Wikipedia scowiki https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.5 first-letter Media Special Collogue Uiser Uiser collogue Wikipedia Wikipedia collogue File File collogue MediaWiki MediaWiki collogue Template Template collogue Help Help collogue Category Category collogue Portal Portal talk Define Define talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 3462 917811 675567 2026-06-05T10:56:22Z Cobra 3000 28371 Pit in Infobox an unsoorced banner 917811 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Unsoorced}}{{Infobox officeholder|honorific_prefix=The Honourable|name=David Cunliffe|honorific_suffix={{post-nominals|country=NZL|QSO|size=100}}|image=David Cunliffe QSO (cropped).jpg|caption=Cunliffe in 2018|office=34t Heid o the Opposition|prime_minister=[[John Key]]|deputy=[[David Parker (New Zealand politician)|David Parker]]|term_start=15 September 2013|term_end=27 September 2014|predecessor=[[David Shearer]]|successor=[[Andrew Little (New Zealand politician)|Andrew Little]]|office1=15t heido tthe Labour Pairty|deputy1=[[David Parker (New Zealand politician)|David Parker]]|term_start1=15 September 2013|term_end1=27 September 2014|predecessor1=[[David Shearer]]|successor1=[[Andrew Little (New Zealand politician)|Andrew Little]]|office2=37t Meenister o Halth|prime_minister2=[[Helen Clark]]|term_start2=31 October 2007|term_end2=19 November 2008|predecessor2=[[Pete Hodgson]]|successor2=[[Tony Ryall]]|office3=51st Meenister o Immigration|prime_minister3=[[Helen Clark]]|term_start3=19 October 2005|term_end3=11 November 2007|predecessor3=[[Paul Swain (politician)|Paul Swain]]|successor3=[[Clayton Cosgrove]]|office4=Meenister o Communications an Information Technology|prime_minister4=[[Helen Clark]]|term_start4=15 August 2002|term_end4=19 November 2008|predecessor4=[[Paul Swain (politician)|Paul Swain]]|successor4=[[Steven Joyce]]|office5=Member o Pairliament<br />for New Lynn<br />{{small| Titirangi (1999–2002)}}|term_start5=27 November 1999|term_end5=23 April 2017|predecessor5=Electorate re-established|successor5=[[Deborah Russell]]|birth_name=David Richard Cunliffe|birth_date={{birth date and age|1963|4|30|df=yes}}|birth_place=[[Te Aroha]], New Zealand|death_date=|death_place=|party=[[New Zealand Labour Party|Labour]]|spouse=Karen Price (1984–2015)<ref name=Price>{{cite news|url= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/relationships/news/article.cfm?c_id=41&objectid=11421917 |title=David Cunliffe confirms he and wife Karen Price have separated |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |first=Audrey |last=Young |date=24 March 2015 |access-date=21 October 2020}}</ref>|children=2|relations=[[Richard Seddon]] (great-great uncle)|alma_mater={{unbulleted list|[[University of Otago]]|[[Massey University]]|[[John F. Kennedy School of Government|Harvard University]]}}}}'''David Richard Cunliffe''' is a [[New Zealand]] politeecian, an a member o the kintra's pairlament in Wellington, representin the Labour Pairty. He is a consteetuency member unner the proportional representation seestem, representin New Lynn. {{Commonscat}} {{Stub/NZ}}{{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cunliffe, David}} [[Category:1963 births]] [[Category:John F. Kennedy School of Government fowk]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Companions o the Queen's Service Order]] [[Category:Members o the Cabinet o New Zealand]] [[Category:Members o the New Zealand Hoose o Representatives]] [[Category:New Zealand diplomats]] [[Category:New Zealand Labour Pairty leaders]] [[Category:New Zealand Labour Pairty MPs]] [[Category:New Zealand MPs for Auckland electorates]] [[Category:New Zealand republicans]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Atlantic College]] [[Category:Fowk frae Auckland]] [[Category:Varsity o Otago alumni]] [[Category:John F. Kennedy School of Government alumni]] [[Category:Fowk frae Te Aroha]] [[Category:Massey Varsity alumni]] [[Category:21st-century New Zealand politeecians]] nbwamyx30vllpbe7t1ucnot7g0y7612 0 6726 917747 915874 2026-06-04T16:45:21Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 2 books for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260604sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 917747 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{Infobox planet | name = Muin | apsis = gee | symbol = [[file:Moon decrescent symbol (bold).svg|20px|☾]] | image = FullMoon2010.jpg | caption = [[Full muin]] as seen frae Yird's [[Northren Hemisphere]] | background = #ddd | adjectives = {{hlist |[[wikt:lunar|Lunar]] |[[wikt:selenic|selenic]]}} | periapsis = {{gaps |362 |600}}&nbsp;km<br />({{gaps |356 |400}}–{{gaps |370 |400}}&nbsp;km) | apoapsis = {{gaps |405 |400}}&nbsp;km<br />({{gaps |404 |000}}–{{gaps |406 |700}}&nbsp;km) | semimajor = {{val |384399 |u=km}}{{nbsp |2}}({{val |0.00257 |u=AU}})<ref name="W06"/> | eccentricity = {{val |0.0549}}<ref name="W06"/> | period = {{longitem |class=nowrap |{{val |27.321661 |ul=d}}<br />{{smaller |(27&thinsp;d 7&thinsp;h 43&thinsp;min 11.5&thinsp;s<ref name="W06"/>)}}}} | synodic_period = {{longitem |class=nowrap |{{val |29.530589 |u=d}}<br />{{smaller |(29&thinsp;d 12&thinsp;h 44&thinsp;min 2.9&thinsp;s)}}}} | avg_speed = {{val |1.022 |ul=km/s}} | inclination = {{nowrap |5.145° tae the [[ecliptic]]<ref name="Lang2011"/>{{efn|name=inclination}}}} | asc_node = {{longitem |Regressin bi ane [[orbit|revolution]] in 18.61&nbsp;years}} | arg_peri = {{longitem |Progressin bi ane revolution in 8.85&nbsp;years}} | satellite_of = [[Yird]]{{efn|name=near-Earth asteroids}}<ref name="Morais2002"/> | flattening = {{val |0.0012}}<ref name="NSSDC"/> | equatorial_radius = {{nowrap |{{val |1738.1 |u=km}}{{nbsp |2}}{{smaller |(0.273 o Yird's)}}<ref name="NSSDC"/>}} | polar_radius = {{nowrap |{{val |1736.0 |u=km}}{{nbsp |2}}{{smaller |(0.273 o Yird's)}}<ref name="NSSDC"/>}} | mean_radius = {{nowrap |{{val |1737.1 |u=km}}{{nbsp |2}}{{smaller |(0.273 o Yird's)}}<ref name="W06"/><ref name="NSSDC"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=David E. |last2=Zuber |first2=Maria T. |last3=Neumann |first3=Gregory A. |last4=Lemoine|first4=Frank G. |title=Topography of the Moon from the Clementine lidar |journal=[[Journal of Geophysical Research]] |date=1 January 1997 |volume=102 |issue=E1 |page=1601 |doi=10.1029/96JE02940 |bibcode=1997JGR...102.1591S}}</ref>}} | circumference = {{nowrap |{{val |10921 |u=km}}{{nbsp |2}}{{smaller |([[equator]]ial)}}}} | surface_area = {{nowrap |{{val |3.793 |e=7 |u=km2}}{{nbsp |2}}{{smaller |(0.074 o Yird's)}}}} | volume = {{nowrap |{{val |2.1958 |e=10 |u=km3}}{{nbsp |2}}{{smaller |(0.020 o Yird's)<ref name="NSSDC"/>}}}} | mass = {{nowrap |{{val |7.342 |e=22 |u=kg}}{{nbsp |2}}{{smaller |({{val |0.012300}} o Yird's)<ref name="W06"/><ref name="NSSDC"/>}}}} | density = {{val |3.344 |ul=g/cm3}}<ref name="W06"/><ref name="NSSDC"/><br /><small>{{val |0.606}} × Yird</small> | surface_grav = {{nowrap |{{val |1.62 |ul=m/s2}}{{nbsp |2}}{{smaller |({{val |0.1654 |u=[[G-force|g]]}})<ref name="NSSDC"/>}}}} | moment_of_inertia_factor = {{val |0.3929 |0.0009}}<ref name="Williams1996" /> | escape_velocity = {{val |2.38 |ul=km/s}} | sidereal_day = {{nowrap |{{val |27.321661 |u=d}}{{nbsp |2}}{{smaller |([[tidal lockin|synchronous]])}}}} <!-- Wieczorek et al. 2006 --> | rot_velocity = {{nowrap |4.627 m/s}} | axial_tilt = {{ublist |class=nowrap |1.5424° tae [[ecliptic]]<!--1.533° according to Conn 2007-->|6.687° tae [[Orbital plane (astronomy)|orbit plane]]<ref name="Lang2011"/><!--6.4° according to Grego;<ref name="Grego2005">Grego, Peter, [https://books.google.com/books?id=z6Pgt9xEW9gC&pg=PA48 ''The Moon and How to Observe It''], Springer, 2005</ref> 6.6783° according to Conn.<ref name="Conn2007">Conn, David (2007); ''Lednorf's Dilemma'', AuthorHouse, Bloomington (IN)</ref>-->}} | albedo = 0.136<ref name="Saari"/> | temp_name1 = Equator | min_temp_1 = 100 [[Kelvin|K]] | mean_temp_1 = 220 K | max_temp_1 = 390 K | temp_name2 = 85°N&nbsp; | min_temp_2 = | mean_temp_2 = 150 K | max_temp_2 = 230 K<ref name="Vasavada1999"/> | magnitude = {{ublist |class=nowrap |−2.5 tae −12.9{{efn |name=maxval}} |−12.74{{nbsp |2}}{{smaller |(mean [[full muin]])}}<ref name="NSSDC"/>}} | angular_size = {{nowrap |29.3 tae 34.1 [[meenit an seicont o arc|arcmeenits]]<ref name="NSSDC"/>{{efn |name=angular size}}}} | atmosphere = yes | atmosphere_ref = <ref name="L06"/> | surface_pressure = {{ublist |class=nowrap |10{{sup |−7}} [[Pascal (unit)|Pa]] (1 [[bar (unit)|picobar]]){{nbsp |2}}{{smaller |(day)}} |10{{sup |−10}} Pa (1 femtobar) {{nbsp |2}}{{smaller |(nicht)}}{{efn |name=pressure explanation}}}} | atmosphere_composition = {{hlist |[[Helium|He]] |[[Argon|Ar]] |[[Neon|Ne]] |[[Sodium|Na]] |[[Potassium|K]] |[[Hydrogen|H]] |[[Radon|Rn]]}} }} The '''Muin''' is an [[Astronomical object|astronomical bouk]] that [[orbit]]s [[planet]] [[Yird]], bein Yird's anerly permanent [[naitural satellite]]. It is [[Leet o Solar Seestem objects bi size#Leet o objects bi radius|the fift-lairgest]] naitural satellite in the [[Solar Seestem]], an the lairgest amang planetar satellites relative tae the size o the planet that it orbits (its [[Primar (astronomy)|primar]]). Follaein [[Jupiter]]'s satellite [[Io (muin)|Io]], the Muin is seicond-[[Density|densest]] satellite amang thae whase densities are kent. The Muin is thocht tae hae formed aboot 4.51 billion year ago, [[Age o the Yird|nae lang efter Yird]]. The maist widely acceptit explanation is that the Muin formed frae the debris left ower efter a [[giant impact hypothesis|giant impact]] atween Yird an a [[Maurs]]-sized bouk cried [[Theia (planet)|Theia]]. The Muin is in [[tidal lockin|synchronous rotation]] wi Yird, ayeweys shawin the same face, wi its [[near side o the Muin|near side]] merked bi daurk volcanic [[lunar mare|maria]] that fill the spaces atween the bricht auncient crustal hielands an the prominent [[impact crater]]s. As seen frae the Yird, it is the seicont-brichtest regularly veesible [[celestial object]] in Yird's sky, efter the Sun. Its surface is actually daurk, awtho compared tae the nicht sky it appears verra bricht, wi a [[reflectance]] juist slichtly heicher nor that o worn [[Asphalt concrete|asphalt]]. Its gravitational influence produces the [[tide|ocean tides]], [[Yird tide|bouk tides]], an the [[tidal acceleration|slicht lenthenin]] o the day. The Muin's current [[Lunar distance (astronomy)|orbital distance]] is {{convert|384400|km|abbr=on}},<ref>{{cite web |url=http://spaceplace.nasa.gov/moon-distance/en/ |title=How far away is the moon? :: NASA Space Place |publisher= |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006220531/http://spaceplace.nasa.gov/moon-distance/en/ |archivedate=6 October 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>Scott, Elaine. ''Our Moon: New Discoveries About Earth's Closest Companion''. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (2016) {{ISBN|9780544750586}}. page 7.</ref> or 1.28 licht-seiconts. This is aboot thirty times the diameter o Yird, wi its [[Angular diameter|apparent size]] in the sky awmaist the same as that o the Sun, resultin in the Muin coverin the Sun nearly precisely in tot [[solar eclipse]]. This matchin o apparent veesual size will nae conteena in the faur futur, acause the Muin's distance frae Yird is slawly increasin. The [[Soviet Union]]'s [[Luna programme]] wis the first tae reach the Muin wi [[unmanned spacecraft|uncrewed spacecraft]] in 1959; the Unitit States' [[NASA]] [[Apollo program]] achieved the anerly crewed missions tae date, beginnin wi the first crewed lunar orbitin mission bi [[Apollo 8]] in 1968, an sax crewed lunar laundins atween 1969 an 1972, wi the first bein [[Apollo 11]]. Thir missions returned [[Muin rock|lunar rocks]] that hae been uised tae develop a [[Geology o the Muin|geological]] unnerstaundin o the Muin's oreegin, [[internal structure o the Moon|internal structur]], an [[geology o the Muin|later history]]. Syne the [[Apollo 17]] mission in 1972, the Muin haes been veesitit anerly bi uncrewed spacecraft. Athin human cultur, baith the Muin's naitural prominence in the yirdly sky, an its regular cycle o [[lunar phases|phases]] as seen frae the Yird hae providit cultural references an influences for human societies an culturs syne time immemorial. Sic cultural influences can be foond in [[leid]], [[Lunar calendar|lunar based calendar seestems]], [[Muin in feection|airt]], an [[Lunar deity|meethologie]]. ==Pheesical chairactereestics== ===Internal structur=== [[File:Moon diagram.svg|thumb|left |Structur o the Muin]] {|class="wikitable floatright" style="margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Chemical composeetion o the lunar surface regolith (derived frae crustal rocks)<ref>{{cite book |author=Taylor, Stuart Ross |title=Lunar science: A post-Apollo view |date=1975 |page=64 |publisher=[[Pergamon Press]] |url=http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1975lspa.book.....T/0000064.000.html |access-date=2017-08-22 |archive-date=2021-02-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217153346/http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1975lspa.book.....T/0000064.000.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><!-- After Turkevich, A.L. (1973) PLC 4:1159; Moon. 8:365. --> ! rowspan="2" |Compoond ! rowspan="2" |Formula ! colspan="2" |Composeetion (wt %) |- ! style="font-size: smaller;" |Maria ! style="font-size: smaller;" |Hielands |- |style="text-align: left;" |[[Seelicon dioxide|seelicae]] |SiO₂ |45.4% |45.5% |- |style="text-align: left;" |[[Alumeenium oxide|alumina]] |Al₂O₃ |14.9% |24.0% |- |style="text-align: left;" |[[Calcium oxide|lime]] |CaO |11.8% |15.9% |- |style="text-align: left;" |[[airn(II) oxide]] |FeO |14.1% |5.9% |- |style="text-align: left;" |[[Magnesium oxide|magnesia]] |MgO |9.2% |7.5% |- |style="text-align: left;" |[[titanium dioxide]] |TiO₂ |3.9% |0.6% |- |style="text-align: left;" |[[sodium oxide]] |Na₂O |0.6% |0.6% |- ! colspan="2" |Tot ! 99.9% ! 100.0% |} The Muin is a [[planetar differentiation|differentiatit]] bouk: it haes a [[Geochemistry|geochemically]] distinct [[Crust (geology)|crust]], [[Mantle (geology)|mantle]], an [[Planetar core|core]]. The Muin haes a solit airn-rich inner core wi a radius o {{Convert |240 |km |abbr=on}} an a fluid ooter core primarily made o liquid iron wi a radius o aboot {{Convert |300 |km |abbr=on}}. Aroond the core is a pairtially mowten boondary layer wi a radius o aboot {{Convert |500 |km |abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|last1= Brown|first1= D.|last2= Anderson|first2= J.|website= NASA|url= http://www.nasa.gov/topics/moonmars/features/lunar_core.html|title= NASA Research Team Reveals Moon Has Earth-Like Core|publisher= [[NASA]] via Web Citation.org|date= 6 January 2011|access-date= 2017-08-22|archive-date= 2012-01-11|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120111112210/http://www.nasa.gov/topics/moonmars/features/lunar_core.html|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name="Weber2011">{{cite journal|last1= Weber|first1= R. C.|last2= Lin|first2= P.-Y.|last3= Garnero|first3= E. J.|last4= Williams|first4= Q.|last5= Lognonne|first5= P.|title= Seismic Detection of the Lunar Core|journal= Science|volume= 331|issue= 6015|date= 2011-01-21|pages= 309–312|url= http://www.earth.northwestern.edu/people/seth/351/lunarcore.2011.pdf|doi= 10.1126/science.1199375|pmid= 21212323|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20151015035756/http://www.earth.northwestern.edu/people/seth/351/lunarcore.2011.pdf|archivedate= 15 October 2015|df= dmy-all}}</ref> This structur is thocht tae hae developed throu the [[Fractional creestallisation (geology)|fractional creestallisation]] o a global [[lunar magma ocean|magma ocean]] shortly efter the Muin's formation 4.5&nbsp;billion year ago.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/ngeo417 |title=Timing of crystallization of the lunar magma ocean constrained by the oldest zircon |date=2009 |last1=Nemchin |first1=A. |last2=Timms |first2=N. |last3=Pidgeon |first3=R. |last4=Geisler |first4=T. |last5=Reddy |first5=S. |last6=Meyer |first6=C. |journal=[[Nature Geoscience]] |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=133–136 |bibcode=2009NatGe...2..133N}}</ref> Creestallisation o this magma ocean wad hae creatit a [[mafic]] mantle frae the [[Precipitation (chemistry)|precipitation]] an sinkin o the minerals [[olivine]], [[clinopyroxene]], an [[orthopyroxene]]; efter aboot three-quarters o the magma ocean haed creestallised, lawer-density [[plagioclase]] meenerals coud form an fleet intae a crust atap.<ref name="S06" /> The feenal liquids tae crystallise wad hae been ineetially sandwiched atween the crust an mantle, wi a heich abundance o [[Compatibility (geochemistry)|incompatible]] an heat-producin elements.<ref name="W06" /> Conseestent wi this perspective, geochemical mappin made frae orbit suggests the crust o maistly [[anorthosite]].<ref name="L06" /> The [[Muin rock]] samples o the fluid lavas that erupted ontae the surface frae pairtial meltin in the mantle confirm the mafic mantle composeetion, that is mair airn rich nor that o Yird.<ref name="W06" /> The crust is on average aboot {{Convert|50 |km |abbr=on}} thick.<ref name="W06" /> The Muin is the seicont-densest satellite in the Solar Seestem, efter [[Io (muin)|Io]].<ref name="Schubert2004" /> Houiver, the inner core o the Muin is smaw, wi a radius o aboot {{Convert |350 |km |abbr=on}} or less,<ref name="W06" /> aroond 20% o the radius o the Muin. Its composeetion is nae well defined, but is probably metallic airn alloyed wi a smaw amoont o [[sulfur]] an nickel; analyses o the Muin's time-variable rotation suggest that it is at least pairtly mowten.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Williams |first=J. G. |last2=Turyshev |first2=S. G. |last3=Boggs |first3=D. H. |last4=Ratcliff |first4=J. T. |title=Lunar laser ranging science: Gravitational physics and lunar interior and geodesy |journal=[[Advances in Space Research]] |date=2006 |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=67–71 |bibcode=2006AdSpR..37...67W |doi=10.1016/j.asr.2005.05.013 |arxiv=gr-qc/0412049}}</ref> ===Surface geology=== [[File:MoonTopoLOLA.png|thumb|alt=Topografie o the Moon meisurt frae the Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter on the mission [[Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter]], referenced tae a sphere o radius 1737.4&nbsp;km|Topografie o the Muin]] The [[topografie o the Muin]] haes been meisurt wi [[laser altimetry]] an [[stereoscopy|stereo eemage analysis]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Topography of the South Polar Region from Clementine Stereo Imaging |author1=Spudis, Paul D.|author2=Cook, A.|author3=Robinson, M.|author4=Bussey, B.|author5=Fessler, B. |bibcode=1998nvmi.conf...69S |journal=Workshop on New Views of the Moon: Integrated Remotely Sensed, Geophysical, and Sample Datasets |page=69 |date=January 1998}}</ref> Its maist veesible [[Leet o featurs on the Muin|topografic featur]] is the giant far-side [[Sooth Pole–Aitken basin]], some {{Convert|2240 |km |abbr=on}} in diameter, the lairgest crater on the Muin an the seicont-lairgest confirmed impact [[Leet o lairgest craters in the Solar Seestem|crater in the Solar Seestem]].<ref name="Spudis1994" /><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1029/97GL01718 |first1=C.M. |last1=Pieters |first2=S. |last2=Tompkins |first3=J.W. |last3=Head |first4=P.C. |last4=Hess |title=Mineralogy of the Mafic Anomaly in the South Pole‐Aitken Basin: Implications for excavation of the lunar mantle |journal=[[Geophysical Research Letters]] |volume=24 |issue=15 |pages=1903–1906 |date=1997 |bibcode=1997GeoRL..24.1903P}}</ref> At {{Convert |13 |km |abbr=on}} deep, its fluir is the lawest pynt on the surface o the Muin.<ref name="Spudis1994" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/July98/spa.html |title=The Biggest Hole in the Solar System |last=Taylor |first=G.J. |date=17 July 1998 |work=Planetary Science Research Discoveries |publisher=[[Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology]] |accessdate=12 April 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820042129/http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/July98/spa.html |archivedate=20 August 2007 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The heichest elevations o the Muin's surface are locatit directly tae the northeast, an it haes been suggestit micht hae been thickened bi the oblique formation impact o the Sooth Pole–Aitken basin.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Schultz |first=P. H. |date=March 1997 |page=1259 |volume=28 |title=Forming the south-pole Aitken basin – The extreme games |journal=Conference Paper, 28th Annual Lunar and Planetary Science Conference |bibcode=1997LPI....28.1259S}}</ref> Ither lairge impact basins, sic as [[Mare Imbrium|Imbrium]], [[Mare Serenitatis|Serenitatis]], [[Mare Crisium|Crisium]], [[Mare Smythii|Smythii]], an [[Mare Orientale|Orientale]], an aa possess regionally law elevations an elevatit rims.<ref name="Spudis1994" /> The faur side o the lunar surface is on average aboot {{Convert |1.9 |km |abbr=on}} heicher nor that o the near side.<ref name="W06" /> The discovery o [[faut scarp]] cliffs bi the [[Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter]] suggest that the Muin haes scrinkit athin the past billion year, bi aboot 90 metres (300&nbsp;ft).<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[NASA]]|title=NASA's LRO Reveals 'Incredible Shrinking Moon'|date=19 August 2010|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LRO/news/shrinking-moon.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821124252/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LRO/news/shrinking-moon.html|archivedate=21 August 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Seemilar scrinkage featurs exist on [[Mercur (planet)|Mercur]]. ====Volcanic featurs==== [[File:Moon names.svg|thumb |[[Near side of the Moon|Lunar nearside]] wi [[Lunar mare|major maria]] an [[Lunar craters|craters]] labeled |alt=Lunar nearside wi major maria an craters labeled]] The daurk an relatively featurless lunar plains, clearly seen wi the nakit ee, are cried ''[[lunar mare|maria]]'' ([[Laitin leid|Latiin]] for "seas"; seengular ''mare''), as thay war ance believed tae be filled wi watter;<ref>{{cite book |author=Wlasuk, Peter |title=Observing the Moon |url=https://books.google.com/?id=TWtLIOlPwS4C |date=2000 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |isbn=978-1-85233-193-1 |page=19}}</ref> thay are nou kent tae be vast solitifee'd puils o auncient [[basalt]]ic lava. Awtho seemilar tae terrestrial basalts, lunar basalts hae mair airn an no minerals altered bi watter.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/April04/lunarAnorthosites.html |title=The Oldest Moon Rocks |last=Norman |first=M. |work=Planetary Science Research Discoveries |publisher=[[Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology]] |date=21 April 2004 |accessdate=12 April 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070418152325/http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/April04/lunarAnorthosites.html |archivedate=18 April 2007 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Varricchio |first=L. |title=Inconstant Moon |date=2006 |publisher=[[Xlibris Books]] |isbn=978-1-59926-393-9}}</ref> The majority o thir lavas eruptit or flawed intae the depressions associatit wi [[impact crater|impact basins]]. Several [[geologic province]]s conteenin [[shield volcano]]es an volcanic [[lunar dome|domes]] are foond within the near side "maria".<ref>{{cite journal |last=Head |first=L.W.J.W. |title=Lunar Gruithuisen and Mairan domes: Rheology and mode of emplacement |journal=[[Journal of Geophysical Research]] |date=2003 |volume=108 |url=http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2003/2002JE001909.shtml |accessdate=12 April 2007 |issue=E2 |doi=10.1029/2002JE001909 |page=5012 |bibcode=2003JGRE..108.5012W |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312071105/http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2003/2002JE001909.shtml |archivedate=12 March 2007 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[File:14284-Moon-Maskelyne-LRO-20141012.jpg|thumb |150px |left |Evidence of [[Irregular mare patch|young lunar volcanism]]]] Awmaist aw maria are on the near side o the Muin, an civer 31% o the surface o the near side,<ref name="worldbook" /> compared wi 2% o the faur side.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gillis |first1=J.J. |last2=Spudis |first2=P.D. |title=The Composition and Geologic Setting of Lunar Far Side Maria |journal=[[Lunar and Planetary Science]] |date=1996 |volume=27 |pages=413 |bibcode=1996LPI....27..413G}}</ref> This is thocht tae be due tae a [[KREEP|concentration o heat-producin elements]] unner the crust on the near side, seen on geochemical maps obteened bi ''[[Lunar Prospector]]'''s gamma-ray spectrometer, that wad hae caused the unnerleein mantle tae heat up, pairtially melt, rise tae the surface an erupt.<ref name="S06" /><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/281/5382/1484 |title=Global Elemental Maps of the Moon: The Lunar Prospector Gamma-Ray Spectrometer |author=Lawrence |journal=[[Science (jurnal)|Science]] |volume=281 |issue=5382 |pages=1484–1489 |doi=10.1126/science.281.5382.1484 |date=11 August 1998 |accessdate=29 August 2009 |pmid=9727970 |bibcode=1998Sci...281.1484L |name-list-format=vanc |author2=D. J. |display-authors=2 |last3=Barraclough |first3=BL |last4=Binder |first4=AB |last5=Elphic |first5=RC |last6=Maurice |first6=S |last7=Thomsen |first7=DR|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090516065007/http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/281/5382/1484 |archivedate=16 May 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/Aug00/newMoon.html |title=A New Moon for the Twenty-First Century |last=Taylor |first=G.J. |work=Planetary Science Research Discoveries |publisher=[[Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology]] |date=31 August 2000 |accessdate=12 April 2007 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/66BdZ4zPb?url=http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/Aug00/newMoon.html |archivedate=2012-03-15 |df=dmy-all |url-status=live }}</ref> Maist o the Muin's [[lunar mare|mare basalts]] eruptit in the Imbrian period, 3.0–3.5&nbsp;billion year aby, awtho some radiometrically datit samples are as auld as 4.2&nbsp;billion year.<ref name="Papike" /> Till recently, the youngest eruptions, datit bi [[crater coontin]], appeared tae hae been anly 1.2&nbsp;billion year aby.<ref name="Hiesinger" /> In 2006, a study o [[Ina (crater)|Ina]], a tottie depression in [[Lacus Felicitatis]], foond jagged, relatively dust-free featurs that, due tae the lack o erosion bi infawin debris, appeared tae be anly 2 million year auld.<ref name=Berardelli>{{cite web |url=http://news.sciencemag.org/2006/11/long-live-moon |title=Long Live the Moon! |publisher=[[Science (jurnal)|Science]] |date=9 November 2006 |author=Phil Berardelli|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018153016/http://news.sciencemag.org/2006/11/long-live-moon |archivedate=18 October 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[Muinquake]]s an releases o gas an aa indicate some continued lunar acteevity.<ref name=Berardelli /> In 2014 NASA annoonced "widespread evidence o young lunar volcanism" at 70 [[irregular mare patch]]es identifee'd bi the [[Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter]], some less nor 50 million year auld. This raises the possibeelity o a muckle wairmer lunar mantle nor previously believed, at least on the near side whaur the deep crust is substantially waurmer due tae the greater concentration o radioactive elements.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.discovery.com/space/imps-reveal-volcanoes-erupted-recently-on-the-moon-141014.htm |title=Volcanoes Erupted 'Recently' on the Moon |publisher=[[Discovery News]] |date=14 October 2014 |author=Jason Major|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016190653/http://news.discovery.com/space/imps-reveal-volcanoes-erupted-recently-on-the-moon-141014.htm |archivedate=16 October 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/press/2014/october/nasa-mission-finds-widespread-evidence-of-young-lunar-volcanism/#.VDxNw0t3uxo |title=NASA Mission Finds Widespread Evidence of Young Lunar Volcanism |publisher=[[NASA]] |date=12 October 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103095208/http://www.nasa.gov/press/2014/october/nasa-mission-finds-widespread-evidence-of-young-lunar-volcanism/#.VDxNw0t3uxo |archivedate=3 January 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.sciencemag.org/space/2014/10/recent-volcanic-eruptions-moon |title=Recent volcanic eruptions on the moon |publisher=[[Science (jurnal)|Science]] |date=12 October 2014 |author=Eric Hand|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014092239/http://news.sciencemag.org/space/2014/10/recent-volcanic-eruptions-moon |archivedate=14 October 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| url = http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v7/n11/full/ngeo2252.html| title = Evidence for basaltic volcanism on the Moon within the past 100 million years| journal = [[Nature Geoscience]]| last1 = Braden| first1 = S. E.| last2 = Stopar| first2 = J. D.| last3 = Robinson| first3 = M. S.| last4 = Lawrence| first4 = S. J.| last5 = van der Bogert| first5 = C. H.| last6 = Hiesinger| first6 = H.doi=10.1038/ngeo2252| volume = 7| pages = 787–791| bibcode = 2014NatGe...7..787B| doi = 10.1038/ngeo2252| access-date = 2025-10-09| archive-date = 2014-11-05| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141105124314/http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v7/n11/full/ngeo2252.html| url-status = bot: unknown}}</ref> Juist prior tae this, evidence haes been presentit for 2–10 million years younger basaltic volcanism inside Lowell crater,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Srivastava |first1=N. |last2=Gupta |first2=R.P. |year=2013 |title=Young viscous flows in the Lowell crater of Orientale basin, Moon: Impact melts or volcanic eruptions? |url= |journal=[[Planetary and Space Science]] |volume=87 |issue= |pages=37–45 |doi=10.1016/j.pss.2013.09.001 |bibcode=2013P&SS...87...37S}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=R.P. |last2=Srivastava |first2=N. |last3=Tiwari |first3=R.K. |year=2014 |title=Evidences of relatively new volcanic flows on the Moon |url= |journal=[[Current Science]] |volume=107 |issue=3 |pages=454–460}}</ref> Orientale basin, locatit in the transeetion zone atween the near an faur sides o the Muin. An ineetially hetter mantle and/or local enrichment o heat-producin elements in the mantle coud be responsible for prolanged acteevities an aa on the faur side in the Orientale basin.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Whitten |first1=J. |display-authors=etal |year=2011 |title=Lunar mare deposits associated with the Orientale impact basin: New insights into mineralogy, history, mode of emplacement, and relation to Orientale Basin evolution from Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) data from Chandrayaan-1 |url= |journal=[[Journal of Geophysical Research]] |volume=116 |issue= |page=E00G09 |doi=10.1029/2010JE003736 |bibcode=2011JGRE..116.0G09W}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cho |first1=Y. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=Young mare volcanism in the Orientale region contemporary with the Procellarum KREEP Terrane (PKT) volcanism peak period 2 b. y. ago |url= |journal=[[Geophysical Research Letters]] |volume=39 |issue= |page=L11203}}</ref> The lichter-coloured regions o the Muin are cried ''terrae'', or mair commonly ''highlands'', acause thay are heicher nor maist maria. Thay hae been radiometrically datit tae haein formed 4.4&nbsp;billion year aby, an mey represent [[plagioclase]] [[Cumulate rock|cumulates]] o the [[lunar magma ocean]].<ref name="Papike" /><ref name="Hiesinger" /> In contrast tae Yird, na major lunar moontains are believed tae hae formed as a result o tectonic events.<ref>{{cite web|last=Munsell |first=K. |publisher=[[NASA]] |work=Solar System Exploration |title=Majestic Mountains |url=http://sse.jpl.nasa.gov/educ/themes/display.cfm?Item=mountains |date=4 December 2006 |accessdate=12 April 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917055643/http://sse.jpl.nasa.gov/educ/themes/display.cfm?Item=mountains |archivedate=17 September 2008 |df= }}</ref> The concentration o maria on the Near Side likely reflects the substantially thicker crust o the helands o the Faur Side, that mey hae formed in a slaw-velocity impact o a seicont muin o Yird a few tens o millions o years efter thair formation.<ref>{{cite web |author=Richard Lovett |url=http://www.nature.com/news/2011/110803/full/news.2011.456.html#B1 |title=Early Earth may have had two moons : Nature News |publisher=[[Nature (jurnal)|Nature]] |accessdate=1 November 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103145236/http://www.nature.com/news/2011/110803/full/news.2011.456.html#B1 |archivedate=3 November 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://theconversation.edu.au/was-our-two-faced-moon-in-a-small-collision-2659 |title=Was our two-faced moon in a small collision? |publisher=Theconversation.edu.au |accessdate=1 November 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130004522/http://theconversation.edu.au/was-our-two-faced-moon-in-a-small-collision-2659 |archivedate=30 January 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> ====Impact craters==== [[File:Moon-craters.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A gray, mony-ridged surface frae heich abuin. The lairgest featur is a circular rainged structur wi heich wawed sides an a lawer central peak: the entire surface oot tae the horizon is filled wi seemilar structurs that are smawer an owerlappin.|Lunar crater [[Daedalus (crater)|Daedalus]] on the [[Faur side o the Muin|Muin's faur side]]]] The ither major geologic process that haes affectit the Muin's surface is [[impact crater]]in,<ref>{{cite book|last=Melosh |first=H. J. |title=Impact cratering: A geologic process |url=https://archive.org/details/impactcrateringg0000melo |date=1989 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-504284-9}}</ref> wi craters formed whan asteroids an comets collide wi the lunar surface. Thare are estimatit tae be aboot 300,000 craters wider nor {{Convert |1 |km |4=1 |abbr=on}} on the Muin's near side alane.<ref>{{cite web |title=Moon Facts |url=http://planck.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=31412 |work=SMART-1 |publisher=[[European Space Agency]] |date=2010 |accessdate=12 May 2010}}</ref> The [[lunar geologic timescale]] is based on the maist prominent impact events, includin [[Nectarian|Nectaris]], [[Lower Imbrian|Imbrium]], an [[Mare Orientale|Orientale]], structurs chairacterised bi multiple raings o upliftit material, atween hunders an thoosands o kilometres in diameter an associatit wi a braid apron o ejecta deposits that form a regional [[stratigraphy|stratigraphic horizon]].<ref name="geologic" /> The lack o an atmosphere, wather an recent geological processes mean that mony o thir craters are well-preserved. Awtho anly a few multi-raing basins hae been definitively datit, thay are uisefu for assignin relative ages. Acause impact craters accumulate at a nearly constant rate, coontin the nummer o craters per unit area can be uised tae estimate the age o the surface.<ref name="geologic" /> The radiometric ages o impact-meltit rocks collectit in the [[Apollo missions]] cluster atween 3.8 an 4.1&nbsp;billion year auld: this haes been uised tae propone a [[Late Heavy Bombardment]] o impacts.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hartmann |first=William K. |last2=Quantin |first2=Cathy |last3=Mangold |first3=Nicolas |date=2007 |volume=186 |issue=1 |pages=11–23 |journal=[[Icarus (jurnal)|Icarus]] |title=Possible long-term decline in impact rates: 2. Lunar impact-melt data regarding impact history |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2006.09.009 |postscript=<!--None--> |bibcode=2007Icar..186...11H}}</ref> Blanketit on tap o the Muin's crust is a heichly [[Comminution|comminutit]] (breuken intae ever smawer particles) an [[impact gairdenin|impact gairdened]] surface layer cried [[regolith]], formed bi impact processes. The finer regolith, the [[lunar sile]] o [[seelicon dioxide]] gless, haes a textur resemblin snaw an a scent resemblin spent [[gunpouder]].<ref>{{cite web |date=30 January 2006 |accessdate=15 March 2010 |url=https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2006/30jan_smellofmoondust.htm |title=The Smell of Moondust |publisher=[[NASA]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308112332/http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2006/30jan_smellofmoondust.htm |archivedate=8 March 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The regolith o aulder surfaces is generally thicker than for younger surfaces: it varies in thickness frae {{Convert|10 |- |20 |km |abbr=on}} in the hielands an {{Convert |3 |- |5 |km |abbr=on}} in the maria.<ref>{{cite book |last=Heiken |first=G. |editor1-last=Vaniman |editor1-first=D. |editor2-last=French |editor2-first=B. |title=Lunar Sourcebook, a user's guide to the Moon |url=https://www.lpi.usra.edu/publications/books/lunar_sourcebook/|date=1991 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-521-33444-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/lunarsourcebooku00heik/page/n774 736]}}</ref> Beneath the finely comminuted regolith layer is the ''megaregolith'', a layer o heichly fractured bedrock mony kilometres thick.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Rasmussen |first=K.L. |author2=Warren, P.H. |title=Megaregolith thickness, heat flow, and the bulk composition of the Moon |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1985-01-10_313_5998/page/n53 |journal=[[Nature (jurnal)|Nature]] |date=1985 |volume=313 |issue=5998 |pages=121–124 |bibcode=1985Natur.313..121R |doi=10.1038/313121a0}}</ref> Comparison o heich-resolution eemages obteened bi the [[Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter]] haes shawn a contemporary crater-production rate signeeficantly heicher nor previously estimatit. A seicontar craterin process caused bi [[Ejecta blanket|distal ejecta]] is thocht tae churn the tap twa centimetres o regolith a hunder times mair quickly nor previous models suggestit{{ndash}}on a timescale o 81,000 year.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2108929-the-moon-has-hundreds-more-craters-than-we-thought/ |title=The moon has hundreds more craters than we thought |first=Rebecca |last=Boyle |publisher= |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013143743/https://www.newscientist.com/article/2108929-the-moon-has-hundreds-more-craters-than-we-thought/ |archivedate=13 October 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v538/n7624/full/nature19829.html |title=Quantifying crater production and regolith overturn on the Moon with temporal imaging |first1=Emerson J. |last1=Speyerer |first2=Reinhold Z. |last2=Povilaitis |first3=Mark S. |last3=Robinson |first4=Peter C. |last4=Thomas |first5=Robert V. |last5=Wagner |date=13 October 2016 |publisher= |journal=[[Nature (jurnal)|Nature]] |volume=538 |issue=7624 |pages=215–218 |via=www.nature.com |doi=10.1038/nature19829 |pmid=27734864}}</ref> [[File:Reiner-gamma-clem1.jpg|thumb|200px|Lunar swirls at [[Reiner Gamma]]]] ====Lunar swirls==== Lunar swirls are enigmatic featurs foond across the Muin's surface, which are chairacterised bi a heich albedo, appearin optically immatur (i.e. the optical chairactereestics o a relatively young regolith), an eften displayin a sinuous shape. Thair curvilinear shape is eften accentuated bi law albedo regions that wind atween the bricht swirls. ==== Albedo an true colour o the Moon ==== The sicht o the Moon is shapit bi its reflectin propertie an the composition o its surface. The Moon’s albedo is aboot 0.12<ref>{{Cite web|title=Moon Albedo|url=https://www.universetoday.com/articles/moon-albedo|access-date=2025-10-04|website=Universe Today|language=en}}</ref>, compairable tae worn asphalt. Sae, altho it appears bricht in the nicht sky, it is realie relativel dark. This low albedo comes fae the lunar regolith, a layer o fine rock fragments formit bi meteorite impacts. Licht scatterin bi the regolith maks the phenomenon kent as the opposition surge, makin the Moon appear muckle brichter at fu Moon than at quarter phases. The Moon’s true colour, wi nae atmospheric effects, is a mutit bruunish-gray<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sayyad|first=Nihal|date=2024-10-08|title=What Is The Colour Of The Moon?|url=https://www.wondersinspace.com/what-is-the-colour-of-the-moon/|access-date=2025-10-04|language=en-US}}</ref>. This comes fae silicate minerals in the regolith, wi darker basaltic plains (maria) an lighter feldspar-rich highlands. The maria, formit bi auld volcanic flows, hae mair iron an titanium, giein them a darker tone. Frae Earth, the Moon’s colour can be altert bi the atmosphere, appearin red durin lunar eclipses or occasionallie blue due tae volcanic particles. The Moon alsa shows retro-reflection, scatterin licht back til its source an creatin a uniform brichtness across its disc wi nae significant limb darkenin. Its apparent size an brichtness vary due tae its elliptical orbit, appearin up tae 30% brichter an 14% lairger at perigee compairit tae apogee, a phenomenon kent as a "Supermoon". At times, the Moon can appear red or blue. It may appear red durin a lunar eclipse, because o the red spectrum o the Sun's licht bein refracted on the Moon bi Earth’s atmosphere. Because o this red colour, lunar eclipses are soms ca’d blood moons. The Moon can alsa seem red whan it appears at low angles an thru a thick atmosphere. The Moon may appear blue dependin on the presence o certain particles in the air, sic as volcanic particles, in which case it is ca’d a blue moon. Sin the words "red moon" an "blue moon" can alsa be used tae refer tae specific fu moons o the year, they dae nae alwais refer tae the presence o red or blue moonlicht. ====Presence o watter==== Liquid watter canna persist on the lunar surface. Whan exposed tae solar radiation, watter quickly decompones throu a process kent as [[photodissociation]] an is lost tae space. Houiver, syne the 1960s, scientists hae hypothesized that watter ice mey be depositit bi impactin [[comets]] or possibly produced bi the reaction o oxygen-rich lunar rocks, an hydrogen frae [[solar wind]], leavin traces o watter that coud possibly survive in cauld, permanently shaidaed craters at aither pole on the Muin.<ref name="Margot1999" /><ref> {{cite journal |first=William R. |last=Ward |title=Past Orientation of the Lunar Spin Axis |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1975-08-01_189_4200/page/377 |journal=[[Science (jurnal)|Science]] |date=1 August 1975 |volume=189 |issue=4200 |pages=377–379 |doi=10.1126/science.189.4200.377 |pmid=17840827 |bibcode=1975Sci...189..377W}} </ref> Computer simulations suggest that up tae {{Convert |14000 |km2 |abbr=on}} o the surface mey be in permanent shaidae.<ref name="M03" /> The presence o uisable quantities o watter on the Muin is an important factor in renderin [[Colonisation o the Moon|lunar habitation]] as a cost-effective plan; the alternative o transportin watter frae Yird wad be prohibitively expensive.<ref name="seedhouse2009" /> In years syne, seegnaturs o watter hae been foond tae exeest on the lunar surface.<ref name="moonwater_18032010" /> In 1994, the [[Clementine mission#Bistatic Radar Experiment|bistatic radar experiment]] locatit on the ''[[Clementine (spacecraft)|Clementine]]'' spacecraft, indicatit the existence o smaw, frozen pockets o watter close tae the surface. Houiver, later radar observations bi [[Arecibo Observatory|Arecibo]], suggest thir findings mey rather be rocks ejectit frae young impact craters.<ref>{{cite web |last=Spudis |first=P. |title=Ice on the Moon |url=http://www.thespacereview.com/article/740/1 |publisher=[[The Space Review]] |date=6 November 2006 |accessdate=12 April 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070222083000/http://www.thespacereview.com/article/740/1 |archivedate=22 February 2007 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In 1998, the [[Lunar Prospector#Neutron Spectrometer (NS)|neutron spectrometer]] on the ''Lunar Prospector'' spacecraft shawed that heich concentrations o hydrogen are present in the first meter o deepth in the regolith near the polar regions.<ref name="Feldman1998" /> Volcanic lava beads, brocht back tae Yird abuird Apollo 15, shawed smaw amounts o watter in thair interior.<ref name="Saal2008" /> The 2008 ''[[Chandrayaan-1]]'' spacecraft haes syne confirmed the existence o surface watter ice, uisin the on-buird [[Moon Mineralogy Mapper]]. The spectrometer observed absorption lines common tae [[hydroxyl]], in reflected sunlicht, providin evidence o lairge quantities o watter ice, on the lunar surface. The spacecraft shawed that concentrations mey possibly be as heich as 1,000&nbsp;[[pairts per million|ppm]].<ref name="Pieters2009" /> In 2009, ''[[LCROSS]]'' sent a {{Convert|2300 |kg |abbr=on}} impactor intae a permanently shaidaed polar crater, an detectit at least {{Convert |100 |kg |abbr=on}} o watter in a plume o ejectit material.<ref name="Planetary" /><ref name="Colaprete" /> Anither examination o the LCROSS data shawed the amoont o detectit watter tae be closer tae {{Convert |155 |± |12 |kg |abbr=on}}.<ref name="Colaprete2010" /> In Mey 2011, 615–1410 ppm watter in [[melt inclusions]] in lunar saumple 74220 wis reportit,<ref name="hauri" /> the famous heich-titanium "orange gless sile" o volcanic oreegin collectit during the [[Apollo 17]] mission in 1972. The inclusions war formed in explosive eruptions on the Muin approximately 3.7 billion year aby. This concentration is comparable wi that o magma in Yird's [[upper mantle]]. Awtho o considerable selenological interest, this announcement affords little comfort tae wad-be lunar colonists—the sample oreeginatit mony kilometres ablo the surface, an the inclusions are sae difficult tae access that it teuk 39 year tae find them wi a state-o-the-airt ion microprobe instrument. ===Gravitational field=== The gravitational field o the Muin haes been meisurt throu trackin the [[Doppler effect|Doppler shift]] o radio signals emittit bi orbitin spacecraft. The main lunar gravity featurs are [[mass concentration (astronomy)|mascons]], lairge positive gravitational anomalies associatit wi some o the giant [[impact crater|impact basins]], partly caused bi the dense mare basaltic lava flaws that fill thae basins.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Muller |first=P. |author2=Sjogren, W. |title=Mascons: lunar mass concentrations |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1968-08-16_161_3842/page/680 |journal=[[Science (jurnal)|Science]] |volume=161 |pages=680–684 |date=1968 |doi=10.1126/science.161.3842.680 |pmid=17801458 |issue=3842 |bibcode=1968Sci...161..680M}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |journal=[[Science (jurnal)|Science]] |author=Richard A. Kerr |title=The Mystery of Our Moon's Gravitational Bumps Solved? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2013-04-12_340_6129/page/138 |volume=340 |pages=138–139 |date=12 April 2013 |doi=10.1126/science.340.6129.138-a |pmid=23580504}}</ref> The anomalies greatly influence the orbit o spacecraft aboot the Muin. Thare are some puzzles: lava flaws bi themsels canna expleen aw o the gravitational signatur, an some mascons exist that are nae linked tae mare volcanism.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Konopliv |first=A. |author2=Asmar, S. |author3=Carranza, E. |author4=Sjogren, W. |author5=Yuan, D. |title=Recent gravity models as a result of the Lunar Prospector mission |journal=[[Icarus (jurnal)|Icarus]] |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=1–18 |date=2001 |doi=10.1006/icar.2000.6573 |bibcode=2001Icar..150....1K}}</ref> ===Magnetic field=== The Muin haes a freemit [[magnetic field]] o aboot 1–100 [[Tesla (unit)|nanoteslas]], less nor ane-hundert [[Yird's magnetic field|that o Yird]]. It daes nae currently hae a global [[dipole|dipolar]] magnetic field an anly haes crustal magnetisation, probably acquired early in lunar history whan a dynamo wis still operatin.<ref name="GB2009" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://lunar.arc.nasa.gov/results/magelres.htm |publisher=[[Lunar Prospector]] (NASA) |title=Magnetometer / Electron Reflectometer Results |date=2001 |accessdate=17 March 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527121330/http://lunar.arc.nasa.gov/results/magelres.htm |archivedate=27 May 2010 |df= }}</ref> Alternatively, some o the remnant magnetization mey be frae transient magnetic fields generatit in lairge impact events throu the expansion o an impact-generatit plasma clood in the presence o an ambient magnetic field. This is supportit bi the apparent location o the lairgest crustal magnetisations near the [[antipodes]] o the giant impact basins.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hood |first=L.L. |author2=Huang, Z. |title=Formation of magnetic anomalies antipodal to lunar impact basins: Two-dimensional model calculations |journal=[[Journal of Geophysical Research]] |volume=96 |issue=B6 |pages=9837–9846 |date=1991 |doi=10.1029/91JB00308 |bibcode=1991JGR....96.9837H}}</ref> ===Atmosphere=== [[File:Apollo 17 twilight ray sketch.jpg|thumb|upright |Sketch bi the Apollo 17 astronauts. The lunar atmosphere wis later studied bi [[LADEE]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2005/07dec_moonstorms/ |title=Moon Storms |publisher=[[NASA]] |date=27 September 2013 |accessdate=3 October 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130912092057/http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2005/07dec_moonstorms/ |archivedate=12 September 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/ladee/main/#.VXCc0vBdiM8 |title=LADEE - Lunar Atmosphere Dust and Environment Explorer |first=Jessica |last=Culler |date=16 June 2015 |publisher= |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408015242/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/ladee/main/#.VXCc0vBdiM8 |archivedate=8 April 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>]] The Muin haes an atmosphere sae tenuous as tae be nearly [[vacuum]], wi a tot mass o less nor {{Convert|10 |MT}}.<ref>{{cite book |editor=Richard D. Johnson & Charles Holbrow |last=Globus |first=Ruth |title=Space Settlements: A Design Study |chapter=Chapter 5, Appendix J: Impact Upon Lunar Atmosphere |publisher=[[NASA]] |url=http://settlement.arc.nasa.gov/75SummerStudy/5appendJ.html |date=1977 |accessdate=17 March 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531205037/http://settlement.arc.nasa.gov/75SummerStudy/5appendJ.html |archivedate=31 May 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The surface pressur o this smaw mass is aroond 3 × 10⁻¹⁵&nbsp;[[Atmosphere (unit)|atm]] (0.3&nbsp;[[nanopascal|nPa]]); it varies wi the lunar day. Its soorces include [[ootgassin]] an [[sputterin]], a product o the bombardment o lunar sile bi [[solar wind]] ions.<ref name="L06" /><ref>{{cite journal |last=Crotts |first=Arlin P.S. |title=Lunar Outgassing, Transient Phenomena and The Return to The Moon, I: Existing Data |date=2008 |url=http://www.astro.columbia.edu/~arlin/TLP/paper1.pdf |bibcode=2008ApJ...687..692C |volume=687 |pages=692–705 |journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal]] |doi=10.1086/591634 |arxiv=0706.3949 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220081142/http://www.astro.columbia.edu/~arlin/TLP/paper1.pdf |archivedate=20 February 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Elements that hae been detectit include [[sodium]] an [[potassium]], produced bi sputterin (an aa foond in the atmospheres o [[Mercur (planet)|Mercur]] an [[Io (muin)|Io]]); [[helium-4]] an [[neon]]<ref name="NASA-20150817">{{cite web |last=Steigerwald |first=William |title=NASA's LADEE Spacecraft Finds Neon in Lunar Atmosphere |url=http://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/ladee-lunar-neon |date=17 August 2015 |work=[[NASA]] |accessdate=18 August 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150819035151/http://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/ladee-lunar-neon/ |archivedate=19 August 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> frae the solar wind; an [[Argon|argon-40]], [[Radon|radon-222]], an [[polonium-210]], ootgassed efter thair creaution bi [[radioactive decay]] within the crust an mantle.<ref name="Stern1999" /><ref>{{cite journal|last=Lawson |first=S. |author2=Feldman, W. |author3=Lawrence, D. |author4=Moore, K. |author5=Elphic, R. |author6=Belian, R. |title=Recent outgassing from the lunar surface: the Lunar Prospector alpha particle spectrometer |journal=[[Journal of Geophysical Research]] |volume=110 |issue=E9 |page=1029 |date=2005 |doi=10.1029/2005JE002433 |bibcode=2005JGRE..11009009L}}</ref> The absence o sic neutral species (atoms or molecules) as [[oxygen]], [[nitrogen]], [[carbon]], [[hydrogen]] an [[magnesium]], that are present in the [[regolith]], is nae unnerstuid.<ref name="Stern1999" /> Watter vapour haes been detectit bi ''[[Chandrayaan-1]]'' an foond tae vary wi latitude, wi a maximum at ~60–70&nbsp;degrees; it is possibly generatit frae the [[sublimation (chemistry)|sublimation]] o watter ice in the regolith.<ref name="Sridharan2010" /> Thir gases aither return intae the regolith due tae the Muin's gravity or are lost tae space, aither throu solar radiation pressur or, if thay are ionized, bi bein swept awey bi the solar wind's magnetic field.<ref name="Stern1999" /> ====Dist==== A permanent asymmetric [[muin dist]] clood exists aroond the Muin, creatit bi smaw particles frae [[comets]]. Estimates are 5 tons o comet pairticles strike the Muin's surface ilk 24 oors. The pairticles strike the Muin's surface ejectin muin dist abuin the Muin. The dist stays abuin the Muin approximately 10 meenits, takkin 5 minutes tae rise, an 5 minutes tae faw. On average, 120 kilogrammes o dist are present abuin the Muin, rising tae 100 kilometers abuin the surface. The dist meisurments war made bi [[Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer|LADEE]]'s Lunar Dust EXperiment (LDEX), atween 20 an 100 kilometres abuin the surface, in a sax-month period. LDEX detectit an average o ane 0.3 micrometer muin dist pairticle ilk meenit. Dist pairticle coonts peaked during the [[Geminids|Geminid]], [[Quadrantids|Quadrantid]], [[Taurids|Northren Taurid]], an [[Omicron Centaurids|Omicron Centaurid]] [[meteor shawer]]s, whan the Yird, an Muin, pass throu comet debris. The clood is asymmetric, mair dense near the boondary atween the Muin's dayside an nichtside.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lopsided Cloud of Dust Discovered Around the Moon |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/06/150617-moon-dust-cloud-comet-space |website=National Geographic News |accessdate=20 June 2015 |first=Nadia |last=Drake |first2=National Geographic PUBLISHED June |last2=17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619052915/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/06/150617-moon-dust-cloud-comet-space/ |archivedate=19 June 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=A permanent, asymmetric dust cloud around the Moon |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v522/n7556/full/nature14479.html |journal=[[Nature (jurnal)|Nature]] |date=18 June 2015 |pages=324–326 |volume=522 |issue=7556 |doi=10.1038/nature14479 |first=M. |last=Horányi |first2=J. R. |last2=Szalay |first3=S. |last3=Kempf |first4=J. |last4=Schmidt |first5=E. |last5=Grün |first6=R. |last6=Srama |first7=Z. |last7=Sternovsky |bibcode=2015Natur.522..324H |pmid=26085272}}</ref> ===Saisons=== The Muin's [[axial tilt]] wi respect tae the [[ecliptic]] is anly 1.5424°,<ref name="SolarViews" /> muckle less nor the 23.44° o Yird. Acause o this, the Muin's solar illumination varies muckle less wi saison, an topografical details play a crucial role in saisonal effects.<ref name="bbc" /> Frae eemages taken bi ''[[Clementine (spacecraft)|Clementine]]'' in 1994, it appears that fower moontainous regions on the rim o [[Peary (crater)|Peary Crater]] at the Muin's north pole mey remeen illuminatit for the entire [[lunar day]], creautin [[Peak o Eternal Licht|peaks o eternal licht]]. No sic regions exist at the sooth pole. Seemilarly, thare are places that remeen in permanent shaidae at the bottoms o mony polar craters,<ref name="M03" /> an thir dark craters are extremely cauld: ''[[Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter]]'' meisurt the lawest simmer temperaturs in craters at the soothren pole at {{Convert|35 |K |4=0 |abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|date=17 September 2009 |url=http://www.diviner.ucla.edu/blog/?p=123 |title=Diviner News |publisher=[[UCLA]] |accessdate=17 March 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100307031354/http://www.diviner.ucla.edu/blog/?p=123 |archivedate=7 March 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> an juist {{Convert |26 |K |4=0 |abbr=on}} close tae the winter solstice in north polar [[Hermite (crater)|Hermite Crater]]. This is the cauldest temperatur in the Solar Seestem iver meosurt bi a spacecraft, caulder oven than the surface o [[Pluto]].<ref name="bbc" /> Average temperaturs o the Muin's surface are reportit, but temperaturs o different areas will vary greatly dependin upon whether thay are in sunlicht or shaidae.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://planetfacts.org/temperature-on-the-moon/ |title=Temperature on the Moon – Surface Temperature of the Moon – PlanetFacts.org |first=Jake |last=Rocheleau |publisher= |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527194737/http://planetfacts.org/temperature-on-the-moon/ |archivedate=27 May 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> =={{anchor |Orbit an relationship tae Yird}} Relationship tae Yird== ===Orbit=== [[File:Earth-Moon.PNG|thumb|alt=Yird haes a pronoonced axial tilt; the Muin's orbit is nae perpendicular tae Yird's axis, but lees close tae Yird's orbital plane. |Yird–Muin seestem (schematic)]] [[File:Dscovrepicmoontransitfull.gif|thumb |[[DSCOVR|DSCOVR satellite]] sees the Muin passin in front o Yird]] The Muin maks a complete orbit aroond Yird wi respect tae the fixed starns aboot ance ivery 27.3&nbsp;days{{efn |name=orbpd}} (its [[sidereal period]]). Houiver, acause Yird is muivin in its orbit aroond the Sun at the same time, it takes slichtly langer for the Muin tae shaw the same [[lunar phase|phase]] tae Yird, which is aboot 29.5&nbsp;days{{efn |name=synpd}} (its [[synodic period]]).<ref name="worldbook"/> Unlik maist satellites o ither planets, the Muin orbits closer tae the [[ecliptic plane]] nor tae the planet's [[equatorial plane]]. The Muin's orbit is subtly [[perturbation (astronomy)|perturbed]] bi the Sun an Yird in mony smaw, complex an interactin weys. For ensaumple, the plane o the Muin's orbit [[lunar staundstill|gradually rotates]] ance ivery 18.61<ref>[http://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/en/publications/global-influences-of-the-1861-year-nodal-cycle-and-885-year-cycle-of-lunar-perigee-on-high-tidal-levels(54ec1689-b2b0-472f-a717-2019f2c6f2b9)/export.html Global influences of the 18.61 year nodal cycle and 8.85 year cycle of lunar perigee on high tidal levels, U. of Western Australia]</ref> years, that affects ither aspects o lunar motion. Thir follae-on effects are mathematically describit bi [[Cassini's Laws|Cassini's laws]].<ref name="Beletskii2" /> ===Relative size=== The Muin is exceptionally lairge relative tae Yird: a quarter its diameter an 1/81 its mass.<ref name="worldbook" /> It is the lairgest muin in the Solar Seestem relative tae the size o its planet,{{efn |Thare is no strang correlation atween the sizes o planets an the sizes o thair satellites. Lairger planets tend tae hae mair satellites, baith lairge an smaw, than smawer planets.}} tho [[Charon (muin)|Charon]] is lairger relative tae the dwarf planet [[Pluto]], at 1/9 Pluto's mass.{{efn|name=Moon vs. Charon}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.planetary.org/explore/topics/pluto/|title=Space Topics: Pluto and Charon|publisher=[[The Planetary Society]] via Web Citation.org|accessdate=6 April 2010|archive-date=2012-02-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218223842/http://www.planetary.org/explore/topics/pluto/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Yird an the Muin are nivertheless still conseederit a planet–satellite seestem, raither nor a [[dooble planet]], acause thair [[barycentre]], the common centre o mass, is locatit {{Convert|1700 |km |abbr=on}} (aboot a quarter o Yird's radius) aneath Yird's surface.<ref>{{cite web |title=Planet Definition Questions & Answers Sheet |publisher=[[International Astronomical Union]] |date=2006 |url=http://www.iau.org/static/archives/releases/doc/iau0601_q_answers.doc |format=DOC |accessdate=24 March 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429052436/http://www.iau.org/static/archives/releases/doc/iau0601_q_answers.doc |archivedate=29 April 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> ==={{anchor |Observation |Appearance frae Yird}} Appearance frae Yird=== [[File:Western Moon setting over the San Bernardino Mountains, High Desert, California.jpg|thumb |left |Muin settin in wastren sky ower the [[High Desert (Californie)|High Desert]] in Californie]] The Muin is in [[synchronous rotation]]: it rotates aboot its axis in aboot the same time it takes tae [[orbit]] Yird. This results in it ayeweys keepin nearly the same face turned taewart Yird. Houiver, due tae the effect o [[libration#Lunar libration|libration]], aboot 59% o the Muin's surface can actually be seen frae Yird. The Muin uised tae rotate at a fester rate, but early in its history, its rotation slawed an becam [[Tidal lockin|tidally locked]] in this orientation as a result o [[freection]]al effects associatit wi [[tidal force|tidal]] deformations caused bi Yird.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Alexander |first=M. E. |title=The Weak Friction Approximation and Tidal Evolution in Close Binary Systems |journal=[[Astrophysics and Space Science]] |date=1973 |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=459–508 |bibcode=1973Ap&SS..23..459A |doi=10.1007/BF00645172}}</ref> Wi time, the energy o rotation o the Muin on its axis wis dissipatit as heat, till thare wis no rotation o the Muin relative tae the Yird. The side o the Muin that faces Yird is cried the [[Near side o the Muin|near side]], an the opposite the [[Faur side o the Muin|faur side]]. The far side is eften inaccurately cried the "daurk side", but it is in fact illuminatit as eften as the near side: ance per lunar day, in the new muin phase we observe on Yird whan the near side is daurk.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dark Side of the Moon |author=[[Phil Plait]] |publisher=[[Bad Astronomy]]: Misconceptions |url=http://www.badastronomy.com/bad/misc/dark_side.html |accessdate=15 February 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100412192834/http://www.badastronomy.com/bad/misc/dark_side.html |archivedate=12 April 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In 2016, planetary scientists, uisin data collectit on the muckle earlier Nasa [[Lunar Prospector]] mission, foond twa hydrogen-rich areas on opposite sides o the Muin, probably in the form o watter ice. It is speculatit that thir patches war the poles o the Muin billions o years aby, afore it wis tidally locked tae Yird.<ref>{{cite web |title=Moon used to spin 'on different axis' |publisher=BBC |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-35883576 |accessdate=23 March 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323203442/http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-35883576 |archivedate=23 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The Muin haes an exceptionally law [[albedo]], giein it a reflectance that is slichtly brichter nor that o worn asphalt. Despite this, it is the brichtest object in the sky efter the [[Sun]].<ref name="worldbook" />{{efn|name=brightness}} This is pairtly due tae the brichtness enhancement o the [[opposeetion effect]]; at quarter phase, the Muin is anly ane-tent as bricht, raither nor hauf as bricht, as at full muin.<ref name="Moon" /> Addeetionally, [[colour constancy]] in the [[visual seestem]] recalibrates the relations atween the colours o an object an its surroondins, an acause the surroondin sky is comparatively daurk, the sunlit Muin is perceived as a bricht object. The edges o the full muin seem as bricht as the centre, wi no [[limm daurkenin]], due tae the [[Lambert's cosine law#Lambertian scatterers|reflective properties]] o [[lunar sile]], that reflects mair licht back taewart the Sun nor in ither directions. The Muin daes appear lairger whan close tae the horizon, but this is a purely psychological effect, kent as the [[Muin illusion]], first descrived in the 7t century BC.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hershenson |first=Maurice |title=The Moon illusion |date=1989 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-8058-0121-7 |page=5}}</ref> The full muin subtends an arc o aboot 0.52° (on average) in the sky, aboot the same apparent size as the Sun (see {{section link | |Eclipses}}). The heichest [[altitude (astronomy)|altitude]] o the Muin in the sky varies wi the lunar phase an the saison o the year. The full muin is heichest in winter. The 18.61-year [[lunar node|nodes cycle]] an aa haes an influence: whan the [[orbital node|ascendin node]] o the lunar orbit is in the [[vernal equinox]], the lunar [[declination]] can gae as far as 28° ilk month. This means the Muin can gang owerheid at latitudes up tae 28° frae the equator, insteid o anerly 18°. The orientation o the Muin's crescent an aa depends on the latitude o the observation steid: close tae the equator, an observer can see a smile-shaped crescent muin.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/our-solar-system/46-our-solar-system/the-moon/observing-the-moon/124-is-the-moon-seen-as-a-crescent-and-not-a-boat-all-over-the-world-is-the-same-phase-of-the-moon-visible-from-the-northern-and-southern-hemispheres-advanced |publisher=[[Curious About Astronomy]] |title=Is the Moon seen as a crescent (and not a "boat") all over the world? |date=18 October 2002 |first=K. |last=Spekkens |accessdate=28 September 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016011356/http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/our-solar-system/46-our-solar-system/the-moon/observing-the-moon/124-is-the-moon-seen-as-a-crescent-and-not-a-boat-all-over-the-world-is-the-same-phase-of-the-moon-visible-from-the-northern-and-southern-hemispheres-advanced |archivedate=16 October 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The Muin is veesible for twa weeks ivery 27.3 days at the [[North Pole|North]] an [[Sooth Pole]]. The Muin's licht is uised bi [[zooplankton]] in the Arctic whan the sun is ablo the horizon for months on end.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Moonlight helps plankton escape predators during Arctic winters |magazine=[[New Scientist]] |date=16 January 2016 |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22930562-500-moonlight-helps-plankton-escape-predators-during-arctic-winters/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130112225/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22930562-500-moonlight-helps-plankton-escape-predators-during-arctic-winters/ |archivedate=30 January 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[File:Supermoon Nov-14-2016-minneapolis.jpg|thumb|The 14 November 2016 [[supermuin]] wis {{convert|356511|km|mi}} awey<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sivertimes.com/super-moon-exceptional-brightest-moon-in-the-sky-of-normandy-Monday-November-14/1872|title="Super Moon" exceptional. Brightest moon in the sky of Normandy, Monday, November 14 - The Siver Times|publisher=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114232404/http://sivertimes.com/super-moon-exceptional-brightest-moon-in-the-sky-of-normandy-monday-november-14/1872|archivedate=14 November 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> frae the centre of Earth, the closest occurrence syne 26 Januar 1948. It will nae be closer until 25 November 2034.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://astrobob.areavoices.com/2016/11/10/moongazers-delight-biggest-supermoon-in-decades-looms-large-sunday-night/|title=Moongazers Delight — Biggest Supermoon In Decades Looms Large Sunday Night|date=10 November 2016|publisher=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114170208/http://astrobob.areavoices.com/2016/11/10/moongazers-delight-biggest-supermoon-in-decades-looms-large-sunday-night/|archivedate=14 November 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>]] The distance atween the Muin an Yird varies frae aroond {{convert |356,400 |km |mi |abbr=on}} tae {{convert |406,700 |km |mi |abbr=on}} at [[Apsis|perigees]] (closest) an apogees (faurthest), respectively. On 14 November 2016, it wis closer tae Yird whan at full phase than it haes been syne 1948, 14% closer than its faurthest poseetion in apogee.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.space.com/34515-supermoon-guide.html|title=Supermoon November 2016|date=13 November 2016|accessdate=14 November 2016|publisher=Space.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114220725/http://www.space.com/34515-supermoon-guide.html|archivedate=14 November 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Reportit as a "[[Supermoon|super muin]]", this closest pynt coincides within an oor o a [[full muin]], an it wis 30% mair luminous than whan at its greatest distance due tae its angular diameter bein 14% greater, acause <math>\scriptstyle1.14^2\approx1.30</math>.<ref> {{cite web |title=Super Full Moon |date=16 March 2011 |author=Tony Phillips |publisher=[[NASA]] |accessdate=19 March 2011 |url=https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2011/16mar_supermoon/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507035348/https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2011/16mar_supermoon/ |archivedate=7 May 2012 |df= }} </ref><ref> {{cite web|title=Full moon tonight is as close as it gets |date=18 March 2011 |author=Richard K. De Atley |publisher=[[The Press-Enterprise]] |accessdate=19 March 2011 |url=http://www.pe.com/localnews/stories/PE_News_Local_D_moon19.23a6364.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110322161600/http://www.pe.com/localnews/stories/PE_News_Local_D_moon19.23a6364.html |archivedate=22 March 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref> {{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2011/mar/19/super-moon-closest-point-years |title='Super moon' to reach closest point for almost 20 years |work=The Guardian |date=19 March 2011 |accessdate=19 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225175506/http://www.theguardian.com/science/2011/mar/19/super-moon-closest-point-years |archivedate=25 December 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> At lower levels, the human perception o reduced brightness as a percentage is providit bi the follaein formula:<ref> {{cite web |last=Georgia State University, Dept. of Physics (Astronomy) |title=Perceived Brightness |url=http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/vision/bright.html |work=Brightnes and Night/Day Sensitivity |publisher=[[Georgia State University]] |accessdate=25 January 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221094605/http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/vision/bright.html |archivedate=21 February 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref> {{cite web |last=Lutron |title=Measured light vs. perceived light |url=http://www.lutron.com/TechnicalDocumentLibrary/Measured_vs_Perceived.pdf |work=From IES Lighting Handbook 2000, 27-4 |publisher=[[Lutron]] |accessdate=25 January 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205204351/http://www.lutron.com/TechnicalDocumentLibrary/Measured_vs_Perceived.pdf |archivedate=5 February 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> <math>\text{perceived reduction}\%=100 \times \sqrt{\text{actual reduction}\% \over 100}</math> Whan the actual reduction is 1.00 / 1.30, or about 0.770, the perceived reduction is aboot 0.877, or 1.00 / 1.14. This gies a maximum perceived increase o 14% atween apogee an perigee muins o the same phase.<ref> {{cite web |last=Walker |first=John |title=Inconstant Moon |url=http://www.fourmilab.ch/earthview/moon_ap_per.html |work=Earth and Moon Viewer |publisher=[[Fourmilab]] |accessdate=23 January 2014 |location=Fourth paragraph of "How Bright the Moonlight" |date=May 1997 |quote=14% [...] due to the logarithmic response of the human eye. |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214123836/https://www.fourmilab.ch/earthview/moon_ap_per.html |archivedate=14 December 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Thare haes been historical controversy ower whether featurs on the Muin's surface chynge ower time. The day, mony o thir claims are thocht tae be illusory, resultin frae observation unner different lichtin condeetions, puir [[astronomical seein]], or inadequate drawins. Houiver, [[ootgassin]] daes occasionally occur, an coud be responsible for a minor percentage o the reportit [[transient lunar phenomenon|lunar transient phenomena]]. Recently, it haes been suggestit that aboot a {{Convert |3 |km |abbr=on}} diameter region o the lunar surface wis modified bi a gas release event aboot a million years aby.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/Nov06/MoonGas.html |last=Taylor |first=G.J. |title=Recent Gas Escape from the Moon |work=Planetary Science Research Discoveries |publisher=[[Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology]] |date=8 November 2006 |accessdate=4 April 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070304055515/http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/Nov06/MoonGas.html |archivedate=4 March 2007 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Schultz |first=P. H. |author2=Staid, M. I. |author3=Pieters, C. M. |date=2006 |title=Lunar activity from recent gas release |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2006-11-09_444_7116/page/184 |journal=[[Nature (jurnal)|Nature]] |volume=444 |pages=184–186 |doi=10.1038/nature05303 |pmid=17093445 |issue=7116 |bibcode=2006Natur.444..184S}}</ref> The Muin's appearance, lik that o the Sun, can be affectit bi Yird's atmosphere: common effects are a 22° [[Halo (optical phenomenon)|halo ring]] formed whan the Muin's licht is refractit throu the ice creestals o heich [[cirrostratus]] cloud, an smawer [[Corona (meteorology)|coronal rings]] whan the Muin is seen throu thin cloods.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/%28Gh%29/guides/mtr/opt/ice/halo/22.rxml |title=22 Degree Halo: a ring of light 22 degrees from the sun or moon |publisher=Department of Atmospheric Sciences, [[University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign]] |accessdate=13 April 2010 |archive-date=2010-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100405070654/http://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/(Gh)/guides/mtr/opt/ice/halo/22.rxml |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{wide image |Moon_phases_en.jpg |550px |The monthly cheenges o angle between the direction o illumination bi the Sun an viewin frae Yird, an the [[Lunar phase|phases o the Muin]] that result as viewed frae the northren hemisphere. Yird–Muin distance is nae tae scale.}} The illuminatit area o the veesible sphere (degree o illumination) is gien bi <math>(1-\cos e)/2=\sin^2(e/2)</math>, whaur <math>e</math> is the [[elongation (astronomy)|elongation]] (i.e., the angle atween Muin, the observer (on Yird) an the Sun). ===Tidal effects=== {{main article |Tide}} [[File:Lunar libration with phase Oct 2007 (continuous loop).gif|thumb |alt=Ower ane lunar month mair nor hauf o the Muin's surface can be seen frae Yird's surface. |The [[libration]] o the Muin ower a single lunar month. An aa veesible is the slicht variation in the Muin's veesual size frae Yird.]] The gravitational attraction that masses hae for ane anither decreases inversely wi the square o the distance o thae masses frae ilk ither. As a result, the slichtly greater attraction that the Muin haes for the side o Yird closest tae the Muin, as compared tae the pairt o the Yird opposite the Muin, results in [[tidal forces]]. Tidal forces affect baith the Yird's crust an oceans. The maist obvious effect o tidal forces is tae cause twa bulges in the Yird's oceans, ane on the side facin the Muin an the ither on the side opposite. This results in elevatit sea levels cried [[tide|ocean tides]].<ref name="Lambeck1977" /> As the Yird spins on its axis, ane o the ocean bulges (heich tide) is held in place "unner" the Muin, while anither sic tide is opposite. As a result, thare are twa heich tides, an twa law tides in aboot 24 oors.<ref name="Lambeck1977" /> Syne the Muin is orbitin the Yird in the same direction o the Yird's rotation, the heich tides occur aboot ivery 12 oors an 25 minutes; the 25 minutes is due tae the Muin's time tae orbit the Yird. The Sun haes the same tidal effect on the Yird, but its forces o attraction are anerly 40% that o the Muin's; the Sun's an Muin's interplay is responsible for [[Ware tide|ware an neap tides]].<ref name="Lambeck1977" /> If the Yird war a watter warld (ane wi no continents) it wad produce a tide o anly ane meter, an that tide wad be verra predictable, but the ocean tides are greatly modified bi ither effects: the freectional cooplin o watter tae Yird's rotation throu the ocean fluirs, the [[inertia]] o watter's muivement, ocean basins that graw shallaer near laund, the sloshin o watter atween different ocean basins.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Le Provost |first=C. |author2=Bennett, A. F. |author3=Cartwright, D. E. |date=1995 |title=Ocean Tides for and from TOPEX/POSEIDON |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1995-02-03_267_5198/page/638 |pages=639–42 |journal=[[Science (jurnal)|Science]] |pmid=17745840 |volume=267 |issue=5198 |bibcode=1995Sci...267..639L |doi=10.1126/science.267.5198.639}}</ref> As a result, the timing o the tides at maist pynts on the Yird is a product o observations that are explained, incidentally, bi theory. While gravitation causes acceleration an movement o the Yird's fluid oceans, gravitational cooplin atween the Muin an Yird's solit bouk is maistly elastic an plastic. The result is a forder tidal effect o the Muin on the Yird that causes a bulge o the solit portion o the Yird nearest the Muin that acts as a [[torque]] in opposeetion tae the Yird's rotation. This "drains" [[angular momentum]] an rotational [[kinetic energy]] frae Yird's spin, slowing the Yird's rotation.<ref name="Lambeck1977" /><ref name="touma1994" /> That angular momentum, lost frae the Yird, is transferred tae the Muin in a process (confusingly kent as [[tidal acceleration]]), that lifts the Muin intae a heicher orbit an results in its lawer orbital speed aboot the Yird. Sicweys the distance atween Yird an Muin is [[tidal acceleration|increasin]], an the Yird's spin is slawin in reaction.<ref name="touma1994" /> Measurements frae laser reflectors left in the Apollo missions ([[lunar laser rangin experiment|lunar rangin experiments]]) hae foond that the Muin's distance increases bi {{Convert |38 |mm |abbr=on}} per year<ref>{{cite journal |last=Chapront |first=J. |author2=Chapront-Touzé, M. |author3=Francou, G. |date=2002 |title=A new determination of lunar orbital parameters, precession constant and tidal acceleration from LLR measurements |journal=[[Astronomy and Astrophysics]] |volume=387 |issue=2 |pages=700–709 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20020420 |bibcode=2002A&A...387..700C}}</ref> (aboot the rate at that human fingernails growe).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-12311119 |title=Why the Moon is getting further away from Earth |work=BBC News |date=1 February 2011 |accessdate=18 September 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925185706/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-12311119 |archivedate=25 September 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[Atomic clock]]s an aa shaw that Yird's day lenthens bi aboot 15&nbsp;[[microseicont]]s ivery year,<ref>{{cite web |last=Ray |first=R. |date=15 May 2001 |url=http://bowie.gsfc.nasa.gov/ggfc/tides/intro.html |title=Ocean Tides and the Earth's Rotation |publisher=[[IERS Special Bureau for Tides]] |accessdate=17 March 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327084125/http://bowie.gsfc.nasa.gov/ggfc/tides/intro.html |archivedate=27 March 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> slawly increasin the rate at that [[Coordinatit Universal Time|UTC]] is adjuistit bi [[leap seicont]]s. Left tae run its coorse, this tidal drag wad continue till the spin o Yird an the orbital period o the Muin matched, creautin mutual tidal lockin atween the twa. As a result, the Muin wad be suspendit in the sky ower ane meridian, as is awreidy currently the case wi [[Pluto]] an its muin [[Charon (muin)|Charon]]. Houiver, the Sun will become a [[reid giant#The Sun as a reid giant|reid giant]] engulfin the Yird-Muin seestem lang afore this occurrence.<ref>{{cite book |author=Murray, C.D. |author2=Dermott, Stanley F. |title=Solar System Dynamics |date=1999 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-57295-8 |page=184}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Dickinson |first=Terence |authorlink=Terence Dickinson |title=From the Big Bang to Planet X |url=https://archive.org/details/frombigbangtopla00unse |date=1993 |publisher=[[Camden House]] |location=Camden East, Ontario |isbn=978-0-921820-71-0 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/frombigbangtopla00unse/page/79 79]–81}} </ref> In a lik manner, the lunar surface experiences tides o aroond {{Convert |10 |cm |4=0 |abbr=on}} amplitude ower 27&nbsp;days, wi twa components: a fixed ane due tae Yird, acause thay are in [[synchronous rotation]], an a varyin component frae the Sun.<ref name="touma1994"/> The Yird-induced component arises frae [[libration]], a result o the Muin's orbital eccentricity (if the Muin's orbit war perfectly circular, thare wad anerly be solar tides).<ref name="touma1994" /> Libration an aa cheenges the angle frae that the Muin is seen, allouin a tot o aboot 59% o its surface tae be seen frae Yird ower time.<ref name="worldbook" /> The cumulative effects o stress biggit up bi thir tidal forces produces [[muinquauks]]. Muinquakes are muckle less common an waiker nor are yirdquauks, awtho muin quauks can last for up tae an oor—a signeeficantly langer time than terrestrial quauks—acause o the absence o watter tae damp oot the seismic vibrations. The existence o muinquauks wis an unexpectit discovery frae [[seismometer]]s placed on the Muin bi [[Apollo program|Apollo]] [[astronaut]]s frae 1969 throu 1972.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Latham |first1=Gary |date=1972 |last2=Ewing |first2=Maurice |last3=Dorman |first3=James |last4=Lammlein |first4=David |last5=Press |first5=Frank |last6=Toksőz |first6=Naft |last7=Sutton |first7=George |last8=Duennebier |first8=Fred |last9=Nakamura |first9=Yosio |title=Moonquakes and lunar tectonism |journal=[[Earth, Moon, and Planets]] |volume=4 |issue=3–4 |pages=373–382 |doi=10.1007/BF00562004 |bibcode=1972Moon....4..373L}}</ref> ===Eclipses=== {{main article |Solar eclipse |Lunar eclipse}} {{multiple image |width1=152 |width2=150 |image1=Solar_eclipse_1999_4_NR.jpg |alt1=The fiercely bright disk o the Sun is completely obscured bi the exact fit o the disk o the daurk, non-illuminatit Moon, leavin anerly the radial, fuzzy, glawin coronal filaments o the Sun aroond the edge. |image2=STEREO-B solar eclipse.jpg |alt2=The bricht disk o the Sun, shawin mony coronal filaments, flares an grainy patches in the wavelenth o this eemage, is pairtly obscured bi a smaw dark disk: here, the Muin covers less than a fifteent o the Sun. |footer=Frae Yird, the Muin an the Sun appear the same size, as seen in the [[Solar eclipse o August 11, 1999|1999 solar eclipse]] (left), whauras frae the ''[[Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory|STEREO-B]]'' spacecraft in an Yird-trailin orbit, the Muin appears mukle smawer than the Sun (richt).<ref>{{cite web|author=Phillips, Tony |work=Science@NASA |title=Stereo Eclipse |date=12 March 2007 |accessdate=17 March 2010 |url=https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2007/12mar_stereoeclipse.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610082213/https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2007/12mar_stereoeclipse.htm |archivedate=10 June 2008 |df= }}</ref> }} Eclipses can anerly occur whan the Sun, Yird, an Muin are aw in a straucht line (termed "[[Syzygy (astronomy)|syzygy]]"). [[Solar eclipse]]s occur at [[new muin]], whan the Muin is atween the Sun an Yird. In contrast, [[lunar eclipse]]s occur at [[full muin]], whan Yird is atween the Sun an Muin. The apparent size o the Muin is aboot the same as that o the Sun, wi baith bein viewed at close tae ane-hauf a degree wide. The Sun is muckle lairger nor the Muin but it is the precise vastly greater distance that gies it the same apparent size as the muckle closer an much smawer Muin frae the perspective o Yird. The variations in apparent size, due tae the non-circular orbits, are nearly the same as well, tho occurrin in different cycles. This maks possible baith [[total eclipse|total]] (wi the Muin appearin lairger than the Sun) an [[annular eclipse|annular]] (wi the Muin appearin smawer than the Sun) solar eclipses.<ref>{{cite web |first=F. |last=Espenak |date=2000 |url=http://www.mreclipse.com/Special/SEprimer.html |title=Solar Eclipses for Beginners |publisher=MrEclip]] |accessdate=17 March 2010}}</ref> In a tot eclipse, the Muin completely covers the disc o the Sun an the solar [[corona]] becomes vrrsible tae the [[nakit ee]]. Acause the distance atween the Muin an Yird is verra slawly increasin ower time,<ref name="Lambeck1977" /> the angular diameter o the Muin is decreasin. An aa, as it evolves thewarts becomin a [[reid giant]], the size o the Sun, an its apparent diameter in the sky, are slawly increasin.{{efn|name=size changes}} The combination o thir twa cheenges means that hunders o millions o years ago, the Muin wad alyeweys completely civer the Sun on solar eclipses, an no annular eclipses war possible. Likwise, hunders o millions o years in the futur, the Muin will no langer civer the Sun completely, an tot solar eclipses will nae occur.<ref name=fourmilab>{{cite web |last=Walker |first=John |url=http://www.fourmilab.ch/images/peri_apo/ |title=Moon near Perigee, Earth near Aphelion |publisher=[[Fourmilab]] |date=10 July 2004 |accessdate=25 December 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208153430/http://www.fourmilab.ch/images/peri_apo/ |archivedate=8 December 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Acause the Muin's orbit aroond Yird is inclined bi aboot 5.145° (5° 9') tae the [[ecliptic|orbit o Yird aroond the Sun]], eclipses dae nae occur at ivery full an new muin. For an eclipse tae occur, the Muin must be near the intersection o the twa orbital planes.<ref name="eclipse" /> The periodicity an recurrence o eclipses o the Sun bi the Muin, an o the Muin bi Yird, is describit bi the [[Saros (astronomy)|saros]], that haes a period o approximately 18&nbsp;years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/SEsaros/SEsaros.html |last=Espenak |first=F. |title=Saros Cycle |publisher=[[NASA]] |accessdate=17 March 2010 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120524183445/sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/SEsaros/SEsaros.html |archivedate=24 May 2012 |df= }}</ref> Acause the Muin is continuously blockin oor view o a hauf-degree-wide circular area o the sky,{{efn |name=area}}<ref>{{cite magazine |title=The Square Degree as a Unit of Celestial Area |author=Guthrie, D.V. |date=1947 |magazine=[[Popular Astronomy (US magazine)|Popular Astronomy]] |volume=55 |pages=200–203 |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1947PA.....55..200G/abstract|bibcode=1947PA.....55..200G}}</ref> the relatit phenomenon o [[occultation]] occurs whan a bricht starn or planet passes ahint the Muin an is occultit: hidden frae view. In this wey, a solar eclipse is an occultation o the Sun. Because the Muin is comparatively close tae Yird, occultations o individual starns are nae veesible iverywhaur on the planet, nor at the same time. Acause o the [[precession]] o the lunar orbit, ilk year different stars are occulted.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://occsec.wellington.net.nz/total/totoccs.htm |title=Total Lunar Occultations |publisher=[[Royal Astronomical Society of New Zealand]] |accessdate=17 March 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100223022627/http://occsec.wellington.net.nz/total/totoccs.htm |archivedate=23 February 2010 |df= }}</ref> ==References== ===Notes=== {{notes |notes= {{efn |name=inclination |Atween 18.29° an 28.58° tae Yird's [[equator]].<ref name="W06"/> }} {{efn|name=maxval |The ''maximum vailyie'' is gien based on scalin o the brichtness frae the vailyie o −12.74 gien for an equator tae Muin-centre distance o 378&nbsp;000&nbsp;km in the NASA factsheet reference tae the meenimum Yird–Muin distance gien thare, efter the latter is correctit for Yird's equatorial radius o 6&nbsp;378&nbsp;km, giein 350&nbsp;600&nbsp;km. The ''meenimum vailyie'' (for a distant [[new muin]]) is based on a seemilar scalin uisin the maximum Yird–Muin distance o 407&nbsp;000&nbsp;km (gien in the factsheet) an bi calculatin the brichtness o the [[yirdshine]] ontae sic a new muin. The brichtness o the yirdshine is {{nowrap|[ Yird [[albedo]] ×}} {{nowrap|([[Yird radius]] /}} Radius o [[Orbit o the Muin|Muin's orbit]])²&nbsp;] relative tae the direct solar illumination that occurs for a full muin. ({{nowrap |Earth albedo {{=}} 0.367}}; {{nowrap |Yird radius {{=}} (polar}} radius&nbsp;× equatorial {{nowrap |radius)^½ {{=}} 6 367 km}}.) }} {{efn |name=angular size |The range o angular size vailyies gien are based on semple scalin o the follaein vailyies gien in the fact sheet reference: at an Yird-equator tae Muin-centre distance o 378&nbsp;000&nbsp;km, the [[Angular diameter|angular size]] is 1896&nbsp;[[arcseicont]]s. The same fact sheet gies extreme Yird–Muin distances o 407&nbsp;000&nbsp;km an 357&nbsp;000&nbsp;km. For the maximum angular size, the meenimum distance haes ae be correctit for Yird's equatorial radius o 6&nbsp;378&nbsp;km, giein 350&nbsp;600&nbsp;km. }} {{efn|name=pressure explanation |Lucey et al. (2006) gie {{nowrap |10⁷ particles cm⁻³}} bi day an {{nowrap |10⁵ pairticles cm⁻³}} bi nicht. Alang wi equatorial surface temperaturs o 390&nbsp;[[Kelvin|K]] bi day an 100&nbsp;K bi nicht, the [[ideal gas law]] yields the pressurs gien in the infobox (roondit tae the nearest [[order o magnitude]]): 10⁻⁷&nbsp;[[Pascal (unit)|Pa]] bi day an 10⁻¹⁰&nbsp;Pa bi nicht. }} {{efn |name=near-Earth asteroids |Thare are a nummer o [[near-Yird asteroid]]s, includin [[3753 Cruithne]], that are [[co-orbital]] wi Yird: thair orbits bring them close tae Yird for periods o time but then alter in the lang term (Morais et al, 2002). Thir are [[quasi-satellite]]s&nbsp;– thay are not muins as thay dae nae orbit Yird. For mair information, see [[Ither muins o Yird]]. }} {{efn|name=Moon vs. Charon |Wi 27% the diameter an 60% the density o Yird, the Muin haes 1.23% o the mass o Yird. The muin [[Charon (muin)|Charon]] is lairger relative tae its primar [[Pluto]], but Pluto is nou conseedert tae be a [[dwarf planet]]. }} {{efn |name=orbpd |Mair accurately, the Muin's mean sidereal period (fixed starn tae fixed starn) is 27.321661&nbsp;days {{nowrap |(27 d 07 o 43 meen 11.5 s)}}, an its mean tropical orbital period (frae equinox tae equinox) is 27.321582&nbsp;days {{nowrap |(27 d 07 o 43 meen 04.7 s)}} (''Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Ephemeris'', 1961, at p.107). }} {{efn |name=synpd |Mair accurately, the Muin's mean synodic period (atween mean solar conjunctions) is 29.530589&nbsp;days {{nowrap |(29 d 12 h 44 min 02.9 s)}} (''Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Ephemeris'', 1961, at p.107). }} {{efn |name=brightness |The Sun's [[apparent magnitude]] is −26.7, while the full muin's apparent magnitude is −12.7. }} {{efn|name=area |On average, the Muin covers an area o {{nowrap |0.21078 square degrees}} on the nicht sky. }} {{efn |name=size changes |See graph in [[Sun#Life phases]]. At present, the diameter o the Sun is increasin at a rate o aboot five percent per billion years. This is verra seemilar tae the rate at that the apparent angular diameter o the Muin is decreasin as it recedes frae Yird. }} }} ===Citations=== {{Reflist|30em |refs= <ref name="W06"> {{cite journal | last1 = Wieczorek| first1 = Mark A.| last2 = Jolliff| first2 = Bradley L.| last3 = Khan| first3 = Amir| last4 = Pritchard| first4 = Matthew E.| last5 = Weiss| first5 = Benjamin P.| last6 = Williams| first6 = James G.| last7 = Hood| first7 = Lon L.| last8 = Righter| first8 = Kevin| last9 = Neal| first9 = Clive R.| last10 = Shearer| first10 = Charles K.| last11 = McCallum| first11 = I. Stewart| last12 = Tompkins| first12 = Stephanie| last13 = Hawke| first13 = B. 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Pradeepkumara |author6=Neha Naika |author7=Gogulapati Supriya |date=2010 |pages=947–950 |issue=6 |volume=58 |title='Direct' evidence for water (H2O) in the sunlit lunar ambience from CHACE on MIP of Chandrayaan I |journal=[[Planetary and Space Science]] |doi=10.1016/j.pss.2010.02.013 |bibcode=2010P&SS...58..947S}} </ref> <ref name="SolarViews"> Hamilton, Calvin J.; Hamilton, Rosanna L., ''The Moon'', [http://www.solarviews.com/eng/moon.htm Views of the Solar System] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204134527/http://solarviews.com/eng/moon.htm |date=4 February 2016 }}, 1995–2011. </ref> <ref name="bbc"> {{cite news |title='Coldest place' found on the Moon |publisher=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8416749.stm |first=Jonathan |last=Amos |accessdate=20 March 2010 |date=16 December 2009}} </ref> <ref name="Beletskii2"> {{cite book |author=V V Belet︠s︡kiĭ |title=Essays on the Motion of Celestial Bodies |url=https://books.google.com/?id=byWZusmVSecC |date=2001 |publisher=[[Birkhäuser]] |isbn=978-3-7643-5866-2 |page=183}} </ref> <ref name="Moon"> {{cite web |title=How Bright is the Moon? |author=Luciuk, Mike |url=http://www.asterism.org/tutorials/tut26-1.htm |publisher=[[Amateur Astronomers]] |accessdate=16 March 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100312092655/http://www.asterism.org/tutorials/tut26-1.htm |archivedate=12 March 2010 |df=dmy-all }} </ref> <ref name="Lambeck1977"> {{cite journal |doi=10.1098/rsta.1977.0159 |last=Lambeck |first=K. |date=1977 |title=Tidal Dissipation in the Oceans: Astronomical, Geophysical and Oceanographic Consequences |journal=[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A]] |volume=287 |issue=1347 |pages=545–594 |bibcode=1977RSPTA.287..545L}} </ref> <ref name="touma1994"> {{cite journal |last=Touma |first=Jihad |author2=Wisdom, Jack |date=1994 |title=Evolution of the Earth-Moon system |journal=[[The Astronomical Journal]] |volume=108 |issue=5 |pages=1943–1961 |doi=10.1086/117209 |bibcode=1994AJ....108.1943T}} </ref> <ref name="eclipse"> {{cite web|last=Thieman |first=J. |author2=Keating, S. |date=2 May 2006 |url=http://eclipse99.nasa.gov/pages/faq.html |title=Eclipse 99, Frequently Asked Questions |publisher=[[NASA]] |accessdate=12 April 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070211120127/http://eclipse99.nasa.gov/pages/faq.html |archivedate=11 February 2007 |df= }} </ref> <!-- <ref name="Sarma-Ast-Ind"> {{cite book |last=Sarma |first=K. 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LUNAR IMPACT: A History of Project Ranger. |publisher=[[Scientific and Technical Information Office]], [[NASA]] |accessdate=13 April 2010 |location=Washington, D.C. |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100410085526/http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4210/pages/App_A.htm |archivedate=10 April 2010 |df=dmy-all }} </ref> <ref name="CNN"> {{cite news |last=Coren |first=M. |title='Giant leap' opens world of possibility |publisher=CNN |date=26 July 2004 |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2004/TECH/space/07/16/moon.landing/index.html |accessdate=16 March 2010|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/66CTOLNBW?url=http://edition.cnn.com/2004/TECH/space/07/16/moon.landing/index.html |archivedate=16 March 2012 |df=dmy-all }} </ref> <ref name="xinhua_20090301"> {{cite news |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2009-03/01/content_7523687.htm |title=China's first lunar probe ends mission |date=1 March 2009 |publisher=[[Xinhua]] |accessdate=29 March 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304124614/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2009-03/01/content_7523687.htm |archivedate=4 March 2009 |df=dmy-all }} </ref> <ref name="unoosa_q6"> {{cite web |url=http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/FAQ/splawfaq.html#Q6 |title=Can any State claim a part of outer space as its own? |publisher=[[United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs]] |accessdate=28 March 2010 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100421232450/http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/FAQ/splawfaq.html#Q6 |archivedate=21 April 2010 |df=dmy-all }} </ref> <ref name="unoosa_q4"> {{cite web |url=http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/FAQ/splawfaq.html#Q4 |title=How many States have signed and ratified the five international treaties governing outer space? |date=1 January 2006 |publisher=[[United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs]] |accessdate=28 March 2010 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100421232450/http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/FAQ/splawfaq.html#Q4 |archivedate=21 April 2010 |df=dmy-all }} </ref> <ref name="unoosa_q5"> {{cite web |url=http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/FAQ/splawfaq.html#Q5 |title=Do the five international treaties regulate military activities in outer space? |publisher=[[United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs]] |accessdate=28 March 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100421232450/http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/FAQ/splawfaq.html#Q5 |archivedate=21 April 2010 |df=dmy-all }} </ref> <ref name="unoosa_moon"> {{cite web |url=http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/SpaceLaw/moon.html |title=Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies |publisher=[[United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs]] |accessdate=28 March 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100809072447/http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/SpaceLaw/moon.html |archivedate=9 August 2010 |df=dmy-all }} </ref> <ref name="unoosa_q7"> {{cite web |url=http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/FAQ/splawfaq.html#Q7 |title=The treaties control space-related activities of States. What about non-governmental entities active in outer space, like companies and even individuals? |publisher=[[United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs]] |accessdate=28 March 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100421232450/http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/FAQ/splawfaq.html#Q7 |archivedate=21 April 2010 |df=dmy-all }} </ref> <ref name="iisl_2004"> {{cite web |url=http://www.iislweb.org/docs/IISL_Outer_Space_Treaty_Statement.pdf |title=Statement by the Board of Directors of the IISL On Claims to Property Rights Regarding The Moon and Other Celestial Bodies (2004) |date=2004 |publisher=[[International Institute of Space Law]] |accessdate=28 March 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091222021426/http://www.iislweb.org/docs/IISL_Outer_Space_Treaty_Statement.pdf |archivedate=22 December 2009 |df=dmy-all }} </ref> <ref name="iisl_2009"> {{cite web |url=http://www.iislweb.org/docs/Statement%20BoD.pdf |title=Further Statement by the Board of Directors of the IISL On Claims to Lunar Property Rights (2009) |date=22 March 2009 |publisher=[[International Institute of Space Law]] |accessdate=28 March 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091222022107/http://www.iislweb.org/docs/Statement%20BoD.pdf |archivedate=22 December 2009 |df=dmy-all }} </ref> <ref name="Marshack"> Marshack, Alexander (1991), ''The Roots of Civilization'', Colonial Hill, Mount Kisco, NY. </ref> <ref name="barnhart-and-germania"> For etymology, see {{cite book |last=Barnhart |first=Robert K. |title=The Barnhart Concise Dictionary of Etymology |url=https://archive.org/details/barnhartconcised0000unse |date=1995 |publisher=[[Harper Collins]] |isbn=978-0-06-270084-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/barnhartconcised0000unse/page/487 487]}}. For the lunar calendar of the Germanic peoples, see {{cite book |last=Birley |first=A. R. (Trans.) |title=Agricola and Germany |url=https://archive.org/details/agricolagermanyo00taci_678 |series=Oxford World's Classics |date=1999 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=USA |isbn=978-0-19-283300-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/agricolagermanyo00taci_678/page/n164 108]}} </ref> <ref name="spacetoday"> {{cite web |url=http://www.spacetoday.org/SolSys/Earth/OldStarCharts.html |title=Carved and Drawn Prehistoric Maps of the Cosmos |publisher=[[Space Today]] |date=2006 |accessdate=12 April 2007 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/66Bhc1WIC?url=http://www.spacetoday.org/SolSys/Earth/OldStarCharts.html |archivedate=15 March 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> <ref name="sciam"> {{cite web |title=Lunacy and the Full Moon |publisher=Scientific American |date=2009 |first1=Scott O. |last1=Lilienfeld |first2=Hal |last2=Arkowitz |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=lunacy-and-the-full-moon |accessdate=13 April 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016163312/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=lunacy-and-the-full-moon |archivedate=16 October 2009 |df=dmy-all }} </ref> --> <ref name="Williams1996">{{cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=James G. |last2=Newhall |first2=XX |last3=Dickey |first3=Jean O. |title=Lunar moments, tides, orientation, and coordinate frames |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_planetary-and-space-science_1996-10_44_10/page/1077 |journal=[[Planetary and Space Science]] |volume=44 |issue=10 |date=1996 |pages=1077–1080 |doi=10.1016/0032-0633(95)00154-9 |bibcode=1996P&SS...44.1077W}}</ref> <!-- <ref name="MartensKelly1988">{{cite journal |last1=Martens |first1=R. |last2=Kelly |first2=I. W. |last3=Saklofske |first3=D. H. |title=Lunar Phase and Birthrate: A 50-year Critical Review |url=https://archive.org/details/psychological-reports_1988-12_63_3/page/923 |journal=[[Psychological Reports]] |volume=63 |issue=3 |date=1988 |pages=923–934 |doi=10.2466/pr0.1988.63.3.923}}</ref> <ref name="RottonKelly1985">{{cite journal |last1=Rotton |first1=James |last2=Kelly |first2=I. W. |title=Much ado about the full moon: A meta-analysis of lunar-lunacy research. |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychological-bulletin_1985-03_97_2/page/286 |journal=[[Psychological Bulletin]] |volume=97 |issue=2 |date=1985 |pages=286–306 |doi=10.1037/0033-2909.97.2.286}}</ref> <ref name="FosterRoenneberg2008">{{cite journal |last1=Foster |first1=Russell G. |last2=Roenneberg |first2=Till |title=Human Responses to the Geophysical Daily, Annual and Lunar Cycles |journal=[[Current Biology]] |volume=18 |issue=17 |date=2008 |pages=R784–R794 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2008.07.003 |pmid=18786384}}</ref> <ref name="kelly">{{Citation |last=Kelly |first=Ivan |last2=Rotton |first2=James |last3=Culver |first3=Roger |date=1986 |title=The Moon Was Full and Nothing Happened: A Review of Studies on the Moon and Human Behavior |journal=[[Skeptical Inquirer]] |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=129–43 |url= }}. Reprinted in ''The Hundredth Monkey - and other paradigms of the paranormal'', edited by Kendrick Frazier, Prometheus Books. Revised and updated in ''The Outer Edge: Classic Investigations of the Paranormal'', edited by [[Joe Nickell]], [[Barry Karr]], and [[Tom Genoni]], 1996, [[CSICOP]].</ref> --> }}<!--(end {{notes}})--> ===Bibliography=== {{refbegin}} * {{anchor|CITEREFNeedham1986}}{{cite book |last=Needham |first=Joseph |title=Science and Civilization in China, Volume III: Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and Earth |url=https://books.google.com/?id=jfQ9E0u4pLAC |date=1986 |publisher=[[Caves Books]] |isbn=978-0-521-05801-8 |place=Taipei}} {{refend}} [[Category:Muin| ]] 35xg41nwlstgrpza7szuu1yrt9oxkd1 0 6858 917722 900537 2026-06-04T16:26:15Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260604sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 917722 wikitext text/x-wiki {{about|the Erse-speaking airts|the Scots Gaelic-speaking airts|Gàidhealtachd}} [[File:Gaeltacht.svg|thumb|Gaeltacht regions in Ireland]] The '''Gaeltacht''' (plural ''Gaeltachtaí'') is the airts in [[Ireland]] whaur the [[Erse leid|Erse]] is tradeitionnalie spokken bi mony fowk.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-10-27|title=Definition of GAELTACHT|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Gaeltacht|access-date=2024-11-25|website=www.merriam-webster.com|language=en}}</ref> ''Gaeltachtaí'' is tae the maist pairt wast the island, but there's a few wee anes soothle an ane eastle. 70% o the fowk in the ''Gaeltacht'' speaks the Erse, an aw the road signs is anerly in the Erse. The {{lang|ga|Gaeltacht}} destricks wis forehaun offeecially recognised durin the 1920s in the airly years o the [[Irish Free State]], follaein the [[Gaelic revival]], as pairt o a government policy aimed at keppin the Erse leid.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Maguire|first=Peter A.|date=Fall 2002|title=Language and Landscape in the Connemara Gaeltacht|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-modern-literature_fall-2002_26_1/page/99|journal=[[Journal of Modern Literature]]|volume=26|issue=1|pages=99–107|doi=10.2979/JML.2002.26.1.99|s2cid=161439552}}</ref> The {{lang|ga|Gaeltacht}} is threitent by serious leid decline.<ref>Mac Donnacha, Joe, 'The Death of a Language', ''Dublin Review of Books'', Issue 58, 16 June 2014: http://www.drb.ie/essays/the-death-of-a-language</ref> Resairch furthset in 2015 shawed that Erse is spaken on a daily basis by twa-thirds or mair o the population in anly 21 o the 155 electoral divisions in the {{lang|ga|Gaeltacht}}. Daily leid uiss by twa-thirds or mair o the population is regairdit by some academics as a cowpin pynt for leid owerpittin.<ref name="ReferenceA">[[RTÉ]] News Report of Friday 29 May 2015</ref><ref>[https://static.rasset.ie/documents/news/udaras-na-gaeltachta.pdf NUASHONRÚ AR AN STAIDÉAR CUIMSITHEACH TEANGEOLAÍOCH AR ÚSÁID NA GAEILGE SA GHAELTACHT: 2006–2011]</ref> {{stub/Leid}} {{stub/Ireland}} == References == <references /> [[Category:Erse leid]] [[Category:Gaeltacht| ]] [[Category:Erse wirds an phrases]] [[Category:Cultural geografie]] [[Category:Geografie o Ireland]] [[Category:1926 establishments in Ireland]] bdgrcvhqmzcyit8npufjttta69e6gbx 2 9071 917788 911401 2026-06-04T22:41:14Z PK2 3803 add sandbox pages for new Wikipedia editions 917788 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%" |+ Pages I have in my sandbox |- | [[User:PK2/Template:Infobox Kintra|/Template:Infobox Kintra]] |- | [[User:PK2/List o sovereign states|/List o sovereign states]] |} ;<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; font-size:85%">My sandbox pages in different languages by language code</div> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ A |- | [[:ab:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]]<br />(code: <code>ab</code>) | [[:ace:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Acehnese language|Acehnese]]<br />(code: <code>ace</code>) | [[:ady:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Adyghe language|Adyghe]]<br />(code: <code>ady</code>) | [[:af:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Afrikaans|Afrikaans]]<br />(code: <code>af</code>) | [[:als:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Alemannic German|Alemannic German]]<br />(code: <code>als</code>) | [[:alt:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Southern Altai language|Southern Altai]]<br />(code: <code>alt</code>) | [[:am:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]<br />(code: <code>am</code>) | [[:ami:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Amis language|Amis]]<br />(code: <code>ami</code>) | [[:an:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Aragonese language|Aragonese]]<br />(code: <code>an</code>) | [[:ang:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Old English|Old English]]<br />(code: <code>ang</code>) |- | [[:ann:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Obolo language|Obolo]]<br />(code: <code>ann</code>) | [[:anp:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Angika|Angika]]<br />(code: <code>anp</code>) | [[:ar:User:PK2/ملعب|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Arabic|Arabic]]<br />(code: <code>ar</code>) | [[:arc:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Aramaic|Aramaic]] ([[:en:Syriac language|Syriac]])<br />(code: <code>arc</code>) | [[:ary:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Moroccan Arabic|Moroccan Arabic]]<br />(code: <code>ary</code>) | [[:arz:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Egyptian Arabic|Egyptian Arabic]]<br />(code: <code>arz</code>) | [[:as:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Assamese language|Assamese]]<br />(code: <code>as</code>) | [[:ast:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Asturleonese language|Asturleonese]] ([[:en:Asturian language|Asturian]])<br />(code: <code>ast</code>) | [[:atj:User:PK2/Kokwetcitasinahikan|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Atikamekw language|Atikamekw]]<br />(code: <code>atj</code>) | [[:av:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Avar language|Avar]]<br />(code: <code>av</code>) |- | [[:avk:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Kotava|Kotava]]<br />(code: <code>avk</code>) | [[:awa:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Awadhi language|Awadhi]]<br />(code: <code>awa</code>) | [[:ay:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Aymara language|Aymara]]<br />(code: <code>ay</code>) | [[:az:User:PK2/Qaralama|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]]<br />(code: <code>az</code>) | [[:azb:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Azerbaijani language#South Azerbaijani|South Azerbaijani]]<br />(code: <code>azb</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ B |- | [[:ba:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Bashkir language|Bashkir]]<br />(code: <code>ba</code>) | [[:ban:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Balinese language|Balinese]]<br />(code: <code>ban</code>) | [[:bar:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Bavarian language|Bavarian]]<br />(code: <code>bar</code>) | [[:bat-smg:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Samogitian language|Samogitian]]<br />(code: <code>bat-smg</code>) | [[:bbc:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Toba Batak language|Toba Batak]]<br />(code: <code>bbc</code>) | [[:bcl:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Central Bikol|Central Bikol]]<br />(code: <code>bcl</code>) | [[:bdr:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Sama–Bajaw languages|West Coast Bajau]]<br />(code: <code>bdr</code>) | [[:be:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Belarusian language|Belarusian]]<br />(code: <code>be</code>) | [[:be-tarask:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Belarusian language|Belarusian]] ([[:en:Taraškievica|Taraškievica]])<br />(code: <code>be-tarask</code>) | [[:bew:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Betawi language|Betawi]]<br />(code: <code>bew</code>) |- | [[:bg:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]<br />(code: <code>bg</code>) | [[:bh:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Bihari languages|Bihari]] ([[:en:Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]])<br />(code: <code>bh</code>) | [[:bi:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Bislama|Bislama]]<br />(code: <code>bi</code>) | [[:bjn:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Banjarese language|Banjarese]]<br />(code: <code>bjn</code>) | [[:blk:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Pa'O language|Pa'O]]<br />(code: <code>blk</code>) | [[:bm:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Bambara language|Bambara]]<br />(code: <code>bm</code>) | [[:bn:User:PK2/খেলাঘর|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Bengali language|Bengali]]<br />(code: <code>bn</code>) | [[:bo:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Central Tibetan|Central Tibetan]] ([[:en:Lhasa Tibetan|Lhasa Tibetan]])<br />(code: <code>bo</code>) | [[:bpy:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Bishnupriya Manipuri|Bishnupriya Manipuri]]<br />(code: <code>bpy</code>) | [[:br:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Breton language|Breton]]<br />(code: <code>br</code>) |- | [[:bs:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Bosnian language|Bosnian]]<br />(code: <code>bs</code>) | [[:btm:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Mandailing Batak language|Mandailing Batak]]<br />(code: <code>btm</code>) | [[:bug:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Buginese language|Buginese]]<br />(code: <code>bug</code>) | [[:bxr:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Buryat language|Buryat]] (Russia Buriat)<br />(code: <code>bxr</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ C |- | [[:ca:User:PK2/proves|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Catalan language|Catalan]]<br />(code: <code>ca</code>) | [[:cbk-zam:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Chavacano|Chavacano]] (Zamboanga)<br />(code: <code>cbk-zam</code>) | [[:cdo:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Eastern Min|Eastern Min]]<br />(code: <code>cdo</code>) | [[:ce:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Chechen language|Chechen]]<br />(code: <code>ce</code>) | [[:ceb:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Cebuano language|Cebuano]]<br />(code: <code>ceb</code>) | [[:ch:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Chamorro language|Chamorro]]<br />(code: <code>ch</code>) | [[:chr:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Cherokee language|Cherokee]]<br />(code: <code>chr</code>) | [[:chy:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Cheyenne language|Cheyenne]]<br />(code: <code>chy</code>) |- | [[:ckb:User:PK2/خۆڵەپەتانێ|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Kurdish language|Kurdish]] ([[:en:Sorani|Sorani]])<br />(code: <code>ckb</code>) | [[:co:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Corsican language|Corsican]]<br />(code: <code>co</code>) | [[:crh:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]]<br />(code: <code>crh</code>) | [[:cs:User:PK2/Pískoviště|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Czech language|Czech]]<br />(code: <code>cs</code>) | [[:csb:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Kashubian language|Kashubian]]<br />(code: <code>csb</code>) | [[:cu:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Old Church Slavonic|Old Church Slavonic]]<br />(code: <code>cu</code>) | [[:cv:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Chuvash language|Chuvash]]<br />(code: <code>cv</code>) | [[:cy:User:PK2/Pwll Tywod|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Welsh language|Welsh]]<br />(code: <code>cy</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ D |- | [[:da:User:PK2/sandkasse|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Danish language|Danish]]<br />(code: <code>da</code>) | [[:dag:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Dagbani language|Dagbani]]<br />(code: <code>dag</code>) | [[:de:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:German language|German]]<br />(code: <code>de</code>) | [[:dga:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Dagaare language|Dagaare]]<br />(code: <code>dga</code>) | [[:din:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Dinka language|Dinka]]<br />(code: <code>din</code>) | [[:diq:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Zaza language|Zaza]]<br />(code: <code>diq</code>) | [[:dsb:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Lower Sorbian language|Lower Sorbian]]<br />(code: <code>dsb</code>) | [[:dtp:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Dusun language|Dusun]]<br />(code: <code>dtp</code>) | [[:dty:User:PK2/प्रयोगस्थल|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Doteli|Doteli]]<br />(code: <code>dty</code>) | [[:dv:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Maldivian language|Maldivian]]<br />(code: <code>dv</code>) | [[:dz:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Dzongkha|Dzongkha]]<br />(code: <code>dz</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ E |- | [[:ee:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Ewe language|Ewe]]<br />(code: <code>ee</code>) | [[:el:User:PK2/πρόχειρο|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Greek language|Greek]]<br />(code: <code>el</code>) | [[:eml:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Emilian–Romagnol|Emilian–Romagnol]]<br />(code: <code>eml</code>) | [[:en:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:English language|English]]<br />(code: <code>en</code>) | [[:eo:User:PK2/provejo|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Esperanto|Esperanto]]<br />(code: <code>eo</code>) | [[:es:User:PK2/Taller|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Spanish language|Spanish]]<br />(code: <code>es</code>) | [[:et:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Estonian language|Estonian]]<br />(code: <code>et</code>) | [[:eu:User:PK2/Proba orria|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Basque language|Basque]]<br />(code: <code>eu</code>) | [[:ext:User:PK2/obraol|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Extremaduran language|Extremaduran]]<br />(code: <code>ext</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ F |- | [[:fa:User:PK2/صفحه تمرین|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Persian language|Persian]]<br />(code: <code>fa</code>) | [[:fat:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Akan language|Akan]] ([[:en:Fante dialect|Fante]])<br />(code: <code>fat</code>) | [[:ff:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Fula language|Fula]]<br />(code: <code>ff</code>) | [[:fi:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Finnish language|Finnish]]<br />(code: <code>fi</code>) | [[:fiu-vro:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Võro language|Võro]]<br />(code: <code>fiu-vro</code>) | [[:fj:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Fijian language|Fijian]]<br />(code: <code>fj</code>) | [[:fo:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Faroese language|Faroese]]<br />(code: <code>fo</code>) | [[:fon:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Fon language|Fon]]<br />(code: <code>fon</code>) | [[:fr:User:PK2/Brouillon|/sandbox]] in [[:en:French language|French]]<br />(code: <code>fr</code>) | [[:frp:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Franco-Provençal|Franco-Provençal]]<br />(code: <code>frp</code>) | [[:frr:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:North Frisian language|North Frisian]]<br />(code: <code>frr</code>) | [[:fur:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Friulian language|Friulian]]<br />(code: <code>fur</code>) | [[:fy:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:West Frisian language|West Frisian]]<br />(code: <code>fy</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ G |- | [[:ga:User:PK2/Clár Dubh|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Irish language|Irish]]<br />(code: <code>ga</code>) | [[:gag:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Gagauz language|Gagauz]]<br />(code: <code>gag</code>) | [[:gan:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Gan Chinese|Gan Chinese]]<br />(code: <code>gan</code>) | [[:gcr:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:French Guianese Creole|French Guianese Creole]]<br />(code: <code>gcr</code>) | [[:gd:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Scottish Gaelic|Scottish Gaelic]]<br />(code: <code>gd</code>) | [[:gl:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Galician language|Galician]]<br />(code: <code>gl</code>) | [[:glk:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Gilaki language|Gilaki]]<br />(code: <code>glk</code>) | [[:gn:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Guarani language|Guarani]]<br />(code: <code>gn</code>) | [[:gom:User:PK2/proiogpan|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Konkani language|Konkani]] (Goan Konkani)<br />(code: <code>gom</code>) |- | [[:gor:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Gorontalo language|Gorontalo]]<br />(code: <code>gor</code>) | [[:got:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Gothic language|Gothic]]<br />(code: <code>got</code>) | [[:gpe:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Ghanaian Pidgin English|Ghanaian Pidgin English]]<br />(code: <code>gpe</code>) | [[:gu:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Gujarati language|Gujarati]]<br />(code: <code>gu</code>) | [[:guc:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Wayuu language|Wayuu]]<br />(code: <code>guc</code>) | [[:gur:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Farefare language|Farefare]]<br />(code: <code>gur</code>) | [[:guw:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Gun language|Gun]]<br />(code: <code>guw</code>) | [[:gv:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Manx language|Manx]]<br />(code: <code>gv</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ H |- | [[:ha:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Hausa language|Hausa]]<br />(code: <code>ha</code>) | [[:hak:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Hakka Chinese|Hakka Chinese]]<br />(code: <code>hak</code>) | [[:haw:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]]<br />(code: <code>haw</code>) | [[:he:User:PK2/טיוטה|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Hebrew language|Hebrew]]<br />(code: <code>he</code>) | [[:hi:User:PK2/प्रयोगपृष्ठ|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Hindi|Hindi]]<br />(code: <code>hi</code>) | [[:hif:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Fiji Hindi|Fiji Hindi]]<br />(code: <code>hif</code>) | [[:hr:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Croatian language|Croatian]]<br />(code: <code>hr</code>) | [[:hsb:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Upper Sorbian language|Upper Sorbian]]<br />(code: <code>hsb</code>) | [[:ht:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Haitian Creole|Haitian Creole]]<br />(code: <code>ht</code>) | [[:hu:User:PK2/próbalap|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Hungarian language|Hungarian]]<br />(code: <code>hu</code>) | [[:hy:User:PK2/Ավազարկղ|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Armenian language|Armenian]] ([[:en:Eastern Armenian|Eastern Armenian]])<br />(code: <code>hy</code>) | [[:hyw:User:PK2/Սեւագրութիւն|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Western Armenian|Western Armenian]]<br />(code: <code>hyw</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ I |- | [[:ia:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Interlingua|Interlingua]]<br />(code: <code>ia</code>) | [[:iba:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Iban language|Iban]]<br />(code: <code>iba</code>) | [[:id:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Indonesian language|Indonesian]]<br />(code: <code>id</code>) | [[:ie:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Interlingue|Interlingue]]<br />(code: <code>ie</code>) | [[:ig:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Igbo language|Igbo]]<br />(code: <code>ig</code>) | [[:igl:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Igala language|Igala]]<br />(code: <code>igl</code>) | [[:ik:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Iñupiaq language|Iñupiaq]]<br />(code: <code>ik</code>) | [[:ilo:User:PK2/pagipadasan|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Ilocano language|Ilocano]]<br />(code: <code>ilo</code>) | [[:inh:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Ingush language|Ingush]]<br />(code: <code>inh</code>) | [[:io:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Ido|Ido]]<br />(code: <code>io</code>) | [[:is:User:PK2/sandkassi|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Icelandic language|Icelandic]]<br />(code: <code>is</code>) | [[:it:User:PK2/Sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Italian language|Italian]]<br />(code: <code>it</code>) | [[:iu:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Inuktitut|Inuktitut]]<br />(code: <code>iu</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ J |- | [[:ja:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Japanese language|Japanese]]<br />(code: <code>ja</code>) | [[:jam:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Jamaican Patois|Jamaican Patois]]<br />(code: <code>jam</code>) | [[:jbo:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Lojban|Lojban]]<br />(code: <code>jbo</code>) | [[:jv:User:PK2/bak wedhi|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Javanese language|Javanese]]<br />(code: <code>jv</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ K |- | [[:ka:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Georgian language|Georgian]]<br />(code: <code>ka</code>) | [[:kaa:User:PK2/qaralama|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Karakalpak language|Karakalpak]]<br />(code: <code>kaa</code>) | [[:kab:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Kabyle language|Kabyle]]<br />(code: <code>kab</code>) | [[:kai:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Karai-karai|Karai-karai]]<br />(code: <code>kai</code>) | [[:kaj:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Jju language|Jju]]<br />(code: <code>kaj</code>) | [[:kbd:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Kabardian language|Kabardian]]<br />(code: <code>kbd</code>) | [[:kbp:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Kabiye language|Kabiye]]<br />(code: <code>kbp</code>) | [[:kcg:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Tyap|Tyap]]<br />(code: <code>kcg</code>) | [[:kg:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Kongo language|Kongo]]<br />(code: <code>kg</code>) | [[:kge:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Komering language|Komering]]<br />(code: <code>kge</code>) | [[:ki:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Kikuyu language|Kikuyu]]<br />(code: <code>ki</code>) | [[:kk:User:PK2/зертхана|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Kazakh language|Kazakh]]<br />(code: <code>kk</code>) | [[:km:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Khmer language|Khmer]]<br />(code: <code>km</code>) |- | [[:kn:User:PK2/ಪ್ರಯೋಗಪುಟ|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Kannada|Kannada]]<br />(code: <code>kn</code>) | [[:knc:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Central Kanuri|Central Kanuri]]<br />(code: <code>knc</code>) | [[:ko:User:PK2/연습장|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Korean language|Korean]]<br />(code: <code>ko</code>) | [[:koi:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Komi-Permyak language|Komi-Permyak]]<br />(code: <code>koi</code>) | [[:krc:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Karachay-Balkar|Karachay-Balkar]]<br />(code: <code>krc</code>) | [[:ks:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]<br />(code: <code>ks</code>) | [[:ksh:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Ripuarian language|Ripuarian]]<br />(code: <code>ksh</code>) | [[:ku:User:PK2/ceribandin|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Kurdish language|Kurdish]] ([[:en:Kurmanji|Kurmanji]])<br />(code: <code>ku</code>) | [[:kus:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Kusaal language|Kusaal]]<br />(code: <code>kus</code>) | [[:kv:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Komi language|Komi]]<br />(code: <code>kv</code>) | [[:kw:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Cornish language|Cornish]]<br />(code: <code>kw</code>) | [[:ky:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]]<br />(code: <code>ky</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ L |- | [[:la:User:PK2/Harenarium|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Latin|Latin]]<br />(code: <code>la</code>) | [[:lad:User:PK2/Kutí de prova|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Judaeo-Spanish|Judaeo-Spanish]]<br />(code: <code>lad</code>) | [[:lb:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Luxembourgish|Luxembourgish]]<br />(code: <code>lb</code>) | [[:lbe:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Lak language|Lak]]<br />(code: <code>lbe</code>) | [[:lez:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Lezgian language|Lezgian]]<br />(code: <code>lez</code>) | [[:lfn:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Lingua Franca Nova|Lingua Franca Nova]]<br />(code: <code>lfn</code>) | [[:lg:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Luganda|Luganda]]<br />(code: <code>lg</code>) | [[:li:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Limburgish|Limburgish]]<br />(code: <code>li</code>) |- | [[:lij:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Ligurian language|Ligurian]]<br />(code: <code>lij</code>) | [[:lld:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Ladin language|Ladin]]<br />(code: <code>lld</code>) | [[:lmo:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Lombard language|Lombard]]<br />(code: <code>lmo</code>) | [[:ln:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Lingala|Lingala]]<br />(code: <code>ln</code>) | [[:lo:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Lao language|Lao]]<br />(code: <code>lo</code>) | [[:lt:User:PK2/juodraštis|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]]<br />(code: <code>lt</code>) | [[:ltg:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Latgalian language|Latgalian]]<br />(code: <code>ltg</code>) | [[:lv:User:PK2/Smilšu kaste|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Latvian language|Latvian]]<br />(code: <code>lv</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ M |- | [[:mad:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Madurese language|Madurese]]<br />(code: <code>mad</code>) | [[:mai:User:PK2/प्रयोगपृष्ठ|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Maithili language|Maithili]]<br />(code: <code>mai</code>) | [[:map-bms:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Javanese language|Javanese]] ([[:en:Banyumasan dialect|Banyumasan]])<br />(code: <code>map-bms</code>) | [[:mdf:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Moksha language|Moksha]]<br />(code: <code>mdf</code>) | [[:mg:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Malagasy language|Malagasy]]<br />(code: <code>mg</code>) | [[:mhr:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Meadow Mari language|Meadow Mari]]<br />(code: <code>mhr</code>) | [[:mi:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Māori language|Māori]]<br />(code: <code>mi</code>) | [[:min:User:PK2/bak kasiak|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Minangkabau language|Minangkabau]]<br />(code: <code>min</code>) | [[:mk:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Macedonian language|Macedonian]]<br />(code: <code>mk</code>) | [[:ml:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Malayalam|Malayalam]]<br />(code: <code>ml</code>) | [[:mn:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Mongolian language|Mongolian]]<br />(code: <code>mn</code>) |- | [[:mni:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Meitei language|Meitei]]<br />(code: <code>mni</code>) | [[:mnw:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Mon language|Mon]]<br />(code: <code>mnw</code>) | [[:m:mos:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Mooré|Mooré]]<br />(code: <code>mos</code>) | [[:mr:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Marathi language|Marathi]]<br />(code: <code>mr</code>) | [[:mrj:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Hill Mari language|Hill Mari]]<br />(code: <code>mrj</code>) | [[:ms:User:PK2/Kotak pasir|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Malay language|Malay]]<br />(code: <code>ms</code>) | [[:mt:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Maltese language|Maltese]]<br />(code: <code>mt</code>) | [[:mwl:User:PK2/Testes|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Mirandese language|Mirandese]]<br />(code: <code>mwl</code>) | [[:my:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Burmese language|Burmese]]<br />(code: <code>my</code>) | [[:myv:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Erzya language|Erzya]]<br />(code: <code>myv</code>) | [[:mzn:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Mazanderani language|Mazanderani]]<br />(code: <code>mzn</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ N |- | [[:nah:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Nahuatl|Nahuatl]]<br />(code: <code>nah</code>) | [[:nap:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Neapolitan language|Neapolitan]]<br />(code: <code>nap</code>) | [[:nds:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Low German|Low German]]<br />(code: <code>nds</code>) | [[:nds-nl:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Dutch Low Saxon|Dutch Low Saxon]]<br />(code: <code>nds-nl</code>) | [[:ne:User:PK2/प्रयोगस्थल|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Nepali language|Nepali]]<br />(code: <code>ne</code>) | [[:new:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Newar language|Newar]]<br />(code: <code>new</code>) | [[:nia:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Nias language|Nias]]<br />(code: <code>nia</code>) | [[:nl:User:PK2/Kladblok|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Dutch language|Dutch]]<br />(code: <code>nl</code>) | [[:nn:User:PK2/sandkasse|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Norwegian language|Norwegian]] ([[:en:Nynorsk|Nynorsk]])<br />(code: <code>nn</code>) |- | [[:no:User:PK2/sandkasse|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Norwegian language|Norwegian]] ([[:en:Bokmål|Bokmål]])<br />(code: <code>no</code>) | [[:nov:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Novial|Novial]]<br />(code: <code>nov</code>) | [[:nqo:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:N'Ko language|N'Ko]]<br />(code: <code>nqo</code>) | [[:nr:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Southern Ndebele language|Southern Ndebele]]<br />(code: <code>nr</code>) | [[:nrm:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Norman language|Norman]]<br />(code: <code>nrm</code>) | [[:nso:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Northern Sotho|Northern Sotho]]<br />(code: <code>nso</code>) | [[:nup:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Nupe language|Nupe]]<br />(code: <code>nup</code>) | [[:nv:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Navajo language|Navajo]]<br />(code: <code>nv</code>) | [[:ny:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Chewa language|Chewa]]<br />(code: <code>ny</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ O |- | [[:oc:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Occitan language|Occitan]]<br />(code: <code>oc</code>) | [[:olo:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Livvi-Karelian language|Livvi-Karelian]]<br />(code: <code>olo</code>) | [[:om:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Oromo language|Oromo]]<br />(code: <code>om</code>) | [[:or:User:PK2/ପରଖଘର|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Odia language|Odia]]<br />(code: <code>or</code>) | [[:os:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Ossetian language|Ossetian]]<br />(code: <code>os</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ P |- | [[:pa:User:PK2/ਕੱਚਾ ਖ਼ਾਕਾ|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Punjabi language|Punjabi]]<br />(code: <code>pa</code>) | [[:pag:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Pangasinan language|Pangasinan]]<br />(code: <code>pag</code>) | [[:pam:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]]<br />(code: <code>pam</code>) | [[:pap:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Papiamento|Papiamento]]<br />(code: <code>pap</code>) | [[:pcd:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Picard language|Picard]]<br />(code: <code>pcd</code>) | [[:pcm:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Nigerian Pidgin|Nigerian Pidgin]]<br />(code: <code>pcm</code>) | [[:pdc:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Pennsylvania Dutch language|Pennsylvania Dutch]]<br />(code: <code>pdc</code>) | [[:pfl:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Palatine German dialects|Palatine German]]<br />(code: <code>pfl</code>) | [[:pi:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Pali|Pali]]<br />(code: <code>pi</code>) |- | [[:pl:User:PK2/brudnopis|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Polish language|Polish]]<br />(code: <code>pl</code>) | [[:pms:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Piedmontese language|Piedmontese]]<br />(code: <code>pms</code>) | [[:pnb:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Punjabi language|Punjabi]] (Western Punjabi)<br />(code: <code>pnb</code>) | [[:pnt:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Pontic Greek|Pontic Greek]]<br />(code: <code>pnt</code>) | [[:ppl:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Nawat language|Nawat]]<br />(code: <code>ppl</code>) | [[:ps:User:PK2/ازمون‌مخ|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Pashto|Pashto]]<br />(code: <code>ps</code>) | [[:pt:User:PK2/Testes|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Portuguese language|Portuguese]]<br />(code: <code>pt</code>) | [[:pwn:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Paiwan language|Paiwan]]<br />(code: <code>pwn</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ Q |- | [[:qu:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Quechuan languages|Quechua]] ([[:en:Southern Quechua|Southern Quechua]])<br />(code: <code>qu</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ R |- | [[:rki:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Rakhine language|Rakhine]]<br />(code: <code>rki</code>) | [[:rm:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Romansh language|Romansh]]<br />(code: <code>rm</code>) | [[:rmy:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Romani language|Romani]] ([[:en:Vlax Romani language|Vlax Romani]])<br />(code: <code>rmy</code>) | [[:rn:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Kirundi|Kirundi]]<br />(code: <code>rn</code>) | [[:ro:User:PK2/teste|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Romanian language|Romanian]]<br />(code: <code>ro</code>) | [[:roa-rup:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Aromanian language|Aromanian]]<br />(code: <code>roa-rup</code>) | [[:roa-tara:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Neapolitan language|Neapolitan]] ([[:en:Tarantino dialect|Tarantino]])<br />(code: <code>roa-tara</code>) | [[:rsk:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Pannonian Rusyn|Pannonian Rusyn]]<br />(code: <code>rsk</code>) | [[:ru:User:PK2/Черновик|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Russian language|Russian]]<br />(code: <code>ru</code>) | [[:rue:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Rusyn language|Rusyn]]<br />(code: <code>rue</code>) | [[:rw:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Kinyarwanda|Kinyarwanda]]<br />(code: <code>rw</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ S |- | [[:sa:User:PK2/प्रयोगपृष्ठम्|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Sanskrit|Sanskrit]]<br />(code: <code>sa</code>) | [[:sah:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Yakut language|Yakut]]<br />(code: <code>sah</code>) | [[:sat:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Santali language|Santali]]<br />(code: <code>sat</code>) | [[:sc:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Sardinian language|Sardinian]]<br />(code: <code>sc</code>) | [[:scn:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Sicilian language|Sicilian]]<br />(code: <code>scn</code>) | [[:sco:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Scots language|Scots]]<br />(code: <code>sco</code>) | [[:sd:User:PK2/مشق پٽي|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Sindhi language|Sindhi]]<br />(code: <code>sd</code>) | [[:se:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Northern Sámi|Northern Sámi]]<br />(code: <code>se</code>) | [[:sg:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Sango language|Sango]]<br />(code: <code>sg</code>) | [[:sh:User:PK2/igralište|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Serbo-Croatian|Serbo-Croatian]]<br />(code: <code>sh</code>) | [[:shi:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Shilha language|Shilha]]<br />(code: <code>shi</code>) |- | [[:shn:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Shan language|Shan]]<br />(code: <code>shn</code>) | [[:si:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Sinhala language|Sinhala]]<br />(code: <code>si</code>) | [[:simple:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Basic English|Basic English]]<br />(code: <code>simple</code>) | [[:sk:User:PK2/pieskovisko|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Slovak language|Slovak]]<br />(code: <code>sk</code>) | [[:skr:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Saraiki language|Saraiki]]<br />(code: <code>skr</code>) | [[:sl:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Slovene language|Slovene]]<br />(code: <code>sl</code>) | [[:sm:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Samoan language|Samoan]]<br />(code: <code>sm</code>) | [[:smn:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Inari Sámi language|Inari Sámi]]<br />(code: <code>smn</code>) | [[:sn:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Shona language|Shona]]<br />(code: <code>sn</code>) | [[:so:User:PK2/Bacaadka|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Somali language|Somali]]<br />(code: <code>so</code>) | [[:sq:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Albanian language|Albanian]]<br />(code: <code>sq</code>) |- | [[:sr:User:PK2/песак|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Serbian language|Serbian]]<br />(code: <code>sr</code>) | [[:srn:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Sranan Tongo|Sranan Tongo]]<br />(code: <code>srn</code>) | [[:ss:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Swazi language|Swazi]]<br />(code: <code>ss</code>) | [[:st:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Sotho language|Sotho]]<br />(code: <code>st</code>) | [[:stq:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Saterland Frisian language|Saterland Frisian]]<br />(code: <code>stq</code>) | [[:su:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Sundanese language|Sundanese]]<br />(code: <code>su</code>) | [[:sv:User:PK2/sandlåda|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Swedish language|Swedish]]<br />(code: <code>sv</code>) | [[:sw:User:PK2/ukurasa wa majaribio|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Swahili language|Swahili]]<br />(code: <code>sw</code>) | [[:syl:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Sylheti language|Sylheti]]<br />(code: <code>syl</code>) | [[:szl:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Silesian language|Silesian]]<br />(code: <code>szl</code>) | [[:szy:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Sakizaya language|Sakizaya]]<br />(code: <code>szy</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ T |- | [[:ta:User:PK2/மணல்தொட்டி|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Tamil language|Tamil]]<br />(code: <code>ta</code>) | [[:tay:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Atayal language|Atayal]]<br />(code: <code>tay</code>) | [[:tcy:User:PK2/ಕಲ್ಪುನ ಕಳ|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Tulu language|Tulu]]<br />(code: <code>tcy</code>) | [[:tdd:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Tai Nuea language|Tai Nuea]]<br />(code: <code>tdd</code>) | [[:te:User:PK2/ప్రయోగశాల|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />(code: <code>te</code>) | [[:tet:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Tetum language|Tetum]]<br />(code: <code>tet</code>) | [[:tg:User:PK2/Сиёҳнавис|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Tajik language|Tajik]]<br />(code: <code>tg</code>) | [[:th:User:PK2/ทดลองเขียน|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Thai language|Thai]]<br />(code: <code>th</code>) | [[:ti:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Tigrinya language|Tigrinya]]<br />(code: <code>ti</code>) | [[:tig:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Tigre language|Tigre]]<br />(code: <code>tig</code>) | [[:tk:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Turkmen language|Turkmen]]<br />(code: <code>tk</code>) | [[:tl:User:PK2/burador|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Tagalog language|Tagalog]]<br />(code: <code>tl</code>) | [[:tly:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Talysh language|Talysh]]<br />(code: <code>tly</code>) |- | [[:tn:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Tswana language|Tswana]]<br />(code: <code>tn</code>) | [[:to:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Tongan language|Tongan]]<br />(code: <code>to</code>) | [[:tok:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Toki Pona|Toki Pona]]<br />(code: <code>tok</code>) | [[:tpi:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Tok Pisin|Tok Pisin]]<br />(code: <code>tpi</code>) | [[:tr:User:PK2/deneme tahtası|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Turkish language|Turkish]]<br />(code: <code>tr</code>) | [[:trv:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Seediq language|Seediq]]<br />(code: <code>trv</code>) | [[:ts:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Tsonga language|Tsonga]]<br />(code: <code>ts</code>) | [[:tt:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Tatar language|Tatar]]<br />(code: <code>tt</code>) | [[:tum:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Tumbuka language|Tumbuka]]<br />(code: <code>tum</code>) | [[:tw:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Akan language|Akan]] (Twi)<br />(code: <code>tw</code>) | [[:ty:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Tahitian language|Tahitian]]<br />(code: <code>ty</code>) | [[:tyv:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Tuvan language|Tuvan]]<br />(code: <code>tyv</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ U |- | [[:udm:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Udmurt language|Udmurt]]<br />(code: <code>udm</code>) | [[:ug:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Uyghur language|Uyghur]]<br />(code: <code>ug</code>) | [[:uk:User:PK2/Чернетка|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]<br />(code: <code>uk</code>) | [[:ur:User:PK2/تختۂ مشق|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Urdu|Urdu]]<br />(code: <code>ur</code>) | [[:uz:User:PK2/qumloq|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Uzbek language|Uzbek]]<br />(code: <code>uz</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ V |- | [[:ve:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Venda language|Venda]]<br />(code: <code>ve</code>) | [[:vec:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Venetian language|Venetian]]<br />(code: <code>vec</code>) | [[:vep:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Veps language|Veps]]<br />(code: <code>vep</code>) | [[:vi:User:PK2/nháp|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]<br />(code: <code>vi</code>) | [[:vls:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:West Flemish|West Flemish]]<br />(code: <code>vls</code>) | [[:vo:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Volapük|Volapük]]<br />(code: <code>vo</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ W |- | [[:wa:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Walloon language|Walloon]]<br />(code: <code>wa</code>) | [[:war:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Waray language|Waray]]<br />(code: <code>war</code>) | [[:wo:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Wolof language|Wolof]]<br />(code: <code>wo</code>) | [[:wuu:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Wu Chinese|Wu Chinese]]<br />(code: <code>wuu</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ X |- | [[:xal:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Oirat language|Oirat]] ([[:en:Kalmyk Oirat|Kalmyk Oirat]])<br />(code: <code>xal</code>) | [[:xh:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Xhosa language|Xhosa]]<br />(code: <code>xh</code>) | [[:xmf:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Mingrelian language|Mingrelian]]<br />(code: <code>xmf</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ Y |- | [[:yi:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Yiddish|Yiddish]]<br />(code: <code>yi</code>) | [[:yo:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Yoruba language|Yoruba]]<br />(code: <code>yo</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ Z |- | [[:za:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Zhuang languages|Zhuang]] ([[:en:Standard Zhuang|Standard Zhuang]])<br />(code: <code>za</code>) | [[:zea:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Zeelandic|Zeelandic]]<br />(code: <code>zea</code>) | [[:zgh:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Standard Moroccan Amazigh|Standard Moroccan Amazigh]]<br />(code: <code>zgh</code>) | [[:zh:User:PK2/沙盒|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Chinese language|Chinese]] ([[:en:Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin Chinese]])<br />(code: <code>zh</code>) | [[:zh-classical:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Classical Chinese|Classical Chinese]]<br />(code: <code>zh-classical</code>) | [[:zh-min-nan:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Southern Min|Southern Min]]<br />(code: <code>zh-min-nan</code>) | [[:zh-yue:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Cantonese|Cantonese]]<br />(code: <code>zh-yue</code>) | [[:zu:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Zulu language|Zulu]]<br />(code: <code>zu</code>) |} pxzp7wv804ejmdpy8d3t9delofntkrz 0 9421 917748 849476 2026-06-04T16:46:02Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260604sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 917748 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox leid |name=Interlingua |image=150px-Interlingua-Logo.png |imagesize=150px |imagecaption= |creator=[[Alexander Gode]] an ithers |created=1951 |setting=[[Internaitional auxiliary leid]] |speakers=1,500 |date=2000 |ref=<ref name="Fiedler">{{cite journal|first1=Sabine|last1=Fiedler|year=1999|title=Phraseology in planned languages|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_language-problems-language-planning_summer-1999_23_2/page/175|journal=Language Problems and Language Planning|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company|volume=23|issue=2|pages=175–187|doi=10.1075/lplp.23.2.05fie|issn=0272-2690|oclc=67125214}}</ref> |agency=nane |fam2=[[Internaitional auxiliary leid]] |posteriori=[[Inglis leid|Inglis]], [[French leid|French]], [[Italian leid|Italian]], [[Portuguese leid|Portuguese]], and [[Spainish leid|Spainish]] |iso1= ia |iso2= ina |iso3= ina |lingua= 51-AAB-ab |glotto=inte1239 }} '''Interlingua''' is an [[airtifeecial leid]] at uises wirds at can be foond in the majority o the leids o the Wastren Europe. It haes been inventit bi the [[IALA]] - a group o fowk (the maist weel-kent sowel bein [[Alexander Gode]]) at wirkit on its project ower 20 year. Thay feenisht and publisht the first dictionar in [[1951]]. Interlingua wis creatit on the base o the vocabular o the follaein leids: [[Inglis leid|Inglis]], [[Frainch leid|the Frainch]], [[Spanish language|the Spanish]], [[Portuguese leid|the Portuguese]], an [[Italian leid|Italian]]. The name o the leid is made up fae twa pairts: ''inter'' means "amang" or "atween"; ''lingua'' means "leid" or "langage". The developers wale’t the name "Interlingua" acause thay ettelt efter the leid bein applee’d tae ease the communication amang fowk fae sindry kintras. Acause Interlingua wis creatit airtifeecially tae be an easy leid, it is easier tae learn nor naitural leids. Naurlins thoosands o fowk can uise Interlingua, an speakers o Interlingua claim at millions o fowk unnerstaund it (can read texts and listen tae awbody wha talks in Interlingua) wi nae need tae learn it aforehaund. Thare twa ither airtifeecial leids in the warld wi mae nor a thoosand speakers - [[Esperanto]] and [[Ido leid|Ido]]. The baith gat creatit ere Interlingua. Some fowk think at Esperanto and Ido be easier tae lear acause thir leids daesnae hae "exceptions" (wirds at gae conter the rowles), but ithers think at Interlingua be mair easy acause the developers wale’t aw the wirds for tae be easy tae unnerstaund for onybody at kens Inglis, the Frainch, Spanish, Portuguese, or Italian, an aw as leids like [[Occitan leid|Occitan]] an [[Romanian language|Romanian]], ilk (cep Inglis) leids at come fae [[Laitin leid|the Laitin]], the leid uised in [[Rome]] a lang time syne. Mair oot ower, the speakers o Interlingua claim at thair leid represents a new Laitin, juist simpler an mair "modrenised." == Ensaumple text in Interlingua == :''Lingua natural e musical de parolas international e un grammatica minimal. Comprensibile facilemente per personas intelligente. Le medio de communication adequate pro le solution del confusion de Babylon.'' :A naitural an muisical leid wi international vocables an a peerie grammar. Easily unnerstuid bi gleg fowk. The mean o communication uissfu eneuch for tae be the repone tae the confuision o Babylon. == ''[[Pater Noster]]'' in Interlingua == :''Nostre Patre, qui es in le celos, que tu nomine sia sanctificate; que tu regno veni; que tu voluntate sia facite super le terra como etiam in le celo.'' :''Da nos hodie nostre pan quotidian, e pardona a nos nostre debitas como nos pardona a nostre debitores, e non duce nos in tentation, sed libera nos del mal.'' :Wir faither, wha is in heiven, hallaed be thy name; thy kinrick come; thy weel be duin on Yird like in heiven. :Gie’s the day wir daily bit breid, an forgie’s wir dets like we forgie wir dettors, an daenae lead us intae provoktion, but deleever us fae ill. == Interlingua in Wikipedia == Interlingua haes [[:ia:Frontispicio|its awn Wikipedia]] an aw. == References == {{reflist}} == Ither wabsteids == *[https://www.interlingua.com/ Union Mundial pro Interlingua] [[Category:Interlingua]] [[Category:Airtifeecial leids]] {{Stub/Leid}} ac7e2d8qkopmckkv9fpv26gli6h3lsc 0 10494 917770 842128 2026-06-04T17:04:24Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260604sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 917770 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Plants | fossil_range = {{long fossil range|Mesoproterozoic|present}} | image = Diversity of plants image version 5.png | image_caption = | domain = [[Eukaryota]] | unranked_regnum = [[Archaeplastida]] | regnum = '''Plantae''' | regnum_authority = ''sensu'' Copeland, 1956 | subdivision_ranks = Divisions | subdivision = * [[extinction|†]]'''[[Nematophytes]]''' (?) * '''[[Chlorophyta]]''' ** [[Palmophyllales]] ** [[Prasinophyceae]] ** [[Nephroselmidophyceae]] ** [[Pseudoscourfieldiales]] ** [[Pyramimonadophyceae]] ** [[Mamiellophyceae]] ** [[Scourfieldiales]] ** [[Pedinophyceae]] ** [[Chlorodendrophyceae]] ** [[Trebouxiophyceae]] ** [[Ulvophyceae]] ** [[Chlorophyceae]] *'''[[Streptophyta]]''' s.l. ** [[Chlorokybophyceae|Chlorokybophyta]] ** [[Mesostigmatophyceae|Mesostigmatophyta]] ** [[Klebsormidiophyceae|Klebsormidiophyta]] ** [[Charophyta]] (stoneworts) ** [[Chaetosphaeridiales]] ** [[Coleochaetophyceae|Coleochaetophyta]] ** [[Zygnematophyceae|Zygnematophyta]] ** [[Embryophyta]] (land plants) | synonyms= * [[Viridiplantae]] <small>Cavalier-Smith 1981</small><ref name=CavalierSmith1981>{{cite journal |first=T. |last=Cavalier-Smith|date=1981|title=Eukaryote kingdoms: Seven or nine?|url=https://archive.org/details/bio-systems_1981_14_3-4/page/461 |journal=BioSystems|volume=14|issue=3–4|pages=461–481|doi=10.1016/0303-2647(81)90050-2|pmid=7337818}}</ref> * Chlorobionta <small>Jeffrey 1982, emend. Bremer 1985, emend. Lewis and McCourt 2004</small><ref name=LewisMcCourt>{{cite journal|last1=Lewis|first1=L.A.|first2=R.M.|last2=McCourt|date=2004|title=Green algae and the origin of land plants|journal=American Journal of Botany|volume=91|pages=1535–1556|doi=10.3732/ajb.91.10.1535|pmid=21652308}}</ref> * Chlorobiota <small>Kenrick and Crane 1997</small><ref name=KenrickCrane1997>{{cite book |last1=Kenrick|first1=Paul|last2=Crane|first2=Peter R.|date=1997|title=The origin and early diversification of land plants: A cladistic study|url=https://archive.org/details/originearlydiver0000kenr|location=Washington, D. C.|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press|isbn=1-56098-730-8}}</ref> * Chloroplastida <small>Adl et al., 2005 </small><ref name=Adl>{{cite journal|authors=Adl, S.M.| date=2005|title=The new higher level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists|journal=Journal of Eukaryote Microbiology|volume= 52|pages=399–451|doi=10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00053.x |display-authors=etal|pmid=16248873}}</ref> * Phyta Barkley 1939 emed. Holt & Uidica 2007 * Cormophyta Endlicher, 1836 * Cormobionta Rothmaler, 1948 * Euplanta Barkley, 1949 * Telomobionta Takhtajan, 1964 * Embryobionta Cronquist et al., 1966 * Metaphyta Whittaker, 1969 }} '''Plants''' (an aa spelled "'''plaunts'''") are ane o five big groups ([[Kinrick (biology)|kinricks]]) o leevin things. Thay are [[autotroph]]ic [[eukaryote]]s; that means thay hae complex [[cell (biology)|cells]], an mak thair ain fuid. For ordinar, thay canna muive. Plants include familiar kynds sic as [[tree]]s, [[yerb]]s, [[buss]]es, [[girse]]s, [[vine]]s, [[fern]]s, [[fog]]s, an [[green algae]]. The scienteefic study o plants, kent as [[botany]], haes identifeed aboot 350,000 [[extant taxon|extant]] [[speshie]] o plants. [[Fungus|Fungi]] an non-green [[algae]] arena clessed as plants. Maist plants growe in the grund, wi [[stock]]s abuin, an [[ruit]]s ablow. Watter an some nutrients come frae the ruits. The evaporation o watter frae pores in the [[leaf]]s pulls watter throu the plant. This is cawed [[transpiration]]. A plant needs [[sunlicht]], [[carbon dioxide]], minerals an [[watter]] for tae mak fuid. A green substance in plants cried [[chlorophyll]] traps the [[energy]] frae the Sun needed tae mak fuid. Chlorophyll is maistly fund in leafs, athin [[plastid]]s, that are athin the [[leaf]] [[Cell (biology)|cells]]. The leaf can be thocht o as a fuid factory. Leafs o plants vary in shape an size, but thay are aye the plant organ best suited tae fang solar energy. Ance the fuid is made in the leaf, it is transportit tae the ither pairts o the plant sic as stocks an ruits.<ref>Asimov, Isaac 1968. ''Photosynthesis''. Basic Books, New York, London. ISBN 0-465-05703-9. </ref><ref>Intermediate Learn Science, grades 5-6, by Mike Evans and Linda Ellis</ref> Plants can [[Reproduction|reproduce]] in different kinds ay ways. Some plants uise [[seed]]s, an ithers uise [[cone]]s. Maist flouerin plants develop [[fruit]] frae thair [[flouer]]s, that then graw aroond thair seeds. The wird "plant" can mean tae pit somethin in the grund an aw. For ensaumple, [[ferm]]ers plant [[seed]]s in the grund. == Album == <gallery class="center" widths="180px" heights="120px" perrow="3"> File:Borassus flabellifer.jpg|[[Borassus flabellifer]] File:Chestnut in Guntur.jpg|The fruits o Palmyra Palm tree, [[Borassus flabellifer]] (locally cried Thaati Munjelu) sauld in a mercat at Guntur, Indie. File:Turmericroot.jpg|Turmeric rhizome File:Starr 050407-6233 Ipomoea batatas.jpg|Sweet tattie, ''Ipomoea batatas'', [[Maui Nui Botanical Garden]] File:Pandan wangi.JPG|''[[Pandanus amaryllifolius]]'' File:California Papaya ID.jpg|Californie Papaya File:Papaya sunset.jpg|''[[Carica papaya]]'', cultivar 'Sunset' File:Prepared lemon grass.JPG|''[[Cymbopogon citratus]]'', lemon gress, ile gress File:Bangkuang 070612-056 stgd.jpg|''[[Pachyrhizus erosus]]'' bulb-ruit. Situgede, Bogor, Wast Java, Indonesie. File:KIKU brak-ontree.JPG|Fuji (aiple) File:SauropusAndrogynus.jpg|Sproutin shuits o ''[[Sauropus androgynus]]'' File:Ilaneer.jpg|''[[Cocos nucifera]]'' [...] </gallery> == References == {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat|Plantae}} [[Category:Plant taxonomy]] [[Category:Plants| ]] [[Category:Kinricks (biology)|Plants]] 5myb8lc5fpgxhvr3cu9tj14jnl4epp6 0 15879 917798 833401 2026-06-05T09:50:41Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 917798 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Israel municipality |name=Umm al-Fahm |image_skyline=Umm al-Fahm 2014.JPG |image_caption=View o Umm al-Fahm |hebname=אֻם אל-פַחְם |arname=أم الفحم |meaning=Mither o Charcoal<ref>Palmer, 1881, [http://www.archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp00conduoft#page/154/mode/1up p.154]</ref> | coordinates = {{coord|32|31|10|N|35|09|13|E|region:IL|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |founded= |type=city |typefrom= |stdHeb= |altOffSp= |altUnoSp= |district=haifa | popyear = {{Israel populations|Year}} | population = {{Israel populations|Umm Al-fahm}} | population_footnotes = {{Israel populations|reference}} |area_dunam=22253 |mayor=[[Khaled Hamdan]] }} '''Umm al-Fahm''' ({{lang-ar|أمّ الفحم}}, ''{{unicode|Umm al-Faḥm}}''; {{lang-he-n|אֻם אל-פַחְם}}) is a ceety in the [[Haifa Destrict]] o [[Israel]]. In {{Israel populations|Year}} its population wis {{Israel populations|Umm Al-fahm}},{{Israel populations|reference}} nearly aw o whom are [[Arab citizens o Israel]].<ref name="haaretz">{{cite web|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/930366.html|title=Green Cities / Wasting away|publisher=[[Haaretz]]|author=Zafrir, Rinat|date=2007-12-03|accessdate=2008-10-25|archive-date=2009-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306133742/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/930366.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The ceety is situatit on the Umm al-Fahm muntain rig, the heichest pynt o which is Mt. Iskander (522 meters abuin sea level), owerleukin [[Wadi Ara]]. Umm al-Fahm is the social, cultural an economic centre for residents o the Wadi Ara an [[Triangle (Israel)|Triangle]] regions. ==History== [[File:Umm Al Fahm 1949.jpg|thumb|250px|Umm al-Fahm sheikh signs an oath o allegiance tae Israel, 1949]] Accordin tae the [[Muslim]] historian [[al-Maqrizi]], Umm al-Fahm wis established in 1265. Its name means "Mither o Charcoal" in Arabic,<ref name="jpost">{{cite web|url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1192380767858&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/Printer|title=Land (Swap) for Peace?|publisher=[[The Jerusalem Post]]|author=Prince-Gibson, Eetta|date=2007-11-08|accessdate=2008-10-25}}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>) the veelage wis surroondit bi naitural forests which wur uised tae produce charcoal. Several archaeological sites aroond the ceety date tae the [[Iron Age]], as well as [[Muslim]], [[Auncient Rome|Roman]] an [[Hellenistic]] periods. In the late 19t century, Umm al-Fahm wis descrived as haein aroond 500 indwallers, o which some 80 fowk wur Christians. The place wis well-biggit o stane, an the veelagers wur descrived as bein vera rich in cattle, goats an horse. A Muqam for a Sheik Iskander wis notit on a hill abuin.<ref>Conder & Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, [http://www.archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp02conduoft#page/46/mode/1up p.46]</ref> In 1948, thare wur 4,500 indwallers, maistly farmers, in the Umm al-Fahm aurie. Efter the [[1948 Arab-Israeli War]], the [[Lausanne Conference, 1949|Lausanne Conference o 1949]] awardit the entire [[Triangle (Israel)|Little Triangle]] tae Israel, which wantit it for security purposes. On 20 Mey 1949, the ceety's leader signed an oath o alliegiance tae the State o Israel. Follaein its absorption intae Israel, the toun's population grew rapidly. Bi 1960, Umm al-Fahm wis gien [[Local cooncil (Israel)|local cooncil]] status bi the Israeli govrenment. In 1965-1985, it wis govrened bi electit cooncils. In 1985, Umm al-Fahm wis gien offeecial [[Ceety cooncil (Israel)|ceety status]]. ==Cultur, sport an tourism== The Umm al-Fahm Airt Gallery wis established in 1996 as a venue for contemporary airt exhibitions an a hame for oreeginal Arab an Palestinian airt. The gallery operates unner the auspices o the El-Sabar Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.umelfahemgallery.org/about.html|title=Umm el-Fahim Art Gallery|accessdate=2008-10-25|archive-date=2008-10-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013130801/http://www.umelfahemgallery.org/about.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Yoko Ono]] held an exhibition thare in 1999,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4790428.stm|title=Israeli Arab Gallery Breaks Taboos|publisher=[[BBC]]|author=Patience, Martin|date=2006-03-10|accessdate=2008-10-25}}</ref> an some o her airt is still on show. The gallery affers classes tae baith Arab an Jewish childer an exhibits the wirk o baith Arab an Jewish airtists. In 2007, the municipality grantit the gallery a lairge plot o land on which a museum o Arab airt will be biggit.<ref name="jpost" /> The architect is Senan Abdelqader.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/797962.html|author=Zandberg, Esther|title=A Jump Start for Palestinian Architecture|publisher=[[Haaretz]]|accessdate=2008-10-25|archive-date=2008-01-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080119111629/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/797962.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The ceety haes several fitbaa clubs; [[Hapoel Umm al-Fahm F.C.|Hapoel Umm al-Fahm]] currently play in [[Liga Artzit]], the third tier o Israeli fitbaa. Ironi Sayid Umm al-Fahm play in [[Liga Alef]] (the fowert tier). Maccabi Umm al-Fahm play in [[Liga Bet]] (the fift tier), an Beitar Umm al-Fahm play in [[Liga Gimel]] (the saxt tier). ''Green Carpet'' is an association established bi the residents tae promote local tourism an environmental projects in an aroond Umm al-Fahm.