Wikipedia scowiki https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.3 first-letter Media Special Collogue Uiser Uiser collogue Wikipedia Wikipedia collogue File File collogue MediaWiki MediaWiki collogue Template Template collogue Help Help collogue Category Category collogue Portal Portal talk Define Define talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 2840 917283 915036 2026-05-26T19:31:48Z Findinscots 131877 addit some events tha happent in 2004. 917283 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Year nav|2004}} '''2004''' (MMIV) is a [[lowp yeir]] stairtin on [[Fuirsday]] o the [[Gregorian calendar]]. == Events == * Facebook wis lowsed bi Mark Zuckerberg. * The Nintendo DS gemme console wis lowsed. * 10 kintras jynt the European Union: Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonie, Hungary, Latvie, Lithuanie, Maltae, Poland, Slovakie, an Slovenie. * The Simmer Olympic Gemmes war held in Athens. * George W. Bush was made preses o the Unitit States o Americae == See forby == *[[:Category:2004 daiths]] *[[:Category:2004 albums]] *[[:Category:Muisical groups established in 2004]] {{Commonscat}} [[Category:2004]] {{Stub/Time}} feo4fpffqo9mhylatkq11j48dbzqn7n 0 4571 917275 909328 2026-05-26T16:55:45Z ~2026-31430-14 131890 917275 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Australian place | type = city | name = Sydney 2029 | state = nsw | image = Sydney Skyline - panoramio (7).jpg | caption = [[Sydney Harbour]] (landmarks include [[Sydney Tower]], [[Fort Denison]], [[The Domain]], [[Sydney Opera House]] an [[Sydney Harbour Bridge]]) | image_alt = | image2 = Free vector map of Sydney city Australia Level 12.svg | image2_alt = Map o the Sydney metropolitan aurie | caption2 = Map o the Sydney metropolitan aurie | coordinates = {{coord|33|51|54|S|151|12|34|E|display=inline,title}} | force_national_map = yes | pop = 5005400 | pop_year = 2016 | pop_footnotes = <ref name="ABSGCCSA">{{cite web|title=3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2014–15:ESTIMATED RESIDENT POPULATION – Greater Capital City Statistical Areas (GCCSAs)|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mediareleasesbyReleaseDate/28F51C010D29BFC9CA2575A0002126CC?OpenDocument|website=Australian Bureau of Statistics|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|accessdate=30 March 2017|archive-date=2012-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327212358/http://www8.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mediareleasesbyReleaseDate/28F51C010D29BFC9CA2575A0002126CC?OpenDocument|url-status=dead}} Estimated resident population, 30 June 2016.</ref> | poprank = 1st | density = 400 | density_footnotes = (2015)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features202014-15?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3218.0&issue=2014-15&num=&view=|title=3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2014–15: New South Wales: Population Density|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|date=30 March 2016|accessdate=31 March 2016|archive-date=2016-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405011204/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features202014-15?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3218.0&issue=2014-15&num=&view=|url-status=dead}}</ref> | established = [[Australia Day|26 Januar]] 1788 | area = 12367.7 | area_footnotes = (GCCSA)<ref name=ABSGCCSAXLS>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/CensusOutput/copsub.NSF/All%20docs%20by%20catNo/2011~Community%20Profile~1GSYD/$File/BCP_1GSYD.zip?OpenElement|title=Greater Sydney: Basic Community Profile|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|work=2011 Census Community Profiles|date=28 March 2013|format=xls|accessdate=9 April 2014|archive-date=2022-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107230439/https://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/CensusOutput/copsub.NSF/All%20docs%20by%20catNo/2011~Community%20Profile~1GSYD/%24File/BCP_1GSYD.zip?OpenElement|url-status=dead}}</ref> | timezone = [[Australie Eastren Staundart Time|AEST]] | utc = +10 | timezone-dst = [[Australie Eastren Daylicht Time|AEDT]] | utc-dst = +11 | dist1 = 877 | dir1 = NE | location1 = Melbourne | dist2 = 923 | dir2 = S | location2 = Brisbane | dist3 = 287 | dir3 = NE | location3 = Canberra | dist4 = 3936 | dir4 = E | location4 = Perth | dist5 = 1404 | dir5 = E | location5 = Adelaide | lga = [[:en:Sydney#Government|various]] (31) | county = [[:en:Cumberland County, New South Wales|Cumberland]] | division = | stategov = [[:en:Electoral districts of New South Wales|various]] (49) | fedgov = [[:File:Sydney divisions overview 2010.png|various]] (24) | maxtemp = 22.5 | maxtemp_footnotes = <ref name=metdata>{{BoM Aust stats|site_ref=cw_066062_All|site_name=Sydney (Observatory Hill)|accessdate=15 December 2016}}</ref> | mintemp = 14.5 | mintemp_footnotes = <ref name=metdata/> | rainfall = 1222.7 | rainfall_footnotes = <ref name=metdata/> | footnotes = '''Coordinates''':<ref>{{NSW GNR|id=TRlpoerXGH|title=Sydney|accessdate=28 February 2015}}</ref> }} '''Sydney''' is the [[Leet o ceeties in Australie bi population|lairgest an maist populous ceety]] in [[Australie]] an the [[Leet o Australian caipital ceeties|state caipital]] o [[New Sooth Wales]]. Sydney is locatit on Australie's sooth-east coast o the [[Tasman Sea]]. Inhabitants o Sydney are cried Sydneysiders, comprisin a cosmopolitan an internaitional population o fowk frae numerous places aroond the warld. The steid o the first [[Breetish colony]] in Australie, Sydney wis established in 1788 at [[Sydney Cove]] bi [[Arthur Phillip]], commodore o the [[First Fleet]] as a [[penal colony]]. The ceety is biggit on hills surroondin [[Port Jackson]] which is commonly kent as Sydney Harbour, whaur the iconic [[Sydney Opera Hoose]] an the [[Sydney Harbour Bridge|Harbour Bridge]] featur prominently. The hinterland o the metropolitan aurie is surroondit bi [[naitional pairks]], an the coastal regions feature mony bays, rivers, inlets an [[Beaches in Sydney|beaches]] includin the famous [[Bondi Beach]]. Athin the ceety are mony notable pairks, includin [[Hyde Park, Sydney|Hyde Park]] an the [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney|Royal Botanic Gardens]]. ==References== {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} {{Ceeties o Australie}} [[Category:Sydney| ]] [[Category:Ceeties in New Sooth Wales]] [[Category:Host ceeties o the Simmer Olympic Gemmes]] [[Category:Populatit places established in 1788]] [[Category:Port ceeties in Australie]] [[Category:Coastal ceeties in Australie]] [[Category:Australie caipital ceeties]] {{Stub/Antip}} {{Stub/Ceity}} fktxu7d85grsksh83xyyr6cuk9aa1zr 917276 917275 2026-05-26T17:07:32Z CiphriusKane 74958 Revertit edit o ~2026-31430-14, chynged back tae last version bi CiphriusKane 909326 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Australian place | type = city | name = Sydney | state = nsw | image = Sydney Skyline - panoramio (7).jpg | caption = [[Sydney Harbour]] (landmarks include [[Sydney Tower]], [[Fort Denison]], [[The Domain]], [[Sydney Opera House]] an [[Sydney Harbour Bridge]]) | image_alt = | image2 = Free vector map of Sydney city Australia Level 12.svg | image2_alt = Map o the Sydney metropolitan aurie | caption2 = Map o the Sydney metropolitan aurie | coordinates = {{coord|33|51|54|S|151|12|34|E|display=inline,title}} | force_national_map = yes | pop = 5005400 | pop_year = 2016 | pop_footnotes = <ref name="ABSGCCSA">{{cite web|title=3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2014–15:ESTIMATED RESIDENT POPULATION – Greater Capital City Statistical Areas (GCCSAs)|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mediareleasesbyReleaseDate/28F51C010D29BFC9CA2575A0002126CC?OpenDocument|website=Australian Bureau of Statistics|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|accessdate=30 March 2017|archive-date=2012-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327212358/http://www8.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mediareleasesbyReleaseDate/28F51C010D29BFC9CA2575A0002126CC?OpenDocument|url-status=dead}} Estimated resident population, 30 June 2016.</ref> | poprank = 1st | density = 400 | density_footnotes = (2015)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features202014-15?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3218.0&issue=2014-15&num=&view=|title=3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2014–15: New South Wales: Population Density|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|date=30 March 2016|accessdate=31 March 2016|archive-date=2016-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405011204/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features202014-15?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3218.0&issue=2014-15&num=&view=|url-status=dead}}</ref> | established = [[Australia Day|26 Januar]] 1788 | area = 12367.7 | area_footnotes = (GCCSA)<ref name=ABSGCCSAXLS>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/CensusOutput/copsub.NSF/All%20docs%20by%20catNo/2011~Community%20Profile~1GSYD/$File/BCP_1GSYD.zip?OpenElement|title=Greater Sydney: Basic Community Profile|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|work=2011 Census Community Profiles|date=28 March 2013|format=xls|accessdate=9 April 2014|archive-date=2022-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107230439/https://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/CensusOutput/copsub.NSF/All%20docs%20by%20catNo/2011~Community%20Profile~1GSYD/%24File/BCP_1GSYD.zip?OpenElement|url-status=dead}}</ref> | timezone = [[Australie Eastren Staundart Time|AEST]] | utc = +10 | timezone-dst = [[Australie Eastren Daylicht Time|AEDT]] | utc-dst = +11 | dist1 = 877 | dir1 = NE | location1 = Melbourne | dist2 = 923 | dir2 = S | location2 = Brisbane | dist3 = 287 | dir3 = NE | location3 = Canberra | dist4 = 3936 | dir4 = E | location4 = Perth | dist5 = 1404 | dir5 = E | location5 = Adelaide | lga = [[:en:Sydney#Government|various]] (31) | county = [[:en:Cumberland County, New South Wales|Cumberland]] | division = | stategov = [[:en:Electoral districts of New South Wales|various]] (49) | fedgov = [[:File:Sydney divisions overview 2010.png|various]] (24) | maxtemp = 22.5 | maxtemp_footnotes = <ref name=metdata>{{BoM Aust stats|site_ref=cw_066062_All|site_name=Sydney (Observatory Hill)|accessdate=15 December 2016}}</ref> | mintemp = 14.5 | mintemp_footnotes = <ref name=metdata/> | rainfall = 1222.7 | rainfall_footnotes = <ref name=metdata/> | footnotes = '''Coordinates''':<ref>{{NSW GNR|id=TRlpoerXGH|title=Sydney|accessdate=28 February 2015}}</ref> }} '''Sydney''' is the [[Leet o ceeties in Australie bi population|lairgest an maist populous ceety]] in [[Australie]] an the [[Leet o Australian caipital ceeties|state caipital]] o [[New Sooth Wales]]. Sydney is locatit on Australie's sooth-east coast o the [[Tasman Sea]]. Inhabitants o Sydney are cried Sydneysiders, comprisin a cosmopolitan an internaitional population o fowk frae numerous places aroond the warld. The steid o the first [[Breetish colony]] in Australie, Sydney wis established in 1788 at [[Sydney Cove]] bi [[Arthur Phillip]], commodore o the [[First Fleet]] as a [[penal colony]]. The ceety is biggit on hills surroondin [[Port Jackson]] which is commonly kent as Sydney Harbour, whaur the iconic [[Sydney Opera Hoose]] an the [[Sydney Harbour Bridge|Harbour Bridge]] featur prominently. The hinterland o the metropolitan aurie is surroondit bi [[naitional pairks]], an the coastal regions feature mony bays, rivers, inlets an [[Beaches in Sydney|beaches]] includin the famous [[Bondi Beach]]. Athin the ceety are mony notable pairks, includin [[Hyde Park, Sydney|Hyde Park]] an the [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney|Royal Botanic Gardens]]. ==References== {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} {{Ceeties o Australie}} [[Category:Sydney| ]] [[Category:Ceeties in New Sooth Wales]] [[Category:Host ceeties o the Simmer Olympic Gemmes]] [[Category:Populatit places established in 1788]] [[Category:Port ceeties in Australie]] [[Category:Coastal ceeties in Australie]] [[Category:Australie caipital ceeties]] {{Stub/Antip}} {{Stub/Ceity}} cbbic4hhr21bgv72m2zxletd2xs6nr8 917277 917276 2026-05-26T17:09:29Z CiphriusKane 74958 917277 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Australian place | type = city | name = Sydney | state = nsw | image = Sydney Skyline - panoramio (7).jpg | caption = [[Sydney Harbour]] (landmarks include [[Sydney Tower]], [[Fort Denison]], [[The Domain]], [[Sydney Opera House]] an [[Sydney Harbour Bridge]]) | image_alt = | image2 = Free vector map of Sydney city Australia Level 12.svg | image2_alt = Map o the Sydney metropolitan aurie | caption2 = Map o the Sydney metropolitan aurie | coordinates = {{coord|33|51|54|S|151|12|34|E|display=inline,title}} | force_national_map = yes | pop = 5005400 | pop_year = 2016 | pop_footnotes = <ref name="ABSGCCSA">{{cite web|title=3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2014–15:ESTIMATED RESIDENT POPULATION – Greater Capital City Statistical Areas (GCCSAs)|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mediareleasesbyReleaseDate/28F51C010D29BFC9CA2575A0002126CC?OpenDocument|website=Australian Bureau of Statistics|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|accessdate=30 March 2017|archive-date=2012-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327212358/http://www8.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mediareleasesbyReleaseDate/28F51C010D29BFC9CA2575A0002126CC?OpenDocument|url-status=dead}} Estimated resident population, 30 June 2016.</ref> | poprank = 1st | density = 400 | density_footnotes = (2015)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features202014-15?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3218.0&issue=2014-15&num=&view=|title=3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2014–15: New South Wales: Population Density|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|date=30 March 2016|accessdate=31 March 2016|archive-date=2016-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405011204/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features202014-15?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3218.0&issue=2014-15&num=&view=|url-status=dead}}</ref> | established = [[Australia Day|26 Januar]] 1788 | area = 12367.7 | area_footnotes = (GCCSA)<ref name=ABSGCCSAXLS>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/CensusOutput/copsub.NSF/All%20docs%20by%20catNo/2011~Community%20Profile~1GSYD/$File/BCP_1GSYD.zip?OpenElement|title=Greater Sydney: Basic Community Profile|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|work=2011 Census Community Profiles|date=28 March 2013|format=xls|accessdate=9 April 2014|archive-date=2022-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107230439/https://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/CensusOutput/copsub.NSF/All%20docs%20by%20catNo/2011~Community%20Profile~1GSYD/%24File/BCP_1GSYD.zip?OpenElement|url-status=dead}}</ref> | timezone = [[Australie Eastren Staundart Time|AEST]] | utc = +10 | timezone-dst = [[Australie Eastren Daylicht Time|AEDT]] | utc-dst = +11 | dist1 = 877 | dir1 = NE | location1 = Melbourne | dist2 = 923 | dir2 = S | location2 = Brisbane | dist3 = 287 | dir3 = NE | location3 = Canberra | dist4 = 3936 | dir4 = E | location4 = Perth | dist5 = 1404 | dir5 = E | location5 = Adelaide | lga = [[:en:Sydney#Government|various]] (31) | county = [[:en:Cumberland County, New South Wales|Cumberland]] | division = | stategov = [[:en:Electoral districts of New South Wales|various]] (49) | fedgov = [[:File:Sydney divisions overview 2010.png|various]] (24) | maxtemp = 22.5 | maxtemp_footnotes = <ref name=metdata>{{BoM Aust stats|site_ref=cw_066062_All|site_name=Sydney (Observatory Hill)|accessdate=15 December 2016}}</ref> | mintemp = 14.5 | mintemp_footnotes = <ref name=metdata/> | rainfall = 1222.7 | rainfall_footnotes = <ref name=metdata/> | footnotes = '''Coordinates''':<ref>{{NSW GNR|id=TRlpoerXGH|title=Sydney|accessdate=28 February 2015}}</ref> }} '''Sydney''' is the state capital o [[New Sooth Wales]] an the mucklemaist an maist populous city in [[Austrailie]]. Sydney is locatit on Austrailie's sooth-east coast o the [[Tasman Sea]]. Inhabitants o Sydney are cried Sydneysiders, comprisin a cosmopolitan an internaitional population o fowk frae numerous places aroond the warld. The steid o the first [[Breetish colony]] in Australie, Sydney wis established in 1788 at [[Sydney Cove]] bi [[Arthur Phillip]], commodore o the [[First Fleet]] as a [[penal colony]]. The city is biggit on hills surroondin [[Port Jackson]] that is aft kent as Sydney Harbour, whaur the iconic [[Sydney Opera Hoose]] an the [[Sydney Harbour Bridge|Harbour Bridge]] featur prominently. The hinterland o the metropolitan area is surroondit bi [[naitional pairks]], an the coastal regions feature mony bays, rivers, inlets an [[Beaches in Sydney|beaches]] includin the kenspecklt [[Bondi Beach]]. Athin the city are mony notable pairks, includin [[Hyde Park, Sydney|Hyde Park]] an the [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney|Royal Botanic Gardens]]. ==References== {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} {{Ceeties o Australie}} [[Category:Sydney| ]] [[Category:Ceeties in New Sooth Wales]] [[Category:Host ceeties o the Simmer Olympic Gemmes]] [[Category:Populatit places established in 1788]] [[Category:Port ceeties in Australie]] [[Category:Coastal ceeties in Australie]] [[Category:Australie caipital ceeties]] {{Stub/Antip}} {{Stub/Ceity}} bem7a9q22k1mune99yr0792istjiaos 917278 917277 2026-05-26T17:49:52Z ~2026-31514-51 131893 917278 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Australian place | type = city | name = Sydney 2029 | state = nsw | image = Sydney Skyline - panoramio (7).jpg | caption = [[Sydney Harbour]] (landmarks include [[Sydney Tower]], [[Fort Denison]], [[The Domain]], [[Sydney Opera House]] an [[Sydney Harbour Bridge]]) | image_alt = | image2 = Free vector map of Sydney city Australia Level 12.svg | image2_alt = Map o the Sydney metropolitan aurie | caption2 = Map o the Sydney metropolitan aurie | coordinates = {{coord|33|51|54|S|151|12|34|E|display=inline,title}} | force_national_map = yes | pop = 5005400 | pop_year = 2016 | pop_footnotes = <ref name="ABSGCCSA">{{cite web|title=3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2014–15:ESTIMATED RESIDENT POPULATION – Greater Capital City Statistical Areas (GCCSAs)|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mediareleasesbyReleaseDate/28F51C010D29BFC9CA2575A0002126CC?OpenDocument|website=Australian Bureau of Statistics|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|accessdate=30 March 2017|archive-date=2012-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327212358/http://www8.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mediareleasesbyReleaseDate/28F51C010D29BFC9CA2575A0002126CC?OpenDocument|url-status=dead}} Estimated resident population, 30 June 2016.</ref> | poprank = 1st | density = 400 | density_footnotes = (2015)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features202014-15?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3218.0&issue=2014-15&num=&view=|title=3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2014–15: New South Wales: Population Density|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|date=30 March 2016|accessdate=31 March 2016|archive-date=2016-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405011204/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features202014-15?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3218.0&issue=2014-15&num=&view=|url-status=dead}}</ref> | established = [[Australia Day|26 Januar]] 1788 | area = 12367.7 | area_footnotes = (GCCSA)<ref name=ABSGCCSAXLS>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/CensusOutput/copsub.NSF/All%20docs%20by%20catNo/2011~Community%20Profile~1GSYD/$File/BCP_1GSYD.zip?OpenElement|title=Greater Sydney: Basic Community Profile|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|work=2011 Census Community Profiles|date=28 March 2013|format=xls|accessdate=9 April 2014|archive-date=2022-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107230439/https://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/CensusOutput/copsub.NSF/All%20docs%20by%20catNo/2011~Community%20Profile~1GSYD/%24File/BCP_1GSYD.zip?OpenElement|url-status=dead}}</ref> | timezone = [[Australie Eastren Staundart Time|AEST]] | utc = +10 | timezone-dst = [[Australie Eastren Daylicht Time|AEDT]] | utc-dst = +11 | dist1 = 877 | dir1 = NE | location1 = Melbourne | dist2 = 923 | dir2 = S | location2 = Brisbane | dist3 = 287 | dir3 = NE | location3 = Canberra | dist4 = 3936 | dir4 = E | location4 = Perth | dist5 = 1404 | dir5 = E | location5 = Adelaide | lga = [[:en:Sydney#Government|various]] (31) | county = [[:en:Cumberland County, New South Wales|Cumberland]] | division = | stategov = [[:en:Electoral districts of New South Wales|various]] (49) | fedgov = [[:File:Sydney divisions overview 2010.png|various]] (24) | maxtemp = 22.5 | maxtemp_footnotes = <ref name=metdata>{{BoM Aust stats|site_ref=cw_066062_All|site_name=Sydney (Observatory Hill)|accessdate=15 December 2016}}</ref> | mintemp = 14.5 | mintemp_footnotes = <ref name=metdata/> | rainfall = 1222.7 | rainfall_footnotes = <ref name=metdata/> | footnotes = '''Coordinates''':<ref>{{NSW GNR|id=TRlpoerXGH|title=Sydney|accessdate=28 February 2015}}</ref> }} '''Sydney''' is the state capital o [[New Sooth Wales]] an the mucklemaist an maist populous city in [[Austrailie]]. Sydney is locatit on Austrailie's sooth-east coast o the [[Tasman Sea]]. Inhabitants o Sydney are cried Sydneysiders, comprisin a cosmopolitan an internaitional population o fowk frae numerous places aroond the warld. The steid o the first [[Breetish colony]] in Australie, Sydney wis established in 1788 at [[Sydney Cove]] bi [[Arthur Phillip]], commodore o the [[First Fleet]] as a [[penal colony]]. The city is biggit on hills surroondin [[Port Jackson]] that is aft kent as Sydney Harbour, whaur the iconic [[Sydney Opera Hoose]] an the [[Sydney Harbour Bridge|Harbour Bridge]] featur prominently. The hinterland o the metropolitan area is surroondit bi [[naitional pairks]], an the coastal regions feature mony bays, rivers, inlets an [[Beaches in Sydney|beaches]] includin the kenspecklt [[Bondi Beach]]. Athin the city are mony notable pairks, includin [[Hyde Park, Sydney|Hyde Park]] an the [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney|Royal Botanic Gardens]]. ==References== {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} {{Ceeties o Australie}} [[Category:Sydney| ]] [[Category:Ceeties in New Sooth Wales]] [[Category:Host ceeties o the Simmer Olympic Gemmes]] [[Category:Populatit places established in 1788]] [[Category:Port ceeties in Australie]] [[Category:Coastal ceeties in Australie]] [[Category:Australie caipital ceeties]] {{Stub/Antip}} {{Stub/Ceity}} hnqd8nqqkvjmvjvo3jnlbviot3bkpfc 917279 917278 2026-05-26T18:36:46Z CiphriusKane 74958 Revertit edit o ~2026-31514-51, chynged back tae last version bi CiphriusKane 917277 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Australian place | type = city | name = Sydney | state = nsw | image = Sydney Skyline - panoramio (7).jpg | caption = [[Sydney Harbour]] (landmarks include [[Sydney Tower]], [[Fort Denison]], [[The Domain]], [[Sydney Opera House]] an [[Sydney Harbour Bridge]]) | image_alt = | image2 = Free vector map of Sydney city Australia Level 12.svg | image2_alt = Map o the Sydney metropolitan aurie | caption2 = Map o the Sydney metropolitan aurie | coordinates = {{coord|33|51|54|S|151|12|34|E|display=inline,title}} | force_national_map = yes | pop = 5005400 | pop_year = 2016 | pop_footnotes = <ref name="ABSGCCSA">{{cite web|title=3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2014–15:ESTIMATED RESIDENT POPULATION – Greater Capital City Statistical Areas (GCCSAs)|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mediareleasesbyReleaseDate/28F51C010D29BFC9CA2575A0002126CC?OpenDocument|website=Australian Bureau of Statistics|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|accessdate=30 March 2017|archive-date=2012-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327212358/http://www8.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mediareleasesbyReleaseDate/28F51C010D29BFC9CA2575A0002126CC?OpenDocument|url-status=dead}} Estimated resident population, 30 June 2016.</ref> | poprank = 1st | density = 400 | density_footnotes = (2015)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features202014-15?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3218.0&issue=2014-15&num=&view=|title=3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2014–15: New South Wales: Population Density|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|date=30 March 2016|accessdate=31 March 2016|archive-date=2016-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405011204/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features202014-15?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3218.0&issue=2014-15&num=&view=|url-status=dead}}</ref> | established = [[Australia Day|26 Januar]] 1788 | area = 12367.7 | area_footnotes = (GCCSA)<ref name=ABSGCCSAXLS>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/CensusOutput/copsub.NSF/All%20docs%20by%20catNo/2011~Community%20Profile~1GSYD/$File/BCP_1GSYD.zip?OpenElement|title=Greater Sydney: Basic Community Profile|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|work=2011 Census Community Profiles|date=28 March 2013|format=xls|accessdate=9 April 2014|archive-date=2022-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107230439/https://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/CensusOutput/copsub.NSF/All%20docs%20by%20catNo/2011~Community%20Profile~1GSYD/%24File/BCP_1GSYD.zip?OpenElement|url-status=dead}}</ref> | timezone = [[Australie Eastren Staundart Time|AEST]] | utc = +10 | timezone-dst = [[Australie Eastren Daylicht Time|AEDT]] | utc-dst = +11 | dist1 = 877 | dir1 = NE | location1 = Melbourne | dist2 = 923 | dir2 = S | location2 = Brisbane | dist3 = 287 | dir3 = NE | location3 = Canberra | dist4 = 3936 | dir4 = E | location4 = Perth | dist5 = 1404 | dir5 = E | location5 = Adelaide | lga = [[:en:Sydney#Government|various]] (31) | county = [[:en:Cumberland County, New South Wales|Cumberland]] | division = | stategov = [[:en:Electoral districts of New South Wales|various]] (49) | fedgov = [[:File:Sydney divisions overview 2010.png|various]] (24) | maxtemp = 22.5 | maxtemp_footnotes = <ref name=metdata>{{BoM Aust stats|site_ref=cw_066062_All|site_name=Sydney (Observatory Hill)|accessdate=15 December 2016}}</ref> | mintemp = 14.5 | mintemp_footnotes = <ref name=metdata/> | rainfall = 1222.7 | rainfall_footnotes = <ref name=metdata/> | footnotes = '''Coordinates''':<ref>{{NSW GNR|id=TRlpoerXGH|title=Sydney|accessdate=28 February 2015}}</ref> }} '''Sydney''' is the state capital o [[New Sooth Wales]] an the mucklemaist an maist populous city in [[Austrailie]]. Sydney is locatit on Austrailie's sooth-east coast o the [[Tasman Sea]]. Inhabitants o Sydney are cried Sydneysiders, comprisin a cosmopolitan an internaitional population o fowk frae numerous places aroond the warld. The steid o the first [[Breetish colony]] in Australie, Sydney wis established in 1788 at [[Sydney Cove]] bi [[Arthur Phillip]], commodore o the [[First Fleet]] as a [[penal colony]]. The city is biggit on hills surroondin [[Port Jackson]] that is aft kent as Sydney Harbour, whaur the iconic [[Sydney Opera Hoose]] an the [[Sydney Harbour Bridge|Harbour Bridge]] featur prominently. The hinterland o the metropolitan area is surroondit bi [[naitional pairks]], an the coastal regions feature mony bays, rivers, inlets an [[Beaches in Sydney|beaches]] includin the kenspecklt [[Bondi Beach]]. Athin the city are mony notable pairks, includin [[Hyde Park, Sydney|Hyde Park]] an the [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney|Royal Botanic Gardens]]. ==References== {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} {{Ceeties o Australie}} [[Category:Sydney| ]] [[Category:Ceeties in New Sooth Wales]] [[Category:Host ceeties o the Simmer Olympic Gemmes]] [[Category:Populatit places established in 1788]] [[Category:Port ceeties in Australie]] [[Category:Coastal ceeties in Australie]] [[Category:Australie caipital ceeties]] {{Stub/Antip}} {{Stub/Ceity}} bem7a9q22k1mune99yr0792istjiaos 0 5721 917294 914159 2026-05-26T22:15:00Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 917294 wikitext text/x-wiki <div align="right">{{Infobox OS|name=OpenBSD|source model=Open soorce|ui=Modified pdksh, X11 (FVWM)|userland=[[BSD]]|kernel type=Monolithic|supported platforms=<nowiki>Alpha, x86-64, ARMv7, ARMv8 (64-bit), PA-RISC, IA-32, LANDISK]], Omron LUNA-88K, Loongson, MIPS64, PowerPC, SPARC64</nowiki><ref>[https://www.openbsd.org/plat.html "OpenBSD Supported Platforms"]. OpenBSD Foundation. Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref>|package manager=OpenBSD package tools<ref>[https://www.openbsd.org/faq/faq15.html#PkgMgmt "Package Management"]. OpenBSD Frequently Asked Questions. Gotten 21 September 2020.</ref>|programmed in=C, assembly, Perl, Unix shell|released={{Start date and age|df=yes|1996|10|01}}|working state=Current|logo=OpenBSD Logo - Cartoon Puffy with textual logo below.svg|family=Unix-like|developer=The OpenBSD Project|collapsible=|caption=OpenBSD 6.1 defaut desktap wi a curn utilities: top, xterm, xclock, xcalc, glxgears|screenshot=Openbsd61 desktop.png|logo alt=Puffy, the pufferfish mascot o OpenBSD posin in the offiecial logo.|logo size=200px|logo caption=''Free, Functional, and Secure''|license=BSD, ISC, ither permissive licenses<ref name=":10">[http://www.openbsd.org/policy.html "Copyright Policy"]. ''OpenBSD''. Gotten 20 September 2020.</ref>}}</div> '''OpenBSD''' is a free [[Operatin seestem|operatin system]], that pits its emphasis on securitie. The [[Open soorce|source code is open]]. It's nae muckle different fae UNIX o the [[Berkeley Software Distribution|BSD]] varietie (Berkeley Software Distribution). It wis Theo de Raadt that stairtit OpenBSD in 1995, wi a forkin o the code fae NetBSD. De Raadt's threap is that OpenBSD is an operatin system meant for research an for giein computers better securitie.<ref name=":0">[https://www.openbsd.org/papers/hackfest2015-pledge/mgp00002.html "Pledge() - A New Mitigation Mechanism"]. Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref> The OpenBSD project keeps, an uphauds, portable versions o a wheen o its ain subsystems as packages that ither operatin systems can tak an uise. Wi the emphasis it pits on haein guid-quality code, a lot o OpenBSD's components is uised ower agane in ither saftware projects. [[Android (operatin seestem)|Android]] uises a lot fae OpenBSD's staundart C library.<ref>[http://undeadly.org/cgi?action=article&sid=20140506132000 "Android's C Library Has 173 Files of Unchanged OpenBSD Code"]. Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref> LLVM uises OpenBSD's regular expression library,<ref>[http://releases.llvm.org/7.0.0/LICENSE.TXT "LLVM Release License"]. Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref> an Windows 10 uises OpenSSH (kent forby as OpenBSD Secure Shell) wi LibreSSL.<ref>[https://twitter.com/nocentino/status/996843655112613888 "OpenSSH for Windows"]. Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref> The wird "open" in the name OpenBSD means that its source code can be gotten fae the [[Internet]], tho the wird "open" in the name OpenSSH means "OpenBSD". Forby, "open" means that OpenBSD can rin on a heest o different types o [[computer]].<ref>Grimes, Roger A. (29 December 2006). [http://www.infoworld.com/article/2659465/security/new-year-s-resolution-no--1--get-openbsd.html "New year's resolution No. 1: Get OpenBSD"]. ''[[InfoWorld]]''.</ref> == History == [[File:Bsd_distributions_usage.svg|thumb|Baur chart shawin the proportion o uisers o ilka kynd o [[Berkeley Software Distribution|BSD]] frae a 2005 BSD survey o uiss.<ref name=":1">[http://www.bsdcertification.org/downloads/pr-20051031-usage-survey-en-en.pdf BSD Usage Survey] (PDF) (Report). The BSD Certification Group. 31 October 2005. p. 9. Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref>{{Refn|Mair nor the ae walin wis alloued sin a uiser micht uise mair nor the ae BSD variant at the ae time.|group=n|name=survey_nuance}} Ilka partiecipant wis alloued tae chyse mair nor ane o the BSD kynds]] In December 1994, Theo de Raadt wis gart resign fae the NetBSD core team. His access tae the program code wis taen awa fae him. Ither team members claimed it was aw aboot fowk on the mailin lists fawin oot wi ane anither.<ref>Glass, Adam (23 December 1994). [http://mail-index.netbsd.org/netbsd-users/1994/12/23/0000.html "Theo De Raadt"]. ''netbsd-users'' (Mailin list).</ref> In October 1995, De Raadt foondit OpenBSD, a new project fork't fae NetBSD 1.0. The first release, OpenBSD 1.2, wis in July 1996, follaed by OpenBSD 2.0 in the October o thon same year.<ref>De Raadt, Theo (18 October 1996). [http://wolfram.schneider.org/bsd/ftp/releases/OpenBSD-2.0 "The OpenBSD 2.0 release"]. ''openbsd-announce'' (Mailin list).</ref> Sinsyne, the project his pitten oot a release ilka six months. Thay support ilkane o thaim for ae year. On 25 July 2007, OpenBSD developer Bob Beck annunce't the foondin o the OpenBSD Foundation in Canada. This wis a nae-profits organisation wi the ettle o bein "a single pynt o contact for fowk an organisations, needin a legal entitie that thay cud deal wi whan thay wir wantin tae support OpenBSD".<ref>[http://undeadly.org/cgi?action=article&sid=20070726015128 "Announcing – The OpenBSD Foundation"]. [[OpenBSD Journal|''OpenBSD Journal'']]. 26 Julie 2007.</ref> It's haurd tae ken jist hou widely OpenBSD gets uised, seein as the developers disna gaither or publish statistics aboot this. In September 2005, the BSD Certification Group surveyed BSD uisers. Thay fand that 33% o thaim uised OpenBSD,<ref name=":1" /> ahint FreeBSD wi its 77% an aheid o NetBSD wi jist 16%.{{Refn|Mair nor the ae walin wis alloued sin a uiser micht uise mair nor the ae BSD variant at the ae time.|group=n|name=survey_nuance}} == Uisses == [[File:OpenBSD_5.3_Startup.png|thumb|OpenBSD stairtup in console mode]] [[File:OpenBSD_5.3_Welcome.png|thumb|OpenBSD console login and walcome message]] === Netwark appliances === Ae thing that OpenBSD staunds oot for is its strang, sturdy netwarkin stack. It can be uised as a router<ref>[https://www.openbsd.org/faq/pf/example1.html "OpenBSD PF - Building a Router"]. Gotten 18 September 2020.</ref> or a wireless access pynt.<ref>[https://ctors.net/2013/12/30/openbsd_wireless_access_point "Building an OpenBSD wireless access point"]. Gotten 18 September 2020.</ref> OpenBSD's better securitie, its ain inbiggit cryptographie, an its packet filter maks it a guid chyce for firewaws,<ref name=":2">McIntire, Tim (8 August 2006). [http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/aix/library/au-openbsd.html "Take a closer look at OpenBSD"]. ''[[Developerworks]]''. [[IBM]]. Gotten 18 September 2020.</ref> intrusion detection, VPN gateweys, an ither purposes whaur securitie is important. A wheen o proprietarie systems is biggit on OpenBSD, amang thaim anes fae Armorlogic (Profense web application firewaw),<ref>[http://www.armorlogic.com/ Armorlogic ApS's hamepage].</ref> Calyptix Security,<ref>[http://www.calyptix.com/products/models/ae800/ "AccessEnforcer Model AE800"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202054857/https://www.calyptix.com/products/models/ae800/ |date=2020-12-02 }}. ''Calyptix Security''. Gotten 18 September 2020.</ref> GeNUA<ref>[https://www.genua.de/en/products/high-resistance-firewall-genugate.html "High Resistance Firewall genugate"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919032649/https://www.genua.de/en/products/high-resistance-firewall-genugate.html |date=2020-09-19 }}. ''GeNUA''. Gotten 18 September 2020.</ref> and .vantronix.<ref>[http://www.vantronix.com/ .vantronix GmbH's hamepage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101215138/http://www.vantronix.com/ |date=2012-01-01 }}. Gotten 18 September 2020.</ref> === Foreign operatin systems === A curn versions o Microsoft's Services for UNIX, a biggin oot o the Windows operatin system tae gie functionalitie sib tae UNIX, uises a lot o OpenBSD code that comes wi the Interix interoperability suite develop't by Softway Systems Inc,<ref>Dohnert, Roberto J. (21 Januar 2004), [https://web.archive.org/web/20080211164430/http://www.osnews.com/story/5751 "Review of Windows Services for UNIX 3.5"], OSNews, David Adams, archived frae [http://www.osnews.com/story/5751 the orieginal ane] on the 11 Februar 2008</ref><ref>Reiter, Brian (26 Januar 2010). [https://brianreiter.org/2010/01/26/wontfix-select2-in-sua-5-2-ignores-timeout/ "WONTFIX: select(2) in SUA 5.2 ignores timeout"]. brianreiter.org.</ref> that Microsoft bocht in 1999.<ref>[http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/news/press/1999/sept99/softwaypr.aspx "Microsoft Acquires Softway Systems To Strengthen Future Customer Interoperability Solutions"], ''Microsoft News Center'', [[Microsoft]], 17 September 1999</ref><ref>[https://www.milltech.com/about "Milltech Consulting Inc"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918125111/https://www.milltech.com/about |date=2020-09-18 }} 2019.</ref> Core Force, a securitie product for Windows, is foondit on OpenBSD's firewaw.<ref>[http://corelabs.coresecurity.com/index.php?module=Wiki&action=view&type=project&name=Core_Force "Core Force"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128042152/http://corelabs.coresecurity.com/index.php?module=Wiki&action=view&type=project&name=Core_Force |date=2011-11-28 }}, ''Core Labs'', gotten 18 September 2020, "CORE FORCE provides inbound and outbound stateful packet filtering for TCP/IP protocols using a Windows port of OpenBSD's PF firewall, granular file system and registry access control and programs' integrity validation."</ref> === Personal computers === OpenBSD comes ready wi Xenocara,<ref>[https://xenocara.org/ "About Xenocara"]. ''Xenocara''. Gotten 18 September 2020.</ref> a implementation o the X Window System. It can be uised as a desktap operatin system for personal computers, laptaps an aw.<ref>Tzanidakis, Manolis (21 Apryle 2006). [https://web.archive.org/web/20120505103419/http://archive09.linux.com/articles/52930 "Using OpenBSD on the desktop"]. ''[[Linux.com]]''. Archived frae [http://archive09.linux.com/articles/52930 the orieginal ane] on the 5 Mey 2012. Gotten 18 September 2020.</ref><ref name=":3">Lucas, Michael W. (Apryle 2013). [https://www.nostarch.com/obenbsd2e ''Absolute OpenBSD: Unix for the Practical Paranoid''] (2nt ed.). San Francisco, California: [[No Starch Press]]. [[International Standard Book Number|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-1-59327-476-4|978-1-59327-476-4]].</ref> As o September 2018, OpenBSD hauds aboot 8000 packages in its saftware repositorie,<ref>[http://openports.se/statistics.php "OpenPorts.se Statistics"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928185241/https://openports.se/statistics.php |date=2020-09-28 }}. ''OpenPorts.se''. Gotten 18 September 2020.</ref> amang thaim environments the like o GNOME, Plasma 4, an Xfce, an wab browsers the likes o [[Firefox]] and Chromium.<ref name=":4">[https://www.openbsd.org/59.html "OpenBSD 6.0"]. ''OpenBSD''. Gotten 18 September 2020.</ref> === Servers === OpenBSD his a full server suite. It can be setten up tae be a mail server, wab server, FTP server, DNS server, router, firewa, NFS file server, or onie o thae things thegither. == Securitie == Nae lang efter the wark stairtit on OpenBSD, De Raadt heard fae a local security saftware company named Secure Networks (ane that McAfee bocht later).<ref>The Age. ''[http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/10/07/1097089476287.html "Staying on the cutting edge"],'' October 8 2004. ''[[The Age]]''. Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref><ref>Laird, Cameron; Staplin, George Peter (17 Julie 2003). [http://www.onlamp.com/pub/a/bsd/2003/07/17/openbsd_core_team.html "The Essence of OpenBSD"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171022004013/http://www.onlamp.com/pub/a/bsd/2003/07/17/openbsd_core_team.html|date=2017-10-22}}. ''[[ONLamp]]''. Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref> Thay wir wirkin on a netwark security audit tool cried Ballista,{{refn|Later renamed tae Cybercop Scanner efter SNI wis bocht by [[McAfee|Network Associates]].|name=ballista|group=n}} that its aim wis tae find, an tak a len o, flaws in saftware security. This fittit weel wi De Raadt's interest in securitie, sae the twa o thaim wirkit thegither, leadin tae the launch o OpenBSD 2.3.<ref>De Raadt, Theo (19 December 2005). [http://wolfram.schneider.org/bsd/ftp/releases/OpenBSD-2.3 "2.3 release annuncement"]. ''openbsd-misc'' (Mailin list). "Without [SNI's] support at the right time, this release probably would not have happened."</ref> This jynt wark helpit tae bring securitie tae the fore as the focus o the OpenBSD project.<ref>Wayner, Peter (13 Julie 2000). "18.3 Flames, Fights, and the Birth of OpenBSD". [https://web.archive.org/web/20120122011859/http://www.jus.uio.no/sisu/free_for_all.peter_wayner/index.html ''Free For All: How Linux and the Free Software Movement Undercut the High Tech Titans''] (1st ed.). [[HarperBusiness]]. [[International Standard Book Number|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-06-662050-3|978-0-06-662050-3]]. Archived frae [http://www.jus.uio.no/sisu/free_for_all.peter_wayner/index.html the orieginal ane] on the 22 Januar 2012. Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref> OpenBSD his a wheen o features that thair aim is better security, the likes o: * Secure functions insteid o POSIX functions in the C standart librarie, the likes o <code>strlcat</code> for <code>strcat</code>, an <code>strlcpy</code> for <code>strcpy</code><ref>Miller, Todd C.; De Raadt, Theo (6 June 1999). [https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/usenix99/millert.html ''strlcpy and strlcat - Consistent, Safe, String Copy and Concatenation'']. [[USENIX]] Annual Technical Conference. Monterey, California. Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref> * Cheenges tae Toolchain, amang thaim a static boonds checker<ref>[http://man.openbsd.org/OpenBSD-6.0/man1/gcc-local.1 "gcc-local – local modifications to gcc"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104001945/http://man.openbsd.org/OpenBSD-6.0/man1/gcc-local.1 |date=2016-11-04 }}. ''OpenBSD manual pages''. Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref> * Weys o memory protection, tae gaird against forbidden access, the likes o ProPolice an W^X page protection * Strang cryptographie an randomisation<ref>De Raadt, Theo; Hallqvist, Niklas; Grabowski, Artur; Keromytis, Angelos D.; Provos, Niels (6 June 1999). [https://www.usenix.org/legacy/publications/library/proceedings/usenix99/deraadt.html ''Cryptography in OpenBSD: An Overview'']. [[USENIX]] Annual Technical Conference. Monterey, California. Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref> * Liemits on system caws an on uise o the file system, tae liemit whit a process can dui wi thaim<ref name=":0" /> Tae lower the risk o a waikness, or wrang settin up, or allouin a process tae hae privilege it shudna hae, a lot o programs his been written or cheenged tae mak uise o privilege separation, privilege revocation an chrooting. Privilege separation is a wey o wirkin, first tried on OpenBSD and inspire't by the principle o "lowest privilege", whaur a program is splitten intae twa or mair pairts: ane o thaim dis the privileged operations an the ither ane, awmaist aye the feck o the code, rins wi nae privilege.<ref>Provos, Niels (9 August 2003). [https://web.archive.org/web/20120102075206/http://www.citi.umich.edu/u/provos/ssh/privsep.html "Privilege Separated OpenSSH"]. Archived frae [http://www.citi.umich.edu/u/provos/ssh/privsep.html the orieginal ane] on the 2 Januar 2012. Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref> Privilege revocation is gey near the same, an gars a program dui ony operations it needs til wi the privileges it stairts wi, an syne draps thaim. Chrooting means haudin an application tae ae pairt o the file system, baurin it fae areas that micht haud private or system files. Developers sinsyne his applied thon principles tae OpenBSD maks o a wheen common applications, the likes o tcpdump, file, tmux, smtpd, and syslogd.<ref>[https://www.openbsd.org/innovations.html "Innovations"]. ''OpenBSD''. Gotten 19 September 2020. "Privilege separation: [...] The concept is now used in many OpenBSD programs, for example [...] etc."</ref> OpenBSD developers played a big pairt in the makkin o OpenSSH (kent forby as OpenBSD Secure Shell). It code is haudit in the same CVS repositories as OpenBSD. OpenBSD Secure Shell is foondit on the auld, first SSH.<ref>[http://www.openssh.com/history.html "Project History and Credits"]. ''[[OpenSSH]]''. Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref> It first appeared in OpenBSD 2.6, an nou it's by far the widest uised SSH client an server, available on a heest o operatin systems.<ref>[http://www.openssh.com/usage/ "SSH usage profiling"]. ''[[OpenSSH]]''. Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref> The project his a policy o aye auditin source code for problems. This is wark that developer Marc Espie his said "is nivver finish't ... mair a maiter o a process nor o a kent bug bein huntit." He cairied on tae gie a list o a curn typical steps thay tak ance a bug is fund, amang thaim leukin throu the hail code tree for problems that is the same or gey near the same, "tryin tae wirk oot if the documents is needin cheenged", an leukin intae whether "it's possible tae mak the [[compiler]] warn aboot this partiecular problem."<ref>Biancuzzi, Federico (18 Mairch 2004). [http://www.onlamp.com/pub/a/bsd/2004/03/18/marc_espie.html "An Interview with OpenBSD's Marc Espie"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504070533/http://www.onlamp.com/pub/a/bsd/2004/03/18/marc_espie.html|date=2018-05-04}}. ''[[ONLamp]]''. Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref> === Security record === The OpenBSD wabsite maks a claim aboot the system's security record, a claim that staunds oot richt awa. Until June 2002, it read: {{Quote|Five year, an nae remote hole in the defaut installation!}} In June 2002, Mark Dowd fae Internet Security Systems telt awbodie aboot a bug in the OpenSSH code, the pairt giein challenge-response authentication.<ref>Internet Security Systems. [http://www.iss.net/threats/advise123.html OpenSSH Remote Challenge Vulnerability] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120908042011/http://www.iss.net/threats/advise123.html |date=2012-09-08 }}, June 26, 2002. Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref> This waikness in OpenBSD's defaut installation alloued a attacker tae get intae the ruit accoont remote-like, an this wis gey serious no jist tae OpenBSD, bit forby tae the wheen o ither operatin systems that wis uisin OpenSSH by then.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141202141151/http://xforce.iss.net/xforce/xfdb/9169 A pairtial list o operatin systems that's affectit.] Archived frae [http://xforce.iss.net/xforce/xfdb/9169 the orieginal ane] on the 2 December 2014. Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref> Oot o this, the slogan on the OpenBSD wabsite hid tae be cheenged til: {{Quote|Ae remote hole in the defaut installation, in near-on 6 year!}} The claim bade the wey it wis ower time, until 13th Mairch, 2007, whan Alfredo Ortega fae Core Security Technologies<ref>[http://www.coresecurity.com/ Core Security Technologies' hamepage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013132209/https://blog.coresecurity.com/ |date=2016-10-13 }}.</ref> telt awbodie aboot a remote vulnerability tied tae netwarkin.<ref>Core Security Technologies. [http://www.coresecurity.com/content/open-bsd-advisorie ''OpenBSD's IPv6 mbufs remote kernel buffer overflow''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328112822/http://www.coresecurity.com/content/open-bsd-advisorie |date=2014-03-28 }}. 13 Mairch 2007. Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref> Efter this ane the quote wis cheenged til: {{Quote|Twa remote holes in the defaut installation, in a awfu lang time!}} This statement his been doun-cried, seein as the defaut installation disna hae monie rinnin services, an a lot o uise cases needs ither services an aw.<ref>Brindle, Joshua (30 Mairch 2008), [http://securityblog.org/brindle/2008/03/30/secure-doesnt-mean-anything/ "Secure doesn't mean anything"], ''Security Blog'', Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref> As weel, seein as the ports tree hauds [[third-pairtie saftware]] that hisna been auditit, it is easie for uisers tae waiken securitie if thay instaw packages wrang or set thaim up wrang. For aw that, the project threaps that the slogan is meant tae be aboot a defaut installation, an that it is richt by that meisure. Ane o the basic ideas ahint OpenBSD is a drive for systems tae be simple, clean, an secure fae the beginnin. Thare's nae muckle tae the defaut installation, that the project says is tae mak shuir new uisers "disna need tae become securitie experts owernicht".<ref>"[http://www.openbsd.org/security.html Security"]. ''OpenBSD''. Gotten 19 September 2020. "Secure by Default."</ref> This fits wi open-source an code audits bein thocht on as important elements o a securitie system.<ref>Wheeler, David A. (3 Mairch 2003). [http://www.dwheeler.com/secure-programs/Secure-Programs-HOWTO/open-source-security.html "2.4. Is Open Source Good for Security?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070501112323/http://www.dwheeler.com/secure-programs/Secure-Programs-HOWTO/open-source-security.html |date=2007-05-01 }}. [http://www.dwheeler.com/secure-programs/Secure-Programs-HOWTO/index.html ''Secure Programming for Linux and Unix HOWTO''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208033155/https://dwheeler.com/secure-programs/Secure-Programs-HOWTO/index.html |date=2020-12-08 }}. Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref> === Alleged back door === On 11 December 2010, Gregory Perry, that hid aerlier been a technical consultant for the [[Federal Bureau o Investigation]] (FBI), emailed De Raadt wi a claim that the FBI hid pey'd some OpenBSD ex-developers 10 year afore tae pit "backdoors" intae the OpenBSD Cryptographic Framewark. De Raadt made the email public on 14 December by sendin it on tae the openbsd-tech mailin list an askit for a audit o the IPsec codebase.<ref>De Raadt, Theo (14 December 2010). [https://marc.info/?l=openbsd-tech&m=129236621626462&w=2 "Allegations regarding OpenBSD IPSEC"]. ''openbsd-tech'' (Mailin list). Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref><ref>Holwerda, Thom (14 December 2010). [http://www.osnews.com/story/24136/_FBI_Added_Secret_Backdoors_to_OpenBSD_IPSEC_ "FBI Added Secret Backdoors to OpenBSD IPSEC"]. ''[[OSNews]]''. Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref> De Raadt's answer wis that he hid his douts aboot the report, an he invitit aw the developers tae review the code independent-like. In the weeks that follaed, bugs wis fix't but naebodie fund onie evidence o backdoors.<ref>Ryan, Paul (23 December 2010). [https://arstechnica.com/open-source/news/2010/12/openbsd-code-audit-uncovers-bugs-but-no-evidence-of-backdoor.ars "OpenBSD code audit uncovers bugs, but no evidence of backdoor"]. [[Ars Technica|''Ars Technica'']]. Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref> De Raadt threap't "A div believe that NetSec wis likelie contractit tae write backdoors lik it's been alleged. If thay wir written, A dinna believe thay wun the lenth o oor tree. Thay micht hae been deployed as thair ain product."<ref>Mathew J. Schwartz (22 December 2010). [https://web.archive.org/web/20170711004138/http://www.darkreading.com/vulnerabilities-and-threats/openbsd-founder-believes-fbi-built-ipsec-backdoor/d/d-id/1095055 "OpenBSD Founder Believes FBI Built IPsec Backdoor"]. ''InformationWeek: DARKreading''. Archived frae [http://www.darkreading.com/vulnerabilities-and-threats/openbsd-founder-believes-fbi-built-ipsec-backdoor/d/d-id/1095055 the orieginal ane] on the 11 Julie 2017.</ref> === Criticisms === In December 2017, Ilja van Sprundel, director at IOActive, gied a speik at the CCC<ref>Van Sprundel, Ilja (December 2017). [https://media.ccc.de/v/34c3-8968-are_all_bsds_created_equally "Are all BSDs created equally? — A survey of BSD kernel vulnerabilities"].