead over Oli in Jhapa-5|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/rsp-dominates-early-count.html|accessdate=7 March 2026|website=OnlineKhabar}}</ref> शाह अधिकृतरूपेण 7 मार्च 2026 दिनाङ्के झापा-५ इत्यतः प्रतिनिधि-सभायां निर्वाचितः अभवत्, तस्मिन् एव दिने स्वस्य विजयप्रमाणपत्रं प्राप्तवान्। नेपाल-निर्वाचन-आयोगेन प्रकाशितस्य अन्तिम-परिणामस्य अनुसारं, शाह-वर्यः 68,348 मतान् प्राप्तवान्-नेपालस्य संसदीय-निर्वाचनस्य इतिहासे अद्यपर्यन्तं अभिलेखितं सर्वाधिकं मत-सङ्ग्रहम्, 2017 तमे वर्षे तस्मिन् एव क्षेत्रे ओली-वर्येण स्वयमेव स्थापितं 57,139 मतानां पूर्व-अभिलेखम् अतिक्रमितवान्। ओलीवर्यः 18,734 मतान् प्राप्य, शाह वर्येण 49,614 मतानां विजय-अन्तरं दत्तवान्।<ref name="khabarhub2026" /> == मान्यता == 2023 तमे वर्षे टाइम् पत्रिकायाः शीर्ष-100 सूच्यां सः समाविष्टः, ततः परं शाह-वर्यः अन्तरराष्ट्रिय-अवधानं प्राप्नोत्। स्वतन्त्र-अभ्यर्थीरूपेण तस्य निर्वाचनं नेपालस्य स्थापितानां राजनैतिकदलानां आधिपत्यस्य चुनौतीः इति विमर्शकैः वर्णितम्।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Balen Shah's victory and what it means for Nepal's politics|url=https://kathmandupost.com/politics/2022/05/20/balen-shah-s-victory-and-what-it-means-for-nepal-s-politics|publisher=The Kathmandu Post|date=2022-05-20|accessdate=2024-01-10}}</ref> == अपि पश्यतु। == * राष्ट्रिय-स्वतन्त्र-पक्षः * काठमाण्डू-नगरस्य महापौरः। * 2022 काठ्मण्डू नगरपालिका निर्वाचनम् * नेपालराज्यस्य सामान्यनिर्वाचनम् 2026 == टिप्पण्याः == .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:27em}body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:22.5em}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=upper-alpha]{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=upper-roman]{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-alpha]{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-greek]{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-roman]{list-style-type:lower-roman}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-upper-alpha .references{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-upper-roman .references{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-alpha .references{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-greek .references{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-roman .references{list-style-type:lower-roman} == सन्दर्भः == {{Reflist}}{{S-start}} {{s-par|np-lwr}} |- {{S-bef}} {{S-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Jhapa 5 (constituency)|Jhapa 5]]}} {{s-inc}} |- {{s-off}} |- {{S-bef}} {{S-ttl|title=[[List of Prime Ministers of Nepal|Prime Minister of Nepal]]}} {{s-inc}} |- {{S-bef}} {{S-ttl|title=[[Mayor of Kathmandu]]}} {{S-aft}} {{S-end}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Shah, Balen}} [[वर्गः:जीवतव्यक्तयः]] [[वर्गः:१९९० जननम्]] [[वर्गः:अपरीशीलितानुवादयुतानि पृष्ठानि]] tr000ats10p93hu3386rale152c5k7w