<ref name="haaretz" /> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Umm Al-Fahm}} [[Category:Umm al-Fahm| ]] [[Category:Ceeties in Israel]] [[Category:Arab localities in Israel]] [[Category:Triangle (Israel)]] 2owkslod1meljg982t2wh1ka729i54h 0 17212 917781 890314 2026-06-04T19:09:11Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 917781 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Israel municipality |name=Modi'in-Maccabim-Re'ut |image_skyline=Modi'in 02003.JPG |image_caption= |emblem=Coat of arms of Modiin.svg |emblem_type= |hebname=מוֹדִיעִין-מַכַּבִּים-רֵעוּת |meaning= |pushpin_map=Israel |pushpin_map_caption=Location athin Israel |coordinates = {{coord|31|54|27.55|N|35|0|27.41|E|region:IL|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |founded=2003 (merger)<br />1993 (Modi'in)<br />1985 (Maccabim)<br />1987 (Re'ut) |type=city |typefrom=2003 |stdHeb= |altOffSp= |altUnoSp= |district=center |popyear = {{Israel populations|Year}} |population = {{Israel populations|Modi'in-makkabbim-re'ut}} |population_footnotes = {{Israel populations|reference}} |area_dunam=50176 |mayor=Haim Beebas |website=http://www.modiin.muni.il }} '''Modi'in-Maccabim-Re'ut''' ({{lang-he-n|מוֹדִיעִין-מַכַּבִּים-רֵעוּת}}) is a [[ceety]] in the [[Central Destrict (Israel)|Center Destrict]] o [[Israel]] locatit approximately haufwey atween [[Jerusalem]] an [[Tel Aviv]]. It wis formed in 2003 bi the merger o [[#Modi'in|Modi'in]] an [[#Maccabim-Re'ut|Maccabim-Re'ut]]. In {{Israel populations|Year}} the population wis {{Israel populations|Modi'in-makkabbim-re'ut}}. ==Etymology== The name "Modi'in" derives frae the veelage "Modi'im" o the heich priest [[Mattathias]] an his five sons, which wis locatit in the same aurie as the modren ceety. The name "Maccabim" is Ebreu for the [[Maccabees]], an is a common nickname gien tae [[Judas Maccabeus|Judah Maccabee]] an his five sons. ==History== ===Modi'in=== [[File:Shimsoni, Modi'in at night.jpg|thumb|The ceety at nicht]] Auncient Modi'in wis the place o oreegin o the Jewish [[Hasmonean]] dynasty that ruled Judea in the 1st an 2nt centuries [[Afore Common Era|BCE]], an it is whaur the [[Maccabean revolt]] against the [[Seleucid]] Greeks stairtit. Modren Modi'in is locatit near the steid o the auncient Modi'in describit in the [[Talmud]], tho the specific location is uncertain. Possibilities are [[Suba (veelage near Jerusalem)|Suba]], Umm el-'Umdan near Route 20 tae Canadae Pairk an Latrun, Khirbet el-Midye, an Khirbet el-Burj (Titura).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.asor.org/pubs/news/49_1.pdf |title=Shimon Gibson, ''ASOR Newsletter'' 49-1 (1999) pp. 16-17 |access-date=2011-05-17 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303183819/http://www.asor.org/pubs/news/49_1.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.asor.org/AM/fridayabs03.html |title=Shlomit Weksler-Bdolah, ASOR conference 2003 |access-date=2011-05-17 |archive-date=2008-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725041939/http://www.asor.org/AM/fridayabs03.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Joshua Schwartz, ''Lod (Lydda), Israel: from its origins through the Byzantine period, 5600 B.C.E. - 640 C.E'', Oxford University Press, 1991, pp. 61-63.</ref> [[File:Modiin1870s.jpg|thumb|right|The three possible locations o historical Modi'in]] [[File:Modi'in 02006.JPG|thumb|150px|Heich rise biggins in Modi'in-Maccabim-Re'ut]] The cornerstane for present-day Modi'in wis laid in 1993. It is a modren [[planned ceety]] wi heich staundarts o urban plannin. Environmental issues an future growth wur taken intae consideration frae the early design stages. Lairge [[Open space reserve|greenspace]]s wur incorporatit intae the ceety's layoot an comprise 50% o the aurie athin the ceety leemits. The lang term projection o the meenistry o hoosin is for the ceety tae be hame tae 240,000 residents, thus becomin ane o the lairgest localities in Israel. Housomeivver, plans approved for the ceety thus far are for anerlie 120,000 residents. Lately it haes acome a magnet for secular residents leavin [[Jerusalem]] acause o the growin Haredi population thare.<ref name="haaretz.com">{{Cite web |url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/business/was-building-city-of-modi-in-a-mistake-1.249671 |title=Was building city of Modi'in a mistake? |access-date=2011-05-17 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223115/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/business/was-building-city-of-modi-in-a-mistake-1.249671 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Thoosans o residents o [[Rosh HaAyin]], [[Lod]], an [[Ramla]] hae an aa relocatit tae Modi'in. Some in those ceeties see Modi'in's rapid growth as a threat tae the wellbeing o thair ceeties, wi some even suggestin that the ceety's vera establishment wis a mistake.<ref name="haaretz.com"/> This led tae a decision in 2008 tae put a cap on Modi'in's growth, allouin it in the short term tae expand anerlie tae a population o 120,000,<ref name="haaretz.com"/> rather than the oreeginal plans for 240,000, in order tae better conditions in [[Lod]]-[[Ramla]] 12 kilometers tae the wast.<ref name="haaretz.com"/> These plans housomeivver hae been contestit bi the ceety's govrenment, which haes plans tae turn Modi'in intae ane o the naition's lairgest ceeties.<ref name="haaretz.com"/> The ceety an aa attracts [[Olim]] frae Inglis speakin kintras. The ceety wis planned bi the well-kent airchitect [[Moshe Safdie]]. Its design wis supervised bi the [[Hoosin an Construction Meenister o Israel|Meenistry o Hoosin an Construction]]'s main airchitect Carlos Drinberg an the Ceety Ingineer-Airchitect Daniel Senerman. ===Maccabim-Re'ut=== The project o foondin Maccabim in 1985 wis led bi the Internaitional [[Maccabi (sports)|Maccabi]] organisation; the project o foondin nearbi Re'ut in 1987 wis led bi an association o [[Israel Defense Forces|Israel's Staundin Airmy]] officers. The touns wur unitit intae Maccabim-Re'ut in 1990. ==Geography== Modi'in is locatit aboot 35 kilometers (22&nbsp;mi) sootheast o [[Tel Aviv]] an 30 kilometers (19&nbsp;mi) wast o [[Jerusalem]], an is connectit tae tae the twa via [[Route 443 (Israel)|Heichgate 443]]. Its [[pheesical geography]]: [[Climate]], [[landforms]], [[flora]] an [[fauna]], aw reflect this poseetion midway atween the twa ceeties. ==Demographics== Accordin tae the Israel Central Bureau o Statistics, the Ceety is ratit at level 8 oot o 10 on the scale o socio-economic development, wi a heich proportion o heich schuil graduation, 76.5% (2006–07), an an average monthly income o 9,659 [[Israeli new shekel|NIS]], compared tae a naitional average o 7,466 (2006). ===Neighborhuids=== [[File:Parkannabe001.jpg|thumb|right|Wadi Anaba Pairk wast o the ceety center]] ====HaShvatim an Moriah ==== HaShvatim (North Buchman/Buchman) an Moriah (Sooth Buchman) are the maist soothren neighborhuids in the ceety. Maist o the biggins in this neighborhuid are grund-level private hames an condos. The streets o Shvatim are named efter the [[The Twal Tribes|tribes o Israel]], an the streets o Moriah are named efter auncient historical Jewish figures. Moriah, the name o the soothren neighborhuid, is an' a' a feminine name representin these weemen. ====HaPrachim ==== HaPrachim (Miromi) is a sma neighborhuid in the ceety center. Locatit in HaPrachim is a commercial center, twa primary schuils an a seicontary schuil. The neighborhuid's streets are named efter trees, flouers, an plants. At the northren pairt o the neighborhuid thare is a sma compund whaur the streets are named efter phrases frae the [[Song of Songs]]. ====HaNachalim an Masuah==== HaNachlim (Safdie) an Masuah (Givat C) are locatit towards the wast o the ceety, an wur planned bi airchitect [[Moshe Safdie]]. Locatit in these neighborhuids are five commercial centers, a seicontary schuil an three primary schuils. The central street names are named efter valleys in Israel, an the side streets are named efter Israeli rivers an streets. The name "Masuah" wis selectit in order tae represent the neighborhuid's heich altitude. Athin the aurie consistin o the streets named efter rivers an streams is the "Malibu" aurie, which is named efter the contractor who designed the neighborhuid. ====HaKramim ==== [[File:PikiWiki Israel 8234 clture auditorium in modiin.jpg|thumb|right|Modi'in cultural auditorium]] HaKramim (Tsipor) is the northmaist neighborhuid in Modiin. The streets are named efter the Ebreu months. The name "Kramim" is in honour o the vineyards that wur locatit whaur the neighborhuid nou staunds afore the ceety wis foondit. ====Avnei Chen ==== Avnei Chen (Kaizer) is locatit towards the wast o the ceety, an pairts of it are still unner construction. The main road is named "Avnei Choshen" an leads tae the anly underground commercial center in Modi'in. ====HaNevi'im an HaMeginim ==== HaNevi'im (Northren Shimshoni) an HaMeginim (Soothren Shimshoni) are locatit towards the northwast o the ceety. Locatit in the neighborhuids are three commercial centers, three primary schuils, an ane seicontary schuil. ====HaTsiporim ==== HaTsiporim (South Kaizer) is still bein planned. Its streets will be named efter different species o birds, an will be a relatively sma neighborhuid consisting o anerlie seiven streets. [[File:Modnall021.jpg|thumb|right|Azrieli Mall in central Modi'in]] ==Cultur an sports== In 2007, Modi'in wis selectit as ane o the inaugural ceeties for the [[Israel Baseball League]]. The team wis named the [[Modi'in Miracle]], but did no play gemmes in Modi'in as thare is nae basebaw stadium thare. ==Transportation== [[File:ModBahn006.jpg|thumb|right|View towards Modi'in Central Railway Station, an the main commercial destrict o Modi'in]] Modi'in-Maccabim-Re'ut is accessible bi [[Route 431 (Israel)|Road 431]], [[Heich-gate 3 (Israel)|Heich-gate 3]] an [[Route 443 (Israel)|Road 443]]. An [[Israel Railways]] rail line began operation on Aprile 1, 2008 tae [[Modi'in Central Railway Station|lairge unnergrund station in Modi'in]]. Service began in September 2007 tae [[Paatei Modi'in Railway Station|Paatei Modi'in]] on the wastren ootskirts o the ceety. This railway connects Modi'in tae [[Tel Aviv]] bi wey o [[Ben Gurion Airport]]. The line tae Modi'in is a spur aff the [[heich-speed railway tae Jerusalem]], currently due for completion in 2016. Ance this line is completit, Modi'in will be Athin 30 minutes' ride frae Jerusalem. Intercity an local bus services are providit bi [[Veolia Transport#Israel|Veolia Transport Israel]]. ==Twin touns== *{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Hagen]], [[Germany]] syne 1997 *{{flagicon|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} [[Banja Luka]], [[Bosnie an Herzegovinae]] syne 2010 *{{flagicon|United States}} [[Rochester, New York]], [[Unitit States]] syne 2003 ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commonscat|Modi'in}} *[http://www.modiin.muni.il/ Municipality o Modi'in - offeecial wab steid] {{he icon}} *[http://www.modiinfo.com Modiinfo.com - your source for Modiin relatit information] {{en}} *[http://www.govisitisrael.com/articlenav.php?id=164 Places Tae Visit in Modi'in] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120720074459/http://www.govisitisrael.com/articlenav.php?id=164 |date=2012-07-20 }} {{en}} {{Israeli municipality merger o 2003}} {{Center Destrict (Israel)}} {{Lairgest Israeli ceeties}} [[Category:Ceeties in Israel]] [[Category:Modi'in]] 5gfsvj1bmjsxidu8bskysvw29cn2m8t 0 17217 917797 897069 2026-06-05T08:17:07Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 917797 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Israel municipality |name=Tayibe |image_skyline=Taybe2010.JPG |image_caption= |hebname=טייבה |arname=الطـّيـّبة |meaning= |pushpin_map=Israel | coordinates = {{coord|32|16|0|N|35|00|37|E|region:IL|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |meaning= The Guid |type=city |typefrom= |stdHeb= |altOffSp= |altUnoSp=Tayiba |district=center | popyear = {{Israel populations|Year}} | population = {{Israel populations|Tayibe}} | population_footnotes = {{Israel populations|reference}} |area_dunam=18662 |mayor= }} '''Tayibe''' ({{lang-ar|طيّبة}} {{unicode|Ṭayyibaḧ}}, {{lang-he-n|טַיִּבָּה}}; forby spelt '''Taibeh''' or '''Tayiba''') is an [[Arab citizens o Israel|Israeli Arab]] ceety in central [[Israel]], 12 kilometre east o [[Kfar Saba]].<ref name="About Tayibe">[http://www.fotw.net/flags/il-tayib.html About Tayibe]</ref> In {{Israel populations|Year}} it haed a population o {{Israel populations|Tayibe}},{{Israel populations|reference}} garin it the lairgest Israeli Arab ceety in the Center Destrict.<ref name="cbs populations">{{cite web|url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/population/new_2009/table3.pdf|publisher=[[Israel Central Bureau of Statistics]]|title=Table 3 - Population of Localities Numbering Above 1,000 Residents and Other Rural Population|date=2008-06-30|accessdate=2008-10-18}}</ref> Tayibe is pairt o [[Triangle (Israel)|the Triangle]]. == History == Al-Tayba mey be the Tayyibat al-Ism that wis on the leet o lands allocatit bi sultan [[Baibars]] tae his amirs in 663 AH (1265-1266 C.E.), aboot thirty year efter the Arab conquest o Palestine. In [[Mamluk]] times, the veelage name appeared on documents referrin tae the [[waqf]] o the mosque in [[Hebron]].<ref>Petersen, 2002, p. 296</ref> Unner [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] rule, the [[daftar]] o 1596 shaw the veelage tae be unner the admeenistration o the ''[[nahiya]]'' o Shafa. Wi a population o 50 hoosehaulds ("khana"), the indwellers paid cesses on wheat, baurley, fruit, "simmer craps", olives, beehives, an gaits.<ref>Hütteroth, Wolf-Dieter and Kamal Abdulfattah (1977), ''Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century.'' Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft. p. 157. Quoted in Petersen, 2002, p. 296</ref> In the aichteent century, the veelage wis bolstered bi an influx o immigrants frae [[Egyp]] an the [[Arabian Peninsula]]. In the "Survey of Western Palestine" in the latter pairt o the nineteent century, Tayibe wis descrivit as: "a lairge straggelin veelage on the end o a slope, principally built o stane. It is supplee'd bi cisterns an surroondit wi olives".<ref>Conder and Kitchener, 1881, [http://www.archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp02conduoft#page/166/mode/1up p.166]. Cited in Petersen, 2002, p.296</ref> In the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, the Israeli forces captured the toun lands, but no the toun itsel. Tayibe wis transferred tae Israel as pairt o the 1949 cease-fire agreement wi Jordan.<ref name="About Tayibe"/> Accordin tae David Gilmour, the indwellers wur furious that [[Abdullah I o Jordan]] haed simply handit them ower tae Israel but wur relieved that thay wur tae be reunitit wi thair land. Housomeivver, the [[Land an Property laws in Israel#The Absentees.E2.80.99 Property Law.2C 5710- 1950|Law o Acquisition o Absentee Property]], that wis passed in 1950 but made retroactive, wis specially devised tae tak care o cases lik this. Tho thay hidnae flit frae thair veelage, the indwellers wur declared "absentees" (or [[Internally Displaced Palestinians]]) an thair land "abandoned property". Accordin tae the veelagers, thay lost 8,000 o thair 11,000 acre (45&nbsp;km²).<ref>Walter Schwarz: ''The Arabs in Israel'', Faber & Faber, London 1959, p. 40, and Israel and Palestine, No. 51 (August 1976), p.1. Quoted in Gilmour, 1983, p. 106</ref> Tayibe achieved local cooncil status in 1952. In 1990, it wis declared a ceety.<ref name="About Tayibe"/> == Demographics == At the 1931 census, Tayibe wis recordit as haein 658 occupee'd hooses, an 2944 residents (aw Muslim).<ref>Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas. Jerusalem, 1932, p58. The count may hae included twa naurhaun bedouin tribes.</ref> Accordin tae CBS, in 2001 the ethnic makeup o the ceety wis 100.0% [[Arab]] (99.7% [[Muslim]]), wi nae significant [[Jew]]ish population. Accordin tae CBS, in 2001 thare wur 15,100 males an 14,500 females. 47.5% o the population wis 19 years o age or younger, 17.4% atween 20 an 29, 20.3% atween 30 an 44, 9.6% frae 45 tae 59, 2.0% frae 60 tae 64, an 3.3% 65 years o age or aulder. The population growthe rate in 2001 wis 3.2%. == Income == Accordin tae CBS, thare wis 4,859 salaried wirkers an 559 sel-employed bodies in Tayibe in 2000. The mean monthly wage for a salaried wirker wis [[New Israeli Shekel|NIS]] 3,270, a real chynge o -0.5% ower the course o 2000. Salaried males haed a mean monthly wage o NIS 3,796 (a real chynge o 0.9%) versus NIS 2,318 for females (a real chynge o -6.7%). The mean income for the self-employed wis 3,826. Thare wis 379 fowk receivin unemployment benefits an 3,151 fowk receivin an income guarantee. On a scale o 1 tae 10 the ceety is ratit 3 on a socioeconomic level. == Education == Accordin tae CBS, thare 13 schuils an 6,970 students in the Tayibe: 9 elementary schuils wi 3,984 students, an 4 heich schuils wi 2,986 students. 49.7% o 12t grade students wis entitled tae a matriculation certificate in 2001. == Landmarks == An auncient aik tree in Tayibe wis declared the lairgest in Israel. The aik haes a trunk circumference o 690 centimetre. Accordin tae local legend, thare is an angel that watches ower the tree an avenges ony damage tae it. It is said tae be 1,400 year auld, tho this hisnae been scientifically pruiven.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071219131048/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/935495.html Lightning strike brings new fame to giant old oak tree], ''[[Haaretz]]''.</ref> == Notable residents == *[[Kais Nashef]], actor *[[Mahmud A-Nashaf]] *[[Ahmad Tibi]], [[MK]], [[Ta'al]] *[[Walid Sadek]], [[MK]], [[Meretz]] *[[Basel Jumaa]], poet *[[Senan Abdelqader]], airchitect<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/797962.html |title=A jump start for Palestinian architecture - Haaretz - Israel News<!--Bot-generated title--> |access-date=2011-05-17 |archive-date=2008-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080119111629/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/797962.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == See an aa == *[[Leet o Arab localities in Israel]] *[[Population groups in Israel]] == References == {{Reflist}} === Bibliography === {{Commonscat|Tayibe}} {{Refbegin}} *[[Charles Simon Clermont-Ganneau|Clermont-Ganneau, Charles Simon]] (1896): ''[http://www.archive.org/details/archaeologicalre02cler Archaeological Researches in Palestine 1873-1874],'' [ARP], translated frae the French bi J. McFarlane, Palestine Exploration Fund, Lunnon. Volume 2. ([http://www.archive.org/stream/archaeologicalre02cler#page/280/mode/1up p.280], [http://www.archive.org/stream/archaeologicalre02cler#page/293/mode/1up p.293], [http://www.archive.org/stream/archaeologicalre02cler#page/295/mode/1up p.295]-[http://www.archive.org/stream/archaeologicalre02cler#page/298/mode/1up p.298], [http://www.archive.org/stream/archaeologicalre02cler#page/490/mode/1up p.490] ) *Conder, Claude Reignier an [[Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|H.H. Kitchener]] (1881): ''[http://www.archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp02conduoft The Survey of Western Palestine: memoirs of the topography, orography, hydrography, and archaeology].'' Lunnon:[[Palestine Exploration Fund|Committee o the Palestine Exploration Fund]]. '''vol 2''' ([http://www.archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp02conduoft#page/166/mode/1up p.166] ) *Gilmour, David (1983): ''Dispossessed. The Ordeal of the Palestinians''. Sphere beuks, Great Britain, ISBN 0-7221-3842-3 *Palmer, E. H. (1881): ''[http://www.archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft The survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English name lists collected during the survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and explained by E.H. Palmer.]'' ( [http://www.archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp00conduoft#page/193/mode/1up p.193] ) *{{Citation|title=A Gazetteer of Buildings in Muslim Palestine: Volume I (British Academy Monographs in Archaeology)|url=http://www.amazon.com/dp/0197270115|first1=Andrew|last1=Petersen|year=2002|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=9780197270110}} p.&nbsp;296-298 {{Refend}} {{Center Destrict (Israel)}} [[Category:Ceeties in Israel]] [[Category:Arab localities in Israel]] [[Category:Triangle (Israel)]] {{Stub/Asie}} ayoy11b5nei1u61whp16vepi31p1jrw 0 17295 917694 884238 2026-06-04T12:56:15Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 917694 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Israel-2013-Jaffa 01.jpg|thumb|250px|Jaffa skyline]] [[File:Israel-2013-Jaffa 25-St. Peter's Church.JPG|thumb|250px|[[St. Peter's Kirk, Jaffa|St. Peter's Kirk]] in Jaffa]] '''Jaffa''' ({{IPAc-en|lang|pron|ˈ|dʒ|æ|f|ə}}, {{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|ɑː|f|ə}}<ref>'''dictionary.reference.com''': [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/jaffa Jaffa]</ref>; {{lang-he-n|יָפוֹ}}, {{Audio|He-Yafo.ogg|''Yāfō''}}; {{lang-ar|يَافَا}} {{Audio|Ar-Jaffa.ogg|''{{transl|ar|DIN|Yāfā}}''}}; {{lang-la|Joppe}}; an aa '''Japho''', '''Joppa''' as transliteration frae the Greek "Ιόππη") is an auncient [[port ceety]] believed tae be ane o the auldest in the warld.<ref name="haaretz">{{Cite document | last = Hai | first = Yigal | title = Archaeological discoveries may prove barrier to Jaffa port rejuvenation | publisher = ''[[Haaretz]]'' | date = January 15, 2008 | url = http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/944906.html | accessdate = 2008-08-29 | postscript = <!--None--> | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080116221220/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/944906.html | archivedate = 2008-01-16 | journal = | url-status = live }}</ref> Jaffa haes been incorporatit wi [[Tel Aviv]] creatin the ceety o Tel Aviv-Yafo, [[Israel]]. ==Etymology== The name o the ceety is supposedly mentioned in Egyptian soorces an the [[Amarna Letters]] as ''Yapu''. Thare are several legends aboot the oreegin o the name ''Jaffa''. Some say it is named for [[Japheth]], ane o the sons o [[Noah]], who biggit it efter the [[Great Flood]]. The [[Hellenist]] tradeetion links the name tae "Iopeia", which is [[Boast o Cassiopeia|Cassiopeia]], the mither o [[Andromeda (meethology)|Andromeda]]. An ootcroppin o rocks near the harbor is reputit tae hae been the place frae which Andromeda wis rescued bi Perseus. [[Pliny the Elder]] associates the name wi [[Jopa]], the dochter o [[Aeolus]], god o wind. The [[Arab]] [[geographer]] [[Al-Muqaddasi]] mentions it unner the name Yaffa, which is uised bi Arabic speakers the day. ==Demography== [[File:Jaffa Port.JPG|thumb|200px|Jaffa port]] Modren Jaffa haes a [[heterogeneous]] population o Jews, Christians, an Muslims. Jaffa currently haes 46,000 residents, o whom 17,000 are [[Arab citizens o Israel]]. The majority o the Arab population lives in the renewed soothwastren neighborhuid o [[Ajami, Jaffa|Ajami]]. ===Socioeconomic an poleetical problems=== Jaffa suffers frae drog problems, heich creeme rates an violence. Some Arab residents hae alleged that the Israeli authorities are attemptin tae Judaize Jaffa bi evictin Arab residents frae hooses awned bi the [[Amidar (Company)|Amidar]] govrenment-operatit public hoosin company. Amidar representatives say the residents are illegal squatters.<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/853180.html Protesters rally in Jaffa against move to evict local Arab families] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070429043304/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/853180.html |date=2007-04-29 }} 28/4/07, Haaretz</ref> The 2010 film ''Port of Memory'' explores thir themes, follaein the lives o Palestinians inhabitin the aurie, stavin aff expulsion.<ref>http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1420561/</ref> The Tel Aviv municipality haed been accuised o tryin tae erase the ceety's Arab past. In the early 1950s, mony Arabic street names wur replaced bi Ebreu names. ==Mosques== [[File:Jaffa 0087.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Al-Bahr Mosque|Al-Bahr]] owerleukin Jaffa seashore]] Al-Bahr Mosque, owerleukin the harbor, is depictit in a pentin frae 1675 bi the Dutch painter [[Lebrun]]. It mey be Jaffa's auldest existin mosque, awtho the oreeginal date o construction is unkent an chynges tae the structur hae been made syne then, sic as the addition o a seicont floor an reconstruction o the upper pairt o the minaret. It wis uised bi fishermen an sailors frequentin the port, an residents o the surroondin aurie. Accordin tae local legend, the wives o sailors livin in Jaffa prayed thare for the safe return o thair husbands. The mosque wis renovatit in 1997.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=7225 |title=Al-Bahr mosque in Jaffa |access-date=2011-05-21 |archive-date=2011-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629172815/http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=7225 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mahmoudia Mosque wis biggit in 1812 bi Abu Nabbut, govrenor o Jaffa frae 1810-1820.<ref>http://www.artmag.com/galeries/israel/jafphco/aisjaco6.html</ref> Ootside the mosque is a watter funtain (''sabil'') for pilgrims.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=7227 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-05-21 |archive-date=2011-06-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604200302/http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=7227 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nouzha Mosque on Jerusalem Boulevard is Jaffa's main mosque the day. ==Urban development== Frae the 1990s onwards, efforts hae been made tae restore Arab an Islamic laundmerks, sic as the Mosque of the Sea an [[Hassan Bek Mosque]], an document the history of Jaffa's Arab population. Parts of the Old City hae been renovated, turning Jaffa intae a tourist attraction featurin auld restored buildings, airt galleries, theaters, souvenir shops, restaurants, sidewalk cafes an promenades. Beyond the Old City an tourist sites, mony neighborhoods of Jaffa are poor an underdeveloped. Houiver, real-estate prices hae risen sharply due tae gentrification projects in al-Ajami an Lev Yafo.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull&cid=1162378508780 |title=Changes in the air for Ajami - JPost |access-date=2021-01-17 |archive-date=2011-09-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110917103336/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull&cid=1162378508780 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The municipality of Tel Aviv-Jaffa is currently wirkin tae beautify an modernize the port aurie, an are expanding the boardwalk alang the sea frae Bat Yam tae Tel Aviv. Thay are an aa biggin a light rail that will traivel frae Bat Yam tae Petach Tikvah an throughout the Gush Dan territory. == Landmarks == [[File:Jaffa Tour horloge.JPG|150px|thumb|Jaffa clock touer]] The ''Clock Square'' wi its distinctive clocktouer wis biggit in 1906 in honour o [[Sultan]] [[Abdul Hamid II]]. The ''Saraya'' (govrenor's palace) wis biggit in the 1890s.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/english/index.htm |title=Tel-Aviv/Yafo Municipality |access-date=2011-05-21 |archive-date=2007-04-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070422190510/http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/english/index.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[St. Peter's Kirk, Jaffa|St. Peter's Kirk]] is a [[Franciscan]] kirk an hospice biggit in the 19t century on the remains o a [[Crusades|Crusaders]] [[fortress]]; [[Napoleon I|Napoleon]] is believed tae hae stayed thare. ''St. Michael's Kirk'', restored in 1994, serves Romanian Christians. '' St. Tabitha chapel'' serves the Roushie Christian community, wi services in Roushie an Ebreu. ''St. Peter's Kirk'' wis biggit in 1895 on the steid o St. Peter's resurrection o Tabitha. Inside the monastery is the steid o the hoose whaur St. Tabitha lived wi her faimily. [[Immanuel Kirk (Jaffa)|Immanuel Kirk]], biggit 1904, serves the day a [[Lutheran]] congregation wi services in Inglis an Ebreu. ''Andromeda rock'' is the rock tae which bonnie [[Andromeda (meethology)|Andromeda]] wis chained in [[Greek mythology]]. The ''Zodiac alleys'' are a maze o restored alleys leadin tae the harbor. ''Jaffa Hill'' is a centre for [[airchaeology|airchaeological]] fynds, includin restored Egyptian gates, aboot 3,500 year auld. The Libian Synagogue'(''Beit Zunana'') wis a synagogue biggit bi a Jewish landlaird, Zunana, in the 18t century. It wis turned intae a hotel an then a [[saip]] factory, an reopened as a synagogue for [[Libie|Libian]] Jewish immigrants efter 1948. In 1995, it became a museum. [[Jaffa Licht|''Jaffa Lichthoose'']] is an inactive [[lichthoose]] locatit in the auld port. ===Jaffa Museum=== The Jaffa Museum is locatit in an 18t century Ottoman biggin constructit on the remains o a [[Crusades|Crusader]] fortress. In 1811, Abu Nabout turned it intae his seat o govrenment. In the late 19t century, the govrenmental muivit tae the "New Saraya," an the biggin wis sauld tae a walthy Greek-Orthodox faimily who established a soap factory thare. Syne the 1960s, it haes hoosed an airchaeological museum.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.oldjaffa.co.il/ArticlesEng/Article.asp?ArticleID=171&CategoryID=17 |title=Old Jaffa Museum |access-date=2011-05-21 |archive-date=2008-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081226005633/http://www.oldjaffa.co.il/ArticlesEng/Article.asp?ArticleID=171&CategoryID=17 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Airchaeology== Excavations on Rabbi Pinchas Street in the flea mercat hae revealed walls an watter conduits datin tae the Iron Age, Hellenistic period, early Islamic period, Crusader period an Ottoman era. A limestone slab (50 × 50&nbsp;cm or 20 × 20 in) engraved wi a menorah discovered on Tanchum Street is believed tae be the door o a tomb.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.biblicalproductions.com/archeological_excavations.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-05-21 |archive-date=2013-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130101034312/http://www.biblicalproductions.com/archeological_excavations.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Transportation == [[File:Hatayelet Hakala.jpg|thumb|250px|Jaffa promenade]] ===Bus=== Currently Jaffa is served bi [[bus]] anerlie. [[Dan Bus Company|Dan]] is the biggest bus company in the aurie. It operates frequent service tae various neighborhuids o Tel Aviv, an an' a' connects Jaffa tae [[Bat Yam]]. ===Licht rail=== The [[Red Line (Tel Aviv Light Rail)|Red Line]] o the planned [[Tel Aviv Light Rail]] will cross Jaffa north tae sooth alang Jerusalem Boulevard. ===Jaffa Railway Station=== {{main|Jaffa Railway Station}} Jaffa Railway Station wis the first railway station in the Middle East, it served as the terminus for the [[Jaffa–Jerusalem railway]]. The station wis opened in 1891 an closed in 1948; durin 2005-2009 the station wis restored an convertit tae an entertainment an leisure venue. ==Film== [[File:Passila Ja 032.jpg|thumb|250px|Jaffa flea mercat]] ''[[Clash of the Titans (1981 film)]]'' is set in auncient Joppa. The 2009 Oscar-nominatit film ''[[Ajami (film)|Ajami]]'' is set in modren Jaffa. == See an aa == *[[Jaffa Harbor]] *[[Ajami, Jaffa]] ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commonscat|Jaffa}} * [http://www.oldjaffa.co.il/ArticlesEng/Articles.asp?CategoryID=17 The Old Jaffa Development Corporation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009165119/http://www.oldjaffa.co.il/ArticlesEng/Articles.asp?CategoryID=17 |date=2010-10-09 }} * [http://www.nelc.ucla.edu/jaffa The Jaffa Cultural Heritage Project] * [http://www.cafetorah.com/Fotos-de-Jope-em-Israel Jaffa Old City Photos in Cafetorah.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100410172121/http://www.cafetorah.com/Fotos-de-Jope-em-Israel |date=2010-04-10 }} * [http://www.cafetorah.com/Fotos-de-Telaviv-em-Israel Telaviv-Jaffa in Cafetorah.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708111452/http://www.cafetorah.com/Fotos-de-Telaviv-em-Israel |date=2011-07-08 }} * [http://www.washington-report.org/backissues/0494/9404075.htm Arab Jaffa seized before Israel's creation in 1948. ''Washington Report on Middle East Affairs.''] *[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=135&letter=J Jewish Encyclopedia: Jaffa] *Schaalje, Jacqueline. [http://www.jewishmag.com/43mag/jaffa/jaffa.htm "Jaffa"], ''The Jewish Magazine'', Mey 2001. *[http://www.co-ground.com/common/yafo.html Travel photos of Old Jaffa and its port] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070717131856/http://www.co-ground.com/common/yafo.html |date=2007-07-17 }} *[http://www.world-shots.com/world_en146-1286.html World Cities Images. Jaffa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108105053/http://www.myworldshots.com/Israel/Jaffa/Israel-Jaffa-1286.html |date=2009-01-08 }} *[http://www.3disrael.com/telaviv/Clock_tower.cfm Clock Square Virtual tour at Full HD - No plugin needed] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080113191112/http://www.3disrael.com/telaviv/Clock_tower.cfm |date=2008-01-13 }} *[http://www.telaviv4fun.com/jaffa_old_port.html Jaffa Port photo gallery] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622071539/http://telaviv4fun.com/jaffa_old_port.html |date=2011-06-22 }} *[http://www.israelviews.com/photos/jaffa/ Jaffa Photos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100909090535/http://www.israelviews.com/photos/jaffa/ |date=2010-09-09 }} {{Coord|32|3|N|34|45|E|region:IL_type:city|display=title}} [[Category:Airchaeological steids in Israel]] [[Category:Templer settlements]] [[Category:Neebourheids o Tel Aviv]] [[Category:Fertile Crescent]] [[Category:Mediterranean port ceeties an touns in Israel]] [[Category:Bronze Age steids]] [[Category:Iron Age steids]] [[de:Tel Aviv-Jaffa#Geschichte Jaffas]] 4itkzeie5svwj0qdbn3p73mt8gmaohy 0 17321 917790 892970 2026-06-05T03:55:03Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 917790 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Israel municipality |name=Rosh HaAyin |emblem=Coat of arms of Rosh HaAyin.png |emblem_type= |image_skyline=Rosh HaAyin.jpg |image_caption= |hebname=רֹאשׁ הָעָיִן |ISO=Roˀš ha ʕayn |arname= |meaning=Foontainheid |coordinates = {{coord|32|05|N|34|57|E|region:IL|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |founded=1949 |type=city |typefrom= |stdHeb= |altOffSp= |altUnoSp= |district=center |population=38,500 |population_footnotes=<ref name="cbs populations" /> |popyear=2009 |area_dunam=24390 |mayor=Raz Sagi<ref>{{cite web |author= |url=https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/rjkfoz33t |website= |title=רז שגיא נבחר לראשות העיר ראש העין |accessdate=2024-04-15 |date= |format= |publisher= |pages= |language=he |quote= |comment= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |url-status= }}</ref> |website=[http://www.rosh-haayin.muni.il/ Rosh-HaAyin.muni.il] }} '''Rosh HaAyin''' ({{lang-he-n|רֹאשׁ הָעָיִן}}, ''lit.'' Fountainhead) is a [[Leet o Israeli cities|ceety]] in the [[Central District (Israel)|Central District]] of [[Israel]]. Tae the wast of Rosh HaAyin is the fortress of [[Antipatris]] an the soorce o the [[Yarkon River]]. Tae the southeast is the fortress of [[Migdal Afek]] (Migdal Tzedek).<ref name="jafi">{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishagency.org/JewishAgency/English/Israel/Partnerships/Regions/Roshhaayin/aboutus/Rosh+Hayin|title=Rosh Ha'Ayin|publisher=[[Jewish Agency for Israel]]|work=Partnerships with Israel|accessdate=2008-11-23|archive-date=2008-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080924105336/http://www.jewishagency.org/JewishAgency/English/Israel/Partnerships/Regions/Roshhaayin/aboutus/Rosh+Hayin|url-status=dead}}</ref> As of 2009, the population of Rosh HaAyin wis 38,500.<ref name="cbs populations">{{cite web|url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/population/new_2010/table3.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=[[Israel Central Bureau of Statistics]]|title=Table 3 – Population of Localities Numbering Above 2,000 Residents and Other Rural Population|date=2009-12-31|accessdate=2011-02-06}}</ref> == History == Rosh HaAyin wis foondit in the 1950s near the steid o auncient [[Antipatris]], on the grunds o a Breetish military camp (for detailed pre-1950's history o the aurie see [[Majdal Yaba]]). Mony o the residents wur [[Yemenite Jews]] airliftit tae [[Israel]] in 1949 an 1950 in [[Operation Magic Carpet (Yemen)|Operation Magic Carpet]]. For decades Rosh HaAyin wis kent as "a Yemenite toun". Houiver, in the 1990's extensive new neighborhuids wur biggit, constitutin in effect a whole new toun, which drew a considerable nummer o Israelis o ither oreegins. The toun still haes, houiver, a lairge Yemenite population – concentratit in the aulder neighborhuids. Rosh HaAyin is named efter its location at the mooth o the Yarkon Spring (''rosh'' = heid, ''ayin'' = spring).<ref name="jafi" /> == Demographics == Accordin tae the [[Israel Central Bureau o Statistics]] (CBS), in 2001 the ethnic makeup o the ceety wis 99.8% [[Jew]]ish, wi a predominant nummer o young fowk belaw the age o 19. The population growthe rate wis 2.5%. == Economy == Accordin tae the CBS, thare wur 10,972 salaried wirkers an 1,033 sel-employed in 2000. The mean monthly wage for a salaried wirker wis [[Israeli new shekel|NIS]] 6,595, an increase o 11.2% ower the course o 2000. Salaried males haed a mean monthly wage o NIS 8,408 (a real chynge o 7.8%) versus NIS 4,857 for females (a real chynge o 13.1%). The mean income for the sel-employed wis 6,853. 628 fowk received unemployment benefits an 1,057 received an income supplement. The Givot Olam ile company discovered ile at the [[Meged ile field|Meged 5 ile field]] near Rosh HaAyin. The amunt o extractable ile is as yet unkent.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://english.themarker.com/givot-meged-field-worth-195-million-835-million-1.327801 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-05-23 |archive-date=2011-07-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717012954/http://english.themarker.com/givot-meged-field-worth-195-million-835-million-1.327801 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/business/givot-admits-we-can-t-estimate-scope-of-oil-reserves-at-meged-5-1.315082 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-05-23 |archive-date=2010-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100929154240/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/business/givot-admits-we-can-t-estimate-scope-of-oil-reserves-at-meged-5-1.315082 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Education == Accordin tae the CBS, thare wur 21 schuils in Rosh Ha'ayin, wi an enrollment of 7,137. Fifteen wur elementary schuils wi an enrollment o 4,749 an 11 wur heich schuils wi an enrollment o 2,388. In 2001, 58.8% o Rosh Ha'ayin's 12t grade students wur entitled tae a [[matriculation]] certificate. == Notable Residents == * [[Gal Gadot]], Miss Israel 2004 * [[Yishai Levi]], Sangster == Twin ceeties == * {{flagicon|Alabama}} [[Birmingham, Alabama|Birmingham]], [[Alabama]], [[Unitit States]] * {{flagicon|Louisiana}} [[New Orleans]], [[Louisiana]], [[Unitit States]] * {{flagicon|Czech Republic}} [[Prague]], [[Czech Republic]] * {{flagicon|North Rhine-Westphalia}} [[Aachen]], [[North Rhine-Westphalie]], [[Germany]] * {{flagicon|Bavaria}} [[Dachau]], [[Bavarie]], [[Germany]] (Cooperation in preparation) * {{flagicon|France}} [[Vanves]], [[France]] * {{flagicon|Israel}} [[Kiryat Bialik]], [[Israel]] == References == {{reflist}} == Freemit airtins == * {{official|http://www.rosh-haayin.muni.il}} * [http://www.pbase.com/rdavid/roshhaayin Photographs] {{Center Destrict (Israel)}} {{Commons category}} [[Category:Ceeties in Israel]] [[Category:Yemenite Jews]] [[Category:Sharon plain]] i04urln9mnoavyuu97b0zvblzisrjp0 0 17327 917785 866616 2026-06-04T20:29:19Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 917785 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Israel municipality |name=Ness Ziona |emblem=Ness Ziona COA.gif |emblem_type=Emblem o Ness Ziona |image_skyline=PikiWiki Israel 10181 lerer square in ness ziona.jpg |image_caption= |hebname=נֵס צִיּוֹנָה |ISO= |arname= |meaning= |coordinates = {{coord|31|56|N|34|48|E|region:IL|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |founded=1883 |type=city |typefrom=1992 |stdHeb= |altOffSp= |altUnoSp= |district=center |population=38,100 |population_footnotes=<ref name="cbs populations" /> |popyear=2009 |area_dunam=15579 |mayor=Yossi Shvo }} '''Ness Ziona''' ({{lang-he-n|נֵס צִיּוֹנָה}}, ''Nes Tziyona'') is a ceety in [[Center Destrict (Israel)|central]] [[Israel]] foondit in 1883. At the end o 2009 the ceety haed a tot population o 38,100,<ref name="cbs populations">{{cite web|url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/population/new_2010/table3.pdf|publisher=[[Israel Central Bureau of Statistics]]|title=Table 3 – Population of Localities Numbering Above 2,000 Residents and Other Rural Population|date=2010-06-30|accessdate=2010-12-10}}</ref> an its jurisdiction wis 15,579 [[dunam]]s.<ref name="profile">{{cite web|url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/publications/local_authorities2005/pdf/204_7200.pdf|title=Local Authorities in Israel 2005, Publication #1295 – Municipality Profiles – Ness Ziona|publisher=Israel Central Bureau of Statistics|accessdate=2008-04-14|language=Hebrew}}</ref> == History == === Nahalat Rubin === [[File:Ness Zionah 1934.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Ness Ziona, 1934]] Ness Ziona wis first kent as Nahalat Rubin (lit. "Reuben's Estate") efter Reuben Lehrer, who awned the land. In 1878, the [[Templers (releegious believers)|Templer]] Reisler purchased lands in Wadi al-Khanin ([[wadi]] o flouers), plantit an orchard, an lived thare wi his faimily. Efter his wife an childer dee'd o malaria, he returned tae Europe. He travelled tae [[Odessa]] in 1882 an met Reuben Lehrer, a Roushie Jew wi Zionist ideals, who awned fermland thare. Reisler tradit his parcel o land in Palestine for Lehrer's land in Roushie. Lehrer made [[aliyah]] wi his eldest bairn Moshe in 1883, bringin his wife an 7 childer ower the follaein year.<ref name="muni history">{{cite web|url=http://www.ness-ziona.muni.il/Htmls/English/ARTICLE.html|title=Ness Ziona – The Flag of Zion!|author=Young, Daphne|publisher=Ness Ziona Municipality|accessdate=2008-10-22|archive-date=2010-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100430210950/http://www.ness-ziona.muni.il/Htmls/English/ARTICLE.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="hareuveni lexicon">{{cite book|title=Lexicon of the Land of Israel|publisher=Miskal – Yedioth Ahronoth Books and Chemed Books|language=Hebrew|year=1999|first=Immanuel|last=HaReuveni|pages=692|isbn=965-448-413-7}}</ref> Lehrer placed advertisements near [[Jaffa]] port askin ithers tae join him. The pioneers established a neighborhuid named Tel Aviv (the ceety o [[Tel Aviv]] did no yet exist) awtho the aurie wis still kent bi its Arabic name, Wadi Khanin.<ref name="hareuveni lexicon" /> In 1888, Avraham Yalovsky, a [[smith (metalwork)|blacksmith]], wis killed defendin his property frae Arab gangs.<ref>{{cite web|title=Yalovsky, Avraham – Life Story|url=http://www.izkor.gov.il/izkor86.asp?t=505868|publisher=[[Ministry of Defense (Israel)|Israel Ministry of Defense]]|accessdate=2008-10-22|archive-date=2009-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410141949/http://www.izkor.gov.il/izkor86.asp?t=505868|url-status=dead}} {{he icon}}</ref> In 1891, Michael Halperin bought mair land in the wadi. He gathered a group o fowk on the Hill of Love an unfurled a blue an white banner emblazoned wi the wirds Ness Ziona ("Banner tae Zion") written in gowd. The name is based on a verse in the [[Beuk o Jeremiah]], [[Jeremiah]] 4:6. This banner wis seemilar tae the offeecial [[Banner o Israel]] adoptit at the [[First Zionist Congress]] seeven year later.<ref name="muni history" /><ref name="hareuveni lexicon" /> === Arab attacks === Ness Ziona wis attacked bi Arab forces in the [[1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine|1936–39 Arab Revolt]], an the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]]. The ootlyin veelages o Kfar Aharon an Tirat Shalom (nou pairt o Ness Ziona) frequently exchynged fire wi the Arab veelages [[al-Qubayba]] an [[Zarnuqa]] (nou wastren [[Rehovot]]).<ref name="110 years">{{cite book|title=Ness Ziona – 110 Years|year=1993|author=Regev, Yoav|location=Tel Aviv, Israel|pages=48–51|language=Hebrew}}</ref> Maist o Ness Ziona's youth joined the [[Haganah]] tae ficht aff these threats. On Mey 15, 1948, Sarafand wis evacuatit o Arab indwallers, an on Mey 19, al-Qubayba an Zarnuqa wur conquered bi the [[Givati Brigade]]. Muckle o the territory abandoned bi the fleein Arab residents o nearbi veelages wis addit tae Ness Ziona, increasin its size frae 8&nbsp;km² tae aboot 15.3&nbsp;km² immediately efter the war.<ref name="110 years" /> === Efter the establishment o the state === [[File:PikiWiki Israel 1504 Rehovot חיילים רחובותים בגדוד 52.jpg|thumb|Givati brigade sodgers, 1948]] Durin the war, Ness Ziona's population amaist tripled tae acome 4,446 (accordin tae an October 23, 1949 survey), an till 1950 the local cooncil absorbed 9,000 ''[[aliyah|olim]]'', maist o whom wur hoosed in ''[[ma'abarot]]''. In 1952 a new industrial zone wis appruived for the toun on an aurie o 70 [[dunam]]s. In 1955, a seicont industrial zone wis appruived.<ref name="110 years" /> == Geography == [[File:Ness Ziona 1953.jpg|thumb|Commemorative first-day cover in honour o Ness Ziona's 70t birthday]] Ness Ziona is locatit on the [[Israeli coastal plain]] approximately 10&nbsp;km inland o the [[Mediterranean Sea]], tae the sooth o [[Tel Aviv]]. The ceety is bordered tae the north bi [[Rishon LeZion]], tae the east bi [[Be'er Ya'akov]], an tae the sooth bi [[Rehovot]]. [[Beit Hanan]], [[Beit Oved]], [[Ayanot]] [[youth veelage]] an [[Kibbutz]] [[Netzer Sereni]] an aa border the ceety. Ness Ziona is nou popular amang Tel Aviv residents seekin tae leave the ceety. The rural character haes been preserved bi urban plannin that eschews skyscrapers an biggins heicher than aicht floors. Property values hae risen bi 30 percent in recent years.<ref name="haaretz">{{cite web|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/946516.html|title=Watch out, Tel Aviv!|author=Lieberman, Guy|publisher=[[Haaretz]]|accessdate=2008-04-14|archive-date=2012-10-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021085356/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/business/watch-out-tel-aviv-1.237685|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Neighborhuids === Ness Ziona is componed o a central core an veelages that came unner its municipal jurisdiction ower time. The ceety an aa haes twa industrial zones an a heich-tech pairk, Kiryat Weizmann. == Demographics == Accordin tae the [[Israeli Central Bureau o Statistics]] (CBS), in 2005 the ethnic makeup o the ceety wis 99.6% [[Jew]]ish an ither non-Arabs.<ref name="profile" /> At the end o 2004 thare wur 612 immigrants (2.2%),<ref name="cbs2004pop">{{cite web|url=http://www1.cbs.gov.il/shnaton56/st02_14.pdf|title=Population and Density Per Sq. Km. in Localities Numbering Above 5,000 Residents|date=2004-12-31|accessdate=2008-04-26|publisher=[[Israel Central Bureau of Statistics]]|archive-date=2008-04-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080407044619/http://www1.cbs.gov.il/shnaton56/st02_14.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> awtho this rose sharply tae 7.8% in 2005.<ref name="profile" /> In 2005 thare wur 14,400 males an 14,900 females. 31.8% o the population wis 19 year o age or younger, 15.2% atween 20 an 29, 21% atween 30 an 44, 19.1% frae 45 tae 59, 3.1% frae 60 tae 64, an 9.7% 65 year o age or aulder.<ref name="profile" /> The population growth rate in 2006 wis 5.8%.<ref name="cbs populations" /> In 2005, thare wur 11,830 salaried wirkers an 984 sel-employed. The mean monthly wage for a salaried wirker wis [[New Israeli Shekel|NIS]] 7,597, a 9.2% increase ower 2000. Salaried males haed a mean monthly wage o NIS 9,802 (an 8.4% increase) versus NIS 5,595 for females (a 14% increase). The mean income for the sel-employed wis 7,064. Thare wur 290 fowk receivin unemployment benefits an 986 receivin an income guarantee ([[welfare (financial aid)|welfare]]).<ref name="profile" /> == Economy == Ness Ziona is hame tae the [[Israel Institute for Biological Research]] (IIBR), a chemical an biological research institute wi 350 employees, an [[Zenith Solar]], a [[solar energy]] company.<ref name=BW>[http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/mar2008/gb20080326_485582.htm? At the Zenith of Solar Energy], Neal Sandler, ''[[Businessweek]]'', March 26, 2008</ref> The Kiryat Weizmann Science Pairk is a magnet for mony Israeli stairt-ups, amang them [[Indigo Digital Press]], which wis acquired bi [[Hewlett-Packard]] in 2002 an manufactures heich-end digital printin presses. == Education == Accordin tae CBS figures for 2001, thare are 13 schuils an 5,019 students in the ceety: 10 elementary schuils wi 2,821 students, an 4 heich schuils wi 2,198 students. 62.9% o 12t graders wur eligible for a matriculation certificate that year. == Sports == [[File:Ness Ziona Stadium Facade.jpg|thumb|right|Ness Ziona Stadium]] The ceety haes been representit in the tap diveesion o [[Fitbaa in Israel|Israeli fitbaa]] bi twa different clubs; [[Maccabi Nes Tziona F.C.|Maccabi Ness Ziona]] competit in the tap flight in the first post-[[Declaration o Unthirldom (Israel)|unthirldom]] saison. Housomeivver, thay lost aw 24 gemmes, an wur relegatit.<ref name="RSSSF">{{cite web|url=http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/israhist.html|title=Israel – List of Final Tables|publisher=RSSSF|accessdate=2008-10-22}}</ref> A new club, [[Sektzia Nes Tziona F.C.|Sektzia Ness Ziona]] wis formed in 1956 an reached the tap flicht in 1966. Housomeivver, thay wur relegatit efter anerlie ane saison. Efter fauldin, thay reformed as Ironi Ness Ziona in 2001, an syne then hae revertit tae thair umwhile name an reached [[Liga Leumit]], the seicont tier. The club plays at the [[Ness Ziona Stadium]], which haes an aa hostit Israel's [[Israel naitional under-19 fitbaa team|U-19 team]]. == Transportation == Ness Ziona haes twa main roads – [[Heich-gate 42 (Israel)|Heich-gate 42]] tae the wast, an [[Route 412 (Israel)|Road 412]] (Weizmann Street), which goes throu the ceety center an connects tae Rishon LeZion an Rehovot. The Ness Ziona Central Bus Station is locatit on Weizmann Street, awtho as o 2008 it is operational anerlie for buses heidin north, while the platform for buses heidin sooth wis muivit athort the street. == Internaitional relations == {{See an aa|Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in Israel}} === Twin touns — Sister ceeties === Nazareth Illit is [[twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ness-ziona.muni.il/Htmls/English/twin%20cities.html|title=Twin Cities|publisher=Ness Ziona Municipality|accessdate=2008-04-14|archive-date=2009-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410093723/http://www.ness-ziona.muni.il/Htmls/English/twin%20cities.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- valign="top" | *[[File:Flag of Germany.svg|25px]] [[Freiberg]], [[Germany]] *[[File:Flag of France.svg|25px]] [[Le Grand-Quevilly]], [[Fraunce]] || *[[File:Flag of Germany.svg|25px]] [[Solingen]], [[Germany]] *[[File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg|25px]] [[Qingdao]], [[Cheenae]] |} == See an aa == *[[Population groups in Israel]] == References == {{Commons category}} {{reflist}} {{refbegin}} {{refend}} == Freemit airtins == *[http://www.ness-ziona.muni.il/ Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103082920/http://www.ness-ziona.muni.il/ |date=2021-01-03 }} {{Center Destrict (Israel)}} [[Category:Ceeties in Israel]] [[Category:Ness Ziona]] [[Category:Tegart Forts]] 77ja50ckoct4u2f7g29ur1w8jkosa5n 0 17338 917791 911912 2026-06-05T05:37:42Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 917791 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sderot''' ({{lang-he-n|שדרות}}, ''sderót''; {{lang-ar|سديروت}}, ''sadīrūt'') is a wastren ceety in the [[Negev]] desert in the [[Soothren Destrict (Israel)|Soothren Destrict]] o [[Israel]]. Accordin tae the [[Israel Central Bureau o Statistics]] (CBS), at the end o 2009 the ceety haed a tot population o 20,700.<ref name="cbs populations">{{cite web|url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/population/new_2010/table3.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=[[Israel Central Bureau of Statistics]]|title=Table 3 - Population of Localities Numbering Above 2,000 Residents and Other Rural Population|date=2010-06-30|accessdate=2010-11-13}}</ref> The ceety haes been an ongangin target o [[Leet o Qassam rocket attacks|Qassam rocket attacks]] frae the [[Gaza Strip]]. In Mairch 2008, the mayor said the population haed declined bi 10%-15% as faimilies left the ceety in desperation (aid organisations say the figure is closer tae 25%). Mony o the faimilies that remain cannae afford tae muive oot or are unable tae sell thair homes.<ref name="ynet-sderot1">{{cite news|author=Hadad, Shmulik|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3520956,00.html|title=Sderot: Those Who Can Afford It Have Already Left|publisher=[[Ynetnews]]|date=2008-03-19|accessdate=2008-10-20}}</ref> ==History== Sderot wis foondit in 1951 as a [[ma'abarot|transit camp]] for [[Kurdish Jews|Kurdish]] an [[Persian Jews|Persian]] Jewish immigrants who lived in tents an shacks afore permanent hoosin wis complete in 1954.<ref name="heeb">[http://www.heebmagazine.com/gimme-shelter-2/ Gimme shelter]</ref> It wis biggit on the lands o the Arab veelage o [[Najd, Gaza|Najd]]<ref name="khalidi128">[[#refKhalidi|Khalidi (1992)]], p. 128</ref> accordin tae [[Walid Khalidi]], an is locatit a few miles sooth o its ruins. On Mey 13 1948, Najd wis occupied bi the [[Negev Brigade]] as pairt o [[Operation Barak]], an the veelagers <ref>B. Morris, "The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem", Cambridge University Press, p. 258</ref> fled tae [[Gaza]]. In 1956, Sderot wis recognised as a [[local cooncil (Israel)|local cooncil]].<ref name="hareuveni908">[[#refHaReuveni|HaReuveni (1999)]], p. 908</ref> Sderot received a symbolic name, efter the numerous avenues an standalane rows o trees planted in the Negev, especially atween [[Beersheba]] an [[Gaza]], tae combine [[desertification]] an beautify the arid landscape. Lik mony ither localities in the Negev, Sderot's name haes a green motif that symbolizes the motto "makin the desert bloom", a central pairt o [[Zionism|Zionist]] ideology.<ref name="sasson137">[[#refSasson|Sasson (2010)]], p. 137</ref> [[File:PikiWiki Israel 6558 Settlements in Israel.jpg|thumb|left|Schuil in Sderot, early 1950s]] In the 1961 census, the percentage o North African immigrants, maistly frae [[History o the Jews in Morocco|Morocco]], wis 87% in the toun, whilst anither 11% o the residents wur immigrants frae [[Kurdistan]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Rapoport, Meron|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/863249.html|title=The Pioneers of Sderot|publisher=[[Haaretz]]|date=2007-05-25|accessdate=2008-10-20|archive-date=2007-12-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071208170219/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/863249.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the 1950s, the ceety continued tae absorb a lairge nummer o immigrants frae Morocco an [[History o the Jews in Romanie|Romanie]], an wis declared a [[local cooncil (Israel)|local cooncil]] in 1958. Sderot again absorbed a lairge immigrant population durin the [[Aliyah frae the Soviet Union in the 1990s]], an its population doubled in this decade. In 1996 it wis declared a [[ceety cooncil (Israel)|ceety]]. ==Eddication== Accordin tae CBS, thare are 14 schuils an 3,578 students in the ceety. Thay are spread oot as eleven elementary schuils an 2,099 elementary schuil students, an sax heich schuils an 1,479 heich schuil students. 56.5% o 12t grade students wur entitled tae a matriculation certificate in 2001. Razzaque Ansari. [[Sapir Academic College]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eng.sapir.ac.il/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=86&Itemid=157 |title=Sapir Academic College |access-date=2011-05-24 |archive-date=2010-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113110152/http://eng.sapir.ac.il/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=86&Itemid=157 |url-status=dead }}</ref> an the [[Hesder Yeshiva of Sderot]] are locatit in Sderot. ==Internaitional relations== {{See and aa|Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in Israel}} ===Twin touns – sister ceeties=== Sderot is [[twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi: * {{Flagicon|France}} [[Antony, Hauts-de-Seine|Antony]], [[Fraunce]] ==Notable residents== *[[Amir Peretz]], umwhile defence meenister *[[Kobi Oz]], lead sangster o [[Teapacks]] *[[Miri Bohadana]], model *[[Shlomo Bar]] *[[Laura Bialis]] *[[Smadar Levi]] *[[Erez Biton]] *[[Shimon Adaf]] *[[Haïm Ulliel]] ==References== ;Notes {{reflist|colwidth=30em|refs= <ref name="hareuveni908">[[#refHaReuveni|HaReuveni (1999)]], p. 908</ref> <ref name="sasson137">[[#refSasson|Sasson (2010)]], p. 137</ref> }} ;References * <span class="citation" id="refHaReuveni">{{cite book|author=HaReuveni, Immanuel|year=1999|title=Lexicon of the Land of Israel|publisher=Yedioth Ahronoth Publishing|isbn=965-448-413-7}} {{he icon}}</span> * <span class="citation" id="refKhalidi">{{cite book|author=Khalidi, Walid|authorlink=Walid Khalidi|year=1992|title=All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948|url=https://archive.org/details/allthatremainspa0000unse|isbn=0887282245}}</span> * <span class="citation" id="refSasson">{{cite book|author=Sasson, Avi ed.|year=2010|title=Sderot|publisher=Ariel Publishing and Makom Company}} {{he icon}}</span> ==Freemit airtins== {{commonscat|Sderot}} * [http://sderot.worldmedianetworks.com/ Sderot Media Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926211356/http://sderot.worldmedianetworks.com/ |date=2015-09-26 }} * [http://www.othervoice.org/welcome-eng.htm The Other Voice] * [http://hopeforsderot.com/ Humanitarian aid organization in Sderot] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323155905/http://hopeforsderot.com/ |date=2021-03-23 }} * Sderot; The Movie, [http://sderotmovie.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226231914/http://sderotmovie.com/ |date=2021-02-26 }} * [http://www.short.co.il/ sderot portal-hebrew] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016013121/http://www.short.co.il/ |date=2016-10-16 }} * [http://www.sderotmedia.com/ Sderot Information Center for the Western Negev] * [http://www.matesderot.co.il/index_en.asp The committee for a secure Sderot] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100809214249/http://www.matesderot.co.il/index_en.asp |date=2010-08-09 }} * [http://newsweek.washingtonpost.com/postglobal/america/2007/12/israeli_soldiers_us_sderot_terrorism.html Sderot in The Washington Post] * [http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/12/world/middleeast/12israel.html SDEROT JOURNAL An Israeli Playground, Fortified Against Rockets] {{#invoke:coordinates|coord|display=title}} {{Sooth Destrict (Israel)}} [[Category:Ceeties in Israel]] [[Category:Populatit places established in 1953]] [[Category:History o Israel]] [[Category:Israeli casualties in the Seicont Intifada]] [[Category:Development touns]] [[Category:Israel–Gaza conflict]] omrtpusv0u5i1m3x93jozsoed9nvve4 0 18256 917803 553709 2026-06-05T10:33:42Z Cobra 3000 28371 Pit in Infobox an stub tag 917803 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Bílovec | other_name = | settlement_type = [[Obec|Town]] <!-- images -->| image_skyline = Bílovec, Slezské sq.jpg | image_caption = [[Czech Silesia|Slezské]] Square with the Church of Saint Nicholas | image_flag = Flag of Bílovec.svg | image_shield = CoA of Bílovec.svg <!-- location -->| subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{CZE}} | subdivision_type1 = Region | subdivision_name1 = Moravian-Silesian | subdivision_type2 = Destrict | subdivision_name2 = Nový Jičín <!-- maps and coordinates -->| image_map = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Czech Republic | pushpin_relief = 1 | pushpin_map_caption = Airtin in the Czech Republic | coordinates = {{coord|49|45|23|N|18|0|57|E|display=inline,title}} | coordinates_footnotes = <!-- government type, leaders --> | leader_title = Mayor | leader_name = Martin Holub <!-- established -->| established_title = First mentioned | established_date = 1324 <!-- area -->| area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 38.89 <!-- elevation -->| elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 243 <!-- population -->| population_as_of = 2025-01-01 | population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|title=Population of Municipalities – 1 January 2025|url=https://csu.gov.cz/produkty/population-of-municipalities-t4l3n8d2iw|publisher=[[Czech Statistical Office]]|date=2025-05-16}}</ref> | population_total = 7411 | population_density_km2 = auto <!-- time zone(s) -->| timezone1 = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset1 = +1 | timezone1_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] | utc_offset1_DST = +2 <!-- postal codes, area code -->| postal_code_type = Postal codes | postal_code = 742 92, 743 01 | area_code_type = | area_code = <!-- website, footnotes --> | website = {{URL|https://www.bilovec.cz/}} | footnotes = }} '''Bílovec''' ({{IPA-cs|ˈbiːlovɛts}}; {{lang-de|Wagstadt}}) is a toun in the Moravian-Silesian Region, near [[Nový Jičín]]. It is situatit on the slopes o the [[Nízký Jeseník]] muntains an on the banks o the Bílovka River. ==Notable fowk== Bílovec is the birthplace o tennis players [[Květa Peschke]] an [[Petra Kvitová]]. == Gallery == <gallery> File:Bílovec, Slezské sq 2.jpg | Slezské square File:Bílovec, Tkalcovská str.jpg| Tkalcovská street </gallery> == References == {{reflist}}{{#invoke:coordinates|coord|display=title}} {{Stub/CzechRepublic}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Bilovec}} [[Category:Ceeties an touns in the Czech Republic]] [[Category:Nový Jičín Destrict]] nsvfploo83xjazjmrdnmnl4n96j2haa 0 18474 917701 865662 2026-06-04T15:01:43Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 917701 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Israel municipality |name=Kiryat Yam |image_skyline=Kiryat Yam.jpg |image_caption= |emblem=Kiryat Yam COA.svg |emblem_type=Kiryat Yam emblem |hebname=קִרְיַת יָם |ISO=Qiryat Yamm |arname=كريات يام |meaning=Sea Toun |pushpin_map=Israel |pushpin_label_position= bottom | coordinates = {{coord|32|50|0|N|35|04|0|E|region:IL|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |founded=1945 |type=city |typefrom= |stdHeb= |altOffSp= |altUnoSp= |district=haifa | popyear = {{Israel populations|Year}} | population = {{Israel populations|Qiryat Yam}} | population_footnotes = {{Israel populations|reference}} |area_dunam=4339 |mayor=Shmuel Sisso }} '''Kiryat Yam''' ({{lang-he-n|קִרְיַת יָם}}, lit. ''Sea Toun'') is a toun in the [[Haifa Bay]] destrict o Israel, 12 kilometres (7.5&nbsp;mi) north o [[Haifa]]. Ane o a group o Haifa suburbs kent as the [[Krayot]], it is locatit on the Mediterranean coast, atween [[Kiryat Haim]] an the Tzur Shalom industrial aurie, east o [[Kiryat Motzkin]]. In {{Israel populations|Year}} it haed a population o {{Israel populations|Qiryat Yam}}.{{Israel populations|reference}} == History == [[File:Kiryat Yam1949.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Kiryat Yam, 1949]] A lairge tract o land on the Haifa Bay wis purchased frae the [[Sursock family]] o Beirut bi the [[American Zion Commonwealth]] in 1925.<ref>Joseph B. Glass, ''From New Zion to Old Zion: American Jewish Immigration and Settlement in Palestine, 1917-1939''(America-Holy Land Monographs, 2002), p192.</ref> In 1928, the Bayside Land Corporation, a jynt ventur o the Palestine Economic Corporation an the [[Jewish National Fund]], acquired 2,400 dunams o residential land in a deal relatit tae the biggin o the [[Iraq Petroleum Company|IPC ile pipeline]].<ref name=glass236>Glass, p236</ref> Development o a residential aurie began in 1939,<ref>Palestine Post, May 12, 1939</ref> an the first houses war completit in 1940.<ref name=glass236/> == Demographics == [[File:Kyam5.jpg|thumb|250px|Psagot Yam neighborhuid]] Kiryat Yam haes a population o 45,000 residents.<ref>http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/956431.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090816182700/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/956431.html |date=2009-08-16 }})</ref> The northren aurie o the toun is hame tae mony immigrants frae the umwhile [[Soviet Union]], North Africae an [[Ethiopie]] in which the municipality an its mayor Shmuel Sisso wirked tea big dozens o centers an hames tae help the immigrants settle. The ceety is ranked medium on the socio-economic scale.<ref>[http://www.cbs.gov.il/www/publications/local_authorities2003/pdf/t02.pdf Local councils and municipalities, by socio-economic index, ranking and cluster membership]</ref> == Schuils == Kiryat Yam haes 15 preschuils, aicht elementary schuils an 3 heich schuils (Rabin,Rodman & Levinson ) wi a student population o 10,000. == Israeli-Arab conflict == Durin the [[2006 Lebanon War]], Kiryat Yam wis hit bi [[Hezbollah]] rockets an suffered casualties an property damage.<ref name=einav>{{Cite news | last = Einav | first = Hagai | title = Western Galilee: 3 women killed in rocket attack | work = Ynetnews | accessdate = 2009-03-04 | date = 2006-08-05 | url = http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3286608,00.html }}</ref> In Februar 2008, a [[Google Earth]] uiser addit an erroneous note that Kiryat Yam haed been biggit on the ruins o Arab Ghawarina, an [[Leet o veelages depopulatit durin the Arab–Israeli conflict‎|abandoned Arab veelage]]. The toun filed a complaint wi the polis against [[Google]] for libel.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080213215217/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/953243.html Israeli town sues Google over claim it was built on Arab village] Haaretz, 11 February 2008</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Kiryat Yam is Searching Google|author=Glickman, Eitan|coauthors=Shlomi, Ro'i|publisher=[[Yedioth Ahronoth]]|date=2008-02-11}}</ref> == Urban development == Urban development plans aimed at upgradin the auld Gimmel neighborhuid wur blocked bi [[Rafael Advanced Defense Systems]], whose main wappens development plant borders Kiryat Yam.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1033608.html |title=In Kiryat Yam, urban renewal program faces off with Rafael armaments |access-date=2011-08-31 |archive-date=2009-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090101081913/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1033608.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2009, the [[Haifa Destrict]] plannin committee appruivit heich-rise construction for the neighborhuid, owerrulin Rafael's objections.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1124168.html |title=Kiryat Yam renewal gets go-ahead |access-date=2011-08-31 |archive-date=2012-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023052247/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/kiryat-yam-renewal-gets-go-ahead-1.5277 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Neighbourhuids == * Kiryat Yam (Dalet) - includin Almogim * Kiryat Yam (Gimmel) - biggit in the 1950s * Kiryat Yam (Bet) * Kiryat Yam (Alef) * Savyoney Yam * Psagot Yam & Bne Beitkha == Internaitional relations == === Twin touns — Sister ceeties === {{See also|Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in Israel}} Kiryat Yam is [[twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi: * {{Flagicon|France}} [[Créteil]], [[Fraunce]] * {{Flagicon|Germany}} [[Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg|Berlin Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg]], [[Germany]] * {{Flagicon|Russia}} [[Kislovodsk]], [[Roushie]] * {{Flagicon|Hungary}} [[Makó]], [[Hungary]]<ref name="Makó">{{cite web|url=http://www.mako.hu/hu/node/279|title=Makó külkapcsolatai – előtérben a kultúra és a gazdaságélénkítés &#124;Makó|publisher=Mako.hu|date=2005-07-11|accessdate=2009-05-05}} {{Dead link|date=November 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> == References == {{Commonscat}} {{reflist}} {{Haifa Destrict}} [[Category:Ceeties in Israel]] [[Category:Krayot]] [[Category:Populatit places established in 1945]] d4l7sg3sp6udv0l4z2mh6qr25nf3tuh 0 18527 917699 845378 2026-06-04T14:59:27Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 917699 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Israel municipality |name=Kiryat Ata |emblem=Coat of arms of Kiryat-Ata.png |emblem_type= |image_skyline=Hazionot Kiryat Ata.jpg |image_caption=HaTzionut Boulevard |hebname=קִרְיַת אָתָא |ISO=Qiryat ʔataˀ |arname=كريات آتا |meaning= |pushpin_map=Israel | coordinates = {{coord|32|48|N|35|06|E|region:IL|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |founded= |type=city |typefrom=1969 |stdHeb= |altOffSp=Qiryat Ata |altUnoSp=Kiryat Ata |district=haifa | popyear = {{Israel populations|Year}} | population = {{Israel populations|Qiryat Atta}} | population_footnotes = {{Israel populations|reference}} |area_dunam=16706 |mayor=Yaakov Peretz }} '''Kiryat Ata''' ({{lang-he-n|קִרְיַת אָתָא}}; an aa '''Qiryat Ata''') is a ceety in the [[Haifa Destrict]] o [[Israel]]. In {{Israel populations|Year}} it haed a population o {{Israel populations|Qiryat Atta}}. It is an aa still kent bi its umwhile name o '''Kfar Ata''' ({{lang-he-n|כְּפַר עָטָּה}}). == History == Aircheological surveys at [[Khirbet Sharta]] in the northeast pairt o the ceety revealed traces o habitation datin tae the [[Bronze Age|Bronze]], [[Iron Age|Iron]], [[Hellenistic period|Hellenistic]], [[Roman Empire|Roman]], [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]], an [[Mamluk]] eras. In the early 20t century, the lands o the Arab veelage o Kofrita wur purchased bi a Warsaw releegious foondation named "Avodat Israel" throu intermediaries in the [[American Zion Commonwealth]]. Avodat Israel foondit Kfar Ata in 1925, which wis renamed Kiryat Ata in 1965 when the veelage wis merged wi adjacent Kiryat Binyamin. Durin the [[1929 Palestine riots|1929 riots]] the toun wus attacked an abandoned. A year later the residents returned an rebuilt the community. The toun wis kent for the Ata textile factory, established in 1934 bi Erich Moller. In 1969, Kiryat Ata wis declared a ceety. ==Economy== The Ata plant, which opened in 1934, became an icon o the Israeli textile industry. It suffered frae financial problems in the 1960s an closed doun in 1985.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/business/when-the-guns-fell-silent-1.321522 |title=When the guns fell silent, Haaretz |access-date=2011-09-01 |archive-date=2017-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171022193526/https://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/business/when-the-guns-fell-silent-1.321522 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Climate== Kiryat Ata haes a [[Mediterranean climate]] wi het, dry simmers an ceul an rainy winters. The hettest month is Julie an the cauldest is Februar. Snawfaw is rare, but snaw wis recordit three times in the 20t century: in 1950, 1992 an 1999. Annual precipitation is approximately 524 millimetres (21&nbsp;in). == Demographics == Accordin tae CBS, in 2001 the ethnic makeup o the ceety wis 99.8% [[Jew]]ish an ither non-Arab, athoot significant [[Arab]] population. See [[Population groups in Israel]]. Accordin tae CBS, in 2001 thare wur 23,700 males an 24,900 females. The population o the ceety wis spread oot wi 31.4% 19 year o age or younger, 15.7% atween 20 an 29, 18.5% atween 30 an 44, 18.3% frae 45 tae 59, 4.1% frae 60 tae 64, an 11.9% 65 year o age or aulder. The population growth rate in 2001 wis 0.8%. == Income == In 2000, thare wur 17,236 salaried wirkers an 1,226 sel-employed. The mean monthly wage wis [[New Israeli Shekel|ILS]] 5,157. Salaried males haed a mean monthly wage o ILS 6,759 (a real chynge o 4.6%) versus ILS 3,456 for females (a real chynge o 2.7%). The mean income for the sel-employed wis 6,470. Thare wur 1,092 fowk who received unemployment benefits an 4,153 fowk who received an income guarantee. == Education == In 2000, thare wur 20 schuils an 8,762 students in the ceety: 14 elementary schuils wi 4,899 students, an 11 heich schuils wi 3,863 students. 52.0% o 12t graders wur entitled tae a matriculation certificate in 2001. ==Sports== The ceety's main fitbaa club, [[Maccabi Ironi Kiryat Ata F.C.|Maccabi Ironi Kiryat Ata]], plays in [[Liga Leumit]], the seicont tier o [[Fitbaa in Israel|Israeli fitbaa]]. The local basketbaw club, [[Elitzur Kiryat Ata]], are in [[Ligat HaAl (basketbaw)|Ligat HaAl]], the tap diveesion. ==Notable fowk== *[[Yaniv Katan]], association fitbaa player ==References== {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} == Freemit airtins == * [http://www.cbs.gov.il/population/new_2007/table3.pdf CBS population estimates for 2005/2006] * {{he icon}} [http://www.kiryat-ata.muni.il/ Municipality wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727111434/http://www.kiryat-ata.muni.il/ |date=2011-07-27 }} * {{he icon}} [http://www.rishonim.org.il/kiryat-ata/show_item.asp?levelid=33785&itemid=161 Beit Fischer Ceety Museum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001225231/http://www.rishonim.org.il/kiryat-ata/show_item.asp?levelid=33785&itemid=161 |date=2011-10-01 }} {{Haifa Destrict}} [[Category:Ceeties in Israel]] [[Category:1929 Palestine riots]] [[Category:Krayot]] 4s5ocwb16hs6sqcrh6twq5aelz8jwjh 0 18532 917786 880254 2026-06-04T20:30:17Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 917786 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Netivot''' ({{lang-he-n|נְתִיבוֹת}}) is a ceety in the [[Soothren Destrict (Israel)|Soothren Destrict]] in [[Israel]]. At the end o 2009 the ceety haed a total population o 26,700.<ref name="cbs populations">{{cite web|url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/population/new_2010/table3.pdf|publisher=[[Israel Central Bureau of Statistics]]|title=Table 3 - Population of Localities Numbering Above 2,000 Residents and Other Rural Population|date=2010-06-30|accessdate=2010-10-30}}</ref> It wis foondit in 1956 as a [[development toun]] alang wi [[Sderot]] tae the north, an [[Ofakim]] tae the sooth. Netivot attracts a number o mainly [[Sephardi Jews|Sephardi Jewish]] pilgrims, who come tae pray at the tomb o [[Rabbi]] [[Baba Sali|Yisrael Abuhatzeira]], a [[Moroccan]]-born [[tzaddik]] an [[kabbalist]] kent as the "Baba Sali" (dee'd 1984) who is buried there.<ref name=haaretz>{{Cite news | title = Negev town of Netivot transforms into South's nightlife hotspot | work = Haaretz | accessdate = 2008-10-20 | date = 2008-10-17 | url = http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1028967.html | archive-date = 2008-10-19 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081019050932/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1028967.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> [[File:PikiWiki Israel 10889 Architecture of Israel.jpg|thumb|250px| right|Netivot Science an Technology Center.]] [[File:PikiWiki Israel 10703 Architecture of Israel.jpg|thumb|250px| right|The Ethiopian Jewish Synagogue.]] == Demographics == Accordin tae CBS, in 2001 the ethnic makeup o the ceety wis 99.9% [[Jew]]ish an ither non-Arab, wi nae significant [[Arab]] population. There are 78 recent immigrants who are in their initial stages o absorption. Accordin tae CBS, in 2001 there wur 10,500 males an 10,600 females. The population o the ceety wis spread oot wi 46.3% 19 years o age or younger, 16.2% atween 20 an 29, 17.6% atween 30 an 44, 10.4% frae 45 tae 59, 2.8% frae 60 tae 64, an 6.8% 65 years o age or aulder. The population growth rate in 2001 wis 3.9%. The ceety is ranked law in the socioeconomic index (3 oot o 10)<ref>http://www.cbs.gov.il/www/publications/local_authorities2003/pdf/t02.pdf</ref> == Income == Accordin tae CBS, as o 2000, in the ceety there wur 5,339 salaried wirkers an 382 are sel-employed. The mean monthly wage in 2000 for a salaried wirker in the ceety is [[New Israeli Shekel|ILS]] 3,410, a real chynge o 1.1% ower the course o 2000. Salaried males hae a mean monthly wage o ILS 4,482 (a real chynge o 6.5%) versus ILS 2,385 for females (a real chynge o -8.7%). The mean income for the sel-employed is 5,764. There are 445 fowk who receive unemployment benefits an 2,843 fowk who receive an income guarantee. == Education == Accordin tae CBS, there are 22 schuils an 4,243 students in the ceety. They are spread oot as 16 elementary schuils an 3,053 elementary schuil students, an 11 heich schuils an 1,190 heich schuil students. 43.1% o 12t grade students wur entitled tae a matriculation certificate in 2001. ==Notable fowk== * [[Rabbi]] [[Baba Sali|Yisrael Abuhatzeira]], the "Baba Sali" ==In popular cultur== *"[[The Netivot Band]]" o Montreal, Canadae is named efter Netivot. They currently play Jewish pop cultur muisic at events in Montreal, maist notably the recent Israel Day celebration, in front o 12,000 fowk, at Phillips Square. == References == {{Commonscat|Netivot}} {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.netivot.muni.il Municipal hame page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112220133/http://www.netivot.muni.il/ |date=2020-11-12 }} {{he icon}} {{coord|31|25|N|34|35|E|region:IL|format=dms|display=title}} {{Sooth Diestrict (Israel)}} [[Category:Ceeties in Israel]] [[Category:Development touns]] [[Category:Jewish pilgrimage steids]] gftm4t383h1zouwmh8pob5rgvkqgzkz 0 18535 917787 851892 2026-06-04T21:24:49Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 917787 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ofakim''' ({{lang-he-n|אֳפָקִים}}), (''lit.'' "horizons") is a ceety in [[Soothren Destrict (Israel)|soothren]] [[Israel]], 20&nbsp;kilometers wast o [[Beersheba]]. It wis foondit as a [[development toun]] on Aprile 19, 1955. In 2008, Ofakim haed a population o 24,800. The mayor is [[Zvika Greengold]].<ref name="haaretz" /> ==History== [[File:PikiWiki Israel 10746 Settlements in Israel.JPG|thumb|left|Street in Ofakim]] Ofakim wis established as a regional center for the rural communities in the aurie. The early residents wir [[olim|Jewish immigrants]] frae [[North Africae]] an [[Indie]].<ref name="haaretz" /> == Demographics == [[File:Ofakim Israel.jpg|thumb|left|Apartments in Ofakim]] In 2001, the ethnic makeup o the ceety wis 99.7% [[Jew]]ish an ither non-Arab, wi nae significant [[Arab]] population. There wur 11,200 males an 11,800 females – 41.8% 19 years o age or younger, 14.5% atween 20 an 29, 18.5% atween 30 an 44, 12.5% frae 45 tae 59, 3.6% frae 60 tae 64, an 9.1% 65 years o age or aulder. The population growth rate in 2001 wis 0.6%. Aboot 30 percent o the residents are [[ultra-Orthodox]], mony o them [[Baal teshuva|newly observant]]. Anither 30 percent are immigrants, maistly frae the umwhile Soviet Union. The rest are descendants o the foondin generation, immigrants frae North Africae an Indie who arrived in the toun in the 1950s an 1960s. Ofakim an aa haes a sma community o [[Beta Israel|Ethiopian Jews]].<ref name="haaretz" /> ==Economy == In 2000, there wur 5,655 salaried wirkers an 300 sel-employed. The mean monthly wage for a salaried wirker wis [[New Israeli Shekel|NIS]] 3,728, a real chynge o 7.5% ower the course o 2000. Salaried males haed a mean monthly wage o NIS 4,761 (a real chynge o 10.1%) versus NIS 2,744 for females (a real chynge of 2.2%). The mean income for the sel-employed wis 4,776. There wur 526 fowk receivin unemployment benefits an 3,538 receivin an income supplement. As in ither [[development toun]]s, the industrial sector haes historically played an important pairt in Ofakim's economy, but less so than in maist ither development touns. In 1972, 32% o the salaried wirkers (754 fowk) wur in this sector, an in 1983—924 fowk (23%). Durin this period, the textile industries consistently employed bi far the maist wirkers, rangin frae 72% (1982–83) tae 82% (1972). The Of–Ar (short for Ofakim–[[History o the Jews in Argentinae|Argentinae]]) textile factory wis a major employer.<ref name="schwarz160" /> == Education == There are 19 schuils an 4,704 students in the ceety – 13 elementary schuils (3,079 students), an 8 heich schuils (1,625 students). 43.3% o 12t grade students wur entitled tae a matriculation certificate in 2001. == Sports== Ane o Israel's 14 tennis centers is locatit in Ofakim.<ref>[http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Israel%20beyond%20politics/Tennis_doubles_coexistence_program_Israel_2-May-2010.htm Tennis doubles coexistence program]</ref> It opened in 1990 an haes sax courts. The ceety an aa haes a soccer stadium. ==Development plans== [[File:PikiWiki Israel 10642 Industry in Israel.jpg|thumb|200px|Industrial center in Ofakim]] A train station opened in 2010 wi a caur pairk for 1,000 caurs, an an auld industrial biggin is being convertit intae an airt museum.<ref name="haaretz" /> The Nahal Shomriya [[cyclin]] route aroond Ofakim wis inauguratit in 2010. The 60-centimeter-wide single route winds through 1,500 dunams (approx 375 acres) in Ofakim Forest, passin through Nahal Shomriya an Nahal Patish, an loopin aroond aicht local [[moshav]]im.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jpost.com/GreenIsrael/TOURSANDEVENTSINNATURE/Article.aspx?id=169361 |title=Riding and Building New Ofakim - Shomriya Cycling Route |access-date=2011-09-01 |archive-date=2011-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304192152/http://www.jpost.com/GreenIsrael/TOURSANDEVENTSINNATURE/Article.aspx?id=169361 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==References== {{Commonscat|Ofakim}} {{reflist|refs= <ref name="haaretz">{{Cite web |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1033359.html |title=New Horizons for Ofakim |access-date=2011-09-01 |archive-date=2012-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024145928/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/new-horizons-for-ofakim-1.256467 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="schwarz160">{{cite book|author=Schwarz, Dafna|year=2009|title=The Development Towns|chapter=Industrialization Attempts in Three Development Towns: Ofakim, Migdal HaEmek and Ma'alot|series=Idan Series Vol. 24|publisher=Yad Yitzhak Ben Zvi|editor=Halamish, Aviva; Meir-Glitzenstein, Esther; Tzameret, Zvi|isbn=978-965-217-298-3|pages=160–162}} {{he icon}}</ref> }} ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/business/go-south-young-men-and-women-1.313477 Go south, young men (and women), Haaretz] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825192241/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/business/go-south-young-men-and-women-1.313477 |date=2017-08-25 }} {{Sooth Destrict (Israel)}} [[Category:Ceeties in Israel]] [[Category:Development touns]] 3z074406lbx8idljjqqsh0kodt5q2zu 0 19137 917778 871337 2026-06-04T18:04:43Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 917778 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Finnish municipality |name = Mariehamn |official_name = {{lang|sv|Mariehamns stad}} |other_name = |native_name = |native_name_lang = |nickname = |settlement_type = Toun |total_type = <!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --> |motto = |image_skyline = Pommern2009.JPG |imagesize = |image_caption = The museum ship ''[[Pommern (ship)|Pommern]]'' is anchored in the wastren o Mariehamn's twa harbours, Västerhamn. |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = Maarianhamina.vaakuna.svg |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = Maarianhamina sijainti Suomi.svg |mapsize = |map_caption = Location o Mariehamn in [[Finland]] |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map =Finland Åland Islands |pushpin_label_position = |pushpin_map_caption = Location in Åland |pushpin_mapsize = 250 |province = {{flag|Åland}} |region = Åland |subregion = Mariehamn |government_footnotes = |leader_title = [[Toun manager]] |leader_name = Ritva Sarin-Grufberg |leader_title1 = |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |established_title = [[Chairter]] |established_date = [[1861]] |established_title2 = |established_date2 = |established_title3 = |established_date3 = |extinct_title = |extinct_date = |area_urban_km2 = |area_metro_km2 = |population_metro = |population_blank1_title = |population_blank1 = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_note = |finnish_official = |swedish_official = 1 |sami_official = |urbanisation = |unemployment = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |blank2_name = |blank2_info = |blank3_name = |blank3_info = |blank4_name = |blank4_info = |coordinates_type = |coordinates = {{coord|60|06|N|019|56|E|display=inline,title}} |elevation_m = |postal_code = |website = [http://www.mariehamn.ax/ www.mariehamn.ax] |footnotes = }} '''Mariehamn''' ({{lang-fi|Maarianhamina}}) is the [[Caipital ceety|caipital]] o the [[Åland Islands]], an autonomous territory unner [[Finland|Finnish]] [[sovereignty]]. Mariehamn is the seat o the [[Govrenment o Åland|Govrenment]] an [[Parliament o Åland]], an 40% o the population o Åland live in the ceety. Like aw o Åland, Mariehamn is unilingually [[Swadish leid|Swadish-speakin]] an aroond 88% o the inhabitants speak it as their native leid.<ref name="population_by_language" /> ==History== The toun wis named efter [[Maria Alexandrovna (Marie o Hesse)|Maria Alexandrovna]], the Empress consort o [[Alexander II o Roushie]]. Mariehamn wis foondit in 1861, aroond the veelage o [[Övernäs]], in wha wis at the time pairt o the municipality o [[Jomala]]. The ceety haes syne expandit an incorporatit mair o Jomala territory. The ceety is locatit on a [[peninsula]], an haes twa important harbours, ane locatit on the wastren shore an ane on the eastren shore. The Wastren Harbour is an important internaitional harbour wi daily traffic tae [[Swaden]] an mainland [[Finland]]. A pouerful incentive for Baltic ferries tae stop at Mariehamn is that, wi respect tae indirect taxation, Åland is no pairt o the [[EU customs zone]] an so duty-free guids can be sauld aboard. [[Mariehamn Airport]] is locatit in the neighbourin municipality o Jomala, some 3 kilometres (2 mi) north-wast o Mariehamn ceety centre. [[Image:Aaland 1.jpg|thumb|left|The Eastren Harbour in Mariehamn.]] Åland an Mariehamn hae a reputable heritage in shippin. The [[Flying P-Liner]] [[Pommern (ship)|Pommern]] [[museum ship]] is anchored in the Wastren Harbour. The Eastren Harbour features ane o the lairgest marinas in [[Scandinavie]]. The famous Dutch steamer Jan Nieveen (nou cried F.P. von Knorring, efter Åland teacher an vicar [[Frans Peter von Knorring]]) can an aa be foond here. The ceety is an important centre for Åland media; baith o the local newspapers ([[Ålandstidningen]] an [[Nya Åland]]), several radio stations an the local TV channels ([[TV Åland]] an [[Åland24]]) operate oot o the ceety. Mariehamn features several biggins drawn bi Finnish airchitect [[Lars Sonck]], who muivit tae Åland as a child. Biggins drawn bi him include the kirk o Mariehamn (1927), the main biggin o the [[Åland Maritime College]] (1927) an the toun haw (1939). [[Hilda Hongell]] haes an aa designed several biggins, although anerlie a few are still staundin. == Demographics == [[File:Mariehamn Church.jpg|thumb|[[Saunt George]]'s kirk]] A chairt on population growth. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; margin-left:60px" |- !rowspan=1| {{center|'''Year'''}} !rowspan=1| {{center|'''Population'''}} |- |- | {{center|1987}} ||align=left | {{center|9,966}} |- | {{center|1990}} ||align=left | {{center|10,263}} |- | {{center|1997}} ||align=left | {{center|10,408}} |- | {{center|2000}} ||align=left | {{center|10,488}} |- | {{center|2002}} ||align=left | {{center|10,632}} |- | {{center|2004}} ||align=left | {{center|10,712}} |- | {{center|2006}} ||align=left | {{center|10,824}} |- | {{center|2008}} ||align=left | {{center|11,005}} |- | {{center|2009}} ||align=left | {{center|11,123}} |} ==Internaitional relations== {{Main|Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in Finland}} ===Twin touns — Sister ceeties=== Mariehamn is twinned wi:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mhbibl.aland.fi/vanorter.html |title=<nowiki>Mariehamns stads vänorter. Accessed May 27, 2008 </nowiki> |access-date=2011-09-29 |archive-date=2008-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201180118/http://www.mhbibl.aland.fi/vanorter.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> *{{flagicon|Iceland}} [[Kópavogur]], [[Iceland]] *{{flagicon|Norway}} [[Kragerø]], [[Norawa]] *{{flagicon|Estonia}} [[Kuressaare]], [[Estonie]] *{{flagicon|Russia}} [[Lomonosov, Roushie|Lomonosov]], [[Roushie]] *{{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Slagelse]], [[Denmark]] *{{flagicon|Faroe Islands}} [[Tórshavn]], [[Faroe Islands]] *{{flagicon|Finland}} [[Valkeakoski]], [[Finland]] *{{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Visby]], [[Swaden]] ==Economy== [[Air Åland]] haes its heid office on the grunds o [[Mariehamn Airport]] in Mariehamn.<ref>"[http://www.airaland.com/packages.con?iPage=47&m=112 Contact information] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725224325/http://www.airaland.com/packages.con?iPage=47&m=112 |date=2011-07-25 }}." [[Air Åland]]. Retrieved on 25 February 2010.</ref> == References == {{reflist}} == Freemit airtins == {{commonscat|Mariehamn}} * [http://www.mariehamn.ax/ Offeecial wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070625204316/http://www.mariehamn.ax/ |date=2007-06-25 }} {{sv icon}} * [http://www.visitaland.com/en/facts/mariehamn Offeecial Tourist Gateway o Mariehamn - Maarianhamina] * {{wikivoyage|Mariehamn}} * [http://home.aland.net/m03752/bilder/markarta.gif Map o Mariehamn] * [http://life.screenshots.ru/trips/mariehamn-aland/ Mariehamn. Tourist route] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081027220928/http://life.screenshots.ru/trips/mariehamn-aland/ |date=2008-10-27 }} {{ru icon}} {{Municipalities o Åland}} [[Category:Mariehamn| ]] [[Category:Ceeties an touns in Finland]] [[Category:Populatit coastal places in Finland]] [[Category:Municipalities o Åland]] [[Category:Populatit places established in 1861]] [[Category:Port ceeties an touns o the Easter Seas]] 2p7p4zimehp27svdfnbk1ct4iorrdto 0 34081 917794 829978 2026-06-05T07:38:32Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 917794 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Suva |other_name = Caipital Ceety o Fiji |native_name = |nickname = |settlement_type = <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> |motto = |image_skyline = |imagesize = 250px |image_caption = Suva Skyline |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = 100px |city_logo = |citylogo_size = |image_map = Fiji_map.png |mapsize = 250px |map_caption = Suva within Fiji |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = <!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position = <!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> |pushpin_map_caption = |pushpin_mapsize = |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flagicon|Fiji}}[[Fiji]] |subdivision_type1 = Island |subdivision_name1 = [[Viti Levu]] |subdivision_type2 = Diveesion |subdivision_name2 = [[Central Diveesion, Fiji|Central Diveesion]] |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = |established_date = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = 2048 |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = 790.5 |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |population_as_of =2009 |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total =88,271 |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban =175,399 |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title = |population_blank1 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = |timezone = 1200 GMT |utc_offset = +12 |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} <!-- Infobox ends --> '''Suva''' is the [[Caipital ceety|caipital]] an lairgest ceety o [[Fiji]]. It is locatit on the sootheast coast o the island o [[Viti Levu]], in the [[Central Diveesion, Fiji|Central Diveesion]], [[Rewa Province]]. In 1877, it wis decidit tae mak Suva the caipital o Fiji when the geography o umwhile main European dounset at [[Levuka]] on the island o [[Ovalau]] pruivit too restrictive. The admeenistration o the colony wis muivit frae Levuka tae Suva in 1882. Suva is Fiji's poleetical an admeenistrative caipital. It is the lairgest an the maist sophisticatit ceety in the Sooth Paceefic (excludin New Zealand) an haes become an important regional centre; students frae the Paceefic region an a growin expatriate commonty mak up a significant portion o the ceety's population. ==Sister ceeties== *{{flagicon|China}} [[Beihai]], [[Guangxi]], [[Fowkrepublic o Cheenae]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.beihai.gov.cn/HTML/cities.htm|title=About Beihai - Sister cities|publisher=Beihai Government|accessdate=2008-11-25|archive-date=2008-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121040015/http://en.beihai.gov.cn/HTML/cities.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> *{{flagicon|Taiwan}} [[Taipei]], [[Taiwan]] *{{flagicon|Australia}} [[Brighton, Tasmanie|Brighton]], [[Tasmanie]], [[Australie]] ==See an aw== {{Portal|Fiji}} * [[1953 Suva yirdquauk]] ==Notes== {{Reflist}} == Freemit airtins == {{Commonscat}} *[http://www.suvacity.org/ Suva Ceety Cooncil (offeecial wabsteid)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060703150718/http://www.suvacity.org/ |date=2006-07-03 }} {{Leet o Oceanie caipitals bi region}} {{Coord|18.1416|S|178.4419|E|region:FJ_type:city(77000)|display=title}} [[Category:Suva| ]] [[Category:Caipitals in Oceanie]] [[Category:Rewa Province]] [[Category:Populatit places in Fiji]] [[Category:Port ceeties in Oceanie]] 9h0ou86y03r2rfvqpj4en2xszt7yknu 0 38099 917774 916429 2026-06-04T17:07:42Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 4 books for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260604sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 917774 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{WW2InfoBox}} '''Warld War II''', or the '''Seicont Warld War''' (aften abbreviatit as '''WWII''' or WW2), wis a global war that stertit in 1939 an endit in 1945. It inrowed [[Warld War II bi country|the wappin forces o the warld's naitions]]—includin aw o the [[great pouer]]s—at the hinner en formin twa opponin [[military alliance]]s: the [[Feres o Warld War II|Feres]] an the [[Axis pouers|Axis]]. It wis the braidest [[war]] in history, an directly inrowed mair nor 100 million fowk frae ower 30 kintras. In a state o "[[tot war]]", the major participants funged thair hail economic, industrial, an scienteefic cawpabilities ahint the [[war brash]], erasin the distinction atween [[ceevilian]] an [[militar]] resoorces. Merkit bi mass daiths o ceevilians, includin the [[Holocaust]] (in whilk thareaboot 11 million fowk wis killt)<ref>{{Harvnb|Fitzgerald|2011|p=4}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Hedgepeth|Saidel|2010|p=16}}</ref> an the [[strategic bombin during Warld War II|strategic bombin o industrial an population centres]] (in whilk thareaboot ane million fowk wis killt, includin the [[Atomic bombins o Hiroshima an Nagasaki|uise o twa nuclear wappens in combat]]),<ref>{{cite book |title=War, Violence, and Population: Making the Body Count |url=https://archive.org/details/warviolencepopul00tyne |author=James A. Tyner |page=[https://archive.org/details/warviolencepopul00tyne/page/n63 49] |date=March 3, 2009 |publisher=The Guilford Press; 1 edition |isbn=1-6062-3038-7}}</ref> it resultit in an estimate [[Warld War II casualties|50 million tae 85 million fatalities]]. Thir made Warld War&nbsp;II the [[Leet o wars an disasters by death toll|deidliest pingle]] in [[History o the warld|human history]].<ref name="Sommerville 2008 5">{{Harvnb|Sommerville|2011|p=5}}.</ref> The [[Empire o Japan]] ettilt tae dominate [[Asie]] an the [[Paceefic]] an wis awready [[Seicont Sino-Japanese War|at war]] wi the [[Republic o Cheenae (1912–1949)|Republic o Cheenae]] in 1937,<ref name="Bar&Shyu 2001 6">{{Harvnb|Barrett|Shyu|2001|p=6}}.</ref> but the warld war is generally said tae hae began on 1 September 1939<ref>Axelrod, Alan (2007) ''Encyclopedia of World War II, Volume 1''. Infobase Publishing. pp. 659.</ref> wi the [[invasion o Poland|invasion]] o [[Seicont Pols Republic|Poland]] bi [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] an subsequent declarations o war on Germany bi [[French Third Republic|Fraunce]] an the [[Unitit Kinrick]]. Frae late 1939 tae early 1941, in a series o campaigns an [[Tripartite Pact|treaties]], Germany vinkisht or maunt the feck o continental Europe, an formed the Axis alliance wi [[Kinrick o Italy|Italy]] an [[Empire o Japan|Japan]]. Follaein the [[Treaty o Non-Aggression atween Germany an the Soviet Union|Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact]], Germany an the Soviet Union pairteetioned an annexed territories o thair European neighbours, [[Soviet invasion o Poland|Poland]], [[Winter War|Finland]], [[Soviet occupation o Bessarabia an Northren Bukovina|Romanie]] an the [[Occupation o the Baltic states|Baltic states]]. The Unitit Kinrick an the [[Commonweel o Naitions|Breetish Commonweel]] wis the anerly Allied forces continuin the fecht agin the European Axis pouers, wi campaigns in [[Wastren Desert Campaign|North Africae]] an the [[East African Campaign (Warld War II)|Horn o Africae]] as weel as the lang-rinnin [[Battle o the Atlantic]]. In Juin 1941, the European Axis pouers lencht [[Operation Barbarossa|an invasion o the Soviet Union]], appenin the [[Eastren Front (Warld War II)|lairgest laund war theatre in history]], whilk trappit the feck o the Axis' militar forces intae a [[Attrition warfare|attrition war]]. In December 1941, Japan [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|attackit the Unitit States]] an [[Japanese invasion o Malaya|European territories]] in the Paceefic Ocean, an swith vinkisht a fait feck o the Wastren Paceefic. The Axis forderin hautit in 1942 whan Japan lost the creetical [[Battle o Midway]], near [[Hawaii]], an Germany wis defait in the [[Seicont Battle o El Alamein|North Africae]] an syne, decisively, at [[Battle o Stalingrad|Stalingrad]] in the Soviet Union. In 1943, wi a series o German defaits on the [[Eastren Front (Warld War II)|Eastren Front]], the [[Allied invasion o Sicily|Allied invasion]] o Italy whilk rase Italian renooncement, an Allied owerhauns in the Paceefic, the Axis lost the initiative an taen legbail on haun on aw fronts. In 1944, the Wastren Allies [[Normandy landings|invadit German-occupied Fraunce]], while the Soviet Union won back aw o its territorial losses an invadit Germany an its feres. Durin 1944 an 1945 the Japanese dreed major reverses in mainland Asie in [[Second Guangxi Campaign|Sooth]] [[Battle o Wast Hunan|Central Cheenae]] an [[Burma Campaign|Burma]], while the Allies lamed the [[Imperial Japanese Navy|Japanese Navy]] an fangt key Wastren Paceefic islands. The war in Europe endit wi an [[Wastren Allied invasion o Germany|invasion o Germany]] bi the Wastren Allies an the Soviet Union culminatin in the [[Battle o Berlin|tak o Berlin]] bi Soviet an Pols truips an the subsequent [[German Instrument o Surrender|German uncondeetional surrender]] on [[Victory in Europe Day|8 Mey 1945]]. Follaein the [[Potsdam Declaration]] bi the Allies on the 26t Julie 1945 an Japan's refuise o tae renoonce unner its terms, the Unitit States [[Atomic bombins o Hiroshima an Nagasaki|drappit atomic bombs]] on the Japanese ceeties o [[Hiroshima]] an [[Nagasaki]] on the 6t August an the 9t August respectively. Wi an [[Operation Downfall|invasion o the Japanese airchipelago]] imminent, the possibility o addeetional atomic bombins, an the [[Soviet-Japanese War (1945)|Soviet Union's declaration o war on Japan]] an [[Soviet invasion o Manchuria|invasion o Manchuria]], [[Surrender o Japan|Japan renoonced]] on the 15t August 1945. Sicweys endit the war in Asie, souderin the Allies' tot victory. Warld War&nbsp;II chynged the warld's poleetical alignment an social structur. The [[Unitit Naitions]] (UN) wis estaiblisht fur tae forder internaitional comploutherin an fur tae prevene futur conflicks. The gree-bearin [[great pouer]]s—the Unitit States, the Soviet Union, Cheenae, the Unitit Kinrick, an Fraunce—became the [[Permanent members o the Unitit Naitions Security Council|permanent memmers]] o the [[Unitit Naotions Security Cooncil]].<ref name="The UN Security Council">{{Citation|title=The UN Security Council|url=http://www.unfoundation.org/what-we-do/issues/united-nations/the-un-security-council.html|accessdate=15 May 2012|archive-date=2012-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620101548/http://www.unfoundation.org/what-we-do/issues/united-nations/the-un-security-council.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Soviet Union an the Unitit States ootcam as rival [[superpouer]]s, settin the stage fur the [[Cauld War]], whilk lastit fur the neist 46 year. Atween haun, the European great pouers' hank waned, while the [[decolonisation o Asie]] an [[decolonisation o Africae|Africae]] began. Maist kintras whase industries haed been damaged muived taewart [[post-Warld War II economic expansion|economic betterness]]. Poleetical integration, inspecially [[European integration|in Europe]], wis a war ootcome, as pairt o a ettle at endin afore-war laith an creautin a common identity.<ref>{{cite web|title=From War to Peace: A European Tale|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2012/eu-lecture_en.html|publisher=Nobel Lecture by the European Union|accessdate=4 January 2014|author=Herman Van Rompuy, President of the European Council|author2=José Manuel Durão Barroso, President of the European Commission|date=10 December 2012}}</ref> ==Backgrund== === Europe === [[Warld War I]] haed radically altert the [[Geopolitics|poleetical]] European map, wi the defeat o the [[Central Powers]]—includin [[Austrick-Hungary]], [[German Empire|Germany]], [[Kinrick o Bulgarie|Bulgarie]] an the [[Ottoman Empire]]—an the 1917 [[October Revolution|Bolshevik seizur o pouer]] in [[Roushie Republic|Roushie]], that hinderly led tae the foondin o the [[Soviet Union]]. Atween haun, the veectorious [[Allies o Warld War I]], sic as Fraunce, Belgium, Italy, Romanie an Greece, gained territory, an new [[naition-states]] wis creatit oot o the collapse o Austrick-Hungary an the Ottoman an [[Roushie Empire]]s. Fur tae prevene a futur warld war, the [[League o Naitions]] wis creatit in the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|1919 Paris Peace Conference]]. Maugre strang [[pacifism|pacifist]] sentiment [[eftermath o Warld War I|efter Warld War I]],{{sfn|Ingram|2006|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=bREQibN9i-sC&pg=PA76 76–8]}} its eftermath still caused [[irredentist]] an [[revanchist]] [[naitionalism]] in several European states. Thir sentiments wis especially merkit in Germany acause o the signeeficant territorial, colonial, an financial losses incurred bi the [[Treaty o Versailles]]. Unner the treaty, Germany lost aroond 13 percent o its hame territory an aw o [[German colonial empire|its owerseas possessions]], while German annexation o ither states wis prohibitit, [[Warld War I reparations|reparations]] war imposed, an leemits wis placed on the size an capability o the kintra's [[Reichswehr|airmed forces]].{{sfn|Kantowicz|1999|p=149}} The German Empire wis dissolved in the [[German Revolution o 1918–1919]], an a democratic govrenment, later kent as the [[Weimar Republic]], wis creautit. The interwar period saw strife atween supporters o the new republic an hardline opponents on baith the [[richt-weeng politics|richt]] an [[left-weeng politics|left]]. Italy, as an Entente ally, haed made some post-war territorial gains; houiver, Italian naitionalists wis angert that the [[Treaty o Lunnon (1915)|promises made]] bi Breetain an Fraunce tae siccar Italian entrance intae the war wisnae fulfilt in the peace dounset. Frae 1922 tae 1925, the [[Italian Fascism|Fascist]] muivement led bi [[Benito Mussolini]] seized pouer in Italy wi a naitionalist, [[Totalitarianism|totalitarian]], an [[cless collaboration]]ist agenda that abolisht representative democracy, repressed socialist, left-weeng an leeberal forces, an pursued an aggressive expansionist foreign policy aimed at makkin Italy a [[warld pouer]], promisin the creaution o a "[[New Roman Empire]]".{{sfn|Shaw|2000|p=35}} [[File:Nürnberg Reichsparteitag Hitler retouched.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] at a German [[Naitional Socialist]] poleetical rally in [[Nürnberg]], August 1933]] [[Adolf Hitler]], efter an [[Beer Hall Putsch|unsuccessfu attempt tae owerthraw the German govrenment]] in 1923, eventually acame the [[Adolf Hitler's rise tae pouer|Chancellor o Germany in 1933]]. He abolisht democracy, espoosin a [[New Order (Nazism)|radical, racially motivatit revision o the warld order]], an suin begoud a massive [[German re-airmament|reairmament campaign]].{{sfn|Brody|1999|p=4}} Meanwhile, Fraunce, tae siccar its alliance, [[Franco-Italian Greement|alloued Italy a free haund in Ethiopie]], that Italy desired as a colonial possession. The situation wis aggravatit in early 1935 whan the [[Saar (League o Naitions)|Territory o the Saar Basin]] wis legally reunitit wi Germany an Hitler repudiatit the Treaty o Versailles, acceleratit his reairmament programme, an introduced [[conscription]].{{sfn|Zalampas|1989|p=62}} Hitler defee'd the Versailles an [[Locarno treaties]] bi [[Remilitarisation o the Rhineland|remilitarisin]] the [[Rhineland]] in Mairch 1936, [[Appeasement|encoonterin little opposeetion]].{{sfn|Adamthwaite|1992|p=52}} In October 1936, Germany an Italy formed the [[Roum–Berlin Axis]]. A month later, Germany an Japan signed the [[Anti-Comintern Pact]], that Italy wad jyne in the follaein year. === Asie === The [[Kuomintang]] (KMT) pairty in Cheenae launched a [[Northren Expedition|unification campaign]] against [[Warlaird Era|regional warlairds]] an nominally unifee'd Cheenae in the mid-1920s, but wis suin embrulyie'd in a [[Cheenese Ceevil War|ceevil war]] against its umwhile [[Cheenese Communist Pairty]] allies{{sfn|Preston|1998|p=104}} an [[Central Plains War|new regional warlairds]]. In 1931, an [[Statism in Shōwa Japan|increasinly militareestic]] [[Empire o Japan]], that haed lang soct influence in Cheenae{{sfn|Myers|Peattie|1987|p=458}} as the first step o whit its govrenment saw as the kintra's [[Hakko ichiu|richt tae rule Asie]], uised the [[Mukden Incident]] as a pretext tae [[Japanese invasion o Manchurie|launch an invasion o Manchurie]] an establish the [[puppet state]] o [[Manchukuo]].{{sfn|Smith|Steadman|2004|p=28}} Ower waik tae resist Japan, Cheenae appealt tae the [[League o Naitions]] fur help. Japan widrew frae the League o Naitions efter bein [[Lytton Report|condemned]] fur its incursion intae Manchurie. The twa naitions syne focht several battles, in [[28 Januar Incident|Shanghai]], [[Battle o Rehe|Rehe]] an [[Defence o the Great Waw|Hebei]], till the [[Tanggu Truce]] wis signed in 1933. Thareefter, Cheenese volunteer forces conteena'd the reseestance tae Japanese aggression in [[Pacification o Manchukuo|Manchurie]], an [[Actions in Inner Mongolie (1933–1936)|Chahar an Suiyuan]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Coogan|1993}}: "Although some Chinese troops in the Northeast managed to retreat south, others were trapped by the advancing Japanese Army and were faced with the choice of resistance in defiance of orders, or surrender. A few commanders submitted, receiving high office in the puppet government, but others took up arms against the invader. The forces they commanded were the first of the volunteer armies."</ref> Efter the 1936 [[Xi'an Incident]], the Kuomintang an communist forces greed on a ceasefire tae present a [[Seicont Unitit Front|unitit front]] fur tae oppone Japan.{{sfn|Busky|2002|p=10}} == Pre-war events == === Spaingie Ceevil War (1936–39) === {{Main|Spaingie Ceevil War}} Whan ceevil war ootbrak in Spain, Hitler an Mussolini lent militar uphaudin tae the [[Naitionalist faction (Spaingie Ceevil War)|Naitionalist rebels]], led bi General [[Francisco Franco]]. The Soviet Union uphaudit the existin govrenment, the [[Seicont Spaingie Republic|Spaingie Republic]]. Ower 30,000 foreign volunteers, kent as the [[Internaitional Brigades]], forby focht agin the Naitionalists. Baith Germany an the USSR uised this [[proxy war]] as an opportunity fur tae test in combat thair maist advanced wappens an tactics. The Naitionalists wan the ceevil war in Apryle 1939; Franco, nou dictator, remeened offeecially neutral in World War II but generally favoured the Axis.{{sfn|Payne|2008|page=271}} His greatest collaboration wi Germany wis the sendin o [[Blue Diveesion|volunteers]] tae fecht on the [[Eastren Front (Warld War II)|Eastren Front]].{{sfn|Payne|2008|page=146}} === Japanese invasion o Cheenae (1937) === {{Main|Seicont Sino-Japanese War}} In Julie 1937, Japan capturt the umwhile Cheenese imperial caipital o [[Peking]] efter instigatin the [[Marco Polo Brig Incident]], that culminatit in the Japanese campaign tae invade aw o Cheenae.{{sfn|Eastman|1986|pp=547–51}} The Soviets quickly signed a [[Sino-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact|non-aggression pact wi Cheenae]] tae lend [[materiel]] uphaudin, effectively endin Cheenae's prior [[Sino-German comploutherin 1926–1941|comploutherin wi Germany]]. Frae September tae November, the Japanese attackit [[Battle o Taiyuan|Taiyuan]],<ref name="Guo 1971 221">{{Harvnb|Guo|2005}}</ref><ref name="Hsu & Chang 1971 221">{{Harvnb|Hsu|Chang|1971|pp=195–200}}.</ref> as weel as engagin the [[Naitional Revolutionary Airmy|Kuomintang Airmy]] [[Battle o Xinkou|aroond Xinkou]]<ref name="Guo 1971 221"/><ref name="Hsu & Chang 1971 221"/> an [[Communist Pairty o Cheenae|Communist forces]] [[battle o Pingxingguan|in Pingxingguan]].<ref name=Tucker2009>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_tSnygvbIC&pg=PA1873|title=A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East [6 volumes]: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East|first=Spencer C.|last=Tucker|date=23 December 2009|publisher=ABC-CLIO|accessdate=27 August 2017|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref name=yang>Yang Kuisong, "On the reconstruction of the facts of the Battle of Pingxingguan"</ref> [[Generalissimo]] [[Chiang Kai-shek]] deployed his [[German-trained diveesions in the Naitional Revolutionary Airmy|best airmy]] tae [[Battle o Shanghai|defend Shanghai]], but, efter three month o fechtin, Shanghai fell. The Japanese conteena'd tae push the Cheenese forces back, [[Battle o Nanking|capturin the caipital Nanking]] in December 1937. Efter the faw o Nanking, tens o thoosands, gif no hunders o thoosands, o Cheenese ceevilians an disairmed combatants wis [[Nanking Massacre|murthert bi the Japanese]].<ref>Levene, Mark and Roberts, Penny. ''The Massacre in History''. 1999, page 223-4</ref><ref name=tot>Totten, Samuel. ''Dictionary of Genocide''. 2008, 298–9.</ref> In Mairch 1938, Naitionalist Cheenese forces wan thair [[Battle o Taierzhuang|first major veectory at Taierzhuang]] but then the ceety o [[Xuzhou]] [[Battle o Xuzhou|wis taken bi Japanese]] in Mey.{{sfn|Hsu|Chang|1971|pp=221–230}} In Juin 1938, Cheenese forces stawed the Japanese advance bi [[1938 Yellae River fluid|fluidin the Yellae River]]; this manoeuvre bocht time fur the Cheenese tae prepare thair defences at [[Wuhan]], but the [[Battle o Wuhan|ceety wis takken]] bi October.{{sfn|Eastman|1986|p=566}} Japanese militar veectories didnae bring aboot the collapse o Cheenese resistance that Japan haed howpit tae achieve; insteid the Cheenese govrenment relocatit inland tae [[Chongqing]] an conteena'd the war.{{sfn|Taylor|2009|pp=150–2}}{{sfn|Sella|1983|pp=651–87}} === European occupations an agreements === [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-H27337, Moskau, Stalin und Ribbentrop im Kreml.jpg|right|thumb|upright|German Foreign Meenister [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] (richt) an the Soviet leader [[Joseph Stalin]], efter signin the [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact]], 23 August 1939]] In Europe, Germany an Italy wis becomin aggressiver. In Mairch 1938, Germany [[Anschluss|annexed Austrick]], again provokin [[Appeasement o Hitler|a bittock response]] frae ither European pouers.{{sfn|Collier|Pedley|2000|p=144}} Encouraged, Hitler begoud pressin German claims on the [[Sudetenland]], an aurie o [[Czechoslovakie]] wi a predominantly [[ethnic German]] population; an suin Breetain an Fraunce follaed the coonsel o Breetish Prime Meenister [[Neville Chamberlain]] an concedit this territory tae Germany in the [[Munich Greement]], that wis made agin the wishes o the Czechoslovak govrenment, in exchynge fur a promise o nae mair territorial demands.{{sfn|Kershaw|2001|pp=121–2}} Suin efterwart, Germany an Italy forced Czechoslovakie tae [[First Vienna Awaird|cede addeetional territory]] tae [[Hungary]] an Poland annexed Czechoslovakie's [[Zaolzie]] region.{{sfn|Kershaw|2001|p=157}} Awtho aw o Germany's statit demands haed been satisfee'd bi the greement, preevatly Hitler wis furious that Breetish interference haed preventit him frae seizin aw o Czechoslovakie in ane operation. In subsequent speeches, Hitler attackit Breetish an Jewish "war-mongers" an in Januar 1939 [[Plan Z|saicretly ordered a major big-up o the German navy]] tae challenge Breetish naval supremacy. In Mairch 1939, [[German occupation o Czechoslovakie|Germany invadit the remeender o Czechoslovakie]] an subsequently split it intae the German [[Pertectorate o Bohemie an Moravie]] an a pro-German [[client state]], the [[Slovak Republic (1939–1945)|Slovak Republic]].{{sfn|Davies|2006|loc=pp. 143–4 (2008 ed.)}} Hitler forby deleevered the 20 Mairch 1939 [[1939 German ultimatum tae Lithuanie|ultimatum tae Lithuanie]], forcin the concession o the [[Klaipėda Region]]. Greatly alairmed an wi Hitler makkin forder demands on the [[Free Ceety o Danzig]], Breetain an Fraunce [[Anglo-Pols militar alliance#Breetish Guarantee tae Poland|guaranteed thair uphaudin o Pols unthirldom]]; whan [[Italian invasion o Albanie|Italy conquered Albanie]] in Apryle 1939, the same guarantee wis extendit tae Romanie an [[Greece]].{{sfn|Lowe|Marzari|2002|p=330}} Shortly efter the [[Franco-Pols Militar Alliance|Franco]]-Breetish pledge tae Poland, Germany an Italy formalised thair awn alliance wi the [[Pact o Steel]].{{sfn|Dear|Foot|2001|p=234}} Hitler accuised Breetain an Poland o tryin tae "encircle" Germany an renoonced the [[Anglo-German Naval Greement]] an the [[German–Pols Non-Aggression Pact]]. The situation reakit a general creesis in late August as German truips conteena'd tae mobilise agin the Pols mairch. In August 23, whan tripartite negotiations aboot a militar alliance atween Fraunce, Breetain an USSR stawed<ref>Derek Watson, Molotov's Apprenticeship in Foreign Policy: The Triple Alliance Negotiations in 1939, ''Europe-Asia Studies'', Vol. 52, No. 4 (Jun., 2000), pp. 695-722 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/153322]</ref>, Soviet Union signed [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact|a non-aggression pact]] wi Germany.{{sfn|Shore|2003|p=108}} This pact haed a saicret protocol that defined German an Soviet "spheres o influence" (wastren [[Seicont Pols Republic|Poland]] an [[Lithuanie]] for Germany; [[Territories o Poland annexed bi the Soviet Union|eastren Poland]], Finland, [[Estonie]], Latvie an [[Bessarabie]] fur the USSR), an raised the quaisten o conteenuin Pols unthirldom.{{sfn|Dear|Foot|2001|p=608}} The pact neutralised the possibility o Soviet opposeetion tae a campaign against Poland an assured that Germany wad nae hae tae face the prospect o a twa-front war, as it haed in Warld War I. Immediately efter that, Hitler ordert the attack tae proceed on 26 August, but upon hearin that Breetain haed concludit a formal mutual assistance pact wi Poland, an that Italy wad mainteen neutrality, he decidit tae delay it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/DAP-Poland/Campaign-II.html#chapter5|title=The German Campaign In Poland (1939)|publisher=|accessdate=29 October 2014}}</ref> In response tae Breetish requests fur direct negotiations fur tae evit war, Germany made demands on Poland, that anerly served as a pretext tae worsen relations.<ref name=ww2db_com>{{cite web |url=http://ww2db.com/battle_spec.php?battle_id=162 |title=The Danzig Crisis |website=ww2db.com}}</ref> On 29 August, Hitler demanded that a Pols [[plenipotentiary]] immediately traivel fur tae Berlin tae negotiate the haundower o [[Danzig]], an tae allou a [[plebiscite]] in the [[Pols Corridor]] in that the German minority wad vote on secession.<ref name=ww2db_com/> The Poles refuised tae complee wi the German demands, an on the nicht o 30–31 August in a veeolent meetin wi the Breetish ambassador [[Neville Henderson]], Ribbentrop declared that Germany conseedert its claims rejectit.<ref name=ibiblio1939>{{cite web |title=Major international events of 1939, with explanation |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/events/1939.html |publisher=Ibiblio.org}}</ref> == Coorse o the war == === War braks oot in Europe (1939–40) === [[File:Schleswig Holstein firing Gdynia 13.09.1939.jpg|left|thumb|German battleship [[SMS Schleswig-Holstein|Schleswig-Holstein]] firin first salvos o WWII in the attack o [[battle o Westerplatte|Westerplatte]]. Gdańsk, 1 September 1939]] On 1 September 1939, upon [[Operation Himmler|haein staged]] several [[Gleiwitz incident|mairch incidents]], Germany [[Invasion o Poland|invadit Poland]]. {{sfn|Evans|2008|pp=1–2}} The [[Battle o Westerplatte]] is aften descrived as the first European battle o Warld War II. Breetain respondit wi an ultimatum tae Germany tae cease militar operations, an on 3 September, efter the ultimatum wis ignored, Fraunce, Breetain, [[Australie]], an [[New Zealand]] declared a war on Germany. This alliance wis jynt bi [[Union o Sooth Africae|Sooth Africae]] (6 September) an [[Canadae]] (10 September). The alliance providit [[Phoney War|na direct militar support]] tae Poland, ootside o a [[Saar Offensive|cautious French probe intae the Saarland]].<ref name="Keegan 1997 35">{{Harvnb|Keegan|1997|p=35}}.<br />{{Harvnb|Cienciala|2010|p=128}}, observes that, while it is true that Poland wis faur awey, makkin it difficult for the French an Breetish tae provide support, "[f]ew Western historians of World War II&nbsp;... know that the British had committed to bomb Germany if it attacked Poland, but did not do so except for one raid on the base of Wilhelmshafen. The French, who committed to attack Germany in the west, had no intention of doing so."</ref> The [[Allies o Warld War II|Wastren Allies]] forby begoud a [[Blockade o Germany (1939–45)|naval blockade o Germany]], that aimed tae damage the kintra's economy an war effort.<ref>{{Harvnb|Beevor|2012|p=32}}; {{Harvnb|Dear|Foot|2001|pp=248–9}}; {{Harvnb|Roskill|1954|p=64}}.</ref> Germany respondit bi orderin [[Submarine warfare#Warld War II|U-boat warfare]] agin Allied merchand an warships, that wad later escalate intae the [[Battle o the Atlantic]]. On 8 September, German truips reached suburbs o [[Warsaw]]. The Pols wastlin [[Battle o Bzura|coonter offensive]] hautit the German advance fur several day, but it wis ootflankit an encircled bi the ''[[Wehrmacht]]''. Remnants o the Pols airmy brak throu tae [[Battle o Warsaw (1939)|besieged Warsaw]]. On 17 September 1939, efter signin a [[Battles o Khalkhin Gol|cease-fire wi Japan]], the [[Soviet invasion o Poland|Soviets invadit Eastren Poland]].{{sfn|Zaloga|2002|pp=80, 83}} On 27 September, Warsaw gairison signed a cease-fire an surrendered tae the Germans, an [[Samodzielna Grupa Operacyjna Polesie|the last lairge operational unit o the Pols Airmy]] [[Battle o Kock (1939)|surrendered on 6 October]]. Maugre a militar defeat, the Pols govrenment niver surrendered; the Pols resistance established an [[Pols Unnergrund State|Unnergrund State]] an a pairtisan [[Hame Airmy]].{{sfn|Hempel|2005|p=24}}. Germany [[Pols auries annexed bi Nazi Germany|annexed]] the wastren an [[General Govrenment|occupied]] the central pairt o Poland, an the USSR [[Pols auries annexed bi Nazi Germany|annexed]] its eastren pairt; smaw shares o Pols territory war transferred tae [[Territorial chynges o Poland#Warld War II|Lithuanie]] an [[Slovak invasion o Poland|Slovakie]]. On the 6t October, Hitler made a public peace owertur tae Breetain an Fraunce, but said that the futur o Poland wis tae be determined exclusively bi Germany an the Soviet Union. The proposal wis rejectit<ref name=ibiblio1939/>, an Hitler ordered an immediate offensive agin Fraunce,<ref>Nuremberg Documents C-62/GB86, a directive frae Hitler in October 1939 whilk concludes: "The attack [on France] is tae be launcht this Autumn if conditions is possible ava."</ref> that wad be postponed till the ware o 1940 due tae bad wather. {{sfn|Liddell Hart|1977|pp=39–40}}{{sfn|Bullock|1990|loc=pp. 563–4, 566, 568–9, 574–5 (1983 ed.)}}<ref>Blitzkrieg: From the Rise of Hitler to the Fall of Dunkirk, L Deighton, Jonathan Cape, 1993, p186-7. Deighton states that "the offensive was postponed twenty-nine times before it finally took place."</ref> The Soviet Union forced the [[Baltic states|Baltic kintras]]—Estonie, Latvie an Lithuanie, the states that war in a Soviet [[Molotov-Ribbentrop pact|sphere o influence]]"—tae sign [[Backgrund o the occupation o the Baltic states#Soviet ultimatums an occupation|"mutual assistance pacts"]] that stipulatit stationin Soviet truips in thir kintras. Suin efter that, signeeficant Soviet militar contingent wis muived thare.{{sfn|Smith|Pabriks|Purs|Lane|2002|p=24}}{{sfn|Bilinsky|1999|p=9}}{{sfn|Murray|Millett|2001|pp=55–6}}. Finland refuised tae sign a seemilar pact an rejectit tae cede pairt o its territory tae the USSR, thar promptit a Soviet invasion in November 1939{{sfn|Spring|1986|p=207-226}}, an the USSR wis expelt frae the League o Naitions<ref>Carl van Dyke. The Soviet Invasion of Finland. Frank Cass Publishers, Lindon, Portland, OR. {{ISBN|0-7146-4753-5}}, p. 71.</ref>. Despite owerwhelmin numerical superiority, Soviet militar sonse wis modest, an the [[Winter War|Finno-Soviet war]] endit in Mairch 1940 wi [[Moscow Peace Treaty|meenimal Finnish concessions]].{{sfn|Hanhimäki|1997|p=12}} In Juin 1940, the Soviet Union forcibly annexed [[Soviet occupation o the Baltic states (1940)|Estonie, Latvie an Lithuanie]],{{sfn|Bilinsky|1999|p=9}} an the disputit Romanie regions o [[Soviet occupation o Bessarabie an Northren Bukovina|Bessarabie, Northren Bukovina an Hertza]]. Meanwhile, Nazi-Soviet poleetical rapprochement an economic co-operation{{sfn|Ferguson|2006|pp=367, 376, 379, 417}}{{sfn|Snyder|2010|p=118ff}} gradually stawed,{{sfn|Koch|1983}}{{sfn|Roberts|2006|p=56}} an baith states begoud preparations for war.{{sfn|Roberts|2006|p=59}} === Wastren Europe (1940–41) === {{main|Wastren Front (Warld War II)}} [[File:Maginot Line ln-en.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Map o the French [[Maginot Line]]]] In Apryle 1940, [[Operation Weserübung|Germany invadit Denmark an Norawa]] tae pertect shipments o [[Swwadish airn-ure minin in World War II|airn ore frae Swaden]], that the Allies war [[Operation Wilfred|attemptin tae cut aff]] bi unilaterally minin neutral Norse watters.<ref>{{Harvnb|Murray|Millett|2001|pp=57–63}}.</ref> [[Denmark]] capitulatit efter a few oors, an [[Norse Campaign|mauggre Allied support]], in that the important herbour o [[Narvik]] temporarily wis recapturt frae the Germans, [[Norawa]] wis conquert within twa month.{{sfn|Commager|2004|p=9}} [[Norawa Debate|Breetish discontent ower the Norse campaign]] led tae the replacement o the Breetish Prime Meenister, [[Neville Chamberlain]], wi [[Winston Churchill]] on 10 Mey 1940.{{sfn|Reynolds|2006|p=76}} Germany [[Battle o Fraunce|launcht an offensive agin Fraunce]] an, adherin tae the [[Manstein Plan]] forby attackit the neutral naitions o [[Battle o Belgium|Belgium]], [[Battle o the Netherlands|the Netherlands]], an [[German invasion o Luxembourg|Luxembourg]] on 10 Mey 1940.{{sfn|Evans|2008|pp=122–3}} That same day, Breetish forces laundit in [[Invasion o Iceland|Iceland]] an the [[Breetish occupation o the Faroe Islands|Faroes]] tae preempt a possible German invasion o the islands.<ref>{{Harvnb|Dear|Foot|2001|p=436}}. The Americans later relieved the Breetish, wi marines arrivin in Reykjavik on 7 Julie 1941 ({{Harvnb|Schofield|1981|p=122}}).</ref> The US, in close co-operation wi [[Henrik Kauffmann|the Dens envoy tae Washington D.C.]], greed tae pertect [[Greenland in Warld War II|Greenland]], layin the poleetical framewark for the formal establishment o bases in Apryle 1941. The [[Netherlands in Warld War II|Netherlands]] an [[Belgium in Warld War II|Belgium]] wis owerrun uisin [[blitzkrieg]] tactics in a few days an weeks, respectively.{{sfn|Shirer|1990|pp=721–3}} The French-fortifee'd [[Maginot Line]] an the main bouk o the Allied forces that haed muived intae Belgium wae circumventit bi a flankin muivement throu the thickly widdit [[Ardennes]] region,{{sfn|Keegan|1997|pp=59–60}} mistakenly perceived bi Allied planners as an impenetrable naitural barrier against airmoured vehicles.{{sfn|Regan|2004|p=152}}{{sfn|Liddell Hart|1977|p=48}} As a result, the bouk o the Allied airmies foond themsels trappit in an encirclement an war beaten. The majority war takken prisoner, whilst ower 300,000, maistly Breetish an French, war [[Dunkirk evacuation|evacuated frae the continent at Dunkirk]] bi early Juin, awtho abandonin awmaist aw o thair equipment.{{sfn|Keegan|1997|pp=66–7}} On the 10t Juin, [[Italian invasion o Fraunce|Italy invadit Fraunce]], declarin war on baith Fraunce an the Unitit Kinrick.{{sfn|Overy|Wheatcroft|1999|p=207}} Paris fell tae the Germans on the 14t Juin an aicht days later [[Airmistice o 22 Juin 1940|Fraunce signed an airmistice wi Germany]] an wis suin dividit intae [[German militar admeenistration in occupied Fraunce in Warld War II|German]] an [[Italian occupation o Fraunce|Italian occupation zones]],{{sfn|Umbreit|1991|p=311}} an a wanoccupied [[rump state]] unner the [[Vichy Regime]], that, tho offeecially neutral, wis generally aligned wi Germany. Fraunce kept its fleet but the Breetish feared the Germans wad seize it, sae on 3 Julie, the Breetish [[Attack on Mers-el-Kébir|attacked it]].{{sfn|Brown|2004|p=xxx}} The [[Battle o Breetain]]{{sfn|Keegan|1997|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=TF8kcx9hTssC&pg=PA72 72]}} begoud in early Julie wi [[Kanalkampf|Luftwaffe attacks on shippin an herbours]].<ref name=Murray_BoB>{{harvnb|Murray|1983|loc=[http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/AAF-Luftwaffe/AAF-Luftwaffe-2.html#cn70 The Battle of Britain].}}</ref> On 19 Julie, Hitler again publicly offert tae end the war, sayin he wisna wantin tae destroy the [[Breetish Empire]]. The Unitit Kinrick rejectit this ultimatum.<ref name=ibiblio_1940>{{cite web |title=Major international events of 1940, with explanation |url= http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/events/1940.html |publisher=Ibiblio.org |accessdate=}}</ref> The main [[Adlertag|German air superiority campaign]] stairtit in August but failed tae defeat [[RAF Fechter Command]], an a [[Operation Sea Lion|proponed invasion]] wis postponed indefinitely on 17 September. The German [[strategic bombin]] offensive intensifee'd as nicht attacks on Lunnon an ither ceeties in [[the Blitz]], but lairgely failed tae disrupt the Breetish war effort.{{r|Murray_BoB}} Uisin newly capturt French ports, the German Navy [[Battle o the Atlantic#'Happy Time' (Juin 1940&nbsp;– Februar 1941)|enjoyed success]] against an ower-extendit [[Ryal Navy]], uisin [[U-boat]]s agin Breetish shippin in the [[Battle o the Atlantic|Atlantic]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Goldstein|2004|p=35}}. Aircraft played a heichly important role in defeatin the German U-boats ({{Harvnb|Schofield|1981|p=122}}).</ref> <!-- REFERENCES NEEDED FOR THIS --> The Breetish scored a signeeficant veectory on 27 Mey 1941 bi [[Last battle o the battleship Bismarck|sinkin the German battleship ''Bismarck'']].<ref>{{Harvnb|Steury|1987|p=209}}; {{Harvnb|Zetterling|Tamelander|2009|p=282}}.</ref> Aiblins maist importantly, in the Battle o Breetain the [[Ryal Air Force]] haed successfully reseestit the Luftwaffe's assault, an the German bombin campaign lairgely endit in Mey 1941.{{sfn|Dear|Foot|2001|pp=108–9}} Ootthrou this period, the neutral Unitit States teuk meisurs tae assist Cheenae an the Wastren Allies. In November 1939, the American [[Neutrality Acts o 1930s|Neutrality Act]] wis amendit tae allou [[Cash an cairy (World War II)|"cash an cairy"]] purchases bi the Allies.{{sfn|Overy|Wheatcroft|1999|pp=328–30}} In 1940, follaein the German captur o Paris, the size o the [[Unitit States Navy]] wis [[Two-Ocean Navy Act|signeeficantly increased]]. In September, the Unitit States forder greed tae a [[Destroyers for Bases Agreement|tred o American destroyers for Breetish bases]].{{sfn|Maingot|1994|p=52}} Still, a lairge majority o the American public conteena'd tae oppone ony direct militar intervention intae the conflict weel inte 1941.{{sfn|Cantril|1940|p=390}} Awtho Roosevelt haed promised tae keep the Unitit States oot o the war, he nivertheless teuk concrete steps tae prepare for war. At the end o September 1940, the [[Tripartite Pact]] unitit Japan, Italy an Germany tae formalise the [[Axis Pouers]]. The Tripartite Pact stipulatit that ony kintra, wi the exception o the Soviet Union, no in the war that attacked ony Axis Power wad be forced tae gae tae war agin aw three.{{Sfn|Bilhartz|Elliott|2007|p=179}} The Axis expandit in November 1940 whan Hungary, Slovakie an [[Kinrick o Romanie|Romanie]] jynt the Tripartite Pact.{{Sfn|Dear|Foot|2001|p=877}} Romanie wad mak a [[Romanie in Warld War II|major contreibution]] (as [[Hungary in Warld War II|did Hungary]]) tae the Axis war agin the USSR, pairtially tae recaptur [[Soviet occupation o Bessarabie an Northren Bukovina|territory cedit tae the USSR]], pairtially tae pursue its leader [[Ion Antonescu]]'s desire tae combat communism.{{Sfn|Dear|Foot|2001|pp=745–6}} === Mediterranean (1940–41) === [[File:9 Div Tobruk(AWM 020779).jpg|thumb|right|Sodgers o the [[Breetish Empire in Warld War II|Breetish Commonweel forces]] frae the Australie Airmy's [[9t Diveesion (Australie)|9t Diveesion]] in the [[Siege o Tobruk]]; [[North African Campaign]], August 1941]] Italy begoud operations in the Mediterranean, ineetiatin a [[Siege o Maltae (Warld War II)|siege o Maltae]] in Juin, [[Italian conquest o Breetish Somaliland|conquerin Breetish Somaliland]] in August, an [[Italian invasion o Egyp|makkin an incursion intae Breetish-held Egyp]] in September 1940. In October 1940, Italy stairtit the [[Greco-Italian War]] acause o Mussolini's jealousy o Hitler's success but within days wis repulsed wi few territorial gains an a stalemate suin occurred.{{sfn|Clogg|2002|p=118}} The Unitit Kinrick respondit tae Greek requests for assistance bi sendin truips tae Crete an providin air support tae Greece. Hitler decidit that whan the wather impruived he wad tak action against Greece tae assist the Italians an prevent the Breetish frae gaining a fithauld in the Balkans, tae strike against the Breetish naval dominance o the Mediterranean, an tae siccar his hauld on Romanie ile.<ref>{{Harvnb|Evans|2008|pp=146, 152}}; {{Harvnb|US Army|1986|pp=[http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/balkan/20_260_1.htm 4–6]}}</ref> Bi late Mairch 1941, follaein [[Bulgarie]]'s signin o the [[Tripartite Pact]], the Germans war in poseetion tae intervene in Greece. Plans chynged, houiver, acause o developments in neighbourin [[Yugoslavie]]. The Yugoslav govrenment haed signed the Tripartite Pact on 25 Mairch, anerly tae be owerthrawn twa day efter bi a [[Yugoslav coup d'état|Breetish-encouraged coup]]. Hitler viewed the new regime as hostile an immediately decidit tae eliminate it. On 6 Apryle Germany simultaneously invadit baith [[Invasion o Yugoslavie|Yugoslavie]] an [[Battle o Greece|Greece]], makkin rapid progress an forcin baith naitions tae surrender within the month. The Breetish war driven frae the Balkans efter Germany [[Battle o Crete|conquered the Greek island o Crete]] bi the end o Mey.{{sfn|Weinberg|2005|p=229}} <!-- REFERENCE SEEMS VERY NARROW FOR RANGE OF EVENTS COVERED --> Awtho the Axis veectory wis swift, bitter pairtisan warfare subsequently brak oot agin the [[Axis occupation o Yugoslavie]], whilk conteena'd till the end o the war. === Axis attack on the USSR (1941) === Wi the situation in Europe an Asie relatively stable, Germany, Japan, an the Soviet Union made preparations. Wi the Soviets waurie o moontin tensions wi Germany an the Japanese plannin tae tak advantage o the European War bi seizin resoorce-rich European possessions in [[Sootheast Asie]], the twa pouers signed the [[Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact]] in Apryle 1941.{{sfn|Garver|1988|p=114}} Bi contrast, the Germans war steadily makkin preparations for an attack on the Soviet Union, massin forces on the Soviet mairch.{{sfn|Weinberg|2005|p=195}} Hitler believed that Breetain's refuisal tae end the war wis based on the howp that the Unitit States an the Soviet Union wad enter the war agin Germany suiner or later.{{sfn|Murray|1983|p=[http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/AAF-Luftwaffe/AAF-Luftwaffe-3.html 69]}} He tharefore decidit tae try tae strenthen Germany's relations wi the Soviets, or failin that, tae attack an eliminate them as a factor. In November 1940, [[German–Soviet Axis talks|negotiations teuk place]] tae determine if the Soviet Union wad jyne the Tripartite Pact. The Soviets shawed some interest, but asked for concessions frae Finland, Bulgarie, Turkey, an Japan that Germany conseedert unacceptable. On 18 December 1940, Hitler issued the directive tae prepare for an invasion o the Soviet Union. On 22 Juin 1941, Germany, supportit bi Italy an Romanie, invadit the Soviet Union in [[Operation Barbarossa]], wi Germany accusin the Soviets o plottin agin them. Thay war jynt shortly bi Finland an Hungary.<ref name=Events1941>{{citation |last1=Klooz |first1=Marle |last2=Wiley |first2=Evelyn |others=Director: Humphrey, Richard A. |year=1944 |title=Events leading up to World War II – Chronological History |series=78th Congress, 2d Session – House Document N. 541 |location=Washington |publisher=US Government Printing Office |at=pp. 267–312 ([http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/events/1941.html 1941]) |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/events/}}.</ref> The primar targets o this surprise offensive{{sfn|Sella|1978}}{{page needed|date=July 2016}} war the [[Baltic region]], Moscow an [[Ukraine]], wi the [[Strategic goal (militar)|ultimate goal]] o endin the 1941 campaign near the [[A-A line|Arkhangelsk-Astrakhan line]], frae the [[Caspian sea|Caspian]] tae the [[White Sea]]s. Hitler's objectives war tae eliminate the Soviet Union as a militar pouer, exterminate Communism, generate ''[[Lebensraum]]'' ("leevin space"){{sfn|Kershaw|2007|pp=66–9}} bi [[Generalplan Ost|dispossessin the native population]]{{sfn|Steinberg|1995}}{{page needed|date=July 2016}} an guarantee access tae the strategic resoorces needit tae defeat Germany's remeenin rivals.{{sfn|Hauner|1978}}{{page needed|date=July 2016}} [[File:German troops in Russia, 1941 - NARA - 540155.jpg|thumb|left|German sodgers in the invasion o the Soviet Union bi the [[Axis pouers]], 1941]] Awtho the [[Reid Airmy]] wis preparin for strategic [[coonter-offensive]]s afore the war,{{sfn|Roberts|1995}}{{page needed|date=July 2016}} ''Barbarossa'' forced the [[Stavka|Soviet supreme command]] tae adopt a [[strategic defence]]. In the simmer, the Axis made signeeficant gains intae Soviet territory, inflictin immense losses in baith personnel an materiel. By the middle o August, houiver, the German [[Oberkommando des Heeres|Airmy Heich Command]] decidit tae [[Battle o Smolensk (1941)|suspend the offensive]] o a conseederably depletit [[Airmy Group Centre]], an tae divert the [[2nt Panzer Group]] tae reinforce truips advancin taewart central Ukraine an Leningrad.{{sfn|Wilt|1981}}{{page needed|date=July 2016}} The [[Battle o Kiev (1941)|Kiev offensive]] wis owerwhalminly successfu, resultin in encirclement an elimination o fower Soviet airmies, an made possible further [[Crimean Campaign|advance intae Crimea]] an industrially developit Eastren Ukraine (the [[First Battle o Kharkov]]).{{sfn|Erickson|2003|pp=114–37}} The diversion o three quarter o the Axis truips an the majority o thair air forces frae Fraunce an the central Mediterranean tae the [[Eastren Front (Warld War II)|Eastren Front]]{{sfn|Glantz|2001|p=9}} promptit Breetain tae reconseeder its [[grand strategy]].{{sfn|Farrell|1993}}{{page needed|date=July 2016}} In Julie, the UK an the Soviet Union formed a [[Anglo-Soviet Greement|militar alliance against Germany]]{{sfn|Keeble|1990|p=29}} The Breetish an Soviets [[Anglo-Soviet invasion o Iran|invadit neutral Iran]] tae siccar the [[Persian Corridor]] an Iran's [[ile field]]s.{{sfn|Bueno de Mesquita|Smith|Siverson|Morrow|2003|p=425}} In August, the Unitit Kinrick an the Unitit States jyntly issued the [[Atlantic Chairter]].{{sfn|Beevor|2012|p=220}} Bi October Axis [[operational objective]]s in Ukraine an the Baltic region war achieved, wi anerly the sieges o [[siege o Leningrad|Leningrad]]{{sfn|Kleinfeld|1983}}{{page needed|date=July 2016}} an [[Siege o Sevastopol (1941–42)|Sevastopol]] conteenain.{{sfn|Jukes|2001|p=113}} A major [[battle o Moscow|offensive against Moscow]] wis renewed; efter twa month o fierce battles in increasinly hersh wather the German airmy awmaist reached the ooter suburbs o Moscow, whaur the exhaustit truips<ref>{{Harvnb|Glantz|2001|p=26}}: "By 1 November [the Wehrmacht] had lost fully 20% of its committed strength (686,000 men), up to 2/3 of its ½-million motor vehicles, and 65 percent of its tanks. The German Army High Command (OKH) rated its 136 divisions as equivalent to 83 full-strength divisions."</ref> war forced tae suspend thair offensive.{{sfn|Reinhardt|1992|p=227}} Lairge territorial gains war made bi Axis forces, but thair campaign haed failed tae achieve its main objectives: twa key ceeties remeened in Soviet haunds, the Soviet [[Militar capability|capability tae resist]] wis nae brak, an the Soviet Union reteened a conseederable pairt o its militar potential. The ''blitzkrieg'' [[Phase (combat)|phase]] o the war in Europe haed endit.{{sfn|Milward|1964}}{{page needed|date=July 2016}} Bi early December, freshly mobilised [[Militar reserve force|reserves]]{{sfn|Rotundo|1986}}{{page needed|date=July 2016}} alloued the Soviets tae achieve numerical parity wi Axis truips.{{sfn|Glantz|2001|p=26}} This, as weel as [[Richard Sorge#Wartime intelligence supplee'd bi the Sorge Ring|intelligence data]] that established that a meenimal nummer o Soviet truips in the East wad be sufficient tae deter ony attack bi the Japanese [[Kwantung Airmy]],{{sfn|Garthoff|1969}}{{page needed|date=July 2016}} alloued the Soviets tae begin a [[Soviet Offensive (1941–1942)|massive coonter-offensive]] that stairtit on 5 December aw alang the front an pushed German truips {{convert|100|-|250|km|mi}} wast.<ref>{{Harvnb|Beevor|1998|pp=41–2}}; {{Harvnb|Evans|2008|pp=213–4}}, notes that "Zhukov had pushed the Germans back where they had launched Operation Typhoon two months before.&nbsp;... Only Stalin's decision to attack all along the front instead of concentrating his forces in an all-out assault against the retreating German Army Group Centre prevented the disaster from being even worse."</ref> === War braks out in the Paceefic (1941) === {{main|Paceefic War}} In 1939, the Unitit States haed renoonced its tred treaty wi Japan; an, beginnin wi an [[aviation petrol]] ban in Julie 1940, Japan becam subject tae increasin economic pressur.{{r|ibiblio_1940}} In this time, Japan launched its [[Battle o Changsha (1939)|first attack against Changsha]], a strategically important Cheenese ceety, but wis repulsed bi late September.{{sfn|Jowett|Andrew|2002|p=14}} Despite [[1939–40 Winter Offensive|several offensives]] bi baith sides, the war atween Cheenae an Japan wis stalematit bi 1940. Tae increase pressur on Cheenae bi blockin supply routes, an tae better poseetion Japanese forces in the event o a war wi the Wastren powers, Japan invadit an [[Japanese invasion o French Indocheenae|occupied northren Indocheenae]].{{sfn|Overy|Wheatcroft|1999|p=289}} Efterwart, the Unitit States [[embargo]]ed airn, steel an mechanical pairts against Japan.{{sfn|Morison|2002|p=60}} Ither sanctions suin follaed. [[File:The USS Arizona (BB-39) burnin efter the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor - NARA 195617 - Edit.jpg|thumb|right|{{USS|Arizona|BB-39|6}} in the Japanese surprise air attack on the [[Unitit States Paceefic Fleet|American paceefic fleet]], 7 December 1941]] Syne early 1941 the Unitit States an Japan haed been engaged in negotiations in an attempt tae impruive thair streened relations an end the war in Cheenae. In thir negotiations Japan advanced a nummer o proponements that war dismissed bi the Americans as inadequate.<ref name=USAWWIIcp5>{{cite web |title=The decision for War |website=US Army in WWII – Strategy and Command: The First Two Years |pp=113–27 |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-P-Strategy/Strategy-5.html}}</ref> At the same time the US, Breetain, an the Netherlands engaged in saicret discussions for the jynt defence o thair territories, in the event o a Japanese attack against ony o them.<ref name=USAWWIIcp4>{{cite web |title=The Showdown With Japan Aug–Dec 1941 |website=US Army in WWII – Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare |pp=63–96 |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-WD-Strategic1/USA-WD-Strategic1-4.html}}</ref> Roosevelt reinforced [[Commonweel o the Philippines|the Philippines (an American pertectorate scheduled for unthirldom in 1946)]] an wairned Japan that the US wad react tae Japanese attacks against ony "neebourin kintra".{{r|USAWWIIcp4}} Japan prepared for war efter failed negotiations. On 7 December 1941 (8 December in Asie time zones), Japan attacked Breetish an American hauldins wi near-simultaneous [[Japanese expansion (1941–1942)|offensives against Sootheast Asie an the Central Paceefic]].{{sfn|Wohlstetter|1962|pp=341–3}} Thir includit an [[attack on Pearl Harbor|attack on the American fleet at Pearl Harbor]], [[Philippines Campaign (1941–42)|the Philippines]], [[Malayan Campaign|landings in Thailand an Malaya]]{{sfn|Wohlstetter|1962|pp=341–3}} an the [[battle o Hong Kong]]. Thir attacks led the [[Unitit States declaration o war on Japan|Unitit States]], [[Unitit Kinrick declaration o war on Japan|Unitit Kinrick]], Cheenae, Australie an several ither states tae formally declare war on Japan, whauras the Soviet Union, bein hivily involved in lairge-scale hostilities wi European Axis kintras, mainteened its neutrality agreement wi Japan.<ref>{{Harvnb|Dunn|1998|p=157}}. According to {{Harvnb|May|1955|p=155}}, Churchill stated: "Russian declaration of war on Japan would be greatly to our advantage, provided, but only provided, that Russians are confident that will not impair their Western Front."</ref> Germany, follaed bi the ither Axis states, declared war on the Unitit States<ref>[[s:Adolf Hitler's Declaration of War against the United States|Adolf Hitler's Declaration of War against the United States]] in Wikisource.</ref> in solidarity wi Japan, citin as juistification the American attacks on German war veshels that haed been ordered bi Roosevelt.{{r|Events1941}}<ref>{{citation |last1=Klooz |first1=Marle |last2=Wiley |first2=Evelyn |others=Director: Humphrey, Richard A. |year=1944 |title=Events leading up to World War II – Chronological History |series=78th Congress, 2d Session – House Document N. 541 |location=Washington |publisher=US Government Printing Office |at=p. 310 ([http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/events/1941.html 1941]) |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/events/}}.</ref> === Axis advance staws (1942–43) === In 1942, Allied offeecials debatit on the appropriate [[grand strategy]] tae pursue. Aw agreed that [[Europe first|defeatin Germany]] wis the primar objective. The Americans favourt a straichtforrit, [[Operation Sledgehammer|lairge-scale attack]] on Germany throu Fraunce. The Soviets wis forby demandin a seicont front. The Breetish, on the ither haund, argied that militar operations shoud target peripheral auries tae weir oot German strenth, leadin tae increasin demoralisation, an bolster resistance forces. Germany itsel wad be subject tae a hivy bombin campaign. An offensive agin Germany wad then be launched primarily bi Allied airmour withoot uisin lairge-scale airmies.<ref>{{cite web |title=The First Full Dress Debate over Strategic Deployment. Dec 1941 – Jan 1942 |website=US Army in WWII – Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare |pp=97–119 |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-WD-Strategic1/USA-WD-Strategic1-5.html}}</ref> Eventually, the Breetish persuadit the Americans that a laundingin Fraunce wis infeasible in 1942 an thay shoud insteid focus on drivin the Axis oot o North Africae.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Elimination of the Alternatives. Jul–Aug 1942 |website=US Army in WWII – Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare |pp=266–92 |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-WD-Strategic1/USA-WD-Strategic1-12.html}}</ref> ==== Paceefic (1942–43) ==== Bi the end o Apryle 1942, Japan an its ally Thailand haed awmaist fully conquered [[Japanese conquest o Burma|Burma]], [[Battle o Malaya|Malaya]], [[Dutch East Indies campaign|the Dutch East Indies]], [[Battle o Singapore|Singapore]], an [[Rabaul]], inflictin severe losses on Allied truips an takkin a lairge nummer o preesoners.{{sfn|Beevor|2012|pp=247–267, 345}} Despite stubborn [[Philippines Campaign (1941–42)|resistance]] bi Filipino an US forces, the [[Philippine Commonweel]] wis eventually capturt in Mey 1942, forcin its govrenment intae exile.{{sfn|Lewis|1953|loc=p. 529 (Table 11)}} In airly Mey 1942, Japan ineetiatit operations tae [[Operation Mo|captur Port Moresby]] bi [[amphibious assault]] an sicweys sever communications an supply lines atween the Unitit States an Australie. The plant invasion wis thortert whan an Allied task force, centred on twa American fleet cairiers, focht Japanese naval forces tae a draw in the [[Battle o the Coral Sea]].{{sfn|Maddox|1992|pp=111–2}} Japan's next plan, motivatit bi the earlier [[Doolittle Raid]], wis tae seize [[Midway Atoll]] an wyse American cairiers intae battle tae be eliminatit; as a diversion, Japan wad forby send forces tae [[Aleutian Islands Campaign|occupy the Aleutian Islands]] in Alaska.{{sfn|Salecker|2001|p=186}} In mid-Mey, Japan stairtit the [[Zhejiang-Jiangxi Campaign]] in Cheenae, wi the goal o inflictin retribution on the Cheenese that aidit the survivin American airmen in the Doolittle Raid bi destroyin air bases an fechtin against the Cheenese 23rd an 32nd Airmy Groups.<ref>{{Harvnb|Schoppa|2011|p=28}}.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=lILltXBTo8oC&pg=PA19 Chevrier & Chomiczewski & Garrigue 2004], p.19.</ref> In early Juin, Japan put its operations intae action but the Americans, haein brak [[Japanese naval codes]] in late Mey, war fully awaur o plans an order o battle, an uised this knawledge tae achieve a decisive [[Battle o Midway|veectory at Midway]] ower the [[Imperial Japanese Navy]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Ropp|2000|p=368}}.</ref> ==== Eastren Front (1942–43) ==== [[File:RIAN archive 44732 Soviet soldiers attack house.jpg|left|thumb|upright=1.35|[[Reid Airmy]] sodgers on the coonterattack, in the [[Battle o Stalingrad]], Februar 1943]] Maugre conseederable losses, in airly 1942 Germany an its allies stappit a major Soviet offensive in central an soothren Roushie, keepin maist territorial gains thay haed achieved in the umwhile year.{{sfn|Glantz|2001|p=31}} Bi mid-November, the Germans haed [[Battle o Stalingrad|nearly takken Stalingrad]] in bitter [[urban warfare|street fechtin]] whan the Soviets begoud thair seicont winter coonter-offensive, stairtin wi an [[Operation Uranus|encirclement o German forces at Stalingrad]]{{sfn|Beevor|1998|pp=239–65}} an an assault on the [[Operation Mars|Rzhev salient near Moscow]], tho the latter failed disastrously.{{sfn|Black|2003|p=119}} Bi early Februar 1943, the German Airmy haed taen tremendous losses; German truips at Stalingrad haed been forced tae surrender,{{sfn|Beevor|1998|pp=383–91}} an the front-line haed been pushed back ayont its poseetion afore the simmer offensive. In mid-Februar, efter the Soviet push haed tapered aff, the Germans launcht anither [[Third Battle o Kharkov|attack on Kharkov]], creautin a [[Salients, re-entrants an pockets|salient]] in thair front line aroond the Soviet ceety o [[Kursk]].{{sfn|Erickson|2001|p=142}} ==== Wastren Europe/Atlantic an Mediterranean (1942–43) ==== Exploitin puir American naval command deceesions, [[Seicont Happy Time|the German navy ravaged Allied shippin aff the American Atlantic coast]].{{sfn|Milner|1990|p=52}} Bi November 1941, Commonweel forces haed launched a coonter-offensive, [[Operation Crusader]], in North Africae, an reclaimed aw the gains the Germans an Italians haed made.{{sfn|Beevor|2012|pp=224–8}} In Juin 1943 the Breetish an Americans begoud [[Combined Bomber Offensive|a strategic bombin campaign]] against Germany wi a goal tae disrupt the war economy, reduce morale, an "[[de-hoosin|de-hoose]]" the ceevilian population.<ref>[http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/USSBS/ETO-Summary.html#tc "The Civilians"] United States Strategic Bombing Survey Summary Report (European War)</ref> The [[Bombin o Hamburg in Warld War II|firebombin o Hamburg]] wis amang the first attacks in this campaign, it lead tae signeeficant causalities an inflictit conseederable losses on infrastructur o this important industrial centre.{{sfn|Overy|1995|pp=119–120}} === Allies gain momentum (1943–44) === On 3 September 1943, the Wastren Allies [[Allied invasion o Italy|invadit the Italian mainland]], follaein [[Airmistice o Cassibile|Italy's airmistice wi the Allies]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Kolko|1990|p=45}}</ref> Germany wi the help o fascists respondit bi disairmin Italian forces that wis in mony places withoot superior orders, seizin militar control o Italian auries,{{sfn|Mazower|2008|p=362}} an creautin a series o defensive lines.{{sfn|Hart|Hart|Hughes|2000|p=151}} German special forces then [[Gran Sasso raid|rescued Mussolini]], that then suin established a new client state in German-occupied Italy named the [[Italian Social Republic]],{{sfn|Blinkhorn|2006|p=52}} causin an [[Italian Ceevil War|Italian ceevil war]]. The Wastren Allies focht throu several lines till reachin the [[Winter Line|main German defensive line]] in mid-November.{{sfn|Read|Fisher|2002|p=129}} In November 1943, [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] an Winston Churchill met wi [[Chiang Kai-shek]] [[Cairo Conference|in Cairo]] an then wi Joseph Stalin [[Tehran Conference|in Tehran]].<ref name="Kolko 1990 211,235,267_268">{{Harvnb|Kolko|1990|pp=211, 235, 267–8}}.</ref> The umwhile conference determined the post-war return o Japanese territory<ref name="Iriye 1981 154">{{Harvnb|Iriye|1981|p=154}}.</ref> an the militar plannin fur the [[Burma Campaign]],{{sfn|Mitter|2014|p=286}} while the latter includit greement that the Wastren Allies wad invade Europe in 1944 an that the Soviet Union wad declare war on Japan within three month o Germany's defeat.<ref name="polley148">{{Harvnb|Polley|2000|p=148}}.</ref> Bi the end o Januar 1944, a major [[Leningrad Front|Soviet]] [[Siege o Leningrad#Soviet relief o the siege|offensive herried oot German forces]] frae the [[Leningrad Oblast|Leningrad region]],<ref name="Glantz 2002 327_366">{{Harvnb|Glantz|2002|pp=327–66}}.</ref> endin the langest an [[Leet o battles bi casualties#Sieges an urban combat|maist lethal siege in history]]. Bi late Mey, the Soviets haed [[Crimean Offensive|leeberatit Crimea]], lairgely expelled Axis forces frae Ukraine, an made [[First Jassy–Kishinev Offensive|incursions intae Romanie]], that war repulsed bi the Axis truips.<ref name="Chubarov 2001 122">{{Harvnb|Chubarov|2001|p=122}}.</ref> The Allied offensives in Italy haed succeedit an, at the expense o allouin several German diveesions tae retreat, on 4 Juin, Roum wis capturt.<ref>{{Harvnb|Holland|2008|pp=169–84}}; {{Harvnb|Beevor|2012|pp=568–73}}.<br />The weeks after the fall of Rome saw a dramatic upswing in German atrocities in Italy ({{Harvnb|Mazower|2008|pp=500–2}}). The period featurt massacres wi victims in the hundrers at [[Civitella in Val di Chiana|Civitella]] ({{Harvnb|de Grazia|Paggi|1991}}; {{Harvnb|Belco|2010}}), [[Ardeatine massacre|Fosse Ardeatine]] ({{Harvnb|Portelli|2003}}), an [[Sant'Anna di Stazzema massacre|Sant'Anna di Stazzema]] ({{Harvnb|Gordon|2012|pp=10–1}}), an is kaipit wi the [[Marzabotto massacre]].</ref> === Allies close in (1944) === [[File:Approaching Omaha.jpg|thumb|American truips approachin [[Omaha Beach]], in the [[invasion o Normandy]] on [[Normandy laundins|D-Day]], 6 Juin 1944]] On 6 Juin 1944 (kent as [[Normandy laundins|D-Day]]), efter three year o Soviet pressur,<ref name=rees406>{{Harvnb|Rees|2008|pp=406–7}}: "Stalin always believed that Britain and America were delaying the second front so that the Soviet Union would bear the brunt of the war."</ref> the Wastren Allies [[Invasion o Normandy|invadit northren Fraunce]]. Efter reassignin several Allied divisions frae Italy, thay forby [[Operation Dragoon|attacked soothren Fraunce]].<ref name="Weinberg 2005 695">{{Harvnb|Weinberg|2005|p=695}}.</ref> Thir laundins war successfu, an led tae the defeat o the [[Falaise Pocket|German Airmy units]] in Fraunce. Paris wis [[Leeberation o Paris|leeberatit]] bi the [[French Reseestance|local reseestance]] assistit bi the [[Free French Forces]], baith led bi General [[Charles de Gaulle]], on 25 August<ref>{{Harvnb|Badsey|1990|p=91}}.</ref> an the Wastren Allies conteena'd tae [[Allied advance frae Paris tae the Rhine|push back German forces]] in wastren Europe in the latter pairt o the year. An attempt tae advance intae northren Germany speirheidit bi [[Operation Market Garden|a major airborne operation]] in the Netherlands failed.<ref>{{Harvnb|Dear|Foot|2001|p=562}}.</ref> Thareefter, the Wastren Allies slawly pushed intae Germany, but [[Operation Queen|failed tae cross the Ruhr river]] in a lairge offensive. In Italy, Allied advance forby slawed due tae the [[Gothic Line|last major German defensive line]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Forrest|Evans|Gibbons|2012|p=191}}</ref> On 22 Juin, the Soviets launched a strategic offensive in Belaroushie ("[[Operation Bagration]]") that destroyed the German [[Airmy Group Centre]] awmaist completely.<ref name="Zaloga 1996 7">{{Harvnb|Zaloga|1996|p=7}}: "It was the most calamitous defeat of all the German armed forces in World War II."</ref> Suin efter that [[Lvov–Sandomierz Offensive|anither Soviet strategic offensive]] forced German truips frae Wastren Ukraine an Eastren Poland. The Soviet advance promptit [[Armia Krajowa|reseestance forces in Poland]] tae [[Operation Tempest|ineetiate several uprisins]] agin the German occupation. Houiver, the lairgest o thir [[Warsaw Uprisin|in Warsaw]], whaur German sodgers massacred 200,000 ceevilians, an a [[Slovak Naitional Uprisin|naitional uprisin]] in [[Slovak Republic (1939–1945)|Slovakie]], did nae receive Soviet support an war subsequently suppressed bi the Germans.<ref>{{Harvnb|Berend|1996|p=8}}.</ref> The Reid Airmy's [[Jassy–Kishinev Offensive|strategic offensive in eastren Romanie]] cut aff an destroyed the [[Airmy Group Sooth Ukraine|conseederable German truips thare]] an triggered [[Keeng Michael's Coup|a successfu coup d'état in Romanie]] an [[Bulgarie coup d'état o 1944|in Bulgarie]], follaed bi thae kintras' shift tae the Allied side.<ref name="countrystudies.us">{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/romania/23.htm|title=Armistice Negotiations and Soviet Occupation|publisher=US Library of Congress|accessdate=14 November 2009|quote=The coup speeded the Red Army's advance, and the Soviet Union later awarded Michael the Order of Victory for his personal courage in overthrowing Antonescu and putting an end to Romania's war agin the Allies. Western historians uniformly point out that the Communists jist played a uphaudin role in the coup; efter-war Romanian historians, housomeir, ascribe tae the Communists the decisive role in Antonescu's overthrow}}</ref> In September 1944, Soviet truips advanced intae [[Democratic Federal Yugoslavie|Yugoslavie]] an forced the rapid widrawal o German Airmy Groups [[Airmy Group E|E]] an [[Airmy Group F|F]] in [[Axis occupation o Greece|Greece]], [[Albanie Kinrick (1943–44)|Albanie]] an Yugoslavie tae rescue them frae bein cut aff.<ref name="Evans 2008 653">{{Harvnb|Evans|2008|p=653}}.</ref> Bi this pynt, the Communist-led [[Yugoslav Pairtisans|Pairtisans]] unner Marshal [[Josip Broz Tito]], that haed led an [[Warld War II in Yugoslavia|increasinly successfu guerrilla campaign]] against the occupation syne 1941, controlled muckle o the territory o Yugoslavie an engaged in delayin efforts against German forces forder sooth. In northren [[Serbie (1941–1944)|Serbie]], the [[Reid Airmy]], wi leemitit support frae Bulgarie forces, assisted the Pairtisans in a jynt [[Belgrade Offensive|leeberation o the caipital ceety o Belgrade]] on 20 October. A few days later, the Soviets launched a [[Budapest Offensive|massive assault]] against [[Operation Panzerfaust|German-occupied]] Hungary that lastit till [[Battle o Budapest|the faw o Budapest]] in Februar 1945.<ref>{{Harvnb|Wiest|Barbier|2002|pp=65–6}}.</ref> Unlik impressive Soviet veectories in the Balkans, [[Continuation War|bitter Finnish reseestance]] tae the [[Vyborg–Petrozavodsk Offensive|Soviet offensive]] in the [[Karelie Isthmus]] denee'd the Soviets occupation o Finland an led tae a [[Moscow Airmistice|Soviet-Finnish airmistice]] on relatively mild condeetions,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wiktor|first=Christian L|title=Multilateral Treaty Calendar – 1648–1995|url=https://archive.org/details/multilateraltrea0000wikt|publisher=Kluwer Law International|year=1998|isbn=90-411-0584-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/multilateraltrea0000wikt/page/426 426]}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Newton|2004}}.</ref> awtho Finland wis forced tae [[Lapland War|fecht thair umwhile allies]]. In the Paceefic, US forces conteena'd tae press back the Japanese perimeter. In mid-Juin 1944, thay begoud thair [[Mariana an Palau Islands campaign|offensive agin the Mariana an Palau islands]], an decisively defeatit Japanese forces in the [[Battle o the Philippine Sea]]. Thir defeats led tae the resignation o the Japanese Prime Meenister, [[Hideki Tojo]], an providit the Unitit States wi air bases tae launch intensive hivy bomber attacks on the Japanese hame islands. In late October, American forces [[Battle o Leyte|invadit the Filipino island o Leyte]]; suin efter, Allied naval forces scored anither lairge veectory in the [[Battle o Leyte Gulf]], ane o the lairgest naval battles in history.<ref>{{Harvnb|Cook|Bewes|1997|p=305}}.</ref> === Axis collapse, Allied veectory (1944–45) === [[File:Yalta Conference (Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin) (B&W).jpg|thumb|[[Yalta Conference]] held in Februar 1945, wi [[Winston Churchill]], [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] an [[Joseph Stalin]]]] On 16 December 1944, Germany made a last attempt on the Wastren Front bi uisin maist o its remeenin reserves tae launch [[Battle o the Bulge|a massive coonter-offensive in the Ardennes]] an [[Operation Nordwind|alang the French–German mairch]] tae split the Wastren Allies, encircle lairge portions o Wastren Allied truips an captur thair primar supply port at [[Antwerp]] tae prompt a poleetical dounset.<ref name="parkerxiii">{{Harvnb|Parker|2004|pp=xiii–xiv, 6–8, 68–70, 329–330}}</ref> Bi Januar, the offensive haed been repulsed wi na strategic objectives fulfilled.<ref name="parkerxiii"/> In Italy, the Wastren Allies remeened stalemated at the German defensive line. In mid-Januar 1945, the Soviets an Poles attacked in Poland, [[Vistula–Oder Offensive|pushin frae the Vistula tae the Oder]] river in Germany, an [[East Proushie Offensive|overran East Proushie]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Glantz|2001|p=85}}.</ref> On 4 Februar, Soviet, Breetish an US leaders met for the [[Yalta Conference]]. Thay greed on the occupation o post-war Germany, an on whan the Soviet Union wad jyne the war against Japan.<ref>{{Harvnb|Beevor|2012|pp=709–22}}.</ref> In Februar, the Soviets [[Silesie Offensives|entered Silesie]] an [[East Pomeranie Offensive|Pomeranie]], while [[Wastren Allied invasion o Germany|Wastren Allies entered wastren Germany]] an closed tae the [[Rhine]] river. Bi Mairch, the Wastren Allies crossed the Rhine [[Operation Plunder|north]] an [[Remagen|sooth]] o the [[Rhine-Ruhr|Ruhr]], [[Ruhr Pocket|encirclin the German Airmy Group B]],<ref>{{Harvnb|Buchanan|2006|p=21}}.</ref> while the Soviets advanced tae [[Vienna offensive|Vienna]]. In early Apryle, the Wastren Allies feenally [[Ware 1945 offensive in Italy|pushed forrit in Italy]] an soopit athort wastren Germany capturin [[Battle o Hamburg (1945)|Hamburg]] an [[Battle o Nuremberg (1945)|Nuremberg]], while Soviet an Polshforces [[Battle o Berlin|stormed Berlin]] in late Apryle. [[Elbe Day|American an Soviet forces met at the Elbe river]] on 25 Apryle. On 30 Apryle 1945, the [[Reichstag biggin|Reichstag]] wis capturt, seegnallin the militar defeat o Nazi Germany.<ref name="Shepardson 1998">{{Harvnb|Shepardson|1998}}.</ref> Several chynges in leadership occurred in this period. On 12 Apryle, Preses Roosevelt dee'd an wis succeedit bi [[Harry S. Truman]]. Benito Mussolini [[Daith o Benito Mussolini|wis killt]] bi [[Italian reseestance muivement|Italian pairtisans]] on 28 Apryle.<ref name="O'Reilly 2001 244">{{Harvnb|O'Reilly|2001||p=244}}.</ref> Twa days later, [[Daith o Adolf Hitler|Hitler committit suicide]], an wis succeedit bi [[Grand Admiral]] [[Karl Dönitz]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Kershaw|2001|p=823}}.</ref> German forces surrendered in Italy on 29 Apryle. [[German Instrument o Surrender|Tot an uncondeetional surrender]] wis signed [[Veectory in Europe Day|on 7 Mey]], tae be effective bi the end o [[Veectory Day (Eastren Front)|8 Mey]].<ref name="Evans 2008 737">{{Harvnb|Evans|2008|p=737}}.</ref> German Airmy Group Centre [[Prague Offensive|reseestit in Prague]] till 11 Mey.<ref name="Glantz 1998 34">{{Harvnb|Glantz|1998|p=24}}.</ref> In the Paceefic theatre, American forces accompanied bi the forces o the [[Philippine Commonweel]] advanced [[Philippines Campaign (1944–1945)|in the Philippines]], [[Battle o Leyte|clearin Leyte]] bi the end o Apryle 1945. Thay [[Battle o Luzon|laundit on Luzon]] in Januar 1945 an [[Battle o Manila (1945)|recapturt Manila]] in Mairch follaein a battle that reduced the ceety tae ruins. Fechtin conteena'd on Luzon, [[Battle o Mindanao|Mindanao]], an ither islands o the Philippines till the [[End o Warld War II in Asie|end o the war]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chant|first=Christopher|year=1986|title=The Encyclopedia of Codenames of World War II|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofco0000chan|publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul|page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofco0000chan/page/118 118]|isbn=0-7102-0718-2}}</ref> Meanwhile, the [[Unitit States Airmy Air Forces]] (USAAF) war destroyin strategic an populatit ceeties an touns in Japan in an effort tae destroy Japanese war industrie an ceevilian morale. On the nicht o 9–10 Mairch, USAAF [[Boeing B-29 Superfortress|B-29]] [[bomber]]s [[Bombin o Tokyo|struck Tokyo]] wi thoosands o [[Incendiary device|incendiary bombs]], that killt 100,000 ceevilians an destroyed {{convert|16|sqmi}} within a few oors. Ower the next five month, the USAAF [[Air raids on Japan|firebombed a tot o 67 Japanese ceeties]], killin 393,000 ceevilians an destroyin 65% o biggit-up auries.<ref>{{cite journal|author=John Dower|title=Lessons from Iwo Jima|journal=Perspectives|year=2007|volume= 45|issue=6|pages=54–56|url=http://www.historians.org/perspectives/issues/2007/0709/index.cfm}}</ref> On 11 Julie, Allied leaders [[Potsdam Conference|met in Potsdam, Germany]]. Thay [[Potsdam Greement|confirmed earlier greements]] aboot Germany,<ref name="Williams 2006 90">{{Harvnb|Williams|2006|p=90}}.</ref> an reiteratit the demand for uncondeetional surrender o aw Japanese forces bi Japan, speceefically statin that "the alternative for Japan is prompt an utter destruction".<ref name="Miscamble 2007 201">{{Harvnb|Miscamble|2007|p=201}}.</ref> In this conference, the [[Unitit Kinrick general election, 1945|Unitit Kinrick held its general election]], an [[Clement Attlee]] replaced Churchill as Prime Meenister.<ref name="Miscamble 2007 203_204">{{Harvnb|Miscamble|2007|pp=203–4}}.</ref> [[File:Shigemitsu-signs-surrender.jpg|thumb|right|Japanese foreign affairs meenister [[Mamoru Shigemitsu]] signs the [[Japanese Instrument o Surrender]] on buird {{USS|Missouri|BB-63|6}}, 2 September 1945]] The Allies cried for uncondeetional Japanese surrender in the [[Potsdam Declaration]] o 27 Julie, but the Japanese govrenment rejectit the cry. In early August, the USAAF [[Atomic bombings o Hiroshima an Nagasaki|drappit atomic bombs]] on the Japanese ceeties o [[Hiroshima]] an [[Nagasaki]]. Atween the twa bombins, the Soviets, pursuant tae the Yalta greement, [[Soviet invasion o Manchurie|invadit Japanese-held Manchurie]], an quickly defeatit the [[Kwantung Airmy]], that wis the lairgest Japanese fechtin force.<ref>{{Harvnb|Glantz|2005}}.</ref><ref name="Pape 1993">{{Harvnb|Pape|1993}}.</ref> The Reid Airmy an aw capturt [[Sakhalin]] Island an the [[Kuril Islands]]. On 15 August 1945, [[Surrender o Japan|Japan surrendered]], wi the [[Japanese Instrument o Surrender|surrender documents]] feenally signed at [[Tokyo Bay]] on the deck o the American battleship [[USS Missouri (BB-63)|USS ''Missouri'']] on 2 September 1945, endin the war.<ref name="Beevor 2012 776">{{Harvnb|Beevor|2012|p=776}}.</ref> == Eftermath == The Allies established occupation admeenistrations in [[Allied-occupied Austrick|Austrick]] an [[Allied-occupied Germany|Germany]]. The umwhile becam a neutral state, non-aligned wi ony poleetical bloc. The latter wis dividit intae wastren an eastren occupation zones controlled bi the Wastren Allies an the USSR, accordinly. A [[denazification]] programme in Germany led tae the [[Nuremberg trials|prosecution o Nazi war criminals]] an the remuival o ex-Nazis frae power, awtho this policy muived taewart amnesty an re-integration o ex-Nazis intae Wast German society.<ref name="Frei 2002 41_66">{{Harvnb|Frei|2002|pp=41–66}}.</ref> In an effort tae mainteen [[warld peace]],<ref name="Yoder 1997 39">{{Harvnb|Yoder|1997|p=39}}.</ref> the Allies formed the [[Unitit Naitions]], that offeecially cam intae exeestence on 24 October 1945,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/aboutun/history.htm |title=History of the UN |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=25 January 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218221016/http://www.un.org/aboutun/history.htm |archivedate=18 February 2010 }}</ref> an adoptit the [[Universal Declaration o Human Richts]] in 1948, as a common staundart for aw [[Member states o the Unitit Naitions|member naitions]].<ref name="Waltz 2002">{{Harvnb|Waltz|2002}}.<br /> The UDHR is viewable here [https://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/].</ref> Post-war diveesion o the warld wis formalised bi twa internaitional militar alliances, the Unitit States-led [[NATO]] an the Soviet-led [[Warsaw Pact]];<ref name="Borstelmann 2005 318">{{Harvnb|Borstelmann|2005|p=318}}.