</ref> as weel as DEF CON,<ref>Van Sprundel, Ilja (Julie 2017). [https://media.defcon.org/DEF%20CON%2025/DEF%20CON%2025%20presentations/DEF%20CON%2025%20-%20Ilja-van-Sprundel-BSD-Kern-Vulns.pdf "Are all BSDs created equally? — A survey of BSD kernel vulnerabilities"] (PDF).</ref> wi the title "Is aw BSDs creatit equal-like?" A survey o BSD kernel waiknesses" whaur he said that, awtho OpenBSD wis the clear winner o the BSDs as meisured by hou secure thay ar, "Bugs is aye easie tae find in thae kernels, even in OpenBSD". Twa year efter, in 2019, a speik wi the name "A systematic evaluation of OpenBSD's mitigations" wis gien at the CCC.<ref>[https://fahrplan.events.ccc.de/congress/2019/Fahrplan/events/10519.html "Lecture: A systematic evaluation of OpenBSD's mitigations"]. December 2019.</ref> It airgued that, while OpenBSD dis hae some wirthwhile mitigations, a guid monie o thaim is "uiseless at best, an foondit on pure luck an superstition", airguin for a mair rational approach in thair design.<ref>[https://isopenbsdsecu.re/ "Is OpenBSD secure?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924083526/https://isopenbsdsecu.re/ |date=2020-09-24 }}. 29 December 2019.</ref> == Haurdware compatibiliie == The different computers an ither devices ye can uise OpenBSD on is gien in a list in the OpenBSD Supported Platforms Notes.<ref>[https://www.openbsd.org/plat.html "OpenBSD Supported Platforms"]. OpenBSD Foundation. Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref> Ither arrangements micht wirk an aw, bit they jist hinna been testit or pitten doun in the documents. Thare's a 3rd-pairtie repository o (roch) lists o computers an ither devices, pitten thegither automatic-like.<ref>[https://github.com/bsdhw/Drivers/blob/master/openbsd/openbsd-6.7.list "OpenBSD 6.7: ids of supported devices"]. BSD Hardware Project. Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref> In 2020, a new project wis stairtit tae gaither information, automatic-like, aboot aw the testit haurdware arrangements.<ref>[https://github.com/bsdhw/Trends/tree/master/Dist/OpenBSD "OpenBSD Hardware Trends"]. BSD Hardware Project. Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref> == Subprojects == Monie open source projects stairtit as components o OpenBSD. Amang thaim wir: * bioctl, a generic RAID management interface nae muckle different fae ifconfig * CARP, a free (for naething) alternative tae [[Cisco Systems|Cisco]]'s patentit HSRP/VRRP redundancie protocols * cwm, a stackin windae manager * OpenBSD httpd,<ref>[https://cvsweb.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/cvsweb/src/usr.sbin/httpd/ "src/usr.sbin/httpd/"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304012243/https://cvsweb.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/cvsweb/src/usr.sbin/httpd/ |date=2021-03-04 }}. ''OpenBSD CVSWeb''.</ref><ref>[https://www.freshports.org/www/obhttpd/ "web/obhttpd: OpenBSD http server"]. ''[[Freshports]]''.</ref> a implementation o httpd * hw.sensors, a sensors framewark uised by ower 100 drivers * LibreSSL, a implementation o the [[Secure Sockets Layer|SSL]] an [[Transport Layer Security|TLS]] protocols, forkit fae OpenSSL 1.0.1g<ref>[https://www.libressl.org/ "LibreSSL"]. Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref> Some subsystems his been brocht inby as pairt o ither BSD operatin systems,<ref>[https://svnweb.freebsd.org/base/stable/10/crypto/openssh/README?view=markup "Contents of /stable/10/crypto/openssh/README"]. ''svnweb.freebsd.org''. Gotten 19 September 2020. "This is the port of OpenBSD's excellent OpenSSH to Linux and other Unices."</ref><ref>[http://cvsweb.netbsd.org/bsdweb.cgi/src/crypto/external/bsd/openssh/dist/README?rev=1.4&content-type=text/x-cvsweb-markup&only_with_tag=MAIN "src/crypto/external/bsd/openssh/dist/README – view – 1.4"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611075741/http://cvsweb.netbsd.org/bsdweb.cgi/src/crypto/external/bsd/openssh/dist/README?rev=1.4&content-type=text%2Fx-cvsweb-markup&only_with_tag=MAIN |date=2016-06-11 }}. ''NetBSD CVS Repositories''. Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref><ref>[https://gitweb.dragonflybsd.org/dragonfly.git/blob/HEAD:/crypto/openssh/README "dragonfly.git/blob – crypto/openssh/README"]. ''gitweb.dragonflybsd.org''. Gotten 19 September 2020. "This is the port of OpenBSD's excellent OpenSSH to Linux and other Unices."</ref> an a lot o thaim can be gotten as packages tae be uised in ither Unix-like systems.<ref>[https://www.archlinux.org/packages/core/x86_64/openssh/ "Arch Linux – openssh 7.2p2-1 (x86_64)"]. ''[[Arch Linux]]''. Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref><ref>[https://software.opensuse.org/package/openssh "openssh"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610151358/https://software.opensuse.org/package/openssh|date=2016-06-10}}. ''[[OpenSUSE]]''. Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref><ref>[https://packages.debian.org/jessie/openssh-client "Debian – Details of package openssh-client in jessie"]. ''[[Debian]]''. Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref> [[Linux]] administrator Carlos Fenollosa said, whan he gaed ower fae Linux tae OpenBSD, that the system is leal tae Unix's philosophie o haein sma an simple tools that wirks thegither weel. "Some base components disna hae the same number o features, deliberate-like. Seein as 99% o the servers disna need tae be swack lik Apache, OpenBSD's httpd wull wirk fine, be mair secure, an likelie faster".<ref name=":5">https://cfenollosa.com/blog/openbsd-from-a-veteran-linux-user-perspective.html</ref> He described the developer community's attitude tae components this wey: "whan the community decides that some module is nae uise for oniething, they jist develop a new ane fae the beginnin. OpenBSD his its ain NTPd, SMTPd and, mair latelie, HTTPd. They wirk jist rare".<ref name=":5" /> The ootcome is that, time an time agane, OpenBSD creates components an syne a wheen o thaim is uised agane in ither systems. OpenBSD rins gey near aw o its staundart daemons inside chroot and privsep securitie structures by defaut, as pairt o haurdenin the base system.<ref name=":5" /> The Calgary Internet Exchange wis foondit in 2012, in pairt sae's tae serve the needs o the OpenBSD project.<ref>De Raadt, Theo (18 June 2013). [http://www.yycix.ca/talks/cuug-2013-06-18/an-internet-exchange-for-Calgary.pdf "An Internet Exchange for Calgary"]{{Dead link|date=December 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (PDF). Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref> == Third-pairtie components == Inside OpenBSD thare's a wheen o third-pairtie components, a lot o thaim wi patches meant jist for OpenBSD,<ref name=":4" /> the likes o X.Org, Clang<ref>[http://man.openbsd.org/OpenBSD-6.2/man1/clang-local.1 "clang-local – OpenBSD-specific behavior of LLVM/clang"]. ''OpenBSD manual pages''. Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref> (the defaut compiler on a wheen o architectures), GCC,Perl, NSD, Unbound, ncurses, GNU binutils, GDB, an AWK. == Development == [[File:OpenBSD_hackers_at_c2k++_at_MIT.jpg|right|thumb|OpenBSD developers at c2k1 hackathon at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]], June 2001]] Development gangs on aw the time, an team management is open an organised intae tiers. Oniebodie wi the richt skills can jyne in, wi the richt tae commit wark gien on merit an wi De Raadt actin as the heid-ane.<ref name=":3" /> Twa official releases is made ilka year, wi the version number raised by 0.1,<ref name=":6">Andrews, Jeremy (2 Mey 2006). [https://web.archive.org/web/20130424125958/http://kerneltrap.org/node/6550 "Interview: Theo de Raadt"]. ''[[KernelTrap]]''. Archived frae [http://kerneltrap.org/node/6550 the orieginal ane] on the 24 Apryle 2013.</ref> and ilkane is supportit for twal months (twa release cycles).<ref>[https://www.openbsd.org/faq/faq5.html#Flavors "OpenBSD's flavors"]. ''OpenBSD Frequently Asked Questions''. Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref> Snapshot releases is pitten oot an aw, aften. Upkeep patches for supportit releases can be pitten on manual-like or by bringin a system up-tae-date against the patch braunch o the CVS repository for that release.<ref>[https://www.openbsd.org/faq/faq10.html#Patches "Applying patches in OpenBSD"]. ''OpenBSD Frequently Asked Questions''. Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref> On the ither haund, a system administrator can decide tae upgrade fae a snapshot release an syne update the system regular-like fae the current branch o the CVS repository, sae's tae gain access tae new features afore thay'r released. The generic OpenBSD kernel providit by defaut is recommendit as the best ane for end uisers, nae like operatin systems that recommends uisers dui the kernel customisation thaimsels.<ref>[http://www.openbsd.org/faq/faq1.html#OtherUnixes "Migrating to OpenBSD"]. ''OpenBSD Frequently Asked Questions''. Gotten 19 September 2020</ref> Packages ootside the base system is maintained by CVS throu a ports tree, an thay'r the responsibilitie o the individual maintainers, cried "porters". As weel as keepin the current braunch up tae date, porters is leukit-tae tae pit in the richt bug-fixes an upkeep fixes tae braunches o thair package for OpenBSD's supportit releases. On the hail, ports is no gien the same on-gaun auditin as the base system, for want o manpouer. Binary packages is biggit central-like fae the ports tree for ilka architecture. This process is duin for the current version, for ilka supportit release, and for ilka snapshot. Administrators is recommendit tae uise the package mechanism insteid o biggin the package fae the ports tree, unless they need tae make thair ain cheenges tae the source code. OpenBSD's developers meets regular-like at special events cried hackathons,<ref>[https://www.openbsd.org/hackathons.html "Hackathons"]. ''OpenBSD''. Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref> whaur they "sit doun an code", wi the ettle o daein a lot o wark.<ref>[https://www.linux.com/news/interview-theo-de-raadt-openbsd/ "Interview: Theo de Raadt of OpenBSD"]. ''NewsForge''. 28 Mairch 2006. Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref> In maist new releases, there's a sang.<ref name=":7">[http://www.openbsd.org/lyrics.html "Release Songs"]. ''OpenBSD''. Gotten 19 September 2020.</ref> == Open source an open documentation == OpenBSD is kent for its guid quality o documentation. It's seen as the best amang aw the BSD operating systems, tho aw o thaim pits a lot o effort intae correct documentation.<ref>Chisnall, David (20 Januar 2006). [http://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=439601&seqNum=3 "BSD: The Other Free UNIX Family"]. ''[[InformIT]]''. frae the orieginal ane on the 14 Mairch 2014.</ref><ref>Smith, Jesse (18 November 2013). [http://distrowatch.com/weekly.php?issue=20131118#feature "OpenBSD 5.4: Puffy on the Desktop"]. frae the orieginal ane on the 30 Apryle 2014.</ref> Whan OpenBSD wis first stairtit, De Raadt wantit the source code tae be open tae oniebodie tae read. At thon time, it wis uisual that a sma team o developers hid access tae a project's source code.<ref name=":8">Cranor, Chuck D.; De Raadt, Theo (6 June 1999). ''[https://www.usenix.org/legacy/event/usenix99/cranor_f.html Opening the Source Repository with Anonymous CVS]''. [[USENIX]] Annual Technical Conference. Monterey, California. Gotten 20 September 2020.</ref> Chuck Cranor<ref>Cranor, Chuck D. [http://chuck.cranor.org/ "Chuck Cranor's Home Page"]. Gotten 20 September 2020. "I also hosted and helped create the first Anonymous CVS server on the Internet (the original [http://anoncvs.openbsd.org anoncvs.openbsd.org]{{Dead link|date=February 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [...]"</ref> an De Raadt thocht this practice "didna fit wi the open source philosophie" an wis jist gettin in the road o potential contributors. Thegither, Cranor and De Raadt set up the first public, nameless CVS server. De Raadt's decision alloued uisers tae "tak a mair steerin role", and set doun the project's commitment tae haein open access.<ref name=":8" /> OpenBSD disna haud closed-source binary drivers in the source tree, an thay dinna haud code that needs a non-disclosure agreement tae be signed aither.<ref>[http://www.openbsd.org/goals.html "Project Goals"]. ''OpenBSD''. Gotten 20 September 2020. "Integrate good code from any source with acceptable licenses. [...], NDAs are never acceptable."</ref> Seein as OpenBSD his its hame in Canada, US American export restrictions on cryptography disna haud. This allous the distribution tae mak full uise o modren algorithms for encryption. For example, the swap space is pairtit intae sma sections an ilka section is encryptit wi its ain key, makkin shuir that sensitive data disna leak ower intae a insecure pairt o the system.<ref name=":2" /> OpenBSD randomises the different things that applications dis, makkin it haurder tae foretell whit thay'r gaun tae dae, and that wey thay'r faur haurder tae attack. For example, PIDs is creatit an associate tae processes random-like; the <code>bind</code> system caw uises random port numbers; files is creatit wi random inode numbers; and IP datagrams his random identifiers.<ref>De Raadt, Theo; Hallqvist, Niklas; Grabowski, Artur; Keromytis, Angelos D.; Provos, Niels (6 June 1999). [https://www.usenix.org/legacy/publications/library/proceedings/usenix99/full_papers/deraadt/deraadt_html/node18.html "Randomness Used Inside the Kernel"]. ''[https://www.usenix.org/legacy/publications/library/proceedings/usenix99/deraadt.html Cryptography in OpenBSD: An Overview]''. [[USENIX]] Annual Technical Conference. Monterey, California. Gotten 20 September 2020.</ref> The OpenBSD policie on openness gaes as faur as haurdware documentation: in the slides for a presentation in December 2006, De Raadt explain't that wi-oot it "developers aften gangs agley writin drivers", an pyntit oot that "the [michtie, A gart it wirk] rush is haurder tae bring aboot, an some developers jist gies up."<ref name=":9">De Raadt, Theo (5 December 2006). [http://www.openbsd.org/papers/opencon06-docs/index.html "Presentation at OpenCON"]. ''OpenBSD''. Gotten 20 September 2020.</ref> He gaed on tae say that binary drivers fae the vendor is nae acceptable as pairt o OpenBSD, that thay hiv "nae trust o vendors' binaries rinning in oor kernel" an that thare is "nae wey tae fix [thaim] ... whan thay brak."<ref name=":9" /> == Licensin == OpenBSD's [[Saftware license|licence]] policie is a strict ane,<ref name=":10">[http://www.openbsd.org/policy.html "Copyright Policy"]. ''OpenBSD''. Gotten 20 September 2020.</ref> wi a better likin for the ISC license an ither variants o the BSD licence. The project tries tae haud tae the spirit o the auld Berkeley Unix [[Copyricht|copierichts]]," that alloued a "Unix source distribution wi-oot muckle hindrance."<ref name=":10" /> The widelie uised Apache License an the GNU General Public License is seen as ower strict.<ref>Matzan, Jem (15 June 2005). [https://www.linux.com/news/bsd-cognoscenti-linux "BSD cognoscenti on Linux"]. ''NewsForge''. [[Linux.com]]. Gotten 20 September 2020.</ref> In June 2001, stemmin fae worries aboot Darren Reed's cheenges tae IPFilter's licence wirdin, a systematic license audit o the OpenBSD ports an the source trees wis haudit.<ref>Gasperson, Tina (6 June 2001). [https://web.archive.org/web/20080626101129/http://www.linux.com/feature/12774 "OpenBSD and ipfilter still fighting over license disagreement"]. ''[[Linux.com]]''. Archived frae [http://www.linux.com/feature/12774 the orieginal ane] on the 26 June 2008.</ref> Code in mair nor a hunder files throu the hail system wis fund tae be: nae licensed ava; nae licensed clear-like; or in uise against the terms o thair license. Tae mak shuir that aw the licences wis abidden by, thay tried tae mak contact wi aw thaim that hid relevant copyrichts: some pieces o code wis taen oot, an a wheen o thaim wis replace't awthegither. Ither anes, the like o the multicast routin tools <code>mrinfo</code> and <code>map-mbone</code>, wis licensed ower agane sae's that OpenBSD cud cairy on uisin thaim.<ref>[http://cvsweb.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/cvsweb/src/usr.sbin/mrinfo/mrinfo.c?rev=1.7&content-type=text/x-cvsweb-markup "src/usr.sbin/mrinfo/mrinfo.c – view – 1.7"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504132914/http://cvsweb.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/cvsweb/src/usr.sbin/mrinfo/mrinfo.c?rev=1.7&content-type=text/x-cvsweb-markup |date=2020-05-04 }}. ''cvsweb.openbsd.org''. 31 Julie 2001. Gotten 20 September 2020. "New license from Xerox! This code is now FREE! Took a while and a lot of mails, but it is worth it."</ref><ref>[http://cvsweb.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/cvsweb/src/usr.sbin/map-mbone/mapper.c?rev=1.5&content-type=text/x-cvsweb-markup "src/usr.sbin/map-mbone/mapper.c – view – 1.5"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901112450/http://cvsweb.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/cvsweb/src/usr.sbin/map-mbone/mapper.c?rev=1.5&content-type=text/x-cvsweb-markup |date=2018-09-01 }}. ''cvsweb.openbsd.org''. 31 Julie 2001. Gotten 20 September 2020. "New license from Xerox! This code is now FREE! Took a while and a lot of mails, but it is worth it."</ref> Forby, aw saftware that wis the wark o Daniel J. Bernstein wis taen oot. At thon time, Bernstein wis wantin aw cheenges tae his code tae hae his approval afore thay wir sent oot, an OpenBSD developers wis sweirt tae pit time an darg intae daein this.<ref>De Raadt, Theo (24 August 2001). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160419110701/http://archives.neohapsis.com/archives/openbsd/2001-08/2544.html "Re: Why were all DJB's ports removed? No more qmail?"]. ''openbsd-misc'' (Mailin list). Archived frae [http://archives.neohapsis.com/archives/openbsd/2001-08/2544.html the orieginal ane] on the 19 Apryle 2016.</ref><ref>Bernstein, Daniel J. (27 August 2001). [https://web.archive.org/web/20120204203539/http://archives.neohapsis.com/archives/openbsd/2001-08/2812.html "Re: Why were all DJB's ports removed? No more qmail?"]. ''openbsd-misc'' (Mailin list). Archived frae [http://archives.neohapsis.com/archives/openbsd/2001-08/2812.html the orieginal ane] on the 4 Februar 2012.</ref><ref>Espie, Marc (28 August 2001). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160419080907/http://archives.neohapsis.com/archives/openbsd/2001-08/2864.html "Re: Why were all DJB's ports removed? No more qmail?"]. ''openbsd-misc'' (Mailin list). Archived frae [http://archives.neohapsis.com/archives/openbsd/2001-08/2864.html the orieginal ane] on the 19 Apryle 2016.</ref> Oot o worries aboot licensin, the OpenBSD team his written saftware ower agane fae the beginnin, or brocht in suitable saftware that hid been written awreadie. For example, OpenBSD developers creatit the PF packet filter efter they cudna accept restrictions that hid been pitten on IPFilter. PF wis first pairt o OpenBSD 3.0,<ref>Hartmeier, Daniel (10 June 2002). [https://www.usenix.org/legacy/event/usenix02/tech/freenix/hartmeier.html ''Design and Performance of the OpenBSD Stateful Packet Filter (pf)'']. [[USENIX]] Annual Technical Conference. Monterey, California. Gotten 20 September 2020.</ref> an it's pairt o a lot o ither operatin systems nou.<ref>[http://www.reedmedia.net/books/pf-book/ ''The OpenBSD PF Packet Filter Book: PF for NetBSD, FreeBSD, DragonFly and OpenBSD'']. Reed Media Services. [[International Standard Book Number|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/0-9790342-0-5|0-9790342-0-5]]. Gotten 20 September 2020.</ref> OpenBSD developers his written thair ain tools, wi the licence open tae oniebodie, tae tak the place o general licensed tools the like o CVS, diff, grep and pkg-config.<ref>[https://slashdot.org/story/52396 "New BSD licensed CVS replacement for OpenBSD"]. Gotten 20 September 2020.</ref><ref>[https://man.openbsd.org/pkg-config.1 "pkg-config(1)"]. Gotten 20 September 2020.</ref> == Fundin == OpenBSD an its portable components is uised in ither products, tho De Raadt says that nae muckle o the siller fae sellin thae products wins the lenth o OpenBSD. "Mainlie wir siller haes been gotten fae uisers' donations an fae uisers buyin wir CDs. It's easie tae see that wunna be muckle."<ref name=":6" /> For a peiriod o twa year in the aerlie 2000s, the project wis gettin siller frae DARPA, an that "pey'd the salaries o 5 fowk tae wirk ful-time, bocht aboot thertie thoosand dollars in haurdware, and pey'd for 3 hackathons", fae the POSSE project.<ref name=":6" /> In 2006, the OpenBSD project suffer't fae a want o siller.<ref>[http://slashdot.org/story/06/03/21/1555243/openbsd-project-in-financial-danger "OpenBSD Project in Financial Danger"]. ''[[Slashdot]]''. 21 Mairch 2006. Gotten 20 September 2020.</ref> The [[Mozilla Foundation]]<ref>[http://slashdot.org/story/06/04/04/1820228/mozilla-foundation-donates-10k-to-openssh "Mozilla Foundation Donates $10K to OpenSSH"]. ''[[Slashdot]]''. 4 Apryle 2006. Gotten 20 September 2020.</ref> an GoDaddy<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061111090358/http://www.thehostingnews.com/article2217.html "GoDaddy.com Donates $10K to Open Source Development Project"]. ''The Hosting News''. 19 Apryle 2006. Archived frae [http://www.thehostingnews.com/article2217.html the orieginal ane] on the 11 November 2006.</ref> is twa o the organisations that helpit OpenBSD tae haud gaun. For aw that, De Raadt wis fash't that this wis aw ae-sidit: "A think donations an peyments shoud hae come first fae the saftware sellers, an syne saicont fae the corporate uisers, an third fae uisers by thaimsels. Reallie, it's been awmaist the ither wey roon awthegither, wi a ratio o awmaist 15 dollars tae ane comin fae the wee fowk. Thank ye muckle, wee fowk!"<ref name=":6" /> On 14 January 2014, Bob Beck askit for siller tae pey electritie bills. Gin thay cudna find fundin for the lang term, Beck thocht the OpenBSD project wad hae tae close doun.<ref>Beck, Bob (14 Januar 2014). [https://marc.info/?l=openbsd-misc&m=138972987203440&w=2 "Request for Funding our Electricity"]. ''openbsd-misc'' (Mailin list). Gotten 20 September 2020.</ref> The project suin got a donation o twintie thoosand US dollars fae Mircea Popescu, him that wis the Romanian creator o the MPEx bitcoin stock exchange. The donation wis pey'd in [[Bitcoin|bitcoins]].<ref name=":11">Bright, Peter (20 Januar 2014). [https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2014/01/openbsd-rescued-from-unpowered-oblivion-by-20k-bitcoin-donation/ "OpenBSD rescued from unpowered oblivion by $20K bitcoin donation"]. [[Ars Technica|''Ars Technica'']]. Gotten 20 September 2020.</ref> The project brocht in US$150,000 fae the appeal,<ref>[http://www.openbsdfoundation.org/campaign2014.html "The OpenBSD Foundation 2014 Fundraising Campaign"]. [[OpenBSD Foundation|''OpenBSD Foundation'']]. Gotten 20 September 2020.</ref> sae's it cud pey its bills an mak siccar its short-term future.<ref name=":11" /> Fae 2014 on, a curn big contributions tae the OpenBSD Foundation his come fae corporations, the likes o Microsoft,<ref>McAllister, Neil (8 Julie 2015). [https://www.theregister.co.uk/2015/07/08/microsoft_donates_to_openbsd_foundation/ "Microsoft rains cash on OpenBSD Foundation, becomes top 2015 donor"]. ''The Register''. Gotten 20 September 2020.</ref> Facebook an Google as weel as the Core Infrastructure Initiative.<ref>[http://www.openbsdfoundation.org/contributors.html "Contributors"]. [[OpenBSD Foundation|''OpenBSD Foundation'']]. Gotten 20 September 2020.</ref> Durin the 2016 and 2017 fundraisin campaigns, it wis Smartisan, a Chinese firm, that gied the maist siller tae the project.<ref>[http://www.openbsdfoundation.org/contributors.html "OpenBSD Donors"].</ref><ref>[http://undeadly.org/cgi?action=article&sid=20170817195416 "Smartisan Makes Another Iridium Donation to the OpenBSD Foundation"]. ''Undeadly''. Gotten 20 September 2020.</ref> == Distribution == Oniebodie can get haud o OpenBSD, an in a wheen o weys: the source can be taen anonymous-like fae CVS,<ref>[http://www.openbsd.org/anoncvs.html "Anonymous CVS"]. ''OpenBSD''. Gotten 20 September 2020.</ref> an binary releases an development snapshots can be dounloadit by FTP, HTTP, and rsync.<ref>[http://www.openbsd.org/ftp.html "Mirrors"]. ''OpenBSD''. Gotten 20 September 2020.</ref> CD-ROM sets, up tae version 6.0, can be order't online for a smaw fee, thegither wi a curn stickers an a copie o the release's theme sang. Thir things, wi thair airtwark an ither bonuses, his been ane o the project's (no monie) sources o siller. It peys for haurdware, Internet service, an ither costs.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20111219075939/http://openbsd.org/orders.html "Orders"]. ''OpenBSD''. Archived frae [http://www.openbsd.org/orders.html the orieginal ane] on the 19 December 2011. Gotten 20 September 2020.</ref> Stairtin fae version 6.1, CD-ROM sets is no gien oot onie mair. OpenBSD comes wi its ain package management system sae's that programs that is no pairt o its base operatin system can be instawed an managed easie-like.<ref name=":12">[http://www.openbsd.org/faq/faq15.html "Packages and Ports"]. ''OpenBSD Frequently Asked Questions''. Gotten 20 September 2020.</ref> Packages is binarie files that is extractit, managed an taen oot wi the package tools. On OpenBSD, the source o packages is the ports system, a gaitherin thegither o Makefiles an ither infrastructure needit tae create packages. In OpenBSD, the ports an base operatin system is developed an released thegither for ilka version. This means that the ports or packages released wi, for example, 4.6 is no suitable for uisin wi 4.5, an the same the ither wey roond.<ref name=":12" /> === Sangs and airtwark === [[File:Puffyanim.gif|right|thumb|3D-rendered, animatit OpenBSD mascot ''Puffy'']] Tae stairt wi, OpenBSD uised a version (wi a halo) o the BSD daemon mascot drawn by Erick Green, him that wis askit by De Raadt tae draw the logo for the 2.3 and 2.4 versions o OpenBSD. Green planned tae draw a full daemon, heid an body an aw, bit jist the heid wis ready in time for OpenBSD 2.3. The body wi the graip an tail wis ready for OpenBSD 2.4.<ref>[http://www.mckusick.com/beastie/shirts/openbsd.html "OpenBSD"]. ''mckusick.com''. Gotten 20 September 2020.</ref> The follaein releases uised ither things, the likes o a police daemon fae Ty Semaka.<ref>De Raadt, Theo (19 Mey 1999). {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202092721/http://www.monkey.org/openbsd/archive/announce/9905/msg00002.html |date=2014-02-02 }}. ''openbsd-announce'' (Mailin list). Archived frae [http://www.monkey.org/openbsd/archive/announce/9905/msg00002.html the orieginal ane] on the 14 Mairch 2014. "OpenBSD 2.5 introduces the new Cop daemon image done by cartoonist Ty Semeka."</ref> In the hinner end, thay settle't on a pufferfish cried Puffy.<ref>[http://www.openbsd.org/27.html "OpenBSD 2.7"]. ''OpenBSD''. Gotten 20 September 2020.</ref> Fae then on, Puffy his been on OpenBSD promotional material an feature't in release sangs an airtwark. The promotional material o aerlie OpenBSD releases didna hae jist ae theme or design rinnin throu it, bit later the CD-ROMs, release sangs, posters an tee-shirts for ilka release his been produce't wi jist ae style and theme, whilies wi inpit fae Ty Semaka fae the Plaid Tongued Devils.<ref name=":7" /> Thir things his come tae be pairt o OpenBSD's advocacie, wi ilka release pittin ower a moral or political pynt important tae the project, aften by wey o a parodie.<ref>Matzan, Jem (1 December 2006). [http://www.softwareinreview.com/bsd/openbsd_4.0_review.html "OpenBSD 4.0 review"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210225707/http://www.softwareinreview.com/bsd/openbsd_4.0_review.html |date=2020-12-10 }}. ''Software in Review''. Gotten 20 September 2020. "Each OpenBSD release has a graphical theme and a song that goes with it. The theme reflects a major concern that the OpenBSD programmers are addressing or bringing to light."</ref> Thare's been themes the likes o ''Puffy the Barbarian'' in OpenBSD 3.3. Pairt o it wis an 80s [[Rock muisic|rock sang]] an parodie o [[Conan the Barbarian]] hintin at open documentation,<ref name=":7" /> ''The Wizard of OS'' in OpenBSD 3.7, tied tae the project's wark on wireless drivers, an ''Hackers of the Lost RAID'', a parodie o Indiana Jones hintin at the new RAID tools in OpenBSD 3.8. == Beuks == Thare's been a wheen o beuks aboot OpenBSD that wis published, includin: * ''[http://www.devguide.net/index.php?q=node/19 The OpenBSD Command-Line Companion, 1st ed.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815214350/http://www.devguide.net/index.php?q=node%2F19 |date=2019-08-15 }}'' by Jacek Artymiak. ISBN 83-916651-8-6. * ''[http://www.devguide.net/books/openbsdfw-02-ed/ Building Firewalls with OpenBSD and PF: Second Edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060114123635/http://www.devguide.net/books/openbsdfw-02-ed/ |date=2006-01-14 }}'' by Jacek Artymiak. ISBN 83-916651-1-9. * ''[http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/mfreeopenbsd/ Mastering FreeBSD and OpenBSD Security]'' by Yanek Korff, Paco Hope and Bruce Potter. ISBN 0-596-00626-8. * ''Absolute OpenBSD, Unix for the Practical Paranoid'' by Michael W. Lucas. ISBN 1-886411-99-9. * ''[http://www.aw-bc.com/catalog/academic/product/0,1144,0321193660,00.html Secure Architectures with OpenBSD]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}'' by Brandon Palmer and Jose Nazario. ISBN 0-321-19366-0. * ''[http://www.reedmedia.net/books/pf-book/ The OpenBSD PF Packet Filter Book: PF for NetBSD, FreeBSD, DragonFly and OpenBSD]'' published by Reed Media Services. ISBN 0-9790342-0-5. * ''[http://www.wiley.com/legacy/compbooks/catalog/35366-3.htm Building Linux and OpenBSD Firewalls]'' by Wes Sonnenreich and Tom Yates. ISBN 0-471-35366-3. == Notes == {{reflist|group=n}} == References == {{reflist}} == External links == {{commonscat|OpenBSD}} * [http://www.openbsd.org/ OpenBSD's homepage] * [http://www.openssh.com/ OpenSSH's homepage] * [http://www.openntpd.org/ OpenNTPD's homepage] * [http://www.openbgpd.org/ OpenBGPD's homepage] * [http://www.opencvs.org/ OpenCVS's homepage] * [http://www.undeadly.org/ OpenBSD journal] * [http://ports.openbsd.nu/ Unofficial OpenBSD ports tracker] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061001170331/http://ports.openbsd.nu/ |date=2006-10-01 }} * [http://mdoc.su/ Short manual page URLs] * [http://ports.su/ OpenBSD ports and packages search] * [http://BXR.SU/OpenBSD/ Super User's BSD Cross Reference (OpenGrok), OpenBSD] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225001809/http://bxr.su/OpenBSD/ |date=2014-12-25 }} — source code search [[Category:Computers]] [[Category:BSD]] hcpwbrak0xyk7060ujmrmv59wvk5yjp 0 13439 917312 908143 2026-05-27T10:42:59Z Minorax 59670 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Order suvorov1 rib.png]] → [[File:SU Order of Suvorov 1st class ribbon.svg]] vva 917312 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=October 2020}} {{Infobox officeholder |name = Joseph Stalin |native_name = {{native name|ru|Иосиф Сталин|italics=no}}<br/>{{native name|ka|იოსებ სტალინი|italics=no}} |nickname = Koba |image = Stalin Full Image.jpg |imagesize = |caption = Stalin in 1937 | office = [[General Secretar o the Communist Pairty o the Soviet Union|General secretar]] o the [[Central Committee o the Communist Pairty o the Soviet Union|Central Committee]] o the [[Communist Pairty o the Soviet Union]] | term_start = 3 Apryle 1922 | term_end = 16 October 1952 | predecessor = [[Vyacheslav Molotov]]<br /><small>(as [[General Secretar o the Communist Pairty o the Soviet Union|Responsible Secretar]])</small> | successor = [[Nikita Khrushchev]]<br /><small>(office reestablished)</small> | office2 = [[Premier o the Soviet Union|Chairman]] o the [[Cooncil o Meenisters (Soviet Union)|Cooncil o Meenisters]] | 1blankname2 = [[First Deputy Premier o the Soviet Union|First&nbsp;Deputies]] | 1namedata2 = [[Nikolai Voznesensky]]<br />[[Vyacheslav Molotov]] | term_start2 = 6 Mey 1941 | term_end2 = 5 Mairch 1953 | predecessor2 = [[Vyacheslav Molotov]] | successor2 = [[Georgy Malenkov]] | office3 = [[Meenister o Defence (Soviet Union)|Fowkcommissar for Defence o the Soviet Union]] | premier3 = Hissel | term_start3 = 19 Julie 1941 | term_end3 = 25 Februar 1946 | predecessor3 = [[Semyon Timoshenko]] | successor3 = [[Nikolai Bulganin]]<br /><small>after vacancy</small> | office4 = Member o the [[Secretariat o the Central Committee o the Communist Pairty o the Soviet Union|Secretariat]] | term_start4 = 3 April 1922 | term_end4 = 5 March 1953 | office5 = Full member o the [[Politburo o the Central Committee o the Communist Pairty o the Soviet Union|Presidium]] | term_start5 = 25 Mairch 1919 | term_end5 = 5 Mairch 1953 | office6 = Member of the [[Orgburo]] | term_start6 = 16 Januar 1919 | term_end6 = 5 Mairch 1953 | birth_date = {{Birth date|1878|12|18|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Gori, Georgie|Gori]], [[Tiflis Govrenorate]], [[Roushie Empire]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|1953|3|5|1878|12|18|df=y}} | death_place = [[Kuntsevo Dacha]], [[Kuntsevo Destrict|Kuntsevo]], [[Roushie SFSR]], [[Soviet Union]] | resting_place = [[Lenin's Mausoleum]], Moscow, [[Roushie Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Roushie SFSR]], [[Soviet Union]] (9 Mairch 1953 – 31 October 1961)<br/>[[Kremlin Waw Necropolis]], Moscow, Roushie (frae 31 October 1961) | party = [[Communist Pairty o the Soviet Union]] | nationality = [[Georgies|Georgie]] | spouse = [[Ekaterina Svanidze]] (1906–1907)<br />[[Nadezhda Alliluyeva]] (1919–1932) | children = [[Yakov Dzhugashvili]], [[Vasily Dzhugashvili]], [[Svetlana Alliluyeva]] | religion = Nane ([[Atheism|atheist]]), umwhile [[Georgie Orthodox Kirk|Georgie Orthodox]] | allegiance = {{flagu|Soviet Union|1922}} | branch = [[Soviet Airmit Forces]] | serviceyears = 1943–1953 | rank = [[Mairshal o the Soviet Union]] (1943–1945) <br> [[Generalissimus o the Soviet Union]] (1945–1953) | commands = ''Aw'' (supreme commander) | battles = [[Warld War II]] | awards = {{Hero o the Soviet Union}} [[File:Hero of Socialist Labor medal.png|20px]] [[File:Badge of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union.svg|70px]]<br/>[[File:OrderVictoryRibbon.svg|30px]] [[File:OrderVictoryRibbon.svg|30px]]<br/>[[File:Order of Red Banner ribbon bar.png|25px]] [[File:Order of Red Banner ribbon bar.png|25px]] [[File:SU Medal XX Years of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army ribbon.svg|25px]] [[File:Order of Lenin ribbon bar.png|25px|link=Order o Lenin]]<br/>[[File:Order of Lenin ribbon bar.png|25px|link=Order of Lenin]] [[File:SU Order of Suvorov 1st class ribbon.svg|25px]] [[File:Ribbon bar for the medal for the Defense of Moscow.png|25px]] [[File:Orderglory rib.png|25px]]<br/>[[File:OrdenSuheBator.png|25px]] [[File:OrdenSuheBator.png|25px]] [[File:SU Medal For the Victory over Japan ribbon.svg|25px]] [[File:SU Medal For the Victory over Japan ribbon.svg|25px]]<br/>[[File:SU Medal In Commemoration of the 800th Anniversary of Moscow ribbon.svg|25px]] [[File:Order redstar rib.png|25px]] [[File:Order redstar rib.png|25px]] [[File:Order redstar rib.png|25px]]<br/>[[File:Czechoslovak War Cross 1939-1945 Bar.png|25px]] [[File:Czechoslovak War Cross 1939-1945 Bar.png|25px]] [[File:CZE Rad Bileho Lva 5 tridy BAR.svg|25px]] [[File:TCH Rad Bileho Lva 1 tridy (pre1990) BAR.svg|25px]] [[File:Czechoslovak War Cross 1939-1945 Bar.png|25px]] | signature = Stalin Signature.svg }} '''Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin''' (18 December 1879 – 5 Mairch 1953) wis a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] politeecian an heid o state who servit as the [[General Secretar o the Communist Pairty o the Soviet Union#Leet o General Secretars|first General Secretar o the Communist Pairty o the Soviet Union]]'s [[Central Committee o the Communist Pairty o the Soviet Union|Central Committee]] frae 1922 till his daith in 1953. Efter the daith o [[Vladimir Lenin]] in 1924, Stalin rase tae acome the leader o the [[Soviet Union]], which he ruled as a [[dictator]]. Stalin launcht a [[command economy]], replacin the [[New Economic Policy]] o the 1920s wi [[Five Year Plan (USSR)|Five-Year Plans]] an launchin a period o rapid [[industrialization]] an [[Collectivization in the Soviet Union|economic collectivization]]. The upheaval in the agricultural sector disruptit fuid production, resultin in [[Drochts an faimins in Roushie an the USSR|widespread faimin]], includin the catastrophic [[Soviet faimin o 1932–1933]] (kent in [[Ukraine]] as the ''[[Holodomor]]'').<ref>[http://www.faminegenocide.com/resources/findings.html ''Findings of the Commission on the Ukraine Famine''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604055926/http://www.faminegenocide.com/resources/findings.html |date=2011-06-04 }}, Famine Genocide, 19 April 1988; [http://www.skrobach.com/ukrhol.htm ''Statement by Pope John Paul II on the 70th anniversary of the Famine''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630195229/http://www.skrobach.com/ukrhol.htm |date=2007-06-30 }}, Skrobach; [http://www.artukraine.com/famineart/uscongr4.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080615023457/http://www.artukraine.com/famineart/uscongr4.htm |date=2008-06-15 }} ''Expressing the sense of the House of Representatives regarding the man-made famine that occurred in Ukraine in 1932–1933'', US House of Representatives, 21 October 2003; Bilinsky, Yaroslav [http://www.faminegenocide.com/resources/bilinsky.html doi=10.1080/14623529908413948] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080615023457/http://www.faminegenocide.com/resources/bilinsky.html |date=2008-06-15 }} ''Was the Ukrainian Famine of 1932–1933 Genocide?'', Journal of Genocide Research, 1999, Vol. 1.1, Issue 2, pp. 147–156.</ref> Durin the late 1930s, Stalin launcht the [[Great Purge]] (cried the "Great Terror" an aa), a campaign tae [[purge o the Communist Pairty o the Soviet Union|purge the Communist Pairty]] o fowk accuised o sabotage, terrorism, or treachery; he extendit it tae [[Case o Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization|the military]] an ither sectors o Soviet society. In practice, the purges wur indiscriminate. Targets wur aften executit, impreesoned in [[Gulag|Gulag labor camps]] or exiled. In the years which follaed, millions o members o [[ethnic minorities]] wur [[Population transfer in the Soviet Union|deportit]] an aw.<ref name="Boobbyer 2000 p=130">{{Harvnb|Boobbyer|2000|p=130}}</ref><ref>Pohl, Otto, ''Ethnic Cleansing in the USSR, 1937–1949'', ISBN 0-313-30921-3</ref> In 1939 Stalin entered intae a [[Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact|non-aggression pact wi Nazi Germany]], follaed bi the [[Soviet invasion o Poland]], [[Winter War|Finland]], the [[Directive 02622ss/ov|Baltics]], [[Bessarabie]] an northren [[Bukovinae]]. Efter Germany [[Operation Barbarossa|violatit the pact]] in 1941, the Soviet Union [[Eastren Front (Warld War II)|jynt the Allies tae play an important role in the Axis defeat]], at the cost o [[Warld War II casualties#USSR|the lairgest daith toll]] for ony kintra in the war (maistly due tae the mass daiths o civilians in territories occupeed bi Germany). Efter the war, Stalin instawed subservient communist govrenments in maist kintras in Eastren Europe, formin the [[Eastren bloc]], ahint wha wis referred tae as an "[[Airn Curtain]]" o Soviet rule durin the [[Cauld War]]. Stalin fostered a [[cult o personality]] aroond hissel, but efter his daith, his successor, [[Nikita Khrushchev]], denoonced his legacy an drove the process o [[de-Stalinization]] o the Soviet Union.<ref name = AnswersCoP>{{Cite web|title = Cult of Personality |url= http://www.answers.com/topic/cult-of-personality-2 |publisher = Answers .com}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Stalin, Joseph}} [[Category:Anti-fascists]] [[Category:Atheism activists]] [[Category:Cauld War leaders]] [[Category:Comintern fowk]] [[Category:Daiths frae stroke]] [[Category:Generalissimos]] [[Category:Georgie communists]] [[Category:Georgie fowk o Warld War II]] [[Category:Great Purge perpetrators]] [[Category:Heids o govrenment o the Soviet Union]] [[Category:Heids o the Communist Pairty o the Soviet Union]] [[Category:Heroes o Socialist Labour]] [[Category:Holodomor perpetrators]] [[Category:Double Heroes o the Soviet Union]] [[Category:Joseph Stalin| ]] [[Category:Mairshals o the Soviet Union]] [[Category:Marxism]] [[Category:Marxist theorists]] [[Category:Auld Bolsheviks]] [[Category:Fowk buiried in the Kremlin Waw Necropolis]] [[Category:Fowk frae Gori]] [[Category:Fowk o the Roushie Ceevil War]] [[Category:Recipients o the Order o Veectory]] [[Category:Roushie atheists]] [[Category:Roushie fowk o Georgie strynd]] [[Category:Smawpox survivors]] [[Category:Soviet Meenisters o Defence]] [[Category:Soviet fowk o Warld War II]] [[Category:Soviet politeecians]] [[Category:Warld War II poleetical leaders]] [[Category:1878 births]] [[Category:1953 daiths]] [[Category:Politburo o the Central Committee o the Communist Pairty o the Soviet Union members]] [[Category:Umwhile Eastren Orthodox Christians]] [[Category:Katyn Massacre perpetrators]] {{Stub/Roushie}} 4zktnnt2hi49eyyabdqyq1b8v5sl1g4 0 13925 917265 792318 2026-05-26T13:10:10Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 917265 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Isochrony''' is the idea that a leid rhythmically divides time intae equal portions. Three types o diveesions are postulatit: # the temporal duration atween twa stressed [[seellable]]s is equal (stress-timed); # The duration o ivery seellable is equal (seellable-timed); # the duration o ivery [[Mora (linguistics)|mora]] is equal (mora-timed). The idea wis first expressed bi [[Ken Pike]] in 1945. While mony linguists find the idea o different rhythm types appealin, empirical studies hae no been able tae fynd acoustic correlates o the postulatit types, cawin intae quaisten the validity o thir types.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=124 |title=Slicing the syllabic bologna |date=May 5, 2008 |author=[[Mark Liberman]] |work=[[Language Log]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=126 |title=Another slice of prosodic sausage |date=May 6, 2008 |author=Mark Liberman |work=[[Language Log]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Prosodic Typology: On the Dichotomy between Stress-Timed and Syllable-Timed Languages |author=Antonio Pamies Bertrán |url=http://elies.rediris.es/Language_Design/LD2/pamies.pdf |access-date=2010-11-28 |archive-date=2021-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121212922/http://elies.rediris.es/Language_Design/LD2/pamies.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Phonetics]] [[Category:Rhythm]] 309kk5gcqene6j60muvgxq66f579sl9 0 18148 917263 894886 2026-05-26T13:06:38Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 917263 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Locator map Iran Esfahan Province.png|thumb|right|Cairt o Iran wi Isfahan heichlichtit]] ''' Isfahan Province''' ({{lang-fa|استان اصفهان‎ ''Ostān-e Esfahān''}}), an aa [[transliteration|transliteratit]] as ''Esfahan'', ''Espahan'', ''Sepahan'' or ''Isphahan'', is ane o the 30 [[provinces o Iran|provinces]] o [[Iran]]. It is locatit in the centre o the kintra. Its caipital is the ceety o [[Isfahan]]. == Geography == The province o Esfahan covers an aurie o approximately 107,027 square km an is situatit in the centre o Iran. Tae its north, staund the [[Markazi Province|Markazi]] (Central) Province an the provinces o [[Qom]] an [[Semnān Province|Semnān]]. Tae its sooth, it is bordered bi the provinces o [[Fars Province|Fars]], an [[Kohgiluyeh an Boyer-Ahmad|Kohgiluyeh an Boyer-Ahmad Province]]. [[Aminabad]] is the maist soothren ceety o Esfahan province juist 2&nbsp;km north o the border. Tae the east, it is bordered bi the province o [[Yazd Province|Yazd]]. Tae the wast, it is bordered bi the province o [[Loristan Province|Loristan]] an tae the soothwast bi the province o [[Chaharmahal an Bakhtiyari|Chaharmahal an Bakhtiari Province]]. == References == {{reflist}} == Freemit airtins == {{commonscat|Isfahan Province}} * [http://www.iranchamber.com/provinces/24_esfahan/24_esfahan.php Province o Esfahan on Iran Chamber Society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118201313/http://iranchamber.com/provinces/24_esfahan/24_esfahan.php |date=2011-11-18 }} * [http://www.ostan-es.ir/ Offeecial wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091219150224/http://www.ostan-es.ir/ |date=2009-12-19 }} * [http://www.lovelyiran.com/esfahan/ Esfahan Travel Attractions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328104327/http://www.lovelyiran.com/esfahan/ |date=2010-03-28 }} * [http://www.isfahanmiras.ir/ Isfahan Cultural Heritage Organization] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050206014647/http://www.isfahanmiras.ir/ |date=2005-02-06 }} * [http://www.isfahaneducation.com/ Isfahan Province Depairtment o Education] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051124025950/http://www.isfahaneducation.com/ |date=2005-11-24 }} * [http://www.anobanini.ir/travel/fa/esfahan/ Isfahan information an picturs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081003054805/http://www.anobanini.ir/travel/fa/esfahan/ |date=2008-10-03 }} * [http://www.naeinnews.ir Naein News] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090927032254/http://www.naeinnews.ir/ |date=2009-09-27 }} {{Geographic location |Centre = Isfahan Province |North = [[Qom Province]] |Northeast = [[Semnan Province]] |East = [[Yazd Province]] |Southeast = [[Fars Province]] |South = [[Kohgiluyeh an Boyer-Ahmad Province]] |Southwest = [[Chahar Mahaal an Bakhtiari Province]] |West = [[Lorestan Province]] |Northwest = [[Markazi Province]] }} {{Esfahan Province}} {{Provinces o Iran}} [[Category:Isfahan Province| ]] [[Category:Provinces o Iran]] gj170zms7cd224ybxegt2d61de83y32 0 18292 917287 640093 2026-05-26T20:40:43Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 917287 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |name =Nardaran |settlement_type=Municipality |native_name = |pushpin_map =Azerbaijan |pushpin_mapsize =300 |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Azerbaijan}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Admeenistrative diveesions o Azerbaijan|Ceety]] |subdivision_name1 =[[Baku]] |subdivision_type2 = Raion |subdivision_name2 =[[Sabunçu raion|Sabunçu]] |leader_title = |leader_name = |established_title = |established_date = |area_total_km2 = |area_footnotes = |population_as_of =2008 |population_total =8300 |population_density_km2 = |population_footnotes =<ref>[http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=wg&geo=-26&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&pt=c&va=x World Gazetteer: Azerbaijan] &ndash; World-Gazetteer.com</ref> |timezone =[[Azerbaijan Time|AZT]] |utc_offset = +4 |timezone_DST =[[Azerbaijan Time|AZT]] |utc_offset_DST = +5 |coordinates = {{coord|40|33|22|N|50|00|20|E|region:AZ|display=inline}} |elevation_m = |area_code = |website = }} '''Nardaran''' is a dounset an municipality on the [[Abşeron Peninsulae]] in [[Baku]], [[Azerbaijan]]. It haes a population o 8,300. Locatit 25 kilometers northeast o central Baku, it is poleetically pairt o the Baku ceety-subdiveesion an treatit as a suburb. Unlik the rest o the kintra which is staunchly secular an which is considered releegiously progressive, Nardaran is a lone centre o conservative [[Shia Islam]] in Azerbaijan. Nardaran's name come frae [[Persie leid|Persie]]: Nar ([[Pomegranate]])نار +Daran (trees) داران"Place wi Pomegranate trees". The toun is the steid o an early-14t century castle, featurin a roond touer approximately 12.5 meters heich. Durin [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] rule, the ceety wis kent as a centre growin flouers. Syne Azerbaijan's unthirldom, the economy haes dwindled an the toun is reputit for its [[caviar]] poachers<ref>C.J. Chivers, "[http://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/28/international/asia/28sturgeon.html Corruption Endangers a Treasure of the Caspian]", ''The New York Times'', Nov. 11, 2005, ''Accessed 05-01-2006''</ref>. Nardaran is the anerlie place in the whole o Azerbaijan whaur its indwallers are devoutly releegious an conservative, whaur its streets display releegious banners an whaur maist weemen wear [[chador]]s in public. The toun is hame tae a [[madrassah]] as well as the Rehime Khanim Mosque, a lairge Shia mosque biggit in the late 1990s ower the tomb o Rahima Khanim, the sister o [[Shia Imam|Imam]] [[Ali al-Rida|Reza]]. The nou banned [[Islamic Pairty o Azerbaijan]] wis foondit in this toun an its base wis centred thare. Nardaran haes been the steid o strang protests an unrest, notable riots in Juin 2002 ower wha protesters deemed inadequate livin staundarts an anither in Januar 2006 which resultit in the daiths o three fowk<ref>Overseas Security Advisory Council, [http://www.osac.gov/Reports/report.cfm?contentID=41830 Safety & Security Report: Unrest in Nardaran, Azerbaijan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927070519/http://www.osac.gov/Reports/report.cfm?contentID=41830 |date=2007-09-27 }}, [[Bureau of Diplomatic Security]], [[U.S. Department of State]], Feb. 1, 2006, ''Accessed 05-01-2006''</ref>. Ironically Nardaran is possibly ane the poorest places in Azerbaijan, while it is sae close tae the richest place in Azerbaijan, Baku. ==See an aa== *[[1842 Baku earthquake]] == References == {{Reflist}} *{{GEOnet2|32FA881500D03774E0440003BA962ED3}} {{Baku}} [[Category:Populatit places in Baku]] [[Category:Absheron veelages]] ksv7l522mgm454cx7at48bkcq8hd0e9 0 19398 917269 895322 2026-05-26T15:04:40Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 917269 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Israel municipality |name=Kfar Kama |emblem= |emblem_type= |image_skyline=Kafrkama.jpg |image_caption= |hebname=כְּפַר כַּמָא |ISO=Kpar Kamaˀ |arname=كفر كما |meaning= |pushpin_map=Israel |coordinates = {{coord|32|43|19|N|35|26|27|E|region:IL|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |founded=1876 |type=lc |typefrom=1950 |stdHeb= |altOffSp= |altUnoSp= |district=north |population=3005 |popyear=2011 |area_dunam=8854 |mayor= }} '''Kfar Kama''' ({{lang-he-n|כְּפַר כַּמָא}}; {{lang-ar|كفر كما}}; {{Lang-ady|Кфар Кама}}) is a toun locatit in the lawer [[Galilee]], [[Israel]], wi a population o 2,900,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/population/new_2009/table3.pdf |title=POPULATION OF LOCALITIES NUMBERING ABOVE 2,000 INHABITANTS AND OTHER RURAL POPULATION |date=2008-12-31 |work=[[Israel Central Bureau of Statistics]]|format=PDF}}</ref> lairgely [[Adyghe fowk|Circassian]]. There is airchaeological evidence that the aurie wis inhabitit frae the 6t century. The current veelage wis foondit in 1876 bi Circassians who wur exiled frae the [[Caucasus]] bi the Roushies tae the [[Ottoman Empire]] due tae the [[Roushie-Circassie War]]. A Center for Circassian Heritage is situatit in the veelage. The schuil in the veelage teaches in a mixed environment o classes in Circassian, Ebreu, Arabic an Inglis leids.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.haaretz.co.il/hasite/pages/ShArtPE.jhtml?itemNo=555273&contrassID=2&subContrassID=2&sbSubContrassID=0 |title=מדברים פה בהרבה שפות? נקרא לזה "בית ספר רב לשוני". יולי חרומצ'נקו, הארץ |access-date=2011-10-08 |archive-date=2011-08-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805225616/http://www.haaretz.co.il/hasite/pages/ShArtPE.jhtml?itemNo=555273&contrassID=2&subContrassID=2&sbSubContrassID=0 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kfar Kama is ane o twa Circassian veelages in Israel. The ither ane is [[Rehaniya]]. The Circassians are [[Muslims]], who unlike the main [[Arab citizens o Israel|Israeli Arab]] Muslim minority, perform military service in the [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]], similar tae the Israeli [[Druze]]. == Gallery == <gallery widths="200px" heights="200px"> image:Kfar Kama mosque.jpg|The mosque in Kfar Kama. image:Jamye hare.jpg|The auld veelage in Kfar Kama. image:Typical house Kfar Kama.jpg|The auld veelage in Kfar Kama. </gallery> == See an aa == * [[Circassians in Israel]] * [http://www.kfarkama.co.il/ kfar kama local cooncil] * [http://www.circassianmuseum.co.il/ the warld circassian heritage center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921134430/http://www.circassianmuseum.co.il/ |date=2011-09-21 }} == References == {{commonscat}} {{reflist}} {{North District (Israel)}} [[Category:Local cooncils in Israel]] [[Category:Populatit places established in 1876]] bxy0eds91zh6td6649m2boe51r826in 0 34137 917286 828885 2026-05-26T20:09:51Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 917286 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>The [[Mexico|Mexican]] [[Poleetical diveesions o Mexico|state]] o [[Aguascalientes]] is subdividit intae '''11''' '''[[municipalities o Mexico|municipalities]]''' ({{lang-es|municipios}}): {| style="float: right;" | [[File:Mexico map, MX-AGU.svg|thumb|250px|[[Poleetical diveesions o Mexico|State]] o [[Aguascalientes]] in [[Mexico]].]] |- | [[Image:Municipios de Aguascalientes.jpg|thumb|250px|Municipalities o [[Aguascalientes]], bi [[INEGI]] code.]] |} </noinclude> {|class="wikitable sortable" |- align=center style="background:#d8edff" ![[INEGI]] code !Municipality !Municipal Seat !Population (2010) !Aurie (km2) |- | 001|| [[Aguascalientes Municipality|Aguascalientes]] ||[[Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes|Aguascalientes]] || 797,010 || 1,178.85 |- | 002|| [[Asientos Municipality|Asientos]] || [[Asientos, Aguascalientes|Asientos]] || 45,492 || 547.74 |- | 003|| [[Calvillo Municipality|Calvillo]] || [[Calvillo, Aguascalientes|Calvillo]] || 54,136 || 931.26 |- | 004|| [[Cosío Municipality|Cosío]] || [[Cosío, Aguascalientes|Cosío]] || 15,042 || 128 |- | 005|| [[Jesús María Municipality|Jesús María]] || [[Jesús María, Aguascalientes|Jesús María]] || 99,590 || 499 |- | 006|| [[Pabellón de Arteaga Municipality|Pabellón de Arteaga]] || [[Pabellón de Arteaga]] || 41,862 || 199.33 |- | 007|| [[Rincón de Romos Municipality|Rincón de Romos]] ||[[Rincón de Romos]] || 18,828 || 376.77 |- | 008|| [[San José de Gracia Municipality|San José de Gracia]] || [[San José de Gracia, Aguascalientes|San José de Gracia]] || 8,443 || 856 |- | 009|| [[Tepezalá Municipality|Tepezalá]] ||[[Tepezalá]] || 19,668 || 231.70 |- | 010|| [[El Llano Municipality|El Llano]] || [[Palo Alto, Aguascalientes|Palo Alto]] || 18,828 || 500 |- | 011|| [[San Francisco de los Romo Municipality|San Francisco de los Romo]]|| [[San Francisco de los Romo]] || 35,769 || 139.54 |}<noinclude> == Freemit airtins == *{{es icon}} [http://www.aguascalientes.gob.mx Aguascalientes state govrenment] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070406171651/http://www.aguascalientes.gob.mx/ |date=2007-04-06 }} *{{es icon}} [http://www.e-local.gob.mx/wb2/ELOCAL/EMM_aguascalientes Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070515091406/http://www.e-local.gob.mx/wb2/ELOCAL/EMM_aguascalientes |date=2007-05-15 }} *{{es icon}} [http://mapserver.inegi.gob.mx/geografia/espanol/datosgeogra/basicos/estados/ags_geo.cfm INEGI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061110023954/http://mapserver.inegi.gob.mx/geografia/espanol/datosgeogra/basicos/estados/ags_geo.cfm |date=2006-11-10 }} {{Municipalities o Mexico}} [[Category:Municipalities o Aguascalientes| ]] [[Category:Leets o municipalities o Mexico|Aguascalientes]] </noinclude> dpivc2rju03gkyvupodbs8d8qbeaasi 0 34142 917305 910622 2026-05-27T04:21:23Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 917305 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |name = San Francisco de los Romo |settlement_type =[[Municipalities o Mexico|Municipality]] |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = EscudoSFR.jpg |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = San Francisco de los Romo en Aguascalientes.svg |mapsize = |map_caption = Municipality location in Aguascalientes |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Mexico <!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_mapsize =280 |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Mexico <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Mexico}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Poleetical diveesions o Mexico|State]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Aguascalientes]] |subdivision_type2 = Municipal seat |subdivision_name2 = [[San Francisco de los Romo]] |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref = |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = 139.54 |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of =2010 |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total =35,769 |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro =13,262 |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |population_blank1 = |population_blank2_title =Religions |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|22|05|N|102|16|W|region:MX|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''San Francisco de los Romo''' is a [[municipalities o Mexico|municipality]] in the [[Poleetical diveesions o Mexico|Mexican state]] o [[Aguascalientes]]. It is locatit in the central pairt o the state. The municipality, which haes an aurie o 139.54 km², reportit a 2010 Census population o 35,769. It is locatit in the middle of the [[Aguascalientes Valley]], at 20 [[km]] towards north frae the state caipital [[Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes|Aguascalientes]]; it adjoins wi the municipalities of [[Pabellón de Arteaga Municipality|Pabellón de Arteaga]] an [[Asientos Municipality|Asientos]] tae the north, [[Jesús María Municipality|Jesús María]] tae the wast, an [[Aguascalientes Municipality|Aguascalientes]] tae the sooth-east. The [[Settlement classification in Mexico|toun]] o [[San Francisco de los Romo]], which is the saxt-lairgest commonty in the state, is locatit at the northwast corner o the municipality an serves as its municipal seat. ==References== *[http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/sistemas/conteo2005/localidad/iter/ Link to tables of population data from Census of 2005] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510204704/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/sistemas/conteo2005/localidad/iter/ |date=2013-05-10 }} [[Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática]] (INEGI) *[http://www.e-local.gob.mx/wb2/ELOCAL/EMM_aguascalientes Aguascalientes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070515091406/http://www.e-local.gob.mx/wb2/ELOCAL/EMM_aguascalientes |date=2007-05-15 }} Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.sanfranciscodelosromo.gob.mx/ Ayuntamiento de San Francisco de los Romo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125042717/http://www.sanfranciscodelosromo.gob.mx/ |date=2014-01-25 }} Offeecial wabsteid *[http://www.aguascalientes.gob.mx/ Gobierno del Estado de Aguascalientes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070406171651/http://www.aguascalientes.gob.mx/ |date=2007-04-06 }} Offeecial wabsteid o State o Aguascalientes {{Municipalities o Aguascalientes}} [[Category:Municipalities o Aguascalientes]] 4ai73dkzx1q3698n798dwie7h10d7ce 0 37826 917282 893801 2026-05-26T19:27:51Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 917282 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Michel Kilo <br> ميشيل كيلو | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth year|1940}} | birth_place = [[Latakia]], Sirie | death_date = {{Death date and age|2021|04|19|1940}} | death_place = | nationality = Sirie | other_names = | known_for = Democracy activist,<br> poleetical preesoner | occupation = Writer }} '''Michel Kilo''' ({{lang-ar|ميشيل كيلو}}, born 1940; deed 19 Aprile 2021) wis a [[Sirie]] [[Eastren Christian|Christian]]<ref name="middle-east-online.com">{{Cite web |url=http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/syria/?id=32444 |title=Syria's Kilo pledges to continue struggle |access-date=2012-09-15 |archive-date=2020-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427003856/http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/syria/?id=32444 |url-status=dead }}</ref> writer an [[human richts]] activist, who haes been cried "ane o Sirie's leadin opposition thinkers."<ref name="Wright">{{Citation |last=Wright |first=Robin |title=Dreams and Shadows: The Future of the Middle East |location=New York |publisher=Penguin Press |year=2008 |page=232 |isbn=978-1-59420-111-0 }}.</ref> ==Career== Kilo wis born in the Sirie [[Eastren Mediterranean|Mediterranean]] coastal ceety o [[Latakia]] in 1940. He studiet journalism in Egyp an Germany. He haes translatit mony poleetical an economics beuks frae [[German leid|German]] tae [[Inglis leid|Inglis]]. As a columnist he wrote opinion pieces for twa [[Arabic]] papers, the Lebanese daily ''[[Annahar]]'' an the Lunnon-based ''[[Al-Quds Al-Arabi]]''. Recently he wrote several airticles aboot the [[Sirie ceevil war|Sirie uprisin]] for the ''[[As-Safir]]'' Lebanese daily newspaper.<ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.assafir.com/Article.aspx?EditionId=1936&ChannelId=45713&ArticleId=154&Author=%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%84 |title=Michel Kilo writes: You Syrians What Will You Do? }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.</ref> ==Troubles wi the govrenment== Kilo wis first reestit bi the govrenment in the early 1980s,<ref name="middle-east-online.com"/> follaeing this reest he muivit tae [[Fraunce]] but came back tae Sirie in 1991. Follaein the [[Damascus Spring]] muivement, Kilo wis a central figur in the [[Damascus Declaration]] o 2005 an cried for "peaceful, gradual," reform "foondit on accord, an based on dialogue an recognition o the ither."<ref name="Wright"/> On 12 Mey 2006, the [[Beirut-Damascus Declaration]], cawin for normalisin Lebanese-Sirie relations efter decades o domination bi Sirie o its smawer neebour Lebanon, wis published wi Kilo as ane o its signatories. He wis reestit yet again an a year later wis sentencit tae three years in preeson on chyrges o "o weakenin naitional sentiment an encouragin sectarian strife." On 19 Mey 2009, he wis released efter completin aw o his sentence.<ref>{{Citation |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8060073.stm |title=Dissident writer Michel Kilo freed in Syria |date=20 May 2009 |work=[[BBC News]] }}.</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.amnestyinternational.be/doc/article9230.html Amnesty International] *[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070103.wwatching-kilo03/BNStory/International/home No verbal zigzagging for this Syrian gadfly] *[http://aelme.org/syria-michel-kilo Michel Kilo Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704224028/http://aelme.org/syria-michel-kilo |date=2007-07-04 }} The Alliance for Essential Liberties in the Middle East's profile o Michel Kilo {{DEFAULTSORT:Kilo, Michel}} [[Category:1940 births]] [[Category:2021 daiths]] [[Category:Fowk frae Latakia]] [[Category:Sirie Christians]] [[Category:Sirie writers]] [[Category:Preesoners an detainees o Sirie]] [[Category:Sirian democracy activists]] [[Category:Fowk o the Sirie ceevil war]] 22bvehu3ak27881s8l87bkvj7wlqyhl 0 37871 917281 893804 2026-05-26T18:38:39Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 917281 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisical airtist |image=Margol social justice Beersheba 2.jpg|150px |name = Margalit Tzan'ani| |background = solo_singer |birth_name = |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1948|12|19}} |birth_place =[[Netanya]], [[Israel]] |death_date = |origin = [[Israel]] |instrument = |genre = [[Mizrahi muisic|Mizrahi]], [[Soul muisic|Soul]], [[Arab muisic|Arab]] |occupation = [[Sangster]], [[TV host]] |years_active = 1971 - present |label = |associated_acts = Rachel Shapira, [[Jaroslav Jakubovic]] |website = http://62.219.83.33/margol/ |current_members = |past_members = }} '''Margalit Tzan'ani''' ({{lang-he|מרגלית צנעני}}, born 19 December 1948<ref>Accordin tae [http://www.ishim.co.il/p.php?s=%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA+%D7%A6%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%99 Ishim] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403110802/http://www.ishim.co.il/p.php?s=%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA%20%D7%A6%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%99 |date=2012-04-03 }} wabsteid an [http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4110189,00.html a statement by her attorney in court]</ref>), kent as ''Margol'' an aw, is an [[Israel]]i sangster an telly personality. Tzan'ani is famous for her repertoire o [[Mizrahi muisic|Israeli oriental muisic]] style wi [[soul muisic|soul]] influences, as well as [[jazz]], [[blues]], [[rock n roll|rock]], [[pop muisic|pop]] an [[Arab muisic]]. ==Biografie == Margalit wis born in [[Netanya]] tae a releegious [[Yemenite Jewish]] faimily. She wis the eldest o seiven childer. Her faither, Shalom, wis a diamond industrie wirker, an her mither, Lola, wis a hoosewife.<ref name="haaretz.com">{{Cite web |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1118249.html |title=Don't mess around with me, Haaretz |access-date=2010-01-18 |archive-date=2010-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100118143652/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1118249.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She marriet Mordy Lavie in 1977 an haes ane son, Assaf. She divorcit in 1985. For mony years she performit at weddins an private events. She wirkit at a stall in the [[Jaffa]] flea mercat an as a salesgirl at [[Hamashbir Latzarchan]] depairtment store an aw. The day she lives in [[Azor]], a veelage on the ootskirts o Tel Aviv, wi her son, who writes some o her sangs.<ref name="haaretz.com"/> ==Muisical career== Tzan'ani stairtit her career at the age o 19 in the Israeli production o "[[Hair (muisical)|Hair]]", whare she performit alangside [[Svika Pick]] an [[Tzedi Tzarfati]].<ref name="haaretz.com"/> For the audeetion, she sang ''Rak al atzmi lesaper yadati'', based on a poem bi the poetess Rachel.<ref name="haaretz.com"/> She wis an extra in the movie "Kazablan", released in 1973. That year, she pairticipatit in the [[Muisical theatre|muisical]] "Lili Gam" (Lili Too) wi [[Izhar Cohen]] an [[Roman Sharon]] an aw. Tzan'ani wirkit atween the years 1970-1980 in a successfu weddin baund cried "Shokolada". In 1985 she teuk pairt in the sang "Rotzim Shalom" ("We Want Peace"), an Israeli version o the sang "[[We Are the World]]". Tzan'ani's breakthrough wis in 1986, when she appeared in "Siba LiMesiba" (A raison for a Pairty) a Friday nicht telly show hostit bi [[Rivka Michaeli]] on [[Israel Broadcasting Authority|IBA]]. She sang "Na'ari Shuva Elay" (My Boy, Come Back tae Me), ane o her biggest hits. Her first album, cried "''Na'ari Shuva Elay''" an aw, wis released in 1986, wi the help o Yehuda Keysar an muisical adapter Haim Hadad. Keysar an Hadad peyed for the [[master recordin]] an sauld it tae Nissim Ben-Haim, her first producer. She pairticipatit in the Israeli Kids Festival o that year wi "Asaf Sheli" (My Asaf). In 1989, Tzan'ani released the album ''Menta'' ([[Mentha|Mint]]), her first collaboration wi Jaroslav Jakubovic who adaptit it in jazz style an componed some o the sangs. The album includit hits lik "Od Yehiye Li" (I'll Have) an "Menta". That same year, she jynt the cast o the movie "Al Hapanim", thegither wi Rivka Michaeli an [[Nuli Omer]] an appeared in the Fesitgal childer's sangs contest wi the sang "Nesikhot Shkhorot" (Black Princesses) which came in third. In 1990, her album "''Homot Hemar''" (Clay Barriers) wis released, again producit bi Jakubovic, an for the first time includit sangs Margol wrote. That year, she pairticipatit in the Festigal again, this time wi the sang "Gan Eden" (Heaven) that came fift. Tzan'ani performit wi [[Shlomo Gronich]] in the [[Arad, Israel|Arad]] festival o 1992. Thegither thay recordit the sang "Bama'agal" (In the circle) for [[Dan Shilon]]'s prime time [[Channel 2 (Israel)|Channel 2]] show "Beshidur Hai" (Live Broadcast). In 1995, she teuk pairt in the sang "Kutonet Pasim" ([[Coat o mony colors]]) record in [[Israel Defense Forces Radio]], as pairt o an [[Immigrant Absorption Meenister o Israel]]'s information campaign. That year, she released anither album, "Eretz Esh Eretz Yam" (Fire Land, Sea Land). In 1997, she released anither album cried "''Hofshi''" (Free), includit the sangs "Hofshi", "Alhembera Cofee" an "Maybe". In 1998, she recordit a kiver version o the Israeli classic sang "Pizmon Ha'Agada" (The Legend's Chours) for the album "Avoda Ivrit", on which [[Celebrity|famous]] Israeli [[muisicker]]s recordit kiver versions tae Israeli classics, for notin the 50 years celebration o Israel's [[unthirldom]]. She made a kiver version o "Like Drunk" bi [[Zohar Argov]] for the album "Friends Singing Zohar" in his memory an aw. Maist o the "''LeOlam''" (Forever), released in 2003 wis written bi Margol. In 2005, she released the album "''Galeh Li''" (Tell Me) that includit the super-hit "Az Ma?!" (Sae What?!). Maist o this album's sangs wis written bi her son. In 2006, she released her album "Hameytav." That simmer she went tae [[Unitit States|Americae]] wi [[Yardena Arazi]], [[Ilanit]], [[Ruti Navon]] an [[Shlomit Aharon]] for a tour o [[Jew]]ish communities. ==Muisical influences== In an interview wi [[Haaretz]] newspaper, Tzan'ani citit [[Ella Fitzgerald]], [[Tina Turner]] an [[Aretha Franklin]] as major influences.<ref name="haaretz.com"/> ==Televeesion career== In 1993, Tzan'ani hostit her awn talk-Show, ''"Margol'', on Channel 2. In 2001, she hostit the [[ceukin show]] ''BaMitbakh im Margol'' (In The Kitchen Wi Margol) on the Briza Channel an teuk pairt in the panel o a talk show on the same channel. Tsan'ani hosted [[radio]] shows an aw. Tzan'ani teuk pairt in the comic drama series "Pick Up" on [[Israel 10|Channel Ten]] as the mither o Gili. She haes been parodiet on the comedy show [[Eretz Nehederet]]. In 2006, she wis chosen tae be a judge in [[Kokhav Nolad]], the Israeli version o [[American Idol]]. She haes continued in this capacity for fower series.<ref name="haaretz.com"/> ==Ither wirks== In 2007, Tzan'ani voicit Darlin' in the Ebreu dub o the animatit film [[Everyone's Hero]]. ==Allegations o extortion== On 16 August 2011 [[Israel Polis|Israeli Polis]] arrestit Tzan'ani durin a raid on her hame. She wis chairgit wi extortion an blackmail against her manager, Assaf Atedgi. Tzan'ani denied the chyrges against her.<ref>{{cite news|date=August 16, 2011|publisher=Ynet|title=Singer Margalit Tzanani denies extortion allegations|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4109419,00.html|first=Eli|last=Senyor}}</ref> == Discografie == *1986 - Na'Ari Shuva Elay *1989 - Menta *1990 - Homot Hemar *1993 - Erez Esh Eretz Yam *1997 - Hofshi *2003 - LeOlam *2005 - Gale Li *2006 - Gowd *2009 - Davka hayom ==References== {{reflist}} == Freemit airtins == * [http://www.margol.info/ Offeecial wabsteid] {{he icon}} {{Kokhav Nolad}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tzanani, Margalit}} [[Category:1953 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Israeli female sangsters]] [[Category:Israeli Jews]] [[Category:Israeli fowk o Yemeni-Jewish strynd]] [[Category:Fowk frae Netanya]] 4tdrqmc3mk6m958dz95qj8sroztmp92 0 40372 917295 910598 2026-05-26T22:33:08Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 917295 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |name = Pabellón de Arteaga |settlement_type =[[Municipalities o Mexico|Municipality]] |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = E pabellon.jpg |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = Pabellon de Arteaga en Aguascalientes.svg |mapsize = |map_caption = Municipality location in Aguascalientes |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Mexico <!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_mapsize =280 |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Mexico <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Mexico}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Poleetical diveesions o Mexico|State]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Aguascalientes]] |subdivision_type2 = Municipal seat |subdivision_name2 = [[Pabellón de Arteaga]] |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref = |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = 199.33 <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of =2010 |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total =41,862 |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |population_blank1 = |population_blank2_title =Religions |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|22|09|N|102|16|W|region:MX|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Pabellón de Arteaga''' is [[municipalities o Mexico|municipality]] in the [[Mexico|Mexican state]] o [[Aguascalientes]]. It staunds at {{coord|22|09|N|102|16|W|}} in the central pairt o the state. The [[Settlement classification in Mexico|ceety]] o [[Pabellón de Arteaga]] (2005 population: 26,797) serves as its municipal seat. The municipality haed a population o 38,912 an an aurie o 199.33 km² (76.97 sq mi). Its lairgest ither toun is namit [[Emiliano Zapata, Aguascalientes|Emiliano Zapata]]. ==Settlements== The municipality haes a total o 117 settlements. The main anes are: {|class="wikitable" border="1" |- style="background:#CFCFCF;" ! '''Settlement''' !! '''Population''' |- | [[Pabellón de Arteaga]] || 26,797 |- | [[Emiliano Zapata, Aguascalientes|Emiliano Zapata]] || 2,851 |- | [[Las Ánimas]] || 1,842 |- | [[Fraccionamiento Santa Isabel]] || 1,027 |- | [[Santiago, Aguascalientes|Santiago]] || 953 |- | [[San Luis de Letras]] || 850 |- style="background:#CFCFCF;" | '''Total ''' || '''38,912''' |} ==References== *[http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/sistemas/conteo2005/localidad/iter/ Link to tables of population data from Census of 2005] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510204704/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/sistemas/conteo2005/localidad/iter/ |date=2013-05-10 }} [[Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática]] (INEGI) *[http://www.e-local.gob.mx/wb2/ELOCAL/EMM_aguascalientes Aguascalientes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070515091406/http://www.e-local.gob.mx/wb2/ELOCAL/EMM_aguascalientes |date=2007-05-15 }} Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.municipiopabellonags.gob.mx/ Ayuntamiento de Pabellón de Arteaga] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124234157/http://municipiopabellonags.gob.mx/ |date=2022-01-24 }} Offeecial wabsteid *[http://www.aguascalientes.gob.mx Aguascalientes state govrenment] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070406171651/http://www.aguascalientes.gob.mx/ |date=2007-04-06 }} (in Spaingie) {{Municipalities o Aguascalientes}} [[Category:Municipalities o Aguascalientes]] 3twlugjqbwjysr6vc3nj7x9szlyd6a0 0 40392 917303 910613 2026-05-27T03:34:58Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 917303 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |name = Rincón de Romos |settlement_type =[[Municipalities o Mexico|Municipality]] |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = Escudo rincon.jpg |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = Rincon de Romos en Aguascalientes.svg |mapsize = |map_caption = Municipality location in Aguascalientes |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Mexico <!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_mapsize =280 |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Mexico <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Mexico}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Poleetical diveesions o Mexico|State]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Aguascalientes]] |subdivision_type2 = Municipal seat |subdivision_name2 = [[Rincón de Romos]] |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref = |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = 376.77 |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of =2010 |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total =49,156 |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro =25,815 |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |population_blank1 = |population_blank2_title =Religions |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|22|14|N|102|19|W|region:MX|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Rincón de Romos''' is a [[municipalities o Mexico|municipality]] in the [[Mexico|Mexican state]] o [[Aguascalientes]]. It is locatit at {{coord|22|14|N|102|19|W|}} in the northren pairt o the state. The municipal seat is the ceety o [[Rincón de Romos]] (2005 census population o 25,815 indwallers) The municipality haes an aurie o 376.77&nbsp;km², an a population o 49,156. == Climate == <div style="width:75%"> {{Weather box |location = Rincón de Romos |single line = Yes |metric first = Yes |Jan high F = 68.9 |Feb high F = 72.9 |Mar high F = 78.3 |Apr high F = 83.5 |May high F = 86 |Jun high F = 84.6 |Jul high F = 79.3 |Aug high F =78.6 |Sep high F = 76.5 |Oct high F = 76.1 |Nov high F =73.6 |Dec high F = 70.2 |Year high F = 77.4 |Jan low F = 35.6 |Feb low F = 37.8 |Mar low F = 41.9 |Apr low F = 45.7 |May low F = 49.8 |Jun low F = 51.4 |Jul low F = 51.3 |Aug low F = 50.4 |Sep low F = 49.3 |Oct low F = 44.4 |Nov low F = 39.4 |Dec low F = 36.7 |Year low F = 44.4 |Jan precipitation inch = 0.8 |Feb precipitation inch =0.3 |Mar precipitation inch = 0.1 |Apr precipitation inch = 0.2 |May precipitation inch = 0.7 |Jun precipitation inch = 2.1 |Jul precipitation inch = 3.9 |Aug precipitation inch = 3.1 |Sep precipitation inch = 2.6 |Oct precipitation inch = 1.4 |Nov precipitation inch = 0.3 |Dec precipitation inch = 0.4 |Year precipitation inch = 15.9 |source 1 = Weatherbase <ref name=Weatherbase>{{cite web |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=981082&refer=wikipedia |title=Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Rincón de Romos, Aguascalientes |publisher=Weatherbase |year=2011 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Retrieved on November 24, 2011.</ref> |date=November 2011 }} </div> ==References== {{reflist}} *[http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/sistemas/conteo2005/localidad/iter/ Link to tables of population data from Census of 2005] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510204704/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/sistemas/conteo2005/localidad/iter/ |date=2013-05-10 }} INEGI: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática *[http://www.e-local.gob.mx/wb2/ELOCAL/EMM_aguascalientes Aguascalientes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070515091406/http://www.e-local.gob.mx/wb2/ELOCAL/EMM_aguascalientes |date=2007-05-15 }} Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.rinconderomos.gob.mx/ Gobierno de Rincón de Romos] Offeecial wabsteid *http://www.aguascalientes.gob.mx/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070406171651/http://www.aguascalientes.gob.mx/ |date=2007-04-06 }} Gobierno del Estado de Aguascalientes] Offeecial wabsteid o State o Aguascalientes {{Municipalities o Aguascalientes}} [[Category:Municipalities o Aguascalientes]] bmqgl2l5n7v55tyi3o5gdzn2adulbwa 0 40395 917267 916577 2026-05-26T13:51:12Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 917267 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |name = Jesús María |settlement_type =[[Municipalities o Mexico|Municipality]] |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = EscudoJesusmaria.jpg |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = Jesus Maria en Aguascalientes.svg |mapsize = |map_caption = Municipality location in Aguascalientes |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Mexico <!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_mapsize =280 |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Mexico <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Mexico}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Poleetical diveesions o Mexico|State]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Aguascalientes]] |subdivision_type2 = Municipal seat |subdivision_name2 = [[Jesús María, Aguascalientes|Jesús María]] |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref = |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = 499 <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of =2010 |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total =99,590 |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |population_blank1 = |population_blank2_title =Religions |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|21|58|N|102|21|W|region:MX|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Jesús María''' is a [[municipalities o Mexico|municipality]] in the [[Mexico|Mexican state]] o [[Aguascalientes]]. It staunds at {{coord|21|58|N|102|21|W|}}. The municipality reportit 99,590 inhabitants in the 2010 census. Its municipal seat, [[Jesús María, Aguascalientes]], (population 38,631, the seicont-lairgest ceety in the state) is locatit so close tae the state caipital ceety o [[Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes|Aguascalientes]], that it haes been swallaeed bi it, renderin it pairt o the Aguascalientes [[metropolitan aurie]], wi the function o a suburban aurie. The municipality haes an aurie o 499.18 km² (192.73 sq mi). ==Settlements== *[[Jesús María, Aguascalientes|Jesús María]], municipal seat, population 38631 *[[Jesús Gómez Portugal]], pop. 7126 *[[Corral de Barrancos]], pop. 2329 *[[Maravillas]], pop. 1787 *[[Valladolid, Aguascalientes|Valladolid]], pop. 1608 ==References== *[http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/sistemas/conteo2005/localidad/iter/ Link to tables of population data from Census of 2005] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510204704/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/sistemas/conteo2005/localidad/iter/ |date=2013-05-10 }} [[Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática]] (INEGI) *[http://www.e-local.gob.mx/wb2/ELOCAL/EMM_aguascalientes Aguascalientes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070515091406/http://www.e-local.gob.mx/wb2/ELOCAL/EMM_aguascalientes |date=2007-05-15 }} Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.jesusmaria.gob.mx/ Muncipio de Jesús María]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Offeecial wabsteid *[http://www.aguascalientes.gob.mx/ Gobierno del Estado de Aguascalientes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070406171651/http://www.aguascalientes.gob.mx/ |date=2007-04-06 }} Offeecial wabsteid o state o Aguascalientes [[Category:Municipalities o Aguascalientes]] {{Municipalities o Aguascalientes}} rh4xamdozhdbxgad3pw72sm7fitbge7 0 43781 917296 893903 2026-05-26T22:51:16Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 917296 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Marie Paris Pişmiş de Recilas''' (30 Januar 1911 – 1 August 1999) wis a [[Turkis fowk|Turkis]]-[[Mexican fowk|Mexican]] [[astronomer]] o [[Armenie]] strynd. Pişmiş wis born '''Mari Sukiasyan''' in 1911, in [[Ortaköy]], [[Istanbul]]. In 1937, she became the first wumman tae get a [[Doctor o filosofie|Ph.D.]] frae the Science Faculty o [[Istanbul University]]. Her advisor wis [[Erwin Finlay Freundlich]]. Later, she went tae [[Harvard University]] whaur she met her futur husband Félix Recillas, a [[Mexico|Mexican]] mathematician. Thay settled in Mexico, an she became the first profeesional astronomer in Mexico.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tayabeixo.org/biografias/pismis.htm |title=Biography |access-date=2013-01-07 |archive-date=2023-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223235500/https://www.tayabeixo.org/biografias/pismis.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Accordin tae [[Dorrit Hoffleit]], "she is the ane body maist influential in establishin Mexico’s importance in astronomical education an research". For mair nor 50 years she wirkit at [[Naitional Autonomous Varsity o Mexico|UNAM]] which awairdit her a nummer o prizes includin the "Science Teaching Prize". Pişmiş studiet amang ithers the kinematics o [[galaxy|galaxies]], [[H II region|H II nebulae]], the structur o [[open clusters|open starn clusters]] an [[planetar nebula]]e. She compiee'd the catalogue '''Pismis''' o 22 open clusters an 2 [[globular cluster]]s in the soothren hemisphere.<ref>[http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-ref?bibcode=1959BOTT....2r..37P&simbo=on SIMBAD list of ''Pismis'' clusters]</ref> In 1998, she published an autobiografie entitled "Reminiscences in the Life of Paris Pişmiş: a Woman Astronomer". She dee'd in [[Mexico Ceety]] in 1999. Accordin tae her wish, she wis [[Cremation|crematit]]. Her dochter Elsa Recillas is an [[astrophysicist]]. == References == {{Reflist}} ==Further readin== * {{cite journal |author=Dorrit Hoffleit |year=2005 |title=Two Turkish lady astronomers |journal=[[Journal of the American Association of Variable Star Observers]] |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=127–129 |bibcode=2005JAVSO..33..127H }} * {{cite journal |author=Silvia Torres Peimbert |year=1999 |title=Obituary: Paris Marie Pismis, 1911-1999 |journal=[[Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society]] |volume=31 |pages=1607 |bibcode=1999BAAS...31.1607T }} ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.tayabeixo.org/biografias/pismis.htm Biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223235500/https://www.tayabeixo.org/biografias/pismis.htm |date=2023-12-23 }} {{es icon}} * [http://www.matokulu.com/index.php/paris-pm.html?start=1 Bülent Uyar on Paris Pişmiş] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303203115/http://www.matokulu.com/index.php/paris-pm.html?start=1 |date=2016-03-03 }} {{tr icon}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Pismis, Paris}} [[Category:1911 births]] [[Category:1999 daiths]] [[Category:20t-century astronomers]] [[Category:Mexican Armenies]] [[Category:Armenie fowk frae Istanbul]] [[Category:Mexican astronomers]] [[Category:Turkis Armenies]] [[Category:Turkis astronomers]] [[Category:Turkis emigrants tae Mexico]] 3sxbzaxlyjxdq4xdtozlc436o42u28v 0 45719 917306 893947 2026-05-27T05:46:33Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 917306 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | name = Sezen Aksu | image = Sezen Aksu Harbiye 1.JPG | caption = Sezen Aksu in a concert in Cemil Topuzlu Open-Air Theatre, İstanbul, 2011 | background = solo_singer | birth_name = Fatma Sezen Yıldırım | alias = Sezen Aksu | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1954|7|13|df=yes}} | genre = [[Turkis pop muisic|Pop]] | occupation = [[Sangster-sangwriter]] | years_active = 1975&ndash;present | label = | associated_acts = | website = [http://www.sezenaksu.com.tr Official Website]<br />[[File:Sezen Aksu signature.png|120px]] }} '''Sezen Aksu''' ({{IPA-tr|seˈzen ˈaksu}}; born: '''Fatma Sezen Yıldırım'''; 13 Julie 1954 in [[Sarayköy]], [[Denizli]]) is a [[Turkis fowk|Turkis]] [[Turkis pop muisic|pop muisic]] sangster, sang-writer an producer who sauld ower 40 million albums warldwide.<ref>[http://www.cdbaby.com/cd/sezenaksu3 CD Baby]</ref> Her elk-names include the "Queen o Turkis Pop"<ref name="6Moons Review">{{Cite web |url=http://www.6moons.com/worldmusic/sarki.html |title=6Moons Review |access-date=2013-02-10 |archive-date=2011-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514005701/http://www.6moons.com/worldmusic/sarki.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> an ''Minik Serçe'' ("Little Sparrow"). Aksu's influence on [[Turkis pop muisic|Turkis pop]] an [[warld music]] haes continued syne her debut in 1975, an haes been reinforcit bi her patronage o an collaboration wi mony ither muisickers, includin [[Sertab Erener]], [[Şebnem Ferah]], [[Aşkın Nur Yengi]], [[Hande Yener]], an [[Levent Yüksel]].<ref>[http://www.qantara.de/webcom/show_article.php/_c-310/_nr-105/i.html Sezen Aksu and Her Children]</ref> Her wirk wi [[Tarkan (sangster)|Tarkan]] resultit in continental hits like "[[Şımarık]]" an "[[Şıkıdım]]" an her collaboration wi [[Goran Bregović]] widened her internaitional audience. == Biografie == Sezen Aksu wis born in [[Sarayköy]], [[Turkey]]. Her faimily muivit tae [[Bergama]] whan she wis 3 year auld an she spent her bairnheid an early youth thare. Aksu's parents discouragit her singin acause they wantit her tae hae a steady profession as a doctor or engineer. She uised tae wait till they left the hoose an sing on the faimily's balcony.<ref>{{cite news|last=Grant|first=Neva|title=Sezen Aksu: The Voice Of Istanbul|url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=125787999|accessdate=24 May 2011|newspaper=Morning Edition|date=12 April 2010}}</ref> Efter feenishin heich schuil, she began studyin at the local agricultural institute, but left college tae concentrate on muisic. Alang wi her close friend [[Ajda Pekkan]], Aksu is credited wi layin the foondations o Turkis pop muisic in the 1970s.<ref>Aksu's expressive vocal technique, distinctive songwriting, and prolific output were all integral to her success and to the development of a unique Turkish pop sound. Many musicians--for example, [[Alexander Hacke]] and several of the artists he interviewed for the documentary [[Crossing the Bridge: The Sound of Istanbul]]--have acknowledged Sezen Aksu's broad influence.</ref> Her sound has also spread across the [[Balkans]] and [[Greece]].<ref>Wi the Greek diaspora frae Turkey in the seiventies, mony brocht their muisical tastes, which includit Aksu's muisic tae Greece; the Greek muisickers Haris Alexiou an Giorgos Dalaras acknawledge her influence.</ref> It wis this soond that chyngit the face o the [[Eurovision]] sang contest when her protégé Sertab Erener wan in 2003. Aksu has also toured in Europe an the U.S tae creetical appraise.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/reviews/story/0%2C3604%2C740022%2C00.html Sezen Aksu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217221439/http://www.guardian.co.uk/reviews/story/0%2C3604%2C740022%2C00.html |date=2007-12-17 }} (June 19, 2002). ''[[The Guardian]]''</ref> She haes championed a variety o causes, includin support towards the Juistice an Development Pairty, weemen's richts, the environment, an educational reform in Turkey.<ref name="6Moons Review"/> Aksu haes been marriet an divorcit fower times, but kept the name frae her seicont marriage tae Ali Engin Aksu, a doctor o geologie who currently resides in Canadae. She haes a son, Mithat Can, wi Sinan Özer. ==Discografie== {{main|Sezen Aksu discografie}} ===Muisic Albums=== {{columns-list|2| * 1977: ''[[Allahaısmarladık]]'' * 1978: ''[[Serçe (album)|Serçe]]'' * 1980: ''[[Sevgilerimle]]'' * 1981: ''[[Ağlamak Güzeldir]]'' * 1982: ''[[Firuze]]'' * 1984: ''[[Sen Ağlama]]'' * 1986: ''[[Git (Sezen Aksu album)|Git]]'' * 1988: ''[[Sezen Aksu'88]]'' * 1989: ''[[Sezen Aksu Söylüyor]]'' * 1991: ''[[Gülümse]]'' * 1993: ''[[Deli Kızın Türküsü]]'' * 1995: ''[[Işık Doğudan Yükselir]]'' * 1996: ''[[Düş Bahçeleri]]'' * 1997: ''[[Düğün ve Cenaze]]'' * 1998: ''[[Adı Bende Saklı]]'' * 2000: ''[[Deliveren]]'' * 2002: ''[[Şarkı Söylemek Lazım]]'' * 2003: ''[[Yaz Bitmeden]]'' * 2005: ''[[Bahane]]'' * 2005: ''[[Bahane Remixes]]'' * 2005: ''[[Kardelen]]'' * 2008: ''[[Deniz Yıldızı]]'' * 2009: ''[[Yürüyorum Düş Bahçeleri'nde...]]'' * 2011: ''[[Öptüm]]'' }} == Notes == <references/> {{DEFAULTSORT:Aksu, Sezen}} [[Category:1954 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Denizli Province]] [[Category:Turkis female sangsters]] [[Category:Turkis pop sangsters]] [[Category:Turkis leericists]] [[Category:Turkis componers]] l4yyp3uyryy0d71na1v0kugg898ash8 0 46572 917304 910621 2026-05-27T04:21:22Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 917304 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |name = San Francisco de los Romo |settlement_type =[[Dounset classification in Mexico|Toun]] |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = San Fco de los Romo en Aguascalientes.jpg |mapsize = |map_caption = Municipality location in Aguascalientes |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Mexico <!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_mapsize =280 |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Mexico <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = {{flag|Mexico}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Poleetical diveesions o Mexico|State]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Aguascalientes]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Municipalities o Mexico|Municipality]] |subdivision_name2 = [[San Francisco de los Romo Municipality|San Francisco de los Romo]] |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref = |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of =2005 |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total =13,262 |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |population_blank1 = |population_blank2_title =Religions |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|22|05|N|102|16|W|region:MX|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''San Francisco de los Romo''' is a [[Dounset classification in Mexico|toun]] in the [[Poleetical diveesions o Mexico|Mexican state]] o [[Aguascalientes]]. It serves as the municipal seat for the surroondin [[municipalities o Mexico|municipality]] o [[San Francisco de los Romo Municipality|San Francisco de los Romo]]. San Francisco de los Romo staunds at {{coord|22|05|N|102|16|W|}} in the central pairt o the state. The toun, which is the state's saxt-lairgest commonty, is locatit at the northwast corner o the municipality. It haed a 2005 census population o 13,262 indwallers. == Climate == <div style="width:75%"> {{Weather box |location = San Francisco de los Romo |single line = Yes |metric first = Yes |Jan high F = 72.7 |Feb high F = 77.4 |Mar high F = 81.5 |Apr high F = 85.3 |May high F = 88.3 |Jun high F = 86.7 |Jul high F = 83.5 |Aug high F =83.5 |Sep high F = 81.7 |Oct high F = 79.9 |Nov high F =77.2 |Dec high F = 73 |Year high F = 81 |Jan low F = 38.1 |Feb low F = 40.1 |Mar low F = 43.9 |Apr low F = 49.3 |May low F = 55 |Jun low F = 58.1 |Jul low F = 57.6 |Aug low F = 57 |Sep low F = 55.9 |Oct low F = 50.7 |Nov low F = 42.6 |Dec low F = 39.2 |Year low F = 48.9 |Jan precipitation inch = 0.8 |Feb precipitation inch =0.4 |Mar precipitation inch = 0.1 |Apr precipitation inch = 0.2 |May precipitation inch = 0.6 |Jun precipitation inch = 2.5 |Jul precipitation inch = 4.2 |Aug precipitation inch = 3.1 |Sep precipitation inch = 2.4 |Oct precipitation inch = 1.4 |Nov precipitation inch = 0.4 |Dec precipitation inch = 0.4 |Year precipitation inch = 16.5 |source 1 = Weatherbase <ref name=Weatherbase>{{cite web |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=981083&refer=wikipedia |title=Weatherbase: Historical Weather for San Francisco de los Romo, Aguascalientes |publisher=Weatherbase |year=2011 |access-date=2013-02-22 |archive-date=2020-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812014215/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=981083&refer=wikipedia |url-status=dead }} Retrieved on November 24, 2011.</ref> |date=November 2011 }} </div> ==References== *[http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/sistemas/conteo2005/localidad/iter/ Link to tables of population data from Census of 2005] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510204704/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/sistemas/conteo2005/localidad/iter/ |date=2013-05-10 }} [[Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática]] (INEGI) *[http://www.e-local.gob.mx/wb2/ELOCAL/EMM_aguascalientes Aguascalientes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070515091406/http://www.e-local.gob.mx/wb2/ELOCAL/EMM_aguascalientes |date=2007-05-15 }} Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.sanfranciscodelosromo.gob.mx/ Ayuntamiento de San Francisco de los Romo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125042717/http://www.sanfranciscodelosromo.gob.mx/ |date=2014-01-25 }} offeecial wabsteid *[http://www.aguascalientes.gob.mx/ Gobierno del Estado de Aguascalientes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070406171651/http://www.aguascalientes.gob.mx/ |date=2007-04-06 }} offeecial wabsteid o State o Aguascalientes {{Municipalities o Aguascalientes}} [[Category:Populatit places in Aguascalientes]] as0pdi5ciyi13uhbrywjbmjq1h8chk3 0 46576 917302 910612 2026-05-27T03:34:57Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 917302 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |name = Rincón de Romos |settlement_type =[[Dounset classification in Mexico|Ceety]] |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = Rincon de Romos en Aguascalientes.jpg |mapsize = |map_caption = Municipality location in Aguascalientes |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Mexico <!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_mapsize =280 |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Mexico <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Mexico}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Poleetical diveesions o Mexico|State]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Aguascalientes]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Municipalities o Mexico|Municipality]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Rincón de Romos Municipality|Rincón de Romos]] |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref = |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of =2005 |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total =25,815 |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |population_blank1 = |population_blank2_title =Religions |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|22|14|N|102|19|W|region:MX|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Rincón de Romos''' is a [[Dounset classification in Mexico|ceety]] in the [[Poleetical diveesions o Mexico|Mexican state]] o [[Aguascalientes]]. Locatit at {{coord|22|14|N|102|19|W|}} in the northren pairt o the state, it serves as the municipal seat o the surroondin [[municipalities o Mexico|municipality]] o [[Rincón de Romos Municipality|Rincón de Romos]]. The ceety reportit a 2005 census population o 25,815 indwallers, the fowert-lairgest community in the state. Maist o the indwallers o Rincón de Romos are Catholic. Rincón de Romos celebrates a "Fiesta" tae the Señor de las Angustias on Januar wi dances an pyrotechnic gemmes. Thare is a kirk tae him dountoun. Maist o the locals wirk as teachers. The ceety wis ance hame tae a priest namit Padre Nieves who fowk believit made miracles. He haes a kirk in the ceety, an mony fowk go tae Rincón de Romos tae pray for miracles. Rincón de Romos haes the biggest landwart hospital ruled bi the govrenment o Aguascalientes. ==References== *[http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/sistemas/conteo2005/localidad/iter/ Link to tables of population data from Census of 2005] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510204704/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/sistemas/conteo2005/localidad/iter/ |date=2013-05-10 }} [[Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática]] (INEGI) *[http://www.e-local.gob.mx/wb2/ELOCAL/EMM_aguascalientes Aguascalientes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070515091406/http://www.e-local.gob.mx/wb2/ELOCAL/EMM_aguascalientes |date=2007-05-15 }} Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.rinconderomos.gob.mx/ Gobierno de Rincón de Romos] offeecial wabsteid *http://www.aguascalientes.gob.mx/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070406171651/http://www.aguascalientes.gob.mx/ |date=2007-04-06 }} Gobierno del Estado de Aguascalientes] offeecial wabsteid o State o Aguascalientes {{Municipalities o Aguascalientes}} [[Category:Populatit places in Aguascalientes]] 4jsq5znk16omr6vrj5zmpmsl9vqpcic 0 57863 917290 903919 2026-05-26T21:17:33Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 917290 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Greek Dimos | name = Nikaia | name_local = Νίκαια |image_map = Dimos Nikeas.png |map_caption = Location athin the regional unit | periph = [[Attica]] | periphunit = [[Piraeus (regional unit)|Piraeus]] |municipality = [[Nikaia-Agios Ioannis Rentis]] | pop_municunit = 93086 | population_as_of = 2001 | area_municunit = 6.649 | elevation = 40 | coordinates = {{coord|37|58|N|23|38|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |coordinates_display=inline,title | postal_code = 184 xx | area_code = 210 | licence = Z | mayor = | website = [http://www.polisnikaia.gr/ www.polisnikaia.gr] | image_skyline = | caption_skyline = | city_flag = | city_seal = | districts = | party = | since = | elevation_min = | elevation_max = }} '''Nikaia''' ({{lang-el|Νίκαια}}) is a suburb in the northren pairt o [[Piraeus]], [[Greece]]. Syne the 2011 local govrenment reform it is pairt o the municipality [[Nikaia-Agios Ioannis Rentis]], o which it is the seat an a municipal unit.<ref name=Kallikratis>[http://www.kedke.gr/uploads2010/FEKB129211082010_kallikratis.pdf Kallikratis law] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427081550/http://www.kedke.gr/uploads2010/FEKB129211082010_kallikratis.pdf |date=2017-04-27 }} Greece Ministry of Interior {{el icon}}</ref> ==Geografie== Nikaia is locatit aboot 8&nbsp;km WSW o central [[Athens]], an aboot 4&nbsp;km N o dountoun [[Piraeus]]. The main streets are [[Gregoris Lambrakis|Gregori Lambraki]] Street an Petrou Ralli Street. The aurie wis made up o fermlands. Mixed fermin wis common. Urban development replacit hintle o the fermlands atween the 1930s an the 1950s. The aurie, like mony ithers aroond Greece, awes its population eruption tae Greek refugees who left the Asie Minor coast efter the 1922 war ended. The day, maist o the municipality is urbanizit or residential. The aurie is made up o law hills. ==History== The 8t Internaitional Tournament o Nikea, a chess tournament, teuk place atween August 19 an 27, 2000. The Greek Wichtliftin Grand Prix teu place in Nikaia atween [[Dizember 2003|Dizember 9 an 10, 2003]]. ==Steids o interest== *''Klimakia'' Gallery *Piraeus-[[Nikaia Olympic Weightlifting Hall]], a haw which wis uised for wichtliftin in the [[2004 Simmer Olympics]]. It is connectit wi the Piraeus venue. [http://www.athens2004.com/en/ParalympicsX22 Wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050213201240/http://www.athens2004.com/en/ParalympicsX22 |date=2005-02-13 }} *[[Platon National Sports Centre|''Platon'' National Sports Centre]] *[[Nikaia Municipal Gymnasium]] for [[Proodeftiki]] *[[Neapolis Municipal Gymnasium]] for [[Ionikos F.C.]] * Katrakeio Theater, an open air theater dedicatit tae [[Manos Katrakis]] ==Historical population== {| class=wikitable ! Year !! Municipality |- | 1981 || 90,368 |- | 1991 || 87,597 |- | 2001 || 93,086 |} ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.polisnikaia.gr/ Offeecial wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071124040424/http://www.polisnikaia.gr/ |date=2007-11-24 }} {{el icon}} *[http://www.chess.gr/tourn/2000/ hellas2000/nikea2000/nikea2000.html 8t Internaitional Chess Tournament] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716223307/http://www.chess.gr/tourn/2000/ |date=2012-07-16 }} {{Geographic location |Centre = Nikaia |North = [[Korydallos]] |Northeast = [[Agia Varvara]], [[Aigaleo]] |East = [[Agios Ioannis Rentis]] |Southeast = |South = [[Piraeus]] |Southwest = |West = [[Keratsini]] |Northwest = [[Chaidari]] }} {{Nikaia-Agios Ioannis Rentis div}} [[Category:Populatit places in Piraeus (regional unit)]] bjog4qu12a0vn2kt2s2rn2p523rymkc 0 61731 917309 874983 2026-05-27T08:55:20Z Findinscots 131877 changed the km2 frae 6036 tae the mair accurat 6035.07km2 917309 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Unsoorced}}{{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->| name = Somogy County | image_shield = HUN Somogy megye COA.svg | image_map = SomogyCounty.gif | subdivision_type = [[Leet o kintras|Kintras]] | subdivision_name = [[Hungary]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Regions o Hungary|Region]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Soothren Transdanubie]] | seat_type = Coonty seat | seat = [[Kaposvár]] | area_total_km2 = 6035.07 | population_total = 325024 Rank: 13th in Hungary | population_density_km2 = auto }} '''Somogy''' ({{lang-sl|Šomodska županija}}) is the name o an admeenistrative coonty ([[Coonties o Hungary|comitatus]] or ''megye'') in present [[Hungary]], an an aa in the umwhile [[Kinrick o Hungary]]. {{Stub/Europe}} [[Category:Somogy Coonty| ]] [[Category:Coonties o Hungary]] [[Category:History o Somogy]] 7m4w6ypyj0kgpwc1q7ym6cb5pjje3dn 0 65121 917293 910200 2026-05-26T21:37:46Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 917293 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox former country |conventional_long_name = Democratic Republic o Vietnam |native_name = ''Việt Nam Dân chủ Cộng hòa'' |common_name = North Vietnam |continent = Asia |region = Sootheast Asie |country = Vietnam |status = [[Unrecognized state]] (1945-1950)<br>[[Client state]] o [[Soviet Union|USSR]] an [[Cheenae]] (1950-1976) |p1 = French Indocheenae |flag_p1 = Flag of French Indochina.svg |p2 = Empire o Vietnam |flag_p2 = Old Flag Of Vietnam.svg |s1 = Vietnam |flag_s1 = Flag of Vietnam.svg |image_flag =Flag_of_North_Vietnam_(1945-1955).svg |image_coat = Coat of arms of North Vietnam.svg |symbol = Coat o airms o Vietnam |image_map = North Vietnam in its region.svg |image_map_caption = Location o North Vietnam in [[Sootheast Asie]]. |national_motto = "Độc lập &ndash; Tự do &ndash; Hạnh phúc"<br /><small>([[Scots leid|Scots]]: "Unthirldom &ndash; Freedom &ndash; Happiness")</small> |national_anthem = "[[Tiến Quân Ca]]"<br /><small>([[Scots leid|Scots]]: "Airmy Mairch")</small> |capital = [[Hanoi]] |common_languages = [[Vietnamese leid|Vietnamese]] <small>(offeecial)</small> |government_type = Single-pairty [[communist state]] |title_leader = [[Preses o Vietnam|Preses]] |leader1 = [[Ho Chi Minh|Hồ Chí Minh]] |year_leader1 = 1945&ndash;1969 |leader2 = Ton Duc Thang |year_leader2 = 1969&ndash;1976 |title_deputy = [[General Secretar o the Communist Pairty o Vietnam|First Secretar]] |deputy1 = Lê Duẩn |year_deputy1 = 1960&ndash;1986 |era = [[Cauld War]]{{·}}[[Vietnam War]] |event_start = {{nowrap|Unthirldom proclaimed}} |date_start = September 2 |year_start = 1945 |event1 = [[Viet Minh]] enters [[Hanoi]] |date_event1 = October 10, 1954 |event2 = [[Vietnam Fowk's Airmy|PAVN]] enters [[Saigon]] |date_event2 = Aprile 30, 1975 |event_end = North an Sooth Vietnam merged |date_end = Julie 2 |year_end = 1976 |stat_year1 = 1960 |stat_area1 = 157880 |stat_pop1 = 15916955 |stat_year2 = 1974 |stat_area2 = 157880 |stat_pop2 = 23767300 |religion = None ([[state atheism]]) |currency = [[North Vietnamese đồng|đồng]] }} The '''Democratic Republic o Vietnam''' ('''DRV'''; {{lang-vi|Việt Nam Dân chủ Cộng hòa}}), generally kent as '''North Vietnam''', wis a communist republic in Sootheast Asie, comprisin nominally aw o [[Vietnam]] frae September 2, 1945 tae December 18, 1946.