</ref> the lang period o poleetical tensions an militar competeetion atween them, the [[Cauld War]], wad be accompanied bi an unprecedentit [[airms race]] an [[proxy war]]s.<ref>{{Harvnb|Leffler|Westad|2010}}.</ref> [[Korea]], umwhile [[Korea unner Japanese rule|unner Japanese rule]], wis [[Diveesion o Korea|dividit an occupied]] bi the Soviet Union in the [[North Korea|North]] an the US in the [[Sooth Korea|Sooth]] atween 1945 an 1948. Separate republics emerged on baith sides o the 38t parallel in 1948, ilk claimin tae be the legitimate govrenment for aw o Korea, that led ultimately tae the [[Korean War]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Stueck|2010}}.</ref> In Cheenae, naitionalist an communist forces resumed [[Cheenese Ceevil War|the ceevil war]] in Juin 1946. Communist forces war veectorious an established the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae on the mainland, while naitionalist forces retreatit tae [[Taiwan]] in 1949.<ref name="Lynch 2010 12_13">{{Harvnb|Lynch|2010|pp=12–3}}.</ref> == Impact == === Casualties an war crimes === Estimates fur the tot nummer o casualties in the war varies, acause mony diaths went wanrecordit. Maist suggests that some 60 million fowk dee'd in the war, includin aboot [[Battle casualties o Warld War II|20 million militar personnel]] an 40 million ceevilians.<ref name="WWII: C&C">{{cite web |last=O'Brien |first=Prof. Joseph V |title=World War II: Combatants and Casualties (1937–1945) |url=http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~jobrien/reference/ob62.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225004221/http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~jobrien/reference/ob62.html |archivedate=25 December 2010 |work=Obee's History Page |publisher=John Jay College of Criminal Justice |accessdate=28 December 2013|df=dmy-all }} {{Cite web |url=http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~jobrien/reference/ob62.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2018-06-02 |archive-date=2010-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225004221/http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~jobrien/reference/ob62.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Matthew|last=White|title=Source List and Detailed Death Tolls for the Twentieth Century Hemoclysm|url=http://necrometrics.com/20c5m.htm#Second|work=Historical Atlas of the Twentieth Century|publisher=Matthew White's Homepage|accessdate=20 April 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=World War II Fatalities|url=http://secondworldwar.co.uk/index.php/fatalities|publisher=secondworldwar.co.uk|accessdate=20 April 2007|archive-date=2008-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922185149/http://secondworldwar.co.uk/index.php/fatalities|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mony o the ceevilians dee'd acause o deliberate [[genocide]], [[Leet o massacres|massacres]], [[Strategic bombin in Warld War II|mass-bombins]], [[Infectious disease|disease]], an [[stairvation]]. [[File:Chinese civilians to be buried alive.jpg|thumb|Cheenese civilians bein buiried alive bi sodgers o the [[Imperial Japanese Airmy]], in the [[Nanking Massacre]], December 1937]] In Asie an the Paceefic, atween 3 million an mair nor 10 million ceevilians, maistly Cheenese (estimatit at 7.5 million<ref>{{Harvnb|Dear|Foot|2001|p=290}}.</ref>), wis killt bi the Japanese occupation forces.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP3.HTM|title=Statistics|last=Rummell|first=R. J|work=Freedom, Democide, War|publisher=The University of Hawaii System|accessdate=25 January 2010}}</ref> The best-kent Japanese atrocity wis the [[Nanking Massacre]], in that fifty tae three hunder thoosand Cheenese ceevilians war raped an murthert.<ref>{{Harvnb|Chang|1997|p=102}}.</ref> Mitsuyoshi Himeta reportit that 2.7 million casualties occurred in the ''[[Three Alls Policy|Sankō Sakusen]]''. General [[Yasuji Okamura]] implementit the policy in Heipei an [[Shantung]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Bix|2000|p=?}}.</ref> The Soviet Union wis responsible for the [[Katyn massacre]] o 22,000 Pols officers,<ref>Kużniar-Plota, Małgorzata (30 November 2004). "Decision to commence investigation into Katyn Massacre". Departmental Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation. Retrieved 4 August 2011.</ref> an the impreesonment or execution o thoosands o poleetical preesoners bi the [[NKVD]],<ref>Robert Gellately. Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe. Knopf, 2007 {{ISBN|1-4000-4005-1}} p. 391</ref> === Genocide an concentration camps === The German govrenment led bi [[Adolf Hitler]] an the [[Nazi Pairty]] wis responsible for [[the Holocaust]] (killin o thareaboot 6 million Jews), as weel as fur killin o 2.7 million ethnic [[Nazi crimes agin the Pols nation|Poles]],<ref>Institute of National Remembrance, Polska 1939–1945 Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami. Materski an Szarota. page 9 ''"Total Polish population losses under German occupation are currently calculated at about 2 770 000"''.</ref> an 4 million ithers that war deemed "[[life unworthy o life|unworthy o life]]" (includin the [[Disabeelity|disabled]] an [[Mental disorder|mentally ill]], [[German mistreatment o Soviet preesoners o war|Soviet preesoners o war]], [[homosexuals]], [[Freemasons]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], an [[Romani fowk|Romani]]) as pairt o a programme o deliberate extermination. [[German mistreatment o Soviet preesoners o war|Soviet POWs]] wis kept in especially unbeirable condeetion, an, awtho thair extermination wisnae an offeecial goal, 3.6 million o Soviet POWs oot o 5.7 dee'd in Nazi camps in the war.<ref>{{Harvnb|Herbert|1994|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=M7Y9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA222 222]}}</ref><ref name="Overy 2004 568_569">{{Harvnb|Overy|2004|pp=568–9}}.</ref> In addeetion tae [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camps]], [[Extermination camp|daith camps]] wis creatit in Nazi Germany fur tae exterminate fowk at an industrial scale. ==Notes== <references group="lower-alpha"/> ==Citations== {{Reflist}} == References == {{Reflist|group=nb}} {{Refbegin|indent=yes|30em}} :{{Cite book|last=Adamthwaite|first=Anthony P.<!--was small caps-->|year=1992|title=The Making of the Second World War|isbn=0-415-90716-0|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|ref=harv}} :{{Cite journal|last=Anderson|first=Irvine H., Jr.<!--was small caps-->|year=1975|title=The 1941 De Facto Embargo on Oil to Japan: A Bureaucratic Reflex|journal=The Pacific Historical Review|volume=44|issue=2|jstor=3638003|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Applebaum|first=Anne<!--was small caps-->|authorlink=Anne Applebaum|year=2003|title=[[Gulag: A History|Gulag: A History of the Soviet Camps]]|location=London|publisher=[[Penguin Books|Allen Lane]]|isbn=978-0-7139-9322-6|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|author=———|year=2012|title=Iron Curtain: The Crushing of Eastern Europe 1944–56|location=London|publisher=[[Penguin Books|Allen Lane]]|isbn=978-0-7139-9868-9|ref=CITEREFApplebaum2012}} :{{Cite journal|last=Bacon|first=Edwin<!--was small caps-->|year=1992|title=Glasnost' and the Gulag: New Information on Soviet Forced Labour around World War II|journal=[[Soviet Studies]]|volume=44|issue=6|pages=1069–1086|jstor=152330|doi=10.1080/09668139208412066|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Badsey|first=Stephen<!--was small caps-->|year=1990|title=Normandy 1944: Allied Landings and Breakout|url=https://archive.org/details/normandy1944alli0000bads_o8g0|location=Oxford|publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]]|isbn=978-0-85045-921-0|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Balabkins|first=Nicholas<!--was small caps-->|year=1964|title=Germany Under Direct Controls: Economic Aspects of Industrial Disarmament 1945–1948|url=https://archive.org/details/germanyunderdire0000bala|location=New Brunswick, NJ|publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]]|isbn=978-0-8135-0449-0|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last1=Barber|first1=John<!--was small caps-->|last2=Harrison|first2=Mark|year=2006|chapter=Patriotic War, 1941–1945|title=''In Ronald Grigor Suny, ed.,''' The Cambridge History of Russia, Volume III: The Twentieth Century ''(pp.&nbsp;217–242)''|location=Cambridge|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-81144-6|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Barker|first=A. 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Keith|year=2011|title=In a Sea of Bitterness, Refugees during the Sino-Japanese War|url=https://archive.org/details/inseaofbitternes0000scho|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|isbn=978-0-6740-5988-7|ref=harv}} :{{Cite journal|last=Sella|first=Amnon<!--was small caps-->|authorlink=Amnon Sella|year=1978|title="Barbarossa": Surprise Attack and Communication|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-contemporary-history_1978-07_13_3/page/555|journal=[[Journal of Contemporary History]]|volume=13|issue=3|pages=555–583|jstor=260209|doi=10.1177/002200947801300308|ref=harv}} :{{Cite journal|author=———|year=1983|title=Khalkhin-Gol: The Forgotten War|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-contemporary-history_1983-10_18_4/page/651|journal=[[Journal of Contemporary History]]|volume=18|issue=4|pages=651–687|jstor=260307|ref=CITEREFSella1983}} :{{Cite book|last=Senn|first=Alfred Erich<!--was small caps-->|authorlink=Alfred E. Senn|year=2007|title=Lithuania 1940: Revolution from Above|url=https://archive.org/details/lithuania1940rev0000senn|location=Amsterdam & New York,&nbsp;NY|publisher=[[Rodopi (publisher)|Rodopi]]|isbn=978-90-420-2225-6|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Shaw|first=Anthony<!--was small caps-->|year=2000|title=World War II: Day by Day|location=Osceola,&nbsp;WI|publisher=[[MBI Publishing Company]]|isbn=978-0-7603-0939-1|ref=harv}} :{{Cite journal|last=Shepardson|first=Donald E.<!--was small caps-->|year=1998|title=The Fall of Berlin and the Rise of a Myth|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-military-history_1998-01_62_1/page/135|journal=[[Journal of Military History]]|volume=62|issue=1|pages=135–154|jstor=120398|doi=10.2307/120398|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Shirer|first=William L.<!--was small caps-->|authorlink=William L. Shirer|year=1990|origyear=1960|title=[[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich|The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany]]|location=New York,&nbsp;NY|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|isbn=0-671-72868-7 |ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Shore|first=Zachary<!--was small caps-->|year=2003|title=What Hitler Knew: The Battle for Information in Nazi Foreign Policy|url=https://archive.org/details/whathitlerknewba00shor_0|location=New York,&nbsp;NY|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-518261-3|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Slim|first=William<!--was small caps-->|year=1956|title=Defeat into Victory|url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_KU-154-859|location=London|publisher=Cassell|isbn=0-304-29114-5|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Smith|first=Alan<!--was small caps-->|year=1993|title=Russia and the World Economy: Problems of Integration|url=https://archive.org/details/russiaworldecono00smit|location=London|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-415-08924-1|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Smith|first=J.W.<!--was small caps-->|year=1994|title=The World's Wasted Wealth 2: Save Our Wealth, Save Our Environment|url=https://archive.org/details/worldswastedweal0000smit_l8e5|publisher=Institute for Economic Democracy|isbn=0-9624423-2-1|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Smith|first=Peter C.<!--was small caps-->|year=2002|origyear=1970|title=Pedestal: The Convoy That Saved Malta|url=https://archive.org/details/pedestalmaltacon0000pete|edition=5th|location=Manchester|publisher=Goodall|isbn=978-0-907579-19-9|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last1=Smith|first1=David&nbsp;J.<!--was small caps-->|last2=Pabriks|first2=Artis|last3=Purs|first3=Aldis|last4=Lane|first4=Thomas|year=2002|title=The Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania|url=https://archive.org/details/balticstatesesto0000smit_l0z8|location=London|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-415-28580-3|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last1=Smith|first1=Winston<!--was small caps-->|last2=Steadman|first2=Ralph|year=2004|title=All Riot on the Western Front, Volume 3|publisher=Last Gasp|isbn=978-0-86719-616-0|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Snyder|first=Timothy<!--was small caps-->|authorlink=Timothy D. Snyder|year=2010|title=Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin|url=https://archive.org/details/bloodlandseurope0000snyd_e5a3|location=London|publisher=[[The Bodley Head]]|isbn=978-0-224-08141-2|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book |last=Sommerville |first=Donald |year=2008 |title=The Complete Illustrated History of World War Two: An Authoritative Account of the Deadliest Conflict in Human History with Analysis of Decisive Encounters and Landmark Engagements |url=https://archive.org/details/completeillustra0000somm |location=Leicester |publisher=Lorenz Books |isbn=978-075481898-4 |ref=harv }} :{{Cite journal|last=Spring|first=D.&nbsp;W.<!--was small caps-->|year=1986|title=The Soviet Decision for War against Finland, 30 November 1939|journal=[[Soviet Studies]]|volume=38|issue=2|pages=207–226|jstor=151203|doi=10.1080/09668138608411636|ref=harv}} :{{Cite journal|last=Steinberg|first=Jonathan<!--was small caps-->|authorlink=Jonathan Steinberg|year=1995|title=The Third Reich Reflected: German Civil Administration in the Occupied Soviet Union, 1941–4|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_english-historical-review_1995-06_110_437/page/620|journal=[[The English Historical Review]]|volume=110|issue=437|pages=620–651|jstor=578338|ref=harv|doi=10.1093/ehr/cx.437.620}} :{{Cite journal|last=Steury|first=Donald P.<!--was small caps-->|year=1987|title=Naval Intelligence, the Atlantic Campaign and the Sinking of the Bismarck: A Study in the Integration of Intelligence into the Conduct of Naval Warfare|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-contemporary-history_1987-04_22_2/page/209|journal=[[Journal of Contemporary History]]|volume=22|issue=2|pages=209–233|jstor=260931|doi=10.1177/002200948702200202|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Stueck|first=William<!--was small caps-->|year=2010|chapter=The Korean War|title=''In [[Melvyn P. Leffler]] and [[Odd Arne Westad]], eds.,'' The Cambridge History of the Cold War, Volume&nbsp;I: Origins ''(pp.&nbsp;266–287)'' |location= Cambridge |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-521-83719-4 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite book|last1=Sumner|first1=Ian<!--was small caps-->|last2=Baker|first2=Alix|year=2001|title=The Royal Navy 1939–45|url=https://archive.org/details/royalnavy19391940000sumn|location=Oxford|publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]]|isbn=978-1-84176-195-4|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Swain|first=Bruce<!--was small caps-->|year=2001|title=A Chronology of Australian Armed Forces at War 1939–45|location=Crows Nest|publisher=[[Allen & Unwin]]|isbn=978-1-86508-352-0|ref=harv}} :{{Cite journal|last=Swain|first=Geoffrey<!--was small caps-->|year=1992|title=The Cominform: Tito's International?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_historical-journal_1992-09_35_3/page/641|journal=[[The Historical Journal]]|volume=35|issue=3|pages=641–663|doi=10.1017/S0018246X00026017|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Tanaka|first=Yuki<!--was small caps-->|year=1996|title=Hidden Horrors: Japanese War Crimes in World War II|url=https://archive.org/details/hiddenhorrorsjap0000tana|location=Boulder, CO|publisher=[[Westview Press]]|isbn=978-0-8133-2717-4|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Taylor|first=A. J. P.<!--was small caps-->|authorlink=A. J. P. Taylor|year=1961|title=The Origins of the Second World War|location=London|publisher=[[Hamish Hamilton]]|isbn=|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|author=———|year=1979|title=How Wars Begin|url=https://archive.org/details/howwarsbegin0000tayl|location=London|publisher=[[Hamish Hamilton]]|isbn=978-0-241-10017-2|ref={{sfnRef|Taylor|1979}}}} :{{Cite book|last=Taylor|first=Jay<!--was small caps-->|year=2009|title=The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the Struggle for Modern China|url=https://archive.org/details/generalissimochi00tayl|location=Cambridge,&nbsp;MA|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|isbn=978-0-674-03338-2|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last1=Thomas|first1=Nigel<!--was small caps-->|last2=Andrew|first2=Stephen|year=1998|title=German Army 1939–1945 (2): North Africa & Balkans|location=Oxford|publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]]|isbn=978-1-85532-640-8|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last1=Thompson|first1=John Herd<!--was small caps-->|last2=Randall|first2=Stephen J.|author2-link=Stephen Randall (political scientist)|year=2008|title=Canada and the United States: Ambivalent Allies|url=https://archive.org/details/canadaunitedsta00thom|edition=4th|location=Athens, GA|publisher=[[University of Georgia Press]]|isbn=978-0-8203-3113-3|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Trachtenberg|first=Marc<!--was small caps-->|authorlink=Marc Trachtenberg|year=1999|title=A Constructed Peace: The Making of the European Settlement, 1945–1963|url=https://archive.org/details/constructedpeace0000trac|location=Princeton,&nbsp;NJ|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|isbn=978-0-691-00273-6|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last1=Tucker|first1=Spencer C.<!--was small caps-->|authorlink1=Spencer C. Tucker|last2=Roberts|first2=Priscilla Mary|title=Encyclopedia of World War II: A Political, Social, and Military History|year=2004|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=1-57607-999-6|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Umbreit|first=Hans<!--was small caps-->|year=1991|chapter=The Battle for Hegemony in Western Europe|title=''In P.&nbsp;S. Falla,&nbsp;ed.,'' Germany and the Second World War, Volume&nbsp;2: Germany's Initial Conquests in Europe ''(pp.&nbsp;227–326)''|location=Oxford|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-822885-1|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|author=United States Army<!--was small caps-->|authorlink=United States Army|year=1986|origyear=1953|title=The German Campaigns in the Balkans (Spring 1941)|url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/balkan/intro.htm|location=Washington, DC|publisher=[[Department of the Army]]|ref=CITEREFUS_Army1986|access-date=2018-06-02|archive-date=2009-06-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619234443/http://history.army.mil/books/wwii/balkan/intro.htm|url-status=dead}} :{{Cite journal|last=Waltz|first=Susan<!--was small caps-->|authorlink=Susan Waltz|year=2002|title=Reclaiming and Rebuilding the History of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_third-world-quarterly_2002_23_3/page/437|journal=[[Third World Quarterly]]|volume=23|issue=3|pages=437–448|jstor=3993535|doi=10.1080/01436590220138378|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Ward|first=Thomas A.<!--was small caps-->|year=2010|title=Aerospace Propulsion Systems|location=Singapore|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]|isbn=978-0-470-82497-9|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Watson|first=William E.<!--was small caps-->|authorlink=William E. Watson|year=2003|title=Tricolor and Crescent: France and the Islamic World|url=https://archive.org/details/tricolorcrescent0000wats|location=Westport,&nbsp;CT|publisher=[[Praeger Publishers|Praeger]]|isbn=0-275-97470-7|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Weinberg|first=Gerhard L.| authorlink=Gerhard Weinberg<!--was small caps-->|year=2005|title=A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II|edition=2nd|location=Cambridge|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-85316-3|ref=harv}}; comprehensive overview with emphasis on diplomacy :{{Cite book|last=Wettig|first=Gerhard<!--was small caps-->|year=2008|title=Stalin and the Cold War in Europe: The Emergence and Development of East-West Conflict, 1939–1953|location=Lanham,&nbsp;MD|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]|isbn=978-0-7425-5542-6|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last1=Wiest|first1=Andrew<!--was small caps-->|last2=Barbier|first2=M. K.|year=2002|title=Strategy and Tactics: Infantry Warfare|location=St Paul, MN|publisher=[[MBI Publishing Company]]|isbn=978-0-7603-1401-2|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Andrew<!--was small caps-->|year=2006|title=Liberalism and War: The Victors and the Vanquished|url=https://archive.org/details/liberalismwarvic0000will|location=Abingdon & New York,&nbsp;NY|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-415-35980-1|ref=harv}} :{{Cite journal|last=Wilt|first=Alan F.<!--was small caps-->|authorlink=Alan F. Wilt|year=1981|title=Hitler's Late Summer Pause in 1941|journal=Military Affairs|volume=45|issue=4|pages=187–91|jstor=1987464|doi=10.2307/1987464|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Wohlstetter|first=Roberta<!--was small caps-->|authorlink=Roberta Wohlstetter|year=1962|title=Pearl Harbor: Warning and Decision|url=https://archive.org/details/pearlharborwarni0000wohl|location=Palo Alto,&nbsp;CA|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-8047-0597-4|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Wolf|first=Holger C.<!--was small caps-->|year=1993|chapter=The Lucky Miracle: Germany 1945–1951|title=''In [[Rudi Dornbusch|Rudiger Dornbusch]], Wilhelm Nölling and [[Richard Layard, Baron Layard|Richard Layard]], eds.,'' Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today ''(pp.&nbsp;29–56)''|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|publisher=[[MIT Press]]|isbn=978-0-262-04136-2|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Wood|first=James&nbsp;B.<!--was small caps-->|year=2007|title=Japanese Military Strategy in the Pacific War: Was Defeat Inevitable?|url=https://archive.org/details/japanesemilitary0000wood|location=Lanham, MD|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]|isbn=978-0-7425-5339-2|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Yoder|first=Amos<!--was small caps-->|year=1997|title=The Evolution of the United Nations System|url=https://archive.org/details/evolutionofunite0000yode|edition=3rd|location=London & Washington,&nbsp;DC|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|isbn=1-56032-546-1|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Zalampas|first=Michael<!--was small caps-->|year=1989|title=Adolf Hitler and the Third Reich in American magazines, 1923–1939|url=https://archive.org/details/adolfhitlerthird0000zala|publisher=Bowling Green University Popular Press|isbn=0-87972-462-5|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Zaloga|first=Steven&nbsp;J.<!--was small caps-->|authorlink=Steven Zaloga|year=1996|title=Bagration 1944: The Destruction of Army Group Centre|location=Oxford|publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]]|isbn=978-1-85532-478-7|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|author=———|year=2002|title=Poland 1939: The Birth of Blitzkrieg|url=https://archive.org/details/poland1939birtho0000zalo|location=Oxford|publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]]|isbn=978-1-84176-408-5|ref=CITEREFZaloga2002}} : Zeiler, Thomas W. and Daniel M. DuBois, eds. ''A Companion to World War II'' (2 vol 2013), 1030pp; comprehensive overview by scholars :{{Cite book|last=Zeiler|first=Thomas W.<!--was small caps-->|year=2004|title=Unconditional Defeat: Japan, America, and the End of World War II|url=https://archive.org/details/unconditionaldef0000zeil|location=Wilmington, DE|publisher=Scholarly Resources|isbn=978-0-8420-2991-9|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last1=Zetterling|first1=Niklas<!--was small caps-->|last2=Tamelander|first2=Michael|year=2009|title=''Bismarck'': The Final Days of Germany's Greatest Battleship|url=https://archive.org/details/bismarckfinalday0000zett|location=Drexel Hill,&nbsp;PA|publisher=[[Casemate Publishers|Casemate]]|isbn=978-1-935149-04-0|ref=harv}} {{Refend}} [[Category:Conflicts in 1939]] [[Category:Conflicts in 1940]] [[Category:Conflicts in 1941]] [[Category:Conflicts in 1942]] [[Category:Conflicts in 1943]] [[Category:Conflicts in 1944]] [[Category:Conflicts in 1945]] [[Category:Global conflicts]] [[Category:History o Montenegro]] [[Category:History o the Soviet Union an Soviet Roushie]] [[Category:History o the Unitit States (1918–45)]] [[Category:Modren Europe]] [[Category:Modren history]] [[Category:Nuclear warfare]] [[Category:Wars involvin Albanie]] [[Category:Wars involvin Australie]] [[Category:Wars involvin Austrick]] [[Category:Wars involvin Belgium]] [[Category:Wars involvin Bolivie]] [[Category:Wars involvin Brazil]] [[Category:Wars involvin Breetish Indie]] [[Category:Wars involvin Bulgarie]] [[Category:Wars involvin Burma]] [[Category:Wars involvin Cambodie]] [[Category:Wars involvin Canadae]] [[Category:Wars involvin Chile]] [[Category:Wars involvin Colombie]] [[Category:Wars involvin Costa Rica]] [[Category:Wars involvin Croatie]] [[Category:Wars involvin Cuba]] [[Category:Wars involvin Czechoslovakie]] [[Category:Wars involvin Denmark]] [[Category:Wars involvin Ecuador]] [[Category:Wars involvin Egyp]] [[Category:Wars involvin El Salvador]] [[Category:Wars involvin Estonie]] [[Category:Wars involvin Ethiopie]] [[Category:Wars involvin Finland]] [[Category:Wars involvin Fraunce]] [[Category:Wars involvin Germany]] [[Category:Wars involvin Greece]] [[Category:Wars involvin Guatemala]] [[Category:Wars involvin Haiti]] [[Category:Wars involvin Honduras]] [[Category:Wars involvin Hungary]] [[Category:Wars involvin Iceland]] [[Category:Wars involvin Indonesie]] [[Category:Wars involvin Italy]] [[Category:Wars involvin Iran]] [[Category:Wars involvin Iraq]] [[Category:Wars involvin Japan]] [[Category:Wars involvin Laos]] [[Category:Wars involvin Latvie]] [[Category:Wars involvin Lebanon]] [[Category:Wars involvin Liberie]] [[Category:Wars involvin Lithuanie]] [[Category:Wars involvin Luxembourg]] [[Category:Wars involvin Mexico]] [[Category:Wars involvin Mongolie]] [[Category:Wars involvin Montenegro]] [[Category:Wars involvin Nepal]] [[Category:Wars involvin Norawa]] [[Category:Wars involvin Nicaragua]] [[Category:Wars involvin Panama]] [[Category:Wars involvin Paraguay]] [[Category:Wars involvin Peru]] [[Category:Wars involvin Poland]] [[Category:Wars involvin Romanie]] [[Category:Wars involvin Saudi Arabie]] [[Category:Wars involvin Serbie]] [[Category:Wars involvin Slovakie]] [[Category:Wars involvin Slovenie]] [[Category:Wars involvin Sooth Africae]] [[Category:Wars involvin Sri Lanka]] [[Category:Wars involvin Sirie]] [[Category:Wars involvin Thailand]] [[Category:Wars involvin Turkey]] [[Category:Wars involvin the Dominican Republic]] [[Category:Wars involvin the Netherlands]] [[Category:Wars involvin the Philippines]] [[Category:Wars involvin the Republic o Cheenae]] [[Category:Wars involvin the Republic o Macedonie]] [[Category:Wars involvin the Soviet Union]] [[Category:Wars involvin the Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:Wars involvin the Unitit States]] [[Category:Wars involvin Uruguay]] [[Category:Wars involvin Venezuela]] [[Category:Wars involvin Vietnam]] [[Category:Warld War II|*]] jaa9edfnbynuqg5ji6w5f1v6mwul68c 0 41218 917812 858740 2026-06-05T11:47:14Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 917812 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Israel municipality |name=Yirka |image_skyline=Yarka.jpg |image_caption=Entrance tae Yirka |hebname=יִרְכָּא |arname=يركا |meaning= |pushpin_map = Israel |coordinates = {{coord|32|57|14.39|N|35|12|44.16|E|region:IL|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |founded= |type=lc |altUnoSp=Yarka |district=north |population=13,000 |popyear=2007 |area_dunam=15564 }} '''Yirka''' ({{lang-he-n|יִרְכָּא}}, {{lang-ar|يركا}}) is an [[Arab citizens o Israel#Druze|Israeli Druze]] toun in [[Israel]]'s [[Northren Destrict (Israel)|North Destrict]], northeast o [[Acre, Israel|Acre]]. ==History== In 1596, Yirka appeared in Ottoman tax registers as bein in the ''[[Nahiya]]'' o Akka o the ''[[Liwa (Arabic)|Liwa]]'' o Safad. It haed a population o 174 Muslim hoosehaulds an 24 bachelors an peyed taxes on an olive press.<ref>{{cite book | author = Wolf-Dieter Hütteroth and Kamal Abdulfattah | title = Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century | year = 1977 | publisher = Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft | page = 191}}</ref> [[File:PikiWiki Israel 8723 yarka local council building.jpg|thumb|Yarka municipality]] A visitor tae the Yirka in the late nineteent century wrote that "cut stanes o auncient appearance hae been uised in biggin the modren hooses. [..] Aboot a hunder [[cistern]]s cut in rock, a hauf o which are nae langer uised, an the ither hauf serve for the wants o the fowk, reveal the existence in this place o an auncient locality o some importance."<ref>Guérin, 1880, [http://books.google.ca/books?id=oDkAAAAAYAAJ&hl=no&pg=PA16#v=onepage&q&f=false p.16]-[http://books.google.ca/books?id=oDkAAAAAYAAJ&hl=no&pg=PA17#v=onepage&q&f=false 17], as translated and cited by Conder and Kitchener, 1881, [http://www.archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp01conduoft#page/193/mode/1up p.193]</ref> In the Survey o Wastren Palestine, Yarka is describit as a well-biggit stane veelage inhabitit bi 400 Druze who grew olives an figs.<ref>Conder and Kitchener, 1881, [http://www.archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp01conduoft#page/148/mode/1up p.148]</ref> The tomb o Sheikh Abu Saraya Ghanem, a [[Druze]] releegious scholar is locatit in Yarka. ==Economy== Ane o the lairgest factories in the [[Middle East]], a steel mill biggit an awned bi the Kadmani faimily, is locatit in Yarka. My Baby, wi 11,000 metres o retail space, is Israel's lairgest store for childer's an baby's supplies. The store haes an annual turnower o NIS 100 million.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/week-s-end/israel-s-only-american-style-baby-store-in-the-heart-of-a-druze-village-1.386267 |title=Israel's only American-style baby store, in the heart of a Druze village |access-date=2012-11-05 |archive-date=2012-10-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027160921/http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/week-s-end/israel-s-only-american-style-baby-store-in-the-heart-of-a-druze-village-1.386267 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Bibliografie== {{Refbegin}} *[[Claude Reignier Conder|Conder, Claude Reignier]] an [[Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|H.H. Kitchener]] (1881): ''[http://www.archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp01conduoft The Survey of Western Palestine: memoirs of the topography, orography, hydrography, and archaeology].'' Lunnon:[[Palestine Exploration Fund|Committee o the Palestine Exploration Fund]]. '''vol 1''' (p. [http://www.archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp01conduoft#page/152/mode/1up 152]) *[[Victor Guérin|Guérin, M. V.]] (1880): ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=oDkAAAAAYAAJ Description Géographique, Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine. ptie. Galilée (t. 1-2)]'', Volume 3. Pairt 2. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale *{{cite book | author = Wolf-Dieter Hütteroth and Kamal Abdulfattah | title = Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century | year = 1977 | publisher = Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft}} (p191, P16) *(1881, 1882): ''[http://www.archive.org/details/quarterlystateme13pale Quarterly statement - Palestine Exploration Fund]'' Volume: 13-14 ([http://www.archive.org/stream/quarterlystateme13pale#page/37/mode/1up p.37]-38) {{Refend}} ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Society_&_Culture/druze.html Druze] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227204308/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Society_%26_Culture/druze.html |date=2016-12-27 }}, jewishvirtuallibrary.org {{North Destrict (Israel)}} [[Category:Local cooncils in Israel]] [[Category:Druze localities in Israel]] 1q7m2r7hqmgunuj31vp3zl9c9lx2fzu 0 41941 917731 909833 2026-06-04T16:31:28Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 2 books for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260604sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 917731 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{short descreeption|Big cat o the family Felidae}} {{Speciesbox | name = Lion | fossil_range = {{fossil range|Pleistocene|Present}} | image = Lion waiting in Namibia.jpg <!-----Please do not replace these featured images without a consensus----> | image_caption = Male lion in [[Okonjima]], [[Namibie]] | image2 = Okonjima Lioness.jpg | image2_caption = Female (lioness) in Okonjima | status = VU | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |journal=[[The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] |publisher=[[IUCN]] |author=Bauer, H. |author2=Packer, C. |author3=Funston, P. F. |author4=Henschel, P. |author5=Nowell, K. |year=2016 |volume=2016 |title=''Panthera leo'' |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T15951A107265605.en |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15951/115130419}}</ref> | taxon = Panthera leo<ref name=MSW3>{{MSW3 Carnivora |id=14000228 |page=546 |heading=''Panthera leo''}}</ref> | authority=([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10t edeetion o Systema Naturae|1758]])<ref name="Linn1758" /> | subdivision_ranks = [[Subspeshies]] | subdivision = :''[[Panthera leo leo|P. l. leo]]'' :''[[Panthera leo melanochaita|P. l. melanochaita]]'' :{{dagger}}''[[Sri Lanka lion|P. l. sinhaleyus]]'' | range_map = Lion distribution.png | range_map_caption = Historical an present distribution o ''Panthera leo'' in [[Africae]], [[Asie]] an [[Europe]] }} [[File:Lion Cubs Phinda 2011.ogv|thumb|right]] The '''lion''' (''Panthera leo'') is ane o the five big cat species in the [[genus]] ''[[Panthera]]'' an a memmer o the faimily [[Felidae]]. Wi some males ootdingin {{convert|250|kg|abbr=on}} in wicht,<ref name="nowak">{{Cite book|last=Nowak |first= Ronald M. |year=1999 |title=Walker's Mammals of the World |url=https://archive.org/details/walkersmammalsof0001nowa |location=Baltimore |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |isbn=0-8018-5789-9}}</ref> it is the second mucklest livin cat efter the [[tiger]]. Thir days, thare wild lions in [[sub-Saharan Africae]] an in [[Asie]], wi an [[endangered]] remnant population in [[Gir Wid Naitional Pairk]] in [[Indie]], haein disappeart frae [[North Africae]] an [[Soothwast Asie]] in heestoric times. Till the late [[Pleistocene]], aboot 10,000&nbsp;year syne, the lion wis the maist widespreid muckle laund mammal efter humans. Thay wur foond in maist o Africae, athort Eurasie frae wastren Europe tae Indie, an in the Americas frae the [[Yukon]] tae [[Peru]].<ref name="Harington69">{{cite journal|last=Harington |first=C. R. (Dick) |year=1969 |title=Pleistocene remains of the lion-like cat (''Panthera atrox'') from the Yukon Territory and northern Alaska |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_canadian-journal-of-earth-sciences_1969-10_6_5/page/1277 |journal=Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences |volume=6 |issue=5 |pages=1277–88|doi=10.1139/e69-127}}</ref> The lion is a [[vulnerable species]], haein seen a major population decline o 30–50% ower the past seicont hauf o the 20t century.<ref name="IUCN" /> Lion populàtions is untenable ootwi designate reserves an naitional pairks. Awbesit the decline's cause isnae fou unnerstuid, habitat loss an conflicts wi humans is the greatest causes o concern thir days. Athin Africae, the [[Wast African lion]] populàtion is pairtìcular endangert. Lions lives fur 10–14 year in the wild, awbesit in captivity thay can be livin mair nor 20 year. In the wild, males seendle lives langer than 10 years, as injuries sustained frae continual fechtin wi rival males greatly reduce thair longevity.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Smuts |first=G. L. |year=1982 |title=Lion|publisher=Macmillan South Africa |location=Johannesburg |page=231|isbn= 0-86954-122-6}}</ref> Thay teepically inhabit [[savanna]] an [[grassland]], awbesit thay mey tak tae [[Shrub|bush]] an [[wid]]. Lions is unuisually [[social animal|social]] compared wi ither cats. A lion pride consists o sib females an affspring an a smaw nummer o adult males. Groups o female lions teepically hunt thegither, preying maistly on lairge [[ungulate]]s. Lions is [[apex predator|apex]] an [[keystone species#Predators|keystone predators]], awbesit thay are forby expert [[scavengers]] obteenin ower 50 percent o thair fuid bi scavengin as opportunity allows. While lions dae nae teepically hunt humans, some hae been kent tae dae sae. Sleeping mainly during the day, lions are primarily [[nocturnality|nocturnal]], awbesit bordering on [[crepuscular]] in naitur.<ref name="earthtouch">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120420172909/http://www.earth-touch.com/result.php?i=Lions-nocturnal-chorus Lions' nocturnal chorus]. Earth-touch.com. Retrieved on 31 July 2013.</ref><ref name="phxzoo">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120415054339/http://www.phoenixzoo.org/learn/animals/animal_detail.aspx?FACT_SHEET_ID=100001 African Lion ''Panthera leo'']. Phoenix Zoo Fact Sheet.</ref> Heichly distinctive, the male lion is easy recognised bi its mane, an its face is ane o the widest recognised ainimal seembols in human [[cultur]]. Depictions hae existit frae the [[Upper Paleolithic]] period, wi carvins an pentins frae the [[Lascaux]] an [[Chauvet Cave]]s, throu virtually aw auncient an medieval culturs whaur thay ance occurred. It haes been extensively depicted in sculpturs, in pentins, on naitional banners, an in contemporary films an leeteratur. Lions hae been kept in [[menagerie]]s syne the time o the [[Roman Empire]], an hae been a key species socht fur exhibeetion in [[zoo]]s ower the warld syne the late aichteent century. Zoos is cooperatin warldwide in breedin programs fur the endangered [[Asiatic lion|Asiatic subspecies]]. ==Etymology== The lion's name, seemilar in mony [[Romance leids]], is derived frae the [[Laitin]] ''{{lang|la|leo}}'',<ref>{{Cite book | last=Simpson |first=D. P. | title=Cassell's Latin Dictionary | publisher=Cassell Ltd. | year=1979 | edition=5th | location=London | page=342 | isbn=0-304-52257-0}}</ref> an the [[Ancient Greek]] {{lang|grc|λέων}} (''{{lang|grc-Latn|leon}}'').<ref name="Liddell 1980">{{Cite book | authorlink=Henry George Liddell |last=Liddell |first=Henry George |authorlink2=Robert Scott (philologist) |last2=Scott |first2=Robert | year=1980 | title=[[A Greek-English Lexicon]] (Abridged Edition)|page=[https://archive.org/details/lexicon00lidd/page/411 411] | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | location=United Kingdom | isbn=0-19-910207-4}}</ref> The [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] wird {{lang|he|לָבִיא}} ({{lang|he-Latn|''lavi''}}) mey be sib an aw.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia | title=Lion|encyclopedia=Oxford English Dictionary|editor=Simpson, John; Weiner, Edmund| year=1989 |edition= 2nd| location=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press| isbn=0-19-861186-2}}</ref> It wis ane o the species oreeginally describit bi [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], wha gae it the name ''Felis leo'', in his aichteent-century wirk, ''[[Systema Naturae]]''.<ref name="Linn1758">{{Cite book |last=Linnaeus |first=Carolus |authorlink=Carl Linnaeus |title=Systema naturae per regna tria naturae :secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. |publisher=Holmiae (Laurentii Salvii) |year=1758 |page=41 |url=http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/726936 |accessdate=8 September 2008 |language=Latin |volume=1 |edition=10th}}</ref> ==Characteristics== [[File:Lion and eland.jpg|thumb|right|A skeletal moont o an African Lion attackin a [[Common Eland]] on display at [[The Museum o Osteology]], [[Oklahoma City, Oklahoma]]]] Ahind anerly the trrger, the lion is the seicont mucklemaist livin felid in lenth an wecht. Its harnpan is verra seemilar tae that o the teeger, awbesit the frontal region is uisually mair depressed an flattened, wi a slichtly shorter postorbital region. The lion's skull haes braider nasal appenins than the tiger, housamiver, due tae the amoont o skull variation in the twa species, uisually, anly the lawer jaw structur can be uised as a moleskin indicator o species.<ref name="USSR">{{Cite book | last = Heptner |first=V. G. |last2=Sludskii |first2=A. A.| title = Mammals of the Soviet Union, Volume II, Part 2 | year = 1992| isbn = 90-04-08876-8 | publisher = Brill | location = Leiden u.a.}}</ref> Lion colouration varies frae licht buff tae yellowish, reiddish, or dark ochraceous broun. The unnerpairts are generally lichter an the tail tuft is black. Lion cubs is born wi broun [[Rosette (zoology)|rosettes]] (spots) on thair body, rather lik thaim o a leopard. awbesit thir spots fade as lions reak adultheid, faint spots eften mey still be seen on the shanks an unnerpairts, parteecularly on lionesses. Lions is the anerly memmers o the cat faimily tae be displayin obvious [[sexual dimorphism]] – that is, males an females leuk distinctly different. Thay forby hae specialised roles that ilka gender plays in the pride. Fur instance, the lioness, the hunter, lacks the male's thick mane. The colour o the male's mane varies frae blond tae black, generally becomin darker as the lion grows aulder. The maist distinctive characteristic skared bi baith females an males is that the tail ends in a hairy tuft. In some lions, the tuft conceals a haurd "spine" or "spur", thareaboot 5&nbsp;mm lang, formed o the feenal sections o tail bane fused thegither. The lion is the anly felid tae hae a tufted tail – the function o the tuft an spine are unkent. Absent at birth, the tuft develops aroond 5½&nbsp;months o age an is readily identifiable at 7&nbsp;months.<ref name="Schaller28">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 28.</ref> Adult lion size varies athort thair range wi thaim frae the soothren African populations in Zimbabwe, the Kalahari an Kruger Pairk averagin aroond {{convert|189.6|kg|lb|abbr=on}} an {{convert|126.9|kg|lb|abbr=on}} in males an females respectively compared tae {{convert|174.9|kg|lb|abbr=on}} an {{convert|119.5|kg|lb|abbr=on}} o male an female lions frae [[East Africae]].<ref name=Smuts_etal_1980>{{Cite journal |last=Smuts|first=G. L.|author2=Robinson, G.A.|author3=Whyte, I.J.|title=Comparative growth of wild male and female lions (Panthera leo)|journal=Journal of Zoology|year=1980|volume=190|issue=3|pages=365–373|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1980.tb01433.x/abstract|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1980.tb01433.x}}</ref> Reportit body measurements in males are heid-body lenths rangin frae {{convert|170|to|250|cm|ftin|abbr=on}}, tail lenths o {{convert|90|–|105|cm|ftin|abbr=on}}. In females reportit heid-body lenths range frae {{convert|140|to|175|cm|ftin|abbr=on}}, tail lenths o {{convert|70|–|100|cm|ftin|abbr=on}},<ref name="nowak"/> houiver, the aften citit maximum heid an body lenth o {{convert|250|cm|ftin|abbr=on}} fits rather tae extinct Pleistocene forms, lik the [[American lion]], wi even lairge modren lions meisurin several centimetres less in lenth.<ref>[[Vratislav Mazák|Mazák, Vratislav]] (April 2004) ''Der Tiger'', Westarp Wissenschaften, 5th ed., pp. 178 ff., ISBN 3-89432-759-6.</ref> Record measurements frae huntin records are supposedly a tot lenth o naur {{convert|3.6|m|ft|abbr=on}} for a male shot naur Mucsso, soothren [[Angolae]] in October 1973 an a wecht o {{convert|313|kg|lb|abbr=on}} for a male shot ootside [[Hectorspruit]] in eastren [[Transvaal Province|Transvaal]], [[Sooth Africae]] in 1936.<ref>Wood, The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats. Sterling Pub Co Inc (1983), ISBN 978-0-85112-235-9</ref> Anither notably outsized male lion, that wis shot naur [[Moont Kenyae]], wiched in at {{convert|272|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name=CAP>{{Cite book |last=Nowell |first=Kristin |last2=Jackson |first2=Peter |title= Wild Cats: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan|url=http://carnivoractionplans1.free.fr/wildcats.pdf |format=PDF |year=1996 |publisher=IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group |location= Gland, Switzerland |isbn=2-8317-0045-0 |pages= 17–21, 37–41|chapter= Panthera Leo}}</ref> ===Mane=== [[File:HansomeLion 002.jpg|thumb|right|During agonistic confrontations wi ither lions, the mane maks the lion appear lairger.]] The adult male lion's mane, unique amang cats, is ane o the maist distinctive characteristics o the species. It mey provide an excellent intimidation display; aidin the lion durin confrontations wi ither lions.<ref> {{cite web | last=Trivedi | first=Bijal P. | title=Are Maneless Tsavo Lions Prone to Male Pattern Baldness? | publisher=National Geographic | year=2005 | url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/04/0412_020412_TVtsavolions.html | accessdate=7 July 2007}}</ref> The presence, absence, colour, an size o the mane is associatit wi genetic precondeetion, sexual maturity, climate, an [[testosterone]] production; the rule o thumb is the darker an fouer the mane, the healthier the lion. Sexual selection o mates bi lionesses favors males wi the densest, darkest mane.<ref name="Trivedi02">{{cite web | last=Trivedi | first =Bijal P. | title=Female Lions Prefer Dark-Maned Males, Study Finds | work=National Geographic News | publisher=National Geographic | date=22 August 2002 | url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/08/0822_020822_TVlion.html| accessdate=1 September 2007}}</ref> Research in [[Tanzanie]] an aa suggests mane lenth signals fechtin success in male–male relationships. Darker-maned individuals mey hae langer reproductive lives an higher affspring survival, awbesit thay suffer in the hettest months o the year.<ref name=West>{{Cite journal |last=West |first=Peyton M. |author2=Packer, Craig |date=August 2002 |title=Sexual Selection, Temperature, and the Lion's Mane |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2002-08-23_297_5585/page/1338 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=297 |issue=5585 |pages= 1339–43 |doi=10.1126/science.1073257 |pmid=12193785}}</ref> [[File:Maneless lion from Tsavo East National Park.png|thumb|A maneless lion.]] Scientists ance believed that the distinct status o some subspecies coud be juistified bi [[Morphology (biology)|morphology]], includin the mane size. Morphology wis uised tae identifee subspecies lik the [[Barbary lion]] an [[Cape lion]]. Research haes suggestit, houiver, that environmental factors influences the colour an size o a lion's mane, lik the [[Ruim temperatur|ambient temperatur]].<ref name=West/> The cuiler ambient temperatur in European an North American [[zoo]]s, fur ensaumple, mey result in a hivier mane. Sicweys, the mane isnae an appropriate merker for identifyin subspecies.<ref name="CG">{{cite journal |last=Barnett |first=Ross |author2=Yamaguchi, Nobuyuki |author3=Barnes, Ian|author4=Cooper, Alan |date=August 2006 |title=Lost populations and preserving genetic diversity in the lion ''Panthera leo'': Implications for its ''ex situ'' conservation |journal=Conservation Genetics |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=507–14 |doi=10.1007/s10592-005-9062-0}}</ref><ref name="yamaguchi-haddane">{{cite journal |last=Yamaguchi |first=Nobuyuki |author2=Haddane, B. |year=2002 |title=The North African Barbary Lion and the Atlas Lion Project |journal=International Zoo News |volume=49 |pages=465–81}}</ref> The males o the Asiatic subspecies, housomiver, is characterised bi sparser manes nor average African lions.<ref name="Menon">{{cite book |last=Menon |first=Vivek |year=2003 |title=A Field Guide to Indian Mammals |url=https://archive.org/details/fieldguidetoindi0000meno |location=Delhi |publisher=Dorling Kindersley India |isbn=0-14-302998-3| pages=}}</ref> In the [[Pendjari Naitional Pairk]] area, awmaist aw males is maneless or hae verra waik manes.<ref>Schoe, Marjolein; Sogbohossou, Etotépé A.; Kaandorp, Jacques and de Iongh, Hans (2010) ''Progress Report – collaring operation Pendjari Lion Project, Benin.'' Funded by the Dutch Zoo Conservation Fund.</ref> Maneless male lions haes forby been reportit frae [[Senegal]], frae Sudan ([[Dinder Naitional Pairk]]), an frae [[Tsavo East Naitional Pairk]] in Kenyae, an the oreeginal male white lion frae Timbavati wis maneless an aa. The testosterone hormone haes been linked tae mane growthe, therefore [[castration|castratit]] lions eften hae minimal tae no mane, as the removal o the gonads inhibits testosterone production.<ref>{{cite journal | first = Linda | last = Munson| date = 3 March 2006 | title = Contraception in felids | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_theriogenology_2006-07-01_66_1/page/126 | journal = Theriogenology| pmid = 16626799 | volume = 66 | issue = 1 | pages = 126–34 | doi = 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2006.03.06 }}</ref> [[Cave pentin]]s o extinct European [[Panthera leo spelaea|cave lion]]s awmaist exclusively shaw ainimals wi no manes, suggestin that thay war aither athoot manes,<ref name="Koenigswald02">{{cite book |last=Koenigswald |first=Wighart von |year=2002 |title=Lebendige Eiszeit: Klima und Tierwelt im Wandel |location=Stuttgart |publisher=Theiss |isbn=3-8062-1734-3| pages=|language=de}}</ref> or that the pentins depict lionesses as seen huntin in a group. ===White lions=== [[File:White Lion.jpg|thumb|right|[[White lion]]s owe thair colourin tae a recessive allele; thay are rare forms o the subspecies ''Panthera leo krugeri'']] The [[white lion]] is nae a distinct subspecies, but a special [[Polymorphism (biology)|morph]] wi a genetic condeetion, [[leucism]],<ref name = "zoos_encyclopedia">{{cite encyclopedia | last = Grisham | first= Jack | editor-first = Catherine E | editor-last = Bell |title=Lion |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the World's Zoos |volume=2: G–P |year=2001 | publisher = Fitzroy Dearborn |location=Chofago |isbn=1-57958-174-9 |pages=733–39}}</ref>> that causes paler colouration akin tae that o the [[white teeger]]; the condeetion is seemilar tae [[melanism]], that causes [[black panther]]s. Thay are nae albinos, haein normal pigmentation in the een an skin. White Transvaal lion (''Panthera leo krugeri'') individuals occasionally hae been encountered in an aroond [[Kruger Naitional Pairk]] an the adjacent [[Timbavati Private Game Reserve]] in eastren Sooth Africae, but are mair commonly foond in [[captivity (ainimal)|captivity]], whaur breeders deliberately select them. The unuisual cream colour o thair coats is due tae a [[recessive allele]].<ref>{{cite book |last=McBride |first=Chris |title=The White Lions of Timbavati |year=1977 |publisher=E. Stanton |location=Johannesburg |isbn= 0-949997-32-3 }}</ref> Reportedly, thay hae been bred in camps in South Africae fur uiss as trophies tae be killt during [[canned hunt]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last=Tucker|first=Linda |title=Mystery of the White Lions—Children of the Sun God|year=2003 |publisher=Npenvu Press|location=Mapumulanga |isbn= 0-620-31409-5}}</ref> ==Behaviour== [[File:Panthera leo stretching (Etosha, 2012).jpg|thumbnail|left|Adult male lion stretching.]] Lions spends a feck o thair time restin an is inactive fur aboot 20&nbsp;oor per day.<ref name="Schaller122">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 122.</ref> awbesit lions can be active at ony time, thair activity generally peaks efter dusk wi a period o socialisin, gruimin, an defecatin. Intermittent bursts o activity follae throu the nicht oors till dawn, whan huntin maist eften taks place. Thay spend an average o twa oors a day walkin an 50&nbsp;minutes eatin.<ref name="Schaller120">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], pp. 120–21.</ref> ===Group organization=== [[File:pride leader.jpg|thumb|right|Twa lionesses an a matur male o a pride.]] [[File:Lions Family Portrait Masai Mara.jpg|thumb|right|Twa males an a female lion.]] Lions is the maist socially inclined o aw wild [[felid]]s, maist o thaim remainin quite solitar in naitur. The lion is a predatory [[carnivore]] wi twa teeps o social organisation. Some lions is ''indwallers,'' livin in groups centerin aroond relatit lionesses, cried ''prides''.<ref name="Schaller33">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 33.</ref> Females form the stable [[social unit]] in a pride an dinnae tolerate ootside females.<ref name="Schaller37">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 37.</ref> Membership anly chynges wi the births an daiths o lionesses,<ref name="Schaller39">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 39.</ref> awbesit some females dae leave an become nomadic.<ref name="Schaller44">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 44.</ref> awbesit extremely lairge prides, consistin o up tae 30 individuals, hae been observed, the average pride consists o five or sax females, thair cubs o baith sexes, an ane or twa males (kent as a ''coaleetion'' if mair nor ane) wha mate wi the adult females. The nummer o adult males in a coaleetion is uisually twa but mey increase tae as mony as fower afore decreasin again ower time.<ref name="Schaller44"/> The sole exception tae this pattern is the [[Tsavo lion]] pride that aye haes juist ane adult male.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Milius |first=Susan |date=April 2002 |title= Biology: Maneless lions live one guy per pride|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science-news-us_2002-04-20_161_16/page/253 |journal=Society for Science & the Public |volume=161 |issue=16 |pages=253 |doi=10.1002/scin.5591611614}}</ref> Male cubs are excluded frae thair maternal pride whan thay reach maturity at aroond 2–3 years o age.<ref name="Schaller44"/> The seicont organisational behaviour is labeled ''nomads'', wha range widely an muive aboot sporadically, aither singularly or in pairs.<ref name="Schaller33"/> Pairs is mair frequent amang sib males that haes been excludit frae thair birth pride. Note that a lion mey switch lifestyles; nomads mey become indwallers an vice versa. Males, as a rule, live at least some portion o thair lifes as nomads, an some can neir jyne anither pride. A female wha becomes a nomad haes a fair feck greater difficulty jynin a new pride, as the females in a pride is sib, an thay reject maist attempts bi an unrelated female tae jyne thair faimily group. The area a pride occupies is cried a ''pride area'', whauras that bi a nomad is a ''range''.<ref name="Schaller33"/> The males associated wi a pride tend tae stay on the fringes, patrollin thair [[Territory (ainimal)|territory]]. Why [[Social behaviour|sociality]] – the maist pronoonced in ony cat species – haes developed in lionesses is the subject o much debate. Increased huntin success appears an obvious reason, but this is less nor sure upon examination: coordinated huntin daes allou for mair successfu predation but an aa ensurs that non-huntin memmers reduce per capita calorific intake; housomiver, some tak a role raisin cubs, wha mey be left alane for extendit periods o time. Memmers o the pride regularly tend tae play the same role in hunts an hone thair skills. The heal o the hunters is the primary need for the survival o the pride, an thay are the first tae consume the prey at the site it is taen. Ither benefits include possible [[kin selection]] (better tae share fuid wi a relatit lion than wi a stranger), pertection o the young, maintenance o territory, an individual insurance against injury an hunger.<ref name=CAP/> [[File:Lion.ogv|thumb|right|Video o a wild lioness]] Lionesses dae maist o the huntin for thair pride. Thay are mair effective hunters, as thay are smawer, swither, an mair agile than the males an unencumbered bi the hivy an conspicuous mane, that causes owerheatin during exertion. Thay act as a coordinatit group wi members wha perform the same role consistently fur tae stalk an bring doun the prey sonsie-like. Smawer prey is eaten at the location o the hunt, tharebi bein shared amang the hunters; whan the kill is muckler it eften is dragged tae the pride area. Thare is mair sharin o muckler kills,<ref name="Schaller133">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 133.</ref> awbesit pride members aften behave aggressively toward ane anither as ilkane ettles at consumin sae muckle a hantle o fuid as possible. Naur the conclusion o the hunt, males hae a tendency tae dominate the kill ance the lionesses hae succeeded. Thay are mair lik tae share this wi the cubs as wi the lionesses, but males rarely share fuid thay hae killt bi thairsels. Baith males an females can defend the pride agin intruders, but the male lion is better-suitit for this purpose due tae its stockier, mair powerful big.<ref>[http://www.lionconservationfund.org/lion_adopt.html Join the Pride]. Lion Conservation Fund. Retrieved on 31 July 2013.</ref> Some individuals consistently lead the defence against intruders, while ithers lag behind.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Heinsohn|first= R. |author2=C. Packer |year=1995 |title=Complex cooperative strategies in group-territorial African lions |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1995-09-01_269_5228/page/1260|journal=Science |volume=269 |issue=5228 |pages=1260–62 |doi=10.1126/science.7652573 |pmid=7652573}}</ref> Lions tend tae assume speceefic roles in the pride. Those laggin behind mey provide ither valuable services tae the group.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morell|first= V. |year=1995 |title=Cowardly lions confound cooperation theory |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1995-09-01_269_5228/page/1216|journal=Science |volume=269 |issue=5228 |pages=1216–17|doi=10.1126/science.7652566 |pmid=7652566}}</ref> An alternative hypothesis is that thare is some reward associated wi bein a leader wha fends aff intruders, an the rank o lionesses in the pride is reflectit in thir responses.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jahn|first= Gary C. |year=1996 |title=Lioness Leadership |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1996-03-01_271_5253/page/1214|journal=Science |volume=271 |issue=5253 |page=1215 |doi=10.1126/science.271.5253.1215a |pmid=17820922 }}</ref> The male or males associatit wi the pride must defend thair relationship tae the pride frae ootside males wha attempt tae tak ower thair relationship wi the pride. ===Huntin an diet=== [[File:Female Lion.JPG|thumb|Lion teeth are teepical o a carnivore.]] Lions prefer tae [[Scavenger|scavenge]] whan the opportunity presents itsel<ref name = "Schaller213" /> wi [[carrion]] providin mair nor 50% o thair diet.<ref name=AWF>{{cite web | title = Behavior and Diet | work = African Wildlife Foundation website | publisher = African Wildlife Foundation | year = 1996 | url =http://www.awf.org/wildlife-conservation/lion | accessdate =6 June 2014}}</ref> Thay scavenge ainimals aither deid frae [[naitural causes]] (disease) or killt bi ither predators, an keep a constant lookout for circlin vultures, bein keenly aware that thay indicate an ainimal dead or in distress.<ref name = "Schaller213">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 213.</ref> In fact, maist deid prey on whilk baith hyenas an lions feed upon are killt bi the hyenas insteid o the lions.<ref name="nowak" /> The lionesses daes maist o the huntin for the pride. The male lion associatit wi the pride uisually stays an watches ower young cubs till the lionesses return frae the hunt. Teepically, several wirk thegither an encircle the herd frae different pynts. Ance thay hae closed in on the herd, thay uisually target the ainimal closest tae them. The attack is short an pouerfu; thay attempt tae catch the victim wi a fast rush an feenal leap. The prey uisually is killt bi [[strangulation]],<ref>{{cite web | title = About lions—Ecology and behaviour | first = Gus | last = Mills | publisher = African Lion Working Group | url = http://www.african-lion.org/lions_e.htm | accessdate = 20 July 2007 | archive-date = 2014-03-31 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140331141011/http://www.african-lion.org/lions_e.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref> that can cause [[cerebral ischemia]] or [[asphyxia]] (that results in [[hypoxemia|hypoxemic]], or "general", [[hypoxia (medical)|hypoxia]]). The prey an aa mey be killt bi the lion enclosin the ainimal's mooth an nostrils in its jaws (that wad result in asphyxia an aa).<ref name="nowak" /> Lions uisually hunts in coordinatit groups an stalk thair chosen prey. Housomiver, thay arnae parteecularly kent fur thair stamina – fur instance, a lioness' hert maks up anly 0.57% o her body wecht (a male's is aboot 0.45% o his body wecht), whauras a hyena's hert is close tae 1% o its body wecht.<ref>[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 248.</ref> Sicweys, thay anly run fast in short bursts,<ref name="Schaller2478">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], pp. 247–48.</ref> an need tae be close tae thair prey afore stairtin the attack. Thay tak advantage o factors that reduce veesibility; mony kills tak place naur some form o civer or at nicht.<ref name="Schaller237">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 237.</ref> Thay sneak up tae the victim till thay reach a distance o approximately {{convert|30|m|ft|abbr=off}} or less. [[File:Serengeti Lion Running saturated.jpg|thumb|left|Lioness in a burst o speed while huntin.]] The [[Predation|prey]] consists mainly o medium-sized mammals, wi a preference fur [[wildebeest]], [[zebra]]s, [[African Buffalo|buffalo]], an [[warthog]]s in Africae an [[nilgai]], [[Boar|wild boar]], an several [[deer]] species in Indie. Mony ither species are huntit, based on availability, mainly [[ungulate]]s wichin atween {{convert|50|and|300|kg|lb|abbr=on}} lik [[kudu]], [[hartebeest]], [[gemsbok]], an [[Taurotragus|eland]].<ref name="nowak" /> Occasionally, thay tak relatively smaw species lik [[Thomson's gazelle]] or [[Springbok (antelope)|springbok]]. Lions huntin in groups is capable o takkin doun maist ainimals, even adults in guid heal, but in maist pairts o thair range thay rarely attack verra lairge prey lik fully grown male [[giraffe]]s due tae the danger o injury. Giraffes an buffaloes are awmaist invulnerable tae a solitary lion as well.<ref name="Schaller259">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 259.</ref> Extensive studies shaws that lionesses normally preys on mammals wi an average wecht o {{convert|126|kg|abbr=on}}, while kills made bi male lions average {{convert|399|kg|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite journal | author1=Radloff, Frans G. T.|author2=Du Toit, Johan T. |year= 2004 |title= Large predators and their prey in a southern African savanna: a predator's size determines its prey size range | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-animal-ecology_2004-05_73_3/page/410|journal=Journal of Animal Ecology |volume=73 |pages=410–423 |doi=10.1111/j.0021-8790.2004.00817.x}}</ref> In Africae, wildebeest rank at the tap o preferred prey (makin nearly hauf o the lion prey in the [[Serengeti]]) follaed bi zebra.<ref>{{Cite book |isbn=88-8095-752-X| title = The Art of Being a Lion |url=https://archive.org/details/artofbeinglion0000deni| page = [https://archive.org/details/artofbeinglion0000deni/page/186 186] | first1 = Christine | last1 = Denis-Huot | first2 = Michel | last2 = Denis-Huot | publisher = Friedman/Fairfax | year = 2002}}</ref> Lions dinnae prey on fou grown adult [[elephant]]s; maist adult [[hippopotamus]]es, [[rhinoceros]]es, an smawer [[gazelle]]s, [[impala]], an ither agile antelopes are generally excludiy. Houiver, giraffes an buffaloes are eften taken in certaint regions. For instance, in Kruger Naitional Pairk, giraffes is regularly huntit.<ref name=Pienaar1969>{{Cite journal |last1=Pienaar|first1=U. de V.|title=Predator-prey relationships among the larger mammals of the Kruger National Park|journal=Koedoe|date=1969|volume=12|issue=1|doi=10.4102/koedoe.v12i1.753|url=http://www.koedoe.co.za/index.php/koedoe/article/view/753}}</ref> In Manyara Pairk, Cape buffaloes constitute as much as 62% o the lion's diet,<ref>{{Cite journal | title = Among the Elephants | url = https://archive.org/details/amongelephants00iain | first1 = Iain | last1 = Douglas-Hamilton | first2 = Oria | last2 = Douglas-Hamilton | year = 1975 }}</ref> due tae the heich nummer density o buffaloes. Occasionally hippopotamus is an aa taken, but adult rhinoceroses are generally avoidit. Warthogs are eften taken dependin on availability.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1 =Hayward|first1 = Matt W. | last2 = Kerley | first2 = Graham | year = 2005 | title= Prey preferences of the lion (''Panthera leo'') | journal= Journal of Zoology | volume = 267 | issue = 3 | pages = 309–22 |doi= 10.1017/S0952836905007508}}</ref> The lions o [[Chobe Naitional Pairk#Geografie an ecoseestems|Savuti]], Botswana, hae adaptit tae huntin young elephants during the dry saison, an a pride o 30 lions haes been recordit killin individuals atween the ages o fower an eleven years.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Power |first=R. J. |last2=Shem Compion |first2=R. X.|year=2009|title=Lion predation on elephants in the Savuti, Chobe National Park, Botswana|journal=African Zoology|volume=44|issue=1|pages=36–44|doi=10.3377/004.044.0104}}</ref> In the [[Kalahari desert]] in [[Sooth Africae]], black-maned lions mey chase baboons up a tree, wait patiently, then attack them whan thay try tae escape: [[File:Lion and baboon 1.jpg|thumb|250px|Baboons trapped up a tree bi lions.]] Lions forby attack domestic livestock an in Indie cattle contribute signeeficantly tae thair diet.<ref name = "Menon" /> Lions is capable o killin ither predators lik [[leopard]]s, [[cheetah]]s, [[hyena]]s, an [[African Wild Dug|wild dugs]], awbesit (unlik maist felids) thay seldom devour the competitors efter killin them. A lion mey gorge itsel an eat up tae {{convert|30|kg|lb|abbr=on}} in ane sittin;<ref name="simba">{{Cite book | last= Guggisberg|first= Charles Albert Walter| title = Simba: the life of the lion. |year=1961 |publisher=Howard Timmins |location=Cape Town}}</ref> if it is unable tae consume aw the kill it will rest for a few oors afore consumin mair. On a het day, the pride mey retreat tae shade leavin a male or twa tae staund guard.<ref name="Schaller2706">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], pp. 270–76.</ref> An adult lioness requires an average o aboot {{convert|5|kg|lb|abbr=on}} o meat per day, a male aboot {{convert|7|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref>[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 276.</ref> [[File:Lions taking down cape buffalo.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Four lionesses catch a cape buffalo.]] Acause lionesses hunt in open spaces whaur thay are easy seen bi thair prey, cooperative huntin increases the likelihood o a sonsie hunt; this is especially true wi lairger species. Teamwork an aa enables them tae defend thair kills easier against ither lairge predators lik hyenas, that mey be attractit bi [[vulture]]s frae kilometres away in open savannas. Lionesses dae maist o the huntin; males attacht tae prides dae nae uisually pairteecipate in huntin, except in the case o lairger quarry lik giraffe an buffalo. In teepical hunts, ilka lioness haes a favored poseetion in the group, aither stalkin prey on the "weeng" then attackin, or muivin a smawer distance in the centre o the group an capturin prey in flicht frae ither lionesses.<ref name=hunt>{{Cite journal | last = Stander | first = PE | title= Cooperative hunting in lions: the role of the individual |url=http://lchc.ucsd.edu/MCA/Mail/xmcamail.2011_09.dir/pdfeL5GzNL2FL.pdf |journal=Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology|volume=29|issue=6|pages=445–54|year=1992|doi = 10.1007/BF00170175}}</ref> Thare is evidence that male lions are juist as successfu at huntin as females; thay are solo hunters wha ambush prey in smaw bush.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Scott R. Loariea |author2=Craig J. Tamblingb |author3=Gregory P. Asnera|year=2013|title=Lion hunting behaviour and vegetation structure in an African savanna|journal=Animal Behaviour|volume=85|issue=5|pages=899–906|doi=10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.01.018}}</ref> Young lions first display stalkin behaviour aboot three month o age, awbesit thay dae nae pairteecipate in huntin till thay are awmaist a year auld. Thay begin tae hunt effectively whan thay are naur twa yeir auld.<ref name="Schaller153">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 153.</ref> ====Predator competeetion==== [[File:Panthera leo & Crocuta crocuta.jpg|thumb|250px|Subadult male lion an [[spotted hyena]]]] Lions an [[spottit hyena]]s occupy the same [[ecological niche]], meanin thay compete for prey an carrion in the areas whaur thay coexist. A review o data across several studies indicates a dietary owerlap o 58.6%.<ref name="prey">{{Cite journal | url = http://www.zbs.bialowieza.pl/g2/pdf/1598.pdf | format = PDF | title = Prey preferences of the spotted hyaena (''Crocuta crocuta'') and degree of dietary overlap with the lion (''Panthera leo'') | last = Hayward | first = Matt W. | journal = Journal of Zoology | year = 2006 | volume = 270 | pages = 606–14 | doi = 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00183 | access-date = 2015-06-02 | archive-date = 2018-12-25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181225033155/http://www.zbs.bialowieza.pl/g2/pdf/1598.pdf%20 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Lions teepically ignore spottit hyenas unless the lions are on a kill or are bein harassed bi the hyenas, while the latter tend tae visibly react tae the presence o lions whether thare is fuid or nae. Lions seize the kills o spottit hyenas: in the [[Ngorongoro crater]], it is common for lions tae subsist largely on kills stolen frae hyenas, causin the hyenas tae increase thair kill rate.<ref name="Kruuk21">{{Cite book |chapter = Interactions between Hyenas and other Carnivorous Animals | first = Hans | last = Kruuk | title = The Spotted Hyena: A Study of Predation and Social Behaviour |url = https://archive.org/details/spottedhyenastud0000kruu | publisher = The University of Chicago Press | place = Chicago | year = 1972|isbn=0-226-45508-4 }}</ref> On the ither haund, in Northren Botswana's Chobe Naitional Pairk, the situation is reversed: hyenas frequently challenge lions an steal thair kills: thay obtain fuid frae 63% o aw lion kills.<ref name="Conservation">{{Cite book | title = Carnivore Conservation |edition=1 |editor1-first=John L. |editor1-last=Gittleman |editor2-first=Stephan M. |editor2-last=Funk |editor3-first=David W. |editor3-last=Macdonald |editor4-first=Robert K. |editor4-last=Wayne| publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 2001|isbn=978-0-521-66232-1|displayeditors=4}}</ref> whan confrontit on a kill bi lions, spottit hyenas mey aither leave or wait patiently at a distance o {{convert|30|–|100|m|ft|abbr=on}} till the lions hae finished,<ref name="schaller272">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 272.</ref> but thay are forby bauld eneuch tae feed alangside lions, an even force the lions aff a kill. The twa species mey attack ane anither even whan thare is nae fuid involved for nae apparent reason.<ref name="schaller273">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], pp. 273–274.</ref><ref name="enemies">{{cite video|people=Joubert, Dereck and Joubert, Beverley|title= Eternal Enemies: Lions and Hyenas |medium=[[DVD]] | publisher = [[National Geographic Channel|National Geographic]]|year= 1992}}</ref> Lion predation can accoont for up tae 71% o hyena daiths in [[Etosha]]. Spottit hyenas hae adaptit bi frequently mobbin lions that enter thair territories.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Competitive interactions between spotted hyenas and lions in the Etosha National Park, Namibia| last1 =Trinkel | first1 = Martina | last2 = Kastberger | first2 = Gerald |journal=African Journal of Ecology|volume=43|issue=3|year=2005|pages=220–24|doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2028.2005.00574.x}}</ref> Experiments on captive spottit hyenas revealed that specimens wi no prior experience wi lions act indifferently tae the sicht o them, but will react fearfully tae the scent.<ref name="Kruuk21" /> The size o male lions allows them occasionally tae confront hyenas in itherwise evenly matched brawls an sae tae tip the balance in favour o the lions. Lions tend tae dominate smawer felines lik [[cheetah]]s an [[leopard]]s whaur thay co-occur, stealin thair kills an killin thair cubs an even adults whan gien the chance. The cheetah haes a 50% chance o losin its kill tae lions or ither predators.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = O'Brien | first1 = Stephen J | last2 = Wildt | first2 = David E | last3 = Bush | first3 = Mitchell | year = 1986 | title = The Cheetah in Genetic Peril | format = PDF | journal = Scientific American | issue = 254 | pages = 68–76 | url = http://www.catsg.org/cheetah/05_library/5_3_publications/N_and_O/OBrien_et_al_1986_Cheetah_in_genetic_peril.pdf | access-date = 2015-06-02 | archive-date = 2018-09-30 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180930022126/http://www.catsg.org/cheetah/05_library/5_3_publications/N_and_O/OBrien_et_al_1986_Cheetah_in_genetic_peril.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> Lions are major killers o cheetah cubs, up tae 90% o thaim are lost in thair first weeks o life due tae attacks bi ither predators. Cheetahs evit competeetion bi huntin at different times o the day an hide thair cubs in thick brush. Leopards forby uise siclike tactics, but hae the advantage that thay can tae subsist a fair bit better on smaw prey nor on aither lions or cheetahs. Wanlik cheetahs, leopards can clim trees an uise them tae haud thair cubs an kills awa frae lions; housomiver, lionesses will occasionally be sonsie in climmin tae retrieve leopard kills.<ref name = "Schaller293">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 293.</ref> Seemilarly, lions dominate [[African Wild Dug|African wild dugs]]; thay nae juist tak thair kills but preying on young an (rarely) adult dugs an aa. Population densities o wild dugs are laich in areas whaur lions are mair abundant.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Conserving the African wild dog ''Lycaon pictus''. I. Diagnosing and treating causes of decline | last1 =Woodroffe | first1 = Rosie | last2 = Ginsberg | first2 = Joshua R |year=1999| journal =Oryx | volume = 33| pages =132–42|doi= 10.1046/j.1365-3008.1999.00052.x |issue=2}}</ref><!-- cites twa previous refs --> Houiver, thare are a few reportit cases o auld an woondit lions fawin prey tae wild dugs.<ref name=Pienaar1969/><ref>[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 188.</ref> The [[Nile crocodile]] is the anly [[Sympatry|sympatric]] predator (aside humans) that can singly threaten the lion. Dependin on the size o the crocodile an the lion, aither can lose kills or carrion tae the ither. Lions haes been kent tae kill crocodiles venturin ontae laund,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/transcripts/2509crocs.html |title=Crocodiles! | publisher = PBS | work = Nova | type = transcript |date= 28 April 1998 |accessdate=21 November 2010}}</ref> while the reverse is true for lions enterin watterways, as evidenced bi the occasional lion claw foond in crocodile stomachs.<ref name="Guggisberg">{{Cite book | last = Guggisberg | first = Charles Albert Walter |url =http://books.google.com/?id=92NuQgAACAAJ| title = Crocodiles: Their Natural History, Folklore, and Conservation| year = 1972 | page = 195 | isbn = 0-7153-5272-5 | publisher = David & Charles | location = Newton Abbot}}</ref> ====Man-eatin==== {{Main|Man-eater}} While lions disnae uisually hunt fowk, some (uisually males) seem tae seek oot human prey; ane well-publicised case includes the [[Tsavo maneaters]], whaur 28 offeecially recordit railwey wirkers biggin the [[Uganda Railway|Kenyae-Uganda Railway]] war taken bi lions ower nine month during the construction o a brig ower the [[Tsavo River]] in [[Kenyae]] in 1898.<ref name=Patterson>{{cite book | last = Patterson |first=Bruce D. | year = 2004 | title = The Lions of Tsavo: Exploring the Legacy of Africa's Notorious Man-Eaters | url = https://archive.org/details/lionsoftsavoexpl0000patt | publisher = McGraw-Hill | isbn = 0-07-136333-5}}</ref> The hunter wha kill the lions wrote a beuk detailin the ainimals' predatory behaviour. The lions war lairger than normal, lacked manes, an ane seemed tae suffer frae tuith decay. The infirmity theory, includin tuith decay, is nae favored bi aw researchers; an analysis o teeth an jaws o man-eatin lions in museum collections suggests that while tuith decay mey expleen some incidents, prey depletion in human-dominatit areas is a mair likely cause o lion predation on humans.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Patterson |first=Bruce D. |author2=Neiburger, Ellis J.|author3=Kasiki, Samuel M. |date=February 2003 |title=Tooth Breakage and Dental Disease as Causes of Carnivore–Human Conflicts |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-mammalogy_2003-02_84_1/page/190 |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=84 |issue=1 |pages=190–96|doi=10.1644/1545-1542(2003)084<0190:TBADDA>2.0.CO;2}}</ref> In thair analysis o Tsavo an general man-eatin, Kerbis Peterhans an Gnoske acknowledge that sick or injurt ainimals mey be mair prone tae man-eatin, but that the behaviour is "nae unuisual, nor necessarily 'aberrant'" whaur the opportunity exists; if inducements lik access tae livestock or human corpse are present, lions will regularly prey upon human beins. The authors note that the relationship is well-attestit amang ither pantherines an primates in the paleontological record.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://www.man-eater.info/gpage6.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030031426/http://www.man-eater.info/gpage6.html |archivedate=2007-10-30 |accessdate=7 July 2007 |last=Peterhans |first=Julian C. Kerbis |author2=Thomas Patrick Gnoske |title=The Science of Man-eating |journal=Journal of East African Natural History |volume=90 |issue=1&2 |year=2001 |pages=1–40 |doi=10.2982/0012-8317(2001)90[1:TSOMAL]2.0.CO;2 |url-status=live }}</ref> The lion's proclivity fur man-eatin haes been seestematically examined. American an Tanzanian scientists report that man-eatin behaviour in rural areas o Tanzanie increased a fair bit frae 1990 tae 2005. At least 563 veelagers war attacked an mony eaten ower this period – a nummer far exceedin the mair famed "Tsavo" incidents o a century earlier. The incidents occurred naur aboots [[Selous Gemme Reserve|Selous Naitional Pairk]] in [[Rufiji River|Rufiji Destrict]] an in [[Lindi Region|Lindi Province]] near the [[Mozambique|Mozambican]] border. While the expansion o villagers intae bush kintra is ane concern, the authors argues that conservation policy maun mitigate the danger acause, in this case, conservation contreibutes directly tae human daiths. Cases in Lindi hae been documentit whaur lions seize humans frae the centre o substantial veelages.<ref name="Packer05">{{Cite journal |last=Packer |first=C. |author2=Ikanda, D. |author3=Kissui, B. |author4= Kushnir, H. |date=August 2005 |title=Conservation biology: lion attacks on humans in Tanzania |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2005-08-18_436_7053/page/926 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=436 |issue=7053 |pages=927–28 |doi=10.1038/436927a| pmid=16107828}}</ref> Anither study o 1,000 fowk attacked bi lions in soothren Tanzanie atween 1988 an 2009 foond that the weeks follaein the [[full muin]] (whan thare wis less muinlight) war a strang indicator o increased nicht attacks on fowk.<ref name="fullmoon">{{cite journal | title=Fear of Darkness, the Full Moon and the Nocturnal Ecology of African Lions | last=Packer |first=C | journal=[[PLoS ONE]] |date=July 2011 | volume=6 | issue=7 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0022285 |author2=Swanson A |author3=Ikanda D |author4=Kushnir H | editor1-last=Rands | editor1-first=Sean A. | pages=e22285}}</ref> [[File:Lionsoftsavo2008.jpg|thumb|The Tsavo Man-Eaters on display in the [[Field Museum o Naitural History]] in [[Chicago, Illinois]] ]] Author Robert R. Frump wrote in ''The Man-eaters of Eden'' that Mozambican refugees regularly crossin Kruger Naitional Pairk at nicht in [[Sooth Africae]] is attacked an eaten bi the lions; pairk offeecials hae concedit that man-eatin is a problem thare. Frump believes thoosands mey hae been killt in the decades efter [[Sooth Africae unner apartheid|apartheid]] sealed the pairk an forced the refugees tae cross the pairk at nicht. Fur naur a century afore the mairch wis sealed, Mozambicans haed regularly walked athort the pairk in daytime wi little harm.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Frump |first=RR |title=The Man-Eaters of Eden: Life and Death in Kruger National Park |url=https://archive.org/details/maneatersofedenl0000frum |year=2006 |publisher=The Lyons Press |isbn=1-59228-892-8}}</ref> Packer estimates mair nor 200 Tanzanians is killt ilka year bi lions, [[crocodile]]s, elephants, hippos, an [[snake]]s, an that the nummers coud be dooble that amount, wi lions thocht tae kill at least 70 o thaim. Packer haes documented that atween 1990 an 2004, lions attacked 815 fowk in Tanzanie, killin 563. Packer an Ikanda are amang the few [[conservation movement|conservationists]] wha believe wastren conservation efforts maun tak accoont o thir matters nae juist acause o ethical concerns aboot human life, but fur the lang term success o conservation efforts an lion preservation an aw.<ref name="Packer05"/> A man-eatin lion wis killt bi gemme scouts in Soothren Tanzanie in Aprile 2004. It is believed tae hae killt an eaten at least 35&nbsp;fowk in a series o incidents coverin several veelages in the Rufiji Delta coastal region.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Toothache 'made lion eat humans' |last=Dickinson |first=Daniel |date=19 October 2004 |publisher=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3756180.stm |accessdate=25 January 2011}}</ref> Dr Rolf D. Baldus, the GTZ wildlife programme coordinator, commentit that it wis likely that the lion preyed on humans acause it haed a lairge [[abscess]] unnerneath a [[molar (tuith)|molar]] that wis cracked in several places. He faur commentit that "This lion probably experienced a lot o pain, pairteecularly whan it wis chewin."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baldus |first=R |date=March 2006 |title=A man-eating lion (''Panthera leo'') from Tanzania with a toothache |journal=European Journal of Wildlife Research |volume=52 |issue= 1 |pages= 59–62|doi=10.1007/s10344-005-0008-0}}</ref> GTZ is the German development cooperation agency an haes been wirkin wi the Tanzanian govrenment on wildlife conservation for nearly twa decades. As in ither cases this lion wis lairge, lacked a mane, an haed a tuith problem. The "Aw-Africae" record o man-eatin generally is conseidert no tae be Tsavo, but incidents in the early 1930s throu the late 1940s in whit wis then [[Tanganyika]] (nou Tanzanie). [[George Gilman Rushby|George Rushby]], gemme warden an professional hunter, eventually dispatched the pride, that ower three generations is thocht tae hae killt an eaten 1,500 tae 2,000 fowk in what is nou [[Njombe]] destrict.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rushby |first=George G. |title= No More the Tusker |year= 1965 |publisher=W. H. Allen |location=London}}</ref> ===Reproduction an life cycle=== {{commons category|Mating lions}} Maist lionesses will hae reproduced bi the time thay are fower years o age.<ref name="Schaller29">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 29.</ref> Lions dae nae [[matein|mate]] at ony speceific time o year, an the females are [[polyestrous]].<ref name="Schaller174">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 174.</ref> As wi ither [[Cat's penis|cats' penises]], the male lion's penis haes [[penile spines|spines that pyntin backward]]. During penis widrawal, the spines rake the waws o the female's [[vagina]], that mey cause ovulation.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Asdell |first=Sydney A. |title=[http://books.google.com/books?id=yQzSe71g2AcC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false Patterns of mammalian reproduction] |year=1993|origyear= 1964 |publisher=Cornell University Press|location=Ithaca |isbn=978-0-8014-1753-5}}</ref> A lioness mey mate wi mair nor ane male whan she is [[Estrous cycle|in heat]].<ref name="Schaller142">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 142.</ref> [[File:Panthera leo -Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania -mating-8.jpg|thumb|left|Matin lions.]] The average gestation period is aroond 110&nbsp;days,<ref name="Schaller174"/> the female giein birth tae a litter o ane tae fower cubs in a secluded den (that mey be a thicket, a reed-bed, a cave, or some ither sheltered area) uisually awa frae the rest o the pride. She will eften hunt bi hersel while the cubs is still helpless, stayin relatively close tae the thicket or den whaur the cubs are kept.<ref name="Scott45">[[#Scott|Scott]], p. 45.</ref> The cubs themsels is born blind – thair een dae nae open till roughly a week efter birth. Thay wecht {{convert|1.2|–|2.1|kg|lb|abbr=on}} at birth an is awmaist helpless, beginnin tae crawl a day or twa efter birth an walkin aroond three weeks o age.<ref name="Schaller143">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 143.</ref> The lioness muives her cubs tae a new den steid several times a month, carrying them ane bi ane bi the nape o the neck, tae prevent scent frae biggin up at a single den steid an sicweys avoidin the attention o predators that mey harm the cubs.<ref name="Scott45"/> Uisually, the mither daes nae integrate hersel an her cubs back intae the pride until the cubs are sax tae aicht weeks auld.<ref name="Scott45"/> Whiles this introduction tae pride life occurs earlier, houiver, parteecularly if ither lionesses hae gien birth at aboot the same time. For instance, lionesses in a pride eften synchronise thair reproductive cycles sae that thay cooperate in the raisin an souklin o the young (ance the cubs are past the initial stage o isolation wi thair mither), wha suckle indiscriminately frae ony or aw o the nouricin females in the pride. In addition tae greater pertection, the synchronization o births an aa haes an advantage in that the cubs end up bein roughly the same size, an sicweys hae an equal chance o survival. If ane lioness gies birth tae a litter o cubs a couple o months efter anither lioness, for instance, then the younger cubs, bein much smawer than thair aulder brethren, uisually are dominatit bi lairger cubs at mealtimes – consequently, daith bi starvation is mair common amang the younger cubs. [[File:PregnantLioness.jpg|thumb|A pregnant lioness (richt).]] In addition tae stairvation, cubs an aa face mony ither dangers, lik predation bi jackals, hyenas, leopards, mairtial eagles, an snakes. Even buffaloes, should thay catch the scent o lion cubs, eften stampede toward the thicket or den whaur thay are bein kept, daein thair best tae trample the cubs tae daith while wardin ff the lioness. Furthermair, whan ane or mair new males oust the previous male(s) associatit wi a pride, the conqueror(s) eften kill ony existin young cubs,<ref name="Packpus83">{{Cite journal |last=Packer |first=C. |last2=Pusey |first2=A. E. |date=May 1983 |title= Adaptations of female lions to infanticide by incoming males|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-naturalist_1983-05_121_5/page/716 |journal= American Naturalist |volume=121 |issue=5 |pages=716–28 |doi= 10.1086/284097}}</ref> aiblins acause females dinnae become fertile an receptive till thair cubs mature or dee. Aw in aw, as mony as 80% o the cubs will dee afore the age o twa.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Macdonald |first=David |year=1984 |title=The Encyclopedia of Mammals|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma00mals_0 |publisher=Facts on File|location=New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma00mals_0/page/31 31]|isbn= 0-87196-871-1}}</ref> <gallery> File:Black-maned lion and cub 1.jpg|1 o 4: A tolerant black-<br/>maned male File:Black-maned lion and cub 2.jpg|<centre>2 o 4</centre> File:Black-maned lion and cub 3.jpg|<centre>3 o 4</centre> File:Black-maned lion and cub 4.jpg|<centre>4 o 4</centre> </gallery> whan first introduced tae the rest o the pride, the cubs initially lack confidence whan confrontit wi adult lions ither than thair mither. Thay suin begin tae immerse thairsels in the pride life, houiver, playin amang thairsels or attemptin tae initiate play wi the adults. Lionesses wi cubs o thair ain are mair likely tae be tolerant o anither lioness's cubs than lionesses wioot cubs. The tolerance o the male lions toward the cubs varies – whiles, a male will patiently let the cubs play wi his tail or his mane, whauras anither mey snarl an bat the cubs away.<ref>[[#Scott|Scott]], p. 46.</ref> [[File:Male Lion and Cub Chitwa South Africa Luca Galuzzi 2004.JPG|thumb|Male lions are generally mair likely tae share fuid caught bi the pride wi cubs than wi lionesses, but rarely share thair ain catches wi ithers.]] Weanin occurs efter sax tae seeven month. Male lions reach maturity at aboot 3 years o age an, at 4–5 years o age, are capable o challengin an displacing the adult male(s) associatit wi anither pride. Thay begin tae age an waiken atween 10 an 15 years o age at the latest,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Crandall |first=Lee S. |title=The management of wild animals in captivity |year=1964 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |oclc=557916}}</ref> if thay hae nae already been creetically injured while defendin the pride (ance ousted frae a pride bi rival males, male lions rarely manage a seicont tak-ower). This leaves a short windae for thair ain affspring tae be born an matur. If thay are able tae procreate as suin as thay tak ower a pride, potentially, thay mey hae mair affspring reachin maturity afore thay an aa are displaced. A lioness will eften attempt tae defend her cubs fiercely frae a usurpin male, but sic actions are rarely successfu. He uisually kills aw o the existin cubs wha are less nor twa year auld. A lioness is waiker an much lichter than a male; success is mair likely whan a group o three or fower mithers within a pride jyn forces agin ane male.<ref name="Packpus83"/> Contrary tae popular belief, it isnae anly males that is oostit frae thair pride tae become nomads, awbesit maist females certainly dae remain wi thair birth pride. Houiver, whan the pride becomes ower muckle, the next generation o female cubs mey be forced tae leave tae eke oot thair ain territory. Furthermair, whan a new male lion taks ower the pride, subadult lions, baith male an female, mey be evictit.<ref>[[#Scott|Scott]], p. 68.</ref> Life is harsh for a female nomad. Nomadic lionesses rarely manage tae raise thair cubs tae maturity, wioot the pertection o ither pride members. ===Heal=== Awbesit adult lions haes nae naitural predators, evidence suggests that the majority dee violently frae humans or ither lions.<ref name="Schaller183">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 183.</ref> Lions eften inflict serious injuries on ilka ither, aither members o different prides encoonterin ilka ither in territorial disputes, or members o the same pride fechtin at a kill.<ref name="Schaller1889">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], pp. 188–89.</ref> Crippled lions an lion cubs mey faw victim tae hyenas, leopards, or be trampled bi buffalo or elephants, an careless lions mey be maimed whan huntin prey.<ref name="Schaller1890">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], pp. 189–90.</ref> [[File:Lake-Nakuru-Lions-in-Tree.JPG|thumb|Lions seekin refuge frae flies bi climbin a tree.]] Various species o [[tick]] commonly infest the lugs, neck an groin regions o maist lions.<ref name="Schaller184">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 184.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Yeoman |first=Guy Henry|author2=Walker, Jane Brotherton |title=The ixodid ticks of Tanzania|year=1967 |publisher=Commonwealth Institute of Entomology |location=London |oclc=955970}}</ref> Adult forms o several species o the tapeworm genus ''[[Taenia (tapeworm)|Taenia]]'' hae been isolatit frae thairms, the lions haein ingestit larval forms frae antelope meat.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sachs |first=R |year=1969|title=Untersuchungen zur Artbestimmung und Differenzierung der Muskelfinnen ostafrikanischer Wildtiere [Differentiation and species determination of muscle-cysticerci in East African game animals] |journal=Zeitschrift für tropenmedizin und Parasitologie |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=39–50 |pmid=5393325|language=de}}</ref> Lions in the [[Ngorongoro Conservation Area|Ngorongoro Crater]] war afflictit bi an ootbreak o stable flee (''[[stable flee|Stomoxys calcitrans]]'') in 1962; this resultit in lions becomin covered in bluidy bare patches an emaciatit. Lions soucht unsuccessfully tae evade the bitin flees bi climbin trees or crawlin intae hyena burrows; mony perished or emigratit as the population dropped frae 70 tae 15 individuals.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fosbrooke |first=Henry |year=1963 |title=The stomoxys plague in Ngorongoro |journal=East African Wildlife Journal |volume=1 |issue=6|pages=124–26 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.1963.tb00190.x}}</ref> A mair recent ootbreak in 2001 killt sax lions.<ref name="Nkwame06">{{Cite news | last=Nkwame | first=Valentine M | title=King of the jungle in jeopardy | publisher=The Arusha Times | date=9 September 2006 | url=http://www.arushatimes.co.tz/2006/36/features_10.htm | accessdate=4 September 2007 | archive-date=2018-12-25 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225033132/http://www.arushatimes.co.tz/2006/36/features_10.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> Lions, especially in captivity, are vulnerable tae the [[canine distemper]] virus (CDV), [[feline immunodeficiency virus]] (FIV), an [[feline infectious peritonitis]] (FIP).<ref name="zoos_encyclopedia"/> CDV is spread throu domestic dugs an ither [[carnivora|carnivores]]; a 1994 outbreak in [[Serengeti Naitional Pairk]] resultit in mony lions developin neurological seemptoms lik seizurs. During the ootbreak, several lions dee'd frae pneumonia an [[encephalitis]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Roelke-Parker |first=M. E. |date=February 1996 |title=A canine distemper epidemic in Serengeti lions (''Panthera leo'') |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1996-02-01_379_6564/page/440 |journal= Nature|volume=379 |issue= 6564|pages=441–45 |doi=10.1038/379441a0|pmid=8559247|last2=Munson|first2=Linda|last3=Packer|first3=Craig|last4=Kock|first4=Richard|last5=Cleaveland|first5=Sarah|last6=Carpenter|first6=Margaret|last7=O'Brien|first7=Stephen J.|last8=Pospischil|first8=Andreas|last9=Hofmann-Lehmann|first9=Regina |displayauthors=9|first10=Hans|last10=Lutz|first11=George L. M.|last11=Mwanengele|first12=M. N.|last12=Mgasa|first13=G. A.|last13=Machange|first14=Brian A.|last14=Summers|first15=Max J. G.|last15=Appel}}</ref> FIV, that is seemilar tae [[HIV]] while nae kent tae adversely affect lions, is worrisome eneuch in its effect in domestic cats that the Species Survival Plan recommends systematic testin in captive lions. It occurs wi heich tae endemic frequency in several wild lion populations, but is maistly absent frae Asiatic an Namibian lions. ===Communication=== [[File:Lion cub with mother.jpg|thumb|right|Heid rubbin an lickin are common social behaviours athin a pride]] whan restin, lion socialization occurs throu a nummer o behaviours, an the ainimal's expressive movements are heichly developed. The maist common peacefu tactile gestures are heid rubbin an [[social lickin]],<ref name="Schaller85">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 85.</ref> that hae been compared wi gruimin in primates.<ref>{{Cite book |editor=Desmond Morris|last=Sparks |first=J |title=Primate Ethology |chapter=Allogrooming in primates:a review |year=1967 |publisher=Aldine |location=Chicago |isbn=0-297-74828-9}} (2007 edition: 0-202-30826-X)</ref> Heid rubbin – nuzzlin ane's foreheid, face an neck against anither lion – appears tae be a form o greetin,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Leyhausen |first=Paul |title=Verhaltensstudien an Katzen|edition= 2nd |year=1960 |publisher=Paul Parey |location=Berlin |isbn=3-489-71836-4 |language=de}}</ref> as it is seen eften efter an ainimal haes been apart frae others, or efter a fecht or confrontation. Males tend tae rub ither males, while cubs an females rub females.<ref name="Schaller858">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], pp. 85–88.</ref> Social lickin eften occurs in tandem wi heid rubbin; it is generally mutual an the recipient appears tae express pleasure. The heid an neck are the maist common pairts o the body licked, that mey hae arisen oot o utility, as a lion canna lick thir airts individually.<ref name="Schaller8891">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], pp. 88–91.</ref> {{sound|filename=Lion raring-sound1TamilNadu178.ogg|title=Lion roar|description=A lion in captivity roaring}} Lions hae an array o facial expressions an body posturs that serve as veesual gesturs.<ref name="Schaller92102">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], pp. 92–102.</ref> Thair repertoire o vocalisations is an aa lairge; variations in intensity an pitch, rather than discrete signals, appear central tae communication. Lion soonds include snarlin, hissin, coughin, miaowin, woofin, an roarin. Lions tend tae [[roar (ainimal)|roar]] in a verra characteristic manner, stairtin wi a few deep, lang roars that trail off intae a series o shorter anes.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://roberteklund.info/pdf/Ananthakrishnan_et_al_2011_LionRoars.pdf |title=An acoustic analysis of lion roars. II: Vocal tract characteristics |last=Ananthakrishnan |first=G. |last2=Eklund |first2=Robert |last3=Peters |first3=Gustav |last4=Mabiza |first4=Evans |journal=Speech, Music and Hearing Quarterly Progress and Status Report TMH-QPSR |volume=51 |page=5 |year=2011 |access-date=2015-06-02 |archive-date=2018-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929060746/http://roberteklund.info/pdf/Ananthakrishnan_et_al_2011_LionRoars.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://roberteklund.info/pdf/Eklund_et_al_2011_LionRoars.pdf |title=An acoustic analysis of lion roars. I: Data collection and spectrogram and waveform analyses |last=Eklund |first=Robert |last2=Peters |first2=Gustav; |last3=Ananthakrishnan |first3=G |last4=Mabiza |first4=Evans |journal=Speech, Music and Hearing Quarterly Progress and Status Report TMH-QPSR |volume=51 |page=1 |year=2011 |access-date=2015-06-02 |archive-date=2018-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929060941/http://roberteklund.info/pdf/Eklund_et_al_2011_LionRoars.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Thay maist eften roar at nicht; the soond, that can be heard frae a distance o {{convert|8|km}}, is uised tae advertise the ainimal's presence.<ref name="Schaller10313">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], pp. 103–113.</ref> Lions hae the loudest roar o ony big cat. ==Distribution an habitat== [[File:India Animals.jpg|thumb|Twa male [[Asiatic lions]]. The wild population o the endangered Asiatic lions is restrictit tae the [[Gir Wid Naitional Pairk]] in wastren Indie.<ref>{{Cite book |last = Miller |first = Brian |title = Endangered animals: a reference guide to conflicting issues |url = https://archive.org/details/endangeredanimal0000unse_m4q9 |publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group|year= 2000 |isbn = 0-313-30816-0}}</ref>]] In Africae, lions can be foond in savanna grasslands wi scattert ''[[Acacia]]'' trees, that serve as shade;<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rudnai|first= Judith A. |title=The social life of the lion |year=1973 |publisher=s.n. |location=Wallingford |isbn=0-85200-053-7 }}</ref> thair habitat in Indie is a mixtur o dry savanna wid an verra dry deciduous scrub wid.<ref>{{cite web | title=The Gir—Floristic | work=Asiatic Lion Information Centre | publisher=Wildlife Conservation Trust of India | year=2006 | url=http://www.asiaticlion.org/gir-floristic.htm | accessdate=14 September 2007 | archive-date=2011-08-24 | archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/61AzrEcoS?url=http://www.asiaticlion.org/gir-floristic.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> The habitat o lions oreeginally spanned the soothren pairts o [[Eurasie]], rangin frae [[Greece]] tae Indie, an maist o [[Africae]] except the central [[rainwid]]-zone an the [[Sahara]] desert. [[Herodotus]] reportit that lions haed been common in Greece in 480 BC; thay attacked the baggage camels o the Persie keeng [[Xerxes I o Persie|Xerxes]] on his march throu the kintra. [[Aristotle]] considered them rare bi 300 BC. Bi 100 AD thay war extirpated.<ref name="Schaller5">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 5.</ref> A population o [[Asiatic lion]]s survived till the tent century in the [[Caucasus]], thair last European ootpost.<ref>{{Cite book | last=Heptner| first= V. G.|author2=A. A. Sludskii | year=1989| title=Mammals of the Soviet Union: Volume 1, Part 2: Carnivora (Hyaenas and Cats)|publisher=Amerind| location=New York| isbn=90-04-08876-8}}</ref> The species wis eradicatit frae [[Palestine]] bi the [[Middle Ages]] an frae maist o the rest o Asie efter the arrival o readily available firearms in the aichteent century. Atween the late nineteent an early twentiet century, thay became extinct in [[North Africae]] an [[Soothwast Asie]]. Bi the late nineteent century, the lion haed disappeart frae [[Turkey]] an maist o northren Indie,<ref name=zoos_encyclopedia /><ref>{{cite web |title=Past and present distribution of the lion in North Africa and Southwest Asia. |year=2001 |publisher=Asiatic Lion Information Centre |url=http://www.asiatic-lion.org/distrib.html |accessdate=1 June 2006 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510060942/http://www.asiatic-lion.org/distrib.html |archivedate=2008-05-10 |url-status=dead }}</ref> while the last sichtin o a live Asiatic lion in [[Iran]] wis in 1941 (atween [[Shiraz]] an Jahrom, [[Fars Province]]), awbesit the corpse o a lioness wis foond on the banks o the [[Karun]] river, [[Khūzestān Province]] in 1944. Thare are no subsequent reliable reports frae [[Iran]].<ref name="simba"/> The subspecies nou survives anly in an aroond the [[Gir Wid Naitional Pairk|Gir Wid]] o northwastren Indie.<ref name="Asiaticweb">{{cite web | title=Asiatic Lion—History | work=Asiatic Lion Information Centre | publisher=Wildlife Conservation Trust of India | year=2006 | url=http://www.asiaticlion.org/asiatic-lion-history.htm | accessdate=15 September 2007 | archive-date=2011-08-24 | archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/61AzLUsTo?url=http://www.asiaticlion.org/asiatic-lion-history.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> Approximately 500 lions live in the area o the {{convert|1,412|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} sanctuary in the state o [[Gujarat]], that covers maist o the wid. Thair nummers haes waxt frae 180 tae 523 ainimals mainly acause the naitural prey species haes rekivert.<ref name="Singh, Gibson">{{Cite journal |author1=Singh, H. S.|author2=Gibson, L.|title=A conservation success story in the itherwise dire megafauna extinction crisis: The Asiatic lion (''Panthera leo persica'') of Gir Wid|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_biological-conservation_2011-05_144_5/page/1753|journal= Biological Conservation|volume=144|issue=5|pages=1753–1757|year=2011|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2011.02.009}} </ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Asiatic Lion—Population | work=Asiatic Lion Information Centre | publisher=Wildlife Conservation Trust of India | year=2006 | url=http://www.asiaticlion.org/population-gir-forests.htm | accessdate=15 September 2007 | archive-date=2011-08-24 | archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/61AzriYLb?url=http://www.asiaticlion.org/population-gir-forests.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Population an conservation status== {{Main|Lion huntin}} [[File:Lion Gir.jpg|thumb|The Asiatic lion, whase habitat ance ranged frae the Mediterranean tae north-wast Indian subcontinent, is thir days foond anly in the [[Gir Wid]] o [[Gujarat]], Indie. It wis estimatit that anly 523 Asiatic lions survives in the wild.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?220509 |title=The Mane Don't Fit |last=Desai |first=Darshan |work=Outlook India Magazine |publisher=Outlookindia.com |date=23 June 2003 |accessdate=21 November 2010}}</ref>]] Maist lions nou lives in eastren an soothren Africae, an thair nummers thare is swith decreasin, wi an estimatit 30–50% decline per 20 years in the late hauf o the 20t century.<ref name=IUCN/> Estimates o the African lion population range atween 16,500 an 47,000 livin in the wild in 2002–2004,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bauer |first=H. |last2=Van Der Merwe |first2=S. |year= 2002|title=The African lion database |journal=Cat news |volume=36 |pages=41–53}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Chardonnet|first=P.|year=2002|title=Conservation of African lion|url=http://conservationforce.org/pdf/conservationoftheafricanlion.pdf|publisher=International Foundation for the Conservation of Wildlife|location=Paris, France|access-date=2015-06-02|archive-date=2013-11-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110184540/http://conservationforce.org/pdf/conservationoftheafricanlion.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> doun frae early 1990s estimates that ranged as heich as 100,000 an aiblins 400,000 in 1950. Primary causes o the decline include disease an human interference.<ref name=IUCN/> Habitat loss an conflicts wi humans are considered the maist signeeficant threats tae the species.<ref name="awf">{{cite web |title=AWF Wildlife: Lion|url=http://www.awf.org/content/wildlife/detail/lion|publisher=[[African Wildlife Foundation]]|accessdate=29 August 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=NATURE. The Vanishing Lions |publisher=PBS |url=http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/episodes/the-vanishing-lions/introduction/545/ |accessdate=25 January 2011}}</ref> The remainin populations are aften geografically isolatit frae ane anither, that can lead tae [[inbreedin]], an consequently, reduced [[genetic diversity]]. Tharefore the lion is considered a [[vulnerable species]] bi the [[Internaitional Union for Conservation o Naitur]], while the Asiatic subspecies is [[endangered]].<ref>{{IUCN2010.4|assessors=Breitenmoser, U., Mallon, D.P., Ahmad Khan, J. & Driscoll, C.|year=2008|id=15952|title=Panthera leo ssp. persica|downloaded=13 December 2010}}</ref> The lion population in the region o Wast Africae is isolatit frae lion populations o Central Africae, wi nae or naur nae exchynge o breedin individuals. The nummer o matur individuals in Wast Africae is estimatit bi twa separate recent surveys at 850–1,160 (2002/2004). Thare is disagreement ower the size o the lairgest individual population in Wast Africae: the estimates range frae 100 tae 400 lions in [[Burkina Faso]]'s [[Arly-Singou]] ecoseestem.<ref name=IUCN/> Anither population in northwastren Africae is foond in [[Waza Naitional Pairk]], whaur approximately 14–21 ainimals persist.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tumenta |first=P. N. |last2=Kok |first2=J. S. |last3=van Rijssel |first3=J. C. |last4=Buij |first4=R. |last5=Croes |first5=B. M. |last6=Funston |first6=P. J. |last7=de Iongh |first7=H. H. |last8=de Haes |first8=H. A. Udo |year= 2009|title=Threat of rapid extermination of the lion (''Panthera leo leo'') in Waza National Park, Northern Cameroon |journal=African Journal of Ecology |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01181.x |pages=1–7|volume=48|issue=4}}</ref> [[File:The Big Game of Africa (1910) - Male lion Sotik Plains May 1909.png|left|thumb|Black maned male lion, shot in the Sotik Plains, Kenyae (Mey 1909)]] Conservation o baith African an Asian lions haes required the setup an maintenance o naitional parks an gemme reserves; amang the best kent are [[Etosha Naitional Pairk]] in [[Namibie]], [[Serengeti Naitional Pairk]] in Tanzanie, an [[Kruger Naitional Pairk]] in eastren [[Sooth Africae]]. The [[Ewaso Lions]] Project protects lions in the [[Samburu Naitional Reserve]], [[Buffalo Springs Naitional Reserve]] an [[Shaba Naitional Reserve]] o the [[Ewaso Ng'iro]] ecoseestem in Northren [[Kenyae]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/magazine/-/434746/657312/-/15kjo9jz/-/index.html |title = Winning with lions |publisher = The East African Magazine |access-date = 2015-06-02 |archive-date = 2018-12-25 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181225033317/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/magazine/-/434746/657312/-/15kjo9jz/-/index.html%0A%20 |url-status = dead }}</ref> Ootside thir areas, the issues arising frae lions' interaction wi livestock an fowk uisually results in the elimination o the umwhile.<ref>{{cite web | last=Roach | first=John | title=Lions Vs. Farmers: Peace Possible? | work=National Geographic News | publisher=National Geographic | date=16 July 2003 | url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/07/0716_030716_lions.html | accessdate=1 September 2007}}</ref> In Indie, the last refuge o the Asiatic lion is the {{convert|1,412|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} [[Gir Wid Naitional Pairk]] in wastren Indie, that haed thareaboot 180&nbsp;lions in 1974 an aboot 400 in 2010.<ref name="Singh, Gibson"/> As in Africae, numerous human habitations is naurhaun wi the eftercomin problems atween lions, livestock, locals an wildlife offeecials.<ref name="C4WDefault-10.1046/j.1523-1739.1994.08020501.x">{{cite journal |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1994.08020501.x/abstract;jsessionid=FF3227E78A0339404CEBBA045818D361.f04t04 |title=Lion‐Human Conflict in the Gir Forest, India |date=1 June 1994 |publisher=Blackwell Science Inc |issn=1523-1739 |accessdate=1 May 2014 |doi=10.1046/j.1523-1739.1994.08020501.x |issue=2 |volume=8 |pages=501–7 |journal=Conservation Biology |first1=Vasant K. |last1=Saberwal |first2=James P. |last2=Gibbs |first3=Ravi |last3=Chellam |first4=A. J. T. |last4=Johnsingh}}</ref> The [[Asiatic Lion Reintroduction Project]] plans tae establish a seicont independent population o [[Asiatic lion]]s at the [[Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary]] in the Indian state o [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Johnsingh |first=A. J. T. |year=2004 |title=WII in the Field: Is Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary ready to play second home to Asiatic lions? |journal=Wildlife Institute of India Newsletter |volume=11 |issue=4 |url=http://www.wii.gov.in/publications/newsletter/winter04/wii%20in%20field.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222341/http://www.wii.gov.in/publications/newsletter/winter04/wii+in+field.htm |archivedate=2007-09-27 |accessdate=6 November 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is important tae stairt a seicont population tae serve as a [[gene puil]] for the last survivin Asiatic lions an tae help develop an mainteen [[genetic diversity]] enablin the species tae survive. The umwhile popularity o the Barbary lion as a zoo ainimal haes meant that scattered lions in captivity is as lik tae be descendit frae Barbary lion stock. This includes lions at [[Port Lympne Zoo|Port Lympne Wild Ainimal Pairk]] in [[Kent]], Ingland that is descendit frae ainimals awned bi the [[Keeng o Morocco]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bigcatrescue.org/barbary_lion_news.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051217091555/http://www.bigcatrescue.org/barbary_lion_news.htm |archivedate=2005-12-17 |title=Barbary Lion News |accessdate=24 September 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Anither eleven ainimals believed tae be Barbary lions war foond in [[Addis Ababa]] zoo, descendants o ainimals ained bi [[Haile Selassie I o Ethiopie|Emperor Haile Selassie]]. WildLink Internaitional, in collaboration wi [[Oxford Varsity]], launched thair ambeetious Internaitional [[Barbary Lion#The Barbary Lion Project|Barbary Lion Project]] wi the aim o identifyin an breedin Barbary lions in captivity for eventual reintroduction intae a naitional pairk in the [[Atlas Moontains]] o [[Morocco]].<ref name="yamaguchi-haddane"/> Follaein the discovery o the decline o lion population in Africae, several coordinatit efforts involvin lion [[Wildlife conservation|conservation]] haes been organised in an attempt tae stem this decline. Lions is ane species included in the [[Species Survival Plan]], a coordinatit attempt bi the [[Association o Zoos an Aquariums]] tae increase its chances o survival. The plan wis oreeginally stairtit in 1982 fur the Asiatic lion, but wis suspendit whan it wis foond that maist Asiatic lions in North American zoos war nae [[genetic pollution|genetically pure]], haein been hybridised wi African lions. The African lion plan stairtit in 1993, focusin especially on the Sooth African subspecies, awbesit thare are difficulties in assessin the genetic diversity o captive lions, syne maist individuals is o unkent origin, makkin maintenance o genetic diversity a problem.<ref name="zoos_encyclopedia"/> ===In captivity=== Lions is pairt o a group o exotic ainimals that is the core o [[zoo]] exhibits syne the late aichteent century; memmers o this group is invariably lairge vertebrates an include elephants, rhinoceroses, hippopotamuses, lairge primates, an ither big cats; zoos socht tae gather as mony o thir species as possible.<ref name="dc81">[[#Courcy|de Courcy]], p. 81</ref> awbesit mony modren zoos is mair selective aboot thair exhibits,<ref>[[#Courcy|de Courcy]], p. 82</ref> thare is mair nor 1,000 African an 100 Asiatic lions in zoos an wildlife pairks aroond the warld. Thay are considered an ambassador species an are kept for tourism, eddication an conservation purposes.<ref name="WAZA">{{cite web |last1= Dollinger |first1= P |last2= Geser |first2= S |title= Lion: In the Zoo (subpage) |work= Visit the Zoo |publisher= WAZA (World Association of Zoos and Aquariums) |url= http://www.waza.org/en/zoo/visit-the-zoo/cats-1254385523/panthera-leo |accessdate= 5 April 2011 |archive-date= 2018-12-25 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181225033251/http://www.waza.org/en/zoo/visit-the-zoo/cats-1254385523/panthera-leo |url-status= dead }}</ref> Lions can reach an age o ower 20 years in captivity; Apollo, a resident lion o [[Honolulu Zoo]] in [[Honolulu]], [[Hawaii]], dee'd at age 22 in August 2007. His twa sisters, born in 1986, war still alive in August 2007.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Aguiar|first=Eloise|date=August 2007|title=Honolulu zoo's old lion roars no more|newspaper=Honolulu Advertiser|url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2007/Aug/08/ln/hawaii708080394.html|accessdate=4 September 2007|archive-date=2018-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225033236/http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2007/Aug/08/ln/hawaii708080394.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Breedin programs need tae note origins tae avoid breedin different subspecies an sicweys reducing conservation value.<ref>{{Cite book | url= http://books.google.com/?id=vLZKnsCk89wC&pg=PA437|accessdate=12 September 2010| last1= Frankham |first1= Richard |last2= Ballou |first2= Jonathan |last3= Briscoe |first3= David |title= Introduction to Conservation Genetics |page=437|publisher=Cambridge University Press| year= 2009| isbn= 0-521-70271-2| location= Cambridge, England}}</ref> Houiver, several Asiatic-African lion crosses hae been bred.<ref name="AviseHamrick1996">{{Cite book |last1=Avise|first1=J. C.|last2=Hamrick|first2=J. L.|title=Conservation Genetics|url=https://archive.org/details/conservationgene0000unse|date=31 January 1996|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9780412055812|page=[https://archive.org/details/conservationgene0000unse/page/67 67]|quote=Furthermore, whan Asiatic lions were inadvertently bred to African lion subspecies in North America, the fecundity, reproductive success, and spermatozoal development improved dramatically (Box 3.3; O'Brien et al., 1987b).}}</ref> [[File:MP-panthera leo krugeri 8.jpg|thumb|Male African lion o the Transvaal subspecies (''P. l. krugeri'')]] At the ancient Egyptian ceeties o [[Taremu]] an [[Per-Bast]] war temples tae the lioness goddesses o Egyp, [[Sekhmet]] an [[Bast (goddess)|Bast]] an at Taremu thare wis a temple tae the son o the deity, [[Maahes]] the lion prince, whaur live lions war kept an allaed tae roam within his temple. The Greeks cried the ceety Leontopolis, the "Ceety o Lions" an documentit that practice. Lions war kept an bred bi [[Assirie]] keengs as early as 850 BC,<ref name="Schaller5"/> an [[Alexander the Great]] wis said tae hae been presentit wi tame lions bi the [[Malhi]] o northren Indie.<ref>{{Cite book |last= Smith |first=Vincent Arthur|title= The Early History of India|url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283154 |year=1924|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283154/page/n117 97]|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|isbn=}}</ref> Later in [[Roman Empire|Roman]] times, lions war kept bi emperors tae tak pairt in the gladiator arenas or for executions (see [[bestiarii]], [[damnatio ad bestias]], an [[venatio]]). Roman notables, includin [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla|Sulla]], [[Pompey]], an [[Julius Caesar]], eften ordered the mass slaughter o hunders o lions at a time.<ref>{{Cite book | first= Thomas |last= Wiedemann | title= Emperors and Gladiators |publisher= Routledge |year= 1995 |page= 60 | isbn= 0-415-12164-7 }}</ref> In the East, lions wis tamed bi Indian princes, an [[Marco Polo]] reportit that [[Kublai Khan]] kept lions inside.<ref>[[#Baratay|Baratay & Hardouin-Fugier]], p. 17.</ref> The first European "zoos" spread amang noble an ryal faimilies in the thirteent century, an till the seiventeent century war cried [[seraglio]]s; at that time, thay came tae be cried [[menagerie]]s, an extension o the [[cabinet o curiosities]]. Thay spread frae Fraunce an Italy durin the [[Renaissance]] tae the rest o Europe.<ref>[[#Baratay|Baratay & Hardouin-Fugier]], pp. 19–21, 42.</ref> In England, awbesit the seraglio tradeetion wis less developed, Lions war [[Touer o Lunnon#Menagerie|kept at the Touer o Lunnon]] in a seraglio established bi [[John o Ingland|Keeng John]] in the thirteent century,<ref>[[#Baratay|Baratay & Hardouin-Fugier]], p. 20.</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Owen|first=James|title=Medieval Lion Skulls Reveal Secrets of Tower of London "Zoo"|work=National Geographic Magazine|publisher=National Geographic|date=3 November 2005|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/11/1103_051103_tower_lions.html| accessdate=5 September 2007}}</ref> probably stocked wi ainimals frae an earlier menagerie stairtit in 1125 bi [[Henry I o Ingland|Henry I]] at his huntin lodge in [[Woodstock, Oxfordshire|Woodstock]], near [[Oxford]]; whaur lions haed reportedly been stocked bi [[William o Malmesbury]].<ref name="Blunt15">[[#Blunt|Blunt]], p. 15.</ref> Seraglios served as expressions o the nobility's pouer an wealth. Ainimals lik big cats an [[elephant]]s, in parteecular, seembolised pouer, an wad be pittit in fechts against ilka ither or domesticatit ainimals. Bi extension, menageries an seraglios served as demonstrations o the dominance o humanity ower naitur. Consequently, the defeat o sic naitural "lairds" bi a cou in 1682 astonished the spectators, an the fecht o an elephant afore a rhinoceros drew jeers. Sic fechts wad slowly fade oot in the seiventeent century wi the spread o the menagerie an thair appropriation bi the commoners. The tradeetion o keepin big cats as pets wad last intae the nineteent century; at that time it wis seen as heich eccentric.<ref>[[#Baratay|Baratay & Hardouin-Fugier]], pp. 24–28.</ref> [[File:Albrecht Dürer - Two seated lions - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|[[Albrecht Dürer]], Lions sketch. (circa 1520)]] The presence o lions at the Touer o Lunnon wis intermittent, bein restocked whan a monarch or his consort, lik [[Margaret o Anjou]] the wife o [[Henry VI o Ingland|Henry VI]], aither soucht or war gien ainimals. Records indicate thay war kept in puir condeetions thare in the seiventeent century, in contrast tae mair open condeetions in [[Florence]] at the time.<ref name="Blunt16">[[#Blunt|Blunt]], p. 16.</ref> The menagerie wis appen tae the public bi the aichteent century; admission wis a sum o three hauf-pence or the supply o a cat or dug for feedin tae the lions.<ref name="Blunt17">[[#Blunt|Blunt]], p. 17.</ref> A rival menagerie at the [[Exeter Exchynge]] an aa exhibitit lions till the early nineteent century.<ref>[[#Courcy|de Courcy]], pp. 8–9.</ref> The Touer menagerie wis closed doun bi [[William IV o the Unitit Kinrick|William IV]],<ref name="Blunt17"/> an ainimals transferred tae the [[Lunnon Zoo]], that opened its gates tae the public on 27 Aprile 1828.<ref name="Blunt32">[[#Blunt|Blunt]], p. 32.</ref> The wild ainimals tred flourished alangside improved colonial tred o the nineteent century. Lions wis conseidered fair common an wanpricey. Awbesit thay wad barter heicher nor teegers, thay war less costly than lairger, or mair difficult tae transport ainimals lik the giraffe an hippopotamus, an much less nor [[giant panda]]s.<ref>[[#Baratay|Baratay & Hardouin-Fugier]], p. 122.</ref> Lik ither ainimals, lions war seen as little mair nor a naitural, boundless commodity that wis mercilessly exploited wi terrible losses in captur an transportation.<ref>[[#Baratay|Baratay & Hardouin-Fugier]], pp. 114, 117.</ref> The widely reproduced imagery o the heroic hunter chasin lions wad dominate a lairge pairt o the century.<ref>[[#Baratay|Baratay & Hardouin-Fugier]], p. 113.</ref> Splorers an hunters exploitit a popular [[Manichaeism|Manichean]] division o ainimals intae "guid" an "evil" tae add thrillin value tae thair adventurs, castin thairsels as heroic figurs. This resultit in big cats, ayeweys suspectit o bein man-eaters, representin "baith the fear o naitur an the satisfaction o havin owercome it."<ref>[[#Baratay|Baratay & Hardouin-Fugier]], pp. 173, 180–83.</ref> [[File:Lion - melbourne zoo.jpg|thumb|Lion at [[Melbourne Zoo]] enjoyin an elevatit gressy area wi some tree shelter]] Lions wis kept in cramped an squalid condeetions at Lunnon Zoo till a lairger lion hoose wi roomier cages wis biggit in the 1870s.<ref name="Blunt208">[[#Blunt|Blunt]], p. 208.</ref> Faur changes teuk place in the early twentiet century, whan [[Carl Hagenbeck]] designed enclosurs mair closely resemblin a naitural habitat, wi concrete 'rocks', mair appen space an a moat insteid o bars. He designed lion enclosurs for baith [[Melbourne Zoo]] an Sydney's [[Taronga Zoo]], amang ithers, in the early twentiet century. awbesit his designs war popular, the auld bars an cage enclosurs prevailed till the 1960s in mony zoos.<ref name="dc69">[[#Courcy|de Courcy]], p. 69.</ref> In the later decades o the twentiet century, lairger, mair naitural enclosurs an the uise o [[mesh|wire mesh]] or [[laminatit glass]] insteid o lawered dens allaed veesitors tae come closer nor ever tae the ainimals, wi some attractions even placin the den on grund heicher than visitors, lik the Cat Wid/Lion Owerleuk o [[Oklahoma City Zoo an Botanical Gairden|Oklahoma City Zoological Pairk]].<ref name="zoos_encyclopedia"/> Lions is nou placed in gey muckler naturalistic areas; modren recommendit guidelines mair closely approximate condeetions in the wild wi closer attention tae the lions' needs, heichlichtin the need fur dens in separate areas, elevatit poseetions in baith sun an shade whaur lions can sit an adequate grund civer an drainage as weel as sufficient space tae roam. Thare hae an aa been instances whaur a lion wis kept bi a private individual, lik the lioness [[Elsa the Lioness|Elsa]], wha wis raised bi [[George Adamson]] an his guidwife [[Joy Adamson]] an came tae develop a strang bond wi them, parteecularly the latter. The lioness later achieved fame, her life bein documentit in a series o beuks an films. ===Baitin an tamin=== {{Main|Lion-baitin|Lion tamin}} [[File:Lion tamer (LOC pga.03749).jpg|left|thumb|Nineteent century [[etchin]] o a lion tamer in a cage o lions]] Lion-baitin is a [[bluid sport]] involvin the [[ainimal-baitin|baitin]] o lions in combat wi ither ainimals, uisually dugs. Records o it exists in auncient times throu till the seiventeent century. It wis feenally banned in [[Vienna]] bi 1800 an Ingland in 1835.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hone |first=William |editor=Kyle Grimes |title=The Every-Day Book |origyear=1825–1826 |url=http://www.uab.edu/english/hone/etexts/edb/day-pages/207-july26.html |accessdate=25 January 2011 |year=2004 |publisher=University of Alabama at Birmingham |page=26 |chapter=July |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624080642/http://www.uab.edu/english/hone/etexts/edb/day-pages/207-july26.html |archivedate=2008-06-24 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Blaisdell |first=Warren H. |date=November 1997 |title=How A Lion Fight Caused England To Stop The Breeding Of Both Ring And Pit Bulldogs |journal=American Bulldog Review |volume=3 |issue=4 |url=http://www.american-bulldog.com/how_a_lion.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080424001716/http://www.american-bulldog.com/how_a_lion.htm |archivedate=2008-04-24 |accessdate=5 September 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lion tamin refers tae the practice o tamin lions fur enterteenment, aither as pairt o an established [[circus]] or as an indiveedual act, lik [[Siegfried & Roy]]. The term is forby eften uised fur the tamin an display o ither big cats lik teegers, leopards, an [[cougar]]s. The practice wis pioneered in the first hauf o the nineteent century bi Frenchman Henri Martin an American [[Isaac A. Van Amburgh|Isaac Van Amburgh]] wha baith toured widely, an whase techniques war copied bi a nummer o follaers.<ref name = "baratay187"/> Van Amburgh performed afore [[Queen Victoria]] in 1838 whan he toured Great Breetain. Martin componed a [[pantomime]] titled ''Les Lions de Mysore'' ("the lions o Mysore"), an idea that Amburgh quickly borraed. Thir acts eclipsed [[equestrianism]] acts as the central display o circus shaws, but truly entered public consciousness in the early twentiet century wi cinema. In demonstratin the superiority o human ower ainimal, lion tamin served a purpose seemilar tae ainimal fichts o previous centuries.<ref name="baratay187">[[#Baratay|Baratay & Hardouin-Fugier]], p. 187.</ref> The ultimate pruif o a tamer's dominance an control ower a lion is demonstratit bi placin his heid in the lion's gab. The nou iconic lion tamer's chair wis possibly first uised bi American [[Clyde Beatty]] (1903–1965).<ref>{{Cite book | first=David | last=Feldman | authorlink=David Feldman (author) | year=1993 | title=How Does Aspirin Find a Headache? | url=https://archive.org/details/howdoesaspirinfi00davi | publisher=HarperCollins | isbn= 0-06-016923-0 }}</ref> ==Notes==<!-- ContribZool76:87. --> {{reflist|30em}} ===Citit texts=== {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book | last1 = Baratay |first1 = Eric | first2 = Elisabeth | last2 = Hardouin-Fugier |title= Zoo: a history of zoological gardens in the West | url = https://archive.org/details/zoohistoryofzool0000bara |year=2002 |publisher=Reaktion Books |location=London |isbn = 1-86189-111-3|ref=Baratay}} * {{cite book |last=Blunt |first= Wilfred |title= The Ark in the Park: The Zoo in the Nineteenth Century |year = 1975 | publisher =Hamish Hamilton |location=London |isbn=0-241-89331-3|ref=Blunt}} * {{cite book |last=de Courcy |first=Catherine |title= The Zoo Story |year= 1995 |publisher= Penguin Books | location = Ringwood, Victoria |isbn=0-14-023919-7|ref=Courcy}} * {{cite book | last= Schaller |first= George B. |authorlink= George Schaller|year= 1972 |title= The Serengeti lion: A study of predator-prey relations| url= https://archive.org/details/serengetilionstu0000scha |publisher= University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago |isbn = 0-226-73639-3 | ref =Schaller}} * {{cite book | last= Scott |first=Jonathon |last2=Scott |first2=Angela |year=2002 |title=Big Cat Diary: Lion | url= https://archive.org/details/lion0000scot_g1p0 |publisher=Harper Collins |isbn=0-00-714666-3 |ref=Scott}} {{refend}} [[Category:Lions| ]] [[Category:Ainimals descrived in 1758]] [[Category:Greek loanwirds]] [[Category:Mammals o Africae]] [[Category:Mammals o Indie]] [[Category:Megafauna o Africae]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Burundi]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Chad]] [[Category:Fauna o Wast Africae]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o the Republic o the Congo]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Kenyae]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Malawi]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Morocco]] [[Category:Fauna o East Africae]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Sierra Leone]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Singapore]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Sooth Africae]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Sri Lanka]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Swaziland]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Togo]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Tunisie]] [[Category:Predators]] [[Category:Felids o Indie]] 7f5op2zdqd5i84avjzyxd7r04j0ak2p 0 43314 917738 889211 2026-06-04T16:35:44Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260604sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 917738 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | name = The Battle of the Somme | image = The Battle of the Somme film image1.jpg | image_size = | caption = A staged{{wrang}} advance filmit afore the battle. | director = | producer = William F. Jury | writer = | narrator = | starring = | music = J. Morton Hutcheson (oreeginal 1916 medley)<br>[[Laura Rossi]] (2006) | cinematography = Geoffrey H. Malins<br>John B. McDowell | editing = [[Charles Urban]] | distributor = British Topical Committee for War Films | released = 21 August 1916<br>November 2008 (DVD, digitally restored) | runtime = 62 meen. (1916)<br>74 meen. (2006) | country = [[Unitit Kinrick]] | language = Seelent film<br>[[Inglis leid|Inglis]] interteetles | budget = }} '''''The Battle of the Somme''''' ({{lang-sco|The Battle o the Somme}}) is a 1916 Breetish [[documentar film|documentar]] an [[propaganda]] film. Shot bi twa offeecial [[cinematographer]]s, Geoffrey Malins an John McDowell, the film depicts the [[Breetish Airmy]]'s preparations for, an the early stages o, the [[battle o the Somme]]. [[Premiere]]d in [[Lunnon]] on [[10 August]] 1916 an lowsed generally on 21 August, whiles the battle continued in [[Fraunce]], the film gied a gey graphic depiction o [[trench warfare]], shawin deid an woundit Breetish an German sodgers. The film wis a massive success, sellin some twanty million tickets in its first sax weeks o lowse in Breetain an gaein on tae be distributit in auchteen ither kintras. A seicont film, kiverin [[Battle o the Ancre|a later phase o the battle]], wis lowsed in 1917 as ''The Battle of the Ancre and the Advance of the Tanks''. Preservit in the film archive o the [[Imperial War Museum]] syne 1920, the film wis inscreived on [[UNESCO]]'s [[Memory o the Warld Programme|Memory o the Warld Register]] in 2005. The film haes syne been digitally restored an lowsed on DVD in 2008. ''The Battle of the Somme'' bides signeeficant the day as a early ensaumple o film propaganda technique, as a historical record o the battle, an as a frequent springheid o fitage illustratin the First Warld War.<ref>{{cite book |title=Ghosts on the Somme: Filming the Battle, June–July 1916 |last1= Fraser |first1= Alastair |last2= Robertshaw |first2= Andrew |last3= Roberts |first3= Steve |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2009 |publisher=[[Pen and Sword Books]]|location= Barnsley |isbn=1-84415-836-5 |page= |pages= |url=https://archive.org/details/ghostsonsommefil0000fras}}</ref><ref>Smither, Roger et al (2008) ''Imperial War Museum: The Battle of the Somme - DVD Booklet''</ref> ==Content== ''The Battle of the Somme'' is a black an white [[seelent film]] dividen intae five pairts, wi individual sequences dividen bi [[interteetles]] summarising thair contents. The first pairt shaws the preparations for battle ahint the Breetish frontline; sequences include sodgers mairchin towards the front, French peasants continuin thair ferm wirk in rear auries, the stockpilin o munitions, General [[Beauvoir De Lisle]] addressin the [[29t Diveesion (Unitit Kinrick)|29t Diveesion]], an some o the preparatory [[Barrage (artillery)|artillery bombardment]]. The seicont pairt depicts further preparations, sodgers muivin intae the frontline trenches, the intensification o the artillery barrage, an the detonation o the [[Hawthorn Ridge Redoubt|Hawthorn Ridge Mine]]. Pairt Three stairts wi the launch o the assault on [[First day on the Somme|1st Julie 1916]], an shaws the recovery o Breetish woundit an German preesoners. The fowert pairt shaws mair scenes o Breetish an German woundit, the clearin o the battlefield, an some o the eftercome. The final pairt shaws further scenes o pheesical devastation, includin the ruins o the veelage o [[Mametz, Somme|Mametz]], Breetish sodgers at rest, an preparations for the neist stage o the advance.<ref name="iwmviewingguide">{{cite web |url=http://www.iwm.org.uk/upload/package/100/Somme%20DVD/documents/viewing_guide.pdf |title=The Battle of the Somme: Viewing Guide |author= |year=2008 |work=The Battle of the Somme DVD |publisher=Imperial War Museum |accessdate=24 November 2009 |archive-date=2011-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110801231715/http://www.iwm.org.uk/upload/package/100/Somme%20DVD/documents/viewing_guide.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Production== [[File:Hawthorn Ridge Redoubt mine (1 July 1916) 1.jpg|thumb|The explosion o the [[Hawthorn Ridge Redoubt|Hawthorn Ridge mine]], photographed bi [[Ernest Brooks (photographer)|Ernest Brooks]]. Malins filmit the explosion frae a gey alike vantage pynt.]] The majority o ''The Battle of the Somme'' is [[actuality film|actuality fitage]] filmit atween 26 Juin an 8 Julie 1916, wi cutty staged sequences filmit at a later date in Julie. The twa cinematographers, Malins an McDowell, operatit in unalike pairts o the Breetish Airmy's front; Malins filmin in the vicinity o [[Beaumont Hamel]], an McDowell wirkin further sooth in the vicinity o Fricourt an Mametz.<ref name="iwmviewingguide"/> Afore the battle, Malins operatit at the northrenmaist end o the Breetish Somme sector, filmin sodgers on the mairch an hivy artillery wast o [[Gommecourt, Pas-de-Calais|Gommecourt]]. For the first day o the battle, Malins wis formally attached tae the Breetish 29t Diveesion. Filmin in a aurie kent as 'White Ceety', Malins wis able tae film sodgers o 1st Battalion [[Lancashire Fusiliers]] waitin tae advance fae a sunken lane in no man's laund, afore retourin tae film the explosion o the [[Hawthorn Ridge Redoubt|Hawthorn Ridge mine]]. Bidin in the aurie on 1 Julie, the follaein day Malins filmit activity at [[Ovillers-la-Boisselle|La Boisselle]], afore leavin the front for Lunnon on aboot 9 Julie.<ref name="iwmviewingguide"/> Retourin tae Fraunce, Malins filmit staged sequences o shellfire an o sodgers advancin frae thair trenches at a Breetish [[Third Airmy (Unitit Kinrick)|Third Airmy]] mortar schuil naur St Pol atween 12–19 Julie.<ref name="iwmviewingguide"/> McDowell reached the Somme front later nor Malins, an began filmin on 28 or 29 Juin. He filmit pre-battle activities east o [[Albert, Somme|Albert]], an kivered the appenin day o the battle frae the vicinity o Carnoy an 'Minden Post'. McDowell mey hae been affiliatit wi the [[7t Infantry Diveesion (Unitit Kinrick)|7t Diveesion]]. The success o Breetish forces in this aurie enabled McDowell tae film captured German trenches naur Fricourt an Mametz.<ref name="iwmviewingguide"/> Malins an McDowell didna set oot tae mak a [[featur film]], but ance the volume an quality o thair fitage haed been seen in Lunnon, the Breetish Topical Committee for War Films decidit tae compile a featur-lenth film. William Jury [[film producer|producit]] the wirk an it wis [[film editor|editit]] bi Malins an [[Charles Urban]]. ==Lowse== The feenisht film spanned five reels an lastit 62 meenits an 50 seiconts. Its first screenin teuk place tae a invitit audience at the [[Scala Theatre]] on 10 August 1916, whiles the battle still raged. On 21 August the film began shawin simultaneously in 34 Lunnon [[movie theatre|cinemas]], appenin in provincial ceeties the follaein week. The [[Breetish Ryal Faimlie|Ryal Faimlie]] received a private screenin at [[Windsor Castle]] in September. The film wis eventually shawn in 18 kintras. ==Reception an eftercast== [[Image:The Battle of the Somme film image2.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The teetle o this sequence: ''British [[Tommy Atkins|Tommies]] rescuin a comrade unner shell fire. (This man dee'd 30 meenits efter reachin the trenches.)'']] Breetish sodgers at rest in [[Fraunce]] saw the film forby: thare it providit new recruits wi some idea o whit thay micht suin face. The sodgers' main complaint wis the failur o the film tae captur the soond o battle. Houaniver, for a [[seelent film]], the teetles coud be remarkably forthricht, descreivin eimages o injury an daith. Breetish authorities shawed the film tae the public as a [[morale]]-upbigger an in general it met wi a favourable reception. The ''Times'' reportit on 22 August 1916 that ''"Crowded audiences...were interested and thrilled to have the realities of war brought so vividly before them, and if women had sometimes to shut their eyes to escape for a moment from the tragedy of the toll of battle which the film presents, opinion seems to be general that it was wise that the people at home should have this glimpse of what our soldiers are doing and daring and suffering in [[Picardy]]"''.<ref>'War's Realities on the Cinema', ''The Times'', Lunnon, 22 August 1916, p. 3</ref> Bi contrast ithers considert it immoral tae braidcast scenes o violence, the [[Dean (religion)|Dean]] o [[Durham]] protestin "against an entertainment which wounds the heart and violates the very sanctity of bereavement". Ithers complained that sic a serious film shared the cinema programme wi [[comedy film]]s.<ref name=badsey110>{{cite journal | last1 =Badsey | first1 =Stephen | authorlink = | year = 1983 | title = Battle of the Somme: British war-propaganda | journal = Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television | volume = 3 | issue = 2 | page = 110 | publisher =Routledge | accessdate = 21 June 2012 | url = http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01439688300260081 | language = Inglis }}</ref> The Breetish public respondit tae the film massively, purchasin a estimatit 20 million tickets in twa month. On this basis, ''The Battle of the Somme'' bides ane o the maist successfu Breetish films ever made. Houaniver, historians believe that a lot o the available fitage wis [[censor]]ed frae the feenal version shawn tae the public, as the [[War Office]] wantit the film tae conteen fitage that wad support the war effort an raise morale, an it daed gey successfully. The film wis shawn in [[New Zealand]] in October 1916. On 12 October [[Wellington]]'s [[The Evening Post (New Zealand)|''Evening Post'']] ran a advertisement for the film, descrievin it as 'the extraordinary films of "the big push"' an a 'awe-inspiring, glorious presentation of what our heroes are accomplishing the day'.<ref name=eveningpost12oct1916>{{cite news | title = The Battle of the Somme (advertisement) | url = http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=EP19161012.1.2&srpos=3&e=12-10-1916-12-10-1916--100-EP-1-byDA-on--0-- | newspaper = [[The Evening Post (New Zealand)|The Evening Post]] | location = [[Wellington]], New Zealand | date = 12 October 1916 | page = 2 | accessdate = 12 June 2012 }}</ref> In a review published on 16 October, the paper concluded that 'thir pictures of the Battle of the Somme are a real and valuable contreibution tae the naition's knowledge and a powerful spur tae naitional effort'.<ref name=eveningpost16oct1916>{{cite news | title = The Battle of the Somme: The big push in pictures | url = http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=EP19161016.1.3&srpos=4&e=16-10-1916-16-10-1916--100-EP-1-byDA-on--0-- | newspaper = [[The Evening Post (New Zealand)|The Evening Post]] | location = [[Wellington]], New Zealand | date = 16 October 1916 | page = 3 | accessdate = 12 June 2012 | language = Inglis }}</ref> ==Preservation, restoration an relowses== In 1920 the film's oreeginal [[nitrate film|nitrate negative]] wis passed tae the [[Imperial War Museum]] for preservation. A nitrate pertection [[Master recording|archive master]] wis made in 1921, an a [[safety film|acetate safety]] maister in 1931. The nitrate maisters war destroyed in the 1970s efter the onset o irreversible nitrate decomposition.<ref name=unesconom/> The film wis made available{{wrang}} on [[VHS]] in 1987, becomin the first teetle frae the museum's film archive tae be lowsed on video.<ref name=unesconom>{{cite web |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/CI/CI/pdf/mow/nomination_forms/united_kingdom_battle_of_the_somme.pdf |title=Memory of the World Register: The Battle of the Somme (nomination form) |author=Smither, Roger B. N. |date= |work=unesco.org |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |accessdate=8 March 2012}}</ref> In 2005 ''The Battle of the Somme'' wis inscreived on [[UNESCO]]'s [[Memory o the Warld|Memory o the Warld Register]] for the preservation o global documentar heirship. The film wis descreived b UNESCO as a 'compelling documentary record of ane of the key battles of the First Warld War [and] the first featur-lenth documentary film record of combat produced anywhere in the warld' an as haein 'played a major pairt in establishing the methodology of documentary and propaganda film'.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/flagship-project-activities/memory-of-the-world/register/full-list-of-registered-heritage/registered-heritage-page-8/the-battle-of-the-somme/#c183653 |title=Memory of the World: The Battle of the Somme |author=[[UNESCO]] |date=1995-2011 |work=unesco.org |publisher= |accessdate=10 March 2012}}</ref> On 22 October 2006, follaein a [[film restoration|restoration]] project bi the Imperial War Museum an Dragon Digital Intermediate,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dragondi.co.uk/work/portfolio/i/81/ |title=Portfolio - a selection of our work |author=Dragon Digital Intermediate |year=2010 |accessdate=4 November 2010 |archive-date=2013-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007014652/http://www.dragondi.co.uk/work/portfolio/i/81/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> a digitally restored version o ''The Battle of the Somme'' wis screened at the [[Queen Elizabeth Haw]] in Lunnon. The film wis accompanee'd bi the [[Philharmonia Orchestra]], conductit bi Nic Raine, performin a oreeginal orchestral score bi composer [[Laura Rossi]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.lexisnexis.com/uk/nexis/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=4M68-WG40-TX38-S2WM&csi=10939&oc=00240&perma=true |publisher=[[Nexis]] UK |accessdate=4 November 2012 |title=The Battle of the Somme |author=Geoff Brown |date=25 October 2006 |newspaper=[[The Times]] |page=17 (Times2)}}</ref> The restoration wis later nominatit for a Archive Restoration or Preservation Project awaird bi FOCAL, the Federation of Commercial Audiovisual Libraries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dragondi.co.uk/news/i/80/ |title=Battle of the Somme Award Shortlisting for Dragon DI |author=Dragon Digital Intermediate |date=22 April 2008 |accessdate=4 November 2010 |archive-date=2013-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007014620/http://www.dragondi.co.uk/news/i/80/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.focalint.org/awardsnominations07.htm |title=Focal Award Nominations 2007 |author=[http://www.focalint.org/index.htm FOCAL International] |year=2007 |accessdate=4 November 2010 |archive-date=2011-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110105201540/http://www.focalint.org/awardsnominations07.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> In November 2008 the restored film wis lowsed on [[DVD]] tae merk the 90t anniversary o the [[Armistice wi Germany|Armistice]] in 1918. As soondtracks tae the film, the DVD includit Rossi's score, a accompanyin 1916 muisical medley, an a commentar bi Roger Smither, film archivist at the Imperial War Museum. The DVD includit interviews wi Smither an Rossi, an wi Toby Haggith (film archivist) an Stephen Horne (seelent film muisicker) on the reconstruction o the contemporar medley. Includit an aw war film fragments an amissin scenes.<ref>{{cite journal |author = McWilliams, Donald |editor = Dimitriu, Christian |date = |year = 2009 |month = April |title = The Battle of the Somme (DVD review) |journal = Journal of Film Preservation |volume = |issue = 79/80 |series = |pages = 130–133 |publisher = International Federation of Film Archives |issn = 1609-2694 |pmid = |pmc = |doi = |bibcode = |url = http://www.fiafnet.org/content/finFIAF_79%201%201.pdf |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110124094250/http://www.fiafnet.org/content/finFIAF_79%201%201.pdf |archivedate = 2011-01-24 |accessdate = 4 November 2010 |ref = |url-status = dead }}</ref> ==See an aa== *[[Leet o Warld War I films]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Further readin== {{Commons category|The Battle of the Somme (film)}} *{{cite web |url=http://www.iwm.org.uk/upload/package/100/Somme%20DVD/documents/Film%20Biographies.pdf |title=The Battle of the Somme: Film Biographies |author= |year=2008 |work=The Battle of the Somme DVD |publisher=Imperial War Museum |accessdate=24 November 2009 |archive-date=2011-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110801231719/http://www.iwm.org.uk/upload/package/100/Somme%20DVD/documents/Film%20Biographies.pdf |url-status=dead }} *{{cite web |url=http://www.iwm.org.uk/upload/package/100/Somme%20DVD/documents/viewing_guide.pdf |title=The Battle of the Somme: Viewing Guide |author= |year=2008 |work=The Battle of the Somme DVD |publisher=Imperial War Museum |accessdate=24 November 2009 |archive-date=2011-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110801231715/http://www.iwm.org.uk/upload/package/100/Somme%20DVD/documents/viewing_guide.pdf |url-status=dead }} *{{cite journal |last1=Haggith |first1=Toby |last2= |first2= |year=2002 |title=Reconstructing the Musical Arrangement for 'The Battle of the Somme' |journal=Film History |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=11–24 |jstor=3815576 |doi= }} *{{cite journal |last1=Reeves |first1=Nicholas |year=July 1983 |title=Film Propaganda and Its Audience: The Example of Britain's Official Films during the First World War |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-contemporary-history_1983-07_18_3/page/463 |journal=Journal of Contemporary History |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=463–494 |jstor=260547 |doi= }} *{{cite journal |last1=Smither |first1=Roger |year=2002 |title='Watch the Picture Carefully, and See If You Can Identify Anyone': Recognition in Factual Film of the First World War Period |journal=Film History |volume=14 |issue=3/4 |pages=390–404 |jstor=3815439 |doi= }} *{{cite journal |last1=McKernan |first1=Luke |year=2002 |title=Propaganda, Patriotism and Profit: Charles Urban and British Official War Films in America during the First World War |journal=Film History |volume=14 |issue=3/4 |pages=369–389 |jstor=3815438 |doi= }} *{{cite journal |last1=Smither |first1=Roger |year=1993 |title="A Wonderful Idea of the Fighting": The question of fakes in 'The Battle of the Somme' |url=https://archive.org/details/historical-journal-of-film-radio-and-television_1993_13_2/page/149 |journal=Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=149–168 }} * Tookey, Chris and Walsh, David (20 October 2006) [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/arts/filmprogramme/filmprogramme_20061020.shtml ''The Film Programme''] [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/arts/filmprogramme/rams/filmprogramme_20061020.ram RealPlayer Audio] interview frae 14:38. [[BBC Radio 4]]. Accessed 27 October 2010. == Fremmit airtins == *{{IMDb title|0006405|The Battle of the Somme}} *{{Amg movie|236085|The Battle of the Somme}} *[http://www.vortex.uwe.ac.uk/noman.htm Authenticity of ''The Battle of the Somme''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106111336/http://www.vortex.uwe.ac.uk/noman.htm |date=2012-11-06 }} {{en}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Battle Of The Somme, The (Film)}} [[Category:Breetish films]] [[Category:1916 films]] [[Category:Breetish documentar films]] [[Category:Warld War I films]] [[Category:Breetish Warld War I propaganda films]] [[Category:Black-an-white films]] [[Category:Wastren Front films (Warld War I)]] [[Category:Memory o the Warld Register]] [[Category:Breetish seelent films]] [[Category:Collection o the Imperial War Museum]] [[Category:1910s documentar films]] [[Category:Battle o the Somme]] j5q735rn1jckj6b04owfviw9ft4s76n 0 43451 917782 910590 2026-06-04T19:39:38Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 917782 wikitext text/x-wiki {{States o Mexico bi municipality}} '''Municipalities''' (''[[municipio]]s'' in [[Spaingie leid|Spaingie]]) are the seicont-level admeenistrative diveesion in [[Mexico]] (whaur the first-level admeenistrative diveesion is the ''[[poleetical diveesions o Mexico|estado]]'', or state). Thare 2,438 municipalities in Mexico, makkin the average municipality population 45,616. The internal poleetical organisation an their responsibilities is ootlined in the 115t airticle o the [[Mexican Constitution|1917 Constitution]]<ref>[http://constitucion.gob.mx/index.php?idseccion=168&ruta=1 Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070519012122/http://constitucion.gob.mx/index.php?idseccion=168&ruta=1 |date=2007-05-19 }} Article 115</ref> an forder waxit in the constitutions o the states they belang. ==Rankin o municipalities== ===By population=== Data frae the ''Conteo 2005'' by INEGI.<ref>[http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/sistemas/conteo2005/localidad/iter/ Link to tables of population data from Census of 2005] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510204704/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/sistemas/conteo2005/localidad/iter/ |date=2013-05-10 }} INEGI: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Rankin !! State !! Municipality !! Population |- | 1 || [[State o Mexico|Mexico]] || [[Ecatepec de Morelos|Ecatepec]] || 1,688,258 |- | 2 || [[Jalisco]] || [[Guadalajara, Jalisco|Guadalajara]] || 1,600,940 |- | 3 || [[Jalisco]] || [[Zapopan]] || 1,500,790 |- | 4 || [[Puebla]] || [[Puebla]] || 1,482,645 |- | 5 || [[Baja California]] || [[Tijuana Municipality|Tijuana]] || 1,410,687 |- | 6 || [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]] || [[Ciudad Juárez]] || 1,313,338 |- | 7 || [[Guanajuato]] || [[León, Guanajuato|León]] || 1,278,087 |- | 8 || [[State o Mexico|Mexico]] || [[Ciudad Nezahualcóyotl|Nezahualcóyotl]] || 1,140,528 |- | 9 || [[Nuevo León]] || [[Monterrey]] || 1,133,814 |- | ... || ... || ... || .... |- | 2,438 || [[Oaxaca]] || [[Santa Magdalena Jicotlán]] || 102 |} ===Bi aurie=== Data frae ''Los Municipios con Mayor y Menor Extensión Territorial'' by the [[Instituto Nacional Para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal]]<ref>[http://www.e-local.gob.mx/wb2/ELOCAL/ELOC_Municipios_de_mayor_y_menor_extension_territo Los Municipios con Mayor y Menor Extensión Territorial] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017053709/http://www.e-local.gob.mx/wb2/ELOCAL/ELOC_Municipios_de_mayor_y_menor_extension_territo |date=2013-10-17 }} Instituto Nacional Para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal</ref> [[File:Puerto Ensenada.jpg|thumb|Ensenada]] {| class="wikitable" |- ! Rankin !! State !! Municipality !! Aurie ([[surface aurie|km²]]) |- | 1 || [[Baja California]] || [[Ensenada Municipality|Ensenada]] || 51,952.26 |- | 2 || [[Baja California Sur]] || [[Mulegé Municipality|Mulegé]] || 33,092.20 |- | 3 || [[Coahuila]] || [[Ocampo Municipality, Coahuila|Ocampo]] || 26,433.60 |- | 4 || [[Baja California Sur]] || [[La Paz Municipality, Baja California Sur|La Paz]] || 20,275.00 |- | 5 || [[Quintana Roo]] || [[Othón P. Blanco, Quintana Roo|Othón P. Blanco]] || 17,189.75 |- | 6 || [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]] || [[Ahumada Municipality|Ahumada]] || 17,131.48 |- | 7 || [[Baja California Sur]] || [[Comondú Municipality|Comondú]] || 16,858.30 |- | 8 || [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]] || [[Camargo, Chihuahua|Camargo]] || 16,066.01 |- | ... || ... || ... || .... |- | 2,438 || [[Tlaxcala]] || [[San Lorenzo Axocomanitla]] || 4.34 |} ==Burghs o Mexico Ceety== {{main|Burghs o Mexico Ceety}} [[Mexico Ceety]] is a special case in that it is no organisit as a municipality, but as a [[federal destrict]] as the caipital o the federation. It is admeenistered through the Govrenment o the Federal Destrict an it haes its ain unicameral [[Legislative Assembly]]. For admeenistrative purposes, the Federal Destrict is subdivided into ''[[burghs o Mexico Ceety|delegaciones]]'' or burghs. Tho there nae fou equivalent tae a municipality, syne 2000, they hae a certain degree o poleetical autonomy, in that residents athin a burgh elect a local borough heid o govrenment (cried ''jefe delegacional'') direct. Housomeivver, burghs dinnae form local [municipal] councils an they arnae constitute bi a group o trustees. They dinnae hae regulatory pouers, whilk is maistly centralisit in the Federal Destrict govrenment. The majority o the ceety's public services is organisit bi the Federal Destrict even gif part o the administration responsibilities is cairriet oot bi the burghs. In maugre o this, at the federal level, the ''delegaciones'' o the Federal Destrict is considered a seicont-level territorial diveesion in statistical data collection an cross-municipal comparisons. Ither municipalities in Mexico hae chosen tae uise a seimilar admeenistrative internal organisation. Aw [[municipalities o Baja California]] are subdividit intae burghs or ''delegaciones''. The [[Mexicali Municipal;ity]] for insaumple, is dividit intae 14 burghs besides the [[Mexicali|ceety o Mexicali]] whilk comprises the municipal seat an three addeetional metropolitan burghs. The municipality o [[Santiago de Querétaro]], is subdividit intae seiven burghs. Nanetheless, the heids o govrenment o the burghs o Mexican municipalities arenae elect bi the residents but appoint bi the municipal preses. Unalike the burghs o Mexico Ceety, whilk is seicont-level admeenistrative diveesions, the burghs o the municipalities constitute third-level admeenistrative diveesions. ==References== <div class="references-small"> <references /> </div> ==See an aw== * [[Leet o Mexican municipalities]]: fou leet, bi state * [[Dounset classification in Mexico]] * [[Burghs o Mexico]] ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.country-studies.com/mexico/government-structure.html Mexican government structure] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215223316/http://www.country-studies.com/mexico/government-structure.html |date=2018-12-15 }} *[http://constitucion.presidencia.gob.mx/index.php?idseccion=210 History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018120443/http://constitucion.presidencia.gob.mx/index.php?idseccion=210 |date=2006-10-18 }} {{es icon}} of the [[Mexican constitution]] *[http://www.e-local.gob.mx/ Mexico Portal de Información Municipal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070209231450/http://www.e-local.gob.mx/ |date=2007-02-09 }} {{es icon}} {{Spainyie terms for kintra subdiveesions}} {{Municipalities o Mexico}} {{Airticles on seicont-level admeenistrative diveesions o North American kintras}} [[Category:Municipalities o Mexico| ]] [[Category:Subdiveesions o Mexico]] [[Category:Kintra subdiveesions o the Americas|Mexico 2]] [[Category:Seicont-level admeenistrative kintra subdiveesions|Municipalities, Mexico]] [[Category:Urban plannin in Mexico]] ifpgzxma5kzcfdmpaxhhlox3489iwsh 0 45410 917761 900936 2026-06-04T16:58:18Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260604sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 917761 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- Basic info ----------------> |name = Cuauhtémoc |settlement_type = [[Burghs o Mexico Ceety|Delegación]] <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = Avenida Madero Mexico Centro Historico.jpg |image_caption = [[Historic centre o Mexico Ceety]] |imagesize = 250px |image_map = Cuauhtémoc, México DF.svg |mapsize = 200px |map_caption = Cuauhtémoc athin the Federal Destrict <!-- Location -------------------> |subdivision_type = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]] |subdivision_name = [[Mexico]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Poleetical diveesions o Mexico|Federal entity]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Mexico Ceety|D.F.]] <!-- Smaller parts (e.g. boroughs of a city) and seat of government --> |seat = Aldama y Mina s/n Colonia Buenavista, C.P. 06350 <!-- Politics -------------------> |leader_party = [[Democratic Revolution Pairty|PRD]] |leader_title = Jefe delegacional |leader_name = [[Agustín Torres Pérez]] |established_title = Establisht |established_date = 29 Dizember 1970 |named_for = [[Cuauhtémoc]] <!-- Area --------------------> |area_magnitude = 1 E+7 |area_total_km2 = 32.44 |area_urban_km2 = |area_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Situación Geográfica|url=http://www.cuauhtemoc.df.gob.mx/delegacion/cifras/territorio.html|language=[[Spanish language|Spanish]]|accessdate=2008-09-18|archive-date=2012-02-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212193912/http://www.cuauhtemoc.df.gob.mx/delegacion/cifras/territorio.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> <!-- Population ---------------> |population_total = 531831 |population_density_km2 = auto |population_footnotes = 2010 <ref name="2010 census tables: INEGI">{{Cite web |url=http://mapserver.inegi.org.mx/mgn2k/?s=geo&c=1223 |title=2010 census tables: INEGI |access-date=2013-02-03 |archive-date=2018-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225034233/http://mapserver.inegi.org.mx/mgn2k/?s=geo&c=1223%20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <!-- Geography ---------------> |elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Coordenadas extremas|url=http://www.cuauhtemoc.df.gob.mx/delegacion/geografia/coordenadas.html|language=[[Spanish language|Spanish]]|accessdate=2008-09-18|archive-date=2012-02-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212193935/http://www.cuauhtemoc.df.gob.mx/delegacion/geografia/coordenadas.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |elevation_m = 2244 |elevation_max_m = |elevation_min_m = |coordinates = {{coord|19|26|35|N|99|08|40|W|region:MX|display=inline}} |timezone = [[North American Central Time Zone|Central Staundart Time]] |utc_offset = -6 |timezone_DST = [[North American Central Time Zone|Central Daylicht Time]] |utc_offset_DST = -5 <!-- Area/postal codes & others --> |postal_code_type = Postal codes |postal_code = 06000 &ndash; 06995 |area_code = 55 |website = http://www.cuauhtemoc.df.gob.mx/ }} '''Cuauhtémoc''', namit efter the umwhile [[Cuauhtémoc|Aztec leader]], is ane o the 16 boroughs o the [[Mexico Ceety|Federal destrict o Mexico Ceety]]. It consists o the auldest pairts o the ceety, extendin ower wha wis the entire ceety in the 1920s. This aurie is the historic an cultur centre o the ceety, awtho it is no the geografical centre. While it ranks anerlie saxt in population, it generates aboot a third o the entire ceety's GDP, maistly throu commerce an services. It is hame tae the [[Mexican Stock Exchynge]], the important tourist attractions o the [[historic centre o Mexico Ceety|historic centre]] an [[Zona Rosa]], an various skyscrapers sic as the [[Torre Mayor]] an the Mexican heidquairters o HSBC. It contains numerous museums an aw, libraries, govrenment offices, [[Tradeetional fixed mercats in Mexico|mercats]] an ither commercial centres wi can brin in as mony as 5 million fowk each day tae wirk, shop or veesit cultural steids. This aurie haes haed problems wi urban decay, especially in the historic centre. Efforts tae revitalize historic centre an some ither auries hae been ongoin syne the 1990s, bi baith govrenment an private entities. ==History== [[File:Tlatelolco Marketplace.JPG|175px|thumb|Model o the mercatplace o Tlatelolco wi the Templo Mayor in the backgrund]] The early history o the delegation coincides wi the [[:en:History of Mexico City|history o Aztec Tenochtitlan an colonial Mexico Ceety]]. [[Tenochitlan]] wis foondit on a mairshy island in [[Loch Texcoco]]. It wis dividit intae fower capuillis or neebourheids centerin on the Templo Mayor. This temple's ruins are locatit vera close tae the modren main square or Zocalo the day.<ref name="hisdel"/> When the [[Spainyie conquest o the Aztec Empire|Spainyie conquered Tenochtitlan in 1521]], thay destroyed maist o the auld Aztec public biggins but kept the basic layoot o the ceety, which roughly extends ower what is nou kent as the historic centre or Colonia Centro. The Cathedral wis biggit ower a portion o the sacred precinct (teocalli) o the destroyed Templo Mayor, the Naitional Palace wis biggit ower [[Moctezuma II|Moctezuma]]'s New Palace an the Zocalo wis biggit ower wha wis a open space near the sacred temple space. Ower the early colonial period, European-style construction wad replace Aztec anes ower the entire island ceety, wi the maist important public biggins concentratit on the blocks adjynin the Zocalo. As the centre o New Spain, the ceety held the greatest prestige, promptin those who haed made thair fortunes throu conquest, minin, commerce an ither means tae hae hames in the ceety, as close tae the Zocalo as possible. The ceety suin became filled wi mansions, lairge kirks an monasteries an monumental public biggins which wad eventually earn it the elk-name o "Ceety o Palaces."<ref name="hisdel"/> At the beginnin o the 19t century, this ceety remained maistly athin wha is nou cried the historic centre awtho various drainage projects haed been enlairgin the island. The ceety proper conteened 397 streets an alleys, 12 brigs, 78 plazas, 14 pairish kirks, 41 monasteries, 10 colleges, 7 hospitals, a poorhoose, a cigar factory, 19 restaurants, 2 inns, 28 corrals for horse an 2 offeecial neebourheids. Efter Mexico gained its unthirldom, the ceety wis designatit as the caipital o the new kintra in 1824, the ceety an a quantity o laund surroondin it totally 11.5km2 wis designatit as the "Federal Destrict," separate frae the ither states.<ref name="hisdel"/> [[File:Forma y Levantado de La Ciudad de Mexico, 1628, por Juan Gomez de Trasmonte.jpg|thumb|Mexico Ceety circa 1628 still surroondit bi Loch Texcoco]] [[File:Edificioparis.jpg|175px|thumb|19t hunderyear [[Porfirio Diaz|Porfirian]] airchitectur in [[Colonia Roma]], Cuauhtémoc.]] Bi the late, 19t hunderyear, the ceety began tae break its tradeetional confines wi the construction o new neebourheids, cried colonias, in the still dryin lochbed. This wis especially true in the auries wast o the historic aurie, wi the creation o “modren” colonias for the walthy alang the [[Paseo de la Reforma]], biggit earlier bi [[Maximilian I o Mexico|Maximilian I]]. Thir colonias include [[Colonia Juárez, Mexico Ceety|Colonia Juárez]], [[Colonia Roma]], [[Colonia Cuauhtémoc]] an [[Colonia San Rafael]].<ref name="Lonely">{{cite book |title=Lonely Planet Mexico City:Your map to the megalopolis |url=https://archive.org/details/mexicocity0000nobl |last=Noble |first=John |year=2000 |publisher=Lonely Planet |location=Oakland CA |isbn=978-1-86450-087-5 }}</ref> Colonias for poorer an wirkin-cless fowk wur biggit maistly north an sooth o the ceety sic as Colonia Morelos, an [[Colonia Doctores]].<ref name="DelCuauh">{{cite web |url= http://www.cuauhtemoc.df.gob.mx/delegacion/mapa/colonias.html |title= Colonia Doctores |language= Spanish |accessdate= November 4, 2010 |archive-date= 2012-04-15 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120415123120/http://www.cuauhtemoc.df.gob.mx/delegacion/mapa/colonias.html |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref name="delegmorelos">{{cite web |url= http://www.cuauhtemoc.df.gob.mx/delegacion/mapa/colonias.html |title= Colonia Morelos |language= Spanish |accessdate= November 4, 2010 |archive-date= 2012-04-15 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120415123120/http://www.cuauhtemoc.df.gob.mx/delegacion/mapa/colonias.html |url-status= dead }}</ref> In 1928, Preses [[Álvaro Obregón]] dividit the rapidly growin Federal Destrict aurie intae thirteen burghs (delegaciones), wi what wis then the ceety proper designatit as the Cuauhtémoc burgh.<ref name="hisdel"/> While the burgh still remained the centre o ceety's commerce, politics, academia an cultur durin the first hauf o the 20t hunderyear, this historic centre began goin intae decline as the walthy muivit oot intae the new wastren colonias as early as the end o 19t hunderyear. Bi the 1950s, the kintra's main varsity [[Naitional Autonomous Varsity o Mexico|UNAM]] muivit amaist aw o its facilities oot o the burgh an intae the newly biggit [[Ciudad Universitaria]] in the sooth o the ceety.<ref name="Lonely"/> In the 1940s, the ceety govrenment froze rents in the burgh an bi the late 1990s, when this wis feenally repealed, mony tenants wur payin the same prices thay wur in the 1950s. Wi nae financial incentive tae keep up thair properties, landlairds let thair biggins disintegrate.<ref name="belated">{{cite journal |last=Butler |first=Ron |date=Sep 2002 |title=Center of Belated Attention |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_economist_2002-09-14_364_8290/page/n36 |journal=Economist |volume=364 |issue=8290 |pages=37 }}</ref> Maist o this occurred in the historic centre, but this phenomenon presentit itsel in ither auries sic as Colonia San Rafael<ref name="lromano">{{cite news |title= San Rafael: Desgastada por el abandono |author=Luz Romano |newspaper=Reforma |location=Mexico City |date=April 9, 2003 |page= 6 |language=Spanish |trans_title=San Rafael: worn out from abandonment }}</ref> an the Centro Urbano Benito Juárez as well.<ref name="paltridge130">{{Cite thesis |degree=PhD |chapter= |title= Carlos Merida's integration of art, architecture and ideology in the Multifamiliar Juarez |author=Blair Allen Paltridge |year=1992 |publisher= University of California, Los Angeles |page=130 |docket= AAT 9224132 |oclc= }}</ref> Syne the 1950s, the ceety haes receivit the heichest nummer o migrants frae ither pairts o Mexico. Maist o thir come frae vera landwart auries o the kintra an a significant percentage speak a indigenous leid wi Spainyie as a seicont leid, or dae no speak Spainyie at aw. As o 2005, seiven percent o the burgh's population is made up o thir migrants. Thir migrants hae put strains on services sic as eddication.<ref name="exclusion">{{cite web |url=http://www.educacion.df.gob.mx/se//images/exclusion_educativa/cuauhtemoc.pdf |title=Exclusion Educativa en la Delegacion Cuauhtémoc |publisher=Government of Mexico City |year=2009 |location=Mexico City |language=Spanish |trans_title=Educational exclusion in the Cuauhtemoc borough |accessdate=November 5, 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722224939/http://www.educacion.df.gob.mx/se//images/exclusion_educativa/cuauhtemoc.pdf |archivedate=2011-07-22 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[File:1985 Mexico Earthquake - Building collapsed.jpg|thumb|Yirdquauk damage in 1985]] The burgh wis the hardest hit bi the [[1985 Mexico Ceety yirdquauk|1985 yirdquauk]] wi 258&nbsp;biggins completely crumbled, 143&nbsp;pairtially collapsed an 181&nbsp;wur seriously damagit.<ref name="ConEncMex">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Haber |first=Paul Lawrence |encyclopedia= Concise Encyclopedia of Mexico |title=Earthquake of 1985 |year= 1995 |publisher=Taylor & Frances Ltd. |pages=179–184 }}</ref> The result wis the loss o 100,000 residents, juist in the historic centre.<ref name="belated"/> Anither aurie wi major damage wis Colonia Roma wi a nummer o biggins collapsin completely.<ref name="20anos">{{cite news |title=A 20 años del sismo del 85 |author=Yunnuen Campos |url=http://www.esmas.com/noticierostelevisa/terremoto/475688.html |newspaper=Noticieros Televisa |location=Mexico City |date=September 17, 2005 |accessdate=November 5, 2010 |language=Spanish |trans_title=20 years since the earthquake of 85 |archive-date=2008-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922025641/http://www.esmas.com/noticierostelevisa/terremoto/475688.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Even auries that did no suffer significant damage, sic as Colonia San Rafael, wur affectit when hameless frae ither pairts o the burgh muivit in,<ref name="lromano"/> or [[Colonia Condesa]], when walthier residents muivit oit.<ref name="mexicofile">{{cite web |url=http://www.mexicofile.com/mexicocityscoloniacondesa.htm |title= Mexico City’s Colonia Condesa, The War Between the Trendy and The Traditional |author= David Lida |date=February 2002 |publisher=Mexico Files Newsletter |accessdate=August 31, 2010 }}</ref> Acause o the rent situation, maist o the damagit structurs wur niver fixed or rebuilt, leadin tae slums or garbage-strewn vacant lots.<ref name="belated" /> As late as the 2000s, biggins damagit frae the event hae collapsed.<ref name="derrumba">{{cite news |title=Se derrumba edificio en la colonia San Rafael |agency=NOTIMEX |url=http://www2.esmas.com/noticierostelevisa/mexico/df/204695/ |newspaper=Noticias Televisa |location=Mexico City |date=September 17, 2010 |accessdate=October 12, 2010 |language=Spanish |trans_title=Building in Colonia San Rafael collapses }}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="enriesgo">{{cite news |title= Expropia el GDF predios en riesgo |author= Jesus Alberto Hernandez |newspaper=Reforma |location=Mexico City |date=April 9, 2003 |page=1 |language=Spanish |trans_title=Government of the Federal District expropriates lots at risk }}</ref> In 2003, the ceety govrenment expropriatit saxty fower properties thocht tae be in danger o suddent collapse due tae damage suffered nearly 20 years earlier efter a collapse o a apairtment biggin in [[Colonia Vista Alegre]],<ref name="enriesgo"/> but in 2010 a apairtment biggin pairtially collapsed in Colonia San Rafael, due tae the same cause.<ref name="derrumba"/> Syne the quauk, the burgh haes investit in its awn early warnin seestem, which wis creatit for it bi UNAM.<ref name="contara">{{cite news |title=Delegación Cuauhtémoc contará con su alerta sísmica |author=Arlette Gutiérrez |url=http://www.oem.com.mx/elsoldemexico/notas/n1589326.htm |newspaper=Sol de Mexico |location=Mexico City |date=April 9, 2010 |accessdate=November 5, 2010 |language=Spanish |trans_title=The Cuauhtemoc with has its own earthquake alarm system |archive-date=2012-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010202801/http://www.oem.com.mx/elsoldemexico/notas/n1589326.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Atween the flight of wealthier residents frae the historic centre an the colonias that immediately surroond it an the damage frae the 1985 yirdquauk, pairts o the burgh became desertit at nicht.<ref name="belated" /> Former mansions haed been convertit intae tenements for the poor,<ref name="Lonely"/><ref name="facelift">{{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Geri |date=May 2004 |title=Mexico City gets a face-lift |journal=Business Week |issue=3884 |id=00077135 }}</ref><ref name="jcorona">{{Cite news|title= Es Tlaxcoaque zona olvidada |first=Juan |last=Corona |newspaper=Reforma |location=Mexico City |date=8 November 2009 |page=5 |language=Spanish |trans_title=Tlaxcoaque is a forgotten zone }}</ref> an the sidewalks an streets wur taken ower bi [[pickpocket]]s an street vendors, especially in the historic centre.<ref name="belated"/><ref name="facelift"/> This made the aurie unpalatable for tourists. As the historic centre is the ceety's main tourist attraction, the ceety lost its staundin as a destination for internaitional visitors, insteid becomin a airport connection for ither auries o the kintra.<ref name="facelift"/> Till recently, mony o the restaurants o the aurie, even the best, wad close early tae allou employees time tae get hame acause the aurie wis no pairticularly safe at nicht.<ref name="newface">{{cite journal |last=Butler |first=Ron |date=Nov–Dec 1999 |title=A New Face for the Zocalo |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_americas_november-december-1999_51_6/page/n5 |journal=Americas |volume=51 |issue=6 |pages=4–6 |id=03790940 }}</ref> Stairtin in the late 1990s, the ceety an federal govrenments, alang wi some private associations hae wirkit tae revitalize the burgh, especially the historic centre. Stairtin in the early 2000s, the govrenment infused 500&nbsp;million [[Mexican pesos|pesos]] (55&nbsp;million&nbsp;USD) intae the Historic Center Trust<ref name="belated"/> an entered intae a pairtnership wi a business group led bi [[Carlos Slim]], tae buy dozens o hunderyears-auld biggins an ither real estate tae rehabilitate.<ref name="facelift"/> A nummer o the auldest streets near the Zocalo hae been made intae pedestrian anerly an maist street vendors hae been forcit tae muive oot o the historic centre.<ref name="Lonely"/> This pavit the wey for the openin o upscale eateries, bars an fashionable stores.<ref name="Lonely"/> An aw, young fowk are muivin intae dountoun lofts. Tae attract mair tourists, thare are new reid dooble-decker buses.<ref name="facelift"/> Thare hae been ither efforts in ither pairts o the burgh sic as in Colonia Juarez an Colonia Obrera but wi mixed results.<ref name="cdmex">{{cite web |url= http://www.mexicocity-guide.com/zones/coloniajuarez.htm |title= Colonia Juárez |publisher= Mexico City-Guide.com |location= Mexico City |language= Spanish |accessdate= September 15, 2010 |archive-date= 2010-10-30 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101030043718/http://www.mexicocity-guide.com/zones/coloniajuarez.htm |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref name="buscan">{{cite web |url=http://www.arts-history.mx/banco/index.php?id_nota=10092008162526 |title=Buscan en la colonia obrera alternativas de vivienda económica |author=[[CONACULTA]] |work=Artes e Historia |location=Mexico |language=Spanish |trans_title=Looking for alternative affordable housing in Colonia Obrera |accessdate=July 11, 2010 |archive-date=2011-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719094606/http://www.arts-history.mx/banco/index.php?id_nota=10092008162526 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Colonias== Cuauhtémoc, D.F. contains the follaein ''[[Colonia (Mexico)|colonias]]'' an neebourheids: [[Historic centre o Mexico Ceety|Colonia Centro]]{{•}} [[Colonia Doctores]]{{•}} [[Colonia Obrera]]{{•}} [[Colonia Roma]]{{•}} [[Tepito]]{{•}} [[Colonia Algarín]]{{•}} [[Colonia Ampliación Asturias]]{{•}} [[Colonia Asturias]]{{•}} [[Colonia Atlampa]]{{•}} [[Colonia Buenavista]]{{•}} [[Colonia Buenos Aires]]{{•}} [[Centro Urbano Benito Juárez]]{{•}} [[Condesa|Colonia Condesa]]{{•}} [[Colonia Cuauhtémoc, Mexico Ceety|Colonia Cuauhtémoc]]{{•}} [[Colonia Esperanza, Cuauhtémoc|Colonia Esperanza]]{{•}} [[Colonia Exhipódromo de Peralvillo]]{{•}} [[Colonia Felipe Pescador]]{{•}} [[Colonia Guerrero]]{{•}} [[Colonia Hipódromo]]{{•}} [[Colonia Hipódromo Condesa]]{{•}} [[Colonia Juárez, Mexico Ceety|Colonia Juárez]]{{•}} [[Colonia Maza]]{{•}} [[Colonia Morelos]]{{•}} [[Colonia Paulino Navarro]]{{•}} [[Colonia Peralvillo]]{{•}} [[Colonia San Rafael]]{{•}} [[Colonia San Simón Tolnahuac]]{{•}} [[Colonia Santa María Insurgentes]]{{•}} [[Colonia Santa María la Ribera]]{{•}} [[Unidad Habitacional Nonoalco-Tlatelolco]]{{•}} [[Colonia Tabacalera]]{{•}} [[Colonia Tránsito]]{{•}} [[Colonia Valle Gómez]]{{•}} [[Colonia Vista Alegre]]{{•}} [[Zona Rosa]] ==Foreign govrenment operations== The U.S. Embassy an the Breetish Embassy is in [[Colonia Cuauhtémoc]], Cuauhtémoc.<ref>"[http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_970.html Mexico Country Specific Information] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216201229/http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_970.html |date=2010-12-16 }}." [[United States Department of State]]. Retrieved on March 22, 2012. "Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy is located in Mexico City at Paseo de la Reforma 305, Colonia Cuauhtemoc;"</ref> ==Economy== [[File:SkyscrapersReformaCuauh.JPG|thumb|left|Skyscrapers linin Paseo de la Reforma leukin wast frae the Angel o Unthirldom monument]] This burgh alane accoonts for 35.1% o Mexico Ceety's entire GDP,<ref name="desecon"/> an bi itsel, haes the seivent lairgest economy in Mexico.<ref name="conflictivas"/> Maist o the burgh's economy is based on commerce (52.2%), follaeed bi services (39.4%).<ref name="desecon"/> The burgh is hame tae a lairge nummer o federal an ceety govrenment biggins, especially in the historic centre, [[Colonia Tabacalera]] an Colonia Doctores.<ref name="deterioro">{{cite news |title=La Tabacalera,una centuria de deterioro |author=Arturo Paramo |url=http://www.inehrm.gob.mx/pdf/exc_img_asicomenzo.pdf |newspaper=Excelsior |location=Mexico City |date=November 21, 2008 |page=4 |accessdate=October 26, 2010 |language=Spanish |trans_title=Tabacalera, a century of deterioration |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101231201016/http://www.inehrm.gob.mx/pdf/exc_img_asicomenzo.pdf |archivedate=2010-12-31 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="delegacion"/> Paseo de la Reforma, especially the section which divides Colonia Juárez frae Colonia Cuauhtémoc, is the maist modren an still developin pairt o the burgh. It is hame tae the Mexican Stock Exchynge, the heidquairters o HSBC in Mexico an the kintra's tawest skyscraper, the Torre Mayor. Construction o office biggins an heich rise apairtments continue in the aurie, causin it tae be considered a kynd o a neeebourheid o its awn, as the biggin that face the avenue are vera distinct frae the aulder anes ahint thaim, which are maistly uised for mair tradeetional hoosin an smaw businesses. Ane o the newest major projects in the mid-2000s wis Reforma 222, twa touers combinin office space wi "Sky Residences."<ref name="delegacion">{{cite web |url=http://www.cuauhtemoc.df.gob.mx/delegacion/mapa/colonias.html |title=Colonia Cuautémoc |publisher=Borough of Cuauhtémoc |location=Mexico City |language=Spanish |accessdate=September 1, 2010 |archive-date=2012-04-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415123120/http://www.cuauhtemoc.df.gob.mx/delegacion/mapa/colonias.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="pequeño">{{cite news |title= Hacen 'pequeno barrio'|author= Jesus Alberto Hernandez |newspaper= Reforma |location=Mexico City |date=August 25, 2002 |language=Spanish |page=6 |trans_title=They make a "small neighborhood" }}</ref><ref name="cumple">{{cite news |title=Cumple un siglo la Juarez historico |author= Alejandra Bordon. |newspaper=Reforma |location=Mexico City |date=March 3, 2006 |page=2 |language=Spanish |trans_title=Colonia Juarez has 100th birthday }}</ref> [[File:FoodVendorsAbRodMktDF.JPG|thumb|175px|Food vendors in the Abelardo L. Rodriguez Mercat]] In the rest o the burgh, commerce is mair tradeetional wi numerous public mercats, informal mercats cried [[tianguis]] an street peddlin. Public mercats are biggins constructit an maintained bi a ceety or municipal govrenment, which rents staunds tae private vendors. The lairgest is [[La Lagunilla Mercat]], wi nearly 2,000 vendors dividit amang three lairge warehoose teep biggins. It is kent for its lairge furnitur an shae mercat but maist o the vendors sell fuid an iveryday items.<ref name="salvar">{{cite news |title= Intentan salvar La Lagunilla |author= Ernesto Osorio |newspaper= Reforma |location=Mexico City |date=May 3, 2010 |language=Spanish |page=2 |trans_title=They try to save La Lagunilla}}</ref><ref name="gobmercado">{{cite web |url= http://www.cuauhtemoc.df.gob.mx/atracciones/lugares/mercados.html |title= Mercados |publisher=Borough of Cuauhtémoc |location=Mexico City |language=Spanish |trans_title=Markets |accessdate=November 5, 2010 }}</ref> Designed tae "modrenize" the tradeetion o tianguis or street mercats, some wur even promotit throu airt, sic as the [[Abelardo L. Rodriguez Mercat]].<ref name="Gomez">{{cite news|first=Laura |last=Gomez Florez |title= Remodelan el histórico mercado Abelardo L. Rodríguez como parte del rescate del Centro |url=http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2008/05/19/index.php?section=capital&article=039n1cap |publisher=La Jornada |location=Mexico City |date=2008-05-19 |accessdate=June 3, 2009 |language=Spanish}}</ref> Tianguis still survive an can be foond in maist pairts o the burgh as well as in hintle o the rest o Mexico.<ref name="cinformal">{{cite news |title= El Comercio Informal: entre negocio y cultura |first=Gabriel |last= Orihuela |newspaper=Mural |location=Guadalajara, Mexico |date=February 12, 2001 |page=1 |language=Spanish |trans_title=The Informal Economy: Between business and culture }}</ref> In the burgh, the best kent tianguis is locatit in [[Tepito]] in which 12,000 fowk dae business on the streets.<ref name="rico"/> The burgh is the maist visitit aurie o the ceety bi tourists, wi maist visitin the historic centre an Zona Rosa.<ref name="conflictivas"/><ref name="tercerdel"/> The burgh haes the best developit hotel infrastructur wi 389 hotels oot o the 6,464 in the ceety. Aboot hauf o aw fower an five-starn hotels are locatit here.<ref name="desecon"/> [[File:AeroMéxicoHQMexicoCityDF.jpg|thumb|left|The heidquairters o [[Aeroméxico]]]] Athin Cuauhtémoc, [[Aeroméxico]] an [[HSBC Mexico]] hae thair heidquairters in [[Colonia Cuauhtémoc]].<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20110707092412/http://www.aeromexico.com/us/ExperienceAeromexico/AeromexicoCorporate/Report_on_Actions_of_social_Responsability.pdf Report on Actions of Social Responsibility]." [[Aeroméxico]]. 4/44. Retrieved on December 4, 2010. "Paseo de la Reforma 445, Col. Cuauhtémoc. C.P. 06500 México D.F."</ref><ref>"[http://www.hsbc.com/1/2/contact-us Contact Us]." [[HSBC]]. Retrieved on 12 September 2011. "HSBC México, S.A.HSBC México, S.A. Address: Ave. Paseo de la Reforma 347 Col. Cuauhtémoc 06500 Mexico DF Mexico"</ref> [[Cablemás]] an [[Magnicharters]] hae thair heidquairters in [[Colonia Juárez, Mexico Ceety|Colonia Juárez]].<ref>"[http://www.cablemas.com/investorRelation/contactUs.jsp Contact us] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110309183327/http://www.cablemas.com/investorRelation/contactUs.jsp |date=2011-03-09 }}." [[Cablemás]]. Retrieved on March 6, 2011. "Corporate Headquarters Cablemás S.A. de C.V. Sevilla No. 4, Colonia Juárez 06600 México, D.F. México"</ref><ref>"[http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480316e4a&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf Application of Grupo Aereo Monterrey, S.A. de C.V. d/b/a Magnicharters for an exemption from 49 U.S.C. 3 41301 (U.S./Mexico Charter Air Transportation)]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}." regulations.gov. 2 (3/53). Retrieved on January 23, 2011. "The full name and corporate address of the applicant is: Grupo Aereo Monterrey, S.A. de CV Paseo de la Reforma No. 20-308 Col. Juárez México D.F., CP 06040 MÉXICO"</ref> ==Transportation== [[File:METROBUS EN SERVICIO.jpg|thumb|left|Metrobus on Avenida Insurgentes, Colonia Tabacalera]] The burgh haes 14 million metres o roadweys wi 314 main intersections. The vast majority o thir are current an umwhile residential streets, but thare are three heich-gate lik airteries an various "ejes" (axis) roads for throu traffec an aw.<ref name="vialidades">{{cite web |url= http://www.cuauhtemoc.df.gob.mx/delegacion/cifras/vialidades.html |title= Vialidades |publisher=Borough of Cuauhtémoc |location=Mexico City |language=Spanish |trans_title=Roadways |accessdate=November 5, 2010 }}</ref> The three main airteries are the [[Circuito Interior]], [[Viaducto Miguel Alemán]] an San Antonio Abad, which wur biggit for traffec passin bi the centre o the ceety. The Circuito Interior is a circular bipass an is the seicont maist important roadwey in the ceety efter the [[Anillo Periférico]] .<ref name="atoron">{{cite news |title= Sufre Circuito atorón |author= Sergio Fimbres |newspaper= Reforma |location=Mexico City |date=January 10, 2008 |language=Spanish |page=1 |trans_title=Circuito suffers major traffic jam}}</ref> Somewha smawer are a series o north-sooth an east-wast roads cried "ejes."<ref name="vialidades"/> Thir wur biggit bi [[Carlos Hank González]] in the 1950s tae mak [[Mexico Ceety]] mair automobile-friendly. The lairgest o thir is the [[Eje Central]] which runs north-sooth an divides the historic centre in hauf. Due tae the lairge nummer o fowk who enter an leave this burgh each day, up tae 800,000 vehicles circulate the streets each day, makkin traffec jams, especially in the historic centre, a frequent occurrence.<ref name="conflictivas"/> The buggh haes the lairgest nummer o [[Mexico Ceety Metro|Metro]] lines runnin throu it.<ref name="conflictivas"/> Thir include [[Mexico Ceety Metro Line 1|Line 1]], [[Mexico Ceety Metro Line 2|Line 2]], [[Mexico Ceety Metro Line 3|Line 3]], [[Mexico Ceety Metro Line 5|Line 5]], [[Mexico Ceety Metro Line 8|Line 8]], [[Mexico City Metro Line 9|Line 9]] an [[Mexico City Metro Line B|Line B]]. Thare are [[Servicio de Transportes Eléctricos|trolleybus]] lines runnin north-sooth an east-wast, Lines 1 an 3 o the [[Mexico Ceety Metrobús|Metrobus]] as well as numerous bus routes.<ref name="transportes">{{cite web |url= http://www.cuauhtemoc.df.gob.mx/delegacion/cifras/transportes.html |title= Transportes |publisher=Borough of Cuauhtémoc |location=Mexico City |language=Spanish |trans_title=Transportation |accessdate=November 5, 2010 }}</ref> Anither important public transportation service is the [[Tren Suburbano]] commuter railwey, which haes its soothren terminal in [[Colonia Buenavista]] wi service north as far as [[Cuautitlán]] in the [[State o Mexico]].<ref name="metrobuen">{{cite web |url=http://www.metro.df.gob.mx/red/estacion.html?id=147 |title=Metro Buenavista |publisher=Mexico City Metro |location=Mexico City |language=Spanish |accessdate=August 10, 2010 |archive-date=2011-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614004953/http://www.metro.df.gob.mx/red/estacion.html?id=147 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Eddication== [[File:UrquizoSchoolDoctores.JPG|thumb|''Escuela Secundaria Diurna No. 102 General Francisco L. Urquizo'' in [[Colonia Doctores]]]] In the 2007-2008 schuil year, thare wur 22,651 K-12 students, aboot 6.36% o the tot for the Federal Destrict. 70.64% attend public schuils an 29.14% attend private schuils.<ref name="exclusion"/> Thare are 264 public an private preschuils, 116 middle schuils, 102 technical an regular heich schuils an 13 teachers’ colleges.<ref name="gobedu"/> The burgh haes the lawest level o illeeteracy an the heichest percentage o students who hae feenished primar an middle schuils, in pairt acause thare is a heicher than average percentage o private schuils, which tend tae hae better results. The dropoot rate, at 7.54%, is better nor average.<ref name="exclusion"/> In 2009, thare wur 1,737 students receivin special eddication full or pairt-time accoontin for 4.66% o aw [[special eddication]] students in the Federal Destrict. Ower 97% o thir students get thair services frae public institutions. Housomeivver, the burgh haes limitit facility for adult eddication, especially for those who dae no speak Spainyie as thair first leid or are undereducated. This is problematic due tae the influx o indigenous fowk frae landwart pairts o Mexico.<ref name="exclusion"/> Private schuils: * ''Colegio Liceo Mexicano'', a private elementar schuil ([[Colonia Roma]])<ref>"[http://colegioliceomexicano.com.mx/contacto.html Contacto] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150306170850/http://colegioliceomexicano.com.mx/contacto.html |date=2015-03-06 }}." ''Colegio Liceo Mexicano''. Retrieved on June 18, 2014. CÓRDOBA #167, COLONIA ROMA, MÉXICO, D.F. CUAUHTÉMOC. CP: 06700, ENTRE ZACATECAS Y QUERÉTARO"</ref> ==Climate== {{Weather box |location = Cuauhtémoc, D.F (1951-2010) |metric first = yes |single line = yes |open = yes |temperature colour= pastel |Jan record high C = 30.5 |Feb record high C = 32.0 |Mar record high C = 32.5 |Apr record high C = 34.5 |May record high C = 35.5 |Jun record high C = 33.5 |Jul record high C = 29.5 |Aug record high C = 29.5 |Sep record high C = 30.0 |Oct record high C = 30.0 |Nov record high C = 30.5 |Dec record high C = 30.5 |year record high C = |Jan high C = 23.1 |Feb high C = 24.8 |Mar high C = 27.3 |Apr high C = 28.1 |May high C = 27.7 |Jun high C = 26.1 |Jul high C = 24.9 |Aug high C = 25.1 |Sep high C = 24.3 |Oct high C = 24.1 |Nov high C = 23.7 |Dec high C = 22.8 |year high C = 25.2 |Jan mean C = 14.2 |Feb mean C = 15.6 |Mar mean C = 18.2 |Apr mean C = 19.6 |May mean C = 20.1 |Jun mean C = 19.7 |Jul mean C = 18.8 |Aug mean C = 18.9 |Sep mean C = 18.4 |Oct mean C = 17.4 |Nov mean C = 15.8 |Dec mean C = 14.6 |year mean C = 17.6 |Jan low C = 5.4 |Feb low C = 6.5 |Mar low C = 9.0 |Apr low C = 11.1 |May low C = 12.5 |Jun low C = 13.3 |Jul low C = 12.7 |Aug low C = 12.7 |Sep low C = 12.6 |Oct low C = 10.7 |Nov low C = 7.9 |Dec low C = 6.3 |year low C = 10.1 |Jan record low C = -4.5 |Feb record low C = -2.5 |Mar record low C = -0.5 |Apr record low C = 3.5 |May record low C = 6.5 |Jun record low C = 7.5 |Jul record low C = 7.5 |Aug record low C = 6.0 |Sep record low C = 4.5 |Oct record low C = 2.5 |Nov record low C = -1.5 |Dec record low C = -2.0 |year record low C = |precipitation colour= green |Jan precipitation mm = 7.9 |Feb precipitation mm = 3.7 |Mar precipitation mm = 8.1 |Apr precipitation mm = 28.0 |May precipitation mm = 58.7 |Jun precipitation mm = 118.0 |Jul precipitation mm = 127.1 |Aug precipitation mm = 110.9 |Sep precipitation mm = 105.1 |Oct precipitation mm = 48.2 |Nov precipitation mm = 8.2 |Dec precipitation mm = 4.5 |year precipitation mm = 628.4 |unit precipitation days= 0.1 mm |Jan precipitation days = 1.5 |Feb precipitation days = 1.9 |Mar precipitation days = 2.8 |Apr precipitation days = 7.3 |May precipitation days = 11.5 |Jun precipitation days = 16.3 |Jul precipitation days = 20.1 |Aug precipitation days = 18.5 |Sep precipitation days = 15.4 |Oct precipitation days = 8.0 |Nov precipitation days = 2.9 |Dec precipitation days = 1.6 |year precipitation days= 107.8 |source 1 = Servicio Meteorológico National<ref name = SMN>{{cite web | url = http://smn.cna.gob.mx/climatologia/Normales5110/NORMAL09007.TXT | title = NORMALES CLIMATOLÓGICAS 1951-2010 | publisher = Servicio Meteorológico National | accessdate = 18 October 2012 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |date=October 2012 }} ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== {{commons category|Cuauhtémoc (Federal District)}} *{{es icon}} [http://www.cuauhtemoc.df.gob.mx/ Delegación Cuauhtémoc] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515183439/http://www.cuauhtemoc.df.gob.mx/ |date=2011-05-15 }} Offeecial steid {{Burghs o Mexico Ceety}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cuauhtemoc, D.F.}} [[Category:Burghs o Mexico Ceety]] ir5julna2izmh26l4odjjekjiu0ml1q 0 45917 917698 827411 2026-06-04T14:16:21Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 917698 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Israel municipality |name=Katzir-Harish |image_skyline=Harish01.jpg |image_caption= |hebname=קָצִיר-חָרִישׁ |ISO=Qaçir - Ḥariš |arname= |meaning=Harvest (''katzir'')-plowin (''harish'') |pushpin_map=Israel |pushpin_label_position=left |coordinates = {{coord|32|29|21.65|N|35|6|28.35|E|region:IL|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |founded=1993 |type=lc |typefrom= |stdHeb= |altOffSp= |altUnoSp= |district=haifa |population=3,900 |popyear=2006 |area_dunam=9736 |mayor= }} '''Katzir-Harish''' ({{lang-he-n|קָצִיר-חָרִישׁ}}) is a toun ([[local cooncil (Israel)|local cooncil]]) in the [[Haifa Destrict]] o [[Israel]]. It is an agglomeration o the veelages Katzir, Harish an Mitzpe Ilan, near [[Umm al-Fahm]] in the [[Wadi Ara]] region. At the end o 2006, the toun's population wis 3,900.<ref name="cbs populations">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/population/new_2009/table3.pdf|publisher=[[Israel Central Bureau of Statistics]]|title=Table 3 - Population of Localities Numbering Above 1,000 Residents and Other Rural Population|date=2007-12-31|accessdate=2008-08-01}}</ref> Its jurisdiction is 9,736 [[dunam]]s.<ref name="profile">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/publications/local_authorities2005/pdf/626_1247.pdf|title=Local Authorities in Israel 2005, Publication #1295 - Municipality Profiles - Katzir-Harish|publisher=Israel Central Bureau of Statistics|accessdate=2008-08-01}} {{he icon}}</ref> ==History== Harish wis foondit bi [[Nahal]] in 1982 an convertit intae a [[kibbutz]] in 1985. Katzir wis foondit bi the Fermers Union o Israel. The veelages wur mergit in 1993.<ref name="hareuveni lexicon">{{Cite book|title=Lexicon of the Land of Israel|publisher=Miskal - Yedioth Ahronoth Books and Chemed Books|year=1999|author=HaReuveni, Immanuel|page= 840|isbn=965-448-413-7}} {{he icon}}</ref> The maister plan o Harish wis prepared bi the airchitectur firm [[Mansfeld-Kehat Architects]]. The plan caws for the expansion o Harish tae [[Heich-gate 65 (Israel)|Heich-gate 65]] in the north, an [[Baqa-Jatt]] in the sooth.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mansfeld-kehat.co.il/len/aimage%20zooming%20galleries/c1692/186351.php |title=Harish Master Plan, 2007 |publisher=Mansfer-Kehat Architects |accessdate=2008-08-09 |archive-date=2012-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325052456/http://www.mansfeld-kehat.co.il/len/aimage%20zooming%20galleries/c1692/186351.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> Initially Harish wis enveesioned as a [[Haredi Judaism|Haredi]] ceety afferin law-cost hoosin tae this sector.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/business/a-haredi-city-on-the-horizon-1.373785 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-02-12 |archive-date=2011-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111112031031/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/business/a-haredi-city-on-the-horizon-1.373785 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2012, a secular buyers group organized tae bid on lots zoned for 400 housing units thare.<ref>[http://www.globes.co.il/serveen/globes/docview.asp?did=1000783969&fid=1124 Secular Israelis make move on new city Harish]</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Haifa Destrict}} [[Category:Local cooncils in Israel]] [[Category:Haifa Destrict]] ergaca0u4gimnlmmk2nha3qymbbz3i7 0 45926 917700 878582 2026-06-04T15:01:38Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 917700 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Israel municipality |name=Kiryat Tiv'on |image_skyline=Tiveon 072.jpg |image_caption=View o Kiryat Tivon |emblem= |emblem_type= |pushpin_map=Israel |pushpin_label_position= left |coordinates = {{coord|32|43|26|N|35|7|38|E|region:IL|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |hebname=קִרְיַת טִבְעוֹן |ISO=Qiryat Ṭibˁon |arname= |meaning= |founded= |type=lc |typefrom=1958 |stdHeb= |altOffSp=Qiryat Tiv'on |altUnoSp= |district=haifa |population=16,600 |population_footnotes=<ref>http://www.cbs.gov.il/population/new_2010/table3.pdf</ref> |popyear=2010 |area_dunam=8419 |mayor=David Ariely }} '''Kiryat Tiv'on''' ({{lang-he-n|קִרְיַת טִבְעוֹן}}, an aw '''Qiryat Tiv'on''') is a toun in the [[Haifa Destrict]] o [[Israel]], in the hills atween the Zvulun an [[Jezreel Valley|Jezreel]] valleys. Kiryat Tiv'on is situated {{convert|15|km|mi}} sootheast o [[Haifa]], on the main road tae [[Nazareth]]. On the ootskirts o Tiv'on is a [[Bedouin]] tounship cried Basmat Tab'un. Kiryat Tivon haes a population o 16,000.<ref name="Municipality website">http://www.ktv.org.il/ Municipality website</ref> == History == [[File:Kiryat Tiv'on 1.jpg|thumb|View o Kiryat Tivon frae [[Beit She'arim Naitional Pairk]]]] Kiryat Tiv'on wis established in 1958, mergin three smawer dounsets: ''Tiv'on'' (foondit in 1947), ''Kiryat Amal'' (foondit in 1937) an ''Elro'i'' (foondit in 1935). Kiryat Haroshet, foondit bi a rabbi frae Jablona, [[Poland]] who settled thare wi his follaeers in 1935, became pairt o Kiryat Tiv'on in 1979. Tiv'on wis biggit on laund awned bi a Breetish Jewish couple who bocht the laund in early 1945. It wis later developit bi the [[Jewish National Fund]] based on an urban plan drawn up bi Alexander Klein, a Roushie Jewish airchitect who wis commissioned bi the Jewish National Fund.<ref>[http://www.morasha.com.br/conteudo/artigos/artigos_view.asp?a=448&p=3 Revista Morashá - Artigos<!--Bot-generated title-->]</ref> The seembol o Kiryat Tiv'on is the [[cyclamen]], a flouer that grows atween the rocks, reflectin the toun's appreciation o natur an its efforts tae preserve the landscape an safeguard the environment.<ref name="Municipality website"/> == Landmarks == The toun is best kent for the naitional pairk, [[Beit She'arim Naitional Pairk|Beit She'arim]], which borders it on the soothwast. Beit Shearim wis an important Jewish spiritual centre an necropolis durin the Roman period, an wis ance the seat o the [[Sanhedrin]]. == Education == Institutions o heicher learnin in Kiryat Tivon include [[Oranim Academic College]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.oranim.ac.il/sites/heb/about/about-oranim-en/Pages/default.aspx |title=About Oranim Academic College |access-date=2013-02-12 |archive-date=2016-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029142658/http://www.oranim.ac.il/sites/heb/about/about-oranim-en/pages/default.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> an Galilee College.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.collegeabroad.com/galillee-college.html |title=About Galilee College |access-date=2007-08-14 |archive-date=2007-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070814182518/http://www.collegeabroad.com/galillee-college.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Ramat Hadassah [[youth veelage]] is locatit on the ootskirts o Kiryat Tivon.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jewishagency.org/JewishAgency/English/Israel/YouthFutures/YouthAliyah/Szold |title=About Ramat Hadassah Youth Village |access-date=2013-02-12 |archive-date=2012-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120826004140/http://www.jewishagency.org/JewishAgency/English/Israel/YouthFutures/YouthAliyah/Szold/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Galilee College, establisht in 1987, haes internaitional students frae 140 kintras, maistly in the developin warld. It affers management an trainin courses for Palestinian offeecials an institutions an aw. Some 1,200 pairticipants frae mair nor 90 Palestinian govrenmental an nan-govrenmental offices hae attendit programs at the college an aw.<ref>[http://www.israel21c.org/bin/en.jsp?enDispWho=Articles^l868&enPage=BlankPage&enDisplay=view&enDispWhat=object&enVersion=0&enZone=Democracy Israel's Galilee College spreads the message of cooperation]</ref> == Twin ceeties == * {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Braunschweig]] * {{flagicon|France}} [[Compiègne]] * {{flagicon|Croatia}} [[Čakovec]] == References == {{reflist}} == See an aw == * [[Alexander Zaid]] == Freemit airtins == * [http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/939403.html New version of old self-defense group guards Jewish farmlands ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090916092439/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/939403.html |date=2009-09-16 }} {{Haifa Destrict}} [[Category:Local cooncils in Israel]] 6a67jxy39sbc5yfs15t0l6n7r2li54z 0 45930 917696 853900 2026-06-04T13:54:57Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 917696 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Israel municipality |name=Kafr Qara |emblem= |image_skyline=Kafr Qara P1070763.JPG |image_caption= |hebname=כַּפְר קַרִע |ISO=Kpar Qáriˁ |arname=كفر قرع |meaning= |pushpin_map=Israel |pushpin_label_position=left |coordinates = {{coord|32|30|20.89|N|35|3|13.76|E|region:IL|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |founded= |type=lc |typefrom= |stdHeb= |altOffSp=Kefar Qara |altUnoSp=Kfar Qari |district=haifa |population=15,300 |population_footnotes=<ref name="cbs populations" /> |popyear=2009 |area_dunam=7000 |mayor= }} '''Kafr Qara''' or '''Kafr Qari''' ({{lang-ar|كفر قرع}}, {{lang-he-n|כַּפְר קַרִע}}) is an [[Arab citizens o Israel|Israeli-Arab]] toun {{convert|22|mi|km}} sootheast o [[Haifa]], [[Israel]]. In 2009, the population wis 15,300.<ref name="cbs populations" /> ==History== Kfar Qara wis founded about 350 years ago. The wird Qara in Arabic means [[pumpkin]], which is the main crop for the community, hence the name Kfar Qara which means the village of the Pumpkin. Kafr Qara is part o the [[Triangle (Israel)|Triangle]]. It is located in the [[Wadi Ara]] region, northwest o the [[Green Line (Israel)|Green Line]]. The majority of the residents are [[Muslim]].<ref name="cbs populations" /> It is governed by a [[local cooncil (Israel)|local council]]. A sma percentage o the toun's laund wis expropriatit bi the local authorities an Israeli govrenment for public an militar uise.<ref name="cac.at" /> Kafr Qara is ane o the walthier touns in the Triangle.<ref name="haaretz" /> ==Education== [[File:Kafr Qara P1070790.JPG|thumb|Kfar Qara residence]] In September 2003, a group o local parents foondit a bilingual, multicultural elementar schuil in Kafr Qara, namit [[:en:Hand in Hand – Bridge over the Wadi|Hand in Hand – Bridge over the Wadi]], or "Brig ower the Wadi". Kafr Qara heich schuil, established in 1970 as a vocational schuil, is nou a comprehensive heich schuil for 10t–12t graders frae Kafr Qara an environs. The schuil haes pairticipatit in multicultural projects such as ''Jitli'', an affers a joint leadership program for Arab an Jewish teenagers.<ref name="cac.at" /> ==Notable residents== *[[Nawaf Massalha]], first [[Muslim]] tae serve on the [[Cabinet o Israel|Israeli cabinet]] *[[Jamal Zahalka]], Arab member o [[Knesset]], [[Balad (poleetical pairty)|Balad]] chairman ==See an aw== *[[Leet o Arab localities in Israel]] ==References== {{reflist|refs= <ref name="cbs populations">{{cite web|url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/population/new_2010/table3.pdf|publisher=[[Israel Central Bureau of Statistics]]|title=Table 3 - Population of Localities Numbering Above 2,000 Residents and Other Rural Population|date=2010-06-30|accessdate=2010-10-30}}</ref> <ref name="cac.at">{{cite web |url=http://doku.cac.at/kfar_qara_presentation.pdf |title=Arab minority in Israel |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2011-11-25 |archive-date=2011-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001041954/http://doku.cac.at/kfar_qara_presentation.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="haaretz">{{cite web |last=Stern |first=Yoav |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/834571.html |title=Kfar Qara group to protest lack of work caused by import of foreign labor - Haaretz Daily Newspaper &#124; Israel News |publisher=Haaretz.com |date=2011-04-17 |accessdate=2011-11-25 |archive-date=2010-04-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100420030544/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/834571.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> }} {{Commonscat}} {{Haifa Destrict}} [[Category:Local cooncils in Israel]] [[Category:Arab localities in Israel]] [[Category:Wadi Ara]] 6kr0rxivtosyqjqxt8y77o94e21ymnj 0 45932 917695 853085 2026-06-04T13:24:14Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 917695 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Israel municipality |name=Jisr az-Zarqa |image_skyline= Jisr az-Zarqa.jpg |image_caption= View of Jisr az-Zarqa |hebname=גִ'סְּר א-זַּרְקָא |ISO=Ǧissr ˀa-Zárqaˀ |arname=جـِسـْر الزرقاء |meaning=Bridge over the Blue |pushpin_map = Israel |pushpin_label_position = |coordinates = {{coord|32|32|N|34|54|E|region:IL|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |founded=1963 |type=lc |district=haifa |population=11,100 |popyear=2005 |area_dunam=1520 }} '''Jisr az-Zarqa''' ({{lang-ar|جِسْر الزَّرْقَاء}}, {{lang-he-n|גִ'סְּר א-זַּרְקָא}} lit. ''brig ower the blue'') is an [[Arab citizens o Israel|Israeli Arab]] [[local cooncil (Israel)|toun]] on [[Israel]]'s northren [[Israeli Coastal Plain|Mediterranean coastal plain]]. Locatit juist north o [[Caesarea (Israel)|Caesarea]] athin the [[Haifa Destrict]], it achievit local cooncil status in 1963. Accordin tae the [[Israel Central Bureau o Statistics|Central Bureau o Statistics]] (CBS) the toun haed a population o 11,100 residents at the end o 2005. the name Jisr az-Zarqa is a reference tae [[Taninim Stream]], which is kent in Arabic as the "Blue Stream." The mayor is Az-Adin Amash. ==History== Jisr az-Zarqa is the anerlie Arab toun in [[Israel]] locatit on the coast o the [[Mediterranean Sea]] (tho coastal touns such as [[Acre, Israel|Acre]], [[Haifa]], an [[Tel Aviv-Yafo|Jaffa]] hae significant Arab populations). Ither Arab touns alang the coast wur depopulatit durin the [[1948 Arab-Israeli War]] in Israeli militar affensives. Housomeivver, the intervention o Jews frae the neeborin touns o [[Zikhron Ya'akov]] an [[Binyamina]], who relied on the population o Jisr az-Zarqa an nearbi [[Fureidis]] for agricultural labor, preventit the Israeli authorities frae dispersin the Arab population o the twa touns.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ucpress.edu/books/pages/8205/8205.ch05.html |title=Sacred Landscape: CHAPTER FIVE<!--Bot-generated title--> |access-date=2013-02-12 |archive-date=2006-09-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060904163907/http://www.ucpress.edu/books/pages/8205/8205.ch05.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In November 2002, the Caesarea Development Corporation constructit a lairge yirden embankment runnin the lenth o the 160 meter-wide corridor atween the veelage an neeboring [[Caesarea]]. The embankment wis biggit tae block oot noise frae the [[muezzin]] an [[celebratory gunfire]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.caesarea.org.il/template_e/default.asp?maincat=12&catid=53&pageId=187&id_site=9 |title=Caesarea<!--Bot-generated title--> |access-date=2013-02-12 |archive-date=2006-10-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061008081747/http://www.caesarea.org.il/template_e/default.asp?maincat=12&catid=53&pageId=187&id_site=9 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and crack doun on frequent property thefts.<ref name="Long Division">[http://friendvill1203.homestead.com/Long.html Long<!--Bot-generated title-->]</ref> Residents o Jisr az-Zarqa claim that the naitional pairk in the north, the embankment tae the sooth, the heich-gate tae the east an the sea tae the wast, are keepin the toun frae expandin.<ref name="Long Division"/> The municipality o Jisr al Zarka is seekin tae promote environmental tourism tae the toun an its beachfront.<ref>[http://www.greenprophet.com/2011/01/forgotten-israeli-town/ Forgotten Arab Israeli Town Gets Chance to Change Eco-Image]</ref> ==Demografics== The indwallers o Jisr az-Zarqa are primarily [[Muslim]]. Thare hae been unverifeed reports o the existence o a sma commonty o idol worshipers or [[polytheists]] an aw, who are the stryndants o the auncient [[Canaan]]ite an [[Philistine]] naitions.<ref name="Shamah">[http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?apage=1&cid=1249418656478&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull The lost Palestinian Jews] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916050054/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?apage=1&cid=1249418656478&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |date=2011-09-16 }}- August 20, 2009</ref> The toun haes the lawest average monthly wage o ony locality in Israel at 3,800 [[Israeli new sheqel|New Israeli Sheqel]] (NIS), or a little ower 1,100 [[USD]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Settlers earn double the minimum wage and more than the average wage|date=2006 24 August|publisher=translated by AAD from <http://www.hagada.org.il/hagada/html/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=3819>|url=http://www.aad-online.org/2005/English/9-September/17-22/18-9/2.htm|access-date=2013-02-12|archive-date=2006-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018230914/http://www.aad-online.org/2005/english/9-September/17-22/18-9/2.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Accordin the [[Israel Central Bureau o Statistics]], Jisr az-Zarqa haes the heichest heich schuil drop oot rates in the kintra at 12% an aw.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jisr al-Zarqa, J'lem, Eilat have highest high school dropout rates|date=2006 8 September|publisher=[[Haaretz]]|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=760264|access-date=2013-02-12|archive-date=2007-10-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001044216/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=760264|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Equal opportunity? Not in our school|date=2006 27 September|publisher=[[Haaretz]]|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/766858.html|access-date=2013-02-12|archive-date=2007-10-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001130931/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/766858.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> A wumman frae the toun, [[Mariam Amash]], applee'd for a new identity caird in [[Hadera]] in Februar 2008, uisin a birth document issued bi the [[Ottoman Empire]] that said she wis born in 1888. If verifee'd bi the ''Guinness Beuk o Warld Records'', this wad hae made her the auldest livin body in the warld at 120.<ref>{{citenews |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7247679.stm |title=World's 'oldest' person in Israel |first=Martin |last=Patience |date=2008-02-15 |accessdate=2008-02-12 |work=[[BBC News]] |publisher=BBC MMVII}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3505680,00.html |title=120 year-old woman files for identity card |date=2008-02-12 |accessdate=2008-02-12 |publisher=Ynetnews.com}}</ref> Mariam passed awa on 22 Dizember 2012 at the age o 124.<ref>{{citeweb |url=http://www.news.com.au/world/mariam-amash-possibly-worlds-oldest-person-dies-age-124/story-fndir2ev-1226542513980 |title=Mariam Amash, possibly world's oldest person, dies age 124 ''(with video)'' |date=2012-12-23 |accessdate=2008-02-12 |publisher=Ynetnews.com |archive-date=2012-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121223175758/http://www.news.com.au/world/mariam-amash-possibly-worlds-oldest-person-dies-age-124/story-fndir2ev-1226542513980 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1998, the first multiple [[Kidney transplantation|neer transplant]] in Israel teuk place atween a couple frae the veelage an a Jewish couple frae [[Jerusalem]].<ref>{{cite news|title=An Israeli and an Arab showing the way|date=1998 13 May|publisher=ArabicNews.com|url=http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/980513/1998051370.html|access-date=2013-02-12|archive-date=2006-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060215235436/http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/980513/1998051370.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Image:Dzjasser085.jpg|thumb|center|600px|Panoramic view o Jisr az-Zarqa]] ==See also== *[[List of Arab localities in Israel]] ==References== [[Image:Jissr-street.jpg|thumb|200px|right|teepical sea-view street in Jisr]] {{Reflist}} ==Further readin== {{Commonscat|Jisr az-Zarqa}} *[[Benny Morris]] (1994): "''[[1948 and after; Israel and the Palestinians]]"'' ISBN 0-19-827929-9. (Chapter 8, p. 257-289: The Case of [[Abu Ghosh]] and [[Beit Naqquba]], [[Fureidis|Al Fureidis]] and Jisr Zarka in 1948 -or Why Four Villages Remained.) *Kareem Sa‘id (2009): [http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.asp?id=1052&mag_id=115 Jisr ez-Zarqa Final Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719082106/http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.asp?id=1052&mag_id=115 |date=2011-07-19 }} ''Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel'', No. 121 {{Haifa Destrict}} [[Category:Local cooncils in Israel]] [[Category:Arab localities in Israel]] 1x3u6ma44vxluivzlo2a5253h7xmqqt 0 46426 917779 905726 2026-06-04T18:25:26Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 917779 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Russian town |en_name=Medvezhyegorsk |ru_name=Медвежьегорск |image_skyline=Medvezhyegorsk canal building.jpg |image_caption=Medvezhyegorsk canal biggin |coordinates = {{coord|62|55|N|34|28|E|display=inline,title}} |map_label_position=left |image_coa= |coa_caption= |image_flag= |flag_caption= |anthem= |anthem_ref= |holiday= |holiday_ref= |federal_subject=[[Republic o Karelie]] |federal_subject_ref= |adm_data_as_of= |adm_district_jur= |adm_district_jur_ref= |adm_ctr_of= |adm_ctr_of_ref= |inhabloc_cat=Town |inhabloc_cat_ref= |inhabloc_type= |inhabloc_type_ref= |mun_data_as_of= |mun_district_jur= |mun_district_jur_ref= |urban_settlement_jur= |urban_settlement_jur_ref= |mun_admctr_of= |mun_admctr_of_ref= |leader_title= |leader_title_ref= |leader_name= |leader_name_ref= |representative_body= |representative_body_ref= |area_of_what= |area_as_of= |area_km2= |area_km2_ref= |pop_2010census=15533 |pop_2010census_ref=<ref name="2010Census">{{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}}</ref> |pop_density= |pop_density_as_of= |pop_density_ref= |pop_latest= |pop_latest_date= |pop_latest_ref= |established_date=1600s |established_title= |established_date_ref= |current_cat_date= |current_cat_date_ref= |prev_name1= |prev_name1_date= |prev_name1_ref= |postal_codes= |postal_codes_ref= |dialing_codes=86 224 501 |dialing_codes_ref= |website=http://www.medgora.ru/ |website_ref= |commonscat=Medvezhyegorsk |date=June 2010 }} '''Medvezhyegorsk''' ({{lang-ru|Медвежьего́рск}}; {{lang-krl|Karhumägi}}; {{lang-fi|Karhumäki}}), umwhile kent as '''Medvezhya Gora''' an '''Karhumäki''', is a [[teeps o inhabitit localities in Roushie|toun]] an the [[admeenistrative centre]] o [[Medvezhyegorsky Destrict]] o the [[Republic o Karelie]], [[Roushie]]. Population: {{ru-census2010|15,533|;}} {{ru-census2002|17,283|;}} {{su-census1989|20,373;}} 15,800 (1959). Thare wis a veelage thare syne the 17t century, but it wis no grantit toun status till 1916, whan it wis kent as Medvezhya Gora (literally, "bear munt"). The current name wis gien tae it in 1938. Atween 1703–1710 an 1766–1769, a factory wis operatin on the steid o the ceety. The toun wis occupeed bi [[Finland]] durin [[Warld War II]] atween 1941 an 1944.<ref>[http://www.karelia.pp.ru/medgora/med.php History of Medvezhyegorsk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624233810/http://www.karelia.pp.ru/medgora/med.php |date=2009-06-24 }} (in Russian)</ref> Medvezhyegorsk is on the [[Murmansk]] railwey sooth o the [[White Sea]], an at the north end o [[Lake Onega]]. The [[White Sea-Baltic Canal]] passes bi it. Elevation: {{convert|262|ft|sp=us}}. ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.medgora.ru/ Offeecial wabsteid o Medvezhyegorsk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125225035/http://www.medgora.ru/ |date=2013-11-25 }} *[http://solovki.info/?action=archive&id=409 "Behind Kirov's Back (Medvezhyegorsk sketches)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120726164135/http://solovki.info/?action=archive&id=409 |date=2012-07-26 }}, bi Svetlana Rapenkova, ''Соловецкое море''. no 6. 2007 {{ru icon}} {{Republic o Karelie}} [[Category:Ceeties an touns in the Republic o Karelie]] jjrqmcugeqcr10ylaf93qze1mtzc1rl 0 50665 917743 910757 2026-06-04T16:40:36Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260604sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 917743 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fixscots}} {{Taxobox | name = Avocado | image = Persea americana fruit 2.JPG | image_alt = Close-up picture o foliage an avocado fruit | image_caption = Avocado fruit an foliage, [[Réunion|Réunion island]] | image2 = Avocado Hass - single and halved.jpg | image2_caption = Ripe avocado fruit an cross-section | regnum = [[Plant]]ae | phylum = [[Angiosperm]]s | classis = [[Magnoliid]]s | ordo = [[Laurales]] | familia = [[Lauraceae]] | genus = ''[[Persea]]'' | species = '''''P. americana''''' | binomial = ''Persea americana'' | binomial_authority = [[Philip Miller|Mill.]] | synonyms = ''Persea gratissima'' }} The '''avocado''' (''Persea americana'') is a [[tree]] native tae Central Mexico,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Chen|first1=H.|last2=Morrell|first2=P. L.|last3=Ashworth|first3=V. E. T. M.|last4=De La Cruz|first4=M.|last5=Clegg|first5=M. T.|title=Tracing the Geographic Origins of Major Avocado Cultivars|journal=Journal of Heredity|volume=100|issue=1|pages=56–65|year=2008|pmid=18779226|doi=10.1093/jhered/esn068}}</ref> clessifee'd in the [[flouerin plant]] faimily [[Lauraceae]] alang wi [[cinnamon]], [[cinnamomum camphora|camphor]] an [[bay laurel]]. '''Avocado''' or '''alligator peir''' an aa refers tae the [[fruit]] ([[Botany|botanically]] a lairge [[berry]] that contains a single seed<ref>California Avocado Society 1973–74 Yearbook 57: 70–71, [http://www.avocadosource.com/CAS_Yearbooks/CAS_57_1973/CAS_1973-74_PG_070-071.pdf What kind of fruit is the avocado?]</ref>) o the tree. Avocados are commercially valuable an are cultivatit in tropical an Mediterranean climates throughoot the warld. Thay hae a green-skinned, fleshy body that mey be peir-shaped, egg-shaped, or spherical. Commercially, it ripens efter harvestin. Trees are partially [[Self-pollination|self-pollinatin]] an eften are [[Plant propagation|propagatit]] throu [[graftin]] tae maintain a predictable quality an quantity o the fruit. == Cultivation == {| class="infobox" style="width: 14em; font-size: 85%; text-align: left" |- ! colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:lightblue;"|Fuid an agricultur |- | colspan=3 style="text-align:center"|[[File:Avocado.jpeg|frameless]] |- | colspan=3 style="text-align:center"|''Avocado fruit (cv. 'Fuerte'); left: whole, right: in section'' |- ! style="background:#e9e9e9;"|'''Kintra''' ! style="background:#e9e9e9;"|'''Quantity ([[Metric ton|Tm]])''' ! style="background:#e9e9e9;"|Warld Rank<ref name="FAO">[[FAO]] (2004) [http://www.fao.org/es/ess/top/commodity.html;jsessionid=1FD7B1AF15B3ADE8D52C26E94FF4B1EE?item=572&lang=en&year=2005 Major Producers of Avocado]</ref> |- style="background:#f0f0f0;" | Mexico | style="text-align: right"| 1,040,390 | style="text-align: right"| 1 |- | Indonesie | style="text-align: right"|263,575 | style="text-align: right"|2 |- style="background:#f0f0f0;" | United States o Americae | style="text-align: right"|214,000 | style="text-align: right"|3 |- | Colombie | style="text-align: right"|185,811 | style="text-align: right"|4 |- style="background:#f0f0f0;" | Brazil | style="text-align: right"|175,000 | style="text-align: right"|5 |- | Chile | style="text-align: right"|163,000 | style="text-align: right"|6 |- style="background:#f0f0f0;" | Dominican Republic | style="text-align: right"|140,000 | style="text-align: right"|7 |- | Peru | style="text-align: right"|102,000 | style="text-align: right"|8 |- style="background:#f0f0f0;" | Cheenae | style="text-align: right"|85,000 | style="text-align: right"|9 |- | Ethiopie | style="text-align: right"|81,500 | style="text-align: right"|10 |- | colspan="3" style="background:#e9e9e9; text-align:center;"|<ref name="FAO" /> |} The tree graws tae {{convert|20|m|ft|abbr=on}}, wi alternately arranged [[leaf|leaves]] {{convert|12|cm|in|1}} – {{convert|25|cm|in|1}} lang. The [[flouer]]s are inconspicuous, greenish-yellae, {{convert|5|mm|in|1}} – {{convert|10|mm|in|1}} wide. The [[peir]]-shaped fruit is {{convert|7|cm|in|1}} – {{convert|20|cm|in|1}} lang, wechts atween {{convert|100|g|oz}} – {{convert|1000|g|oz}}, an haes a lairge central [[seed]], {{convert|5|cm|in|1}} – {{convert|6.4|cm|in|1}} lang.<ref name="isbn0-9610184-1-0">{{cite book |author=Dowling, Curtis F.; [[Julia Morton|Morton, Julia Frances]] |title=Fruits of warm climates |url=https://archive.org/details/fruitsofwarmclim0000mort |publisher=J.F. Morton |location=Miami, Fla |year=1987 |isbn=0-9610184-1-0}}</ref> The [[subtropical]] species needs a climate withoot frost an wi little wind. Heich winds reduce the humidity, dehydrate the flouers, an affect pollination. Whan even a mild frost occurs, prematur fruit drop mey occur, awtho the [[Hass avocado|Hass]] [[cultivar]] can tolerate temperaturs doun tae −1&nbsp;°C. The trees an aa need well-aeratit siles, ideally mair nor 1 m deep. Yield is reduced whan the irrigation watter is heichly [[salinity|saline]]. Thir sile an climate conditions are available anly in a few auries o the warld, pairteecularly in soothren [[Spain]], [[Portugal]], [[Morocco]], [[Crete]], the [[Levant]], [[Sooth Africae]], [[Colombie]], [[Peru]], pairts o central an northren [[Chile]], [[Vietnam]], [[Indonesia]], pairts o soothren [[Indie]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Australie]], [[New Zealand]], [[the Philippines]], [[Malaysie]], [[Central Americae]], the [[Caribbean]], [[Mexico]], [[Californie]], [[Arizona]], [[Puerto Rico]], [[New Mexico]], [[Texas]], [[Florida]], [[Hawai'i]], [[Ecuador]] an [[Rwanda]]. Ilk region haes different teeps o cultivars. == Culinary uses == {{nutritional value | name=Avocados, raw | water=73.23 g | kJ=670 | protein=2 g | fat=14.66 g | satfat=2.13 g | monofat=9.80 g | polyfat=1.82 g | carbs=8.53 g | fiber=6.7 g | sugars=0.66 g | calcium_mg=12 | iron_mg=0.55 | magnesium_mg=29 | phosphorus_mg=52 | potassium_mg=485 | sodium_mg=7 | zinc_mg=0.64 | manganese_mg=0.142 | opt1n=[[Fluoride]] | opt1v=7 µg | vitC_mg=10 | thiamin_mg=0.067 | riboflavin_mg=0.13 | niacin_mg=1.738 | pantothenic_mg=1.389 | vitB6_mg=0.257 | folate_ug=81 | vitA_ug=7 | betacarotene_ug=62 | lutein_ug=271 | vitE_mg=2.07 | vitK_ug=21 | source_usda = 1 | note=[http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/list?qlookup=09037&format=Full Link to USDA Database entry] }} The fruit o horticultural cultivars haes a mercatly heicher [[fat]] content than maist ither fruit, maistly [[monounsaturatit fat|monounsaturated fat]], an as sic serves as an important staple in the diet o various groups whaur access tae ither fatty fuids (heich-fat meats an fish, dairy products, etc.) is limitit. A ripe avocado yields tae gentle pressur whan held in the palm o the haund an squeezed. The flesh is prone tae [[enzymatic brounin]]; it turns broun quickly efter exposur tae air. Tae prevent this, [[lime (fruit)|lime]] or [[lemon]] juice can be addit tae avocados efter thay are peeled. [[File:IndonesianFood JusAlpokat.JPG|thumb|left|upright|[[Indonesian cuisine|Indonesian-style]] avocado milkshake wi chocolate syrup]] The fruit is nae sweet, but rich, an distinctly yet subtly flavored, an o smuith, awmaist creamy textur. It is uised in baith savory an sweet dishes, tho in mony kintras nae for baith. The avocado is verra popular in [[vegetarian cuisine]], as substitute for meats in sandwiches an salads acause o its heich [[fat]] content. Generally, avocado is served raw, tho some cultivars, includin the common Hass, can be cuiked for a short time withoot acomin bitter. Caution shoud be uised whan cuikin wi untestit cultivars; the flesh o some avocados mey be rendered inedible bi heat. Prolonged cuikin induces this chemical reaction in aw cultivars.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bates|first1=Robert P.|title=HEAT-INDUCED OFF-FLAVOR IN AVOCADO FLESH|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-food-science_july-august-1970_35_4/page/n155|journal=Journal of Food Science|volume=35|page=478|year=1970|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2621.1970.tb00962.x|issue=4}}</ref> It is uised as the base for the [[Mexico|Mexican]] [[dip (fuid)|dip]] kent as [[guacamole]], as well as a spread on [[corn tortillas]] or toast, served wi spices. In the [[Philippines]], [[Brazil]], [[Indonesie]], [[Vietnam]], an soothren [[Indie]] (especially the coastal [[Kerala]] an [[Karnataka]] region), avocados are frequently uised for milkshakes an occasionally addit tae [[ice cream]] an ither desserts. In [[Brazil]], [[Vietnam]], the [[Philippines]]<ref name="zeldes">{{cite web|last = Zeldes|first = Leah A.|authorlink = Leah A. Zeldes|title = Eat this! The ‘Hass’ avocado, black and green and creamy|work = Dining Chicago|publisher = Chicago's Restaurant & Entertainment Guide, Inc.|date = 2010-06-02|url = http://www.diningchicago.com/blog/2010/06/02/eat-this-the-hass-avocado-black-and-green-and-creamy/|accessdate = 2010-06-20|archive-date = 2015-09-21|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150921212023/http://www.diningchicago.com/blog/2010/06/02/eat-this-the-hass-avocado-black-and-green-and-creamy/|url-status = dead}}</ref> an [[Indonesie]], a [[dessert]] drink is made wi sugar, milk or watter, an pureed avocado. [[Chocolate syrup]] is whiles addit. In [[Morocco]], thare is a seemilar chilled avocado an milk drink, that is sweetened wi [[confectioner's sugar]] an hintit wi [[orange flouer watter]]. In [[Ethiopie]], avocados are made intae juice bi mixin them wi succar an milk or watter, uisually served wi [[Vimto]] an a slice o leemon. It is an aa very common tae serve layered multiple fruit juices in a gless (locally cried ''spreece'') made o avocados, mangoes, bananas, guavas an papayas. Avocados are an aa uised tae mak salads. Avocados in savory dishes, eften seen as exotic, are a relative novelty in [[Portuguese leid|Portuguese]]-speakin kintras, sic as [[Brazil]], whaur the tradeetional preparation is mashed wi succar an lime, an eaten as a dessert or snack. This contrasts wi Spainyie-speakin kintras, sic as [[Mexico]] or [[Argentinae]], whaur the opposite is true an sweet preparations are eften unheard o. In [[Australie]] an [[New Zealand]], it is commonly served in sandwiches, sushi, on toast, or wi chicken. In [[Ghana]], it is eften eaten alone in sliced breid as a sandwich. In Sri Lanka, well ripened flesh, thoroughly mashed wi succar an milk, or treacle (a syrup made frae the nectar o a parteecular palm flouer) wis ance a popular dessert. In [[Haiti]] it is eften consumed wi [[cassava]] or regular breid for breakfast. In Mexico an Central Americae, avocados are served mixed wi white rice, in soups, salads, or on the side o chicken an meat. In Peru, thay are consumed wi ''[[tequeño]]s'' as mayonnaise, served as a side dish wi ''[[Asado|parrillas]]'', uised in salads an sandwiches, or as a whole dish whan filled wi tuna, shrimp, or chicken. In Chile, it is uised as a puree wi chicken, [[hamburger]]s, an [[het dug]]s; an in slices for [[celery]] or [[lettuce]] salads. The Chilean version o [[Caesar salad]] contains lairge slices o matur avocado. In [[Kenyae]] an [[Nigerie]], the avocado is eften eaten as a fruit, an is eaten alone, or mixed wi ether fruits in a fruit salad, or as pairt o a vegetable salad. In Iran, it is uised as a rejuvenatin facial cream. A puree o the fruit wis uised tae thicken an flavor the liqueur [[Advocaat]] in its oreeginal recipe, made bi the Dutch population o [[Suriname]] an [[Recife]], wi the name derivin frae the same soorce. Avocado slices are frequently addit tae hamburgers, ''[[tortas]]'', [[het dugs]], an ''[[carne asada]]''. Avocado can be combined wi eggs (in scrambled eggs, tortillas or omelettes), an is a key ingredient in [[Californie roll]]s an ither ''[[makizushi]]'' ("maki", or rolled [[sushi]]). In soothren Africae, Avocado Ritz is a common dish.<ref>[http://www.rainbownation.com/recipes/recipe.asp?type=1&id=1 Recipe for avocado ritz] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208025351/http://www.rainbownation.com/recipes/recipe.asp?type=1&id=1 |date=2011-12-08 }}</ref> In the [[Unitit Kinrick]], the avocado acame widely available in the 1960s whan it wis introduced bi [[Sainsbury's]] unner the name 'avocado peir'.<ref>{{cite news|last=Delgado|first=Martin|title=Sainsbury, M&S ... and the great ad-vocado war|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/food/article-1186938/Avocado-wars-M-S-Sainsburys-battle-introduced-fruit-first.html|newspaper=Daily Mail}}</ref> == References == {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==Fremmit airtins== {{Cuikbeuk}} {{Wikisource1911Enc|Avocado Pear}} {{Commons|Persea americana}} {{Wiktionary}} * [http://www.ucavo.ucr.edu/AvocadoVarieties/VarietyFrame.html#Anchor-47857 Definitive illustrated list of avocado varieties] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309191347/http://www.ucavo.ucr.edu/AvocadoVarieties/VarietyFrame.html#Anchor-47857 |date=2021-03-09 }} * [http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/avocado.html Avocados beyond ''Persea americana''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061107033301/http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/avocado.html |date=2006-11-07 }}, California Rare Fruit Growers [[Category:Craps oreeginatin frae Mexico]] [[Category:Craps oreeginatin frae Sooth Americae]] [[Category:Craps oreeginatin frae the Americaes]] [[Category:Hawaiian cuisine]] [[Category:Persea]] [[Category:Puerto Rican ingredients]] [[Category:Trees o Costa Rica]] [[Category:Trees o Guatemala]] [[Category:Trees o Honduras]] [[Category:Trees o Jamaica]] [[Category:Trees o Mexico]] [[Category:Trees o Nicaragua]] [[Category:Tropical agricultur]] [[Category:Tropical fruit]] ka1muxxqhw3oim8pmanti3z0wgisl35 0 52604 917793 906855 2026-06-05T06:02:09Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 917793 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fixscots}} {{Infobox officeholder |nobel = yes |birth_name=Szymon Perski |name = Shimon Peres<br><small>שמעון פרס</small> |image = Shimon Peres - World Economic Forum on the Middle East 2009.jpg |office = [[Leet o Preses o Israel|9t]] [[Preses]] o [[Israel]] |primeminister = [[Ehud Olmert]]<br>[[Benjamin Netanyahu]] |term_start = 15 Julie 2007 |term_end = 24 Julie 2014 |predecessor = [[Moshe Katsav]] |successor = [[Reuven Rivlin]] |office1 = [[Prime meenister]] o [[Israel]] |president1 = [[Ezer Weizman]] |term_start1 = 4 November 1995 |term_end1 = 18 Juin 1996<br><small>[[Actin (law)|Actin]]: 4 November 1995 – 22 November 1995</small> |predecessor1 = [[Yitzhak Rabin]] |successor1 = [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] |president2 = [[Chaim Herzog]] |term_start2 = 13 September 1984 |term_end2 = 20 October 1986 |predecessor2 = [[Yitzhak Shamir]] |successor2 = [[Yitzhak Shamir]] |president3 = [[Ephraim Katzir]] |term_start3 = 22 Aprile 1977 |term_end3 = 21 Juin 1977<br><small>Actin</small> |predecessor3 = [[Yitzhak Rabin]] |successor3 = [[Menachem Begin]] |office4 = [[Foreign Affairs Meenister o Israel|Meenister o Foreign Affairs]] |primeminister4 = [[Ariel Sharon]] |deputy4 = [[Michael Melchior]] |term_start4 = 7 Mairch 2001 |term_end4 = 2 November 2002 |predecessor4 = [[Shlomo Ben-Ami]] |successor4 = [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] |primeminister5 = [[Yitzhak Rabin]] |deputy5 = [[Yossi Beilin]]<br>[[Eli Dayan]] |term_start5 = 14 Julie 1992 |term_end5 = 22 November 1995 |predecessor5 = [[David Levy (Israeli politeecian)|David Levy]] |successor5 = [[Ehud Barak]] |primeminister6 = [[Yitzhak Shamir]] |term_start6 = 20 October 1986 |term_end6 = 23 December 1988 |predecessor6 = [[Yitzhak Shamir]] |successor6 = [[Moshe Arens]] |office7 = [[Meenistry o Defense (Israel)|Meenister o Defense]] |term_start7 = 4 November 1995 |term_end7 = 18 Juin 1996 |predecessor7 = [[Yitzhak Rabin]] |successor7 = [[Yitzhak Mordechai]] |primeminister8 = [[Yitzhak Rabin]] |term_start8 = 3 Juin 1974 |term_end8 = 20 Juin 1977 |predecessor8 = [[Moshe Dayan]] |successor8 = [[Ezer Weizman]] |office9 = [[Meenistry o Finance (Israel)|Meenister o Finance]] |primeminister9 = [[Yitzhak Shamir]] |term_start9 = 22 December 1988 |term_end9 = 15 Mairch 1990 |predecessor9 = [[Moshe Nissim]] |successor9 = [[Yitzhak Shamir]] |office10 = [[Meenistry o Transport, Naitional Infrastructure an Road Safety|Meenister o Transportation]] |primeminister10 = [[Golda Meir]] |term_start10 = 1 September 1970 |term_end10 = 10 Mairch 1974 |predecessor10 = [[Ezer Weizman]] |successor10 = [[Aharon Yariv]] |birth_date = {{Birth date|1923|8|2|df=y}} |birth_place = [[Vishneva|Wiszniew]], [[Seicont Polish Republic|Poland]]<br><small>(nou [[Belarus]])</small> |death_date = [[28 September]] [[2016]] (aged 93) |death_place = |party = [[Mapai]] <small>(1959–1965)</small><br>[[Rafi (poleetical party)|Rafi]] <small>(1965–1968)</small><br>[[Israeli Labor Pairty|Labor]] <small>(1968–2005)</small><br>[[Kadima]] <small>(2005–present)</small> |otherparty = [[Alignment (poleetical pairty)|Alignment]] <small>(1965–1991)</small> |spouse = Sonya Gelman <small>(1945–2011)</small> |children = Zvia<br>Yoni<br>Chemi |religion = [[Judaism]] |signature = Shimon Peres signature - en.svg }} {{Audio|He-Shimon_Peres.ogg|'''Shimon Peres'''}} [[Knicht Grand Cross o the Order o St Michael an St George|GCMG]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120925225259/http://www.fco.gov.uk/resources/en/protocol/honours/2008-honoraries Foreign and Commonwealth Office]</ref> ({{lang-he|שמעון פרס}}, born '''Szymon Perski'''; 2 August 1923, died 28 September 2016) wis a Pols-born Israeli statesman. He wis the [[Leet o Preses o Israel|nint]] [[Preses o Israel|Preses]] o the [[Israel|State o Israel]]. Peres served twice as the [[Prime Meenister o Israel]] an ance as [[Actin Prime Meenister|Interim Prime Meenister]], an haes been a member o 12 [[Cabinet o Israel|cabinets]] in a poleetical career spannin ower 66 year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/870789.html|title=Presidency rounds off 66-year career|work=[[Haaretz]]|author=Amiram Barkat|access-date=2013-06-12|archive-date=2007-09-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070904214738/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/870789.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Peres wis electit tae the [[Knesset]] in November 1959 an, except for a three-month-lang hiatus in early 2006, served continuously till 2007, whan he became Preses. He held several diplomatic an militar poseetions durin an directly efter [[1948 Arab–Israeli War|Israel's War o Unthirldom]]. His first heich-level govrenment poseetion wis as Deputy Director-General o Defense in 1952, an Director-General in 1953 throu 1959.<ref name=Nobel>{{Cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1994/peres-bio.html|publisher=The Nobel Foundation|year=1995|editor=Tore Frangsmyr|title=Shimon Peres, The Nobel Peace Prize 1994}}</ref> Durin his career, he haes represented five poleetical parties in the Knesset: [[Mapai]], [[Rafi (political pairty)|Rafi]], the [[Alignment (poleetical pairty)|Alignment]], [[Labor Pairty (Israel)|Labor]] an [[Kadima]], an haes led Alignment an Labor. Peres wan the 1994 [[Nobel Peace Prize]] thegither wi [[Yitzhak Rabin]] an [[Yasser Arafat]] for the peace talks that he participatit in as Israeli Foreign Meenister, producin the [[Oslo Accords]].<ref name=Nobel/> Peres wis nominatit in early 2007 bi [[Kadima]] tae run in that year's [[Israeli presidential election, 2007|presidential election]], an wis electit bi the [[Knesset]] tae the presidency on 13 Juin 2007 an sworn intae affice on 15 Julie 2007 for a seiven-year term.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1181570258432&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull|title=Peres elected President|accessdate=13 June 2007|date=12 June 2007|publisher=[[The Jerusalem Post]]}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=VOA>Jim Teeple, [https://web.archive.org/web/20070715211831/http://voanews.com/english/2007-07-15-voa14.cfm "Shimon Peres Sworn In as Israel's President"], VOA News, 15 July 2007.</ref> He is the first umwhile Prime Meenister tae be electit Preses o Israel. At the age o 90, Peres wis the warld's auldest [[Leets o state leaders#10 auldest currently servin state leaders|heid o state]] at the end o his time in office, as well as the fift auldest heid o state ever unner a republican constitution (efter [[Hastings Banda]] o [[Malawi]], [[Eamon de Valera]] o [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], [[Tôn Đức Thắng]] o [[Vietnam]] an [[Joaquin Balaguer]] o the [[Dominican Republic]]). ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.president.gov.il/English/Pages/english.aspx Offeecial Israeli Presidency wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313073850/http://www.president.gov.il/English/Pages/English.aspx |date=2013-03-13 }} *{{MKlink|id=104}} *[http://www.youtube.com/Peres Offeecial channel] on YouTube *[http://www.parsine.com/fa/news/62558 The day Peres became a Sheikh!] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616073947/http://www.parsine.com/fa/news/62558 |date=2012-06-16 }}{{fa}} *[http://www.peres-center.org Peres Center for Peace] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315030421/https://www.peres-center.org/ |date=2019-03-15 }} *[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9059215/Shimon-Peres Biography] at the [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] *[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1994/peres-lecture.html Lecture] at [[NobelPrize.org]] *[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/peres.html Shimon Peres biography] at the [[Jewish Virtual Library]] *{{C-SPAN|1851}} *{{Charlie Rose view|144}} *[http://www.guardian.co.uk/profile/shimon-peres Column archive] at ''[[The Guardian]]'' *{{Haaretztopic|Shimon_Peres}} *{{JPosttopic|Shimon_Peres}} *{{NYTtopic|people/p/shimon_peres}} *{{Nndb|960/000022894}} *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4134419.stm BBC] – Sharon seals new Israel coalition *[http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1131367067166&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull Peres's metaphysical propensity tae lose] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130706010146/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1131367067166&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull |date=2013-07-06 }} bi Matthew Wagner, published in the [[Jerusalem Post]], 10 November 2005. *[http://www.isracast.com/transcripts/291105a_trans.htm Former Labor Leader Shimon Peres Headin For Sharon's new pairty] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060316032623/https://www.isracast.com/transcripts/291105a_trans.htm |date=2006-03-16 }} – recordit Report frae IsraCast. *[http://uc.princeton.edu/main/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=608&Itemid=11/ Shimon Peres speaks at the Cooncil on Foreign Relations aboot the Israel/Lebanon conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070510070640/https://uc.princeton.edu/main/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=608&Itemid=11%2F |date=2007-05-10 }} on 31 Julie 2006 *[http://www.cornell.edu/video/viewer/peres.cfmv Shimon Peres speaks at Cornell University – "A Conversation with Shimon Peres"] *[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArtStEngPE.jhtml?itemNo=870789&contrassID=2&subContrassID=1&title=%27Presidency%20rounds%20off%2066-year%20career%20%27&dyn_server=172.20.5.5 "Presidency rounds off 66-year career"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080606182106/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArtStEngPE.jhtml?itemNo=870789&contrassID=2&subContrassID=1&title=%27Presidency%20rounds%20off%2066-year%20career%20%27&dyn_server=172.20.5.5 |date=2008-06-06 }} bi Amiram Barkat, [[Haaretz]] *[http://www.un.org/ga/63/generaldebate/israel.shtml Preses Peres' address tae the 63rd session o the Unitit Naitions General Assembly] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051925/http://www.un.org/ga/63/generaldebate/israel.shtml |date=2016-03-04 }}, 24 September 2008 *[http://www.kcl.ac.uk/news/news_details.php?news_id=947&year=2008 Honorary doctorate o Law frae Keeng's College Lunnon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626183218/http://www.kcl.ac.uk/news/news_details.php?news_id=947&year=2008 |date=2013-06-26 }} *[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b8Nv7L7Gl9I Interview] bi [[Leon Charney]] on The Leon Charney Report {{Israelpres}} {{IsraelPMS}} [[Category:1923 births]] [[Category:2016 daiths]] [[Category:Armenie Genocide deniers]] [[Category:Belaroushie emigrants tae Israel]] [[Category:Belaroushie Jews]] [[Category:Belaroushie Nobel laureates]] [[Category:Honorar Knichts Commander o the Order o the Breetish Empire]] [[Category:Honorar Knichts Grand Cross o the Order o St Michael an St George]] [[Category:Légion d'honneur recipients]] [[Category:Israeli ceevil servants]] [[Category:Israeli Jews]] [[Category:Israeli Labor Pairty politeecians]] [[Category:Israeli Nobel laureates]] [[Category:Leaders o poleetical pairties in Israel]] [[Category:Israeli fowk o Belaroushie strynd]] [[Category:Jewish politeecians]] [[Category:Kadima politeecians]] [[Category:Mapai politeecians]] [[Category:Members o the Knesset]] [[Category:Meenisters o Internal Affairs o Israel]] [[Category:Nobel Peace Prize laureates]] [[Category:Fowk frae Tel Aviv]] [[Category:Fowk frae Valozhyn Raion]] [[Category:Pols emigrants tae Israel]] [[Category:Pols Jews]] [[Category:Pols Nobel laureates]] [[Category:Preses o Israel]] [[Category:Prime Meenisters o Israel]] [[Category:Rafi (poleetical pairty) politeecians]] [[Category:Meenisters o Defence o Israel]] [[Category:Meenisters o Foreign Affairs o Israel]] ppycjfjbvt0wzaxi3if1i0fqy01oc0g 0 52961 917730 916609 2026-06-04T16:30:38Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260604sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 917730 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder |name = Václav Havel |image = Václav Havel - Freedom and its adversaries conference.jpg |order = [[Leet o Preses o the Czech Republic|1st]] |office = Preses o the Czech Republic |primeminister = [[Václav Klaus]]<br />[[Josef Tošovský]]<br />[[Miloš Zeman]]<br />[[Vladimír Špidla]] |term_start = 2 Februar 1993 |term_end = 2 Februar 2003 |predecessor = Poseetion established |successor = [[Václav Klaus]] |office2 = [[Leet o Preses o Czechoslovakie|9t Preses o Czechoslovakie]] |primeminister2 = [[Marián Čalfa]]<br />[[Jan Stráský]] |term_start2 = 29 December 1989 |term_end2 = 20 Julie 1992 |predecessor2 = [[Marián Čalfa]] <small>(Actin)</small> |successor2 = [[Jan Stráský]] <small>(Actin)</small> |birth_date = {{birth date|1936|10|5|df=y}} |birth_place = [[Prague]], Czechoslovakie<br /><small>(nou Czech Republic)</small> |death_date = {{death date and age|2011|12|18|1936|10|5|df=y}} |death_place = [[Vlčice]], Czech Republic |party = [[Ceevic Forum]] <small>(1989–1993)</small><br />[[Green Pairty (Czech Republic)|Green Pairty]] supporter <small>(2004–2011)</small> (frae 1980s supporter o [[green politics]]) |spouse = [[Olga Havlová|Olga Šplíchalová]] <small>(1964–1996)</small><br />[[Dagmar Havlová|Dagmar Veškrnová]] <small>(1997–2011)</small> |alma_mater = [[Czech Technical Varsity in Prague|Technical Varsity, Prague]] |religion = [[Catholic Kirk|Roman Catholicism]]<ref>[http://tisk.cirkev.cz/z-domova/prohlaseni-arcibiskupa-duky-k-umrti-vaclava-havla/ Prohlášení arcibiskupa Duky k úmrtí Václava Havla] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140711160926/http://tisk.cirkev.cz/z-domova/prohlaseni-arcibiskupa-duky-k-umrti-vaclava-havla/ |date=2014-07-11 }} by Archbishop [[Dominik Duka]], Czech Bishops' Conference, 18 December 2011.</ref> |signature = Vaclav Havel Signature.svg |website = [http://www.vaclavhavel.cz/Index.php?&setln=2 www.vaclavhavel.cz]<br />[http://www.vaclavhavel-library.org/en/ www.vaclavhavel-library.org] }} '''Václav Havel''' ({{IPA-cs|ˈvaːt͡slav<!--/v/ is [v] before a voiced consonant--> ˈɦavɛl|-|Václav_Havel.ogg}}; 5 October 1936{{spaced ndash}}18 December 2011) wis a [[Czechs|Czech]] playwricht, essayist, poet, [[dissident]] an politeecian. Havel wis the nint<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1989-12-30/news/mn-943_1_vaclav-havel|title=Havel Assumes Czechoslovak Presidency|publisher=Los Angeled Times|accessdate=21 December 2011|date=30 December 1989}}</ref> an [[Leet o Preses o Czechoslovakie|last preses o Czechoslovakie]] (1989–1992) an the [[Leet o Preses o the Czech Republic|first preses o the Czech Republic]] (1993–2003). He wrote mair nor 20 plays an numerous non-fiction wirks, translatit internaitionally. Havel wis voted 4t in ''[[Prospect (magazine)|Prospect]]'' magazine's 2005 global poll o the warld's tap 100 intellectuals.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/prospect-100-intellectuals|title=Prospect Intellectuals: The 2005 List|accessdate=6 April 2010|magazine=[[Prospect (magazine)|Prospect]]|journal=|archive-date=2011-04-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110424145152/http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/prospect-100-intellectuals/|url-status=dead}}</ref> At the time o his daith he wis Chairman o the New York-based [[Human Richts Foondation]]. He wis the foonder o the VIZE 97 Foondation an the principal organizer o the [[Forum 2000]] annual global conference. Havel wis ane o the signatories o the [[Charter 77]] manifesto, a foondin signatory, thegither wi [[Joachim Gauck]], o the [[Prague Declaration on European Conscience an Communism]] (launchin the [[European Day o Remembrance for Victims o Stalinism an Nazism]]),<ref>{{cite journal |last= Tismăneanu |first= Vladimir | authorlink= Vladimir Tismăneanu |year= 2010 |title= Citizenship Restored |journal= [[Journal of Democracy]] |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages= 128–135 |publisher= |doi= 10.1353/jod.0.0139 |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-democracy_2010-01_21_1/page/128|accessdate= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.victimsofcommunism.org/media/article.php?article=3850|title=Prague Declaration on European Conscience and Communism - Press Release|date=9 June 2008|publisher=[[Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation]]|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yf4HFF6d?url=http://www.victimsofcommunism.org/media/article.php?article=3850|archivedate=2011-05-13|accessdate=10 May 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> an a cooncil member o the [[Victims o Communism Memorial Foondation]]. Havel received mony recognitions, includin the Unitit States [[Presidential Medal o Freedom]], th [[Gandhi Peace Prize]], the [[Philadelphia Liberty Medal]], the [[Order o Canadae]], the freedom medal o the [[Fower Freedoms Awaird]], an the [[Ambassador o Conscience Awaird]]. The 2012–2013 academic year at the [[College o Europe]] wis named in his honour.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.coleurope.eu/nl/node/5880|title=Opening Ceremony, Bruges Campus|accessdate=2 December 2012|archive-date=2013-10-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031060743/https://www.coleurope.eu/nl/node/5880|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Wikiquote}} * [http://www.vaclavhavel.cz/ Václav Havel] Offeecial wabsteid * [http://www.vaclavhavel-library.org/ Václav Havel Library, Prague] * [http://dafilms.com/film/7188-obcan-havel/ Watch ''Citizen Havel'', a film aboot Václav Havel, at www.dafilms.com] * {{C-SPAN|12333}} * {{IMDb name|0369730}} * {{Guardiantopic|world/vaclav-havel}} * {{NYTtopic|people/h/vaclav_havel}} * [http://www.nybooks.com/authors/207 Václav Havel archive] frae ''[[The New York Review o Beuks]]'' * [http://havel.columbia.edu/biblio_humanrights.html Havel at Columbie: Bibliography: Human Richts Archive] * [http://old.radio.cz/en/article/36022 Radio Prague's detailed accoont o Havel's life] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120729120011/http://old.radio.cz/en/article/36022 |date=2012-07-29 }} * [http://www.theater61press.com/authors/vaclav-havel-bio.html Bio o Václav Havel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022150211/http://www.theater61press.com/authors/vaclav-havel-bio.html |date=2013-10-22 }} * [http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/19/world/europe/vaclav-havel-dissident-playwright-who-led-czechoslovakia-dead-at-75.html New York Times obit] * [http://www.untitledtheater.com/havel/havel-festival.html The Havel Festival] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108060642/http://www.untitledtheater.com/havel/havel-festival.html |date=2015-01-08 }} * [http://www.vize.cz/en/ The Dagmar an Václav Havel Foondation] * [http://www.europeanstrategist.eu/2011/12/last-interview-with-vaclav-havel-to-bomb-belgrade-was-a-tough-decision/ Last interview, given tae ''The European Strategist''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609055349/http://www.europeanstrategist.eu/2011/12/last-interview-with-vaclav-havel-to-bomb-belgrade-was-a-tough-decision/ |date=2012-06-09 }} {{s-start}} {{s-off}} {{s-bef|before=[[Marián Čalfa]]<br /><small>Actin</small>}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Leet o Preses o Czechoslovakie|Preses o Czechoslovakie]]|years=1989–1992}} {{s-non|reason=[[Jan Stráský]]<br /><small>Actin</small>}} |- {{s-non|reason=Poseetion established}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Preses o the Czech Republic]]|years=1993–2003}} {{s-aft|after=[[Václav Klaus]]}} {{s-end}} {{CzechoslovakPreses}} {{CzechPreses}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Havel, Vaclav}} [[Category:1936 births]] [[Category:2011 daiths]] [[Category:Amnesty Internaitional prisoners o conscience]] [[Category:Austrian State Prize for European Literatur winners]] [[Category:Cancer survivors]] [[Category:Charlemagne Prize recipients]] [[Category:Charter 77 signatories]] [[Category:Czech anti-communists]] [[Category:Czech dramatists an playwrichts]] [[Category:Czech politeecians]] [[Category:Disease-relatit daiths in the Czech Republic]] [[Category:Erasmus Prize winners]] [[Category:Leid creators]] [[Category:Fowk frae Prague]] [[Category:Preses o the Czech Republic]] [[Category:Theatre o the Absurd]] [[Category:Czech Technical Varsity in Prague alumni]] [[Category:Prague Declaration on European Conscience an Communism signatories]] <!-- Honours --> [[Category:Presidential Medal o Freedom recipients]] [[Category:Collars o the Order o the White Lion]] [[Category:Commandeurs o the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres]] [[Category:Companions o the Order o Canadae]] [[Category:Fellows o the Ryal Society o Literatur]] [[Category:Grand Collars o the Order o the Soothren Cross]] [[Category:Collars o the Order o the Liberator General San Martin]] [[Category:Grand Crosses o the Order o the White Dooble Cross]] [[Category:Grand Crosses o the Order o Vytautas the Great]] [[Category:Honorar Knichts Grand Cross o the Order o the Bath]] [[Category:Recipients o the Geuzenpenning (Netherlands)]] [[Category:Olof Palme Prize laureates]] [[Category:Prix mondial Cino Del Duca winners]] [[Category:Grand Crosses Special Cless o the Order o Meerit o the Federal Republic o Germany]] [[Category:Recipients o the Collar o the Order o the Cross o Terra Mariana]] [[Category:Recipients o the Austrian Decoration for Science an Art]] [[Category:Recipients o the Gandhi Peace Prize]] [[Category:Recipients o the Gottlieb Duttweiler Prize]] [[Category:Recipients o the Indira Gandhi Peace Prize]] [[Category:Recipients o the Order o Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, 1st class]] [[Category:Grand Cordons o the Order o the Starn o Jordan]] [[Category:Grand Croix o the Légion d'honneur]] [[Category:Grand Crosses wi Cheen o the Order o Meerit o the Republic o Hungary (ceevil)]] [[Category:Knichts Grand Cross o the Order o Meerit o the Italian Republic]] [[Category:Recipients o the Order o al-Hussein bin Ali]] [[Category:Grand Collars o the Order o Liberty]] [[Category:Recipients o the Order o Brilliant Starn]] [[Category:Collars o the Order o Isabella the Catholic]] [[Category:Recipients o the Order o Prince Yaroslav the Wise]] [[Category:Czech Roman Catholics]] [[Category:Czechoslovak democracy activists]] 2uiujt39x7znfzd4079d1c2xekdjmdx 0 53280 917758 890591 2026-06-04T16:53:37Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260604sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 917758 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox platinum}} '''Platinum''' is a [[chemical element]] wi the [[chemical seembol]] '''Pt''' an an [[atomic nummer]] o 78. Its name is derived frae the Spaingie term ''platina'', which is leeterally translatit intae "little siller".<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/464081/platinum-Pt "platinum (Pt)."] Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 24 April 2012</ref><ref>{{OEtymD|platinum}}</ref><!--source for "platina del Pinto"<ref>{{cite book|last=Woods|first=Ian|title=The Elements: Platinum|url=https://archive.org/details/platinum0000wood|publisher=Benchmark Books|year=2004|series=The Elements|isbn=978-0-7614-1550-3}}</ref>--> It is a [[density|dense]], [[malleability|malleable]], [[ductility|ductile]], [[precious metal|precious]], gray-white [[transeetion metal]]. Platinum haes sax naiturally occurring [[isotopes]]. It is ane o the [[Abundance o elements in Yird's crust|rarest elements in the Yird's crust]] an haes an average abundance o approximately 5&nbsp;μg/kg. It is the [[Reactivity series|least reactive metal]]. It occurs in some [[nickel]] an [[copper]] ores alang wi some [[Native element mineral|native]] deposits, maistly in [[Sooth Africae]], which accoonts for 80% o the warld production. As a member o the [[platinum group]] o elements, as well as o the [[group 10 element|group 10]] o the [[periodic table o elements]], platinum is generally non-reactive. It exhibits a remarkable resistance tae corrosion, even at heich temperaturs, an as sic is considered a [[noble metal]]. As a result, platinum is eften foond chemically uncombined as native platinum. Acause it occurs naiturally in the [[alluvium|alluvial sands]] o various rivers, it wis first uised bi [[pre-Columbie]] Sooth American natives tae produce artifacts. It wis referenced in European writings as early as 16t century, but it wis nae till [[Antonio de Ulloa]] published a report on a new metal o [[Colombie]] origin in 1748 that it acame investigated bi scientists. Platinum is uised in [[catalytic converter]]s, laboratory equipment, [[electric]]al contacts an [[electrode]]s, [[platinum resistance thermometer]]s, [[dentistry]] equipment, an jewelry. Acause anly a few hunder tonnes are produced annually, it is a scarce material, an is heichly valuable an is a major [[Leet o tradit commodities#Precious metals|precious metal commodity]]. Bein a [[ivy metal (chemistry)|hivy metal]], it leads tae heal issues upon exposur tae its salts, but due tae its corrosion resistance, it is nae as toxic as some metals.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0015/123081/AQG2ndEd_6_11Platinum.PDF|title= Platinum&#124;|access-date= 2013-06-28|archive-date= 2012-10-18|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121018173735/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0015/123081/AQG2ndEd_6_11Platinum.PDF|url-status= dead}}</ref> Compoonds containin platinum, maist notably [[cisplatin]], are applee'd in [[chemotherapy]] against certaint types o cancer.<ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 20593091 | year = 2010 | last1 = Wheate | first1 = NJ | last2 = Walker | first2 = S | last3 = Craig | first3 = GE | last4 = Oun | first4 = R | title = The status of platinum anticancer drugs in the clinic and in clinical trials | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_dalton-transactions_2010-09-21_39_35/page/8113 | volume = 39 | issue = 35 | pages = 8113–27 | doi = 10.1039/C0DT00292E | journal = Dalton transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/078.htm Platinum] at ''[[The Periodic Table o Videos]]'' (Varsity o Nottingham) * ''[http://chartofthenuclides.com/default.html Nuclides an Isotopes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202125304/http://chartofthenuclides.com/default.html |date=2011-02-02 }} Fowerteent Edeetion: Chart o the Nuclides'', General Electric Company, 1989. * [http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0519.html NIOSH Pocket Guide tae Chemical Hazards - Platinum] Centers for Disease Control an Prevention {{Periodic cairt}} [[Category:Platinum| ]] [[Category:Catalysts]] [[Category:Chemical elements]] [[Category:Cubic meenerals]] [[Category:Noble metals]] [[Category:Precious metals]] [[Category:Science an technology in Spain]] [[Category:Transeetion metals]] [[Category:Warrants issued in Hong Kong Stock Exchynge]] qf1vywae8lprg35zda80maxi2e50fwg 0 54106 917745 908313 2026-06-04T16:42:42Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260604sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 917745 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=Februar 2021}} {{speciesbox | name = Red panda | image = RedPandaFullBody.JPG | image_caption = A reid panda at the [[Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden|Cincinnati Zoo]] | status = EN | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn" /> | genus = Ailurus | parent_authority = [[Frédéric Cuvier|F. Cuvier]], 1825 | species = fulgens | authority = F. Cuvier, 1825 | subdivision_ranks = Subspecies | subdivision = ''A. f. fulgens'' <small>F. Cuvier, 1825</small><br> ''A. f. styani'' <small>[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902</small><ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite news |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |periodical=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |publisher=Gunther, A.C.L.G., Carruthers, W., Francis, W. |location=London |series=Seventh Series |volume=X |pages=251–252 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667}}</ref><ref name=msw3/> | range_map = Ailurus fulgens distribution clipped.svg | range_map_alt = Map shawin the range o the reid pandas | range_map_caption = Range o the reid panda }} [[File:Red panda eating bamboo at Symbio Wildlife Park.webm|thumb|reid panda]] The '''reid panda''' (''Ailurus fulgens''), cried the ''lesser panda'' an ''reid cat-bear'' forby, is a smaw [[mammal]] hamelt in the eastren [[Himalayas]] an sooth-wast [[Cheenae]] that haes been classified as an [[endangered species|''Endangered'']] bi [[IUCN]] as its wild population is estimatit at less nor 10,000 mature individuals. The population continues tae decline an is threatened bi [[habitat loss]] an fragmentation, [[poachin]], an [[inbreedin depression]], altho reid pandas are protectit bi naitional laws in thair range kintras.<ref name="iucn" >{{cite journal|author=Glatston, A. |author2=Wei, F. |author3=Than Zaw |author4=Sherpa, A. |title=''Ailurus fulgens'' |journal=[[The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] |publisher=[[IUCN]] |volume=2015 |page=e.T714A110023718 |date=2015 |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/714/110023718 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T714A45195924.en |access-date=29 October 2018}}</ref> The reid panda is slichtly lairger than a [[domestic cat]]. It has reiddish-broun fur, a lang, shaggy tail, an a waddlin gait due tae its shorter front legs. It is [[arboreal]] an feeds mainly on [[Bamboo shuit|bamboo]], but is [[omnivorous]] an is kent tae eats eggs, [[bird|birds]], [[insect|inssects]], an smaw [[mammal]]s. It is a [[solitary ainimal]], mainly [[Nocturnality|active frae dusk tae dawn]], an is lairgely [[Sedentary lifestyle|sedentary]] durin the day. The reid panda is the anely livin species o the [[Genus (biology)|genus]] ''Ailurus'' an the [[Faimily (biology)|faimily]] [[Ailuridae]]. It haes been previously placed in the [[Procyonidae|raccoon]] an [[Ursidae|beir]] faimilies, but results o [[phylogenetic]] research indicate strang support for its [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomic]] classification in its awn faimily [[Ailuridae]], which alang wi the [[Mustelidae|weasel faimily]] is pairt o the superfaimily [[Musteloidea]].<ref name="Flynn_2000">{{cite journal|last=Flynn |first=J. J. |last2=Nedbal |first2 = M. A. |last3=Dragoo |first3=J. W. |last4=Honeycutt |first4=R. L. |url=http://www.msb.unm.edu/mammals/publications/Flynn2000.pdf |title=Whence the Red Panda? |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=190–199 |year=2000 |accessdate=2009-09-23|pmid=11083933|doi=10.1006/mpev.2000.0819}}</ref> Traditionally it wis thoucht to hae twa [[subspecies]].<ref name=msw3>{{cite web|work=MSW3 Wozencraft|url=https://www.bucknell.edu/msw3/browse.asp?id=14001690|title=Species ''Ailurus fulgens''|access-date=2025-08-31|archive-date=2011-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624031350/https://www.bucknell.edu/msw3/browse.asp?id=14001690|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> Houiver , [[genetic analysis]] indicates that thare are likly twa reid panda species, the Chinese reid panda and the Himalayan reid panda, that [[Genetic divergence|genetically diverged]] {{Mya|0.22}}.<ref name="taxonomy">{{cite book |author=Groves, C. |year=2021 |chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus'' |title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda |editor=Glatston, A. R. |pages=95–117 |edition=Second |publisher=Academic Press |place=London |isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> A 1995 [[mitochondrial DNA]] analysis revealed that the red panda has close affinities with procyonids.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Pecon-Slattery, J. |name-list-style=amp |author2=O'Brien, S. J. |year=1995 |title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-heredity_november-december-1995_86_6/page/413 |journal=The Journal of Heredity |volume=86 |issue=6 |pages=413–422 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615 |pmid=8568209}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.redpandanetwork.org Reid Panda Network, USA] – The warld's anly non-profit organization dedicated tae reid panda conservation. * [http://www.redpanda.org.np/ Reid Panda Network, Nepal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923213157/http://redpanda.org.np/ |date=2009-09-23 }} * [http://www.arkive.org/red-panda/ailurus-fulgens/ ARKive: ''Reid panda''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015030510/http://www.arkive.org/red-panda/ailurus-fulgens/ |date=2008-10-15 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015030510/http://www.arkive.org/red-panda/ailurus-fulgens/ |date=2008-10-15 }} * [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Ailurus_fulgens.html Ainimal Diversity Wab] ''Ailurus fulgens''. Retrieved on 2009-11-26. * [http://www.animalinfo.org/species/carnivor/ailufulg.htm Ainimal Info: ''Reid Panda''] * [http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/cs/Satellite?c=Page&childpagename=Parks-Ranger-Service%2FPageLayout&cid=1223092737539&pagename=BCC%2FCommon%2FWrapper%2FWrapper Birmingham Nature Centre] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616071407/http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/cs/Satellite?c=Page&childpagename=Parks-Ranger-Service%2FPageLayout&cid=1223092737539&pagename=BCC%2FCommon%2FWrapper%2FWrapper |date=2015-06-16 }} – UK breedin program. Retrieved on 2009-11-26. {{Taxonbar|from=Q41960}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Reid Panda}} [[Category:Fauna o the Himalayas]] [[Category:Mammals o Indie]] [[Category:Fauna o Sooth Asie]] [[Category:Fauna o East Asie]] [[Category:Mammals o Nepal]] [[Category:Mammals o Bhutan]] [[Category:Mammals o Cheenae]] [[Category:Mammals o Laos]] [[Category:Mammals o Burma]] [[Category:Livin fossils]] [[Category:EDGE species]] [[Category:Wildlife o Yunnan]] [[Category:Monotypic mammal genera]] [[Category:Ainimals descrived in 1825]] {{stub/Ainimal}} ohfssewdnae0o6bbnd317cdx76tcurl 0 54150 917707 892265 2026-06-04T16:11:31Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260604sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 917707 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox | taxon = Apiales | image = Umbella.jpg | image_width = | image_caption = Inflorescence o a wild carrot, ''[[Daucus carota]]'', in the [[Apiaceae]] faimily. | authority = [[Takenoshin Nakai|Nakai]]<ref name=APGIII2009>{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x |format=PDF |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x |archive-date=2017-05-25 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170525104318/http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x/abstract |url-status=live |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170525104318/http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x/abstract }}</ref> | subdivision = * [[Apiaceae]] ([[carrot]] faimily) * [[Araliaceae]] ([[ginseng]] faimily) * [[Griseliniaceae]] * [[Myodocarpaceae]] * [[Pennantiaceae]] * [[Pittosporaceae]] * [[Torricelliaceae]] }} The '''Apiales''' are an [[Order (biology)|order]] o [[flouerin plant]]s. The [[Faimily (biology)|faimilies]], gien at richt, are those recognized in the [[APG III seestem]].<ref name=APGIII2009/> This is typical o the newer [[Biological classification|classifications]], tho thare is some slicht variation, an in particular the Torriceliaceae mey be dividit.<ref name="plunkett2004">Gregory M. Plunkett, Gregory T. Chandler, Porter P. Lowry, Steven M. Pinney, and Taylor S. Sprenkle (2004). "Recent advances in understanding Apiales and a revised classification". ''South African Journal of Botany'' '''70'''(3):371-381.</ref> Unner this definition, well-kent members include [[carrot]]s, [[celery]], [[persel]], an [[ivy]]. The order Apiales is placed within the [[asterid]] group o [[eudicots]] as circumscribed bi the APG III seestem.<ref name=APGIII2009/> Within the asterids, Apiales belangs tae an [[Taxonomic rank|unranked]] group cried the [[campanulids]],<ref name="winkworth2008">Richard C. Winkworth, Johannes Lundberg, and Michael J. Donoghue (2008). "Toward a resolution of Campanulid phylogeny, with special reference to the placement of Dipsacales". ''Taxon'' '''57'''(1):53-65.</ref> an within the campanulids, it belangs tae a [[clade]] kent in [[phylogenetic nomenclature]] as [[Apiidae]].<ref name="cantino2007">{{citation | author = Philip D. Cantino, James A. Doyle, Sean W. Graham, Walter S. Judd, Richard G. Olmstead, Douglas E. Soltis, Pamela S. Soltis, and Michael J. Donoghue | year = 2007 | title = Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of ''Tracheophyta'' | journal = Taxon | volume = 56 | issue = 3 | pages = 822–846 | url = http://www.phylodiversity.net/donoghue/publications/MJD_papers/2007/164_Cantino_Taxon07.pdf | doi = 10.2307/25065865 | access-date = 2013-07-12 | archive-date = 2021-07-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210711132839/http://phylodiversity.net/donoghue/publications/MJD_papers/2007/164_Cantino_Taxon07.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> In 2010, a [[subclade]] o Apiidae named [[Dipsapiidae]] wis defined tae consist o the three orders: Apiales, [[Paracryphiales]], an [[Dipsacales]].<ref name="tank2010">{{Cite journal | last1 = Tank | first1 = D. C. | last2 = Donoghue | first2 = M. J. | title = Phylogeny and Phylogenetic Nomenclature of the Campanulidae based on an Expanded Sample of Genes and Taxa | journal = Systematic Botany | volume = 35 | issue = 2 | pages = 425 | year = 2010 | doi = 10.1600/036364410791638306 }}</ref> The [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscriptions]] o some o the faimilies hae chynged. In 2009, ane o the subfaimilies o Araliaceae wis shawn tae be [[polyphyletic]].<ref name="nicolas2009">{{Cite journal | last1 = Nicolas | first1 = A. N. | last2 = Plunkett | first2 = G. M. | title = The demise of subfamily Hydrocotyloideae (Apiaceae) and the re-alignment of its genera across the entire order Apiales | url = https://archive.org/details/molecular-phylogenetics-and-evolution_2009-10_53_1/page/134 | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 53 | issue = 1 | pages = 134–151 | year = 2009 | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2009.06.010 | pmid=19549570}}</ref> ==History== The present unnerstandin o the Apiales is fairly recent an is based upon comparison o [[DNA sequences]] bi [[phylogenetic]] methods.<ref name="gregory2004">{{Cite journal| last1 = Chandler | first1 = G. T.| last2 = Plunkett | first2 = G. M.| title = Evolution in Apiales: nuclear and chloroplast markers together in (almost) perfect harmony| journal = Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society| volume = 144| issue = 2| pages = 123| year = 2004| doi = 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2003.00247.x}}</ref> Unner the [[Cronquist seestem]], anly the Apiaceae an Araliaceae wur includit here, an the restrictit order wis placed amang the rosids rather than the asterids. The Pittosporaceae wur placed within the [[Rosales]], an mony o the ither forms within the faimily [[Cornaceae]]. [[Pennantia]] wis in the faimily [[Icacinaceae]]. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q21138}} [[Category:Apiales]] [[Category:Angiosperm orders]] [[Category:Taxa named bi Takenoshin Nakai]] {{stub/Plaunt}} 1l1257uiufdork37t4c6nlll4xbfplg 0 54633 917710 903108 2026-06-04T16:13:46Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 2 books for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260604sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 917710 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=Dizember 2020}} {{drugbox| Watchedfields = changed | verifiedrevid = 464364671 | IUPAC_name = 2-acetoxybenzoic acid | OtherNames = Acetylsalicylic acid | image = Aspirin-skeletal.svg | width = 150 | image2 = Aspirin-B-3D-balls.png | width2 = 150 <!--Clinical data--> | Drugs.com = {{drugs.com|monograph|aspirin}} | MedlinePlus = a682878 | pregnancy_AU = C | pregnancy_US = D | legal_AU = unscheduled | legal_UK = GSL | legal_US = OTC | routes_of_administration = Maist commonly oral, whiles rectal, [[lysine acetylsalicylate]] mey be given [[intravenous therapy|IV]] or [[intramuscular injection|IM]] <!--Pharmacokinetic data--> | bioavailability = Rapidly an completely absorbed | protein_bound = 99.6% | metabolism = [[Liver|Hepatic]] | elimination_half-life = 300–650&nbsp;mg dose: 3.1–3.2 h<br />1 g dose: 5 h<br />2 g dose: 9 h | excretion = [[Kidney|Renal]] <!--Identifiers--> | CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}} | CAS_number = 50-78-2 | ATC_prefix = A01 | ATC_suffix = AD05 | ATC_supplemental = {{ATC|B01|AC06}}, {{ATC|N02|BA01}} | PubChem = 2244 | DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}} | DrugBank = DB00945 | ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} | ChemSpiderID = 2157 | UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} | UNII = R16CO5Y76E | KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}} | KEGG = D00109 | ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} | ChEBI = 15365 | ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} | ChEMBL = 25 <!--Chemical data--> | C=9 | H=8 | O=4 | molecular_weight = 180.157 g/mol | smiles = O=C(Oc1ccccc1C(=O)O)C | InChI = 1/C9H8O4/c1-6(10)13-8-5-3-2-4-7(8)9(11)12/h2-5H,1H3,(H,11,12) | StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} | StdInChI = 1S/C9H8O4/c1-6(10)13-8-5-3-2-4-7(8)9(11)12/h2-5H,1H3,(H,11,12) | StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} | StdInChIKey = BSYNRYMUTXBXSQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N | synonyms = 2-acetyloxybenzoic acid<br />acetylsalicylate<br />acetylsalicylic acid<br />O-acetylsalicylic acid | density = 1.40 | melting_point = 136 | boiling_point = 140 | boiling_notes = (decomposes) | solubility = 3 }} '''Aspirin''' ([[Unitit States Adoptit Name|USAN]]), kent as '''acetylsalicylic acid''' ({{IPAc-en|ə|ˌ|s|ɛ|t|əl|ˌ|s|æ|l|ɨ|ˈ|s|ɪ|l|ɨ|k}} {{respell|ə|SET|əl|SAL|i|SIL|ik}} an aw; abbreviatit '''ASA'''), is a [[salicylate]] [[medication|drug]], eften uised as an [[analgesic]] tae relieve minor aches an pains, as an [[antipyretic]] tae reduce fever, an as an [[anti-inflammatory]] medication. Aspirin wis first isolatit bi [[Felix Hoffmann]], a chemist wi the German company [[Bayer]] in 1897.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sneader|first1=W|title=The discovery of aspirin: a reappraisal.|journal=BMJ (Clinical research ed.)|date=December 2000|volume=321|issue=7276|pages=1591-4|pmid=11124191 |doi=10.1136/bmj.321.7276.1591 |pmc=1119266}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Acetylsalicylic acid |author=Karsten Schrör |isbn=978-3-527-32109-4 |year=2009 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=gw6yR6qZe5wC&lpg=PR11&dq=Felix%20Hoffmann%20Bayer%20Arthur%20Eichengr%C3%BCn&pg=PA7#v=onepage&q=Felix%20Hoffmann%20Bayer%20Arthur%20Eichengr%C3%BCn&f=false |access-date=2013-07-18 |archive-date=2020-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331161715/http://books.google.com/?id=gw6yR6qZe5wC&lpg=PR11&dq=Felix%20Hoffmann%20Bayer%20Arthur%20Eichengr%C3%BCn&pg=PA7#v=onepage&q=Felix%20Hoffmann%20Bayer%20Arthur%20Eichengr%C3%BCn&f=false |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Salicylic acid]], the main metabolite o aspirin, is an integral pairt o human an ainimal metabolism. While in humans much o it is attributable tae diet, a substantial pairt is synthesized [[Endogeny#Biology|endogenously]].<ref name=Paterson_2008>{{cite journal|last1=Paterson|first1=JR|last2=Baxter|first2=G|last3=Dreyer|first3=JS|last4=Halket|first4=JM|last5=Flynn|first5=R|last6=Lawrence|first6=JR|title=Salicylic acid sans aspirin in animals and man: persistence in fasting and biosynthesis from benzoic acid.|journal=Journal of agricultural and food chemistry|date=24 December 2008|volume=56|issue=24|pages=11648-52|pmid=19053387}}</ref> Aspirin forby haes an [[Antiplatelet drug|antiplatelet]] effect bi inhibitin the production o [[thromboxane]], which unner normal circumstances binds [[platelet]] molecules thegither tae create a patch ower damaged walls o bluid vessels. Acause the platelet patch can acome too muckle an block bluid flow an aw, locally an dounstream, aspirin is uised lang-term, at law doses, tae help prevent [[myocardial infarction|hert attacks]], [[stroke]]s, an [[thrombus|bluid clot]] formation in fowk at heich risk o developin bluid clots an aw.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lewis|first1=H. Daniel|last2=Davis|first2=James W.|last3=Archibald|first3=Donald G.|last4=Steinke|first4=William E.|last5=Smitherman|first5=Thomas C.|last6=Doherty|first6=James E.|last7=Schnaper|first7=Harold W.|last8=LeWinter|first8=Martin M.|last9=Linares|first9=Esteban|last10=Pouget|first10=J. Maurice|last11=Sabharwal|first11=Subhash C.|last12=Chesler|first12=Elliot|last13=DeMots|first13=Henry|title=Protective Effects of Aspirin against Acute Myocardial Infarction and Death in Men with Unstable Angina. Results of a Veterans Administration Cooperative Study|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_1983-08-18_309_7/page/396|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|date=18 August 1983|volume=309|issue=7|pages=396–403|doi=10.1056/NEJM198308183090703|pmid=6135989|issn=00284793}}</ref> It haes been established that law doses o aspirin mey be gien immediately efter a hert attack tae reduce the risk o anither hert attack or o the daith o cardiac tissue an aw.<ref name="anticoag">{{cite journal|last1=Julian|first1=D G|last2=Chamberlain|first2=D A|last3=Pocock|first3=S J|title=A comparison of aspirin and anticoagulation following thrombolysis for myocardial infarction (the AFTER study): a multicentre unblinded randomised clinical trial|journal=BMJ|date=7 December 1996|volume=313|issue=7070|pages=1429–1431|doi=10.1136/bmj.313.7070.1429|pmid = 8973228|pmc = 2353012}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Krumholz|first1=H. M.|last2=Radford|first2=M. J.|last3=Ellerbeck|first3=E. F.|last4=Hennen|first4=J.|last5=Meehan|first5=T. P.|last6=Petrillo|first6=M.|last7=Wang|first7=Y.|last8=Kresowik|first8=T. F.|last9=Jencks|first9=S. F.|title=Aspirin in the Treatment of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Elderly Medicare Beneficiaries : Patterns of Use and Outcomes|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_circulation_1995-11-15_92_10/page/2841|journal=Circulation|date=15 November 1995|volume=92|issue=10|pages=2841–2847|doi=10.1161/01.CIR.92.10.2841|pmid=7586250}}</ref> Aspirin mey be effective at preventin certain types o cancer, parteecularly [[colorectal cancer]].<ref name="thelancet.com">{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/S1470-2045(12)70112-2|title=Effects of regular aspirin on long-term cancer incidence and metastasis: A systematic comparison of evidence from observational studies versus randomised trials|year=2012|last1=Algra|first1=Annemijn M|last2=Rothwell|first2=Peter M|journal=The Lancet Oncology|url=http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanonc/article/PIIS1470-2045%2812%2970112-2/abstract|volume=13|issue=5|pages=518–27|pmid=22440112}}</ref><ref name="thelancet.com"/><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61720-0|title=Short-term effects of daily aspirin on cancer incidence, mortality, and non-vascular death: Analysis of the time course of risks and benefits in 51 randomised controlled trials|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_april-28-may-4-2012_379_9826/page/1602|year=2012|last1=Rothwell|first1=Peter M|last2=Price|first2=Jacqueline F|last3=Fowkes|first3=F Gerald R|last4=Zanchetti|first4=Alberto|last5=Roncaglioni|first5=Maria Carla|last6=Tognoni|first6=Gianni|last7=Lee|first7=Robert|last8=Belch|first8=Jill FF|last9=Wilson|first9=Michelle|journal=The Lancet|volume=379|issue=9826|pages=1602}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60209-8|title=Effect of daily aspirin on risk of cancer metastasis: A study of incident cancers during randomised controlled trials|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_april-28-may-4-2012_379_9826/page/1591|year=2012|last1=Rothwell|first1=Peter M|last2=Wilson|first2=Michelle|last3=Price|first3=Jacqueline F|last4=Belch|first4=Jill FF|last5=Meade|first5=Tom W|last6=Mehta|first6=Ziyah|journal=The Lancet|volume=379|issue=9826|pages=1591}}</ref> The main [[adverse drug reaction|undesirable side effects]] o aspirin taken bi muith are [[gastrointestinal]] [[gastric ulcer|ulcers]], painch bleedin, an [[tinnitus]], especially in heicher doses. In childer an adolescents, aspirin is na langer indicatit tae control [[flu-like symptoms]] or the symptoms o [[chickenpox]] or ither viral illnesses, acause o the risk o [[Reye's syndrome]].<ref name="BMJ2002-Macdonald">{{Cite journal|author=Macdonald S|title=Aspirin use to be banned in under 16-year olds|journal=BMJ|volume=325|issue=7371|page=988|year=2002|pmid= 12411346 |pmc=1169585|doi=10.1136/bmj.325.7371.988/c}}</ref> Aspirin is pairt o a group o medications cried [[nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs]] (NSAIDs), but differs frae maist ither NSAIDs in the [[nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs#Mechanism o action|mechanism o action]]. Tho it, an ithers in its group cried the salicylates, hae seemilar effects (antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic) tae the ither NSAIDs an inhibit the same enzyme [[cyclooxygenase]], aspirin (but nae the ither salicylates) daes sae in an [[irreversible inhibition|irreversible]] manner an, unlik ithers, affects mair the COX-1 variant than the COX-2 variant o the enzyme.<ref name="Goodman and Gilman's">{{Cite book| last = Burke| first = Anne| last2 = Smyth| first2 = Emer| last3 = FitzGerald| first3 = Garret A.| chapter = 26: Analgesic Antipyretic and Antiinflammatory Agents| title = Goodman and Gilman's the pharmacological basis of therapeutics| publisher = McGraw-Hill| year = 2006| edition = 11| isbn = 978-0-07-142280-2| location = New York| pages = 671–716| url = http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=942410&searchStr=aspirin| access-date = 2013-07-18| archive-date = 2017-11-28| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171128191135/http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx%3FaID%3D942410%26searchStr%3Daspirin| url-status = dead}}</ref> The day, aspirin is ane o the maist widely uised medications in the warld, wi an estimatit 40,000 [[tonnes]] o it bein consumed each year.<ref name='cox3article'>{{Cite journal|title=Cyclooxygenase-3 (COX-3): filling in the gaps toward a COX continuum?|journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci USA|year=2002|author2=Warner TD|author3=Mitchell JA|volume=99|issue=21|pages=13371–3|pmid=12374850|url=http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/extract/99/21/13371|doi=10.1073/pnas.222543099|author=Warner, T. D.|pmc=129677|access-date=2013-07-18|archive-date=2008-05-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528195131/http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/extract/99/21/13371|url-status=dead}}</ref> In kintras whaur Aspirin is a registered trademark awned bi [[Bayer]], the generic term is acetylsalicylic acid (ASA).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wordconstructions.com/articles/health/aspirin.html |title=The use of aspirin |publisher=Wordconstructions.com |accessdate=11 May 2011 |archive-date=2010-06-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620115835/http://www.wordconstructions.com/articles/health/aspirin.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.nextbio.com/b/home/home.nb?q=aspirin NextBio Aspirin Entry] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218224236/http://www.nextbio.com/b/home/home.nb?q=Aspirin |date=2008-12-18 }} * [http://www.bruker-axs.de/fileadmin/user_upload/SMART_X2S_Structure_Gallery/Structures/aspirin_1006_1432.html Interactive 3D-structur o aspirin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301064234/http://www.bruker-axs.de/fileadmin/user_upload/SMART_X2S_Structure_Gallery/Structures/aspirin_1006_1432.html |date=2010-03-01 }} wi detailed x-ray crystal structur * [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe-srv/PDBeXplore/ligand/?ligand=AIN Aspirin boond tae proteins] in the [[Protein Data Bank|PDB]] * [http://www.med.mcgill.ca/mjm/issues/v02n02/aspirin.html The History o Aspirin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050830083630/http://www.med.mcgill.ca/mjm/issues/v02n02/aspirin.html |date=2005-08-30 }} * [http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/mv_aspirin.htm Aspirin] at ''[[The Periodic Table o Videos]]'' (Varsity o Nottingham) * [http://www.howstuffworks.com/aspirin How Aspirin wirks] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200123090645/https://health.howstuffworks.com/medicine/medication/aspirin.htm |date=2020-01-23 }} * [http://www.creatingtechnology.org/biomed/aspirin.htm The science behind aspirin] * [http://pubs.acs.org/subscribe/journals/mdd/v03/i08/html/10health.html Tak twa: Aspirin], New uises an new dangers are still bein discovered as aspirin enters its 2nt century. Shauna Roberts, American Chemical Society * [http://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/drugportal/dpdirect.jsp?name=Aspirin U.S. Naitional Library o Medicine: Drug Information Portal – Aspirin] * [http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0010.html CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide tae Chemical Hazards – Acetylsalicylic Acid] {{authority control}} [[Category:Aspirin| ]] [[Category:Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drogs]] [[Category:Antiplatelet drogs]] [[Category:Equine medications]] [[Category:Benzoic acids]] [[Category:Salicylates]] [[Category:Warld Heal Organisation essential medicines]] [[Category:German inventions]] [[Category:Chemical compoonds foond in Salicaceae]] [[Category:Chemical compoonds foond in Rosaceae]] [[Category:Acetate esters]] lq4323ft26u60kw5doj8j8ins9yiw3f 0 55417 917720 891846 2026-06-04T16:25:10Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260604sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 917720 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=Januar 2021}} {{italic title}} {{taxobox | name = ''Carex'' | image = Carex halleriana.jpg | image_caption = ''[[Carex halleriana]]'' | regnum = [[Plantae]] | unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]] | unranked_classis = [[Monocots]] | unranked_ordo = [[Commelinids]] | ordo = [[Poales]] | familia = [[Cyperaceae]] | genus = '''''Carex''''' | genus_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] | diversity = c. 1800 species | diversity_link = Leet o Carex species | type_species = ''[[Carex hirta]]'' | type_species_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]&nbsp;<ref>{{cite journal |author=Ilkka Kukkonen & Heikki Toivonen |year=1988 |chapter=Taxonomy of wetland carices |journal=[[Aquatic Botany]] |volume=30 |issue=1–2 |pages=5–22 |doi=10.1016/0304-3770(88)90003-4 |editor=J. M. Bernard |title=CAREX, Trebon, Czechoslovakia, 13–23 June 1984|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_aquatic-botany_1988-02_30_1-2/page/5 }}</ref> | range_map = Areal carex.jpg | range_map_caption = Global distribution o ''Carex'' (green) }} '''''Carex''''' is a muckle [[genus]] wi mair nor 1500 [[species]] o girselik [[plant]]s<ref name=rhsaz>{{cite book|title=RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants|url=https://archive.org/details/azencyclopediaof0000unse|year=2008|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|location=United Kingdom|isbn=1405332964|pages=1136}}</ref> in the [[faimily (biology)|faimily]] [[Cyperaceae]]. Its members ar for ordinar kent as '''sedges'''. Ither members o the Cyperaceae faimily are cried sedges an aw, however those o genus ''Carex'' mey be cried "true" sedges, an it is the maist species-rich genus in the faimily. The study o ''Carex'' is kent as '''caricology'''. ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Portal box|Plants|Gardening}} * Jones, T. M., ''et al.'' (2010) [http://www.herbarium2.lsu.edu/aba/index.html Interactive Visual Identification tae Carices o North Americae @ LSU Herbarium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005210056/http://www.herbarium2.lsu.edu/aba/index.html |date=2013-10-05 }} * ''Carex'' images on [http://morphbank.net/Browse/ByImage/index.php?keywords=Carex&tsnKeywords=&spKeywords=&viewKeywords=&localityKeywords=&listField1=imageId&orderAsc1=ASC&listField2=&orderAsc2=ASC&listField3=&orderAsc3=ASC&sort.x=17&sort.y=8&numPerPage=20&goTo=&resetOffset=on&activeSubmit=1 MorphBank] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927212551/http://morphbank.net/Browse/ByImage/index.php?keywords=Carex&tsnKeywords=&spKeywords=&viewKeywords=&localityKeywords=&listField1=imageId&orderAsc1=ASC&listField2=&orderAsc2=ASC&listField3=&orderAsc3=ASC&sort.x=17&sort.y=8&numPerPage=20&goTo=&resetOffset=on&activeSubmit=1 |date=2007-09-27 }}, a biological image database <!----a non-botanical & non-Flora category location; sedge is not grass but for horticultural research access-? ? ---> {{stub/Plaunt}} e8jzg7n05pubgppdfv9tv5ojqve35qk 0 56122 917714 916406 2026-06-04T16:16:07Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 917714 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:World Population.svg|thumb|right|300px|A cairt o warld population.]] This is a leet o [[leet o sovereign states|independent kintras]] an inhabitit [[dependent territory|dependent territories]]—based on the ISO staundart [[ISO 3166-1]]—bi [[population]]. An aa gien in percent is each kintra's population compared tae the [[Warld population|population o the warld]], which accordin tae the [[Unitit States Census Bureau]] population clock is estimatit at 7.104 billion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.census.gov/main/www/popclock.html | title=U.S. & World Population Clocks | publisher=Census.gov | date=2012-04-06 | accessdate=2012-04-17}}</ref> Accordin tae a separate estimate bi the [[Unitit Nations]], warld population exceedit 7&nbsp;billion in October 2011.<ref name=UN7bn> {{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-15459643 | title=Population seven billion: UN sets out challenges | date=2011-10-26 | publisher=BBC | accessdate=2011-10-27}} </ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/oct/31/seven-billionth-baby-born-philippines?intcmp=122 | title=World's 'seven billionth baby' is born | date=2011-10-31 | publisher=The Guardian |accessdate=2011-10-31}}</ref><ref>[http://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2011/10/31/7-billion-people-is-a-serious-challenge/UPI-73301320046200 "7 billion people is a 'serious challenge'"]. UPI, 31 October 2011. Retrieved 2011-11-09.</ref> Auries that form integral pairts o sovereign states, sic as the [[kintras o the Unitit Kinrick]], are coontit as pairt o the sovereign states concerned. Nae included are ither entities, sic as the [[European Union]],<ref>The European Union is a ''[[sui generis]]'' [[supranational union]] whose sovereign members delegate to it by treaty certain powers that are often exercised by sovereign states. Its combined population has been estimated at 503,491,975 on January 1, 2012, it would be ranked 3rd if it were included in the list, and it has {{#expr: 503491975 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% of the world's population&nbsp;— see {{cite web | title=Total population | publisher=[[Eurostat]] | url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&language=en&pcode=tps00001 | accessdate=2010-06-18}}</ref> that are nae sovereign states, an dependent territories that dae nae hae permanent populations, sic as [[Territorial claims o Antarctica|various kintras' claims]] tae [[Antarctica]].{{ref|n1|n1}} Figures uised in this chart are based on the maist up tae date estimate or projections<ref>[http://www.economist.com/node/18651512 China's Population: The Most Surprising Demographic Crisis], The Economist, 2013.</ref> bi the naitional [[census]] authority whaur available, an are uisually roondit aff. Whaur updatit naitional data are nae available, figurs are based on the 2013 estimates bi the Population Diveesion o the [[Unitit Naitions Depairtment o Economic an Social Affairs]].<ref name=unpop>{{cite journal |url=http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/unpp/panel_population.htm | title=World Population Prospects| version=2012 revision | publisher=United Nations | author=Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division | year=2013 | accessdate= 2013-06-15}}</ref> Acause the compiled figurs are nae collectit at the same time in every kintra, or at the same level o [[statistics|accuracy]], the resultin numerical comparisons mey creaut misleadin conclusions. Furthermair, the addeetion o figures frae aw kintras mey nae equal the warld tot. For a graphical version o this leet, see [[leet o kintras bi population (graphical)]]. See an aa [[Leet o sovereign states an dependent territories bi population density]] an the [[leet o regional organisations bi population]]. ==Kintras== <!-- PLEASE READ BEFORE EDITING! WHEN YOU UPDATE A COUNTRY'S POPULATION - PLEASE ALSO UPDATE THE EXPRESSION NEXT TO IT (column "% of world population") WITH THE SAME NUMBER EXCLUDING COMMAS (the #expr: equation). --> '''Note:''' Aw dependent territories are shawn in ''italics''. {|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right" |- !Rank!!Kintra (or dependent territory)!!Population!!Date!!% o warld<br />population!!Soorce |- | - |align=left|[[Warld]] |{{formatnum: {{#expr: {{worldpop}} round -5}}}} |{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} |100.00% |align=left|[http://www.census.gov/popclock USCB's warld population clock] |- |1 |align=left|{{CHN}}<ref>Census figure refers to mainland [[China]], excluding its Special Administrative Regions (SARs) of [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]]. The first one returned to Chinese sovereignty in mid-1997 and the second one did so on December 20, 1999.</ref> |{{data Cheenae|poptoday 1}} |align=left|[http://www.cpirc.org.cn/index.asp Chinese Official Population Clock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031204051308/http://www.cpirc.org.cn/index.asp |date=2003-12-04 }} |- |2 |align=left|{{IND}} |{{data Indie|poptoday 1}} |align=left|[http://www.indiastat.com/ Indian Official Population Clock] |- |3 |align=left|{{USA}} |{{data Unitit States|poptoday 1}} |align=left|[http://www.census.gov/popclock Official population clock] |- |4 |align=left|{{IDN}} |237,641,326 |Mey 1, 2010 |{{#expr: 237641326/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.bps.go.id/eng/tab_sub/view.php?kat=1&tabel=1&daftar=1&id_subyek=12&notab=1 2010 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014161735/http://www.bps.go.id/eng/tab_sub/view.php?kat=1&tabel=1&daftar=1&id_subyek=12&notab=1 |date=2014-10-14 }} |- |5 |align=left|{{BRA}} |193,946,886 |Julie 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 193946886/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/presidencia/noticias/noticia_visualiza.php?id_noticia=2204&id_pagina=1 Official estimate] |- |6 |align=left|{{PAK}} |{{data Pakistan|poptoday 1}} |align=left|[http://www.census.gov.pk Official population clock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225211657/http://www.census.gov.pk/%20 |date=2018-12-25 }} |- |7 |align=left|{{NGA}} |173,615,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 173615000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |8 |align=left|{{BGD}} |152,518,015 |Julie 16, 2012 |{{#expr: 152518015/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20121009045253/http://www.bbs.gov.bd/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/Census2011/Bangladesh_glance.pdf Official estimate] |- |9 |align=left|{{RUS}} |143,400,000 |julie 1, 2019 |{{#expr: 143400000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.gks.ru/bgd/free/B13_00/IssWWW.exe/Stg/dk04/8-0.htm Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326010717/http://www.gks.ru/bgd/free/B13_00/IssWWW.exe/Stg/dk04/8-0.htm |date=2014-03-26 }} |- |10 |align=left|{{MEX}} |126,577,691 |Julie 1, 2019 |{{#expr: 126577691/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.conapo.gob.mx/work/models/CONAPO/Mapa_Ind_Dem18/index_2.html Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103091405/http://www.conapo.gob.mx/work/models/CONAPO/Mapa_Ind_Dem18/index_2.html |date=2019-01-03 }} |- |11 |align=left|{{JPN}} |126,200,000 |Mey 1, 2019 |{{#expr: 126200000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/jinsui/tsuki/index.htm Monthly official estimate] |- |12 |align=left|{{PHL}} |{{formatnum: {{#expr: (92337.852+4.881*{{Age in days|2010|5|1}}) round 0}}000}} |{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} |{{#expr: (92337852+4881*{{Age in days|2010|5|1}})/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.popcom.gov.ph Official population clock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403061418/http://www.popcom.gov.ph/ |date=2019-04-03 }} |- |13 |align=left|{{VNM}} |88,780,000 |Julie 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 88780000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.gso.gov.vn/default_en.aspx?tabid=508&ItemID=13500 Official estimate] |- |14 |align=left|{{ETH}} |86,613,986 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 86613986/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.csa.gov.et/images/documents/pdf_files/nationalstatisticsabstract/2012/2012%20POPULATION.pdf Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923211418/http://www.csa.gov.et/images/documents/pdf_files/nationalstatisticsabstract/2012/2012%20POPULATION.pdf |date=2015-09-23 }} |- |15 |align=left|{{EGY}} |83,661,000 |Januar 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 83661000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.capmas.gov.eg/pdf/EgyptInFigure/EgyptinFigures/Tables/English/pop/population/index.html Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525221856/http://www.capmas.gov.eg/pdf/EgyptInFigure/EgyptinFigures/Tables/English/pop/population/index.html |date=2013-05-25 }} |- |16 |align=left|{{DEU}} |80,493,000 |September 30, 2012 |{{#expr: 80493000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.destatis.de/DE/ZahlenFakten/GesellschaftStaat/Bevoelkerung/Bevoelkerungsstand/Tabellen/Zensus_Geschlecht_Staatsangehoerigkeit.html Quarterly official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113161057/https://www.destatis.de/DE/ZahlenFakten/GesellschaftStaat/Bevoelkerung/Bevoelkerungsstand/Tabellen/Zensus_Geschlecht_Staatsangehoerigkeit.html |date=2013-11-13 }} |- |17 |align=left|{{IRN}} |{{formatnum: {{#expr: (75149.669+2.531*{{Age in days|2011|10|24}}) round 0}}000}} |{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} |{{#expr: (75149669+2531*{{Age in days|2011|10|24}})/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.amar.org.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=133 Official population clock] |- |18 |align=left|{{TUR}} |75,627,384 |December 31, 2012 |{{#expr: 75627384/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=13425 Official estimate]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130829011325/http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=13425 |date=2013-08-29 }} |- |19 |align=left|{{COD}} |67,514,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 67514000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |20 |align=left|{{THA}} |65,926,261 |September 1, 2010 |{{#expr: 65926261/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://web.nso.go.th/index.htm 2010 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925201333/http://web.nso.go.th/index.htm |date=2015-09-25 }} |- |21 |align=left|{{FRA}}<ref>Estimate not only refers to [[metropolitan France]], but also includes its separatedly listed [[overseas departments]] ''(Départements d'outre-mer'', DOM) of [[French Guiana]], [[Guadeloupe]], [[Martinique]], [[Mayotte]] (from March 31, 2011) and [[Réunion]] and its [[overseas collectivities]] ''(Collectivités d'outre-mer,'' COM) of [[French Polynesia]], [[Saint Barthélemy]], [[Saint Martin (France)|Saint Martin]], [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] and [[Wallis and Futuna]]. The population of [[metropolitan France]] alone stood at 63,822,000 in 1 July 2013, according to a monthly official estimate [www.insee.fr/fr/bases-de-donnees/bsweb/serie.asp?idbank=000436387].</ref> |65,707,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 65707000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.insee.fr/en/bases-de-donnees/bsweb/serie.asp?idbank=001641607 Monthly official estimate] |- |22 |align=left|{{GBR}} |63,705,000 |Julie 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 63705000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/pop-estimate/population-estimates-for-uk--england-and-wales--scotland-and-northern-ireland/mid-2011-and-mid-2012/index.html Official estimate]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |- |23 |align=left|{{ITA}} |59,704,082 |Januar 31, 2013 |{{#expr: 59704082/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://demo.istat.it/bilmens2013gen/index_e.html Monthly official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130803023947/http://demo.istat.it/bilmens2013gen/index_e.html |date=2013-08-03 }} |- |24 |align=left|{{MMR}} |53,259,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 53259000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |25 |align=left|{{ZAF}} |52,981,991 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 52981991/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0302/P03022013.pdf Official estimate] |- |26 |align=left|{{KOR}} |50,219,669 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 50219669/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://kosis.kr/gen_etl/check_miplatform.jsp?orgId=101&tblId=DT_1B35001&vw_cd=MT_ETITLE&list_id=&empId=&scrId=&seqNo=&dbkind=ETLDB&lang_mode=ko_en&dsu=nsi&conn_path=A6 Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110012919/http://kosis.kr/gen_etl/check_miplatform.jsp?orgId=101&tblId=DT_1B35001&vw_cd=MT_ETITLE&list_id=&empId=&scrId=&seqNo=&dbkind=ETLDB&lang_mode=ko_en&dsu=nsi&conn_path=A6 |date=2013-11-10 }} |- |27 |align=left|{{COL}} |{{formatnum: {{#expr: (42888.592+1.449*{{Age in days|2005|6|30}}) round 0}}000}} |{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} |{{#expr: (42888592+1449*{{Age in days|2005|6|30}})/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.dane.gov.co/reloj/reloj_animado.php Official population clock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114091321/http://www.dane.gov.co/reloj/reloj_animado.php |date=2012-01-14 }} |- |28 |align=left|{{ESP}} |47,059,533 |Januar 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 47059533/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.ine.es/prensa/np776.pdf Annual official estimate] |- |29 |align=left|{{UKR}} |45,480,315 |Juin 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 45480315/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/operativ/operativ2013/ds/kn/kn_e/kn0613_e.html Monthly official estimate] |- |30 |align=left|{{TZA}} |44,928,923 |August 26, 2012 |{{#expr: 44928923/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20130502230453/http://www.nbs.go.tz/sensa/PDF/Census%20General%20Report%20-%2029%20March%202013_Combined_Final%20for%20Printing.pdf 2012 census result] |- |31 |align=left|{{KEN}} |44,354,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 44354000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |32 |align=left|{{ARG}} |40,117,096 |October 27, 2010 |{{#expr: 40117096/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/novedades/gacetilla_01_09_11.pdf Final 2010 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034527/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/novedades/gacetilla_01_09_11.pdf |date=2015-09-24 }} |- |33 |align=left|{{POL}} |38,533,299 |December 31, 2012 |{{#expr: 38533299/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/LU_ludnosc_stan_struktura_31_12_2012.pdf Official estimate] |- |34 |align=left|{{SDN}} |37,964,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 37964000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |35 |align=left|{{DZA}} |37,900,000 |Januar 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 37900000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.ons.dz/-Demographie-.html Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306220607/http://www.ons.dz/-Demographie-.html |date=2012-03-06 }} |- |36 |align=left|{{IRQ}} |35,404,000 |August 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 33330000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://cosit.gov.iq/english/AAS2012/section_2/1.htm Annual official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029160543/http://cosit.gov.iq/english/AAS2012/section_2/1.htm |date=2012-10-29 }} |- |37 |align=left|{{CAN}} |35,141,542 |Aprile 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 35141542/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.statcan.gc.ca/start-debut-eng.html Official estimate] |- |38 |align=left|{{UGA}} |34,131,400 |Julie 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 34131400/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.ubos.org/onlinefiles/uploads/ubos/pdf%20documents/Popn_T3_2011.pdf Annual official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802021657/http://www.ubos.org/onlinefiles/uploads/ubos/pdf%20documents/Popn_T3_2011.pdf |date=2014-08-02 }} |- |39 |align=left|{{MAR}} |{{formatnum: {{#expr: (329500+9.7*{{Age in days|2013|7|1}}) round 0}}00}} |{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} |{{#expr: (32950000+970*{{Age in days|2013|7|1}})/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.hcp.ma Official population clock] |- |40 |align=left|{{PER}} |30,475,144 |Juin 30, 2013 |{{#expr: 30475144/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.inei.gob.pe/biblioineipub/bancopub/Est/Lib0842/cap03.htm Annual official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601002017/http://www.inei.gob.pe/biblioineipub/bancopub/Est/Lib0842/cap03.htm |date=2012-06-01 }} |- |41 |align=left|{{MYS}} |{{formatnum: {{#expr: (297466.33+0.8750411*{{Age in days|2012|6|1}}) round 0}}00}} |{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} |{{#expr: (2974663+87.50411*{{Age in days|2012|6|1}})/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=213&lang=en Official population clock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205145703/http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=213&lang=en |date=2013-12-05 }} <!-- source code at http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/populationclockNEW/BI.php --> |- |42 |align=left|{{UZB}} |29,559,100 |Januar 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 29559100/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.stat.uz/press/1/3399/ Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809003329/http://www.stat.uz/press/1/3399/ |date=2013-08-09 }} |- |43 |align=left|{{SAU}} |29,195,895 |Julie 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 29195895/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.cdsi.gov.sa/english Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919225542/http://www.cdsi.gov.sa/english/ |date=2012-09-19 }} |- |44 |align=left|{{VEN}} |28,946,101 |October 30, 2011 |{{#expr: 28946101/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.ine.gob.ve/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=473:para-el-30102011-28946101-total-preliminar-de-personas-en-venezuela&catid=121:censo-2011 Preliminary 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002094142/http://www.ine.gob.ve/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=473:para-el-30102011-28946101-total-preliminar-de-personas-en-venezuela&catid=121:censo-2011 |date=2013-10-02 }} |- |45 |align=left|{{NPL}} |26,494,504 |Juin 22, 2011 |{{#expr: 26494504/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Major-Finding.pdf Final 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717170017/http://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Major-Finding.pdf |date=2013-07-17 }} |- |46 |align=left|{{AFG}} |25,500,100 |Januar 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 25500100/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://cso.gov.af/Content/files/Settled%20Population%20by%20Civil%20Division,.pdf Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918003706/http://cso.gov.af/Content/files/Settled%20Population%20by%20Civil%20Division,.pdf |date=2012-09-18 }} |- |47 |align=left|{{PRK}} |24,895,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 24895000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |48 |align=left|{{GHA}} |24,658,823 |September 26, 2010 |{{#expr: 24658823/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/docfiles/2010phc/2010_population_and_housing_census%28view_summary_of_final_results%29.pdf Final 2010 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924105945/http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/docfiles/2010phc/2010_population_and_housing_census%28view_summary_of_final_results%29.pdf |date=2015-09-24 }} |- |49 |align=left|{{YEM}} |24,527,000 |Julie 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 24527000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.cso-yemen.org/content.php?lng=arabic&id=553 Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923211602/http://www.cso-yemen.org/content.php?lng=arabic&id=553 |date=2015-09-23 }} |- |50 |align=left|{{MOZ}} |23,700,715 |Julie 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 23700715/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.ine.gov.mz/Dashboards.aspx Official estimate] |- |51 |align=left|{{TWN}}<ref>[[Political status of Taiwan|Partially recognized state]], claimed by the [[People's Republic of China]] as one of its provinces. [[Taiwan]] also includes the minor islands of [[Kinmen]], [[Matsu]], [[Pescadores]], etc.</ref> |23,344,213 |Juin 30, 2013 |{{#expr: 23344213/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://eng.stat.gov.tw/point.asp?index=9 Monthly official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704022127/http://eng.stat.gov.tw/point.asp?index=9 |date=2014-07-04 }} |- |52 |align=left|{{CIV}} |23,202,000 |Julie 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 23202000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.ins.ci/n Official estimate] |- |53 |align=left|{{AUS}} <!--Please do not change the following formula. It automatically calculates the estimated population each day at 00:00 UTC based on the official population clock. Changing to a different formula makes it difficult to update on the three or four occasions each year when the rate of change varies. These formulae are used in multiple articles and provide consistency.--> |{{formatnum:{{#expr: 23000527 + (86400 / 83) * {{Age in days|2013|4|24}} round 0}}}} <!--AUTOUPDATES DAILY at 00:00 UTC, Australia pop clock adds 1 person every 83 seconds.--> |{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} |{{#expr: (23000527 + (86400 / 83) * {{Age in days|2013|4|24}}) / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/1647509ef7e25faaca2568a900154b63?OpenDocument Official population clock] |- |54 |align=left|{{SYR}} |21,377,000 |December 31, 2011 |{{#expr: 21377000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Syria.html Official estimate] |- |55 |align=left|{{MDG}} |20,696,070 |Julie 1, 2011 |{{#expr: 20696070/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.instat.mg/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=33&Itemid=56 Annual official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520005948/http://www.instat.mg/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=33&Itemid=56 |date=2011-05-20 }} |- |56 |align=left|{{AGO}} |20,609,294 |Julie 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 20609294/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.ine.gov.ao Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126193220/http://www.ine.gov.ao/ |date=2015-11-26 }} |- |57 |align=left|{{CMR}} |20,386,799 |Julie 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 20386799/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.stat.cm/downloads/annuaire/2012/Annuaire-2012-chapitre-4.pdf Annual official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517031000/http://www.stat.cm/downloads/annuaire/2012/Annuaire-2012-chapitre-4.pdf |date=2018-05-17 }} |- |58 |align=left|{{LKA}} |20,277,597 |Mairch 21, 2012 |{{#expr: 20277597/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/Pages/sm/CPH%202011_R1.pdf Preliminary 2012 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206021926/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/Pages/sm/CPH%202011_R1.pdf |date=2013-12-06 }} |- |59 |align=left|{{ROU}} |20,121,641 |October 20, 2011 |{{#expr: 20121641/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/REZULTATE-DEFINITIVE-RPL_2011.pdf Final 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717125951/http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/REZULTATE-DEFINITIVE-RPL_2011.pdf |date=2013-07-17 }} |- |60 |align=left|{{BFA}} |17,322,796 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 17322796/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.insd.bf/fr Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814084502/http://www.insd.bf/fr |date=2012-08-14 }} |- |61 |align=left|{{NER}} |17,129,076 |December 10, 2012 |{{#expr: 17129076/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.stat-niger.org/statistique/file/rgph2012.pdf Preliminary 2012 census result] |- |62 |align=left|{{KAZ}} |17,028,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 17010000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.eng.stat.kz/Pages/default.aspx Monthly official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140117231623/http://www.eng.stat.kz/Pages/default.aspx |date=2014-01-17 }} |- |63 |align=left|{{NLD}} |{{formatnum: {{#expr: (167432.82+1.19*{{Age in days|2012|5|31}}) round 0}}00}} |{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} |{{#expr: (16743282+119*{{Age in days|2012|5|31}})/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.cbs.nl/en-GB/menu/themas/bevolking/cijfers/extra/bevolkingsteller.htm Official population clock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090617194723/http://www.cbs.nl/en-GB/menu/themas/bevolking/cijfers/extra/bevolkingsteller.htm |date=2009-06-17 }} |- |64 |align=left|{{CHL}} |16,634,603 |Aprile 9, 2012 |{{#expr: 16634603/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.censo.cl/contenido/sintesis_resultados_censo_2012.pdf Final 2012 census result]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |- |65 |align=left|{{ECU}} |{{formatnum: {{#expr: (150000+6.95*{{Age in days|2011|6|15}}) round 0}}00}} |{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} |{{#expr: (15000000+695*{{Age in days|2011|6|15}})/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.inec.gob.ec/proyecciones_poblacionales/relojnew.swf Official population clock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121131641/http://www.inec.gob.ec/proyecciones_poblacionales/relojnew.swf |date=2013-01-21 }} |- |66 |align=left|{{GTM}} |15,438,384 |Juin 30, 2013 |{{#expr: 15438384/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.ine.gob.gt/np/poblacion/index.htm Annual official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007193855/http://www.ine.gob.gt/np/poblacion/index.htm |date=2011-10-07 }} |- |67 |align=left|{{MLI}} |15,302,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 15302000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |68 |align=left|{{KHM}} |15,135,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 15135000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |69 |align=left|{{MWI}} |14,388,600 |Julie 1, 2011 |{{#expr: 14388600/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Malawi.html Official estimate] |- |70 |align=left|{{SEN}} |13,567,338 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 13567338/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.ansd.sn/senegal_indicateurs.html Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117060113/http://www.ansd.sn/senegal_indicateurs.html |date=2012-01-17 }} |- |71 |align=left|{{ZMB}} |13,092,666 |October 16, 2010 |{{#expr: 13092666/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Zambia.html Final 2010 census result] |- |72 |align=left|{{ZWE}} |12,973,808 |August 17, 2012 |{{#expr: 12973808/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.zimstat.co.zw/dmdocuments/CensusPreliminary2012.pdf Preliminary 2012 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903060905/http://www.zimstat.co.zw/dmdocuments/CensusPreliminary2012.pdf |date=2013-09-03 }} |- |73 |align=left|{{TCD}} |12,825,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 12825000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |74 |align=left|{{SSD}} |11,296,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 11296000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |75 |align=left|{{CUB}} |11,163,934 |September 15, 2012 |{{#expr: 11163934/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.one.cu/publicaciones/cepde/cpv2012/20121212cifraspreliminares/resultados%20preliminares.pdf Preliminary 2012 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718202826/http://www.one.cu/publicaciones/cepde/cpv2012/20121212cifraspreliminares/resultados%20preliminares.pdf |date=2013-07-18 }} |- |76 |align=left|{{BEL}} |11,156,136 |Juin 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 11156136/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20090419074752/http://www.ibz.rrn.fgov.be/fileadmin/user_upload/Registre/fr/statistiques_population/stat_1_f.pdf Monthly official estimate] |- |77 |align=left|{{GIN}} |10,824,200 |Julie 1, 2010 |{{#expr: 10824200/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.stat-guinee.org Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712050037/http://www.stat-guinee.org/ |date=2012-07-12 }} |- |78 |align=left|{{GRC}} |10,815,197 |Mey 24, 2011 |{{#expr: 10815197/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.statistics.gr/portal/page/portal/ESYE/BUCKET/General/A1602_SAM01_DT_DC_00_2011_02_F_GR.pdf Final 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817195146/http://www.statistics.gr/portal/page/portal/ESYE/BUCKET/General/A1602_SAM01_DT_DC_00_2011_02_F_GR.pdf |date=2014-08-17 }} |- |79 |align=left|{{TUN}} |10,777,500 |Julie 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 10777500/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.ins.nat.tn/indexen.php Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904023615/http://www.ins.nat.tn/indexen.php |date=2015-09-04 }} |- |80 |align=left|{{PRT}} |10,562,178 |Mairch 21, 2011 |{{#expr: 10562178/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.ine.pt/scripts/flex_definitivos/Main.html Final 2011 census result] |- |81 |align=left|{{RWA}} |10,537,222 |August 15, 2012 |{{#expr: 10537222/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.statistics.gov.rw/system/files/user_uploads/files/books/provisional%20results%20-%20eng.pdf Preliminary 2012 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019174254/http://www.statistics.gov.rw/system/files/user_uploads/files/books/provisional%20results%20-%20eng.pdf |date=2013-10-19 }} |- |82 |align=left|{{CZE}} |10,512,800 |Mairch 31, 2013 |{{#expr: 10512800/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.czso.cz/csu/csu.nsf/enginformace/coby061213.doc Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903205850/http://www.czso.cz/csu/csu.nsf/enginformace/coby061213.doc |date=2013-09-03 }} |- |83 |align=left|{{SOM}}<ref>Includes [[Puntland]] (with a population of about 3,900,000 inhabitants) and [[Somaliland]] (some 3,500,000 inhabitants).</ref> |10,496,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 10496000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |84 |align=left|{{HTI}} |10,413,211 |Julie 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 10413211/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.ihsi.ht/produit_demo_soc.htm Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721103153/http://www.ihsi.ht/produit_demo_soc.htm |date=2011-07-21 }} |- |85 |align=left|{{BEN}} |10,323,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 10323000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |86 |align=left|{{BDI}} |10,163,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 10163000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |87 |align=left|{{BOL}} |10,027,254 |November 21, 2012 |{{#expr: 10027254/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.ine.gob.bo:8081/censo2012/PDF/resultadosCPV2012.pdf 2012 census result] |- |88 |align=left|{{HUN}} |9,906,000 |Januar 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 9906000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://portal.ksh.hu/pls/ksh/docs/eng/xstadat/xstadat_annual/i_wdsd003b.html Annual official estimate] |- |89 |align=left|{{SWE}} |9,588,569 |Mey 31, 2013 |{{#expr: 9588569/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.scb.se/Pages/TableAndChart____25897.aspx Monthly official estimate] |- |90 |align=left|{{BLR}} |9,459,800 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 9459800/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[https://archive.today/20121128000236/belstat.gov.by/homep/en/indicators/press/demographics.php Monthly official estimate] |- |91 |align=left|{{DOM}} |9,445,281 |December 1, 2010 |{{#expr: 9445281/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.one.gov.do/index.php?module=articles&func=display&aid=2387 Final 2010 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130404103147/http://www.one.gov.do/index.php?module=articles&func=display&aid=2387 |date=2013-04-04 }} |- |92 |align=left|{{AZE}} |9,235,100 |Januar 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 9235100/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.azstat.org/statinfo/demoqraphic/en/AP_/AP_1.shtml Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207012257/http://www.azstat.org/statinfo/demoqraphic/en/AP_/AP_1.shtml |date=2012-02-07 }} |- |93 |align=left|{{AUT}} |8,464,554 |Aprile 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 8464554/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.statistik.at/web_de/presse/071726 Official estimate] |- |94 |align=left|{{HND}} |8,385,072 |Julie 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 8385072/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.ine.gob.hn/drupal/node/205 Annual official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101017031001/http://www.ine.gob.hn/drupal/node/205 |date=2010-10-17 }} |- |95 |align=left|{{ARE}} |8,264,070 |Julie 1, 2010 |{{#expr: 8264070/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.uaestatistics.gov.ae/ReportPDF/Population%20Estimates%202006%20-%202010.pdf Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008044353/http://www.uaestatistics.gov.ae/ReportPDF/Population%20Estimates%202006%20-%202010.pdf |date=2013-10-08 }} |- |96 |align=left|{{CHE}} |8,058,100 |Mairch 31, 2013 |{{#expr: 8058100/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/en/index/themen/01/02/blank/key/bevoelkerungsstand/01.html Quarterly official estimate] |- |97 |align=left|{{ISR}} |8,051,200 |Juin 30, 2013 |{{#expr: 8051200/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www1.cbs.gov.il/publications13/yarhon0713/pdf/b1.pdf Monthly official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002094329/http://www1.cbs.gov.il/publications13/yarhon0713/pdf/b1.pdf |date=2013-10-02 }} |- |98 |align=left|{{TJK}} |8,000,000 |Aprile 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 8000000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.stat.tj/en Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306125630/http://www.stat.tj/en/ |date=2012-03-06 }} |- |99 |align=left|{{BGR}} |7,282,041 |December 31, 2012 |{{#expr: 7282041/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.nsi.bg/otrasal.php?otr=19&a1=376&a2=377&a3=378#cont Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113220442/http://www.nsi.bg/otrasal.php?otr=19&a1=376&a2=377&a3=378#cont |date=2012-11-13 }} |- |100 |align=left|{{SRB}}<ref>Excludes the [[Kosovo]] (1,733,872, [https://web.archive.org/web/20111112084432/http://esk.rks-gov.net/rekos2011/repository/docs/REKOS%20LEAFLET%20ALB%20FINAL.pdf 2011]).</ref> |7,241,295 |Januar 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 7241295/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/WebSite/Public/PageView.aspx?pKey=2 Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225081855/http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/WebSite/Public/PageView.aspx?pKey=2 |date=2015-12-25 }} |- |101 |align=left|{{HKG}}<ref>Special Administrative Region (SAR) of the [[People's Republic of China]] from July 1, 1997.</ref> |7,173,900 |December 31, 2012 |{{#expr: 7173900/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.censtatd.gov.hk/hong_kong_statistics/statistics_by_subject/index.jsp?subjectID=1&charsetID=2&displayMode=T Official estimate]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609015356/http://www.censtatd.gov.hk/hong_kong_statistics/statistics_by_subject/index.jsp?subjectID=1&charsetID=2&displayMode=T |date=2007-06-09 }} |- |102 |align=left|{{PNG}} |7,059,653 |Julie 10, 2011 |{{#expr: 7059653/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/PapuaNewGuinea.html 2011 census result] |- |103 |align=left|{{PRY}} |6,672,631 |Julie 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 6672631/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.dgeec.gov.py/sub_index/Pobreza/Paraguay%20Evolucion%20de%20la%20Poblacion%20Total%20Periodo%201950-2002%20Proyeccion%202012.pdf Official estimate] |- |104 |align=left|{{LAO}} |6,580,800 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 6580800/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.nsc.gov.la/Statistics/Selected%20Statistics/Population.htm Annual official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517150036/http://www.nsc.gov.la/Statistics/Selected%20Statistics/Population.htm |date=2012-05-17 }} |- |105 |align=left|{{JOR}} |{{formatnum: {{#expr: (62490+3.82*{{Age in days|2011|12|31}}) round 0}}00}} |{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} |{{#expr: (6249000+382*{{Age in days|2011|12|31}})/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.dos.gov.jo/dos_home_e/main/index.htm Official population clock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117225318/http://www.dos.gov.jo/dos_home_e/main/index.htm |date=2012-01-17 }} |- |106 |align=left|{{ERI}} |6,333,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 6333000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |107 |align=left|{{LBY}} |6,202,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 6202000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |108 |align=left|{{TGO}} |6,191,155 |November 6, 2010 |{{#expr: 6191155/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.stat-togo.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=14&&Itemid=56 Final 2010 census result] |- |109 |align=left|{{SLE}} |6,190,280 |2013 |{{#expr: 6190280/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.statistics.sl/2004_pop._&_hou._census_analytical_reports/2004_population_and_housing_census_report_on_projection_for_sierra_leone.pdf Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730173852/http://www.statistics.sl/2004_pop._%26_hou._census_analytical_reports/2004_population_and_housing_census_report_on_projection_for_sierra_leone.pdf |date=2013-07-30 }} |- |110 |align=left|{{SLV}} |6,183,000 |Juin 30, 2010 |{{#expr: 6183000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/ElSalvador.html Official estimate] |- |111 |align=left|{{NIC}} |6,071,045 |Juin 30, 2012 |{{#expr: 6071045/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.inide.gob.ni/estadisticas/Cifras%20municipales%20año%202012%20INIDE.pdf Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502230512/http://www.inide.gob.ni/estadisticas/Cifras%20municipales%20a%C3%B1o%202012%20INIDE.pdf |date=2013-05-02 }} |- |112 |align=left|{{DNK}} |5,605,836 |Aprile 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 5605836/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.dst.dk/en/Statistik/emner/befolkning-og-befolkningsfremskrivning.aspx Quarterly official estimate] |- |113 |align=left|{{KGZ}} |5,551,900 |Julie 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 5551900/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://stat.kg/images/stories/docs/KZ/Demo/demo2.pdf Annual official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909195539/http://stat.kg/images/stories/docs/KZ/Demo/demo2.pdf |date=2015-09-09 }} |- |114 |align=left|{{FIN}} |5,434,357 |Mey 31, 2013 |{{#expr: 5434357/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.stat.fi/til/vrm_en.html Monthly official estimate] |- |115 |align=left|{{SVK}} |5,410,728 |Mairch 31, 2013 |{{#expr: 5410728/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://portal.statistics.sk/showdoc.do?docid=68588 Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202031417/http://portal.statistics.sk/showdoc.do?docid=68588 |date=2017-02-02 }} |- |116 |align=left|{{SGP}} |5,310,000 |Julie 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 5310000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.singstat.gov.sg Official estimate] |- |117 |align=left|{{TKM}} |5,240,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 5240000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |118 |align=left|{{NOR}} |5,063,709 |Mairch 31, 2013 |{{#expr: 5063709/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/folkendrkv/kvartal Quarterly official estimate] |- |119 |align=left|{{LBN}} |4,822,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 4822000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |120 |align=left|{{CRI}} |4,667,096 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 4667096/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.inec.go.cr/Web/Home/pagPrincipal.aspx Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327062704/http://www.inec.go.cr/Web/Home/pagPrincipal.aspx |date=2012-03-27 }} |- |121 |align=left|{{CAF}} |4,616,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 4616000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |122 |align=left|{{IRL}} |4,585,400 |Aprile 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 4585400/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.cso.ie/en/media/csoie/releasespublications/documents/population/2012/popmig_2012.pdf Annual official estimate] |- |123 |align=left|{{GEO}}<ref>Excludes ([http://www.geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/01%20Population%20by%20municipalities%20for%20the%20beginning%20of%20the%20year.xls 2012] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722065134/http://www.geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/01%20Population%20by%20municipalities%20for%20the%20beginning%20of%20the%20year.xls |date=2014-07-22 }}) the [[Republic of Abkhazia]] (242,862, census 2011) and [[South Ossetia]] (70,000, 2006).</ref> |4,483,800 |Januar 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 4483800/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.geostat.ge/index.php?action=page&p_id=152&lang=eng Annual official estimate] |- |124 |align=left|{{NZL}} |{{formatnum: {{#expr: (440000+6.3*{{Age in days|2010|6|18}}) round 0}}0}} |{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} |{{#expr: (4400000+63*{{Age in days|2010|6|18}})/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.stats.govt.nz/methods_and_services/population_clock.aspx Official population clock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100604223109/http://www.stats.govt.nz/methods_and_services/population_clock.aspx |date=2010-06-04 }} |- |125 |align=left|{{COG}} |4,448,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 4448000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |126 |align=left|{{PSE}}<ref>It comprises the [[Gaza Strip]] and the [[West Bank]].</ref> |4,420,549 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 4420549/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/site/881/default.aspx#Population Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610214618/http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/site/881/default.aspx#Population |date=2015-06-10 }} |- |127 |align=left|{{LBR}} |4,294,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 4294000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |128 |align=left|{{HRV}} |4,290,612 |Mairch 31, 2011 |{{#expr: 4290612/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.dzs.hr/default_e.htm 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123094014/http://www.dzs.hr/default_e.htm |date=2015-11-23 }} |- |129 |align=left|{{BIH}} |3,839,737 |Juin 30, 2011 |{{#expr: 3839737/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.bhas.ba/index.php?option=com_publikacija&id=1&lang=en&Itemid= Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923184402/http://www.bhas.ba/index.php?option=com_publikacija&id=1&lang=en&Itemid= |date=2015-09-23 }} |- |130 |align=left|{{OMN}} |3,831,553 |Februar 28, 2013 |{{#expr: 3831553/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.ncsi.gov.om/book/mb/Mar2013/T2.pdf Monthly official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502230516/http://www.ncsi.gov.om/book/mb/Mar2013/T2.pdf |date=2013-05-02 }} |- |131 |align=left|{{PRI}}<ref>Commonwealth ({{lang-es|Estado Libre Asociado}}) belonging to the [[United States]].</ref> |3,667,084 |Julie 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 3667084/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/PuertoRico-Towns.html Official estimate] |- |132 |align=left|{{KWT}} |3,582,054 |December 31, 2010 |{{#expr: 3582054/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Kuwait.html Official estimate] |- |133 |align=left|{{MDA}}<ref>Excludes ([http://www.statistica.md/public/files/publicatii_electronice/populatia/Populatia_Republicii_Moldova_2010.pdf statistica.md.2010.pdf]) [[Transnistria]] (555,347, census 2005).