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Democratic Republic of Vietnam|url=https://vietnamtheartofwar.com/glossary/democratic-republic-of-vietnam/|access-date=2025-11-13|website=VIETNAM The Art of War|language=en-US}}</ref> The [[Communism|communist]] [[Viet Minh]] ("League for the Unthirldom o Vietnam") controlled auries o Vietnam atween December 18, 1946 tae Julie 20, 1954 an the northren hauf o whit is nou the [[Vietnam|Socialist Republic o Vietnam]] atween Julie 20, 1954 an Julie 2, 1976. The state wis first proclaimed bi [[Ho Chi Minh]] in [[Hanoi]] in 1945,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Declaration of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam|url=https://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5139/|access-date=2025-11-13|website=historymatters.gmu.edu|archive-date=2025-11-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251109063902/https://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5139|url-status=dead}}</ref> an established formally in the een o the Wast follaein the 1954 Geneva Conference at the end o the First Indocheenae War. North an Sooth Vietnam wur reunitit in 1976. == References == <references /> {{Stub/Asie}}{{authority control}} [[Category:Umwhile polities o the Cauld War]] [[Category:Dividit regions|Vietnam, North]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1954]] 9lo3a24iwltmhamk27sii83gfcrersl 0 79240 917266 900134 2026-05-26T13:51:09Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 917266 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Jesé | fullname = Jesé Rodríguez Ruiz | image = Jesé Rodríguez (cropped).jpg | image_size = 250px | caption = Jesé playin for [[Spain naitional unner-19 fitbaw team|Spain U19]] in 2012 | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1993|2|26|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Las Palmas]], Spain | height = {{convert|1.78|m|abbr=on}} | position = [[Forrit (association fitbaw)|Forrit]] | currentclub = [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]] | clubnumber = | youthyears1 = 2003–2005 | youthclubs1 = El Pilar FC | youthyears2 = 2005–2007 | youthclubs2 = [[AD Huracán|Huracán]] | youthyears3 = 2007–2011 | youthclubs3 = [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]] | years1 = 2011–2013 | clubs1 = [[Real Madrid Castilla|Real Madrid B]] | caps1 = 80 | goals1 = 32 | years2 = 2011–2016 | clubs2 = [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]] | caps2 = 63 | goals2 = 13 | years3 = 2016– | clubs3 = [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]] | caps3 = 9 | goals3 = 1 | years4 = 2017 | clubs4 = → [[UD Las Palmas|Las Palmas]] (lend) | caps4 = 16 | goals4 = 3 | years5 = 2017–2018 | clubs5 = → [[Stoke City F.C.|Stoke City]] (lend) | caps5 = 13 | goals5 = 1 | nationalyears1 = 2009 | nationalteam1 = [[Spain naitional unner-16 fitbaw team|Spain U16]] | nationalcaps1 = 3 | nationalgoals1 = 1 | nationalyears2 = 2010 | nationalteam2 = [[Spain naitional unner-17 fitbaw team|Spain U17]] | nationalcaps2 = 7 | nationalgoals2 = 1 | nationalyears3 = 2011 | nationalteam3 = [[Spain naitional unner-18 fitbaw team|Spain U18]] | nationalcaps3 = 2 | nationalgoals3 = 1 | nationalyears4 = 2010–2012 | nationalteam4 = [[Spain naitional unner-19 footbaa team|Spain U19]] | nationalcaps4 = 11 | nationalgoals4 = 6 | nationalyears5 = 2013 | nationalteam5 = [[Spain naitional unner-20 footbaa team|Spain U20]] | nationalcaps5 = 8 | nationalgoals5 = 5 | nationalyears6 = 2013–2014 | nationalteam6 = [[Spain naitional unner-21 footbaa team|Spain U21]] | nationalcaps6 = 5 | nationalgoals6 = 2 | pcupdate = 23:11, 17 Mairch 2018 (UTC) | ntupdate = 9 October 2016 }} {{Spanish name|Rodríguez|Ruiz}} '''Jesé Rodríguez Ruiz''' (born 26 Februar 1993), simply kent as '''Jesé''' ({{IPA-es|xeˈse}}), is a Spainyie [[Association fitbaw|fitbawer]] who plays for [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]] as a [[Forrit (association fitbaw)|forward]]. A youth product o Real Madrid, he made his senior debuts wi the club in 2011 an wis promotit tae the first team for the [[:en:2013–14 Real Madrid C.F. season|2013–14 saison]]. ==Club career== ===Real Madrid=== ====Youth==== Jesé wis born in [[Las Palmas]], [[Canary Islands]], an jyned [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]]'s youth seestem in 2007, agit 14.<ref>[http://www.marca.com/2010/12/03/opinion/firmas/zona_real_madrid/1291393025.html El Cristiano de Valdebebas (The 'Cristiano' of Valdebebas)]; [[Marca (newspaper)|Marca]], 3 December 2010 {{es icon}}</ref><ref>[http://www.canarias7.es/articulo.cfm?id=195640 Jesé Rodríguez, la perla del Madrid (Jesé Rodríguez, Madrid's pearl)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165759/http://www.canarias7.es/articulo.cfm?id=195640 |date=2016-03-03 }}; Canarias7, 28 December 2010 {{es icon}}</ref> Still a junior, on 16 Januar 2011, he made his senior debut wi [[Real Madrid Castilla|the reserves]] in [[Segunda División B]], in a 5–0 hame win against [[Universidad de Las Palmas CF]].<ref>[http://www.marca.com/2011/01/16/futbol/equipos/real_madrid/1295198191.html Jesé debuta en el Castilla con un detalle a lo Ronaldo (Jesé makes debut with Castilla with Ronaldo-like detail)]; Marca, 16 January 2011 {{es icon}}</ref> Efter a successful 2010–11 saison wi Real Madrid's ''Juvenil A'' team that saw him score 17 goals, Jesé wis promotit tae the reserve team.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marca.com/2011/03/01/futbol/equipos/real_madrid/1299006770.html|title=El Madrid ata a Jesé Rodríguez|trans_title=Madrid ties Jesé Rodríguez|publisher=Marca|language=Spanish|date=1 March 2011|accessdate=4 June 2013}}</ref> ====Castilla==== In Julie 2011, Jesé wis cried up bi first-team manager [[José Mourinho]] for the pre-saison tour. He made his unoffeecial debut wi the main squad in a [[Exhibition game|friendly]] against [[Los Angeles Galaxy]] on the 17t, [[Substitute (association fitbaw)|comin on]] in the 64t minute for [[José Callejón]].<ref>[http://www.realmadrid.com/cs/Satellite/en/1330062741086/noticia/Cronica/LA_Galaxy_1-4_Real_Madrid.htm LA Galaxy 1–4 Real Madrid]; Real Madrid's official website, 17 July 2011</ref> Jesé scored his first offeecial goal for Castilla on 2 October 2011 against [[La Roda CF]], follaein a [[Assist (fitbaw)|assist]] bi [[Álvaro Morata]], in a eventual 2–4 awa loss. On 6 Dizember, he wis includit in the squad for a awa [[UEFA Champions League]] fixtur against [[AFC Ajax]], but eventually did no leave the bench in the [[:en:2011–12 UEFA Champions League group stage#Group D|3–0 group stage win]];<ref>[http://www.realmadrid.com/cs/Satellite/es/1193040472416/1330074328748/noticia/Convocatoria/Mourinho_convoca_a_19_jugadores_para_el_partido_ante_el_Ajax.htm?utm_source=dlvr.it&utm_medium=twitter Mourinho convoca a 19 jugadores para el partido ante el Ajax (Mourinho calls 19 players for game against Ajax)]; Real Madrid's official website, 6 December 2011 {{es icon}}</ref> sax days later, he wis ance again includit in the leet (17 players) for the gemme against [[SD Ponferradina]] for [[:en:2011–12 Copa del Rey|the first roond]] o the [[Copa del Rey]],<ref>[http://www.realmadrid.com/cs/Satellite/en/1330074969114/noticia/Convocatoria/Mourinho_calls_17_men_for_duty_against_Ponferradina.htm Mourinho calls 17 men for duty against Ponferradina]; Real Madrid's official website, 12 December 2011</ref> an replacit [[Cristiano Ronaldo]] for the feenal 15 minutes of a 2–0 awa triumph.<ref>[http://www.marca.com/2011/12/14/futbol/equipos/real_madrid/1323818247.html Jesé, un sueño cumplido (Jesé, fulfilled dream)]; Marca, 13 December 2011 {{es icon}}</ref> On 24 Mairch 2012, Jesé made his first [[La Liga]] appearance again comin on for Ronaldo, for the last ten minutes o a 5–1 hame win ower [[Real Sociedad]].<ref>[http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report/_/id/323765?cc=5739 Real return to winning ways]{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}; [[ESPN Soccernet]], 24 March 2012</ref> In late October, Mourinho said creetically that he wis bein uised at Castilla in a position that did no exist in the main squad.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espnfc.com/news/story/_/id/1208403/jose-mourinho-questions-real-madrid%27s-youth-system?cc=5739|title=Jose Mourinho questions Real Madrid's youth system|publisher=ESPN FC|date=31 October 2012|accessdate=20 April 2013}}</ref> Twa month later Ginés Carvajal, his agent, said that they wad need tae study options for the player's futur if he wis no permanently promotit tae the first team the follaein year, wi the guarantee he wad receive significant playin time;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marca.com/2012/12/29/en/football/real_madrid/1356813486.html|title=Jesé wants Mou to give him a chance|publisher=Marca|date=29 December 2012|accessdate=25 January 2013}}</ref> in Februar 2013 Jesé statit he wis confident he wis doin well enough tae be grantit an opportunity,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marca.com/2013/02/20/en/football/real_madrid/1361344773.html|title=Jesé: "I don't understand why they don't give me an opportunity"|publisher=Marca|date=20 February 2013|accessdate=21 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://espnfc.com/news/story?id=1346912&cc=5739|title=Lack of Real chances may force Jese exit|publisher=ESPN FC|date=20 February 2013|accessdate=20 April 2013}}</ref> wi B-side coach [[Alberto Toril]] later comin oot in his defense, sayin that he shoud learn tae control his emotions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.as.com/english/articulo/alberto-toril-jese-must-learn/20130224dasdenspo_12/Ten|title=Alberto Toril: "Jesé must learn to keep his mouth shut"|publisher=[[Diario AS]]|date=24 February 2013|accessdate=13 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marca.com/2013/02/25/en/football/real_madrid/1361778430.html|title=Jesé's back-up|publisher=Marca|date=25 February 2013|accessdate=13 March 2013}}</ref> In Mey 2013, Madrid preses [[Florentino Pérez]] statit that sportin director [[Zinedine Zidane]] did no think that Jesé haed tae leave on loan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.realmadridnews.com/florentino-perez-zidane-lead-real-madrid/|title=Florentino Perez: 'Zidane will lead the next Real Madrid project’|publisher=Real Madrid News|date=28 May 2013|accessdate=28 May 2013|archive-date=2019-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029034724/http://www.realmadridnews.com/florentino-perez-zidane-lead-real-madrid-1689|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marca.com/2013/05/30/en/football/real_madrid/1369896712.html|title=Jesé puts trust in Zidane to let him stay|publisher=Marca|date=30 May 2013|accessdate=30 May 2013}}</ref> On 2 Juin, he scored a solo goal in a 4–0 hame win against [[AD Alcorcón]] – wi that goal, he breuk the record for maist goals in a single saison at Castilla, set bi [[Emilio Butragueño]] in [[:en:1983–84 Segunda División|1983–84]] wi 21<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marca.com/2013/06/05/futbol/equipos/real_madrid/1370444156.html|title=Jesé: "Superar los 21 goles de un mito como Butragueño es muy grande" |trans_title=Jesé: "To surpass the 21 goals of a legend like Butragueño is a big thing"|publisher=Marca|language=Spanish|date=5 June 2013|accessdate=5 June 2013}}</ref>– which brocht him praise frae several quadrants,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marca.com/2013/06/03/en/football/real_madrid/1370249450.html|title=Jesé: the Galáctico on Real's doorstep|publisher=Marca|date=3 June 2013|accessdate=3 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defensacentral.com/real_madrid/87404-liga-segunda-division-alcorcon-morata-jese-casemiro-florentino/|title=Jesé y su golazo, una rúbrica perfecta|trans_title=Jesé and his wondergoal, perfect icing|publisher=Defensa Central|language=Spanish|date=2 June 2013|accessdate=4 June 2013}}</ref> an he later statit he wantit tae remain at the club,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marca.com/2013/06/18/en/football/real_madrid/1371544712.html|title=Jesé: "I hope to stay at Real Madrid"|publisher=Marca|date=18 June 2013|accessdate=18 June 2013}}</ref> which wis backit bi coach Toril.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marca.com/2013/06/03/en/football/real_madrid/1370285166.html|title=Toril backs Jesé's leap to first team|publisher=Marca|date=3 June 2013|accessdate=4 June 2013}}</ref> ====First team==== While at the [[:en:2013 FIFA U-20 World Cup|2013 FIFA U-20 Warld Cup]], Jesé admittit that he coud be on the muive frae Real Madrid efter seein first-team opportunities restrictit. The club's technical director, [[Miguel Pardeza]], clarifee'd on 13 Julie that the player wad remain at the club,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.skysports.com/football/news/11675/8824111/Transfer-news-Real-Madrid-rule-out-Jese-departure |title=Real Madrid rule out Jese departure|publisher=[[Sky Sports]]|date=14 July 2013|accessdate=23 July 2013}}</ref> an he extendit his contract for a further fower years late in the same month.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.realmadrid.com/cs/Satellite/en/Actualidad_Primer_Equipo_en/News/1193040523950/1330155292256/noticia/ComunicadoOficial/Official_Announcement_2013-07-24.htm|title=Official announcement|publisher=Real Madrid's official website|date=24 July 2013|accessdate=24 July 2013}}</ref> Jesé made his Champions League debut on 2 October 2013, comin on as a 81st-minute substitute in a 4–0 hame victory ower [[F.C. Copenhagen]] for [[:en:2013–14 UEFA Champions League|the group stage]].<ref>[http://espnfc.com/uk/en/report/380761/report.html?soccernet=true&cc=5739 Ronaldo leads Real recovery]; ESPN FC, 2 October 2013</ref><ref>[http://www.realmadrid.com/cs/Satellite/en/Actualidad_Primer_Equipo_en/1380637307438/noticia/Noticia/Jese:_%E2%80%9CWe%E2%80%99ve_played_a_great_game_and_we%E2%80%99re_going_away_happy%E2%80%9D.htm Jesé: “We’ve played a great game and we’re going away happy”]; Real Madrid's official website, 2 October 2013</ref> He scored his first competitive goal for Real Madrid in his first [[El Clásico]] appearance on the 26t o October, nettin frae a Ronaldo assist follaein a injury-time coonter-attack in a 1–2 loss at [[FC Barcelona]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espnfc.com/uk/en/report/373124/report.html?soccernet=true&cc=5739|title=Alexis chips seals Clasico win|publisher=ESPN FC|date=26 October 2013|accessdate=26 October 2013}}</ref> On 23 November 2013, Jesé came on as a seicont-hauf substitute against [[UD Almería]] an contributit wi his first twa assists for the first team, in a 5–0 awa win.<ref>[http://espnfc.com/uk/en/report/373084/report.html?soccernet=true&cc=5739 Ronaldo injured in Real rout]; ESPN FC, 23 November 2013</ref> His seicont goal came nearly ane month later, nettin the 3–2 winner at [[Valencia CF]] wi aicht minutes tae go;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espnfc.com/en/report/373053/report.html?soccernet=true|title=Jese bags late winner for Real|publisher=ESPN FC|date=22 December 2013|accessdate=23 December 2013}}</ref> continuin his fine fuirm he providit a assist in ''Los Blancos''' first match follaein the 2013–14 winter break, a 3–0 hame victory ower [[Celta de Vigo]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espnfc.com/blog/_/name/thematch/id/1459?cc=5739|title=Three Things: Real Madrid vs. Celta Vigo|publisher=ESPN FC|author=Dermot Corrigan|date=6 January 2014|accessdate=7 January 2014}}</ref> an on 9 Januar he scored his first in the domestic cup, in a 2–0 success against [[CA Osasuna]] for [[:en:2013–14 Copa del Rey|the roond-o-16 first leg]], an aw at the [[Santiago Bernabéu Stadium|Santiago Bernabéu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://msn.foxsports.com/foxsoccer/laliga/story/real-madrid-2-0-osasuna-copa-del-rey-round-of-16-first-leg-karim-benzema-match-report-010914|title=Real defeats Osasuna in Copa del Rey|publisher=[[Fox Sports]]|date=9 January 2014|accessdate=10 January 2014}}</ref> On 28 Januar 2014, in the Spainyie Cup's quairterfeenals seicont leg, Jesé stairtit an nettit the anerly goal in Real's hame victory ower [[RCD Espanyol]] (2–0 on aggregate). His league fuirm continued when uised, wi goals against [[Athletic Bilbao]], [[Villarreal CF]] an [[Getafe CF]]; on 18 Mairch, housomeivver, juist twa minutes intae the Champions League's roond-o-16 seicont leg gemme against [[FC Schalke 04]], he tore the [[anterior cruciate ligament]] in his richt knee, bein sidelined for the rest o [[:en:2013–14 La Liga|the saison]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.realmadrid.com/en/news/2014/03/jese-rodriguez-medical-report?pid=1383833298379|title=Jesé Rodríguez medical report|publisher=Real Madrid's official website|date=18 March 2014|accessdate=19 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marca.com/2014/03/18/futbol/equipos/real_madrid/1395173336.html|title=Jesé, al menos seis meses de baja|trans_title=Jesé, at least six months out|publisher=Marca|language=Spanish|date=18 March 2014|accessdate=19 March 2014}}</ref> ==Internaitional career== [[File:Jesé Rodríguez and Gerard Deloufeu.jpg|thumb|175px|Jesé wi [[Gerard Deulofeu]] at the [[:en:2012 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship|European Unner-19 Championship]]]] Jesé muivit throu the [[Spain naitional youth fitbaw team|Spainyie internaitional youth setup]], representin aw sides atween [[Spain naitional unner-16 fitbaw team|the unner-16s]] an [[Spain naitional unner-21 fitbaw team|the unner-21s]]. He made his debut wi the umwhile in 2009 an, wi the [[Spain naitional unner-17 fitbaw team|unner-17 side]], he reached the feenal in the [[:en:2010 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship|2010 UEFA European Fitbaa Championship]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.realmadrid.com/cs/Satellite/es/1330004812309/noticia/Noticia/Jese_Rodriguez_y_Alfonso_Herrero,_convocados_con_la_Sub-17_de_Espana.htm|title=Jesé Rodríguez y Alfonso Herrero, convocados con la Sub-17 de España|trans_title=Jesé Rodríguez and Alfonso Herrero, calledup by Spain under-17|publisher=Real Madrid's official website|language=Spanish|date=9 May 2010|accessdate=4 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="PROVINCIA">{{cite web|url=http://www.laprovincia.es/deportes/2010/06/22/gran-sueno-debutar-bernabeu/308674.html|title=´Mi gran sueño, debutar en el Bernabéu´|trans_title=´My biggest dream, play my first game at the Bernabéu´|publisher=La Provincia|language=Spanish|date=22 June 2010|accessdate=4 June 2013}}</ref> In the [[:en;2012 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship|2012 European Unner-19 Championship]] held in [[Estonie]], Jesé scored fower goals anerly in the group stage, includin an [[hat-trick]] in a 3–3 draw against [[Portugal naitional unner-19 fitbaw team|Portugal]] on 6 Julie.<ref>[http://www.uefa.com/under19/season=2012/matches/round=2000210/match=2010336/index.html João Mário steals Spain's thunder]; UEFA.com, 6 July 2012</ref> He nettit his fift in the feenal against [[Greece naitional unner-19 fitbaw team|Greece]] (1–0), an went on tae be the top scorer o the toornament.<ref name="JOY">[http://www.uefa.com/under19/news/newsid=1840961.html#jese+takes+scoring+honour More joy for Spain's Jesé with U19 scoring honour]; UEFA.com, 15 July 2012</ref> Jesé scored five goals for the [[Spain naitional unner-20 fitbaw team|Spainyie unner-20 team]] at the [[:en:2013 FIFA U-20 World Cup|2013 FIFA U-20 Warld Cup]] in [[Turkey]], in an eventual quairterfeenal exit, and receivit the Bronze Buit for the third best scorer o the toornament.<ref name="U20">{{cite web|url=http://as.com/diarioas/2013/07/05/english/1373050659_943906.html|title=Jesé scaling heights of Maradona and Messi at under-20 World Cup|publisher=Diario AS|date=5 July 2013|accessdate=10 July 2013|archive-date=2013-07-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130710194317/http://as.com/diarioas/2013/07/05/english/1373050659_943906.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 6 Februar 2014, awtho he wis still eligible tae play for [[Spain naitional unner-21 fitbaw team|the unner-21s]], [[Spain naitional fitbaw team|full side]] manager [[Vicente del Bosque]] revealed that the player wis in his plans aheid o the [[2014 FIFA Warld Cup]] in [[Brazil]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.insidespanishfootball.com/97137/del-bosque-signals-jese-is-an-option-for-spain/|title=Del Bosque signals Jesé is an option for Spain|publisher=Inside Spanish Football|date=6 February 2014|accessdate=9 February 2014|archive-date=2014-02-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140206154301/http://www.insidespanishfootball.com/97137/del-bosque-signals-jese-is-an-option-for-spain/|url-status=dead}}</ref> housomeivver, in Mairch, follaein his serious injury, his chances o attendin the tournament wur endit, an the manager describit the situation as "a blow".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.insidespanishfootball.com/101347/del-bosque-admits-jese-knee-injury-is-a-blow/|title=Del Bosque admits Jesé knee injury is a "blow"|publisher=Inside Spanish Football|date=19 March 2014|accessdate=20 March 2014|archive-date=2014-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320035910/http://www.insidespanishfootball.com/101347/del-bosque-admits-jese-knee-injury-is-a-blow/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Style o play== Jesé can play frae a midfield position ([[Forrit (association fitbaw)#Seicont striker|ahint the striker]]) tae a [[Midfielder#Winger|winger position]] on either side o the field, as well as a [[Forrit (association fitbaw)#Centre forward|centre-forward]].<ref>[http://www1.skysports.com/football/news/12040/8839181/la-liga-real-madrid-forward-jese-rodriguez-pens-new-four-year-deal La Liga: Real Madrid forward Jese Rodriguez pens new four-year deal]; Sky Sports, 24 July 2013</ref> At Castilla, unner Toril, he aften played in a [[Deep-leein forward|false 9]] role in the team's 4–3–3 fuirmation, an regularly switched flanks due tae his ability to uise baith feet.<ref name="False9">{{cite web|url=http://espnfc.com/news/story/_/id/1636590/real-madrid-jese-world-class-toril-says?cc=5739|title=Jese Rodriguez tipped for the top|publisher=ESPN FC|date=3 December 2013|accessdate=7 December 2013}}</ref> Follaein his promotion tae the first team in 2013, manager [[Carlo Ancelotti]] played him in a winger position, aften cuttin inside frae the wing baith wi the baw an athoot, tae create chances an score goals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espnfc.com/news/story/_/id/1628751/angel-di-maria-jese-rodriguez-stand-cristiano-ronaldo-real-madrid-galatasaray?cc=5739|title=Di Maria or Jese set to face Galatasaray|publisher=ESPN FC|date=26 November 2013|accessdate=19 December 2013}}</ref> Twa o Jesé's maist common traits are his direct fitbaw style an technical ability, which hae been describit as "exceptional" an "phenomenon".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marca.com/2013/06/03/en/football/real_madrid/1370248035.html|title=Zidane backs Jesé for first team|publisher=Marca|language=Spanish|date=3 June 2013|accessdate=3 June 2013}}</ref> Jesé's manager Carlo Ancelotti described him as a "talent, it's in his genes."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.marca.com/2014/01/11/en/football/real_madrid/1389429464.html|title=Jesemania!|publisher=Marca|date=11 January 2014|accessdate=16 January 2014}}</ref> He is kent for his skills an ability tae shuit wi baith feet, as well as his pace; his pace coupled wi his feenishin an inability tae be dispossessed easily led tae comparisons tae Portuguese superstarn Cristiano Ronaldo.<ref name="False9"/> Jesé's veesion, a trait he impruivit on syne his beginnins, alloued him tae develop intae a effective passer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/european/how-youngster-jese-rodriguez-is-more-than-plugging-the-gap-left-by-gareth-bale-at-real-madrid-9112293.html|title=How youngster Jese Rodriguez is more than plugging the gap left by Gareth Bale at Real Madrid|publisher=[[The Independent]]|date=6 February 2014|accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref> In Mey 2014, Jesé wis namit bi ''[[Daily Mirror]]'' as ane o the twinty maist promisin young players in Europe.<ref>{{cite web|last=Shergold |first=Adam |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/article-2640406/Thibaut-Courtois-Raphael-Varane-Julian-Draxler-20-best-young-stars-European-football.html |title=Thibaut Courtois, Julian Draxler and the 20 best young players in European football &#124; Mail Online |publisher=Dailymail.co.uk |date=2014-05-28 |accessdate=2014-06-03}}</ref> ==Personal life== Jesé wis born tae Pascual Rodríguez, a pharmacy wirker, an María Ruiz. He became a faither for the first time in the simmer o 2012 at anerly 19, namin the boy also Jesé;<ref name="Personal">{{cite web|url=http://www.marca.com/2013/12/24/en/football/real_madrid/1387841445.html|title=Jesé will be a world class player|publisher=Marca|date=24 December 2013|accessdate=26 December 2013}}</ref> his relationship wi the mither endit shortly efter, an the bairn muivit in wi the latter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.realmadridnews.com/jese-rodriguez-son-father-7226|title=Jese Rodriguez, a model son and father|publisher=Real Madrid News|date=3 March 2014|accessdate=12 March 2014|archive-date=2014-03-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312225302/http://www.realmadridnews.com/jese-rodriguez-son-father-7226|url-status=dead}}</ref> Jesé haes a tattoo wi his son's name an date o birth on his richt airm, an his parents' names on the back o each haund respectively.<ref name="Personal"/> ==Club statistics== {{updated|18 March 2014}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uk.soccerway.com/players/jesse-rodriguez-ruiz/160640/|title=Jesé Rodríguez|publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=15 May 2013|archive-date=2015-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629180716/http://uk.soccerway.com/players/jesse-rodriguez-ruiz/160640/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{ESPNsoccernet|162453}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.transfermarkt.co.uk/en/jese/leistungsdaten/spieler_134936.html|title=Jesé Rodríguez – Performance data|publisher=Transfermarkt|accessdate=4 June 2013}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |- !rowspan="2"|Club !rowspan="2"|Saison !colspan="2"|League !colspan="2"|Cup !colspan="2"|Continental !colspan="2"|Total |- !Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals |- |rowspan="4"|[[Real Madrid Castilla]] |[[:en:2010–11 Segunda División B|2010–11]] |3||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||3||0 |- |[[:en:2011–12 Segunda División B|2011–12]] |39||10||3||2||colspan="2"|—||42||12 |- |[[:en:2012–13 Segunda División|2012–13]] |38||22||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||38||22 |- !Total !80!!32!!3||2!!colspan="2"|—!!83!!34 |- | rowspan="3"|[[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]] |[[:en:2011–12 La Liga|2011–12]] |1||0||1||0||0||0||2||0 |- |[[:en:2013–14 La Liga|2013–14]] |18||5||8||3||5||0||31||8 |- !Total !19!!5!!9!!3!!5!!0!!33!!8 |- !colspan="2"|Career total !99!!37!!12!!5!!5!!0!!116!!42 |} ==Honours== ===Club=== ;Real Madrid Castilla *[[Segunda División B]]: [[:en:2011–12 Segunda División B|2011–12]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vavel.com/es/futbol/real-madrid/169839-el-castilla-se-proclama-campeon-de-segunda-b-ante-el-mirandes.html|title=El Castilla se proclama campeón de Segunda B ante el Mirandés|trans_title=Castilla crowned ''Segunda B'' champion against Mirandés|publisher=Vavel|date=9 June 2012|accessdate=22 February 2014}}</ref> ;Real Madrid *[[UEFA Champions League]]: [[:en:2013–14 UEFA Champions League|2013–14]] *[[La Liga]]: [[:en:2011–12 La Liga|2011–12]] *[[Copa del Rey]]: [[:en:2013–14 Copa del Rey|2013–14]] ===Kintra=== ;Spain U-17 *[[UEFA European Unner-17 Championship]]: Runner-up [[:en:2010 UEFA European Under-17 Championship|2010]]<ref name="PROVINCIA"/> ;Spain U-19 *[[UEFA European Unner-19 Championship]]: [[:en:2012 UEFA European Under-19 Championship|2012]]<ref name="JOY"/> ===Individual=== *[[UEFA European Under-19 Championship]]: Gowden Buit [[:en;2012 UEFA European Under-19 Championship|2012]]<ref name="JOY"/> *[[FIFA U-20 Warld Cup]]: Bronze Buit [[:en:2013 FIFA U-20 Warld Cup|2013]]<ref name="U20"/> ==References== {{reflist|30em}} ==Freemit airtins== {{commons category|Jesé Rodríguez}} *[http://www.realmadrid.com/en/football/squad/jese-rodriguez-ruiz Real Madrid offeecial profile] *[http://www.bdfutbol.com/en/j/j101007.html BDFutbol profile] *{{UEFA player|250016661}} {{UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship awards}} {{Paris Saint-Germain F.C. squad}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Jese}} [[Category:1993 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Sportsfowk frae Las Palmas]] [[Category:Spaingie fitbawers]] [[Category:Canarian fitbawers]] [[Category:Association fitbaw forrits]] [[Category:La Liga players]] [[Category:Segunda División players]] [[Category:Segunda División B players]] [[Category:Real Madrid Castilla fitbawers]] [[Category:Real Madrid CF players]] [[Category:Spain youth internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:Spain unner-21 internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:Paris Saint-Germain F.C. players]] [[Category:Ligue 1 players]] 35qlp5on22eqp1wwgbjfk7qwfzltxzq 0 126497 917310 843477 2026-05-27T10:24:12Z Minorax 59670 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Order suvorov2 rib.png]] → [[File:SU Order of Suvorov 2nd class ribbon.svg]] vva 917310 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Nikita Khrushchev<small><br>Никита Хрущёв</small> | image = Bundesarchiv Bild 183-B0628-0015-035, Nikita S. Chruschtschow.jpg | caption = Khrushchev in [[East Berlin]], 1963 | nationality = [[Soviet fowk|Soviet]] | ethnicity = [[Roushies|Roushie]] | religion = | order = [[General Secretar o the Communist Pairty o the Soviet Union|First Secretar]] o the [[Central Committee o the Communist Paity o the Soviet Union|Central Committee]]<br>o the [[Communist Pairty o the Soviet Union]] | term_start = September 14, 1953 | term_end = October 14, 1964 | predecessor = [[Georgy Malenkov]] (''[[de facto]]'') | successor = [[Leonid Brezhnev]] | order2 = [[Premier o the Soviet Union|Chairman]] o the [[Cooncil o Meenisters o the Soviet Union|Cooncil o Meenisters]] | 2blankname2 = [[First Deputy Premier o the Soviet Union|First&nbsp;Deputies]] | 2namedata2 = {{Collapsible list |title=''See list'' | [[Frol Kozlov]] | [[Alexei Kosygin]] | [[Dmitriy Ustinov]] | [[Lazar Kaganovich]] | [[Anastas Mikoyan]]}} | term_start2 = Mairch 27, 1958 | term_end2 = October 14, 1964 | predecessor2 = [[Nikolai Bulganin]] | successor2 = [[Alexei Kosygin]] |birth_name=Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev | birth_date = {{birth date|1894|4|15|mf=y}} | birth_place = [[Kalinovka, Khomutovsky Destrict, Kursk Oblast|Kalinovka]], [[Dmitriyevsky Uyezd]], [[Kursk Govrenorate]], [[Roushie Empire]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|1971|9|11|1894|4|15|mf=y}} | death_place = [[Moscow]], [[Roushie SFSR]], [[Soviet Union]] | alma_mater = [[Industrial Academy (Moscow)|Industrial Academy]] | spouse = {{plainlist | * Yefrosinia Khrushcheva (1916–1919, died) * Marusia Khrushcheva (1922, separatit) * [[Nina Petrovna Khrushcheva|Nina Kukharchuk (Khrushcheva)]] (1923–1971, survived as widow) }} | children = {{plainlist | * Yulia (1915) * [[Leonid Khrushchev|Leonid]] (1917) * Rada (1929) * [[Sergei Khrushchev|Sergei]] (1935) * Elena (1937) }} | party = [[Communist Pairty o the Soviet Union]] | signature = Nikita Khrushchev Signature2.svg | signature_alt = A scrawled "Н Хрущёв" |allegiance = [[Soviet Union]] |branch = [[Reid Airmy]] |serviceyears = 1941–1945 |rank = [[Lieutenant General]] |commands = [[Soviet Airmed Forces]] |battles = [[Warld War II]] |awards ={{Hero of the Soviet Union}} [[File:Hero of Socialist Labor medal.png|20px|link=Hero o Socialist Labor]] [[File:Hero of Socialist Labor medal.png|20px|link=Hero o Socialist Labor]] [[File:Hero of Socialist Labor medal.png|20px|link=Hero o Socialist Labor]]<br>[[File:Order of Lenin ribbon bar.png|25px|link=Order o Lenin]] [[File:Order of Lenin ribbon bar.png|25px|link=Order o Lenin]] [[File:Order of Lenin ribbon bar.png|25px|link=Order o Lenin]] [[File:Order of Lenin ribbon bar.png|25px|link=Order o Lenin]]<br>[[File:Order of Lenin ribbon bar.png|25px|link=Order o Lenin]] [[File:Order of Lenin ribbon bar.png|25px|link=Order o Lenin]] [[File:Order of Lenin ribbon bar.png|25px|link=Order o Lenin]] [[File:Order suvorov1 rib.png|25px|link=Order o Suvorov]]<br>[[File:Order kutuzov1 rib.png|25px|link=Order o Kutuzov]] [[File:SU Order of Suvorov 2nd class ribbon.svg|25px|link=Order o Suvorov]] [[File:Order gpw1 rib.png|25px|link=Order o the Patriotic War]] [[File:Orderredbannerlabor rib.png|25px|link=Order o the Reid Banner o Labour]] |footnotes = }} '''Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev'''{{efn |name = pronunciation | {{lang-ru|Ники́та Серге́евич Хрущёв}}, {{IPA-ru|nʲɪˈkʲitə sʲɪrˈɡʲejɪvʲɪtɕ xrʊˈɕːɵf||Ru-Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev.oga}} }} ({{OldStyleDate|April 15|1894|April 3}}&nbsp;– September 11, 1971) wis a Roushie politeecian who led the [[Soviet Union]] during pairt o the [[Cauld War]] as the [[First Secretar o the Communist Pairty o the Soviet Union|First Secretar]] o the [[Communist Pairty o the Soviet Union]] frae 1953 tae 1964, an as [[Premier o the Soviet Union|Chairman]] o the [[Cooncil o Meenisters o the Soviet Union|Cooncil o Meenisters]], or Premier, from 1958 tae 1964. Khrushchev wis responsible for the [[de-Stalinisation]] o the Soviet Union, for backin the progress o the early [[Soviet space programme]], an for several relatively leeberal reforms in auries o domestic policy. Khrushchev's pairty colleagues remuived him from pouer in 1964, replacin him wi [[Leonid Brezhnev]] as First Secretar an [[Alexei Kosygin]] as Premier. Khrushchev wis born in 1894 in the veelage o [[Kalinovka, Khomutovsky Destrict, Kursk Oblast|Kalinovka]], that is close tae the present-day mairch atween [[Roushie]] an [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukraine]]. He wis employed as a [[Metalwirkin|metal wirker]] in his youth, an he wis a [[poleetical commissar]] in the [[Roushie Ceevil War]]. Wi the help o [[Lazar Kaganovich]], he wirked his wey up the Soviet hierarchy. He supportit [[Joseph Stalin]]'s [[Great Purge|purges]], an appruived thoosands o arrests. In 1938, Stalin sent him tae govren Ukraine, an he conteena'd the purges thare. In whit wis kent in the Soviet Union as the [[Great Patriotic War (term)|Great Patriotic War]] ([[Eastren Front (Warld War II)|Eastren Front o Warld War II]]), Khrushchev wis again a commissar, servin as an intermediary atween Stalin an his generals. Khrushchev wis present at the bluidy [[Battle o Stalingrad|defence o Stalingrad]], a fact he teuk great pride in ootthrou his life. Efter the war, he returned tae Ukraine afore bein recried tae Moscow as ane o Stalin's close advisers. Stalin's daith in 1953 caused a pouer struggle, frae that Khrushchev ultimately emerged veectorious. On 25 Februar 1956, at the [[20t Congress o the Communist Pairty o the Soviet Union|20t Pairty Congress]], he deleevered the "[[On the Cult o Personality an Its Consequences|Saicret Speech]]", that denoonced [[Poleetical repression in the Soviet Union|Stalin's purges]] an ushered in [[Khrushchev Thaw|a less repressive era]] in the Soviet Union. His domestic policies, aimed at betterin the lives o ordinar ceetizens, war eften ineffective, especially in agricultur. Haipin eventually tae rely on missiles for naitional defence, Khrushchev ordered major cuts in conventional forces. Despite the cuts, Khrushchev's rule saw the maist tense years o the Cold War, culminatin in the [[Cuban Missile Creesis]]. Khruschev's popularity wis eroded bi flaws in his policies. This embauldened his potential opponents, that quietly rose in strenth an deponed the Premier in October 1964. Houiver, he did nae suffer the deidly fate o previous Soviet pouer struggles, an wis pensioned aff wi an apairtment in Moscow an a ''[[dacha]]'' in the kintraside. His lenthy memoirs war smuggled tae the Wast an published in pairt in 1970. Khrushchev dee'd in 1971 o hert disease. ==Notes== {{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Khrushchev, Nikita}} [[Category:Nikita Khrushchev| ]] [[Category:1894 births]] [[Category:1971 daiths]] [[Category:Fowk frae Khomutovsky Destrict]] [[Category:Fowk frae Kursk Govrenorate]] [[Category:Roushie expatriates in Ukraine]] [[Category:Bolsheviks]] [[Category:Heids o the Communist Pairty o the Soviet Union]] [[Category:Politburo o the Central Committee o the Communist Pairty o the Soviet Union members]] [[Category:Heids o govrenment o the Soviet Union]] [[Category:Members o the Supreme Soviet o the Soviet Union]] [[Category:Cauld War leaders]] [[Category:Communist Pairty o Ukraine (Soviet Union) politeecians]] [[Category:De-Stalinisation]] [[Category:Heroes o Socialist Labour, three times]] [[Category:Heroes o the Soviet Union]] [[Category:Lenin Peace Prize recipients]] [[Category:Recipients o the Order o Lenin]] [[Category:Recipients o the Order o Suvorov, 1st cless]] [[Category:Recipients o the Order o the Reid Banner o Labour]] [[Category:Recipients o the Shevchenko Naitional Prize]] [[Category:Roushie atheists]] [[Category:Roushie communists]] [[Category:Soviet militar personnel o Warld War II]] [[Category:Daiths frae myocardial infarction]] [[Category:Cardiovascular disease daiths in the Soviet Union]] [[Category:Buirials at Novodevichy Seemetry]] [[Category:Soviet lieutenant generals]] [[Category:Soviet leaders o Ukraine]] [[Category:Prime meenisters o Ukraine]] [[Category:Leaders oostit bi a coup]] eit2iqb3qq3whdlhkq5gpkp1hy0yvno 917313 917310 2026-05-27T10:43:02Z Minorax 59670 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Order suvorov1 rib.png]] → [[File:SU Order of Suvorov 1st class ribbon.svg]] vva 917313 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Nikita Khrushchev<small><br>Никита Хрущёв</small> | image = Bundesarchiv Bild 183-B0628-0015-035, Nikita S. Chruschtschow.jpg | caption = Khrushchev in [[East Berlin]], 1963 | nationality = [[Soviet fowk|Soviet]] | ethnicity = [[Roushies|Roushie]] | religion = | order = [[General Secretar o the Communist Pairty o the Soviet Union|First Secretar]] o the [[Central Committee o the Communist Paity o the Soviet Union|Central Committee]]<br>o the [[Communist Pairty o the Soviet Union]] | term_start = September 14, 1953 | term_end = October 14, 1964 | predecessor = [[Georgy Malenkov]] (''[[de facto]]'') | successor = [[Leonid Brezhnev]] | order2 = [[Premier o the Soviet Union|Chairman]] o the [[Cooncil o Meenisters o the Soviet Union|Cooncil o Meenisters]] | 2blankname2 = [[First Deputy Premier o the Soviet Union|First&nbsp;Deputies]] | 2namedata2 = {{Collapsible list |title=''See list'' | [[Frol Kozlov]] | [[Alexei Kosygin]] | [[Dmitriy Ustinov]] | [[Lazar Kaganovich]] | [[Anastas Mikoyan]]}} | term_start2 = Mairch 27, 1958 | term_end2 = October 14, 1964 | predecessor2 = [[Nikolai Bulganin]] | successor2 = [[Alexei Kosygin]] |birth_name=Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev | birth_date = {{birth date|1894|4|15|mf=y}} | birth_place = [[Kalinovka, Khomutovsky Destrict, Kursk Oblast|Kalinovka]], [[Dmitriyevsky Uyezd]], [[Kursk Govrenorate]], [[Roushie Empire]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|1971|9|11|1894|4|15|mf=y}} | death_place = [[Moscow]], [[Roushie SFSR]], [[Soviet Union]] | alma_mater = [[Industrial Academy (Moscow)|Industrial Academy]] | spouse = {{plainlist | * Yefrosinia Khrushcheva (1916–1919, died) * Marusia Khrushcheva (1922, separatit) * [[Nina Petrovna Khrushcheva|Nina Kukharchuk (Khrushcheva)]] (1923–1971, survived as widow) }} | children = {{plainlist | * Yulia (1915) * [[Leonid Khrushchev|Leonid]] (1917) * Rada (1929) * [[Sergei Khrushchev|Sergei]] (1935) * Elena (1937) }} | party = [[Communist Pairty o the Soviet Union]] | signature = Nikita Khrushchev Signature2.svg | signature_alt = A scrawled "Н Хрущёв" |allegiance = [[Soviet Union]] |branch = [[Reid Airmy]] |serviceyears = 1941–1945 |rank = [[Lieutenant General]] |commands = [[Soviet Airmed Forces]] |battles = [[Warld War II]] |awards ={{Hero of the Soviet Union}} [[File:Hero of Socialist Labor medal.png|20px|link=Hero o Socialist Labor]] [[File:Hero of Socialist Labor medal.png|20px|link=Hero o Socialist Labor]] [[File:Hero of Socialist Labor medal.png|20px|link=Hero o Socialist Labor]]<br>[[File:Order of Lenin ribbon bar.png|25px|link=Order o Lenin]] [[File:Order of Lenin ribbon bar.png|25px|link=Order o Lenin]] [[File:Order of Lenin ribbon bar.png|25px|link=Order o Lenin]] [[File:Order of Lenin ribbon bar.png|25px|link=Order o Lenin]]<br>[[File:Order of Lenin ribbon bar.png|25px|link=Order o Lenin]] [[File:Order of Lenin ribbon bar.png|25px|link=Order o Lenin]] [[File:Order of Lenin ribbon bar.png|25px|link=Order o Lenin]] [[File:SU Order of Suvorov 1st class ribbon.svg|25px|link=Order o Suvorov]]<br>[[File:Order kutuzov1 rib.png|25px|link=Order o Kutuzov]] [[File:SU Order of Suvorov 2nd class ribbon.svg|25px|link=Order o Suvorov]] [[File:Order gpw1 rib.png|25px|link=Order o the Patriotic War]] [[File:Orderredbannerlabor rib.png|25px|link=Order o the Reid Banner o Labour]] |footnotes = }} '''Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev'''{{efn |name = pronunciation | {{lang-ru|Ники́та Серге́евич Хрущёв}}, {{IPA-ru|nʲɪˈkʲitə sʲɪrˈɡʲejɪvʲɪtɕ xrʊˈɕːɵf||Ru-Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev.oga}} }} ({{OldStyleDate|April 15|1894|April 3}}&nbsp;– September 11, 1971) wis a Roushie politeecian who led the [[Soviet Union]] during pairt o the [[Cauld War]] as the [[First Secretar o the Communist Pairty o the Soviet Union|First Secretar]] o the [[Communist Pairty o the Soviet Union]] frae 1953 tae 1964, an as [[Premier o the Soviet Union|Chairman]] o the [[Cooncil o Meenisters o the Soviet Union|Cooncil o Meenisters]], or Premier, from 1958 tae 1964. Khrushchev wis responsible for the [[de-Stalinisation]] o the Soviet Union, for backin the progress o the early [[Soviet space programme]], an for several relatively leeberal reforms in auries o domestic policy. Khrushchev's pairty colleagues remuived him from pouer in 1964, replacin him wi [[Leonid Brezhnev]] as First Secretar an [[Alexei Kosygin]] as Premier. Khrushchev wis born in 1894 in the veelage o [[Kalinovka, Khomutovsky Destrict, Kursk Oblast|Kalinovka]], that is close tae the present-day mairch atween [[Roushie]] an [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukraine]]. He wis employed as a [[Metalwirkin|metal wirker]] in his youth, an he wis a [[poleetical commissar]] in the [[Roushie Ceevil War]]. Wi the help o [[Lazar Kaganovich]], he wirked his wey up the Soviet hierarchy. He supportit [[Joseph Stalin]]'s [[Great Purge|purges]], an appruived thoosands o arrests. In 1938, Stalin sent him tae govren Ukraine, an he conteena'd the purges thare. In whit wis kent in the Soviet Union as the [[Great Patriotic War (term)|Great Patriotic War]] ([[Eastren Front (Warld War II)|Eastren Front o Warld War II]]), Khrushchev wis again a commissar, servin as an intermediary atween Stalin an his generals. Khrushchev wis present at the bluidy [[Battle o Stalingrad|defence o Stalingrad]], a fact he teuk great pride in ootthrou his life. Efter the war, he returned tae Ukraine afore bein recried tae Moscow as ane o Stalin's close advisers. Stalin's daith in 1953 caused a pouer struggle, frae that Khrushchev ultimately emerged veectorious. On 25 Februar 1956, at the [[20t Congress o the Communist Pairty o the Soviet Union|20t Pairty Congress]], he deleevered the "[[On the Cult o Personality an Its Consequences|Saicret Speech]]", that denoonced [[Poleetical repression in the Soviet Union|Stalin's purges]] an ushered in [[Khrushchev Thaw|a less repressive era]] in the Soviet Union. His domestic policies, aimed at betterin the lives o ordinar ceetizens, war eften ineffective, especially in agricultur. Haipin eventually tae rely on missiles for naitional defence, Khrushchev ordered major cuts in conventional forces. Despite the cuts, Khrushchev's rule saw the maist tense years o the Cold War, culminatin in the [[Cuban Missile Creesis]]. Khruschev's popularity wis eroded bi flaws in his policies. This embauldened his potential opponents, that quietly rose in strenth an deponed the Premier in October 1964. Houiver, he did nae suffer the deidly fate o previous Soviet pouer struggles, an wis pensioned aff wi an apairtment in Moscow an a ''[[dacha]]'' in the kintraside. His lenthy memoirs war smuggled tae the Wast an published in pairt in 1970. Khrushchev dee'd in 1971 o hert disease. ==Notes== {{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Khrushchev, Nikita}} [[Category:Nikita Khrushchev| ]] [[Category:1894 births]] [[Category:1971 daiths]] [[Category:Fowk frae Khomutovsky Destrict]] [[Category:Fowk frae Kursk Govrenorate]] [[Category:Roushie expatriates in Ukraine]] [[Category:Bolsheviks]] [[Category:Heids o the Communist Pairty o the Soviet Union]] [[Category:Politburo o the Central Committee o the Communist Pairty o the Soviet Union members]] [[Category:Heids o govrenment o the Soviet Union]] [[Category:Members o the Supreme Soviet o the Soviet Union]] [[Category:Cauld War leaders]] [[Category:Communist Pairty o Ukraine (Soviet Union) politeecians]] [[Category:De-Stalinisation]] [[Category:Heroes o Socialist Labour, three times]] [[Category:Heroes o the Soviet Union]] [[Category:Lenin Peace Prize recipients]] [[Category:Recipients o the Order o Lenin]] [[Category:Recipients o the Order o Suvorov, 1st cless]] [[Category:Recipients o the Order o the Reid Banner o Labour]] [[Category:Recipients o the Shevchenko Naitional Prize]] [[Category:Roushie atheists]] [[Category:Roushie communists]] [[Category:Soviet militar personnel o Warld War II]] [[Category:Daiths frae myocardial infarction]] [[Category:Cardiovascular disease daiths in the Soviet Union]] [[Category:Buirials at Novodevichy Seemetry]] [[Category:Soviet lieutenant generals]] [[Category:Soviet leaders o Ukraine]] [[Category:Prime meenisters o Ukraine]] [[Category:Leaders oostit bi a coup]] s5hx9lmn08z116h6d38b36u6x877p2d 0 129181 917270 910438 2026-05-26T16:36:19Z ~2026-31230-78 131888 917270 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox former country |native_name = امپراطوری بزرگ هخامنشیان |conventional_long_name = Achaemenid Empire |common_name = Persie | |continent = Afroeurasie |region = Near East |country = [[Persie]] |era = [[Clessical antiquity]] |government_type = [[Feudalism|Feudal]] [[Monarchy]] ||year_start = 550 BC |year_end = 330 BC |life_span = 550 BC–330 BC |event_start = [[Persie Revolt]] |date_start = |event_end = [[Wars o Alexander the Great|Faw tae Macedonie]] |date_end = |event1 = [[Battle o Thymbra|Conquest o Lydia]] |date_event1 = 547 BC |event2 = [[Battle o Opis|Conquest o Babylon]] |date_event2 = 539 BC |event3 = [[Battle o Pelusium (525 BC)|Conquest o Egyp]] |date_event3 = 525 BC |event4 = [[Greco-Persie Wars]] |date_event4 = 499–449 BC |event5 = [[Battle o Pelusium (343 BC)|Seicont conquest o Egyp]] |date_event5 = 343 BC | |p1 = Median Empire |flag_p1 = Median Empire.jpg |p2 = Neo-Babylonian Empire |flag_p2 = Neo-Babylonian Empire.png |p3 = Lydia |flag_p3 = Map Anatolia ancient regions-en.svg |p4 = Twenty-saxt dynasty o Egyp |flag_p4 = Ancient Egypt map-en.svg |p5 = Macedonia (ancient kingdom) |flag_p5 = Vergina Sun WIPO.svg |p6 = Gandhara kingdom |flag_p6 = |p7 = Sogdia |flag_p7 = |p8 = Massagetae |flag_p8 = |s1 = Macedonian Empire |flag_s1 = Vergina Sun WIPO.svg |border_s1 = no |s2 = Twenty-aicht Dynasty o Egyp |flag_s2 = | |image_flag = Achaemenid Falcon.svg|200px |flag = |flag_type = |image_coat = |symbol = |symbol_type = |image_map = Achemenids500BC.png |image_map_caption = Mucklest territorial extent o the Achaemenid Empire <br> Haudin the warld record fur reignin ower nearly hauf o the population o the warld at the time. | |capital = [[Babylon]]<ref name=EY>{{cite book|last=Yarshater|first=Ehsan|authorlink=Ehsan Yarshater|title=The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3|year=1993|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-20092-9|page=482|quote=Of the four residences of the Achaemenids named by [[Herodotus]] — [[Ecbatana]], [[Pasargadae]] or [[Persepolis]], [[Susa]] and [[Babylon]] — the last [situated in Iraq] was maintained as their most important capital, the fixed winter quarters, the central office of bureaucracy, exchanged only in the heat of summer for some cool spot in the highlands. Under the [[Seleucid Empire|Seleucids]] and the [[Parthian Empire|Parthians]] the site of the Mesopotamian capital moved a little to the north on the [[Tigris]] — to [[Seleucia]] and [[Ctesiphon]]. It is indeed symbolic that these new foundations were built from the bricks of ancient [[Babylon]], just as later [[Baghdad]], a little further upstream, was built out of the ruins of the [[Sassanid Empire|Sassanian]] double city of [[Al-Mada'in|Seleucia-Ctesiphon]].}}</ref> (main caipital), [[Pasargadae]], [[Ecbatana]], [[Susa]], [[Persepolis]] |common_languages = [[Auld Persie|Persie]]{{anchor|infoa}}^{[[#inforefa|[a]]]}<br>[[Imperial Aramaic|Aramaic]]{{anchor|infob}}^{[[#inforefb|[b]]]}<br>[[Akkadian leid|Akkadian]]<ref>{{cite book| author = Harald Kittel, [[Juliane House]], Brigitte Schultze|author2=Juliane House|author3=Brigitte Schultze| title = Traduction: encyclopédie internationale de la recherche sur la traduction| url = https://books.google.com/?id=oD0dBqGDNscC| year = 2007| publisher = Walter de Gruyter| isbn = 978-3-11-017145-7| pages = 1194–5 }}</ref><br>[[Median leid|Median]]<br>[[Auncient Greek|Greek]]<ref name="Iranian, E. Tucker 2001">''Greek and Iranian'', E. Tucker, ''A History of Ancient Greek: From the Beginnings to Late Antiquity'', ed. Anastasios-Phoivos Christidēs, Maria Arapopoulou, Maria Chritē, (Cambridge University Press, 2001), 780.</ref><br />[[Elamite leid|Elamite]]<br> [[Sumerian leid|Sumerian]]{{anchor|infoc}}^{[[#inforefc|[c]]]} |religion = [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Babylonian releegion|Babylonian]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Boiy|first=T.