</ref> |3,559,500 |Januar 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 3559500/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.statistica.md/category.php?l=ro&idc=103& Official estimate] |- |134 |align=left|{{MRT}} |3,461,041 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 3461041/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.ons.mr/doc/publication/Projectionpopulation.pdf Annual official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925151255/http://www.ons.mr/doc/publication/Projectionpopulation.pdf |date=2015-09-25 }} |- |135 |align=left|{{PAN}} |3,405,813 |Mey 16, 2010 |{{#expr: 3405813/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.censos2010.gob.pa/Resultados/cuadros.aspx Final 2010 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110307170158/http://www.censos2010.gob.pa/Resultados/Cuadros.aspx |date=2011-03-07 }} |- |136 |align=left|{{URY}} |3,286,314 |September 30, 2011 |{{#expr: 3286314/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.ine.gub.uy/censos2011/index.html Final 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112153208/http://www.ine.gub.uy/censos2011/index.html |date=2012-01-12 }} |- |137 |align=left|{{ARM}} |3,024,100 |Julie 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 3024100/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.armstat.am/en/?nid=126&id=11001 Annual official estimate] |- |138 |align=left|{{LTU}} |2,955,986 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 2955986/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://db1.stat.gov.lt/statbank/selectvarval/saveselections.asp?MainTable=M3010101&PLanguage=1&TableStyle=&Buttons=&PXSId=7743&IQY=&TC=&ST=ST&rvar0=&rvar1=&rvar2=&rvar3=&rvar4=&rvar5=&rvar6=&rvar7=&rvar8=&rvar9=&rvar10=&rvar11=&rvar12=&rvar13=&rvar14= Monthly official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100819130935/http://db1.stat.gov.lt/statbank/selectvarval/saveselections.asp?MainTable=M3010101&PLanguage=1&TableStyle=&Buttons=&PXSId=7743&IQY=&TC=&ST=ST&rvar0=&rvar1=&rvar2=&rvar3=&rvar4=&rvar5=&rvar6=&rvar7=&rvar8=&rvar9=&rvar10=&rvar11=&rvar12=&rvar13=&rvar14= |date=2010-08-19 }} |- |139 |align=left|{{ALB}} |2,821,977 |October 1, 2011 |{{#expr: 2821977/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.instat.gov.al/media/177354/main_results__population_and_housing_census_2011.pdf 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630084756/http://www.instat.gov.al/media/177354/main_results__population_and_housing_census_2011.pdf |date=2017-06-30 }} |- |140 |align=left|{{MNG}} |2,754,685 |November 11, 2010 |{{#expr: 2754685/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.nso.mn/v3/index2.php?page=news_more&id=722 2010 census result]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |- |141 |align=left|{{JAM}} |2,711,476 |December 31, 2012 |{{#expr: 2711476/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://statinja.gov.jm/Demo_SocialStats/population.aspx Annual official estimate] |- |142 |align=left|{{NAM}} |2,113,077 |August 28, 2011 |{{#expr: 2113077/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Namibia.html Final 2011 census result] |- |143 |align=left|{{LSO}} |2,074,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 2074000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |144 |align=left|{{SVN}} |{{formatnum: {{#expr: (2058821+8*{{Age in days|2013|1|1}}) round 0}}}} |{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} |{{#expr: (2058821+8*{{Age in days|2013|1|1}})/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.stat.si/eng/tema_demografsko_prebivalstvo.asp Official population clock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618041010/http://www.stat.si/eng/tema_demografsko_prebivalstvo.asp |date=2009-06-18 }} |- |145 |align=left|{{MKD}} |2,059,794 |December 31, 2011 |{{#expr: 2059794/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.stat.gov.mk/OblastOpsto_en.aspx?id=2 Official estimate] |- |146 |align=left|{{BWA}} |2,024,904 |August 22, 2011 |{{#expr: 2024904/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.cso.gov.bw/media/2011%20Census%20_Alphabetical%20Index%20of%20Districts.pdf Final 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525113252/http://www.cso.gov.bw/media/2011%20Census%20_Alphabetical%20Index%20of%20Districts.pdf |date=2013-05-25 }} |- |147 |align=left|{{LVA}} |2,013,400 |Juin 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 2013400/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.csb.gov.lv/en/statistikas-temas/population-key-indicators-30624.html Monthly official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130628214416/http://www.csb.gov.lv/en/statistikas-temas/population-key-indicators-30624.html |date=2013-06-28 }} |- |148 |align=left|{{QAT}} |1,916,426 |Juin 30, 2013 |{{#expr: 1916426/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.qsa.gov.qa/eng/PopulationStructure.htm Monthly official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130220032/http://www.qsa.gov.qa/eng/PopulationStructure.htm |date=2012-11-30 }} |- |149 |align=left|{{GMB}} |1,849,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 1849000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |150 |align=left|{{GNB}} |1,704,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 1704000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |151 |align=left|{{GAB}} |1,672,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 1672000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |152 |align=left|{{GNQ}} |1,622,000 |Julie 1, 2010 |{{#expr: 1622000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/estadistica.php Annual official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107063158/https://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/404.shtml |date=2019-01-07 }} |- |153 |align=left|{{TTO}} |1,328,019 |Januar 9, 2011 |{{#expr: 1328019/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20130502230527/http://www.cso.gov.tt/sites/default/files/content/images/census/TRINIDAD%20AND%20TOBAGO%202011%20Demographic%20Report.pdf 2011 census result] |- |154 |align=left|{{EST}} |1,286,540 |Januar 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 1286540/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.stat.ee/main-indicators Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121123153505/http://www.stat.ee/main-indicators |date=2012-11-23 }} |- |155 |align=left|{{MUS}} |1,257,900 |Julie 3, 2011 |{{#expr: 1257900/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.gov.mu/portal/goc/cso/ei915/esi2011.pdf 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502230510/http://www.gov.mu/portal/goc/cso/ei915/esi2011.pdf |date=2013-05-02 }} |- |156 |align=left|{{SWZ}} |1,250,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 1250000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |157 |align=left|{{BHR}} |1,234,571 |Aprile 27, 2010 |{{#expr: 1234571/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.cio.gov.bh/CIO_ARA/English/Publications/Census/2011%2009%2018%20Final%20English%20Census%202010%20Summary%20%20Results%20-%20Review%201.pdf Final 2010 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502230515/http://www.cio.gov.bh/CIO_ARA/English/Publications/Census/2011%2009%2018%20Final%20English%20Census%202010%20Summary%20%20Results%20-%20Review%201.pdf |date=2013-05-02 }} |- |158 |align=left|{{TLS}} |1,066,409 |Julie 11, 2010 |{{#expr: 1066409/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://dne.mof.gov.tl Final 2010 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120816060817/http://dne.mof.gov.tl/ |date=2012-08-16 }} |- |159 |align=left|{{DJI}} |864,618 |Julie 1, 2011 |{{#expr: 864618/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.ministere-finances.dj/Annuaire2012Ver02102012-Correct3.pdf Annual official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053048/http://www.ministere-finances.dj/Annuaire2012Ver02102012-Correct3.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |- |160 |align=left|{{CYP}}<ref>Excludes [[Northern Cyprus]] (294,906, 04 Dec 2011 Census under the auspieces of the UN observers, ([http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=82777 North Cyprus State Planning Organization]).</ref> |862,000 |December 31, 2011 |{{#expr: 862000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.mof.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/All/C6ECE5795EAC1ED8C2257AB70038FCD4?OpenDocument&sub=1&sel=1&e=&print Official estimate] |- |161 |align=left|{{FJI}} |858,038 |Julie 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 858038/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20111113144319/http://www.statsfiji.gov.fj/Key%20Stats/Population/1.2%20pop%20by%20ethnicity.pdf Annual official estimate] |- |162 |align=left|''{{REU}}'' ([[France]]) |821,136 |Januar 1, 2010 |{{#expr: 821136/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/recensement/populations-legales/france-regions.asp Official estimate] |- |163 |align=left|{{GUY}} |784,894 |Julie 1, 2010 |{{#expr: 784894/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.statisticsguyana.gov.gy/pubs/Guyana_Population_Projections_2005-2025.pdf Annual official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202031300/http://www.statisticsguyana.gov.gy/pubs/Guyana_Population_Projections_2005-2025.pdf |date=2017-02-02 }} |- |164 |align=left|{{BTN}} |{{formatnum: {{#expr: (72000+3.6*{{Age in days|2012|4|16}}) round 0}}0}} |{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} |{{#expr: (720000+36*{{Age in days|2012|4|16}})/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.nsb.gov.bt/main/main.php#&slider1=1 Official population clock]{{Dead link|date=February 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |- |165 |align=left|{{COM}} |724,300 |Julie 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 724300/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Comores.html Official estimate] |- |166 |align=left|{{MNE}} |620,029 |Aprile 1, 2011 |{{#expr: 620029/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.monstat.org/userfiles/file/popis2011/saopstenje/saopstenje%281%29.pdf Final 2011 census result] |- |167 |align=left|{{MAC}}<ref>Special Administrative Region (SAR) of the [[People's Republic of China]] from December 20, 1999.</ref> |582,000 |December 31, 2012 |{{#expr: 582000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.dsec.gov.mo/default.aspx Official estimate] |- |168 |align=left|{{ESH}}<ref>Administration is split between [[Morocco]] and the [[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]], both of which claim the entire territory.</ref> |567,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 567000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |169 |align=left|{{SLB}} |561,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 561000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |170 |align=left|{{LUX}} |537,000 |December 31, 2012 |{{#expr: 537000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.statistiques.public.lu/stat/TableViewer/tableViewHTML.aspx?ReportId=383&IF_Language=fra&MainTheme=2&FldrName=1 Annual official estimate]{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |- |171 |align=left|{{SUR}} |534,189 |August 13, 2012 |{{#expr: 534189/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Suriname.html Preliminary 2012 census result] |- |172 |align=left|{{CPV}} |491,875 |Juin 16, 2010 |{{#expr: 491875/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.ine.cv/actualise/dadostat/files/7ba5fbd5-bf0a-4faf-a734-0495ba9f80f0evolução%20da%20população%20residente%20em%20cabo%20verde,%201900%20-2010.pdf Final 2010 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003130545/http://www.ine.cv/actualise/dadostat/files/7ba5fbd5-bf0a-4faf-a734-0495ba9f80f0evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20da%20popula%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20residente%20em%20cabo%20verde%2C%201900%20-2010.pdf |date=2012-10-03 }} |- |173 |align=left|{{MLT}} |416,055 |November 20, 2011 |{{#expr: 416055/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.nso.gov.mt/statdoc/document_file.aspx?id=3424 Preliminary 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113194522/http://www.nso.gov.mt/statdoc/document_file.aspx?id=3424 |date=2013-11-13 }} |- |174 |align=left|''{{GLP}}'' ([[France]]) |403,355 |Januar 1, 2010 |{{#expr: 403355/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/recensement/populations-legales/france-regions.asp Official estimate] |- |175 |align=left|''{{MTQ}}'' ([[France]]) |394,173 |Januar 1, 2010 |{{#expr: 394173/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/recensement/populations-legales/france-regions.asp Official estimate] |- |176 |align=left|{{BRN}} |393,162 |Juin 20, 2011 |{{#expr: 393162/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.depd.gov.bn/projects/BPP/Preliminary%20Report%20of%20BPP%202011_updated_20Feb2012.pdf Preliminary 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010121333/http://www.depd.gov.bn/projects/BPP/Preliminary%20Report%20of%20BPP%202011_updated_20Feb2012.pdf |date=2012-10-10 }} |- |177 |align=left|{{BHS}} |351,461 |Mey 3, 2010 |{{#expr: 351461/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://statistics.bahamas.gov.bs/download/056411800.pdf Final 2010 census result]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |- |178 |align=left|{{ISL}} |323,810 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 323810/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.statice.is Official estimate] |- |179 |align=left|{{MDV}} |317,280 |Julie 1, 2010 |{{#expr: 317280/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://planning.gov.mv/en/images/stories/publications/analysiscd/pdf/13.pdf Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224031/http://planning.gov.mv/en/images/stories/publications/analysiscd/pdf/13.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} |- |180 |align=left|{{BLZ}} |312,971 |Mey 12, 2010 |{{#expr: 312971/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20110813051640/http://www.statisticsbelize.org.bz/dms20uc/dynamicdata/docs/20110511165337_2.pdf Preliminary 2010 census result] |- |181 |align=left|{{BRB}} |274,200 |Julie 1, 2010 |{{#expr: 274200/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Barbados.html Official estimate] |- |182 |align=left|''{{PYF}}'' ([[France]]) |268,270 |August 22, 2012 |{{#expr: 268270/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.ispf.pf/Libraries/RP2012/Premiers_résultats_population_légale.sflb.ashx Preliminary 2012 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221193409/http://www.ispf.pf/Libraries/RP2012/Premiers_r%C3%A9sultats_population_l%C3%A9gale.sflb.ashx |date=2014-02-21 }} |- |183 |align=left|{{VUT}} |264,652 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 264652/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.spc.int/sdp/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=158&Itemid=42&lang=en Annual official estimate] |- |184 |align=left|''{{NCL}}'' ([[France]]) |258,958 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 258958/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.spc.int/sdp/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=158&Itemid=42&lang=en Annual official estimate] |- |185 |align=left|''{{GUF}}'' ([[France]]) |229,040 |Januar 1, 2010 |{{#expr: 229040/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/recensement/populations-legales/france-regions.asp Official estimate] |- |186 |align=left|''{{MYT}}'' ([[France]]) |212,600 |August 21, 2012 |{{#expr: 212600/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?ref_id=19214&reg_id=27 2012 census result] |- |187 |align=left|{{WSM}} |187,820 |November 7, 2011 |{{#expr: 187820/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.sbs.gov.ws Final 2011 census result] |- |188 |align=left|{{STP}} |187,356 |Mey 13, 2012 |{{#expr: 187356/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/SaoTome.html 2012 census result] |- |189 |align=left|{{LCA}} |166,526 |Mey 10, 2010 |{{#expr: 166526/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20110830112605/http://www.stats.gov.lc/StLuciaPreliminaryCensusReport2010.pdf Preliminary 2010 census result] |- |190 |align=left|''{{GUM}}'' ([[United States|USA]]) |159,358 |Aprile 1, 2010 |{{#expr: 159358/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/2010_census/cb11-cn179.html Final 2010 census result] |- |191 |align=left|''{{CUW}}'' ([[Netherlands]]) |150,563 |Mairch 26, 2011 |{{#expr: 150563/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Curacao.html 2011 census result] |- |192 |align=left|{{VCT}} |109,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 109000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |193 |align=left|{{KIR}} |106,461 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 106461/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.spc.int/sdp/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=158&Itemid=42&lang=en Annual official estimate] |- |194 |align=left|''{{VIR}}'' ([[United States|USA]]) |106,405 |Aprile 1, 2010 |{{#expr: 106405/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/2010_census/cb11-cn180.html Final 2010 census result] |- |195 |align=left|{{GRD}} |103,328 |Mey 12, 2011 |{{#expr: 103328/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.geohive.com/cntry/grenada.aspx 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614004809/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/grenada.aspx |date=2012-06-14 }} |- |196 |align=left|{{TON}} |103,036 |November 30, 2011 |{{#expr: 103036/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_PHC/Tonga/release.pdf 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502230502/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_PHC/Tonga/release.pdf |date=2013-05-02 }} |- |197 |align=left|''{{ABW}}'' ([[Netherlands]]) |101,484 |September 29, 2010 |{{#expr: 101484/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.cbs.aw/cbs/readBlob.do?id=4199 2010 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113151207/http://www.cbs.aw/cbs/readBlob.do?id=4199 |date=2012-11-13 }} |- |198 |align=left|{{FSM}} |101,351 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 101351/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.spc.int/sdp/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=158&Itemid=42&lang=en Annual official estimate] |- |199 |align=left|''{{JEY}}'' ([[United Kingdom|UK]]) |97,857 |Mairch 27, 2011 |{{#expr: 97857/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20CensusBulletin1%2020111208%20SU.pdf 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918003705/http://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20CensusBulletin1%2020111208%20SU.pdf |date=2012-09-18 }} |- |200 |align=left|{{SYC}} |90,945 |August 26, 2010 |{{#expr: 90945/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.nbs.gov.sc/archives/82 Final 2010 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120221021324/http://www.nbs.gov.sc/archives/82 |date=2012-02-21 }} |- |201 |align=left|{{ATG}} |86,295 |Mey 27, 2011 |{{#expr: 86295/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Antigua.html Preliminary 2011 census result] |- |202 |align=left|''{{IMN}}'' ([[United Kingdom|UK]]) |84,497 |Mairch 27, 2011 |{{#expr: 84497/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/IsleOfMan.html 2011 census result] |- |203 |align=left|{{AND}} |76,246 |Julie 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 76246/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.estadistica.ad/serveiestudis/web/banc_dades4.asp?tipus_grafic=&bGrafic=&formules=inici&any1=01/01/2000&any2=01/01/2012&codi_divisio=8&lang=1&codi_subtemes=8&codi_tema=2&chkseries= Annual official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113143444/http://www.estadistica.ad/serveiestudis/web/banc_dades4.asp?tipus_grafic= |date=2017-11-13 }} |- |204 |align=left|{{DMA}} |71,293 |Mey 14, 2011 |{{#expr: 71293/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.dominica.gov.dm/cms/files/2011_census_report.pdf Preliminary 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608104411/http://www.dominica.gov.dm/cms/files/2011_census_report.pdf |date=2019-06-08 }} |- |205 |align=left|''{{BMU}}'' ([[United Kingdom|UK]]) |64,237 |Mey 20, 2010 |{{#expr: 64237/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|[http://www.gov.bm/portal/server.pt/gateway/PTARGS_0_2_980_227_1014_43/http%3B/ptpublisher.gov.bm%3B7087/publishedcontent/publish/cabinet_office/statistics/dept___statistics___additonal_files/2012_facts___figures_0.pdf Final 2010 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520190010/http://www.gov.bm/portal/server.pt/gateway/PTARGS_0_2_980_227_1014_43/http%3B/ptpublisher.gov.bm%3B7087/publishedcontent/publish/cabinet_office/statistics/dept___statistics___additonal_files/2012_facts___figures_0.pdf |date=2013-05-20 }} |- |206 |align=left|''{{GGY}}'' ([[United Kingdom|UK]]) |62,431 |Mairch 31, 2010 |{{#expr: 62431/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|[http://www.gov.gg/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=5506&p=0 Annual official estimate] |- |207 |align=left|''{{GRL}}'' ([[Denmark]]) |56,370 |Januar 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 56370/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|[http://www.stat.gl/dialog/main.asp?lang=en&theme=Population&link=BE Annual official estimate] |- |208 |align=left|{{MHL}} |56,086 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 56086/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|[http://www.spc.int/sdp/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=158&Itemid=42&lang=en Annual official estimate] |- |209 |align=left|''{{ASM}}'' ([[United States|USA]]) |55,519 |Aprile 1, 2010 |{{#expr: 55519/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|[http://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/2010_census/cb11-cn177.html Final 2010 census result] |- |210 |align=left|''{{CYM}}'' ([[United Kingdom|UK]]) |55,456 |October 10, 2010 |{{#expr: 55456/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|[http://www.eso.ky/pages.php?page=2010censusofpopulationandhousingfinalreport Final 2010 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921135615/http://eso.ky/pages.php?page=2010censusofpopulationandhousingfinalreport |date=2013-09-21 }} |- |211 |align=left|{{KNA}} |54,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 54000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |212 |align=left|''{{MNP}}'' ([[United States|USA]]) |53,883 |Aprile 1, 2010 |{{#expr: 53883/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|[http://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/2010_census/cb11-cn178.html Final 2010 census result] |- |213 |align=left|''{{FRO}}'' ([[Denmark]]) |48,244 |Aprile 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 48244/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|[http://www.hagstova.fo/portal/page/portal/HAGSTOVAN/Statistics_%20Faroe_Islands Monthly official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511090929/http://www.hagstova.fo/portal/page/portal/HAGSTOVAN/Statistics_%20Faroe_Islands |date=2011-05-11 }} |- |214 |align=left|''{{SXM}}'' ([[Netherlands]]) |37,429 |Januar 1, 2010 |{{#expr: 37429/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/SintMaarten.html Official estimate] |- |215 |align=left|''{{MAF}}'' ([[France]]) |36,979 |Januar 1, 2010 |{{#expr: 36979/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|[http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/recensement/populations-legales/france-departements.asp?annee=2010 Official estimate] |- |216 |align=left|{{LIE}} |36,842 |December 31, 2012 |{{#expr: 36842/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|[http://www.llv.li/amtsstellen/llv-as-bevoelkerung/llv-as-bevoelkerung-bevoelkerungsstatistik_per_31_dezember-vorlaeufig.htm Annual official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331084716/http://www.llv.li/amtsstellen/llv-as-bevoelkerung/llv-as-bevoelkerung-bevoelkerungsstatistik_per_31_dezember-vorlaeufig.htm |date=2014-03-31 }} |- |217 |align=left|{{MCO}} |36,136 |December 31, 2012 |{{#expr: 36136/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|[http://www.monacostatistics.mc/News/Official-population-on-December-31-2012 Annual official estimate] |- |218 |align=left|{{SMR}} |32,382 |Mey 31, 2013 |{{#expr: 32382/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|[http://www.statistica.sm/on-line/home/dati-statistici/popolazione.html# Monthly official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121228151338/http://www.statistica.sm/on-line/home/dati-statistici/popolazione.html |date=2012-12-28 }} |- |219 |align=left|''{{TCA}}'' ([[United Kingdom|UK]]) |31,458 |Januar 25, 2012 |{{#expr: 31458/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/TurksCaicos.html 2012 census result] |- |220 |align=left|''{{GIB}}'' ([[United Kingdom|UK]]) |29,752 |Julie 1, 2011 |{{#expr: 29752/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|[http://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/images/stories/PDF/statistics/Key_Indicators_Website.pdf Annual official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928123433/http://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/images/stories/PDF/statistics/Key_Indicators_Website.pdf |date=2018-09-28 }} |- |221 |align=left|''{{VGB}}'' ([[United Kingdom|UK]]) |29,537 |Julie 1, 2010 |{{#expr: 29537/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|[http://www.dpu.gov.vg Annual official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020525210259/http://www.dpu.gov.vg/ |date=2002-05-25 }} |- |222 |align=left|''{{ALA}}'' ([[Finland]]) |28,502 |December 31, 2012 |{{#expr: 28502/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|[http://www.asub.ax/start.con?iLan=2 Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115211225/http://www.asub.ax/start.con?iLan=2 |date=2016-11-15 }} |- |223 |align=left|''{{BES}}'' ([[Netherlands]]) |21,133 |Januar 1, 2011 |{{#expr: 21133/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/NedAntillen.html Official estimate] |- |224 |align=left|{{PLW}} |20,901 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 20901/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|[http://www.spc.int/sdp/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=158&Itemid=42&lang=en Annual official estimate] |- |225 |align=left|''{{COK}}'' ([[New Zealand|NZ]]) |14,974 |December 1, 2011 |{{#expr: 14974/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|[http://www.mfem.gov.ck/docs/Stats/2012/Census/2011%20Cook%20Islands%20Population%20Census%20Report.pdf Final 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502230514/http://www.mfem.gov.ck/docs/Stats/2012/Census/2011%20Cook%20Islands%20Population%20Census%20Report.pdf |date=2013-05-02 }} |- |226 |align=left|''{{AIA}}'' ([[United Kingdom|UK]]) |13,452 |Mey 11, 2011 |{{#expr: 13452/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Anguilla.html Preliminary 2011 census result] |- |227 |align=left|''{{WLF}}'' ([[France]]) |13,135 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 13135/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|[http://www.spc.int/sdp/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=158&Itemid=42&lang=en Annual official estimate] |- |228 |align=left|{{TUV}} |11,323 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 11323/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|[http://www.spc.int/sdp/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=158&Itemid=42&lang=en Annual official estimate] |- |229 |align=left|{{NRU}} |9,945 |October 30, 2011 |{{#expr: 9945/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Nauru.html 2011 census result] |- |230 |align=left|''{{BLM}}'' ([[France]]) |8,938 |Januar 1, 2010 |{{#expr: 8938/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|[http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/recensement/populations-legales/france-departements.asp?annee=2010 Official estimate] |- |231 |align=left|''{{SPM}}'' ([[France]]) |6,081 |Januar 1, 2010 |0.00006% |align=left|[http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/recensement/populations-legales/france-departements.asp?annee=2010 Official estimate] |- |232 |align=left|''{{MSR}}'' ([[United Kingdom|UK]]) |4,922 |Mey 12, 2011 |0.00005% |align=left|[http://www.gov.ms/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Montserrat-At-A-Glance.pdf 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403071254/http://www.gov.ms/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Montserrat-At-A-Glance.pdf |date=2019-04-03 }} |- |233 |align=left|''{{SHN}}'' ([[United Kingdom|UK]]) |4,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |0.00004% |align=left|UN estimate |- |234 |align=left|''{{SJM}}'' ([[Norawa]]) |2,655 |September 1, 2012 |0.00003% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Svalbard.html Official estimate] |- |235 |align=left|''{{FLK}}'' ([[United Kingdom|UK]]) |2,563 |Aprile 15, 2012 |0.00003% |align=left|[http://www.falklands.gov.fk/our-people 2012 census result] |- |236 |align=left|''{{NFK}}'' ([[Australia]]) |2,302 |August 9, 2011 |0.00002% |align=left|[http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_PHC/Norfolk_Island/report.pdf 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200110/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_PHC/Norfolk_Island/report.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} |- |237 |align=left|''{{CXR}}'' ([[Australia]]) |2,072 |August 9, 2011 |0.00002% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Australia-Agglo.html 2011 census result] |- |238 |align=left|''{{NIU}}'' ([[New Zealand|NZ]]) |1,613 |September 10, 2011 |0.00002% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Niue.html Final 2011 census result] |- |239 |align=left|''{{TKL}}'' ([[New Zealand|NZ]]) |1,411 |October 18, 2011 |0.00001% |align=left|[http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_PHC/Tokelau/report.pdf Final 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120815034343/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_PHC/Tokelau/report.pdf |date=2012-08-15 }} |- |240 |align=left|{{VAT}} |800 |Julie 1, 2012 |0.00001% |align=left|[http://www.vaticanstate.va/content/vaticanstate/es/stato-e-governo/note-generali/popolazione.html Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202031317/http://www.vaticanstate.va/content/vaticanstate/es/stato-e-governo/note-generali/popolazione.html |date=2017-02-02 }} |- |241 |align=left|''{{CCK}}'' ([[Australia]]) |550 |August 9, 2011 |0.000001% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Australia-Agglo.html 2011 census result] |- |242 |align=left|''{{PCN}}'' ([[United Kingdom|UK]]) |66 |Julie 1, 2008 |0.0000000% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Pitcairn.html 2008 census result] |} ==See an aa== {{Multicol}} *[[Leet o countries bi population (Unitit Naitions)]] *[[Leet o sovereign states an dependent territories bi population density]] *[[Leet o continents bi population]] *[[Leet o kintras bi refugee population]] *[[Leet o kintras bi urban population]] *[[Leet o regional organisations bi population]] *[[Leet o releegious populations]] *[[Leets o organisms bi population]] *[[Warld population]] '''Heestorical''' *[[Leet o kintras bi population in 1900]] *[[Leet o kintras bi population in 1907]] *[[Leet o kintras bi population in 2000]] *[[Leet o kintras bi population in 2005]] *[[Leet o kintras bi population in 2010]] *[[Leet o kintras bi past an futur population]] (1950–2050) '''Ceeties:''' *[[Warld's lairgest ceeties]] *[[Leet o naitional caipitals bi population]] {{Multicol-break}} {{portal|Geografie}} *'''Leets o kintras bi population''' **'''Continental''' ***[[Leet o African kintras by population|Africae]] ***[[Leet o Asian kintras by population|Asie]] ***[[Leet o European kintras by population|Europe]] ***[[Leet o North American kintras by population|North Americae]] ***[[Leet o Oceanian kintras by population|Oceanie]] ***[[Leet o South American kintras by population|Sooth Americae]] **'''Intercontinental''' ***[[Leet o Eurasian kintras bi population|Eurasie]] ***[[Leet o kintras in the Americas by population|Americas]] ***[[Leet o Arab kintras by population|Arab states]] ***[[Leet o members o the Commonweel o Naitions bi population|Commonweel o Naitions]] ***[[Leet o Laitin American kintras bi population|Latin Americae]] ***[[Leet o Middle East kintras bi population|Middle East]] **'''Subcontinental''' ***[[Leet o Caribbean island kintras bi population|Caribbean islands]] ***[[Leet o European Union member states bi population|European Union member states]] {{Multicol-end}} ==References an notes== {{reflist|30em}} ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/WPP2004/WPP2004_Volume3.htm United Nations Analytical Report for the 2004 revision of World Population Prospects] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815065906/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/WPP2004/WPP2004_Volume3.htm |date=2018-08-15 }} (the analytical report for the 2006 revision is nae available online)&nbsp;— includes details of methodology and soorces uised for the population estimates abuin. [[Category:Demografie]] [[Category:Leets o kintras|Population]] [[Category:Leets bi population|Kintras]] 0b4jfzye6bvk631489dm95f7bv86gww 0 57515 917749 892132 2026-06-04T16:46:24Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260604sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 917749 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|September 2020}} {{Automatic taxobox | fossil_range = | image = Cheetah Botswana.jpg | image_caption = ''Acinonyx jubatus'' | authority = [[Joshua Brookes|Brookes]], 1828 | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = ''See text'' | range_map =Cheetah_range_-_2.png | range_map_caption = range o the ane extant species, ''A. jubatus'' | synonyms = <small> ''Acinomyx'' de Beaumont, 1964<br/> ''Cynaelurus'' Gloger, 1841<br/> ''Cynailurus'' Wagner, 1830<br/> ''Cynofelis'' Lesson, 1842<br/> ''Guepar'' Boitard, 1842<br/> ''Gueparda'' Gray, 1843<br/> ''Guepardus'' Duvernoy, 1834<br/> ''Paracinonyx'' [[Miklós Kretzoi|Kretzoi]], 1929 | authority = Brookes, 1828}} '''''Acinonyx''''' is a [[genus]] o [[mammal]]s frae the [[faimily (biology)|faimily]] [[Felidae]]. It is currently distributit in [[Africae]] an [[Asie]], but at ane time wis present in [[Europe]] an aa. The [[cheetah]] is the anly livin species in the genus. Wozencraft (1993) put the genus ''Acinonyx'' in thair ain [[Monophyly|monophyletic]] [[Faimily (biology)|subfaimily]], [[Acinonychinae]]. Salles (1992), Johnson & O'Brien (1997), Bininda-Emonds et al. (1999), an Mattern an McLennan (2000) consider ''Acinonyx'', ''[[Cougar|Puma concolor]]'', an [[Jaguarundi|''Puma'' (= ''Herpailurus'') ''yagouaroundi'']] as representatives o closely relatit sister groups. ==Species== * ''Acinonyx aicha'' <small>Geraads, 1997</small> [[Extinction|†]] * ''Acinonyx intermedius'' <small>Thenius, 1954</small> [[Extinction|†]] * ''[[Cheetah|Acinonyx jubatus]]'' <small>Schreber, 1775</small>&nbsp;– cheetah * "''[[Acinonyx kurteni]]''" <small>Christiansen and Mazák, 2008</small><ref name=Christiansen2008>{{cite journal | last1 = Christiansen | first1 = P. | last2 = Mazak | first2 = J. H. | title = A primitive Late Pliocene cheetah, and evolution of the cheetah lineage | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | volume = 106 | pages = 512–5 | year = 2009 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0810435106 | pmid=19114651 | issue=2 | pmc=2626734}}</ref> [[Extinction|†]] (na langer a valid species, probably fraudulent)<ref>{{Cite web | last = Knevitt | first = Oliver | title = 5 Greatest Palaeontology Fakes Of All Time #5: The Linxia Cheetah | publisher = Science 2.0 | date = January 9, 2011 | url = http://www.science20.com/between_death_and_data/5_greatest_palaeontology_fakes_all_time_5_linxia_cheetah | access-date = January 27, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Mazák JH| title = Retraction for Christiansen and Mazák, A primitive Late Pliocene cheetah, and evolution of the cheetah lineage | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2012-09-11_109_37/page/n367| journal = Proc Natl Acad Sci USA | volume = 109 | issue = 37 | pages = 15072 | year = 2012 |pmid= 22908293| doi = 10.1073/pnas.1211510109}}</ref> * ''[[Acinonyx pardinensis]]'' <small>Croizet e Joubert, 1828</small>&nbsp;- Giant cheetah [[Extinction|†]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * {{commonscat-inline|Acinonyx|''Acinonyx''}} * {{wikispecies-inline}} *{{eol|42407}} [[Category:Acinonyx]] {{Stub/Feline}} 5vnjxoptqkvwhhkdtomwip8qt1844kk 0 57528 917723 839762 2026-06-04T16:26:33Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260604sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 917723 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=Mairch 2021}} {{Italic title}} {{Taxobox | image = Bulbophyllum echinolabium.jpg | image_caption = ''Bulbophyllum echinolabium'' | regnum = [[Plantae]] | unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]] | unranked_classis = [[Monocots]] | ordo = [[Asparagales]] | familia = [[Orchidaceae]] | subfamilia = [[Epidendroideae]] | tribus = [[Podochilaeae]] | subtribus = [[Bulbophyllinae]] | genus = '''''Bulbophyllum''''' | genus_authority = [[Louis-Marie Aubert du Petit-Thouars|Thouars]], 1822 | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = [[Leet o Bulbophyllum species|Leet o ''Bulbophyllum'' species]]<br /> 1805 species, including:<br /> *''Bulb. barbigerum'' <small>([[Beardit Bulbophyllum]])</small> *''[[Bulbophyllum beccarii|Bulb. beccarii]]'' *''Bulb. crassulifolium'' <small>([[Wheat-leaved Bulbophyllum]])</small> *''[[Bulbophyllum falcatum|Bulb. falcatum]]'' *''Bulb. flaviflorum'' <small>([[Gowden comb orchid]])</small> *''[[Bulbophyllum fletcherianum|Bulb. fletcherianum]]'' <small>(Tongue Orchid)</small> *''[[Bulbophyllum globuliforme|Bulb. globuliforme]]'' *''[[Bulbophyllum macphersonii|Bulb. macphersonii]]'' *''Bulb. macraei'' <small>([[Wu-lai cirrous orchid]])</small> *''Bulb. makayanum'' <small>([[Daisy orchid]])</small> *''[[Bulbophyllum medusae|Bulb. medusae]]'' *''Bulb. pachyrhachis'' <small>([[Rattail orchid]])</small> *''Bulb. purpurea'' <small>([[Lizard Orchid]])</small> *''Bulb. retusiusculum'' <small>([[Yellae comb orchid]])</small> *''Bulb. transarisanense'' <small>([[Lily Orchid|Lily orchid]])</small> | synonyms = *''Anisopetalum'' Hkr. 1825. *''Bolbophyllaria'' Rchb.f 1852. *''Bolbophyllum'' Spreng. 1826. *''Cochlia'' Bl. 1825. *''Didactyle'' Lindley 1852. *''Diphyes'' Bl. 1825. *''Ephippium'' Blume 1825. *''Epicranthes'' Bl. 1825. *''Epicrianthes'' Bl. 1828. *''Gersinia'' Neraud. 1826. *''Henosis'' Hkr.f 1890. *''Katherinea'' A. D. Hawkes 1956. *''Lyraea'' Lindl. 1830. *''Macrolepis'' A. Rich. 1834. *''Malachadenia'' Lindley 1839. *''Megaclinium'' Lindley 1826. *''Odontostyles'' Breda 1827. *''Osyricera'' Bl. 1825. *''Oxysepala'' Wight 1851. *''Phyllorchis'' Thou. 1822. *''Sarcopodium'' Lindley & Paxton 1850. *''Sestochilos'' Breda 1828. *''Sunipia'' Lindley 1826. *''Taurostalix'' Rchb.f. 1852. *''Tribrachia'' Lindley 1824. *''Xiphizusa'' Rchb.f 1852. *''Zygoglossum'' Reinw. 1826 [1828]. }} '''''Bulbophyllum''''' is the maist muckle genus in the orchid faimily [[Orchidaceae]]. Wi mair nor 2,000 species, it is ane o the maist muckle genera o flouerin plants, exceedit anly bi ''[[Astragalus]]''.<ref name="Frodin">{{cite journal |author=David G. Frodin |year=2004 |title=History and concepts of big plant genera |url=https://archive.org/details/taxon_2004-08_53_3/page/753 |journal=[[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]] |volume=53 |issue=3 |pages=753–776 |jstor=4135449 |doi=10.2307/4135449}}</ref> This genus is abbreviatit in the trade journals as '''''Bulb'''''. ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Orchid genera]] [[Category:Bulbophyllum| ]] [[Category:Epiphytes]] [[Category:Plants wi dehiscent fruit]] {{stub/Plaunt}} q6agxlhd9mw033xjx1c1pk6nli5c94h 0 57537 917764 887816 2026-06-04T17:00:39Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260604sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 917764 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=Mairch 2021}} {{italics title}} {{Automatic taxobox |name = ''Begonia'' |image = Begonia-IMG 0089sm.jpg |image_caption = ''Begonia'' cultivars |authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] |subdivision_ranks = Species |subdivision = See text |}} '''''Begonia''''' is a [[genus]] o [[perennial]] [[flouerin plant]]s in the faimily [[Begoniaceae]]. The genus contains aboot 1,400 different plant species. The Begonias are native tae moist subtropical an tropical climates. Some species are commonly grown induirs as ornamental [[hooseplants]] in cuiler climates. In cuiler climates some species are cultivatit ootside in simmertime for thair bricht colourful flouers. [[File:Petals_0016.jpg|thumb|right|Pink flouerin Begonia]] ==Description== Wi aroond 1,500 species, ''Begonia'' is [[Leet o the lairgest genera o flouerin plants|the saxt-lairgest angiosperm genus]].<ref name="Frodin">{{cite journal |author=David G. Frodin |year=2004 |title=History and concepts of big plant genera |url=https://archive.org/details/taxon_2004-08_53_3/page/753 |journal=[[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]] |volume=53 |issue=3 |pages=753–776 |jstor=4135449 |doi=10.2307/4135449}}</ref> The species are terrestrial (sometimes [[epiphytic]]) [[yerb]]s or unnershrubs, an occur in subtropical an tropical moist climates, in [[Sooth Americae|Sooth]] an [[Central Americae]], [[Africae]], an soothren [[Asie]]. Terrestrial species in the wild are commonly upricht-[[plant stem|stemmed]], [[rhizomatous]], or [[Begonia × tuberhybrida|tuberous]]. The plants are [[monoecious]], wi unisexual male an female flouers occurrin separately on the same plant; the male contains numerous [[stamen]]s, an the female haes a lairge inferior [[ovary (plants)|ovary]] an two tae fower branched or twistit [[Carpel|stigma]]s. In maist species, the [[fruit]] is a winged [[capsule (fruit)|capsule]] containin numerous minute seeds, altho [[baccate]] fruits are an aa kent. The [[leaf|leaves]], which are eften lairge an variously merked or variegated, are uisually asymmetric (unequal-sidit). ==Species an cultivars== ===Species=== Species include: {{div col|colwidth=250px}} * ''[[Begonia acerifolia]]'' * ''[[Begonia acetosa]]'' <small>Vell.</small> * ''[[Begonia adpressa]]'' * ''[[Begonia aequatorialis]]'' * ''[[Begonia aequilateralis]]'' * ''[[Begonia aeranthos]]'' * ''[[Begonia albo-picta]]''{{Verify source|date=July 2011}}<!-- "albopicta" is apparently lapsus check original description and/or reliable secondary source (no automated database) --> <small>W.Bull</small><!-- described 1885 --> * ''[[Begonia argenteo-guttata]]''<!-- "aregenteo-guttata", "argenteoguttata" lapsus --> * ''[[Begonia asympeltata]]'' * ''[[Begonia auriculata]]'' <small>Hook.</small> * ''[[Begonia bataiensis]]'' <small>Kiew</small> * ''[[Begonia boliviensis]]'' * ''[[Begonia bonus-henricus]]'' * ''[[Begonia bowerae]]'' ("boweri") <small>Ziesenh.</small> * ''[[Begonia brandbygeana]]'' * ''[[Begonia brevicyma]]'' <small>C.DC.</small> * ''[[Begonia broussonetiifolia]]'' <small>A.DC.</small> * ''[[Begonia cardiocarpa]]'' Liebm. * ''[[Begonia carletonii]]'' Standl. * ''[[Begonia carpinifolia]]'' Liebm. * ''[[Begonia cavaleriei]]'' * ''[[Begonia coccinea]]'' * ''[[Begonia compacticaulis]]'' * ''[[Begonia conchifolia]]'' A. Dietr. * ''[[Begonia consobrina]]'' * ''[[Begonia convallariodora]]'' C. DC. * ''[[Begonia cooperi]]'' C. DC. * ''[[Begonia copeyana]]'' C. DC. * ''[[Begonia corredorana]]'' C. DC. * ''[[Begonia cucullata var. cucullata]]'' Willd. * ''[[Begonia davisii]]'' Hook. f. * ''[[Begonia dentatobracteata]]'' * ''[[Begonia dichroa]]'' * ''[[Begonia dodsonii]]'' * ''[[Begonia dregei]]'' * ''[[Begonia duncan-thomasii]]'' * ''[[Begonia eiromischa]]'' Ridl. * ''[[Begonia estrellensis]]'' C. DC. * ''[[Begonia exalata]]'' * ''[[Begonia fimbristipula]]'' * ''[[Begonia fischeri]]'' Schrank * ''[[Begonia foliosa]]'' Kunth * * ''[[Begonia foliosa miniata|Begonia foliosa var. miniata]]'' ( = ''Begonia fuchsioides'' Hook.) * ''[[Begonia froebelii]]'' * ''[[Begonia furfuracea]]'' * ''[[Begonia fusicarpa]]'' Irmsch. * ''[[Begonia geminiflora]]'' * ''[[Begonia glabra]]'' Aubl. * ''[[Begonia goegoensis]]'' Br. N.E. * ''[[Begonia octopetala|Begonia grandiflora]]'' Knowles & Westc. (syn. ''Begonia octopetala'' L'Hér.)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-361749 |title=The Plant List |access-date=2013-08-27 |archive-date=2013-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819193954/http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-361749 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''[[Begonia grandis]]'' Dryand. * ''[[Begonia guaduensis]]'' Kunth * ''[[Begonia hainanensis]]'' * ''[[Begonia harlingii]] * ''[[Begonia hemsleyana]] * ''[[Begonia heracleifolia]]'' Cham. & Schltdl. * ''[[Begonia heydei]]'' C. DC. * ''[[Begonia hirsuta]]'' Aubl. * ''[[Begonia hirtella]]'' * ''[[Begonia hitchcockii]]'' * ''[[Begonia holmnielseniana]]'' * ''[[Begonia ignea]]'' (Klotzsch) Warsz. ex A. D.C. * ''[[Begonia imperialis]]'' Lem. * ''[[Begonia involucrata]]'' Liebm. * ''[[Begonia listada]]'' * ''[[Begonia ludwigii]]'' * ''[[Begonia lugonis]]'' * ''[[Begonia macrocarpa]]'' Warb. * ''[[Begonia maculata]]'' * ''[[Begonia mannii]]'' Hook.f. * ''[[Begonia masoniana]]'' * ''[[Begonia metallica]]'' * ''[[Begonia multinervia]]'' Liebm. * ''[[Begonia napoensis]]'' * ''[[Begonia natalensis]]'' * ''[[Begonia nelumbiifolia]]'' Schltdl. & Cham. * ''[[Begonia neoharlingii]] * ''[[Begonia oaxacana]]'' A. DC. * ''[[Begonia obliqua]] * ''[[Begonia octopetala]]'' L'Héritier * ''[[Begonia oellgaardii]]'' * ''[[Begonia oxyanthera]]'' * ''[[Begonia oxyloba]]'' Welw. ex Hook.f. * ''[[Begonia palmata]]'' * ''[[Begonia parcifolia]]'' * ''[[Begonia parviflora]]'' Poepp. & Endl. * ''[[Begonia pearcei]]'' * ''[[Begonia pectennervia]]'' * ''[[Begonia pedatifida]]'' * ''[[Begonia pelargoniiflora]]'' * ''[[Begonia peltatifolia]] * ''[[Begonia plebeja]]'' Liebm. * ''[[Begonia preussii]] * ''[[Begonia pseudoviola]] * ''[[Begonia quaternata]]'' L. B. Sm. & B. G. Schub. * ''[[Begonia rajah]]'' Ridl. * ''[[Begonia rex]]'' Putz. * ''[[Begonia roxburghii]]'' * ''[[Begonia salaziensis]]'' * ''[[Begonia schaeferi]]'' * ''[[Begonia scharffii]]'' Hook. * ''[[Begonia schmidtiana]]'' Regel * ''[[Begonia secunda]]'' * ''[[Begonia seemanniana]]'' A. DC. * ''[[Begonia semhaensis]]'' * ''[[Begonia semiovata]]'' Liebm. * ''[[Begonia sericoneura]]'' Liebm. * ''[[Begonia serotina]]'' * ''[[Begonia socotrana]]'' * ''[[Begonia sodiroi]]'' * ''[[Begonia soli-mutata]]'' * ''[[Begonia sparreana]]'' * ''[[Begonia strigillosa]]'' A. Dietr. * ''[[Begonia sutherlandii]]'' Hook.f. * ''[[Begonia tetrandra]]'' * ''[[Begonia tiger]]'' * ''[[Begonia tonduzii]]'' C. DC. * ''[[Begonia triramosa]]'' * ''[[Begonia tropaeolifolia]]'' * ''[[Begonia truncicola]]'' * ''[[Begonia udisilvestris]]'' C. DC. * ''[[Begonia urophylla]]'' Hook. * ''[[Begonia urticae]]'' L. f. * ''[[Begonia valvata]]'' * ''[[Begonia veitchii]]'' * ''[[Begonia venosa]]'' Skan. * ''[[Begonia vestita]]'' C. DC. * ''[[Begonia xerophyta]]'' * ''[[Begonia ynesiae]]'' {{div col end}} ===Cultivars an cultivar groups=== * [[Angel wing begonia]] (hybrid) * [[Begonia 'Immense'|''Begonia'' 'Immense']] * [[Begonia × sedenii|''Begonia'' × ''sedenii'']] * [[Begonia × semperflorens-cultorum|''Begonia'' × ''semperflorens-cultorum'']] hort. * [[Begonia × tuberhybrida|''Begonia'' × ''tuberhybrida'']] Voss - tuberous begonias (cultivar group) ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Begonia| ]] [[Category:Flouers]] [[Category:Gairden plants]] {{stub/Plaunt}} b6i0hqb1jvvjz0etopuv8vn3o7cp7wr 0 59696 917752 780543 2026-06-04T16:48:40Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260604sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 917752 wikitext text/x-wiki {{automatic taxobox | name = Salamanders | fossil_range = <br>[[Late Jurassic]] – [[Holocene|Present]],<ref name=anderson>{{cite journal|doi=10.1073/pnas.1202491109|title=Fossils, molecules, divergence times, and the origin of Salamandroidea|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=109|issue=15|pages=5557–5558|year=2012|last1=Anderson|first1=J. S.|pmid=22460794|pmc=3326514}}</ref> {{Fossil range|160|0|earliest=168}} | image = SpottedSalamander.jpg | image_caption = [[Spottit salamander]], ''Ambystoma maculatum'' | taxon = Urodela | authority = [[André Marie Constant Duméril|Duméril]], 1806 | range_map = Cypron-Range Caudata.svg | range_map_caption = Native distribution o salamanders (in green) | subdivision_ranks = Suborders | subdivision = [[Cryptobranchoidea]]<br> [[Salamandroidea]]<br> }} '''Salamanders''' are ony o approximately 550 extant species o [[amphibian]]s within the [[Order (biology)|order]] '''Caudata'''.<ref name=Blackburn2011>{{cite journal| author=Blackburn, D.C.; Wake, D.B.| title=Class Amphibia Gray, 1825. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness | journal=Zootaxa| volume=3148| year=2011| pages=39–55| url=http://mapress.com/zootaxa/2011/f/zt03148p055.pdf}}</ref> Thay are typically characterized bi a superficially [[lizard]]-lik appearance, wi slender bodies, short noses, an lang tails. Aw kent fossil salamanders an aw extinct species faw unner the order '''Caudata''', while sometimes the extant species are grouped thegither as the '''Urodela'''.<ref name="larson">{{Cite journal| author = Larson, A.; Dimmick, W. | year = 1993| title = Phylogenetic relationships of the salamander families: an analysis of the congruence among morphological and molecular characters| periodical = Herpetological Monographs| volume =7| issue = 7| pages = 77–93| doi =10.2307/1466953| jstor =1466953}}</ref> Salamanders hae never mair nor fower taes on thair front legs an five on thair rear legs, but some species hae fewer. Thair moist skin uisually maks them reliant on habitats in or near watter, or unner some pertection (e.g., moist grund), eften in a [[wetland]]. Some salamander species are fully aquatic throughoot life, some tak tae the watter intermittently, an some are entirely terrestrial as adults. Unique amang [[vertebrate]]s, thay are capable o [[regeneration (biology)|regeneratin]] lost limbs, as well as ither body pairts. Mony o the members o the [[Faimily (biology)|faimily]] [[Salamandridae]] are kent as [[esk]]s. The earliest kent salamander fossils hae been foond in geological deposits o [[Cheenae]] an [[Kazakhstan]], which hae been datit tae the middle [[Jurassic]] period, up tae 164 million (plus or minus 4 million) years ago.<ref name=gao&shubin2012>{{cite journal|author=Gao, Ke-Qin; Shubin, Neil H. |doi=10.1073/pnas.1009828109 |title=Late Jurassic salamandroid from western Liaoning, China |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2012-04-10_109_15/page/5767 |year=2012 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=109 |issue=15 |pages=5767–5772 }}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q53663}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Salamanders| ]] [[Category:Aposematic ainimals]] [[Category:Extant Late Jurassic first appearances]] [[Category:Taxa named bi André Marie Constant Duméril]] bv7rtljx6nvutw4ggufjs1ub5zyu5t9 0 60184 917709 850089 2026-06-04T16:12:56Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260604sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 917709 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist |nobel = yes |birth_name = David Jeffrey Wineland | image = David Wineland 2008.jpg | image_size = | alt = | caption = David J. Wineland in 2008 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1944|02|24|mf=y}} | birth_place = [[Milwaukee]], [[Wisconsin]], [[Unitit States|USA]] | death_date = | death_place = | nationality = [[Unitit States|American]] | fields = Pheesics | thesis_title = The Atomic Deuterium Maser | thesis_url = http://search.proquest.com/docview/302462813 | thesis_year = 1971 | workplaces = [[Naitional Institute o Staundarts an Technology|Naitional Institute o<br> Staundarts an Technology]]<br>[[Varsity o Colorado, Boulder]] | alma_mater = [[Varsity o Californie, Berkeley]]<br>[[Harvard Varsity]]<br>[[Varsity o Washington]] | postdoctoral supervisor = [[Hans Georg Dehmelt]] | doctoral_advisor = [[Norman Foster Ramsey, Jr.]] | doctoral_students = | known_for = | awards = [[Nobel Prize in Pheesics]] (2012)<br>[[Naitional Medal o Science]] (2007)<br>[[Arthur L. Schawlow Prize in Laser Science|Schawlow Prize]] (2001) }} '''David Jeffrey Wineland'''<ref name=r1>[http://www.encinahighschool.com/class61/roster.htm Class of 1961 Graduation List]. encinahighschool.com</ref> (born Februar 24, 1944)<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.aip.org/history/acap/biographies/bio.jsp?winelandd | title=David Wineland | publisher=Array of Contemporary American Physicists | accessdate=2013-01-13 | archive-date=2013-01-26 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126080319/http://www.aip.org/history/acap/biographies/bio.jsp?winelandd | url-status=dead }}</ref> is an [[Unitit States|American]] Nobel Prize-winnin pheesicist at the [[Naitional Institute o Staundarts an Technology]] (NIST) pheesics laboratory. His wirk haes includit advances in optics, specifically laser cuilin o ions in [[Paul trap]]s an uise o trapped ions tae implement [[quantum computin]] operations. He wis awairdit the 2012 Nobel Prize for Pheesics, jyntly wi [[Serge Haroche]], for "grund-breakin experimental methods that enable measurin an manipulation o individual quantum seestems." <ref name="nobelpress">{{Cite web|title=Press release - Particle control in a quantum world|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2012/press.html|publisher=Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences|accessdate=9 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Phillips|first1=WD|title=Profile of David Wineland and Serge Haroche, 2012 Nobel laureates in physics.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2013-04-30_110_18/page/7110|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|date=30 April 2013|volume=110|issue=18|pages=7110-1|pmid=23584018}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Wineland, David J.}} [[Category:1944 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Sacramento, Californie]] [[Category:Fowk frae Milwaukee, Wisconsin]] [[Category:American Nobel laureates]] [[Category:American physicists]] [[Category:Optical pheesicists]] [[Category:Members o the Unitit States Naitional Academy o Sciences]] [[Category:Naitional Medal o Science laureates]] [[Category:Members o the Optical Society]] [[Category:Fellaes o the Optical Society]] [[Category:Harvard Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Varsity o Californie, Berkeley alumni]] [[Category:Nobel laureates in Pheesics]] 87b1dy308uy01it319pw29giez3g5c3 0 62513 917765 881460 2026-06-04T17:01:03Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260604sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 917765 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist | nobel =yes | name = Venkatraman Ramakrishnan | image = Nobel Prize 2009-Press Conference KVA-08.jpg | image_size = | birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1952}} | birth_place = [[Chidambaram]], [[Tamil Nadu]], Indie | residence = Unitit Kinrick | citizenship = Unitit States an Unitit Kinrick | ethnicity = <!--Please do not add anything here without reliable source references citing that the subject self-identifies as such. --> | alma_mater = [[Maharaja Sayajirao Varsity o Baroda]]<br>[[Ohio Varsity]]<br>[[Varsity o Californie, San Diego]] | field = [[Biochemistry]] an [[Biopheesics]] | work_institution = [[Medical Research Cooncil (UK)|MRC]] [[Laboratory o Molecular Biology]], [[Cambridge, Ingland]]<br />[[Trinity College, Cambridge]] | known_for = Structur an function o the [[ribosome]]; [[X-ray_crystallography#Biological_macromolecular_crystallography|macromolecular crystallography]] | prizes = {{nowrap|[[Louis-Jeantet Prize for Medicine]] (2007) <br>[[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] (2009) <br>[[Padma Vibhushan]] (2010)}} | footnotes = }} '''Venkatraman "Venki" Ramakrishnan''' (born: 1952) is an Indian-born American an Breetish [[Structural biology|structural biologist]], who shared the 2009 [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] wi [[Thomas A. Steitz]] an [[Ada E. Yonath]], "for studies o the structur an function o the [[ribosome]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2009/|title = 2009 Chemistry Nobel Laureates|year=2009|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2009-10-14}}</ref> He currently wirks at the [[Medical Research Cooncil (UK)|MRC]] [[Laboratory o Molecular Biology]] in [[Cambridge, Ingland]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ramakrishnan|first1=V|title=Profile of Venkatraman Ramakrishnan. Interview by Prashant Nair.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2011-09-20_108_38/page/15676|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|date=20 September 2011|volume=108|issue=38|pages=15676-8|pmid=21914843}}</ref><ref name="Venki Ramakrishnan Home Page">{{cite web|url=http://www.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/ribo/homepage/ramak/index.html|title=Venki Ramakrishnan Home Page|year=2009|publisher=Laboratory of Molecular Biology|accessdate=2009-10-07|archive-date=2011-04-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110421041831/http://www.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/ribo/homepage/ramak/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ramakrishnan, Venki}} [[Category:1952 births]] [[Category:American biochemists]] [[Category:American biophysicists]] [[Category:American Nobel laureates]] [[Category:American fowk o Tamil strynd]] [[Category:Breetish biochemists]] [[Category:Breetish Nobel laureates]] [[Category:Breetish fowk o Tamil strynd]] [[Category:Brookhaven Naitional Laboratory Nobel laureates]] [[Category:Crystallographers]] [[Category:Inglis biopheesicists]] [[Category:Fellaes o the Ryal Society]] [[Category:Fellaes o Trinity College, Cambridge]] [[Category:Guggenheim Fellows]] [[Category:Indie biochemists]] [[Category:Indie biopheesicists]] [[Category:Indie emigrants tae the Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:Indie emigrants tae the Unitit States]] [[Category:Knichts Bachelor]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Maharaja Sayajirao Varsity o Baroda alumni]] [[Category:Members o the European Molecular Biology Organization]] [[Category:Members o the Unitit States Naitional Academy o Sciences]] [[Category:Naituralised ceetizens o the Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:Nobel laureates in Chemistry]] [[Category:Ohio Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Recipients o the Padma Vibhushan]] [[Category:Tamil Nobel laureates]] [[Category:Indie Nobel laureates]] [[Category:Tamil scientists]] [[Category:Varsity o Utah faculty]] h3zqgc0p8b8psvmkhny809h5ejavzlo 0 63149 917702 900878 2026-06-04T15:49:43Z The5thelement5 132388 Someone thought it would be hilarious to edit the page to make it impossible to read. This page is not fully fixed and two other articles are messed up on sun and light. 917702 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Photosynthesis.gif|thumb|Schematic o photosynthesis in plants. The carbohydrates producit ur storit in or uised bi the plant.]] '''Photosynthesis''' is a process used by plants an ither organism to convert Light energy, normally from the [[sun]], intake chemical energy that can be used to fuel the organisms' activities. Carbohydrates, such as succors, are synthesized from carbon dioxide a water (hence the name photosynthesis, from the [[Greek leid|Greek]] [[wiktionary:φῶς|φῶς]], ''Phos'', "Light", an [[wiktionary:σύνθεσις|σύνθεσις]], ''synthesis'', "putting together"<ref name=OnlineEtDict>{{cite web|title=photosynthesis|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=photosynthesis&allowed_in_frame=0|publisher=[[Online Etymology Dictionary]]}}</ref><ref name=LSJ1>{{LSJ|fw{{=}}s2|φῶς|ref}}</ref><ref name=LSJ2>{{LSJ|su/nqesis|σύνθεσις|ref}}</ref>). Oxygen is an aa released, mostly as a waste product. Most [[plant]]s, mostly [[algae]], an [[cyanobacteria]] perform the process of photosynthesis, in area called [[photoautotroph]]s. Photosynthesis maintains atmospheric oxygen levels and supplies of the organic compounds and most of the energy necessary for life on Earth.<ref name=bryantfrigaard>{{cite journal | author = Bryant DA, Frigaard NU | title = Prokaryotic photosynthesis and phototrophy illuminated | journal = Trends Microbiol. | volume = 14 | issue = 11 | pages = 488–96 | year = 2006 | month = November | pmid = 16997562 | doi = 10.1016/j.tim.2006.09.001 }}</ref> ==References[[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]][3]== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Agronomy]] [[Category:Biological processes]] [[Category:Botany]] [[Category:Cellular respiration]] [[Category:Metabolism]] [[Category:Photosynthesis| ]] [[Category:Plant physiology]] [[Category:Ecoseestems]] 6n7lr3n24vggaydqq7ewluf9iegi8c9 917703 917702 2026-06-04T15:52:38Z CiphriusKane 74958 Revertit edit o The5thelement5, chynged back tae last version bi CiphriusKane 900878 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Photosynthesis.gif|thumb|Schematic o photosynthesis in plants. The carbohydrates producit ur storit in or uised bi the plant.]] '''Photosynthesis''' is a process uised bi plants an ither organisms tae convert [[licht]] energy, normally frae the [[sun]], intae chemical energy that can be uised tae fuel the organisms' activities. Carbohydrates, such as succars, are synthesized frae carbon dioxide an watter (hence the name photosynthesis, frae the [[Greek leid|Greek]] [[wiktionary:φῶς|φῶς]], ''phōs'', "licht", an [[wiktionary:σύνθεσις|σύνθεσις]], ''synthesis'', "puttin thegither"<ref name=OnlineEtDict>{{cite web|title=photosynthesis|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=photosynthesis&allowed_in_frame=0|publisher=[[Online Etymology Dictionary]]}}</ref><ref name=LSJ1>{{LSJ|fw{{=}}s2|φῶς|ref}}</ref><ref name=LSJ2>{{LSJ|su/nqesis|σύνθεσις|ref}}</ref>). Oxygen is an aa released, maistly as a waste product. Maist [[plant]]s, maist [[algae]], an [[cyanobacteria]] perform the process o photosynthesis, an are cried [[photoautotroph]]s. Photosynthesis maintains atmospheric oxygen levels an supplies aw o the organic compoonds an maist o the energy necessary for ae life on Yird.<ref name=bryantfrigaard>{{cite journal | author = Bryant DA, Frigaard NU | title = Prokaryotic photosynthesis and phototrophy illuminated | journal = Trends Microbiol. | volume = 14 | issue = 11 | pages = 488–96 | year = 2006 | month = November | pmid = 16997562 | doi = 10.1016/j.tim.2006.09.001 }}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Agronomy]] [[Category:Biological processes]] [[Category:Botany]] [[Category:Cellular respiration]] [[Category:Metabolism]] [[Category:Photosynthesis| ]] [[Category:Plant physiology]] [[Category:Ecoseestems]] bzwa9o7yyldbuwhg6lgil307ns4a2da 0 64655 917766 820490 2026-06-04T17:01:34Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260604sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 917766 wikitext text/x-wiki {{taxobox |image = Weihnachtsstern - groß.jpg |regnum = [[Plant]]ae |unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]] |unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]] |unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]] |ordo = [[Malpighiales]] |familia = [[Euphorbiaceae]] |genus = ''[[Euphorbia]]'' |species = '''''E. pulcherrima''''' |binomial = ''Euphorbia pulcherrima'' |binomial_authority = Willd. ex Klotzsch |}} The '''poinsettia''' ({{IPAc-en|p|ɔɪ|n|ˈ|s|ɛ|t|i|ə}} or {{IPAc-en|p|ɔɪ|n|ˈ|s|ɛ|t|ə}})<ref>{{cite book|title=Longman pronunciation dictionary|first=John C.|last=Wells|publisher=Longman|location=Harlow, England|year=1990|isbn=0-582-05383-8}} entry "poinsettia"</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=poinsettia entry|work=Dictionary.com|accessdate=December 15, 2012|url= http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/poinsettia}}</ref> (''Euphorbia pulcherrima'') is a culturally an commercially important plant species o the diverse [[spurge faimily]] that is indigenous tae [[Mexico]] an [[Central Americae]]. It is pairticularly weel kent for its reid an green foliage an is widely uised in [[Christmas]] floral displays. It derives its common Inglis name frae [[Joel Roberts Poinsett]],<ref name = bussell>{{cite journal|journal=[[Southern Living]]|year=2009|month= December|title=Get Ready for Holiday Flowers|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_southern-living_2009-12_44_12/page/n109|last=Bussell|first=Gene|volume=44|issue=12|page = 88}}</ref> the first [[Unitit States Ambassador tae Mexico|Unitit States Meenister tae Mexico]],<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20021022153350/http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/po/com/10948.htm Mexico<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> who introduced the plant intae the Unitit States in 1825. ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Christian fowklair]] [[Category:Christenmas plants]] [[Category:Euphorbia|pulcherrima]] [[Category:Flora o Central Mexico]] [[Category:Flouers]] [[Category:Mexican fowklair]] [[Category:Mexican leegends]] iuawxf9qt66m4wam6uhzstv2i1l89bz 0 64658 917716 825676 2026-06-04T16:16:51Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260604sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 917716 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | image = Euphorbia February 2008-2.jpg | image_caption = ''Euphorbia'' cf. ''serrata' | regnum = [[Plant]]ae | unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]] | unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]] | unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]] | ordo = [[Malpighiales]] | familia = [[Euphorbiaceae]] | subfamilia = [[Euphorbioideae]] | tribus = [[Euphorbieae]] | subtribus = '''Euphorbiinae''' | subtribus_authority = [[August Grisebach|Griseb.]] | genus = '''''Euphorbia''''' | genus_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] | diversity = {{circa|2008}} species | diversity_link = List of Euphorbia species | type_species = ''[[Euphorbia antiquorum]]'' | type_species_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] | subdivision_ranks = [[Subgenera]] | subdivision = ''[[Euphorbia subg. Chamaesyce|Chamaesyce]]''<br /> ''[[Euphorbia subg. Esula|Esula]]''<br /> ''[[Euphorbia subg. Euphorbia|Euphorbia]]''<br /> ''[[Euphorbia subg. Rhizanthium|Rhizanthium]]''<br /> and see [[#Subgenera|below]] | synonyms = ''Chamaesyce''<br /> ''Elaeophorbia''<br /> ''Endadenium''<br /> ''Monadenium''<br /> ''Synadenium''<br /> ''Pedilanthus'' }} '''''Euphorbia''''' is a [[genus]] o [[flouerin plant]]s belangin tae the [[faimily (biology)|faimily]] [[Euphorbiaceae]]. Consistin o 2008 [[species]],<ref name="WCSP">{{cite web|url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/reportbuilder.do |title=WCSP |work= World Checklist of Selected Plant Families|accessdate=2011-04-16}}</ref> ''Euphorbia'' is the [[Leet o the lairgest genera o flouerin plants|fowerth lairgest genus o flouerin plants]]; it an aa haes ane o the lairgest ranges o [[ploidy|chromosome counts]], alang wi ''[[Rumex]]'' an ''[[Senecio]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Stebbins|first1=G. Ledyard|last2=Hoogland|first2=R. D.|title=Species diversity, ecology and evolution in a primitive Angiosperm genus:Hibbertia (Dilleniaceae)|url=https://archive.org/details/plant-systematics-and-evolution_1976_125_3/page/139|journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution|date=1976|volume=125|issue=3|pages=139–154|doi=10.1007/BF00986147}}</ref> Members o the faimily an genus are commonly referred tae as '''spurges'''. ''[[Euphorbia antiquorum]]'' is the [[type species]] for the genus ''Euphorbia'';<ref>{{cite book |editor=Urs Eggli |year=2002 |title=Dicotyledons |volume=5 |series=Illustrated Handbook of Succulent Plants |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |isbn=978-3-540-41966-2 |chapter=''Euphorbia'' |author=S. Carter |page=102 |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ffBRAyZLuh0C&pg=PA102}}</ref> it wis describit bi [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1753 in ''[[Species Plantarum]]''. The faimily is primarily foond in the [[tropical]] an [[subtropical]] regions o Africae an the Americas, but an aa in [[temperate zone]]s warldwide. [[Succulent]] species oreeginate maistly frae Africae, the Americas an Madagascar. Thare exists a wide range o [[island|insular]] species: on the Hawaiian Islands, whaur spurges are collectively kent as "akoko",<ref>[http://www.ars-grin.gov/duke/syllabus/module14.htm Module 14: Hawaiian] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428145637/http://www.ars-grin.gov/duke/syllabus/module14.htm |date=2012-04-28 }} in A Mini-Course in [http://www.ars-grin.gov/duke/syllabus/index.html Medical Botany] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090714132754/http://www.ars-grin.gov/duke/syllabus/index.html |date=2009-07-14 }}</ref> an on the Canary Islands as "tabaibas".<ref>[http://www.floradecanarias.com/euphorbia.html tabaibas]</ref><ref>http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltConsulta?TIPO_BUS=3&LEMA=tabaiba</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Euphorbia| ]] [[Category:Medicinal plants]] [[Category:Pushionous plants]] jguo9lstwxo5hskcubbvzyjjr3sk6nv 0 66063 917795 903735 2026-06-05T07:50:31Z ~2026-33288-88 132428 917795 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox national football team | Name = Spain | Badge = | Badge_size = | FIFA Trigramme = ESP | FIFA Rank = {{FIFA World Rankings|ESP}} | FIFA max = 1 | FIFA max date = Julie 2008 – Juin 2009, October 2009 – Mairch 2010, Julie 2010 – Julie 2011, October 2011&nbsp;– Julie 2014 | FIFA min = 25 | FIFA min date = Mairch 1998 | Elo Rank = {{World Football Elo Ratings|Spain}} | Elo max = 1 | Elo max date = Sept 1920 – Mey 1924, Sept – Dec 1925, Juin 2002, Juin 2008 – Juin 2009, Julie 2010- Juin 2013, September 2013 | Elo min = 20 | Elo min date = Juin 1969, Juin 1981, November 1991 | Elo rating max = 2049 | Elo rating max date = 29 Juin 2008, 7 Julie 2010 | Nickname = {{unbulleted list | {{nowrap|{{lang|es|La Furia Roja}}'' (The Reid Fury)}}<ref name="roja">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/learningenglish/2010/06/la-roja-from-miguel-spain.shtml |title="La Roja" from Miguel, Spain |author= BBC |date= 17 June 2010 |accessdate=30 June 2010}}</ref><ref name="roja2">{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/confederationscup/southafrica2009/statistics/news/newsid=1072428.html |title=La Roja lean to the left |publisher=[[FIFA]] |date=16 June 2009 |accessdate=4 January 2012 |archive-date=2011-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111030105331/http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/confederationscup/southafrica2009/statistics/news/newsid=1072428.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | {{nowrap|{{lang|es|La Furia}}'' (The Fury)}} | {{nowrap|{{lang|es|La Furia Española}}'' (The Spainis Fury)}} | ''{{lang|es|El Toro}}'' (The Bull) }} | Association = ''[[Ryal Spaingie Fitbaa Federation|Real Federación Española de Fútbol]]'' (RFEF) | Confederation = [[UEFA]] (Europe) | Coach = | Captain = | Most caps = [[Sergio Ramos]] (168)<ref name="Most-capped players">{{cite web |url = http://eu-football.info/_players.php?id=185 |title = Statistics&nbsp;– Most-capped players |publisher=European football database |accessdate =9 January 2016}}</ref> | Top scorer = [[David Villa]] (59) | Ballon d'Or Winners = [[Alfredo Di Stéfano]] (1957, 1959) [[Luis Suárez]] (1960) | Home Stadium = <!--Home Shirt--> |pattern_la1 = _esp24h |pattern_b1 = _esp24h |pattern_ra1 = _esp24h |pattern_sh1 = _esp24h |pattern_so1 = _esp24h |leftarm1 = E00000 |body1 = E00000 |rightarm1 = E00000 |shorts1 = 020053 |socks1 = E00000 | pattern_la2 =_esp24a | pattern_b2 =_esp24a | pattern_ra2 =_esp24a | pattern_sh2= _esp24a | pattern_so2 =_esp24a | leftarm2 = F6FBFF | body2 = F6FBFF | rightarm2 = F6FBFF | shorts2 = F6FBFF | socks2 = F6FBFF <!--End of Shirt--> | First game = {{fb|Spain|1785}} 1–0 {{fb-rt|Denmark}} <br> ([[Brussels]], [[Belgium]]; 28 August 1920) | Largest win = {{fb|Spain|1931}} 13–0 {{fb-rt|Bulgaria}} <br> ([[Madrid]], [[Spain]]; 21 Mey 1933) | Largest loss = {{fb|Italy|1861}} 7–1 {{fb-rt|Spain|1785}} <br> ([[Amsterdam]], [[Netherlands]]; 4 Juin 1928) <br> {{fb|England}} 7–1 {{fb-rt|Spain|1931}} <br> ([[Lunnon]], [[Ingland]]; 9 December 1931) | Honours = [[File:Football European Cup.svg|30px|1964 European Naitions' Cup]] | World cup apps = 14 | World cup first = 1934 | World cup best = Winners, [[2010 FIFA Warld Cup|2010]] | Regional name = [[UEFA European Fitbaa Championship|European Championship]] | Regional cup apps = 9 | Regional cup first = [[1964 European Naitions' Cup|1964]] | Regional cup best = Winners, [[1964 European Naitions' Cup|1964]], [[UEFA Euro 2008|2008]] an [[UEFA Euro 2012|2012]] |2ndRegional name = [[Simmer Olympics]] |2ndRegional cup apps = 10 |2ndRegional cup first = [[Fitbaa at the 1920 Simmer Olympics|1920]] |2ndRegional cup best = Winners, [[Fitbaa at the 1992 Simmer Olympics|1992]] | Confederations cup apps = 2 | Confederations cup first = 2009 | Confederations cup best = Runners-up, [[2013 FIFA Confederations Cup|2013]] | medaltemplates = {{MedalTop|}} {{MedalSport | Men's [[Fitbaa at the Simmer Olympics|Football]]}} {{MedalSilver | [[1920 Simmer Olympics|1920 Antwerp]] | [[Fitbaa at the 1920 Simmer Olympics – Men's team squads#Spain|Team]]}} {{MedalGold | [[1992 Simmer Olympics|1992 Barcelona]] | [[Fitbaa at the 1992 Simmer Olympics – Men's team squads#Spain|Team]]<ref name="Olympics 1992-">Syne 1992, squads for [[Fitbaa at the Simmer Olympics]] hae been restrictit tae three players ower the age o 23. The achievements o such teams are nae uisually includit in the statistics o the internaitional team.</ref>}} {{MedalSilver | [[2000 Simmer Olympics|2000 Sydney]] | [[Fitbaa at the 2000 Simmer Olympics – Men's team squads#Spain|Team]]<ref name="Olympics 1992-" />}} {{MedalBottom}} }} The '''Spain naitional fitbaw team''' ({{lang-es|Selección de fútbol de España}}){{efn|Spaingie pronunciation:<br>{{lang|es|Selección de fútbol de España}} {{IPA-es|seleɣˈθjon de ˈfuðβol de esˈpaɲa|}} <br /> {{lang|es|La Roja}} {{IPA-es|la ˈroxa|}} <br> {{lang|es|La Furia Roja}} {{IPA-es|la ˈfuɾja ˈroxa|}} <br /> {{lang|es|La Furia}} {{IPA-es|la ˈfuɾja|}} <br> {{lang|es|La Furia Española}} {{IPA-es|la ˈfuɾja espaˈɲola|}}}} represents [[Spain]] in [[FIFA|internaitional]] [[association fitbaw]] an is controlled bi the [[Ryal Spaingie Fitbaa Federation]], the govrenin bouk for [[fitbaw in Spain]]. The Spaingie side is commonly referred tae as {{lang|es|La Roja}} ("The Reid [Ane]"), {{lang|es|La Furia Roja}} ("The Reid Fury"), {{lang|es|La Furia Española}} ("The Spainis Fury") or jist semplie {{lang|es|La Furia}} ("The Fury").<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.juegalaroja.com/ |title=La red social de aficionados de la Selección Española |publisher=Juegalaroja.com |date= |accessdate=2012-06-24 |archive-date=2014-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209173521/http://www.juegalaroja.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.notasdefutbol.com/seleccion-espanola/otro-junio-de-ilusion-todos-con-la-roja |title=Otro junio de ilusión: todos con la Roja |publisher=Notas de fútbol |date=8 June 2009 |accessdate=4 January 2012 |archive-date=2012-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305051814/http://www.notasdefutbol.com/seleccion-espanola/otro-junio-de-ilusion-todos-con-la-roja |url-status=dead }} {{es icon}}</ref> Spain becam a member o FIFA in 1904 e'en tho the Spainish Fitbaw Federation wis first established in 1909. Spain's naitional team debutit in 1920. Syne then the Spainish naitional team hae pairticipatit in a tot o thirteen o nineteen [[FIFA Warld Cup]] an nine o fowerteen [[European Championships]]. It haes a tot o 73 internaitional titles in senior an youth teams. ==Players== ===Current squad=== The follaein players wur cried for the [[2014 FIFA Warld Cup]] squad.<br /> ''Caps an goals updatit as o 13 Juin 2014 efter the match against {{nft|Netherlands}}.'' {{nat fs g start}} {{nat fs g player|no=12|pos=GK|name=[[David de Gea]]|age={{Birth date and age|1990|11|7|df=y}}|caps=1|goals=0|club=[[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]]|clubnat=ENG}} {{nat fs break}} {{nat fs g player|no=13|pos=MF|name=[[Juan Mata]]|age={{Birth date and age|1988|4|28|df=y}}|caps=33|goals=9|club=[[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]]|clubnat=ENG}} {{nat fs break}} {{nat fs g player|no=7|pos=FW|name=[[David Villa]]|age={{Birth date and age|1981|12|3|df=y}}|caps=96|goals=58|club=[[Melbourne City FC|Melbourne City]]|clubnat=AUS}} {{nat fs end}} ===Recent callups=== The follaein players hae been cried up for the team in the last twal months. <!--Sorted by position, most recent call-up, caps, goals and last name.--> {{nat fs r start}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=GK|name=[[Víctor Valdés]]|age={{Birth date and age|1982|1|14|df=y}}|caps=20|goals=0|club=[[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]|clubnat=ESP|latest=v. {{fb|ITA}}, 5 March 2014}} {{nat fs break}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Alberto Moreno (fitbawer)|Alberto Moreno]]|age={{Birth date and age|1992|7|5|df=y}}|caps=3|goals=0|club=[[Sevilla FC|Sevilla]]|clubnat=ESP|latest=[[2014 FIFA Warld Cup]] provisional squad, 31 May 2014}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Daniel Carvajal]]|age={{Birth date and age|1992|1|11|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]]|clubnat=ESP|latest=[[2014 FIFA Warld Cup]] provisional squad, 31 May 2014}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Álvaro Arbeloa]]|age={{Birth date and age|1983|1|17|df=y}}|caps=56|goals=0|club=[[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]]|clubnat=ESP|latest=v. {{fb|RSA}}, 19 November 2013}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Nacho Monreal]]|age={{birth date and age|1986|02|26|df=y}}|caps=16|goals=0|club=[[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]]|clubnat=ENG|latest=v. {{fb|RSA}}, 19 November 2013}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Iñigo Martínez]]|age={{birth date and age|1991|5|17|df=y}}|caps=2|goals=0|club=[[Real Sociedad]]|clubnat=ESP|latest=v. {{fb|RSA}}, 19 November 2013}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Marc Bartra]]|age={{Birth date and age|1991|1|15|df=y}}|caps=1|goals=0|club=[[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]|clubnat=ESP|latest=v. {{fb|RSA}}, 19 November 2013}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Nacho (fitbawer born 1990)|Nacho Fernández]]|age={{birth date and age|df=y|1990|1|18}}|caps=1|goals=0|club=[[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]]|clubnat=ESP|latest=v. {{fb|CHI}}, 10 September 2013}} {{nat fs break}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Jesús Navas]] ^INJ|age={{birth date and age|df=y|1985|11|21}}|caps=34|goals=3|club=[[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]]|clubnat=ENG|latest=[[2014 FIFA World Cup]] provisional squad, 31 May 2014}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Thiago Alcântara]] ^INJ|age={{Birth date and age|1991|4|11|df=y}}|caps=5|goals=0|club=[[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]]|clubnat=GER|latest=[[2014 FIFA World Cup]] provisional squad, 31 May 2014}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Ander Iturraspe]]|age={{birth date and age|1989|3|8|df=y}}|caps=1|goals=0|club=[[Athletic Bilbao]]|clubnat=ESP|latest=[[2014 FIFA World Cup]] provisional squad, 31 May 2014}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Isco]]|age={{birth date and age|df=y|1992|4|21}}|caps=2|goals=0|club=[[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]]|clubnat=ESP|latest=v. {{fb|GEO}}, 15 October 2013}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Mario Suárez Mata|Mario Suárez]]|age={{Birth date and age|1987|2|24|df=y}}|caps=2|goals=0|club=[[Atlético Madrid]]|clubnat=ESP|latest=v. {{fb|GEO}}, 15 October 2013}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Javi García]]|age={{birth date and age|1987|2|8|df=y}}|caps=3|goals=0|club=[[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]]|clubnat=ENG|latest=v. {{fb|CHI}}, 10 September 2013}} {{nat fs break}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Fernando Llorente]]|age={{Birth date and age|1985|2|26|df=y}}|caps=23|goals=7|club=[[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]]|clubnat=ITA|latest=[[2014 FIFA World Cup]] provisional squad, 31 May 2014}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Álvaro Negredo]]|age={{birth date and age|1985|8|20|df=y}}|caps=21|goals=10|club=[[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]]|clubnat=ENG|latest=[[2014 FIFA World Cup]] provisional squad, 31 May 2014}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Gerard Deulofeu]]|age={{Birth date and age|1994|3|13|df=y}}|caps=1|goals=0|club=[[Everton F.C.|Everton]] <!--Loan spell has ended as of 31 May 2014 (only contracts last until end of June, not loans), included. He is Barcelona player after 1 June 2014, but in the date of the match, he was still a Everton player. And he was not in the 2014 FIFA World Cup provisional 30 players squad. He was only called to play the friendly match against Bolivia -->|clubnat=ENG|latest=v. {{fb|BOL}}, 31 May 2014}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Michu]]|age={{birth date and age|1986|3|21|df=y}}|caps=1|goals=0|club=[[Swansea City A.F.C.|Swansea City]]|clubnat=WAL|latest=v. {{fb|BLR}}, 11 October 2013}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Roberto Soldado]]|age={{Birth date and age|1985|5|27|df=y}}|caps=12|goals=7|club=[[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]]|clubnat=ENG|latest=v. {{fb|CHI}}, 10 September 2013}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Cristian Tello]]|age={{birth date and age|1991|8|11|df=y}}|caps=1|goals=0|club=[[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]|clubnat=ESP|latest=v. {{fb|ECU}}, 14 August 2013}} {{nat fs end}} ==Notes== <references group="lower-alpha"/> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Spain Naitional Fitbaa Team}} [[Category:Spain naitional fitbaw team| ]] [[Category:European naitional association fitbaw teams]] [[Category:Naitional sports teams o Spain|Fitbaa]] [[Category:UEFA European Fitbaa Championship-winnin kintras]] [[Category:FIFA Warld Cup-winnin kintras]] d4doet6pdfh0gahhc61n2t4rua6row5 917799 917795 2026-06-05T09:57:11Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Unexplaint content remuival 917799 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox national football team | Name = Spain | Badge = Escudo selección española.png | Badge_size = 200px | FIFA Trigramme = ESP | FIFA Rank = {{FIFA World Rankings|ESP}} | FIFA max = 1 | FIFA max date = Julie 2008 – Juin 2009, October 2009 – Mairch 2010, Julie 2010 – Julie 2011, October 2011&nbsp;– Julie 2014 | FIFA min = 25 | FIFA min date = Mairch 1998 | Elo Rank = {{World Football Elo Ratings|Spain}} | Elo max = 1 | Elo max date = Sept 1920 – Mey 1924, Sept – Dec 1925, Juin 2002, Juin 2008 – Juin 2009, Julie 2010- Juin 2013, September 2013 | Elo min = 20 | Elo min date = Juin 1969, Juin 1981, November 1991 | Elo rating max = 2049 | Elo rating max date = 29 Juin 2008, 7 Julie 2010 | Nickname = {{unbulleted list | {{nowrap|{{lang|es|La Furia Roja}}'' (The Reid Fury)}}<ref name="roja">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/learningenglish/2010/06/la-roja-from-miguel-spain.shtml |title="La Roja" from Miguel, Spain |author= BBC |date= 17 June 2010 |accessdate=30 June 2010}}</ref><ref name="roja2">{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/confederationscup/southafrica2009/statistics/news/newsid=1072428.html |title=La Roja lean to the left |publisher=[[FIFA]] |date=16 June 2009 |accessdate=4 January 2012 |archive-date=2011-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111030105331/http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/confederationscup/southafrica2009/statistics/news/newsid=1072428.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | {{nowrap|{{lang|es|La Furia}}'' (The Fury)}} | {{nowrap|{{lang|es|La Furia Española}}'' (The Spainis Fury)}} | ''{{lang|es|El Toro}}'' (The Bull) }} | Association = ''[[Ryal Spaingie Fitbaa Federation|Real Federación Española de Fútbol]]'' (RFEF) | Confederation = [[UEFA]] (Europe) | Coach = [[Robert Moreno]] | Captain = [[Sergio Ramos]] | Most caps = [[Sergio Ramos]] (168)<ref name="Most-capped players">{{cite web |url = http://eu-football.info/_players.php?id=185 |title = Statistics&nbsp;– Most-capped players |publisher=European football database |accessdate =9 January 2016}}</ref> | Top scorer = [[David Villa]] (59) | Ballon d'Or Winners = [[Alfredo Di Stéfano]] (1957, 1959) [[Luis Suárez]] (1960) | Home Stadium = <!--Home Shirt--> |pattern_la1 = _esp24h |pattern_b1 = _esp24h |pattern_ra1 = _esp24h |pattern_sh1 = _esp24h |pattern_so1 = _esp24h |leftarm1 = E00000 |body1 = E00000 |rightarm1 = E00000 |shorts1 = 020053 |socks1 = E00000 | pattern_la2 =_esp24a | pattern_b2 =_esp24a | pattern_ra2 =_esp24a | pattern_sh2= _esp24a | pattern_so2 =_esp24a | leftarm2 = F6FBFF | body2 = F6FBFF | rightarm2 = F6FBFF | shorts2 = F6FBFF | socks2 = F6FBFF <!--End of Shirt--> | First game = {{fb|Spain|1785}} 1–0 {{fb-rt|Denmark}} <br> ([[Brussels]], [[Belgium]]; 28 August 1920) | Largest win = {{fb|Spain|1931}} 13–0 {{fb-rt|Bulgaria}} <br> ([[Madrid]], [[Spain]]; 21 Mey 1933) | Largest loss = {{fb|Italy|1861}} 7–1 {{fb-rt|Spain|1785}} <br> ([[Amsterdam]], [[Netherlands]]; 4 Juin 1928) <br> {{fb|England}} 7–1 {{fb-rt|Spain|1931}} <br> ([[Lunnon]], [[Ingland]]; 9 December 1931) | Honours = [[File:Football European Cup.svg|30px|1964 European Naitions' Cup]] | World cup apps = 14 | World cup first = 1934 | World cup best = Winners, [[2010 FIFA Warld Cup|2010]] | Regional name = [[UEFA European Fitbaa Championship|European Championship]] | Regional cup apps = 9 | Regional cup first = [[1964 European Naitions' Cup|1964]] | Regional cup best = Winners, [[1964 European Naitions' Cup|1964]], [[UEFA Euro 2008|2008]] an [[UEFA Euro 2012|2012]] |2ndRegional name = [[Simmer Olympics]] |2ndRegional cup apps = 10 |2ndRegional cup first = [[Fitbaa at the 1920 Simmer Olympics|1920]] |2ndRegional cup best = Winners, [[Fitbaa at the 1992 Simmer Olympics|1992]] | Confederations cup apps = 2 | Confederations cup first = 2009 | Confederations cup best = Runners-up, [[2013 FIFA Confederations Cup|2013]] | medaltemplates = {{MedalTop|}} {{MedalSport | Men's [[Fitbaa at the Simmer Olympics|Football]]}} {{MedalSilver | [[1920 Simmer Olympics|1920 Antwerp]] | [[Fitbaa at the 1920 Simmer Olympics – Men's team squads#Spain|Team]]}} {{MedalGold | [[1992 Simmer Olympics|1992 Barcelona]] | [[Fitbaa at the 1992 Simmer Olympics – Men's team squads#Spain|Team]]<ref name="Olympics 1992-">Syne 1992, squads for [[Fitbaa at the Simmer Olympics]] hae been restrictit tae three players ower the age o 23. The achievements o such teams are nae uisually includit in the statistics o the internaitional team.</ref>}} {{MedalSilver | [[2000 Simmer Olympics|2000 Sydney]] | [[Fitbaa at the 2000 Simmer Olympics – Men's team squads#Spain|Team]]<ref name="Olympics 1992-" />}} {{MedalBottom}} }} The '''Spain naitional fitbaw team''' ({{lang-es|Selección de fútbol de España}}){{efn|Spaingie pronunciation:<br>{{lang|es|Selección de fútbol de España}} {{IPA-es|seleɣˈθjon de ˈfuðβol de esˈpaɲa|}} <br /> {{lang|es|La Roja}} {{IPA-es|la ˈroxa|}} <br> {{lang|es|La Furia Roja}} {{IPA-es|la ˈfuɾja ˈroxa|}} <br /> {{lang|es|La Furia}} {{IPA-es|la ˈfuɾja|}} <br> {{lang|es|La Furia Española}} {{IPA-es|la ˈfuɾja espaˈɲola|}}}} represents [[Spain]] in [[FIFA|internaitional]] [[association fitbaw]] an is controlled bi the [[Ryal Spaingie Fitbaa Federation]], the govrenin bouk for [[fitbaw in Spain]]. The Spaingie side is commonly referred tae as {{lang|es|La Roja}} ("The Reid [Ane]"), {{lang|es|La Furia Roja}} ("The Reid Fury"), {{lang|es|La Furia Española}} ("The Spainis Fury") or jist semplie {{lang|es|La Furia}} ("The Fury").<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.juegalaroja.com/ |title=La red social de aficionados de la Selección Española |publisher=Juegalaroja.com |date= |accessdate=2012-06-24 |archive-date=2014-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209173521/http://www.juegalaroja.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.notasdefutbol.com/seleccion-espanola/otro-junio-de-ilusion-todos-con-la-roja |title=Otro junio de ilusión: todos con la Roja |publisher=Notas de fútbol |date=8 June 2009 |accessdate=4 January 2012 |archive-date=2012-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305051814/http://www.notasdefutbol.com/seleccion-espanola/otro-junio-de-ilusion-todos-con-la-roja |url-status=dead }} {{es icon}}</ref> Spain becam a member o FIFA in 1904 e'en tho the Spainish Fitbaw Federation wis first established in 1909. Spain's naitional team debutit in 1920. Syne then the Spainish naitional team hae pairticipatit in a tot o thirteen o nineteen [[FIFA Warld Cup]] an nine o fowerteen [[European Championships]]. It haes a tot o 73 internaitional titles in senior an youth teams. ==Players== ===Current squad=== The follaein players wur cried for the [[2014 FIFA Warld Cup]] squad.<br /> ''Caps an goals updatit as o 13 Juin 2014 efter the match against {{nft|Netherlands}}.'' {{nat fs g start}} {{nat fs g player|no=1|pos=GK|name=[[Iker Casillas]] ''([[Captain (association fitbaw)|Captain]])''|age={{Birth date and age|1981|5|20|df=y}}|caps=155|goals=0|club=[[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]]|clubnat=ESP}} {{nat fs g player|no=12|pos=GK|name=[[David de Gea]]|age={{Birth date and age|1990|11|7|df=y}}|caps=1|goals=0|club=[[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]]|clubnat=ENG}} {{nat fs g player|no=23|pos=GK|name=[[Pepe Reina]]|age={{Birth date and age|1982|8|31|df=y}}|caps=32|goals=0|club=[[S.S.C. Napoli|Napoli]]|clubnat=ITA}} {{nat fs break}} {{nat fs g player|no=2|pos=DF|name=[[Raúl Albiol]]|age={{Birth date and age|1985|9|4|df=y}}|caps=46|goals=0|club=[[S.S.C. Napoli|Napoli]]|clubnat=ITA}} {{nat fs g player|no=3|pos=DF|name=[[Gerard Piqué]]|age={{Birth date and age|1987|2|2|df=y}}|caps=61|goals=4|club=[[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]|clubnat=ESP}} {{nat fs g player|no=5|pos=DF|name=[[Juan Francisco Torres|Juanfran]]|age={{Birth date and age|1985|1|9|df=y}}|caps=8|goals=1|club=[[Atlético Madrid]]|clubnat=ESP}} {{nat fs g player|no=15|pos=DF|name=[[Sergio Ramos]]|age={{Birth date and age|1986|3|30|df=y}}|caps=118|goals=9|club=[[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]]|clubnat=ESP}} {{nat fs g player|no=18|pos=DF|name=[[Jordi Alba]]|age={{birth date and age|df=y|1989|3|21}}|caps=27|goals=5|club=[[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]|clubnat=ESP}} {{nat fs g player|no=22|pos=DF|name=[[César Azpilicueta]]|age={{Birth date and age|1989|8|28|df=y}}|caps=7|goals=0|club=[[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]]|clubnat=ENG}} {{nat fs break}} {{nat fs g player|no=4|pos=MF|name=[[Javi Martínez]]|age={{Birth date and age|1988|9|2|df=y}}|caps=17|goals=0|club=[[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]]|clubnat=GER}} {{nat fs g player|no=6|pos=MF|name=[[Andrés Iniesta]]|age={{Birth date and age|1984|5|11|df=y}}|caps=98|goals=11|club=[[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]|clubnat=ESP}} {{nat fs g player|no=8|pos=MF|name=[[Xavi|Xavi Hernández]] ^RET|age={{Birth date and age|1980|1|25|df=y}}|caps=133|goals=13|club=[[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]|clubnat=ESP}} {{nat fs g player|no=10|pos=MF|name=[[Cesc Fàbregas]]|age={{Birth date and age|1987|5|4|df=y}}|caps=90|goals=13|club=[[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]]|clubnat=ENG}} {{nat fs g player|no=13|pos=MF|name=[[Juan Mata]]|age={{Birth date and age|1988|4|28|df=y}}|caps=33|goals=9|club=[[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]]|clubnat=ENG}} {{nat fs g player|no=14|pos=MF|name=[[Xabi Alonso]]|age={{Birth date and age|1981|11|25|df=y}}|caps=112|goals=16|club=[[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]]|clubnat=ESP}} {{nat fs g player|no=16|pos=MF|name=[[Sergio Busquets]]|age={{Birth date and age|1988|7|16|df=y}}|caps=67|goals=0|club=[[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]|clubnat=ESP}} {{nat fs g player|no=17|pos=MF|name=[[Koke (fitbawer, born 1992)|Koke]]|age={{birth date and age|1992|1|8|df=y}}|caps=8|goals=0|club=[[Atlético Madrid]]|clubnat=ESP}} {{nat fs g player|no=20|pos=MF|name=[[Santi Cazorla]]|age={{Birth date and age|1984|12|13|df=y}}|caps=64|goals=11|club=[[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]]|clubnat=ENG}} {{nat fs g player|no=21|pos=MF|name=[[David Silva]]|age={{Birth date and age|1986|1|8|df=y}}|caps=81|goals=20|club=[[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]]|clubnat=ENG}} {{nat fs break}} {{nat fs g player|no=7|pos=FW|name=[[David Villa]]|age={{Birth date and age|1981|12|3|df=y}}|caps=96|goals=58|club=[[Melbourne City FC|Melbourne City]]|clubnat=AUS}} {{nat fs g player|no=9|pos=FW|name=[[Fernando Torres]]|age={{birth date and age|1984|3|20|df=y}}|caps=108|goals=37|club=[[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]]|clubnat=ENG}} {{nat fs g player|no=11|pos=FW|name=[[Pedro Rodríguez Ledesma|Pedro Rodríguez]]|age={{Birth date and age|1987|7|28|df=y}}|caps=41|goals=14|club=[[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]|clubnat=ESP}} {{nat fs g player|no=19|pos=FW|name=[[Diego Costa]]|age={{Birth date and age|1988|10|7|df=y}}|caps=3|goals=0|club=[[Atlético Madrid]]|clubnat=ESP}} {{nat fs end}} ===Recent callups=== The follaein players hae been cried up for the team in the last twal months. <!--Sorted by position, most recent call-up, caps, goals and last name.--> {{nat fs r start}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=GK|name=[[Víctor Valdés]]|age={{Birth date and age|1982|1|14|df=y}}|caps=20|goals=0|club=[[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]|clubnat=ESP|latest=v. {{fb|ITA}}, 5 March 2014}} {{nat fs break}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Alberto Moreno (fitbawer)|Alberto Moreno]]|age={{Birth date and age|1992|7|5|df=y}}|caps=3|goals=0|club=[[Sevilla FC|Sevilla]]|clubnat=ESP|latest=[[2014 FIFA Warld Cup]] provisional squad, 31 May 2014}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Daniel Carvajal]]|age={{Birth date and age|1992|1|11|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]]|clubnat=ESP|latest=[[2014 FIFA Warld Cup]] provisional squad, 31 May 2014}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Álvaro Arbeloa]]|age={{Birth date and age|1983|1|17|df=y}}|caps=56|goals=0|club=[[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]]|clubnat=ESP|latest=v. {{fb|RSA}}, 19 November 2013}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Nacho Monreal]]|age={{birth date and age|1986|02|26|df=y}}|caps=16|goals=0|club=[[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]]|clubnat=ENG|latest=v. {{fb|RSA}}, 19 November 2013}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Iñigo Martínez]]|age={{birth date and age|1991|5|17|df=y}}|caps=2|goals=0|club=[[Real Sociedad]]|clubnat=ESP|latest=v. {{fb|RSA}}, 19 November 2013}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Marc Bartra]]|age={{Birth date and age|1991|1|15|df=y}}|caps=1|goals=0|club=[[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]|clubnat=ESP|latest=v. {{fb|RSA}}, 19 November 2013}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Nacho (fitbawer born 1990)|Nacho Fernández]]|age={{birth date and age|df=y|1990|1|18}}|caps=1|goals=0|club=[[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]]|clubnat=ESP|latest=v. {{fb|CHI}}, 10 September 2013}} {{nat fs break}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Jesús Navas]] ^INJ|age={{birth date and age|df=y|1985|11|21}}|caps=34|goals=3|club=[[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]]|clubnat=ENG|latest=[[2014 FIFA World Cup]] provisional squad, 31 May 2014}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Thiago Alcântara]] ^INJ|age={{Birth date and age|1991|4|11|df=y}}|caps=5|goals=0|club=[[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]]|clubnat=GER|latest=[[2014 FIFA World Cup]] provisional squad, 31 May 2014}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Ander Iturraspe]]|age={{birth date and age|1989|3|8|df=y}}|caps=1|goals=0|club=[[Athletic Bilbao]]|clubnat=ESP|latest=[[2014 FIFA World Cup]] provisional squad, 31 May 2014}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Isco]]|age={{birth date and age|df=y|1992|4|21}}|caps=2|goals=0|club=[[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]]|clubnat=ESP|latest=v. {{fb|GEO}}, 15 October 2013}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Mario Suárez Mata|Mario Suárez]]|age={{Birth date and age|1987|2|24|df=y}}|caps=2|goals=0|club=[[Atlético Madrid]]|clubnat=ESP|latest=v. {{fb|GEO}}, 15 October 2013}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Javi García]]|age={{birth date and age|1987|2|8|df=y}}|caps=3|goals=0|club=[[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]]|clubnat=ENG|latest=v. {{fb|CHI}}, 10 September 2013}} {{nat fs break}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Fernando Llorente]]|age={{Birth date and age|1985|2|26|df=y}}|caps=23|goals=7|club=[[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]]|clubnat=ITA|latest=[[2014 FIFA World Cup]] provisional squad, 31 May 2014}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Álvaro Negredo]]|age={{birth date and age|1985|8|20|df=y}}|caps=21|goals=10|club=[[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]]|clubnat=ENG|latest=[[2014 FIFA World Cup]] provisional squad, 31 May 2014}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Gerard Deulofeu]]|age={{Birth date and age|1994|3|13|df=y}}|caps=1|goals=0|club=[[Everton F.C.|Everton]] <!--Loan spell has ended as of 31 May 2014 (only contracts last until end of June, not loans), included. He is Barcelona player after 1 June 2014, but in the date of the match, he was still a Everton player. And he was not in the 2014 FIFA World Cup provisional 30 players squad. He was only called to play the friendly match against Bolivia -->|clubnat=ENG|latest=v. {{fb|BOL}}, 31 May 2014}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Michu]]|age={{birth date and age|1986|3|21|df=y}}|caps=1|goals=0|club=[[Swansea City A.F.C.|Swansea City]]|clubnat=WAL|latest=v. {{fb|BLR}}, 11 October 2013}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Roberto Soldado]]|age={{Birth date and age|1985|5|27|df=y}}|caps=12|goals=7|club=[[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]]|clubnat=ENG|latest=v. {{fb|CHI}}, 10 September 2013}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Cristian Tello]]|age={{birth date and age|1991|8|11|df=y}}|caps=1|goals=0|club=[[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]|clubnat=ESP|latest=v. {{fb|ECU}}, 14 August 2013}} {{nat fs end}} ==Notes== <references group="lower-alpha"/> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Spain Naitional Fitbaa Team}} [[Category:Spain naitional fitbaw team| ]] [[Category:European naitional association fitbaw teams]] [[Category:Naitional sports teams o Spain|Fitbaa]] [[Category:UEFA European Fitbaa Championship-winnin kintras]] [[Category:FIFA Warld Cup-winnin kintras]] s1g1kb1h5vmsydonvijr3spy93ulbje 0 67404 917736 818564 2026-06-04T16:34:21Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260604sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 917736 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=Dizember 2020}} {{Infobox Galaxy | name = [[Messier object|Messier]] 82 | image = [[Image:M82 HST ACS 2006-14-a-large web.jpg|250px]] |caption = A mosaic image taken bi the [[Hubble Telescope]] o Messier 82, combinin exposurs taken wi fower coloured filters that captur starnlicht frae veesible an infrareid wavelengths as well as the licht frae the glowin hydrogen filaments. | credit = [[NASA]]/[[ESA]] | epoch = [[J2000]] | type = I0<ref name="ned"> {{cite web | title=NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database | work=Results for NGC 3034 | url=http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/objsearch?objname=m82&extend=no&hconst=73&omegam=0.27&omegav=0.73&corr_z=1&out_csys=Equatorial&out_equinox=J2000.0&obj_sort=RA+or+Longitude&of=pre_text&zv_breaker=30000.0&list_limit=5&img_stamp=YES | accessdate=2006-10-27 }}</ref> | ra = {{RA|09|55|52.2}}<ref name="ned" /> | dec = {{DEC|+69|40|47}}<ref name="ned" /> | dist_ly = 11.5 ± 0.8 [[licht-year|Mly]] (3.5 ± 0.3 [[parsec|Mpc]])<ref name="Karachentsevetal2006"> {{cite journal | author=Karachentsev, I. D.; Kashibadze, O. G. | year=2006 | title=Masses of the local group and of the M81 group estimated from distortions in the local velocity field | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysics_january-march-2006_49_1/page/3 | journal= Astrophysics| volume=49 | issue=1 | pages=3–18 | bibcode=2006Ap.....49....3K | doi=10.1007/s10511-006-0002-6 }}</ref> | z = 203 ± 4 km/[[seicont|s]]<ref name="ned" /> | appmag_v = 8.41<ref name="SIMBAD-M82"> {{cite web |title=SIMBAD-M82 |publisher=SIMBAD Astronomical Database |url=http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=M82 |accessdate=2009-11-29 }}</ref><ref name=GAXEL> {{cite journal |last=Armando |first=Gil de Paz |year=2007 |coauthors=Boissier; Madore; Seibert; Boselli; et al. |title=The GALEX Ultraviolet Atlas of Nearby Galaxies |journal=[[Astrophysical Journal Supplement]] |volume=173 |issue=2 |pages=185–255 |arxiv=astro-ph/0606440 |doi=10.1086/516636 |bibcode=2007ApJS..173..185G }}</ref> | size_v = 11&prime;.2 × 4&prime;.3<ref name="ned" /> | constellation name = [[Ursa Major]] | notes = Edge on starburst galaxy | names = [[New General Catalogue|NGC]] 3034, [[Uppsala General Catalogue|UGC]] 5322, [[Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies|Arp]] 337, Cigar Galaxy, [[Principal Galaxies Catalogue|PGC]] 28655, [[Third Cambridge Catalogue of Radio Sources|3C]] 231<ref name="ned" /> }} '''Messier 82''' (kent as '''NGC 3034''', '''Cigar Galaxy''' or '''M82''' an aw) is the prototype<ref name="Barkeretal2008"> {{cite journal | last1 = Barker | first1 = S. | last2 = de Grijs | first2 = R. | last3 = Cerviño | first3 = M. | year = 2008 | title = Star cluster versus field star formation in the nucleus of the prototype starburst galaxy M 82 | journal=[[Astronomy and Astrophysics]] | volume = 484 | issue = 3 | pages = 711–720 | bibcode = 2008A&A...484..711B | doi = 10.1051/0004-6361:200809653 |arxiv = 0804.1913 }}</ref> nearby [[starnburst galaxy]] aboot 12 million [[licht-year]]s away in the [[constellation]] [[Ursa Major]]. The starburst galaxy is five times [[Luminosity#Astronomy|mair luminous]] nor the whole [[Milky Way]] an ane hundrit times mair luminous nor oor galaxy's center.<ref name="Barkeretal2008" /> The starnburst activity is thoucht tae be triggered bi interaction wi neighborin galaxy [[Messier 81|M81]]. [[SN 2014J]], an apparent [[Type Ia supernova]], wis observed in the galaxy on 21 Januar 2014.<ref>http://www.astronomerstelegram.org/?read=5786</ref> <ref>{{cite web|title=Sudden Supernova In M82 Galaxy Rips Apart The Night Sky (A Bit)|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2014/01/22/m82-supernova_n_4644356.html|publisher=Huffington Post}}</ref> <ref>http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad_astronomy/2014/01/22/kaboom_nearby_galaxy_m82_hosts_a_new_supernova.html</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Messier 082}} [[Category:Starnburst galaxies]] [[Category:Irregular galaxies]] [[Category:M81 Group]] [[Category:Ursa Major (constellation)]] [[Category:Messier objects|082]] [[Category:NGC objects]] [[Category:UGC objects|05322]] [[Category:PGC objects|28655]] [[Category:Arp objects|337]] [[Category:3C objects|231]] {{stub}} 9chjaqc23fyqr8dh65fpczuquw09ode 0 67419 917739 909825 2026-06-04T16:36:00Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260604sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 917739 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=Dizember 2020}} {{Galaxybox begin | name = [[Messier object|Messier]] 81<ref name="jensenetal2003"> {{cite journal | author=Jensen, Joseph B.; Tonry, John L.; Barris, Brian J.; Thompson, Rodger I.; Liu, Michael C.; Rieke, Marcia J.; Ajhar, Edward A.; Blakeslee, John P. | year=2003 | title=Measuring Distances and Probing the Unresolved Stellar Populations of Galaxies Using Infrared Surface Brightness Fluctuations | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_2003-02-01_583_2/page/712 | journal=[[Astrophysical Journal]] | volume=583 | issue=2 | pages=712–726 | bibcode=2003ApJ...583..712J | doi=10.1086/345430 |arxiv = astro-ph/0210129 }}</ref><ref name="karachentsevetal2006"> {{cite journal | author=I. D. Karachentsev, O. G. Kashibadze | year=2006 | title=Masses of the local group and of the M81 group estimated from distortions in the local velocity field | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysics_january-march-2006_49_1/page/3 | journal=[[Astrophysics (journal)|Astrophysics]] | volume=49 | issue=1 | pages=3–18 | bibcode=2006Ap.....49....3K | doi=10.1007/s10511-006-0002-6 }}</ref> }} {{Galaxybox image | image = [[Image:Messier 81 HST.jpg|250px]] | caption = A [[Hubble Space Telescope]] (HST) image <br>o Messier 81 }} {{Galaxybox observe | epoch = [[J2000]] | constell = [[Ursa Major]]<ref name="sinnott1988"> {{cite book | editor=R. W. Sinnott | title= The Complete New General Catalogue and Index Catalogue of Nebulae and Star Clusters by J. L. E. Dreyer | url=https://archive.org/details/ngc20000complete0000drey | year=1988 | publisher=[[Sky Publishing Corporation]] / [[Cambridge University Press]] | isbn=0-933346-51-4 }}</ref> | ra = {{RA|09|55|33.2}}<ref name="ned"> {{cite web | title=NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database | work=Results for NGC 3031 | url=http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/objsearch?objname=m81&extend=no&hconst=73&omegam=0.27&omegav=0.73&corr_z=1&out_csys=Equatorial&out_equinox=J2000.0&obj_sort=RA+or+Longitude&of=pre_text&zv_breaker=30000.0&list_limit=5&img_stamp=YES | accessdate=2006-11-10 }}</ref> | dec = {{DEC|+69|3|55}}<ref name="ned" /> | appdim_v = 26.9 × 14.1 [[Minute of arc|moa]]<ref name="ned" /> | appmag_v = 6.94<ref name="SIMBAD-M81"> {{cite web |title=SIMBAD-M81 |publisher=SIMBAD Astronomical Database |url=http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=M81 |accessdate=2009-11-28 }}</ref><ref name=GAXEL> {{cite journal |last=Armando |first=Gil de Paz |year=2007 |title=The GALEX Ultraviolet Atlas of Nearby Galaxies |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_2007-12_173_2/page/185 |journal=[[Astrophysical Journal]] |volume=173 |issue=2 |pages=185–255 |arxiv=astro-ph/0606440 |doi=10.1086/516636 |bibcode=2007ApJS..173..185G |author2=Boissier |author3=Madore |author4=Seibert |author5=Boselli |display-authors=5 |last6=Boselli |first6=Alessandro |last7=Wyder |first7=Ted K. |last8=Thilker |first8=David |last9=Bianchi |first9=Luciana }}</ref> }} {{Galaxybox character | g_type = SA(s)ab,<ref name="ned" /> [[LINER]]<ref name="ned" /> }} {{Galaxybox astrometry | h_radial_v = -34 | hrv_err = 4<ref name="ned" /> | z = -0.000113 | z_err = 0.000013<ref name="ned" /> | gal_v = 73 | gv_err = 6<ref name="ned" /> | g_dist = 11.8 | dist_err = 0.4 }} {{Galaxybox catalog | names = [[New General Catalogue|NGC]] 3031,<ref name="ned" /> [[Uppsala General Catalogue|UGC]] 5318,<ref name="ned" /> [[Principal Galaxies Catalogue|PGC]] 28630,<ref name="ned" /> Bode's Galaxy<ref name="simbad"> {{cite web | title=SIMBAD Astronomical Database | work=Results for NGC 3031 | url=http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/Simbad | accessdate=2006-11-10 }}</ref> }} {{Galaxybox end}} '''Messier 81''' (kent as '''NGC 3031''' or '''Bode's Galaxy''' an aw) is a [[spiral galaxy]] aboot [[1 E22 m|12 million]] [[licht-year]]s away in the [[constellation]] [[Ursa Major]]. Due tae its proximity tae [[Yird]], lairge size an [[active galactic nucleus]] (which harbors a 70 million [[solar mass|M_☉]]<ref name="devereuxetal2003"> {{cite journal | author=N. Devereux, H. Ford, Z. Tsvetanov, and J. Jocoby | year=2003 | title=STIS Spectroscopy of the Central 10 Parsecs of M81: Evidence for a Massive Black Hole | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astronomical-journal_2003-03_125_3/page/1226 | journal=[[Astronomical Journal]] | volume=125 | issue=3 | pages=1226–1235 | bibcode=2003AJ....125.1226D | doi=10.1086/367595 }}</ref> [[supermassive black hole]]), Messier 81 haes been studied extensively bi professional [[astronomers]]. The galaxy's lairge size an relatively heicj brightness mak it a popular target for [[amateur astronomy|amateur astronomers]] an aw.<ref name="omeara1998"> {{cite book | author=S. J. O'Meara | year=1998 | title=The Messier Objects | publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] | isbn=0-521-55332-6 }}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Messier 081}} [[Category:Spiral galaxies]] [[Category:Unbarred spiral galaxies]] [[Category:M81 Group]] [[Category:Ursa Major (constellation)]] [[Category:Messier objects|081]] [[Category:NGC objects]] [[Category:UGC objects|05318]] [[Category:PGC objects|28630]] [[Category:Discoveries bi Johann Elert Bode]] {{stub}} gg495y4ibvyau5dvvauspa264o1zuck 0 69643 917759 915660 2026-06-04T16:55:13Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260604sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 917759 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fixscots}} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = [[The Right Honourable]] | name = Baroness Thatcher | honorific-suffix = [[Order of the Garter|LG]] [[Order of Merit|OM]] [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom|PC]] [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]] | image = Margaret Thatcher stock portrait (cropped).jpg | caption = Thatcher {{circa}} 1995–96 | office1 = [[Prime Meenister o the Unitit Kinrick]] | monarch1 = [[Elizabeth II]] | deputy1 = [[Geoffrey Howe]] (1989-90) | birth_date = {{birth date|1925|10|13|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Grantham]], [[Lincolnshire]], [[Ingland]] | death_date = {{death date and age|2013|4|8|1925|10|13|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Lunnon]], Ingland | term_start1 = 4 Mey 1979 | term_end1 = 28 November 1990 | predecessor1 = [[James Callaghan]] | successor1 = [[John Major]] | party = [[Conservative Pairty (UK)|Conservative]] | nationality = [[Unitit Kinrick|Breetish]] | spouse = Sir [[Denis Thatcher]], Bt.<br>(m. 1951-2003, his daith) | children = [[Mark Thatcher]], [[Carol Thatcher]] | relations = [[Alfred Roberts]]<br>(faither) }} '''Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|commas=true|size=100%|LG|OM|PC|FRS|FRIC}} ({{nee|'''Roberts'''}}; 13 October 1925 &ndash; 8 Apryle 2013) wis a Breetish stateswumman, wha sert as [[Prime Meenister o the Unitit Kinrick]] frae 1979 tae 1990 an as [[Leader o the Conservative Pairty (UK)|Leader]] o the [[Conservative Pairty (UK)|Conservative Pairty]] frae 1975 tae 1990. She wis the langest-serrin Breetish prime meenister o the 20t yearhunner, an the first wumman tae haud the office. A Soviet jurnalist cried her '''The Airn Leddy''', an eik-name that becam associatit wi her uncompromisin politics an leadership style. As Prime Meenister, she implementit policies that hae come tae be kent as [[Thatcherism]]. A resairch [[chemist]] afore acomin a [[barrister]], Thatcher wis [[Leet o MPs electit in the Unitit Kinrick general election, 1959|electit Memmer o Pairlament]] for [[Finchley (UK Pairlament constituency)|Finchley]] in [[Unitit Kinrick general election, 1959|1959]]. [[Edward Heath]] appyntit her [[Secretar o State for Eddication|Secretar o State for Eddication an Science]] in his [[Heath meenistry|1970 govrenment]]. In 1975, Thatcher defeatit Heath in the [[Conservative Pairty (UK) leadership election, 1975|Conservative Pairty leadership election]] tae acome [[Leader o the Opposeetion (Unitit Kinrick)|Leader o the Opposeetion]] an acame the first wumman tae lead a major poleetical pairty in the Unitit Kinrick. She acame Prime Meenister efter winnin the [[Unitit Kinrick general election, 1979|1979 general election]]. On muivin intae {{nowrap|[[10 Downing Street]]}}, Thatcher introduced mony poleetical an economic initiatives intendit tae reverse heich unemployment an Breetain's struissles in the wauk o the [[Winter o Discontent]] an an ongangin recession.{{refn|In her forewird tae the [[Leet o Conservative Pairty (UK) general election manifestos|Conservative manifesto]] o 1979, Thatcher wrate o "a feeling of helplessness, that we are a once great nation that has somehow fallen behind".<ref>{{cite web |title=1979 Conservative Party General Election Manifesto |url=http://www.conservativemanifesto.com/1979/1979-conservative-manifesto.shtml |website=conservativemanifesto.com |accessdate=28 July 2009}}</ref>|group=nb}} Her poleetical filosofie an economic policies emphasised [[deregulation]] (parteecularly o the financial sector), flexible labour mercats, the privatisation o [[state-awned enterprise|state-awned companies]], an reducin the pouer an influence o tred unions. Thatcher's popularity in her first years in office waned amid recession an heich unemployment, till veectory in the 1982 [[Falklands War]] an the recoverin economy brocht a resurgence o support, resultin in her decisive [[Unitit Kinrick general election, 1983|re-election in 1983]]. She narraely escapit an [[Brighton hotel bombin|assassination attempt in 1984]]. Thatcher wis re-electit for a third term in [[Unitit Kinrick general election, 1987|1987]]. In this period her support for a [[Community Charge]] (referred tae as the "poll tax") wis widely unpopular, an her views on the [[European Economic Commonty|European Commonty]] war nae shared bi ithers in her Caibinet. She resigned as Prime Meenister an pairty leader in November 1990, efter [[Michael Heseltine]] lencht a [[Conservative Pairty (UK) leadership election, 1990|challenge tae her leadership]]. Efter reteerin frae the [[Hoose o Commons o the Unitit Kinrick|Commons]] in 1992, she wis gien a [[life peer]]age as Baroness Thatcher (o [[Kesteven]] in the Coonty o [[Lincolnshire]]) whilk enteetlt her tae sit in the [[Hoose o Lairds]]. Efter a nummer o wee straiks in 2002, she wis advised tae reteer frae public speakin. Nanetheless, she managed tae pre-record a eulogy tae [[Ronald Reagan]] afore his daith, whilk wis braidcast at [[Daith an state funeral o Ronald Reagan|his funeral]] in 2004. In 2013, [[Daith an funeral o Margaret Thatcher|she dee'd o anither straik]] in Lunnon, at the age o 87. Ayeweys a controversial feegur, she haes been laudit as [[Historical rankins o Prime Meenisters o the Unitit Kinrick|ane o the greatest]] an maist influential politeecians in Breetish historie, even as arguments ower Thatcherism perseest. ==Early life an eddication== Thatcher wis born Margaret Hilda Roberts on 13 October 1925, in [[Grantham, Lincolnshire]]. Her faither wis [[Alfred Roberts]], oreeginally frae Northamptonshire, an her mither wis Beatrice Ethel (née Stephenson) frae Lincolnshire.{{sfnp|Beckett|2006|p=1}} She spent her bairnheid in Grantham, whaur her faither awned twa grocery shaps. Margaret Roberts attendit Huntingtower Road Primary School an wan a bursary tae [[Kesteven and Grantham Girls' School]].{{sfnp|Beckett|2006|p=5}} Her schuil reports shawed haurd wark an continual impruivement; her extracurricular activities includit the piano, field hockey, poetry recitals, soummin an walkin.{{sfnp|Beckett|2006|p=6}}{{sfnp|Blundell|2008|pp=21–22}} In her [[saxt form|upper saxt year]] she applee'd for a bursary tae study chemistry at [[Somerville College, Oxford]], a weemen's college at the time, but she wis ineetially rejectit an wis offered a place anerly efter anither candidate widrew.{{sfnp|Beckett|2006|p=12}}{{sfnp|Blundell|2008|p=23}} Roberts arrived at Oxford in 1943 an graduatit in 1947 wi [[Breetish undergraduate degree classification|Seicont-Cless Honours]] in the fower-year Chemistry Bachelor o Science degree, specialisin in [[X-ray crystallography]] unner the superveesion o [[Dorothy Hodgkin]].{{sfnp|Blundell|2008|pp=25–27}}{{sfnp|Beckett|2006|p=16}} Roberts jyned the local Conservative Association an attendit the pairty conference at [[Llandudno]] in 1948, as a representative o the University Graduate Conservative Association.{{sfnp|Beckett|2006|p=22}} Meanwhile she acame a heich-rankin member o the [[Vermin Club]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Moore |first=Charles |authorlink=Charles Moore (journalist) |title=Golly: now we know what's truly offensive |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/columnists/charlesmoore/4520977/Golly-now-we-know-whats-truly-offensive.html |date=5 February 2009 |accessdate=29 April 2017 |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |author=J.C. |magazine=[[The Economist]] |title=Gaffe-ology: why Mitchell had to go |url=http://www.economist.com/blogs/blighty/2012/10/political-crises |date=21 October 2012 |accessdate=29 April 2017 |quote=In 1948 [[Aneurin Bevan]] called the Conservative Party "lower than vermin", a comment that lost Labour thousands of moderate votes at the following election. The Tories embraced the phrase; some formed the Vermin Club in response (Margaret Thatcher was a member).}}</ref> a group o gressruits Conservatives formed in response tae a derogatory remerk aboot the pairty. Ane o her Oxford friends wis an aa a friend o the Chair o the [[Dartford]] Conservative Association in [[Kent]], wha war leukin for candidates.{{sfnp|Beckett|2006|p=22}} Offeecials o the association war sae impressed bi her that thay askit her tae applee, even tho she wis nae on the Conservative Pairty's approved leet: she wis selectit in Januar 1951, aged 25, an addit tae the appruived leet ''[[:wikt:post ante|post ante]]''.{{sfnp|Blundell|2008|p=36}} At a dinner follaein her formal adoption as Conservative candidate for Dartford in Februar 1951 she met [[Denis Thatcher]], a successfu an walthy divorced businessman, wha drave her tae her Essex train.{{sfnp|Beckett|2006|p=22}}{{sfnp|Blundell|2008|p=36}} In preparation for the election Roberts muived tae Dartford, whaur she supportit hersel bi wirkin as a resairch chemist for [[J. Lyons and Co.]] in Hammersmith, pairt o a team developin [[emulsion|emulsifiers]] for [[ice cream]].{{sfnp|Beckett|2006|p=22}}<ref name="ns-rs">{{cite journal|title=Cream of the crop at Royal Society|url=https://books.google.com/?id=XRpdT3gc9KYC&pg=PA5&dq=Margaret+Thatcher+ice#v=onepage&q=Margaret+Thatcher+ice&f=false|journal=New Scientist|date=7 July 1983|page=5|accessdate=25 January 2011|volume=99|issue=1365|ref=harv|author1=Information|first1=Reed Business}}</ref> Shortly efter her mairiage, she an her husband begoud attendin [[Kirk o Ingland|Anglican]] services an wad later convert tae [[Anglicanism]].<ref name="Belz">{{Cite news |url=https://world.wng.org/2013/04/weather_maker |first=Mindy |last=Belz |title=Weather maker |agency=World Magazine |date=4 May 2013 |access-date=2017-06-07 |archive-date=2019-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203055950/https://world.wng.org/2013/04/weather_maker |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Filby">{{Cite news |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/margaret-thatcher/9992424/Margaret-Thatcher-her-unswerving-faith-shaped-by-her-father.html |first=Eliza |last=Filby |title=Margaret Thatcher: her unswerving faith shaped by her father |agency=The Telegraph |date=14 April 2013}}</ref> ==Early political career== In the [[Unitit Kinrick general election, 1950|1950]] an [[Unitit Kinrick general election, 1951|1951 general elections]], Roberts wis the Conservative candidate for the safe Labour seat o [[Dartford (UK Pairlament constituency)|Dartford]]. The local pairty selectit her as its candidate acause, tho nae a dynamic public speaker, Roberts wis well-prepared an fearless in her answers. She attractit media attention as the youngest an the anerly female candidate.{{sfnp|Beckett|2006|pp=23–24}}{{sfnp|Blundell|2008|p=37}} She lost on baith occasions tae [[Norman Dodds]], but reduced the Labour majority bi 6,000, an then a further 1,000.{{sfnp|Beckett|2006|pp=23–24}} During the campaigns, she wis supportit bi her parents an bi Denis Thatcher, wha she mairied in December 1951.{{sfnp|Beckett|2006|pp=23–24}}<ref name="Denis Thatcher">{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/politics-obituaries/1434154/Sir-Denis-Thatcher-Bt.html |accessdate=6 January 2012 |date=27 June 2003 |title=Sir Denis Thatcher, Bt |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph}}</ref> ===Member o Pairlament: 1959–1970=== In 1954, Thatcher wis defeatit whan she socht selection tae be the Conservative pairty candidate for the [[Orpington bi-election, 1955|Orpington bi-election]] o Januar 1955. She chuise nae tae staund as a candidate in the [[Unitit Kinrick general election, 1955|1955 general election]], in later years statin: "I really just felt the twins were&nbsp;... only two, I really felt that it was too soon. I couldn't do that."{{sfnp|Campbell|2000|p=100}} Efterwart, Thatcher begoud leukin for a Conservative [[sauf seat]] an wis selectit as the candidate for [[Finchley (UK Pairlament constituency)|Finchley]] in Apryle 1958 (narraely beatin [[Ian Fraser (Plymouth Sutton MP)|Ian Montagu Fraser]]). She wis electit as MP for the seat efter a haurd campaign in the [[Unitit Kinrick general election, 1959|1959 election]].{{sfnp|Beckett|2006|p=27}}<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=41842|page=6433|date=13 October 1959}}</ref> Benefitin frae her fortuinate result in a lottery for [[backbencher]]s tae propone new legislation,<ref name="runciman20130606">{{cite news|last=Runciman|first=David|url=http://www.lrb.co.uk/v35/n11/david-runciman/rat-a-tat-a-tat-a-tat-a-tat|title=Rat-a-tat-a-tat-a-tat-a-tat|work=London Review of Books|date=6 June 2013|accessdate=11 June 2013}}</ref> Thatcher's [[maiden speech]] wis in support o her [[private member's bill]] ([[Public Bodies (Admission to Meetings) Act 1960]]), requirin local authorities tae hauld thair cooncil meetins in public.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/101055 |title =HC S 2R [Public Bodies (Admission of the Press to Meetings) Bill] (Maiden Speech) |publisher=Margaret Thatcher Foundation |date=5 February 1960}}</ref> Thatcher's talent an drive caused her tae be mentioned as a futur Prime Meenister in her early 20s{{r|runciman20130606}} awtho she hersel wis mair pessimistic, statin as late as 1970: "There will not be a woman prime minister in my lifetime{{snd}}the male population is too prejudiced."<ref name="sandbrook20130409">{{cite news|last=Sandbrook|first=Dominic|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-22076886|title=Viewpoint: What if Margaret Thatcher had never been?|publisher=BBC|date=9 April 2013|accessdate=16 June 2013}}</ref> In October 1961 she wis promotit tae the [[frontbench]] as [[Pairlamentar Secretar tae the Meenister for Pensions|Pairlamentar Unnersecretar at the Meenistry o Pensions an Naitional Insurance]] bi [[Harold Macmillan]].{{sfnp|Reitan|2003|p=4}} Thatcher wis the youngest wumman in history tae receive sic a post, an amang the first [[Leet o MPs electit in the Unitit Kinrick general election, 1959|MPs electit in 1959]] tae be promotit.{{r|scottsmith2003}} Bi 1966, pairty leaders viewed Thatcher as a potential [[Offeecial Opposeetion Shaidae Cabinet (Unitit Kinrick)|Shaidae Cabinet member]]. [[James Prior]] suggestit her as a member efter the Conservatives' [[Unitit Kinrick general election, 1966|1966 defeat]], but pairty leader [[Edward Heath]] an [[Chief Whip]] [[Willie Whitelaw]] insteid chuise tae promote [[Mervyn Pike]] as the [[First Shaidae Cabinet o Edward Heath|Shaidae Cabinet]]'s anerly wumman member.{{r|scottsmith2003}} At the Conservative Pairty conference o 1966 she criticised the heich-tax policies o the Labour govrenment as bein steps "not only towards Socialism, but towards Communism", arguin that lawer taxes served as an incentive tae haurd wark.{{sfnp|Wapshott|2007|p=64}} Thatcher wis ane o the few Conservative MPs tae support [[Leo Abse]]'s Bill tae decriminalise male homosexuality.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1966/jul/05/sexual-offences-no-2|title=Sexual Offences (No. 2)|date=5 July 1966|journal=Hansard|volume=731|page=267|access-date=2017-06-07|archive-date=2020-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104201938/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1966/jul/05/sexual-offences-no-2|url-status=dead}}</ref> She an aa votit in favour o [[David Steel]]'s bill tae legalise abortion,{{sfnp|Thatcher|1995|p=150}}<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1966/jul/22/medical-termination-of-pregnancy-bill|title=Medical Termination of Pregnancy Bill|date=22 July 1966|journal=Hansard|volume=732|page=1165|ref=harv|access-date=2017-06-07|archive-date=2020-11-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102150407/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1966/jul/22/medical-termination-of-pregnancy-bill|url-status=dead}}</ref> Efter Pike's reteerment, Heath appyntit Thatcher tae the Shaidae Cabinet<ref name=scottsmith2003>{{cite journal|last=Scott-Smith |first=Giles |title="Her Rather Ambitious Washington Program": Margaret Thatcher's International Visitor Program Visit to the United States in 1967 |url=http://mountainrunner.us/library/publicdiplomacy/Scott-Smith%20(2003)-%20%E2%80%98Her%20Rather%20Ambitious%20Washington%20Program%E2%80%99%20Margaret%20Thatcher%E2%80%99s%20International%20Visitor%20Program%20Visit%20to%20the%20US%20in%201967.pdf|date=Winter 2003|journal=Contemporary British History|volume=17|issue=4|pages=65–86|publisher=Routledge&nbsp;– Taylor and Francis|issn=1743-7997|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126115302/http://mountainrunner.us/library/publicdiplomacy/Scott-Smith%20%282003%29-%20%E2%80%98Her%20Rather%20Ambitious%20Washington%20Program%E2%80%99%20Margaret%20Thatcher%E2%80%99s%20International%20Visitor%20Program%20Visit%20to%20the%20US%20in%201967.pdf|archivedate=26 November 2010 |ref=harv|doi=10.1080/13619460308565458}}</ref> as Fuel an Pouer spokesman.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/margaret-thatchers-timeline-from-grantham-to-the-house-of-lords-via-arthur-scargill-and-the-8564555.html|title=Margaret Thatcher's timeline: From Grantham to the House of Lords, via Arthur Scargill and the Falklands War|date=8 April 2013|work=Independent|accessdate=2 November 2016}}</ref> Shortly afore the [[Unitit Kinrick general election, 1970|1970 election]], she wis promotit tae Shadow Transport spokesman an later tae Eddication.{{sfnp|Wapshott|2007|p=65}} ===Eddication Secretar: 1970–1974=== The Conservative Pairty unner [[Edward Heath]] wan the [[Unitit Kinrick general election, 1970|1970 general election]], an Thatcher wis subsequently appyntit tae the [[Cabinet o the Unitit Kinrick|Cabinet]] as [[Secretar o State for Eddication|Secretar o State for Eddication an Science]]. In her first months in office she attractit public attention as a result o the govrenment's attempts ae cut spendin. She gae priority tae academic needs in schuils.{{sfnp|Reitan|2003|p=14}} She imponed public expenditur cuts on the state eddication seestem, resultin in the aboleetion o free milk for schuilchilder aged seiven tae eleiven.{{sfnp|Wapshott|2007|p=76}} She held that few childer wad thole if schuils war chairged for milk, but agreed tae provide younger childer wi a third o a pint daily, for nutreetional purposes.{{sfnp|Wapshott|2007|p=76}} Cabinet papers later revealed that she opponed the policy but haed been forced intae it bi the Thesaury.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/tories-move-swiftly-to-avoid-milksnatcher-tag-2047372.html|title=Tories move swiftly to avoid 'milk-snatcher' tag|last=Hickman|first=Martin|date=9 August 2010|newspaper=The Independent|accessdate=9 April 2013|archive-date=2015-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925172651/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/tories-move-swiftly-to-avoid-milksnatcher-tag-2047372.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Her deceesion provoked a storm o protest frae Labour an the press,{{sfnp|Reitan|2003|p=15}} leadin tae the moniker "Margaret Thatcher, Milk Snatcher".{{sfnp|Wapshott|2007|p=76}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Smith|first=Rebecca|title=How Margaret Thatcher became known as 'Milk Snatcher'|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/7932963/How-Margaret-Thatcher-became-known-as-Milk-Snatcher.html|accessdate=9 April 2013|newspaper=The Sunday Telegraph|date=8 August 2010}}</ref> She reportitly conseedered leavin politics in the eftermath an later wrate in her autobiografie: "I learned a valuable lesson {{bracket|from the experience}}. I had incurred the maximum of political odium for the minimum of political benefit."{{sfnp|Reitan|2003|p=15}}{{sfnp|Thatcher|1995|p=182}} ===Leader o the Opposeetion: 1975–1979=== [[File:Thatcher-loc.jpg|left|thumb|170px|Thatcher as Tory leader]] The Heath govrenment continued tae experience difficulties wi [[1973 ile creesis|ile embargoes]] an union demands for wage increases in 1973 an lost the [[Unitit Kinrick general election, Februar 1974|Februar 1974 general election]].{{sfnp|Reitan|2003|p=15}} Labour formed a minority govrenment an went on tae win a narrae majority in the [[Unitit Kinrick general election, October 1974|October 1974 general election]]. Heath's leadership o the Conservative Pairty leukit increasinly in dout. Thatcher wis nae ineetially the obvious replacement, but she eventually acame the main challenger, promisin a fresh stairt.{{sfnp|Reitan|2003|p=16}} Her main support came frae the Conservative [[1922 Committee]],{{sfnp|Reitan|2003|p=16}} but Thatcher's time in office gae her the reputation o a pragmatist instead o an ideologue.{{r|runciman20130606}} She [[Conservative Pairty (UK) leadership election, 1975|defeatit Heath]] on the first ballot an he resigned the leadership.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article545321.ece?token=null&offset=12&page=2|url-access=limited|title=Thatcher leads tributes to Sir Edward Heath|date=18 July 2005|accessdate=14 October 2008|work=The Times|first=Philippe|last=Naughton}}{{Dead link|date=October 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In the seicont ballot she defeatit Whitelaw, Heath's preferred successor. The vote polarised alang richt&ndash;left lines, wi the region, experience an eddication o the MP an aa haein thair effects. Thatcher's support wis stranger amang MPs on the richt, thae frae soothren Ingland, an thae wha haed nae attendit public schuils or [[Oxbridge]].<ref>Philip Cowley and Matthew Bailey, "Peasants' Uprising or Religious War? Re-Examining the 1975 Conservative Leadership Contest", ''British Journal of Political Science'' (2000) 30#4 pp.&nbsp;599–629</ref> Thatcher acame Conservative Pairty leader an [[Leader o the Opposeetion (Unitit Kinrick)|Leader o the Opposeetion]] on 11 Februar 1975;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.margaretthatcher.org/speeches/displaydocument.asp?docid=102452|title=Press Conference after winning Conservative leadership (Grand Committee Room)|publisher=Margaret Thatcher Foundation|accessdate=29 September 2007}}</ref> she appyntit Whitelaw as her [[Depute Leader o the Conservative Pairty (UK)|depute]]. Heath wis niver reconciled tae Thatcher's leadership.<ref>Moore, ''Thatcher'' 1:394–395, 430</ref> In addeetion tae opposeetion tae [[Keynesian ecenomics]], Thatcher wantit tae prevent the creaution o a Scots assembly. She tauld Conservative MPs tae vote against the Scotland and Wales Bill in December 1976, which wis defeatit, an then whan new Bills war proponed she supportit amendin the legislation tae allae the Inglis tae vote in the [[Scots devolution referendum, 1979|1979 referendum on devolution]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.scotsman.com/news/politics/top-stories/how-thatcher-tried-to-thwart-devolution-1-1165673|title=How Thatcher tried to thwart devolution|date=27 April 2008|accessdate=20 April 2013|newspaper=The Scotsman|archive-date=2015-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016012202/http://www.scotsman.com/news/politics/top-stories/how-thatcher-tried-to-thwart-devolution-1-1165673|url-status=dead}}</ref> Breetain's economy during the 1970s wis sae waik that Foreign Meenister [[James Callaghan]] wairned his fellae Labour Cabinet members in 1974 o the possibility o "a breakdown of democracy", tellin them: "If I were a young man, I would emigrate."{{sfnp|Beckett|2010|loc=chapter 7}} In mid-1978, the economy begoud tae impruive an opeenion polls shawed Labour in the lead, wi a general election bein expectit later that year an a Labour win a sairious possibility. Nou Prime Meenister, Callaghan surpreesed mony bi annooncin on 7 September that thare wad be na general election that year an he wad wait till 1979 afore gangin tae the polls. Thatcher reactit tae this bi buistin the Labour govrenment "chickens", an [[Leeberal Pairty (UK)|Leeberal Pairty]] leader [[David Steel]] jyned in, criticisin Labour for "running scared".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/7/newsid_2502000/2502781.stm|title=7 September 1978: Callaghan accused of running scared|work=On this day 1950–2005|publisher=BBC|accessdate=13 January 2012|year=2008}}</ref> The Conservatives attacked the Labour govrenment's unemployment record, uisin advertisin wi the slogan "[[Labour Isn't Working]]". A [[Unitit Kinrick general election, 1979|general election]] wis cried efter Callaghan's govrenment lost a [[1979 vote o na confidence in the govrenment o James Callaghan|motion o na confidence]] in early 1979. The Conservatives wan a 44-seat majority in the Hoose o Commons an Thatcher acame the first female Breetish prime meenister.<ref>David Butler and Dennis Kavanagh, ''The British general election of 1979'' (1980).</ref> ==Premiership o the Unitit Kinrick: 1979–1990== Thatcher acame Prime Meenister on 4 Mey 1979. Arrivin at Downing Street she said, paraphrasin the [[Prayer o Saunt Francis]]:{{poemquote| Where there is discord, may we bring harmony; Where there is error, may we bring truth; Where there is doubt, may we bring faith; And where there is despair, may we bring hope. |char=Margaret Thatcher |source=<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/104078 |title=Remarks on becoming Prime Minister (St Francis's prayer) |date=4 May 1979 |publisher=Margaret Thatcher Foundation |accessdate=21 March 2017}}</ref> |title=her remarks on becoming Prime Minister }} Thatcher remained in office ootthrou the next decade. For muckle o her premiership, she wis descrived as the maist pouerfu wumman in the warld.<ref>{{cite book |title=How to Work for a Woman Boss, Even If You'd Rather Not |url=https://archive.org/details/howtoworkforwoma00bern |last=Bern |first=Paula |publisher=[[Dodd Mead]] |edition=1st |isbn=978-0396088394 |date=February 1987 |page=[https://archive.org/details/howtoworkforwoma00bern/page/43 43]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Maggie: An Intimate Portrait of a Woman in Power |url=https://archive.org/details/maggieintimatepo00ogde |last=Ogden |first=Chris |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |edition=1st |isbn=978-0671667603 |year=1990 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/maggieintimatepo00ogde/page/9 9], 12}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Current Biography Yearbook |titlelink=Current Biography |publisher=[[H. W. Wilson Co.]] |edition=1989 |volume=50 |year=1990 |page=567}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title=Gail Sheehy on the most powerful woman in the world |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_vanity-fair_1989-07_52_7/page/102 |last=Sheehy |first=Gail |authorlink=Gail Sheehy |magazine=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]] |volume=52 |year=1989 |page=102}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title=The most powerful woman in the world |last=Eisner |first=Jane |authorlink=Jane Eisner |magazine=The Philadelphia Inquirer Magazine |asin=B006RKBPBK |date=7 June 1987 |page=1}}</ref> ===Domestic affairs=== Thatcher wis Leader o the Opposeetion an Prime Meenister at a time o increased racial tension in Breetain. Commentin on the [[Unitit Kinrick local elections, 1977|local elections o Mey 1977]], ''[[The Economist]]'' notit "The Tory tide swamped the smaller parties. That specifically includes the [[Naitional Front (UK)|National Front]], which suffered a clear decline from last year".<ref>{{cite news|work=The Economist|title=Votes go to Tories, and nobody else|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_economist_1977-05-14_263_6976/page/24|date=14 May 1977|volume=263|issue=6976|pages=24–28}}</ref><ref>[http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/93030FB632E147999D4BEB655587A134.pdf ''Conservative Party Campaign Guide Supplement 1978'']. Published by the Conservative and Unionist Central Office.</ref> Her staundin in the polls rose bi 11% efter a Januar 1978 interview for ''[[World in Action]]'' in which she said "the British character has done so much for democracy, for law and done so much throughout the world that if there is any fear that it might be swamped people are going to react and be rather hostile to those coming in", as well as "in many ways {{bracket|minorities}} add to the richness and variety of this country. The moment the minority threatens to become a big one, people get frightened".<ref>{{cite news|work=The Times|title=Mrs Thatcher fears people might become hostile if immigrant flow is not cut|date=31 January 1978}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=Time|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,920566-3,00.html|title=Britain: Facing a Multiracial Future|date=27 August 1979|accessdate=20 January 2011|archive-date=2013-07-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724082825/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,920566-3,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the 1979 general election, the Conservatives attracted voters frae the Naitional Front, whose support awmaist collapsed.{{sfnp|Reitan|2003|p=26}}<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=FtAiLTYSpA4C&pg=PA128&dq=thatcher+national+front#v=onepage&q=thatcher%20national%20front&f=false|title=Britishness since 1870|first=Paul|last=Ward|publisher=Routledge|accessdate=21 August 2011|isbn=978-0-415-22016-3|year=2004|page=128}}</ref> In a meetin in Julie 1979 wi [[Secretar o State for Foreign an Commonweel Affairs|Foreign Secretar]] [[Peter Carington, 6t Baron Carrington|Lord Carrington]] an [[Hame Secretar]] [[Willie Whitelaw]] she objectit tae the nummer o Asie immigrants, in the context o leemitin the tot o [[Vietnamese boat fowk]] allaed tae settle in the UK tae less nor 10,000.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/margaret-thatcher/6906503/Margaret-Thatcher-complained-about-Asian-immigration-to-Britain.html|title=Margaret Thatcher complained about Asian immigration to Britain|date=30 December 2009|accessdate=20 January 2011|first=Jon|last=Swaine|archive-date=2011-01-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110120061249/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/margaret-thatcher/6906503/Margaret-Thatcher-complained-about-Asian-immigration-to-Britain.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> As Prime Meenister, Thatcher met weekly wi [[Queen Elizabeth II]] tae discuss govrenment business, an thair relationship came unner close scrutiny.{{sfnp|Reitan|2003|p=28}}{{sfnp|Seward|2001|p=154}} Biografer [[John Campbell (biografer)|John Campbell]] says thair relations war "punctiliously correct but there was little love lost on either side". The Queen's press secretar leaked anonymous rumours o a rift, which war offeecially denee'd bi the Palace. Campbell concludes that Thatcher haed "an almost mystical reverence for the institution of the monarchy" despite "trying to modernise the country and sweep away many of the values and practices which the monarchy perpetuated".<ref>Campbell, ''Margaret Thatcher: The Iron Lady 2:464</ref> Thatcher later wrate: "I always found the Queen's attitude towards the work of the Government absolutely correct&nbsp;... stories of clashes between 'two powerful women' were just too good not to make up."{{sfnp|Thatcher|1993|p=18}} ====Economy an taxation==== Thatcher's economic policy wis influenced bi [[monetarism|monetarist]] thinkin an economists sic as [[Milton Friedman]] an [[Alan Walters]].{{sfnp|Childs|2006|p=185}} Thegither wi [[Chancellor o the Exchequer]] [[Geoffrey Howe]], she lawered direct taxes on income an increased indirect taxes.{{sfnp|Reitan|2003|p=30}} She increased interest rates tae slaw the growthe o the money supplee an tharebi lawer inflation,{{sfnp|Childs|2006|p=185}} introduced cash leemits on public spendin, an reduced expenditur on social services sic as eddication an hoosin.{{sfnp|Reitan|2003|p=30}} Her cuts in heicher eddication spendin resultit in her bein the first Oxford-eddicatit post-war Prime Meenister nae tae be awairdit an honorar doctorate bae the Varsity o Oxford, efter a 738 tae 319 vote o the govrenin assembly an a student peteetion.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/29/newsid_2506000/2506019.stm |title=29 January 1985: Thatcher snubbed by Oxford dons |accessdate=9 April 2007 |work=On this day 1950–2005 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> Some Heathite Conservatives in the Cabinet, the sae-cried "[[wets an drees|wets]]", expressed dout ower Thatcher's policies.<ref name="nft"/> The [[1981 Ingland riots]] resultit in the Breetish media discussin the need for a policy U-turn. At the 1980 Conservative Pairty conference, Thatcher addressed the issue directly, wi a speech written bi the playwricht [[Ronald Millar]]{{sfnp|Jones|Kavanagh|Moran|2007|p=224}} that included the lines: "You turn if you want to. [[The lady's not for turning]]!"<ref name="nft">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/10/newsid_2541000/2541071.stm|title=10 October 1980: Thatcher 'not for turning'|accessdate=21 December 2008|work=On this day 1950–2005|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> Thatcher's job appruival ratin fell tae 23% bi December 1980, lawer nor recordit for ony previous Prime Meenister.{{sfnp|Thornton|2006|p=18}} As the [[Early 1980s recession|recession o the early 1980s]] deepened she increased taxes,{{sfnp|Reitan|2003|p=31}} despite concerns expressed in a statement signed bi 364&nbsp;leadin economists issued taewart the end o Mairch 1981.<ref>{{cite news|title=An avalanche of economists|date=31 March 1981|url=http://infotrac.galegroup.com/itw/infomark/263/101/138526786w16/purl=rc1_TTDA_0_CS285575295&dyn=75!xrn_1_0_CS285575295&hst_1?sw_aep=mclib|url-access=limited|newspaper=The Times|page=17|accessdate=12 January 2011}}</ref> Bi 1982, the UK begoud tae experience signs o economic recovery;{{sfnp|Floud|Johnson|2004|p=392}} inflation wis doun tae 8.6% frae a heich o 18%, but unemployment wis ower 3&nbsp;million for the first time syne the 1930s.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/26/newsid_2506000/2506335.stm|title=26 January 1982: UK unemployment tops three million|accessdate=16 April 2010|work=On this day 1950–2005|publisher=BBC News|year=2008}}</ref> Bi 1983 oweraw economic growthe wis stranger an inflation an mortgage rates war at thair lawest levels syne 1970, awtho manufacturin employment as a share o tot employment fell tae juist ower 30%,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rowthorn |first1=Robert |authorlink1=Robert Rowthorn |last2=Wells |first2=John R. |title=De-Industrialization and Foreign Trade |url=https://archive.org/details/deindustrializat0000rowt |date=12 November 1987 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/deindustrializat0000rowt/page/234 234] |isbn=978-0521263603}}</ref> wi tot unemployment remeenin heich, peakin at 3.3&nbsp;million in 1984.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/unemployment-among-young-workers-hits-15-per-cent-1645728.html|title=Unemployment among young workers hits 15 per cent|newspaper=The Independent|date=16 March 2009|accessdate=21 November 2010|first=Sean|last=O'Grady|archive-date=2017-10-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020085549/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/unemployment-among-young-workers-hits-15-per-cent-1645728.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bi 1987, unemployment wis fawin, the economy wis stable an strang an inflation wis law. Opeenion polls shawed a comfortable Conservative lead, an [[Unitit Kinrick local elections, 1987|local cooncil election]] results haed an aa been successfu, promptin Thatcher tae cry a general election for 11 Juin that year, despite the deidline for an election still bein 12 month awey. The [[Unitit Kinrick general election, 1987|election]] saw Thatcher re-electit for a third successive term.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/special/politics97/background/pastelec/ge87.shtml|title=BBC Politics 97|publisher=BBC|date=11 June 1987|accessdate=14 November 2011}}</ref> ====Industrial relations==== Thatcher wis committit tae reducin the pouer o the [[tred union]]s, whase leadership she accused o unnerminin pairlamentar democracy an economic performance throu strick action.{{sfnp|Thatcher|1993|pp=97–98, 339–340}} Several unions lenched stricks in response tae legislation introduced tae crib thair pouer, but reseestance eventually collapsed.<ref name="thatcher-cw">{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/kbank/profiles/thatcher|title=Margaret Thatcher|accessdate=29 October 2008|publisher=CNN|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080703072749/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/kbank/profiles/thatcher|archivedate=3 July 2008}}</ref> Anerly 39% o union members votit for Labour in the 1983 general election.<ref>{{cite news |last=Revzin|first=Philip|title=British Labor Unions Begin to Toe the Line, Realizing That the Times Have Changed|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|date=23 November 1984}}</ref> The [[UK miners' strick (1984–85)|miners' strick o 1984–85]] wis the biggest confrontation atween the unions an the Thatcher govrenment. ====Privatisation==== The policy o [[privatisation]] haes been cried "a crucial ingredient o Thatcherism".{{sfnp|Seldon|Collings|2000|p=27}} Efter the 1983 election the sale o state utilities acceleratit;{{sfnp|Feigenbaum|Henig|Hamnett|1998|p=71}} maur than £29&nbsp;billion wis raised frae the sale o naitionalised industries, an anither £18&nbsp;billion frae the sale o cooncil hooses.{{sfnp|Marr|2007|p=428}} The process o privatisation, especially the preparation o naitionalised industries for privatisation, wis associatit wi merked impruivements in performance, pairteecularly in terms o [[wirkforce productivity|labour productivity]].<ref name=ParkerMartin>{{cite journal|last1=Parker|first1=David|last2=Martin|first2=Stephen|title=The impact of UK privatisation on labour and total factor productivity|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_scottish-journal-of-political-economy_1995-05_42_2/page/216|journal=Scottish Journal of Political Economy|volume=42|issue=2|date=May 1995|pages=216–217|ref=harv|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9485.1995.tb01154.x}}</ref> ====Northren Ireland==== In 1980 an 1981, [[Proveesional Erse Republican Airmy]] (IRA) an [[Erse Naitional Leeberation Airmy]] (INLA) preesoners in Northren Ireland's [[HM Prison Maze|Maze Prison]] cairied oot [[1981 Erse hunger strick|hunger stricks]] in an effort tae regain the status o poleetical preesoners that haed been remuived in 1976 bi the precedin Labour govrenment.<ref name="strike"/> [[Bobby Sands]] begoud the 1981 strick, sayin that he wad fest till daith unless preeson inmates wan concessions ower thair leevin condeetions.<ref name="strike">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/3/newsid_2451000/2451503.stm|title=3 October 1981: IRA Maze hunger strikes at an end|work=On this day 1950–2005|publisher=BBC|year=2008}}</ref> Thatcher refuised tae coontenance a return tae poleetical status for the preesoners, declarin "Crime is crime is crime; it is not political",<ref name="strike"/> but nivertheless the UK govrenment privately contactit republican leaders in a bid tae bring the hunger stricks tae an end.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/ireland/article6036723.ece|url-access=limited|title=Was Gerry Adams complicit over hunger strikers?|accessdate=20 April 2009|date=5 April 2009|newspaper=The Sunday Times|last=Clarke|first=Liam|archive-date=2011-03-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301124629/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/ireland/article6036723.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref> Efter the daiths o Sands an nine ithers, the strick endit. Some richts war restored tae paramilitar preesoners, but nae offeecial recogneetion o poleetical status.<ref name="CAIN-hs"/> Violence in Northren Ireland escalatit signeeficantly during the hunger stricks; in 1982 [[Sinn Féin]] politeecian [[Danny Morrison (Erse republican)|Danny Morrison]] descrived Thatcher as "the biggest bastard we have ever known".{{sfnp|English|2005|pp=207–208}} Thatcher narraely escaped injury in an IRA [[Brighton hotel bombin|assassination attempt]] at a Brighton hotel early in the mornin on 12 October 1984.<ref name="bbc-bomb">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/12/newsid_2531000/2531583.stm|accessdate=29 October 2008|title=12 October 1984: Tory Cabinet in Brighton bomb blast|work=On this day 1950–2005|publisher=BBC|year=2008}}</ref> Five fowk war killed, includin the wife o Cabinet Meenister [[John Wakeham]]. Thatcher wis stayin at the hotel tae attend the Conservative Pairty conference, which she inseestit shoud open as scheduled the follaein day.<ref name="bbc-bomb"/> She delivered her speech as planned,{{sfnp|Thatcher|1993|pp=379–383}} awbeit rewritten frae her oreeginal draft,<ref>{{cite news |last=Travis |first=Alan |title=Thatcher was to call Labour and miners 'enemy within' in abandoned speech |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/oct/03/thatcher-labour-miners-enemy-within-brighton-bomb |newspaper=The Guardian |date=3 October 2014 |accessdate=25 May 2017}}</ref> in a muive that wis widely supportit athort the poleetical spectrum an enhanced her popularity wi the public.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lanoue|first1=David J.|last2=Headrick|first2=Barbara|title=Short-Term Political Events and British Government Popularity: Direct and Indirect Effects|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_polity_spring-1998_30_3/page/423|journal=Polity|volume=30|issue=3|date=Spring 1998|pages=423, 427, 431, 432|ref=harv|doi=10.2307/3235208}}</ref> On 6 November 1981, Thatcher an Erse [[Taoiseach]] [[Garret FitzGerald]] haed established the Anglo-Erse Inter-Govrenmental Cooncil, a forum for meetins atween the twa govrenments.<ref name="CAIN-hs">{{cite web|url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/hstrike/chronology.htm|title=The Hunger Strike of 1981&nbsp;– A Chronology of Main Events|publisher=[[CAIN]], University of Ulster|accessdate=27 January 2011|archive-date=2007-05-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070531003915/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/hstrike/chronology.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 15 November 1985, Thatcher an FitzGerald signed the Hillsborough [[Anglo-Irish Agreement]], the first time a Breetish govrenment haed gien the Republic o Ireland an adveesory role in the govrenance o Northren Ireland. In protest the [[Ulster Says No]] muivement attractit 100,000 tae a rally in Belfast,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/aia/chron.htm |title=Anglo Irish Agreement Chronology |publisher=[[CAIN]], University of Ulster |accessdate=27 January 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206111841/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/aia/chron.htm |archivedate=6 December 2010 |df= }}</ref> [[Ian Gow]] resigned as [[Meenister o State]] in the [[HM Thesaury]],<ref>{{cite news|title=15 November 1985: Anglo-Irish agreement signed|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/15/newsid_2539000/2539849.stm |accessdate=4 May 2010 |work=On this day 1950–2005 |publisher=BBC |year=2008}}</ref>{{sfnp|Moloney|2002|p=336}} an aw fifteen Unionist MPs resigned thair pairlamentar seats; anerly ane wis nae returned in the subsequent [[Leet o Unitit Kinrick bi-elections (1979–2010)#1983–1987 Pairlament|bi-elections]] on 23 Januar 1986.{{sfnp|Cochrane|2001|p=143}} ===Environment=== Thatcher supported an active climate pertection policy an wis instrumental in the creaution o the [[Environmental Protection Act 1990]] an in foundin the [[Intergovrenmental Panel on Climate Chynge]] an the Breetish [[Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research]] in Exeter.<ref name=gw>{{cite web |last=Bell |first=Alice |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/blog/2013/apr/09/margaret-thatcher-green-hero |title=Greenwashing Thatcher's history does an injustice both to her and to science and technology policy |newspaper=The Guardian |date=9 April 2013 |accessdate=25 August 2014}}</ref> She helped tae put climate chynge, [[acid rain]] an general pollution in the Breetish mainstream in the early 1980s,<ref name=gw/> an gained distinction as the first warld leader tae wairn o [[global wairmin]].<ref name="Booker">{{cite web |last=Booker |first=Christopher |authorlink=Christopher Booker |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/columnists/christopherbooker/7823477/Was-Margaret-Thatcher-the-first-climate-sceptic.html |title=Was Margaret Thatcher the first climate sceptic? |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |date=12 June 2010 |accessdate=3 June 2017}}</ref> Her speeches includit ane tae the [[Ryal Society]] on 27 September 1988<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/107346|title=Margaret Thatcher Speech to the Royal Society|date=27 September 1988|accessdate=27 April 2016|publisher=Margaret Thatcher Foundation}}</ref> an tae the [[Unitit Naitions General Assembly|UN General Assembly]] in November 1989. Houever, upon her retirement as Prime Meenister in 1990, she missed the [[Earth Summit]] 1992 an acame sceptical aboot [[Politics o global wairmin|climate chynge policy]].<ref name=gw/><ref name="Booker" /> ===Foreign affairs=== Thatcher's first foreign policy creesis came wi the 1979 Soviet invasion o Afghanistan. She condemned the invasion, said it shawed the bankruptcy o a [[détente]] policy, an helped convince some Breetish athletes tae boycott the 1980 Moscow Olympics. She gae waik support tae US Preses [[Jimmy Carter]] wha tried tae punish the USSR wi economic sanctions. Breetain's economic situation wis precarious, an maist o NATO wis reluctant tae cut tred ties.<ref>Daniel James Lahey, "The Thatcher government's response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, 1979–1980," ''Cold War History'' (2013) 13#1 pp&nbsp;21–42.</ref> Thatcher acame closely aligned wi the [[Cauld War]] policies o US Preses [[Ronald Reagan]], based on thair shared distrust o Communism.<ref name="thatcher-cw"/> A disgreement came in 1983 when Reagan did nae consult wi her on the [[invasion o Grenada]].<ref>Gary Williams, "'A Matter of Regret': Britain, the 1983 Grenada Crisis, and the Special Relationship." ''Twentieth Century British History'' 12#2 (2001): 208–230.</ref> During her first year as Prime Meenister she supportit [[NATO]]'s deceesion tae deploy US nuclear [[BGM-109G Ground Launched Cruise Missile|cruise]] an [[Pershing II]] missiles in Wastren Europe<ref name="thatcher-cw"/> an permittit the US tae station mair nor 160&nbsp;cruise missiles at [[RAF Greenham Common]], stairtin on 14 November 1983 an triggerin mass protests bi the [[Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament]].<ref name="thatcher-cw"/> She bocht the [[Trident nuclear programme|Trident]] nuclear missile submarine seestem frae the US tae replace Polaris, triplin the UK's nuclear forces<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,922079,00.html|title=Trident is go|accessdate=16 January 2011|date=28 July 1980|magazine=Time|archive-date=2013-08-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826001043/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,922079,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> at an eventual cost o mair nor £12&nbsp;billion (at 1996–97 prices).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/nuke/guide/uk/slbm/vanguard.htm|title=Vanguard Class Ballistic Missile Submarine|accessdate=16 January 2011|date=5 November 1999|publisher=Federation of American Scientists|archive-date=2010-11-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123230232/http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/uk/slbm/vanguard.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 2 Apryle 1982 the rulin [[Naitional Reorganisation Process|militar junta in Argentinae]] ordered the invasion o the Breetish-controlled [[Falkland Islands]] an [[Sooth Georgie an the Sooth Sandwich Islands|Sooth Georgie]], triggerin the [[Falklands War]].{{sfnp|Smith|1989|p=21}} At the suggestion o [[Harold Macmillan]] an [[Robert Armstrong, Baron Armstrong o Ilminster|Robert Armstrong]],{{sfnp|Jackling|2005|p=230}} she set up an chaired a smaw [[War cabinet#Falklands War|War Cabinet]] (formally cried ODSA, Owerseas an Defence committee, Sooth Atlantic) tae tak chairge o the conduct o the war,{{sfnp|Hastings|Jenkins|1983|pp=80–81}} which bi 5–6 Apryle haed authorised an dispatched a [[Breetish naval forces in the Falklands War|naval task force]] tae retak the islands.{{sfnp|Hastings|Jenkins|1983|p=95}} Argentinae [[Argentine surrender in the Falklands War|surrendered on 14 Juin]] an the operation wis hailed a success, naewistaundin the daiths o 255&nbsp;Breetish servicemen an 3&nbsp;Falkland Islanders. The "[[Falklands factor]]", an economic recovery beginnin early in 1982, an a bitterly dividit opposeetion aw contreibutit tae Thatcher's seicont election veectory in [[Unitit Kinrick general election, 1983|1983]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sanders|first1=David|last2=Ward|first2=Hugh|last3=Marsh|first3=David|title=Government Popularity and the Falklands War: A Reassessment|journal=British Journal of Political Science|volume=17|date=July 1987 |pages=281–313|issue=3|doi=10.1017/s0007123400004762 |ref=harv}}</ref> In September 1982 she veesitit Cheenae tae discuss wi [[Deng Xiaoping]] the [[Transfer o sovereignty ower Hong Kong|sovereignty o Hong Kong]] efter 1997. Cheenae wis the first communist state Thatcher haed veesitit an she wis the first Breetish prime meenister tae veesit Cheenae. Efter the ta-year negotiations, Thatcher concedit tae the PRC govrenment an signed the [[Sino-British Joint Declaration]] in Beijing in 1984, greein tae haund ower Hong Kong's sovereignty in 1997.{{sfnp|Reitan|2003|p=116}} Awtho sayin that she wis in favour o "peaceful negotiations" tae end [[apartheid]],<ref>See Hansard HC Debs (25 February 1988) [http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1988/feb/25/engagements#S6CV0128P0_19880225_HOC_113 vol 128 col 437] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319104336/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1988/feb/25/engagements#S6CV0128P0_19880225_HOC_113 |date=2016-03-19 }} and Written Answers HC Deb (11 July 1988) [http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/written_answers/1988/jul/11/south-africa#S6CV0137P0_19880711_CWA_21 vol 137 cols 3-4W] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630103039/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/written_answers/1988/jul/11/south-africa#S6CV0137P0_19880711_CWA_21 |date=2017-06-30 }}</ref> Thatcher stuid against the sanctions imponed on Sooth Africae bi the [[Commonweel o Naitions|Commonweel]] an the [[European Economic Commonty|EC]].{{sfnp|Campbell|2011|p=322}} Thatcher dismissed the [[African Naitional Congress]] (ANC) in October 1987 as "a typical terrorist organisation".<ref>See Mr Winnick, Hansard HC Deb (13 November 1987) vol 122 [http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1987/nov/13/the-commonwealth-and-south-africa#S6CV0122P0_19871113_HOC_85 col 701] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304034325/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1987/nov/13/the-commonwealth-and-south-africa#S6CV0122P0_19871113_HOC_85 |date=2016-03-04 }}</ref>{{sfnp|Howe|1994|pp=477–478}} The Thatcher govrenment supportit the [[Khmer Rouge]] keepin thair seat in the UN efter thay war oostit frae pouer in Cambodie bi the [[Cambodian–Vietnamese War]]. Awtho Thatcher denied it at the time, it wis revealed in 1991 that frae 1983 the [[Special Air Service|SAS]] wis sent tae saicretly train the "non-Communist" members o the [[Coaleetion Govrenment o Democratic Kampuchea|CGDK]] tae fecht against the Vietnamese-backed [[Fowkrepublic o Kampuchea]] govrenment.<ref>{{cite Hansard|house=House of Commons|date=26 October 1990|column_start=655|column_end=667|title=Cambodia|url=http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm198990/cmhansrd/1990-10-26/Debate-3.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Observer|title=Butcher of Cambodia set to expose Thatcher's role|date=9 January 2000|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/jan/09/cambodia|accessdate=26 May 2011}}</ref><ref name=newst>{{cite news|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/politics/2014/04/how-thatcher-gave-pol-pot-hand|title=How Thatcher gave Pol Pot a hand|date=17 April 2000|first=John|last=Pilger|authorlink=John Pilger|work=[[New Statesman]]}}</ref> Thatcher an her pairty haed supportit Breetish membership o the EC in the [[Unitit Kinrick European Communities membership referendum, 1975|1975 naitional referendum]],<ref name="upi19750604">{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=M7QsAAAAIBAJ&sjid=lQoEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2825%2C608551|title=Conservatives favor remaining in market|work=Wilmington Morning Star|date=4 June 1975|agency=United Press International|accessdate=26 December 2011|page=5}}</ref> but she believed that the role o the organisation shoud be leemitit tae ensurin free tred an effective competeetion, an feared that the EC's approach wis at odds wi her views on smawer govrenment an deregulation.{{sfnp|Senden|2004|p=9}} Thatcher wis ane o the first Wastren leaders tae respond wairmly tae reformist Soviet leader [[Mikhail Gorbachev]]. Follaein Reagan–Gorbachev summit meetins an reforms enactit bi Gorbachev in the USSR, she declared in November 1988 that "We're not in a Cold War now", but raither in a "new relationship much wider than the Cold War ever was".<ref name="reforms1988">{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE2DC1738F93BA25752C1A96E948260 |title=Gorbachev Policy Has Ended The Cold War, Thatcher Says|date=18 November 1988|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=The New York Times|accessdate=30 October 2008}}</ref> ===Challenges tae leadership an resignation=== Thatcher wis challenged for the leadership o the Conservative Pairty bi the little-kent backbench MP [[Sir Anthony Meyer, 3rd Baronet|Sir Anthony Meyer]] in the 1989 leadership election.<ref name="89election">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/5/newsid_2528000/2528339.stm|accessdate=1 November 2008|title=5 December 1989: Thatcher beats off leadership rival|work=On this day 1950–2005|publisher=BBC|year=2008}}</ref> O the 374&nbsp;Conservative MPs eligible tae vote, 314 votit for Thatcher an 33 for Meyer.<ref name="89election"/> Her supporters in the pairty viewed the result as a success, an rejectit suggestions that thare wis discontent within the pairty.<ref name="89election"/> Opeenion polls in September 1990 reportit that Labour haed established a 14% lead ower the Conservatives,<ref name="howe"/> an bi November the Conservatives haed been trailin Labour for 18&nbsp;months.<ref name="ridley">{{cite news|last=Ridley|first=Matt|title=Et Tu, Heseltine?; Unpopularity Was a Grievous Fault, and Thatcher Hath Answered for It|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=25 November 1990|page=2}}</ref> Thir ratins, thegither wi Thatcher's combative personality an willinness tae owerride colleagues' opeenions, contreibuted tae discontent within her pairty.<ref name="resign-nyt"/> On 1 November 1990, [[Geoffrey Howe]], the last remeenin member o Thatcher's oreeginal 1979 cabinet, resigned frae his poseetion as [[Depute Prime Meenister o the Unitit Kinrick|Depute Prime Meenister]] ower her refuisal tae gree tae a timetable for Breetain tae jyn the [[European Exchange Rate Mechanism]].<ref name="howe">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/1/newsid_2513000/2513953.stm|accessdate=1 November 2008|title=1 November 1990: Howe resigns over Europe policy|work=On this day 1950–2005|publisher=BBC|year=2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Millership|first=Peter|title= Thatcher's Deputy Quits in Row over Europe |agency=Reuters News|date=1 November 1990}}</ref> His resignation pruived fatal tae Thatcher's premiership.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Walters|first1=Alan|title=Sir Geoffrey Howe's resignation was fatal blow in Mrs Thatcher's political assassination|newspaper=The Times|date=5 December 1990}}</ref> On 14 November, [[Michael Heseltine]] moontit a challenge for the leadership o the Conservative Pairty.{{sfnp|Marr|2007|p=473}} Opeenion polls haed indicatit that he wad gie the Conservatives a naitional lead ower Labour.<ref>{{cite news |first=David |last=Lipsey |title=Poll swing followed downturn by Tories; Conservative Party leadership |newspaper=The Times |date=21 November 1990}}</ref> Awtho Thatcher wan the first ballot wi 204 tae 152 votes an 16 abstentions, Heseltine haed attractit sufficient support tae force a seicont ballot. Unner pairty rules, Thatcher nae anerly needit tae win a majority, but her margin ower Heseltine haed tae be equivalent tae 15% o the 372 Conservative MPs in order tae win the leadership election ootricht; wi 54.8% against 40.9% for Heseltine, she came up fower votes short.<ref name="number-10">{{cite web|publisher=Government of the United Kingdom|url=http://www.number10.gov.uk/past-prime-ministers/margaret-thatcher|title=Margaret Thatcher profile|accessdate=6 August 2012}}</ref> Thatcher ineetially statit that she intendit to "fight on and fight to win" the seicont ballot, but consultation wi her Cabinet persuadit her tae widraw.<ref name="resign-nyt">{{cite news |url= https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE6DB1438F930A15752C1A966958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=1 |title=Change in Britain; Thatcher Says She'll Quit; 11½ Years as Prime Minister Ended by Party Challenge|accessdate=1 November 2008|date=23 November 1990|newspaper=The New York Times|last=Whitney|first=Craig R.}}</ref><ref name="resign-bbc">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/22/newsid_2549000/2549189.stm|title=22 November 1990: Thatcher quits as prime minister|accessdate=1 November 2008|work=On this day 1950–2005|publisher=BBC|year=2008}}</ref> Efter an audience wi the Queen, cryin ither warld leaders, an makkin ane feenal Commons speech,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/108256 |title=HC S: [Confidence in Her Majesty's Government] |date=22 November 1990 |publisher=Margaret Thatcher Foundation |accessdate=21 March 2017}}</ref> she left Downing Street in tears. She reportitly regairdit her oustin as a betrayal.{{sfnp|Marr|2007|p=474}} Her resignation surprised internaitional observers includin [[Henry Kissinger]] an [[Mikhail Gorbachev]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/dec/30/margaret-thatcher-resignation-shocked-us-ussr-files|title=Margaret Thatcher's resignation shocked politicians in US and USSR, files show|last=Travis|first=Alan|date=30 December 2016|work=The Guardian|accessdate=30 December 2016}}</ref> Thatcher wis replaced as Prime Meenister an pairty leader bi her Chancellor [[John Major]], wha prevailed ower Heseltine in the subsequent ballot. Major owersaw an upturn in Conservative support in the 17&nbsp;months leadin up tae the [[Unitit Kinrick general election, 1992|1992 general election]] an led the Conservatives tae thair fowert successive veectory on 9 Apryle 1992.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2005/apr/04/electionspast.past3|title=Pollsters taxed|work=The Guardian|date=4 April 2005|accessdate=23 January 2011|last=Kettle|first=Martin}}</ref> Thatcher haed favoured Major ower Heseltine in the leadership contest, but her support for him waikened in later years.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/463873.stm|title=Major attacks 'warrior' Thatcher|accessdate=1 November 2008|date=3 October 1999|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> ==Later life== Thatcher returned tae the [[backbenches]] as a constituency pairlamentarian efter leavin the premiership.{{sfnp|Reitan|2003|p=118}} Her domestic appruival ratin recovered efter her resignation; the balance o public opeenion wis that her govrenment haed been guid for the kintra.<ref name="Crewe">{{cite journal |last=Crewe |first=Ivor |authorlink=Ivor Crewe |title=Margaret Thatcher: As the British Saw Her |url=https://ropercenter.cornell.edu/public-perspective/ppscan/22/22015.pdf |journal=The Public Perspective |accessdate=1 March 2017 |date=January 1991 |pages=15, 16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Margaret Thatcher (1925&ndash;2013) |url=https://www.ipsos.com/ipsos-mori/en-uk/margaret-thatcher-1925-2013 |publisher=[[Ipsos MORI]] |date=8 April 2013 |accessdate=25 May 2017 |quote=At the time of her resignation in November 1990, 52% of the public said that they thought her government had been good for the country and 40% that it had been bad. |archive-date=2017-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722003205/https://www.ipsos.com/ipsos-mori/en-uk/margaret-thatcher-1925-2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Aged 66, she retired frae the Hoose at the 1992 general election, sayin that leavin the Commons wad allae her mair freedom tae speak her mynd.