|title=Late Achaemenid and Hellenistic Babylon|year=2004|publisher=Peeters Publishers|isbn=978-90-429-1449-0|page=101}}</ref> |currency = [[Daric]], [[Siglos]] | |leader1 = [[Cyrus the Great]] |leader2 = [[Darius III o Persie|Darius III]] |year_leader1 = 559–529 BC |year_leader2 = 336–330 BC |title_leader = xšāyaϑiya (Keeng) or xšāyaϑiya xšāyaϑiyānām (Keeng o Keengs) | |stat_year1 = 500 BC |stat_area1 = 8500000 |stat_pop1 = 50000000 |ref_pop1 = <ref name="1996, p. 47">Yarshater ([https://books.google.com/books?id=WBAZAQAAIAAJ&q=%28Meyer+p.85%29 1996, p. 47])</ref> |today = {{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=Countries today| {{flag|Abkhazie}} (''de facto'')|{{flag|Afghanistan}}|{{flag|Armenie}}|{{flag|Azerbaijan}}|{{flag|Bahrain}}<ref name="Mojtahed-Zadeh">''Security and Territoriality in the Persian Gulf: A Maritime Political Geography'' by Pirouz Mojtahed-Zadeh, page 119</ref>|{{flag|Bulgarie}}|{{flag|Cyprus}}|{{flag|Egyp}}|{{flag|Eritrea}}|{{flag|Georgie}}|{{flag|Greece}}|{{flag|Iran}}|{{flag|Iraq}}|{{flag|Israel}}|{{flag|Jordan}}|{{flag| Kazakhstan}}|{{flag|Kuwait}}|{{flag| Kyrgyzstan}}|{{flag|Lebanon}}|{{flag|Libie}}| {{flag|Macedonie}}|{{flag|Oman}}<ref name="livius.org">http://www.livius.org/maa-mam/maka/maka.html</ref><ref name="behi">[[Behistun Inscription]]</ref>|{{flag|Nagorno-Karabakh}} (''de facto'')|{{flag|Northren Cyprus}} (''de facto'')|{{flag|Pakistan}}|{{flagicon|Palestine}} [[State o Palestine|Palestine]]|{{flag|Qatar}}|{{flag|Romanie}}|{{flag|Roushie}}|{{flag|Saudi Arabie}}|{{flag|Sooth Ossetie}} (''de facto'')|{{flag|Sudan}}|{{flag|Sirie}}|{{flag| Tajikistan}}|{{flag|Turkey}}|{{flag|Turkmenistan}}|{{flag|Unitit Arab Emirates}}<ref name="livius.org"/><ref name="behi"/>|{{flag|Ukraine}}|{{flag|Uzbekistan}}|{{flag|Yemen}} }} |footnotes = {{anchor|inforefa}}a. '''[[#infoa|^]]''' Native leid.<br/>{{anchor|inforefb}}b. '''[[#infob|^]]''' Offeecial leid an ''lingua franca''.<ref>Josef Wiesehöfer, ''Ancient Persia'', (I.B. Tauris Ltd, 2007), 119.</ref><br/>{{anchor|inforefc}}c. '''[[#infoc|^]]''' Leeterary leid in Babylonie. }} The '''Achaemenid Empire''', cried the {{nowrap|'''First Persie Empire'''}}<ref name=GCS>{{cite book|last=Sampson|first=Gareth C.|title=The Defeat of Rome: Crassus, Carrhae and the Invasion of the East|url=https://archive.org/details/defeatofromecras0000samp|year=2008|publisher=[[Pen and Sword Books|Pen & Sword Books Limited]]|isbn=9781844156764|page=[https://archive.org/details/defeatofromecras0000samp/page/33 33]|quote=Cyrus the Great, founder of the First Persian Empire (c. 550–330 BC).}}</ref> an aw, wis an [[empire]] based in [[Wastren Asie]], foondit bi [[Cyrus the Great]], kenspeckle fur embracin mony civilisations an becomin the maistmuckle empire o the [[auncient history]], spannin at its mucklest extent frae the [[Balkans]] an [[Eastren Europe]] in the wast, tae the [[Indus Valley]] in the east. It wis lairger nor ony previous empire in history, spannin 5.5<ref name="Turchin">{{cite journal |last1=Turchin|first1=Peter|last2=Adams|first2=Jonathan M.|last3=Hall|first3=Thomas D | title = East-West Orientation of Historical Empires | journal = Journal of World-systems Research|date=December 2006 |volume=12|issue=2 |page=223 |url =http://jwsr.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/jwsr/article/view/369/381|accessdate=12 September 2016 |issn= 1076-156X}}</ref><ref name="Taagepera">{{cite journal|last1=Taagepera|first1=Rein|title=Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D|journal=Social Science History|date=1979|volume=3|issue=3/4|page=121|doi=10.2307/1170959|jstor=1170959}}</ref> (or 8<ref name="Brzezinski">{{Cite book|url=https://www.otvoroci.com/uploads/3/8/0/5/38053843/strategic_vision__america_and_the_crisis_of_global_power.pdf|title=Strategic vision : America and the crisis of globalpower|last=Brzezinski|first=Zbigniew|date=2012|publisher=Basic Books|ISBN=978-0465029556|location=New York|OCLC=787847809}}</ref>) million squerr kilometre. Incorporatin mony fowks o different oreegins an faiths, it is kenspeckle fur its successfu model o a centralised, bureaucratic admeenistration (throu satraps unner the King o Kings), fur biggin infrastructur sic as road systems an a postal seestem, the uise o an [[offeecial leid]] athort its territories, an the development o civil services an a muckle professional airmy. The empire's successes inspirt seemilar systems in later empires.<ref name=schmitt-EI-i>[[#refachaemenids-EI|Schmitt]] Achaemenid dynasty (i. The clan an dynasty)</ref> Bi the 7t yeirhunner BC, the [[Persie fowk|Persies]] haed settled in the sooth-wastren portion o the [[Iranian Plateau]] in the region o [[Persis]],<ref>http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/eieol/opeol-MG-X.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160218163028/http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/eieol/opeol-MG-X.html|date=2016-02-18}} Macdonell and Keith, Vedic Index. This is based on the evidence ofan [[Assirie]] inscription o 844 BC referrin tae the Persies as ''Paršu'', an the [[Behistun Inscription]] o [[Darius I]] referrin tae ''Pārsa'' as the aurie o the Persies. Radhakumud Mookerji (1988). ''Chandragupta Maurya and His Times'' (p. 23). Motilal Banarsidass Publ. {{ISBN|8120804058}}.</ref> that cam tae be thir hertland.<ref name=book>{{cite book| author = David Sacks |author2=Oswyn Murray |author3=Lisa R. Brody|author4=Oswyn Murray|author5=Lisa R. Brody| title = Encyclopedia of the ancient Greek world| url = https://books.google.com/?id=gsGmuQAACAAJ| year = 2005| publisher = Infobase Publishing| isbn = 978-0816057221| page = 256}}</ref> Frae this region, Cyrus the Great advanced tae defeat the [[Medes]], Lydia, an the Neo-Babylonian Empire, establishin the Achaemenid Empire. [[Alexander the Great]], an avid admirer o Cyrus the Great,<ref name="Ulrich">{{cite book| author = Ulrich Wilcken| title = Alexander the Great| url = https://books.google.com/?id=WiSZM-LYsk4C| year = 1967| publisher = W.W. Norton & Company| isbn = 978-0393003819| page = 146}}</ref> conquered maist o the empire bi 330 BC.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Taagepera|first=Rein|author-link=Rein Taagepera|date=1979|title=Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D|url=|journal=Social Science History|volume=3|issue=3/4|page=123|doi=10.2307/1170959|jstor=1170959|quote=A superimposition of the maps of Achaemenid and Alexander's empires shows a 90% match, except that Alexander's realm never reached the peak size of the Achaemenid realm.}}</ref> Upon Alexander's deeth, maist o the empire's umwhile territory cam unner the rule o the Ptolemaic Kinrick an Seleucid Empire, in addition tae ither sma territories that gaint unthirldom at that time. The Iranian elites o the central plateau reclaimed pouer bi the secont yeirhunner BC unner the [[Parthian Empire]].<ref name="book" /> The Achaemenid Empire is notit in Western history as the antagonist o the [[polis|Greek city-states]] in the Greco-Persie Wars an for the emancipation o the Jewish exiles in Babylon. The historical merk o the empire wint far ayont its territorial an militar influences an includit cultural, social, technological an religious influences as weel. Despite the lastin conflict atween the twa states, mony [[Athens|Athenians]] adoptit Achaemenid customs in thir daily lives in a reciprocal cultural exchynge,<ref>{{cite book| author = Margaret Christina Miller| title = Athens and Persia in the Fifth Century BC: A Study in Cultural Receptivity| url = https://books.google.com/?id=oGXMMD5rXBQC| year = 2004| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0521607582| page = 243}}</ref> some bein employed bi or allied tae the Persie kings. The impact o [[Cyrus's edict]] is mentioned in Judeo-Christian texts, an the empire wis instrumental in the spread o [[Zoroastrianism]] as far east as Cheenae. The empire set the tone fur the politics, heritage an history o [[Iran|Iran (forby official-like kent as Persie)]] an aw.<ref>{{cite book|title=Birth of the Persian Empire|author1=Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis |author2=Sarah Stewart |publisher=I.B.Tauris|year=2005|page=7|url=https://books.google.com/?id=a0IF9IdkdYEC&pg=PA7|isbn=978-1845110628}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Achaemenid Empire| ]] [[Category:Auncient Persie|+]] [[Category:History o Iran|+]] [[Category:History o Zoroastrianism]] [[Category:History o the Middle East]] [[Category:History o Europe]] [[Category:History o Asie]] [[Category:History o Africae]] [[Category:Auncient Egyp]] [[Category:Airn Age Asie]] [[Category:States o Auncient Africae]] [[Category:Patronymics]] [[Category:Superpouers]] [[Category:6t-century BC establishments in Asie]] [[Category:550s BC]] [[Category:States an territories established in the 6t century BC]] [[Category:Biathlon at the Winter Olympics navigational boxes]] kbn0ll5xxv92u81gmkj5ujtxwcuwc48 917273 917270 2026-05-26T16:47:52Z CiphriusKane 74958 Revertit edit o ~2026-31230-78, chynged back tae last version bi DrochaidUaine 910438 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox former country |native_name = امپراطوری بزرگ هخامنشیان |conventional_long_name = Achaemenid Empire |common_name = Persie | |continent = Afroeurasie |region = Near East |country = [[Persie]] |era = [[Clessical antiquity]] |government_type = [[Feudalism|Feudal]] [[Monarchy]] ||year_start = 550 BC |year_end = 330 BC |life_span = 550 BC–330 BC |event_start = [[Persie Revolt]] |date_start = |event_end = [[Wars o Alexander the Great|Faw tae Macedonie]] |date_end = |event1 = [[Battle o Thymbra|Conquest o Lydia]] |date_event1 = 547 BC |event2 = [[Battle o Opis|Conquest o Babylon]] |date_event2 = 539 BC |event3 = [[Battle o Pelusium (525 BC)|Conquest o Egyp]] |date_event3 = 525 BC |event4 = [[Greco-Persie Wars]] |date_event4 = 499–449 BC |event5 = [[Battle o Pelusium (343 BC)|Seicont conquest o Egyp]] |date_event5 = 343 BC | |p1 = Median Empire |flag_p1 = Median Empire.jpg |p2 = Neo-Babylonian Empire |flag_p2 = Neo-Babylonian Empire.png |p3 = Lydia |flag_p3 = Map Anatolia ancient regions-en.svg |p4 = Twenty-saxt dynasty o Egyp |flag_p4 = Ancient Egypt map-en.svg |p5 = Macedonia (ancient kingdom) |flag_p5 = Vergina Sun WIPO.svg |p6 = Gandhara kingdom |flag_p6 = |p7 = Sogdia |flag_p7 = |p8 = Massagetae |flag_p8 = |s1 = Macedonian Empire |flag_s1 = Vergina Sun WIPO.svg |border_s1 = no |s2 = Twenty-aicht Dynasty o Egyp |flag_s2 = | |image_flag = Achaemenid Falcon.svg|200px |flag = |flag_type = |image_coat = |symbol = |symbol_type = |image_map = Achemenids500BC.png |image_map_caption = Mucklest territorial extent o the Achaemenid Empire <br> Haudin the warld record fur reignin ower nearly hauf o the population o the warld at the time. | |capital = [[Babylon]]<ref name=EY>{{cite book|last=Yarshater|first=Ehsan|authorlink=Ehsan Yarshater|title=The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3|year=1993|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-20092-9|page=482|quote=Of the four residences of the Achaemenids named by [[Herodotus]] — [[Ecbatana]], [[Pasargadae]] or [[Persepolis]], [[Susa]] and [[Babylon]] — the last [situated in Iraq] was maintained as their most important capital, the fixed winter quarters, the central office of bureaucracy, exchanged only in the heat of summer for some cool spot in the highlands. Under the [[Seleucid Empire|Seleucids]] and the [[Parthian Empire|Parthians]] the site of the Mesopotamian capital moved a little to the north on the [[Tigris]] — to [[Seleucia]] and [[Ctesiphon]]. It is indeed symbolic that these new foundations were built from the bricks of ancient [[Babylon]], just as later [[Baghdad]], a little further upstream, was built out of the ruins of the [[Sassanid Empire|Sassanian]] double city of [[Al-Mada'in|Seleucia-Ctesiphon]].}}</ref> (main caipital), [[Pasargadae]], [[Ecbatana]], [[Susa]], [[Persepolis]] |common_languages = [[Auld Persie|Persie]]{{anchor|infoa}}^{[[#inforefa|[a]]]}<br>[[Imperial Aramaic|Aramaic]]{{anchor|infob}}^{[[#inforefb|[b]]]}<br>[[Akkadian leid|Akkadian]]<ref>{{cite book| author = Harald Kittel, [[Juliane House]], Brigitte Schultze|author2=Juliane House|author3=Brigitte Schultze| title = Traduction: encyclopédie internationale de la recherche sur la traduction| url = https://books.google.com/?id=oD0dBqGDNscC| year = 2007| publisher = Walter de Gruyter| isbn = 978-3-11-017145-7| pages = 1194–5 }}</ref><br>[[Median leid|Median]]<br>[[Auncient Greek|Greek]]<ref name="Iranian, E. Tucker 2001">''Greek and Iranian'', E. Tucker, ''A History of Ancient Greek: From the Beginnings to Late Antiquity'', ed. Anastasios-Phoivos Christidēs, Maria Arapopoulou, Maria Chritē, (Cambridge University Press, 2001), 780.</ref><br />[[Elamite leid|Elamite]]<br> [[Sumerian leid|Sumerian]]{{anchor|infoc}}^{[[#inforefc|[c]]]} |religion = [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Babylonian releegion|Babylonian]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Boiy|first=T.|title=Late Achaemenid and Hellenistic Babylon|year=2004|publisher=Peeters Publishers|isbn=978-90-429-1449-0|page=101}}</ref> |currency = [[Daric]], [[Siglos]] | |leader1 = [[Cyrus the Great]] |leader2 = [[Darius III o Persie|Darius III]] |year_leader1 = 559–529 BC |year_leader2 = 336–330 BC |title_leader = xšāyaϑiya (Keeng) or xšāyaϑiya xšāyaϑiyānām (Keeng o Keengs) | |stat_year1 = 500 BC |stat_area1 = 8500000 |stat_pop1 = 50000000 |ref_pop1 = <ref name="1996, p. 47">Yarshater ([https://books.google.com/books?id=WBAZAQAAIAAJ&q=%28Meyer+p.85%29 1996, p. 47])</ref> |today = {{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=Countries today| {{flag|Abkhazie}} (''de facto'')|{{flag|Afghanistan}}|{{flag|Armenie}}|{{flag|Azerbaijan}}|{{flag|Bahrain}}<ref name="Mojtahed-Zadeh">''Security and Territoriality in the Persian Gulf: A Maritime Political Geography'' by Pirouz Mojtahed-Zadeh, page 119</ref>|{{flag|Bulgarie}}|{{flag|Cyprus}}|{{flag|Egyp}}|{{flag|Eritrea}}|{{flag|Georgie}}|{{flag|Greece}}|{{flag|Iran}}|{{flag|Iraq}}|{{flag|Israel}}|{{flag|Jordan}}|{{flag| Kazakhstan}}|{{flag|Kuwait}}|{{flag| Kyrgyzstan}}|{{flag|Lebanon}}|{{flag|Libie}}| {{flag|Macedonie}}|{{flag|Oman}}<ref name="livius.org">http://www.livius.org/maa-mam/maka/maka.html</ref><ref name="behi">[[Behistun Inscription]]</ref>|{{flag|Nagorno-Karabakh}} (''de facto'')|{{flag|Northren Cyprus}} (''de facto'')|{{flag|Pakistan}}|{{flagicon|Palestine}} [[State o Palestine|Palestine]]|{{flag|Qatar}}|{{flag|Romanie}}|{{flag|Roushie}}|{{flag|Saudi Arabie}}|{{flag|Sooth Ossetie}} (''de facto'')|{{flag|Sudan}}|{{flag|Sirie}}|{{flag| Tajikistan}}|{{flag|Turkey}}|{{flag|Turkmenistan}}|{{flag|Unitit Arab Emirates}}<ref name="livius.org"/><ref name="behi"/>|{{flag|Ukraine}}|{{flag|Uzbekistan}}|{{flag|Yemen}} }} |footnotes = {{anchor|inforefa}}a. '''[[#infoa|^]]''' Native leid.<br/>{{anchor|inforefb}}b. '''[[#infob|^]]''' Offeecial leid an ''lingua franca''.<ref>Josef Wiesehöfer, ''Ancient Persia'', (I.B. Tauris Ltd, 2007), 119.</ref><br/>{{anchor|inforefc}}c. '''[[#infoc|^]]''' Leeterary leid in Babylonie. }} The '''Achaemenid Empire''', cried the {{nowrap|'''First Persie Empire'''}}<ref name=GCS>{{cite book|last=Sampson|first=Gareth C.|title=The Defeat of Rome: Crassus, Carrhae and the Invasion of the East|url=https://archive.org/details/defeatofromecras0000samp|year=2008|publisher=[[Pen and Sword Books|Pen & Sword Books Limited]]|isbn=9781844156764|page=[https://archive.org/details/defeatofromecras0000samp/page/33 33]|quote=Cyrus the Great, founder of the First Persian Empire (c. 550–330 BC).}}</ref> an aw, wis an [[empire]] based in [[Wastren Asie]], foondit bi [[Cyrus the Great]], kenspeckle fur embracin mony civilisations an becomin the maistmuckle empire o the [[auncient history]], spannin at its mucklest extent frae the [[Balkans]] an [[Eastren Europe]] in the wast, tae the [[Indus Valley]] in the east. It wis lairger nor ony previous empire in history, spannin 5.5<ref name="Turchin">{{cite journal |last1=Turchin|first1=Peter|last2=Adams|first2=Jonathan M.|last3=Hall|first3=Thomas D | title = East-West Orientation of Historical Empires | journal = Journal of World-systems Research|date=December 2006 |volume=12|issue=2 |page=223 |url =http://jwsr.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/jwsr/article/view/369/381|accessdate=12 September 2016 |issn= 1076-156X}}</ref><ref name="Taagepera">{{cite journal|last1=Taagepera|first1=Rein|title=Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D|journal=Social Science History|date=1979|volume=3|issue=3/4|page=121|doi=10.2307/1170959|jstor=1170959}}</ref> (or 8<ref name="Brzezinski">{{Cite book|url=https://www.otvoroci.com/uploads/3/8/0/5/38053843/strategic_vision__america_and_the_crisis_of_global_power.pdf|title=Strategic vision : America and the crisis of globalpower|last=Brzezinski|first=Zbigniew|date=2012|publisher=Basic Books|ISBN=978-0465029556|location=New York|OCLC=787847809}}</ref>) million squerr kilometre. Incorporatin mony fowks o different oreegins an faiths, it is kenspeckle fur its successfu model o a centralised, bureaucratic admeenistration (throu satraps unner the King o Kings), fur biggin infrastructur sic as road systems an a postal seestem, the uise o an [[offeecial leid]] athort its territories, an the development o civil services an a muckle professional airmy. The empire's successes inspirt seemilar systems in later empires.<ref name=schmitt-EI-i>[[#refachaemenids-EI|Schmitt]] Achaemenid dynasty (i. The clan an dynasty)</ref> Bi the 7t yeirhunner BC, the [[Persie fowk|Persies]] haed settled in the sooth-wastren portion o the [[Iranian Plateau]] in the region o [[Persis]],<ref>http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/eieol/opeol-MG-X.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160218163028/http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/eieol/opeol-MG-X.html|date=2016-02-18}} Macdonell and Keith, Vedic Index. This is based on the evidence ofan [[Assirie]] inscription o 844 BC referrin tae the Persies as ''Paršu'', an the [[Behistun Inscription]] o [[Darius I]] referrin tae ''Pārsa'' as the aurie o the Persies. Radhakumud Mookerji (1988). ''Chandragupta Maurya and His Times'' (p. 23). Motilal Banarsidass Publ. {{ISBN|8120804058}}.</ref> that cam tae be thir hertland.<ref name=book>{{cite book| author = David Sacks |author2=Oswyn Murray |author3=Lisa R. Brody|author4=Oswyn Murray|author5=Lisa R. Brody| title = Encyclopedia of the ancient Greek world| url = https://books.google.com/?id=gsGmuQAACAAJ| year = 2005| publisher = Infobase Publishing| isbn = 978-0816057221| page = 256}}</ref> Frae this region, Cyrus the Great advanced tae defeat the [[Medes]], Lydia, an the Neo-Babylonian Empire, establishin the Achaemenid Empire. [[Alexander the Great]], an avid admirer o Cyrus the Great,<ref name="Ulrich">{{cite book| author = Ulrich Wilcken| title = Alexander the Great| url = https://books.google.com/?id=WiSZM-LYsk4C| year = 1967| publisher = W.W. Norton & Company| isbn = 978-0393003819| page = 146}}</ref> conquered maist o the empire bi 330 BC.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Taagepera|first=Rein|author-link=Rein Taagepera|date=1979|title=Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D|url=|journal=Social Science History|volume=3|issue=3/4|page=123|doi=10.2307/1170959|jstor=1170959|quote=A superimposition of the maps of Achaemenid and Alexander's empires shows a 90% match, except that Alexander's realm never reached the peak size of the Achaemenid realm.}}</ref> Upon Alexander's deeth, maist o the empire's umwhile territory cam unner the rule o the Ptolemaic Kinrick an Seleucid Empire, in addition tae ither sma territories that gaint unthirldom at that time. The Iranian elites o the central plateau reclaimed pouer bi the secont yeirhunner BC unner the [[Parthian Empire]].<ref name="book" /> The Achaemenid Empire is notit in Western history as the antagonist o the [[polis|Greek city-states]] in the Greco-Persie Wars an for the emancipation o the Jewish exiles in Babylon. The historical merk o the empire wint far ayont its territorial an militar influences an includit cultural, social, technological an religious influences as weel. Despite the lastin conflict atween the twa states, mony [[Athens|Athenians]] adoptit Achaemenid customs in thir daily lives in a reciprocal cultural exchynge,<ref>{{cite book| author = Margaret Christina Miller| title = Athens and Persia in the Fifth Century BC: A Study in Cultural Receptivity| url = https://books.google.com/?id=oGXMMD5rXBQC| year = 2004| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0521607582| page = 243}}</ref> some bein employed bi or allied tae the Persie kings. The impact o [[Cyrus's edict]] is mentioned in Judeo-Christian texts, an the empire wis instrumental in the spread o [[Zoroastrianism]] as far east as Cheenae. The empire set the tone fur the politics, heritage an history o [[Iran|Iran (forby official-like kent as Persie)]] an aw.<ref>{{cite book|title=Birth of the Persian Empire|author1=Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis |author2=Sarah Stewart |publisher=I.B.Tauris|year=2005|page=7|url=https://books.google.com/?id=a0IF9IdkdYEC&pg=PA7|isbn=978-1845110628}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Achaemenid Empire| ]] [[Category:Auncient Persie|+]] [[Category:History o Iran|+]] [[Category:History o Zoroastrianism]] [[Category:History o the Middle East]] [[Category:History o Europe]] [[Category:History o Asie]] [[Category:History o Africae]] [[Category:Auncient Egyp]] [[Category:Airn Age Asie]] [[Category:States o Auncient Africae]] [[Category:Patronymics]] [[Category:Superpouers]] [[Category:6t-century BC establishments in Asie]] [[Category:550s BC]] [[Category:States an territories established in the 6t century BC]] tl9bvpc52a6hrricq39j57giacs3740 0 138660 917308 864938 2026-05-27T08:48:09Z Findinscots 131877 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|1|0 */ 917308 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Douglas-Scottish FFT(1901)-p162-Nuckalavee-illustr-J Torrance.jpg|thumb|Nuckelavee]] The '''nuckelavee''', or '''nuckalavee''', is a demon frae [[Orkney|Orcadian]] meethologie that is like horses. Thay hae [[Equus (genus)|equine]] an human elements. Comin frae [[Norse meethologie]] an the maist tairible demon o the Scots isles, its name micht be a forbeir o the ane that the [[Deil]] is whiles kent by, Auld Nick. The nuckelavee's braith can wilt craps an mak fairm beasts seek, an the craitur wis hauden responsible for drauchts an epidemics on laund, e'en tho it maistly bides in the sea. A graphic first-haund description o the nuckelavee as it appears on laund wis gien by an island bodie that claimt tae hae haed a confrontation wi it, but accoonts describin the partieculars o the craitur's appearance isna consistent. Like a wheen ither sea monsters it canna thole caller watter, tharefore thaim that it is chasin juist haes tae gang ower a river or a burn tae win awa frae it. The nuckelavee is keppit in the simmer months bi the [[Sea Mither|Mither o' the Sea]], a auncient Orcadian sprit an the ae ane that can guvern it. Orcadian fowklair haed a strang [[Scandinavie]] influence, an it micht be that the nuckelavee is a composite o a [[watter horse]] frae [[Celtic meethologie]] an a craitur importit bi the [[Norsemen]]. As wi siemilar ill-gien entities siclike as the [[kelpie]], it offert an explanation for incidents that semple island fowk itherwise coudna unnerstaund. ==Etymologie== The hinder-end o the 19t century saw interest in transcribin fowklair gang up, but the recorders uised inconsistent spellin an aften Englifee'd wirds, sicweys the same entity coud be gien different names.{{sfnp|Monaghan|2009|pp=ix, xi, xv|ps=}} The term ''nuckelavee'' is a corruption o the [[Orcadian dialect|Orcadian]] ''knoggelvi'',{{r|Orkneyjar}} but the same demon is cryed a ''mukkelevi'' in [[Shetland]], whaur it wis thocht tae be a nesty sea [[trow (fowklair)|trow]] or sea deil.{{sfnp|Marwick|2000|p=23|ps=}} Derivatives micht hae been the forbeirs o the name ''Auld Nick'' gien tae the [[Deil]].{{sfnp|Hibbert|1891|p=233|ps=}} By [[Walter Traill Dennison]]'s (a [[fowklairist]] bidin in Orkney) wey o it, ''nuckelavee'' means "Deil o the Sea".{{sfnp|Traill Dennison|1891|p=131|ps=}} ==Fowk beliefs== [[File:Rough seas at Yesnaby (geograph 3744442).jpg|thumb|300px|alt=Rough seas|The tempestuous seas o Orkney are hame tae the nuckelavee.]] ===Description an common attributes=== Stories o meethical Orcadian demons is recordit in the 16t-century Laitin manuscripts o Jo Ben,{{efn|It is uncertain why Jo Ben compilt the manuscript ''Descriptions of Orkney'', which provides a sequential accoont o the Orkney Islands recordin details o tradeetions an development. Various suggestions hae been made as tae his identity: [[Scran]] states he wis John Ballender an haed been sent tae carry oot a survey o the islands;{{r|Manuscript}} historical geographer [[Charles W. J. Withers]] suggests he wis John Benston or Beinston, an Orkney bishop's clerk;{{sfnp|Withers|2001|p=48|ps=}} an local historian Sigurd Towrie indicates he mey hae been John Bellenden or Ballendon, attributin the manuscript tae be "the auldest survivin accoont o the Orkney Islands, efter they transferred tae Scotland in 1468".{{r|JoBen}}}} an thay micht hae been referrin tae the nuckelavee in his description o the Orkney island o [[Stronsay]].{{r|OJ Stronsay}} Dennison transcribit a lot o the information available aboot tradietional tales telt on Orkney, but tae a extent romanticised an seestematically chynged certain elements o the stories in the process o turnin thaim intae prose.{{r|University}}{{efn|Specific dates are no gien for exactly when Traill Dennison gathered the tales but his various transcripts wur published atween 1880 an 1894.{{sfnp|Marwick|2000|p=205|ps=}}}} The nuckelavee is a meethical sea craitur leukin like a demon that leuks like a [[horse]] whan it gangs ontae laund.{{sfnp|Westwood|Kingshill|2012|p=387|ps=}} Writer an fowklairist [[Ernest Marwick]] considered it vera siemilar tae the Norse [[neck (watter spirit)|nøkk]], the nuggle o Shetland an the [[kelpie]]. A unique an solitar craitur wi extensive evil pouers, its ill-gien behaviour can influence events ootthrou the isles.{{sfnp|Marwick|2000|p=23|ps=}} Island fowk wis feart at the craitur an wad no speak its name athoot sayin a prayer richt awa.{{sfnp|Traill Dennison|1891|p=132|ps=}} It wis aften fund in the vicinity o a beach, but wad niver come ashore if it wis rainin.{{sfnp|Marwick|2000|p=22|ps=}} Nae tales describes whit form the nuckelavee taks whan in the sea,{{sfnp|Traill Dennison|1891|p=131|ps=}} but its appearance on laund haes been recoontit in graphic detail.{{sfnp|Briggs|2002|p=67|ps=}} A island bodie, Tammas, survived a confrontation wi the beast an, efter bein cajoled by Dennison, gae his description o the monster e'en tho he wis sweir tae dui thon, the ae first-haund accoont that's kent o.{{efn|As alludit tae bi Walter Traill Dennison, tae whom the story wis tauld, Tammas's accoont bears a certain resemblance tae the events in [[Robert Burns]]'s poem [[Tam o' Shanter (poem)|Tam o' Shanter ]] (1790).{{sfnp|Douglas|2010|p=125|ps=}}}} By Tammas's wey o it, the nuckelavee haes a man's torso attached tae a horse's back like it wis a rider.{{sfnp|Traill Dennison|1891|p=131|ps=}} The male torso haes nae legs, but its airms can reach the grund frae its posietion on tap o the equine bouk, the legs that haes appendages like fins.{{sfnp|Traill Dennison|1891|p=132|ps=}} The torso haes a lairge heid&nbsp;– possibly as big as {{convert|3|ft}} in diameter&nbsp;– that rowes back an forrit.{{sfnp|Marwick|2000|p=22|ps=}} The monster described bi Tammas haes twa heids;{{sfnp|Traill Dennison|1891|p=133|ps=}} the equine heid haes a muckle gapin mooth that gies aff a bowfin toxic vapour, an a single muckle ee like a burnin reid flame. A awfu gruesome detail is that the nuckelavee haes nae skin;{{sfnp|Westwood|Kingshill|2012|p=388|ps=}} black bluid courses throu yellae veins, an the pale sinews an pouerfu muscles can be seen as a pulsatin mass.{{sfnp|Traill Dennison|1891|p=132|ps=}} Ither reports says that the craitur leuks like a [[centaur]];{{sfnp|Mack|Mack|2010|p=57|ps=}} narratives isna consiestent in the finer details o the demon's description housomeivver.{{r|Orkneyjar}} Traill Dennison juist describes a man's heid wi a "mooth projectit like that o a pig".{{sfnp|Traill Dennison|1891|p=132|ps=}} Marwick juist mentions ae heid wi a single reid ee an aw, an he borraes some o Tammas's characterisation bi recordin the craitur's mooth as "like a whaul's mooth".{{sfnp|Marwick|2000|p=22|ps=}} The nuckelavee's braith can wilt craps an mak fairm beasts seek, an it wis thocht tae be responsible for epidemics an draucht.{{sfnp|Traill Dennison|1891|p=132|ps=}} Seaweed burnin tae mak whit wis kent in the time as ''kelp'' begoud on Stronsay in 1722. The product&nbsp;– [[Sodium carbonate|soda ash]]&nbsp;– wis a alkali maistly uised tae treat [[Soil pH#Acid affected soils|acidic soil]],{{sfnp|Marwick|2000|p=23|ps=}}{{sfnp|Traill Dennison|1891|p=132|ps=}} awtho as time gaed on its commercial importance in saip an gless-makkin gaed up. The pungent smoke emittit durin the process can gar the nuckelavee gang wuid,{{sfnp|Marwick|2000|p=23|ps=}} resultin in a wild rampage o [[pandemic|plague]], the daiths o cattle an o craps gettin destroyed.{{r|Scapa}}{{r|Scran}} The nuckelavee infectit horse on Stronsay wi the deidly disease kent as mortasheen,{{efn|This is nou commonly kent as [[glanders]].{{r|DOSL}}}} tae shaw its fury an sautit the island fowk's brose for burnin seaweed; the infection syne spreidit tae aw the ither islands that wis fankelt in the industry.{{sfnp|Marwick|2000|p=23|ps=}}{{sfnp|Fenton|1997|p=61|ps=}} The craitur can impose lang periods whaur thare isna sae muckle rainfaw as thare wad be for ordinar, leadin tae a want o watter an puir hairsts.{{sfnp|Marwick|2000|p=23|ps=}} ==Confinement== The nuckelavee is the maist ill-gien demon in an aboot the Scots isles, athoot ony redeemin characteristics.{{sfnp|Briggs|2002|p=68|ps=}} The ae entity that can guvern it is the [[Sea Mither|Mither o' the Sea]], an auncient spirt in Orcadian meethologie that keps the nuckelavee in the simmer months.{{sfnp|Bane|2013|p=252|ps=}} Like ither meethical sea monsters, wi the possible exception o kelpies an the nuggle o Shetland, it canna gae throu caller flowin watter,{{sfnp|Westwood|Kingshill|2012|p=388|ps=}} tharefore the anes it is chasin can win ower a burn for tae win awa frae it.{{sfnp|Briggs|2002|p=53|ps=}} Tammas managed tae escape frae the nuckelavee efter he inadvertently splashed it wi watter frae the [[loch]] he wis alangside; this distractit the monster for a wee, allouin Tammas tae rin ower tae a channel o caller watter that wis near an lowp tae safety on the bank fornent it.{{sfnp|Traill Dennison|1891|p=133|ps=}} ==Oreegins== Ill-gien craiturs served tae provide explanations for incidents that semple island fowk itherwise coudna accoont for; a wheen auncient meeths wis based upon the naitural elements o the turbulent an iver chygin sea aboot Orkney.{{r|OJ The Sea}} Estaiblished Orcadian tales haed strang influence frae Scandinavie meethologie, wi a blendin o tradietional [[Celts|Celtic]] stories,{{sfnp|Muir|2014|p=10|ps=}} sae the nuckelavee micht hae its ruits in a meethical craitur importit bi the [[Norsemen]], pitten thegither wi a tradietional Celtic [[watter horse]].{{r|Orkneyjar}} ==References== '''Notes''' {{notelist|notes=}} '''Citations''' {{reflist|30em|refs= <ref name="DOSL"> {{citation |title=mortercheyn |work=Dictionary of the Scots Language |year=2004 |publisher=Scottish Language Dictionaries |accessdate=24 June 2014 |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/mortercheyn}} </ref> <ref name="JoBen">{{cite web |url=http://www.orkneyjar.com/history/joben/ |title=Jo Ben's "Descriptions of Orkney" |publisher=Orkneyjar.com |accessdate=2 June 2015 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6YzRjq5eJ?url=http://www.orkneyjar.com/history/joben/ |archivedate=2015-06-02 |deadurl=no |mode=cs2 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="Manuscript">{{cite web |url=http://www.scran.ac.uk/database/record.php?usi=000-000-584-719-C&searchdb=scran |title=Jo Benn's 1529 Description of North Ronaldsay |publisher=Scran |accessdate=2 June 2015 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6YzRwWyvj?url=http://www.scran.ac.uk/database/record.php?usi=000-000-584-719-C |archivedate=2015-06-02 |deadurl=no |mode=cs2 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=Orkneyjar>{{cite web |url=http://www.orkneyjar.com/folklore/nuckle.htm |title=The Nuckelavee&nbsp;– Devil o' the Sea |publisher=Orkneyjar.com |accessdate=14 June 2014 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6QeCmvJdc?url=http://www.orkneyjar.com/folklore/nuckle.htm |archivedate=2014-06-27 |deadurl=no |mode=cs2 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="OJ Stronsay">{{cite web |title=Jo Ben's 1529 "Descriptions of Orkney" |url=http://www.orkneyjar.com/history/joben/stronsay.htm |publisher=Orkneyjar.com |accessdate=22 June 2014 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6QWMho6NC?url=http://www.orkneyjar.com/history/joben/stronsay.htm |archivedate=2014-06-22 |deadurl=no |mode=cs2 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="OJ The Sea">{{cite web |title=The Sea in Orkney Folklore |url=http://www.orkneyjar.com/folklore/sea.htm |accessdate=26 June 2014 |publisher=Orkneyjar.com |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6QcLhkPKO?url=http://www.orkneyjar.com/folklore/sea.htm |archivedate=2014-06-26 |deadurl=no |mode=cs2 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="Scapa">{{cite web |title=The kelp industry |url=http://www.scapaflow.co/index.php/culture_and_tradition/economy/the_kelp_industry |publisher=Scapa Flow Landscape Partnership Scheme |accessdate=24 June 2014 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6QYyilSfR?url=http://www.scapaflow.co/index.php/culture_and_tradition/economy/the_kelp_industry |archivedate=2014-06-24 |deadurl=no |mode=cs2 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="Scran">{{cite web |title=Whale oil uses |url=http://www.scran.ac.uk/packs/exhibitions/learning_materials/webs/40/soap.htm |publisher=Scran |accessdate=24 June 2014 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6QYzrjy0Y?url=http://www.scran.ac.uk/packs/exhibitions/learning_materials/webs/40/soap.htm |archivedate=2014-06-24 |deadurl=no |mode=cs2 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="University">{{cite web |title=The Finnfolk |last=Jennings |first=Andrew |publisher=[[University of the Highlands and Islands]] |accessdate=21 June 2014 |url=http://www.uhi.ac.uk/en/research-enterprise/cultural/centre-for-nordic-studies/conferences-seminars/the-finnfolk |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6QUxUW1gt?url=http://www.uhi.ac.uk/en/research-enterprise/cultural/centre-for-nordic-studies/conferences-seminars/the-finnfolk |archivedate=2014-06-21 |deadurl=no |mode=cs2 |url-status=dead }}</ref> }} '''Bibliographie''' {{refbegin}} *{{citation |last=Bane |first=Theresa |title=Encyclopedia of Fairies in World Folklore and Mythology |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=nSuXAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT623 |year=2013 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-1-4766-1242-3}} *{{citation |last=Briggs |first=Katharine Mary |authorlink=Katharine Mary Briggs |title=The Fairies in Tradition and Literature |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=si_cXO1yJNwC |year=2002 |origyear=1967 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-28601-5}} *{{citation |last=Douglas |first=George |title=Scottish Fairy and Folk Tales |url= |year=2010 |origyear=1901 |publisher=Abela Publishing |isbn=978-1-907256-93-6}} *{{citation |last=Fenton |first=Alexander |title=The Northern Isles: Orkney and Shetland |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=snsXlPgW7JYC&pg=PA663 |year=1997 |publisher=Dundurn |isbn=978-1-86232-058-1}} *{{citation |last=Hibbert |first=Samuel |authorlink=Samuel Hibbert-Ware |title=A description of the Shetland Islands |year=1891 |origyear=1822 |publisher=T and J Manson |url=https://archive.org/stream/descriptionofshe00hibbuoft#page/233/mode/1up}} *{{citation |last1=Mack |first1=Carol K. |last2=Mack |first2=Dinah |title=A Field Guide to Demons, Fairies, Fallen Angels and Other Subversive Spirits |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=AhsbQyCQSyQC |year=2010 |publisher=Profile Books |isbn=1-84668-416-1}} *{{citation |last=Marwick |first=Ernest W. |title=The Folklore of Orkney and Shetland |year=2000 |origyear=1975 |publisher=Birlinn |isbn=978-1-84158-048-7}} *{{citation |last=Monaghan |first=Patricia |authorlink=Patricia Monaghan |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=nd9R6GQBB_0C |title=The Encyclopedia of Celtic Mythology and Folklore |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4381-1037-0}} *{{citation |last=Muir |first=Tom |title=Orkney Folk Tales |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=_Qw7AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT178 |year=2014 |publisher=History Press |isbn=978-0-7509-5533-1}} *{{citation |last=Traill Dennison |first=Walter |title=Orkney Folklore, Sea Myths |journal=The Scottish Antiquary, or, Northern Notes and Queries |year=1891 |volume=5 |issue=19 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |url=https://archive.org/stream/scottishantiqua05unkngoog#page/n142/mode/2up}} *{{citation |last1=Westwood |first1=Jennifer |last2=Kingshill |first2=Sophia |title=The Lore of Scotland: A Guide to Scottish Legends |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=1-ORpjD6XEcC |year=2012 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-1-4090-6171-7}} *{{citation |last=Withers |first=Charles W. J. |title=Geography, Science and National Identity: Scotland Since 1520 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=DGRrF0CV8BYC&pg=PA48 |year=2001 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-64202-6}} {{refend}} [[Category:Meethological horse]] [[Category:Scots fowklair]] [[Category:Germanic leegendar craiturs]] [[Category:Scots leegendar craiturs]] [[Category:Orcadian cultur]] pvblri3jbxcu4t6n92b1diao1aix7sw 0 141143 917299 915667 2026-05-27T02:52:33Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 917299 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox programming language |name = Python |logo = [[File:Python logo and wordmark.svg|260px]] |logo_size = 260px |paradigm = [[multi-paradigm programmin leid|multi-paradigm]]: [[object-orientit programmin|object-orientit]], [[imperative programmin|imperative]], [[functional programmin|functional]], [[procedural programmin|procedural]], [[reflective programmin|reflective]] |designer = [[Guido van Rossum]] |developer = [[Python Software Foundation]] |released = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1991|2|20}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://python-history.blogspot.com/2009/01/brief-timeline-of-python.html|title=The History of Python: A Brief Timeline of Python|work=[[Blogger (service)|Blogger]]|date=2009-01-20|accessdate=2016-03-20}}</ref> |latest_release_version = 3.5.1 /<br>{{Start date|df=yes|2015|12|07}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blog.python.org/2015/12/python-351-and-python-344rc1-are-now.html |title=Python 3.5.1 and Python 3.4.4rc1 are now available |website=Python Insider |publisher=The Python Core Developers |first=Larry |last=Hastings |date=2015-12-07 |accessdate=2015-12-08}}</ref><br>2.7.11 /<br>{{Start date|df=yes|2015|12|05}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.python.org/downloads/release/python-2711/ |title=Python Release Python 2.7.11 |publisher=Python Software Foundation |accessdate=16 December 2015}}</ref> |latest_preview_version = <!-- 3.5.0rc3 /<br>{{Start date|df=yes|2015|09|08}}<ref name="Python Release Python 3.5.0rc3">{{cite web |url=https://www.python.org/downloads/release/python-350rc3/ |title=Python Release Python 3.5.0rc3 |publisher=Python Software Foundation |accessdate=9 September 2015}}</ref><br>2.7.9rc1 /<br>{{Start date|df=yes|2014|11|26}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.python.org/downloads/release/python-279rc1/ |title=Python 2.7.9 rc1 Release |publisher=Python Software Foundation |accessdate=26 November 2014}}</ref --> |typing = [[duck teepin|duck]], [[dynamic teepin|dynamic]], [[strang teepin|strang]], [[gradual teepin|gradual]] (as o Python 3.5)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lwn.net/Articles/627418/|title=Type hinting for Python|publisher=LWN.net|date=24 December 2014|accessdate=5 May 2015}}</ref> |implementations = [[CPython]], [[IronPython]], [[Jython]], [[PyPy]] |dialects = [[Cython]], [[RPython]], [[Stackless Python]] |influenced_by = [[ABC (programmin leid)|ABC]],<ref name="faq-created">{{cite web |url=https://docs.python.org/faq/general.html#why-was-python-created-in-the-first-place |title=Why was Python created in the first place? |work=General Python FAQ |publisher=Python Software Foundation |accessdate=22 March 2007}}</ref> [[ALGOL 68]],<ref name="98-interview">{{cite web |url=http://www.amk.ca/python/writing/gvr-interview |title=Interview with Guido van Rossum (July 1998) |last=Kuchling |first=Andrew M. |work=amk.ca |date=22 December 2006 |accessdate=12 March 2012 |archive-date=2012-03-30 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/66Xsipt2D?url=http://www.amk.ca/python/writing/gvr-interview |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[C (programmin leid)|C]],<ref name="AutoNT-1">{{ cite journal |last=van Rossum |first=Guido |year=1993 |title=An Introduction to Python for UNIX/C Programmers |journal=Proceedings of the NLUUG najaarsconferentie (Dutch UNIX users group) |quote=even though the design of C is far from ideal, its influence on Python is considerable. |url=http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.38.2023}}</ref> [[C++]],<ref name="classmix">{{cite web |url=https://docs.python.org/tutorial/classes.html |title=Classes |work=The Python Tutorial |publisher=Python Software Foundation |accessdate=20 February 2012 |quote=It is a mixture of the class mechanisms found in C++ and Modula-3}}</ref> [[Dylan (programmin leid)|Dylan]],<ref name="AutoNT-2">{{cite web |url=https://www.python.org/download/releases/2.3/mro/ |title=The Python 2.3 Method Resolution Order |last=Simionato |first=Michele |publisher=Python Software Foundation |quote=The C3 method itself has nothing to do with Python, since it was invented by people working on Dylan and it is described in a paper intended for lispers}}</ref> [[Haskell (programmin leid)|Haskell]],<ref name="AutoNT-3">{{cite web |url=https://docs.python.org/howto/functional.html |title=Functional Programming HOWTO |last=Kuchling |first=A. M. |work=Python v2.7.2 documentation |publisher=Python Software Foundation |accessdate=9 February 2012}}</ref> [[Icon (programmin leid)|Icon]],<ref name="AutoNT-4">{{cite web |url=https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0255/ |title=PEP 255&nbsp;– Simple Generators |first1=Neil |last1=Schemenauer |first2=Tim |last2=Peters |first3=Magnus Lie |last3=Hetland |date=18 May 2001 |work=Python Enhancement Proposals |publisher=Python Software Foundation |accessdate=9 February 2012}}</ref> [[Java (programmin leid)|Java]],<ref name="AutoNT-5">{{cite web |url=https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0318/ |title=PEP 318&nbsp;– Decorators for Functions and Methods |first1=Kevin D. |last1=Smith |first2=Jim J. |last2=Jewett |first3=Skip |last3=Montanaro |first4=Anthony |last4=Baxter |date=2 September 2004 |work=Python Enhancement Proposals |publisher=Python Software Foundation |accessdate=24 February 2012}}</ref> [[Lisp (programmin leid)|Lisp]],<ref name="AutoNT-6">{{cite web |url=https://docs.python.org/3.2/tutorial/controlflow.html |title=More Control Flow Tools |work=Python 3 documentation |publisher=Python Software Foundation |accessdate=24 July 2015}}</ref> [[Modula-3|Modula&#8209;3]],<ref name="classmix" /> [[Perl]] |influenced = [[Boo (programmin leid)|Boo]], [[Cobra (programmin leid)|Cobra]], [[CoffeeScript]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://coffeescript.org/|title=CoffeeScript borrows chained comparisons from Python}}</ref> [[D (programmin leid)|D]], [[F Sharp (programmin leid)|F#]], [[Falcon (programmin leid)|Falcon]], [[Genie (programmin leid)|Genie]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wiki.gnome.org/action/show/Projects/Genie |title=Genie Language - A brief guide |accessdate=2015-12-28}}</ref> [[Go (programmin leid)|Go]], [[Groovy (programmin leid)|Groovy]], [[JavaScript]],<ref>{{cite web |title= Perl and Python influences in JavaScript |date= 24 February 2013 |website= www.2ality.com |url= http://www.2ality.com/2013/02/javascript-influences.html |accessdate= 15 May 2015 |archive-date= 2018-12-26 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181226141121/http://2ality.com/2013/02/javascript-influences.html%0A |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Chapter 3: The Nature of JavaScript; Influences |last=Rauschmayer |first=Axel |website=O'Reilly, Speaking JavaScript |url=http://speakingjs.com/es5/ch03.html |accessdate=15 May 2015 |archive-date=2018-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226141123/http://speakingjs.com/es5/ch03.html%0A |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Julia (programmin leid)|Julia]],<ref name=Julia>{{cite web| title = Why We Created Julia| date= February 2012| website= Julia website| url= http://julialang.org/blog/2012/02/why-we-created-julia| accessdate= 5 June 2014}}</ref> [[Nim (programmin leid)|Nim]], [[Ruby (programmin leid)|Ruby]],<ref name="bini">{{ cite book |last=Bini |first=Ola |title=Practical JRuby on Rails Web 2.0 Projects: bringing Ruby on Rails to the Java platform |url=https://archive.org/details/practicaljrubyon00bini |year=2007 |publisher=APress |location=Berkeley |isbn=978-1-59059-881-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/practicaljrubyon00bini/page/n30 3]}}</ref> [[Swift (Apple programmin leid)|Swift]],<ref name="lattner2014">{{cite web|url=http://nondot.org/sabre/|title=Chris Lattner's Homepage|last=Lattner|first=Chris|date=3 June 2014|accessdate=3 June 2014|publisher=Chris Lattner|quote=The Swift language is the product of tireless effort from a team of language experts, documentation gurus, compiler optimization ninjas, and an incredibly important internal dogfooding group who provided feedback to help refine and battle-test ideas. Of course, it also greatly benefited from the experiences hard-won by many other languages in the field, drawing ideas from Objective-C, Rust, Haskell, Ruby, Python, C#, CLU, and far too many others to list.}}</ref> |operating_system = [[Cross-platform]] |license = [[Python Software Foundation License]] |website = {{URL|https://www.python.org/}} |file_ext = .py, .pyc, .pyd, .pyo,<ref>File extension .pyo will be removed in Python 3.5. See [https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0488/ PEP 0488]</ref> pyw, .pyz<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0441/|last=Holth|first=Moore|date=30 March 2014|accessdate=12 Nov 2015|title=PEP 0441 -- Improving Python ZIP Application Support}}</ref> |wikibooks = Python Programming }} '''Python''' is a widely uised [[heich-level programmin leid]] for [[general-purpose programmin leid|general-purpose programmin]], creatit bi [[Guido van Rossum]] an first released in 1991<ref>{{Cite web|title=The History of the Python Language: A Journey Through Time|url=https://coderivers.org/blog/history-of-python-language|website=coderivers.org|access-date=2025-09-11}}</ref>. An [[interpretit leid]], Python haes a design filosofie which emphasizes code [[readability]] (notably uisin [[whitespace chairacter|whitespace]] indentation tae deleemit [[code block]]s rather nor curly braces or keywirds), an a syntax which allaes programmers tae express concepts in fewer [[soorce lines o code|lines o code]] nor possible in leids sic as [[C++]] or [[Java (programmin leid)|Java]].<ref name="Summerfield">{{cite book |title=Rapid GUI Programming with Python and Qt |year=2008 |url=https://archive.org/details/rapidguiprogramm0000summ |last=Summerfield |first=Mark |quote=Python is a very expressive language, which means that we can usually write far fewer lines of Python code than would be required for an equivalent application written in, say, C++ or Java}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3JfE7TGUwvgC&pg=PT100|title=Code Complete, p. 100|isbn=9780735636972|last1=McConnell|first1=Steve|date=30 November 2009}}</ref> The leid provides constructs intendit tae enable writin clear programs on baith a smaw an lairge scale.<ref name="AutoNT-7">{{cite web |last=Kuhlman |first=Dave |url=http://cutter.rexx.com/~dkuhlman/python_book_01.html |title=A Python Book: Beginning Python, Advanced Python, and Python Exercises |access-date=2017-04-19 |archive-date=2012-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623165941/http://cutter.rexx.com/~dkuhlman/python_book_01.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Python featurs a [[dynamic teep]] seestem an automatic [[memory management]] an supports multiple [[programmin paradigm]]s, includin [[object-orientit programmin|object-orientit]], [[imperative programmin|imperative]], [[functional programmin]], an [[procedural programmin|procedural]] styles. It haes a lairge an comprehensive [[staundart leebrar]].<ref name="About">{{cite web |url=https://www.python.org/about |title=About Python |publisher=Python Software Foundation |accessdate=24 April 2012}}, second section "Fans of Python use the phrase "batteries included" to describe the standard library, which covers everything from asynchronous processing to zip files."</ref> Python interpreters are available for mony [[operatin seestem]]s, allaein Python code tae run on a wide variety o seestems. [[CPython]], the [[reference implementation]] o Python, is [[open soorce]] saftware<ref>{{cite web|url=https://docs.python.org/3/license.html|title=History and License|accessdate=5 December 2016}} "All Python releases are Open Source"</ref> an haes a commonty-based development model, as dae nearly aw o its variant implementations. CPython is managed bi the non-profit [[Python Software Foundation]]. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Cless-based programmin leids]] [[Category:Cross-platform free saftware]] [[Category:Dutch inventions]] [[Category:Dynamically teeped programmin leids]] [[Category:Eddicational programmin leids]] [[Category:Heich-level programmin leids]] [[Category:Object-orientit programmin leids]] [[Category:Programmin leids creatit in 1991]] [[Category:Python (programmin leid)| ]] [[Category:Scriptin leids]] [[Category:Text-orientit programmin leids]] knkvu8ohykapzlztvrgdo9i4ptmgvzy 0 155219 917264 733358 2026-05-26T13:07:30Z Findinscots 131877 changed the spellin frae "dialect" tae the scots wird byleid 917264 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Anglo-Cornish |altname = Cornish English, Cornish dialect |nativename = |states = Unitit Kinrick |region = [[Cornwall]] |speakers = ? |date = |familycolor = Indo-European |fam2 = [[Germanic leids|Germanic]] |fam3 = [[Wast Germanic leids|Wast Germanic]] |fam4 = [[Anglo-Frisie leids|Anglo Frisie]] |fam5 = [[Inglis leids|Anglic]] |fam6 = Inglis |fam7 = |iso3 = |isoexception=dialect |glotto=none }} [[File:Cornish time dreckly.jpg|thumb|right|"D'reckly" on souvenir clocks in Cornwall]] '''Anglo-Cornish''' (kent as '''Cornish Inglis''', '''Cornu-Inglis''', or '''Cornish dialect''' an aw) is a [[dialect|byleid]] o Inglis spoken in [[Cornwall]] bi [[Cornish fowk]]. ==References== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==Freemit airtins== [[Category:Inglis leid in Ingland]] [[Category:Cornish cultur]] [[Category:Breetish Inglis]] [[Category:History o Cornwall]] [[Category:Cornish leid]] [[Category:Inglis dialects]] e3idz2k2pjdkchcoo3oro3vl05rg492 0 173211 917262 916850 2026-05-26T12:56:41Z Findinscots 131877 A changed the spellin o "family" tae faimily. 917262 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] --> | name = Val McDermid | image = ValMcDermid.jpg | imagesize = | caption = | pseudonym = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1955|06|04}} | birth_place = [[Kirkcaudy]], [[Fife]], [[Scotland]] | death_date = | death_place = | coccupation = | nationality = [[Scotland|Scots]] | period = | genre = Crime fiction | subject = | movement = | influences = | influenced = | signature = | website = {{URL|http://www.valmcdermid.com}} }} '''Val McDermid''' FRSE, FRSL (born the 4 Juin 1955) is a [[Scotland|Scots]] crime writer, best kent fur her suspense novelles featurin Dr. Tony Hill. ==Biographie== McDermid wis born intae a wirkin-cless faimily in [[Fife]]. She studied Inglis at St. Hilda's College, Oxford,<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.sthildas.ox.ac.uk/content/dr-val-mcdermid-english-1972 | publisher = [[St Hilda's College, Oxford]] | title = Dr Val McDermid – English, 1972 | accessdate = 2017-03-22 | archive-date = 2019-09-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190924134447/https://www.sthildas.ox.ac.uk/content/dr-val-mcdermid-english-1972 | url-status = dead }}</ref> whaur she wis the furst scholart tae come frae a Scots state schuil.<ref>Nicholas Wroe. "[https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2011/aug/12/val-mcdermid-life-in-writing Val McDermid: a life in writing]", ''The Guardian'', 12 August 2011.</ref> Efter graduatin she becam a jurnalist an began her leeterar career as a dramatist. She furthset her furst novelle, ''Report for Murder: The First Lindsay Gordon Mystery'' in 1987.<ref>{{cite news|title=I never spook myself, says top Scots crime writer Val McDermid|url=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/lifestyle/things-to-do/never-spook-myself-says-top-8738869|accessdate=25 October 2016|work=Daily Record|date=31 August 2016}}</ref> She wis gien an honorary doctorate frae the [[Varsity o Sunderland]] in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sunderland.ac.uk/newsevents/news/news/index.php?nid=1323|title=Queen of crime in stadium thriller|date=14 July 2011|work=University of Sunderland News and Events|accessdate=15 July 2013|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032128/http://www.sunderland.ac.uk/newsevents/news/news/index.php?nid=1323|url-status=dead}}</ref> She cofoondit the Harrogate Crime Writing Festival an the Theakston's Old Peculier Crime Novel of the Year Award, pairt o the Harrogate International Festivals. In 2016 she led a team o St. Hilda's alumnae tae win the ''Christmas University Challenge''.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.sthildas.ox.ac.uk/content/congratulations-st-hildas-alumnae-team-their-christmas-university-challenge-victory | publisher = St Hilda's College, Oxford | title = Congratulations to St Hilda's Alumnae Team on their Christmas University Challenge Victory | accessdate = 2017-03-22 | archive-date = 2017-03-23 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170323053746/https://www.sthildas.ox.ac.uk/content/congratulations-st-hildas-alumnae-team-their-christmas-university-challenge-victory | url-status = dead }}</ref> In 2017, McDermid wis electit as a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh<ref>{{Cite press release|title=RSE Welcomes 60 New Fellows|date=15 February 2017|publisher=[[Royal Society of Edinburgh]]|url=https://www.rse.org.uk/rse-welcomes-60-new-fellows/|access-date=28 March 2017|archive-date=2017-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306035001/https://www.rse.org.uk/rse-welcomes-60-new-fellows/|url-status=dead}}</ref> an a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature forby.<ref>Natasha Onwuemezi, [http://www.thebookseller.com/news/syal-and-mcdermid-named-new-rsl-fellows-564396 "Rankin, McDermid and Levy named new RSL fellows"], ''[[The Bookseller]]'', 7 June 2017.</ref> As o 2009, she sponsored the McDermid Stand in Stark's Pairk, the groonds o [[Raith Rovers F.C.|Raith Rovers]] in [[Kirkcaldy]]. This wis tae honour her faither that wis a scoot fur the club.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dining In The Streets Of Raith|url=http://www.valmcdermid.com/pages/archivenews2008-9.html|work=valmcdermid.com|accessdate=29 October 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104140923/http://www.valmcdermid.com/pages/archivenews2008-9.html|archivedate=4 January 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> A year efterhaund, she jynt the bourd o the club, an in 2014 her wabsteid became the team's sark sponsor.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Burnside|first1=Anna|title=Straight-talking Val McDermid lifts lid on her latest novel and why she's the badass woman of the week|url=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/entertainment/celebrity-interviews/straight-talking-val-mcdermid-lifts-8749789|accessdate=25 October 2016|work=Daily Record|date=2 September 2016}}</ref> Syne 2022 she nae langer sponsors the club. <ref>https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-edinburgh-east-fife-60214769</ref> ==Wirk== McDermid's scrievins faas intae fower series: Lindsay Gordon, Kate Brannigan, Tony Hill an Carol Jordan, an Inspector Karen Pirie. ''The Mermaids Singing'', the furst beuk o the Hill/Jordan series, wan the Crime Writers' Association Gold Dagger awaird fur Best Crime Novel of the Year. The Hill/Jordan series haes been adaptit intae a telly series, kent as ''Wire in the Blood''. Her novelles, particularly the Tony Hill beuks, is kenned fur thair graphic depictions o violence an tortur. McDermid haes sayed Jacko Vance, a TV celebrity wi a saicret cravin fur tortur, murther an unnerage quines, that appeart in ''Wire in the Blood'' an twa later beuks, is based on her ain experience o spierin Jimmy Saville.<ref>{{cite web | title =I based psycho on Jimmy Savile, says writer Val McDermid|work=The Daily Record | url =http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/scottish-news/i-based-psycho-on-jimmy-savile-says-1403727|date=28 October 2012 }}</ref> McDermid considers her wirk tae be pairt o the tartain noir subgenre o Scots crime fiction.<ref>{{cite web | title =Val McDermid – News & Events – Round the World | work =ValMcDermid.com | url =http://www.valmcdermid.com/pages/archivenews2003-4.html | accessdate =9 July 2007 | url-status =dead | archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20070817191356/http://www.valmcdermid.com/pages/archivenews2003-4.html | archivedate =17 August 2007 | df =dmy-all }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205211312/http://www.valmcdermid.com/pages/archivenews2003-4.html |date=2012-02-05 }}</ref> As weel as scrievin novelles, McDermid contributes tae a wheen o British newspapers an aften braidcasts on BBC Radio 4 an BBC Radio Scotland.<ref name="Official">{{cite web | title =Val McDermid – Biography | work =ValMcDermid.com | url =http://www.valmcdermid.com/pages/biog.html | accessdate =9 July 2007 | url-status =dead | archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20070705063710/http://www.valmcdermid.com/pages/biog.html | archivedate =5 July 2007 | df =dmy-all }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618102604/http://www.valmcdermid.com/pages/biog.html |date=2012-06-18 }}</ref> ==Ink atteck== On 6 December 2012 a wumman flang ink ower McDermid durin a event at the Varsity o Sunderland.<ref name="Assault">{{cite web | url = http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/north-east-news/evening-chronicle-news/2012/12/13/author-val-mcdermid-to-carry-on-signings-after-attack-72703-32419822/ | title = Author Val McDermid to carry on signings after attack | work= Journal Live | date = 13 December 2012 | accessdate = 26 December 2012}}</ref> McDermid wis pittin her name tae beuks, an a wumman askit her tae pit her name tae a ''Top of the Pops'' annual wi Jimmy Saville on the cover. Tho laith, McDermid pit her name tae the annual, efter that the wumman pulled oot a bottle o ink an flang it at her afore rinnin frae the room.<ref name="Assault" /> Nanetheless, McDermid vowed tae haud gaun wi her witterins.<ref name="Val">{{cite web | url = http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/communities/sunderland/2012/12/29/author-val-mcdermid-assaulted-at-sunderland-book-signing-72703-32512651/ | title = Author Val McDermid assaulted at Sunderland book signing |work= Journal Live | date = 29 December 2012 | accessdate = 11 January 2012}}</ref> Sandra Botham, a 64-year-auld wumman frae the Hedon area o [[Sunderland]], wis arreistit on suspicion o assaut.<ref name="Val" /><ref name="name">{{cite web | url = http://www.sunderlandecho.com/news/crime/woman-denies-attack-on-crime-writer-at-sunderland-talk-1-5572819 | title = Woman denies attack on crime writer at Sunderland talk | work = Sunderland Echo | date = 11 April 2013 | accessdate = 15 April 2013 | archive-date = 2013-12-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131224131349/http://www.sunderlandecho.com/news/crime/woman-denies-attack-on-crime-writer-at-sunderland-talk-1-5572819 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Botham wis chairged wi common assaut on the 10 Julie 2013, <ref>Liz Bury, [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/jul/10/val-mcdermid-ink-assault "Reader convicted for Val McDermid ink assault"], ''The Guardian'', 10 July 2013.</ref> gat a 12-month community sentence wi owerins an wis gart pey £50 assythment an a £60 victim surchairge.<ref>{{cite web|title=Widow who attacked Scottish author Val McDermid with ink is given a restraining order |url=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/scottish-news/widow-who-launched-ink-attack-2155452|work=Daily Record|date=12 August 2013|accessdate=29 March 2014}}</ref> She wis gien a restrainin order baurin her frae contactin McDermid fur a undefined time period.<ref>{{cite web|title=Val McDermid ink attacker given restraining order |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-23664089|publisher=BBC News|date=12 August 2013|accessdate=29 March 2014}}</ref> The ''Northern Echo'' reportit that Botham actit acause o McDermid's 1994 non-fiction book, ''A Suitable Job for a Woman'', that Botham claimed mirkit her an her faimily.<ref>[http://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/10536352.Pensioner_in_court_over_28_year_vendetta_with_crime_writer_Val_McDermid/ "Pensioner in court over vendetta with crime writer Val McDermid"], ''The Northern Echo'', 9 July 2013, Retrieved 31 July 2013.</ref> ==Personal life== In 2010 McDermid, that is gay, wis bidin atween [[Northumberland]] an [[Manchester]] wi furthsetter Kelly Smith,<ref name=kelly>Totaro, P. (2010) [https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/books/death-becomes-her-20100820-1392m.html "Death becomes her"]. The Sydney Morning Herald (August 21, 2010). Retrieved 29 May 2019.</ref> that she haed entered a civil pairtnership wi in 2006.<ref name=cp>Wroe, N. (2011) [https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2011/aug/12/val-mcdermid-life-in-writing "Val McDermid: a life in writing".] The Guardian (13/08/20111) Retrieved 29 May 2019.</ref> She foregane bade in [[Stockport]] an [[Northumberland]] wi three cats<ref name="Interview">{{cite news | last =Flockhart | first =Susan | work =[[Sunday Herald]] | title =Murder In Mind | date =May 2004 | url =http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4156/is_20040530/ai_n12588950 | accessdate =18 July 2007 | archive-date =2011-08-09 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20110809211553/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4156/is_20040530/ai_n12588950/ | url-status =dead }}</ref> and a border terrier dug. Syne early 2014 she haes bade in Stockport and Edinburgh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.valmcdermid.com/|title=Welcome to Val McDermid's website...|publisher=Val McDermid official website|access-date=2020-09-16|archive-date=2015-04-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150423210842/http://www.valmcdermid.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/apr/05/gay-scotland-party-leaders-lgbt|title=Scotland is now a place where you can be glad to be gay|author=Val McDermid|work=The Guardian|date=5 April 2016}}</ref> On 23 October 2016, McDermid waddit Jo Sharp, a professor o geographie at the Varsity o Glesga an McDermid's pairtner o twa year.<ref>Stuart Macdonald, [http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/scottish-news/author-val-mcdermid-gets-married-9117151 "Author Val McDermid gets married to long-term partner Jo Sharp"], ''Daily Record'', 25 October 2016.</ref><ref>[http://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/our-region/edinburgh/val-mcdermid-marries-partner-in-edinburgh-1-4267018 "Val McDermid marries partner in Edinburgh"], ''Edinburgh News'', 24 October 2016.</ref> In 2016, McDermid led a team o crime writers on quiz shaw ''Eggheads'', beatin the Eggheads an winnin £14,000.<ref>{{cite web | title =We Beat the Eggheads!| author = Doug Johnstone | url =https://dougjohnstone.com/2016/05/27/we-beat-the-eggheads/|date=27 May 2016 }}</ref> McDermid is a radical feminist an socialist.<ref>{{cite web|title=Val McDermid - Crime and reason|url=http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/val-mcdermid-crime-and-reason-1-1089725|year=2008|access-date=2020-09-16|archive-date=2017-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201081227/https://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/val-mcdermid-crime-and-reason-1-1089725|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Interview: It can be murder, but Val McDermid's love of Raith is no mystery|url=http://www.scotsman.com/sport/interview-it-can-be-murder-but-val-mcdermid-s-love-of-raith-is-no-mystery-1-799040|year=2010|access-date=2020-09-16|archive-date=2017-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201131751/https://www.scotsman.com/sport/interview-it-can-be-murder-but-val-mcdermid-s-love-of-raith-is-no-mystery-1-799040|url-status=dead}}</ref> She haes pitten feminism intae some o her novelles.<ref>{{cite book|title=Murder by the Book: Feminism and the Crime Novel|url=https://archive.org/details/murderbybookfemi00munt|url-access=limited|author=Sally Rowena Munt|publisher=Routledge|year=1994|page=[https://archive.org/details/murderbybookfemi00munt/page/n75 67]|isbn=0415109191}}</ref> ==Bibliographie== ===Lindsay Gordon series=== *''Report for Murder'' (1987) *''Common Murder'' (1989) *''Final Edition'' (1991) US Titles: ''Open and Shut'', ''Deadline for Murder'' *''Union Jack ''(1993), US Title: ''Conferences Are Murder'' *''Booked for Murder'' (1996) *''Hostage to Murder'' (2003) ===Kate Brannigan series=== *''Dead Beat'' (1992) *''Kick Back'' (1993) *''Crack Down'' (1994) *''Clean Break'' (1995) *''Blue Genes'' (1996) *''Star Struck'' (1998) (awairded Grand Prix des Romans d’Aventure in 1998)<ref name=brit>[https://literature.britishcouncil.org/writer/val-mcdermid Val McDermid: British Council Literature]. Retrieved 29 May 2019.</ref> ===Tony Hill and Carol Jordan series=== *''The Mermaids Singing'' (1995) (Crime Writers' Association Gold Dagger for Best Crime Novel of the Year in 1995)<ref name=sthildas>[https://www.sthildas.ox.ac.uk/content/dr-val-mcdermid-english-1972 St. Hilda;s College: Dr Val McDermid - English, 1972.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924134447/https://www.sthildas.ox.ac.uk/content/dr-val-mcdermid-english-1972 |date=2019-09-24 }} Retrieved 29 May 2019.</ref> *''The Wire in the Blood'' (1997) *''The Last Temptation'' (2002) *''The Torment of Others'' (2004) *''Beneath the Bleeding'' (2007)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.digyorkshire.com/HighlightDetails.aspx?Article=202 |title=Shortlist for Theakston’s Crime Novel of the year Award 2009 |publisher=digyorkshire.com |date=2 June 2009 |accessdate=17 June 2009 |archive-date=2016-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815160519/http://www.digyorkshire.com/HighlightDetails.aspx?Article=202 |url-status=dead }}</ref> *''Fever of the Bone'' (2009) *''The Retribution'' (2011) *''Cross and Burn'' (2013) *''Splinter the Silence ''(2015) *''Insidious Intent'' (2017) *''How the Dead Speak'' (2019)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.davidhigham.co.uk/books-dh/tony-hill-series/in-rats-alley/|title=How the Dead Speak|website=David Higham Associates|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-19}}</ref> ===Inspector Karen Pirie series=== *''The Distant Echo'' (2003) *''A Darker Domain'' (2008) *''The Skeleton Road'' (2014) *''Out of Bounds'' (2016) *''Broken Ground'' (2018) *''Still Life'' (2020) ===The Austen Project=== *''Northanger Abbey'' (2014) ===Ither books=== *''The Writing on the Wall'' (1997); short stories, limited edition o 200 copies *''A Place of Execution'' (1999) *''Killing the Shadows'' (2000) *''Stranded'' (2005); short stories *''Cleanskin'' (2006) *''The Grave Tattoo'' (2006) *''Trick of the Dark'' (2010) dedicated tae [[Mary Bennett]] (1913-2003) & [[Kathy Wilkes|Kathy Vaughan Wilkes]] (1946-2003) *''The Vanishing Point'' (2012) ===Bairns's buiks=== *''My Granny is a Pirate'' (2012)<ref>Orchard Books. {{ISBN|978-1-40830-927-8}}.</ref> *''The High Heid Yin's New Claes'' furthsetten in ''The Itchy Coo Book o Hans Christian Andersen Fairy Tales in Scots'' (2020) ===Non-fiction=== *''A Suitable Job for a Woman'' (1995) *''Bodies of Evidence'' (2014) *''Forensics – The Anatomy of Crime'' (2014)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.valmcdermid.com/books/forensics/|title=Forensics – The Anatomy of Crime|publisher=Val McDermid official website|access-date=2020-09-16|archive-date=2020-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922174111/https://www.valmcdermid.com/books/forensics/|url-status=dead}}</ref> *''Forensics: What Bugs, Burns, Prints, DNA, and More Tell Us About Crime'' (2015) ==References== {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:McDermid, Val}} [[Category:1955 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Kirkcaudy]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Kirkcaldy High School]] [[Category:Scots crime feection writers]] [[Category:Scots meestery writers]] [[Category:Scots weemen novelists]] [[Category:Lesbian writers]] [[Category:Members o the Detection Club]] [[Category:LGBT writers frae Scotland]] [[Category:Lambda Leeterar Awaird winners]] [[Category:Anthony Awaird winners]] [[Category:Macavity Awaird winners]] [[Category:Barry Awaird winners]] [[Category:Dilys Awaird winners]] [[Category:Weemen meestery writers]] [[Category:LGBT novelists]] [[Category:20t-century Scots novelists]] [[Category:21st-century Scots novelists]] [[Category:20t-century weemen writers]] [[Category:21st-century weemen writers]] [[Category:Fellaes o the Ryal Society o Edinburgh]] [[Category:Fellaes o the Ryal Society o Leeteratur]] tflrbacic6nr0qqpd76utr8dyejucd2 917285 917262 2026-05-26T19:39:51Z Findinscots 131877 change the spellin o "crime writer" tae crime scriever 917285 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] --> | name = Val McDermid | image = ValMcDermid.jpg | imagesize = | caption = | pseudonym = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1955|06|04}} | birth_place = [[Kirkcaudy]], [[Fife]], [[Scotland]] | death_date = | death_place = | coccupation = | nationality = [[Scotland|Scots]] | period = | genre = Crime fiction | subject = | movement = | influences = | influenced = | signature = | website = {{URL|http://www.valmcdermid.com}} }} '''Val McDermid''' FRSE, FRSL (born the 4 Juin 1955) is a [[Scotland|Scots]] crime scriever, best kent fur her suspense novelles featurin Dr. Tony Hill. ==Biographie== McDermid wis born intae a wirkin-cless faimily in [[Fife]]. She studied Inglis at St. Hilda's College, Oxford,<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.sthildas.ox.ac.uk/content/dr-val-mcdermid-english-1972 | publisher = [[St Hilda's College, Oxford]] | title = Dr Val McDermid – English, 1972 | accessdate = 2017-03-22 | archive-date = 2019-09-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190924134447/https://www.sthildas.ox.ac.uk/content/dr-val-mcdermid-english-1972 | url-status = dead }}</ref> whaur she wis the furst scholart tae come frae a Scots state schuil.<ref>Nicholas Wroe. "[https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2011/aug/12/val-mcdermid-life-in-writing Val McDermid: a life in writing]", ''The Guardian'', 12 August 2011.</ref> Efter graduatin she becam a jurnalist an began her leeterar career as a dramatist. She furthset her furst novelle, ''Report for Murder: The First Lindsay Gordon Mystery'' in 1987.<ref>{{cite news|title=I never spook myself, says top Scots crime writer Val McDermid|url=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/lifestyle/things-to-do/never-spook-myself-says-top-8738869|accessdate=25 October 2016|work=Daily Record|date=31 August 2016}}</ref> She wis gien an honorary doctorate frae the [[Varsity o Sunderland]] in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sunderland.ac.uk/newsevents/news/news/index.php?nid=1323|title=Queen of crime in stadium thriller|date=14 July 2011|work=University of Sunderland News and Events|accessdate=15 July 2013|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032128/http://www.sunderland.ac.uk/newsevents/news/news/index.php?nid=1323|url-status=dead}}</ref> She cofoondit the Harrogate Crime Writing Festival an the Theakston's Old Peculier Crime Novel of the Year Award, pairt o the Harrogate International Festivals. In 2016 she led a team o St. Hilda's alumnae tae win the ''Christmas University Challenge''.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.sthildas.ox.ac.uk/content/congratulations-st-hildas-alumnae-team-their-christmas-university-challenge-victory | publisher = St Hilda's College, Oxford | title = Congratulations to St Hilda's Alumnae Team on their Christmas University Challenge Victory | accessdate = 2017-03-22 | archive-date = 2017-03-23 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170323053746/https://www.sthildas.ox.ac.uk/content/congratulations-st-hildas-alumnae-team-their-christmas-university-challenge-victory | url-status = dead }}</ref> In 2017, McDermid wis electit as a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh<ref>{{Cite press release|title=RSE Welcomes 60 New Fellows|date=15 February 2017|publisher=[[Royal Society of Edinburgh]]|url=https://www.rse.org.uk/rse-welcomes-60-new-fellows/|access-date=28 March 2017|archive-date=2017-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306035001/https://www.rse.org.uk/rse-welcomes-60-new-fellows/|url-status=dead}}</ref> an a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature forby.<ref>Natasha Onwuemezi, [http://www.thebookseller.com/news/syal-and-mcdermid-named-new-rsl-fellows-564396 "Rankin, McDermid and Levy named new RSL fellows"], ''[[The Bookseller]]'', 7 June 2017.</ref> As o 2009, she sponsored the McDermid Stand in Stark's Pairk, the groonds o [[Raith Rovers F.C.|Raith Rovers]] in [[Kirkcaldy]]. This wis tae honour her faither that wis a scoot fur the club.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dining In The Streets Of Raith|url=http://www.valmcdermid.com/pages/archivenews2008-9.html|work=valmcdermid.com|accessdate=29 October 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104140923/http://www.valmcdermid.com/pages/archivenews2008-9.html|archivedate=4 January 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> A year efterhaund, she jynt the bourd o the club, an in 2014 her wabsteid became the team's sark sponsor.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Burnside|first1=Anna|title=Straight-talking Val McDermid lifts lid on her latest novel and why she's the badass woman of the week|url=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/entertainment/celebrity-interviews/straight-talking-val-mcdermid-lifts-8749789|accessdate=25 October 2016|work=Daily Record|date=2 September 2016}}</ref> Syne 2022 she nae langer sponsors the club. <ref>https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-edinburgh-east-fife-60214769</ref> ==Wirk== McDermid's scrievins faas intae fower series: Lindsay Gordon, Kate Brannigan, Tony Hill an Carol Jordan, an Inspector Karen Pirie. ''The Mermaids Singing'', the furst beuk o the Hill/Jordan series, wan the Crime Writers' Association Gold Dagger awaird fur Best Crime Novel of the Year. The Hill/Jordan series haes been adaptit intae a telly series, kent as ''Wire in the Blood''. Her novelles, particularly the Tony Hill beuks, is kenned fur thair graphic depictions o violence an tortur. McDermid haes sayed Jacko Vance, a TV celebrity wi a saicret cravin fur tortur, murther an unnerage quines, that appeart in ''Wire in the Blood'' an twa later beuks, is based on her ain experience o spierin Jimmy Saville.<ref>{{cite web | title =I based psycho on Jimmy Savile, says writer Val McDermid|work=The Daily Record | url =http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/scottish-news/i-based-psycho-on-jimmy-savile-says-1403727|date=28 October 2012 }}</ref> McDermid considers her wirk tae be pairt o the tartain noir subgenre o Scots crime fiction.<ref>{{cite web | title =Val McDermid – News & Events – Round the World | work =ValMcDermid.com | url =http://www.valmcdermid.com/pages/archivenews2003-4.html | accessdate =9 July 2007 | url-status =dead | archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20070817191356/http://www.valmcdermid.com/pages/archivenews2003-4.html | archivedate =17 August 2007 | df =dmy-all }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205211312/http://www.valmcdermid.com/pages/archivenews2003-4.html |date=2012-02-05 }}</ref> As weel as scrievin novelles, McDermid contributes tae a wheen o British newspapers an aften braidcasts on BBC Radio 4 an BBC Radio Scotland.<ref name="Official">{{cite web | title =Val McDermid – Biography | work =ValMcDermid.com | url =http://www.valmcdermid.com/pages/biog.html | accessdate =9 July 2007 | url-status =dead | archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20070705063710/http://www.valmcdermid.com/pages/biog.html | archivedate =5 July 2007 | df =dmy-all }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618102604/http://www.valmcdermid.com/pages/biog.html |date=2012-06-18 }}</ref> ==Ink atteck== On 6 December 2012 a wumman flang ink ower McDermid durin a event at the Varsity o Sunderland.<ref name="Assault">{{cite web | url = http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/north-east-news/evening-chronicle-news/2012/12/13/author-val-mcdermid-to-carry-on-signings-after-attack-72703-32419822/ | title = Author Val McDermid to carry on signings after attack | work= Journal Live | date = 13 December 2012 | accessdate = 26 December 2012}}</ref> McDermid wis pittin her name tae beuks, an a wumman askit her tae pit her name tae a ''Top of the Pops'' annual wi Jimmy Saville on the cover. Tho laith, McDermid pit her name tae the annual, efter that the wumman pulled oot a bottle o ink an flang it at her afore rinnin frae the room.<ref name="Assault" /> Nanetheless, McDermid vowed tae haud gaun wi her witterins.<ref name="Val">{{cite web | url = http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/communities/sunderland/2012/12/29/author-val-mcdermid-assaulted-at-sunderland-book-signing-72703-32512651/ | title = Author Val McDermid assaulted at Sunderland book signing |work= Journal Live | date = 29 December 2012 | accessdate = 11 January 2012}}</ref> Sandra Botham, a 64-year-auld wumman frae the Hedon area o [[Sunderland]], wis arreistit on suspicion o assaut.<ref name="Val" /><ref name="name">{{cite web | url = http://www.sunderlandecho.com/news/crime/woman-denies-attack-on-crime-writer-at-sunderland-talk-1-5572819 | title = Woman denies attack on crime writer at Sunderland talk | work = Sunderland Echo | date = 11 April 2013 | accessdate = 15 April 2013 | archive-date = 2013-12-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131224131349/http://www.sunderlandecho.com/news/crime/woman-denies-attack-on-crime-writer-at-sunderland-talk-1-5572819 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Botham wis chairged wi common assaut on the 10 Julie 2013, <ref>Liz Bury, [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/jul/10/val-mcdermid-ink-assault "Reader convicted for Val McDermid ink assault"], ''The Guardian'', 10 July 2013.</ref> gat a 12-month community sentence wi owerins an wis gart pey £50 assythment an a £60 victim surchairge.<ref>{{cite web|title=Widow who attacked Scottish author Val McDermid with ink is given a restraining order |url=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/scottish-news/widow-who-launched-ink-attack-2155452|work=Daily Record|date=12 August 2013|accessdate=29 March 2014}}</ref> She wis gien a restrainin order baurin her frae contactin McDermid fur a undefined time period.<ref>{{cite web|title=Val McDermid ink attacker given restraining order |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-23664089|publisher=BBC News|date=12 August 2013|accessdate=29 March 2014}}</ref> The ''Northern Echo'' reportit that Botham actit acause o McDermid's 1994 non-fiction book, ''A Suitable Job for a Woman'', that Botham claimed mirkit her an her faimily.<ref>[http://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/10536352.Pensioner_in_court_over_28_year_vendetta_with_crime_writer_Val_McDermid/ "Pensioner in court over vendetta with crime writer Val McDermid"], ''The Northern Echo'', 9 July 2013, Retrieved 31 July 2013.</ref> ==Personal life== In 2010 McDermid, that is gay, wis bidin atween [[Northumberland]] an [[Manchester]] wi furthsetter Kelly Smith,<ref name=kelly>Totaro, P. (2010) [https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/books/death-becomes-her-20100820-1392m.html "Death becomes her"]. The Sydney Morning Herald (August 21, 2010). Retrieved 29 May 2019.</ref> that she haed entered a civil pairtnership wi in 2006.<ref name=cp>Wroe, N. (2011) [https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2011/aug/12/val-mcdermid-life-in-writing "Val McDermid: a life in writing".] The Guardian (13/08/20111) Retrieved 29 May 2019.</ref> She foregane bade in [[Stockport]] an [[Northumberland]] wi three cats<ref name="Interview">{{cite news | last =Flockhart | first =Susan | work =[[Sunday Herald]] | title =Murder In Mind | date =May 2004 | url =http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4156/is_20040530/ai_n12588950 | accessdate =18 July 2007 | archive-date =2011-08-09 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20110809211553/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4156/is_20040530/ai_n12588950/ | url-status =dead }}</ref> and a border terrier dug. Syne early 2014 she haes bade in Stockport and Edinburgh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.valmcdermid.com/|title=Welcome to Val McDermid's website...|publisher=Val McDermid official website|access-date=2020-09-16|archive-date=2015-04-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150423210842/http://www.valmcdermid.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/apr/05/gay-scotland-party-leaders-lgbt|title=Scotland is now a place where you can be glad to be gay|author=Val McDermid|work=The Guardian|date=5 April 2016}}</ref> On 23 October 2016, McDermid waddit Jo Sharp, a professor o geographie at the Varsity o Glesga an McDermid's pairtner o twa year.<ref>Stuart Macdonald, [http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/scottish-news/author-val-mcdermid-gets-married-9117151 "Author Val McDermid gets married to long-term partner Jo Sharp"], ''Daily Record'', 25 October 2016.</ref><ref>[http://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/our-region/edinburgh/val-mcdermid-marries-partner-in-edinburgh-1-4267018 "Val McDermid marries partner in Edinburgh"], ''Edinburgh News'', 24 October 2016.</ref> In 2016, McDermid led a team o crime writers on quiz shaw ''Eggheads'', beatin the Eggheads an winnin £14,000.<ref>{{cite web | title =We Beat the Eggheads!| author = Doug Johnstone | url =https://dougjohnstone.com/2016/05/27/we-beat-the-eggheads/|date=27 May 2016 }}</ref> McDermid is a radical feminist an socialist.<ref>{{cite web|title=Val McDermid - Crime and reason|url=http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/val-mcdermid-crime-and-reason-1-1089725|year=2008|access-date=2020-09-16|archive-date=2017-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201081227/https://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/val-mcdermid-crime-and-reason-1-1089725|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Interview: It can be murder, but Val McDermid's love of Raith is no mystery|url=http://www.scotsman.com/sport/interview-it-can-be-murder-but-val-mcdermid-s-love-of-raith-is-no-mystery-1-799040|year=2010|access-date=2020-09-16|archive-date=2017-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201131751/https://www.scotsman.com/sport/interview-it-can-be-murder-but-val-mcdermid-s-love-of-raith-is-no-mystery-1-799040|url-status=dead}}</ref> She haes pitten feminism intae some o her novelles.<ref>{{cite book|title=Murder by the Book: Feminism and the Crime Novel|url=https://archive.org/details/murderbybookfemi00munt|url-access=limited|author=Sally Rowena Munt|publisher=Routledge|year=1994|page=[https://archive.org/details/murderbybookfemi00munt/page/n75 67]|isbn=0415109191}}</ref> ==Bibliographie== ===Lindsay Gordon series=== *''Report for Murder'' (1987) *''Common Murder'' (1989) *''Final Edition'' (1991) US Titles: ''Open and Shut'', ''Deadline for Murder'' *''Union Jack ''(1993), US Title: ''Conferences Are Murder'' *''Booked for Murder'' (1996) *''Hostage to Murder'' (2003) ===Kate Brannigan series=== *''Dead Beat'' (1992) *''Kick Back'' (1993) *''Crack Down'' (1994) *''Clean Break'' (1995) *''Blue Genes'' (1996) *''Star Struck'' (1998) (awairded Grand Prix des Romans d’Aventure in 1998)<ref name=brit>[https://literature.britishcouncil.org/writer/val-mcdermid Val McDermid: British Council Literature]. Retrieved 29 May 2019.</ref> ===Tony Hill and Carol Jordan series=== *''The Mermaids Singing'' (1995) (Crime Writers' Association Gold Dagger for Best Crime Novel of the Year in 1995)<ref name=sthildas>[https://www.sthildas.ox.ac.uk/content/dr-val-mcdermid-english-1972 St. Hilda;s College: Dr Val McDermid - English, 1972.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924134447/https://www.sthildas.ox.ac.uk/content/dr-val-mcdermid-english-1972 |date=2019-09-24 }} Retrieved 29 May 2019.</ref> *''The Wire in the Blood'' (1997) *''The Last Temptation'' (2002) *''The Torment of Others'' (2004) *''Beneath the Bleeding'' (2007)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.digyorkshire.com/HighlightDetails.aspx?Article=202 |title=Shortlist for Theakston’s Crime Novel of the year Award 2009 |publisher=digyorkshire.com |date=2 June 2009 |accessdate=17 June 2009 |archive-date=2016-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815160519/http://www.digyorkshire.com/HighlightDetails.aspx?Article=202 |url-status=dead }}</ref> *''Fever of the Bone'' (2009) *''The Retribution'' (2011) *''Cross and Burn'' (2013) *''Splinter the Silence ''(2015) *''Insidious Intent'' (2017) *''How the Dead Speak'' (2019)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.davidhigham.co.uk/books-dh/tony-hill-series/in-rats-alley/|title=How the Dead Speak|website=David Higham Associates|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-19}}</ref> ===Inspector Karen Pirie series=== *''The Distant Echo'' (2003) *''A Darker Domain'' (2008) *''The Skeleton Road'' (2014) *''Out of Bounds'' (2016) *''Broken Ground'' (2018) *''Still Life'' (2020) ===The Austen Project=== *''Northanger Abbey'' (2014) ===Ither books=== *''The Writing on the Wall'' (1997); short stories, limited edition o 200 copies *''A Place of Execution'' (1999) *''Killing the Shadows'' (2000) *''Stranded'' (2005); short stories *''Cleanskin'' (2006) *''The Grave Tattoo'' (2006) *''Trick of the Dark'' (2010) dedicated tae [[Mary Bennett]] (1913-2003) & [[Kathy Wilkes|Kathy Vaughan Wilkes]] (1946-2003) *''The Vanishing Point'' (2012) ===Bairns's buiks=== *''My Granny is a Pirate'' (2012)<ref>Orchard Books. {{ISBN|978-1-40830-927-8}}.</ref> *''The High Heid Yin's New Claes'' furthsetten in ''The Itchy Coo Book o Hans Christian Andersen Fairy Tales in Scots'' (2020) ===Non-fiction=== *''A Suitable Job for a Woman'' (1995) *''Bodies of Evidence'' (2014) *''Forensics – The Anatomy of Crime'' (2014)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.valmcdermid.com/books/forensics/|title=Forensics – The Anatomy of Crime|publisher=Val McDermid official website|access-date=2020-09-16|archive-date=2020-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922174111/https://www.valmcdermid.com/books/forensics/|url-status=dead}}</ref> *''Forensics: What Bugs, Burns, Prints, DNA, and More Tell Us About Crime'' (2015) ==References== {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:McDermid, Val}} [[Category:1955 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Kirkcaudy]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Kirkcaldy High School]] [[Category:Scots crime feection writers]] [[Category:Scots meestery writers]] [[Category:Scots weemen novelists]] [[Category:Lesbian writers]] [[Category:Members o the Detection Club]] [[Category:LGBT writers frae Scotland]] [[Category:Lambda Leeterar Awaird winners]] [[Category:Anthony Awaird winners]] [[Category:Macavity Awaird winners]] [[Category:Barry Awaird winners]] [[Category:Dilys Awaird winners]] [[Category:Weemen meestery writers]] [[Category:LGBT novelists]] [[Category:20t-century Scots novelists]] [[Category:21st-century Scots novelists]] [[Category:20t-century weemen writers]] [[Category:21st-century weemen writers]] [[Category:Fellaes o the Ryal Society o Edinburgh]] [[Category:Fellaes o the Ryal Society o Leeteratur]] ebowd2dfsc0dm0vvwdauhzhnb39ea1k 0 175961 917289 842083 2026-05-26T21:14:28Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 917289 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox civil conflict |title = New York Draucht Riots |partof = the [[American Ceevil War]] |image = New York Draft Riots - fighting.jpg{{!}}border |caption = A drawin frae a Breetish newspaper shawin airmed rioters clashin wi [[Union Airmy]] sodgers in [[New York Ceety]]. |date = {{Start date|1863|7|13}} – {{End date|1863|7|16}} |place = [[Manhattan]], New York, U.S. |result = Riots ultimately suppressed |fatalities = 119–120<ref name="casualties">{{citation|last=McPherson|first=James M.|authorlink=James M. McPherson|publicationdate=1982|title=Ordeal By Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction|page=360|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|publicationplace=New York|isbn=978-0-394-52469-6}}</ref><ref name="aftermath">{{cite web|url=http://www.vny.cuny.edu/draftriots/Aftermath/aftermath_set.html|title=VNY: Draft Riots Aftermath|website=Vny.cuny.edu|accessdate=August 1, 2017|archive-date=2017-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801171319/http://www.vny.cuny.edu/draftriots/Aftermath/aftermath_set.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |injuries = 2,000 |}} The '''New York draucht riots''' (Julie 13–16, 1863), kent at the time as '''Draucht Week''' ({{lang-en|Draft Week}}),<ref name="barnes">{{cite book|title=The Draft Riots in New York, July 1863: The Metropolitan Police, Their Services During Riot|url=https://archive.org/details/draftriotsinnew00barngoog|author=Barnes, David M.|publisher=Baker & Godwin|year=1863|pages=[https://archive.org/details/draftriotsinnew00barngoog/page/n13 5]–6, 12}}<!-- ISBN needed --></ref> war [[Riot|veeolent disturbances]] in [[Lawer Manhattan]], widely regairdit as the culmination o wirkin-cless discontent wi new laws passed bi [[Unitit States Congress|Congress]] that year tae [[Conscription in the Unitit States|draucht]] men tae ficht in the ongangin [[American Ceevil War]]. The riots remeen the lairgest ceevil an racial insurrection in American history, aside frae the Ceevil War itsel.<ref name="foner">[[Eric Foner]] (1988). ''Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877'', The New American Nation series, pp. 32–33, New York: Harper & Row; {{ISBN|0-06-093716-5}} (updated ed. 2014, {{ISBN|978-0062354518}}).</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Coord|40|43|N|74|0|W|type:event_region:US-NY|display=title}} {{authority control}} [[Category:1863 in New York (state)]] [[Category:1860s riots]] [[Category:African Americans in the Ceevil War]] [[Category:Protests in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Conscription in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Erse-American history]] [[Category:Militar history o New York (state)]] [[Category:New York in the American Ceevil War]] [[Category:Poleetical veeolence in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Racially motivatit veeolence against African Americans]] [[Category:New York Ceety]] [[Category:Riots an ceevil unrest in the American Ceevil War]] [[Category:White American riots in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Protests in New York (state)]] [[Category:1863 events]] [[Category:Protests]] 6mefcwe6q07h23g29ermz0aq9evddqv 0 206614 917298 890800 2026-05-27T01:58:58Z ~2026-31534-04 131919 917298 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Tom Holland | image = Tom Holland by Gage Skidmore.jpg | caption = Holland at the 2016 [[San Diego Comic-Con]] promotin ''[[Spider-Man: Homecoming]]'' | birth_name = Thomas Stanley Holland | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1996|6|1|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Lunnon]], Ingland <!--No boroughs/neighborhoods, just cities per format.--> | education = [[BRIT School]] | occupation = {{hlist|Actor|dancer}} | years_active = 2006-present | spouse = | parents = [[Dominic Holland]], Nicola Frost }} '''Thomas Stanley Holland''' (born 1 Juin 1996)<ref name=tribute>[http://www.tribute.ca/people/tom-holland/42348 Profile], tribute.ca; accessed 24 June 2015.</ref> is an Inglis actor an dancer. A graduate o the [[BRIT School]] in Lunnon, he's best kent fur playin [[Spider-Man]] in the [[Marvel Cinematic Universe]] (MCU), sae far kythin or starrin in five films: ''[[Captain America: Civil War]]'' (2016), ''[[Spider-Man: Homecoming]]'' (2017), ''[[Avengers: Infinity War]]'' (2018), ''[[Avengers: Endgame]]'' (2019) messi campeon del mundo 2026 , an ''[[Spider-Man: Far From Home]]'' (2019). ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Holland, Tom}} [[Category:1996 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:21st-century Inglis male actors]] [[Category:BAFTA winners (fowk)]] [[Category:Best Male Newcomer Empire Award winners]] [[Category:Inglis male bairn actors]] [[Category:Inglis male film actors]] [[Category:Inglis male stage actors]] [[Category:Inglis male muisical theatre actors]] [[Category:Inglis male vyce actors]] [[Category:Inglis fowk o Erse strynd]] [[Category:Inglis fowk o Manx strynd]] [[Category:Male actors frae Lunnon]] [[Category:Fowk frae Kingston upon Thames]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at the BRIT School]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Wimbledon College]] 9vx4k72vhwbavdoxbykg8qq6xljth03 917300 917298 2026-05-27T03:19:02Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Revertit edit o ~2026-31534-04, chynged back tae last version bi CiphriusKane 890800 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Tom Holland | image = Tom Holland by Gage Skidmore.jpg | caption = Holland at the 2016 [[San Diego Comic-Con]] promotin ''[[Spider-Man: Homecoming]]'' | birth_name = Thomas Stanley Holland | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1996|6|1|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Lunnon]], Ingland <!--No boroughs/neighborhoods, just cities per format.--> | education = [[BRIT School]] | occupation = {{hlist|Actor|dancer}} | years_active = 2006-present | spouse = | parents = [[Dominic Holland]], Nicola Frost }} '''Thomas Stanley Holland''' (born 1 Juin 1996)<ref name=tribute>[http://www.tribute.ca/people/tom-holland/42348 Profile], tribute.ca; accessed 24 June 2015.</ref> is an Inglis actor an dancer. A graduate o the [[BRIT School]] in Lunnon, he's best kent fur playin [[Spider-Man]] in the [[Marvel Cinematic Universe]] (MCU), sae far kythin or starrin in five films: ''[[Captain America: Civil War]]'' (2016), ''[[Spider-Man: Homecoming]]'' (2017), ''[[Avengers: Infinity War]]'' (2018), ''[[Avengers: Endgame]]'' (2019), an ''[[Spider-Man: Far From Home]]'' (2019). ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Holland, Tom}} [[Category:1996 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:21st-century Inglis male actors]] [[Category:BAFTA winners (fowk)]] [[Category:Best Male Newcomer Empire Award winners]] [[Category:Inglis male bairn actors]] [[Category:Inglis male film actors]] [[Category:Inglis male stage actors]] [[Category:Inglis male muisical theatre actors]] [[Category:Inglis male vyce actors]] [[Category:Inglis fowk o Erse strynd]] [[Category:Inglis fowk o Manx strynd]] [[Category:Male actors frae Lunnon]] [[Category:Fowk frae Kingston upon Thames]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at the BRIT School]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Wimbledon College]] e2jf6gfkqi8bvtl0una7nl8wha6yn7f 0 221820 917268 900207 2026-05-26T14:39:09Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 917268 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox sportsperson |name=Kana Satomi |image=里見香奈KanaSatomi.jpg |occupation=Perfaisional Shogi player }} {{short description|Professional Shogi player}} {{nihongo|'''Kana Satomi'''|里見 香奈|Satomi Kana| born March 2, 1992}} is a Japanese [[perfaision]]al [[shogi]] player rankit 6-[[dan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.shogi.or.jp/player/lady/33.html|script-title=ja:女流棋士データベース: 里見香奈|title=Joryū Kishi Dētabēsu: Satomi Kana|language=ja|trans-title=Weemen's Professional Shogi Player Database: Kana Satomi|publisher=Japan Shogi Association|access-date=January 19, 2019|archive-date=2019-03-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331054052/https://www.shogi.or.jp/player/lady/33.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> She won 40 Weemen's titles in her career. She an aw haes several lifetime titles. ==Records== The followin tables are the summary o her achievements<ref name="jsa">{{Cite web |url=https://www.shogi.or.jp/player/lady/33.html |title=Kana Satomi official profile |access-date=2020-08-10 |archive-date=2019-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331054052/https://www.shogi.or.jp/player/lady/33.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="hub">[http://shogihub.com/players/163?page=1 Kana Satomi at ShogiHub]{{Dead link|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>. {| border="1" class="wikitable" style="font-size:89%" | *Names in this table are her opponents.<br /><span style="background-color: #ffcccc;">Pink</span> means that Satomi haes defendit or obtainit title. <span style="background-color:#ff6699">Deep pink</span> means that she obtainit a lifetime title.<br />o : Satomi's win　x : Satomi's lose *'''Shogi Awairds''' - '''WMVP''' : Weemen player MVP (最優秀女流棋士賞), WPA : Weemen player awaird (女流棋士賞), SANG : Special awaird for notable gemmes (名局賞特別賞), AWNG : Awaird for Weemen's notable gemmes (女流名局賞) |} {|border="1" class="wikitable" style="font-size:89%" |- align="center" |rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ccf"|Year||colspan="7" style="background-color:#ccf"|'''Titles'''||rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ccf"|Ither<br />titles||style="background-color:#ccf" rowspan=2|Shogi<br />Awairds<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.shogi.or.jp/player/lady/33.html#anc03|script-title=ja:女流棋士データベース: 里見香奈 将棋大賞|title=Joryū Kishi Dētabēsu: Satomi Kana Shōgi Taishō|language=ja|trans-title=Weemen's Professional Shogi Player Database: Kana Satomi Annual Shogi Awards|publisher=Japan Shogi Association|access-date=February 27, 2018|archive-date=2019-03-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331054052/https://www.shogi.or.jp/player/lady/33.html#anc03|url-status=dead}}</ref>||rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ccf"|Notes<ref name="jsa"/><ref name="hub"/> |- align="center" style="background-color:#ccf;" |width=75|'''女王'''(Queen)<br />Apryle-[[May]] |width=75|'''女流王位''' (Weemen Monarch)<br />[[Aprile]]-Juin |width=75|'''清麗''' (Seirei)<br />[[August]]-[[September]] |width=75|'''女流王将'''(Weemen Keeng)<br />[[October]] |width=75|'''倉敷藤花''' (Kurashiki Toka Cup)<br />[[November]] |width=75|'''女流王座''' (Weemen Throne)<br />October-[[December]] |width=75|'''女流名人''' (Weemen Grand Master)<br />[[Januar]]-[[Februar]] |- align=center |2004||－||Saison 15<br />||－||Saison 26<br />||Saison 12<br />||－||Saison 31<br />||||||align="left"|Obtainit perfaisional status |- align=center |2005||－||||－||||||－|||||||| |- align=center |2006||－||||－||||||－||||||align="left"|WPA||align="left"| |- align=center |2007||－||||－||||||－|||||||| |- align=center |2008||1st saison<br />&nbsp;||||－||||style="background-color:#ffcccc"|[[Ichiyo Shimizu]]<br />oo||－||||||align="left"|WPA||align="left"| |- align=center |2009||||||－||||style="background-color:#ffcccc"|Marika Nakamura<br />oo||－||style="background-color:#ffcccc"|Ichiyo Shimizu<br />ooo||||align="left"|WMVP||align="left"|Obtainit 2 Weemen titles in the same year (女流二冠) |- align=center |2010||||||－||style="background-color:#ffcccc"|Ichiyo Shimizu<br />xoo||style="background-color:#ffcccc"|Shinobu Iwane<br />xoo||－||style="background-color:#ffcccc"|Ichiyo Shimizu<br />ooo||||align="left"|WMVP||align="left"|Youngest player tae obtain 3 Weemen titles in the same year (女流三冠) |- align=center |2011||||||－||style="background-color:#ffcccc"|Sachio Ishibashi<br />oo||style="background-color:#ffcccc"|Ichiyo Shimizu<br />oo||1st saison<br />&nbsp;||style="background-color:#ffcccc"|Ichiyo Shimizu<br />xooo||||align="left"|WMVP||align="left"| |- align=center |2012||||style="background-color:#ffcccc"|Tomomi Kai<br />ooo||－||style="background-color:#ffcccc"|Marika Nakamura<br />xoo||style="background-color:#ff6699"|Rieko Yauchi<br />oo||||style="background-color:#ffcccc"|Hatsumi Ueda<br />oxoxo||||align="left"|WMVP<br />SANG||align="left"|Youngest player tae obtain 4 Weemen titles in the same year (女流四冠)<br />Obtainit lifetime title for Kurashiki Toka Cup |- align=center |2013||style="background-color:#ffcccc"|Hatsumi Ueda<br />ooo||Tomomi Kai<br />oxoxx||－||Manao Kagawa<br />xox||Tomomi Kai<br />oxx||style="background-color:#ffcccc"|Momoko Kato<br />xooo||style="background-color:#ff6699"|Marika Nakamura<br />ooo||||align="left"|WMVP||align="left"|First player tae obtain 5 Weemen titles in the same year (女流五冠)<br />Obtainit lifetime title for Weemen Grand Master |- align=center |2014||Momoko Kato<br />xoxx||||－||||||Disqualified||style="background-color:#ffcccc"|Ichiyo Shimizu<br />ooo||||||align="left"|Apryle-December:Sabbatical |- align=center |2015||||style="background-color:#ffcccc"|Tomomi Kai<br />ooo||－||style="background-color:#ffcccc"|Manao Kagawa<br />oo||style="background-color:#ffcccc"|Tomomi Kai<br />oo||||style="background-color:#ffcccc"|Ichiyo Shimizu<br />xooxo||||align="left"|WMVP||align="left"|Consecutive veectory record at Weemen title matches（21 wins） |- align=center |2016||||style="background-color:#ffcccc"|Shinobu Iwane<br />ooo||－||style="background-color:#ff6699"|Manao Kagawa<br />oo||style="background-color:#ffcccc"|Yuki Muroya<br />xoo||style="background-color:#ffcccc"|Momoko Kato<br />ooo||style="background-color:#ffcccc"|Hatsumi Ueda<br />xxooo||||align="left"|WMVP<br />SANG||align="left"|Obtainit lifetime title |- align=center |2017||||style="background-color:#ffcccc"|Sae Ito<br />oxoxo||－||style="background-color:#ffcccc"|Sae Ito<br />oo||style="background-color:#ffcccc"|Sae Ito<br />oo||style="background-color:#ffcccc"|Momoko Kato<br />xxooo||style="background-color:#ffcccc"|Sae Ito<br />ooo||||align="left"|WMVP||align="left"| |- align=center |2018||||Ai Watabe<br />xoxx||－||style="background-color:#ffcccc"|Momoko Kato<br />oo||style="background-color:#ffcccc"|Yuki Taniguchi<br />oo||style="background-color:#ffcccc"|Ichiyo Shimizu<br />ooo||style="background-color:#ffcccc"|Sae Ito<br />ooxo||||align="left"|WMVP<br />AWNG|| |- align=center |2019||Tomoka Nishiyama<br />xxox||style="background-color:#ff6699"|Ai Watabe<br />oxoo||style="background-color:#ffcccc"|(1st saison)<br />Tomomi Kai<br />ooo||Tomoka Nishiyama<br />xox||style="background-color:#ffcccc"|Sae Ito<br />oxo||Tomoka Nishiyama<br />xoxx||style="background-color:#ffcccc"|Yuki Taniguchi<br />ooo||||align="left"|WMVP<br />AWNG||align="left"|Obtainit lifetime title for the Weemen's Monarch<br />First player tae obtain 6 Weemen titles in the same year (女流六冠)<br />Consecutive veectory record at the Weemen Grand Master title. |- align=center |2020||||style="background-color:#ffcccc"|Momoko Kato<br />ooo||Hatsumi Ueda<br />　||||||||||||||align="left"| |- align="center" style="background-color:#ccf;" |年度 |width=75|'''女王 (Queen)'''<br />Apryle-May |width=75|'''女流王位 (Weemen Monarch)'''<br />Apryle-Juin |width=75|'''清麗 (Seirei)'''<br />August-September |width=75|'''女流王将 (Weemen Keeng)'''<br />October |width=75|'''倉敷藤花 (Kurashiki Toka Cup)'''<br />November |width=75|'''女流王座 (Weemen Throne)'''<br />October-December |width=75|'''女流名人 (Weemen Grand Master)'''<br />1-2月January-Februar |Ither<br />titles |Shogi<br />Awairds |Notes |- align="center" |rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ccf"|Tot||3 times as finalist<br />Obtainit ance ||8 times as finalist<br />Obtainit '''6''' times||2 times as finalist<br />Obtainit ance||9 times as finalist<br />Obtainit '''7''' times||11 times as finalist<br />Obtainit '''10''' times||5 times as finalist<br />Obtainit '''4''' times||11 times as finalist<br />Obtainit '''11''' times||rowspan=2|　||rowspan=2|　||rowspan=2|　 |- align="center" |colspan="7"|49 appearances tae the final match. Obtainit '''40''' titles<ref name="jsa"/><ref name="hub"/> (Anly few players hae achievit this record) |} {| class="wikitable" |- align="center" style="background-color:#ccf;" |Title|| |Obtainit years |Finalist |'''Victory''' |Consecutive victories |Lifetime title |- align="center" |'''Seirei (清麗)'''||August-September |align="left"|2019</span> (1st saison) |<!