<ref name="lords">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/30/newsid_2523000/2523395.stm|title=30 June 1992: Thatcher takes her place in Lords|accessdate=1 November 2008|work=On this day 1950–2005|publisher=BBC|year=2008}}</ref> ===Post-Commons: 1992–2003=== Upon leavin the Hoose o Commons, Thatcher acame the first umwhile Prime Meenister tae set up a foondation;<ref>{{cite web|title=Thatcher Archive|url=http://www.margaretthatcher.org/archive/thatcher-archive.asp|publisher=Margaret Thatcher Foundation|accessdate=26 August 2013}}</ref> the Breetish weeng o the Margaret Thatcher Foundation wis dissolved in 2005 acause o financial difficulties.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/may/11/conservatives.politics|title=End of an era for Thatcher foundation|last=Barkham|first=Patrick|date=11 May 2005|work=The Guardian|accessdate=27 April 2013}}</ref> She wrote twa volumes o memoirs, ''[[The Downing Street Years]]'' (1993) an ''[[The Path to Power (Margaret Thatcher)|The Path to Power]]'' (1995). In 1991 she an her husband Denis muived tae a hoose in [[Chester Square]], a residential gairden square in central Lunnon's [[Belgravia]] destrict.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2013/apr/09/margaret-thatcher-estate-family-secret|title=Margaret Thatcher's estate still a family secret|date=9 April 2013|accessdate=14 April 2013|last=Taylor|first=Matthew|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Thatcher wis hired bi the tobaccae company [[Altria|Philip Morris]] as a "geopoleetical consultant" in Julie 1992, for $250,000 per year an an annual contreibution o $250,000 tae her foondation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tobacco Company Hires Margaret Thatcher as Consultant |url=http://articles.latimes.com/1992-07-19/news/mn-4763_1_margaret-thatcher |accessdate=25 May 2017 |agency=Associated Press |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=19 July 1992}}</ref> In August 1992 she cried for NATO tae stap the Serbie assault on [[Goražde]] an [[Sarajevo]] tae end [[ethnic cleansin]] during the [[Bosnie War]]. She made a series o speeches in the Lairds creeticisin the [[Maastricht Treaty]],<ref name="lords"/> describing it as "a treaty too far" an statit: "I could never have signed this treaty."<ref>{{cite web|title=House of Lords European Communities (Amendment) Bill Speech|date=7 June 1993|url=http://www.margaretthatcher.org/speeches/displaydocument.asp?docid=108314|publisher=Margaret Thatcher Foundation|accessdate=9 April 2007}}</ref> She citit [[A. V. Dicey]] when statin that as aw three main pairties war in favour o the treaty, the fowk shoud hae thair say in a referendum.<ref>{{cite web|title=House of Commons European Community debate|date=20 November 1991|url=http://www.margaretthatcher.org/speeches/displaydocument.asp?docid=108291|publisher=Margaret Thatcher Foundation|accessdate=9 April 2007}}</ref> Rfter [[Tony Blair]]'s [[Labour Pairty (UK) leadership election, 1994|election as Labour Pairty leader]] in 1994, Thatcher praised Blair as "probably the most formidable [[Leader o the Labour Pairty (UK)|Labour leader]] since [[Hugh Gaitskell]]", addin: "I see a lot of socialism behind their front bench, but not in Mr Blair. I think he genuinely has moved."<ref>{{cite news|last=Castle|first=Stephen|title=Thatcher praises 'formidable' Blair|newspaper=The Independent|date=28 May 1995}}</ref> Blair reciprocated in describing Thatcher as a "thoroughly determined person, and that is an admirable quality".<ref>{{cite news |last=Woodward |first=Robert |title=Thatcher seen closer to Blair than Major |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=gaZNAAAAIBAJ&sjid=s0MDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6603%2C5897694 |newspaper=[[The Nation (Thailand)|The Nation]] |date=15 March 1997 |accessdate=25 May 2017}}</ref> At the [[Unitit Kinrick general election, 2001|2001 general election]], Thatcher supportit the Conservative campaign, as she haed done in 1992 an 1997, an in the [[Conservative Pairty (UK) leadership election, 2001|Conservative leadership election]] follaein its defeat, she endorsed [[Iain Duncan Smith]] ower [[Kenneth Clarke]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Letter supporting Iain Duncan Smith for the Conservative leadership published in the ''Daily Telegraph''|date=21 August 2001|url=http://www.margaretthatcher.org/speeches/displaydocument.asp?docid=108390|publisher=Margaret Thatcher Foundation|accessdate=9 April 2007}}</ref> In 2002 she encouraged [[George W. Bush]] tae aggressively tackle the "unfinished business" o [[Ba'athist Iraq|Iraq unner Saddam Hussein]],<ref name="Thatcher NYT">{{cite news|last=Thatcher|first=Margaret|date=11 February 2002|title=Advice to a Superpower|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/11/opinion/11THAT.html|website=The New York Times|accessdate=11 October 2015 }}</ref> an praised Tony Blair for his "strong, bold leadership" in staundin wi Bush in the [[Iraq War]].<ref name="Thatcher Blair Iraq">{{cite web|last=Harnden|first=Toby|date=11 December 2002|title=Thatcher praises Blair for standing firm with US on Iraq|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iraq/1415788/Thatcher-praises-Blair-for-standing-firm-with-US-on-Iraq.html|website=The Daily Telegraph|accessdate=11 October 2015}}</ref> She broached the same subject in her ''[[Statecraft: Strategies for a Changing World]]'', which wis published in Apryle 2002 an dedicatit tae [[Ronald Reagan]], writin that thare wad be na peace in the Middle East till [[Saddam Hussein]] wis toppled. Her beuk an aa said that Israel must tred [[laund for peace]], an that the European Union (EU) wis "fundamentally unreformable", "a classic utopian project, a monument to the vanity of intellectuals, a programme whose inevitable destiny is failure".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Glover|first1=Peter C.|last2=Economides|first2=Michael J.|title=Energy and Climate Wars: How Naive Politicians, Green Ideologues, and Media Elites are Undermining the Truth about Energy and Climate|date=16 September 2010|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=1-4411-5307-1|page=20}}</ref> She argued that Breetain shoud renegotiate its terms o membership or ense [[Brexit|leave the EU]] an jyn the [[North American Free Trade Agreement|North American Free Trade Area]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2002/mar/18/uk.eu|title=Britain must quit EU, says Thatcher|last=Wintour|first=Patrick|date=18 March 2002|work=The Guardian|accessdate=8 May 2014}}</ref> Follaein several smaw strokes she wis advised bi her doctors nae tae engage in further public speakin.<ref>{{cite press release|title=Statement from the office of the Rt Hon Baroness Thatcher LG OM FRS|publisher=Margaret Thatcher Foundation|date=22 March 2002|url=http://www.margaretthatcher.org/speeches/displaydocument.asp?docid=109305|accessdate=9 November 2008}}</ref> On 23 Mairch 2002, she annoonced that on the advice o her doctors she wad cancel aw planned speakin engagements an accept na mair.{{sfnp|Campbell|2003|pp=796–798}} On 26 Juin 2003, Thatcher's husband [[Denis Thatcher|Sir Denis]] dee'd o [[pancreatic cancer]], an wis crematit on 3 Julie.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/3041546.stm|title=Lady Thatcher bids Denis farewell|accessdate=20 January 2011|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> ===Feenal years: 2003–2013=== On 11 Juin 2004, Thatcher, against doctor's orders, attendit the [[Daith an state funeral o Ronald Reagan|state funeral service for Ronald Reagan]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Thatcher: 'Reagan's life was providential'|publisher=CNN|accessdate=1 November 2008|date=11 June 2004|url=http://www.cnn.com/2004/ALLPOLITICS/06/11/thatcher.transcript|archive-date=2017-11-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109022946/http://www.cnn.com/2004/ALLPOLITICS/06/11/thatcher.transcript/|url-status=dead}}</ref> She delivered her eulogy via videotape; in view o her heal, the message haed been pre-recordit several months earlier.<ref>{{cite news|title=Thatcher's final visit to Reagan|accessdate=1 November 2008|date=10 June 2004|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/3793565.stm|publisher=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Russell|first1=Alec|last2=Sparrow|first2=Andrew|title=Thatcher's taped eulogy at Reagan funeral|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/1463874/Thatchers-taped-eulogy-at-Reagan-funeral.html|accessdate=18 July 2016|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|date=7 June 2004}}</ref> Thatcher flew tae [[Californie]] wi the Reagan entourage, an attendit the memorial service an interment ceremony for the preses at the [[Ronald Reagan Presidential Library]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3800315.stm|accessdate=1 November 2008|date=12 June 2004|title=Private burial for Ronald Reagan|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> In early 2005 Thatcher creeticised the wey the deceesion tae [[2003 invasion o Iraq|invade Iraq]] haed been made twa years previously. Awtho she still supportit the intervention tae topple Saddam Hussein, she said that as a scientist, she wad ayeweys leuk for "facts, evidence and proof", afore committin the airmed forces.<ref name="grice">{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/thatcher-reveals-her-doubts-over-basis-for-iraq-war-319542.html|title=Thatcher reveals her doubts over basis for Iraq war|last=Grice|first=Andrew|date=13 October 2005|work=[[The Independent]]|accessdate=22 September 2016|archive-date=2017-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731040334/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/thatcher-reveals-her-doubts-over-basis-for-iraq-war-319542.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Thatcher celebratit her 80t birthday at the [[Mandarin Oriental Hyde Park, Lunnon|Mandarin Oriental Hotel]] in [[Hyde Park, Lunnon|Hyde Park]], Lunnon, on 13 October 2005; guests includit the Queen, the [[Prince Philip, Duke o Edinburgh|Duke o Edinburgh]], [[Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy|Princess Alexandra]] an Tony Blair.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4329132.stm|title=Thatcher marks 80th with a speech|accessdate=1 November 2008|date=13 October 2005|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> [[Geoffrey Howe]], bi then Laird Howe o Aberavon, wis an aa present, an said o his umwhile leader: "Her real triumph was to have transformed not just one party but two, so that when Labour did eventually return, the great bulk of Thatcherism was accepted as irreversible."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4337404.stm|accessdate=1 November 2008|date=13 October 2005|title=Birthday tributes to Thatcher|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> Accordin tae a later airticle in ''The Daily Telegraph'', Thatcher's dauchter Carol first revealed that her mither haed [[dementia]] in 2005, sayin that "Mum doesn't read much any more because of her memory loss&nbsp;... It's pointless. She can't remember the beginning of a sentence by the time she reaches the end".<ref name=Langley>{{cite news|last=Langley|first=William|title=Carol Thatcher, daughter of the revolution|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/profiles/2652365/Profile-Carol-Thatcher-daughter-of-the-revolution.html|accessdate=11 February 2013|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|date=30 August 2008}}</ref> She later recoontit hou she wis first struck bi her mither's dementia when in conversation Thatcher confuised the Falklands an Yugoslav conflicts; she recried the pyne o needin tae tell her mither repeatitly that her husband Denis wis deid.<ref name="dem-cbs">{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/08/25/health/main4380977.shtml|title=Book Recounts Margaret Thatcher's Decline|accessdate=20 November 2008|date=25 August 2008|publisher=CBS|agency=Associated Press|last=Satter|first=Raphael G.}}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In 2006, Thatcher attendit the offeecial Washington, D.C. memorial service tae commemorate the fift anniversary o the [[September 11 attacks|11 September attacks]] on the US. She wis a guest o Vice Preses [[Dick Cheney]], an met Secretar o State [[Condoleezza Rice]] during her veesit.<ref>{{cite web|title=9/11 Remembrance Honors Victims from More Than 90 Countries|accessdate=1 November 2008|publisher=United States Department of State|date=11 September 2006|url=http://montevideo.usembassy.gov/usaweb/paginas/2006/06-334EN.shtml|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060922193936/http://montevideo.usembassy.gov/usaweb/paginas/2006/06-334EN.shtml|archivedate=22 September 2006}}</ref> In Februar 2007 Thatcher acame the first [[Leevin Prime Meenisters o the Unitit Kinrick|leevin Breetish prime meenister]] tae be honoured wi a [[Statue o Margaret Thatcher, Palace o Wastmeenster|statue in the Hooses o Pairlament]]. The bronze statue staunds opposite that o her poleetical hero, [[Statue o Winston Churchill, Palace o Wastmeenster|Sir Winston Churchill's]],<ref name="bronze"/> an wis unveiled on 21 Februar 2007 wi Thatcher in attendance; she made brief remerks in the [[Members' Lobby]] o the Commons: "I might have preferred iron{{snd}}but bronze will do&nbsp;... It won't rust."<ref name="bronze">{{cite news|date=21 February 2007|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6384029.stm|title=Iron Lady is honoured in bronze|accessdate=9 April 2007|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> ===Daith an funeral: 2013=== Baroness Thatcher dee'd on 8 Apryle 2013, at the age o 87, efter sufferin a stroke. She haed been stayin at a suite in [[The Ritz Hotel, London|the Ritz Hotel]] in Lunnon syne December 2012 efter haein difficulty wi stairs at her [[Chester Square]] hame in [[Belgravia]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Swinford|first=Steven|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/margaret-thatcher/9980269/Margaret-Thatcher-final-moments-in-hotel-without-her-family-by-her-bedside.html|title=Margaret Thatcher: final moments in hotel without her family by her bedside|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|date=8 April 2013}}</ref> Reactions tae the news o Thatcher's daith]] war mixed in the UK, rangin frae tributes laudin her as Breetain's greatest-ever peacetime Prime Meenister tae public celebrations o her daith an expressions o personalised vitriol.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Burns|first1=John F.|last2=Cowell|first2=Alan|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/11/world/europe/british-lawmakers-margaret-thatcher-legacy.html|url-access=limited|title=Parliament Debates Thatcher Legacy, as Vitriol Flows Online and in Streets|newspaper=The New York Times|date=10 April 2013|accessdate=25 April 2013}}</ref> Details o Thatcher's funeral haed been greed wi her in advance.<ref name="Independent, 12 April 2013">{{cite news|last=Wright|first=Oliver|title=Funeral will be a 'ceremonial' service in line with Baroness Thatcher's wishes|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/funeral-will-be-a-ceremonial-service-in-line-with-baroness-thatchers-wishes-8565093.html|accessdate=12 April 2013|newspaper=The Independent|date=8 April 2013}}</ref> She received a [[State funerals in the Unitit Kinrick|ceremonial funeral]], includin full militar honours, wi a kirk service at [[St Paul's Cathedral]] on 17 Apryle.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-22067155|title=Ex-Prime Minister Baroness Thatcher dies, aged 87|accessdate=8 April 2013|date=8 April 2013|publisher=BBC News}}</ref><ref name="BBC News, 9 April 2013">{{cite news|title=Margaret Thatcher funeral set for next week|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-22079749|accessdate=9 April 2013|publisher=BBC News|date=9 April 2013}}</ref> Queen Elizabeth II an the Duke o Edinburgh attendit her funeral,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-22177366|title=Margaret Thatcher: Queen leads mourners at funeral|publisher=BBC News|date=17 April 2013|accessdate=4 May 2013}}</ref> the seicont time in the Queen's reign that she haed attendit the funeral o ony o [[Leet o Prime Meenisters o Queen Elizabeth II|her umwhile Prime Meenisters]] (the first bein that o [[Winston Churchill]] in 1965).<ref>{{cite news|last=Davies|first=Caroline|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2013/apr/10/queen-decision-lady-thatcher-funeral|title=Queen made personal decision to attend Lady Thatcher's funeral|newspaper=The Guardian|date=10 April 2013|accessdate=3 May 2013}}</ref> Efter the service at St Paul's Cathedral, Thatcher's bouk wis crematit at [[Mortlake Crematorium]], whaur her husband haed been crematit. On 28 September a service for Thatcher wis held in the Aw Saunts Chapel o the [[Royal Hospital Chelsea]]'s Margaret Thatcher Infirmary. In a private ceremony Thatcher's ess war interred in the grunds o the hospital, next tae thae o her husband.<ref name=Telegraph-20130913>{{cite news|title=Baroness Thatcher's ashes laid to rest|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/margaret-thatcher/10341402/Baroness-Thatchers-ashes-laid-to-rest.html|accessdate=28 September 2013 |newspaper=The Telegraph|date=28 September 2013}}</ref><ref name=BBC-intere>{{cite news|title=Margaret Thatcher's ashes laid to rest at Royal Hospital Chelsea|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-24316701|accessdate=28 September 2013|publisher=BBC News|date=28 September 2013}}</ref> ==Notes== <references group="nb"/> ==See forby== * [[Sermon on the Mound]] ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ===Bibliografie=== {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book |title=Margaret Thatcher |url=https://archive.org/details/thatcher0000beck |first=Clare |last=Beckett |publisher=Haus Publishing |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-904950-71-4 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |title=Margaret Thatcher: A Portrait of the Iron Lady |url=https://archive.org/details/margaretthatcher0000blun |last=Blundell |first=John |publisher=Algora |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-87586-630-7 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |title=Margaret Thatcher; Volume One: The Grocer's Daughter |first=John |last=Campbell |publisher=Pimlico |year=2000 |isbn=0-7126-7418-7 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |title=The Thatcher Revolution: Margaret Thatcher, John Major, Tony Blair, and the Transformation of Modern Britain, 1979–2001|first=Earl Aaron|last=Reitan |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2003 |isbn=0-7425-2203-2 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |title=Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher: A Political Marriage |url=https://archive.org/details/ronaldreaganmarg00waps_0 |first=Nicholas |last=Wapshott |publisher=Sentinel |year=2007 |isbn=1-59523-047-5 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |title=The Path to Power |url=https://archive.org/details/pathtopower0000that |last=Thatcher |first=Margaret |publisher=HarperCollins |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-00-638753-4 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Beckett |first=Andy |title=When the Lights Went Out; Britain in the Seventies |url=https://archive.org/details/whenlightswentou0000andy |year=2010 |publisher=Faber & Faber |isbn=978-0-571-22137-0 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |title=The Queen and Di: The Untold Story |url=https://archive.org/details/queendiuntoldsto00sewa |first=Ingrid |last=Seward |publisher=Arcade Publishing |year=2001 |isbn=1-55970-561-2 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |title=The Downing Street Years |url=https://archive.org/details/downingstreetyea0000that_o3q4 |last=Thatcher |first=Margaret |publisher=HarperCollins |year=1993 |isbn=0-00-255354-6 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |title=Britain since 1945: a political history|url=https://archive.org/details/britainsince19450000chil_q6m6|first=David |last=Childs |edition=6th |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-415-39326-3 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |title=Politics UK |url=https://archive.org/details/politicsuk0000unse |last1=Jones |first1=Bill |last2=Kavanagh |first2=Dennis |last3=Moran |first3=Michael |publisher=Longman|edition=6 |chapter=Media organisations and the political process |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-4058-2411-8 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Thornton|first=Richard C. |title=The Reagan Revolution II: Rebuilding the Western Alliance |year=2006 |publisher=Trafford Publishing |isbn=978-1-4120-1356-7 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last1=Floud |first1=Roderick |last2=Johnson |first2=Paul |title=The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Britain, Volume 3 |year=2004 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-52738-5 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |title=Britain Under Thatcher |url=https://archive.org/details/britainunderthat0000seld |first1=Anthony |last1=Seldon |authorlink=Anthony Seldon |first2=Daniel |last2=Collings |publisher=Longman |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-582-31714-7 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last1=Feigenbaum |first1=Harvey |last2=Henig |first2=Jeffrey |last3=Hamnett |first3=Chris |title=Shrinking the State: The Political Underpinnings of Privatization |year=1998 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-63918-7 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |title=[[A History of Modern Britain]] |first=Andrew |last=Marr |authorlink=Andrew Marr |publisher=Pan |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-330-43983-1 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |title=Armed Struggle: The History of the IRA |first=Richard |last=English|isbn=978-0-19-517753-4 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2005 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Moloney|first=Ed|title=A Secret History of the IRA|url=https://archive.org/details/secrethistoryofi00molo|year=2002|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |isbn=0-393-32502-4 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Cochrane |first=Feargal |title=Unionist Politics and the Politics of Unionism Since the Anglo-Irish Agreement |url=https://archive.org/details/unionistpolitics0000coch |year=2001 |publisher=Cork University Press |isbn=1-85918-259-3 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |title=Battles of the Falklands War |first=Gordon |last=Smith |publisher=I. Allan |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-7110-1792-4 |url=http://www.naval-history.net/NAVAL1982FALKLANDS.htm |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Jackling |first=Roger |contribution=The Impact of the Falklands Conflict on Defence Policy |authorlink=Roger Jackling |editor1-last=Badsey |editor1-first=Stephen |editor2-last=Grove |editor2-first=Mark |editor3-last=Havers |editor3-first=Rob |title=The Falklands Conflict Twenty Years On: Lessons for the Future (Sandhurst Conference Series) |year=2005 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-35030-3 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |title=Battle for the Falklands |url=https://archive.org/details/battleforfalklan0000hast |first1=Max |last1=Hastings |first2=Simon |last2=Jenkins |authorlink1=Max Hastings |authorlink2=Simon Jenkins |publisher=Norton |year=1983 |isbn=0-393-30198-2 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |title=Conflict of Loyalty |url=https://archive.org/details/conflictofloyalt0000howe |authorlink=Geoffrey Howe |first=Geoffrey |last=Howe |publisher=Macmillan |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-333-59283-0 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |title=Soft Law in European Community Law |url=https://archive.org/details/nlsiu.341.2422.sen.21081 |first=Linda |last=Senden |publisher=Hart Publishing |year=2004 |isbn=1-84113-432-5 |ref=harv}} {{refend}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Thatcher, Margaret}} [[Category:1925 births]] [[Category:2013 daiths]] [[Category:20t-century Inglis writers]] [[Category:20t-century weemen writers]] [[Category:21st-century weemen writers]] [[Category:Attemptit assassination survivors]] [[Category:Conservative Pairty (UK) MPs]] [[Category:Conservative Pairty (UK) life peers]] [[Category:Conservative Pairty Prime Meenisters o the Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:Inglis non-feection writers]] [[Category:Inglis weemen writers]] [[Category:Female heids o govrenment]] [[Category:Female members o the Cabinet o the Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:Female members o the Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick for Inglis constituencies]] [[Category:Leaders o the Conservative Pairty (UK)]] [[Category:Leaders o the Opposeetion (Unitit Kinrick)]] [[Category:Members o the Order o Meerit]] [[Category:Members o the Privy Cooncil o the Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:Preses o the European Cooncil]] [[Category:Prime Meenisters o the Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:Dames Grand Cross o the Ryal Order o Francesco I]] 9qmawv9deh2ts9kl20usctvxljv699c 0 71158 917783 912161 2026-06-04T19:53:55Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 917783 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Korean settlement | title = Myeonmok-dong | img = | imgwidth = | imgcaption = | hangul = 면목동 | hanja = {{linktext|面|牧|洞}} | rr = Myeonmok-dong | mr = Myeonmok-tong | area_km2 = 6.03 | pop = 180556 | popnote = <ref name="encyber" /> | popyear = 2001 | popden_km2 = | popdennote = | divs = | map = |mapcaption = }} '''Myeonmok-dong''' is a ''[[dong (neebourheid)|dong]]'', neebourheid o [[Jungnang-gu]] in [[Seoul]], [[Sooth Korea]].<ref name="encyber">{{cite web|url=http://www.encyber.com/search_w/ctdetail.php?masterno=732312&contentno=732312|title=면목동 (Myeonmok-dong 面牧洞)|publisher=Doosan Encyclopedia|accessdate=2008-04-22|language=Korean}}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="Jungnang-gu">{{cite web |url=http://culture.jungnang.seoul.kr/inc.php?inc=history/02 |publisher=Jungnang-gu official site |title=The origin of the name of Myeonmok-dong |accessdate=2008-04-22 |language=Korean |archive-date=2012-12-09 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121209015101/http://culture.jungnang.seoul.kr/inc.php?inc=history/02 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == See an aw == *[[Admeenistrative diveesions o Sooth Korea]] ==References== {{Reflist}} *{{cite web |url=http://www2.guro.go.kr/site/gu/page.jsp?code=guf040100010 |title=Chronicle of Beopjeong-dong and Haengjeong-dong |publisher=[[Guro-gu]] Official website |language=Korean |access-date=2014-03-28 |archive-date=2014-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006120702/http://www2.guro.go.kr/site/gu/page.jsp?code=guf040100010 |url-status=dead }} ==Freemit airtins== * [http://eng.jungnang.seoul.kr/ Jungnang-gu offeecial wabsteid in Inglis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080325055522/http://eng.jungnang.seoul.kr/ |date=2008-03-25 }} *{{ko}} [http://culture.jungnang.seoul.kr/index.html Tourism o Jungnang-gu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070816144822/http://culture.jungnang.seoul.kr/index.html |date=2007-08-16 }} at the Jungnang-gu offeecial wabsteid *{{ko}} [http://jungnang.seoul.kr/dong/myon01/index.php Myeonmok bon-dong resident office website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070816143226/http://www.jungnang.seoul.kr/dong/myon01/index.php |date=2007-08-16 }} {{Jungnang-gu}} {{coord missing|Sooth Korea}} [[Category:Jungnang-gu]] ru3kw95zy5n059vmpg34ydxi40z9v9k 0 71901 917728 854424 2026-06-04T16:29:03Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260604sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 917728 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}} [[File:Prism-side-fs PNr°0117.jpg|thumb|upright|right|A plastic prism]] A '''prism''' is a speicial bit [[gless]], [[crystal]], or [[plastic]] that bends licht. The licht bends cause it muves mair slawer in the gless, crystal or plastic as it dis in [[air]]. If different [[Colour|colors]] o licht muves at different speeds, ilka color bends a different amoont. This is dispersion and it splits the licht intil a baund o different colors cryed a [[spectrum]]. This spectrum haes the same colors as a rainbowe dis, cause rainbowes is makkit the same wey, wi bendin licht. Thay happen whan licht is bent by totie draps watter floatin in the air. If the licht disna come oot whan it's sheent intil the prism, it is caaed internal reflection. Some prisms is uised tae disperse licht. Binoculars uises prisms an aa, for tae reflect licht. This lats the tubes o the [[binoculars]] be cuttie. Some cameras uises a prism tae send licht til the viewfinder, sae's the photaegrapher can see whit will be photaegraphed. == Hou prisms wirks == [[Image:Light dispersion conceptual waves.gif|thumb|330px|A triangular prism, skailin licht; waves shawn for tae shaw the different wavelenths o licht. (Click tae view animation)]] Licht cheenges [[speed]] as it gangs frae ae medium til anither ane (for ensaumple, frae air intil the gless o the prism). This speed cheenge bends the licht and gang intil the new medium at anither angle (Huygens principle). Hou muckle the licht's path bends lippens til the angle that the incident beam o licht maks wi the surface, and on the ratio atween the [[refractive index|refractive indices]] o the twa media (Snell's law). The refractive index o a lot o materials (the likes o gless) varies wi the [[wavelenth]] or color o the licht uised, a phenomenon kent as ''dispersion''. This gars different colors o licht bend different and win ootower the prism at different angles, makkin a effect like a rainbowe. This can be uised tae sinder a beam o white licht intil its constituent spectrum o colors. A similar sinderin happens wi iridescent materials, siclike as a saip bubble. Prisms will aften skail licht ower a faur bigger frequency baundwidth as diffraction grates, makkin thaim uissfu for braid-spectrum spectroscopy. Forby, prisms disna hae the same iesues that comes frae spectral orders bein taen ower ither, that aa grates haes. Prisms is uised for the internal reflection at the surfaces insteid o for skailin whiles. If licht inby the prism hits ane o the surfaces at a steep eneuch angle, total internal reflection occurs and ''aa'' o the licht is reflectit. This maks a prism a uissfu substitute for a keekin-gless in some situations. ===Deviation angle and dispersion=== [[Image:prism ray trace.svg|thumb|right|400px|A ray trace throu a prism wi apex angle α. Regions 0, 1, and 2 haes [[Refractive index|indices o refraction]] <math>n_0</math>, <math>n_1</math>, and <math>n_2</math>, and primed angles <math>\theta'</math> shaws the ray's angle efter bendin.]] Ray angle deviation and dispersion throu a prism can be determined wi tracin a sample ray throu the element and uisin Snell's law at ilka interface. For the prism shawn at the richt, the indicatit angles is gien wi :<math>\begin{align} \theta'_0 &= \, \text{arcsin} \Big( \frac{n_0}{n_1} \, \sin \theta_0 \Big) \\ \theta_1 &= \alpha - \theta'_0 \\ \theta'_1 &= \, \text{arcsin} \Big( \frac{n_1}{n_2} \, \sin \theta_1 \Big) \\ \theta_2 &= \theta'_1 - \alpha \end{align}</math>. Aa angles is positive in the direction shawn in the pictur. For a prism in air <math>n_0=n_2 \simeq 1</math>. Definin <math>n=n_1</math>, the deviation angle <math>\delta</math> is gien wi :<math>\delta = \theta_0 + \theta_2 = \theta_0 + \text{arcsin} \Big( n \, \sin \Big[\alpha - \text{arcsin} \Big( \frac{1}{n} \, \sin \theta_0 \Big) \Big] \Big) - \alpha</math> If baith the angle o incidence <math>\theta_0</math> and prism apex angle <math>\alpha</math> is wee, <math>\sin \theta \approx \theta</math> and <math>\text{arcsin} x \approx x</math> if the angles is expressed in radians. This lats the nonlinear equation in the deviation angle <math>\delta</math> be approximatit by :<math>\delta \approx \theta_0 - \alpha + \Big( n \, \Big[ \Big(\alpha - \frac{1}{n} \, \theta_0 \Big) \Big] \Big) = \theta_0 - \alpha + n \alpha - \theta_0 = (n - 1) \alpha \ .</math> The deviation angle lippens til the wavelenth throu ''n'', sae for a thin prism the deviation angle varies wi wavelenth accordin tae :<math>\delta (\lambda) \approx [ n (\lambda) - 1 ] \alpha </math>. == History == [[File:Light dispersion of a mercury-vapor lamp with a flint glass prism IPNr°0125.jpg|thumb|upright|right|A triangular prism, skailin licht]] Like a wheen basic geometric terms, the wird ''prism'' ({{lang-grc|πρίσμα|prisma|something sawed}}) wis first uised in Euclid's [[Euclid's Elements|''Elements'']]. Euclid defined the term in Beuk XI as "a haurd figure hauden-inaboot by twa opposite, equal and parallel planes, while the lave is parallelograms", houaniver the nine propositions that cam efter that uised the term haed ensaumples o triangular-based prisms (i.e. wi sides that wisna parallelograms).<ref>[http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1799.tlg001.perseus-eng1:11.def.13 Elements]: book 11, Def 13 and Prop 28, 29, 39; and book 12, Prop 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10</ref> This inconsistency resultit in raivelment amang later geometricians.<ref name="Malton1774">{{cite book|author=Thomas Malton|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3tLfuCB97AC&pg=PA360|title=A Royal Road to Geometry: Or, an Easy and Familiar Introduction to the Mathematics. ... By Thomas Malton. ...|publisher=author, and sold|year=1774|pages=360–|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Elliot1845">{{cite book|author=James Elliot|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qilLAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA3|title=Key to the Complete Treatise on Practical Geometry and Mensuration: Containing Full Demonstrations of the Rules ...|publisher=Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans|year=1845|pages=3–|language=en}}</ref> [[René Descartes]] haed seen licht sindert intil the colors o the rainbowe wi gless or watter,<ref>{{cite book|author=James Gleick|title=Isaac Newton|date=8 June 2004|publisher=Vintage|isbn=1400032954|language=en}}</ref> tho the soorce o the color wisna kent. [[Isaac Newton]]'s 1666 experiment o bendin white licht throu a prism shawed that aa the colors aaready existit in the licht, wi different color "[[photon|corpuscles]]" skailin oot and muvin at different speeds throu the prism. It wis later that [[Thomas Young (scientist)|Young]] and [[Augustin-Jean Fresnel|Fresnel]] pat Newton's particle theory and Huygens' wave theory thegither for tae explain hou color comes frae the spectrum o licht. Newton wan at his conclusion wi passin the reid color frae ae prism throu a seicont ane and fand the color haedna cheenged. Frae this, he concludit that the colors maun aaready be present in the licht comin in, tharefore the prism didna mak colors, but juist sindert colors that's aaready thare. Forby, he uised a lens and a seicont prism tae recompose the spectrum back intae white licht. This experiment haes come tae be a classic example o the methodology introduced in the scientific revolution. The results o the experiment transformed the field o metaphysics a lot, and this led tae [[John Locke]]'s primary vs secondary quality distinction.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}<!-- not mentioned in metaphysics or Locke --> Newton spak aboot prism dispersion in a lot o detail in his beuk ''Opticks''.<ref>{{cite book|author=Isaac Newton|title=[[Opticks]]|publisher=Royal Society|year=1704|isbn=0-486-60205-2|location=London|language=en}}</ref> He introduced the uiss o mair as the ae prism tae guvern dispersion and aa.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Discovery of the Spectrum of Light|url=http://www.juliantrubin.com/bigten/lightexperiments.html|url-status=live|access-date=20 Februar 2021|language=en}}</ref> Newton's description o his experiments on prism dispersion wis qualitative. A quantitative description o multiple-prism dispersion wisna nott until multiple prism laser beam expanders wis introduced in the 1980s.<ref>{{cite journal|author=[[F. J. Duarte]] and J. A. Piper|year=1982|title=Dispersion theory of multiple-prism beam expanders for pulsed dye lasers|url=https://archive.org/details/optics-communications_1982-11-01_43_5/page/303|journal=Opt. Commun.|language=en|volume=43|issue=5|pages=303–307|bibcode=1982OptCo..43..303D|doi=10.1016/0030-4018(82)90216-4}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Further reading== * {{cite book | author=Hecht, Eugene | title=Optics | edition=4th | publisher=Pearson Education | year=2001 | isbn=0-8053-8566-5}} ==External links== *{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Prism |volume=22|page=361 |short=x}} * [http://www.phy.hk/wiki/englishhtm/RefractionByPrism.htm Java applet of refraction through a prism] {{Authority control}} [[Category:Optical components]] [[Category:Prisms| ]] sr63v2ip3tfdck0vjr7jwotva7u72c0 0 72723 917751 909839 2026-06-04T16:48:10Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 2 books for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260604sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 917751 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{Infobox medical condition (new) | name = Alzheimer's disease | image = Alzheimer's_disease_brain_comparison.jpg | caption = Comparison o a normal aged harn (left) an the harn o a person wi Alzheimer's (richt). Chairactereestics that separate the twa are pyntit oot. | field = [[Neurology]] | synonyms = Alzheimer disease, Alzheimer's | symptoms = Difficulty in rememmerin recent events, [[primar progressive aphasia|problems wi leid]], [[Orientaition (mental)|disorientaition]], [[muid swing]]s<ref name=BMJ2009/><ref name=WHO2017/> | complications = | onset = Ower 65 year auld<ref name=Mend2012/> | duration = Lang term<ref name=WHO2017/> | causes = Puirly unnerstuid<ref name=BMJ2009/> | risks = [[Genetics]], [[heid injure]]s, [[major depressive disorder|depression]], [[hypertension]]<ref name=BMJ2009/><ref name=Lancet2011/> | diagnosis = Based on symptoms an [[cognitive test]]ing after rulin oot ither possible causes<ref name=NICE2014Diag/> | differential = Normal agin<ref name=BMJ2009/> | prevention = | treatment = | medication = [[Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor]]s, [[NMDA receptor antagonist]]s (smaw benefit)<ref name=Pres2012>{{vcite journal | author = Commission de la transparence | title = Médicaments de la maladie d'Alzheimer | journal = Prescrire International | volume = 21 | issue = 128 | page = 150 | date = June 2012 | pmid = 22822592 | | trans_title = Drugs for Alzheimer's disease: best avoided. No therapeutic advantage }}</ref> | prognosis = Life expectancy 3–9 years<ref name=NEJM2010/> | frequency = 29.8 million (2015)<ref name=WHO2017/><ref name=GBD2015Pre/> | deaths = 1.9 million (2015)<ref name=GBD2015De/> }} '''Alzheimer's disease''' ('''AD'''), an aw referred tae semply as '''Alzheimer's''', is a chronic [[neurodegeneration|neurodegenerative]] disease that usually stairts slawly an worsens ower time.<ref name=BMJ2009/><ref name=WHO2017/> It is the cause o 60–70% of cases o [[dementia]].<ref name=BMJ2009/><ref name=WHO2017/> The maist common early symptom is difficulty in rememmerin recent events ([[short-term memory]] loss).<ref name="BMJ2009">{{cite journal | vauthors = Burns A, Iliffe S | title = Alzheimer's disease | journal = BMJ | volume = 338 | pages = b158 | date = February 2009 | pmid = 19196745 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.b158 }}</ref> As the disease advances, symptoms can include [[primar progressive aphasia|problems wi leide]], [[Orientation (mental)|disorientation]] (includin easily gettin lost), [[muid swing]]s, loss o [[motivation]], nae managin [[Acteevities o daily leevin|sel care]], an [[challengin behaviour|behavioural issues]].<ref name=BMJ2009/><ref name=WHO2017/> As a person's condition declines, thay eften widraw frae faimily an society.<ref name=BMJ2009/> Gradually, bodily functions are lost, ultimately leadin tae daith.<ref name="nihstages">{{cite web|title=About Alzheimer's Disease: Symptoms|url=http://www.nia.nih.gov/alzheimers/topics/symptoms|publisher=National Institute on Aging|access-date=28 December 2011|deadurl=no|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115201854/http://www.nia.nih.gov/alzheimers/topics/symptoms|archive-date=15 January 2012}}</ref> Awtho the speed o progression can vary, the teepical life expectancy follaein diagnosis is three tae nine years.<ref name=NEJM2010>{{cite journal | vauthors = Querfurth HW, LaFerla FM | title = Alzheimer's disease | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2010-01-28_362_4/page/328 | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 362 | issue = 4 | pages = 329–44 | date = January 2010 | pmid = 20107219 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMra0909142 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Todd S, Barr S, Roberts M, Passmore AP | title = Survival in dementia and predictors of mortality: a review | url = https://archive.org/details/international-journal-of-geriatric-psychiatry_2013-11_28_11/page/1109 | journal = International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry | volume = 28 | issue = 11 | pages = 1109–24 | date = November 2013 | pmid = 23526458 | doi = 10.1002/gps.3946 }}</ref> <!-- Cause, diagnosis and prevention --> The cause o Alzheimer's disease is puirly unnerstuid.<ref name=BMJ2009/> Aboot 70% o the risk is believed tae be [[heredity|genetic]] wi mony [[gene]]s uisually involved.<ref name=Lancet2011/> Ither risk factors include a history o [[heid injure]]s, [[major depressive disorder|depression]], or [[hypertension]].<ref name=BMJ2009/> The disease process is associatit wi [[Senile plaques|plaques]] an [[Neurofibrillary tangle|tangles]] in the [[human harn|harn]].<ref name=Lancet2011>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ballard C, Gauthier S, Corbett A, Brayne C, Aarsland D, Jones E | title = Alzheimer's disease | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_march-19-25-2011_377_9770/page/1019 | journal = Lancet | volume = 377 | issue = 9770 | pages = 1019–31 | date = March 2011 | pmid = 21371747 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61349-9 }}</ref> A probable diagnosis is based on the history o the illness an [[cognitive test]]ing wi [[medical eemagin]] an [[bluid test]]s tae rule oot ither possible causes.<ref name=NICE2014Diag>{{cite web|title=Dementia diagnosis and assessment|url=http://pathways.nice.org.uk/pathways/dementia/dementia-diagnosis-and-assessment.pdf|publisher=National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)|access-date=30 November 2014|deadurl=yes|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205184403/http://pathways.nice.org.uk/pathways/dementia/dementia-diagnosis-and-assessment.pdf|archive-date=5 December 2014}}</ref> Ineetial symptoms are eften mistaken for normal agein.<ref name=BMJ2009/> Examination o harn tishie is needit for a definite diagnosis.<ref name=Lancet2011/> [[Mental exercise|Mental]] an [[pheesical exercise]], an avoidin [[obesity]] mey decrease the risk o AD; houiver, evidence tae support these recommendations is nae strang.<ref name=Lancet2011/><ref>{{cite web|title=So, What Can You Do?|url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/alzheimers/publication/preventing-alzheimers-disease/so-what-can-you-do|publisher=National Institute on Aging|language=en|date=29 July 2016|deadurl=yes|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403110434/https://www.nia.nih.gov/alzheimers/publication/preventing-alzheimers-disease/so-what-can-you-do|archive-date=3 April 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403110434/https://www.nia.nih.gov/alzheimers/publication/preventing-alzheimers-disease/so-what-can-you-do |date=2017-04-03 }}</ref> Thare are na medications or supplements that hae been shawn tae decrease risk.<ref name=nonprevention> {{vcite journal | vauthors = Hsu D, Marshall GA | title = Primary and secondary prevention trials in Alzheimer disease: looking back, moving forward | journal = Current Alzheimer Research | volume = 14 | issue = 4 | pages = 426–40 | year = 2017 | pmid = 27697063 | pmc = 5329133 | doi = 10.2174/1567205013666160930112125 }} </ref> <!-- Management --> Na treatments stap or reverse its progression, tho some mey temporarily impruive symptoms.<ref name=WHO2017/> Affectit fowk increasingly rely on ithers for assistance, eften placin a burden on the [[Carin for fowk wi dementia|caregiver]]; the pressurs can include social, psychological, pheesical, an economic elements.<ref name="pmid17662119">{{vcite journal | vauthors = Thompson CA, Spilsbury K, Hall J, Birks Y, Barnes C, Adamson J | title = Systematic Review of Information and Support Interventions for Caregivers of People with Dementia | journal = BMC Geriatrics | volume = 7 | page = 18 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17662119 | pmc = 1951962 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2318-7-18 }}</ref> Exercise programmes mey be beneficial wi respect tae [[activities o daily leevin]] an can potentially impruive ootcomes.<ref name=Forb2015>{{cite journal | vauthors = Forbes D, Forbes SC, Blake CM, Thiessen EJ, Forbes S | title = Exercise programs for people with dementia | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 132 | issue = 4 | pages = 195–96 | date = April 2015 | pmid = 25874613 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD006489.pub4 | url = http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-31802014000300195 | type = Submitted manuscript }}</ref> Behavioural problems or [[psychosis]] due tae dementia are eften treatit wi [[antipsychotic]]s, but this is nae uisually recommendit, as thare is little benefit wi an increased risk o early daith.<ref>{{cite web |author=National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence |title=Low-dose antipsychotics in people with dementia |url=https://www.nice.org.uk/advice/ktt7/resources/non-guidance-lowdose-antipsychotics-in-people-with-dementia-pdf |publisher=National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) |access-date=29 November 2014 |deadurl=yes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205183329/https://www.nice.org.uk/advice/ktt7/resources/non-guidance-lowdose-antipsychotics-in-people-with-dementia-pdf |archive-date=5 December 2014 |df= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205183329/https://www.nice.org.uk/advice/ktt7/resources/non-guidance-lowdose-antipsychotics-in-people-with-dementia-pdf |date=2014-12-05 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Information for Healthcare Professionals: Conventional Antipsychotics|url=http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/ucm124830.htm|publisher=US Food and Drug Administration|access-date=29 November 2014|date=16 June 2008|deadurl=no|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129015823/http://www.fda.gov/drugs/drugsafety/postmarketdrugsafetyinformationforpatientsandproviders/ucm124830.htm|archive-date=29 November 2014}}</ref> <!-- Epidemiology, history, society and research--> In 2015, thare war approximately 29.8 million fowk warldwide wi AD.<ref name="WHO2017">{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dementia|title=Dementia Fact sheet|date=12 December 2017|publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref><ref name=GBD2015Pre>{{cite journal | title = Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1545–602 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733282 | pmc = 5055577 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 | author1 = GBD 2015 Disease Injury Incidence Prevalence Collaborators }}</ref> It maist eften begins in fowk ower 65&nbsp;years o age, awtho 4% tae 5% o cases are [[Early-onset Alzheimer's disease|early-onset Alzheimer's]] that begin afore this.<ref name=Mend2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mendez MF | title = Early-onset Alzheimer's disease: nonamnestic subtypes and type 2 AD | journal = Archives of Medical Research | volume = 43 | issue = 8 | pages = 677–85 | date = November 2012 | pmid = 23178565 | pmc = 3532551 | doi = 10.1016/j.arcmed.2012.11.009 }}</ref> It affects aboot 6% o fowk 65 years an aulder.<ref name=BMJ2009/> In 2015, dementia resultit in aboot 1.9 million daiths.<ref name=GBD2015De>{{cite journal | title = Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1459–544 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733281 | pmc = 5388903 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1 | author1 = GBD 2015 Mortality Causes of Death Collaborators }}</ref> It wis first descrived bi, and later named efter, German psychiatrist an pathologist [[Alois Alzheimer]] in 1906.<ref name="pmid9661992">{{vcite journal | vauthors = Berchtold NC, Cotman CW | title = Evolution in the Conceptualization of Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease: Greco-Roman Period to the 1960s | journal = Neurobiology of Aging | volume = 19 | issue = 3 | pages = 173–89 | year = 1998 | pmid = 9661992 | doi = 10.1016/S0197-4580(98)00052-9 }}</ref> In [[developit kintra]]s, AD is ane o the maist financially costly diseases.<ref name="pmid15685097">{{vcite journal | vauthors = Bonin-Guillaume S, Zekry D, Giacobini E, Gold G, Michel JP | title = Impact économique de la démence (English: The Economical Impact of Dementia) | language = French | journal = Presse Médicale | volume = 34 | issue = 1 | pages = 35–41 | year = 2005 | pmid = 15685097 | issn = 0755-4982 | month = January | doi=10.1016/s0755-4982(05)83882-5}}</ref><ref name="pmid9543467">{{vcite journal | vauthors = Meek PD, McKeithan K, Schumock GT | title = Economic Considerations in Alzheimer's Disease | journal = Pharmacotherapy | volume = 18 | issue = 2 Pt 2 | pages = 68–73; discussion 79–82 | year = 1998 | pmid = 9543467 | doi = 10.1002/j.1875-9114.1998.tb03880.x}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Alzheimer's Disease}} [[Category:Alzheimer's tribble| ]] [[Category:Psychiatric diagnosis]] [[Category:Abnormal psychology]] [[Category:Cognitive ails]] [[Category:Dementia]] 3967z2xml3bjzak2674lcxi5v8v7n7s 0 73498 917733 909818 2026-06-04T16:32:30Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260604sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 917733 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Genetics''' (frae the [[Auncient Greek]] {{lang|grc|γενετικός}} ''{{lang|grc-Latn|genetikos}}'' meanin "genitive"/"generative", in turn frae {{lang|grc|γένεσις}} ''{{lang|grc-Latn|genesis}}'' meanin "oreegin"),<!-- --><ref name="Genetikos γενετ-ικός">{{cite web |url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2321880&redirect=true |title=Genetikos (γενετ-ικός) |work=Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon |publisher=Perseus Digital Library, Tufts University |accessdate=20 February 2012}}</ref><!-- --><ref name="Genesis γένεσις">{{cite web |url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2321873&redirect=true |title=Genesis (γένεσις) |work=Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon |publisher=Perseus Digital Library, Tufts University |accessdate=20 February 2012}}</ref><!-- --><ref name="Genetic">{{cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=Genetic&searchmode=none |title=Genetic |publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary |accessdate=20 February 2012}}</ref> <!-- -->a field in [[biology]], is the science o [[gene]]s, [[heredity]], an [[Genetic variation|variation]] in livin [[organism]]s.<ref name=griffiths2000sect60>{{cite book |editor-first=Anthony J. F. |editor-last=Griffiths |editor2-first=Jeffrey H. |editor2-last=Miller |editor3-first=David T. |editor3-last=Suzuki |editor4-first=Richard C. |editor4-last=Lewontin |editor5-last=Gelbart |title=An Introduction to Genetic Analysis |year=2000 |isbn=0-7167-3520-2 |edition=7th |publisher=W. H. Freeman |location=New York |chapterurl=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=iga.section.60 |chapter=Genetics and the Organism: Introduction}}</ref><ref name=Hartl_and_Jones>Hartl D, Jones E (2005)</ref> The faither o genetics is [[Gregor Mendel]], a late 19t-century scientist an [[Augustinian]] [[monk|freear]]. Mendel studied "trait inheritance", patterns in the wey traits are haundit doun frae paurents tae affspring. He observed that organisms (pease plants) inherit traits bi wey o discrete "units o inheritance". This term, still uised the day, is a somewhit ambiguous definition o whit is referred tae as a [[gene]]. [[Phenotypic trait|Trait]] inheritance an [[Molecular genetics|molecular]] inheritance mechanisms o genes are still primar principles o genetics in the 21st century, but modren genetics haes expaundit ayont inheritance tae studyin the function an behaviour o genes. Gene structur andfunction, variation, an distribution are studied within the context o the [[Cell (biology)|cell]], the organism (e.g. [[Dominance (genetics)|dominance]]), an within the context o a population. Genetics haes gien rise tae a nummer o subfields, includin [[epigenetics]] an [[population genetics]]. Organisms studied within the broad field span the domeen o life, includin [[bacteria]], [[plant]]s, [[ainimal]]s, an [[human]]s. Genetic processes wark in combination wi an organism's environment an experiences tae influence development an [[behavioural genetics|behaviour]], eften referred tae as [[naitur versus nurtur]]. The [[intracellular]] or [[extracellular]] environment o a cell or organism mey switch gene transcription on or off. A clessic ensaumple is twa seeds o genetically identical maize, ane placed in a temperate climate an ane in an arid climate. While the average hicht o the twa maize stauks mey be genetically determined tae be equal, the ane in the [[arid climate]] anerly growes tae hauf the hicht o the ane in the temperate climate due tae lack o watter an nutrients in its environment. ==Etymology== The wird ''genetics'' stems frae the [[auncient Greek]] {{lang|grc|γενετικός}} ''{{lang|grc-Latn|genetikos}}'' meanin "genitive"/"generative", that in turn derives frae {{lang|grc|γένεσις}} ''{{lang|grc-Latn|genesis}}'' meanin "oreegin".<ref name="Genetikos γενετ-ικός"/><ref name="Genesis γένεσις"/><ref name="Genetic"/> ==History== [[File:DNA Overview2.png|thumb|right|140px|upright|[[DNA]], the molecular basis for [[Heredity|biological heirship]]. Ilk straund o DNA is a cheen o [[nucleotide]]s, matchin ilk ither in the centre tae form whit leuk lik rungs on a twisted ledder.]] The observation that leevin things faw heir tae [[Phenotypic trait|trait]]s frae thair parents haes been uised syne prehistoric times tae impruive crap plants an ainimals throu [[selective breedin]].<ref name="Publishing2009">{{cite book |author=DK Publishing |title=Science: The Definitive Visual Guide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sFiJFuzRVFQC&pg=PA362 |year=2009 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-7566-6490-9 |page=362}}</ref> The modren science o genetics, seekin tae unnerstaund this process, begoud wi the wark o the [[Augustinian]] [[freear]] [[Gregor Mendel]] in the mid-19t century.<ref name=Weiling>{{cite journal |pmid=1887835| doi=10.1002/ajmg.1320400103 |year=1991 |last1=Weiling |first1=F |title=Historical study: Johann Gregor Mendel 1822–1884. |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=1–25; discussion 26 |journal=American Journal of Medical Genetics}}</ref> Prior tae Mendel, [[Imre Festetics]], a [[Hungary|Hungarian]] noble, wha lived in Kőszeg afore Mendel, wis the first wha uised the wird "genetics." He descrived several rules o genetic heirship in his wirk ''The genetic law o the Naitur'' (Die genetische Gesätze der Natur, 1819). His seicont law is the same as whit Mendel published. In his third law, he developed the basic principles o mutation (he can be conseedert a forerunner o Hugo de Vries).<ref>{{cite journal|year=2014|title=Imre Festetics and the Sheep Breeders' Society of Moravia: Mendel's Forgotten "Research Network" |url=http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.1001772|journal=PLoS Biology|volume=12|issue=1|page=e1001772 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.1001772 |author1=Poczai P. |author2=Bell N. |author3=Hyvönen J.|pmid=24465180|pmc=3897355}}</ref> Modren genetics stairtit wi Mendel's studies o the naitur o heirship in plants. In his paper "''Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden''" ("[[Experiments on Plant Hybridisation]]"), presentit in 1865 tae the ''Naturforschender Verein'' (Society for Resairch in Naitur) in [[Brünn]], Mendel traced the heirship patterns o certaint traits in pease plants an descrived them mathematically.<ref name="mendel">{{cite web |title= Mendel's Paper in English |url=http://www.mendelweb.org/Mendel.html |first=Roger B. |last=Blumberg}}</ref> Awtho this pattern o heirship coud anerly be observed for a few traits, Mendel's wark suggestit that heirship wis pairticulate, nae acquired, an that the heirship patterns o mony traits coud be explained throu semple rules an ratios. The importance o Mendel's wirk did nae gain wide unnderstaundin till 1900, efter his daith, whan [[Hugo de Vries]] an ither scientists rediscovered his resairch. [[William Bateson]], a proponent o Mendel's wark, mentioned the wird ''genetics'' in 1905<ref>genetics, ''n.'', [[Oxford English Dictionary]], 3rd ed.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jic.ac.uk/corporate/about/bateson.htm |title=Letter from William Bateson to Alan Sedgwick in 1905 |publisher=The John Innes Centre |accessdate=15 March 2008 |author=Bateson W |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013020831/http://www.jic.ac.uk/corporate/about/bateson.htm |archivedate=13 October 2007 |df=dmy-all }} Note that the letter was to an Adam Sedgwick, a zoologist and "Reader in Animal Morphology" at [[Trinity College, Cambridge]]</ref> (the adjective ''genetic'', derived frae the Greek wird ''genesis''—γένεσις, "oreegin", predates the noun an wis first uised in a biological sense in 1860<ref>genetic, ''adj.'', Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd ed.</ref>). ===Molecular genetics=== Awtho genes war kent tae exist on chromosomes, chromosomes are componed o baith protein an DNA, an scientists did nae ken that o the twa is responsible for heirship. In 1928, [[Frederick Griffith]] discovered the phenomenon o [[Transformation (genetics)|transformation]] (see [[Griffith's experiment]]): deid bacteria coud transfer [[genetic material]] tae "transform" ither still-leevin bacteria. Saxteen years later, in 1944, the [[Avery–MacLeod–McCarty experiment]] identifee'd DNA as the molecule responsible for transformation.<ref name=Avery_et_al>{{cite journal |doi=10.1084/jem.79.2.137 |last1=Avery |first1=OT |last2=MacLeod |first2=CM |last3=McCarty |first3=M |title=Studies on the Chemical Nature of the Substance Inducing Transformation of Pneumococcal Types: Induction of Transformation by a Desoxyribonucleic Acid Fraction Isolated from Pneumococcus Type III |journal=The Journal of Experimental Medicine |volume=79 |issue=2 |pages=137–58 |year=1944 |pmid=19871359 |pmc=2135445}} Reprint: {{cite journal |pmid=33226 |year=1979 |last1=Avery |first1=OT |last2=MacLeod |last3=McCarty |title=Studies on the chemical nature of the substance inducing transformation of pneumococcal types. Inductions of transformation by a desoxyribonucleic acid fraction isolated from pneumococcus type III |volume=149 |issue=2 |pages=297–326 |journal=The Journal of Experimental Medicine |doi=10.1084/jem.149.2.297 |first2=CM |first3=M |pmc=2184805}}</ref> [[James Watson]] an [[Francis Crick]] determined the structur o DNA in 1953, uisin the [[X-ray crystallografie]] wark o [[Rosalind Franklin]] an [[Maurice Wilkins]] that indicatit DNA haes a [[Helix|helical]] structur (i.e., shapit lik a corkscrew).<ref>{{cite book |title=The Eighth Day of Creation: Makers of the Revolution in Biology |last=Judson |first=Horace |authorlink=Horace Freeland Judson |year=1979 |publisher=Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press |isbn=0-87969-477-7 |pages=51–169}}</ref><ref name=watsoncrick_1953a>{{cite journal |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/dna50/watsoncrick.pdf |doi=10.1038/171737a0 |title=Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid |year=1953 |last1=Watson |first1=J. D. |last2=Crick |journal=Nature |volume=171 |pages=737–8 |pmid=13054692 |first2=FH |issue=4356 |bibcode=1953Natur.171..737W}}</ref> Thair dooble-helix model haed twa strands o DNA wi the nucleotides pyntin inward, each matching a complementary nucleotide on the ither strand tae form what leuk lik rungs on a twisted ladder.<ref name=watsoncrick_1953b>{{cite journal |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/dna50/watsoncrick2.pdf |doi=10.1038/171964b0 |title=Genetical Implications of the Structure of Deoxyribonucleic Acid |year=1953 |last1=Watson |first1=J. D. |last2=Crick |journal=Nature |volume=171 |pages=964–7 |pmid=13063483 |first2=FH |issue=4361 |bibcode=1953Natur.171..964W}}</ref> ==Featurs o heirship== ===Discrete heirship an Mendel's laws=== At its maist fundamental level, heirship in organisms occurs bi passin discrete heritable units, cried [[gene]]s, frae paurents tae affspring.<ref name=griffiths2000sect199>{{cite book |editor-first=Anthony J. F. |editor-last=Griffiths |editor2-first=Jeffrey H. |editor2-last=Miller |editor3-first=David T. |editor3-last=Suzuki |editor4-first=Richard C. |editor4-last=Lewontin |editor5-last=Gelbart |title=An Introduction to Genetic Analysis |year=2000 |isbn=0-7167-3520-2 |edition=7th |publisher=W. H. Freeman |location=New York |chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=iga.section.199 |chapter=Patterns of Inheritance: Introduction}}</ref> This property wis first observed bi [[Gregor Mendel]], wha studied the segregation o heritable traits in [[pease]] plants.<ref name="mendel" /><ref name=griffiths2000sect200>{{cite book |editor-first=Anthony J. F. |editor-last=Griffiths |editor2-first=Jeffrey H. |editor2-last=Miller |editor3-first=David T. |editor3-last=Suzuki |editor4-first=Richard C. |editor4-last=Lewontin |editor5-last=Gelbart |title=An Introduction to Genetic Analysis |year=2000 |isbn=0-7167-3520-2 |edition=7th |publisher=W. H. Freeman |location=New York |chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=iga.section.200 |chapter=Mendel's experiments}}</ref> In his experiments studyin the trait for flouer colour, Mendel observed that the flouers o ilk pease plant war aither purpie or white—but niver an intermediate atween the twa colours. Thir different, discrete versions o the same gene are cried [[allele]]s. In the case o the pease, that is a [[diploid]] species, ilk individual plant haes twa copies o ilk gene, ane copy inheritit frae ilk parent.<ref name=griffiths2000sect484/> Mony species, includin humans, hae this pattern o heirship. Diploid organisms wi twa copies o the same allele o a gien gene are cried [[homozygous]] at that [[Locus (genetics)|gene locus]], while organisms wi twa different alleles o a gien gene are cried [[heterozygous]]. The set o alleles for a gien organism is cried its [[genoteep]], while the observable traits o the organism are cried its [[phenoteep]]. When organisms are heterozygous at a gene, eften ane allele is cried [[Dominant allele|dominant]] as its qualities dominate the phenoteep o the organism, while the ither allele is cried [[Recessive allele|recessive]] as its qualities recede an are nae observed. Some alleles dae nae hae complete dominance an insteid hae [[Dominance relationship#Incomplete an semi-dominance|incomplete dominance]] bi expressin an intermediate phenoteep, or [[Dominance relationship#Co-dominance|codominance]] bi expressin baith alleles at ance.<ref name=griffiths2000sect630>{{cite book |editor-first=Anthony J. F. |editor-last=Griffiths |editor2-first=Jeffrey H. |editor2-last=Miller |editor3-first=David T. |editor3-last=Suzuki |editor4-first=Richard C. |editor4-last=Lewontin |editor5-last=Gelbart |title=An Introduction to Genetic Analysis |year=2000 |isbn=0-7167-3520-2 |edition=7th |publisher=W. H. Freeman |location=New York |chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=iga.section.630 |chapter=Interactions between the alleles of one gene}}</ref> ===Multiple gene interactions=== [[File:Galton-height-regress.png|thumb|right|Human height is a trait wi complex genetic causes. [[Francis Galton]]'s data frae 1889 shaws the relationship atween affspring hicht as a function o mean paurent hicht. ]] Organisms hae thoosands o genes, an in sexually reproducin organisms thir genes generally assort independently o ilk ither. This means that the inheritance o an allele for yellae or green pease colour is unrelatit tae the inheritance o alleles for white or purpie flouers. This phenomenon, kent as "[[Mendelian inheritance#Law o Independent Assortment (The "Seicont Law")|Mendel's seicont law]]" or the "law o independent assortment," means that the alleles ofdifferent genes get shuffled atween paurents tae form affspring wi mony different combinations. (Some genes dae nae assort independently, demonstratin [[genetic linkage]], a tapic discussed later in this airticle.) Eften different genes can interact in a wey that influences the same trait. In the [[Blue-eed Mary]] (''Omphalodes verna''), for ensaumple, thare exeests a gene wi alleles that determine the colour o flouers: blue or magenta. Anither gene, houever, controls whither the flouers hae colour at aw or are white. Whan a plant haes twa copies o this white allele, its flouers are white—regairdless o whither the first gene haes blue or magenta alleles. This interaction atween genes is cried [[epistasis]], wi the seicont gene epistatic tae the first.<ref name=griffiths2000sect644>{{cite book |editor-first=Anthony J. F. |editor-last=Griffiths |editor2-first=Jeffrey H. |editor2-last=Miller |editor3-first=David T. |editor3-last=Suzuki |editor4-first=Richard C. |editor4-last=Lewontin |editor5-last=Gelbart |title=An Introduction to Genetic Analysis |year=2000 |isbn=0-7167-3520-2 |edition=7th |publisher=W. H. Freeman |location=New York |chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=iga.section.644 |chapter=Gene interaction and modified dihybrid ratios}}</ref> Mony traits are nae discrete featurs (e.g. purpie or white flouers) but are insteid conteenous featurs (e.g. human hicht an [[Human skin colour|skin colour]]). Thir [[Quantitative trait locus|complex traits]] are products o mony genes.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=15931374 |doi=10.1172/JCI25421 |year=2005 |last1=Mayeux |first1=R |title=Mapping the new frontier: complex genetic disorders |volume=115 |issue=6 |pages=1404–7 |journal=The Journal of Clinical Investigation |pmc=1137013}}</ref> The influence o thir genes is mediatit, tae varyin degrees, bi the environment an organism haes experienced. The degree tae which an organism's genes contreibute tae a complex trait is cried [[heritability]].<ref name=griffiths2000sect4009>{{cite book |editor-first=Anthony J. F. |editor-last=Griffiths |editor2-first=Jeffrey H. |editor2-last=Miller |editor3-first=David T. |editor3-last=Suzuki |editor4-first=Richard C. |editor4-last=Lewontin |editor5-last=Gelbart |title=An Introduction to Genetic Analysis |year=2000 |isbn=0-7167-3520-2 |edition=7th |publisher=W. H. Freeman |location=New York |chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=iga.section.4009 |chapter=Quantifying heritability}}</ref> Meisurment o the heritability o a trait is relative—in a mair variable environment, the environment haes a bigger influence on the tot variation o the trait. For ensaumple, human hicht is a trait wi complex causes. It haes a heritability o 89% in the Unitit States. In Nigerie, houever, whaur fowk experience a mair variable access tae guid nutreetion an [[heal care]], hicht haes a heritability o anerly 62%.<ref>{{cite journal|last2=Guo|first2=X|last3=Adeyemo|first3=AA|last4=Wilks|first4=R|last5=Forrester|first5=T|last6=Lowe Jr|first6=W|last7=Comuzzie|first7=AG|last8=Martin|first8=LJ|last9=Zhu|first9=X|year=2001|title=Heritability of obesity-related traits among Nigerians, Jamaicans and US black people|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-obesity_2001-07_25_7/page/1034|journal=International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders|volume=25|issue=7|pages=1034–41|doi=10.1038/sj.ijo.0801650|pmid=11443503|last1=Luke|first1=A|last10=Rotimi|last11=Cooper|first10=CN|first11=RS}}</ref> ==Molecular basis for inheritance== ===DNA an chromosomes=== {{main article|DNA|Chromosome}} [[File:DNA chemical structure.svg|thumb|right|The [[molecular structur]] o DNA. Bases pair throu the arrangement o [[hydrogen bondin]] atween the straunds.]] The [[Molecule|molecular]] basis for genes is [[deoxyribonucleic acid]] (DNA). DNA is componed o a cheen o [[nucleotide]]s, o that thare are fower teeps: [[adenine]] (A), [[cytosine]] (C), [[guanine]] (G), an [[thymine]] (T). Genetic information exeests in the sequence o thir nucleotides, an genes exeest as stretches o sequence alang the DNA cheen.<ref name=Pearson_2006>{{cite journal |pmid=16724031 |doi=10.1038/441398a |year=2006 |last1=Pearson |first1=H |title=Genetics: what is a gene? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2006-05-25_441_7092/page/398 |volume=441 |issue=7092 |pages=398–401 |journal=Nature |bibcode=2006Natur.441..398P}}</ref> [[Virus]]es are the anerly exception tae this rule—whiles viruses uise the verra seemilar molecule [[RNA]] insteid o DNA as thair genetic material.<ref>{{cite book |title=Microbiology |url=https://archive.org/details/microbiology0001pres |last=Prescott |first=L |year=1993 |publisher=Wm. C. Brown Publishers |isbn=0-697-01372-3}}</ref> Viruses canna reproduce withoot a [[Host (biology)|host]] an are unaffectit bi mony genetic processes, sae tend nae tae be conseedert leevin organisms. DNA normally exeests as a dooble-straundit molecule, cyled intae the shape o a [[dooble helix]]. Ilk nucleotide in DNA preferentially pairs wi its pairtner nucleotide on the opposite straund: A pairs wi T, an C pairs wi G. Sicweys, in its twa-straundit form, ilk straund effectively conteens aw necessar information, redundant wi its pairtner straund. This structur o DNA is the pheesical basis for heirship: [[DNA replication]] duplicates the genetic information bi splittin the straunds an uisin ilk straund as a template for synthesis o a new pairtner straund.<ref name=griffiths2000sect1523>{{cite book |editor-first=Anthony J. F. |editor-last=Griffiths |editor2-first=Jeffrey H. |editor2-last=Miller |editor3-first=David T. |editor3-last=Suzuki |editor4-first=Richard C. |editor4-last=Lewontin |editor5-last=Gelbart |title=An Introduction to Genetic Analysis |year=2000 |isbn=0-7167-3520-2 |edition=7th |publisher=W. H. Freeman |location=New York |chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=iga.section.1523 |chapter=Mechanism of DNA Replication}}</ref> Genes are arranged linearly alang lang cheens o DNA base-pair sequences. In [[bacteria]], ilk cell uisually conteens a single circular [[Nucleoid|genophore]], while [[Eukaryote|eukaryotic]] organisms (sic as plants an ainimals) hae thair DNA arranged in multiple linear chromosomes. Thir DNA strands are eften extremely lang; the lairgest human chromosome, for ensaumple, is aboot 247 million [[base pair]]s in lenth.<!-- --><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/nature04727 |pmid=16710414 |year=2006 |last1=Gregory |first1=SG |last2=Barlow |last3=McLay |last4=Kaul |last5=Swarbreck |last6=Dunham |last7=Scott |last8=Howe |last9=Woodfine |displayauthors=8 |title=The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1 |volume=441 |issue=7091 |pages=315–21 |journal=Nature |first2=KF |first3=KE |first4=R |first5=D |first6=A |first7=CE |first8=KL |first9=K|bibcode = 2006Natur.441..315G |last10=Spencer |first10=C. C. A. |last11=Jones |first11=M. C. |last12=Gillson |first12=C. |last13=Searle |first13=S. |last14=Zhou |first14=Y. |last15=Kokocinski |first15=F. |last16=McDonald |first16=L. |last17=Evans |first17=R. |last18=Phillips |first18=K. |last19=Atkinson |first19=A. |last20=Cooper |first20=R. |last21=Jones |first21=C. |last22=Hall |first22=R. E. |last23=Andrews |first23=T. D. |last24=Lloyd |first24=C. |last25=Ainscough |first25=R. |last26=Almeida |first26=J. P. |last27=Ambrose |first27=K. D. |last28=Anderson |first28=F. |last29=Andrew |first29=R. W. |last30=Ashwell |first30=R. I. S.}}</ref> <!-- -->The DNA o a chromosome is associatit wi structural proteins that organize, compact, an control access tae the DNA, formin a material cried [[chromatin]]; in eukaryotes, chromatin is uisually componed o [[nucleosome]]s, segments o DNA woond aroond cores o [[histone]] proteins.<ref>Alberts et al. (2002), [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mboc4.section.608 II.4. DNA and chromosomes: Chromosomal DNA and Its Packaging in the Chromatin Fiber]</ref> The full set o hereditary material in an organism (uisually the combined DNA sequences o aw chromosomes) is cried the [[genome]]. While [[haploid]] organisms hae anerly ane copy o ilk chromosome, maist ainimals an mony plants are [[diploid]], conteenin twa o ilk chromosome an sicweys twa copies o ivery gene.<ref name=griffiths2000sect484>{{cite book |editor-first=Anthony J. F. |editor-last=Griffiths |editor2-first=Jeffrey H. |editor2-last=Miller |editor3-first=David T. |editor3-last=Suzuki |editor4-first=Richard C. |editor4-last=Lewontin |editor5-last=Gelbart |title=An Introduction to Genetic Analysis |year=2000 |isbn=0-7167-3520-2 |edition=7th |publisher=W. H. Freeman |location=New York |chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=iga.section.484 |chapter=Mendelian genetics in eukaryotic life cycles}}</ref> Mony species hae sae-cried [[sex chromosome]]s that determine the gender o ilk organism.<ref name=griffiths2000sect222>{{cite book |editor-first=Anthony J. F. |editor-last=Griffiths |editor2-first=Jeffrey H. |editor2-last=Miller |editor3-first=David T. |editor3-last=Suzuki |editor4-first=Richard C. |editor4-last=Lewontin |editor5-last=Gelbart |title=An Introduction to Genetic Analysis |year=2000 |isbn=0-7167-3520-2 |edition=7th |publisher=W. H. Freeman |location=New York |chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=iga.section.222 |chapter=Sex chromosomes and sex-linked inheritance}}</ref> In humans an mony ither ainimals, the [[Y chromosome]] conteens the gene that triggers the development o the speceefically male chairactereestics. ===Reproduction=== When cells divide, thair full genome is copied an ilk [[Cell diveesion|dauchter cell]] inherits ane copy. This process, cried [[mitosis]], is the semplest form o reproduction an is the basis for [[asexual reproduction]]. Asexual reproduction can an aa occur in multicellular organisms, producin affspring that inherit thair genome frae a single paurent. Affspring that are genetically identical tae thair paurents are cried [[Clonin|clones]]. [[Eukaryote|Eukaryotic]] organisms eften uise [[sexual reproduction]] tae generate affspring that conteen a mixtur o genetic material inheritit frae twa different paurents. The process o sexual reproduction alternates atween forms that conteen single copies o the genome ([[haploid]]) an dooble copies ([[diploid]]).<ref name=griffiths2000sect484/> ==Gene expression== ===Genetic code=== [[File:Genetic code.svg|thumb|left|The [[genetic code]]: Uisin a [[Genetic code#Discovery|triplet code]], DNA, throu a [[messenger RNA]] intermediary, specifees a protein.]] Genes generally [[Gene expression|express]] thair functional effect throu the production o [[protein]]s, that are complex molecules responsible for maist functions in the cell. Proteins are made up o ane or mair polypeptide cheens, ilk o that is componed o a sequence o [[amino acid]]s, an the DNA sequence o a gene (throu an RNA intermediate) is uised tae produce a speceefic [[peptide sequence|amino acid sequence]]. This process begins wi the production o an [[RNA]] molecule wi a sequence matchin the gene's DNA sequence, a process cried [[Transcription (genetics)|transcription]]. This [[messenger RNA]] molecule is then uised tae produce a correspondin amino acid sequence throu a process cried [[translation (biology)|translation]]. Ilk group o three nucleotides in the sequence, cried a [[codon]], corresponds aither tae ane o the twinty possible amino acids in a protein or an [[stap codon|instruction tae end the amino acid sequence]]; this correspondence is cried the [[genetic code]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Biochemistry |vauthors=Berg JM, Tymoczko JL, Stryer L, Clarke ND |edition=5th |year=2002 |publisher=W. H. Freeman and Company |location=New York |chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=stryer.section.685 |chapter=I. 5. DNA, RNA, and the Flow of Genetic Information: Amino Acids Are Encoded by Groups of Three Bases Starting from a Fixed Point}}</ref> ===Naitur an nurtur=== {{main article|Naitur an nurtur}} [[File:Niobe050905-Siamese Cat.jpeg|thumb|upright|[[Siamese (cat)|Siamese cat]]s hae a temperature-sensitive pigment-production mutation.]] Awtho genes conteen aw the information an organism uises tae function, the environment plays an important role in determinin the ultimate phenoteeps an organism displays. The phrase "[[naitur an nurtur]]" refers tae this complementary relationship. The phenoteep o an organism depends on the interaction o genes an the environment. An interestin ensaumple is the coat colouration o the [[Siamese (cat)|Siamese cat]]. In this case, the bouk temperatur o the cat plays the role o the environment. The cat's genes code for daurk hair, sicweys the hair-producin cells in the cat mak cellular proteins resultin in daurk hair. But thir daurk hair-producin proteins are sensitive tae temperatur (i.e. hae a mutation causin temperature-sensitivity) an [[Denaituration (biochemistry)|denaitur]] in heicher-temperatur environments, failin tae produce daurk-hair pigment in auries whaur the cat haes a heicher bouk temperatur. In a law-temperatur environment, houever, the protein's structureis stable an produces daurk-hair pigment normally. The protein remeens functional in auries o skin that are caulder{{emdash}}sic as its legs, lugs, tail an face{{emdash}}sae the cat haes daurk-hair at its extremities.<ref>{{cite journal|last2=Geary|first2=LA|last3=Grahn|first3=RA|last4=Lyons|first4=LA|year=2006|title=Albinism in the domestic cat (''Felis catus'') is associated with a tyrosinase (TYR) mutation|journal=Animal Genetics|volume=37|issue=2|pages=175–8|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2052.2005.01409.x|pmc=1464423|pmid=16573534|last1=Imes|first1=DL}}</ref> ==Genetic cheenge== ===Mutations=== {{main article|Mutation}} [[File:Gene-duplication.png|thumb|upright|Gene duplication allous diversification bi providin redundancy: ane gene can mutate an lose its oreeginal function withoot haurmin the organism.]] In the process o [[DNA replication]], errors occasionally occur in the polymerisation o seicont strand. Thir errors, cried [[mutation]]s, can affect the phenoteep o an organism, especially if thay occur within the protein codin sequence o a gene. Error rates are uisually verra law—1 error in ivery 10–100&nbsp;million bases—due tae the "pruifreadin" ability o [[DNA polymerase]]s.<!-- --><ref name="griffiths2000sect2706">{{cite book |editor-first=Anthony J. F. |editor-last=Griffiths |editor2-first=Jeffrey H. |editor2-last=Miller |editor3-first=David T. |editor3-last=Suzuki |editor4-first=Richard C. |editor4-last=Lewontin |editor5-last=Gelbart |title=An Introduction to Genetic Analysis |year=2000 |isbn=0-7167-3520-2 |edition=7th |publisher=W. H. Freeman |location=New York |chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=iga.section.2706 |chapter=Spontaneous mutations}}</ref><!-- --><ref name="Kunkel">{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/sj.emboj.7600158 |pmid=15057282 |year=2004 |last1=Freisinger |first1=E |last2=Grollman |last3=Miller |last4=Kisker |title=Lesion (in)tolerance reveals insights into DNA replication fidelity |volume=23 |issue=7 |pages=1494–505 |journal=The EMBO Journal |first2=AP |first3=H |first4=C |pmc=391067}}</ref> <!-- -->Processes that increase the rate o cheenges in DNA are cried [[mutagenic]]: mutagenic chemicals promote errors in DNA replication, eften bi interferin wi the structur o base-pairin, while [[UV radiation]] induces mutations bi causin damage tae the DNA structur.<!-- --><ref name="griffiths2000sect2727">{{cite book |editor-first=Anthony J. F. |editor-last=Griffiths |editor2-first=Jeffrey H. |editor2-last=Miller |editor3-first=David T. |editor3-last=Suzuki |editor4-first=Richard C. |editor4-last=Lewontin |editor5-last=Gelbart |title=An Introduction to Genetic Analysis |year=2000 |isbn=0-7167-3520-2 |edition=7th |publisher=W. H. Freeman |location=New York |chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=iga.section.2727 |chapter=Induced mutations}}</ref> <!-- -->Chemical damage tae DNA occurs naiturally as well an cells uise [[DNA repair]] mechanisms tae repair mismatches an breaks. The repair daes nae, houever, alweys restore the oreeginal sequence. Ower mony generations, the genomes o organisms can cheenge signeeficantly, resultin in [[evolution]]. In the process cried [[adaptation]], selection for beneficial mutations can cause a species tae evolve intae forms better able tae survive in thair environment.<!-- --><ref name="Darwin">{{cite book |last=Darwin |first=Charles |authorlink=Charles Darwin |year=1859 |title=On the Origin of Species |place=London |publisher=John Murray |edition=1st |pages=1 |url=http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F373&viewtype=text&pageseq=16 |isbn=0-8014-1319-2}}<br />Earlier related ideas were acknowledged in {{cite book |last=Darwin |first=Charles |authorlink=Charles Darwin |year=1861 |title=On the Origin of Species |place=London |publisher=John Murray |edition=3rd |pages=xiii |url=http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F381&viewtype=text&pageseq=20 |nopp=true |isbn=0-8014-1319-2}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Genetics| ]] p36jrbyk6yullzz0x7ippq5jfl66bx2 0 73529 917740 909835 2026-06-04T16:37:07Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260604sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 917740 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fixscots}} In [[biology]], a '''lipid''' is a substance o biological oreegin that is soluble in nonpolar solvents.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter=lipids|url=http://goldbook.iupac.org/html/L/L03571.html|title= Compendium of Chemical Terminology (the "Gold Book")|edition= 2nd |publisher=Blackwell Scientific Publications|editor1=McNaught, A. D.|editor2=Wilkinson, A.|place= Oxford |year=1997|isbn=0-9678550-9-8|doi=10.1351/goldbook}}</ref> It comprises a group o naiturally occurrin [[molecule]]s that include [[fat]]s, [[waux]]es, [[sterol]]s, fat-soluble [[vitamin]]s (sic as vitamins A, D, E, an K), [[monoglyceride]]s, [[diglyceride]]s, [[triglyceride]]s, an [[phospholipid]]s. The main biological functions o lipids include storin energy, [[lipid seegnalin|seegnalin]], an actin as structural components o [[cell membrane]]s.<ref name="Fahy 2009"/><ref name="Subramaniam 2011">{{cite journal | vauthors = Subramaniam S, Fahy E, Gupta S, Sud M, Byrnes RW, Cotter D, Dinasarapu AR, Maurya MR | title = Bioinformatics and systems biology of the lipidome | journal = Chemical Reviews | volume = 111 | issue = 10 | pages = 6452–90 | date = October 2011 | pmid = 21939287 | pmc = 3383319 | doi = 10.1021/cr200295k }}</ref> Lipids hae applications in the cosmetic an fuid [[industry sector|industries]] as weel as in [[nanotechnology]].<ref name="Mashaghi 2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mashaghi S, Jadidi T, Koenderink G, Mashaghi A | title = Lipid nanotechnology | journal = International Journal of Molecular Sciences | volume = 14 | issue = 2 | pages = 4242–82 | date = February 2013 | pmid = 23429269 | pmc = 3588097 | doi = 10.3390/ijms14024242 }} {{open access}}</ref> Scientists whiles broadly define lipids as [[Hydrophobe|hydrophobic]] or [[Amphiphile|amphiphilic]] smaw molecules; the amphiphilic naitur o some lipids allous them tae form structurs sic as [[vesicle (biology)|vesicles]], multilamellar/[[unilamellar liposome]]s, or membranes in an aqueous environment. Biological lipids originate entirely or in pairt frae twa distinct teeps o biochemical subunits or "biggin-blocks": ketoacyl an [[isoprene]] groups.<ref name="Fahy 2009"/> Uisin this approach, lipids mey be dividit intae aicht categories: [[fatty acid]]s, [[glycerolipid]]s, [[glycerophospholipid]]s, [[sphingolipid]]s, [[saccharolipid]]s, an [[polyketide]]s (derived frae condensation o ketoacyl subunits); an sterol lipids an prenol lipids (derived frae condensation o isoprene subunits).<ref name="Fahy 2009">{{cite journal | vauthors = Fahy E, Subramaniam S, Murphy RC, Nishijima M, Raetz CR, Shimizu T, Spener F, van Meer G, Wakelam MJ, Dennis EA | title = Update of the LIPID MAPS comprehensive classification system for lipids | journal = Journal of Lipid Research | volume = 50 Suppl | issue = S1 | pages = S9-14 | date = April 2009 | pmid = 19098281 | pmc = 2674711 | doi = 10.1194/jlr.R800095-JLR200 }}</ref> Awtho the term "lipid" is whiles uised as a synonym for [[fat]]s, fats are a subgroup o lipids cried [[triglyceride]]s. Lipids an aa encompass molecules sic as [[fatty acid]]s an thair derivatives (includin [[triglyceride|tri-]], [[diglyceride|di-]], [[monoglyceride]]s, an [[phospholipid]]s), as weel as ither [[sterol]]-conteenin [[metabolite]]s sic as [[cholesterol]].<ref name="Michelle 1993">{{cite book |vauthors=Michelle A, Hopkins J, McLaughlin CW, Johnson S, Warner MQ, LaHart D, Wright JD |title=Human Biology and Health |publisher=Prentice Hall |year=1993 |location=Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA |isbn=978-0-13-981176-0}}</ref> Awtho humans an ither mammals uise various [[metabolism|biosynthetic pathwey]]s baith tae brak doun an tae synthesize lipids, some essential lipids canna be made this wey an maun be obtained frae the diet. ==History== In 1815, [[Henry Braconnot]] clessifee'd lipids (''graisses'') in twa categories, ''suifs'' (solit creashes or tauch) and ''huiles'' (fluid iles).<ref>Braconnot, H. Sur la nature des corps gras. ''Annales de chimie'', 31 Mars 1815, 2 Sér., t. XCIII, p. 225-277. [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6568590p/f229.item link].</ref> In 1823, [[Michel Eugène Chevreul]] developit a mair detailed clessification, includin iles, creashes, tauch, wauxes, rosets, balsams an volatile iles (or essential iles).<ref>Chevreul, M. E. ''Recherches sur les corps gras d'origine animale''. Levrault, Paris, 1823. [https://books.google.com/books?id=r46rnl27h70C link].</ref><ref name="leray_2012">Leray, C. (2012). ''Introduction to Lipidomics''. Boca Raton: CRC Press. [https://books.google.com/books?id=u710vE5IgrgC link].</ref><ref>Leray, C. 2015. Introduction, History and Evolution. In: ''Lipids. Nutrition and health''. Boca Raton: CRC Press. [https://books.google.com/books?id=lJXaBAAAQBAJ link].</ref> The wird "lipid", that stems etymologically frae the Greek ''lipos'' (fat), wis introduced in 1923 bi [[Gabriel Bertrand]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bertrand G | year = 1923 | title = Projet de reforme de la nomenclature de Chimie biologique | url = | journal = Bulletin de la Société de Chimie Biologique | volume = 5 | issue = | pages = 96–109 }}</ref> Bertrands includit in the concept nae anerly the tradeetional fats (glycerides), but an aw the "lipoids", wi a complex constitution.<ref name="leray_2012"/> ==Categories o lipids== ===Fatty acids=== [[File:Prostacyclin-2D-skeletal.png|thumb|[[Prostacyclin|I₂ - Prostacyclin]] (an ensaumple o a [[prostaglandin]], an eicosanoid fatty acid)]] [[Image:Leukotriene B4.svg|right|thumb|[[Leukotriene B4|LTB₄]] (an example o a [[leukotriene]], an eicosanoid fatty acid)]] [[Fatty acids]], or fatty acid residues whan thay are pairt o a lipid, are a diverse group o molecules synthesised bi cheen-elangation o an [[acetyl-CoA]] primer wi [[malonyl-CoA]] or [[methylmalonyl-CoA]] groups in a process cried [[fatty acid synthesis]].<ref name="Vance 2002"/><ref name="Brown 2007"/> Thay are made o a [[hydrocarbon chain]] that terminates wi a [[carboxylic acid]] group; this arrangement confers the molecule wi a [[chemical polarity|polar]], [[hydrophilic]] end, an a nonpolar, [[hydrophobic]] end that is [[solubility|insoluble]] in watter. The fatty acid structur is ane o the maist fundamental categories o biological lipids, an is commonly uised as a biggin-block o mair structurally complex lipids. The caurbon cheen, teepically atween fower an 24 caurbons lang,<ref name="Hunt 1995"/> mey be saturatit or [[unsaturatit compoond|unsaturatit]], an mey be attached tae [[functional group]]s conteenin [[oxygen]], [[halogen]]s, [[nitrogen]], an [[sulfur]]. ===Glycerolipids=== Glycerolipids are componed o mono-, di-, an tri-substitutit [[glycerol]]s,<ref name="Coleman 2004"/> the best-kent bein the fatty acid [[esters|triesters]] o glycerol, cried [[triglycerides]]. The wird "triacylglycerol" is whiles uised synonymously wi "triglyceride". In thir compoonds, the three hydroxyl groups o glycerol are ilk esterifee'd, teepically bi different fatty acids. Acause thay function as an energy store, thir lipids comprise the bouk o storage [[fat]] in ainimal tishies. The hydrolysis o the [[ester]] bonds o triglycerides an the release o glycerol an fatty acids frae [[adipose tishie]] are the ineetial steps in metabolisin fat.<ref>[[#Holde|van Holde and Mathews]], pp. 630–31.</ref> ===Glycerophospholipids=== [[File:Phosphatidyl-ethanolamine.svg|thumb|300px|[[Phosphatidylethanolamine]]]] Glycerophospholipids, uisually referred tae as [[phospholipid]]s (tho [[sphingomyelin]]s are an aw classified as phospholipids), are ubiquitous in naitur an are key components o the [[lipid bilayer]] o cells,<ref name="The Structure of a Membrane">{{cite web|title=The Structure of a Membrane|url=http://www.samuelfurse.com/2011/11/the-structure-of-a-membrane/|work=The Lipid Chronicles|accessdate=2011-12-31}}</ref> as weel as bein involved in [[metabolism]] an [[cell seegnalin]].<ref name="Berridge 1989"/> Neural tishie (includin the harn) conteens relatively heich amounts o glycerophospholipids, an alterations in thair composeetion haes been implicatit in various neurological disorders.<ref name="pmid10878232">{{cite journal | vauthors = Farooqui AA, Horrocks LA, Farooqui T | title = Glycerophospholipids in brain: their metabolism, incorporation into membranes, functions, and involvement in neurological disorders | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_chemistry-and-physics-of-lipids_2000-06_106_1/page/1 | journal = Chemistry and Physics of Lipids | volume = 106 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–29 | date = June 2000 | pmid = 10878232 | doi = 10.1016/S0009-3084(00)00128-6 }}</ref> Glycerophospholipids mey be subdividit intae distinct classes, based on the naiture f the polar headgroup at the ''sn''-3 poseetion o the glycerol backbone in [[eukaryote]]s an eubacteria, or the ''sn''-1 poseetion in the case o [[archaebacteria]].<ref name="Ivanova 2007"/> ===Sterol lipids=== Sterol lipids, sic as [[cholesterol]] an its derivatives, are an important component o membrane lipids,<ref name="Bach 2003"/> alang wi the glycerophospholipids an sphingomyelins. The [[steroid]]s, aw derived frae the same fused fower-raing core structur, hae different biological roles as [[hormone]]s an [[seegnalin molecules]]. The aichteen-caurbon (C18) steroids include the [[estrogen]] faimily whauras the C19 steroids comprise the [[androgen]]s sic as [[testosterone]] an [[androsterone]]. The C21 subcless includes the [[progestogens]] as well as the [[glucocorticoid]]s and [[mineralocorticoids]].<ref>[[#Stryer|Stryer ''et al.'']], p. 749.</ref> The [[secosteroid]]s, comprisin various forms o [[vitamin D]], are chairacterised bi cleavage o the B raing o the core structur.<ref name="Bouillon 2006"/> Ither ensaumples o [[sterol]]s are the [[bile acid]]s an thair conjugates,<ref name="Russell 2003"/> that in mammals are oxidised derivatives o cholesterol an are synthesised in the liver. The plant equivalents are the [[phytosterols]], sic as [[β-sitosterol]], [[stigmasterol]], an [[brassicasterol]]; the latter compoond is an aw uised as a [[biomerker]] for [[algae|algal]] growthe.<ref name="Villinski 2008"/> The predominant sterol in [[fungi|fungal]] cell membranes is [[ergosterol]].<ref name="Deacon 2005"/> ===Prenol lipids=== [[File:Geraniol structure.png|thumb|Prenol lipid (2E-geraniol)]] [[Prenol]] lipids are synthesised frae the five-caurbon-unit precursors [[isopentenyl diphosphate]] an [[dimethylallyl diphosphate]] that are produced mainly via the [[mevalonic acid]] (MVA) pathwey.<ref name="Kuzuyama 2003"/> The simple isoprenoids (linear alcohols, diphosphates, etc.) are formed bi the successive addeetion o C5 units, an are clessifee'd accordin tae nummer o thir [[terpene]] units. Structurs conteenin greater nor 40 caurbons are kent as polyterpenes. [[Carotenoid]]s are important semple isoprenoids that function as [[antioxidant]]s an as precursors o [[vitamin A]].<ref name="Rao 2007"/> Anither biologically important cless o molecules is ensaumplifee'd bi the [[quinone]]s and [[hydroquinone]]s, that conteen an isoprenoid tail attached tae a quinonoid core o nan-isoprenoid oreegin.<ref name="Brunmark 1989"/> [[Vitamin E]] and [[vitamin K]], as well as the [[ubiquinone]]s, are ensaumples o this class. Prokaryotes synthesize polyprenols (cried [[bactoprenol]]s) in that the terminal isoprenoid unit attached tae oxygen remains unsaturatit, whauras in ainimal polyprenols ([[dolichol]]s) the terminal isoprenoid is reduced.<ref name="Swiezewska 2005"/> ===Saccharolipids=== [[File:Kdo2-lipidA.png|thumb|right|300px|Structur o the saccharolipid Kdo₂-lipid A.<ref name="Raetz 2006"/> [[Glucosamine]] residues in blue, [[3-Deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid|Kdo]] residues in reid, [[acyl]] chains in reid an [[phosphate]] groups in green.]] [[Saccharolipid]]s descrive compounds in that fatty acids are airtit directly tae a succar backbane, formin structurs that are compatible wi membrane bilayers. In the saccharolipids, a [[monosaccharide]] substitutes for the glycerol backbane present in glycerolipids and glycerophospholipids. The maist familiar saccharolipids are the acylated [[glucosamine]] precursors o the [[lipid A|Lipid&nbsp;A]] component o the [[lipopolysaccharide]]s in [[Gram-negative bacteria]]. Teepical lipid&nbsp;A molecules are [[disaccharides]] o glucosamine, that are derivatised wi as many as seiven fatty-acyl chains. The meenimal lipopolysaccharide required for growthe in [[Escherichia coli|''E. coli'']] is Kdo₂-Lipid A, a hexa-acylatit disaccharide o glucosamine that is glycosylated wi two 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid (Kdo) residues.<ref name="Raetz 2006"/> ===Polyketides=== Polyketides are synthesised bi polymerisation o [[acetyl]] an [[Propionyl-CoA|propionyl]] subunits bi clessic enzymes as weel as iterative an multimodular enzymes that share mechanistic featurs wi the [[fatty acid synthase]]s. Thay comprise a lairge nummer o [[seicontar metabolite]]s an [[naitural products]] frae ainimal, plant, bacterial, fungal an marine soorces, an hae great structural diversity.<ref name="Walsh 2004"/><ref name="Caffrey 2008"/> Mony [[polyketide]]s are cyclic molecules that's backbanes are eften faur modifee'd bi [[glycosylation]], [[methylation]], [[hydroxylation]], [[oxidation]], or ither processes. Mony commonly uised [[anti-microbial]], [[anti-parasitic]], an [[anti-cancer]] agents are polyketides or polyketide derivatives, sic as [[erythromycin]]s, [[tetracycline antibiotics|tetracyclines]], [[avermectin]]s, an antitumor [[epothilone]]s.<ref name="Minto 2008"/> ==Metabolism== The major dietar lipids for humans an ither ainimals are ainimal an plant triglycerides, sterols, an membrane phospholipids. The process o lipid metabolism synthesizes an degrades the lipid stores an produces the structural an functional lipids chairactereestic o individual tishies. ===Biosynthesis=== In ainimals, whan thare is an owersupply o dietar carbohydrate, the excess carbohydrate is convertit tae triglycerides. This involves the synthesis o fatty acids frae acetyl-CoA an the esterification o fatty acids in the production o triglycerides, a process cried [[lipogenesis]].<ref>[[#Stryer|Stryer ''et al.'']], p. 634.</ref> Fatty acids are made bi [[fatty acid synthase]]s that polymerise an then reduce acetyl-CoA units. The acyl cheens in the fatty acids are extendit bi a cycle o reactions that add the acetyl group, reduce it tae an alcohol, [[dehydration reaction|dehydrate]] it tae an [[alkene]] group an then reduce it again tae an [[alkane]] group. The enzymes o fatty acid biosynthesis are dividit intae twa groups, in ainimals an fungi aw thir fatty acid synthase reactions are cairied oot bi a single multifunctional protein,<ref name="Chirala 2004"/> while in plant [[plastid]]s an bacteria separate enzymes perform ilk step in the pathwey.<ref name="White 2005"/><ref name="Ohlrogge 1997"/> The fatty acids mey be subsequently convertit tae triglycerides that are packaged in [[lipoproteins]] an secretit frae the liver. The synthesis o [[unsaturatit fatty acid]]s involves a [[desaturase|desaturation]] reaction, whaurbi a dooble bond is introduced intae the fatty acyl cheen. For example, in humans, the desaturation o [[stearic acid]] bi [[stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1]] produces [[oleic acid]]. The doobly unsaturatit fatty acid [[linoleic acid]] as weel as the treeply unsaturatit [[alpha-Linolenic acid|α-linolenic acid]] canna be synthesised in mammalian tishies, an are tharefore [[essential fatty acid]]s an maun be obteened frae the diet.<ref name="Stryer et al., p. 643">[[#Stryer|Stryer ''et al.'']], p. 643.</ref> Triglyceride synthesis taks place in the [[endoplasmic reticulum]] bi metabolic pathweys in that acyl groups in fatty acyl-CoAs are transferred tae the hydroxyl groups o glycerol-3-phosphate an diacylglycerol.<ref>[[#Stryer|Stryer ''et al.'']], pp. 733–739.</ref> [[Terpene]]s an [[terpenoid|isoprenoids]], includin the [[carotenoid]]s, are made bi the assemmly an modification o [[isoprene]] units donatit frae the reactive precursors [[isopentenyl pyrophosphate]] an [[dimethylallyl pyrophosphate]].<ref name="Kuzuyama 2003"/> Thir precursors can be made in different weys. In ainimals an [[archaea]], the [[mevalonate pathwey]] produces thir compoonds frae acetyl-CoA,<ref name="Grochowski 2006"/> while in plants an bacteria the [[non-mevalonate pathwey]] uises pyruvate an [[glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate]] as substrates.<ref name="Kuzuyama 2003"/><ref name="Lichtenthaler 1999"/> Ane important reaction that uises these activatit isoprene donors is [[steroid biosynthesis]]. Here, the isoprene units are jynt thegither tae mak [[squalene]] an then fauldit up an formed intae a set o raings tae mak [[lanosterol]].<ref name="Schroepfer 1981"/> Lanosterol can then be convertit intae ither steroids sic as [[cholesterol]] an [[ergosterol]].<ref name="Schroepfer 1981"/><ref name="Lees 1995"/> ===Degradation=== [[Beta oxidation]] is the metabolic process bi that fatty acids are braken doun in the [[mitochondria]] or in [[peroxisomes]] tae generate [[acetyl-CoA]]. For the maist pairt, fatty acids are oxidised bi a mechanism that is seemilar tae, but nae identical wi, a reversal o the process o fatty acid synthesis. That is, twa-caurbon fragments are remuived sequentially frae the carboxyl end o the acid after steps o [[dehydrogenation]], [[hydration reaction|hydration]], an [[oxidation]] tae form a [[keto acid|beta-keto acid]], that is split bi [[thiolysis]]. The acetyl-CoA is then ultimately convertit intae [[Adenosine triphosphate|ATP]], CO₂, an H₂O uising the [[citric acid cycle]] an the [[electron transport chain]]. Hence the citric acid cycle can start at acetyl-CoA whan fat is bein braken doun for energy if thare is little or na glucose available. The energy yield o the complete oxidation o the fatty acid palmitate is 106 ATP.<ref>[[#Stryer|Stryer ''et al.'']], pp. 625–626.</ref> Unsaturatit an odd-cheen fatty acids require addeetional enzymatic steps for degradation. ==References== {{Reflist|30em|refs= <ref name="Bach 2003">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bach D, Wachtel E | title = Phospholipid/cholesterol model membranes: formation of cholesterol crystallites | journal = Biochimica et Biophysica Acta | volume = 1610 | issue = 2 | pages = 187–97 | date = March 2003 | pmid = 12648773 | doi = 10.1016/S0005-2736(03)00017-8 }}</ref> <ref name="Berridge 1989">{{cite journal | vauthors = Berridge MJ, Irvine RF | title = Inositol phosphates and cell signalling | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1989-09-21_341_6239/page/n65 | journal = Nature | volume = 341 | issue = 6239 | pages = 197–205 | date = September 1989 | pmid = 2550825 | doi = 10.1038/341197a0 }}</ref> <ref name="Bouillon 2006">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bouillon R, Verstuyf A, Mathieu C, Van Cromphaut S, Masuyama R, Dehaes P, Carmeliet G | title = Vitamin D resistance | journal = Best Practice & Research. 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versatility | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2004-03-19_303_5665/page/1804 | journal = Science | volume = 303 | issue = 5665 | pages = 1805–10 | date = March 2004 | pmid = 15031493 | doi = 10.1126/science.1094318 }}</ref> <ref name="White 2005">{{cite journal | vauthors = White SW, Zheng J, Zhang YM | title = The structural biology of type II fatty acid biosynthesis | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-biochemistry_2005_74/page/791 | journal = Annual Review of Biochemistry | volume = 74 | pages = 791–831 | year = 2005 | pmid = 15952903 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.biochem.74.082803.133524 }}</ref> }} ===Bibliografie=== * {{cite book|ref=Bhagavan |author=Bhagavan NV|title=Medical Biochemistry |publisher=Harcourt/Academic Press |location=San Diego |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-12-095440-7 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=vT9YttFTPi0C&printsec=frontcover}} * {{cite book|ref=Devlin |author=Devlin TM|title=Textbook of Biochemistry: With Clinical Correlations |edition=4th |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |location=Chichester |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-471-17053-2}} * {{cite book|ref=Stryer |vauthors=Stryer L, Berg JM, Tymoczko JL |title=Biochemistry |url=https://archive.org/details/biochemistry0006berg |publisher=W.H. Freeman |location=San Francisco |edition=6th |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-7167-8724-2}} * {{cite book |ref=Holde |vauthors=van Holde KE, Mathews CK |title=Biochemistry |url=https://archive.org/details/biochemistry1996math |publisher=Benjamin/Cummings Pub. Co |location=Menlo Park, California |edition=2nd |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-8053-3931-4}} [[Category:Lipids|*]] [[Category:Unnerwatter divin pheesiology]] gc7koe08s3hvu6zvoeuaeti3yu5d6tt 0 73531 917712 909848 2026-06-04T16:15:27Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 2 books for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260604sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 917712 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Chromosome.svg|thumb|250px|Diagram o a replicatit an condensed [[metaphase]] eukaryotic chromosome. (1) [[Chromatid]]&nbsp;– ane o the twa identical pairts o the chromosome efter [[S phase]]. (2) [[Centromere]]&nbsp;– the pynt whaur the twa chromatids titch. (3) Short (p) airm. (4) Lang (q) airm.]] A '''chromosome''' (frae [[auncient Greek]]: χρωμόσωμα, ''chromosoma, chroma'' means colour, ''soma'' means bouk) is a [[DNA]] molecule wi pairt or aw o the genetic material ([[genome]]) o an organism. Maist [[eukaryotic]] chromosomes include [[Histone|packagin proteins]] that, aidit bi [[Chaperone (protein)|chaperone proteins]], bind to an [[DNA condensation|condense]] the DNA molecule tae prevent it frae acomin an unmanageable tangle.<ref name="HammondStrømme2017">{{cite journal |last1=Hammond |first1=Colin M. |last2=Strømme |first2=Caroline B. |last3=Huang |first3=Hongda |last4=Patel |first4=Dinshaw J. |last5=Groth |first5=Anja |title=Histone chaperone networks shaping chromatin function |journal=Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology |volume=18 |issue=3 |year=2017 |pages=141–158 |issn=1471-0072 |doi=10.1038/nrm.2016.159}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Wilson |first=John |title=Molecular biology of the cell : a problems approach |url=https://archive.org/details/molecularbiolog000wils |publisher=Garland Science |location=New York |year=2002 |isbn=0-8153-3577-6}}</ref> Chromosomes are normally veesible unner a [[licht microscope]] anly whan the cell is unnergaein the [[metaphase]] o [[cell diveesion]]. Afore this happens, ivery chromosome is copied ance ([[S phase]]), an the copy is jyned tae the oreeginal bi a [[centromere]], resultin aither in an X-shapit structur (picturt tae the richt) if the [[centromere]] is locatit in the middle o the chromosome or a twa-airm structur if the centromere is locatit near ane o the ends. The oreeginal chromosome an the copy are nou cried [[sister chromatids]]. In metaphase the X-shape structur is cried a metaphase chromosome. In this heichly condensed form chromosomes are easiest tae distinguish an study.<ref name="vlp.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de">{{cite book |url=http://vlp.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/library/data/lit28715? |title=Microscopical researches into the accordance in the structure and growth of animals and plants |last=Schleyden |first=M. J. |year=1847}}</ref> In ainimal cells, chromosomes reach thair heichest compaction level in anaphase in segregation.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Wolfram |first=Antonin |last2=Neumann |first2=Heinz |date=2016 |title=Chromosome condensation and decondensation during mitosis |journal=Current Opinion in Cell Biology |volume=40 |pages=19 |publisher=Elsevier Ltd. |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0955067416300059 |doi=10.1016/j.ceb.2016.01.013 |access-date=2017-11-06}}</ref> Chromosomal [[genetic recombination|recombination]] in [[meiosis]] an subsequent [[sexual reproduction]] play a seegneeficant role in genetic diversity. If thir structurs are manipulatit incorrectly, throu processes kent as chromosomal instability and translocation, the cell mey unnergae [[mitotic catastrophe]] an dee, or it mey unexpectitly evade [[apoptosis]], leadin to the progression o [[cancer]]. Some uise the term chromosome in a wider sense, tae refer tae the individualised portions o chromatin in cells, aither veesible or nae unner licht microscopy. Houiver, ithers uise the concept in a narraer sense, tae refer tae the individualised portions o chromatin in cell diveesion, veesible unner licht microscopy due tae heich condensation. == Etymology == The wird ''chromosome'' comes frae the [[Greek leid|Greek]] {{lang|grc|χρῶμα}} (''chroma'', "colour") an {{lang|grc|σῶμα}} (''soma'', "bouk"), descrivin thair strang stainin bi pairteecular [[dye]]s.<ref>{{cite book |title=Biological Stains – A Handbook on the Nature and Uses of the Dyes Employed in the Biological Laboratory |last=Coxx |first=H. J. |publisher=Commission on Standardization of Biological Stains |date=1925 |url=https://archive.org/stream/biologicalstains00conn/biologicalstains00conn_djvu.txt}}</ref> The term wis crautit bi [[Heinrich Wilhelm Gottfried von Waldeyer-Hartz|von Waldeyer-Hartz]],<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Waldeyer-Hartz |year=1888 |title=Über Karyokinese und ihre Beziehungen zu den Befruchtungsvorgängen |url= |journal=Archiv für mikroskopische Anatomie und Entwicklungsmechanik |volume=32 |issue= |page=27}}</ref> referrin tae the term [[chromatin]], that wis introduced bi [[Walther Flemming]]. == History o diskivery == The German scientists [[Matthias Jakob Schleiden|Schleiden]],<ref name="vlp.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de" /> [[Rudolf Virchow|Virchow]] an [[Butschli, O.|Bütschli]] war amang the first scientists that recognised the structurs nou fameeliar as chromosomes.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Fokin SI |year=2013 |title=Otto Bütschli (1848–1920) Where we will genuflect? |url=http://protistology.ifmo.ru/num8_1/fokin_protistology_8-1.pdf |format=PDF |journal=Protistology |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=22–35 |access-date=2018-08-01 |archive-date=2014-08-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808063603/http://protistology.ifmo.ru/num8_1/fokin_protistology_8-1.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Wilhelm Roux]] suggestit that ilk chromosome cairies a different [[genetic laid]]. Boveri wis able tae test an confirm this hypothesis. Aidit bi the rediskivery at the stairt o the 1900s o [[Gregor Mendel]]'s earlier wark, Boveri wis able tae pynt oot the connection atween the rules o inheritance an the behaviour o the chromosomes. Boveri influenced twa generations o American cytologists: [[Edmund Beecher Wilson]], [[Nettie Stevens]], [[Walter Sutton]] an [[Theophilus Painter]] war aw influenced bi Boveri (Wilson, Stevens, an Painter actually wirkit wi him).<ref>{{cite book |last=Carlson |first=Elof A. |title=Mendel's Legacy: The Origin of Classical Genetics |location=Cold Spring Harbor, NY |publisher=Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press |pages=88 |date=2004 |isbn=978-0-87969-675-7 |url=http://www.cshlpress.com/pdf/sample/mendel7.pdf}}</ref> In his famous textbeuk ''The Cell in Development and Heredity'', Wilson airtit thegither the independent wark o Boveri an Sutton (baith aroond 1902) bi namin the chromosome theory o inheritance the [[Boveri–Sutton chromosome theory]] (the names are whiles reversed).<ref>Wilson, E.B. (1925). ''The Cell in Development and Heredity'', Ed. 3. Macmillan, New York. p. 923.</ref> [[Ernst Mayr]] remerks that the theory wis hetly contestit bi some famous geneticists: [[William Bateson]], [[Wilhelm Johannsen]], [[Richard Goldschmidt]] an [[T.H. Morgan]], aw o a raither dogmatic turn o mynd. Eventually, complete pruif cam frae chromosome maps in Morgan's awn lab.<ref>Mayr, E. (1982). ''The growth of biological thought''. Harvard. p. 749.</ref> The nummer o human chromosomes wis published in 1923 by [[Theophilus Painter]]. Bi inspection throu the microscope, he coontit 24 pairs, that wad mean 48 chromosomes. His error wis copied bi ithers an it wis nae till 1956 that the true nummer, 46, wis determined bi Indonesie-born cytogeneticist [[Joe Hin Tjio]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The bizarre case of the chromosome that never was |first=Robert |last=Matthews |url=http://blogs.saschina.org/pudongtok/files/2010/03/Problems-with-authority-in-Science.pdf |access-date=13 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215103947/http://blogs.saschina.org/pudongtok/files/2010/03/Problems-with-authority-in-Science.pdf |archive-date=15 December 2013 |df= }} {{Cite web |url=http://blogs.saschina.org/pudongtok/files/2010/03/Problems-with-authority-in-Science.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2018-08-01 |archive-date=2013-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215103947/http://blogs.saschina.org/pudongtok/files/2010/03/Problems-with-authority-in-Science.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> == Prokaryotes == The prokaryotes&nbsp;– [[bacteria]] an [[archaea]]&nbsp;– teepically hae a single [[Circular bacterial chromosome|circular chromosome]], but mony variations exeest.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Thanbichler M, Shapiro L |title=Chromosome organization and segregation in bacteria |journal=Journal of Structural Biology |volume=156 |issue=2 |pages=292–303 |date=November 2006 |pmid=16860572 |doi=10.1016/j.jsb.2006.05.007}}</ref> The chromosomes o maist bacteria, that some authors prefer tae cry [[genophore]]s, can range in size frae anerly 130,000 [[base pair]]s in the [[endosymbiont|endosymbiotic]] bacteria ''[[Candidatus Hodgkinia cicadicola]]''<ref name="mccutcheon2014">{{cite journal |vauthors=Van Leuven JT, Meister RC, Simon C, McCutcheon JP |title=Sympatric speciation in a bacterial endosymbiont results in two genomes with the functionality of one |journal=Cell |volume=158 |issue=6 |pages=1270–1280 |date=September 2014 |pmid=25175626 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2014.07.047}}</ref> an ''[[Candidatus Tremblaya princeps]]'',<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=McCutcheon JP, von Dohlen CD |title=An interdependent metabolic patchwork in the nested symbiosis of mealybugs |journal=Current Biology |volume=21 |issue=16 |pages=1366–72 |date=August 2011 |pmid=21835622 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2011.06.051}}</ref> tae mair nor 14,000,000 base pairs in the sile-dwallin bacterium ''[[Sorangium cellulosum]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Han K, Li ZF, Peng R, Zhu LP, Zhou T, Wang LG, Li SG, Zhang XB, Hu W, Wu ZH, Qin N, Li YZ |title=Extraordinary expansion of a Sorangium cellulosum genome from an alkaline milieu |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=3 |pages=2101 |date=2013 |pmid=23812535 |doi=10.1038/srep02101 |bibcode=2013NatSR...3E2101H}}</ref> [[Spirochaete]]s o the [[genus]] ''Borrelia'' are a notable exception tae this arrangement, wi bacteria sic as ''[[Borrelia burgdorferi]]'', the cause o [[Lyme disease]], conteenin a single ''linear'' chromosome.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hinnebusch J, Tilly K |title=Linear plasmids and chromosomes in bacteria |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_molecular-microbiology_1993-12_10_5/page/917 |journal=Molecular Microbiology |volume=10 |issue=5 |pages=917–22 |date=December 1993 |pmid=7934868 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2958.1993.tb00963.x}}</ref> === Structur in sequences === Prokaryotic chromosomes hae less sequence-based structur nor eukaryotes. Bacteria teepically hae a ane-pynt (the [[oreegin o replication]]) frae that replication starts, whauras some archaea conteen multiple replication oreegins.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Kelman LM, Kelman Z |title=Multiple origins of replication in archaea |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_trends-in-microbiology_2004-09_12_9/page/399 |journal=Trends in Microbiology |volume=12 |issue=9 |pages=399–401 |date=September 2004 |pmid=15337158 |doi=10.1016/j.tim.2004.07.001}}</ref> The genes in prokaryotes are eften organised in [[operons]], an dae nae uisually conteen [[intron]]s, unlik eukaryotes. === DNA packagin === [[Prokaryote]]s dae nae possess nuclei. Insteid, thair DNA is organised intae a structur cried the [[nucleoid]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Thanbichler M, Wang SC, Shapiro L |title=The bacterial nucleoid: a highly organized and dynamic structure |journal=Journal of Cellular Biochemistry |volume=96 |issue=3 |pages=506–21 |date=October 2005 |pmid=15988757 |doi=10.1002/jcb.20519}}</ref><ref name="pmid24158908">{{cite journal |vauthors=Le TB, Imakaev MV, Mirny LA, Laub MT |title=High-resolution mapping of the spatial organization of a bacterial chromosome |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2013-11-08_342_6159/page/730 |journal=Science |volume=342 |issue=6159 |pages=731–4 |date=November 2013 |pmid=24158908 |doi=10.1126/science.1242059 |bibcode=2013Sci...342..731L}}</ref> The nucleoid is a distinct structur an occupies a defined region o the bacterial cell. This structur is, houiver, dynamic an is mainteened an remodeled bi the actions o a range o histone-lik proteins, that associate wi the bacterial chromosome.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Sandman K, Pereira SL, Reeve JN |title=Diversity of prokaryotic chromosomal proteins and the origin of the nucleosome |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_cellular-and-molecular-life-sciences_1998-12_54_12/page/1350 |journal=Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences |volume=54 |issue=12 |pages=1350–64 |date=December 1998 |pmid=9893710 |doi=10.1007/s000180050259}}</ref> In [[archaea]], the DNA in chromosomes is even mair organised, wi the DNA packaged within structurs seemilar tae eukaryotic nucleosomes.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Sandman K, Reeve JN |title=Structure and functional relationships of archaeal and eukaryal histones and nucleosomes |url=https://archive.org/details/archives-of-microbiology_2000-03_173_3/page/165 |journal=Archives of Microbiology |volume=173 |issue=3 |pages=165–9 |date=March 2000 |pmid=10763747 |doi=10.1007/s002039900122}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Pereira SL, Grayling RA, Lurz R, Reeve JN |title=Archaeal nucleosomes |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_1997-11-11_94_23/page/12633 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=94 |issue=23 |pages=12633–7 |date=November 1997 |pmid=9356501 |doi=10.1073/pnas.94.23.12633 |bibcode=1997PNAS...9412633P}}</ref> Certaint bacteria an aw conteen [[plasmid]]s or ither [[extrachromosomal DNA]]. Thir are circular structurs in the [[cytoplasm]] that conteen cellular DNA an play a role in [[horizontal gene transfer]].<ref name="vlp.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de" /> In prokaryotes an [[virus]]es,<ref name="sciencedirect.com">{{cite journal |vauthors=Johnson JE, Chiu W |title=Structures of virus and virus-like particles |journal=Current Opinion in Structural Biology |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=229–35 |date=April 2000 |pmid=10753814 |doi=10.1016/S0959-440X(00)00073-7}}</ref> the DNA is eften densely packed an organised; in the case o [[archaea]], bi homology tae eukaryotic histones, an in the case o bacteria, bi [[Histone-lik nucleoid-structurin protein|histone-lik]] proteins. Bacterial chromosomes tend tae be tethered tae the [[plasma membrane]] o the bacteria. In molecular biology application, this allous for its isolation frae plasmid DNA bi centrifugation o lysed bacteria an pelletin o the membranes (an the attached DNA). Prokaryotic chromosomes an plasmids are, lik eukaryotic DNA, generally [[Mechanical properties o DNA#Supercoiled DNA|supercoiled]]. The DNA maun first be released intae its relaxed state for access for [[Transcription (genetics)|transcription]], regulation, an [[DNA replication|replication]]. == Eukaryotes == [[File:Eukaryote DNA-en.svg|thumb|280px|Organisation o DNA in a eukaryotic cell.]] Chromosomes in eukaryotes are componed o [[chromatin]] feebre. Chromatin feebre is made o [[nucleosome]]s ([[histone octamer]]s wi pairt o a DNA straund attached tae an wrappit aroond it). Chromatin feebres are packaged bi proteins intae a condensed structur cried [[chromatin]]. Chromatin conteens the vast majority o DNA and a [[Mitochondrial DNA|smaw amoont]] inheritit maternally, can be foond in the [[Mitochondrion|mitochondria]]. Chromatin is present in maist [[Cell (biology)|cells]], wi a few exceptions, for ensaumple, [[reid bluid cell]]s. Chromatin allous the verra lang DNA molecules tae fit intae the [[cell nucleus]]. In cell diveesion chromatin condenses forder tae form microscopically veesible chromosomes. The structur o chromosomes varies throu the [[cell cycle]]. In cellular division chromosomes are replicatit, dividit, an passed successfully tae thair dauchter cells sae as tae ensur the genetic diversity an survival o their [[affspring|progeny]]. Chromosomes mey exeest as aither duplicatit or unduplicatit. Unduplicatit chromosomes are single dooble helixes, whauras duplicatit chromosomes conteen twa identical copies (called [[chromatids]] or [[sister chromatids]]) jynt bi a [[centromere]]. [[File:Chromatin Structures.png|thumb|center|850px|The major structurs in DNA compaction: [[DNA]], the [[nucleosome]], the 10&nbsp;nm "beads-on-a-string" feebre, the 30&nbsp;nm feebre an the [[metaphase]] chromosome.]] [[Eukaryotes]] ([[cell (biology)|cells]] wi nuclei sic as thae foond in plants, fungi, an ainimals) possess multiple lairge linear chromosomes conteened in the cell's nucleus. Ilk chromosome haes ane [[centromere]], wi ane or twa airms projectin frae the centromere, awtho, unner mist circumstances, thir airms are nae veesible as sic. In addeetion, maist eukaryotes hae a smaw circular [[Mitochondrion|mitochondrial]] [[Mitochondrial DNA|genome]], an some eukaryotes mey hae additional smaw circular or linear [[cytoplasm]]ic chromosomes. In the nuclear chromosomes o [[eukaryote]]s, the uncondensed DNA exists in a semi-ordered structur, whaur it is wrapped aroond [[histone]]s (structural [[protein]]s), formin a composite material cried [[chromatin]]. === Human chromosomes === Chromosomes in humans can be dividit intae twa teeps: [[autosome]]s (bouk chromosome(s)) an allosome ([[sex chromosome]](s)). Certaint genetic traits are airtit tae a person's sex an are passed on throu the sex chromosomes. The autosomes conteen the rest o the genetic hereditary information. Aw act in the same wey in cell diveesion. Human cells hae 23 pairs o chromosomes (22 pairs o autosomes an ane pair o sex chromosomes), giein a tot o 46 per cell. In addeetion tae thir, human cells hae mony hunders o copies o the [[mitochondrial genome]]. [[DNA sequencin|Sequencin]] o the [[human genome]] haes providit a great deal o information aboot ilk o the chromosomes. Ablo is a table compilin stateestics for the chromosomes, based on the [[Sanger Institute]]'s human genome information in the [[Vertebrate an Genome Annotation Project|Vertebrate Genome Annotation (VEGA) database]].<ref>[http://vega.sanger.ac.uk/Homo_sapiens/index.html Vega.sanger.ad.uk], all data in this table was derived from this database, November 11, 2008.</ref> Nummer o genes is an estimate, as it is in pairt based on [[gene predeection]]s. Tot chromosome lenth is an estimate as weel, based on the estimatit size o unsequenced [[heterochromatin]] regions. [[File:Genes and base pairs on chromosomes.svg|frame|Estimatit nummer o genes an base pairs (in mega base pairs) on ilk human chromosome]] {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right" |+ |- ! Chromosome !! [[Gene]]s<ref>{{cite web |url=http://apr2013.archive.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Location/Chromosome?r=1:1-1000000 |title=Ensembl genome browser 71: Homo sapiens – Chromosome summary – Chromosome 1: 1–1,000,000 |website=apr2013.archive.ensembl.org |access-date=2016-04-11}}</ref> !! Tot [[Nucleobase|base pairs]] !! % o bases !! Sequenced base pairs<ref>Sequenced percentages are based on fraction o euchromatin portion, as the [[Human Genome Project]] goals cried for determination o anerly the [[euchromatin|euchromatic]] portion o the genome. [[Telomere]]s, [[centromere]]s, an ither [[heterochromatin|heterochromatic]] regions hae been left undetermined, as hae a smaw nummer o unclonable gaps. See https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/seq/ for mair information on the Human Genome Project.</ref> |- | [[Chromosome 1 (human)|1]] ||2000|| 247,199,719 ||8.0|| 224,999,719 |- | [[Chromosome 2 (human)|2]] ||1300|| 242,751,149 ||7.9|| 237,712,649 |- | [[Chromosome 3 (human)|3]] ||1000|| 199,446,827 ||6.5|| 194,704,827 |- | [[Chromosome 4 (human)|4]] ||1000|| 191,263,063 ||6.2|| 187,297,063 |- | [[Chromosome 5 (human)|5]] ||900|| 180,837,866 ||5.9|| 177,702,766 |- | [[Chromosome 6 (human)|6]] ||1000|| 170,896,993 ||5.5|| 167,273,993 |- | [[Chromosome 7 (human)|7]] ||900|| 158,821,424 ||5.2|| 154,952,424 |- | [[Chromosome 8 (human)|8]] ||700|| 146,274,826 ||4.7|| 142,612,826 |- | [[Chromosome 9 (human)|9]] ||800|| 140,442,298 ||4.6|| 120,312,298 |- | [[Chromosome 10 (human)|10]] ||700|| 135,374,737 ||4.4|| 131,624,737 |- | [[Chromosome 11 (human)|11]] ||1300|| 134,452,384 ||4.4|| 131,130,853 |- | [[Chromosome 12 (human)|12]] ||1100|| 132,289,534 ||4.3|| 130,303,534 |- | [[Chromosome 13 (human)|13]] ||300|| 114,127,980 ||3.7|| 95,559,980 |- | [[Chromosome 14 (human)|14]] ||800|| 106,360,585 ||3.5|| 88,290,585 |- | [[Chromosome 15 (human)|15]] ||600|| 100,338,915 ||3.3|| 81,341,915 |- | [[Chromosome 16 (human)|16]] ||800|| 88,822,254 ||2.9|| 78,884,754 |- | [[Chromosome 17 (human)|17]] ||1200|| 78,654,742 ||2.6|| 77,800,220 |- | [[Chromosome 18 (human)|18]] ||200|| 76,117,153 ||2.5|| 74,656,155 |- | [[Chromosome 19 (human)|19]] ||1500|| 63,806,651 ||2.1|| 55,785,651 |- | [[Chromosome 20 (human)|20]] ||500|| 62,435,965 ||2.0|| 59,505,254 |- | [[Chromosome 21 (human)|21]] ||200|| 46,944,323 ||1.5|| 34,171,998 |- | [[Chromosome 22 (human)|22]] ||500|| 49,528,953 ||1.6|| 34,893,953 |- | [[X chromosome|X (sex chromosome)]] ||800|| 154,913,754 ||5.0|| 151,058,754 |- | [[Y chromosome|Y (sex chromosome)]] ||50|| 57,741,652 ||1.9|| 25,121,652 |- class="sortbottom" ! Total ||style="text-align:right"| 21,000 ||style="text-align:right"| 3,079,843,747 ||style="text-align:right"| 100.0 ||style="text-align:right"| 2,857,698,560 |} == Karyotype == {{main|Karyotype}} In general, the '''karyotype''' is the chairactereestic chromosome complement o a [[eukaryote]] [[species]].<ref>{{cite book |author=White, M. J. D. |title=The chromosomes |url=https://archive.org/details/chromosomes01whit |publisher=Chapman and Hall, distributed by Halsted Press, New York |location=London |date=1973 |page=[https://archive.org/details/chromosomes01whit/page/n41 28] |isbn=0-412-11930-7 |edition=6th}}</ref> The preparation an study o karyotypes is pairt o [[cytogenetics]]. == Aberrations == Chromosomal aberrations are disruptions in the normal chromosomal content o a cell an are a major cause o genetic conditions in humans, sic as [[Down syndrome]], awtho maist aberrations hae little tae na effect. Some chromosome abnormalities dae nae cause disease in cairiers, sic as [[translocations]], or [[chromosomal inversions]], awtho thay mey lead tae a heicher chance o beirin a bairn wi a chromosome disorder. Abnormal numbers o chromosomes or chromosome sets, cried [[aneuploidy]], mey be lethal or mey gie rise tae genetic disorders.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Santaguida S, Amon A |title=Short- and long-term effects of chromosome mis-segregation and aneuploidy |journal=Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology |volume=16 |issue=8 |pages=473–85 |date=August 2015 |pmid=26204159 |doi=10.1038/nrm4025}}</ref> [[Genetic coonselin]] is offered for faimilies that mey cairy a chromosome rearrangement. The gain or loss o DNA frae chromosomes can lead tae a variety o [[genetic disorders]]. Human ensaumples include: * [[Down syndrome]], the maist common trisomy, usually caused bi an extra copy o chromosome 21 ([[trisomy 21]]). Chairactereestics include decreased muscle tone, stockier big, asymmetrical skull, slantin een an mild tae moderate developmental disability.<ref>{{cite book |last=Miller |first=Kenneth R. |name-list-format=vanc |title=Biology |url=https://archive.org/details/biology0000mill |publisher=Prentice Hall |location=Upper Saddle River, New Jersey |date=2000 |edition=5th |pages=[https://archive.org/details/biology0000mill/page/194 194]–5 |chapter=Chapter 9-3 |isbn=0-13-436265-9}}</ref> * [[Edwards syndrome]], or trisomy-18, the seicont maist common trisomy.<ref>{{cite web |title=What is Trisomy 18? |url=http://www.trisomy18.org/what-is-trisomy-18/ |website=Trisomy 18 Foundation |access-date=4 February 2017 |archive-date=2017-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130142121/http://www.trisomy18.org/what-is-trisomy-18/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Symptoms include motor retardation, developmental disability an numerous congenital anomalies causin serious heal problems. Ninety percent o thae affectit die in infancy. Thay hae chairactereestic clenched haunds an owerlaippin fingers. * [[Klinefelter syndrome]] (XXY). Men wi Klinefelter syndrome are uisually sterile an tend tae be tawer an hae langer airms an legs nor thair peers. Boys wi the syndrome are eften shy an quiet an hae a heicher incidence o [[speech delay]] an [[dyslexia]]. Withoot testosterone treatment, some mey develop [[gynecomastia]] in puberty. == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Chromosomes| ]] [[Category:Nuclear substructurs]] [[Category:Cytogenetics]] tcscj2ei7b9rxmp4t8gtb0v4pb3s6ou 0 84161 917724 909824 2026-06-04T16:26:55Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260604sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 917724 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox planet | bgcolour = #FFFFC0 | name = Ceres | symbol= [[File:Ceres symbol (bold).svg|24px|⚳]] | image = [[File:Ceres - RC3 - Haulani Crater (22381131691) (cropped).jpg|250px]] | caption = A view o Ceres in naitural colour, picturt bi the ''[[Dawn (spacecraft)|Dawn]]'' spacecraft in Mey 2015.<ref group="lower-alpha">This image wis taken bi the ''Dawn'' spacecraft on 2 Mey 2015, during a "rotation chairacterisation" orbit, {{convert|13,642|km|mi}} abuin the surface o Ceres. Veesible at centre an centre richt are twa [[Bricht spots on Ceres|bricht spots]], a phenomenon common on Ceres, in Oxo an [[Haulani (crater)|Haulani]] craters respectively. [[Ahuna Mons]] is an aa veesible in the image as a noticeable, bluff hill, seen juist richt o bottom.</ref> | discovery = yes | discovery_ref =<ref>{{cite book |last=Schmadel |first=Lutz |authorlink=Lutz D. Schmadel |title=Dictionary of minor planet names |url=http://books.google.com/?id=KWrB1jPCa8AC&pg=PA15 |edition=5th |year=2003 |publisher=Springer |location=Germany |isbn=978-3-540-00238-3 |page=15 }}</ref> | discoverer = [[Giuseppe Piazzi]] | discovered = 1 Januar 1801 | designations = yes | mp_name = '''1 Ceres''' | pronounced = {{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɪər|iː|z}} {{respell|SEER|eez}} | named_after = [[Ceres (meethology)|Cerēs]] | alt_names = A899 OF; 1943 XB | adjectives = Cererian {{IPA|/sɨˈrɪəri.ən/}}<br>or Cererean {{IPA|/sɛrɨˈriːən/}}<ref name="Simpson1979">{{cite book |last=Simpson |first=D. P. |title=Cassell's Latin Dictionary |publisher=Cassell Ltd |year=1979 |edition=5th |location=London |isbn=978-0-304-52257-6 |page=883 }}</ref> | mp_category = [[dwarf planet]]<br>[[main belt]] | orbit_ref =<ref name="jpl_sbdb">{{cite web |url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=Ceres |title=1 Ceres |publisher=JPL Small-Body Database Browser |accessdate=3 December 2013 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/69fuVB1N8?url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=Ceres |archivedate=2012-08-04 |deadurl=no |url-status=live }}</ref> | epoch = 2013-Nov-04<br>([[Julian day|JD]] {{val|2456600.5}}) | aphelion = {{val|445280000|u=km}} <br>({{val|2.9765|ul=AU}}) | perihelion = {{val|382520000|u=km}} <br>({{val|2.5570|u=AU}}) | semimajor = {{val|413910000|u=km}} <br>({{val|2.7668|u=AU}}) | eccentricity = {{val|0.075797}} | period = 4.60&nbsp;[[julian year (astronomy)|yr]]<br>1680.99&nbsp;d | synodic_period = 466.7&nbsp;[[Julian day|d]]<br>1.278&nbsp;[[julian year (astronomy)|yr]] | inclination = {{val|10.593|u=°}} tae [[Ecliptic]]<br>9.20° tae [[Invariable plane]]<ref name="meanplane">{{cite web |date=3 April 2009 |title=The MeanPlane (Invariable plane) of the Solar System passing through the barycenter |url=http://home.surewest.net/kheider/astro/MeanPlane.gif |accessdate=10 April 2009 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5glwILykY?url=http://home.comcast.net/~kpheider/MeanPlane.gif |archivedate=2009-05-14 |deadurl=no |url-status=live }} (produced with [http://chemistry.unina.it/~alvitagl/solex/ Solex 10] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080301111520/http://chemistry.unina.it/~alvitagl/solex/ |date=2008-03-01 }} written by Aldo Vitagliano; see also [[Invariable plane]])</ref> | arg_peri = {{val|72.2921|u=°}} | asc_node = {{val|80.3276|u=°}} | mean_anomaly = {{val|10.557|u=°}} | avg_speed = {{val|17.882|u=km/s}} | p_orbit_ref =<ref name="Ceres-POE">{{cite web |title=AstDyS-2 Ceres Synthetic Proper Orbital Elements |publisher=Department of Mathematics, University of Pisa, Italy |url=http://hamilton.dm.unipi.it/astdys/index.php?pc=1.1.6&n=1 |accessdate=1 October 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/62D4xP3TU?url=http://hamilton.dm.unipi.it/astdys/index.php?pc=1.1.6 |archivedate=2011-10-05 |deadurl=no |url-status=live }}</ref> | p_semimajor = {{val|2.7670962}} | p_eccentricity = {{val|0.1161977}} | p_inclination = {{val|9.6474122|u=°}} | p_mean_motion = 78.193318 | perihelion_rate = {{val|54.070272}} | node_rate = {{val|-59.170034}} | satellites = None | allsatellites=yes | physical_characteristics = yes | mean_radius = 476.2 ± ?? km<ref name="NASA.ceres">{{cite web |url=http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Dwa_Ceres&Display=Facts&System=Metric |title=Ceres |work=NASA fact sheet |publisher=NASA |date=2014-04-02 |accessdate=2014-05-04 |archive-date=2015-02-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208141426/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Dwa_Ceres&Display=Facts&System=Metric |url-status=dead }}</ref> | equatorial_radius = {{val|487.3|1.8|u=km}}<ref name="Thomas2005">{{cite journal |first1=P. C. |last1=Thomas |author2=Parker, J. Wm.; McFadden, L. A.; ''et al.'' |title=Differentiation of the asteroid Ceres as revealed by its shape |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2005-09-08_437_7056/page/224 |year=2005 |journal=Nature |volume=437 |pages=224–226 |doi=10.1038/nature03938 |bibcode=2005Natur.437..224T |pmid=16148926 |issue=7056 }}</ref> | equatorial_diameter = {{val|975.6|1.8|u=km}}<ref name="Thomas2005" /> | polar_radius = {{val|454.7|1.6|u=km}}<ref name="Thomas2005" /> | surface_area = {{val|2850000|u=km2}} | mass={{val|9.43|0.07|e=20|u=kg}},<ref name="Carry2008">{{cite journal |first1=Benoit |last1=Carry |author2=''et al.'' |title=Near-Infrared Mapping and Physical Properties of the Dwarf-Planet Ceres |year=2007 |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |volume=478 |issue=1 |pages=235–244 |url=http://www2.keck.hawaii.edu/inst/people/conrad/nsfGrantRef/2007-arXiv-Benoit.Carry.pdf |format=PDF |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20078166 |bibcode=2008A&A...478..235C |arxiv=0711.1152 |access-date=2014-11-07 |archive-date=2008-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530130946/http://www2.keck.hawaii.edu/inst/people/conrad/nsfGrantRef/2007-arXiv-Benoit.Carry.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> 9.47±??<ref name="NASA.ceres" /><br> {{val|0.00015|u=[[Yird mass|Yirds]]}}<br>0.0128 [[Muin]]s | density={{val|2.077|0.036|u=g/cm3}},<ref name="Thomas2005" /> 2.09±??<ref name="NASA.ceres" /> |surface_grav = 0.28 [[Acceleration|m/s²]]<ref name="NASA.ceres" /><br>0.029 [[g-force|''g'']] | escape_velocity={{V2|0.943|476.2|2}}&nbsp;km/s<ref name="fact2">Calculated based on the known parameters</ref> | sidereal_day = {{val|0.3781|u=d}}<br>{{val|9.074170|0.000002|u=h}}<ref name="Chamberlain2007">{{cite journal |last1=Chamberlain |first1=Matthew A. |author2=Sykes, Mark V.; Esquerdo, Gilbert A. |year=2007 |title=Ceres lightcurve analysis – Period determination |journal=Icarus |volume=188 |issue=2 |pages=451–456 |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2006.11.025 |bibcode=2007Icar..188..451C }}</ref> | right_asc_north_pole = {{RA|19|24}} <br>291°<ref name="Thomas2005" /> | declination = 59°<ref name="Thomas2005" /> | axial_tilt = ≈&thinsp;3°<ref name="Thomas2005" /> | albedo={{val|0.090|0.0033}} ([[geometric albedo|V-band geometric]])<ref name="Li2006" /> | temperatures = yes | temp_name1 = [[Kelvin]] | min_temp_1 = ? | mean_temp_1 = ≈&thinsp;168&nbsp;K<ref>{{cite book |author=Angelo, Joseph A., Jr |year=2006 |title=Encyclopedia of Space and Astronomy |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofsp0000ange |publisher=Infobase |location=New York |isbn=0-8160-5330-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofsp0000ange/page/122 122] }}</ref> | max_temp_1 = 235&nbsp;K<ref name="Saint-Pe1993">{{cite journal |last1=Saint-Pé |first1=O. |author2=Combes, N.; Rigaut F. |title=Ceres surface properties by high-resolution imaging from Earth |url=https://archive.org/details/icarus_1993-10_105_2/page/271 |year=1993 |volume=105 |issue=2 |pages=271–281 |journal=Icarus |doi=10.1006/icar.1993.1125 |bibcode=1993Icar..105..271S }}</ref> | spectral_type=[[C-type asteroid|C]]<ref name="Rivkin2006">{{cite journal |last1=Rivkin |first1=A. S. |author2=Volquardsen, E. L.; Clark, B. E. |title=The surface composition of Ceres:Discovery of carbonates and iron-rich clays |journal=Icarus |volume=185 |issue=2 |pages=563–567 |year=2006 |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2006.08.022 |url=http://irtfweb.ifa.hawaii.edu/~elv/icarus185.563.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=8 December 2007 |bibcode=2006Icar..185..563R }}</ref> | magnitude = 6.64<ref name="Pasachoff1983">{{cite book |author=Menzel, Donald H.; and Pasachoff, Jay M. |year=1983 |title=A Field Guide to the Stars and Planets |edition=2nd |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |location=Boston, MA |isbn=978-0-395-34835-2 |page=391 }}</ref> tae 9.34<ref name="fact3">APmag and AngSize generated with [http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons.cgi?find_body=1&body_group=sb&sstr=1 Horizons](Ephemeris: Observer Table: Quantities = 9,13,20,29) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204223838/https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons.cgi?find_body=1 |date=2021-02-04 }}</ref> | abs_magnitude ={{val|3.36|0.02}}<ref name="Li2006">{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Jian-Yang |author2=McFadden, Lucy A.; Parker, Joel Wm. |title=Photometric analysis of 1 Ceres and surface mapping from HST observations |journal=Icarus |volume=182 |issue=1 |pages=143–160 |year=2006 |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2005.12.012 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103506000054 |accessdate=8 December 2007 |bibcode=2006Icar..182..143L }}</ref> | angular_size = 0.854″ <!-- Horizons 1636-Feb-11 --> to 0.339″ }} '''Ceres''' ([[minor-planet designation]] '''1 Ceres'''; seembol: [[File:Ceres symbol (bold).svg|16px|⚳]])<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/infographics/what-is-a-dwarf-planet |author= JPL/NASA |date= 2015-04-22 |website= Jet Propulsion Laboratory |title= What is a Dwarf Planet? |access-date= 2022-01-19}}</ref> {{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɪər|iː|z}} ({{respell|SEER|eez}})<ref>{{cite web |title=Ceres |work=Dictionary.com |publisher=Random House, Inc. |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/ceres |accessdate=26 September 2007 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/62D65VxlL?url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/ceres |archivedate=2011-10-05 |deadurl=no |url-status=live }}</ref> is the lairgest object in the [[asteroid belt]], which lies atween the orbits o [[Maurs]] an [[Jupiter]]. ==Notes== <references group="lower-alpha"/> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Minor planets navigator|PageName=1 Ceres||2 Pallas|state=autocollapse}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ceres (Dwarf Planet)}} [[Category:Asteroids named frae Roman meethology|Ceres]] [[Category:Asteroids tae be visitit bi spacecraft|Ceres]] [[Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 1801|18010101]] [[Category:Ceres (dwarf planet)| ]] [[Category:C-type asteroids|000001]] rtjgjgyz7dbhys9largqei25anjfoor 0 84197 917737 803360 2026-06-04T16:34:53Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260604sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 917737 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{Taxobox | image = Apocynum cannabinum 5.jpg | image_caption = ''[[Apocynum cannabinum]]'' | regnum = [[Plant]]ae | unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]] | unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]] | unranked_ordo = [[Asterids]] | ordo = [[Gentianales]] | familia = '''Apocynaceae''' | familia_authority = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]] | type_genus = ''[[Apocynum]]'' | type_genus_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] | synonyms = *Asclepiadaceae <small>[[Moritz Balthasar Borkhausen|Borkh.]]</small> (nom. cons.) *Periplocaceae <small>[[Rudolf Schlechter|Schltr.]]</small> (nom. cons.) *Plumeriaceae <small>[[Paul Fedorowitsch Horaninow|Horan.]]</small> *Stapeliaceae <small>[[Paul Fedorowitsch Horaninow|Horan.]]</small> *Vincaceae <small>[[Lorenz Chrysanth von Vest|Vest]]</small> *Willughbeiaceae <small>[[Jacob Georg Agardh|J. Agardh]]</small> }} '''Apocynaceae''' is a faimily o [[Angiosperm|flouerin plant]]s that includes [[tree]]s, [[shrub]]s, [[yerb]]s, [[stem succulent]]s, an [[vine]]s, commonly cried the dogbane faimily,<ref name="BotanicalReview2000">{{cite journal |author=Endress ME, Bruyns PV|year=2000|title=A revised classification of the Apocynaceae s.l.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_botanical-review_january-march-2000_66_1/page/1|journal=The Botanical Review|volume=66|issue=1|pages=1–56|doi=10.1007/BF02857781}}</ref> efter the American plant kent as dogbane, ''[[Apocynum cannabinum]]''.<ref>{{cite book|author=Heiser CB|title=Weeds in my garden: observations on some misunderstood plants|year=2003|publisher=Timber Press|location=Portland, Oregon|ISBN=0-88192-562-4|page=50|url=http://books.google.com/?id=nN1ohECdSC8C&pg=PA50&dq=Apocynaceae+dogbane#v=onepage&q=Apocynaceae%20dogbane&f=false}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Apocynaceae| ]] [[Category:Asterid faimilies]] {{Stub/Plaunt}} abaugh8jhcg4f2kast1ejef4wevr6ub 0 85656 917719 892887 2026-06-04T16:23:36Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260604sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 917719 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox | name = Proteobacteria | image = E. coli Bacteria (7316101966).jpg | image_caption = ''[[Escherichia coli]]'' | taxon = Proteobacteria | authority = Stackebrandt et al., 1988,<ref name=stack>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1099/00207713-38-3-321|title=Proteobacteria classis nov., a Name for the Phylogenetic Taxon That Includes the "Purple Bacteria and Their Relatives"|year=1988|last1=Stackebrandt|first1=E.|last2=Murray|first2=R. G. E.|last3=Truper|first3=H. G.|journal=International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology|volume=38|issue=3|pages=321–325 }}</ref> Garrity et al. 2005<ref>Garrity, G. M., Bell, J. A. & Lilburn, T. (2005). Phylum XIV. Proteobacteria phyl. nov. In: ''Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology'', 2nd edn, vol. 2 (The Proteobacteria), part B (The Gammaproteobacteria), p. 1. Edited by D. J. Brenner, N. R. Krieg, J. T. Staley & G. M. Garrity. New York: Springer.</ref> | subdivision_ranks = Cless | subdivision = ''[[Alphaproteobacteria]]''<ref name=GarrityBellLilburn>{{cite book | vauthors = Garrity GM, Bell JA, Lilburn T | chapter = Class I. ''Alphaproteobacteria'' class. nov. | veditors = Brenner DJ, Krieg NR, Staley JT, Garrity GM | title = Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology Volume 2: The ''Proteobacteria'' Part C (The Alpha-, Beta-, Delta- and Epsilonproteobacteria | edition=2nd | publisher = Springer | year = 2005 | page=1 | doi=10.1002/9781118960608.cbm00041| isbn = 9781118960608 }}</ref><br /> ''[[Betaproteobacteria]]''<ref name=Bodenetal2017>{{cite journal |vauthors=Boden R, Hutt LP, Rae AW |year=2017 |title=Reclassification of ''Thiobacillus aquaesulis'' (Wood & Kelly, 1995) as ''Annwoodia aquaesulis'' gen. nov., comb. nov., transfer of ''Thiobacillus'' (Beijerinck, 1904) from the ''Hydrogenophilales'' to the ''Nitrosomonadales'', proposal of ''Hydrogenophilalia'' class. nov. within the "''Proteobacteria''", and four new families within the orders ''Nitrosomonadales'' and ''Rhodocyclales''. |url=https://archive.org/details/international-journal-systematic-evolutionary-microbiology_2017_67_5/page/1191 |journal= International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology |volume=67 |issue=5 |pages=1191–1205 |doi=10.1099/ijsem.0.001927|pmid=28581923 }}</ref><br/> ''[[Hydrogenophilalia]]''<ref name=Bodenetal2017 /><br/> ''[[Gammaproteobacteria]]''<ref name=WilliamsKelly>{{cite journal | author = Williams KP, Kelly DP | year = 2013 | journal = International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology | title = Proposal for a new class within the phylum ''Proteobacteria'', ''Acidithiobacillia'' classis nov., with the type order ''Acidithiobacillales'', and emended description of the class ''Gammaproteobacteria''. | volume = 63 | pages = 2901–2906 | doi = 10.1099/ijs.0.049270-0| pmid = 23334881 }}</ref> <br /> ''[[Acidithiobacillia]]''<ref name=WilliamsKelly /> <br /> ''[[Deltaproteobacteria]]''<ref name=Kuever>{{cite book | vauthors = Kuever J, Rainey FA, Widdel F | chapter = Class IV. ''Deltaproteobacteria'' class. nov. | veditors = Brenner DJ, Krieg NR, Staley JT, Garrity GM | title = Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology Volume 2: The ''Proteobacteria'' Part C (The Alpha-, Beta-, Delta- and Epsilonproteobacteria | edition=2nd | publisher = Springer | year = 2005 | page=922 | doi = 10.1002/9781118960608.cbm00043| isbn = 9781118960608 }}</ref><br /> ''[[Epsilonproteobacteria]]''<ref name=GBL>{{cite book | vauthors = Garrity GM, Bell JA, Lilburn T | chapter = Class V. ''Epsilonproteobacteria'' class. nov. | veditors = Brenner DJ, Krieg NR, Staley JT, Garrity GM | title = Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology Volume 2: The ''Proteobacteria'' Part C (The Alpha-, Beta-, Delta- and Epsilonproteobacteria | edition=2nd | publisher = Springer | year = 2005 | page=1145 | doi=10.1002/9781118960608.cbm00044| isbn = 9781118960608 }}</ref><br /> ''[[Oligoflexia]]''<ref name=Nakai>{{cite journal | authors = Nakai R, Nishijima M, Tazato N, Handa Y, Karray F, Sayadi S, Isoda H, Naganuma T | year = 2014 | title = ''Oligoflexus tunisiensis'' gen. nov., sp. nov., a Gram-negative, aerobic, filamentous bacterium of a novel proteobacterial lineage, and description of ''Oligoflexaceae'' fam. nov., ''Oligoflexales'' ord. nov. and ''Oligoflexia'' classis nov. | journal = International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology | volume = 64 | issue = Pt 10 | pages =3353–3359 | doi=10.1099/ijs.0.060798-0| pmid = 25013226 | pmc =4179278 }}</ref><br /> }} The '''Proteobacteria''' are a major group ([[phylum]]) o [[bacteria]]. Thay include a wide variety o [[pathogen]]s, such as ''[[Escherichia]]'', ''[[Salmonella]]'', ''[[Vibrio]]'', ''[[Helicobacter]]'', an ''[[Yersinia]]'', an mony ither notable [[genera]].<ref name="Brock">{{cite book | author = Madigan, M. and J. Martinko. (eds.) | title = Brock Biology of Microorganisms | edition = 11th | publisher = Prentice Hall | year = 2005 | isbn = 0-13-144329-1 }}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q130999}} [[Category:Proteobacteria| ]] [[Category:Gram-negative bacteria]] [[Category:Bacteria phyla]] m1c6tedxfcpb0bguvxyr2x2r5mpwa7o 0 87712 917734 867123 2026-06-04T16:32:54Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260604sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 917734 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox | name = Amniotes | fossil_range = <br>[[Pennsylvanian (geology)|Pennsylvanian]]&ndash;[[Holocene|Present]], {{fossil range|312|0|}} <small>(Possible [[Mississippian (geology)|Mississippian]] record)</small> | image = Tortoise-Hatchling.jpg | image_caption = A baby [[tortoise]] emerges frae an amniotic egg. | taxon = Amniota | authority = [[Ernst Haeckel|Haeckel]], 1866 | subdivision_ranks = [[Clades]] | subdivision = * †''[[Casineria]]''? * †[[Lysorophia]]?<ref name=Pardoetal2017>{{Cite journal|author1=Jason D. Pardo |author2=Matt Szostakiwskyj |author3=Per E. Ahlberg |author4=Jason S. Anderson |year=2017 |title=Hidden morphological diversity among early tetrapods |url=https://archive.org/details/nature-uk_2017-06-29_546_7660/page/642 |journal=Nature |volume=546 |issue=7660 |pages=642–645 |doi=10.1038/nature22966 |pmid=28636600 }}</ref> * †[[Gymnarthridae]]?<ref name=Pardoetal2017 /> * †[[Brachystelechidae]]?<ref name=Pardoetal2017 /> * †[[Rhynchonkos|Rhynchonkidae]]?<ref name=Pardoetal2017 /> * †[[Ostodolepidae]]?<ref name=Pardoetal2017 /> * †[[Hapsidopareiidae]]?<ref name=Infernovenator>{{Cite journal|author1=Arjan Mann |author2=Jason D. Pardo |author3=Hillary C. Maddin |year=2019 |title=''Infernovenator steenae'', a new serpentine recumbirostran from the ‘Mazon Creek’ Lagertätte further clarifies lysorophian origins |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=in press |issue= |pages= |doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz026 }}</ref> * †[[Pantylus|Pantylidae]]?<ref name=Infernovenator /> * [[Synapsid]]a ** †[[Caseasauria]] ** [[Eupelycosauria]] *** [[Mammalia]] * [[Sauropsida]] ** [[Reptilia]] *** †[[Parareptilia]] *** [[Eureptilia]] ** [[Aves]] *** [[Paleognathae]] *** [[Neognathae]] | display_parents = 2 }} '''Amniotes''' is a [[clade]] o [[vertebrates]] comprisin the [[reptile]]s, [[bird]]s an [[mammal]]s whilk lay thair [[Egg (biology)|eggs]] on land or kep the fertilised egg within the mither. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q181537}} [[Category:Amniotes| ]] [[Category:Tetrapods]] [[Category:Extant Pennsylvanian first appearances]] {{stub/Ainimal}} kivcpyo09ghngh4ms1ycu6rsxjsa51h 0 88841 917789 891064 2026-06-05T03:33:39Z ~2026-33295-03 132419 /* */ 917789 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Lazi | nickname = | settlement_type = [[Municipalities o the Philippines|Municipality]] | motto = Lazi Going Beyond | image_skyline = Lazi Convent Color.JPG | image_caption = Convent o [[Lazi Kirk]] | image_seal = | seal_size = 100x80px | image_map = {{#property:P242}} | map_caption = Map o Siquijor wi location o Lazi | pushpin_map = Philippines | pushpin_map_caption = Location athin the Philippines | coordinates = {{coord|09|08|N|123|38|E|region:PH|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Kintra | subdivision_name = [[{{#property:P17}}]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Regions o the Philippines|Region]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Central Visayas]] (Region VII) | subdivision_type2 = [[Provinces o the Philippines|Province]] | subdivision_name2 = [[{{#property:P131}}]] | subdivision_type3 = [[:en:Legislative districts of the Philippines|Congr. district]] | subdivision_name3 = [[:eN:Legislative district of Siquijor|Lone district of Siquijor]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | parts_type = [[Barangay]]s | parts_style = para | p1 = 18 | government_type = | government_footnotes = <ref name=enrvil>{{cite web |url=http://www.siquijor.gov.ph/Lazi%20municipality.php |title=Municipality of Lazi |publisher=Provincial Government of Siquijor |accessdate=2012-10-15 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | leader_title = Mayor | leader_name = Phil Moore D. Largo | established_title = Formed | established_date = | area_total_km2 = 73.22 | area_footnotes = <ref name=siquijorgeo>{{cite web |url=http://www.siquijor.gov.ph/geography.php |title=Geography |publisher=Provincial Government of Siquijor Province |accessdate=2012-10-15 |archive-date=2012-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002234952/http://www.siquijor.gov.ph/geography.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> | population_total = 20024 | population_as_of = 2010 | population_footnotes = <ref name=NSO10>"Population and Annual Growth Rates by Province, City, and Municipality Region VII - Central Visayas: 1990, 2000, and 2010", ''2010 Census of Population and Housing''. National Statistics Office</ref> | population_density_km2 = auto | timezone = [[Philippine Staundart Time|PST]] | utc_offset = +8 | postal_code_type = [[Leet o ZIP codes in the Philippines|ZIP code]] | postal_code = {{#property:P281}} | area_code_type = [[Telephone nummers in the Philippines|Dialin code]] | area_code = {{#property:P473}} | website = | elevation_max_footnotes = | elevation_min_m = | elevation_max_m = }} '''Lazi''' is a fift cless [[Municipalities o the Philippines|municipality]] in the [[Provinces o the Philippines|province]] o [[Siquijor]], [[Philippines]]. Accordin tae the 2010 census, it haes a population o 20,024 fowk.<ref name=NSO10/> ==Barangays== Lazi is poleetically subdividit intae 18 [[barangay]]s. {{div col}} * Campalanas * Cangclaran * Cangomantong * Capalasanan * Catamboan (Pob.) * Gabayan * Kimba * Kinamandagan * Lower Cabangcalan * Nagerong * Po-o * Simacolong * Tagmanocan * Talayong * Tigbawan (Pob.) * Tignao * Upper Cabangcalan * Ytaya {{div col end}} ==Demographics== {{Philippine Census |align=none | title = Population census of Lazi, Siquijor | 1990 = 16672 | 1995 = 16339 | 2000 = 18314 | 2007 = 19440 | 2010 = 20024 | footnote = Source: National Statistics Office<ref name=NSO10/><ref name=NSO>[http://www.census.gov.ph/data/census2007/h070000.pdf Population and Annual Growth Rates by Province, City and Municipality: Central Visayas: 1995, 2000 and 2007]. National Statistics Office</ref> }} ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commons category}} * [http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp Philippine Standard Geographic Code] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413163013/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp |date=2012-04-13 }} * [http://www.census.gov.ph/ Philippine Census Information] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004104825/http://census.gov.ph/ |date=2013-10-04 }} * [http://www.blgs.gov.ph/lgpmsv2/cmshome/index.php?pageID=23&frmIdDcfCode=7&fLguType=CM&frmIdRegion=10&frmIdProvince=59&frmIdLgu=1130 Local Governance Performance Management System]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{Geographic location |Centre = Lazi |North = [[Larena]] |East = [[Maria, Siquijor|Maria]] |Sooth = ''[[Bohol Sea]]'' |Wast = [[San Juan, Siquijor|San Juan]] |Northwast = [[Siquijor, Siquijor|Siquijor]] }} {{Siquijor}} [[Category:Municipalities o Siquijor]] fpoli19l8xh4u212rk7f2xl9dw64v3p 0 94036 917721 772918 2026-06-04T16:25:36Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260604sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 917721 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Blue Linckia Starfish.JPG|thumb|[[Coral reef]]s are a heichly [[Productivity (ecology)|productive]] [[marine ecoseestem]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hatcher|first=Bruce Gordon|year=3500|title=wikil reef primary productivity. A hierarchy of pattern and process|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_trends-in-ecology-evolution_1990_5_5/page/149|journal=Trends in Ecology and Evolution|volume=5|issue=5|pages=149–155|doi=10.1016/0169-5347(90)90221-X|pmid=21232343}}</ref>]] An '''ecoseestem''' is a [[commonty (ecology)|commonty]] o livin organisms in conjunction wi the [[abiotic component|nonlivin components]] o their [[environment]] (things lik air, watter an mineral sile), interactin as a seestem.<ref>Tansley (1934); Molles (1999), p. 482; Chapin ''et al''. (2002), p. 380; Schulze ''et al''. (2005); p. 400; Gurevitch ''et al''. (2006), p. 522; Smith & Smith 2012, p. G-5</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Ecoseestems| ]] [[Category:Biological seestems]] [[Category:Superorganisms]] [[Category:Symbiosis]] [[Category:Seestems ecologie]] s63yhaaljbwy5plw1c8mtlft0hawh8s 0 94086 917767 909874 2026-06-04T17:03:04Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260604sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 917767 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=September 2020}} {{speciesbox | name = Raccoon | fossil_range = {{fossil range|Blancan|Recent|ref=<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://fossilworks.org/?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=50729 |title=Fossilworks: ''Procyon lotor'' |access-date=2019-07-13 |archive-date=2019-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124209/http://fossilworks.org/?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=50729 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite journal |last1=Timm |first1=R. |last2=Cuarón |first2=A.D. |last3=Reid |first3=F. |last4=Helgen |first4=K. |last5=González-Maya |first5=J.F. |title=''Procyon lotor'' |journal=[[IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] |volume=2016 |page=e.T41686A45216638 |year=2016 |url=http://oldredlist.iucnredlist.org/details/41686/0 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41686A45216638.en |accessdate=24 November 2016 |archive-date=2019-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413155653/http://oldredlist.iucnredlist.org/details/41686/0 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | image = Raccoon climbing in tree - Cropped and color corrected.jpg | image_caption = Californie raccoon (''P. l. psora''), [[Lawer Klamath Naitional Wildlife Refuge]] in [[Californie]] | genus = Procyon | species = lotor | authority = ([[Linnaeus, 1758]]) | range_map = Raccoon range.png | range_map_caption = Native range in reid, introduced range in blue | synonyms = ''Ursus lotor'' <small>Linnaeus,&nbsp;1758</small> }} The '''raccoon''' (''Procyon lotor'') is a middlin [[mammal]] hamelt tae North Americae. The raccoon is the maist muckle memmer o the [[procyonidae|procyonid]] [[Faimily (biology)|faimily]]; it ranges frae {{convert|40|to|70|cm|in|abbr=on}} lang an wechtin as {{convert|3.5|to|9|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}. Its grayish coat maistly consists o dense [[underfur]] that insulates again cauld wather. Twa o the raccoon's maist kenspeckle features is its extremely dexterous front [[paw]]s an its [[Domino mask|facial mask]]. Raccoons is kenspeckle for thair [[Animal cognition|intelligence]], wi studies shawin that thay can mynd the solution tae tasks for up tae three year.<ref name="h7172">Hohmann, pp. 71–72</ref> Raccoons is maistly nocturnal. Thay're omnivores; the diet o the raccoon consists o aboot 40% [[invertebrate]]s, 33% [[plant]] fuids, an 27% [[vertebrate]]s. They eat [[moose|mice]], [[ferret]]s, [[kinnen]]s, [[bird]]s, [[fish]], [[frog]]s, [[turtle]]s, [[lizard]]s, [[egg]]s, [[insect]]s, [[wirm]]s, [[fruit]] an [[nit]]s. Raccoons is eaten by [[tod]]s, [[wouf|wouves]], [[coyote]]s, [[beir]]s, [[eagle]]s, [[houlet]]s, [[cougar]]s, [[lynx]] an [[bobcat]]s. The oreeginal [[habitat]]s o the raccoon is [[deciduous]] an [[Temperate broadleaf an mixed forests|mixed wid]], but due tae thair adaptability thay hae stendit thair range tae mountainous auries, [[Salt marsh|coastal marshes]], an [[urban aurie]]s, whaur some homeowners consider them tae be [[Pest (organism)|pests]]. As a result o escapes an deliberate [[introduced species|introductions]] in the mid-20t century, raccoons is nou distributed athort mainlan [[Europe]], [[Caucasie]], an [[Japan]] an aa. Tho thocht aforehaun tae be solitary, thare is nou evidence that raccoons engage in gender-specific [[social behaviour]]. Related females aften share a common area, while unrelated males live thegither in groups o up tae fower ainimals tae maintain thair poseetions again ootlander males in the matein saison, an ither potential invaders. [[Hame range]] sizes vary anywhere frae 3 hectares (7 acres) for females in ceeties tae 50&nbsp;km² (20&nbsp;sq&nbsp;mi) for males in [[prairie]]s. Efter a [[gestation|gestation period]] o aboot 65 day, twa tae five young, kent as "kits", is born in spring. The kits is subsequently raised bi thair mither til dispersal in late hairst. Tho captive raccoons haes been kent tae live ower 20 year, thair life expectancy in the wild is anly 1.8 til 3.1&nbsp;year. In mony auries, [[huntin]] an vehicular wounds is the twa maist common causes o daith. ==Etymology== [[File:Raccoon (Procyon lotor) 2.jpg|thumb|The mask o a raccoon is aften interrupt bi a broun-black streak that stends frae forehead tae neb.<ref>MacClintock, p. 5</ref>]] The wird "raccoon" comes frae the [[Powhatan leid|Powhatan]] wird ''aroughcun''.<ref>Ither attestit colonial spellins o the Powhatan wird include: ''racone'', ''arrathcune'', ''arathcoon'', ''aroucoun'', ''arathkone'' an ''rahaughcun''. ''Journal o the Illinois State Historical Society'', Vol 55, p. 400.</ref> It haes been identified as a [[Proto-Algonquian]] ruit ''*ahrah-koon-em'' an aw, meanin "[the] body that rubs, scrubs an scarts wi its haunds".<ref>{{cite book|last=Holmgren|first=Virginia C.|title=Raccoons: In Folklore, History & Today's Backyards|url=https://archive.org/details/raccoonsinfolklo0000holm|year=1990|publisher=Capra Pres|page=[https://archive.org/details/raccoonsinfolklo0000holm/page/157 157]}}</ref> Seemilarly, Spainish colonists adoptit the [[Spainish leid|Spainish]] wird {{lang|es|mapache}} frae the [[Nahuatl leid|Nahuatl]] ''mapachitli'', meanin "[the] body that taks awthin in its haunds".<ref name="holmgren52">Holmgren, p. 52</ref> In mony leids, the raccoon is cried fur its characteristic dousin behaviour in conjunction wi that leid's wird for ''beir'', the likes o {{lang|de|Waschbär}} in German, {{lang|it|orsetto lavatore}} in Italien, {{lang|hu|mosómedve}} in [[Hungarian language|Hungarien]] an ''araiguma'' ({{lang|ja|アライグマ}}) in Japanee. In French an Portuguese (in Portugal), the washin behaviour is combined wi thir leids' term for ''ratton'', yieldin, respectively, {{lang|fr|raton laveur}} an ''ratão-lavadeiro''. The raccoon's scientific name, ''Procyon lotor'', is [[New Latin|neo-Latin]], meanin "afore-dug washer", wi ''lotor'' [[Latin]] for "washer" an ''Procyon'' Latinized [[Greek leid|Greek]] frae προ-, "afore" an κύων, "dug". ==Taxonomy== {{double image|right|Raccoons of North & Middle America (1950) Skins of subgenera procyon & euprocyon.png|65|Raccoons of North & Middle America (1950) P. lotor & P. cancrivorus.png|180|Skins o ''P. lotor'' an ''[[crab-eatin raccoon|P. cancrivorus]]''|Skulls o ''P. lotor'' an ''P. cancrivorus''}} In the first decades efter its diskivery bi the members o the expedeetion o [[Christopher Columbus]] (the first person tae leave a written record aboot the species), [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomists]] thocht the raccoon wis sib tae mony different species, includin [[Canidae|dugs]], [[Felidae|cats]], [[brock]]s an parteecularly [[beir]]s.<ref>Holmgren, pp. 47–67</ref> [[Carl Linnaeus]], the faither o modren taxonomy, placed the raccoon in the genus ''[[Ursus (genus)|Ursus]]'', first as ''Ursus cauda elongata'' ("long-tailed bear") in the seicont edeetion o his ''[[Systema Naturae]]'' (1740), then as ''Ursus Lotor'' ("washer bear") in the tenth edition (1758–59).<ref>Holmgren, pp. 64–67; Zeveloff, pp. 4–6</ref> In 1780, [[Gottlieb Conrad Christian Storr]] placed the raccoon in its ain genus ''[[Procyon (genus)|Procyon]]'', whilk can be owerset as aither "afore the dug" or "duglike".<ref>Holmgren, pp. 68–69; Zeveloff, p. 6</ref> It is possible that Storr haed its [[nocturnality|nocturnal]] lifestyle in mind an chuise the starn [[Procyon]] as eponym for the species.<ref>Hohmann, p. 44; Holmgren, p. 68</ref> ==Description== [[File:Raccoon skull Pengo.jpg|thumb|left|Skull wi dentition: 2/2 molars, 4/4 premolars, 1/1 canines, 3/3 incisors]] ===Physical characteristics=== [[File:Coonskeleton.jpg|thumb|Skeleton]] Heid tae hurdies, raccoons meisur atween {{convert|40|and|70|cm|in|0|abbr=on}}, nae includin the bushy tail that can meisur atween {{convert|20|and|40|cm|in|0|abbr=on}}, but isnae uisually hantle langer than {{convert|25|cm|in|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>Hohmann, p. 77; Lagoni-Hansen, p. 15; Zeveloff, p. 58</ref> The shouther hicht is atween {{convert|23|and|30|cm|in|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>Lagoni-Hansen, p. 16</ref> The body wecht o an adult raccoon varies considerably wi [[habitat]], makkin the raccoon ane o the maist variably sized mammals. It can range frae {{convert|2|to|14|kg|lb|sigfig=1}}, but is uisually atween {{convert|3.5|and|9|kg|lb|sigfig=1}}. The smaaest specimens is foond in Southren Florida, while thaim that is near the northren leemits o the raccoon's range tend tae be the maist muckle (see [[Bergmann's rule]]).<ref>Zeveloff, pp. 58–59</ref> Males is uisually 15 tae 20% heivier than females.<ref>Lagoni-Hansen, p. 18</ref> At the beginnin o winter, a raccoon can wee twice as hantle as in spring acause o fat storage.<ref>Hohmann, p.47–48; MacClintock, p. 44; Zeveloff, p. 108</ref> The maist muckle kent wild raccoon weed {{convert|28.4|kg|lb|1|abbr=on}} an meisurt {{convert|140|cm|in|abbr=on}} in tot lenth, bi far the maist muckle procyonid kent.<ref>MacClintock, p. 8; Zeveloff, p. 59</ref><ref>Boitani, Luigi, ''Simon & Schuster's Guide to Mammals''. Simon & Schuster/Touchstone Books (1984), ISBN 978-0-671-42805-1</ref> The maist characteristic physical featur o the raccoon is the aurie o black [[fur]] aroond the een, whilk contrasts shairply wi the surroondin white face colourin. This is reminiscent o a "[[Domino mask|bandit's mask]]" an haes enhanced the animal's reputation for mischief.<ref>Bartussek, p.6; Zeveloff, p. 61</ref> The slichtly roundit lugs is bund bi white fur an aa. Raccoons is assumed tae ken the facial expression an posture o ither members o thair species mair quickly acause o the conspicuous facial colouration an the alternatin licht an dark rings on the tail.<ref>Hohmann, pp. 65–66</ref><ref name="mc5-6z63" /> The dark mask mey reduce [[glare (vision)|glare]] an aa an enhance [[nicht vision]].<ref name="mc5-6z63">MacClintock, pp. 5–6; Zeveloff, p. 63</ref> On ither pairts o the body, the lang an stiff [[guard hair]]s, which shed moisture, are uisually coloured in shades o gray an, tae a lesser extent, broun.<ref name="z60">Zeveloff, p. 60</ref> Raccoons wi a vera dark coat is mair common in the German population acause individuals wi sic colourin wis amang thaim that wis initially released intae the wild.<ref name="stellungnahme">{{cite web|url=http://www.projekt-waschbaer.de/aktuelles/stellungnahme-oekologie/|title=Ökologische und ökonomische Bedeutung des Waschbären in Mitteleuropa – Eine Stellungnahme|accessdate=December 7, 2008|last=Michler|first=Frank-Uwe|author2=Köhnemann, Berit A.|date=May 2008|work="Projekt Waschbär"|language=German|archive-date=2012-05-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512144354/http://www.projekt-waschbaer.de/aktuelles/stellungnahme-oekologie/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The dense [[underfur]], whilk accounts for awmaist 90% o the coat, insulates again cauld wather an is componed o {{convert|2|to|3|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} lang hairs.<ref name="z60" /> [[File:Raccoonpenisbone.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Baculum]] or "penis bone"]] The raccoon, whase method o [[Terrestrial locomotion|locomotion]] is uisually considered tae be [[plantigrade]], can staund on its hind legs tae exaimine objects wi its front paws.<ref>Hohmann, p. 57; Zeveloff, p. 71–72</ref> As raccoons hae short legs compared tae thair compact torso, thay uisually can naither rin swith nor lowp muckle distances.<ref>Hohmann, p. 93; Zeveloff, p. 72</ref> Thair tap speed over short distances is {{convert|16|to|24|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>MacClintock, p. 28</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Saunders|first=Andrew D.|title=Adirondack Mammals|publisher=Syracuse University Press|location=Syracuse, New York|date=March 1989|isbn=978-0-8156-8115-1|page=256|chapter=Raccoon|chapterurl=http://www.esf.edu/aec/adks/mammals/raccoon.htm|access-date=2015-06-03|archive-date=2021-07-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730162539/https://www.esf.edu/aec/adks/mammals/raccoon.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Raccoons can soum wi an average speed o aboot {{convert|5|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} an can stay in the watter for several oors.