--登場--->1 |<!--獲得--->'''1''' |<!--連覇---> | |- align="center" |'''Queen (女王)'''||Apryle-May |align="left"|2013 (6t Saison) |<!--登場--->3 times |<!--獲得--->'''1''' |<!--連覇--->－ | |- align="center" |'''Weemen Throne<br> (女流王座)'''||October-December |align="left"|2013 (3rd saison), '16-'18 |<!--登場--->5 times |<!--獲得--->'''4''' times<br />(Japan record) |<!--連覇--->'''3'''<br />(Japan record) | |- align="center" |'''Weemen Grand Master<br> (女流名人)'''||Januar-Februar |align="left"|2009（Saison 36）-'19</span> |<!--登場--->11 times |<!--獲得--->'''11''' times<br />(Japan record) |<!--連覇--->'''11'''<br />(Japan record) |Obtainit |- align="center" |'''Weemen Monarch<br> (女流王位)'''||Apryle-Juin |align="left"|2012 (Saison 23), '15-'17 , '19-'20</span> |<!--登場--->8 times |<!--獲得--->'''6''' times |<!--連覇--->3 |Obtainit |- align="center" |'''Weemen Keeng<br> (女流王将)'''||October |align="left"|2010 (Saison 32)-'12, '15-'18 |<!--登場--->9 times |<!--獲得--->'''7''' times |<!--連覇--->4<br /> |Obtainit |- align="center" |'''Kurashiki Toka Cup<br> (倉敷藤花)'''||November |align="left"|2008 (Saison 16)-'12, '15-'19</span> |<!--登場--->11 times |<!--獲得--->'''10''' times<br />(Japan record) |<!--連覇--->5<br /> |Obtainit |- |colspan="7" align="center"|49 appearances tae the final match. Obtainit '''40''' titles<ref name="jsa"/><ref name="hub"/>（Anly few players hae achieved this record） |- |} ==Public awards== She haes receivit several awairds frae the local [[govrenment]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.shogi.or.jp/player/lady/33.html#anc04|script-title=ja:女流棋士データベース: 里見香奈 その他表彰|title=Joryū Kishi Dētabēsu: Satomi Kana Sonota Taishō|language=ja|trans-title=Weemen's Professional Shogi Player Database: Kana Satomi Annual Other Awards|publisher=Japan Shogi Association|access-date=February 27, 2018|archive-date=2019-03-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331054052/https://www.shogi.or.jp/player/lady/33.html#anc04|url-status=dead}}</ref>. * 2007, Marche: [[Shimane Prefectur]] Cultural Activity Awaird (島根県文化活動特別奨励賞) * 2020, [[Marche]]: Shimane Prefectur Meritorious Person Awaird<ref>[https://this.kiji.is/610398833215734881?c=39546741839462401 女流棋士里見さんに県民栄誉賞 島根県、初の六冠達成]{{Dead link|date=March 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> (島根県民栄誉賞) ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==External links== *[http://shogifan.com/2016/11/23/satomi-wins-kurashiki-touka-tournament/ Satomi wins Kurashiki Touka tournament] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811072446/https://shogifan.com/2016/11/23/satomi-wins-kurashiki-touka-tournament/ |date=2020-08-11 }} *[http://shogifan.com/2016/12/02/satomi-defends-ouza-title/ Satomi defends Ouza title] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302112526/https://shogifan.com/2016/12/02/satomi-defends-ouza-title/ |date=2021-03-02 }} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Satomi, Kana}} [[Category:1992 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Japanese sportsfowk]] [[Category:Sportsweemen]] cxyyxix8u7vtqkv4j9j19hob9rvekp2 0 221821 917261 875705 2026-05-26T12:43:29Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 917261 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Japanese shogi player}} '''Ichiyo Shimizu''' (清水市代, Shimizu Ichiyo, born Januar 9, 1969) is a Japanese Weemen's [[perfaision]]al [[shogi]] player rankit 7-[[dan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.shogi.or.jp/player/lady/7.html|script-title=ja:女流棋士データベース: 清水市代|title=Joryū Kishi Dētabēsu: Shimizu Ichiyo|language=ja|trans-title=Weemen's Professional Shogi Player Database: Ichiyo Shimizu|publisher=Japan Shogi Association|access-date=January 5, 2017|archive-date=2018-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122085348/https://www.shogi.or.jp/player/lady/7.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>She is the first female player to obtain this rank</ref>. She became the first Weemen's professional tae be promotit tae the rank o Weemen's 6-dan an obtain 40 Weemen titles<ref name="hub">{{Cite web |url=http://shogihub.com/players/164 |title=Ichiyo Shimizu at ShogiHub |access-date=2020-08-10 |archive-date=2020-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922232642/http://shogihub.com/players/164 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="pro">{{Cite web |url=https://www.shogi.or.jp/player/lady/7.html |title=Official JSA Profile |access-date=2020-08-10 |archive-date=2018-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122085348/https://www.shogi.or.jp/player/lady/7.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>. She is an aw the seicont Weemen's perfaisional tae win 600 offeecial gemmes.<ref>{{cite news|last=Yamamura|first=Hideki|url=https://mainichi.jp/articles/20161129/k00/00m/040/018000c|script-title=ja:清水市代女流六段が600勝|title=Shimizu Ichiyo Rokudan ga Roppyakushō|language=ja|trans-title=Ichiyo Shimizu 6-dan wins 600th official game|date=November 28, 2016|newspaper=Mainichi Shimbun|access-date=January 12, 2018}}</ref> ==JSA director== In May 2017, Shimizu became the first weemen tae be electit as an executive director tae the Japan Shogi Association's (JSA) buird o directors.<ref>{{cite news|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line-->|url=http://www.chunichi.co.jp/article/igo-shogi/news/CK2017053002000198.html|script-title=ja:清水女流六段, 将棋連盟の常務理事に 女性初|title=Shimizu Joryū Rokudan, Shōgi Renmei no Jōmu Riji ni, Josei Hatsu|language=ja|trans-title=Weemen's professional Shimizu 6-dan, first Weemen to be elected as executive director to shogi association board|date=May 30, 2017|newspaper=Chunichi Shimbun|access-date=January 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112160500/http://www.chunichi.co.jp/article/igo-shogi/news/CK2017053002000198.html|archive-date=January 12, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> She wis re-electit tae a seicont twa-year term in Juin 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.shogi.or.jp/news/2019/06/70_7.html|script-title=ja:日本将棋連盟新役員のお知らせ|title=Nihon Shōgi Renmei Shinyakuin no Oshirase|language=ja|trans-title=Announcement of New Japan Shogi Association Board Members|date=June 7, 2019|publisher=Japan Shogi Association|access-date=June 8, 2019|archive-date=2020-11-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113070342/https://www.shogi.or.jp/news/2019/06/70_7.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Honors== Shimizu haes receivit several awairds in recognition o her accomplishments in shogi an contreibutions tae the Japanese society.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.shogi.or.jp/player/lady/7.html#anc04|script-title=ja:女流棋士データベース: 清水市代 その他表彰|title=Joryū Kishi Dētabēsu: Shimizu Ichiyo Sonota Taishō|language=ja|trans-title=Weemen's Professional Shogi Player Database: Ichiyo Shimizu Other Awards|publisher=Japan Shogi Association|access-date=January 12, 2018|archive-date=2018-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122085348/https://www.shogi.or.jp/player/lady/7.html#anc04|url-status=dead}}</ref> * 1996, Juin: Meenister o [[Eddication]] Awaird * 1997, Februar: Tokyo Resident Cultur Honour Awaird (Awardit bi the Governor o Tokyo in recognition o cultural achievements) * 2000, November: Higashimurayama<ref>[[Ceety]] in western [[Tokyo]]</ref>, Tokyo Resident Honour Awaird * 2008, August: Kurashiki Shogi Cultur Honour Awaird * 2009: 25 Years Service Awaird (Awardit bi the JSA in recognition o bein an active perfaisional for twinty-five years) ==Title match records== The followin tables are the summary o her achievements. {| border="1" class="wikitable" style="font-size:89%" | *Names in this table are her opponents.<br /><span style="background-color: #ffcccc;">Pink</span> means that she haes defendit or obtainit title. <span style="background-color:#ff6699">Deep pink</span> means that she obtainit a lifetime title.<br />o: win x: lose s: gemme suspended *'''Shogi Awairds''' - '''WMVP''' : Weemen player MVP (最優秀女流棋士賞), WPA : Weemen player awaird (女流棋士賞), SP: Special Awaird, WPPMG: '''Weemen Player who Playit Mair Gemmes''' than others |} {| border="1" class="wikitable" style="font-size:89%" |- align="center" | rowspan="2" style="background-color:#ccf"|Year|| colspan="7" style="background-color:#ccf"|'''Titles'''|| rowspan="2" style="background-color:#ccf"|Ither<br />Titles|| style="background-color:#ccf" rowspan="2"|Shogi Awaird|| rowspan="2" style="background-color:#ccf"|Notes<ref name="hub"/><ref name="pro"/> |- align="center" style="background-color: #ccf;" |width=75|'''女王 (Queen)''' |width=75|'''女流王将 (Weemen Keeng)''' |width=75|'''女流王位 (Weemen Monarch)''' |width=75|'''清麗 (Seirei)''' |width=75|'''女流王座 (Weemen Throne)''' |width=75|'''倉敷藤花 (Kurashiki Toka Cup)''' |width=75|'''女流名人 (Weemen Grand Master)''' |- style="text-align:center;" |[[1985]]||－||(Saison 8)<br/>　||－||－||－||－||(Saison 12)<br/>　|||||| align="left"|Perfaisional player debut |- style="text-align:center;" |[[1986]]||－||||－||－||－||－|||||||| |- style="text-align:center;" |[[1987]]||－||<br/>　||－||－||－||－|| style="background-color:#ffcccc"|[[Hiroe Nakai]]<br />ooo|| align="left"|LOT<ref>Ladies Open Tournament</ref>|| align="left"|★WPA|| align="left"| |- style="text-align:center;" |[[1988]]||－||<br/>　||－||－||－||－||Hiroe Nakai<br />xooxx|||||| |- style="text-align:center;" |[[1989]]||－||||－||－||－||－|| style="background-color:#ffcccc"|Hiroe Nakai<br />ooo|||||| |- style="text-align:center;" |[[1990]]||－||||(Saison 1)<br/>　||－||－||－||Naoko Hayashiba<br />xxox|||||| |- style="text-align:center;" |[[1991]]||－|| style="background-color:#ffcccc"|Naoko Hayashiba<br />oxo||||－||－||－||||align="left"|LOT|| align="left"|★WPA|| align="left"| |- style="text-align:center;" |[[1992]]||－|| style="background-color:#ffcccc"|↓||||－||－||－||Hiroe Nakai<br />xxx||align="left"|LOT|||| align="left"| |- style="text-align:center;" |[[1993]]||－|| style="background-color:#ffcccc"|Naoko Hayashiba<br />oo|| style="background-color:#ffcccc"|Hiroe Nakai<br />oxoo||－||－||<Saison 1><br/>　||||align="left"|LOT|| align="left"|★WPA|| |- style="text-align:center;" |[[1994]]||－||Haruko Saida<br />xx|| style="background-color:#ffcccc"|Hiroe Nakai<br />ooo||－||－|| style="background-color:#ffcccc"|Naoko Hayashiba<br />oo|| style="background-color:#ffcccc"|Hiroe Nakai<br />ooo|||| align="left"|★WPA|| |- style="text-align:center;" |[[1995]]||－|||| style="background-color:#ffcccc"|Rieko Yauchi<br />ooo||－||－|| style="background-color:#ffcccc"|Haruko Saida<br />oxo|| style="background-color:#ffcccc"|Hiroe Nakai<br />ooo|||| align="left"|★WPA|| align="left"|promotit tae 5 dan |- align="center" style="background-color: #ccf;" |Year |'''女王 (Queen)''' |'''女流王将 (Weemen Keeng)''' |'''女流王位 (Weemen Monarch)''' |'''清麗 (Seirei)''' |'''女流王座 (Weemen Throne)''' |'''倉敷藤花 (Kurashiki Toka Cup)''' |'''女流名人 (Weemen Grand Master)''' |Ither<br />Titles |Shogi Awaird |Notes |- style="text-align:center;" |[[1996]]||－|| style="background-color:#ffcccc"|(Saison 18)<br/>Hiroe Nakai<br />oxxoo<br/>'''Dominatit 4 titles'''|| style="background-color:#ffcccc"|<Saison 7><br/>Sachio Ishibashi<br />ooxo<br/>Maintainit 4 titles||－||－|| style="background-color:#ffcccc"|<Saison 4><br/>Sayuri Kimura<br />oo<br/>Maintainit 4 titles|| style="background-color:#ff6699"|<Saison 23><br/>Hiroe Nakai<br />xoxoo<br/>Maintainit 4 titles|||| align="left"|★WPA<br/>SP|| align="left"|'''Dominatit 4 titles'''<br/>obtainit lifetime title |- style="text-align:center;" |[[1997]]||－||Haruko Saida<br />oxoxx||Rieko Yauchi<br />oxxox||－||－|| style="background-color:#ffcccc"|Hiroe Nakai<br />oxo|| style="background-color:#ffcccc"|Hiroe Nakai<br />ooo|| align="left"|LOT<br/>Kajima Cup|| align="left"|★WPA|| |- style="text-align:center;" |[[1998]]||－|| style="background-color:#ffcccc"|Haruko Saida<br />ooo|| style="background-color:#ff6699"|Rieko Yauchi<br />xooo<br/>'''Dominatit 4 titles'''||－||－||style="background-color:#ff6699"|Ryoko Chiba<br />oxo<br/>Maintainit 4 titles|| style="background-color:#ffcccc"|Ryoko Chiba<br />ooxo<br/>Maintainit 4 titles|||| align="left"|★WPA|| align="left"|'''Dominatit 4 titles'''<br/>obtainit 2 lifetime titles in this year |- style="text-align:center;" |[[1999]]||－||Sachio Ishibashi<br />ooxxx|| style="background-color:#ffcccc"|Ryoko Chiba<br />ooxo||－||－|| style="background-color:#ffcccc"|Rieko Yauchi<br />oo||Hiroe Nakai<br />xxx|| align="left"|Kajima Cup |||| align="left"| |- style="text-align:center;" |[[2000]]||－|| style="background-color:#ff6699"|Sachio Ishibashi<br />oxoo|| style="background-color:#ffcccc"|Ryoko Chiba<br />ooo||－||－|| style="background-color:#ffcccc"|Rieko Yauchi<br />oo|||| align="left"|LOT|| align="left"|★WMVP|| align="left"|4t lifetime title<br/>promotit tae 6-dan (1st female player tae obtain this rank) |- style="text-align:center;" |[[2001]]||－|| style="background-color:#ffcccc"|Rieko Yauchi<br />xooo|| style="background-color:#ffcccc"|Hiroe Nakai<br />xxooo||－||－||Hiroe Nakai<br />xox|||||| align="left"|WPA|| |- style="text-align:center;" |[[2002]]||－||Hiroe Nakai<br />xxx|| style="background-color:#ffcccc"|Sachio Ishibashi<br />ooo||－|||||||||| |- style="text-align:center;" |[[2003]]||－|||| style="background-color:#ffcccc"|Hiroe Nakai<br />xooo||－||－|||| style="background-color:#ffcccc"|Hiroe Nakai<br />oxoo|| align="left"|LOT|| align="left"|★WMVP|| |- style="text-align:center;" |[[2004]]||－|||| style="background-color:#ffcccc"|Rieko Yauchi<br />ooo||－||－|| style="background-color:#ffcccc"|Hiroe Nakai<br />oxo|| style="background-color:#ffcccc"|Ryoko Chiba<br />oxoo|| align="left"|Kajima Cup || align="left"|★WMVP|| |- style="text-align:center;" |[[2005]]||－|||| style="background-color:#ffcccc"|Hiroe Nakai<br />oxoo||－||－|| style="background-color:#ffcccc"|Rieko Yauchi<br />oo||Rieko Yauchi<br />xxx|||||| |- style="text-align:center;" |[[2006]]||－|||| style="background-color:#ffcccc"|Sachio Ishibashi<br />ooxo||－||－||Haruko Saida<br />xox|||||||| |- style="text-align:center;" |[[2007]]||－|| style="background-color:#ffcccc"|Ryoko Chiba<br />xooo||Sachio Ishibashi<br />xoxox||－||－|| style="background-color:#ffcccc"|Haruko Saida<br />xoo|||||| align="left"|★WMVP|| align="left"| |- style="text-align:center;" |[[2008]]||(Saison 1)<br/>　|| style="background-color:#ffcccc"|Rieko Yauchi<br />ooxo||Sachio Ishibashi<br />xxoox||－||－||[[Kana Satomi]]<br />xx|| style="background-color:#ffcccc"|Rieko Yauchi<br />xooxo|||| align="left"|★WMVP|| |- style="text-align:center;" |[[2009]]||<br/>　|| style="background-color:#ffcccc"|Hatsumi Ueda<br />oo||style="background-color:#ffcccc"|Sachio Ishibashi<br />xooxo||－||－||||Kana Satomi<br />xxx||||align="left"|WPA||align="left"| |- style="text-align:center;" |[[2010]]||<br/>　||Kana Satomi<br />oxx||Tomomi Kai<br />xxox||－||－||||Kana Satomi<br />xxx||||align="left"|WPPMG (30 Gemmes)||align="left"| |- style="text-align:center;" |[[2011]]||<br/>　|| <br/>||Tomomi Kai<br />xxoox||－||(Saison 1)<br/>Momoko Kato<br />xoxox||Kana Satomi<br />xx||Kana Satomi<br />oxxx|| align="left"|Daiwa Securities Cup||align="left"|WPA<br/>WPPMG (55 gemmes)||align="left"|Annual winnin record (40wins)　 |- style="text-align:center;" |[[2012]]||||||||－|||||||||||| |- style="text-align:center;" |[[2013]]||||||||－|||||||||||| |- style="text-align:center;" |[[2014]]||||Manao Kagawa<br />oxx||Tomomi Kai<br />soxxx||－||||||Kana Satomi<br />xxx||||align="left"|WPPMG (37 Gemmes)||　 |- style="text-align:center;" |[[2015]]||||||||－||||||Kana Satomi<br />oxxox||||||　 |- style="text-align:center;" |[[2016]]||||||||－|||||||||||| |- style="text-align:center;" |[[2017]]||||||||－|||||||||||| |- style="text-align:center;" |[[2018]]||||||||－||Kana Satomi<br />xxx||||||||||align="left"|Oldest finalist (challenger tae the defendin champion) in Weemen titles |- style="text-align:center;" |[[2019]]||||||||(Saison 1)<br/>　|||||||||||| |- align="center" style="background-color: #ccf;" |Year |'''女王 (Queen)''' |'''女流王将 (Weemen Keeng)''' |'''女流王位 (Weemen Monarch)''' |'''清麗 (Seirei)''' |'''女流王座 (Weemen Throne)''' |'''倉敷藤花 (Kurashiki Toka Cup)''' |'''女流名人 (Weemen Grand Master)''' |Ither<br />Titles |Shogi Awaird |Notes |- align="center" | rowspan="2" style="background-color:#ccf"|Tot||－||15 times as finalist<br/>obtainit '''9''' times||20 times as finalist<br/>obtainit '''14''' times||－||2 times as finalist　||14 times as finalist<br/>obtainit '''10''' times||20 times as finalist<br/>obtainit '''10''' times|| rowspan="2"|'''11 times'''|| rowspan="2"|　|| rowspan="2"|　 |- align="center" | colspan="7"|71 times as finalist, obtainit title for '''43''' times (Japan record)<ref name="hub"/><ref name="pro"/> |} {|class="wikitable" !Title || Years || Number o times oweraw |- | 女流名人 (Weemen Grand Master) | 1987, 1989, 1994{{ndash}}98, 2003{{ndash}}04, 2008 | 10 |- | 女流王将 (Weemen Keeng) | 1991, 1993, 1996, 1998, 2000{{ndash}}01, 2007{{ndash}}09 | 9 |- | 女流王位 (Weemen Monarch) | 1993{{ndash}}96, 1998{{ndash}}2006, 2009 | 14 (Japan record)<ref name="hub"/><ref name="pro"/> |- | Kurashiki Tōka Cup | 1994{{ndash}}2000, 2004{{ndash}}05, 2007 | 10 (Japan record)<ref name="hub"/><ref name="pro"/> |} ==References an notes== {{reflist|2}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Shimizu, Ichiyo}} [[Category:1969 births]] [[Category:Japanese sportsfowk]] [[Category:Sportsweemen]] [[Category:Fowk frae Tokyo]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] 5k6qzwga7n0x46b9rzkst2v6qdk703p 0 222695 917307 891838 2026-05-27T08:47:31Z Findinscots 131877 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:1|0|1 */ 917307 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Scots beuk sculptures''' ur a group o sculptures that were placet in Scotland in order tae be "fand" atween 2011 an 2013. The sculptures ur on topics maistly anent [[Scots leeteratur]] an poetry, an ur makit fae auld beuks bi an unkenned female sculptor. The stairtin group o sculptures wis 10 sculptures that war left at sindry cultural pairts in Embro, Scotland, atween Mairch an November 2011, as gifts tae the cultural institutions an fowk o the city.<ref name=GdnDec11>{{cite news|title=Edinburgh book sculptures turn the page |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2011/dec/01/edinburgh-book-sculptures|newspaper=The Guardian|first=Michael|last=MacLeod|language=en|date=1 December 2011|accessdate=16 December 2012}}</ref> The sculptures came wi gift labels that rooset leeteracy an the luve o wirds an argied conter leebrary an ither airts fond cuts. An eleivent sculpture wis gied tae writer [[Ian Rankin]], whase wirk wis weel-forrit in mony o the ither sculptures. The ten Embro sculptures wur tourt athort Scotland in a shawin in late 2012.<ref name=GdnJuly12>{{cite news|title=Edinburgh's mysterious book sculptures go on tour |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/scotland-blog/2012/jul/31/scotland-poetry-book-sculptures|newspaper=The Guardian|first=Robyn|last=Marsack|language=en|date=31 July 2012|accessdate=16 December 2012}}</ref> The sculptor wis contractit tae mak ainither five sculptures tae be dernt in secrit pairts athort Scotland as pairt o Book Week Scotland, that stairted in November 2012. In December 2012, the sculptor gied ainither gift sculpture tae the Scottish Poetry Library, wha haed awreidy gotten twa o her earlier wirks. ==2011 Enbro sculptures== ====Furst sculpture==== The furst sculpture wis fand oan Tysday 11 Mairch 2011, left oan a table in the Scottish Poetry Library.<ref name=GdnMar11>{{cite news|title=Mystery 'poetree' is a symbol of library love Anonymous reader leaves a delicate gift to the Scottish Poetry Library |url=https://www.theguardian.com/edinburgh/2011/mar/03/edinburgh-scottish-poetry-library-tree-gift-mystery|newspaper=The Guardian|first=Michael|last=MacLeod|language=en|date=3 March 2011|accessdate=16 December 2012}}</ref> It featurt a tree staundin oan an auld beuk. At the base o the tree wis an egg, braken in hauf an the inner lined wi gowd formin wirds fae the poem "A Trace of Wings" bi Edwin Morgan.<ref name=CS>{{cite web|title=Mysterious paper sculptures |url=http://thisiscentralstation.com/featured/mysterious-paper-sculptures/|website=thisiscentralstation.com|first=Chris|last=Scott|language=en |date=27 Februar 2012|accessdate=16 December 2012}}</ref> It haed a tag backin tae @byleaveswelive, the name o the leebrarie's Twitter accoont readin "It started with your name [https://twitter.com/byleaveswelive @byleaveswelive] and became a tree.… … We know that a library is so much more than a building full of books… a book is so much more than pages full of words.… This is for you in support of libraries, books, words, ideas….. a gesture (poetic maybe?)".<ref name=CS/> It wis gien the name "poetree" bi the leebrarie staff.<ref name=GdnMar11/> ====Seicont sculpture==== The seicont sculpture wis fand in late Juin 2011<ref name=CS/> at the National Library of Scotland, a "delicately crafted"<ref name=GdnDec11/> gramophone an a deidbox creatit fae a copy o [[Ian Rankin]]'s novelle ''Exit Music''.<ref name=CS/> The note wi it read "For [https://twitter.com/natlibscot @natlibscot] – A gift in support of libraries, books, words, ideas….. (& against their exit)".<ref name=CS/> == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Scots leeteratur]] hldgh7pgn3k1j77ug34xyr9sfyncoc5 4 223455 917297 917115 2026-05-26T23:51:04Z ListeriaBot 30924 Wikidata list updated [V2] 917297 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wikidata list |sparql=SELECT DISTINCT ?item WHERE { ?position wdt:P279 wd:Q1711695 . ?item p:P39 ?ps . ?ps ps:P39 ?position . ?item wdt:P31 wd:Q5 . } |links=red_only |thumb=100 |columns=number,label:Name,,P18,P569,P570,P19 }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! number ! Name ! ! eemage ! date o birth ! date o daith ! place o birth |- | style='text-align:right'| 1 | [[Ben Wallace]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Rt Hon Ben Wallace MP crop 2.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970-05-15 | | [[Farnborough]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 2 | [[Margaret Curran]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Baroness Curran crop 2, 2025.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1958" | 1958-11-24 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 3 | [[Elaine Smith]] | | [[File:ElaineSmithMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963-05-07 | | [[Coatbrig]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 4 | [[Nicol Stephen]] | | [[File:Nicol Stephen.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960-03-23 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 5 | [[James Douglas-Hamilton, Baron Selkirk of Douglas]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Lord Selkirk of Douglas crop 2.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-07-31 | data-sort-value="2023" | 2023-11-28 | [[Sooth Lanrikshire]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 6 | [[Phil Gallie]] | | | data-sort-value="1939" | 1939-06-03 | data-sort-value="2011" | 2011-01-24 | [[Portsmouth]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 7 | [[Jim Wallace, Baron Wallace of Tankerness]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Lord Wallace of Tankerness crop 2, 2019.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-08-25 | data-sort-value="2026" | 2026-01-29 | [[Annan, Dumfries an Gallowa|Annan]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 8 | [[Henry McLeish]] | | [[File:Official Portrait of Henry McLeish, 2000.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1948" | 1948-06-15 | | [[Methul]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 9 | [[Andrew Welsh]] | | | data-sort-value="1944" | 1944-04-19 | data-sort-value="2021" | 2021-06-17 | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 10 | [[Donald Gorrie]] | | | data-sort-value="1933" | 1933-04-02 | data-sort-value="2012" | 2012-08-25 | [[Breetish Raj]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 11 | [[George Reid]] | | [[File:George Reid MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1939" | 1939-06-04 | data-sort-value="2025" | 2025-08-12 | [[Tullibody]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 12 | [[Cathy Peattie]] | | [[File:Cathey Peattie (Scottish politician).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1951" | 1951-11-24 | | [[Grangemooth]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 13 | [[Colin Campbell]] | | | data-sort-value="1938" | 1938-08-31 | | [[Paisley]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 14 | [[Dorothy-Grace Elder]] | | | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-08-11 | | [[Dundee]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 15 | [[David Davidson]] | | | data-sort-value="1943" | 1943-01-25 | data-sort-value="2024" | 2024-06-14 | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 16 | [[David McLetchie]] | | [[File:DavidMcLetchieMSP20110509.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-08-06 | data-sort-value="2013" | 2013-08-12 | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 17 | [[Dennis Canavan]] | | [[File:EET Scotland’s Economic Future Post-2014.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-08-08 | | [[Coudenbeith]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 18 | [[Des McNulty]] | | [[File:Des McNulty.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-07-28 | | [[Stockport]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 19 | [[John Farquhar Munro]] | | [[File:Iain Fearchar Rothach aig SMO.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1934" | 1934-08-26 | data-sort-value="2014" | 2014-01-26 | [[Glen Shiel]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 20 | [[Duncan Hamilton]] | | | data-sort-value="1973" | 1973 | | [[Irvin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 21 | [[Duncan McNeil]] | | [[File:DuncanMcNeilMSP20110511.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950-09-07 | | [[Greenock]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 22 | [[Mary Mulligan]] | | [[File:MaryMulligan.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960-02-12 | | [[Liverpuil]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 23 | [[Marilyn Livingstone]] | | | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-09-30 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 24 | [[Maureen Macmillan]] | | | data-sort-value="1943" | 1943-02-09 | | [[Oban]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 25 | [[Elaine Murray]] | | [[File:ElaineMurrayMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-12-22 | | [[Hitchin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 26 | [[Elaine Thomson]] | | | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957 | | [[Innerness]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 27 | [[Tavish Scott]] | | [[File:Tavish Scott MSP at Bournemouth.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1966" | 1966-05-06 | | [[Innerness]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 28 | [[Karen Whitefield]] | | [[File:KarenWhitefield.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970-01-08 | | [[Bellshill]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 29 | [[Euan Robson]] | | [[File:Euan Robson.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-02-17 | | [[Northren Ingland]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 30 | [[John McAllion]] | | | data-sort-value="1948" | 1948-02-13 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 31 | [[Helen Eadie]] | | [[File:HelenEadieMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1947" | 1947-03-07 | data-sort-value="2013" | 2013-11-09 | [[Stanehoosemuir|Stennie]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 32 | [[Lyndsay McIntosh]] | | | data-sort-value="1955" | 1955 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 33 | [[Fiona McLeod]] | | [[File:FionaMcLeodMSP20110507.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957-12-03 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 34 | [[Iain Gray]] | | [[File:IainGrayMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957-06-07 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 35 | [[Mike Rumbles]] | | [[File:Mike Rumbles.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-06-10 | | [[South Shields]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 36 | [[Gordon Jackson]] | | [[File:GJ losing.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1948" | 1948-08-05 | | [[Ardrussan]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 37 | [[Ian Welsh]] | | | data-sort-value="1953" | 1953-11-23 | | [[Preswick]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 38 | [[Frank McAveety]] | | [[File:Frank McAveety MSP (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-07-27 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 39 | [[Lloyd Quinan]] | | | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 40 | [[Iain Smith]] | | [[File:Iain smith.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960-05-01 | | [[Gateside]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 41 | [[Alasdair Morrison]] | | | data-sort-value="1968" | 1968-11-18 | | [[Stornowa]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 42 | [[Irene McGugan]] | | | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952 | | [[Angus]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 43 | [[Irene Oldfather]] | | [[File:Irene Oldfather 2016 (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 44 | [[Jamie McGrigor]] | | [[File:JamieMcGrigorMSP20110509.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949-10-19 | data-sort-value="2025" | 2025-07-20 | [[Lunnon]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 45 | [[John Home Robertson]] | | [[File:Johnhomerobertson.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1948" | 1948-12-05 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 46 | [[John Scott]] | | [[File:JohnScottMSP20110509.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1951" | 1951-06-07 | | [[Ayr]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 47 | [[Karen Gillon]] | | [[File:KarenGillon.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1967" | 1967-08-18 | | [[Jethart]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 48 | [[Kate Maclean]] | | | data-sort-value="1958" | 1958-02-16 | | [[Dundee]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 49 | [[Kay Ullrich]] | | [[File:Kay Ullrich.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1943" | 1943-05-05 | data-sort-value="2021" | 2021-01-04 | [[Preswick]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 50 | [[Keith Harding]] | | | data-sort-value="1938" | 1938-11-21 | data-sort-value="2021" | 2021-11-15 | [[Chipping Norton]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 51 | [[Keith Raffan]] | | | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949-06-21 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 52 | [[Lewis Macdonald]] | | [[File:LewisMacdonaldMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957-01-01 | | [[Stornowa]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 53 | [[Malcolm Chisholm]] | | [[File:Malcolm Chisholm.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949-03-07 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 54 | [[Margaret Jamieson]] | | | data-sort-value="1953" | 1953 | | [[Kilmaurnock]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 55 | [[Margaret Smith]] | | [[File:Margaret-SmithMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961-02-18 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 56 | [[Mary Scanlon]] | | [[File:MaryScanlonMSP20110509.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1947" | 1947-05-25 | | [[Dundee]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 57 | [[Michael Russell]] | | [[File:Mike Russell SNP Conference.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1953" | 1953-08-09 | | [[Bromley]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 58 | [[Mike Watson, Baron Watson of Invergowrie]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Lord Watson of Invergowrie crop 2, 2020.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949-05-01 | | [[Cammuslang]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 59 | [[Murdo Fraser]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Murdo Fraser MSP (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965-09-05 | | [[Innerness]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 60 | [[Murray Tosh]] | | | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950-09-01 | | [[Ayr]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 61 | [[Nick Johnston]] | | | data-sort-value="1948" | 1948-01-05 | | [[Filey]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 62 | [[Nora Radcliffe]] | | | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946-03-04 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 63 | [[Patricia Ferguson]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Patricia Ferguson MP crop 2.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1958" | 1958-09-24 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 64 | [[Trish Godman]] | | | data-sort-value="1939" | 1939-10-31 | data-sort-value="2019" | 2019-07-21 | [[Gouan]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 65 | [[Paul Martin]] | | [[File:PaulMartinMSP20110511.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1967" | 1967-03-17 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 66 | [[Pauline McNeill]] | | [[File:Pauline McNeill.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-09-12 | | [[Paisley]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 67 | [[Peter Peacock]] | | [[File:Peter Peacock.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-05-27 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 68 | [[Richard Simpson]] | | [[File:RichardSimpsonMSP20110511.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-10-22 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 69 | [[Robert Brown]] | | [[File:Robert Brown (Scottish Government).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1947" | 1947-12-25 | | [[Newcastle upon Tyne]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 70 | [[Ross Finnie]] | | [[File:Ross Finnie.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1947" | 1947-02-11 | | [[Greenock]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 71 | [[Sam Galbraith]] | | [[File:Sam Galbraith MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945-10-18 | data-sort-value="2014" | 2014-08-18 | [[Clitheroe]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 72 | [[Sylvia Jackson]] | | | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946-12-03 | data-sort-value="2022" | 2022-07-27 | [[Lincolnshire]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 73 | [[Michael McMahon]] | | [[File:MichaelMcMahon5715448629 0404153e04 o.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961-09-18 | | [[Bellshill]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 74 | [[Alex Johnstone]] | | [[File:AlexJohnstoneMSP20110509.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961-07-31 | data-sort-value="2016" | 2016-12-07 | [[Steenhive|Stanehyve]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 75 | [[Allan Wilson]] | | [[File:Allan Wilson.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-08-05 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 76 | [[Andrew Wilson]] | | | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970 | | [[Lanrik]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 77 | [[Alison Johnstone]] | | [[File:Alison Johnstone 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965-10-11 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 78 | [[Tom McCabe]] | | [[File:Tom McCabe.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-04-28 | data-sort-value="2015" | 2015-04-19 | [[Hamiltoun]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 79 | [[Cara Hilton]] | | [[File:Cara Hilton.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1975" | 1975 | | [[Grangemooth]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 80 | [[Cameron Buchanan]] | | [[File:CameronBuchananMSP20140129.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946-09 | data-sort-value="2023" | 2023-06-24 | [[Woking]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 81 | [[Alex Rowley]] | | [[File:AlexRowleyMSP.png|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963-11-30 | | [[Dunfaurlin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 82 | [[Lesley Brennan]] | | [[File:Lesley Brennan.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1972" | 1972 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 83 | [[Nigel Don]] | | [[File:NigelDonMSP20110507.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-04-16 | | [[London Borough of Sutton]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 84 | [[Ian McKee]] | | | data-sort-value="1940" | 1940-04-02 | | [[South Shields]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 85 | [[Wendy Alexander]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Baroness Alexander of Cleveden crop 2, 2025.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963-06-27 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 86 | [[Andy Kerr]] | | [[File:Andy Kerr.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-03-17 | | [[East Kilbride]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 87 | [[Rhona Brankin]] | | [[File:Rhona Brankin.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950-01-19 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 88 | [[Sarah Boyack]] | | [[File:Sarah Boyack MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961-05-16 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 89 | [[Johann Lamont]] | | [[File:Johann Lamont 2019.png|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957-07-11 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 90 | [[Cathie Craigie]] | | [[File:Cathy Craigie.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-04-14 | | [[Stirlin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 91 | [[Jackie Baillie]] | | [[File:Official Portrait of Jackie Baillie (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1964" | 1964-01-15 | | [[Hong Kong]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 92 | [[Annabel Goldie]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Baroness Goldie crop 2, 2024.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950-02-27 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 93 | [[Fergus Ewing]] | | [[File:Cabinet Secretary for the Rural Economy and Connectivity, Fergus Ewing.png|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957-09-23 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 94 | [[Alex Fergusson]] | | [[File:AlexFergussonMSP20110511.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949-04-08 | data-sort-value="2018" | 2018-07-31 | [[Leswalt]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 95 | [[Stewart Stevenson]] | | [[File:StewartStevensonMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946-10-15 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 96 | [[Rob Gibson]] | | [[File:RobGibsonMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945-10-10 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 97 | [[Liz Smith]] | | [[File:ElizabethSmithMSP20110508.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960-02-27 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 98 | [[Alasdair Morgan]] | | | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945-04-21 | | [[Aiberfeldy]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 99 | [[Cathy Jamieson]] | | [[File:Cathy Jamieson.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-11-03 | | [[Kilmaurnock]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 100 | [[Claire Baker]] | | [[File:ClaireBakerMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1971" | 1971-03-04 | | [[Dunfaurlin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 101 | [[Rhoda Grant]] | | [[File:RhodaGrantMSP20110511.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963-06-26 | | [[Stornowa]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 102 | [[Gavin Brown]] | | [[File:Gavin Brown.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1975" | 1975-06-04 | | [[Kirkcaldy|Kircaudy]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 103 | [[George Foulkes, Baron Foulkes of Cumnock]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Lord Foulkes of Cumnock crop 2, 2019.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-21 | | [[Oswestry]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 104 | [[James Kelly]] | | [[File:JamesKellyMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963-10-23 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 105 | [[Hugh O'Donnell]] | | | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-05-01 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 106 | [[Jeremy Purvis]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Lord Purvis of Tweed crop 2.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1974" | 1974-01-15 | | [[Berrick|Berik]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 107 | [[Jim Hume]] | | [[File:JimHumeMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-11-04 | | [[Peebles]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 108 | [[John Lamont]] | | [[File:Official portrait of John Lamont MP crop 2, 2024.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1976" | 1976-04-15 | | [[Kilwinnin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 109 | [[John Park]] | | [[File:John-Park-MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1973" | 1973-09-14 | | [[Dunfaurlin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 110 | [[John Wilson]] | | [[File:JohnWilsonMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-11-28 | | [[Fawkirk]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 111 | [[Margaret Mitchell]] | | [[File:MargaretMitchellMSP20120529.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-11-15 | | [[Coatbrig]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 112 | [[Mike Pringle]] | | | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945-12-25 | | [[Northern Rhodesia]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 113 | [[Richard Baker]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Richard Baker MP crop 2.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1974" | 1974-05-29 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 114 | [[Stefan Tymkewycz]] | | | data-sort-value="1959" | 1959-09-18 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 115 | [[Ted Brocklebank]] | | | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-09-24 | | [[St Aundraes]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 116 | [[Alison McInnes]] | | [[File:AlisonMcInnesMSP20110511.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957-07-17 | | [[Irvin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 117 | [[Hugh Henry]] | | [[File:HughHenryMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-02-12 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 118 | [[Nanette Milne]] | | [[File:NanetteMilneMSP20110509.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-27 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 119 | [[Bashir Ahmad]] | | | data-sort-value="1940" | 1940-02-12 | data-sort-value="2009" | 2009-02-06 | [[Amritsar]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 120 | [[Bill Aitken]] | | | data-sort-value="1947" | 1947-04-15 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 121 | [[Bill Butler]] | | [[File:Bb3-billbutler.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-03-30 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 122 | [[Bill Kidd]] | | [[File:BillKiddMSP20070509.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-07-24 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 123 | [[Bill Wilson]] | | | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963-12-11 | | [[Paisley]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 124 | [[Bob Doris]] | | [[File:BobDorisMSP20110507.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1973" | 1973-05-11 | | [[Vale of Leven]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 125 | [[Chic Brodie]] | | [[File:Chic Brodie.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1944" | 1944-05-08 | data-sort-value="2022" | 2022-09-24 | [[Dundee]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 126 | [[Claudia Beamish]] | | [[File:ClaudiaBeamishMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-08-09 | | [[Lunnon]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 127 | [[Colin Beattie]] | | [[File:Colin Beattie.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1951" | 1951-10-17 | | [[Farfar]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 128 | [[David Stewart]] | | [[File:DaveStewartMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-05-05 | | [[Innerness]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 129 | [[Dave Thompson]] | | [[File:DaveThompsonMSP20120629.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949-09-20 | | [[Lossiemooth]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 130 | [[Dennis Robertson]] | | [[File:DennisRobertson20120627.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-08-14 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 131 | [[Drew Smith]] | | [[File:DrewSmithMSP20110614.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1950" | 20th century | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 132 | [[Graeme Dey]] | | [[File:GraemeDeyMSP20110507.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-10-29 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 133 | [[Gordon MacDonald]] | | [[File:GordonMacDonaldMSP20120529.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960-01-02 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 134 | [[Graeme Pearson]] | | [[File:GraemePearsonMSP20110508.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950-04-01 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 135 | [[Neil Bibby]] | | [[File:Neil Bibby.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1983" | 1983-09-06 | | [[Paisley]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 136 | [[Hanzala Malik]] | | [[File:HanzalaMalikMSP20110601.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-11-26 | data-sort-value="2023" | 2023-12-14 | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 137 | [[Margaret McCulloch]] | | [[File:Margaret McCulloch.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-05-09 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 138 | [[Jean Urquhart]] | | [[File:JeanUrquhartMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949-05-17 | | [[Wast Lowden]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 139 | [[Jenny Marra]] | | [[File:Jenny Marra MSP.png|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1977" | 1977-11-06 | | [[Dundee]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 140 | [[Jim Eadie]] | | [[File:JimEadieMSP20110509.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1968" | 1968-02-10 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 141 | [[John Pentland]] | | [[File:JohnPentlandMSP20110508.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946-12-24 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 142 | [[Siobhan McMahon]] | | [[File:SiobhanMcMahonMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1984" | 1984-07-04 | | [[Bellshill]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 143 | [[Marco Biagi]] | | [[File:Marco Biagi.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1982" | 1982-07-31 | | [[The Vale]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 144 | [[Margaret McDougall]] | | [[File:MargaretMcDougallMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949-01-23 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 145 | [[Mark Griffin]] | | [[File:Mark-Griffin-MSP-closeup.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1985" | 1985-10-19 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 146 | [[Mary Fee]] | | [[File:MaryFeeMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-03-23 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 147 | [[Mike MacKenzie]] | | [[File:MikeMacKenzieMSP20110509.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1958" | 1958-11-18 | | [[Oban]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 148 | [[Paul Wheelhouse]] | | [[File:PaulWheelhouseMSP20110507.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970-06-22 | | [[Bilfawst|Belfast]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 149 | [[Andrew Arbuckle]] | | | data-sort-value="1944" | 1944-04-12 | data-sort-value="2025" | 2025-12-25 | [[Fife]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 150 | [[Tommy Sheridan]] | | [[File:TommySheridan2007.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1964" | 1964-03-07 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 151 | [[Eleanor Scott]] | | [[File:Eleanor scott (13338173734).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1951" | 1951-07-23 | | [[Innerness]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 152 | [[Susan Deacon]] | | [[File:Susan Deacon.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1964" | 1964-02-02 | | [[Musselburrae]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 153 | [[John Swinburne]] | | | data-sort-value="1930" | 1930-07-04 | data-sort-value="2017" | 2017-10-01 | [[Pennsylvanie|Pennsylvania]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 154 | [[Janis Hughes]] | | | data-sort-value="1958" | 1958-05-01 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 155 | [[Scott Barrie]] | | | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-03-10 | | [[St Aundraes]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 156 | [[Brian Monteith]] | | [[File:Brian Monteith MEP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1958" | 1958-01-08 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 157 | [[Bristow Muldoon]] | | [[File:Bristow Muldoon - 2014-10-30 - Andy Mabbett.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1964" | 1964-03-19 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 158 | [[George Lyon]] | | [[File:George Lyon MEP at Bournemouth 2009.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-07-16 | | [[Rossay]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 159 | [[Bruce McFee]] | | | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961-05-18 | data-sort-value="2021" | 2021-09-09 | [[Johnstoun]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 160 | [[Charlie Gordon]] | | | data-sort-value="1951" | 1951-10-28 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 161 | [[Christopher Harvie]] | | | data-sort-value="1944" | 1944-09-21 | | [[Motherwal]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 162 | [[David Whitton]] | | | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-04-22 | | [[Farfar]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 163 | [[Derek Brownlee]] | | | data-sort-value="1974" | 1974-08-10 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 164 | [[Jim Tolson]] | | [[File:Jim Tolson.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965-05-26 | | [[Kirkcaldy|Kircaudy]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 165 | [[Marlyn Glen]] | | [[File:Marlyn-Glen.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1951" | 1951-09-30 | | [[Dundee]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 166 | [[Angus MacKay]] | | [[File:Angus MacKay.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1964" | 1964-01 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 167 | [[Ian Jenkins]] | | | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-03-18 | data-sort-value="2025" | 2025-07-29 | [[Rossay]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 168 | [[Brian Fitzpatrick]] | | | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 169 | [[John Young]] | | | data-sort-value="1930" | 1930-12-21 | data-sort-value="2011" | 2011-11-03 | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 170 | [[Campbell Martin]] | | | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960-03-10 | | [[Irvin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 171 | [[Chris Ballance]] | | [[File:Chris Ballance (13338189044).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-07-07 | | [[Worcester]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 172 | [[Christine May]] | | | data-sort-value="1948" | 1948-03-23 | | [[Dublin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 173 | [[Shiona Baird]] | | | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946-09-14 | | [[Hereford]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 174 | [[Dave Petrie]] | | | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946-12-10 | data-sort-value="2011" | 2011-08-31 | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 175 | [[Rosemary Byrne]] | | | data-sort-value="1948" | 1948-03-03 | | [[Irvin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 176 | [[Mark Ballard]] | | [[File:Mark B smart smile.