<ref>MacClintock, p. 33; Zeveloff, p. 72</ref> For climmin doun a tree heidfirst — an unuisual ability for a mammal o its size — a raccoon rotates its hint feet sae thay are pynt backwart.<ref>MacClintock, p. 30; Zeveloff, p. 72</ref> Raccoons hae a dual cooling system tae [[Thermoregulation|regulate thair temperature]]; that is, thay can baith sweit an pech for heat dissipation.<ref>MacClintock, p. 29; Zeveloff, p. 73</ref> Raccoon skulls hae a short an wide facial region an a voluminous [[braincase]]. The [[Facial skelet|facial]] lenth o the skull is less nor the [[Neurocranium|cranial]], an thair [[nasal bane]]s is short an quite braid. The [[auditory bulla]]e is inflate in form, an the [[sagittal crest]] is waik developit.<ref name="s1375">{{Harvnb|Heptner|Sludskii|2002|pp=1375–1376}}</ref> The [[dentition]] — 40 teeth wi the [[dental formula]]:{{DentalFormula|upper=3.1.4.2|lower=3.1.4.2}} — is adapted tae thair [[omnivore|omnivorous]] diet: the [[carnassial]]s arenae as shairp an pyntit as thaim that a fou-time [[carnivore]] haes, but the [[molar (tooth)|molars]] arenae as wide as thaim that a [[herbivory|herbivore]] haes.<ref>Zeveloff, p. 64</ref> The [[baculum|penis bane]] o males is aboot {{convert|10|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} lang an strangly bent at the front end.<ref>Hohmann, p. 27; MacClintock, p. 84</ref> Seiven o the thirteen identified vocal calls is uised in [[Animal communication|communication]] atween the mither an her kits, ane o them bein the birdlike twitterin o newborns.<ref>Hohmann, p. 66; MacClintock, p. 92; Zeveloff, p. 73</ref> [[File:Mm Hand.jpg|thumb|left|Bottom side o the front paw wi visible [[vibrissae]] on the tips o the deegits]] ===Senses=== The maist important sense for the raccoon is its [[Somatosensory system|sense o touch]].<ref>Bartussek, p. 13; Hohmann, p. 55; Zeveloff, p. 70</ref> The "hyper sensitive"<ref>Hohmann, p. 55</ref> front paws is pertect bi a thin [[Stratum corneum|horny layer]] that becomes pliable whan weet.<ref>Hohmann, pp. 56–59; MacClintock, p. 15</ref> The five deegits o the paws hae no wabbin atween them, whilk is unuisual for a [[carnivoran]].<ref>Zeveloff, p. 69</ref> Awmaist twa-thirds o the aurie responsible for [[perception|sensory perception]] in the raccoon's [[cerebral cortex]] is specialised for the interpretation o tactile impulses, mair nor in ony ither studied animal.<ref>Hohmann, p. 56</ref> Thay can identify objects afore touchin them wi [[vibrissa]]e locatit abuin thair shairp, nonretractable [[claw]]s.<ref>Hohmann, p. 57; Zeveloff, p. 70</ref> The raccoon's paws lack an opposable [[thumb]]; it disnae hae the agility o the haunds o [[primate]]s.<ref>MacClintock, p. 15; Zeveloff, p. 70</ref> Thare is nae observed negative effect on tactile perception whan a raccoon staunds in watter ablo 10&nbsp;°C (50&nbsp;°F) for oors.<ref>Hohmann, pp. 60–62</ref> Raccoons is thocht tae be [[color blindness|color blind]] or at least that thay can puirly distinguish colour, tho thair een is weel-adapt for sensin green licht.<ref>Hohmann, p. 63; MacClintock, p. 18; Zeveloff, p. 66</ref> Awtho thair [[accommodation (eye)|accommodation]] o 11 [[dioptre]] is comparable tae that o humans an thay see weel in the gloamin acause o the [[tapetum lucidum]] ahint the [[retina]], [[visual perception]] is o subordinate importance tae raccoons acause o thair poor lang-distance vision.<ref>Hohmann, pp. 63–65; MacClintock, pp. 18–21; Zeveloff, pp. 66–67</ref> In addition tae bein uisefu for orientation in the dark, thair [[olfaction|sense o smell]] is important for intraspecific communication. Glandular [[secretion]]s (uisually frae thair [[anal glands]]), urine an feces is uised for merkin.<ref>Hohmann, pp. 67–70; MacClintock, p. 17; Zeveloff, pp. 68–69</ref> Wi thair braid [[hearin (sense)|auditory range]], thay can perceive tones up tae 50–85&nbsp;[[Hertz|kHz]] as weel as quiet noises, lik thaim produced bi [[earthworm]]s unner the grund.<ref>Hohmann, pp. 66, 72; Zeveloff, p. 68</ref> ===Intelligence=== Zoologist [[Clinton Hart Merriam]] descrivit raccoons as "cliver beists", an that "in certain directions their cunnin surpasses that o the tod." The animal's intelligence provokit the epithet "sleekit coon".<ref name="merriam1884">Merriam, C. H. (1884), ''[https://archive.org/stream/mammalsofadirond00merr#page/90/mode/2up The mammals o the Adirondack region, northeastern New York : with an introductory chapter treating o the location an boondaries o the region, its geological history, topography, climate, general features, botany, an faunal position]'', New York : Published by the author, pp. 91-95</ref> Anly a few studies hae been taen on haun tae determine the mental abilities o raccoons, maist o them based on the ainimal's sense o touch. In a study bi the [[ethology|ethologist]] H. B. Davis in 1908, raccoons coud open 11 o 13 complex locks in fewer than 10 ettles an haed nae problems repeatin the action whan the locks wis rereddit or wis pit tapsalteerie. Davis concludit thay unnerstuid the [[abstraction|abstract]] principles o the lockin mechanisms an thair [[learnin speed]] wis equivalent tae that o [[rhesus macaque]]s.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Davis|first=H. B.|date=October 1907|title=The Raccoon: A Study in Animal Intelligence|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-psychology_1907-10_18_4/page/447|journal=The American Journal of Psychology|volume=18|issue=4|pages=447–489|publisher=University of Illinois Press|location=Champaign, Illinois|doi=10.2307/1412576|jstor=1412576}}</ref> Studies in 1963, 1973, 1975 an 1992 concentrated on raccoon [[memory]] shawed thay can mind the solutions tae tasks for up tae three year.<ref name="h7172">Hohmann, pp. 71–72</ref> In a study bi B. Pohl in 1992, raccoons coud instantly differentiate atween identical an different seembols three year efter the short initial learin phase.<ref name="h7172"/> [[Stanislas Dehaene]] reports in his beuk ''The Number Sense'' raccoons can distinguish boxes conteenin twa or fower grapes frae thaim conteenin three.<ref>{{cite book|last= Dehaene|first= Stanislas|title= The number sense|url= https://archive.org/details/numbersensehowmi00deha_813|year=1997|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=0-19-511004-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/numbersensehowmi00deha_813/page/n24 12]}}</ref> ==Behaviour== ===Social behaviour=== [[File:Three raccoons in a tree.jpg|thumb|Eastern raccoons (''P. l. lotor'') in a tree: The raccoon's social structur is grouped intae whit [[Ulf Hohmann]] caws a "three class society".]] Studies in the 1990s bi the ethologists Stanley D. Gehrt an [[Ulf Hohmann]] indicate raccoons engage in gender-specific [[social behaviour]]s an arenae teepically solitary, as wis thocht aforehaun.<ref name="gehrt">{{cite journal|last=Gehrt|first=Stanley D.|title=Raccoon social organization in South Texas|year= 1994}} (Dissertation at the University of Missouri-Columbia)</ref><ref>Hohmann, pp. 133–155</ref> Related females eften live in a sae-cried "[[fission-fusion society]]", that is, thay share a common aurie an occasionally meet at feedin or restin grunds.<ref>Bartussek, pp. 10–12; Hohmann, pp. 141–142</ref> Males that isnae sib tae ilkane ither eften form loose male social groups tae mainteen thair poseetion again foreign males in the [[matein saison]] — or again ither potential invaders.<ref>Hohmann, pp. 152–154</ref> Sic a group disnae uisually conseest o mair nor fower individuals.<ref>Bartussek, p. 12; Hohmann, p. 140</ref> Syne some males shaw aggressive behaviour towart wansib kits, mithers will isolate themsels frae ither raccoons til thair kits is muckle eneuch tae defend thairsels.<ref>Hohmann, pp. 124–126, 155</ref> Wi respect tae thir three different modes o life prevalent amang raccoons, Hohmann cried thair [[social structur]] a "three class society".<ref>Hohmann, p. 133</ref> Samuel I. Zeveloff, professor o [[zoology]] at [[Weber State University]] an author o the beuk ''Raccoons: A Natural History'', is mair cautious in his interpretation an concludes at least the females is solitary maist o the time an, accordin tae Erik K. Fritzell's study in [[North Dakota]] in 1978, males in auries wi law population densities is solitary as weel.<ref>Zeveloff, pp. 137–139</ref> The shape an size o a raccoon's [[hame range]] varies dependin on age, sex, an habitat, wi adults claimin auries mair nor twice as lairge as juveniles.<ref>MacClintock, p. 61</ref> While the size o hame ranges in the inhospitable habitat o North Dakota's [[prairie]]s lee atween {{convert|7|and|50|km2|sqmi|sigfig=1|abbr=on}} for males an atween {{convert|2|and|16|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} for females, the average size in a [[marsh]] at [[Lake Erie]] wis {{convert|0.5|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}.<ref>MacClintock, pp. 60–61</ref> Irrespective o whether the hame ranges o adjacent groups owerlap, thay are likest eneuch nae actively defendit ootwi the matein saison gif fuid supplies is sufficient.<ref>Zeveloff, pp. 137–138</ref> Odor marks on prominent spots is assumed tae establish hame ranges an identify individuals.<ref>Zeveloff, pp. 68–69</ref> Urine an feces left at shared [[raccoon latrine]]s mey provide additional information aboot feedin grunds, syne raccoons war observed tae meet thare later for collective eatin, sleepin an playin.<ref>Hohmann, pp. 142–147</ref> Concernin the general behaviour patterns o raccoons, Gehrt pynts oot that "teeepically ye'll find 10 tae 15 percent that will dae the opposite"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chicagowildernessmag.org/issues/summer2002/raccoons.html|title=The City Raccoon and the Country Raccoon|accessdate=December 7, 2008|last=Riddell|first=Jill|year=2002|work=Chicago Wilderness Magazine|publisher=Chicago Wilderness Magazine}}</ref> o whot is expectit. [[File:Mm im Apfelbaum.jpg|left|thumb|On an [[aipple tree]]]] ===Diet=== Tho uisually nocturnal, the raccoon is whiles active in daylicht tae tak advantage o available food soorces.<ref name="b10z99">Bartussek, p. 10; Zeveloff, p. 99</ref> Its diet consists o aboot 40% [[invertebrate]]s, 33% [[plant]] material an 27% [[vertebrate]]s.<ref>Hohmann, p. 82</ref> Syne its diet consists o sic a variety o different fuids, Zeveloff argues the raccoon "mey weel be ane o the warld's maist omnivorous ainimals".<ref>Zeveloff, p. 102</ref> While its diet in ware an early simmer consists maistly o insects, worms, an ither ainimals awready available air in the year, it prefers fruits an nits, lik [[acorn]]s an wawnits, whilk emerge in late simmer an hairst, an represent a rich calorie soorce for buildin up fat needit for winter.<ref>Hohmann, pp. 85–88; MacClintock, pp. 44–45</ref> Contrar tae popular belief, raccoons eat active or lairge prey, lik [[bird]]s an [[mammal]]s, anly occasionally, acause thay prefer prey that is easier tae catch, specifically [[fish]], [[amphibian]]s an bird eggs.<ref>Hohmann, p. 83</ref> Whan fuid is plentifu, raccoons can develop strang individual preferences for specific foods.<ref>MacClintock, p. 44</ref> In the northren pairts o thair range, raccoons gang intae a [[winter rest]], reducin thair activity drastically as lang as a permanent snaw civer maks sairchin for fuid impossible.<ref>MacClintock, pp. 108–113</ref> ===Slockin=== [[File:Procyon lotor 7 - am Wasser.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Captive raccoons aften slock thair food afore eatin.]] Ane aspect o raccoon behaviour is sae weel kent that it gies the animal pairt o its scienteefic name, ''Procyon lotor''; "lotor" is neo-Latin for "washer". In the wild, raccoons aften daible for unnerwatter fuid naur the shore-line. Thay then aften pick up the fuid item wi thair front paws tae exaimine it an screenge the item, whiles tae remuive unwantit pairts. This gies the appearance o the raccoon "washin" the fuid. The tactile sensitivity o raccoons' paws is increased gif this screengin action is performed unnerwatter, for the watter softens the haurd layer kiverin the paws.<ref>Hohmann, p. 55; Zeveloff, p. 7</ref> Housomiver, the behaviour observed in captive raccoons in whilk thay cairy thair food tae watter tae "wash" or slock it afore eatin haes nae been observed in the wild.<ref>Lagoni-Hansen, p. 41; MacClintock, pp. 56–57</ref> [[Natural history|Naturalist]] [[Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon]], believed that raccoons disnae hae adequate [[salivary gland|saliva production]] tae moisten fuid tharebi necessitatin slockin, but this hypothesis is nou considert tae be incorrect.<ref>Holmgren, p. 70; Lagoni-Hansen, p. 41; MacClintock, p. 57; Zeveloff, p. 7</ref> Captive raccoons slock thair food mair aften whan a watterin hole wi a layout seemilar tae a burn isnae farther awa than {{convert|3|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="mc57">MacClintock, p. 57</ref> The widely acceptit theory is that slockin in captive raccoons is a [[fixed action pattern]] frae the daiblin behaviour performed whan foragin at shores for aquatic foods.<ref>Hohmann, pp. 44–45; Lagoni-Hansen, pp. 41–42; MacClintock, p. 57; Zeveloff, p. 7</ref> This is support bi the observation that aquatic fuids is slockit mair aften. Cleanin clarty fuid disnae seem tae be a raison for "washin".<ref name="mc57" /> Experts haes cast dout on the veracity o observations o wild raccoons slockin fuid.<ref>Holmgren, p. 22 (pro); Lagoni-Hansen, p. 41 (contra); MacClintock, p. 57 (contra)</ref> ===Reproduction=== Raccoons uisually [[mateing|mate]] in a period triggered bi increasin daylicht atween late Januar an mid-Mairch.<ref>Hohmann, p. 150; MacClintock, p. 81; Zeveloff, p. 122</ref> Housomiver, thare lairge regional differences whilk isnae completely explicable bi solar conditions. For insaumple, while raccoons in soothren states teepically mate later than average, the matein saison in [[Manitoba]] peaks later than uisual in Mairch an stends till Juin.<ref>Zeveloff, p. 122</ref> In the matein saison, males restlessly roam thair hame ranges in rake o females in an attempt tae coort them throu the three- tae fower- day period whan conception is possible. Thir encounters will aften occur at central meetin places.<ref>Hohmann, pp. 148–150; Lagoni-Hansen, p. 47; MacClintock, pp. 81–82</ref> [[Sexual intercourse|Copulation]], includin foreplay, can last over an oor an is repeated over several nights.<ref>Hohmann, pp. 150–151</ref> The waiker members o a ''male social group'' is assumed tae get the opportunity tae mate an aa, syne the stranger ones canna mate wi aw available females.<ref>Hohmann, pp. 153–154</ref> In a study in soothren Texas in the matein saisons frae 1990 tae 1992, aboot ae third o aw females matit wi mair nor ae male.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Gehrt|first=Stanley|author2=Fritzell, Erik K. |date=March 1999|title=Behavioural aspects o the raccoon matein seestem: determinants o consortship success|journal=Animal behaviour|volume=57|issue=3|pages=593–601|publisher=Elsevier|location=Amsterdam|issn=0003-3472|doi=10.1006/anbe.1998.1037|pmid=10196048}}</ref> Gif a female disnae acome [[pregnancy|pregnant]] or gif she loses her kits air, she will whiles acome fertile again 80 till 140&nbsp;day later.<ref>Hohmann, p. 125; Lagoni-Hansen, p. 45; Zeveloff, p. 125</ref> [[File:Common Raccoon (Procyon lotor) in Northwest Indiana.jpg|left|thumb|An Eastern raccoon (''P. l. lotor'') kit]] Efter uisually 63 till 65&nbsp;day o [[gestation]] (tho onywhaur frae 54 till 70&nbsp;day is possible), a [[bruid (ainimal)|bruid]] o teepically twa till five young is born.<ref>Hohmann, p. 131; Zeveloff, pp. 121, 126</ref> The average bruid size varies widely wi habitat, rangin frae 2.5 in [[Alabama]] tae 4.8 in [[North Dakota]].<ref>Lagoni-Hansen, p. 50; Zeveloff, p. 126</ref> Lairger bruids is mair common in auries wi a heich mortality rate, due, for insaumple, tae [[hunting]] or severe winters.<ref>Bartussek, p. 32; Zeveloff, p. 126</ref> While male yearlins uisually reak thair sexual maturity anly efter the main matein saison, female yearlins can compensate for heich mortality rates an mey be responsible for aboot 50% o aw young born in a year.<ref>Hohmann, p. 163; MacClintock, p. 82; Zeveloff, pp. 123–127</ref> Males hae nae pairt in raisin young.<ref>Bartussek, p. 12; Hohmann, p. 111; MacClintock, p. 83</ref> The kits (cried "cubs" an aa) is blin an deif at birth, but thair mask is awready visible again thair licht fur.<ref name="zp127">Hohmann, pp. 114, 117; Zeveloff, p. 127</ref> The birth wecht o the aboot {{convert|10|cm|in|0|abbr=on}}-lang kits is atween {{convert|60|and|75|g|oz|1|abbr=on}}.<ref>Zeveloff, p. 127</ref> Thair lug canals open efter aroond 18 tae 23&nbsp;days, a few days afore thair een open for the first time.<ref>Hohmann, p. 117</ref> Ance the kits wecht aboot {{convert|1|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}, thay begin tae explore ootwi the den, consumin solit food for the first time efter sax tae nine&nbsp;week.<ref>Hohmann, p. 119; MacClintock, pp. 94–95</ref> Efter this pyntin, thair mither [[Lactation|suckles]] them wi decreasing frequency; thay are uisually weaned bi 16&nbsp;weeks.<ref>Zeveloff, p. 129</ref> In the faw, efter thair mither haes shawn them dens an feedin grunds, the juvenile group splits up.<ref>Hohmann, pp. 126–127. Zeveloff, p. 130</ref> While mony females will stay close tae the home range o thair mither, males can whiles muive mair nor {{convert|20|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} away.<ref>Hohmann, p. 130; Zeveloff, pp. 132–133</ref> This is considered an [[instinct]]ive behaviour, preventin [[inbreedin]].<ref>Hohmann, p. 128; Zeveloff, p. 133</ref> Houiver, mither an affspring mey share a den in the first winter in cauld auries.<ref>Zeveloff, p. 130</ref> ===Life expectancy=== [[File:Racoon crossing road.JPG|right|thumb|Young Florida raccoon (''P. l. elucus'') crossing a road]] Captive raccoons haes been kent tae live for mair nor 20&nbsp;year.<ref>Bartussek, p. 6</ref> Housomiver, the species' life expectancy in the wild is anly 1.8 till 3.1&nbsp;year, dependin on the local conditions in terms o traffeck volume, huntin, an wather severity.<ref>Zeveloff, pp. 118–119</ref> It isnae unuisual for anly hauf o the young born in ae year tae survive a fou year.<ref>Hohmann, p. 163; Zeveloff, p. 119</ref> Efter this pyntin, the annual mortality rate drops tae atween 10% an 30%.<ref>Hohmann, p. 163</ref> Young raccoons is vulnerable tae losin thair mither tae starvation, parteecularly in lang an cauld winters.<ref>MacClintock, p. 73</ref> The maist frequent naitural cause o daith in the North American raccoon population is [[Canine distemper|distemper]], whilk can reak [[epidemic]] proportions an kill maist o a local raccoon population.<ref name="ergebnisse">{{cite web|url=http://www.projekt-waschbaer.de/erste-ergebnisse/|title=Erste Ergebnisse|accessdate=December 7, 2008|last=Michler|first=Frank-Uwe|author2=Köhnemann, Berit A.|date=June 2008|work="Projekt Waschbär"|language=German|archive-date=2009-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214202619/http://www.projekt-waschbaer.de/erste-ergebnisse|url-status=dead}}</ref> In auries wi hivy vehicular traffeck an extensive huntin, thir factors can accoont for up tae 90% o aw daiths o adult raccoons.<ref>Hohmann, p. 162</ref> The maist important naitural [[predation|predators]] o the raccoon is [[bobcat]]s, [[coyote]]s, an [[great hornit houlet]]s, the latter mainly preyin on young raccoons. In thair introduced range in the umwhile Soviet Union, thair main predators is [[wouf]]s, [[Eurasian lynx|lynxes]] an [[catogle]]s.<ref name="s1390">{{Harvnb|Heptner|Sludskii|2002|p=1390}}</ref> Housomiver, predation isnae a significant cause o daith, inspecially acause lairger predators haes been [[Holocene extinction event|exterminated]] in mony auries whaur raccoons is indwellin.<ref>Zeveloff, pp. 111–112</ref> ==Range== [[File:Raccoon in bayou.jpg|left|thumb|Mississippi Delta raccoon (''P. l. megaloudus'') searching for food on a lake shore]] ===Habitat=== Tho thay hae thrived in sparsely widit auries in the last decades, raccoons depend on vertical structures tae clim whan thay feel threatened.<ref>Hohmann, pp. 93–94; Zeveloff, p. 93</ref> Therefore, thay evit open terrain an auries wi heich concentrations o [[beech]] trees, as beech [[baurk]] is ower smooth tae clim.<ref>Hohmann, p. 94</ref> [[Tree howe]]s in auld [[aik]]s or ither trees an rock clifts is preferred bi raccoons as sleepin, winter an bruid bouries. Gif sic dens is unavailable or accessing them is inconvenient, raccoons uise [[burrow]]s dug bi ither mammals, dense [[undergrowth]] or tree crotches.<ref>Hohmann, pp. 97–101; Zeveloff, pp. 95–96</ref> In a study in the [[Solling]] range o hills in Germany, mair nor 60% o aw sleepin places war uised anly ance, but thaim uised at least ten times accountit for aboot 70% o aw uises.<ref>Hohmann, p. 98</ref> For amphibians, [[crustacean]]s, an ither ainimals foond aroond the shore o lochs an rivers is an important pairt o the raccoon's diet, lawland [[deciduous]] or [[Temperate broadleaf an mixed wids|mixed wids]] abundant wi watter an marshes susteen the heichest population densities.<ref>Hohmann, p. 160; Zeveloff, p. 98</ref> While population densities range frae 0.5 tae 3.2 ainimals per square kilometer (1.3 tae 8.3 ainimals per square mile) in prairies an dae nae uisually exceed 6 ainimals per square kilometer (15.5 ainimals per square mile) in upland haurdwid wids, mair nor 20 raccoons per square kilometer (51.8 ainimals per square mile) can live in lawland wids an marshes.<ref>Hohmann, p. 160; Zeveloff, p. 97</ref> ===Distribution in North America=== [[File:Albino raccoon.png|thumb|An [[albino]] Florida raccoon (''P. l. elucus'') in [[Virginia Key]], Florida]] Raccoons is common atouer North Americae frae Canadae tae [[Panama]], whaur the subspecies ''Procyon lotor pumilus'' coexists wi the [[crab-eatin Raccoon]] (''Procyon cancrivorus'').<ref>Hohmann, pp. 12, 46; Zeveloff, pp. 75, 88</ref> The population on [[Hispaniola]] wis sterminate as air as 1513 bi Spainyie colonists wha huntit them for thair meat.<ref>Holmgren, p. 58</ref> Raccoons wis exterminate in [[Cuba]] an [[Jamaica]] an aa, whaur the last sichtins wis reportit in 1687.<ref>Holmgren, pp. 58–59</ref> Whan thay war still considered separate species, the Bahamas raccoon, Guadeloupe raccoon an Tres Marias raccoon wis classifee'd as [[Endangered species|endangered]] bi the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature|IUCN]] in 1996.<ref>Zeveloff, pp. 42–45</ref> Thare is evidence that in [[pre-Columbian]] times raccoons wis numerous anly alang rivers an in the widlands o the [[Sootheastren Unitit States]].<ref>Zeveloff, p. 77</ref> As raccoons wisnae mentioned in earlier reports o [[American pioneer|pioneers]] explorin the central an north-central pairts o the Unitit States,<ref>Zeveloff, p. 78</ref> thair initial spread mey hae begun a few decades afore the 20t century. Syne the 1950s, raccoons hae spandit thair range frae [[Vancouver Island]]—umwhile the northernmost leemit o thair range—far intae the northren portions o the fower sooth-central Canadian provinces.<ref>Zeveloff, p. 75</ref> New habitats whilk hae recently been occupied bi raccoons (apart frae urban auries) include moontain ranges, lik the [[Western Rocky Mountains]], prairies an [[Salt marsh|coastal marshes]].<ref>Zeveloff, p. 76</ref> Efter a population explosion stairtin in the 1940s, the estimate nummer o raccoons in North Americae in the late 1980s wis 15 tae 20&nbsp;times heicher than in the 1930s, whan raccoons wis comparatively rare.<ref>Zeveloff, pp. 75–76</ref> [[Urbanisation]], the waxin o [[agricultur]], deliberate introductions, an the stermination o naitural predators o the raccoon haes likely caused this increase in abundance an distribution.<ref>Zeveloff, pp. 76–78</ref> ===Distribution outside North America=== As a result o escapes an deliberate [[introduced species|introductions]] in the mid-20t century, the raccoon is nou distribute in several European an Asian countries. Sichtins haes occurred in aw the countries bund Germany, whilk hosts the lairgest population ootwi North Americae.<ref>Lagoni-Hansen, pp. 89–90</ref> Anither stable population exists in northren Fraunce, whaur several pet raccoons wis released bi members o the [[United States Air Force|U.S. Air Force]] near the [[Laon-Couvron Air Base]] in 1966.<ref>Hohmann, p. 13</ref> Mair atouer, raccoons haes been reportit in the aurie aroond [[Madrid]] syne the early 1970s. In 2013 the ceety authorised "the capture an daith o ony specimen" foond.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/22/madrid-raccoon-parrot-plague|title = Madrid declares war on plague of raccoon an parrot invaders|last = Burger|first = Stephen|date = July 22, 2013|work = |access-date = May 4, 2015|via = |newspaper = The Guardian}}</ref> Aboot 1,240 ainimals wis released in nine regions o the umwhile [[Soviet Union]] atween 1936 an 1958 for the purpose o establishin a population tae be huntit for thair fur. Twa o thir introductions wis sonsie — ane in the sooth o [[Belaroushie]] atween 1954 an 1958, an anither in [[Azerbaijan]] atween 1941 an 1957. Wi a seasonal hairst o atween 1,000 an 1,500&nbsp;ainimals, in 1974 the estimate size o the population distributit in the [[Caucasus]] region wis aroond 20,000&nbsp;ainimals an the density wis fower ainimals per square kilometer (10&nbsp;ainimals per square mile).<ref>Lagoni-Hansen, pp. 90–92</ref> ====Distribution in Japan==== In Japan, up tae 1,500&nbsp;raccoons wis importit as pets ilka year efter the success o the [[anime]] series ''[[Rascal the Raccoon]]'' (1977). In 2004, the descendants o discardit or escaped ainimals lived in 42 o 47&nbsp;[[Prefecturs o Japan|prefecturs]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20040916f1.html|title=Raccoons – new foreign menace?|accessdate=December 7, 2008|last=Yoshida|first=Reiji|date=September 16, 2004|work=The Japan Times Online|publisher=The Japan Times Ltd.|archive-date=2012-04-19|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6738lej3L?url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nn20040916f1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20080219a5.html|title=Raccoons take big bite out of crops|accessdate=December 7, 2008|date=February 19, 2008|work=The Japan Times Online|publisher=The Japan Times Ltd.|archive-date=2012-07-13|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120713154336/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nn20080219a5.html%23.UABCGKgo9Rw|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Tohru>{{cite journal|last=Ikeda|first=Tohru|last2=Asano|first2=Makoto|last3=Matoba|first3=Yohei, Abe, Go|year=2004|title=Present Status of Invasive Alien Raccoon and its Impact in Japan|journal=Global Environmental Research|volume=8|issue=2|pages=125–131|publisher=Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies|location=Tsukuba, Japan|issn=1343-8808|url=http://www.airies.or.jp/publication/ger/pdf/08-02-03.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=December 7, 2008|archive-date=2009-03-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326112531/http://www.airies.or.jp/publication/ger/pdf/08-02-03.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The population o raccoons in Japan grew frae 17 prefectures in 2000 tae aw 47 prefectures in 2008.<ref name="Ribaraki">{{Cite journal|author=山﨑晃司・佐伯緑・竹内正彦・及川ひろみ|year=2009|title=茨城県でのアライグマの生息動向と今後の管理課題について|journal=県自然博物館研究報告|volume=12|url=http://www.nat.pref.ibaraki.jp/publish/documents/study_report/kenkyu12_light.pdf|format=PDF|pages=41–49|accessdate=July 3, 2011|archive-date=2011-05-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110529201015/http://www.nat.pref.ibaraki.jp/publish/documents/study_report/kenkyu12_light.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Waschbaer-verbreitung.png|left|thumb|Distribution in Germany: Raccoons killed or foond dead bi hunters in the huntin years 2000-2001, 2001-2002 an 2002-2003 in the admeenistrative destricts o Germany]] ====Distribution in Germany==== In Germany — whaur the racoon is cried the ''Waschbär'' (literally, "wash-beir" or "washin beir") due tae its habit o "slockin" fuid in watter—twa pairs o pet raccoons wis released intae the German countryside at the [[Edersee]] reservoir in the north o [[Hesse]] in Aprile 1934 bi a forester upon request o thair ainer, a poutrie farmer.<ref>Hohmann, pp. 9–10</ref> He released them twa week afore receivin permission frae the [[Prussia]]n huntin office tae "enrich the [[fauna]]." <ref>Hohmann, p. 10</ref> Several prior attempts tae introduce raccoons in Germany wisnae sonsie.<ref>Hohmann, p. 11; Lagoni-Hansen, p. 84</ref> A seicont population wis established in eastren Germany in 1945 whan 25 raccoons escaped frae a [[fur fermin|fur ferm]] at Wolfshagen, east o Berlin, efter an air strike. The twa populations is parasitologically distinguishable: 70% o the raccoons o the Hessian population is infectit wi the [[Nematode|roundworm]] ''[[Baylisascaris procyonis]]'', but nane o the [[Brandenburg]]ian population haes the parasite.<ref name=autogenerated1>Hohmann, p. 182</ref> The estimatit nummer o raccoons wis 285 ainimals in the Hessian region in 1956, ower 20,000 ainimals in the Hessian region in 1970 an atween 200,000 an 400,000&nbsp;ainimals in the hale o Germany in 2008.<ref name="ergebnisse" /><ref>Hohmann, p. 11</ref> Bi 2012 it wis estimate that Germany nou haed mair nor a million raccoons.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/germany-overrun-by-raccoon-invasion-a-847847.html|title = Raccoon Invasion: Germany Overrun by Hordes of Masked Omnivores|last = Schulz|first = Matthias|date = August 3, 2012|work = |access-date = May 4, 2015|via = }}</ref> The raccoon wis a pertected species in Germany, but haes been declared a [[game (food)|game animal]] in 14 [[States o Germany|states]] syne 1954.<ref>Hohmann, pp. 18, 21</ref> Hunters an [[environmentalism|environmentalists]] argue the raccoon spreads uncontrollably, threatens pertectit bird species an supersedes domestic [[carnivora]]ns.<ref name="stellungnahme" /> This view is opposed bi the zoologist Frank-Uwe Michler, wha fins nae evidence a heich population density o raccoons haes negative effects on the [[biodiversity]] o an aurie.<ref name="stellungnahme" /> Hohmann argues that extensive huntin canna be juistifee'd bi the absence o naitural predators, acause predation isnae a significant cause o daith in the North American raccoon population.<ref>Hohmann, pp. 14–16</ref> ====Distribution in the former USSR==== Experiments in acclimatising raccoons intae the USSR began in 1936, an wis repeatit a faur 25 times til 1962. Oweraw, 1,222 individuals war released, 64 o whilk came frae zoos an fur farms (38 o them haein been imports frae wastren Europe). The remainder originatit frae a population established aforehaun in [[Transcaucasia]]. The range o Soviet raccoons wis never single or continuous, as thay war aften introduced tae different locations far frae ilkane ither. Aw introductions intae the [[Roushie Far East]] failed; melanistic raccoons wis released on Petrov Island near [[Vladivostok]] an some auries o soothren [[Primorsky Krai]], but dee'd. In [[Middle Asia]], raccoons wis released in [[Kyrgyzstan]]'s [[Jalal-Abad Province]], tho thay war later recorded as "practically absent" thare in Januar 1963. A lairge an stable raccoon population (yieldin 1000–1500 catches a year) wis established in [[Azerbaijan]] efter an introduction tae the area in 1937. Raccoons apparently survived an introduction near [[Terek River|Terek]], alang the [[Sulak River]] intae the [[Dagestan]]i lowlands. Attempts tae settle raccoons on the [[Kuban River]]'s left tributary an [[Kabardino-Balkarie]] wis wansonsie. A sonsie acclimatisation occurred in [[Belarus]], whaur three introductions (consistin o 52, 37 an 38 individuals in 1954 an 1958) teuk place. Bi Januar 1, 1963, 700 individuals wis recordit in the kintra.<ref name="s1380">{{Harvnb|Heptner|Sludskii|2002|pp=1380–1383}}</ref> ===Urban raccoons=== [[File:Waschbaer auf dem Dach.jpg|thumb|On the ruif o a hoose in Albertshausen, Germany]] Due tae its adaptability, the raccoon haes can uise [[urban area]]s as a habitat. The first sichtins wis recorded in a [[suburb]] o [[Cincinnati]] in the 1920s. Syne the 1950s, raccoons hae been present in [[metropolitan area]]s lik [[Washington, DC]], [[Chicago]], an [[Toronto]].<ref name="untersuchungen">{{cite journal|first=Frank-Uwe|last=Michler|title=Untersuchungen zur Raumnutzung des Waschbären (''Procyon lotor'', L. 1758) im urbanen Lebensraum am Beispiel der Stadt Kassel (Nordhessen)|page=7|date=June 25, 2003|url=http://www.projekt-waschbaer.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Diplomarbeit-Waschbaer-Michler.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=December 7, 2008 |language=German}} (Diploma thesis at the University of Halle-Wittenberg)</ref> Syne the 1960s, [[Kassel]] haes hosted Europe's first an densest population in a lairge urban area, wi aboot 50 tae 150&nbsp;ainimals per square kilometer (130 tae 390&nbsp;ainimals per square mile), a figure comparable tae thae o urban habitats in North Americae.<ref name="untersuchungen" /><ref>Hohmann, p. 108</ref> Hame range sizes o urban raccoons is anly 3 tae 40&nbsp;hectare (7.5 tae 100&nbsp;acre) for females an 8 tae 80&nbsp;hectare (20 tae 200&nbsp;acre) for males.<ref name="Stand der Wissenschaft">{{cite web|url=http://www.projekt-waschbaer.de/stand-der-wissenschaft/|title=Stand der Wissenschaft|accessdate=December 7, 2008|last=Michler|first=Frank-Uwe|author2=Köhnemann, Berit A.|work="Projekt Waschbär"|publisher=Gesellschaft für Wildökologie und Naturschutz e.V.|language=German|archive-date=2009-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090216055807/http://www.projekt-waschbaer.de/stand-der-wissenschaft/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In smaw touns an suburbs, mony raccoons sleep in a naurhaun wid efter foragin in the dounset aurie.<ref name="untersuchungen" /><ref>Bartussek, p. 20</ref> Fruit an insects in gairdens an leftowers in municipal waste is easy available fuid soorces.<ref>Bartussek, p. 21</ref> Mair atouer, a lairge nummer o addeetional sleepin auries exist in thir auries, likesuc as howes in auld gairden trees, cots, garages, abandoned houses, an attics. The percentage o urban raccoons sleepin in abandoned or occupied houses varies frae 15% in Washington, DC (1991) tae 43% in Kassel (2003).<ref>Bartussek, p. 20; Hohmann, p. 108</ref> ==Health== [[File:Baylisascaris larvae.jpg|left|upright|thumb|Raccoon roundworm ''[[Baylisascaris procyonis]]'' larvae]] Raccoons can cairry [[rabies]], a lethal disease caused bi the [[neurotropic virus|neurotropic]] rabies [[virus]] cairried in the [[slaver]] an transmittit bi bites. Its spread began in Florida an [[Georgie (U.S. state)|Georgie]] in the 1950s an wis facilitated bi the introduction o infectit individuals tae [[Virginie]] an North Dakota in the late 1970s.<ref name="z113">Zeveloff, p. 113</ref> O the 6,940&nbsp;documentit rabies cases reportit in the United States in 2006, 2,615 (37.7%) wis in raccoons.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Blanton|first=Jesse D.|author2=Hanlon, Cathleen A. |author3=Rupprecht, Charles E. |date=August 15, 2007|title=Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2006|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-veterinary-medical-association-journal_2007-08-15_231_4/page/540|journal=Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association|volume=231|issue=4|pages=540–556|publisher=American Veterinary Medical Association|location=Schaumburg, Illinois|issn=0003-1488|doi=10.2460/javma.231.4.540|pmid=17696853}}</ref> The [[Unitit States Depairtment o Agricultur|U.S. Depairtment o Agricultur]], as weel as local authorities in several U.S. states an Canadian provinces, haes developit oral [[vaccination]] programs tae fecht the spread o the disease in endangered populations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aphis.usda.gov/wildlife_damage/oral_rabies/index.shtml|title=National Rabies Management Program Overview|accessdate=December 28, 2010|date=September 25, 2009|work=Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service|publisher=United States Department of Agriculture|archive-date=2011-01-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110110043024/http://www.aphis.usda.gov/wildlife_damage/oral_rabies/index.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://health.state.tn.us/FactSheets/raccoon.htm|title=Raccoons and Rabies|accessdate=December 7, 2008|work=Official website of the State of Tennessee|publisher=Tennessee Department of Health|archive-date=2009-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115182910/https://health.state.tn.us/FactSheets/raccoon.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mrnf.gouv.qc.ca/english/press/press-release-detail.jsp?id=7091|publisher=Gouvernement du Québec|title=Major operation related to raccoon rabies – Close to one million vaccinated baits will be spread in the Estrie and Montérégie regions from August 18 to 23, 2008|accessdate=December 28, 2010|date=August 18, 2008|archive-date=2012-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324115342/http://www.mrnf.gouv.qc.ca/english/press/press-release-detail.jsp?id=7091|url-status=dead}}</ref> Anly ae human fatality haes been reportit efter transmission o the rabies virus strain commonly kent as "raccoon rabies".<ref>{{cite journal|last=Silverstein|first=M. A.|author2=Salgado, C. D. |author3=Bassin, S. |author4=Bleck, T. P. |author5=Lopes, M. B. |author6=Farr, B. M. |author7=Jenkins, S. R. |author8=Sockwell, D. C. |author9=Marr, J. S. |author10= Miller, G. B. |date=November 14, 2003|title=First Human Death Associated with Raccoon Rabies|journal=Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report|volume=52|issue=45|pages=1102–1103|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|location=Atlanta, Georgia|url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5245a4.htm|accessdate=December 7, 2008|pmid=14614408}}</ref> Amang the main symptoms for rabies in raccoons are a generally sickly appearance, impaired mobility, abnormal vocalisation, an [[aggression|aggressiveness]].<ref name="rabies">{{cite journal|last=Rosatte|first=Rick|last2=Sobey|first2=Kirk|last3=Donovan|first3=Dennis|last4=Bruce|first4=Laura|last5=Allan|first5=Mike|last6=Silver|first6=Andrew|last7=Bennett|first7=Kim|last8=Gibson|first8=Mark|last9=Simpson|first9=Holly|last10=; Davies|first10=Chris|last11=Wandeler|first11=Alex|last12=Muldoon|first12=Frances|date=July 1, 2006|title=Behavior, Movements, and Demographics of Rabid Raccoons in Ontario, Canada: Management Implications|journal=Journal of Wildlife Diseases|volume=42|issue=3|pages=589–605|publisher=The Wildlife Disease Association|location=USA|issn=0090-3558|url=http://www.jwildlifedis.org/cgi/content/full/42/3/589|accessdate=December 7, 2008|pmid=17092890|doi=10.7589/0090-3558-42.3.589|archive-date=2012-12-09|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121209072424/http://www.jwildlifedis.org/cgi/content/full/42/3/589|url-status=dead}}</ref> Thare mey be nae visible signs ava, housomiver, an maist individuals disnae shaw the aggressive behaviour seen in infectit canids; rabid raccoons will aften retire tae thair dens insteid.<ref name="stellungnahme" /><ref name=autogenerated1 /><ref name="rabies" /> Organisations lik the [[United States Forest Service|U.S. Forest Service]] encourage fowk tae stey awa frae ainimals wi unuisual behaviour or appearance, an tae notify the proper authorities, lik an [[animal control officer]] frae the local [[health department]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/misc/raccoon/raccoon.htm|title=The Raccoon—Friend or Foe?|accessdate=December 7, 2008|work=Northeastern Area State & Private Forestry – USDA Forest Service}}</ref><ref name="wdfw">{{cite web|url=http://wdfw.wa.gov/wlm/living/raccoons.htm|title=Raccoons|accessdate=December 7, 2008|last=Link|first=Russell|work=Living with Wildlife|publisher=Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080324192751/http://wdfw.wa.gov/wlm/living/raccoons.htm|archivedate=2008-03-24|url-status=dead}}{{Cite web |url=http://wdfw.wa.gov/wlm/living/raccoons.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-06-03 |archive-date=2008-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080324192751/http://wdfw.wa.gov/wlm/living/raccoons.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Syne healthy ainimals, especially nouricin mothers, will occasionally forage in the daytime, daylicht activity isnae a reliable indicator o ailin in raccoons.<ref name="b10z99" /> Unalik rabies an at least a dozen ither [[pathogen]]s cairried bi raccoons, [[Canine distemper|distemper]], an [[epizootic]] virus, disnae affect humans.<ref>MacClintock, p. 72; Zeveloff, p. 114</ref> This disease is the maist frequent naitural cause o daith in the North American raccoon population an affects individuals o aw age groups.<ref name="ergebnisse" /> For insaumple, 94 o 145 raccoons dee'd in an outbreak in [[Clifton, Ohio]], in 1968.<ref>Zeveloff, p. 112</ref> It mey occur alang wi a follaein inflammation o the harn ([[encephalitis]]), causin the ainimal tae display rabies-lik symptoms.<ref name="z113" /> In Germany, the first aicht cases o distemper war reportit in 2007.<ref name="ergebnisse" /> Some o the maist important [[bacteria]]l diseases whilk affect raccoons is [[leptospirosis]], [[listeriosis]], [[tetanus]], an [[tularemia]]. Tho internal [[parasitism|parasites]] waiken thair [[immune system]]s, weel-fed individuals can cairry a fair feck o roundworms in thair [[Gastrointestinal tract|digestive tracts]] wioot shawin symptoms.<ref>MacClintock, pp. 73–74; Zeveloff, p. 114</ref> The larvae o the ''[[Baylisascaris procyonis]]'' roundworm, whilk can be conteened in the feces an seldom causes a severe ailin in humans, can be ingestit whan cleanin [[raccoon latrine]]s wioot wearing breathing pertection.<ref>Hohmann, pp. 169, 182</ref> While nae endemic, the [[Trichinella]] worm daes infect racoons,<ref>[http://jwildlifedis.org/doi/pdf/10.7589/0090-3558-2.3.81 Winslow, Price, Heafie, Herman, "Trichinosis in Marayland Racoons," Bulletin Wildlife Disease Assn, Vol 2 July 1966 ]</ref> an unnercuiked racoon meat haes caused [[trichinosis]] in humans.<ref>[http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/trichinellosis/hunters.html CDC, Parasites--Trichinellosis (also known as Trichinosis)]</ref> ==Raccoons and humans== ===Conflicts=== [[File:Urban raccoon and skunk.JPG|thumb|A [[Striped skunk|skunk]] an a Californie raccoon (''P. s. psora'') share cat food morsels in a [[Hollywood]], [[Californie]], back yard]] The increasin nummer o raccoons in urban auries haes resultit in diverse reactions in humans, rangin frae outrage at thair presence tae deliberate feedin.<ref>Hohmann, pp. 103–106</ref> Some wildlife experts an maist public authorities caution against feedin wild ainimals acause thay micht acome increasingly obtrusive an dependent on humans as a fuid soorce.<ref>Bartussek, p. 34</ref> Ither experts challenge sic arguments an gie advice on feedin raccoons an ither wildlife in thair beuks.<ref>Holmgren, pp. 117–121</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Harris|first=Stephen|author2=Baker, Phil |title=Urban Foxes|publisher=Whittet Books|location=Suffolk|year=2001|isbn=978-1-873580-51-6|pages=78–79}}</ref> Raccoons wioot a fear o humans is a concern tae thaim that attribute this trait tae rabies, but scientists pyntin oot this behaviour is hantle liker eneuch tae be a behavioural adjustment tae steyin in habitats wi regular contact wi humans for mony generations.<ref>Bartussek, p. 24; Hohmann, p. 182</ref> Raccoons uisually disnae prey on domestic cats an dugs, but individual cases o killins haes been reportit.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seattlepi.com/local/282218_racoons23.html|title=Raccoons rampaging Olympia|accessdate=December 7, 2008|date=August 23, 2006| work=seattlepi.com|publisher=Seattle Post-Intelligencer}}</ref> [[File:Curious Raccoon.jpg|thumb|left|A Florida raccoon (''P. l. elucus'') in the [[Florida]] Everglades approaches a group o humans, hopin tae be fed.]] While owerturned waste conteeners an raided fruit trees is juist a nuisance tae hameawners, it can cost several thoosand dollars tae repair damage caused bi the uise o attic space as dens.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Michler|first=Frank-Uwe|title=Untersuchungen zur Raumnutzung des Waschbären (''Procyon lotor'', L. 1758) im urbanen Lebensraum am Beispiel der Stadt Kassel (Nordhessen) |page=108 |date=June 25, 2003 |url=http://www.projekt-waschbaer.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Diplomarbeit-Waschbaer-Michler.pdf |format=PDF|accessdate=December 7, 2008 |language=German}} (Diploma thesis at the University of Halle-Wittenberg)</ref> Relocatin or killin raccoons wioot a permit is forbidden in mony urban auries on grunds o [[animal welfare]]. Thir methods uisually anly solve problems wi parteecularly wild or aggressive individuals, acause adequate dens is aither kent tae several raccoons or will swith be rediskivert.<ref name="wdfw" /><ref>Bartussek, p. 32; Hohmann, pp. 142–144, 169</ref> Loud noises, flashin lichts an unpleasant odors haes pruiven parteecularly effective in drivin awa a mither an her kits afore thay wad normally leave the nestin place (whan the kits is aboot aicht week auld).<ref name="wdfw" /><ref>Bartussek, p. 40</ref> teepically, tho, anly precautionary measures tae restrict access tae fuid waste an den sites is effective in the lang term.<ref name="wdfw" /><ref>Bartussek, pp. 36–40; Hohmann, p. 169</ref> Amang aw fruits an craps cultivate in agricultural auries, [[sweet corn]] in its milk stage is parteecularly popular amang raccoons.<ref>Hohmann, pp. 87–88; MacClintock, p 49–50</ref> In a twa-year study bi [[Purdue University]] researchers, published in 2004, raccoons wis responsible for 87% o the damage tae corn plants.<ref>{{cite journal |last=MacGowan |first=Brian J. |author2=Humberg, Lee A. |author3=Beasley, James C. |author4=DeVault, Travis L. |author5=Retamosa, Monica I. |author6=Rhodes, Jr., Olin E. |title=Corn and Soybean Crop Depredation by Wildlife |page=6 |publisher=Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University |date=June 2006 |url=http://www.ces.purdue.edu/extmedia/FNR/FNR-265-W.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=December 17, 2008 |journal= |archive-date=2008-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216115857/http://www.ces.purdue.edu/extmedia/FNR/FNR-265-W.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lik ither predators, raccoons sairchin for fuid can break intae [[poutrie]] houses tae feed on chickens, ducks, thair eggs, or feed.<ref name="wdfw" /><ref>Hohmann, p. 82; MacClintock, pp. 47–48</ref> Acause raccoons in heich mortality auries hae a heicher rate o reproduction, extensive huntin mey nae solve problems wi raccoon populations. Aulder males claim lairger hame ranges nor younger ones an aa, resultin in a lawer population density. ===Meethology, airts, an entertainment=== [[File:S.E.C.C. hero twins 3 HRoe 2007.jpg|thumb|Stylised raccoon skin as depictit on the ''Raccoon Priests Gorget'' foond at [[Spiro Mounds]]]] {{See also|Leet o feectional raccoons}} In the [[meethology]] o the indigenous fowks o the Americas, the raccoon wis the subject o [[Folklore|folk tales]].<ref>Holmgren, pp. 25–46</ref> Stories lik "Hou raccoons catch sae mony [[crayfish]]" frae the [[Tuscarora (tribe)|Tuscarora]] centered on its skills at foragin.<ref>Holmgren, pp. 41–43</ref> In ither tales, the raccoon played the role o the [[trickster]] whilk outsmarts ither ainimals, lik coyotes an woufs.<ref>Holmgren, pp. 26–29, 38–40</ref> Amang ithers, the [[Dakota Sioux]] believe the raccoon haes naitural [[spirit pouer]]s, acause its mask resembled the facial pentins, twa-fingered swashes o black an white, uised in [[ritual]]s tae connect tae spirit beins.<ref>Holmgren, pp. 15–17</ref> The Aztecs linkit supernaitural abilities inspecially tae females, whase commitment tae thair young wis associate wi the role o wise weemen in thair society.<ref>Holmgren, pp. 17–18</ref> The raccoon appears in Native American airt athort a wide geographic range an aa. [[Petroglyph]]s wi engraved raccoon tracks wis foond in [[Lewis Canyon, Texas]];<ref>Pamela LeBlanc {{Wayback |date=20090321230011 |url=http://www.austin360.com/recreation/content/recreation/stories/2008/12/1214rockart.html |title=Pictographs, petroglyphs on rocks record beliefs o earliest Texans }}. American Statesman. December 13, 2008</ref> at the Crow Hollow petroglyph site in [[Grayson County, Kentucky]];<ref>Rock Art of Kentucky. Fred E. Coy, Thomas C. Fuller, Larry G. Meadows, James L. Swauger University Press of Kentucky, 2003 p. 60 and Fig. 65A</ref> an in river drainages near [[Tularosa]], New Mexico an [[San Francisco]], Californie.<ref>Schaafsma, P. Indian Rock Art of the Southwest Albuq., U.NM, 1992</ref> A true-tae-detail [[figurine]] made o [[quartz]], the ''Ohio Mound Builders' Stone Pipe'', wis foond near the [[Scioto River]]. The meanin an signeeficance o the ''Raccoon Priests Gorget'', whilk features a stylized cairvin o a raccoon an wis foond at the [[Spiro Mounds]], Oklahoma, remains unkent.<ref name="spiro mounds">{{cite book|url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=TxYyscZlOXoC |page=123 }} |title=The Arts of the North American |publisher= |date= September 25, 1986|accessdate=March 19, 2010|isbn=978-0-933920-56-9|author1=Wade, Edwin L}}</ref><ref>Holmgren, p. 45</ref> In Western cultur, several [[autobiography|autobiographical]] [[novel]]s aboot livin wi a raccoon hae been written, maistly for [[Children's literature|children]]. The best-kent is [[Sterling North]]'s ''[[Rascal (beuk)|Rascal]]'', whilk recounts hou he raised a kit in [[Warld War I]]. In recent years, [[anthropomorphism|anthropomorphic]] raccoons played main roles in the animatit televeesion series ''[[The Raccoons]]'', the computer-animatit film ''[[Over the Hedge (film)|Over the Hedge]]'', the live action film ''[[Guardians of the Galaxy (film)|Guardians of the Galaxy]]'' an the video gemme series ''[[Sly Cooper (series)|Sly Cooper]]''. [[File:Cap of American opossum with a raccoon tail (Davy Crockett style).jpg|thumb|upright|left|Coonskin cap]] ===Huntin an fur trade=== The fur o raccoons is uised for claedin, inspecially for [[Raccoon coat|coats]] an [[coonskin cap]]s. At present, it is the material uised for the inaccurately named "sealskin" cap worn bi the [[Royal Fusiliers]] o [[Great Breetain]].<ref>A Dictionary of Military Uniform: W.Y.Carman ISBN 0-684-15130-8</ref> Historically, [[Indigenous people of the Americas|Native American]] tribes nae anly uised the fur for winter claedin, but uised the tails for ornament an aa.<ref>Holmgren, p. 18</ref> The famous Sioux leader [[Spotted Tail]] teuk his name frae a raccoon skin hat wi the tail attached he acquired frae a fur trader. Syne the late 18t century, various teeps o [[scent hoond]]s, cried "[[coonhound]]s", whilk can chase ainimals up trees haes been bred in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.akc.org/breeds/black_tan_coonhound/history.cfm |title=Black and Tan Coonhound History|accessdate=December 11, 2008|work=American Kennel Club|publisher=American Kennel Club}}</ref> In the 19t century, whan coonskins occasionally even sert as means o payment, several thoosand raccoon wis killt ilka year in the United States.<ref>Holmgren, p. 74; Zeveloff, p. 160</ref> This nummer rose quick whan caur jaikets became popular efter the turn o the 20t century. In the 1920s, wearing a [[raccoon coat]] wis regarded as [[status symbol]] amang [[college student]]s.<ref>Holmgren, p. 77</ref> Attempts tae breed raccoons in fur farms in the 1920s an 1930s in North Americae an Europe turned oot nae tae be profitable, an fermin wis abandoned efter prices for lang-haired pelts drappit in the 1940s.<ref>Zeveloff, p. 161</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Schmidt|first=Fritz|title=Das Buch von den Pelztieren und Pelzen|year=1970|publisher=F. C. Mayer Verlag|location=Munich|language=German|pages=311–315}}</ref> Awtho raccoons haed acome rare in the 1930s, at least 388,000 war killed during the [[huntin saison]] o 1934/35.<ref>Holmgren, p. 77; Zeveloff, pp. 75, 160, 173</ref> [[File:Lanpher Furs Auto Coat Raccoon S71.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Automobile coat made oot o raccoon fur (1906, U.S.)]] Efter persistent population increases began in the 1940s, the seasonal hunt reached aboot ane million ainimals in 1946/47 an twa million in 1962/63.<ref>Zeveloff, pp. 75, 160</ref> The broadcast o three televeesion episode aboot the [[Frontier#American frontier|frontiersman]] [[Davy Crockett]] an the film ''[[Davy Crockett, King of the Wild Frontier]]'' in 1954 an 1955 led tae a heich demand for [[coonskin cap]]s in the United States, tho it isnae lik eneuch aither Crockett or the actor wha played him, [[Fess Parker]], actually wore a cap made frae raccoon fur.<ref>Zeveloff, p. 170</ref> The seasonal hunt reached an aw-time heich wi 5.2&nbsp;million ainimals in 1976/77 an ranged atween 3.2 an 4.7&nbsp;million for maist o the 1980s. In 1982, the average pelt price wis $20.<ref>The Red Panda, Olingos, Coatis, Raccoons, and Their Relatives: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan for Procyonids and Ailurids By A. R. Glatston, IUCN/SSC Mustelid, Viverrid & Procyonid Specialist Group Edition: illustrated Published by IUCN, 1994, p. 9 ISBN 2-8317-0046-9, ISBN 978-2-8317-0046-5</ref> As o 1987, the raccoon wis identified as the maist important wild furbearer in North Americae in terms o revenue.<ref>The Red Panda, Olingos, Coatis, Raccoons, and Their Relatives: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan for Procyonids and Ailurids By A. R. Glatston, IUCN/SSC Mustelid, Viverrid & Procyonid Specialist Group Published by IUCN, 1994, p. 9</ref> In the first hauf o the 1990s, the seasonal hunt dropped tae 0.9 frae 1.9&nbsp;million due tae decreasing pelt prices.<ref>Zeveloff, pp. 160–161</ref> While primarily huntit for thair fur, raccoons wis a soorce o fuid for Native Americans an early American settlers an aa.<ref>Holmgren, pp. 18–19, Zeveloff, p. 165</ref> Accordin tae [[Ernest Thompson Seton]], young specimens killt wioot a fecht is palatable, whauras auld raccoons caught efter a lenthy battle is inedible.<ref name="seton1028">{{Harvnb|Seton|1909|pp=1028}}</ref> Raccoon meat wis extensively etten in the early years o Californie, whaur it wis sellt in the San Francisco mercat for $1–3 apiece.<ref name="g14">{{Harvnb|Goldman|Jackson|1950|pp=14–17}}</ref> [[Slavery in the United States|American slaves]] occasionally ett raccoon at [[Christmas]], but it wisnae necessar a dish o the puir or rural. The first edition o ''[[The Joy of Cooking]]'', released in 1931, conteened a recipe for preparin raccoon, an US Preses [[Calvin Coolidge]]'s pet raccoon Rebecca wis oreeginally sent tae be sert at the [[White House]] [[Thanksgiving dinner|Thanksgiving Dinner]].<ref>Harriet Jacobs, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, Digireads.com Publishing, 2005, p.72.</ref><ref>San Diego's Hilarious History By Herbert Lockwood, William Carroll Published by Coda Publications, 2004, p. 46.</ref><ref>Jen O'Neill. [http://www.findingdulcinea.com/features/feature-articles/2008/november/Filling-the-Position-of-First-Pet.html White House Life: Filling the Position of First Pet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830010512/http://www.findingdulcinea.com/features/feature-articles/2008/november/Filling-the-Position-of-First-Pet.html |date=2017-08-30 }}. findingdulcinea.com. November 12, 2008. .</ref> Awtho the idea o eatin raccoons seems repulsive tae maist mainstream consumers acause thay see them as endearin, cute, an/or [[varmints]], several thoosand raccoon is still etten ilka year in the Unitit States.<ref>{{cite news|last=Twohey |first=Megan |url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/2008/jan/18/food/chi-raccoon_18_jan18 |title=Raccoon dinner: Who's game? Illinois, it turns out, has bountiful supply of the critters – and fans and foodies are gobbling them up – Chicago Tribune |publisher=Archives.chicagotribune.com |date=January 18, 2008 |accessdate=March 19, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Hill |first=Lee |url=http://www.mcclatchydc.com/251/story/59566.html |title=The other dark meat: Raccoon is making it to the table &#124; McClatchy |publisher=Mcclatchydc.com |date=January 13, 2009 |accessdate=March 19, 2010 |archive-date=2009-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090801233722/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/251/story/59566.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://mdc.mo.gov/nathis/mammals/raccoon/ |title=Mammals: Raccoon – (Procyon lotor) |publisher=Mdc.mo.gov |accessdate=March 19, 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080622145257/http://mdc.mo.gov/nathis/mammals/raccoon/ |archivedate=2008-06-22 |url-status=dead }}{{Cite web |url=http://mdc.mo.gov/nathis/mammals/raccoon/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-06-03 |archive-date=2008-06-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080622145257/http://mdc.mo.gov/nathis/mammals/raccoon/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ngpc.state.ne.us/wildlife/raccoon.asp|title=Raccoon|accessdate=December 7, 2008|work=Nebraska Wildlife Species Guide|publisher=Nebraska Game and Parks Commission|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081023082129/http://www.ngpc.state.ne.us/wildlife/raccoon.asp|archivedate=2008-10-23|url-status=dead}}{{Cite web |url=http://www.ngpc.state.ne.us/wildlife/raccoon.asp |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-06-03 |archive-date=2008-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081023082129/http://www.ngpc.state.ne.us/wildlife/raccoon.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[File:Mm Gehege 02.jpg|left|thumb|Pen wi climbin facilities, hidin places an a watterin hole (on the lawer left side)]] ===Pet raccoons=== Raccoons are whiles kept as [[pet]]s, whilk is discouraged bi mony experts acause the raccoon isnae a [[domestication|domesticatit]] species. Raccoons mey act unpredictable an aggressive an it is uisually impossible tae teach them tae obey commaunds.<ref>Bartussek, p. 44; Hohmann, pp. 173–174</ref> In places whaur keepin raccoons as pets isnae forbidden, lik in Wisconsin an ither U.S. states, an [[exotic pet]] permit mey be required.<ref>MacClintock, p. 129</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Bluett|first=Robert|author2=Craven, Scott|title=The Raccoon (''Procyon lotor'')|page=2|publisher=Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System|year=1999|url=http://learningstore.uwex.edu/pdf/G3304.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=December 7, 2008|journal=|archive-date=2008-10-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031124153/http://learningstore.uwex.edu/pdf/G3304.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Thair propensity for unruly behaviour exceeds that o [[Skunks as pets|captive skunks]], an is even less trustworthy whan alloued tae roam free. Acause o thair intelligence an nimble forelimbs, even inexperienced raccoons can easy unscrew jaurs, uncork bottles an open door latches, wi mair experienced specimens haein been recordit tae open duir knobs.<ref name="merriam1884"/> Sexually mature raccoons aften shaw aggressive naitural behaviours lik bitin in the matein saison.<ref>Bartussek, p. 44; Hohmann, pp. 185–186</ref> [[Neutering]] them at aroond five or sax month o age decreases the chances o aggressive behaviour developin.<ref>Hohmann, p. 186</ref> Raccoons can acome [[obesity|obese]] an suffer frae ither disorders due tae puir diet an lack o exercise.<ref>Hohmann, p. 185</ref> Whan fed wi [[cat food]] ower a lang time period, raccoons can develop [[goot]].<ref>Hohmann, p. 180</ref> Wi respect tae the research results regardin thair social behaviour, it is nou required bi law in Austria an Germany tae keep at least twa individuals tae prevent laneliness.<ref name="gutachten">{{cite book|title=Gutachten über Mindestanforderungen an die Haltung von Säugetieren|url=http://www.lotor.de/download/haltung_saeugetiere.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=January 31, 2009|date=June 10, 1996|publisher=Bundesministerium für Verbraucherschutz, Ernährung und Landwirtschaft|location=Bonn, Germany|language=German|pages=42–43|archive-date=2009-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225123327/http://www.lotor.de/download/haltung_saeugetiere.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="mindestanforderungen">{{cite book|title=Mindestanforderungen an die Haltung von Säugetieren |url=http://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokumente/BgblAuth/BGBLA_2004_II_486/COO_2026_100_2_155421.pdf |format=PDF|accessdate=August 21, 2010|date=December 17, 2004 |publisher=Bundesministerium für Gesundheit und Frauen|language=German|page=23}}</ref> Raccoons is uisually kept in a [[pen (enclosure)|pen]] (indoor or outdoor), a legal requirement in Austria an Germany an aa, raither than in the flat whaur thair naitural [[curiosity]] mey result in damage tae property.<ref name="gutachten" /><ref name="mindestanforderungen" /><ref>Bartussek, p. 44; Hohmann, pp. 184, 187; MacClintock, p. 130–131</ref> Whan orphant, kits can be [[wildlife rehabilitation|rehabilitate]] an [[Reintroduction|reintroduced]] intae the wild. Housomiver, it is uncertain whether thay readapt weel tae life in the wild.<ref>MacClintock, p. 130</ref> Feedin unweaned kits wi [[cou's milk]] raither than a kitten replacement milk or a seemilar product can be dangerous tae thair health.<ref>Bartussek, p. 44; Hohmann, pp. 175–176</ref> {{-}} ==Notes== {{Reflist|colwidth=25em}} ==References== * {{EB1911|wstitle=Raccoon}} * {{cite book|last=Bartussek|first=Ingo|title=Die Waschbären kommen|publisher=Cognitio|location=Niedenstein, Germany|year=2004|isbn=978-3-932583-10-0|language=de}} * {{Cite book|last1=Goldman|first1=Edward A.|last2=Jackson|first2=Hartley H. T.|url=https://archive.org/details/raccoonsofnorthm60gold|title=Raccoons of North and Middle America|publisher=North American Fauna: Number 60|year=1950|isbn=|ref=harv|postscript=<!--None-->}} * {{Cite book|last1=Heptner|first1=V. G.|last2=Sludskii|first2=A. A.|url=https://archive.org/stream/mammalsofsov212001gept#page/1372/mode/2up|title=Mammals of the Soviet Union. Vol. II, part 1b, Carnivores(Mustelidae & Procyonidae)|publisher=Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Libraries and National Science Foundation|year=2002|isbn=90-04-08876-8|ref=harv|postscript=<!--None-->}} * {{cite book|last=Hohmann|first=Ulf|author2=Bartussek, Ingo |author3=Böer, Bernhard |title=Der Waschbär|publisher=Oertel+Spörer|location=Reutlingen, Germany|year=2001|isbn=978-3-88627-301-0|language=de}} * {{cite book|last=Holmgren|first=Virginia C.|title=Raccoons in Folklore, History and Today's Backyards|url=https://archive.org/details/raccoonsinfolklo0000holm|publisher=Capra Press|location=Santa Barbara, California|year=1990|isbn=978-0-88496-312-7}} * {{cite book|last=Lagoni-Hansen|first=Anke|title=Der Waschbär|publisher=Verlag Dieter Hoffmann|location=Mainz, Germany|year=1981|isbn=3-87341-037-0|language=de}} * {{cite book|last=MacClintock|first=Dorcas|title=A Natural History of Raccoons|publisher=The Blackburn Press|location=Caldwell, New Jersey|year=1981|isbn=978-1-930665-67-5}} * {{Cite book|last1=Seton|first1=Ernest Thompson|url=https://archive.org/stream/lifehistoriesofn02seto#page/1010/mode/2up|title=Life-histories of northern animals : an account of the mammals of Manitoba|publisher=New York City : Scribner|year=1909|isbn=|ref=harv|postscript=<!--None-->}} * {{cite book|last=Zeveloff|first=Samuel I.|title=Raccoons: A Natural History|url=https://archive.org/details/raccoonsnaturalh0000zeve|publisher=Smithsonian Books|location=Washington, D.C.|year=2002|isbn=978-1-58834-033-7}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Sister project links|commons=Procyon lotor|species=Procyon lotor|wikt=raccoon|b=no|q=no|s=no|n=no|v=no}} * [http://fohn.net/raccoon-pictures-facts/ Raccoon Tracks]—general information aboot raccoons * [http://wdfw.wa.gov/living/raccoons.html Raccoons - Living with Wildlife]—information aboot dealing wi urban raccoons frae the Washington Department o Fish an Wildlife * {{cite web| url= http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/episodes/raccoon-nation/introduction/7518/| title= Raccoon Nation | work= [[Nature (TV series)|''Nature'' (TV series)]] | publisher= [[PBS]] | year=2012}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q121439}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Ainimals descrived in 1758]] [[Category:Invasive mammal species]] [[Category:Mammals o Asie]] [[Category:Mammals o Central Americae]] [[Category:Mammals o Costa Rica]] [[Category:Mammals o Europe]] [[Category:Mammals o Guatemala]] [[Category:Mammals o North Americae]] [[Category:Procyonidae]] [[Category:Scaffengers]] [[Category:Urban ainimals]] mf0s5icv96iun8jvbv0k3bwmn6k0uwn 0 123840 917760 798444 2026-06-04T16:57:17Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260604sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 917760 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist |nobel=yes |name = Jean Baptiste Perrin |image =Jean Perrin 1926.jpg |image_size = |caption = Perrin in 1926 |birth_date = {{birth date|1870|9|30|df=y}} |birth_place = [[Lille]], [[Fraunce]] |death_date = {{death date and age|1942|4|17|1870|9|30|df=y}} |death_place = [[New York City]], [[Unitit States|USA]] |nationality = [[Fraunce]] |field = [[Pheesics]] |workplaces = [[École Normale Supérieure]]<br>[[Varsity o Paris]] |alma_mater = [[École Normale Supérieure]] |known_for = Naitur o [[cathode rays]]<br>[[Brownian motion]] |prizes = [[Matteucci Medal]] <small>(1911)</small><br>[[Nobel Prize in Pheesics]] <small>(1926)</small> }} '''Jean Baptiste Perrin''' {{post-nominals|post-noms=[[Foreign Member o the Ryal Society|ForMemRS]]}}<ref name="frs">{{Cite journal | last1 = Townsend | first1 = J. S. | authorlink = John Sealy Townsend| title = Jean Baptiste Perrin. 1870-1942 | doi = 10.1098/rsbm.1943.0004 | journal = [[Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society]] | volume = 4 | issue = 12 | pages = 301–326 | year = 1943 | pmid = | pmc = }}</ref> (30 September 1870 – 17 Aprile 1942) wis a French pheesicist who, in his studies o the [[Brownian motion]] o minute pairticles suspendit in liquids, verified [[Albert Einstein]]’s explanation o this phenomenon an tharebi confirmed the atomic naitur o [[matter]]. For this achievement he wis honoured wi the [[Nobel Prize for Pheesics]] in 1926.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Kyle | first1 = R. A. | title = Jean Baptiste Perrin | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_1979-08-24_242_8/page/744 | doi = 10.1001/jama.242.8.744 | journal = JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association | volume = 242 | issue = 8 | page = 744| year = 1979 | pmid = 379381| pmc = }}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Perrin, Jean Baptiste}} [[Category:École Normale Supérieure alumni]] [[Category:Buirials at the Panthéon, Paris]] [[Category:Foreign Members o the Ryal Society]] [[Category:French atheists]] [[Category:French pheesicists]] [[Category:20t-century physicists]] [[Category:French socialists]] [[Category:Commandeurs o the Légion d'honneur]] [[Category:Nobel laureates in Pheesics]] [[Category:French Nobel laureates]] [[Category:Commanders o the Order o Leopold (Belgium)]] [[Category:Varsity o Paris alumni]] [[Category:Members o the French Academy o Sciences]] [[Category:Correspondin Members o the Roushie Academy o Sciences (1917–25)]] [[Category:Correspondin Members o the USSR Academy o Sciences]] [[Category:Honorary Members o the USSR Academy o Sciences]] [[Category:Fowk associatit wi the Ryal Society]] [[Category:1870 births]] [[Category:1942 daiths]] [[Category:Theoretical pheesicists]] [[Category:French pheesical chemists]] [[Category:French Naitional Centre for Scienteefic Research]] [[Category:Pupils o Darius Milhaud]] auwjiads27n5jtrvdn7zer3zbczxb4c 0 125178 917744 915625 2026-06-04T16:41:45Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260604sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 917744 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Former Country | native_name = الخلافة العباسية | native_name_lang = ar | conventional_long_name = Abbasid Caliphate | common_name = Abbasids | continent = Afro-Eurasie | region = Middle East | status = Empire | government_type = Caliphate | life_span = 750–1258<br />1261–1517<br /> {{small|(unner the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk Sultanate o Cairo]])}} | year_start = 750 | year_end = 1517 | image_flag = Abbassid banner.svg | flag_type = The Black Banner o the Abbasids.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Akhtar |first1=Muhammad Wajid |title=Ten Things You Didn’t Know About The Kaaba |url=http://muslimmatters.org/2012/11/15/ten-things-you-didnt-know-about-the-kaaba |website=MuslimMatters.org |publisher=Muslim Matters |access-date=1 August 2015}}</ref> | p1 = Umayyad Caliphate | flag_p1 = Umayyad Flag.svg | flag_p4 = | s1 = Mongol Empire | flag_s1 = | s2 = Fatimid Islamic Caliphate | flag_s2 = Rectangular green flag.svg | s3 = Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo) | flag_s3 = Mameluke Flag.svg | s4 = Saffarid dynasty | flag_s4 = | image_map = Abbasids850.png | image_map_caption = Abbasid Caliphate at its greatest extent, c. 850. | capital = [[Kufa]]<br />{{small|(750–762)}}<br />[[Baghdad]]<br />{{small|(762–796, 809–836, 892–1258)}}<br />[[Ar-Raqqah]]<br />{{small|(796–809)}}<br />[[Abbasid Samarra|Samarra]]<br />{{small|(836–892)}}<br />[[Cairo]]<br />{{small|(1261–1517)}} | common_languages = Offeecial leid:<br />[[Arabic leid|Arabic]]<br />Regional leids:<br />[[Turkic leids|Oghuz Turkic]]<br />[[Aramaic leid|Aramaic]], [[Armenie leid|Armenian]], [[Berber leids|Berber]], [[Coptic leid|Coptic]], [[Georgian leid|Georgian]], [[Greek leid|Greek]], [[Kurdish leid|Kurdish]], [[Middle Persie|Persie]], [[Prakrit leid|Prakrit]] | religion = [[Sunni Islam]] | currency = [[Gowd dinar|Dinar]] (gowd coin)<br />[[Dirham]] (siller coin)<br /> [[Fals]] (copper coin) | leader1 = [[As-Saffah]] {{small|(first)}} | year_leader1 = 750–754 | leader2 = [[Al-Musta'sim]] {{small|(last) (caliph in Baghdad)}} | year_leader2 = 1242–1258 | leader3 = [[al-Mutawakkil III]]{{small|(last) (caliph in cairo)}} | year_leader3 = 1508–1517 | title_leader = [[Caliph]] | today = {{Collapsible list|title=Kintras theday | {{flag |Afghanistan}}|{{flag|Algerie}}|{{flag |Andorrae}}|{{flag|Armenie}}|{{flag|Azerbaijan}}|{{flag |Cyprus}}|{{flag |Egyp}}|{{flag |Fraunce}}|{{flag |Georgie}}|{{flag|Indie}}|{{flag |Gibraltar}}|{{flag |Greece}}|{{flag|Iran}}|{{flag|Iraq}}|{{flag|Israel}}|{{flag|Italy}}|{{flag |Jordan}}|{{flag |Kazakhstan}}|{{flag |Kuwait}}|{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}|{{flag |Lebanon}}|{{flag |Libie}}|{{flag|Malta}}|{{flag|Oman}}|{{flag|Pakistan}}|{{flag|Palestinian Authority}}|{{flag |Portugal}}|{{flag |Qatar}}|{{flag|Roushie}}|{{flag |Saudi Arabie}}|{{flag |Spain}}|{{flag |Sirie}}|{{flag|Tajikistan}}|{{flag|Tunisie}}|{{flag|Turkey}}|{{flag |Turkmenistan}}|{{flag |Unitit Arab Emirates}}|{{flag|Uzbekistan}}|{{flag |Yemen}} }} | footnotes = }} The '''Abbasid Caliphate''' ({{lang-ar|الخلافة العباسية}} ''{{transl|ar|al-Khilāfah al-‘Abbāsīyah}}'') wis the third o the [[Islam]]ic [[caliphate]]s tae succeed the [[Prophets in Islam|Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]]. It wis foondit bi a dynasty descendit frae Muhammad's uncle, [[Abbas ibn Abdul-Muttalib]] (566–653 CE), frae that the dynasty taks its name.{{sfn|Hoiberg|2010|p=10}} Thay ruled as [[caliphs]] for maist o the caliphate frae thair caipital in [[Roond ceety o Baghdad|Baghdad]] in modren-day [[Iraq]], efter haein owerthrawn the [[Umayyad Caliphate]] in the [[Abbasid Revolution]] o 750 CE (132&nbsp;[[anno Hegirae|AH]]). The Abbasid Caliphate first centred its govrenment in [[Kufa]], modren-day Iraq, but in 762 the caliph [[Al-Mansur]] foondit the ceety o Baghdad, near the auncient [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian]] caipital ceety o [[Ctesiphon]]. The Abbasid period wis merkit bi reliance on [[Greater Iran|Persie]] [[bureaucrat]]s (notably the [[Barmakids|Barmakid]] faimily) for govrenin the territories as weel as an increasin inclusion o [[Mawla|non-Arab Muslims]] in the ''[[ummah]]'' (naitional commonty). [[Persianate customs]] war braidly adoptit bi the ruling elite, an thay begoud patronage o airtists an scholarts.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Canfield |first1=Robert L. |title=Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective |date=2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-52291-5 |page=5}}</ref> Baghdad becam a centre o science, cultur, filosofie an invention in whit becam kent as the [[Islamic Gowden Age|Gowden Age o Islam]]. Despite this ineetial cooperation, the Abbasids o the late 8t century haed alienated baith non-Arab ''[[mawali]]'' (clients)<ref>{{cite web |title=ABŪ MOSLEM ḴORĀSĀNĪ – Encyclopaedia Iranica |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/abu-moslem-abd-al-rahman-b |website=www.iranicaonline.org |access-date=2015-11-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122132055/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/abu-moslem-abd-al-rahman-b# |archive-date=22 November 2015 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all}}</ref> an Iranian bureaucrats.<ref>{{cite book |title=The History of Government from the Earliest Times: Volume II: The Intermediate Ages p.720 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AhEab85xHAMC |publisher=OUP Oxford |date=1999-01-01 |isbn=978-0-19-820790-0 |first=S. E. |last=Finer}}</ref> Thay war forced tae cede authority ower [[Al-Andalus]] an the [[Maghreb]] tae the [[Emirate o Córdoba|Umayyads]] in 756, [[Morocco]] tae the [[Idrisid dynasty]] in 788, [[Ifriqiya]] tae the [[Aghlabids]] in 800 an [[Egyp in the Middle Ages|Egyp]] tae the [[Isma'ili]]-[[Shia]] caliphate o the [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimids]] in 969. The poleetical pouer o the caliphs lairgely endit wi the rise o the Iranian [[Buyids]] an the [[Seljuk Empire|Seljuq Turks]], that ilk capturt Baghdad in 945 an 1055 respectively. Awtho Abbasid leadership ower the vast [[Islamic empire]] wis gradually reduced tae a ceremonial releegious function, the dynasty retained control ower its [[Mesopotamian]] domeen. The Abbasids' period o cultural frueetion endit in 1258 wi the [[Siege o Baghdad (1258)|sack o Baghdad]] bi the [[Mongol Empire|Mongols]] unner [[Hulagu Khan]]. The Abbasid line o rulers, an Muslim cultur in general, re-centred themsels in the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk]] caipital o [[Cairo]] in 1261. Tho lackin in poleetical pouer, the dynasty conteena'd tae claim releegious authority till efter the [[Ottoman dynasty|Ottoman]] [[Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–17)|conquest o Egyp]] in 1517.{{sfn|Holt|1984}} == History == === Abbasid Revolution (750–751) === {{main|Abbasid Revolution}} The Abbasid caliphs war [[Arab fowk|Arabs]] descendit frae [[Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib]], ane o the youngest uncles o Muhammad an o the same [[Banu Hashim]] clan. The Abbasids claimed tae be the true successors o Prophet Muhammad in replacin the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] descendants o [[Umayya ibn Abd Shams|Banu Umayya]] bi virtue o thair closer bluidline tae Muhammad. The Abbasids an aw distinguished themsels frae the Umayyads bi attackin thair moral chairacter an admeenistration in general. Accordin tae [[Ira Lapidus]], "The Abbasid revolt wis supportit lairgely bi Arabs, mainly the aggrieved settlers o [[Merv]] wi the addeetion o the Yemeni faction an thair [[Mawali]]".{{sfn|Lapidus|2002|p=54}} The Abbasids an aw appealed tae non-Arab Muslims, kent as ''mawali'', that remeened ootside the kinship-based society o the Arabs an war perceived as a lawer cless within the Umayyad empire. [[Mohammad ibn Ali Abbasi|Muhammad ibn 'Ali]], a great-grandson o Abbas, begoud tae campaign in [[Greater Persie|Persie]] for the return o pouer tae the faimily o Prophet Muhammad, the [[Hashimites]], in the ring o [[Umar II]]. In the ring o [[Marwan II]], this opposeetion culminatit in the rebellion o Ibrahim the Imam, the fowert in strynd frae Abbas. Supportit bi the province o [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]] (Eastren Persie), even tho the govrenor opponed them, an the Shia Arabs,{{sfn|Hoiberg|2010|p=10}}{{sfn|Dupuy|Dupuy|1986|p=233}} he achieved conseederable success, but wis capturt in the year 747 an dee'd, possibly assassinated, in preeson. On 9 Juin 747 (15 Ramadan AH 129), [[Abu Muslim]], risin frae Khorasan, successfully ineetiatit an appen revolt against Umayyad rule, that wis cairied oot unner the sign o the [[Black Staundart]]. Close tae 10,000 sodgers war unner Abu Muslim's command whan the hostilities offeecially begoud in [[Merv (East Sirie Ecclesiastical Province)|Merv]].{{sfn|Lewis|1995|p=102}} [[Qahtaba ibn Shabib al-Ta'i|General Qahtaba]] follaed the fleein govrenor [[Nasr ibn Sayyar]] wast defeatin the Umayyads at the Battle o Gorgan, the Battle o Nahāvand an feenally in the Battle o Karbala, aw in the year 748.{{sfn|Dupuy|Dupuy|1986|p=233}} [[File:Balami - Tarikhnama - Abu'l-'Abbas al-Saffah is proclaimed the first 'Abbasid Caliph (cropped).jpg|upright=1.2|thumb|Folio frae ''Tarikhnama'' o [[Muhammad Bal'ami|Bal'ami]] depictin [[As-Saffah|al-Saffah]] as he receives [[Bay'ah|pledges o allegiance]] in [[Kufa]]]] The quarry wis taken up bi Ibrahim's brither Abdallah, kent bi the name o [[As-Saffah|Abu al-'Abbas as-Saffah]], that defeatit the Umayyads in 750 in the [[Battle o the Zab|battle near the Great Zab]] an wis subsequently proclaimed [[caliph]].<ref name="EB1911">{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Abbasids|volume=1|page=10}}</ref> Efter this loss, Marwan fled tae Egyp, whaur he wis subsequently assassinatit. The remainder o his faimily, baurin ane male, war an aw eliminatit.{{sfn|Dupuy|Dupuy|1986|p=233}} Immediately efter thair veectory, As-Saffah sent his forces tae [[Central Asie]], whaur his forces fecht against [[Tang Dynasty|Tang]] expansion in the [[Battle o Talas]]. The noble Iranian faimily [[Barmakids]], that warinstrumental in biggin [[Roond ceety o Baghdad|Baghdad]], introduced the warld's first recordit [[paper mill]] in the ceety, sicweys beginnin a new era o intellectual rebirth in the Abbasid domain. As-Saffah focused on pittin doun numerous rebellions in Sirie an Mesopotamie. The [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]] conducted raids in these early distractions.{{sfn|Dupuy|Dupuy|1986|p=233}} === Pouer (752–775) === [[File:Baghdad 150 to 300 AH.png|thumb|upright=1.2|The ceety o [[Roond ceety o Baghdad|Baghdad]] atween 767 an 912 AD. The roond plan reflects pre-Islamic Persian urban design.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/baghdad-iranian-connection-1-pr-Mongol# |title=Archived copy |access-date=24 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117020537/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/baghdad-iranian-connection-1-pr-Mongol# |archive-date=17 November 2017 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all}}</ref>]] [[File:Battle of Talas.png|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Battle o Talas]], 751]] The first chynge the Abbasids, under [[Al-Mansur]], made wis tae muive the empire's caipital frae [[Damascus]], in Sirie, tae Baghdad in Iraq. This wis tae baith appease as weel tae be closer tae the Persie ''mawali'' support base that existit in this region mair influenced bi Persie history an cultur, an pairt o the Persie mawali demand for less Arab dominance in the empire. Baghdad wis established on the [[Tigris River]] in 762. A new poseetion, that of the [[vizier]], wis an aw established tae delegate central authority, an even greater authority wis delegatit tae local emirs.<ref name="AHGC">{{harvnb|Anon|2008}}</ref> This eventually meant that mony Abbasid caliphs war relegatit tae a mair ceremonial role than unner the Umayyads, as the viziers begoud tae exert greater influence, an the role o the auld Arab aristocracy wis slawly replaced bi a Persie bureaucracy.<ref name="AHGC">{{harvnb|Anon|2008}}</ref> In Al-Mansur's time control o [[Al-Andalus]] wis lost, an the Shia revoltit an war defeatit a year later at the [[Alid revolt o 762–763|Battle o Bakhamra]].{{sfn|Dupuy|Dupuy|1986|p=233}} The Abbasids haed dependit hivily on the support o Persies{{sfn|Hoiberg|2010|p=10}} in thair owerthraw o the Umayyads. Abu al-'Abbas' successor, [[Al-Mansur]] welcomed nan-Arab Muslims tae his coort. While this helped integrate Arab an Persie culturs, it alienatit mony o thair Arab supporters, pairteecularly the [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasanian]] Arabs that had supportit them in thair battles against the Umayyads. Thir fissurs in thair support led tae immediate problems. The Umayyads, while oot o pouer, war nae destroyed. The anerly survivin member o the Umayyad ryal faumily, that haed been aw but annihilatit, ultimately made his way tae Spain whaur he established himsel as an independent [[Emir]] ([[Abd ar-Rahman I]], 756). In 929, [[Abd ar-Rahman III]] assumed the teetle o Caliph, establishin [[Al Andalus]] frae [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]] as a rival tae Baghdad as the legitimate caipital o the Islamic Empire. In 756, the Abbasid Caliph [[Al-Mansur]] sent ower 4,000 Arab mercenaries tae assist the Cheenese [[Tang dynasty]] in the [[An Shi Rebellion]] against [[An Lushan]]. The Abbasides or "Black Banners," as thay war commonly cried, war kent in Tang dynasty chronicles as the ''hēiyī Dàshí'', "The Black-robed Tazi", ({{lang|zh|黑衣大食}}) ("Tazi" bein a borraein frae Persian ''[[wikt:تازی|Tāzī]]'', the wird for "Arab").{{refn|group=nb|Wade states "Tazi in Persie soorces referred tae a fowk in that laund, but wis later extendit tae kiver Arab launds. The Persie term wis adoptit bi Tang China (Dàshí :大食) tae refer tae the Arabs till the 12t century."<ref>{{harvnb|Wade|2012|p=138}}</ref>}}<ref>{{harvnb|Jenkins|1999|p=61}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Carné|1872|p=295}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Ghosh|1961|p=60}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Hermann|1912|p=77}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Anon|1928|p=1617}}</ref> After the war, these embassies remained in China <ref>{{harvnb|Chapuis|1995|p=92}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Kitagawa|1989|p=283}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Smith|Weng|1973|p=129}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Baker|1990|p=53}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Fitzgerald|1961|p=332}}</ref> wi Caliph [[Harun al-Rashid]] establishin an alliance wi Cheenae.<ref name="Dennis Bloodworth, Ching Ping Bloodworth 2004 214">{{harvnb|Bloodworth|Bloodworth|2004|p=214}}</ref> Several embassies frae the Abbasid Caliphs tae the Cheenese coort hae been recordit in the T'ang Annals, the maist important o thir bein thae o [[As-Saffah|Abul Abbas al-Saffah]], the first Abbasid caliph, his successor [[Al-Mansur|Abu Jafar]], an [[Harun al-Rashid]]. === Abbasid Gowden Age (775–861) === [[File:Harun-Charlemagne.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Harun al-Rashid]] receivin a delegation sent bi [[Charlemagne]] at his coort in Baghdad. Pentin bi German penter {{ill|Julius Köckert|fr}} (1827–1918), datit 1864. Ile on canvas.]] The Abbasid leadership haed tae wirk haurd in the last hauf o the 8t century (750–800), unner several competent caliphs an thair viziers tae owercome the poleetical challenges creatit bi the faur flung naitur o the empire, an the leemitit communication athort it an usher in the admeenistrative chynges needit tae keep order.<ref name="Brauer">{{harvnb|Brauer|1995}}</ref> It wus an aw in this early period o the dynasty, in pairteecular in the govrenance o [[al-Mansur]], [[Harun al-Rashid]], an [[al-Ma'mun]], that the reputation an pouer o the dynasty wis creatit.{{sfn|Hoiberg|2010|p=10}} Al-Mahdi [[Abbasid invasion o Asia Minor (782)|restairtit the fechtin]] wi the Byzantines an his sons conteena'd the conflict till [[Irene o Athens|Empress Irene]] pushed for peace.{{sfn|Dupuy|Dupuy|1986|p=233}} Efter several years o peace, [[Nikephoros I]] brak the treaty, then fendit aff multiple incursions in the first decade o the 9t century. Thir attacks pushed intae the [[Taurus Muntains]] culminatin wi a veectory at the [[Battle o Krasos]] an the [[Abbasid invasion o Asia Minor (806)|massive invasion o 806]], led bi Rashid himsel.<ref name=DD1>{{harvnb|Dupuy|Dupuy|1986|p=265}}</ref> Rashid's navy an aw pruived successfu as he teuk [[Cyprus]]. Eventually, the momentum turned an muckle o the laund gained wis lost. Rashid decidit tae focus on the rebellion o [[Rafi ibn al-Layth]] in Khorasan an dee'd while there.<ref name="DD1" /> While the [[Byzantine Empire]] wis fechtin Abbasid rule in Sirie an [[Anatolie]], militar operations in this period war meenimal, as the caliphate focused on internal maiters, its govrenors exertin greater autonomy an uisin thair increasin pouer tae mak thair poseetions hereditary.<ref name="AHGC" /> At the same time, the Abbasids faced challenges closer tae hame. Harun al-Rashid turned on the [[Barmakids]], a Persie faimily that haed grawn signeeficantly in pouer within the admeenistration o the state an killt maist o the faimily.<ref>{{harvnb|Meisami|1999}}</ref> In the same period, several factions begoud aither tae leave the empire for ither launds or tae tak control o distant pairts o the empire awey frae the Abbasids. The ring o al-Rashid an his sons war conseedert tae be the apex o the Abbasids.<ref name=mag>{{harvnb|Magnusson|Goring|1990|p=2}}</ref> [[File:Abbasid Dinar - Al Amin - 195 AH (811 AD).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Gowd dinar]] mintit in the ring o [[al-Amin]] (809–813)]] Efter Rashid's death, the empire wis split bi a [[Fowert Fitna|ceevil war]] atween the caliph [[al-Amin]] an his brither [[al-Ma'mun]] that had the support o Khorasan. This war endit wi a [[Siege o Baghdad (812–813)|twa-year siege]] o Baghdad an the eventual daith o al-Amin in 813.<ref name=DD1 /> Al-Ma'mun ruled for 20 years o relative caum interspersed wi a rebellion supportit bi the Byzantines in [[Iranian Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]] bi the [[Khurramites]]. Al-Ma'mun wis an aw responsible for the creaution o an autonomous Khorasan, an the conteena'd repulsin o Byzantine forays.<ref name=DD1 /> [[Al-Mu'tasim]] gained pouer in 833 an his rule merkit the end o the strang caliphs. He strenthened his personal airmy wi Turkis mercenaries an promptly restairtit the war wi the Byzantines. His militar excursions war generally successfu culminatin wi a resoondin veectory in the [[Sack o Amorium]]. His attempt at seizin [[Constantinople]] failed whan his fleet wis destroyed bi a storm.<ref>{{harvnb|Dupuy|dupuy|1986|pp=265–266}}</ref> The Byzantines restairtit the fechtin bi [[Sack o Damietta (853)|sackin Damietta]] in Egyp. [[Al-Mutawakkil]] respondit bi sendin his truips intae [[Anatolie]] again, sackin an maraudin till thay war [[Battle o Lalakaon|eventually annihilatit]] in 863.<ref name=DD3>{{harvnb|Dupuy|dupuy|1986|p=266}}</ref> == Fractur tae autonomous dynasties (861–945) == [[File:Abbasid Caliphate 891-892.png|thumb|upright=1.2|Map o the fragmentit Abbasid empire, wi auries still unner direct control o the Abbasid central govrenment (daurk green) an unner autonomous rulers (licht green) adherin tae nominal Abbasid suzerainty, {{circa|892}}]] Even bi 820, the [[Samanid]]s had begun the process o exercisin independent authority in [[Transoxiana]] an [[Greater Khorasan]], as haed the [[Twaler]]-Shia [[Hamdanid]]s in Northren Sirie, an the succeedin [[Tahirid]] an [[Saffarid]] dynasties o Iran. The Saffarids, frae Khorasan, nearly seized Baghdad in 876, an the [[Tulunid]]s teuk control o maist o Sirie. The trend o waikenin o the central pouer an strenthenin o the minor caliphates on the periphery conteena'd.<ref name=mag /> An exception wis the 10-year period o [[Al-Mu'tadid]]'s rule. He brocht pairts o Egyp, Sirie, an Khorasan back intae the Abbasid's control. Especially efter the "[[Anarchy at Samarra]]", the Abbasid central govrenment wis waikened an centrifugal tendencies becam mair prominent in the Caliphate's provinces. Bi the early 10t century, the Abbasids awmaist laist control o Iraq tae various [[amir]]s, an the caliph [[al-Radi]] wis forced tae acknawledge thair pouer bi creautin the position o "Prince o Princes" (''[[amir al-umara]]'').<ref name=mag /> [[Al-Mustakfi]] haed a short ring frae 944–946, an it wis in this period that the Persie faction kent as the [[Buyids]] frae [[Daylam]] swept intae pouer an assumed control ower the bureaucracy in Baghdad. Accordin tae the history o [[Miskawayh]], thay begoud distributin [[iqta]]s ([[fief]]s in the form o tax ferms) tae thair supporters. This period o localised secular control wis tae last nearly 100 years.{{sfn|Hoiberg|2010|p=10}} The loss o Abbasid pouer tae the Buyids wad shift as the Seljuks wad tak ower frae the Persies.<ref name=mag /> At the end o the aicht century the Abbasids foond thay coud na langer keep a huge polity lairger nor that o Roum thegither frae Baghdad. In 793 the [[Zaydi]]-Shia dynasty o [[Idrisids]] set up a state frae Fez in Morocco, while a faimily o govrenors unner the Abbasids becam increasinly independent till thay foondit the Aghlabid Emirate frae the 830s. Al-Mu'tasim stairtit the dounwart slide bi utilisin non-Muslim mercenaries in his personal airmy. An aw in this period officers stairtit assassinatin superiors wi that thay fawed oot wi, in pairteecular the caliphs.{{sfn|Hoiberg|2010|p=10}} Bi the 870s Egyp becam autonomous unner [[Ahmad ibn Tulun]]. In the East as weel, govrenors decreased thair ties tae the centre. The [[Saffarids]] o Herat an the [[Samanids]] o Bukhara haed braken awey frae the 870s, cultivatin a muckle mair [[Persianate cultur]] an statecraft. Bi this time anerly the central launds o Mesopotamie war unner direct Abbasid control, wi Palestine an the Hijaz eften managed bi the Tulunids. Byzantium, for its part, haed begun tae push Arab Muslims faur east in Anatolie. Bi the 920s, the situation haed chynged faur, as North Africae wis lost tae the Abbasids. A Shia sect anerly recognisin the first five Imams an tracin its ruits tae Muhammad's dochter Fatima teuk control o Idrisid an then Aghlabid domeens.<ref name=mag /> Cried the [[Fatimid dynasty]], thay had advanced tae Egyp in 969, establishin thair caipital near Fustat in Cairo, that thay biggit as a bastion o Shia learin an politics. Bi 1000 thay haed acome the chief poleetical an ideological challenge tae Sunni Islam in the form o the Abbasids. Bi this time the latter state had fragmentit intae several govrenorships that, while recognisin caliphal authority frae Baghdad, did maistly as thay wantit, fechtin wi ilk ither. The Caliph himsel wis unner 'pertection' o the Buyid Emirs that possessed aw o Iraq an wastren Iran, an war quietly Shia in thair sympathies. Ootside Iraq, aw the autonomous provinces slawly teuk on the chairactereestic o de facto states wi hereditary rulers, airmies, an revenues an operatit unner anerly nominal caliph suzerainty, that mey nae necessarily be reflectit bi ony contreibution tae the thesaury, sic as the [[Soomro]] [[Emir]]s that haed gained control o [[Sindh]] an ruled the entire province frae thair caipital o [[Mansura, Sindh|Mansura]].<ref name="Brauer" /> [[Mahmud o Ghazni]] teuk the teetle o sultan, as opponed tae the [[Emir|"amir"]] that haed been in mair common uissage, seegnifeein the [[Ghaznavids|Ghaznavid Empire]]'s unthirldom frae caliphal authority, despite Mahmud's ostentatious displays o Sunni orthodoxy an reetual submission tae the caliph. In the 11t century, the loss o respect for the caliphs conteena'd, as some Islamic rulers na langer mentioned the caliph's name in the Fryday [[khutba]], or struck it aff thair coinage.<ref name="Brauer" /> The [[Isma'ili]] [[Fatimid]] dynasty o Cairo contestit the Abbasids for even the teetular authority o the Islamic [[ummah]]. Thay commandit some support in the Shia sections o Baghdad (sic as [[Karkh]]), awtho Baghdad wis the ceety maist closely connectit tae the caliphate, even in the Buyid an Seljuq eras. The Fatimids' green banners contrastit wi Abbasids' black, an the challenge o the Fatimids anerly endit wi thair dounfaw in the 12t century. === Buyid an Seljuq control (945–1118) === Despite the pouer o the [[Buyids|Buyid]] amirs, the Abbasids reteened a heichly reetualised coort in Baghdad, as descrived bi the Buyid bureaucrat [[Hilal al-Sabi']], an thay retained a certain influence ower Baghdad as weel as releegious life. As Buyid pouer waned efter the daith o [[Baha' al-Daula]], the caliphate wis able tae regain some meisur o strenth. The caliph [[al-Qadir]], for example, led the ideological struggle against the Shia wi writins sic as the ''[[Baghdad Manifesto]]''. The caliphs kept order in Baghdad itsel, attemptin tae prevent the ootbreak o [[fitna (wird)|fitnas]] in the caipital, eften contendin wi the ''[[ayyarun]]'' Wi the Buyid dynasty on the dwyne, a vacuum wis creatit that wis eventually filled bi the dynasty o [[Oghuz Turks]] kent as the [[Seljuqs]]. Bi 1055, the Seljuqs haed wrestit control frae the Buyids an Abbasids, an teuk ony remeenin temporal pouer.{{sfn|Hoiberg|2010|p=10}} Whan the amir an umwhile sclave [[Basasiri]] teuk up the Shia [[Fatimid]] banner in Baghdad in, the caliph [[al-Qa'im (caliph)|al-Qa'im]] wis unable tae defeat him withoot ootside help. [[Toghril Beg]], the Seljuq sultan, restored Baghdad tae Sunni rule an teuk Iraq for his dynasty. Ance again, the Abbasids war forced tae deal wi a military pouer that thay coud nae match, tho the Abbasid caliph remeened the teetular heid o the Islamic commonty. The succeedin sultans [[Alp Arslan]] an [[Malikshah]], as weel as thair vizier [[Nizam al-Mulk]], teuk up residence in Persie, but held pouer ower the Abbasids in Baghdad. Whan the dynasty begoud tae waiken in the 12t century, the Abbasids gained greater unthirldom ance again. === Revival o militar strenth (1118–1258) === [[File:Abbasids Baghdad Iraq 1244.JPG|thumb|upright|220px|Coin o the Abbasids, Baghdad, 1244]] While the Caliph [[al-Mustarshid]] wis the first caliph tae big an airmy capable o meetin a Seljuk airmy in battle, he wis nanetheless defeatit in 1135 an assassinatit. The Caliph [[Al-Muqtafi (Abbasid Caliph)|al-Muqtafi]] wus the first Abbasid Caliph tae regain the full militar unthirldom o the Caliphate, wi the help o his vizier [[Awn ad-Din ibn Hubayra|Ibn Hubayra]]. Efter nearly 250 years o subjection tae furrin dynasties, he successfully defendit Baghdad against the Seljuqs in the [[siege o Baghdad (1157)]], sicweys siccarin Iraq for the Abbasids. The ring o [[al-Nasir]] (d. 1225) brocht the caliphate back intae pouer ootthrou Iraq, based in lairge part on the [[Sufi]] [[futuwwa]] organisations that the caliph heidit.<ref name=mag /> [[Al-Mustansir (caliph)|Al-Mustansir]] biggit the [[Mustansiriya Schuil]], in an attempt tae eclipse the Seljuq-era [[Al-Nizamiyya o Baghdad|Nizamiyya]] biggit bi [[Nizam al-Mulk]]. === Mongol invasion (1206–1258) === [[File:DiezAlbumsFallOfBaghdad a.jpg|thumb|upright|220px|[[Siege o Baghdad (1258)|Siege o Baghdad]] bi the Mongols led bi [[Hulagu Khan]] in 1258]] In 1206, [[Genghis Khan]] established a pouerfu dynasty amang the [[Mongol]]s o [[central Asie]]. In the 13t century, this [[Mongol Empire]] conquered maist o the Eurasie laund mass, includin baith Cheenae in the east an muckle o the auld Islamic caliphate (as weel as [[Kievan Rus']]) in the wast. [[Hulagu Khan]]'s [[Battle o Baghdad (1258)|destruction o Baghdad]] in 1258 is tradeetionally seen as the approximate end o the Golden Age.<ref>{{harvnb|Cooper|Yue|2008|p=215}}</ref> Mongols feared that a supernaitural disaster wad strick if the bluid o [[Al-Musta'sim]], a direct descendant o Muhammad's uncle [[Al-‘Abbas ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib]],<ref name=encyclopedia>{{harvnb|Glassé|Smith|2002}}</ref> an the last ringin Abbasid caliph in Baghdad, wis spilled. The Shia o [[Persia]] statit that na sic calamity haed happened efter the daith o [[Husayn ibn Ali]] in the [[Battle o Kerbala]]; nivertheless, as a precaution an in accordance wi a Mongol taboo that forbade spillin ryal bluid, Hulagu haed Al-Musta'sim wrapped in a cairpet an trampled tae daith bi horse on 20 Februar 1258. The Caliph's immediate faimily wis an aw executit, wi the lone exceptions o his youngest son that wis sent tae Mongolie, an a dochter that becam a sclave in the [[harem]] o Hulagu.<ref>{{harvnb|Frazier|2005}}</ref> === Abbasid Caliphate o Cairo (1261–1517) === In the 9t century, the Abbasids creatit an airmy leal anerly tae thair caliphate, componed o non-Arab oreegin fowk, kent as [[Mamluks]].<ref name="István Vásáry 2005">{{harvnb|Vásáry|2005}}</ref><ref name="Isichei 1997 192">{{harvnb|Isichei|1997|p=192}}</ref><ref name="T. Pavlidis 2011">{{harvnb|Pavlidis|2010}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Mikaberidze|2004}}</ref><ref name="bbs">{{harvnb|Visser|2005|p=19}}</ref> This force, creatit in the ring o [[al-Ma'mun]] (813–33) an his brither an successor [[al-Mu'tasim]] (833–42), preventit the forder disintegration o the empire. The Mamluk airmy, tho eften viewed negatively, baith helped an hurt the caliphate. Early on, it providit the govrenment wi a stable force tae address domestic an furrin problems. Houiver, creaution o this furrin airmy an al-Mu'tasim's transfer o the caipital frae Baghdad tae [[Abbasid Samarra|Samarra]] creatit a diveesion atween the caliphate an the fowks thay claimed tae rule. In addeetion, the pouer o the Mamluks steadily grew till [[al-Radi]] (934–41) wis constrained tae haund ower maist o the ryal functions tae [[Muhammad ibn Ra'iq]].<ref name="EB1911" /> == Culture == === Islamic Gowden Age === {{main|Islamic Gowden Age}} [[File:ManuscriptAbbasid.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Manuscript frae the Abbasid era]] The Abbasid historical period lastin tae the [[Siege o Baghdad (1258)|Mongol conquest o Baghdad]] in 1258 CE is conseedert the Islamic Gowden Age.<ref name="Tahir Abbas">{{harvnb|Abbas|2011|p=9}}</ref> The Islamic Gowden Age wis inauguratit bi the middle o the 8t century bi the ascension o the Abbasid [[Caliphate]] an the transfer o the caipital frae [[Damascus]] tae Baghdad.<ref name="Vartan">{{harvnb|Gregorian|2003}}</ref> The Abbassids war influenced bi the [[Qur'an]]ic injunctions an [[hadith]] sic as "the ink o a scholart is mair haly nor the bluid o a mairtyr" stressin the vailyie o knawledge. In this period the Muslim warld becam an intellectual centre for science, filosofie, medicine an eddication as <ref name="Vartan" /> the Abbasids championed the cause o knawledge an established the [[Hoose o Wicedom]] in Baghdad; whaur baith Muslim an nan-Muslim scholarts socht tae translate an gaither aw the warld's knawledge intae [[Arabic leid|Arabic]].<ref name="Vartan" /> Mony clessic warks o antiquity that wad itherwise hae been lost war translatit intae Arabic an Persie an later in turn translatit intae Turkis, Ebreu an Laitin.<ref name="Vartan" /> In this period the Muslim warld wis a caudron o culturs that collectit, synthesized an signeeficantly advanced the knawledge gained frae the auncient [[Auncient Roum|Roman]], Cheenese, [[History o Indie|Indie]], [[Sasanian Empire|Persie]], [[Auncient Egyp|Egyptian]], North African, [[Auncient Greece|Greek]] an [[Byzantine]] ceevilisations.<ref name="Vartan" /> "In virtually ivery field o endeavor—in astronomy, alchemy, mathematics, medicine, optics an so forth—the Caliphate's scientists war in the forefront o scienteefic advance."<ref>{{harvnb|Huff|2003|p=48}}</ref> === Science === [[File:Mustansiriya University CPT.jpg|thumb|220px|[[Mustansiriya Varsity]] in [[Baghdad]]]]The rings o [[Harun al-Rashid]] (786–809) an his successors fostered an age o great intellectual achievement. In lairge part, this wis the result o the schismatic forces that haed unnermined the Umayyad regime, that relied on the assertion o the superiority o [[Arab cultur]] as pairt o its claim tae legitimacy, an the Abbasids' welcomin o support frae nan-Arab Muslims. It is weel established that the Abbasid caliphs modeled thair admeenistration on that o the [[Sasanian Empire|Sassanids]].<ref>{{harvnb|Gibb|1982|p=66}}</ref> Harun al-Rashid's son, [[Al-Ma'mun]] (that's mither wis [[Persie fowk|Persie]]), is even quotit as sayin: {{quote |The Persies ruled for a thoosand years an did nae need us Arabs even for a day. We hae been rulin them for ane or twa centuries an canna dae withoot them for an oor.<ref>{{harvnb|Spuler|1960|p=29}}</ref>}} A nummer o medieval thinkers an scientists leevin unner Islamic rule played a role in transmittin [[Islamic science]] tae the Christian Wast. In addeetion, the period saw the rekivery o muckle o the [[Alexandria]]n mathematical, geometric an astronomical knawledge, sic as that o [[Euclid]] an Claudius [[Ptolemy]]. Thir rekivert mathematical methods war later enhanced an developit bi ither Islamic scholarts, notably bi [[Persie fowk|Persie]] scientists [[Al-Biruni]] an [[Abu Nasr Mansur]]. [[File:Al-Jaahith - African Arab Naturalist - Basra - al jahiz.jpg|thumb|220px|[[Jabir ibn Hayyan]], "the faither o [[Chemistry]]"<ref>{{harvnb|Derewenda|2007|p=247}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Vallely|2006}}</ref>|left]] [[Christians]] (pairteecularly [[Nestorianism|Nestorian]] Christians) contreibutit tae the Arab Islamic Ceevilisation in the [[Ummayads]] an the Abbasids bi translatin warks o [[Greek filosofers]] tae [[Syriac leid|Syriac]] an efterwart tae [[Arabic leid|Arabic]].<ref>{{harvnb|Hill|1993|p=4}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Brague|2009|p=164}}</ref> Nestorians played a prominent role in the formation o Arab cultur,<ref>{{harvnb|Hoiberg|2010a|p=612}}</ref> wi the [[Jundishapur]] schuil bein prominent in the late [[Sassanid]], [[Umayyad]] an early Abbasid periods.<ref>{{harvnb|Söylemez|2005|p=3}}</ref> Notably, aicht generations o the Nestorian [[Bukhtishu]] faimily served as preevat doctors tae caliphs an sultans atween the aicht an elevent centuries.<ref>{{harvnb|Bonner|Ener|Singer|2003|p=97}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Ruano|Burgos|1992|p=527}}</ref> [[Algebra]] wis signeeficantly developit bi Persie scientist [[Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī]] in this time in his laundmerk text, ''[[The Compendious Beuk on Calculation bi Completion an Balancin|Kitab al-Jabr wa-l-Muqabala]]'', frae that the term ''algebra'' is derived. He is sicweys conseedert tae be the faither o algebra bi some,<ref>{{harvnb|Eglash|1999|p=61}}</ref> awtho the Greek mathematician [[Diophantus]] haes an aw been gien this teetle. The terms [[algorism]] an [[algorithm]] are derived frae the name o al-Khwarizmi, that wis an aw responsible for introducin the [[Arabic numerals]] an [[Hindu-Arabic numeral system]] ayont the [[Indie subcontinent]]. [[File:Alhazen (122459248).jpg|thumb|220px|[[Alhazen|Ibn al-Haytham]], "the faither o [[Optics]].<ref>{{harvnb|Verma|1969}}{{full citation needed|date=May 2015}}</ref>]] [[Arab]] scientist [[Ibn al-Haytham]] (Alhazen) developed an early [[scienteefic method]] in his ''[[Beuk o Optics]]'' (1021). The maist important development o the scienteefic method wis the uise o experiments tae distinguish atween competin scienteefic theories set within a generally [[empiricism|empirical]] orientation, that begoud amang Muslim scientists. Ibn al-Haytham's [[empirical]] pruif o the intromission theory o licht (that is, that licht rays entered the een raither than bein [[emission theory (veesion)|emittit bi them]]) wis pairteecularly important. Alhazen wis signeeficant in the [[history o scienteefic method]], pairteecularly in his approach tae experimentation,<ref>{{harvnb|Toomer|1964}}</ref> and has been referred to as the "world’s first true scientist".<ref>{{harvnb|Al-Khalili|2009}}</ref> [[Medicine in medieval Islam]] wis an aurie o science that advanced pairteecularly in the Abbasids' ring. In the 9t century, Baghdad conteened ower 800 doctors, an great diskiveries in the unnerstaundin o anatomy an diseases war made. The clinical distinction atween [[maisles]] and [[smawpox]] wis descrived in this time. Famous Persie scientist [[Ibn Sina]] (kent tae the Wast as [[Avicenna]]) produced treatises an warks that summarised the vast amoont o knawledge that scientists haed accumulatit, an wis verra influential throu his encyclopaedias, ''[[The Canon o Medicine]]'' an ''[[The Beuk o Healin]]''. The wark o him an mony ithers directly influenced the resairch o European scientists in the [[Renaissance]]. [[Alchemy an chemistry in medieval Islam|Muslim alchemists]] influenced medieval European alchemists, pairteecularly the writins attributit tae [[Jābir ibn Hayyān]] (Geber). A nummer o [[chemical process]]es sic as [[distillation]] techniques ear developed in the Muslim warld an then spreid tae Europe. === Leeteratur === [[File:More tales from the Arabian nights-14566176968.jpg|right|thumb|Illustration frae ''Mair tales frae the Arabian nichts'' (1915)]] The best kent feection frae the Islamic warld is ''[[The Beuk o Ane Thoosand an Ane Nichts]]'', a collection o fantastical fowk tales, leegends an parables compiled primarily in the Abbassid era. The collection is recordit as haein oreeginatit frae an Arabic translation o a Sassanian era Persie prototeep, wi likely oreegins in Indie leeterar tradeetions. Stories frae [[Arabic leeteratur|Arabic]], [[Persie leeteratur|Persie]], [[Mesopotamie]], an [[Egyptian leeteratur|Egyptian]] fowklair an leeteratur war later incorporatit. The epic is believed tae hae taken shape in the 10t century an reached its feenal form bi the 14t century; the nummer an teep o tales hae varied frae ane manuscript tae anither.<ref name="arabianNights">{{Harvnb | Grant | Clute | 1999 | p = 51}}.</ref> Aw Arabian [[fantasie]] tales war eften cried "Arabian Nichts" whan translatit intae Inglis, regairdless o whether thay appeared in ''The Beuk o Ane Thoosand an Ane Nichts''.<ref name="arabianNights" /> This epic haes been influential in the Wast syne it wis translatit in the 18t century, first bi [[Antoine Galland]].<ref>{{harvnb|de Camp|1976|p=10}}</ref> Many imitations were written, especially in France.<ref name="arabianNights2">{{harvnb|Grant|Clute|1999|p=52}}</ref> Various chairacters frae this epic hae themsels acome cultural icons in Wastren cultur, sic as [[Aladdin]], [[Sinbad]] an [[Ali Baba]]. A famous example o Islamic poetry on [[romance (luve)|romance]] wis ''[[Layla an Majnun]]'', an oreeginally [[Arabic]] story that wis faur developed bi [[Iranian fowks|Iranian]], [[Azerbaijani fowk|Azerbaijani]] an ither poets in [[Persian leid|Persian]], [[Azerbaijani leid|Azerbaijani]], [[Turkis leid|Turkis]] leids.<ref>{{harvnb|Clinton|2000|pp=15–16}}</ref> It is a [[Tragedy|tragic]] story of undying love much like the later ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]''.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}} Arabic poetry reached its greatest hicht in the Abbasid era, especially afore the loss o central authority an the rise o the Persianate dynasties. Writers lik [[Abu Tammam]] an [[Abu Nuwas]] war closely connectit tae the caliphal coort in Baghdad in the early 9t century, while ithers such as [[al-Mutanabbi]] received thair patronage frae regional coorts. === Filosofie === Ane o the common defineetions for "Islamic filosofie" is "the style o filosofie produced within the framewark o Islamic cultur."<ref name="RoutledgeEoP">{{harvnb|Leaman|1998}}</ref> Islamic filosofie, in this defineetion is naither necessarily concerned wi releegious issues, nor is exclusively produced bi Muslims.<ref name="RoutledgeEoP" /> Thair warks on [[Aristotle]] wis a key step in the transmission o learnin frae auncient Greeks tae the Islamic warld an the Wast. Thay eften correctit the filosofer, encouragin a lively debate in the speerit o [[ijtihad]]. Three speculative thinkers, [[al-Kindi]], [[al-Farabi]], an [[Avicenna]], combined [[Aristotelianism]] an [[Neoplatonism]] wi ither ideas introduced throu Islam, an [[Avicennism]] wis later established as a result. Ither influential Abbasid filosofers include [[al-Jahiz]], an [[Ibn al-Haytham]] (Alhacen). === Airchitectur === [[File:Baghdad-Zumurrud-Khaton.jpg|thumb|[[Zumurrud Khatun Mosque|Zumurrud Khatun Tomb]] (1200 CE), in seemetry at [[Baghdad]]]] As the pouer shiftit frae the Umayyads tae the Abbasids, the airchitectur styles chynged an aw. The Christian styles evolved intae a style based mair on the [[Sasanian Empire]] utilisin mud bricks an baked bricks wi cairved stucco.<ref name=wil>{{harvnb|Wilber|1969|p=5}}</ref> Anither major development wis the creaution or vast enlairgement o ceeties as thay war turned intae the caipital o the empire. First, stairtin wi the creaution o Baghdad, stairtin in 762, that wis planned as a wawed ceety wi a mosque an pailace in the centre. The waws war tae hae fower gates tae exit the ceety. Al-Mansur, that wis responsible for the creaution o Baghdad, an aw planned the ceety o [[Raqqa]], alang the [[Euphrates]]. Feenally, in 836, al-Mu'tasim muived the caipital tae a new steid that he creatit alang the [[Tigris]], cried [[Abbasid Samarra|Samarra]]. This ceety saw 60 years o wark, wi race-coorses an gemme preserves tae add tae the atmosphere.<ref name=wil /> Due tae the dry remote naitur o the environment, some o the pailaces biggit in this era war isolatit havens. [[Al-Ukhaidir Fortress]] is a fine ensaumple o this teep o biggin that haes stables, leevin quarters, an a mosque, aw surroondin inner coortyairds.<ref name=wil /> Ither mosques o this era, sic as the [[Mosque o Ibn Tulun]], in [[Cairo]], an the [[Great Mosque o Kairouan]] in [[Tunisie]] while ultimately biggit in the Umayyad dynasty, it wis substantially renovatit in the 9t century. This renovation wis sae extensive as tae ostensibly be a rebig, wis in the faurest reaches o the Muslim warld, in an aurie that the [[Aghlabids]] controlled; houiver the styles utilized war mainly o the Abbasids.<ref>{{harvnb|Wilmer|1969|pp=5–6}}</ref> Mesopotamie anerly haes ane survivin [[mausoleum]] frae this era, in Samarra. This octagonal dome is the feenal restin place o [[al-Muntasir]].<ref name=wil2>{{harvnb|Wilber|1969|p=6}}</ref> Ither airchitectural innovations an styles war few, sic as the [[fower-centred airch|fower-centred arch]], an a dome erectit on [[squinch]]es. Unfortunately, muckle wis lost due tae the ephemeral naitur o the stucco an luster tiles.<ref name=wil2 /> === Technology === [[File:Wasseruhr Harun al Raschid.jpg|thumb|Illustration shawin a [[watter clock]] gien tae [[Charlemagne]] bi [[Harun al-Rashid]]]] In technology, the Abbasids adoptit [[papermakkin]] frae Cheenae.<ref name=Lucas>{{harvnb|Lucas|2005|p=10}}</ref> The uise o paper spreid frae Cheenae intae the caliphate in the 8t century CE, arrivin in [[al-Andalus]] (Islamic Spain) an then the rest o Europe in the 10t century. It wis easier tae manufactur nor [[pairchment]], less likely tae crack nor [[papyrus]], an coud resorb ink, makkin it ideal for makkin records an makkin copies o the Koran. "Islamic paper makkers devised assemmly-line methods o haund-copyin manuscripts tae turn oot edeetions faur lairger nor ony available in Europe for centuries."<ref>{{harvnb|Cotter|2001}}</ref> It wis frae the Abbasids that the rest o the warld learned tae mak paper frae linen.<ref>{{harvnb|Dunn|2003|p=166}}</ref> The knawledge o [[gunpouder]] wis an aw transmitted frae Cheenae via the caliphate, whaur the formulas for pure [[potassium nitrate]] an an [[explosive]] gunpouder effect war first developed.<ref>{{harvnb|al-Hassan|2002}}</ref> Advances war made in [[irrigation]] an fermin, uisin new technology sic as the [[windmill]]. Craps such as [[awmond]]s an [[citrus]] fruit war brocht tae Europe throu [[al-Andalus]], an succar cultivation wis gradually adoptit bi the Europeans. Apairt frae the [[Nile]], [[Tigris]] an [[Euphrates]], navigable rivers war uncommon, sae transport bi sea wis verra important. Navigational sciences war heichly developed, makkin uise o a rudimentary [[sextant]] (kent as a kamal). Whan combined wi detailed maps o the period, sailors war able tae sail athort oceans raither nor skirt alang the coast. Abbasid sailors war an aw responsible for reintroducin lairge three mastit merchant veshels tae the [[Mediterranean]]. The name [[caravel]] mey derive frae an earlier Arab ship kent as the ''qārib''.<ref>{{harvnb|Schwarz|2013}}</ref> Arab merchants dominatit tred in the Indie Ocean till the arrival o the Portuguese in the 16t century. [[Ormus|Hormuz]] wis an important centre for this tred. Thare wis an aw a dense netwark o tred routes in the [[Mediterranean]], alang that Muslim kintras treddit wi ilk ither an wi European pouers sic as [[Venice]] or [[Genoa]]. The [[Silk Road]] crossin Central Asie passed throu Abbasid caliphate atween Cheenae an Europe. == Notes == {{reflist|group=nb}} == References == {{reflist|30em}} == Bibliografie == {{refbegin|2}} * {{cite book |last=Abbas |first=Tahir |title=Islamic Radicalism and Multicultural Politics: The British Experience |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JdC90uc8PfQC&pg=PA9 |publisher=Routledge |location=London, UK |isbn=0-415-57225-8 |lccn=2009050163 |year=2011 |ref=harv }} * {{cite book |last=Al-Abbasi |first=A. M. M. |year=1986 |title=Nader al-Bayan fi Dhikr Ansab Baniabbassian |place=Doha |language=Persian |ref=harv}} * {{cite web |last=al-Hassan |first=Ahmad Y. |author-link=Ahmad Y Hassan |url=http://www.history-science-technology.com/articles/articles%202.html#_edn2 |title=Gunpowder Composition for Rockets and Cannon in Arabic Military Treatises in Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries: A Gap in the History of Gunpowder and Cannon |website=History of Science and Technology in Islam |access-date=3 May 2015 |archive-date=3 May 2015 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6YFEzyuzL?url=http://www.history-science-technology.com/articles/articles%202.html |year=2002 |deadurl=no |ref=harv |df=dmy }} * {{cite web |last=al-Hassan |first=Ahmad Y. |author-link=Ahmad Y Hassan |url=http://www.history-science-technology.com/articles/articles%2071.html |title=Transfer of Islamic Technology To The West: Part II: Transmission of Islamic Engineering |website=History of Science and Technology in Islam |access-date=3 May 2015 |archive-date=3 May 2015 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6YFG2aZCF?url=http://www.history-science-technology.com/articles/articles%2071.html |year=2002a |deadurl=no |ref=harv |df=dmy }} * {{cite web |last=al-Hassan |first=Ahmad Y. |author-link=Ahmad Y Hassan |url=http://www.history-science-technology.com/articles/articles%207.html |title=Transfer of Islamic Technology To The West: Part I: Avenues of Technology Transfer |website=History of Science and Technology in Islam |access-date=3 May 2015 |archive-date=3 May 2015 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6YFGHXcWB?url=http://www.history-science-technology.com/articles/articles%207.html |year=2002b |deadurl=no |ref=harv |df=dmy }} * {{cite book |last=Abbott |first=Nabia |title=Two queens of Baghdad: mother and wife of Hārūn al Rashīd |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1946 |ref=harv}} * {{cite news |last=Al-Khalili |first=Jim |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7810846.stm |title=The "First True Scientist" |publisher=BBC.co.uk |date=4 January 2009 |access-date=3 May 2015 |archive-date=3 May 2015 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6YFBZo7A9?url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7810846.stm |deadurl=no |ref=harv |df=dmy }} * {{cite web |publisher=Applied History Research Group, University of Calgary |url=https://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/fractured/ |title=The Islamic World to 1600 |access-date=30 October 2008 |year=2008 |ref=harv |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005003551/http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/fractured/ |archive-date=5 October 2008 }}{{Cite web |url=http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/fractured/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2019-01-03 |archive-date=2008-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005003551/http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/fractured/ |url-status=bot: unknown }} * {{cite journal |last=Anon |title=Deutsche Literaturzeitung für Kritik der Internationalen Wissenschaft |volume=49 |issue=27–52 |year=1928 |publisher=Weidmannsche Buchhandlung |language=de |trans-title=German Weekly Literary Journal for Criticism of the International Science |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Baker |first=Hugh D. 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Holt |title=Some Observations on the 'Abbāsid Caliphate of Cairo |url=https://archive.org/details/bulletin-soas_1984_47_3/page/501 |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |publisher=University of London |volume=47 |issue=3 |year=1984 |pages=501–507 |ref=harv |doi=10.1017/s0041977x00113710}} * {{cite book |last=Huff |first=Toby E. |title=The Rise of Early Modern Science: Islam, China, and the West |url=https://archive.org/details/riseofearlymoder0000huff_y8w0 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |isbn=0-521-82302-1 |lccn=2002035017 |year=2003 |edition=2nd |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Isichei |first=Elizabeth |year=1997 |title=A History of African Societies to 1870 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3C2tzBSAp3MC&pg=PA192 |isbn=978-0-521-45599-2 |lccn=97159218 |location=Cambridge, UK |ref=harv }} * {{cite book |last=Jenkins |first=Everett Allo |url=https://books.google.com/?id=oLnXAAAAMAAJ |title=The Muslim Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas |volume=1 |year=1999 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=0-7864-0431-0 |location=Jefferson, NC |lccn=98049332 |ref=harv }} * {{cite book |last=Kennedy |first=Hugh |authorlink=Hugh N. Kennedy |chapter=The ʿAbbasid caliphate: a historical introduction |pages=1–15 |title=ʿAbbasid Belles Lettres |editor-last1=Ashtiany |editor-first1=Julia |editor-last2=Johnstone |editor-first2=T. M. |editor-last3=Latham |editor-first3=J. D. |editor-last4=Serjeant |editor-first4=R. B. |editor-last5=Smith |editor-first5=G. Rex |series=The Cambridge History of Arabic Literature |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |year=1990 |isbn=0-521-24016-6 |chapterurl={{Google Books|eTPVBAAAQBAJ|page=1|plainurl=y}} |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Kennedy |first=Hugh N. |authorlink=Hugh N. Kennedy |title=The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century |url=https://archive.org/details/prophetageofcali0000kenn_n8u3 |edition=2nd |year=2004 |publisher=Pearson Education Ltd. |location=Harlow, UK |isbn=0-582-40525-4 |lccn=85016597 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Kitagawa |first=Joseph Mitsuo |title=The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture |url=https://archive.org/details/religioustraditi00kita |year=1989 |publisher=Macmillan Publishing Co |location=New York, NY |isbn=0-02-897211-2 |lccn=89008129 |ref=harv }} * {{cite journal |last=Labib |first=Subhi Y. |year=1969 |title=Capitalism in Medieval Islam |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-economic-history_1969-03_29_1/page/79 |journal=The Journal of Economic History |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=79–96 |doi=10.1017/S0022050700097837 |ref=harv }} * {{cite book |last=Lapidus |first=Ira |author-link=Ira Lapidus |title=A History of Islamic Societies |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofislamic0000lapi_t2d2 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |year=2002 |isbn=0-521-77056-4 |ref=harv }} * {{cite web |last=Leaman |first=Oliver |url=http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/H057 |title=Islamic Philosophy |publisher=Routledge |work=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy |year=1998 |access-date=3 May 2015 |archive-date=2015-05-03 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6YFDTux7u?url=https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/islamic-philosophy;jsessionid=B31B033F077DD5E68E09CC9D35C02105 |url-status=dead |ref=harv |df=dmy }} * {{cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |editor-last1=Holt |editor-first1=Peter M. |editor-last2=Lambton |editor-first2=Ann K. S. |editor-last3=Lewis |editor-first3=Bernard |chapter=The Middle East |title=The Cambridge History of Iran |volume=1A |location=Cambridge, UK |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-521-29135-4 |ref=harv}} * {{cite journal |last=Lucas |first=Adam Robert |year=2005 |title=Industrial Milling in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds: A Survey of the Evidence for an Industrial Revolution in Medieval Europe |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_technology-and-culture_2005-01_46_1/page/1 |journal=Technology and Culture |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=1–30 |doi=10.1353/tech.2005.0026 |ref=harv}} * {{cite encyclopedia |editor1-last=Magnusson |editor1-first=Magnus |editor2-last=Goring |editor2-first=Rosemary |encyclopedia=Cambridge Biographical Dictionary |title='Abbasids |isbn=0-521-39518-6 |year=1990 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |lccn=90001542 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Meisami |first=Julie Scott |title=Persian Historiography: To the End of the Twelfth Century |isbn=978-0-7486-1276-5 |year=1999 |lccn=2012494440 |location=Edinburgh, UK |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |ref=harv}} * {{cite web |last=Mikaberidze |first=Alexander |author-link=Alexander Mikaberidze |url=http://www.napoleon-series.org/military/organization/c_mameluks1.html |title=The Georgian Mameluks in Egypt |website=The Napoleon Series |year=2004 |access-date=3 May 2015 |archive-date=3 May 2015 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6YFzmuWXR?url=http://www.napoleon-series.org/military/organization/c_mameluks1.html |deadurl=no |ref=harv |df=dmy }} * {{cite book |last=Mottahedeh |first=Roy |authorlink=Roy Mottahedeh |editor-last=Frye |editor-first=R. N. |title=The Cambridge History of Iran |volume=4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs |year=1975 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |chapter=The ʿAbbāsid Caliphate in Iran |pages=57–90 |isbn=978-0-521-20093-6 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Leila |authorlink=Leila Ahmed |title=Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U0Grq2BzaUgC |year=1992 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-05583-2 |ref=harv }} * {{cite book |last=Moule |first=Arthur Evans |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N6dFAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA317 |title=The Chinese People: A Handbook on China |year=1914 |publisher=London Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge |location=New York, NY |lccn=14001359 |ref=harv }} * {{cite book |last1=Ochsenwald |first1=William |author-link1=William L. Ochsenwald |last2=Fisher |first2=Sydney Nettleton |title=The Middle East: A History |url=https://archive.org/details/middleeasthistor0000fish_u9b8 |year=2004 |publisher=McGraw Hill |location=Boston, MA |edition=6th |lccn=2003041213 |isbn=0-07-244233-6 |ref=harv }} * {{cite book |last=Pavlidis |first=T. |editor-last1=Goldschmidt Jr. |editor-first1=Arthur |editor-last2=Davidson |editor-first2=Lawrence |edition=9th |publisher=Westview Press |location=Boulder, CO |title=A Concise History of the Middle East |chapter=11: Turks and Byzantine Decline |year=2010 |isbn=0-8133-4388-7 |lccn=2009005664 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Perry |first=J. |year=1979 |title=Karim Khan Zand: A History of Iran: 1747–1779 |url=https://archive.org/details/karmkhnzandhisto0000perr |isbn=0-226-66098-2 |ref=harv}} * {{cite web |last=Rabin |first=Sheila |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/copernicus/ |publisher=Stanford |website=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |title=Nicolaus Copernicus |date=15 August 2015 |archive-date=27 November 2016 |access-date=27 November 2016 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6mLFCt9HM?url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/copernicus/ |deadurl=no |ref=harv |df=dmy }} * {{cite book |last1=Ruano |first1=Eloy Benito |last2=Burgos |first2=Manuel Espadas |title=17e Congrès international des sciences historiques: Madrid, du 26 août au 2 septembre 1990 |trans-title=17th International Congress of Historical Sciences: Madrid, From August 26 to September 2, 1990 |volume=1 |year=1992 |publisher=Comité international des sciences historiques [International Committee of Historical Sciences] |isbn=978-84-600-8154-8 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=JXUoAQAAIAAJ&dq=17e+Congr%C3%A8s+international+des+sciences+historiques&q=bukhtishu |language=fr |ref=harv }} * {{cite web |last=Schwarz |first=George R. |url=http://nautarch.tamu.edu/shiplab/01George/caravela/htmls/Caravel%20History.htm |title=History of the Caravel |publisher=Texas A & M University |website=Nautical Arcaheology |access-date=3 May 2015 |archive-date=3 May 2015 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6YFFdE691?url=http://nautarch.tamu.edu/shiplab/01George/caravela/htmls/Caravel%20History.htm |year=2013 |ref=harv |deadurl=no |df=dmy }} * {{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Bradley |last2=Weng |first2=Wango H. C. |url=https://books.google.com/?id=8rhPAAAAMAAJ |title=China: A History in Art |year=1973 |publisher=Harper & Row |location=New York, NY |isbn=0-06-013932-3 |lccn=72076978 |ref=harv }} * {{cite book |last=Sourdel |first=D. |editor1-last=Holt |editor1-first=P. M. |editor2-last=Lambton |editor2-first=Ann K. S. |editor3-last=Lewis |editor3-first=Bernard |chapter=The ʿAbbasid Caliphate |pages=104–139 |title=The Cambridge History of Islam |volume=1A: The Central Islamic Lands from Pre-Islamic Times to the First World War |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |year=1970 |isbn=978-0-521-21946-4 |ref=harv}} * {{cite journal |last=Söylemez |first=Mehmet Mahfuz |journal=The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences |volume=22 |issue=2 |title=The Jundishapur School: Its History, Structure, and Functions |pages=1–27 |year=2005 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Spuler |first=Bertold |title=The Muslim World: A Historical Survey |volume=I: The Age of the Caliphs |place=Leiden, Netherlands |publisher=E. J. Brill |year=1960 |isbn=0-685-23328-6 |others=Translated by Bagley, F. R. C. |lccn=61001030 |ref=harv}} * {{cite journal |last=Toomer |first=G. J. |date=December 1964 |title=Book Review: Ibn al-Haythams Weg zur Physik by Matthias Schramm |journal=Isis |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=463–465 |doi=10.1086/349914 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago, IL |ref=harv}} * {{cite news |last=Vallely |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Vallely |url=http://news.independent.co.uk/world/science_technology/article350594.ece |title=How Islamic Inventors Changed the World |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |location=London, UK |date=11 March 2006 |archive-date=2008-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517013534/http://news.independent.co.uk/world/science_technology/article350594.ece |dead-url=yes |df=dmy |ref=harv |access-date=2019-01-03 |url-status=dead }} * {{cite book |last=Vásáry |first=István |year=2005 |title=Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans: 1185–1365 |url=https://archive.org/details/cumanstatarsorie0000vasa |isbn=0-521-83756-1 |lccn=2005296238 |location=Cambridge, UK |publisher=Cambridge University Press |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Verma |first=R. L. |year=1969 |title=Al-Hazen: Father of Modern Optics |ref=harv}}{{full citation needed|date=May 2015}} * {{cite book |last=Visser |first=Reidar |title=Basra, the Failed Gulf State: Separatism and Nationalism in Southern Iraq |url={{Google books|pCC4ffbOv_YC|page=19|Basra, the Failed Gulf State: Separatism and Nationalism in Southern Iraq | plainurl = yes}} |year=2005 |isbn=3-8258-8799-5 |publisher=Transaction Publisher |location=New Brunswick, NJ |ref=harv }} * {{cite book |last=Wade |first=Geoffrey |editor1-last=Wade |editor1-first=Geoff |editor2-last=Tana |editor2-first=Li |chapter=Southeast Asian Islam and Southern China in the Fourteenth Century |title=Anthony Reid and the Study of the Southeast Asian Past |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |place=Singapore |year=2012 |ref=harv}} * {{cite journal |last=Warren |first=John |year=2005 |title=War and the Cultural Heritage of Iraq: A Sadly Mismanaged Affair |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_third-world-quarterly_2005_26_4-5/page/815 |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=26 |issue=4-5 |pages=815–30 |doi=10.1080/01436590500128048 |ref=harv }} * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Wilber |first=Donald N. |editor-last1=Myers |editor-first1=Bernard S. |editor-last2=Myers |editor-first2=Shirley D. |encyclopedia=McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Art |year=1969 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Book Company |location=New York, NY |volume=1: Aa-Ceylon |title=Abbasid Architecture |lccn=68026314 |ref=harv}} {{refend}} [[Category:Abbasid Caliphate| ]] [[Category:Arab dynasties]] [[Category:History o Iran]] [[Category:Medieval Iraq]] [[Category:States in medieval Anatolie]] [[Category:States in medieval Azerbaijan]] [[Category:750 establishments]] [[Category:1510s disestablishments in Asie]] [[Category:16t-century disestablishments in the Abbasid Caliphate]] [[Category:Umwhile caliphates]] 9hvor6fec51j8pgs75o8buex6f3rwun 0 126762 917711 630967 2026-06-04T16:14:20Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260604sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 917711 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Westfaelischer Friede in Muenster (Gerard Terborch 1648).jpg|thumb|Portrait o "The Ratification o the Treaty o Münster", ane o the treaties leadin tae the [[Peace o Westphalie]], whaur the concept o the "naition state" wis born.]] A '''naition state''' is a geografical aurie that can be identified as derivin its [[Legitimacy (poleetical)|poleetical legitimacy]] frae servin as a [[Sovereignty|sovereign]] [[naition]].<ref>Such a definition is a working one: <!-- -->"All attempts to develop terminological consensus around "nation" resulted in failure", concludes {{cite journal |first=Valery |last=Tishkov |title=Forget the 'nation': post-nationalist understanding of nationalism |journal=[[Ethnic and Racial Studies]] |volume=23 |issue=4 |year=2000 |pages=625–650 [p. 627] |doi=10.1080/01419870050033658}}. <!-- -->Walker Connor, in [{{cite journal |first=Walker |last=Connor |title=A Nation is a Nation, is a State, is an Ethnic Group, is a... |url=https://archive.org/details/ethnic-and-racial-studies_1978-10_1_4/page/377 |journal=Ethnic and Racial Studies |volume=1 |issue= 4|year=1978 |pages=377–400 |doi=10.1080/01419870.1978.9993240}}] discusses the impressions surrounding the chairacters of "[[nation]]", "[[Sovereign state|(sovereign) state]]", "nation state", and "[[nationalism]]". Connor, who gave the term "[[ethnonationalism]]" wide currency, also discusses the tendency to confuse nation and state and the treatment of all states as if nation states. <!-- -->In ''Globalization and Belonging'', Sheila L. Crouche discusses "The Definitional Dilemma" (pp. 85ff). <!-- --></ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Naition State}} [[Category:Naitionalism|State]] [[Category:Poleetical science terminology]] peugqpa532lwfg69ticdg4mja01k070 0 127722 917750 917132 2026-06-04T16:46:55Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260604sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 917750 wikitext text/x-wiki {{noscots}} {{Infobox television | show_name = SpongeBob SquarePants | image = SBSP logo.png | image_size = 250 | genre = {{Plainlist| * Comedy<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmovie.com/movie/spongebob-squarepants-animated-tv-series-v288852|publisher=[[Rovi Corporation]]|title=SpongeBob SquarePants [Animated TV Series]|author=Erickson, Hal|accessdate=March 17, 2013}}</ref> *Slapstick *Surreal humor}} | runtime = 11 minutes (regular episodes anly)<br />22 minutes (special episodes anly) | creautor = [[Stephen Hillenburg]] | developer = {{Plainlist| * [[Derek Drymon]] * [[Tim Hill (director)|Tim Hill]] * [[Nick Jennings (artist)|Nick Jennings]] }} | creative_director = {{Plainlist| * Derek Drymon <small>(1999–2004)</small> * [[Vincent Waller]] <small>(2005–15)</small> }} | opentheme = "''SpongeBob SquarePants'' Theme", performed by [[Patrick Pinney]] | endtheme = "SpongeBob Closing Theme", written by Steve Belfer and Nicolas Carr | theme_music_composer = Derek Drymon<br />Mark Harrison<br />Stephen Hillenburg<br />Blaise Smith | composer = Steve Belfer<br />Nicolas Carr<br />Sage Guyton<br />Jeremy Wakefield<br />Brad Carow <small>(1999–2002)</small><br />[[The Blue Hawaiians]] <small>(1999–2002)</small><br />Eban Schletter <small>(2000–present)</small><br />Barry Anthony <small>(2006–15)</small> | vyces = {{Plainlist| * [[Tom Kenny]] * [[Bill Fagerbakke]] * [[Rodger Bumpass]] * [[Clancy Brown]] * [[Mr. Lawrence]] * [[Carolyn Lawrence]] * ([[List of SpongeBob SquarePants cast members|Complete list]]) }} | kintra = United States | leid = Inglis | network = [[Nickelodeon]] | picture_format = {{Plainlist| * [[480i]] ([[4:3]] [[Standard-definition television|SDTV]]) <small>(1999–2012)</small> * [[1080i]] ([[16:9]] [[High-definition television|HDTV]]) <small>(2009, 2012–present)</small> }} | audio_format = {{Plainlist| * Advantage Audio Services ([[NTSC]]) <small>(1999–2012)</small> * [[Dolby Surround]] 5.1 (NTSC) <small>(2009, 2012–present)</small> }} | first_aired = {{Start date|1999|05|01}} | last_aired = {{End date|present}} | num_seasons = 13 <!--(anly update when that season aired/premiered)--> | num_episodes = <onlyinclude>278</onlyinclude> | executive_producer = {{Plainlist| * Stephen Hillenburg * [[Paul Tibbitt]] <small>(2008–17)</small> * <small>'''Co-Executive Producers:'''</small> * Paul Tibbitt <small>(2006–08)</small> }} | producer = {{Plainlist| * Donna Castricone <small>(1999–2002)</small> * Helen Kafatic <small>(2002–04)</small> * Anne Michaud <small>(2001)</small> * Dina Buteyn <small>(2005–10)</small> * Jennie Monica Hammond <small>(2010–present)</small> * <small>'''Supervising Producers:'''</small> * Derek Drymon <small>(2002–04)</small> * Paul Tibbitt <small>(2005–15)</small> * Marc Ceccarelli <small>(2015–present)</small> * Vincent Waller <small>(2015–present)</small> }} | list_episodes = List of SpongeBob SquarePants episodes | company = {{Plainlist| * [[United Plankton Pictures]] * [[Nickelodeon Animation Studios]] * Rough Draft Korea (animation service) }} | distributor = [[Viacom International Media Networks]] (International)<br />[[Paramount Television]] | relatit = ''[[Rocko's Modern Life]]'' | website = http://www.nick.com/spongebob-squarepants }} '''''SpongeBob SquarePants''''' is an American [[Animatit series|animatit televeesion series]] creatit bi [[marine biology|marine biologist]] an [[animator]] [[Stephen Hillenburg]] for [[Nickelodeon]]. The series chronicles the adventures an endeavors o [[SpongeBob SquarePants (character)|the title character]] an his various friends in the fictional underwater city o Bikini Bottom. The series' popularity haes made it mak a [[media franchise]], as well as the heichest rated series tae ever air on Nickelodeon, an the maist distributed property o [[Viacom Media Networks|MTV Networks]].<!--It haes never been produced by Nelvana, or Teletoon ootside of the United States. Ony removal of that will be considered vandalizing.--> As of 2024, the media franchise haes generated $13 billion in merchandising revenue for Nickelodeon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-01-29/spongebob-new-movie-12-billion-in-endorsement-deals|title=SpongeBob Muscles Up |publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.]]|last=Gillette|first=Felix|date=January 29, 2015}}</ref> Mony of the ideas for the series originated in an unpublished educational comic book titled ''The Intertidal Zone'', which Hillenburg creatit in 1989.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://casetext.com/case/walker-v-viacom-international|title=Casetext|publisher=|accessdate=October 11, 2016|archive-date=2015-12-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151226015441/https://casetext.com/case/walker-v-viacom-international|url-status=dead}}</ref> He began developin ''SpongeBob SquarePants'' intae a telly series in 1996 upon the cancellation of ''[[Rocko's Modern Life]]'', an turned tae [[Tom Kenny]], who haed worked wi him on that series, tae vyce the title character. SpongeBob wis oreeginally going tae be named ''SpongeBoy'', an the series wis tae be cried ''SpongeBoy Ahoy!'', but thir war baith changed, as the name wis already trademarked. Nickelodeon held a preview for the series in the United States on Mey 1, 1999, follaein the television airing of the [[1999 Kids' Choice Awards]]. The series offeecially premiered on Julie 17, 1999. It haes received warldwide critical acclaim syne its premiere and gained enormous popularity by its seicont season. A featur film, ''[[The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie]]'', wis released in theaters on November 19, 2004, an [[The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water|a sequel]] wis released on Februar 6, 2015. On October 15, 2016, the series began airing its [[SpongeBob SquarePants (season 10)|tenth season]], beginnin wi the episode "Whirly Brains". In Mey 2017, the show wis annoonced tae be renewed for a 12t season. The series haes won a variety of awards, includin six [[Annie Award]]s, aicht [[Motion Picture Sound Editors#Golden Reel Awards|Golden Reel Awards]], twa [[Emmy Award]]s, 12 [[Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards|Kids' Choice Awards]], and twa [[British Academy Children's Awards|BAFTA Children's Awards]]. Despite its widespread popularity, the series haes been involved in several public controversies, includin ane centred on speculation over SpongeBob's intendit sexual orientation, an anither focusing on the perceived declining quality of the show's content syne the release of the first film. In 2011, a newly describit species of fungi, ''[[Spongiforma squarepantsii]]'', wis named efter the cartoon's title character. ==Premise== ===Characters=== {{Main article|List of SpongeBob SquarePants characters}} The series revolves aroond its title character and his various friends. [[SpongeBob SquarePants (character)|SpongeBob SquarePants]] is an energetic and optimistic [[sponge|sea sponge]] (awtho his appearance more closely resembles a [[sponge (material)|kitchen sponge]]) who lifes in a [[sea pineapple]] and loves his job as a fry cook at the [[Krusty Krab]]. He haes a pet [[snail]], [[List of SpongeBob SquarePants characters#Gary the Snail|Gary]], who meows lik a cat. Livin twa houses down from SpongeBob is his best friend [[Patrick Star]], a dim-witted yet friendly pink [[starfish]] who lifes unner a rock. Despite his mental setbacks, Patrick still sees himsel as intelligent.<ref>{{cite episode|title=Squidtastic Voyage|series=SpongeBob SquarePants|season=4|number=75a|network=Nickelodeon|airdate=October 6, 2006|credits=Writers: [[Luke Brookshier]], Tom King, Dani Michaeli}}</ref> [[Squidward Tentacles]] is SpongeBob's next-door neighbor and co-wirker at the Krusty Krab.<ref name=Brown/> Squidward is an arrogant and ill-tempered [[octopus]] who lifes in an Easter Island [[moai]] and dislikes his neighbors (especially SpongeBob) for thair childlike behaviour. He enjoys playin the [[clarinet]] and painting self-portraits, but hates his job as a [[cashier]]. Anither close friend of SpongeBob is [[Sandy Cheeks]], a [[squirrel]]<!-- Do nae put what kynd of squirrel Sandy is wioot a reliable source. --> from Texas.<ref name=Texas>{{cite episode|title=Texas|series=SpongeBob SquarePants|season=1|number=18a|network=Nickelodeon|airdate=March 22, 2000|credits=Writers: [[Sherm Cohen]], [[Vincent Waller]], David Fain}}</ref> She is a scientist and an expert in [[karate]].<ref>{{cite episode|title=Chimps Ahoy|series=SpongeBob SquarePants|season=4|number=70b|network=Nickelodeon|airdate=May 5, 2006|credits=Writers: [[Luke Brookshier]], Tom King, [[Steven Banks]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite episode|title=Karate Choppers|series=SpongeBob SquarePants|season=1|number=14b|network=Nickelodeon|airdate=December 31, 1999|credits=Writers: [[Aaron Springer]], [[Erik Wiese]], [[Merriwether Williams]]}}</ref> She lifes in an oak tree entrapped in a clear gless dome locked by an airtight, haund-turned seal. When ootside of her dwelling, she wears an [[astronaut]]-lik suit acause she canna breathe underwater.<ref name=Brown>{{cite book|last=Brown|first=Arthur|title=Everything I Need to Know, I Learned from Cartoons!|year=2008|publisher=Arthur Brown|location=USA|isbn=1-4357-3248-0|page=85|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X-oi8LiETHIC&pg=PA85&dq=Krusty+Krab#v=onepage&q=Krusty%20Krab&f=false}}</ref> [[Mr. Krabs]], a miserly [[crab]] obsessed wi money, is the ainer of the Krusty Krab restaurant and SpongeBob's boss.<ref name=Brown/> Krabs haes a teenage whale dochter named [[Mr. Krabs#Pearl|Pearl]], whom he values equally wi his riches.{{sfn|Beck|2013|page=84}} His rival, [[Plankton (character)|Plankton]], is a smaw green [[copepod]] who ains a law-rank [[fast-food]] restaurant cried the Chum Bucket, locatit across the street from the Krusty Krab.<ref>{{cite episode|title=Komputer Overload|series=SpongeBob SquarePants|season=6|number=118b|network=Nickelodeon|airdate=March 19, 2009|credits=Writers: [[Aaron Springer]], Richard Pursel}}</ref> Plankton spends maist of his time planning to steal the secret recipe for Mr. Krabs's popular Krabby Patty burgers, sae as to gain the upper haund and put the Krusty Krab out of business.<ref name="Hist">{{cite episode|title=Krusty Krab Training Video|series=SpongeBob SquarePants|season=3|number=50b|network=Nickelodeon|airdate=May 10, 2002|credits=Writers: [[Aaron Springer]], [[C. H. Greenblatt]], [[Kent Osborne]]}}</ref> The majority of Plankton's plans come from his intelligent yet sarcastic computer wife [[Plankton (character)#Karen|Karen]], who is more competent and less conceited than him. When SpongeBob is nae wirkin at the Krusty Krab, he can eften be foond at [[Mrs. Puff]]'s boating schuil (the underwater equivalent o a [[driver's education]] course). SpongeBob is perpetually unable to pass Mrs. Puff's exams, which is why he awmaist ayeweys walks aroond toun.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tagesspiegel.de/medien/spongebob-das-kind-im-schwamme/1209130.html|title=SpongeBob: Das Kind im Schwamme|work=[[Der Tagesspiegel]]|publisher=[[Dieter von Holtzbrinck]]|date=December 4, 2008|last=Sichtermann|first=Barbara}}</ref> Ither recurring characters appear throughout the series, sic as the muscular lifeguard of Goo Lagoon, [[List of SpongeBob SquarePants characters#Larry the Lobster|Larry the Lobster]]; a pirate [[Ghost|specter]] kent as the [[List of SpongeBob SquarePants characters#The Flying Dutchman|Flying Dutchman]]; and retired superheroes [[Mermaid Man and Barnacle Boy]], who are idolized by SpongeBob and Patrick. Most dooble-lenth episodes of the show are hosted by a [[live action]] pirate named [[List of SpongeBob SquarePants characters#Patchy|Patchy]] and his pet parrot [[List of SpongeBob SquarePants characters#Potty|Potty]], whose segments are presented in a [[dual narrative]] wi the animated stories.<ref>{{cite news|title=Critic's corner|author=Bianco, Robert|date=March 21, 2003|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|page=12E}}</ref> SpongeBoab Petrick Starn Saundy Erse Squeedward Mister Kruben Purl Kruben Wummin hae daes th boatin schuil ===Setting=== The series predominantly taks place in the [[benthic]] underwater city o Bikini Bottom which, accordin to some [[third-party source]]s, is locatit in the [[Pacific Ocean]] beneath the real-life [[coral reef]] kent as [[Bikini Atoll]].<ref>{{cite web|title=THE HYPE SOAKING IT UP' SPONGEBOB' ACTOR LOVES THE ATTENTION|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-83498648.html|work=Daily News|accessdate=30 October 2013|date=8 March 2001|location=Los Angeles, CA|archive-date=2013-11-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106075350/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-83498648.html|url-status=dead}}{{subscription required|via=HighBeam}}</ref><ref name="QSR">{{Cite news|url=http://www.qsrmagazine.com/articles/news/story.phtml?id=3354 |title=Burger King SpongeBob SquarePants |accessdate=August 19, 2010 |work=QSR Magazone |date=June 7, 2001 |author=QSR Staff |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021075539/http://www.qsrmagazine.com/articles/news/story.phtml?id=3354 |archivedate=October 21, 2007 |df= }}</ref> In 2015, Tom Kenny confirmt that the fictitious city wis named efter Bikini Atoll, but deniet an Internet fan theory that connectit the series' characters to actual [[Nuclear testing at Bikini Atoll|nuclear testing that occurred in the atoll]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Bradley|first=Bill|date=10 Feb 2015|title=SpongeBob SquarePants Answers 7 Big Questions And Debunks 1 Popular Theory|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/02/07/spongebob-squarepants-theory_n_6627556.html|publisher=The Huffington Post|access-date=10 July 2016}}</ref> The ceetizens live in maistly aquatic-themed buildings and uise "boatmobiles", amalgamations of cars and [[boat]]s, as a mode of transportation. Recurring establishments present in Bikini Bottom include twa competin restaurants, the Krusty Krab an the Chum Bucket; Mrs. Puff's Boating School; and Shady Shoals Rest Home. Goo Lagoon, a popular beach hangout, is within the vicinity of the city, as is Jellyfish Fields. Thare are an aa a few episodes wi businesses sic as the grocery store, joke store, an mattress store. When the crew began production on the pilot, thay war tasked wi designing the stock locations whaur "the show would return to again and again, and in which most of the action would take place, such as the Krusty Krab and SpongeBob's pineapple house".<ref name=PittengerHA>{{cite news | author = Pittenger, Kenny | title = The Oral History of SpongeBob SquarePants | work = [[Hogan's Alley (magazine)|Hogan's Alley]] #17 | year = 2010 | accessdate = September 21, 2012 | url = http://cartoonician.com/the-oral-history-of-spongebob-squarepants/ | publisher = Bull Moose Publishing Corporation | archive-date = 2015-08-31 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150831044034/http://cartoonician.com/the-oral-history-of-spongebob-squarepants/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> The idea for the series wis "to keep everything nautical", sae the crew uised a great amount of rope, widden planks, ships' wheels, netting, anchors, boilerplates, an rivets in creautin the show's setting. Bubbles filing up the screen is an aa a nautical technique uised to transition from scene to scene.<ref name=PittengerHA/> The series features "sky flowers" as a main setting material.<ref name=PittengerHA/> Thay first appeared in the pilot and hae syne acome a common featur throughout the series.<ref name=PittengerHA/> When series background designer Kenny Pittenger wis asked what thay war, he answered, "They function as clouds in a way, but since the show takes place underwater, they aren't really clouds".<ref name=PittengerHA/> Syne the series wis influenced by [[tiki]], the background painters hae to uise a lot of pattern.<ref name=PittengerHA/> Pittenger said that the sky flouers war meant to "evoke the look of a flower-print Hawaiian shirt".<ref name=PittengerHA/> ==Development== ===Early inspirations=== [[File:Ocean Institute, aerial shot, cropped.png|thumb|left|Afore creautin ''SpongeBob SquarePants'', Stephen Hillenburg taught marine biology to visitors of the [[Ocean Institute]] (locatit in [[Dana Point, California]]).<ref name="Ocean Institute" />]] Series creautor [[Stephen Hillenburg]] first became fascinated wi the ocean as a bairn. An aa at a young age, he began developin his artistic abilities. Houiver, thir twa interests wad nae coincide for a lang time—the idea of drawing fish seemed boring to him. During college, he majored in [[marine biology]] and minored in airt. Efter graduatin in 1984, he jynt the [[Ocean Institute]], an organisation in [[Dana Point, California]], dedicated to educating the public about [[marine science]] and [[maritime history]].<ref name="Ocean Institute">{{cite web|url=http://www.ocean-institute.org/|title=Welcome to the Ocean Institute|work=ocean-institute.org|accessdate=December 24, 2013}}</ref><ref name="Big Pop Fun">{{cite interview |people = [[Thomas F. Wilson|Wilson, Thomas F.]](Interviewer); Hillenburg, Stephen (Interviewee) |date = May 29, 2012 |title = Big Pop Fun #28: Stephen Hillenburg, Artist and Animator–Interview |url = http://ec.libsyn.com/p/d/9/8/d98c6fd6cc81f188/BPF28_Stephen_Hillenburg_artist_and_animator.mp3?d13a76d516d9dec20c3d276ce028ed5089ab1ce3dae902ea1d01c08031d1c85f7cb2&c_id=4560686 |format = mp3 |medium = Podcast |publisher = [[Nerdist Industries]] |accessdate = December 21, 2013 |archive-date = 2013-12-21 |archive-url = https://www.webcitation.org/6M1QBJ1BZ?url=http://ec.libsyn.com/p/d/9/8/d98c6fd6cc81f188/BPF28_Stephen_Hillenburg_artist_and_animator.mp3?d13a76d516d9dec20c3d276ce028ed5089ab1ce3dae902ea1d01c08031d1c85f7cb2 |url-status = dead }}</ref> While Hillenburg wis thare, he creatit a precursor to ''SpongeBob SquarePants'': a comic book titled ''The Intertidal Zone'', which wis uised by the institute to teach veesitin students about the [[Tide pool#Life in the tide pool|ainimal life of tide pools]].<ref name="Big Pop Fun"/> The comic starred various [[Anthropomorphism|anthropomorphic]] sea lifeforms, mony of which wad evolve intae ''SpongeBob'' characters.{{sfn|Banks|2004|page=9}} Hillenburg tried to get the comic professionally published, but none of the companies to which he sent it war interested.<ref name="Big Pop Fun"/> ===Conception=== [[File:Stephen Hillenburg by Carlos Cazurro.jpg|250px|thumb|left| Stephen Hillenburg, creautor of SpongeBob SquarePants]] During his time o' employment at the Ocean Institute, Hillenburg attended an animation festival and determined that he wanted to pursue a career in that field. He haed already been planning on returning to college for a master's degree in airt. Insteid, he chose to study experimental animation at the [[California Institute of the Arts]].<ref name="Big Pop Fun"/> His thesis film, ''Wormholes'', is about the theory of relativity.<ref name="Origin of SpongeBob SquarePants">{{cite AV media|last1=Hillenburg|first1=Stephen|last2=Murray|first2=Joe|last3=Drymon|first3=Derek|last4=Coleman|first4=Eric|last5=Hecht|first5=Albie|date=2003|title=The Origin of SpongeBob SquarePants. SpongeBob SquarePants: The Complete First Season| medium=DVD|publisher=Paramount Home Entertainment}}</ref> It wis screened at festivals, an at ane of thir, Hillenburg met [[Joe Murray (animator)|Joe Murray]], creautor of the popular [[Nickelodeon]] animated series, ''[[Rocko's Modern Life]]''. Murray wis impressed by the style of the film and offered Hillenburg a job.<ref name="Origin of SpongeBob SquarePants" /><ref name="Makin' Toons">{{Harvard citation|Neuwirth|2003|page=50–51}}</ref> Hillenburg jynt the series as a director and later, during the [[List of Rocko's Modern Life episodes#Season 4 (1996)|fowert season]], he teuk on the roles of producer and [[creative director]].{{sfn|Banks|2004|page=9}}<ref name="Origin of SpongeBob SquarePants" /><ref name="Makin' Toons"/><ref name="TrainorMurray">{{cite interview|subject=Joe Murray|interviewer=Lisa Kiczuk Trainor|title=Lisa (Kiczuk) Trainor interviews Joe Murray, creator of Rocko's Modern Life|url=http://www.title14.com/rocko/contributors/murray.html|work=The Rocko's Modern Life FAQ|access-date=2017-05-31|archive-date=2015-04-20|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150420193919/http://www.title14.com/rocko/contributors/murray.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Martin Olson]], ane of the writers for ''Rocko's Modern Life'', read ''The Intertidal Zone'' and encouraged Hillenburg to creaut a television series wi a seemilar concept. At that point, Hillenburg haed nae even considered creautin his ain series. Houiver, he realized that if he ever did, this wad be the best approach.<ref name="Big Pop Fun"/><ref name="Origin of SpongeBob SquarePants"/>{{sfn|Banks|2004|page=10}} He began to faur develop some of the characters from ''The Intertidal Zone'', includin the comic's "announcer", Bob the Sponge.<ref name="Big Pop Fun"/> He wanted his series to staund out from maist popular cartoons of the time, which he felt war exemplified by [[Buddy comedy|buddy comedies]] sic as ''[[The Ren & Stimpy Show]]''. As a result, Hillenburg decidit to focus on ane main character: the weirdest sea creature that he coud think of. This led him tae the sponge.<ref name="Big Pop Fun"/> Bob the Sponge resembles an actual sea sponge, an at first Hillenburg continued this design.<ref name="Big Pop Fun"/><ref name="Origin of SpongeBob SquarePants"/><ref name= "Makin' Toons"/>{{sfn|Banks|2004|page=31}} In determining the new character's personality, Hillenburg drew inspiration from innocent, childlike figures that he enjoyed, sic as [[Charlie Chaplin]], [[Laurel and Hardy]], [[Jerry Lewis]], and [[Pee-wee Herman]].<ref name="Big Pop Fun"/><ref name="Makin' Toons"/><ref name="Banks pg. 30">{{harvnb|Banks|2004|page=30}}</ref><ref name=cartoonician>{{cite web|url=http://cartoonician.com/the-oral-history-of-spongebob-squarepants/|title=The Oral History of SpongeBob SquarePants|work=Hogan's Alley|accessdate=August 28, 2015|archive-date=2015-08-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831044034/http://cartoonician.com/the-oral-history-of-spongebob-squarepants/|url-status=dead}}</ref> He then considered modelin the character efter a kitchen sponge and realized that this idea wad perfectly match the character's square personality.<ref name="Big Pop Fun"/><ref name="Origin of SpongeBob SquarePants"/><ref name="Makin' Toons"/> To vyce the central character of the series, Hillenburg turned to [[Tom Kenny]], whose career in animation haed stairtit alongside Hillenburg's on ''[[Rocko's Modern Life]]''. Elements of Kenny's ain personality war employed in faur developin the character.<ref name="Excitable">{{cite news|url=http://www.sptimes.com/2003/03/17/Xpress/SpongeBob__the_excita.shtml|title=SpongeBob: the excitable, absorbent star of Bikini Bottom|last=Orlando|first=Dana|date=March 17, 2003|newspaper=[[Tampa Bay Times|St Petersburg Times]]|accessdate=November 8, 2008|archive-date=2008-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219213018/http://www.sptimes.com/2003/03/17/Xpress/SpongeBob__the_excita.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Radio2">{{cite video|people=Farhat, Basima (Interviewer) |date=December 5, 2006 |title=Tom Kenny: Voice of SpongeBob SquarePants&nbsp;– Interview |url=http://www.thepeoplespeakradio.net/archives/mp3/tps-2006-12-05-kenny.mp3 |format=mp3 |medium=Radio production |publisher=The People Speak Radio |accessdate=2008-11-08 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724101824/http://www.thepeoplespeakradio.net/archives/mp3/tps-2006-12-05-kenny.mp3 |archivedate=July 24, 2011 |df= }}</ref> Initially, Hillenburg wanted to uise the name SpongeBoy&nbsp;— the character wad hae haed no last name, an the series wad hae been cried ''SpongeBoy Ahoy!''{{sfn|Banks|2004|page=31}}<ref name="Radio"/> Houiver, the Nickelodeon legal department discovered&nbsp;— efter vyce actin haed been completit for the oreeginal seiven-minute pilot episode&nbsp;— that the name "SpongeBoy" wis already in uise for a mop product.<ref name="Radio"/> ''[[Flaming Carrot Comics]]'' creautor [[Bob Burden]] an aa owned the trademark to a character of the same name.<ref name=OralHistory/> In choosing a replacement name, Hillenburg felt that he still haed to uise the wird "Sponge", sae that viewers wad nae mistake the character for a "Cheese Man". He settled on the name "SpongeBob". "SquarePants" wis then chosen as a faimily name efter Kenny saw a picture of the character and remarked, "Boy, look at this sponge in square pants, thinking he can get a job in a fast food place."<ref name="Banks pg. 30"/> Hillenburg loved the phrase upon hearing Kenny say it and felt that it wad reinforce the character's nerdiness.<ref name="Banks pg. 30"/><ref name="Neuwirth 2003, p. 51">{{harvnb|Neuwirth|2003|page=51}}</ref> ===Pitching=== {{quote box|align=right|bgcolor=#c6dbf7|width=34em|style=max-width:40% |quote="The execs from Nickelodeon flew out to [[Burbank, California|Burbank]], and we [[pitch (filmmaking)|pitched]] it to them from the [[storyboard]]s. We had squeezy toys, wore Hawaiian shirts and used a boom box to play the [[Tiny Tim (musician)|Tiny Tim]] song ['[[Livin' in the Sunlight, Lovin' in the Moonlight]]'] that comes on in the third act. We really went all out in that pitch because we knew the pilot lived or died by if the execs lauched. When it was over, they walked out of the room to discuss it. We figured they would fly back to New York and we'd hear in a few weeks. We were surprised when they came back in what seemed like minutes and said they wanted to make it". |source=— [[Derek Drymon]]<ref name="DrymonHA"/> }} In 1997, while pitching the cartoon to Nickelodeon executives, Hillenburg donned a Hawaiian sark, brocht alang an "underwater [[Vivarium|terrarium]] with models of the characters", and played Hawaiian music to set the theme. The setup wis describit by Nickelodeon executive [[Eric Coleman (producer)|Eric Coleman]] as "pretty amazing".<ref name="Origin of SpongeBob SquarePants"/> When thay war gien money and twa weeks to write the pilot episode "[[Help Wanted (SpongeBob SquarePants)|Help Wanted]]",<ref name="Origin of SpongeBob SquarePants"/> [[Derek Drymon]], Stephen Hillenburg, an [[Nick Jennings (artist)|Nick Jennings]] returned wi what wis describit by Nickelodeon offeecial [[Albie Hecht]] as, "a performance [he] wished [he] had on tape".<ref name="Origin of SpongeBob SquarePants"/> Awtho executive producer Derek Drymon describit the pitch as stressful, he said it went "very well".<ref name="Origin of SpongeBob SquarePants"/> [[Kevin Kay]] and Hecht haed to step ootside acause thay war "exhausted from lauching", which worried the cartoonists.<ref name="Origin of SpongeBob SquarePants"/> In an interview, [[Cyma Zarghami]], the current president of Nickelodeon, said, "their [Nickelodeon executives'] immediate reaction was to see it again, both because they liked it and it was unlike anything they'd ever seen before".<ref name="Huffington"/> Zarghami wis ane of fower executives in the room whan ''SpongeBob SquarePants'' wis screened for the first time.<ref name="Huffington"/> ==Production== ===Executive producers and showrunners=== {{quote box|align=left|bgcolor=#c6dbf7|width=24em|style=max-width:40% |quote="It reached a point where I felt I'd contributed a lot and said what I wanted to say. At that point, the show needed new blood, and so I selected Paul [Tibbitt] to produce. I totally trusted him. I always enjoyed the way he captured the SpongeBob character's sense of humor. And as a writer, you have to move on—I'm developing new projects". |source=—[[Stephen Hillenburg]], ''[[The Washington Post]]''<ref name=Childhood/> }} Series creautor Stephen Hillenburg haes served as the executive producer over the course of the series' entire history, an functioned as the [[showrunner]] from the series' debut in 1999 until 2004. The series went on [[hiatus (television)|hiatus]] in 2002, efter Hillenburg halted production to wirk on a featur film of the series, ''[[The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie]]''.<ref name=OralHistory>{{cite web|url=http://cartoonician.com/the-oral-history-of-spongebob-squarepants/|title=The Oral History of SpongeBob SquarePants|date=September 21, 2012|accessdate=August 23, 2013|work=[[Hogan's Alley (magazine)|Hogan's Alley]]|author=Heintjes, Tom|archive-date=2015-08-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831044034/http://cartoonician.com/the-oral-history-of-spongebob-squarepants/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ance the film wis finalized an the third season finished, Hillenburg resigned as the series' showrunner. Awtho he no langer haes a direct role in the production of the series, he still maintains an advisory role and reviews each episode.<ref name=Huffington>{{cite news|last=Bauder|first=David|title=SpongeBob Turns 10 Valued At $8 Billion|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/07/14/spongebob-turns-10-valued_n_231304.html|work=Huffington Post|accessdate=May 22, 2013|date=July 13, 2009|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208163834/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/07/14/spongebob-turns-10-valued_n_231304.html|archivedate=February 8, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Nickelodeon's 'SpongeBob SquarePants' Reaches A Milestone: 10 Years|url=http://www.accesshollywood.com/nickelodeons-spongebob-squarepants-reaches-a-milestone-10-years_article_20514|work=Access Hollywood|accessdate=May 25, 2013|date=July 13, 2009|archive-date=2014-10-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030154235/http://www.accesshollywood.com/nickelodeons-spongebob-squarepants-reaches-a-milestone-10-years_article_20514|url-status=dead}}</ref> When the film wis completit, Hillenburg intendit for it tae be the [[series finale]], "so [the show] wouldn't [[jump the shark]]." Houiver, Nickelodeon wanted more episodes,<ref name=OralHistory/> sae Hillenburg appyntit [[Paul Tibbitt]], who previously served on the show as a writer, director, an storyboard artist, to tak over his role as showrunner and produce faur seasons.<ref name=Tibbitt>{{cite web|last=Fletcher|first=Alex|title=Paul Tibbitt ('SpongeBob SquarePants')|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/tv/interviews/a312387/paul-tibbitt-spongebob-squarepants.html|work=Digital Spy|accessdate=May 25, 2013|date=April 3, 2011|archive-date=2013-10-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031235346/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/tv/interviews/a312387/paul-tibbitt-spongebob-squarepants.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Hillenburg considered Tibbitt ane of his favorite members of the show's crew,<ref name=Hilleburg1>{{cite video | people=Hillenburg, Stephen|date=2009|title=The First 100 Episodes&nbsp;— Square Roots: The Story of SpongeBob SquarePants|medium=DVD|publisher=Paramount Home Entertainment}}</ref> and "totally trusted him".<ref name=Childhood/> Tibbitt still holds the showrunner poseetion, an haes an aa functioned as a supervising producer syne 2005 and an executive producer syne 2008.<ref name="Tibbitt"/><ref>{{cite web|last=Rae|first=Fiona|title=Paul Tibbitt interview|url=http://www.listener.co.nz/commentary/television/paul-tibbitt-interview/|work=New Zealand Listener|accessdate=May 25, 2013|date=September 26, 2009}}</ref> On December 13, 2014, it wis annoonced that Hillenburg wad return tae the series in an unspecified poseetion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cartoonbrew.com/tv/spongebob-creator-stephen-hillenburg-returning-to-his-show-106935.html|author=Amid Amidi|title='SpongeBob' Creator Stephen Hillenburg Returning to His Show|work=[[Cartoon Brew]]|date=December 13, 2014|accessdate=December 17, 2014}}</ref> ===Writing=== For ''SpongeBob SquarePants'' a team of five outline and premise writers creates the initial storylines. Writer [[Luke Brookshier]] said, "''SpongeBob'' is written differently than many television shows".<ref name=Producin>{{cite web|title=Interview with Luke Brookshier, SpongeBob SquarePants Storyboard Director|url=http://www.4mations.tv/2009/09/interview-with-luke-brookshier-spongebob-squarepants-storyboard-director/|publisher=4Mations|accessdate=May 23, 2013|date=September 23, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323112314/http://www.4mations.tv/2009/09/interview-with-luke-brookshier-spongebob-squarepants-storyboard-director/|archivedate=March 23, 2012}}</ref> Writing for an episode of the series starts wi a twa-page outline. A storyboard director then takes the outline and develops it intae a full episode&nbsp;— jokes and dialogue are added during this stage.<ref name=Producin/><ref name=Williams>{{cite web|title=Writer Appreciation Day 2: Merriwether Williams|url=http://www.roundstable.com/2012/08/15/writer-appreciation-day-2-merriwether-williams/|work=The Round Stable|accessdate=May 25, 2013|date=August 15, 2012|archive-date=2013-06-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622073845/http://www.roundstable.com/2012/08/15/writer-appreciation-day-2-merriwether-williams/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Anither writer for the series, [[Merriwether Williams]], describit in an interview that she and [[Mr. Lawrence]] wad write a draft for an episode in an afternoon and be done at 4 o'clock.<ref name=Williams/> Hillenburg decidit early on, prior to stairtin the production of the series, that he wanted ''SpongeBob SquarePants'' tae be storyboard-driven, rather than [[screenplay|script]]-driven.<ref name=TomHA>{{cite news | author = Heintjes, Tom | title = The Oral History of SpongeBob SquarePants | work = [[Hogan's Alley (magazine)|Hogan's Alley]] #17 | year = 2010 | accessdate = September 21, 2012 | url = http://cartoonician.com/the-oral-history-of-spongebob-squarepants/ | publisher = Bull Moose Publishing Corporation | archive-date = 2015-08-31 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150831044034/http://cartoonician.com/the-oral-history-of-spongebob-squarepants/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> This required an approach in which artists "would take a skeletal story outline and flesh it out with sight gags, dialogue and a structure that would strike a balance between narrative and whimsy".<ref name=TomHA/> Hillenburg oreeginally wanted "a team of young and hungry people" to wirk on the series.<ref name="DrymonHA"/> The primary figures, who haed previously worked wi Hillenburg on ''Rocko's Modern Life'', consisted of [[Alan Smart]], Nick Jennings, an Derek Drymon.<ref name="DrymonHA"/> Heid writer [[Steven Banks]] said, "The writers come up with an idea and write premises and outlines describing the story, and the storyboarders (who are also writers) write the dialogue while they draw the storyboard panels. Most other shows are script-driven. We don't write scripts and that has made all the difference!"<ref name=StevenB>{{cite web|last=Zahed|first=Ramin|title=Bikini Bottom Confessions|url=http://www.animationmagazine.net/tv/bikini-bottom-confessions/|work=Animation|accessdate=May 28, 2013|date=July 24, 2009}}</ref> The writing staff eften uised thair individual life experiences for inspirations to come up wi the storylines of the series' episodes.<ref name=DrymonHA/><ref name=Childhood>{{cite news|last=Cavna|first=Michael|title=The Interview: 'SpongeBob' Creator Stephen Hillenburg|url=http://voices.washingtonpost.com/comic-riffs/2009/07/_tom_kenny_who_voices.html|work=The Washington Post|accessdate=May 25, 2013|date=July 14, 2009|archive-date=2012-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006111645/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/comic-riffs/2009/07/_tom_kenny_who_voices.