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1971" | 1971-06-27 | | [[Leeds]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 177 | [[Jean Turner]] | | | data-sort-value="1939" | 1939-12-23 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 178 | [[Mark Ruskell]] | | [[File:MarkRuskellMSP-May2016.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1972" | 1972-05-14 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 179 | [[Margaret Burgess]] | | [[File:Margaret Burgess.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949-12-07 | | [[Ayrshire]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 180 | [[James Dornan]] | | [[File:JamesDornanMSP20110507.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1953" | 1953-03-17 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 181 | [[Joan McAlpine]] | | [[File:JoanMcAlpineMSP20120529.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-01-28 | | [[Gourock]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 182 | [[Angus MacDonald]] | | [[File:AngusMacDonaldMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963-10-11 | | [[Stornowa]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 183 | [[Anne McTaggart]] | | [[File:AnneMcTaggartMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970-01-30 | | [[Coatbrig]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 184 | [[Bill Walker]] | | [[File:BillWalkerMSP20110720.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-03-31 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 185 | [[Neil Findlay]] | | [[File:NeilFindlayMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1969" | 1969-03-06 | | [[Brocksburn]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 186 | [[Roderick Campbell]] | | [[File:RoderickCampbellMSP20110511.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1953" | 1953-06-15 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 187 | [[Colin Keir]] | | [[File:ColinKeirMSP20110507.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1959" | 1959-12-09 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 188 | [[Jayne Baxter]] | | [[File:JayneBaxterMSP20121211.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1955" | 1955-11-05 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 189 | [[Brian Whittle]] | | [[File:BrianWhittleMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1964" | 1964-04-26 | | [[Ayr]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 190 | [[Rachael Hamilton]] | | [[File:Rachel Hamilton MSP.png|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970-09 | | [[Herefordshire]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 191 | [[Oliver Mundell]] | | [[File:Oliver Mundell 2016.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1989" | 1989-12-01 | | [[Irvin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 192 | [[Finlay Carson]] | | [[File:FinlayCarsonMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1967" | 1967-10-18 | | [[Twynham, Dumfries an Gallowa|Twynham]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 193 | [[Gordon Lindhurst]] | | [[File:Gordon Lindhurst MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1967" | 1967-07-02 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 194 | [[Ross Greer]] | | [[File:Ross Greer, October 2022.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1994" | 1994-06-01 | | [[Easter Kirkpatrick|Bearsden]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 195 | [[Alexander Burnett]] | | [[File:Alexander Burnett.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1973" | 1973-07-30 | | [[Banchry]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 196 | [[Ross Thomson]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Ross Thomson crop 2.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1987" | 1987-09-21 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 197 | [[Colin Smyth]] | | [[File:Colin Smyth MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1972" | 1972 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 198 | [[Kate Forbes]] | | [[File:Deputy First Minister - designate and Cabinet Secretary for Economy and Gaelic - designate, Kate Forbes (53707856301) (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1990" | 1990-04-06 | | [[Dingwal]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 199 | [[Edward Mountain]] | | [[File:Official Portrait of Edward Mountain MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961-03-19 | | [[Moray]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 200 | [[Jamie Greene]] | | [[File:JamieGreeneMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1980" | 1980-03-19 | | [[Greenock]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 201 | [[Maurice Golden]] | | [[File:MauriceGoldenMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1980" | 1980-01-12 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 202 | [[Maurice Corry]] | | [[File:MauriceCorryMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950-06 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 203 | [[Monica Lennon]] | | [[File:MonicaLennonMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1981" | 1981-01 | | [[Bellshill]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 204 | [[Alison Harris]] | | [[File:AlisonHarrisMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965-07-23 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 205 | [[Graham Simpson]] | | [[File:Harry Cavanagh meeting Graham Simpson MSP, 2025 (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1972" | 1972-05 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 206 | [[Alex Cole-Hamilton]] | | [[File:AlexCole-HamiltonMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1977" | 1977-07-22 | | [[Hertfordshire]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 207 | [[Ash Regan]] | | [[File:Ash Denham MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1974" | 1974-03-08 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 208 | [[Ben Macpherson]] | | [[File:BenMacphersonMSP-May2016.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1985" | 1980s | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 209 | [[Ivan McKee]] | | [[File:Ivan McKee MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963-09 | | [[Milligs Mill]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 210 | [[Annie Wells]] | | [[File:AnnieWellsMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1972" | 1972-02-24 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 211 | [[Daniel Johnson]] | | [[File:David Johnson MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1977" | 1977-09-03 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 212 | [[Peter Chapman]] | | [[File:Peter Chapman.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950-05-13 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 213 | [[Miles Briggs]] | | [[File:Miles Briggs.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1983" | 1983-03-30 | | [[Preston]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 214 | [[Donald Cameron]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Lord Cameron of Lochiel crop 2, 2024.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1976" | 1976-11-26 | | [[St Mary's Hospital]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 215 | [[Liam Kerr]] | | [[File:Liam Kerr MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1975" | 1975-01-23 | | [[Chester]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 216 | [[Jeremy Balfour]] | | [[File:Jeremy Balfour MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1967" | 1967-03-11 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 217 | [[Bill Bowman]] | | | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950-05-30 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 218 | [[Michelle Ballantyne]] | | [[File:MichelleBallantyneMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-11-28 | | [[Ashton-under-Lyne]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 219 | [[Jamie Halcro Johnston]] | | [[File:JamieHalcroJohnstonMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1975" | 1975-10-08 | | [[Oxford]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 220 | [[Tom Mason]] | | [[File:Tom Mason MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-12-31 | | [[Bishop's Stortford]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 221 | [[Beatrice Wishart]] | | [[File:Beatrice Wishart MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1955" | 1955 | | [[Lerook]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 222 | [[Jackie Dunbar]] | | [[File:Jackie Dunbar MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | | | [[Peterheid]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 223 | [[Marie McNair]] | | [[File:Marie McNair 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1975" | 1975<br/>1976 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 224 | [[Paul McLennan]] | | [[File:Minister for Housing Paul McLennan (52781732883) (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1966" | 1966 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 225 | [[Collette Stevenson]] | | [[File:Collette Stevenson 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1969" | 1969-03-15 | | [[East Kilbride]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 226 | [[Evelyn Tweed]] | | [[File:Official Portrait of Evelyn Tweed MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1967" | 1967 | | [[Ayr]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 227 | [[Natalie Don]] | | [[File:Natalie Don MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1989" | 1989-02-12 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 228 | [[Katy Clark]] | | [[File:Katy Clark MP.jpeg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1967" | 1967-07-03 | | [[Kilwinnin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 229 | [[Foysol Choudhury]] | | [[File:Foysol Choudhury MBE.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1969" | 1969-01-05 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 230 | [[Michelle Thomson]] | | [[File:Michelle Thomson 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965-03-11 | | [[Easter Kirkpatrick|Bearsden]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 231 | [[Martin Whitfield]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Martin Whitfield crop 2.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965 | | [[Newcastle upon Tyne]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 232 | [[Jenni Minto]] | | [[File:Jenni Minto 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1968" | 1968-11 | | [[Elgin, Moray|Elgin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 233 | [[Audrey Nicoll]] | | [[File:Audrey Nicoll MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 234 | [[Jim Fairlie]] | | [[File:Minister for Agriculture and Connectivity - Jim Fairlie.jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 235 | [[Stephanie Callaghan]] | | [[File:Stephanie Callaghan MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1971" | 1971 | | [[Hamiltoun]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 236 | [[Elena Whitham]] | | [[File:Official 2023 government portrait of Elena Whitham.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1974" | 1974 | | [[Kilmaurnock]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 237 | [[Kaukab Stewart]] | | [[File:Kaukab Stewart 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1967" | 1967<br/>1968 | | [[Pakistan]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 238 | [[Emma Roddick]] | | [[File:Emma Roddick 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1997" | 1997-07-30 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 239 | [[Sandesh Gulhane]] | | | data-sort-value="1982" | 1982-01-22 | | [[Lunnon]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 240 | [[Mercedes Villalba]] | | [[File:Mercedes Villalba 2026 (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1989" | 1989 | | [[Bristol]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 241 | [[Sue Webber]] | | [[File:Sue Webber 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 242 | [[Michael Marra]] | | [[File:Michael Marra 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-02-17 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 243 | [[Paul O'Kane]] | | [[File:Paul O'Kane 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1988" | 1988-03-21 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 244 | [[Karen Adam]] | | [[File:Karen Adam MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1975" | 1975-06-07 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 245 | [[Sharon Dowey]] | | [[File:Sharon Dowey MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1969" | 1969<br/>1970 | | [[Girvan]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 246 | [[Davy Russell]] | | [[File:Davy Russell at the Scottish Parliament (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960s<br/>1962 | | [[Quarter]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 247 | [[Calum Kerr]] | | | data-sort-value="1972" | 1972-04-05 | | [[Gallae]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 248 | [[Heather Anderson]] | | [[File:Heather Anderson official portrait as an MEP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1959" | 1959-01-31 | | [[Dundee]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 249 | [[Gillian Mackay]] | | [[File:Gillian Mackay 2026 (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1991" | 1991 | | [[Fawkirk]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 250 | [[Ariane Burgess]] | | [[File:Ariane Burgess MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965-11-20 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 251 | [[Meghan Gallacher]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Meghan Gallacher MSP (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1992" | 1992-01-17 | | [[Bellshill]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 252 | [[Craig Hoy]] | | [[File:Craig Hoy 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1975" | 1975 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 253 | [[Douglas Lumsden]] | | [[File:Douglas Lumsden 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1971" | 1971-08 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 254 | [[Carol Mochan]] | | [[File:Carol Mochan MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 255 | [[Màiri McAllan]] | | [[File:Official portrait of net zero secretary Màiri McAllan (cropped 1).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1993" | 1993-02-14 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 256 | [[Malcolm Offord]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Lord Offord of Garvel crop 2, 2025.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1964" | 1964-09-05 | | [[Greenock]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 257 | [[Alex Kerr]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 258 | [[Laura Mitchell]] | | | data-sort-value="1982" | 1982-05 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 259 | [[Kate Nevens]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Kate Nevens MSP (cropped).png|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1982" | 1982 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 260 | [[Roz McCall]] | | [[File:Roz Mccall In Dunfermline.jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 261 | [[Pam Duncan-Glancy]] | | [[File:Pam Duncan-Glancy MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1981" | 1981-11-02 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 262 | [[Pam Gosal]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Pam Gosal MSP (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1972" | 1972 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 263 | [[Tess White]] | | [[File:Tess White 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965-02-18 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 264 | [[Thomas Kerr]] | | [[File:Thomas Kerr Official MSP portrait 2026 (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 265 | [[Mark Simpson]] | | | data-sort-value="1988" | 1988-11-30 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 266 | [[Laura Moodie]] | | | data-sort-value="1978" | 1978 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 267 | [[Colm Merrick]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 268 | [[Julie MacDougall]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 269 | [[Katherine Sangster]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 270 | [[Tim Eagle]] | | [[File:Tim eagle 24.jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 271 | [[David Kirkwood]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 272 | [[Holly Bruce]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 273 | [[Irshad Ahmed]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Irshad Ahmed MSP (cropped).png|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 274 | [[Michelle Campbell]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Michelle Campbell (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 275 | [[Adam Harley]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 276 | [[Simita Kumar]] | | | data-sort-value="1987" | 1987 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 277 | [[Iris Duane]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Iris Duane MSP (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 278 | [[Duncan Dunlop]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 279 | [[Cara McKee]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 280 | [[Helen McDade]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 281 | [[David Smith]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 282 | [[Q Manivannan]] | | [[File:Q Manivannan (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996<br/>1997 | | [[Tamil Nadu]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 283 | [[Katie Hagmann]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 284 | [[Jack Middleton]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 285 | [[Zen Ghani]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 286 | [[Sanne Dijkstra-Downie]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Sanne Dijkstra-Downie (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 287 | [[Duncan Massey]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 288 | [[Yi-pei Chou Turvey]] | | | data-sort-value="1981" | 1981 | | [[Taiwan (kintra)|Taiwan]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 289 | [[Kayleigh Kinross-O'Neill]] | | [[File:Kayleigh Kinross-O'Neill, Official MSP Portrait.png|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 290 | [[Angela Ross]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Angela Ross MSP (cropped).png|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 291 | [[Amanda Bland]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Amanda Bland (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 292 | [[Hannah Mary Goodlad]] | | [[File:Hannah Mary Goodlad Scottish Parliament Portrait 2026.jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 293 | [[Jamie Langan]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 294 | [[Kim Schmulian]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 295 | [[Lloyd Melville]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 296 | [[Senga Beresford]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Senga Beresford (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 297 | [[Mandy Lindsay]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 298 | [[Max Bannerman]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Max Bannerman MSP (cropped).png|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 299 | [[Kristopher Leask]] | | [[File:Kristopher Leask, Official MSP Portrait.png|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 300 | [[Vic Currie]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 301 | [[Morven-May MacCallum]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 302 | [[Dawn Black]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 303 | [[Kate Campbell]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 304 | [[David Barratt]] | | [[File:Official portrait of David Barratt MSP 2026 (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 305 | [[Gary Bouse]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 306 | [[Andrew Baxter]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 307 | [[Donald MacKinnon]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 308 | [[Joe Fagan]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 309 | [[David Green]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 310 | [[Joe Long]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 311 | [[Pauline Stafford]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 312 | [[Jenny Young]] | | | | | |} {{Wikidata list end}} 3ke9d2v77phltcg9b79pmmcksosqi4r 0 229257 917284 911773 2026-05-26T19:33:11Z Findinscots 131877 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|1|0 */ 917284 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Roushian-Ukrainian War'''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l9KMDwAAQBAJ&q=timothy+snyder+road+to+unfreedom|title=The Road to Unfreedom: Russia, Europe, America|last=Snyder|first=Timothy|publisher=Tim Duggan Books|year=2018|isbn=9780525574477|location=New York|page=197|quote=Almost everyone lost the Russo-Ukrainian war: Russia, Ukraine, the EU, the United States. The only winner was China.}}; {{Cite journal|last=Mulford|first=Joshua P.|date=2016|title=Non-State Actors in the Russo-Ukrainian War|journal=Connections|volume=15|issue=2|pages=89–107|issn=1812-1098|jstor=26326442|doi=10.11610/Connections.15.2.07|doi-access=free}}; {{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MhspDwAAQBAJ&q=%22Russo-Ukrainian+war%22&pg=PA134|title=Multicultural Societies and their Threats: Real, Hybrid and Media Wars in Eastern and South-Eastern Europe|last1=Shevko|first1=Demian|last2=Khrul|first2=Kristina|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|year=2017|isbn=9783643908254|editor-last=Gutsul|editor-first=Nazarii|location=Zürich|page=100|chapter=Why the Conflict Between Russia and Ukraine Is a Hybrid Aggression Against the West and Nothing Else|editor-last2=Khrul|editor-first2=Kristina}}</ref> ({{lang-uk|російсько-українська війна|rosiisko-ukrainska viina}}) is an ongangin an protractit war that stertit i Februar 2014, primarily involvin [[Roushie]] an pro-[[Roushie|Roushia]]n forces on the ane hand, an [[Ukraine]] on the tither. The war haes centert on the status o the [[Crimea]] an pairts o the [[Donbas]], whilk is lairgely internationally recognised as pairt o Ukraine. Follaein the [[Euromaidan]] protests an the subsequent oottakkin o the Ukrainian preses Viktor Yanukovych on Februar 22t, an amang pro-Roushian wanpeace i Ukraine, Roushian sodgers wioot insignias taen control o strategic poseitions an infrastructure athin the Ukrainian territory o Crimea. On Mairch 1t, 2014, the federation cooncil o the Roushian Federation unanimously adoptit a resolution tae peteition Roushian heid ane [[Vladimir Putin]] tae uise militar force i Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Совет Федерации дал согласие на использование Вооруженных Сил России на территории Украины|url=http://council.gov.ru/events/news/39851/|access-date=3 February 2022|website=Совет Федерации Федерального Собрания Российской Федерации|language=ru}}</ref> The resolution wis adoptit several days efter, efter the stert o the Roushian militar operation on the "returnin o the Crimea". Russia then annexit the Crimea efter a widely criticised local referendum whilk wis organised bi Roushie efter the capturrin o the Crimean pairliament whase eftercome wis fur the Autonomous Republic o Crimea tae jyne the Roushian Federation.<ref name="uk.reuters.com">{{Citation|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/russia-putin-crimea-idUKL6N0N921H20140417|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419015007/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/04/17/russia-putin-crimea-idUKL6N0N921H20140417|url-status=live|archive-date=19 April 2014|title=Putin admits Russian forces were deployed to Crimea|newspaper=[[Reuters]]|date=17 April 2014|quote='We had to take unavoidable steps so that events did not develop as they are currently developing in southeast Ukraine. ... Of course our troops stood behind Crimea's self-defence forces.'}}</ref><ref name="Wpostx01">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2014/03/16/ccec2132-acd4-11e3-a06a-e3230a43d6cb_story.html |title=Crimeans vote in referendum on whether to break away from Ukraine, join Russia |first1=Carol |last1=Morello |first2=Pamela |last2=Constable |first3=Anthony |last3=Faiola |date=17 March 2014 |access-date=17 March 2014 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref><ref name="Maskarovka">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b050674y|title=BBC Radio 4 – Analysis, Maskirovka: Deception Russian-Style|work=BBC|access-date= 11 April 2015}}</ref><ref name="washingtonpost">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/putin-changes-course-admits-russian-troops-were-in-crimea-before-vote/2014/04/17/b3300a54-c617-11e3-bf7a-be01a9b69cf1_story.html|title=Putin's remarks raise fears of future moves against Ukraine&nbsp;— The Washington Post|work=washingtonpost.com|access-date=14 September 2014|first=Kathy|last=Lally|date=17 April 2014}}</ref> I April, demonstrations bi pro-Roushian groups i the Donbas area o Ukraine escalatit intae a war atween the Ukrainian government an the Roushian-backit separatist forces o the sel-declaret Donetsk an Luhansk Fowk's Republics. I August, Roushian militar vehicles crosst the mairch i several locations o the [[Donetsk Oblast]].<ref name="tg01xaa">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/03/ukraine-soldier-youre-better-clueless-because-truth-horrible-moscow-ilovaysk|title=Russian soldier: 'You're better clueless because the truth is horrible'|author=Shaun Walker|author2=Oksana Grytsenko|author3=Leonid Ragozin|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=4 September 2014|access-date=21 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="Time0x01">{{cite magazine|url=http://time.com/3142580/ukrain-russia-luhansk-donetsk-rebels-reinforcements/|agency=TIME|author=Per Liljas|title=Rebels in Besieged Ukrainian City Reportedly Being Reinforced|date=19 August 2014|access-date=28 August 2014|magazine=Time}}</ref><ref name="how the war transformed">{{cite web|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/how-the-war-zone-transformed-between-june-16-and-sept-19-infographic-365795.html|title=How the war zone transformed between June 16 and Sept. 19|work=KyivPost|date=25 September 2014|access-date=21 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="tanks white circles">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-crisis-tanks-exclusive-idUSKCN0IC1GE20141023|title=Exclusive: Charred tanks in Ukraine point to Russian involvement|work=Reuters | date=23 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Debaltseve pocket in Donbas was created mainly by Russian troops – Yashin|url=https://www.unian.info/war/1065276-debaltseve-pocket-in-donbas-was-created-by-russian-troops-yashin.html|access-date=3 February 2022|website=www.unian.info|language=en}}</ref> the incursion bi the Roushian military wis seen as responsible fur the defeat o Ukrainian forces i early September.<ref name="ch40x02">{{Cite web|date=2 September 2014|title=Evidence of Russian presence in Ukraine|url=https://www.channel4.com/news/tensions-still-high-in-ukraine-video|access-date=3 February 2022|website=Channel 4 News|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/dec/17/ukraine-ceasefire-frontline-counting-cost-war-uneasy-calm|title=Ukraine ceasefire leaves frontline counting cost of war in uneasy calm|author=Luke Harding|work=The Guardian|date=17 December 2014|access-date=29 December 2014}}</ref> I November 2014, the Ukrainian militar reportit intensive troop an equipment muivement frae Roushie intae the separatist-controlt pairts o the eastern Ukraine.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en-maktoob.news.yahoo.com/kiev-claims-intensive-movements-troops-crossing-russia-123248755.html|title=Kiev claims 'intensive' movements of troops crossing from Russia|date=2 November 2014|work=AFP|access-date=13 November 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141114002830/https://en-maktoob.news.yahoo.com/kiev-claims-intensive-movements-troops-crossing-russia-123248755.html|archive-date=14 November 2014}}</ref> The Associated Press reportit 40 wanmerkit military vehicles on the move i rebel-controlt areas.<ref name="various reuters">{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-crisis-idUSKBN0IT0AF20141109| title=worst east Ukraine shelling for month | date=9 November 2014 | work=Reuters | access-date=10 November 2014 | author=various reuters}}</ref> The Organisation fur Security an Comploutherin i Europe (OSCE) special monitorin mission observit convoys o heivy wappens an tanks i dpr-controllit territory without insignia.<ref name="osce.org">{{cite web | url=http://www.osce.org/ukraine-smm/126483 | title=Spot report by the OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine (SMM), 8 November 2014 | publisher=osce.org | date=8 November 2014 | access-date=9 November 2014}}</ref> OSCE monitors furer statit they observit vehicles transportin ammuneition an sodgers' deid bodies crossin the Roushian-Ukrainian mairch unner the guise o humanitarian aid convoys.<ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-30039004|title= Ukraine crisis: Russian 'Cargo 200' crossed border&nbsp;— OSCE | publisher = BBC | date=13 November 2014 | access-date = 13 November 2014}}</ref> As o early August 2015, the OSCE observit ower 21 siclike vehicles merkit wi the Roushian militar code fur sodgers killt i action.<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 August 2015|title=OSCE monitors saw 21 coffins with dead soldiers cross Russian-Ukrainian border since August 2014 – Aug. 06, 2015|url=https://www.kyivpost.com/article/content/ukraine-politics/osce-monitors-saw-21-coffins-with-dead-soldiers-cross-russian-ukrainian-border-since-august-2014-395206.html|access-date=17 November 2020|website=[[KyivPost]]}}</ref> By the wey o the Moscow Times, Roushie haes tried tae counger an wheesht human richts wirkers communin Roushian sodgers' daiths i the conflict.<ref name="Moscow Times">{{cite news|date=12 September 2014|title=Moscow Stifles Dissent as Soldiers Return From Ukraine in Coffins|work=[[The Moscow Times]]|agency=Reuters|url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2014/09/12/moscow-stifles-dissent-as-soldiers-return-from-ukraine-in-coffins-a39354|access-date=9 November 2014}}</ref> OSCE haes time an again reportit that its observers wis na-said ingate tae the auries controlt bi "combined Roushian-separatist forces".<ref>{{cite web|title=Response to Special Representative in Ukraine Ambassador Martin Sajdik and OSCE Special Monitoring Mission Chief Monitor Ertugrul Apakan|url=http://osce.usmission.gov/nov_4_15_ukraine_sajdik_apakan.html|website=U.S. Mission to the OSCE|date=4 November 2015|access-date=6 November 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222145845/http://osce.usmission.gov/nov_4_15_ukraine_sajdik_apakan.html|archive-date=22 December 2015}}</ref> The feck o the memmers o the internaitional commonty<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/infographics/countries-react-to-russian-intervention-in-crimea.html|title=The world reacts to Russia's military intervention in Crimea|work=Bloomberg.com|access-date=9 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2016/11/15/un-committee-passes-resolution-on-crimea-condemning-russian-occupation.html|title=UN committee passes resolution on Crimea, condemning Russian occupation {{!}} Toronto Star|website=thestar.com|date=15 November 2016|access-date=9 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oscepa.org/news-a-media/press-releases/2273-osce-parliamentary-assembly-adopts-resolution-condemning-russia-s-actions-in-ukraine|title=OSCE Parliamentary Assembly adopts resolution condemning Russia's continuing actions in Ukraine|website=www.oscepa.org|access-date=9 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313194936/http://www.oscepa.org/news-a-media/press-releases/2273-osce-parliamentary-assembly-adopts-resolution-condemning-russia-s-actions-in-ukraine|archive-date=13 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> and organisations like [[Amnesty International]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2014/09/ukraine-mounting-evidence-war-crimes-and-russian-involvement/|title=Ukraine: Mounting evidence of war crimes and Russian involvement|website=www.amnesty.org|date=7 September 2014|access-date=9 April 2017}}</ref> haes condamnt Roushie fur its actions i post-revolutionar Ukraine, accuisin it o breakin internaitional law an deforcin Ukrainian soveranety. Mony kintras implementit economic sanctions agin Roushie, Roushian individuals or companies.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Overland|first1=Indra|last2=Fjaertoft|first2=Daniel|date=2015|title= Financial Sanctions Impact Russian Oil, Equipment Export Ban's Effects Limited|url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281776234|journal=Oil and Gas Journal|volume=113|issue=8|pages=66–72}}</ref> I October 2015, the Washington Post reportit that Roushie haes redeployed some o its elite units frae Ukraine tae Syria fur tae uphaud Syrian heid ane Bashar Al-assad.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2015/10/24/russia-said-to-redeploy-special-ops-forces-from-ukraine-to-syria/ |title=Russia said to redeploy special-ops forces from Ukraine to Syria |publisher=[[Fox News Channel]] |date=24 October 2015 |access-date=24 October 2015 |quote="The special forces were pulled out of Ukraine and sent to Syria," a Russian Ministry of Defense official said, adding that they had been serving in territories in eastern Ukraine held by pro-Russia rebels. The official described them as "akin to a Delta Force," the U.S. Army's elite counterterrorism unit. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151024085128/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2015/10/24/russia-said-to-redeploy-special-ops-forces-from-ukraine-to-syria/ |archive-date=24 October 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> I Desember 2015, Roushian Federation heid ane Vladimir Putin admittit that russian military intelligence officers wis operatin i ukraine, insistin thouch thon they wernae the same as regular troops.<ref name="GN151217">{{cite news|last=Walker|first=Shaun|date=17 December 2015|title=Putin admits Russian military presence in Ukraine for first time|work=[[The Guardian]]|location=Moscow|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/17/vladimir-putin-admits-russian-military-presence-ukraine}}</ref> As o february 2019, 7% o Ukraine's territory is classified bi the Ukrainian government as temporarily occupied territories.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2019/ga12122.doc.htm| title=Speakers Urge Peaceful Settlement to Conflict in Ukraine, Underline Support for Sovereignty, Territorial Integrity of Crimea, Donbas Region |date=20 February 2019| access-date= 16 May 2019 | publisher=United Nations}}</ref> In Mairch and April 2021, Russia sterted tae mass thoosans o military gads an graith naur its mairch wi Ukraine, shawen the heichest micht mobilisation syne the kintra's owertakkin o Crimea in 2014. <ref>{{Cite news|last1=Holland|first1=Steve|last2=Shalal|first2=Andrea|last3=Landay|first3=Jonathan|others=File photo by Kevin Lamarque|date=8 April 2021|title=Russian force on Ukraine border larger than any time since 2014, U.S. says|language=en|work=[[Reuters]]|publisher=[[Thomson Corporation]]|location=[[Washington D.C.]]|editor-last=Paul|editor-first=Franklin; Dunham, Will|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-crisis-usa-idUSKBN2BV2Z3|access-date=8 February 2022|quote=Russia has more troops on Ukraine’s eastern border than at any time since 2014, when it annexed Crimea and backed separatist territory seizures, and the United States is concerned by growing “Russian aggressions,” the White House said on Thursday.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Kramer|first=Andrew E.|others=Article updated 30 April 2021|date=9 April 2021|title=Russian Troop Movements and Talk of Intervention Cause Jitters in Ukraine|language=en-US|work=[[The New York Times]]|publisher=[[The New York Times Company]]|location=[[Moscow]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/09/world/europe/russia-ukraine-war-troops-intervention.html|access-date=8 February 2022|issn=0362-4331|quote=Russia has amassed more troops on the Ukrainian border than at any time since 2014.}}</ref> On the 24t o Febiveer, Putin began the [[2022 Roushian invasion o Ukraine]]. == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Roushian-Ukrainian War]] [[Category:Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|+]] [[Category:2010s conflicts]] [[Category:2010s in Russia]] [[Category:2010s in Ukraine]] [[Category:2020s conflicts]] [[Category:2020s in Russia]] [[Category:2020s in Ukraine]] [[Category:Conflicts in Ukraine]] [[Category:Invasions by Russia]] [[Category:Invasions of Ukraine]] [[Category:Wars involving Russia]] [[Category:Wars involving Ukraine]] [[Category:Post-Soviet conflicts]] [[Category:Russia–Ukraine military relations]] [[Category:Russian–Ukrainian wars]] [[Category:War in Donbas|+]] [[Category:21st-century military history of Russia]] [[Category:Russian irredentism]] [[Category:Ongoing conflicts]] [[Category:Conflicts in 2022]] e8q2dl0zqpudxj0lrtl074gzhh1if8p 0 233499 917311 917186 2026-05-27T10:42:55Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 917311 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox sang | name = Wish You the Best | type = single | cover = | artist = [[Lewis Capaldi]] | album = [[Broken by Desire to Be Heavenly Sent]] | released = {{start date|2023|04|13|df=y}} | genre = [[Pop muisic|Pop]] | length = 3:30 | label = * [[Vertigo Records|Vertigo]] * [[Universal Music Group|Universal]] | writer = * [[Lewis Capaldi]] * [[JP Saxe]] * [[Malay (record producer)|Malay]] | producer = * [[TMS (production team)|TMS]] * Lewis Capaldi | prev_title = [[How I'm Feeling Now (sang)|How I'm Feeling Now]] | prev_year = 2023 | next_title = [[Strangers (Lewis Capaldi sang)|Strangers]] | next_year = 2024 | misc = {{Freemit muisic video|{{YouTube|QZLxVvLyKTo|"Wish You the Best"}}}} }} "'''Wish You the Best'''" ([[Scots leid|Scots]]: ''Wish Ye the Best'') is a sang bi Scots sangster-sangwriter [[Lewis Capaldi]], lowsed on 13 Aprile 2023 as the thrid<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Peacock|first=Tim|date=2023-04-14|title=Lewis Capaldi Shares New Anthem-In-Waiting ‘Wish You The Best’|url=https://www.udiscovermusic.com/news/lewis-capaldi-wish-you-the-best/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-25|website=[[Universal Music Group|UDiscoverMusic]]|language=en-US}}</ref> single frae his seicont studio album ''[[Broken by Desire to Be Heavenly Sent]]''.<ref name=":0" /> It debuted atap the [[UK singles chairt|UK Singles Chairt]], becomin the thrid single frae the album tae reach the tap an Capaldi's fift nummer ane oweraw. == Commercial performance == The sang debuted at nummer ane on the [[UK singles chairt|UK Singles Chairt]] dated 21 Aprile 2023, makin it Capaldi's fift oweraw nummer-ane sang on the chairt. It wis helped tae nummer ane bi sales o a [[CD single]], wi 16,800 sale comin frae the format.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Griffiths|first=George|date=2023-04-21|title=Champion! Lewis Capaldi a knockout with fifth Number 1 single with Wish You The Best|language=en|work=[[Official Charts]]|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/champion-lewis-capaldi-a-knockout-with-fifth-number-1-single-with-wish-you-the-best-__39091/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> == Muisic video == The muisic video wis lowsed on 14 Aprile 2023. Its storyline is based on [[Greyfriars Bobby]], a tarrie dug in 19t-century Scotland that veesitit the graff o his awner fur 14 year efter the awner's daith. The dug wis pleyed bi Winnie, a [[Cairn Tarrie]], an the awners are pleyed bi veteran actor [[David Bradley (Inglis actor)|David Bradley]] an [[Tom Lewis (actor)|Tom Lewis]]. A scene involvin Winnie carryin an envelope in her mooth teuk 10 day o trainin tae get richt.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Cook|first=Allen|last2=McDonald|first2=Toni|date=2023-04-18|title=Lewis Capaldi music video stars terrier from Worcester|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cjqdq8jj25qo|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-25|website=[[BBC]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> The video tells the story o Willow (Winnie), a dug awned bi postman John Fry (Bradley). Whan John dees, Willow sits in front o his graff afore bein noticed an adoptit bi the new postman (Lewis). Juist lik wi John, Willow jyns the postman durin deliveries, but is shawn tae miss John an aa. The video ends wi Willow hersel dyin an the postman placin her collar on John's graff. Follaein the lowse o the video, fowk teuk tae TikTok tae film thair reactions, wi maist reduced tae tears at the end o the sang. Capaldi reponed tae mony o the [[TikTok]] videos lauchtin. ==Certifications== {{Certification Table Top|caption=Certification fur "Wish You the Best"}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=Australia|award=Platinum|type=single|certyear=2024|access-date=12 March 2024}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=United Kingdom|artist=Lewis Capaldi|title=Wish You the Best|award=Platinum|type=single|relyear=2023|certyear=2024|id=19013-4876-1|accessdate=8 March 2024}} {{Certification Table Bottom|streaming=true|noshipments=true|nosales=true}} ==Release history== {|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" |+ Lowse history an formats fur "Wish You the Best" ! scope="col"| Kintra ! scope="col"| Date ! scope="col"| Format(s) ! scope="col"| Label(s) ! scope="col"| {{abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}} |- ! scope="row"| Various | 13 Aprile 2023 | {{hlist|[[Muisic dounload|Deegital dounload]]|[[Streamin media|streamin]]}} | {{hlist|[[Vertigo Records|Vertigo]]|[[Universal Music Group|Universal]]}} | style="text-align:center"| |- ! scope="row"| Unitit Kinrick | 14 Aprile 2023 | [[CD single|CD]] | Vertigo | style="text-align:center"| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://shop.lewiscapaldi.com/products/wish-you-the-best-cd-single-wee-lad-cover |title=Archived copy |access-date=2026-05-20 |archive-date=2025-04-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250424143633/https://shop.lewiscapaldi.com/products/wish-you-the-best-cd-single-wee-lad-cover |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| Unitit States | 17 Aprile 2023 | [[Hot adult contemporary radio]] | Capitol | style="text-align:center"| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allaccess.com/hot-modern-ac/future-releases|title=Hot/Modern/AC Future Releases|website=All Access|access-date=2026-05-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417215854/https://www.allaccess.com/hot-modern-ac/future-releases|archive-date=17 April 2023|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| Italy | 21 Aprile 2023 | Radio | Universal | style="text-align:center"|<ref>https://www.earone.it/news/lewis_capaldi_wish_you_the_best_radio_date_21_04_2023_72960462/</ref> |- ! scope="row"| Unitit States | 2 Juin 2023 | [[7-inch vinyl]] | Capitol | style="text-align:center"| <ref>https://shoplewiscapaldi.com/collections/shop-all/products/wish-you-the-best-limited-edition-7-single</ref> |} ==References== {{reflist}} == Fremmit airtins == {{sister project links|d=Q118513045|q=no|c=no|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|wikt=no|s=no|species=no}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:2023 singles]] [[Category:2023 sangs]] [[Category:2020s ballads]] [[Category:Lewis Capaldi sangs]] [[Category:Pop ballads]] [[Category:Sang recordins produced bi TMS (production team)]] [[Category:Sangs written bi JP Saxe]] [[Category:Sangs written bi Lewis Capaldi]] [[Category:Sangs written bi Malay (record producer)]] [[Category:UK singles chairt nummer-ane singles]] [[Category:Universal Music Group singles]] [[Category:Vertigo Records singles]] 9mjvbnm5greqjubntj6gcyip92gg7hc 2 233512 917280 917179 2026-05-26T18:37:49Z MarbleBlastUltraFan7 131819 917280 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Object show character example variant 25.svg|thumb|Hey robyn, if ye see this, lat me knowe on TC!]] Hullo thare! A like video gemmes and the Internet and Flash animations (and aw ither animation)! A'll ne'er e'er mak a page witha machine translator! A dinna hae a guid grip on the Scots leid. Please forbeir wi me; am tryin ma best an learin this leid. mccw9tni8uvkyfdyclm1zwxa64y3jlb 3 233513 917291 917187 2026-05-26T21:24:42Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 /* Sum uisefu links fur ye :) */ new section 917291 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, MarbleBlastUltraFan7, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye for [[Special:Contributions/MarbleBlastUltraFan7|yer contribution]]. Some gibbles ye'll find uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isna. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|Hou tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 15:15, 25 Mey 2026 (UTC) ==Mey 2026== It seems lik yer eesin the Online Scots Dictionary fur yer spellins an is eesin it athoot chackin gif it maks sense or reads natural. The OSD shidna be eesed bi itsel as it's been shawn in the past ti gie fause wittins, mak stuff ap an pit forrit unco spellins as common jist acause it's different fae Inglis, nor dis it gie exemples o foo the wirds shid be eest. Gif ye chack fir exemple the Dictionars o the Scots Leid, there's nae mention avaa o "creauteevity", an contrair is cognate ti the Inglis "contrary", nae a blanket replacement fur "oppose". "Many people were in contrary to this change" isna gweed Inglis [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 15:15, 25 Mey 2026 (UTC) :(in English) I was using the Scots Dictionary but I didn't know that it contained misinformation. I'll probably take a look at [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] but are there any good Scots dictionaries (is https://dsl.ac.uk/ a good one?) or reliable texts to learn Scots? [[Uiser:MarbleBlastUltraFan7|MarbleBlastUltraFan7]] ([[Uiser collogue:MarbleBlastUltraFan7|tauk]]) 18:03, 25 Mey 2026 (UTC) ::Dictionars o the Scots Leid (or Dictionaries of the Scots Language) = dsl.ac.uk. As fur ither resoorces, there's [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLmk3hiyUEgWl7Qa9pBGN3r94ahQiSXJ2U iss YT pleylist] bi Michael Dempster, an we'v got a [[WP:DISCORD]] server fur Scots spikkers an lairners wi a section fur wiki wirk [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 21:11, 25 Mey 2026 (UTC) == Sum uisefu links fur ye :) == Hullo @[[Uiser:MarbleBlastUltraFan7|MarbleBlastUltraFan7]], a teuk a leuk at yer contreibutions, a wantit tae walcome ye tae the [[Scots Wikipaedia]] personally! A saw that ye haed sum problems wi the [[Scots leid]] an that ye are [[Uiser:MarbleBlastUltraFan7|lairnin it]] an aa, sae if ye need help, ye kin contack me on [[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|ma collogue page]]! A gie ye thir 2 link, thay will be uisefu tae ye here: * [[Wikipedia:Scots-English-Scots dictionar]] * [[Wikipedia:Policies an guidelines]] Hae a guid day! [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 21:24, 26 Mey 2026 (UTC) pk0azf1ocvyts317j9jx8jv6orwi1dd 917292 917291 2026-05-26T21:28:31Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 /* Sum uisefu links fur ye :) */ Replie 917292 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, MarbleBlastUltraFan7, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye for [[Special:Contributions/MarbleBlastUltraFan7|yer contribution]]. Some gibbles ye'll find uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isna. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|Hou tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 15:15, 25 Mey 2026 (UTC) ==Mey 2026== It seems lik yer eesin the Online Scots Dictionary fur yer spellins an is eesin it athoot chackin gif it maks sense or reads natural. The OSD shidna be eesed bi itsel as it's been shawn in the past ti gie fause wittins, mak stuff ap an pit forrit unco spellins as common jist acause it's different fae Inglis, nor dis it gie exemples o foo the wirds shid be eest. Gif ye chack fir exemple the Dictionars o the Scots Leid, there's nae mention avaa o "creauteevity", an contrair is cognate ti the Inglis "contrary", nae a blanket replacement fur "oppose". "Many people were in contrary to this change" isna gweed Inglis [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 15:15, 25 Mey 2026 (UTC) :(in English) I was using the Scots Dictionary but I didn't know that it contained misinformation. I'll probably take a look at [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] but are there any good Scots dictionaries (is https://dsl.ac.uk/ a good one?) or reliable texts to learn Scots? [[Uiser:MarbleBlastUltraFan7|MarbleBlastUltraFan7]] ([[Uiser collogue:MarbleBlastUltraFan7|tauk]]) 18:03, 25 Mey 2026 (UTC) ::Dictionars o the Scots Leid (or Dictionaries of the Scots Language) = dsl.ac.uk. As fur ither resoorces, there's [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLmk3hiyUEgWl7Qa9pBGN3r94ahQiSXJ2U iss YT pleylist] bi Michael Dempster, an we'v got a [[WP:DISCORD]] server fur Scots spikkers an lairners wi a section fur wiki wirk [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 21:11, 25 Mey 2026 (UTC) == Sum uisefu links fur ye :) == Hullo @[[Uiser:MarbleBlastUltraFan7|MarbleBlastUltraFan7]], a teuk a leuk at yer contreibutions, a wantit tae walcome ye tae the [[Scots Wikipaedia]] personally! A saw that ye haed sum problems wi the [[Scots leid]] an that ye are [[Uiser:MarbleBlastUltraFan7|lairnin it]] an aa, sae if ye need help, ye kin contack me on [[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|ma collogue page]]! A gie ye thir 2 link, thay will be uisefu tae ye here: * [[Wikipedia:Scots-English-Scots dictionar]] * [[Wikipedia:Policies an guidelines]] Hae a guid day! [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 21:24, 26 Mey 2026 (UTC) :If ye gie me the Inglis tex a kin help ye mak yer uiser page in guid Scots tex an aa [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 21:28, 26 Mey 2026 (UTC) t8fyfhas70by65jzrfp9sc0ea38vrsm 14 233528 917271 2026-05-26T16:36:54Z ~2026-31230-78 131888 Made page wi "at the center of the world are the winter olympics" 917271 wikitext text/x-wiki at the center of the world are the winter olympics hqokte18wo4sx0smew3lx56ur147j70 917272 917271 2026-05-26T16:37:13Z ~2026-31230-78 131888 917272 wikitext text/x-wiki at the center of the world are the winter olympicshi 6wfk624awond5thzidpv655qbv8xd5l 917274 917272 2026-05-26T16:48:16Z CiphriusKane 74958 Dichtin aa content frae page 917274 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 3 233529 917288 2026-05-26T21:03:59Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Walcome tae the Scots Wikipaedia ! 917288 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, Findinscots, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye for [[Special:Contributions/Findinscots|yer contribution]]. Some gibbles ye'll find uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isna. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|Hou tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 21:03, 26 Mey 2026 (UTC) 2xfmz4fchiowkku5xuxiylkf51fwty9 3 233530 917301 2026-05-27T03:21:18Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Made page wi "{{subst:uw-disruptive1}} ~~~~" 917301 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello. This is a wairnin tae let ye kent that ane or more o [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-31534-04|yer contreibutions]] didnae appear constructive an haes been revertit. Please tak some time tae familiarise yerself wi oor [[Wikipedia:Policies an guidelines|policies an guidelines]]. Ye can find information anent these at oor [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome page]]. Gin ye anly meant til mak test edits, please uise [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|the saundpit]] fur that. Gin ye think A made a mistak, or gin ye hae ony quaistens, ye can leave a message on ma tauk page. Thank you.<!-- Template:uw-disruptive1 --> [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 03:21, 27 Mey 2026 (UTC) t6zl312ltzg6fl61win7p12edggnovm