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> For ensaumple, the episode "[[Sailor Mouth]]", in which SpongeBob and [[Patrick Star|Patrick]] learn [[profanity]],<ref name=Childhood/> wis inspired by [[creative director]] Derek Drymon's experience of getting in trouble as a bairn for uisin [[Fuck|the f-wird]] in front of his mither.<ref name=DrymonHA/> Drymon said, "The scene where Patrick is running to [[Mr. Krabs]] to tattle, with SpongeBob chasing him, is pretty much how it happened in real life".<ref name=DrymonHA/> The end of the episode, in which Mr. Krabs uses even more profanity than SpongeBob and Patrick, wis inspired "by the fact that my [Drymon's] mother has a sailor mouth herself".<ref name=DrymonHA>{{cite news | author = Drymon, Derek | title = The Oral History of SpongeBob SquarePants | work = [[Hogan's Alley (magazine)|Hogan's Alley]] #17 | year = 2010 | accessdate = September 21, 2012 | url = http://cartoonician.com/the-oral-history-of-spongebob-squarepants/ | publisher = Bull Moose Publishing Corporation | archive-date = 2015-08-31 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150831044034/http://cartoonician.com/the-oral-history-of-spongebob-squarepants/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> The idea for the episode "The Secret Box" an aa came from ane of Drymon's childhood experiences.<ref name=Childhood/><ref name=WilliamsHA>{{cite news | author = Williams, Merriwether | title = The Oral History of SpongeBob SquarePants | work = [[Hogan's Alley (magazine)|Hogan's Alley]]#17 | year = 2010 | accessdate = September 21, 2012 | url = http://cartoonician.com/the-oral-history-of-spongebob-squarepants/ | publisher = Bull Moose Publishing Corporation | archive-date = 2015-08-31 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150831044034/http://cartoonician.com/the-oral-history-of-spongebob-squarepants/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> Hillenburg explained, "Drymon had a secret box [as a kid] and started telling us about it. We wanted to make fun of him ''and'' use it."<ref name=Childhood/> Awmaist every episode is dividit intae twa 11-minute segments. Hillenburg explained that "[I] never really wanted to deliberately try to write a half-hour show".<ref name=Childhood/> He added, "I wrote the shows to where they felt right".<ref name=Childhood/> Each 11-minute segment takes about five month to produce.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/VincentWaller72/status/639616200775888896|title=Vincent Waller on Twitter|publisher=|accessdate=October 11, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/VincentWaller72/status/726440072145334273|title=Vincent Waller on Twitter|publisher=|accessdate=October 11, 2016}}</ref> ===Voice actors=== {{quote box|align=right|bgcolor=#c6dbf7|width=30em|style=max-width:40% |quote="Steve described SpongeBob to me as childlike and naïve. He's not quite an adult, he's not quite a kid. Think a [[Stan Laurel]], [[Jerry Lewis]] kind of child-man. Kind of like a [[Munchkin]] but not quite, kind of like a kid, but not in a [[Charlie Brown]] child's voice on the TV shows". |source=— Tom Kenny<ref name=cartoonician/> }} ''SpongeBob SquarePants'' haes six main cast members: [[Tom Kenny]], [[Bill Fagerbakke]], [[Rodger Bumpass]], [[Clancy Brown]], [[Carolyn Lawrence]], and [[Mr. Lawrence]]. Kenny provides the vyces of SpongeBob SquarePants, his pet snail Gary, the French Narrator, Harold SquarePants, Patchy the Pirate, an the Dirty Bubble. Kenny previously worked wi Hillenburg on ''[[Rocko's Modern Life]]'' and, whan Hillenburg creatit ''SpongeBob SquarePants'', he approached Kenny to vyce the character.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sptimes.com/2003/03/17/Xpress/SpongeBob__the_excita.shtml|title=SpongeBob: the excitable, absorbent star of Bikini Bottom|last=Orlando|first=Dana|date=March 17, 2003|publisher=[[Tampa Bay Times|St. Petersburg Times]]|accessdate=2008-11-08|archive-date=2008-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219213018/http://www.sptimes.com/2003/03/17/Xpress/SpongeBob__the_excita.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> The vyce of SpongeBob wis oreeginally uised by Kenny for a minor background character in ''Rocko's Modern Life''.<ref name=Radio /> Kenny says that SpongeBob's heich-pitched lauch wis specifically creatit tae be unique. Thay wanted an annoying lauch in the tradeetion of [[Popeye]] and [[Woody Woodpecker]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/12/27/earlyshow/leisure/celebspot/main534521.shtml?source=search_story|title=SpongeBob's Alter Ego|date=December 30, 2002|publisher=[[CBS News]]|accessdate=2008-11-08|archive-date=2008-12-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220220843/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/12/27/earlyshow/leisure/celebspot/main534521.shtml?source=search_story|url-status=dead}}</ref> Fagerbakke vyces Patrick Star<ref name=Star>{{cite web|last=Crump|first=Steve|title=COLUMN: Do you remember Bill Fagerbakke? He's a star|url=http://magicvalley.com/news/local/article_77dc5ce6-783d-5532-baf1-b09328b232db.html|work=Magic Valley|accessdate=May 22, 2013|date=March 19, 2009}}</ref> and ither miscellaneous characters. At the same time whan Hillenburg, Derek Drymon, an Tim Hill war writing the pilot "Help Wanted", Hillenburg wis an aa conducting auditions to find vyces for the characters.<ref name="DrymonHA"/> Fagerbakke auditioned for the role of Patrick efter Kenny haed been cast.<ref name=Fagerbakkevoice>{{cite web|last=Liu|first=Ed|title=Being Patrick Star: Toonzone Interviews Bill Fagerbakke on ''SpongeBob SquarePants''|url=http://www.toonzone.net/2013/11/patrick-star-toonzone-interviews-bill-fagerbakke-spongebob-squarepants/|work=Toon Zone|accessdate=March 28, 2014|date=November 11, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219000346/http://www.toonzone.net/2013/11/patrick-star-toonzone-interviews-bill-fagerbakke-spongebob-squarepants/|archivedate=December 19, 2013}}</ref> In an interview, Fagerbakke compared himsel tae the character and said, "It's extremely gratifying".<ref name=FagerbakkeInt>{{cite web|last=Douglas|first=Patrick|title="Transformers:Animated"/"Spongebob Squarepants"/"Coach" – Bill Fagerbakke (2008)|url=http://www.thecultureshock.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=802&Itemid=44|work=The Culture Shock|accessdate=May 22, 2013|date=January 14, 2008}}</ref> Fagerbakke modeled his performance whenever Patrick is angry efter that of American actress [[Shelley Winters]].<ref name="Banks, p. 33">{{harvnb|Banks|2004|page=33}}</ref> Bumpass performs the vyce of Squidward Tentacles and ither miscellaneous characters. Arthur Brown, author of ''Everything I Need to Know, I Learned from Cartoons!'', haes compared Squidward's vyce to that of [[Jack Benny]]'s,<ref name=Brown/> a similarity Bumpass says is maistly unintentional.<ref name=Bumpass>{{cite web|last=Reardon|first=Samantha|title=Rodger Bumpass is Squidward Tentacles|url=http://georgiastatesignal.com/rodger-bumpass-is-squidward-tentacles/|work=[[The Signal (college newspaper)|The Signal]]|accessdate=March 28, 2014|date=September 8, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328111302/http://georgiastatesignal.com/rodger-bumpass-is-squidward-tentacles/|archivedate=March 28, 2014}}</ref> Hillenburg oreeginally haed Mr. Lawrence in mind for the role of voicing Squidward.<ref name="DrymonHA"/> Clancy Brown provides the vyce of [[Mr. Krabs]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Clancy Brown: Credits|url=http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/clancy-brown/credits/144992|work=TV Guide|accessdate=May 22, 2013}}</ref> Carolyn Lawrence provides the vyce of [[Sandy Cheeks]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Carolyn Lawrence: Credits|url=http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/carolyn-lawrence/credits/212823|work=TV Guide|accessdate=May 22, 2013}}</ref> Lawrence got the role of Sandy whan she wis in the [[Los Feliz, Los Angeles|Los Feliz]] neighborhood in Los Angeles. She met Donna Grillo, a [[Casting (performing arts)|casting director]], on a sidewalk. Lawrence wis wi a friend who knew Grillo, an she said Lawrence haed an interestin vyce. Grillo brocht in Lawrence to audeetion and she got the pairt of Sandy.<ref>{{cite web|title=Carolyn Lawrence Exclusive Interview|url=http://www.thestarscoop.com/interviews/carolyn-lawrence-exclusive-interview/|work=The Star Scoop|accessdate=June 14, 2013|date=September 17, 2009|archive-date=2011-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629164232/http://www.thestarscoop.com/interviews/carolyn-lawrence-exclusive-interview/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=REFANB Interview: Carolyn Lawrence, A.K.A. Ashley Graham|url=http://www.residentevilfan.com/articles/lawrence_interview.htm|work=Resident Evil Fan|accessdate=June 14, 2013|archive-date=2005-12-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051212032724/http://www.residentevilfan.com/articles/lawrence_interview.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Lawrence modeled her performance of Sandy efter that of American actress [[Holly Hunter]].<ref name="Banks, p. 32">{{harvnb|Banks|2004|page=32}}</ref> Mr. Lawrence vyces Plankton. Drymon said, "We knew Doug [Lawrence] from ''Rocko'', where he was a storyboard director and where he also did the voice of [[Filburt]]. We were showing Doug the storyboard, and he started reading back to us in his Tony the Tiger/Gregory Peck voice. It was really funny, and we wound up having SpongeBob use a deep voice when he entered the Krusty Krab for the first time".<ref name="DrymonHA"/> Hillenburg loved the vyce and decidit to gie Lawrence the pairt of series villain, Plankton.<ref name="DrymonHA"/> Aside from Plankton, Mr. Lawrence an aa vyces recurring characters lik Larry Lobster.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mr. Lawrence: Credits|url=http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/mr-lawrence/credits/185734|work=TV Guide|accessdate=May 22, 2013}}</ref> Karen, Mrs. Puff, Pearl, an the Flying Dutchman are voiced by Kenny's wife [[Jill Talley]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Jill Talley: Credits|url=http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/jill-talley/credits/208596|work=TV Guide|accessdate=May 22, 2013}}</ref> [[Mary Jo Catlett]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Mary Jo Catlett: Credits|url=http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/mary-jo-catlett/credits/190527|work=TV Guide|accessdate=May 22, 2013}}</ref> [[Lori Alan]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Lori Alan: Credits|url=http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/lori-alan/credits/216395|work=TV Guide|accessdate=May 22, 2013}}</ref> and [[Brian Doyle-Murray]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Brian Doyle-Murray: Credits|url=http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/brian-doyle-murray/credits/142746|work=TV Guide|accessdate=May 22, 2013}}</ref> respectively.<ref name=Cast>{{cite web|last=Basile|first=Nancy|title=''SpongeBob SquarePants'' Cast|url=http://animatedtv.about.com/od/spongebobsquarepants/tp/SpongeBob-SquarePants-Cast.htm|work=Animated TV|publisher=[[About.com]]|accessdate=March 29, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130412230115/http://animatedtv.about.com/od/spongebobsquarepants/tp/SpongeBob-SquarePants-Cast.htm|archivedate=April 12, 2013}}</ref> Mr. Krabs' mither, Mama Krabs, who debuted in the episode "[[Sailor Mouth]]", wis voiced by writer Paul Tibbitt.<ref name="Wiese">{{cite video | people=Wiese, Erik|date=2004|title=SpongeBob SquarePants season 2 DVD commentary for the episode "Sailor Mouth"| medium=DVD|publisher=Paramount Home Entertainment}}</ref><ref name="Dohrn">{{cite video | people=Dohrn, Walt|date=2004|title=SpongeBob SquarePants season 2 DVD commentary for the episode "Sailor Mouth"| medium=DVD|publisher=Paramount Home Entertainment}}</ref><ref name="Overtoom">{{cite video | people=Overtoom, Andrew|date=2004|title=SpongeBob SquarePants season 2 DVD commentary for the episode "Sailor Mouth"| medium=DVD|publisher=Paramount Home Entertainment}}</ref> Houiver, vyce actress [[Sirena Irwin]] owerteuk Tibbitt's role as the character reappeared in the fowert-season episode "Enemy In-Law" in 2005.<ref>{{cite AV media|people= | date=September 12, 2006 | title=SpongeBob SquarePants: Season 4, Vol. 1 | medium=DVD |location=United States |publisher=Paramount Home Entertainment/Nickelodeon}}</ref> Tom Kenny portrays Patchy the Pirate, the president of the fictional ''SpongeBob SquarePants'' fan club, while series creautor Hillenburg voiced the character of Potty the Parrot.<ref name=S2>{{cite AV media | people= | date=October 19, 2004| title=SpongeBob SquarePants: The Complete 2nd Season|medium=DVD|location=United States | publisher=Paramount Home Entertainment/Nickelodeon}}</ref> Efter Hillenburg's departure as showrunner in 2004, Tibbitt wis gien the role in voicing Potty the Parrot.<ref>{{cite AV media|people= | date=April 17, 2007 | title=SpongeBob SquarePants: Friend or Foe ("[[Friend or Foe (SpongeBob SquarePants)|Friend or Foe]]" credits) | medium=DVD|location=United States |publisher=Paramount Home Entertainment/Nickelodeon}}</ref> In addition tae the regular cast, episodes featur guest vyces from mony ranges of professions, includin actors, athletes, authors, musicians, an artists. Recurring guest vyces include: [[Ernest Borgnine]], who voiced Mermaid Man from 1999 until his daith in 2012;<ref>{{cite news|last=Lloyd|first=Robert|title=Ernest Borgnine: From Marty to McHale to Mermaid Man|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2012/jul/09/entertainment/la-et-st-ernest-borgnine-from-marty-to-mchale-to-mermaid-man-20120709|work=Los Angeles Times|accessdate=May 2, 2013|date=July 9, 2012}}</ref> [[Tim Conway]] as the vyce of Barnacle Boy;<ref>{{cite web|title=Tim Conway: Credits|url=http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/tim-conway/credits/176843|work=TV Guide|accessdate=May 22, 2013}}</ref> and [[Marion Ross]] as Grandma SquarePants.<ref>{{cite web|title=Marion Ross: Credits|url=http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/marion-ross/credits/164469|work=TV Guide|accessdate=May 22, 2013}}</ref> Notable guests who hae providit vocal cameo appearances includes [[David Bowie]] as Lord Royal Highness in the television film ''[[SpongeBob's Atlantis SquarePantis|Atlantis SquarePantis]]'',<ref>{{cite news|title=David Bowie goes out to sea for 'SpongeBob'|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/television/news/2006-10-11-bowie-spongebob_x.htm?csp=27|work=USA Today|accessdate=May 27, 2013|date=October 11, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Bowie voices SpongeBob character|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6040098.stm|publisher=BBC|accessdate=May 27, 2013|date=October 11, 2006}}</ref> [[John Goodman]] as the vyce of Santa in the episode "[[It's a SpongeBob Christmas!]]", [[Johnny Depp]] as the vyce of the surf guru, Jack Kahuna Laguna, in the episode "[[SpongeBob SquarePants vs. The Big One]]",<ref>{{cite web|last=Moody|first=Annemarie|title=Johnny Depp Teaches SpongeBob to Hang Ten in New TV Special|url=http://www.awn.com/news/television/johnny-depp-teaches-spongebob-hang-ten-new-tv-special|publisher=Animation World Network|accessdate=May 28, 2013|date=April 1, 2009}}</ref> and [[Victoria Beckham]] as the vyce of Queen Amphitrite in the episode "[[The Clash of Triton]]".<ref>{{cite news|last=Thomas|first=Devon|title=Victoria Beckham Lends Her Voice to "SpongeBob"|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-31749_162-20008078-10391698.html|publisher=CBS News|accessdate=May 29, 2013|date=June 17, 2010|archive-date=2013-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112081319/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-31749_162-20008078-10391698.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Victoria Beckham to star in a new episode of SpongeBob SquarePants|url=http://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/victoria-beckham-to-star-in-a-new-episode-228859|work=Daily Mirror|accessdate=May 29, 2013|date=July 15, 2010}}</ref> Voice recording sessions ayeweys include a full cast of actors, which Kenny describes as "getting more unusual".<ref name=KennyHA>{{cite news | author = Kenny, Tom | title = The Oral History of SpongeBob SquarePants | work = [[Hogan's Alley (magazine)|Hogan's Alley]] #17 | year = 2010 | accessdate = September 21, 2012 | url = http://cartoonician.com/the-oral-history-of-spongebob-squarepants/ | publisher = Bull Moose Publishing Corporation | archive-date = 2015-08-31 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150831044034/http://cartoonician.com/the-oral-history-of-spongebob-squarepants/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> Kenny said, "That's another thing that's given ''SpongeBob'' its special feel. Everybody's in the same room, doing it old radio-show style. It's how the stuff we like was recorded".<ref name=KennyHA/> Series writer [[Jay Lender]] said, "The recording sessions were always fun ..."<ref name=LenderHA>{{cite news | author = Lender, Jay | title = The Oral History of SpongeBob SquarePants | work = [[Hogan's Alley (magazine)|Hogan's Alley]] #17 | year = 2010 | accessdate = September 21, 2012 | url = http://cartoonician.com/the-oral-history-of-spongebob-squarepants/ | publisher = Bull Moose Publishing Corporation | archive-date = 2015-08-31 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150831044034/http://cartoonician.com/the-oral-history-of-spongebob-squarepants/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> For the first three seasons, Hillenburg and Drymon sat in on the record studio, an thay directed the actors.<ref name=HammondHA>{{cite news | author = Hammond, Jennie Monica | title = The Oral History of SpongeBob SquarePants | work = [[Hogan's Alley (magazine)|Hogan's Alley]] #17 | year = 2010 | accessdate = September 21, 2012 | url = http://cartoonician.com/the-oral-history-of-spongebob-squarepants/ | publisher = Bull Moose Publishing Corporation | archive-date = 2015-08-31 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150831044034/http://cartoonician.com/the-oral-history-of-spongebob-squarepants/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> In the fowert season, [[Andrea Romano]] teuk over the role as the vyce director.<ref name=HammondHA/> Wednesday is recording day, the same schedule followed by the crew syne 1999.<ref name=HammondHA/> Casting supervisor Jennie Monica Hammond said, "I loved Wednesdays".<ref name=HammondHA/> ===Animation=== Approximately 50 fowk wirk thegither in animating and producin an episode of ''SpongeBob SquarePants''.<ref name=Producin/> Throughout its run, production of the series haes been handled domestically at [[Nickelodeon Animation Studio]] in [[Burbank, California]], while the finished animation haes been creatit overseas at [[Rough Draft Studios]] in [[Sooth Korea]].<ref name=Childhood/><ref>{{cite web|last=Richmond|first=Ray|title=Special Report: Animation|url=http://www.roughdraftstudios.com/press/press_20040115.html|work=The Hollywood Reporter|accessdate=May 22, 2013|date=January 15, 2004|archive-date=2008-03-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080310222309/http://www.roughdraftstudios.com/press/press_20040115.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Storyboarding for each episode is done by the crew in California. The storyboards are then uised as templates by the crew in Korea,<ref name=Childhood/> who animate by haund, colour [[cel]]s on computers, an paint backgrounds. Episodes are finished in California, whaur thay are edited and hae music added.<ref name=Producin/> Every season, character designs are updated or modified to solve technical issues in the animation.<ref>{{cite web |last=Tibbitt |first=Paul |title=paultibbitt: @gozarfan chars r updated every ... |url=https://twitter.com/paultibbitt/status/410095456207654915 |publisher=Twitter |accessdate=December 15, 2013 |date=December 9, 2013 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6LsVIk4v9?url=https://twitter.com/paultibbitt/status/410095456207654915 |archivedate=2013-12-15 |deadurl=yes |df= |url-status=live }}</ref> During the first season, the series uised [[cel animation]].<ref name="Tibbitt" /> A shift wis made the follaein year to [[digital ink and paint]] animation.<ref name="Tibbitt"/> In 2009, executive producer [[Paul Tibbitt]] said "The first season of ''SpongeBob'' was done the old-fashioned way on cells, and every cell had to be part-painted, left to dry, paint some other colours. It's still a time-consuming aspect of the process now, but the digital way of doing things means it doesn't take long to correct".<ref name="Tibbitt"/> In 2008, the crew shifted to uisin [[Cintiq|Wacom Cintiqs]] for the drawings insteid of pencils.<ref name=OralHistory/> The [[SpongeBob SquarePants (season 5)|fift season]] episode "[[Pest of the West]]" wis the first episode in the series to which the crew applee'd this method.<ref name=OralHistory2>{{cite web|last=Heintjes|first=Tom|title=The Oral History of SpongeBob SquarePants|url=http://cartoonician.com/the-oral-history-of-spongebob-squarepants/|work=[[Hogan's Alley (magazine)|Hogan's Alley]]#17|publisher=Bull Moose Publishing Corporation|accessdate=September 23, 2013|date=September 21, 2013|archive-date=2015-08-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831044034/http://cartoonician.com/the-oral-history-of-spongebob-squarepants/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Series background designer Kenny Pittenger said, "The only real difference between the way we draw now and the way we drew then is that we abandoned pencil and paper during the fifth season".<ref name=OralHistory/> The crew began the shift while thay war wirkin on the episode. Pittenger said, "It was while we were working on 'Pest of the West', one of the half-hour specials, that we made the switch ... did you notice?"<ref name=OralHistory/> The shift to Wacom Cintiqs let the designers and animators draw on computer screens and mak immediate changes or undo mistakes. Pittenger said, "Many neo-Luddites—er ... I mean, many of my cohorts—don't like working on them, but I find them useful. There's no substitute for the immediacy of drawing on a piece of paper, of course, but digital nautical nonsense is still pretty fun".<ref name=OralHistory/> Syne 2004, the ''SpongeBob'' crew haes periodically collaborated wi the LA-based animation studio [[Screen Novelties]] to creaut [[stop motion|stop-motion]] sequences for special episodes. The studio produced a brief [[clay animation|claymation]] scene for the climax of the first theatrical film<ref name=Huff2>{{cite news|title=New SpongeBob SquarePants Song Urges Shoppers Not to Be Jerks This Holiday Season|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jim-hill/spongebob-christmas-album_b_2175828.html|work=[[The Huffington Post]]|accessdate=April 13, 2017|date=November 23, 2012|first=Jim|last=Hill}}</ref> and wis re-enlisted in 2009 to creaut an exclusive openin for the series' [[SpongeBob's Truth or Square|tenth anniversary special]].<ref name="Production">{{cite web|last=Zahed|first=Ramin|title=Stop Motion Casts a Spell on SpongeBob|url=http://www.animationmagazine.net/tv/stop-motion-casts-a-spell-on-spongebob/|work=[[Animation (magazine)|Animation]]|accessdate=January 17, 2013|date=November 21, 2012}}</ref>{{sfn|Priebe|2011|pages=61–66}} The abominable snaw mollusk, an octopus-lik creature made of clay who acts as the antagonist of the dooble-lenth episode "[[SpongeBob SquarePants (season 8)#ep156|Frozen Face-Off]]," wis an aa animated by the company.<ref name="AWN2012">{{cite web|last=Sarto|first=Dan|title=A Stop-Motion SpongeBob Special Means Christmas Comes Early This Year|url=http://www.awn.com/animationworld/stop-motion-spongebob-special-means-christmas-comes-early-year|work=[[Animation World Network]]|accessdate=April 13, 2017|date=December 5, 2012}}</ref> ''[[Animation World Network]]'' reportit that "within the ''SpongeBob'' creative team, there was always talk of doing a more involved project together" wi Screen Novelties.<ref name="AWN2012"/> As a result, the group wis asked to creaut an episode animated entirely in stop motion in 2011. This project became "[[It's a SpongeBob Christmas!]]”,<ref name=Goodman>{{cite news|title='SpongeBob SquarePants' Christmas Special: Stop-Motion 'It's A SpongeBob Christmas' With John Goodman|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/06/14/spongebob-squarepants-christmas-special_n_1597975.html|work=[[The Huffington Post]]|accessdate=December 14, 2012|date=June 14, 2012|first=Jaimie|last=Etkin}}</ref> which reimagined the show's characters as if thay war pairt o a [[Rankin/Bass Productions|Rankin/Bass]] holiday film.<ref name=DD>{{cite web|title=Nickelodeon Debuts First Full-Length Stop-Motion Special, It's A SpongeBob Christmas!, Dec. 9, At 7:30 p.m. (ET/PT)|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/nickelodeon-debuts-first-full-length-stop-motion-special-its-a-spongebob-christmas-dec-9-at-730-pm-etpt-176667241.html|publisher=PR Newswire|accessdate=May 8, 2013|date=October 31, 2012}}</ref> Tom Kenny, who is nae normally involved in the writing process, contreibutit tae the episode's plot; he said in 2012 that he and Nickelodeon "wanted to dae something juist lik thae auld schuil, stop-motion Rankin-Bass holiday specials...which I watched over and over again when I wis a kid growin up in Syracuse."<ref name="Huff2"/> Unconventional materials sic as baking soda, glitter, wid chips and breakfast cereal war uised in mass quantities to creaut the special's sets.<ref name="Production2">{{cite web|last=Beck|first=Jerry|title=It's A SpongeBob Stop-Mo Christmas|url=http://www.cartoonbrew.com/stop-motion/its-a-spongebob-stop-mo-christmas-72872.html|work=Cartoon Brew|accessdate=January 17, 2013|date=November 6, 2012}}</ref> Members of the Screen Novelties crew received ane win and twa nominations at the [[30th Annie Awards]],<ref name=Annie40>{{cite web |title=40th Annual Annie Awards Winners |url=http://annieawards.org/40thannieawards/ |work=Annie Award |publisher=[[ASIFA-Hollywood]] |accessdate=April 3, 2014 |year=2013 |author=Staff |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6OY3GYqrs?url=http://annieawards.org/40thannieawards/ |archivedate=2014-04-03 |deadurl=yes |df= |url-status=live }}</ref> a nomination at the 2013 [[Motion Picture Sound Editors|Golden Reel Awards]],<ref name=GRA13a>{{cite web|last=Giardina|first=Carolyn|title=Sound Editors Announce Golden Reel Nominees|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/race/golden-reel-nominees-413536|work=The Hollywood Reporter|accessdate=April 15, 2013|date=January 17, 2013}}</ref> and a nomination at the 2013 [[Annecy International Animated Film Festival]] for animating the episode.<ref>{{cite web|title=TV series Official Selection |url=http://www.annecy.org/annecy-2013/festival/official-selection:c8 |publisher=[[Annecy International Animated Film Festival]] |accessdate=December 31, 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401141556/http://www.annecy.org/annecy-2013/festival/official-selection%3Ac8 |archivedate=April 1, 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> The team biggit a dowphin puppet named Bubbles, voiced by [[Matt Berry]], for ''[[The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiewire.com/2015/02/review-off-the-wall-and-trippy-sequel-the-spongebob-movie-sponge-out-of-water-267418/|title=Review: Off-The-Wall And Trippy Sequel 'The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out Of Water'|work=[[IndieWire]]|publisher=[[Penske Media Corporation]]|last=Taylor|first=Drew|date=February 5, 2015|accessdate=April 13, 2017|archive-date=2017-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603003017/http://www.indiewire.com/2015/02/review-off-the-wall-and-trippy-sequel-the-spongebob-movie-sponge-out-of-water-267418/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sequences involvin Bubbles included a blend of stop motion and traditional animation. A seicont special animated in stop motion, themed aroond Halloween and uisin the same Rankin/Bass-inspired character models, is currently bein produced for [[SpongeBob SquarePants (season 11)|season 11]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nick.com.pl/sitemap.xml.gz|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170413154646/http://www.nick.com.pl/sitemap.xml.gz|archivedate=April 13, 2017|title=Nickelodeon Poland Sitemap|work=[[Nickelodeon (Poland)|Nickelodeon Poland]]|publisher=[[Viacom International|Viacom International, Inc.]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BSkU8kLgjOG/?taken-by=kazprapuolenis|title=Kaz Prapuolenis on Instagram|last=Prapuolenis|first=Kaz|author-link=Kaz Prapuolenis|date=April 6, 2017|accessdate=April 13, 2017}}</ref> ===Music=== {{quote box|align=left|bgcolor=#c6dbf7|width=27em|style=max-width:40% |quote="[The music haes gone] from maistly [[Sea shanty|sea shanties]] and Hawaiian music à la [[Roy Smeck]] meets [[Pee-wee Herman]]—still the main style for the show—in the early episodes, but it nou includes [[film noir]], ''[[West Side Story]]'' to [[Henry Mancini|[Henry] Mancini]], [[Jerry Goldsmith]] and [[Steven Spielberg|[Steven] Spielberg]]. Thare's Broadway-type scores and plain auld goofy, loopy, weird stuff. I try to push the envelope on this show wioot getting in the wey of the story, and I try to push it up and wey over the top when I can get away wi it, aw the time keepin it as funny and ridiculous as possible." |source=—Music editor Nicolas Carr<ref name=CarrHA>{{cite news | author = Carr, Nicolas | title = The Oral History of SpongeBob SquarePants | work = [[Hogan's Alley (magazine)|Hogan's Alley]] #17 | year = 2010 | accessdate = September 21, 2012 | url = http://cartoonician.com/the-oral-history-of-spongebob-squarepants/ | publisher = Bull Moose Publishing Corporation | archive-date = 2015-08-31 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150831044034/http://cartoonician.com/the-oral-history-of-spongebob-squarepants/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> }} The [[theme song]] wis componed by Mark Harrison and Blaise Smith,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/song/spongebob-squarepants-theme-mt0033331163|title=SpongeBob SquarePants Theme|work=[[AllMusic]]|accessdate=October 30, 2014}}</ref> while the lyrics tae the song war written by series creautor Stephen Hillenburg an the series' oreeginal creative director Derek Drymon. The melody wis inspired by the sea shanty "[[Blow the Man Down]]".<ref name="Makin' Toons"/> An auld [[oil painting]] o a pirate is uised in the openin sequence. It haes been dubbed "Painty the Pirate", and accordin to Tom Kenny, Hillenburg foond it in a thrift shop "years ago".<ref name=Radio/> [[Patrick Pinney]] gies vyce to Painty the Pirate, singing the theme song as the character.<ref name="Makin' Toons"/> Hillenburg's lips war imposed onto the painting and muive alang wi the lyrics.<ref name=Radio/> Kenny joked that this is "about as close o a glimpse as maist ''SpongeBob'' fans are ever going to get of Steve Hillenburg", acause of Hillenburg's private naitur.<ref name="Makin' Toons"/> A civer of the song by [[Avril Lavigne]] can be foond on the [[The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie&nbsp;– Music from the Movie and More...|''SpongeBob SquarePants Movie'' soundtrack]].<ref name=Bands>{{cite web|last=Mar|first=Alex|title=Avril Sings "SpongeBob"|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/avril-sings-spongebob-20041001|work=Rolling Stone|accessdate=May 22, 2013|date=October 1, 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Avril Lavigne on SpongeBob SquarePants|url=http://www.ultimate-guitar.com/news/upcoming_releases/avril_lavigne_on_spongebob_squarepants.html|publisher=Ultimate-Guitar|accessdate=May 22, 2013|date=October 1, 2004}}</ref> Anither civer by the [[Violent Femmes]] aired on Nickelodeon as a promotion for the series muivin to [[prime time]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Barker|first=Rayanna|title=A Conversation With Brian Ritchie|url=http://www.rockzone.com/interviews/femmes.shtml|work=Rock Zone|accessdate=May 22, 2013|date=June 22, 2001|archive-date=2013-08-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130815213049/http://www.rockzone.com/interviews/femmes.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> Steve Belfer, ane of Hillenburg's friends from CalArts, wrote and performed the music that is played over the end credits.<ref name="DrymonHA"/> This theme includes [[ukulele]] music, per Hillenburg's request.<ref name="DrymonHA"/> Drymon said, "It's sae lang ago, it's haurd tae be sure, but I remember Hillenburg haein the Belfer music early on, maybe afore the pilot".<ref name="DrymonHA"/> The series' [[Music editor (filmmaking)|music editor]] and main composer is Nicolas Carr.<ref name=CarrHA/> Efter wirkin wi Hillenburg on ''Rocko's Modern Life'', Carr struggled to find a new job in his field. He haed been considering a career chynge whan Hillenburg offered him the job. The first season's score primarily featurt selections from the [[APM Music|Associated Production Music Library]], which Carr haes said includes "lots of great auld corny Hawaiian music and big, full, dramatic orchestral scores."<ref name=CarrHA/> ''Rocko's Modern Life'' an aa uised music from this library. It wis Hillenburg's decision to adopt the approach. The selections for ''SpongeBob SquarePants'' hae been describit by Carr as bein "more over-the-top" than those for ''Rocko's Modern Life''.<ref name=CarrHA/> Hillenburg an aa felt that it wis important for the series to develop its ain music library, consisting of scores that coud be reused and re-edited throughout the years. He wanted thir scores tae be componed by unknowns, an a group of twal wis assembled. Thay formed "The Sponge Divers Orchestra", which includes Carr and Belfer. This group went on to provide the majority of the music for later seasons, awtho Carr still draws from the Associated Production Music Library, as well as anither library that he foondit himsel&nbsp;— Animation Music Inc.<ref name=CarrHA/> ==Broadcast== ===Tenth anniversary=== {{quote box|align=right|bgcolor=#c6dbf7|width=27em|style=max-width:40% |quote="Ten years. I never imagined wirkin on the show to this date and this lang...I really figured we might get a season and a cult follaein, and that might be it." |source=Stephen Hillenburg<ref name="Washington Post 10t Anniversary">{{cite news|last=Cavna|first=Michael|title=Absorbent And Yellow And Beloved At 10 Is He|url=http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2009-07-14/news/36923802_1_stephen-hillenburg-sponge-character-squidward-tentacles|accessdate=May 24, 2013|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=July 14, 2009|archive-date=2013-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112073445/http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2009-07-14/news/36923802_1_stephen-hillenburg-sponge-character-squidward-tentacles|url-status=dead}}</ref> }} Nickelodeon began celebrating the 10t anniversary of the series on Januar 18, 2009 wi a live cast readin of the episode "SpongeBob vs. The Big One". The readin&nbsp;— a first for the series&nbsp;— wis held at [[2009 Sundance Film Festival|that year's Sundance Film Festival]].<ref name="Reuters 10t Anniversary">{{cite news|title=Nickelodeon Taps Patrick Creadon and Christine O'Malley to Produce First-Ever SpongeBob... |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/01/19/idUS145869+19-Jan-2009+PRN20090119 |publisher=Reuters |accessdate=December 15, 2013 |date=January 19, 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140825100641/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/01/19/idUS145869%2B19-Jan-2009%2BPRN20090119 |archivedate=August 25, 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref><ref name="IGN 10t Anniversary">{{cite web|last=Goldman|first=Eric|url=http://tv.ign.com/articles/943/943426p1.html |title=SpongeBob SquarePants Meets Johnny Depp&nbsp;– TV News at IGN|publisher=Tv.ign.com|date=January 9, 2009 |accessdate=September 14, 2010}}</ref> The episode, which wad nae premiere on TV until Apryle 17, featurt Johnny Depp as a guest starn.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.awn.com/news/johnny-depp-teaches-spongebob-hang-ten-new-tv-special|author=Annemarie Moody|title=Johnny Depp Teaches SpongeBob to Hang Ten in New TV Special|work=Animation World Network|date=April 1, 2009|accessdate=November 2, 2014}}</ref> Ither celebratory actions taken by the network included the launching o a new website for the series (spongebob.com) an the introduction of new merchandising. A "SpongeBob and water conservation-themed element" wis an aa added to Nickelodeon's [[pro-social]] campaign ''[[The Big Green Help]]''.<ref name="Reuters 10t Anniversary"/> In an interview, [[Tom Kenny]] said, "What I'm maist proud of is that kids still really lik [''SpongeBob SquarePants''] and care about it ... Thay eagerly await new episodes. People who war young children when it stairtit 10 years ago are still watching it and digging it and think it's funny. That's the [[loving cup]] for me".<ref name="PopMatters 10t Anniversary">{{cite web|last=Bubbeo|first=Daniel|title='SpongeBob SquarePants' celebrates 10 years of nautical nonsense|url=http://www.popmatters.com/pm/article/108120-spongebob-squarepants-celebrates-10-years-of-nautical-nonsense/|publisher=Pop Matters|accessdate=May 24, 2013|date=July 13, 2009|archive-date=2009-07-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090717003015/http://www.popmatters.com/pm/article/108120-spongebob-squarepants-celebrates-10-years-of-nautical-nonsense/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Three nichts afore the offeecial anniversary date, an oor-lang documentary of the series, ''[[Square Roots: The Story of SpongeBob SquarePants]]'', premiered on [[VH1]].<ref name="Washington Post 10t Anniversary"/><ref name="Reuters 10t Anniversary"/><ref name="IGN 10t Anniversary"/><ref name="PopMatters 10t Anniversary"/><ref name="UPI 10t Anniversary">{{cite web|title='SpongeBob' documentary on its way|url=http://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/2009/01/19/SpongeBob-documentary-on-its-way/UPI-79001232406610/|publisher=United Press International|accessdate=December 15, 2013|date=January 19, 2009}}</ref> Critically acclaimed duo [[Patrick Creadon]] and Christine O'Malley creatit the film as a followup to ''[[I.O.U.S.A.]]'' – a documentary on America's financial situation. Creadon remarked, "Efter spendin twa years examining the financial heal of the United States, Christine and I war ready to tackle something a little more upbeat. Telling the SpongeBob story feels lik the perfect fit."<ref name="Reuters 10t Anniversary"/> On Friday Julie 17, Nickelodeon merked the offeecial anniversary of the series, wi a 50-oor [[Marathon (television)|television marathon]] titled "The Ultimate SpongeBob SpongeBash Weekend". The marathon began wi a new episode, "[[To SquarePants or Not to SquarePants]]". Saturday saw a countdown of the tap ten episodes as picked by fans, as well as an airing of ''The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie''. The marathon finished on Sunday, which saw a countdown of episodes as picked by celebrities, as well as the premiere of ten new episodes.<ref name="Reuters 10t Anniversary"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Nickelodeon Celebrates 10 Years of Pop Culture Icon SpongeBob SquarePants|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/nickelodeon-celebrates-10-years-of-pop-culture-icon-spongebob-squarepants-61867637.html|publisher=PR Newswire|accessdate=May 19, 2013|date=June 24, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.toymania.com/news/messages/11311.shtml|title=Ultimate SpongeBob SpongeBash Weekend&nbsp;– Raving Toy Maniac&nbsp;– The Latest News and Pictures from the World of Toys|publisher=Toymania.com |date=June 24, 2009|accessdate=September 14, 2010}}</ref> Nickelodeon continued celebrating the anniversary throu the rest of the year. An aicht-episode DVD set featurin "To SquarePants or Not to SquarePants" shortly followed the marathon, wi a Julie 21 release.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/SpongeBob-SquarePants-To-SP-or-Not-to-SP/11747|author=David Lambert|title=SpongeBob SquarePants&nbsp;— To SquarePants or Not to SquarePants Debuts in July's 100-ep Marathon, Then on DVD|work=tvshowsondvd.com|date=April 21, 2009|accessdate=December 1, 2014|archive-date=2015-04-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427162005/http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/SpongeBob-SquarePants-To-SP-or-Not-to-SP/11747|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="First 100 Episodes article">{{cite web|last=Lambert|first=David|title=SpongeBob SquarePants – 'First 100 Episodes' 5-Season DVD Set Arrives with New Extras this Autumn|url=http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/SpongeBob-SquarePants-The-First-100-Episodes/11781|publisher=TV Shows on DVD|accessdate=May 19, 2013|date=April 28, 2009|archive-date=2013-12-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206075924/http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/SpongeBob-SquarePants-The-First-100-Episodes/11781|url-status=dead}}</ref> Next a 2,200 minute, 14-disc DVD set titled ''The First 100 Episodes'' wis released on September 22.<ref name="First 100 Episodes article"/><ref>{{cite web|title=SpongeBob SquarePants&nbsp;— The First 100 Episodes (Seasons 1–5)|url=http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/SpongeBob-SquarePants-100-Episodes-Seasons-1-5/9154|publisher=TV Shows on DVD|accessdate=May 24, 2013|archive-date=2013-11-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101100209/http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/SpongeBob-SquarePants-100-Episodes-Seasons-1-5/9154|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Shaffer|first=R.L.|title=SpongeBob SquarePants: The First 100 Episodes DVD Review|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2009/09/21/spongebob-squarepants-the-first-100-episodes-dvd-review|publisher=IGN|accessdate=May 24, 2013|date=September 21, 2009}}</ref> Finally, on November 6, an oor-lang television film, titled ''[[SpongeBob's Truth or Square|Truth or Square]]'', debuted on Nickelodeon. The film is narrated by [[Ricky Gervais]] and features [[live action]] cameo appearances by [[Rosario Dawson]], [[Craig Ferguson]], [[Will Ferrell]], [[Tina Fey]], [[LeBron James]], [[Pink (sangster)|P!nk]], [[Triumph the Insult Comic Dog]], and [[Robin Williams]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Zahed|first=Ramid|title=Soaking in Festivities|url=http://www.animationmagazine.net/tv/soaking-in-the-festivities/|work=Animation|accessdate=May 19, 2013|date=July 24, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ricky Gervais, Will Ferrell and Robin Williams pay tribute to SpongeBob SquarePants|url=http://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/ricky-gervais-will-ferrell-and-robin-williams-403690|work=Mirror|accessdate=May 23, 2013|date=July 1, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Maclntyre|first=April|title=SpongeBob SquarePants ''Truth or Square'', Friday Nov. 6|url=http://www.monstersandcritics.com/smallscreen/news/article_1506939.php/SpongeBob-SquarePants-Truth-or-Square-Friday-Nov-6|work=Monsters and Critics|accessdate=May 23, 2013|date=October 14, 2009|archive-date=2013-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112073718/http://www.monstersandcritics.com/smallscreen/news/article_1506939.php/SpongeBob-SquarePants-Truth-or-Square-Friday-Nov-6|url-status=dead}}</ref> It wis released as pairt o a five-episode DVD set on November 10.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/SpongeBob-SquarePants-Truth-or-Square/12462|author=David Lambert|title=SpongeBob SquarePants&nbsp;— Truth or Square Officially Announced: Package Art, Extras & More!|work=tvshowsondvd.com|date=August 11, 2009|accessdate=December 1, 2014|archive-date=2015-01-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105133819/http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/SpongeBob-SquarePants-Truth-or-Square/12462|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Reception== ===Ratings and run-length achievements=== Within its first month on air, ''SpongeBob SquarePants'' owerteuk ''[[Pokémon (anime)|Pokémon]]'' as the heichest rated Saturday-morning children's series. It held an average national [[Nielsen rating]] of 4.9 amang children aged twa throu eleven, denoting 1.9 million viewers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-55581463.html|title=Nicklodeon.(rating of Nickelodeon's cartoon SpongeBob SquarePants)(Brief Article)(Statistical Data Included)|work=[[Multichannel News]]|date=August 23, 1999|accessdate=April 2, 2015|archive-date=2014-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610081516/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-55581463.html|url-status=dead}}{{subscription required|via=HighBeam}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/demystifying-the-s/|title=Number 101|work=[[TV by the Numbers]]|accessdate=April 2, 2015|archive-date=2015-03-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329031934/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/demystifying-the-s/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Twa years later, the series haed firmly established itself as Nickelodeon's seicont heichest rated children's program, efter ''[[Rugrats]]''. It haed gained a significant adult audience by that point – nearly 40 percent of the series' 2.2 million viewers war aged 18 to 34.<ref name="The Stretch">{{cite web|title=THE STRETCH|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-78370194.html|work=Rocky Mountain News|accessdate=October 30, 2013|date=September 15, 2001|location=Denver, CO|archive-date=2013-11-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106075355/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-78370194.html|url-status=dead}}{{subscription required|via=HighBeam}}</ref> That year, 2001, Nickelodeon teuk the "Saturday-morning ratings crown" for the fowert straucht season.<ref>{{cite web|title=NICK RETAINS SATURDAY CROWN|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-75761403.html|work=Broadcasting &Cable|accessdate=October 30, 2013|date=June 18, 2001|archive-date=2013-11-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106075359/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-75761403.html|url-status=dead}}{{subscription required|via=HighBeam}}</ref> In response to this weekend-foond success, the studio gae ''SpongeBob SquarePants'' time slots at 6 PM and 8 PM, Monday throu Thursday, to increase exposure of the series.<ref name="The Stretch"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-76426074.html|author=Frazier Moore|title=SPONGE SOAKS UP LAUGHS ON TV.(LIVING)|work=[[The Cincinnati Post]]|date=July 9, 2001|accessdate=April 4, 2015|archive-date=2015-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924163424/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-76426074.html|url-status=dead}}{{subscription required|via=HighBeam}}</ref> By the end of that year ''SpongeBob SquarePants'' boasted the heichest ratings for ony children's series, nae anly on Nickelodeon, but on aw of television.<ref name="Hillenburg creautit">{{cite web|last=Wilson|first=Amy|title=Stephen Hillenburg created the undersea world of SpongeBob.(The Orange County Register)|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-82792771.html|work=[[Knight Ridder]]/[[Tribune News Service]]|date=February 12, 2002|accessdate=June 30, 2015|archive-date=2014-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610060614/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-82792771.html|url-status=dead}}{{subscription required|via=HighBeam}}</ref><ref name="Stauffer">{{cite web|last=Stauffer|first=Cindy|title=Grown-ups embrace a wacky, square sponge; There's just something about this sweet kids' cartoon that's attracting an adult audience. Local fans can't get enough of SpongeBob|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-9138807.html|work=Lancaster New Era|accessdate=October 31, 2013|date=May 17, 2002|archive-date=2013-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108172353/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-9138807.html|url-status=dead}}{{subscription required|via=HighBeam}}</ref><ref name="peak of ratings">{{cite web|last=Moore|first=Frazier|title='SpongeBob' rises from sea to peak of ratings: Nickelodeon show top-rated among kids aged 2 to 11|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-9876189.html|work=Charleston Daily Mail|accessdate=December 7, 2013|date=October 21, 2002|archive-date=2014-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610081521/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-9876189.html|url-status=dead}}{{subscription required|via=HighBeam}}</ref> Weekly viewership of the series haed reached aroond fifteen million, at least five million of which war adults.<ref name="Hillenburg creautit"/> In October 2002, anither Nickelodeon series titled ''[[The Fairly OddParents]]'' ranked as the No. 2 program for children atween 2 and 11 year auld.<ref name=FOP>{{cite web|last=Ryan|first=Suzanne C.|title='ODDPARENTS' IS SOAKING UP POPULARITY OF 'SPONGEBOB'|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-7796026.html|work=The Boston Globe|accessdate=December 7, 2013|date=August 14, 2003|archive-date=2014-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610081527/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-7796026.html|url-status=dead}}{{subscription required|via=HighBeam}}</ref> Its ratings at that time war awmaist equal to ''SpongeBob SquarePants''' then-average of 2.2 million viewers per episode.<ref name=FOP/> ''The Fairly OddParents'' even briefly surpassed ''SpongeBob SquarePants'', causing the latter series to drop into second place — at this time ''The Fairly OddParents'' had a 6.2 rating and nearly 2.5 million child viewers, while ''SpongeBob SquarePants'' had a 6.0 rating and 2.4 million kids 2–11.<ref>{{cite web|last=Oei|first=Lily|title='Fairly Odd' number puts 'SpongeBob' in second|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-94666940.html|work=Daily Variety|accessdate=December 7, 2013|date=October 28, 2002|archive-date=2014-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610081525/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-94666940.html|url-status=dead}}{{subscription required|via=HighBeam}}</ref> Nickelodeon "recognised" ''The Fairly OddParents'' for its climbing ratings and installed it into a new 8 P.M. time slot, previously occupied by ''SpongeBob SquarePants''.<ref name=FOP/> In an interview, Cyma Zarghami, then-[[general manager]] and [[executive vice president]] of Nickelodeon, said, "Are we banking on the fact that ''Fairly OddParents'' will be the next ''SpongeBob''? ... We are hoping. But ''SpongeBob'' is sae unique, it's haurd to say if it will ever be repeated".<ref name=FOP/> Houiver, in 2012, it wis reportit that the series' ratings war declining.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sorry, SpongeBob: Disney Channel Knocks Nick From Top Ratings Perch|url=http://www.thewrap.com/tv/article/nickelodeon-ratings-disney-tops-kids-rival-key-category-first-time-36612|work=The Wrap|accessdate=May 26, 2013|date=March 28, 2012|archive-date=2017-08-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823121926/http://www.thewrap.com/tv/article/nickelodeon-ratings-disney-tops-kids-rival-key-category-first-time-36612/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Lieberman|first=David|title=Nickelodeon's Ratings Decline Is No "Blip"; Is Viacom Or Nielsen To Blame?|url=http://www.deadline.com/2011/11/nickelodeons-ratings-decline-is-no-blip-is-viacom-or-nielsen-to-blame/|publisher=Deadline.com|accessdate=May 26, 2013|date=November 29, 2011}}</ref> The average nummer of viewers aged 2 to 11 watching ''SpongeBob'' at ony gien time dropped 29% in the first quarter from a year earlier, accordin to [[Nielsen Media Research|Nielsen]].<ref name=MSN/> ''[[The Wall Street Journal|Wall Street Journal]]'' business writer [[John Jannarone]] suggestit that the age of the series and oversaturation of the series might be contributing tae the decline of the series' ratings, an might an aa be directly responsible for the decline in Nickelodeon's oweraw ratings.<ref name=WSJ>{{cite news|last=Jannarone|first=John|title=Viacom's SpongeBob Crisis|url=https://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702303990604577370510139597158.html|accessdate=May 26, 2013|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|date=May 2, 2012}}</ref> Media analyst Todd Juenger directly attributes the decline in Nickelodeon's ratings tae the availability of streaming video content on services lik [[Netflix]], a provider of [[video on demand|on-demand]] Internet [[streaming media]].<ref name=THRGardner>{{cite news|last=Gardner|first=Eriq|title=Analyst: Nickelodeon Might Be in Danger of Being Dropped by Some TV Distributors|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/nickelodeon-viacom-336290|work=HollywoodReporter.com|accessdate=December 5, 2013|date=June 12, 2012}}</ref> [[Philippe Dauman]], the president and CEO of [[Viacom]], contradicted the notion, saying he did nae think "the leemitit amount of Nick library content on Netflix ... haes haed a significant impact".<ref>{{cite news|last=Szalai|first=Georg|title=Viacom CEO Defends Nickelodeon's Netflix Deal Again|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/viacom-ceo-philippe-dauman-defends-nickelodeons-netflix-ratings-319904|accessdate=May 26, 2013|newspaper=The Hollywood Reporter|date=May 3, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Szalai|first=Georg|title=Viacom CEO: Netflix Content Is Not Hurting Nickelodeon Ratings|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/viacom-ceo-netflix-content-not-hurting-nickelodeon-ratings-philippe-dauman-286605|accessdate=May 26, 2013|newspaper=The Hollywood Reporter|date=February 2, 2013}}</ref> A Nickelodeon spokesman said ''SpongeBob'' is performing consistently well and remains the nummer ane rated animated series in aw of children's television.<ref name=WSJ/> He added, "Thare is nothing that we hae seen that pynts to ''SpongeBob'' as a problem".<ref name=WSJ/> Dauman blamed the drop on "some ratings systemic issues" at Nielsen, citing extensive set-top-box data that "daes in no wey reflect" the Nielsen data.<ref name=THR>{{cite news|last=Szalai|first=Georg|title=Viacom CEO: Netflix Content Is Not Hurting Nickelodeon Ratings|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/viacom-ceo-netflix-content-not-hurting-nickelodeon-ratings-philippe-dauman-286605|accessdate=May 26, 2013|newspaper=The Hollywood Reporter|date=February 2, 2012}}</ref> Juenger noted that ''SpongeBob'' coud affect the ratings of ither Nickelodeon programming acause children eften chynge channels to find thair favorite programs, then stay tuned intae that network.<ref name=WSJ/> Nickelodeon recently reduced its exposure in television. In the first quarter of 2012, the network cut back on the nummer of episodes it aired by 16% compared wi a year earlier.<ref name=WSJ/> On Apryle 22, 2013, Netflix CEO [[Reed Hastings]] annoonced thair intentions nae to renew thair existin deal wi Viacom.<ref name=NotRenew>{{cite news|last=Wallenstein|first=Andrew|title=Viacom and Netflix to Scale Down SVOD Deal|url=http://variety.com/2013/digital/news/viacom-and-netflix-to-scale-down-svod-deal-1200407086/|newspaper=Variety|accessdate=May 26, 2013|date=April 22, 2013}}</ref> Syne then, Viacom's deal wi Netflix expired, an shows sic as ''SpongeBob'' and ''Dora the Explorer'' war removed.<ref>{{cite web|last=Roettgers|first=Janko|title=Adios, Dora: Netflix is starting to take Viacom shows offline|url=http://paidcontent.org/2013/05/23/no-more-dora-spongebob-on-netflix/|publisher=paidContent|accessdate=May 26, 2013|date=May 23, 2013|archive-date=2013-06-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607183520/http://paidcontent.org/2013/05/23/no-more-dora-spongebob-on-netflix/|url-status=dead}}</ref> On Juin 4, 2013, Viacom annoonced a multi-year licensing agreement which wad muive its programs, sic as ''SpongeBob'' and ''Dora the Explorer'', to [[Amazon.com]], Netflix's tap competitor.<ref>{{cite news|title=Dora, SpongeBob Swap Sides in Fickle Web-Video World|url=https://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887324423904578525044270830934.html|publisher=The Wall Street Journal|accessdate=June 5, 2013|date=June 4, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Moscariloto|first=Angela|title=Amazon Inks Streaming Deal for Viacom Shows Like Dora, SpongeBob|url=http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2419901,00.asp|publisher=PCMag.com|accessdate=June 5, 2013|date=June 4, 2013}}</ref> Amazon agreed to pey mair nor $200 million to Viacom for the license, its lairgest subscription streaming transaction ever.<ref>{{cite news|last=Barr|first=Alistair|title=Amazon writes biggest streaming video check for Dora, SpongeBob|url=http://www.denverpost.com/technology/ci_23385278/amazon-writes-biggest-streaming-video-check-dora-spongebob|work=Denver Post|accessdate=June 5, 2013|date=June 4, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Amazon swipes SpongeBob from Netflix in most expensive deal yet|url=http://www.mercurynews.com/business/ci_23385964/amazon-swipes-spongebob-from-netflix-most-expensive-deal|work=Mercury News|accessdate=June 5, 2013|date=June 4, 2013}}</ref> ''SpongeBob SquarePants'' is ane of the langest-running series on Nickelodeon.<ref>{{cite news|last=Huff|first=Richard|title='SpongeBob SquarePants' one of Nickelodeon's longest-running shows after nearly a decade|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/tv-movies/spongebob-squarepants-nickelodeon-longest-running-shows-decade-article-1.435311|work=New York Daily News|accessdate=December 15, 2013|date=December 14, 2009}}</ref> It became the Nickelodeon series wi the maist episodes, during its aicht season, surpassing the 172 episodes of ''Rugrats'' wi 178.<ref>{{cite web|title=5 of the best|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-277305615.html|work=Sunday Tribune|accessdate=November 8, 2013|date=January 15, 2011|archive-date=2014-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610050540/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-277305615.html|url-status=dead}}{{subscription required|via=HighBeam}}</ref> In its [[SpongeBob SquarePants (season 9)|ninth season]], a tot of 26 episodes pushed the series over the 200th episode merk, reachin 204 produced episodes.<ref>{{cite web|last=Labrecque|first=Jeff|title='SpongeBob SquarePants' buckles up for ninth season|url=http://insidetv.ew.com/2011/01/03/spongebob-renewed/|work=Entertainment Weekly|accessdate=November 8, 2013|date=January 3, 2011|archive-date=2011-01-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110106035133/http://insidetv.ew.com/2011/01/03/spongebob-renewed/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title="SpongeBob SquarePants" renewed for ninth season|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/01/03/us-spongebob-idUSTRE7023X520110103|publisher=Reuters|accessdate=November 8, 2013|author=Kit, Zorianna|date=January 3, 2011|archive-date=2015-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150606/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/01/03/us-spongebob-idUSTRE7023X520110103|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Levine|first=Stuart|title='SpongeBob' receives ninth season pickup|url=http://variety.com/2011/tv/news/spongebob-receives-ninth-season-pickup-1118029670/|work=Variety|accessdate=November 8, 2013|date=January 4, 2011|archive-date=2017-07-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704070024/http://variety.com/2011/tv/news/spongebob-receives-ninth-season-pickup-1118029670/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In a statement, Brown Johnson, animation president for Nickelodeon, said, "''SpongeBob'''s success in reachin over 200 episodes is a testament to creautor Stephen Hillenburg's vision, comedic sensibility and his dynamic, lovable characters. The series nou joins the club of contemporary classic [[List of programs broadcast by Nickelodeon|Nicktoons]] that hae hit this benchmark, sae we're incredibly proud".<ref name=TVG>{{cite web|last=Bryant|first=Adam|title=SpongeBob SquarePants Renewed for Ninth Season|url=http://www.tvguide.com/news/spongebob-squarepants-renewed-1027271.aspx|work=TV Guide|accessdate=November 8, 2013|date=January 3, 2011|archive-date=2014-10-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020160127/http://www.tvguide.com/news/spongebob-squarepants-renewed-1027271.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Ng|first=Philiana|title=Nickelodeon's 'SpongeBob SquarePants' Renewed for Ninth Season|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/nickelodeons-spongebob-squarepants-renewed-ninth-67737|work=The Hollywood Reporter|accessdate=November 8, 2013|date=January 3, 2011}} {{subscription required}}</ref> ===Critical reception=== ''SpongeBob SquarePants'' haes received generally positive reviews from critics, an it haes been noted for its appeal towards different age groups. [[James Poniewozik]] of [[Time (magazine)|''Time'' magazine]] describit the title character as "the anti-[[Bart Simpson]], temperamentally and physically: his head is as squared-off and neat as Bart's is unruly, and he has a personality to match—conscientious, optimistic and blind to the faults in the world and those around him".<ref>{{cite news|last=Poniewozik|first=James|title=Soaking Up Attention|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,187600,00.html|work=Time|accessdate=December 27, 2013|date=December 9, 2011|archive-date=2013-12-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131229004630/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C187600%2C00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Accordin to Laura Fries of [[Variety (magazine)|''Variety'' magazine]], the series is "a thoughtful and inventive cartoon about a hopelessly optimistic and resilient sea sponge ... Devoid of the double entendres rife in today's animated TV shows, this is purely kid's stuff ... However, that's not to say that ''SpongeBob'' is simplistic or even juvenile. It's charming and whimsical, but clever enough to appeal to teens and college-aged kids, as well".<ref>{{cite news|last=Fries|first=Laura|title=Review: 'SpongeBob SquarePants'|url=http://variety.com/1999/tv/reviews/spongebob-squarepants-1200458428/|work=Variety|accessdate=December 27, 2013|date=July 14, 1999}}</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'' critic [[Joyce Millman]] said ''SpongeBob'' "is clever without being impenetrable to young viewers and goofy without boring grown-ups to tears. It's the most charming toon on television, and one of the weirdest. And it's also good, clean fun, which makes sense because it is, after all, about a sponge". Millman wrote, "His relentless good cheer would be irritating if he weren't so darned lovable and his world so excellently strange ... Like ''[[Pee-wee's Playhouse]]'', SpongeBob joyfully dances on the fine line between childhood and adulthood, guilelessness and camp, the warped and the sweet".<ref>{{cite news|last=Millman|first=Joyce|title=TELEVISION/RADIO; The Gentle World Of a Joyful Sponge|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/08/arts/television-radio-the-gentle-world-of-a-joyful-sponge.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm|work=The New York Times|accessdate=December 27, 2013|date=July 8, 2001}}</ref> [[Robert Thompson (media scholar)|Robert Thompson]], a professor of communications and director of the Center for the Study of Popular Television at [[Syracuse University]], told ''The New York Times'', "There is something kind of unique about [SpongeBob]. It seems to be a refreshing breath from the pre-irony era. There's no sense of the elbow-in-rib, tongue-in-cheek aesthetic that so permeates the rest of American culture–including kids' shows like the ''Rugrats''. I think what's subversive about it is it's so incredibly naive–deliberately. Because there's nothing in it that's trying to be hip or cool or anything else, hipness can be grafted onto it".<ref>{{cite news|title=How to Succeed Without Attitude|url=https://www.nytimes.com/learning/students/pop/20020722snapmonday.html|work=The New York Times|accessdate=December 27, 2013|date=July 21, 2002|author=[[Tom Zeller, Jr.|Zeller, Tom Jr.]]}}</ref> In anither interview wi [[LA Times]], he commentated on the show's adult audience: "[On one hand] It's a kind of time machine that transports parents back to when they watched TV in their footie [pajamas]. On the other hand, it's very hip in the way it's presented. It is very edgy to adults who know how to read and listen between the frames."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Levine|first1=Bettijane|title=Adults Find Their Inner Sponge|url=http://www.latimes.com/features/lifestyle/la-040702spongebob.story|accessdate=December 6, 2016|work=LA Times|date=April 7, 2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030302082942/http://www.latimes.com/features/lifestyle/la-040702spongebob.story|archivedate=March 2, 2003}}</ref> In a 2007 interview, [[Barack Obama]] named SpongeBob his favorite TV character and admitted that ''SpongeBob SquarePants'' is "the show I watch with my daughters".<ref>{{cite web|last=Eng|first=Joyce|title=What's on Obama's Must-See TV List?|url=http://www.tvguide.com/news/obamas-favorite-tv-1004874.aspx|work=TV Guide|accessdate=April 28, 2013|date=August 8, 2009|archive-date=2009-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411092515/http://www.tvguide.com/news/obamas-favorite-tv-1004874.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=From Bikini Bottom to pop icon; SpongeBob turns 10|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/2009/07/13/television-spongebob-idINN1319626220090713|publisher=Reuters|accessdate=April 28, 2013|date=July 14, 2009|archive-date=2014-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022103450/http://in.reuters.com/article/2009/07/13/television-spongebob-idINN1319626220090713|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Barack Obama Is A SpongeBob Fan|url=http://www.mediabistro.com/fishbowlny/barack-obama-is-a-spongebob-fan_b6820|publisher=Media Bistro|accessdate=April 28, 2013|date=November 26, 2007|archive-date=2013-06-15|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615100916/http://www.mediabistro.com/fishbowlny/barack-obama-is-a-spongebob-fan_b6820|url-status=dead}}</ref> British Prime Meenister [[Gordon Brown]] haes an aa said he watches the series wi his children.<ref name="Huffington" /> ===Awards and accolades=== ''SpongeBob SquarePants'' haes received mony awards and nominations; amang thir are twa [[Emmy Award]]s ("Outstanding Special Class Animated Program" in 2010<ref name=DEA10>{{cite web|title=The 37th ANNUAL DAYTIME ENTERTAINMENT EMMY® AWARD NOMINATIONS |url=http://www.emmyonline.org/mediacenter/_pdf/day_0910_nominations_v03.pdf |work=[[Emmy Award]] |publisher=[[Academy of Television Arts & Sciences]] |accessdate=December 5, 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112073407/http://www.emmyonline.org/mediacenter/_pdf/day_0910_nominations_v03.pdf |archivedate=November 12, 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> and "Outstanding Sound Editing – Animation" in 2014);<ref>{{cite web|title=Winners of the 41st Annual Daytime Entertainment Creative Arts Emmy® Awards|url=http://cdn.emmyonline.org/day_41st_creative_arts_winners.pdf|work=Emmy Award|publisher=[[Academy of Television Arts & Sciences]]|accessdate=June 21, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705034232/http://cdn.emmyonline.org/day_41st_creative_arts_winners.pdf|archivedate=July 5, 2014}}</ref> six [[Annie Award]]s;<ref name=Annie32>{{cite web|title=32nd Annual Annie Award Nominees and Winners (2004) |url=http://annieawards.org/32ndwinners.html |publisher=Annie Award |accessdate=May 22, 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509064634/http://annieawards.org/32ndwinners.html |archivedate=May 9, 2008 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref><ref name=Annie371>{{cite web|title=37th Annual Annie Nominations |url=http://www.annieawards.org/consideration.html#20 |publisher=Annie Award |accessdate=May 21, 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124032256/http://www.annieawards.org/consideration.html |archivedate=January 24, 2010 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref><ref name=Annie372>{{cite web|last=Spring|first=Mike|title=Annie Awards Winners Announced|url=http://voicecoaches.com/blog/2010/02/annie-awards-winners-announced/|publisher=Voice Coaches|accessdate=May 21, 2013|date=|archive-date=2013-11-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105120532/http://voicecoaches.com/blog/2010/02/annie-awards-winners-announced/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Annie38>{{cite web|title=38th Annual Annie Nominations |url=http://www.annieawards.org/consideration.html |publisher=Annie Award |accessdate=May 21, 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110906082547/http://www.annieawards.org/consideration.html |archivedate=September 6, 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref><ref name=Annie401>{{cite web|title=Annie Award Nominations&nbsp;— A Real Race For Once|url=http://thefilmexperience.net/blog/2012/12/4/annie-award-nominations-a-real-race-for-once.html|publisher=TheFilmExperience.net|accessdate=April 13, 2013|date=December 4, 2012}}</ref><ref name=Annie402>{{cite news|title=40th Annie Award nominees and winners list|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2013/feb/02/entertainment/la-et-mn-40th-annie-award-nominations-winners-list-20130202|accessdate=May 23, 2013|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=February 2, 2013}}</ref> and twa [[British Academy Children's Awards|BAFTA Children's Award]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Children's in 2007|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/2007/childrens|work=[[British Academy Children's Awards]]|publisher=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]]|accessdate=April 1, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Children's in 2012|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/2012/childrens|work=[[British Academy Children's Awards]]|publisher=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]]|accessdate=April 1, 2014}}</ref> Television critics [[Alan Sepinwall]] and [[Matt Zoller Seitz]] included the series in thair 2016 book ''TV'' as the 22nt [[List of television series considered the best|greatest American television series of aw time]], statin that "''SpongeBob SquarePants'' is an [[Absurdism|absurdist]] masterpiece that [[Salvador Dalí]] and [[Groucho Marx]] would have watched together in their smoking jackets".<ref>{{cite web|author1=[[Alan Sepinwall]]|author2=[[Matt Zoller Seitz]]|title=Why 'Deadwood' Is a Top-10 TV Show of All Time|url=https://theringer.com/deadwood-hbo-tv-the-book-dadb4007790e#.5f7cc3yte|website=[[The Ringer (website)|The Ringer]]|publisher=PERFECT PRIVACY, LLC|accessdate=2 September 2016|date=1 September 2016|archive-date=2016-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160902021203/https://theringer.com/deadwood-hbo-tv-the-book-dadb4007790e#.5f7cc3yte|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Ashbrook|first1=Tom|title=The Greatest American Television Shows, Ranked|url=http://www.wbur.org/onpoint/2016/09/09/the-greatest-american-television-shows-ranked|website=[[WBUR-FM|WBUR]]|publisher=WBUR|accessdate=10 September 2016|date=9 September 2016}}</ref> In 2006, [[IGN]] ranked ''SpongeBob SquarePants'' 15t on its leet, "Top 25 Animated Series of All Time",<ref>{{cite web|title=15. SpongeBob SquarePants|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2006/09/29/top-25-primetime-animated-series-of-all-time?page=3|publisher=IGN|accessdate=December 31, 2013|date=September 28, 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923030609/http://www.ign.com/articles/2006/09/29/top-25-primetime-animated-series-of-all-time?page=3|archivedate=September 23, 2012}}</ref> an in 2013, it ranked the series 12t on its leet, "The Top 25 Animated Series for Adults".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2013/07/15/top-25-animated-shows-for-adults?page=3|title=The Top 25 Animated Shows for Adults|publisher=IGN|date=July 15, 2013|accessdate=December 4, 2013}}</ref> Additionally, the website's [[United Kingdom|UK]] division ran a "Top 100 Animated Series" leet, an lik its US counterpart, ranked ''SpongeBob SquarePants'' 15t.<ref name=IGN>{{cite web|url=http://uk.tv.ign.com/top-100-animated-tv-series/15.html |title=Nickelodeon: SpongeBob SquarePants |publisher=IGN|date=|accessdate=2012-12-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620010829/http://uk.tv.ign.com/top-100-animated-tv-series/15.html|archivedate=June 20, 2012}}</ref> The series is amang the "All-TIME 100 TV Shows" as chosen by ''Time'' television critic [[James Poniewozik]] in 2007. He said, "It's the most funny, surreal, inventive example of the explosion in creative kids' (and adult) entertainment that Nick, [[Cartoon Network]] and their ilk made possible".<ref name="alltime100">{{cite news|url=http://entertainment.time.com/2007/09/06/the-100-best-tv-shows-of-all-time/slide/spongebob-squarepants-2/|title=All-TIME 100 TV shows: SpongeBob SquarePants|work=Time|author=Poniewozik, James|accessdate=2013-05-11|date=August 14, 2007|archive-date=2014-10-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011204227/http://entertainment.time.com/2007/09/06/the-100-best-tv-shows-of-all-time/slide/spongebob-squarepants-2/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Viewers of the UK television network [[Channel 4]] voted ''SpongeBob SquarePants'' the 28t "Greatest Cartoon" in a 2004 poll.<!--Awtho no date is directly gien for this poll, I feel that it is fair to caw it a 2004 poll, due tae the "TV Treats 2004" section in the left-haund box. When ane clicks on that, it indicates that the poll wis takkin place aroond Christmas time, which confirms that this haed tae be a year-end poll for 2004.--><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.channel4.com/entertainment/tv/microsites/G/greatest/cartoons/results.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090520014452/http://www.channel4.com/entertainment/tv/microsites/G/greatest/cartoons/results.html |archivedate=May 20, 2009 |title=The 100 Greatest Cartoons – Results |accessdate=2007-12-31 |publisher=[[Channel 4]].com |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.channel4.com/entertainment/tv/microsites/G/greatest/cartoons/index.html|title=The 100 Greatest Cartoons – The Show|publisher=Channel 4.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422100525/http://www.channel4.com/entertainment/tv/microsites/G/greatest/cartoons/index.html|archivedate=April 22, 2009}}</ref> ''[[TV Guide]]'' listed the character of SpongeBob SquarePants at No. 9 for its "50 Greatest Cartoon Characters of All Time".<ref>{{cite news|title=TV Guide's 50 greatest cartoon characters of all time|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2002/SHOWBIZ/TV/07/30/cartoon.characters.list/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050404044955/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/SHOWBIZ/TV/07/30/cartoon.characters.list/|archive-date=April 4, 2005|work=TV Guide|date=July 30, 2002}}</ref> In 2013, the publication ranked ''SpongeBob SquarePants'' the aicht "Greatest TV Cartoon of All Time".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvguide.com/News/Greatest-Cartoons-TV-Guide-Magazine-1071203.aspx|title=TV Guide Magazine's 60 Greatest Cartoons of All Time|work=TV Guide|date=September 24, 2013|accessdate=December 4, 2013}}</ref> In Juin 2010, ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' named SpongeBob ane of the "100 Greatest Characters of the Last 20 Years".<ref>{{cite web|title=The 100 Greatest Characters of the Last 20 Years: Here's our full list!|url=http://popwatch.ew.com/2010/06/01/100-greatest-characters-of-last-20-years-full-list/|work=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|publisher=[[Time Inc.]]|accessdate=July 7, 2012|author=Adam B. Vary|date=June 1, 2010|archive-date=2016-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921234113/http://www.ew.com/article/2010/06/01/100-greatest-characters-of-last-20-years-full-list|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Legacy=== [[File:Wax Museum Plus (6344827249).jpg|250px|thumb|left|SpongeBob SquarePants wax statue, in [[National Wax Museum Plus]], in [[Dublin]], Ireland]] [[File:Tahrir Square during 8 February 2011.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Efter the [[Egyptian Revolution of 2011]], SpongeBob became a fashion trend at the [[Tahrir Square]] ''(pictured)'' and led tae the creation o a [[Tumblr]] project cried "SpongeBob on the Nile".]] In Julie 2009, [[Madame Tussauds]] wax museum in New York launched a wax sculpture of SpongeBob in celebration of the series' 10t anniversary. This made SpongeBob the first animated character to ever receive a statue made entirely out of wax.<ref>{{cite web|last=Snook|first=Raven|title=Yellow fever: SpongeBob figure to debut at Madame Tussauds|url=http://www.timeout.com/new-york-kids/tony-kids-blog/yellow-fever-spongebob-figure-to-debut-at-madame-tussauds|work=Timeout|accessdate=May 23, 2013|date=July 6, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Singer|first=Bret|title=SpongeBob Debuts at Madame Tussauds|url=http://www.parentdish.com/2009/07/15/see-spongebob-at-madame-tussauds-for-free/|work=Parent Dish|accessdate=May 23, 2013|date=July 15, 2009|archive-date=2009-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719054354/http://www.parentdish.com/2009/07/15/see-spongebob-at-madame-tussauds-for-free/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Pendant/><ref>{{cite web|title=MADAME TUSSAUDS IS BONKERS FOR SPONGEBOB|url=http://www.momtrends.com/2009/07/madame-tussauds-is-bonkers-for-spongebob/|work=Mom Trends|accessdate=May 23, 2013|date=July 11, 2009|archive-date=2013-07-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728231350/http://www.momtrends.com/2009/07/madame-tussauds-is-bonkers-for-spongebob/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In Mey 2011, a new species of mushroom, ''[[Spongiforma squarepantsii]]'', wis describit, named efter the series' title character.<ref name=Desjardin2011>{{cite journal|vauthors=Desjardin DE, Peay KB, Bruns TD |title=''Spongiforma squarepantsii'', a new species of gasteroid bolete from Borneo |url=https://archive.org/details/mycologia_september-october-2011_103_5/page/1119 |journal=[[Mycologia]]|doi=10.3852/10-433 |date=May 10, 2011 |pmid=21558499 |volume=103|issue=5|pages=1119–23}}</ref> The character haes an aa acome a trend in Egyp at Cairo's [[Tahrir Square]].<ref name="Egypt Guardian">{{cite news|last=Kingsley|first=Patrick|title=How SpongeBob SquarePants became massive in Egypt|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/shortcuts/2013/may/27/spongebob-squarepants-egypt-cartoon-fame|work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=June 11, 2013|date=May 27, 2013|location=London}}</ref> Efter the [[Egyptian Revolution of 2011]], SpongeBob became a fashion phenomenon, appearin on various items of merchandise from [[hijab]]s to boxer shorts.<ref name="Egypt Vice">{{cite web|last=Malsin|first=Jared|title=Is SpongeBob SquarePants the New Che Guevara?|url=http://www.vice.com/read/spongebob-squarepants-egypts-new-revolutionary-symbol|work=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]|accessdate=June 11, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Meet Egypt's unusual Tahrir icon: SpongeBob SquarePants|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/life-style/variety/2013/05/28/Meet-Egypt-s-latest-Tahrir-icon-SpongeBob-SquarePants.html|work=Al Aribya|accessdate=June 11, 2013|date=May 28, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528173047/http://english.alarabiya.net/en/life-style/variety/2013/05/28/Meet-Egypt-s-latest-Tahrir-icon-SpongeBob-SquarePants.html|archivedate=May 28, 2013}}</ref> The phenomenon led tae the creation of the [[Tumblr]] project cried "SpongeBob on the Nile". The project wis foondit by American students Andrew Leber and Elisabeth Jaquette and attempts to document every appearance of SpongeBob in Egyp.<ref name="Middle East Prospect">{{cite web|last=Cormack|first=Raphael|title=SpongeBob SquarePants takes over the Middle East|url=http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/blog/spongebob-squarepants-middle-east-egypt/#.Ubbv5ucwe5I|work=Prospect|accessdate=June 11, 2013|date=March 26, 2013|archive-date=2013-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606164927/http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/blog/spongebob-squarepants-middle-east-egypt/#.Ubbv5ucwe5I|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sherief Elkeshta cited the phenomenon in an essay about the incoherent state of politics in Egyp in an independent monthly paper titled ''Midan Masr''. He wrote, "Why isn't he [SpongeBob] at least holding a Molotov cocktail? Or raising a fist?"<ref>{{cite web|title=Brooklyn, Egypt, And SpongeBob|url=http://www.midanmasr.com/en/article.aspx?ArticleID=208|work=Midan Masr|accessdate=June 11, 2013|archive-date=2013-01-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121172006/http://www.midanmasr.com/en/article.aspx?ArticleID=208|url-status=dead}}</ref> The phenomenon haes even spread to [[Libya]], whaur a Libyan rebel in SpongeBob dress wis photographed celebrating the revolution.<ref>{{cite web|title=The New Mascot of Egypt: SpongeBob SquarePants|url=http://tavernkeepers.com/the-new-mascot-of-egypt-spongebob-squarepants/|work=Tavern Keepers|accessdate=June 11, 2013|date=May 28, 2013|archive-date=2013-06-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615083050/http://tavernkeepers.com/the-new-mascot-of-egypt-spongebob-squarepants/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Awtho ''[[The Guardian]]'' and ''[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]'' hae asserted that the trend haes little to no poleetical significance,<ref name="Egypt Guardian"/><ref name="Egypt Vice"/> "joke" presidential campaigns hae been undertaken for SpongeBob in Egyp and Sirie.<ref name="Egypt Vice"/><ref name="Middle East Prospect"/> A clip wis posted to YouTube in Februar 2013 that features soldiers in the Roushie airmy and navy singing the ''SpongeBob SquarePants'' theme song as thay march.<ref name="Russia Metro">{{cite web|title=Russian soldiers march to SpongeBob SquarePants theme song|url=http://metro.co.uk/2013/02/19/russian-soldiers-march-to-spongebob-squarepants-theme-song-3503968/|work=Metro|accessdate=May 23, 2013|date=February 19, 2013}}</ref><ref name="Russia Telegraph">{{cite news|title=Russian soldiers sing SpongeBob SquarePants theme tune as they march|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newsvideo/weirdnewsvideo/9878416/Russian-soldiers-sing-SpongeBob-SquarePants-theme-tune-as-they-march.html|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=May 23, 2013|location=London|date=February 18, 2013|archive-date=2017-06-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622143748/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newsvideo/weirdnewsvideo/9878416/Russian-soldiers-sing-SpongeBob-SquarePants-theme-tune-as-they-march.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Accordin tae the website that uploaded the video, this is ane of the "most popular marching songs" in the Roushie military.<ref name="Russia Metro"/> The video garnered nearly 50,000 views within its first week.<ref name="Russia Telegraph"/> ===Criticism=== ====Controversies==== In 2005, an online video which showed clips from ''SpongeBob SquarePants'' and ither children's shows set tae the [[Sister Sledge]] song "[[We Are Family (song)|We Are Family]]" to promote [[cultural diversity|diversity]] and [[Toleration|tolerance]] wis attacked by an [[Evangelicalism|evangelical]] group in the United States, acause thay saw SpongeBob bein uised to "advocate [[homosexuality]]".<ref name="US right attacks">{{Cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4190699.stm | title=US right attacks SpongeBob video | date=January 20, 2005 | accessdate=June 11, 2007 | author=BBC Staff |publisher=BBC News }}</ref><ref name=accuse>{{Cite news| url=http://www.usatoday.com/life/television/2005-01-22-kids-video_x.htm | title=SpongeBob, Muppets and the Sister Sledge writer suffer criticism | date=January 22, 2005 | accessdate=June 11, 2007 | agency=Associated Press |work=USA Today }}</ref> [[James Dobson]] of [[Focus on the Family]] accused the video of promoting homosexuality, due to it bein sponsored by a pro-tolerance group.<ref name=accuse /> The incident accentuated questions as to whether or nae SpongeBob is gay. Awtho the character haes enjoyed popularity wi gay viewers, series creautor Stephen Hillenburg haed already denied the issue three years earlier, clarifying at the time that he considers the character tae be "somewhat [[Asexuality|asexual]]".<ref name="Camp Cartoon Star">{{Cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/tv_and_radio/2313221.stm | title=Camp cartoon star 'is not gay' | date=October 9, 2002 | accessdate=June 11, 2007 | author=BBC Staff |publisher=BBC News }}</ref> Efter Dobson's comments, Hillenburg reasserted his poseetion, statin that sexual preference daes nae play a pairt in what thay are "trying to do" wi the series.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,1021976,00.html | title=SpongeBob Asexual, Not Gay: Creator | date=January 28, 2005 | accessdate=August 26, 2009 | first=Stephen M. | last=Silverman | work=[[People (magazine)|People]] | archive-date=2008-03-20 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080320034827/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,1021976,00.html | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=22&art_id=vn20050129114540161C803463|title=SpongeBob isn't gay or straight, creator says |date=January 29, 2005|publisher=Reuters|accessdate=November 9, 2008}}</ref> Tom Kenny and ither production members war distraught that sic an issue haed arisen.<ref name="Radio">{{cite video|people=Farhat, Basima (Interviewer) |date=December 5, 2006 |title=Tom Kenny: Voice of SpongeBob SquarePants&nbsp;– Interview |url=http://www.thepeoplespeakradio.net/archives/mp3/tps-2006-12-05-kenny.mp3 |format=mp3 |medium=Radio production |publisher=The People Speak Radio |accessdate=November 8, 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724101824/http://www.thepeoplespeakradio.net/archives/mp3/tps-2006-12-05-kenny.mp3 |archivedate=July 24, 2011 |df= }}</ref> Dobson later stated that his comments war taken out of context, an that his oreeginal complaints war nae wi SpongeBob, the video, or ony of the characters in the video, but rather wi the organisation that sponsored the video, the [[We Are Family Foundation]]. Dobson indicated that the We Are Family Foundation posted pro-gay material on thair website, but later removed it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.christianpost.com/article/20050128/20875.htm|title=Dobson clarifies Pro-Gay SpongeBob Video Controversy|last=Chang|first=Pauline J.|date=January 28, 2005|publisher=[[The Christian Post]]|accessdate=June 11, 2007|archive-date=2007-08-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070831200610/http://www.christianpost.com/article/20050128/20875.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Efter the controversy, John H. Thomas, the [[United Church of Christ]]'s general meenister and president, said thay wad welcome SpongeBob intae thair ministry. He said "Jesus didn't turn people away. Neither do we".<ref>{{cite web| title=Ministry celebrates SpongeBob: Gay, happy, yellow, orange, whatever, he's welcome | url=http://www.nbr.co.nz/home/column_article.asp?id=11260&cid=1&cname=Media | date=February 4, 2005 | author=Till, Francis | work=National Business Review | accessdate=June 11, 2007 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070627121737/http://www.nbr.co.nz/home/column_article.asp?id=11260&cid=1&cname=Media | archivedate=June 27, 2007 }}</ref> Jeffery P. Dennis, author of the journal article "Queertoons", argued that SpongeBob and Sandy are nae romantically in luve, while adding that he believed that SpongeBob and Patrick "are paired with arguably erotic intensity".<ref>{{cite journal|last=Dennis|first=Jeffery P.|date=June 2003|title=Queertoons|url=http://www.icce.rug.nl/~soundscapes/VOLUME06/Queertoons.shtml|journal=Soundscapes|volume=6|accessdate=December 17, 2014|archive-date=2020-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925124217/http://www.icce.rug.nl/~soundscapes/VOLUME06/Queertoons.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> Martin Goodman of ''[[Animation World Network|Animation World Magazine]]'' describit Dennis' comments regarding SpongeBob and Patrick as "interesting".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.awn.com/articles/drtoon/deconstruction-zone-part-2/page/4%2C1|author=Martin Goodman|title=Deconstruction Zone – Part 2|work=[[Animation World Network]]|date=March 10, 2004|accessdate=October 28, 2009|archive-date=2010-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100413110918/http://www.awn.com/articles/drtoon/deconstruction-zone-part-2/page/4%2C1|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{efn|Jeffery's comments were also published by the ''[[Journal of Popular Film & Television]]'' in an article called "The Same Thing We Do Every Night: Signifying Same-Sex Desire in Television Cartoons".<ref>{{cite journal|last=Dennis|first=Jeffery P.|date=Fall 2003|title=The Same Thing We Do Every Night: Signifying Same-Sex Desire in Television Cartoons|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01956050309603674#.VJH0CyvF-Cl|volume=31|issue=3|pages=132–140|accessdate=December 17, 2014|doi=10.1080/01956050309603674|journal=Journal of Popular Film and Television}}</ref> This is the article that is referred to by Goodman.}} Ukrainian website Family Unner the Protection of the Holy Virgin, which haes been describit as a "fringe Catholic" group by ''The Wall Street Journal'', levied criticism against ''SpongeBob SquarePants'' for its alleged "promotion of homosexuality".<ref name="Ukraine">{{cite news|last=Marson|first=James|title=Ukraine's Morality Police Probe 'Gay' SpongeBob|url=http://blogs.wsj.com/emergingeurope/2012/08/15/gay-spongebob-offends-ukraine-morality-commission/|accessdate=February 2, 2014|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|date=August 15, 2012}}</ref> The group sought to hae the series banned, alang wi several ither popular children's properties. The [[National Expert Commission of Ukraine on the Protection of Public Morality]] teuk up the matter for review in August 2012.<ref name="Ukraine"/> In Apryle 2009, [[Burger King]] released a SpongeBob-themed advertisement featurin a parody of [[Sir Mix-a-Lot]]'s song "[[Baby Got Back]]". The [[Campaign for a Commercial-Free Childhood]] protested the ad for bein sexist and inappropriately sexual, especially contemplating that SpongeBob's fan base includes young children.<ref>{{cite web|title=CCFC to Nickelodeon: Did You Approve the SpongeBob SquareButt Burger King Commercial?|url=http://www.commondreams.org/newswire/2009/04/09-15|publisher=Common Dreams|accessdate=May 21, 2013|date=April 9, 2009|archive-date=2009-04-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419205831/http://www.commondreams.org/newswire/2009/04/09-15|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kelleher|first=Katy|title=SpongeBob Meets Sir Mix-A-Lot In New Burger King Ads|url=http://jezebel.com/5203677/spongebob-meets-sir-mix+a+lot-in-new-burger-king-ads|publisher=Jezebel|accessdate=May 21, 2013|date=April 8, 2009|archive-date=2013-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203022518/http://jezebel.com/5203677/spongebob-meets-sir-mix+a+lot-in-new-burger-king-ads|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Newman|first=Craig|title=Burger King pushes flat butts and SpongeBob to kids, hires buttheads to do it|url=http://blogs.suntimes.com/shinyobjects/2009/04/burger-king-pushes-flat-butts-and-spongebob-to-kids-hires-buttheads-to-do-it.html|work=Suntimes|accessdate=May 21, 2013|date=April 13, 2009|archive-date=2014-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111003615/http://blogs.suntimes.com/shinyobjects/2009/04/burger-king-pushes-flat-butts-and-spongebob-to-kids-hires-buttheads-to-do-it.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Yahoo Douglas">{{cite web|last=Douglas|first=Joanna|title=Is the Sir Mix-a-Lot Burger King commercial too much for kids?|url=http://shine.yahoo.com/parenting/is-the-sir-mix-a-lot-burger-king-commercial-too-much-for-kids-444044.html|publisher=Yahoo!|accessdate=May 21, 2013|date=April 8, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416202924/https://shine.yahoo.com/parenting/is-the-sir-mix-a-lot-burger-king-commercial-too-much-for-kids-444044.html|archivedate=April 16, 2014}}</ref><ref name="Yahoo Ekberg">{{cite web|last=Ekberg|first=Aida|title=SpongeBob + Sir Mix-A-Lot + Burger King = Offensive Commercial?|url=http://voices.yahoo.com/spongebob-sir-mix-lot-burger-king-offensive-commercial-3094448.html|publisher=Yahoo!|accessdate=May 21, 2013|date=April 15, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209042535/http://voices.yahoo.com/spongebob-sir-mix-lot-burger-king-offensive-commercial-3094448.html?cat=33|archivedate=December 9, 2013}}</ref> In offeecial statements released by Burger King and Nickelodeon, baith companies claimed that the campaign wis aimed at parents.<ref name="Yahoo Douglas"/><ref name="Yahoo Ekberg"/> {{quote box|align=left|width=30em|style=max-width:40% |quote="The children who watched the cartoon were operating at half the capacity compared to other children." |source=— Angeline S. Lillard, University of Virginia<ref>{{cite news|last=Rabin|first=Roni Caryn|title=Is SpongeBob SquarePants Bad for Children?|url=http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/09/12/is-spongebob-squarepants-bad-for-children/|work=The New York Times|accessdate=May 22, 2013|date=September 12, 2011}}</ref>}} A 2011 study conducted at the [[University of Virginia]] and published in the journal ''[[Pediatrics (journal)|Pediatrics]]'' suggestit that allouin preschool-aged audiences to watch the series caused short-term disruptions in mental function and attention span due to frequent shot changes.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Lillard | first1 = Angeline | last2 = Peterson | first2 = Jennifer | year = 2011 | title = The Immediate Impact of Different Types of Television on Young Children's Executive Function | url = http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2011/09/08/peds.2010-1919 | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 128| issue = 4| pages = 644–649| doi = 10.1542/peds.2010-1919 | pmid=21911349}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Rochman|first=Bonnie|title=Study: Fast-Moving Cartoons Like SpongeBob May Impair Kids' Focus|url=http://healthland.time.com/2011/09/12/do-your-kids-find-it-hard-to-focus-after-watching-spongebob-research-bears-that-out/|work=Time|accessdate=May 22, 2013|date=September 12, 2011|archive-date=2013-04-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420202450/http://healthland.time.com/2011/09/12/do-your-kids-find-it-hard-to-focus-after-watching-spongebob-research-bears-that-out/|url-status=dead}}</ref> A Nickelodeon executive responded in an interview that the series wis nae intendit for an audience of that age and that the study uised "questionable methodology and could not possibly provide the basis for any valid findings that parents could trust".<ref>{{cite news|title=Study: Some cartoons are bad for children's brains|url=http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/2011/09/12/study-some-cartoons-are-bad-for-childrens-brains/|publisher=CNN|accessdate=May 22, 2013|date=September 12, 2011|archive-date=2013-05-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525053636/http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/2011/09/12/study-some-cartoons-are-bad-for-childrens-brains/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Brown|first=Eryn|title=SpongeBob impairs little kids' thinking, study finds|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2011/sep/12/news/la-heb-spongebob-squarepants-children-brain-20110912|work=Los Angeles Times|accessdate=May 22, 2013|date=September 12, 2011}}</ref> Several episodes of the series hae been subject to controversy as well. In a report titled ''Wolves in Sheep's Claedin'', which documents the increase in potentially violent, profane, an sexual content in children's programming, the [[Parents Television Council]], a [[Watchdog journalism|watchdog]] media group, claimed the [[SpongeBob SquarePants (season 2)|season 2]] ''SpongeBob SquarePants'' episode "[[Sailor Mouth]]" wis an implicit attempt to promote and [[Satire|satirize]] uise of [[profanity]] amang children,<ref>{{cite journal| author = Kristen Fyfe| title = Wolves in Sheep's Clothing: A Content Analysis of Children's Television| publisher = [[Parents Television Council]]| date = March 2, 2006| url = http://www.parentstv.org/ptc/publications/reports/childrensstudy/childrensstudy.pdf| accessdate = August 5, 2007| journal = | archive-date = 2007-08-08| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070808140158/http://www.parentstv.org/PTC/publications/reports/childrensstudy/childrensstudy.pdf| url-status = dead}}</ref> while "[[SpongeBob's Last Stand]]" and "[[Selling Out (SpongeBob SquarePants episode)|Selling Out]]" hae been accused of promoting [[environmentalism]] and [[left-wing politics]] due to thair negative portrayal of [[big business]].<ref name="firing">{{cite web|last1=Bond|first1=Paul|title=SpongeBob's Firing Sparks Political Debate (Exclusive Video)|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/spongebobs-firing-sparks-political-debate-652727|website=Hollywood Reporter|accessdate=1 May 2017|quote=It's not the first time SpongeBob has waded into social commentary, though usually when it does, it bugs the right and supports the left. In episodes dubbed "SpongeBob's Last Stand" and "Selling Out," for example, environmentalism is glorified and large businesses are demonized.}}</ref> "[[SpongeBob, You're Fired]]", a 2013 [[SpongeBob SquarePants (season 9)|season 9]] episode, gained hivy controversy and sparked a poleetical debate over its portrayal of [[unemployment]];<ref name="firing"/> efter [[Fox News]] an the ''[[New York Post]]'' commented on the episode, [[Media Matters for America]] accused the twa organisations of uisin the episode to "attack the social safety net".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Weisman|first1=Aly|title=SpongeBob Gets Fired From His Job Amid 'Harsh Underwater Economy' And Sparks A Real-Life Political Debate|url=http://www.chron.com/technology/businessinsider/article/SpongeBob-Gets-Fired-From-His-Job-Amid-Harsh-4954779.php|website=Chron|accessdate=1 May 2017}}</ref> This statement wis echoed by [[Al Sharpton]], who claimed [[Conservatism|conservatives]]' "new hero" tae be "a sponge who lives in a pineapple under the sea".<ref>{{cite web|title=PoliticsNation: SpongeBob and the poor?|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/45755884/vp/53429223/#53429223|publisher=MSNBC|accessdate=November 6, 2013|date=October 31, 2013}}</ref> {{clear}} ====Declining quality==== Critics' reviews of early ''SpongeBob'' episodes praised the show for its wit, clever humour, an "uncanny brilliance".{{attribution needed|date=November 2016}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.toonzone.net/2005/01/the-uncanny-brilliance-of-spongebob-squarepants/|title=The Uncanny Brilliance of "SpongeBob SquarePants"|author=Zeus, Maxie|publisher=Toon Zone|date=January 28, 2005|accessdate=September 1, 2010|archive-date=2016-01-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105062259/http://www.toonzone.net/2005/01/the-uncanny-brilliance-of-spongebob-squarepants/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Houiver, in 2007, aroond the airing of [[SpongeBob SquarePants (season 5)|season five]], the tone and emphasis of the show began to chynge. Some fans "began to turn away from the show",{{attribution needed|date=November 2016}} causin online [[fansite]]s to "[become] deserted".{{attribution needed|date=November 2016}}<ref name=MSN/> Thay pyntit to a shift from clever humour to what thay perceived as "boring, unfunny humor&nbsp;... geared ower muckle towards children".{{attribution needed|date=November 2016}}<ref name="shscourier">{{cite web |url=http://shscourier.com/10299/arts-and-entertainment/spongebob-sponge-out-of-water-to-sea-or-not-to-see/ |title=SpongeBob Sponge Out Of Water: To "Sea" Or Not To See |last1=Lilly |first1=Ally |date=January 29, 2015 |website= |publisher=''The Susquehannock Courier'' |accessdate=March 18, 2015}}</ref> [[Paul Tibbitt]], showrunner from season fower tae the season 9 episode, "[[SpongeBob, You're Fired!]]" haes been the subject of criticism.<ref name="shscourier"/> While ''[[The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie]]'' wis generally well received by fans of the show, it is an aa considered a turning point in the show's history, as mony fans believe the decline occurred efter the film's release,<ref name=MSN>Berr, Jonathan (May 4, 2012). [http://money.msn.com/top-stocks/post.aspx?post=942b02c6-e5b2-405d-bba8-277797fa7839 Viacom should pull the plug on SpongeBob] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505002658/http://money.msn.com/top-stocks/post.aspx?post=942b02c6-e5b2-405d-bba8-277797fa7839 |date=2012-05-05 }}. ''MSN Money''. Retrieved February 3, 2013.</ref> whan Stephen Hillenburg resigned as showrunner and Tibbitt wis appyntit to replace him. Episodes produced syne the movie hae been variously categorized as "kid-pandering attention-waster[s]",<ref name="news.toonzone">{{cite web |url=http://news.toonzone.net/article.php?ID=26567 |title="Whatever Happened to SpongeBob?": Good Question! |author=Zeus, Maxie |publisher=Toon Zone |date=October 12, 2008 |accessdate=October 14, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209005641/http://news.toonzone.net/article.php?ID=26567 |archivedate=December 9, 2008 |deadurl=yes |df= }} {{Cite web |url=http://news.toonzone.net/article.php?ID=26567 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2017-05-31 |archive-date=2008-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209005641/http://news.toonzone.net/article.php?ID=26567 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> "tedious",<ref name="dvdverdict">{{cite web|last=Hrab|first=Roy|title=SpongeBob SquarePants: Who Bob What Pants?|url=http://www.dvdverdict.com/reviews/spongebobwhatpants.php|publisher=DVD Verdict|accessdate=May 30, 2013|date=November 13, 2008|archive-date=2013-10-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017060955/http://www.dvdverdict.com/reviews/spongebobwhatpants.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> "boring" and "dreck",<ref>{{cite web|last=Hrab|first=Roy|title=SpongeBob SquarePants: The Great Patty Caper|url=http://www.dvdverdict.com/printer/spongebobpattycaper.php|publisher=DVD Verdict|accessdate=August 20, 2013|date=March 13, 2011|archive-date=2013-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203033808/http://www.dvdverdict.com/printer/spongebobpattycaper.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> a "depressing plateau of mediocrity",<ref>{{cite web|last=Rhodes|first=Mina|title=SpongeBob SquarePants: To Love A Patty|url=http://www.dvdverdict.com/reviews/spongebobpatty.php|publisher=DVD Verdict|accessdate=August 20, 2013|date=February 6, 2008|archive-date=2013-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921113901/http://www.dvdverdict.com/reviews/spongebobpatty.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> and "lauch-skimpy".<ref name=Mavis>{{cite web|last=Mavis|first=Paul|title=SpongeBob SquarePants&nbsp;— WhoBob WhatPants?|url=http://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/35047/spongebob-squarepants-who-bob-what-pants/|publisher=DVD Talk|accessdate=May 30, 2013|date=October 13, 2008}}</ref> ==Ither media== ===Home video=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="40%" style="text-align:center;" |+ ''SpongeBob SquarePants'' DVD releases |- ! scope="col" colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="padding:0 8px;"| Season ! scope="col" style="padding:0 8px;" colspan="3"| [[DVD]] release date |- ! scope="col" style="padding:0 8px;"|[[DVD region code#Region codes and countries|Region 1]] ! scope="col" style="padding:0 8px;"|[[DVD region code#Region codes and countries|Region 2]] ! scope="col" style="padding:0 8px;"|[[DVD region code#Region codes and countries|Region 4]] |- | style="width:1%; background:#469E37;" height="10px"| ! scope="row" style=text-align:center| [[SpongeBob SquarePants (season 1)|1]] | October 28, 2003<ref>{{cite web|title=''SpongeBob SquarePants'' – Season 1|url=http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/SpongeBob-SquarePants-Season-1/3068|publisher=TV Shows on DVD|accessdate=May 24, 2013|archive-date=2013-07-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725222026/http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/SpongeBob-SquarePants-Season-1/3068|url-status=dead}}</ref> | November 7, 2005 | November 30, 2006<ref>{{cite web|title=''SpongeBob SquarePants'': Season 1|url=http://www.jbhifionline.com.au/dvd/dvd-genres/kids-family/spongebob-squarepants-season-1/264276|publisher=[[JB Hi-Fi]]|accessdate=October 29, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308154448/http://www.jbhifionline.com.au/dvd/dvd-genres/kids-family/spongebob-squarepants-season-1/264276|archivedate=March 8, 2010}}</ref> |- | style="background:#E3641A;" height="10px"| ! scope="row" style=text-align:center| [[SpongeBob SquarePants (season 2)|2]] | October 19, 2004<ref>{{cite web|title=''SpongeBob SquarePants'' – Season 2|url=http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/SpongeBob-SquarePants-Season-2/3829|publisher=TV Shows on DVD|accessdate=May 24, 2013|archive-date=2012-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022162408/http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/SpongeBob-SquarePants-Season-2/3829|url-status=dead}}</ref> | October 23, 2006 | November 30, 2006<ref>{{cite web|title=''SpongeBob SquarePants'': Season 2|url=http://www.jbhifionline.com.au/dvd/dvd-genres/kids-family/spongebob-squarepants-season-2/264278|publisher=[[JB Hi-Fi]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712083116/http://www.jbhifionline.com.au/dvd/dvd-genres/kids-family/spongebob-squarepants-season-2/264278|archivedate=July 12, 2012|accessdate=October 29, 2013}}</ref> |- | style="background:#73B1B7;" height="10px"| ! scope="row" style=text-align:center| [[SpongeBob SquarePants (season 3)|3]] | September 27, 2005<ref>{{cite web|last=Lambert|first=David|title=''SpongeBob SquarePants'' – 3rd Season Set Package: SpongeBob Is Cookin'!|url=http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/SpongeBob-SquarePants/3842|publisher=TV Shows on DVD|accessdate=May 24, 2013|date=August 5, 2005|archive-date=2012-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022153558/http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/SpongeBob-SquarePants/3842|url-status=dead}}</ref> | December 3, 2007< | style="padding:0 8px;"| November 8, 2007<ref>{{cite web|title=''SpongeBob SquarePants'': Season 3|url=http://www.jbhifionline.com.au/dvd/dvd-genres/tv/spongebob-squarepants-season-3/282464|publisher=[[JB Hi-Fi]]|accessdate=October 29, 2013|archive-date=2013-11-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102174142/http://www.jbhifionline.com.au/dvd/dvd-genres/tv/spongebob-squarepants-season-3/282464|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | style="background:#B02B11;" rowspan="2" height="10px"| ! scope="row" style=text-align:center rowspan="2"| [[SpongeBob SquarePants (season 4)|4]] | September 12, 2006<ref>{{cite web|title=''SpongeBob SquarePants'' – Season 4, Volume 1|url=http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/SpongeBob-SquarePants-Season-4-Volume-1/5908|publisher=TV Shows on DVD|accessdate=May 24, 2013|archive-date=2012-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022172024/http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/SpongeBob-SquarePants-Season-4-Volume-1/5908|url-status=dead}}</ref> | rowspan="2"| November 3, 2008 | rowspan="2"| November 7, 2008<ref>{{cite web|title=''SpongeBob SquarePants''; S4|url=http://www.sanity.com.au/products/2209683/Spongebob_Squarepants_S4|publisher=Sanity|accessdate=May 24, 2013|archive-date=2013-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016062840/http://www.sanity.com.au/products/2209683/Spongebob_Squarepants_S4|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | Januar 9, 2007<ref>{{cite web|title=''SpongeBob SquarePants'' – Season 4, Volume 2|url=http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/SpongeBob-SquarePants-Season-4-Volume-2/6215|publisher=TV Shows on DVD|accessdate=May 24, 2013|archive-date=2012-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022162422/http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/SpongeBob-SquarePants-Season-4-Volume-2/6215|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | style="background:#FAF75B;" rowspan="2" height="10px"| ! scope="row" style=text-align:center rowspan="2"| [[SpongeBob SquarePants (season 5)|5]] | September 4, 2007<ref>{{cite web|title=''SpongeBob SquarePants'' – Season 5, Volume 1|url=http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/SpongeBob-SquarePants-Season-5-Volume-1/6777|publisher=TV Shows on DVD|accessdate=May 24, 2013|archive-date=2012-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022171442/http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/SpongeBob-SquarePants-Season-5-Volume-1/6777|url-status=dead}}</ref> | rowspan="2"| November 16, 2009 | rowspan="2"| December 3, 2009<ref>{{cite wab|title=''SpongeBob SquarePants'' – Season 5 (Complete) (DVD) |url=http://www.jbhifionline.com.au/dvd/dvd-genres/tv/spongebob-complete-season-5/466518|publisher=[[JB Hi-Fi]]|accessdate=November 2, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120711052336/http://www.jbhifionline.com.au/dvd/dvd-genres/tv/spongebob-complete-season-5/466518|archivedate=July 11, 2012 }}</ref> |- | November 18, 2008<ref>{{cite web|last=Lambert|first=David|title=''SpongeBob SquarePants'' – Are Ya' Ready to Complete the 5th Season? Nick/Par Announces 'S5,V2' at Last!|url=http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/SpongeBob-SquarePants-Season-5-Volume-2/10180|publisher=TV Shows on DVD|accessdate=May 24, 2013|date=July 28, 2008|archive-date=2013-10-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004220015/http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/SpongeBob-SquarePants-Season-5-Volume-2/10180|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | style="background:#454683;" rowspan="2" height="10px"| ! scope="row" style=text-align:center rowspan="2"| [[SpongeBob SquarePants (season 6)|6]] | December 8, 2009<ref>{{cite web|title=''SpongeBob SquarePants'' Season 6 and Other Announced Releases|url=http://www.tvguide.com/DVD-News/SpongeBob-SquarePants-Season-1009539.aspx|work=TV Guide|accessdate=May 24, 2013|date=September 9, 2009|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107151114/http://www.tvguide.com/dvd-news/spongebob-squarepants-season-1009539.aspx/|archivedate=November 7, 2012}}</ref> | rowspan="2"| November 29, 2010 | rowspan="2"| December 2, 2010<ref>{{cite web|title=''SpongeBob SquarePants'' – Season 6: The Complete Collection (3 Disc Set)|url=http://www.ezydvd.com.au/DVD/spongebob-squarepants-season-6-the-complete-collection-3-disc-set/dp/816489|publisher=EzyDVD|accessdate=May 24, 2013|archive-date=2013-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016065138/http://www.ezydvd.com.au/DVD/spongebob-squarepants-season-6-the-complete-collection-3-disc-set/dp/816489|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | December 7, 2010<ref>{{cite web|title=''SpongeBob SquarePants'' – Season 6|url=http://www.jbhifionline.com.au/dvd/dvd-genres/kids-family/spongebob-squarepants-season-6/578155|publisher=[[JB Hi-Fi]]|accessdate=November 2, 2013|archive-date=2013-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112083819/http://www.jbhifionline.com.au/dvd/dvd-genres/kids-family/spongebob-squarepants-season-6/578155|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=''SpongeBob SquarePants'': Season 7|url=http://www.jbhifionline.com.au/dvd/dvd-genres/kids-family/spongebob-squarepants-season-7/670709|publisher=[[JB Hi-Fi]]|accessdate=October 29, 2013|archive-date=2013-11-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110064401/http://www.jbhifionline.com.au/dvd/dvd-genres/kids-family/spongebob-squarepants-season-7/670709|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | style="background:#74E387;" height="10px"| ! scope="row" style=text-align:center| [[SpongeBob SquarePants (season 7)|7]] | December 6, 2011<ref>{{cite web|last=Lambert|first=David|title=''SpongeBob SquarePants'' – Nickelodeon/Paramount Announces a 'Complete 7th Season' 4-DVD Set|url=http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/SpongeBob-SquarePants-Season-7/15919|publisher=TV Shows on DVD|accessdate=May 24, 2013|date=September 12, 2011|archive-date=2012-10-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020142020/http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/SpongeBob-SquarePants-Season-7/15919|url-status=dead}}</ref> | September 17, 2012 | September 12, 2012<ref>{{cite web|title=''SpongeBob SquarePants'': Season 7|url=http://www.ezydvd.com.au/DVD/spongebob-squarepants-season-7/dp/6117363|publisher=EzyDVD|accessdate=May 24, 2013|archive-date=2013-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016062345/http://www.ezydvd.com.au/DVD/spongebob-squarepants-season-7/dp/6117363|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | style="background:#934C9C;" height="10px"| ! scope="row" style=text-align:center| [[SpongeBob SquarePants (season 8)|8]] | Mairch 12, 2013<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tvshowsondvd.com/news/SpongeBob-SquarePants-Season-8/17849 |title=''SpongeBob SquarePants'' DVD news: Announcement for ''SpongeBob SquarePants'' – Season 8 |publisher=TVShowsOnDVD.com |date=May 25, 2007 |accessdate=December 29, 2012 |archive-date=2012-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121214013249/http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/SpongeBob-SquarePants-Season-8/17849 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | October 28, 2013 | October 30, 2013<ref>{{cite web|title=''SpongeBob SquarePants'' – Season 8|url=http://www.jbhifionline.com.au/dvd/dvd-genres/kids-family/spongebob-squarepants-season-8/691656|publisher=[[JB Hi-Fi]]|accessdate=November 8, 2013|archive-date=2013-11-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109021721/http://www.jbhifionline.com.au/dvd/dvd-genres/kids-family/spongebob-squarepants-season-8/691656|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | style="background:#4DD4E8;" height="10px"| ! scope="row" style=text-align:center| [[SpongeBob SquarePants (season 9)|9]] | {{N/A|TBA}} | {{N/A|TBA}} | {{N/A|TBA}} |- | ! scope="row" style=text-align:center| [[List of SpongeBob SquarePants episodes#Season 10|10]]<ref name=S10>{{cite web|last=Maxwell|first=Erin|title=Shiver me timbers! A bearded Antonio Banderas gets his sea legs with a pirate makeover for ''SpongeBob SquarePants 2''|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-2453291/Antonio-Banderas-gets-pirate-makeover-SpongeBob-SquarePants-2.html|work=Daily Mail|accessdate=November 8, 2013|date=October 10, 2013}}</ref> | {{N/A|TBA}} | {{N/A|TBA}} | {{N/A|TBA}} |- |} ===Comic beuks=== In Februar 2011, creautor Hillenburg first annoonced the release of the 32-page bimonthly comic book series, ''[[SpongeBob Comics]]'', based on the show.<ref name=Comics1>{{cite web|title="SPONGEBOB SQUAREPANTS" COMIC DEBUTS IN FEBRUARY|url=http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&id=30502|publisher=[[Comic Book Resources]]|accessdate=December 6, 2013|date=January 25, 2011|archive-date=2011-02-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110201210954/http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&id=30502|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Comics2>{{cite web|last=Boom |first=Richard |title=SpongeBob Comics #1 debuts from United Plankton Pictures |url=http://www.brokenfrontier.com/headlines/p/detail/spongebob-comics-1-debuts-from-united-plankton-pictures |publisher=[[Broken Frontier]] |accessdate=December 6, 2013 |date=January 25, 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110128020705/http://www.brokenfrontier.com/headlines/p/detail/spongebob-comics-1-debuts-from-united-plankton-pictures |archivedate=January 28, 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> The release merked the first time Hillenburg authored his ain beuks. He said, "I'm hoping that fans will enjoy finally having a ''SpongeBob'' comic book from me".<ref name=Comics1/><ref name=Comics2/> The comic book series is published by Hillenburg's production company, [[United Plankton Pictures]], and distributed by [[Bongo Comics Group]].<ref name=Comics1/><ref name=Comics2/> Awtho the characters of the series haed previously appeared in ''[[Nickelodeon Magazine]]'' an in ''[[List of Tokyopop publications#Cine-Manga|Cine-Manga]]'', the first issue of ''SpongeBob Comics'' merked the first time the characters hae appeared in thair ain comic beuks in the United States.<ref name=Comics1/><ref name=Comics2/> Hillenburg describit the stories from the comic beuks as "original and always true to the humor, characters, and universe of the ''SpongeBob SquarePants'' series".<ref name=Comics1/><ref name=Comics2/> Chris Duffy, the umwhile senior editor of ''Nickelodeon Magazine'', serves as managing editor of ''SpongeBob Comics''.<ref name=Comics1/><ref name=Comics2/> Hillenburg and Duffy met wi various cartoonists—includin [[James Kochalka]], [[Hilary Barta]], [[Graham Annable]], Gregg Schigiel, an Jacob Chabot—to contribute to each issues.<ref name=Comics1/><ref name=Comics2/> Retired [[horror comics]] writer and artist [[Stephen R. Bissette]] returned to write a special Halloween issue in 2012, wi [[Tony Millionaire]] and [[Al Jaffee]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Steve Bissette Returns To Comics With SpongeBob SquarePants|url=http://www.bleedingcool.com/2012/07/18/steve-bissette-returns-to-comics-with-spongebob-squarepants/|publisher=[[Bleeding Cool]]|accessdate=December 6, 2013|date=July 18, 2012|author=[[Rich Johnston|Johnston, Rich]]}}</ref> In an interview wi [[Tom Spurgeon]], Bissette said, "I've even broken my retirement to do one work-for-hire gig [for ''SpongeBob Comics''] so I could share everything about that kind of current job".<ref>{{cite web|title=CR Holiday Interview #14 – Steve Bissette|url=http://www.comicsreporter.com/index.php/cr_holiday_interview_11_steve_bissette/|work=The Comics Reporter|accessdate=December 6, 2013|date=January 3, 2012|author=[[Tom Spurgeon|Spurgeon, Tom]]}}</ref> In the United Kingdom, [[Titan Magazines]] publishes comics based on ''SpongeBob SquarePants'' every fower weeks. Thir comics war first published on Februar 3, 2005.<ref>{{cite web|title=SpongeBob SquarePants Magazine 100th Issue|url=http://titanmagazines.com/news/announcements/spongebob-squarepants-magazine-100th-issue/|publisher=Titan Magazines|accessdate=May 22, 2013|date=August 19, 2011|archive-date=2011-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006050305/http://titanmagazines.com/news/announcements/spongebob-squarepants-magazine-100th-issue/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Titan Magazines teamed-up wi [[Lego]] to release a leemitit edition ''SpongeBob''-themed comic.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hutchins|first=Rob|title=SpongeBob LEGO limited edition magazine launches|url=http://www.licensing.biz/news/10992/SpongeBob-Magazine-unites-with-LEGO|publisher=Licensing|accessdate=May 22, 2013|date=March 22, 2013|archive-date=2017-07-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707123937/http://www.licensing.biz/news/read/spongebob-lego-limited-edition-magazine-launches/027694|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Films=== [[Paramount Pictures]] and [[Nickelodeon Movies]] produced ''The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie'', an animated film [[adaptation]] of the series that wis released on November 19, 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/the-spongebob-squarepants-movie-opens-nationwide-on-friday-november-19-75337557.html|title='The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie' Opens Nationwide on Friday, November 19|publisher=PR Newswire|date=November 10, 2004|accessdate=August 21, 2013}}</ref> The film wis directed by creautor Stephen Hillenburg, an wis written by lang-time series writers comprising Hillenburg, Derek Drymon, Tim Hill, [[Kent Osborne]], [[Aaron Springer]], and Paul Tibbitt. Hillenburg and Julia Pistor produced the film, while the [[film score]] wis componed by Gregor Narholz.<ref>{{cite web|title=APM Film and Television Composer Gregor Narholz Signs on to Score Activision's X-Men(TM) Legends Sequel|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/apm-film-and-television-composer-gregor-narholz-signs-on-to-score-activisions-x-mentm-legends-sequel-54194902.html|publisher=PR Newswire|accessdate=August 18, 2013|date=March 9, 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=APM Film and Television Composer Gregor Narholz Signs on to Score Activision's X-Men(TM) Legends Sequel|url=http://investor.activision.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=157576|publisher=Activision|accessdate=August 18, 2013|date=March 9, 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Gregor Narholz Scores X-Men|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2005/03/10/gregor-narholz-scores-x-men|publisher=IGN|accessdate=August 18, 2013|date=March 10, 2005}}</ref> The film is about Plankton's evil plan to steal King Neptune's crown and send it to Shell City. SpongeBob and Patrick must retrieve it and save Mr. Krabs' life from Neptune's raft and thair home, Bikini Bottom, from Plankton's plan. The film features guest appearances by [[Jeffrey Tambor]] as King Neptune, [[Scarlett Johansson]] as the King's dochter Mindy, [[Alec Baldwin]] as Dennis, an [[David Hasselhoff]] as himsel.<ref name="Johansson">{{cite video | people=[[Scarlett Johansson|Johansson, Scarlett]]|date=2005|title= The Absorbing Tale Behind The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie. The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie| medium=DVD|publisher=Paramount Home Entertainment}}</ref> It received positive critical reception,<ref name="tomatoes">{{cite web | url = http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/spongebob_squarepants_movie/ | title = The Spongebob Squarepants Movie (2004) | work =[[Rotten Tomatoes]] | publisher = [[Flixster]] | accessdate = July 9, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.metacritic.com/video/titles/spongebobsquarepantsmovie | title = SpongeBob SquarePants Movie, The | publisher = [[CBS]] | work = [[Metacritic]] | accessdate = July 9, 2010 | archive-date = 2010-08-06 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100806001711/http://www.metacritic.com/video/titles/spongebobsquarepantsmovie | url-status = dead }}</ref> and grossed over $140 million warldwide.<ref name=BOM>{{cite web|url=http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=spongebob.htm|title=The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie (2004)|accessdate=July 20, 2009|publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref> Twa [[television films]] war released. The twa television films are ''[[SpongeBob's Atlantis SquarePantis]]'' released in 2007 and ''[[SpongeBob's Truth or Square]]'' released in 2009. A [[The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water|sequel]] tae the 2004 film wis released in theaters on Februar 6, 2015.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sneider|first1=Jeff|title=Paramount Avoids ''Fifty Shades'' by Moving Up '''SpongeBob SquarePants'' Sequel|url=http://www.thewrap.com/paramount-avoids-fifty-shades-by-moving-up-spongebob-squarepants-sequel/|publisher=[[The Wrap]]|accessdate=June 7, 2014|date=June 5, 2014}}</ref> The series' main cast members are reprise thair roles,<ref name=WN>{{cite web|title='SpongeBob SquarePants' Film Planned for 2014|url=http://article.wn.com/view/2012/03/04/SpongeBob_SquarePants_Film_Planned_for_2014/#/related_news|publisher=WN.com|accessdate=March 8, 2013|date=March 4, 2013}}</ref> an the underwater pairts are [[traditional animation|tradeetionally animated]] in the manner of the series an the live-action pairts uses [[Computer-generated imagery|CGI animation]] wi the SpongeBob characters.<ref>{{cite web|last=Webb|first=Charles|title=Is Paramount Prepping an Animated 'Legend of Korra' Movie?|url=http://geek-news.mtv.com/2012/08/20/legend-of-korra-movie/?xrs=share_twitter|publisher=MTV|accessdate=March 8, 2013|date=August 20, 2012|archive-date=2013-05-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512062513/http://geek-news.mtv.com/2012/08/20/legend-of-korra-movie/?xrs=share_twitter|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Tradition>{{cite web|last=Desowitz|first=Bill|title=SpongeBob kicks off new Paramount Ani division|url=http://billdesowitz.com/spongebob-kicks-off-new-paramount-ani-division/|publisher=Bill Desowitz|accessdate=March 31, 2013|date=February 29, 2012|archive-date=2013-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022015510/http://billdesowitz.com/spongebob-kicks-off-new-paramount-ani-division/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The film haes a budget seemilar tae the previous film and did nae cost mair nor $100 million to produce.<ref name=Hundred>{{cite news|last=Chozik|first=Amy|title=Return to Big Screen for SpongeBob|url=http://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/03/04/return-to-big-screen-for-spongebob/|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=April 25, 2013|date=March 4, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Goodwin|first=Liam|title=New SpongeBob SquarePants movie will be released in 2014|url=http://filmonic.com/spongebob-squarepants-movie-2014-release-date|publisher=Filmonic.com|accessdate=April 25, 2013|date=February 28, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Wolfe|first=Jennifer|title=Paramount to Release 'SpongeBob' Movie in 2014|url=http://www.awn.com/news/people/paramount-release-spongebob-movie-2014|publisher=[[Animation World Network]]|accessdate=April 25, 2013|date=February 29, 2012}}</ref> On Apryle 30, 2015, Viacom annoonced a third movie wis in development.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Viacom/status/593762894103375872|title=Viacom on Twitter|work=Twitter|accessdate=August 28, 2015}}</ref> On August 3, 2015, via Twitter, [[Vincent Waller]] confirmed that the sequel is in pre-production and that [[Paul Tibbitt]] will ance again direct.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/VincentWaller72/status/628219039081324544|title=Vincent Waller|work=Twitter|accessdate=August 28, 2015}}</ref> ===Music=== Collections of oreeginal music featurt in the series hae been released on the albums ''[[SpongeBob SquarePants: Original Theme Highlights]]'' (2001), ''[[SpongeBob's Greatest Hits]]'' (2009), and ''[[SpongeBob SquarePants: The Yellow Album|The Yellow Album]]'' (2005). The first twa charted on the US [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]], reachin nummer 171 and 122, respectively.<ref>{{cite web|title=SpongeBob SquarePants: Original Theme Highlights|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/spongebob-squarepants-original-theme-highlights-mw0000012957/awards|publisher=[[AllMusic]]|accessdate=December 7, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=SpongeBob's Greatest Hits|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/spongebobs-greatest-hits-mw0000810167/awards|publisher=AllMusic|accessdate=December 7, 2013}}</ref> Several sangs hae been recorded wi the purpose o a single or album release, an hae nae been featurt on the show. For ensaumple, the song "My Tidy Whities" written by Tom Kenny and [[Andy Paley]] wis released anly for the album ''[[The Best Day Ever]]'' (2006). Kenny's inspiration for the song wis "underwear humor".<ref name=Newsday>{{cite web|last=Bubbeo |first=Daniel |title=FAST CHAT TOM KENNY |url=http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/ny-fffast4956134nov05,0,4012699.story?coll=ny-entertainment-promo |work=Newsday |accessdate=August 2, 2013 |date=November 5, 2006 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080217024149/http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/ny-fffast4956134nov05%2C0%2C4012699.story?coll=ny-entertainment-promo |archivedate=February 17, 2008 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> Kenny said, "Underwear humor is always a surefire lauch-getter with kids ... Just seeing a character that odd wearing really prosaic, normal, [[Kmart]], three-to-a-pack underwear is a funny drawing ... We thought it was funny to make a really lush, beautiful love song to his underwear".<ref name=Newsday/> ''[[The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie – Music from the Movie and More...]]'', a soundtrack album featurin the score of ''The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie'', wis released alang wi the featur-lenth film in November 2004. Various artists includin [[the Flaming Lips]],<ref name=TFL1>{{cite web|title=Lips, Shins Kick Back With 'SpongeBob'|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/65812/lips-shins-kick-back-with-spongebob|work=Billboard|accessdate=August 18, 2013}}</ref> [[Wilco]],<ref name=WilcoLips>{{cite web|title=Flaming Lips and Wilco Featured on New SpongeBob Soundtrack|url=http://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2004/10/flaming-lips-and-wilco-featured-on-new-spongebob-s.html|work=Paste|accessdate=August 18, 2013|date=October 13, 2004|archive-date=2017-07-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710184925/https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2004/10/flaming-lips-and-wilco-featured-on-new-spongebob-s.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Ween]],<ref name=MTV/> [[Motörhead]],<ref name=MTV2>{{cite web|last=D'Angelo|first=Joe|title=Flaming Lips, Wilco, 'Commercial Weirdo' Avril Lavigne Head Up 'SpongeBob' LP|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1491510/avril-lavigne-flaming-lips-on-spongebob-lp.jhtml|publisher=MTV|accessdate=August 18, 2013|archive-date=2011-10-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025195508/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1491510/avril-lavigne-flaming-lips-on-spongebob-lp.jhtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[the Shins]],<ref name=Wierdo>{{cite web|last=Dufour|first=Matt|title=SpongeBob Soundtrack Boasts Shins, Wilco, And Flaming Lips Songs|url=http://www.thefader.com/2004/10/04/spongebob-soundtrack-boasts-shins-wilco-and-flaming-lips-songs/|work=The Fader|accessdate=August 18, 2013|archive-date=2013-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207145020/http://www.thefader.com/2004/10/04/spongebob-soundtrack-boasts-shins-wilco-and-flaming-lips-songs/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Avril Lavigne]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Mar|first=Alex|title=Avril Sings "SpongeBob"|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/avril-sings-spongebob-20041001|work=Rolling Stone|accessdate=August 18, 2013|date=October 1, 2004}}</ref> contreibutit tae the soundtrack that reached nummer 76 on the US ''Billboard'' 200.<ref>{{cite web|title=The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie: Music From the Movie and More|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/the-spongebob-squarepants-movie-music-from-the-movie-and-more-mw0000674021/awards|publisher=[[AllMusic]]|accessdate=December 7, 2013}}</ref> ===Theme park rides=== [[File:EF-Mall of America.jpg|230px|thumb|right|[[SpongeBob SquarePants Rock Bottom Plunge]] ride at the [[Mall of America]].]] [[SpongeBob SquarePants 4-D]] film and ride opened in various locations, includin [[Six Flags Over Texas]], [[Flamingo Land Resort]], an the [[Shedd Aquarium]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheddaquarium.org/4dtheater.html |title=Chicago &#124; Plan a Visit &#124; Now Playing in 4-D |publisher=Shedd Aquarium |date= |accessdate=September 14, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5urIgheCb?url=http://www.sheddaquarium.org/4dtheater.html |archivedate=2010-12-09 |df= |url-status=dead }}{{Cite web |url=http://www.sheddaquarium.org/4dtheater.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2017-05-31 |archive-date=2010-11-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129122646/http://sheddaquarium.org/4dtheater.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The ride features water squirts, real bubbles, an ither sensory enhancements. In 2012, Nickelodeon teamed up again wi SimEx-Iwerks Entertainment and Super 78 to produce SpongeBob SquarePants 4-D: The Great Jelly Rescue.<ref>{{cite web|last=Arrant|first=Chris|title="SpongeBob SquarePants" 4-D Attraction Coming Soon|url=http://www.cartoonbrew.com/biz/spongebob-squarepants-4-d-attraction-coming-soon-70391.html|accessdate=May 21, 2013|date=September 25, 2012}}</ref> The attraction opened in early 2013 at the [[Mystic Aquarium & Institute for Exploration]].<ref name=4DPlot>{{cite web|title=SpongeBob goes 4-D at the aquarium|url=http://www.thewesterlysun.com/mysticriverpress/news/spongebob-goes--d-at-the-aquarium/article_3705ab20-bce3-11e2-8678-0019bb2963f4.html|publisher=Mystic River Press|accessdate=May 21, 2013|date=May 17, 2013|archive-date=2013-12-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211231455/http://www.thewesterlysun.com/mysticriverpress/news/spongebob-goes--d-at-the-aquarium/article_3705ab20-bce3-11e2-8678-0019bb2963f4.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The attraction wis an aa released at the [[Nickelodeon Suites Resort Orlando]] in [[Orlando, Florida]].<ref>{{cite web|title=SpongeBob SquarePants 4-D: The Great Jelly Rescue|url=http://eyeonorlando.com/2013/04/spongebob-squarepants-4-d-the-great-jelly-rescue-2/|work=Eye on Orlando|accessdate=May 21, 2013|archive-date=2013-05-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503111622/http://eyeonorlando.com/2013/04/spongebob-squarepants-4-d-the-great-jelly-rescue-2/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Brigante|first=Ricky|title=SpongeBob SquarePants makes a splash at Nick Hotel with new 4D movie, Bikini Bottom Breakfast, and more entertainment|url=http://www.insidethemagic.net/2013/04/spongebob-squarepants-makes-a-splash-at-nick-hotel-with-new-4d-movie-bikini-bottom-breakfast-and-more-entertainment/|publisher=Inside the Magic|accessdate=May 21, 2013|date=April 23, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Roseboom|first=Matt|title=Nick Hotel debuts new SpongeBob 4D movie and Bikini Bottom character breakfast|url=http://attractionsmagazine.com/blog/2013/04/22/nick-hotel-debuts-new-spongebob-4d-movie-and-bikini-bottom-character-breakfast/|work=Orlando Attractions Magazine|accessdate=May 21, 2013|date=|archive-date=2013-04-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130423114753/http://attractionsmagazine.com/blog/2013/04/22/nick-hotel-debuts-new-spongebob-4d-movie-and-bikini-bottom-character-breakfast/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The seiven-minute film follows SpongeBob, Patrick and Sandy to thair auld hijinks while rescuing the jellyfish of Jellyfish Fields from Plankton's evil clutches.<ref name=4DPlot/> ''SpongeBob SquarePants'' appears at the [[Mall of America]]'s Nickelodeon theme park re-branded from the Mall of America's [[Park at MOA]], formerly Camp Snoopy, to [[Nickelodeon Universe]] in the [[Minneapolis–Saint Paul|Minneapolis-St. Paul]] suburb of [[Bloomington, Minnesota]]. The new theme park features a ''SpongeBob''-themed [[Gerstlauer]] Euro-Fighter custom [[roller coaster]], the [[SpongeBob SquarePants Rock Bottom Plunge]], which haes replaced the Mystery Mine Ride and Olde Time Photo store on the wast end of the theme park, which opened Mairch 15, 2008.<ref name=TPI>{{cite web|last=Niles|first=Robert|title=New attraction spotlight: Nickelodeon Universe at Mall of America|url=http://www.themeparkinsider.com/flume/200803/642/|work=Theme Park Insider|accessdate=September 6, 2013|date=March 11, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Clark|first=Jayne|title=Nick characters drop in mall Universe|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/travel/news/2008-03-13-nick-characters-mall_N.htm|work=USA Today|accessdate=September 6, 2013|date=March 13, 2008|archive-date=2018-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024025306/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/travel/news/2008-03-13-nick-characters-mall_N.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> On Mey 23, 2015, an interactive 3D show titled "SpongeBob SubPants Adventure" opened in Texas at [[Moody Gardens]]. Accordin to Moody Gardens President and CEO John Zendt, "Visitors will be able to interact with the Nickelodeon characters on a digital stage as they have never been able to do before."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Moody Gardens|title=Moody Gardens Announces Launch of New One-of-a-Kind SpongeBob SubPants Interactive Experience|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/moody-gardens-announces-launch-of-new-one-of-a-kind-spongebob-subpants-interactive-experience-300043050.html|website=PRNewswire.com|publisher=PR Newswire|accessdate=9 March 2015|quote=Visitors will be able to interact with the Nickelodeon characters on a digital stage as they have never been able to do before.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=SpongeBob SquarePants|title=SpongeBob SquarePants on Facebook – "There's a new type of SpongeBob experience coming to Moody Gardens on Memorial Day!"|url=https://www.facebook.com/spongebob/posts/10152666661991366|website=Facebook.com/SpongeBob|publisher=SpongeBob SquarePants|accessdate=9 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=SpongeBob SquarePants on Facebook - "If you're heading to Texas be sure to check out the SpongeBob SubPants Adventure!"|url=https://www.facebook.com/spongebob/timeline/story?ut=43&wstart=0&wend=1433141999&hash=-7897235326254608682&pagefilter=3|website=Facebook.com/SpongeBob|publisher=SpongeBob|accessdate=24 May 2015}}</ref> ===Video gemmes=== Numerous [[video game]]s based on the series hae been produced. Some of the early gemmes include ''[[SpongeBob SquarePants: Legend of the Lost Spatula|Legend of the Lost Spatula]]'' (2001)<ref>{{cite web|last=Antonucci|first=Mike|title=Triple Play Baseball has some annoying errors|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-71934675.html|work=Knight Ridder|accessdate=December 6, 2013|date=March 20, 2001|archive-date=2014-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610075840/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-71934675.html|url-status=dead}}{{subscription required|via=HighBeam}}</ref> and ''[[SpongeBob SquarePants: Battle for Bikini Bottom]]'' (2003).<ref>{{cite web|last=Ray|first=Roblin|title=Learning a lesson; Console games finally tap into educational content|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-110994236.html|work=The Boston Herald|accessdate=December 6, 2013|date=December 7, 2003|archive-date=2014-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610075829/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-110994236.html|url-status=dead}}{{subscription required|via=HighBeam}}</ref> The 2003 video game wis added tae the [[Greatest Hits (PlayStation range)|Greatest Hits]] by [[Sony]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Sony Adds 'SpongeBob SquarePants: Battle for Bikini Bottom' to Greatest Hits Collection|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-99947260.html|work=Wireless News|accessdate=December 6, 2013|date=September 30, 2004|archive-date=2014-05-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503175626/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-99947260.html|url-status=dead}}{{subscription required|via=HighBam}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The season's best bets for video-game enthusiasts|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-119460841.html|work=San Jose Mercury News|accessdate=December 6, 2013|date=November 20, 2003|location=San Jose, CA|archive-date=2014-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610075849/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-119460841.html|url-status=dead}}{{subscription required|via=HighBeam}}</ref> It an aa served as the ingine basis for [[The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie (video game)|a video game]] based on ''The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie''. [[Heavy Iron Studios]], the game's developers, tweaked the graphics to gie the game a sharper and more imaginative leuk than that of ''Battle for Bikini Bottom''. Thay an aa increased the polygon count, added several racing levels, an incorporated mony of the creatures seen in the film.<ref name=VG>{{cite web|title=SpongeBob SquarePants: The Movie Update|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2004/08/25/spongebob-squarepants-the-movie-update|publisher=IGN|accessdate=August 18, 2013|date=August 25, 2004|author=IGN Staff}}</ref> In 2013, Nickelodeon published and distributed ''[[SpongeBob Moves In!]]'', a [[freemium]] [[city-building game]] [[Application software|app]] developed by [[Kung Fu Factory]] for [[iOS]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Stecker|first=Erin|title='SpongeBob SquarePants' debuts new app – EXCLUSIVE VIDEO|url=http://family-room.ew.com/2013/06/05/spongebob-squarepants-spongebob-moves-in-app/|work=Entertainment Weekly|accessdate=13 July 2013|date=5 June 2013|archive-date=2013-06-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130611120001/http://family-room.ew.com/2013/06/05/spongebob-squarepants-spongebob-moves-in-app/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Milligan|first=Mercedes|title=Nick Launches Building 'SpongeBob' App|url=http://www.animationmagazine.net/gaming/nick-launches-city-building-spongebob-app/|work=Animation|accessdate=13 July 2013|date=6 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Nickelodeon Announces SPONGEBOB SQUAREPANTS 'City Building' App|url=http://tv.broadwayworld.com/article/Nickelodeon-Announces-SPONGEBOB-SQUAREPANTS-City-Building-App-20130606|publisher=Broadway World|accessdate=13 July 2013|date=6 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Build Your Very Own Bikini Bottom Through Nickelodeon's Worldwide Release Of Brand-New Mobile Game, SpongeBob Moves In|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/build-your-very-own-bikini-bottom-through-nickelodeons-worldwide-release-of-brand-new-mobile-game-spongebob-moves-in-210383441.html|publisher=PR Newswire|accessdate=13 July 2013|date=6 June 2013}}</ref> ===SpongeBob SquareShorts=== Nickelodeon launched the first global ''SpongeBob SquarePants''-themed [[film|short film]] competeetion, SpongeBob SquareShorts: Original Fan Tributes, in 2013.<ref>{{cite news|last=Wolfe|first=Jennifer|title=Nick Launches 2013 Short Film Contest|url=http://www.awn.com/news/call-entries/nick-launches-2013-short-film-contest|accessdate=May 23, 2013|newspaper=Animation World Magazine|date=January 23, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Milligan|first=Mercedes|title=Nick Launches SpongeBob SquareShorts Contest|url=http://www.animationmagazine.net/events/nick-launches-spongebob-squareshorts-contest/|work=Animation|accessdate=May 23, 2013|date=May 7, 2013}}</ref> The contest encourages fans and filmmakers aroond the world to creaut oreeginal short films inspired by SpongeBob for a chance to win a prize and a trip for fower fowk to a screening event in [[Hollywood]]. The contest opened on Mey 6 and ran throu Juin 28, 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=SpongeBob Square Shorts Competition&nbsp;– $2,500 + Trip|url=http://www.filmthenext.com/2013/05/spongebob-square-shorts-competition-2500-trip/|publisher=FilmTheNext.com|accessdate=May 23, 2013}}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=Contest>{{cite web|last=Kondolojy|first=Amanda|title=Nickelodeon Announces First-Ever SpongeBob SquarePants Global Film Competition, 'SpongeBob SquareShorts: Original Fan Tributes'|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/05/07/nickelodeon-announces-first-ever-spongebob-squarepants-global-film-competition-spongebob-squareshorts-original-fan-tributes/181318/|publisher=TV by the Numbers|accessdate=May 23, 2013|date=May 7, 2013|archive-date=2016-08-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807084326/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/05/07/nickelodeon-announces-first-ever-spongebob-squarepants-global-film-competition-spongebob-squareshorts-original-fan-tributes/181318/|url-status=dead}}</ref> On Julie 19, 2013, Nickelodeon annoonced the finalists for the competeetion,<ref>{{cite web|last=Hutchins|first=Rob|title=Nickelodeon reveals finalists in SpongeBob Squareshorts film comp|url=http://www.licensing.biz/news/11767/Nickelodeon-reveals-finalists-in-SpongeBob-Squareshorts-film-competition|publisher=Licensing.biz|accessdate=22 July 2013|date=22 July 2013|archive-date=2013-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024040444/http://www.licensing.biz/news/read/nickelodeon-reveals-finalists-in-spongebob-squareshorts-film-comp/026966|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Nickelodeon Announces Finalists For First-Ever SpongeBob SquareShorts Global Short Film Competition|url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2013/07/19/nickelodeon-announces-finalists-for-first-ever-spongebob-squareshorts-global-short-film-competition-92000/20130719nickelodeon01/|work=The Futon Critic|accessdate=22 July 2013|date=19 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Liu|first=Ed|title=PR: Nickelodeon Announces Finalists for First-Ever "SpongeBob SquareShorts: Original Fan Tributes"|url=http://www.toonzone.net/2013/07/nickelodeon-announces-finalists-for-first-ever-spongebob-squareshorts-original-fan-tributes/#.Ue0FftIwe5I|work=Toonzone|accessdate=22 July 2013|date=19 July 2013|archive-date=2013-12-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218233942/http://www.toonzone.net/2013/07/nickelodeon-announces-finalists-for-first-ever-spongebob-squareshorts-original-fan-tributes/#.Ue0FftIwe5I|url-status=dead}}</ref> and, on August 13, 2013, the "under 18 years of age" category wis won by David of the United States for his "The Krabby Commercial", while the "Finally Home" short by Nicole of [[South Africa]] won the "18 and over" category.<ref>{{cite web|last=Liu|first=Ed|title=PR: Nickelodeon Announces Winners for First-Ever SpongeBob SquareShorts: Original Fan Tributes|url=http://www.toonzone.net/2013/08/nickelodeon-announces-winners-for-first-ever-spongebob-squareshorts-original-fan-tributes/|publisher=Toon Zone|accessdate=December 4, 2013|date=August 13, 2013|archive-date=2015-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227112543/http://www.toonzone.net/2013/08/nickelodeon-announces-winners-for-first-ever-spongebob-squareshorts-original-fan-tributes/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Merchandise== The popularity of ''SpongeBob SquarePants'' inspired merchandise from T-shirts to posters.<ref name=Star/> It wis reportit that the franchise generated an estimatit $8 billion merchandising revenue for Nickelodeon.<ref name=Billion>{{cite web|last=Hampp|first=Andrew|title=How SpongeBob Became an $8 Billion Franchise|url=http://adage.com/article/media/nickelodeon-s-spongebob-8b-kid-franchise/137866/|work=AdvertisingAge|accessdate=May 22, 2013|date=July 13, 2009}}</ref> It is an aa the maist distributed property of [[Viacom Media Networks|MTV Networks]].<ref name=MTV>{{cite web |url=http://mnilive.com/2009/06/nickelodeon-celebrates-pop-culture-icon-spongebob-squarepants-decade/ |title=Nickelodeon Celebrates Pop Culture Icon SpongeBob SquarePants decade |work=Media News International |first=Rosina |last=Stock |date=June 24, 2009 |accessdate=July 14, 2009 |archive-date=2009-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090626060310/http://mnilive.com/2009/06/nickelodeon-celebrates-pop-culture-icon-spongebob-squarepants-decade/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''SpongeBob'' is viewed in 170 countries speakin 24 leids, an haes an aa acome "a killer merchandising app".<ref>{{cite news|last=Hinckley|first=David|title='SpongeBob SquarePants' gets closer look on VH1 with 10th anniversary documentary on Nickelodeon hit|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/tv-movies/spongebob-squarepants-closer-vh1-10th-anniversary-documentary-nickelodeon-hit-article-1.426636|work=New York Daily News|accessdate=May 24, 2013|date=July 13, 2009}}</ref> The title character and his friends hae been uised as a theme for special editions of well-kent faimily buird gemmes, includin [[Monopoly (game)|Monopoly]],<ref>{{cite web|title=MTV Networks' Nickelodeon Kids and Family Group Puts a Digital Spin on Classic Hasbro Games Featuring Dora The Explorer and SpongeBob SquarePants|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/mtv-networks-nickelodeon-kids-and-family-group-puts-a-digital-spin-on-classic-hasbro-games-featuring-dora-the-explorer-and-spongebob-squarepants-58463892.html|publisher=PR Newswire|accessdate=May 22, 2013}}</ref> [[The Game of Life|Life]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Onyett|first=Charles|title=The Game of Life -SpongeBob SquarePants Edition Review|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2008/09/10/the-game-of-life-spongebob-squarepants-edition-review|publisher=IGN|accessdate=May 22, 2013|date=September 10, 2008}}</ref> and [[Operation (game)|Operation]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Ward|first=Kate|title=Hasbro lets us operate on SpongeBob. Which TV character would you like to get inside?|url=http://popwatch.ew.com/2009/11/28/operation-spongebob-tv-characters/|work=Entertainment Weekly|accessdate=May 23, 2013|date=November 28, 2009|archive-date=2009-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091204035456/http://popwatch.ew.com/2009/11/28/operation-spongebob-tv-characters/|url-status=dead}}</ref> as well as a ''SpongeBob SquarePants'' edition of [[Ants in the Pants]],<ref>{{cite web|title=ANTS IN THE SQUARE PANTS|url=http://www.hasbro.com/shop/details.cfm?R=927727BC-6D40-1014-8BF0-9EFBF894F9D4:en_US|publisher=Hasbro|accessdate=May 23, 2013|archive-date=2012-06-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622093031/http://www.hasbro.com/shop/details.cfm?R=927727BC-6D40-1014-8BF0-9EFBF894F9D4:en_US|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Yahtzee]].<ref>{{cite web|title=AHTZEE Jr. SpongeBob SquarePants Edition Card Game|url=http://www.hasbro.com/games/en_US/shop/details.cfm?R=8F8A0CA2-5056-900B-1002-5FC898DDBE91:en_US|publisher=Hasbro|accessdate=May 23, 2013|archive-date=2012-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620001213/http://www.hasbro.com/games/en_US/shop/details.cfm?R=8F8A0CA2-5056-900B-1002-5FC898DDBE91:en_US|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2001, ''SpongeBob SquarePants'' signed a marketing deal wi [[Target Corporation]] and Burger King, expanding its merchandising.<ref name="The Stretch"/> The popularity of SpongeBob haes translated well intae sales figures. In 2002, SpongeBob SquarePants dolls sauld at a rate of 75,000 per week, which wis faster than [[Tickle Me Elmo]] dolls war selling at the time.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.usatoday.com/money/covers/2002-05-17-spongebob.htm|title=Life's good for SpongeBob|last=Strauss|first=Gary|date=May 17, 2002|work=USA Today |accessdate=November 8, 2008|archiveurl=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/covers/2002-05-17-sponge-bob.htm|archivedate=May 21, 2013}}</ref> SpongeBob haes gained popularity in Japan, specifically wi Japanese weemen. Nickelodeon's parent company Viacom purposefully targeted marketing at weemen in the kintra. Skeptics initially doubted that SpongeBob coud be popular in Japan, as the character's design is very different from already popular designs for [[Hello Kitty]] and [[Pikachu]].<ref name="SFGate">{{cite news|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2007/01/24/entertainment/e091755S47.DTL |title=SpongeBob Goes Trendy to Win Japan Fans |last=Kageyama |first=Yuri |date=January 24, 2007 |publisher=''[[The San Francisco Chronicle]]'' |accessdate=November 8, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090405192838/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fn%2Fa%2F2007%2F01%2F24%2Fentertainment%2Fe091755S47.DTL |archivedate=April 5, 2009 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> Ratings and merchandise sales showed ''SpongeBob SquarePants'' haes caught on wi parents and wi college audiences.<ref name=LADN/> In a recent promotion, college-oriented website Music.com gae away 80,000 ''SpongeBob'' T-shirts, fower times mair nor during a seemilar promotion for [[Comedy Central]]'s ''[[South Park]]''.<ref name=LADN>{{cite web|title=THE HYPE SOAKING IT UP' SPONGEBOB' ACTOR LOVES THE ATTENTION|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-83498648.html|work=Daily News|accessdate=October 30, 2013|date=March 8, 2001|location=Los Angeles, CA|archive-date=2013-11-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106075350/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-83498648.html|url-status=dead}}{{subscription required|via=HighBeam}}</ref> Kids' meal tie-ins hae been released in snacks and [[fast food restaurant]]s in mony pairts of the world, includin Burger King in Europe and North America, as well as [[Wendy's]] in North America, an [[Hungry Jack's]] in Australie. A [[McDonald's]] [[Happy Meal]] tie-in wi SpongeBob-themed Happy Meal boxes and toys wis released in Europe and ither international markets in the simmer of 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=it&u=http://www.megamodo.com/200711368-spongebob-con-lhappy-meal-mcdonalds/&ei=RtliSsjdCceBtgf15oD6Dw&sa=X&oi=translate&resnum=1&ct=result&prev=/search%3Fq%3DSpongebob%2Bcon%2Bl%25E2%2580%2599Happy%2BMeal%2BMcDonald%25E2%2580%2599s%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1B2GGFB_enUS223US224 |title=SponbgeBob SquarePants Happy Meal |accessdate= |date= |work=Megamodo}}</ref> In Australie, the advertisement for the McDonald's ''SpongeBob'' Happy Meal won the [[Pester power|Pester Power]] Award acause the ads are entice young children to want its food acause of the free toy.<ref>{{cite news|last=Stark|first=Jill|title=Maccas takes out 'pester power' prize|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/maccas-takes-out-pester-power-prize/2007/10/04/1191091281190.html|work=The Age|accessdate=May 23, 2013|date=October 5, 2007|location=Melbourne}}</ref> As a tie-in beverage for the DVD release of ''The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie'', [[7-Eleven]] released the leemitit edition "Under-the-Sea Pineapple [[Slurpee]]" in Mairch 2004.<ref>{{cite web|last=Meitner|first=Sarah Hale|title=Slurpee Galaxy Expands With Nod To 'Star Wars'|url=http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2005-03-02/news/0503020192_1_darth-vader-7-eleven-new-flavors|work=Orlando Sentinel|accessdate=May 22, 2013|date=March 2, 2005|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.orlandosentinel.com%2F2005-03-02%2Fnews%2F0503020192_1_darth-vader-7-eleven-new-flavors&date=2013-05-24|archivedate=2013-05-24|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Pirate's Booty]] released leemitit edition ''SpongeBob SquarePants'' Pirate's Booty snacks in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=SpongeBob SquarePants Pirates Booty $1 at Target|url=http://www.totallytarget.com/2012/04/30/spongebob-squarepants-pirates-booty-1-at-target/|publisher=Totally Target|accessdate=May 24, 2013|date=April 30, 2013|archive-date=2012-05-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501235155/http://www.totallytarget.com/2012/04/30/spongebob-squarepants-pirates-booty-1-at-target/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=SpongeBob SplashPants Sweepstakes 5/31/13 1PPD4-14|url=http://sweetiessweeps.com/2013/03/spongebob-splashpants-sweepstakes.html|publisher=Sweetis Sweeps|accessdate=May 24, 2013|date=March 22, 2013|archive-date=2013-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130327205612/http://sweetiessweeps.com/2013/03/spongebob-splashpants-sweepstakes.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2007, heich-end ''SpongeBob''-themed electronics hae been introduced by [[Imation]] Electronics Products unner the Npower brand, includin MP3 players, digital cameras, a DVD player, an a [[flat panel display|flatscreen]] television.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Veneziani|first1=Vince|title=Nickelodeon's NPower Lineup Of Electronics|url=http://techcrunch.com/2007/09/27/nickelodeons-npower-lineup-of-electronics/|publisher=TechCrunch|accessdate=June 28, 2014|date=September 27, 2007}}</ref> Pictures of SpongeBob SquarePants an aa began to appear on the labels of 8 oz. cans of [[Green Giant]] cut green beans and frozen packages of Green Giant green beans and butter sauce, which featurt free stickers in 2007 as pairt of an initiative to encourage kids to eat thair vegetables.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://promomagazine.com/entertainmentmarketing/news/nickelodeon_healthy_food_initiative_green_giant_053107/ |title=Nickelodeon Expands Healthy Food Initiative with Green Giant |publisher=Promomagazine.com |date=May 31, 2007 |accessdate=September 14, 2010 |archive-date=2010-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101230024017/http://promomagazine.com/entertainmentmarketing/news/nickelodeon_healthy_food_initiative_green_giant_053107/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Simmons Jewelry Co. released a $75,000 diamond pendant as pairt o a ''SpongeBob'' collection.<ref name=Pendant>{{cite news|last=Huff|first=Richard|title='SpongeBob SquarePants' one of Nickelodeon's longest-running shows after nearly a decade|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/tv-movies/spongebob-squarepants-nickelodeon-longest-running-shows-decade-article-1.435311|work=New York Daily News|accessdate=May 23, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=High Fashion Hits Bikini Bottom|url=http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=85242&p=irol-newsArticle_pf&ID=1244418&highlight=|accessdate=May 23, 2013|newspaper=''Viacom''|date=January 14, 2009|archive-date=2018-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024030133/http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=85242&p=irol-newsArticle_pf&ID=1244418&highlight=|url-status=dead}}</ref> In New Zealand, the UK-based Beechdean Group unveiled the ''SpongeBob SquarePants'' Vanilla Ice Cream character product as pairt o a licence deal wi Nickelodeon.<ref>{{cite web|last=Weston|first=Shaun|title=SpongeBob SquarePants Vanilla Ice Cream|url=http://www.foodbev.com/news/spongebob-squarepants-vanilla-ice-cream#.UbcBjOcwe5J|work=Food Bev|accessdate=June 11, 2013|date=May 22, 2013}}</ref> NZ Drinks launched the ''SpongeBob SquarePants'' bottled water.<ref>{{cite web|last=Weston|first=Shaun|title=SpongeBob SquarePants Spring Water|url=http://www.foodbev.com/news/spongebob-squarepants-spring-water#.UbcBF-cwe5I|work=Food Bev|accessdate=June 11, 2013|date=June 3, 2013}}</ref> [[Build-A-Bear Workshop]] introduced the new ''SpongeBob SqaurePants'' collection in stores and online in North America on Mey 17, 2013.<ref>{{cite web|last=Dedman|first=Christie|title=Build A Bear SpongeBob Square Pants coming May 17|url=http://blog.al.com/bargain-mom/2013/04/build_a_bear_spongebob_square.html|publisher=AL.com|accessdate=May 24, 2013|date=April 4, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Build-A-Bear Workshop Makes a Splash with New SpongeBob SquarePants Collection|url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20130515005084/en/Build-A-Bear-Workshop-Splash-SpongeBob-SquarePants-Collection|publisher=BusinessWire|accessdate=May 24, 2013|date=May 15, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Build-A-Bear welcomes the SpongeBob gang|url=http://www.retailingtoday.com/article/build-bear-welcomes-spongebob-gang|work=Retailing Today|accessdate=May 24, 2013|date=May 15, 2013}}</ref> Shoppers can dress thair SpongeBob and Patrick plush in a variety of claedin and accessories. Sandy Cheeks and Gary the Snail are an aa available as pre-stuffed minis.<ref>{{cite web|last=Edel|first=Ray|title=Make a splash with new SpongeBob SquarePants Collection at Build-A-Bear|url=http://blog.northjersey.com/thebeat/4415/make-a-splash-with-new-spongebob-squarepants-collection-at-build-a-bear/|publisher=NorthJersey.com|accessdate=May 24, 2013|date=May 15, 2013|archive-date=2013-10-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001122705/http://blog.northjersey.com/thebeat/4415/make-a-splash-with-new-spongebob-squarepants-collection-at-build-a-bear/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Build-A-Bear Workshop stores nationwide celebrated the arrival of SpongeBob wi a series of special events from Mey 17 throu Mey 19.<ref>{{cite web|last=Mierzejewski|first=Ali|title=Build-A-Bear Workshop Meets Bikini Bottom with New SpongeBob SquarePants Collection|url=http://toybook.com/build-a-bear-workshop-meets-bikini-bottom-with-new-spongebob-squarepants-collection/|publisher=Toy Book|accessdate=May 24, 2013|date=May 15, 2013}}</ref> On Julie 13, 2013, [[Toyota]], wi Nickelodeon, unveiled a ''SpongeBob''-inspired [[Toyota Highlander]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Burden|first=Melissa|title=Toyota creates one-of-a-kind SpongeBob Highlander|url=http://www.detroitnews.com/article/20130712/AUTO0104/307120114/1361/Toyota-creates-one-of-a-kind-SpongeBob-Highlander|work=Detroit News|accessdate=13 July 2013|archive-date=2013-07-13|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130713100514/http://www.detroitnews.com/article/20130712/AUTO0104/307120114/1361/Toyota-creates-one-of-a-kind-SpongeBob-Highlander|url-status=dead}}</ref> The 2014 Toyota Highlander wis launched on SpongeBob Day at the [[2013 San Diego Padres season|San Diego's Giants v. Padres game]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Stewart|first=Megan|title=Introducing the 2014 SpongeBob SquarePants Toyota Highlander|url=http://blogs.automotive.com/introducing-the-2014-spongebob-squarepants-toyota-highlander-144649.html|publisher=Automotive.com|accessdate=16 July 2013|date=15 July 2013|archive-date=2013-07-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717194545/http://blogs.automotive.com/introducing-the-2014-spongebob-squarepants-toyota-highlander-144649.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Busis|first=Hillary|title=SpongeBob Square...Car? Check out the cartoon's new 'concept vehicle' – EXCLUSIVE|url=http://family-room.ew.com/2013/07/12/spongebob-squarepants-concept-vehicle/|work=Entertainment Weekly|accessdate=13 July 2013|date=12 July 2013|archive-date=2013-07-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130714103855/http://family-room.ew.com/2013/07/12/spongebob-squarepants-concept-vehicle/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Brindusescu|first=Gabriel|title=Toyota to Unveil 2014 Highlander SpongeBob Edition [Video]|url=http://www.autoevolution.com/toyota-blog/toyota-to-unveil-2014-highlander-spongebob-edition-video-63013.html|work=Auto Evolution|accessdate=13 July 2013|date=12 July 2013}}</ref> The ''SpongeBob'' Toyota Highlander visited seiven U.S. locations during its release, includin the Nickelodeon Suites Resort Orlando in Florida.<ref>{{cite web|last=Barari|first=Arman|title=SpongeBob-Themed Toyota Highlander by Nickelodeon|url=http://www.motorward.com/2013/07/spongebob-themed-toyota-highlander-by-nickelodeon/|publisher=Motor Ward|accessdate=13 July 2013|date=13 July 2013|archive-date=2013-07-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130715112340/http://www.motorward.com/2013/07/spongebob-themed-toyota-highlander-by-nickelodeon/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Footnotes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist|30em}} ===Works cited=== * {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Banks|first=Steven|others=Schigiel, Gregg (Illustrator)|title=SpongeBob Exposed! The Insider's Guide to SpongeBob SquarePants|url=https://archive.org/details/spongebobexposed0000bank|publisher=Simon Spotlight/Nickelodeon| date=September 24, 2004|isbn=978-0-689-86870-2}} * {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Beck|first=Jerry|title=The SpongeBob SquarePants Experience: A Deep Dive Into the World of Bikini Bottom|year=2013|publisher=Insight Editions|location=USA|isbn=1-4357-3248-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aPRymAEACAAJ}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|title=Makin' Toons: Inside the Most Popular Animated TV Shows and Movies|url=https://archive.org/details/makintoonsinside0000neuw| publisher=Allworth Communications, Inc|last=Neuwirth |first=Allan|isbn=1-58115-269-8|year=2003}} * {{cite book|last=Priebe|first=Kenneth A.|title=The Advanced Art of Stop-Motion Animation|year=2011|publisher=[[Cengage Learning]]|isbn=1-4354-5704-8|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |ref=harv| last =Lenburg | first =Jeff | title =Who's Who in Animated Cartoons: An International Guide to Film & Television's Award Winning and Legendary Animators |url=https://archive.org/details/whoswhoinanimate0000lenb| publisher =Hal Leonard | year =2006 | isbn = 1-55783-671-X}} ==External links== * {{Wikiquote-inline}} * {{Commons category-inline|SpongeBob SquarePants}} * {{Official website}} * {{IMDb title|id=0206512}} * {{TV.com show|spongebob-squarepants|SpongeBob SquarePants}} * {{dmoz|Kids_and_Teens/Entertainment/Animation/Cartoons/SpongeBob_SquarePants|''SpongeBob SquarePants''}} * [http://www.bcdb.com/cartoons/Other_Studios/N/Nickelodeon/Nicktoons_Productions/SpongeBob_SquarePants/index.html ''SpongeBob SquarePants''] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20121209054354/http://www.bcdb.com/cartoons/Other_Studios/N/Nickelodeon/Nicktoons_Productions/SpongeBob_SquarePants/index.html |date=2012-12-09 }} at the [[Big Cartoon DataBase]] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:SpongeBob SquarePants}} [[Category:1990s American televeesion series]] [[Category:1999 televeesion series debuts]] [[Category:2000s American animatit televeesion series]] [[Category:2000s American televeesion series]] [[Category:Nickelodeon shaws]] [[Category:2010s American animatit televeesion series]] [[Category:2010s American televeesion series]] [[Category:American animatit televeesion series]] [[Category:Childer's televeesion series]] [[Category:Inglis-leid televeesion programmes]] [[Category:Media franchises]] [[Category:Nicktoons]] [[Category:Televeesion programmes adaptit intae films]] [[Category:Televeesion programmes featurin anthropomorphic chairacters]] [[Category:Televeesion series aboot freendship]] [[Category:Unnerwatter feection]] bq0100xcveyfq28uz9lngb1zjz70zz2 0 133869 917763 882178 2026-06-04T17:00:10Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260604sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 917763 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox disease |Name = Obesity |Image = Obesity-waist circumference.svg |Caption = Silhouettes an waist circumferences representin normal, [[owerwicht]], an obese | Field = [[Endocrinology]] |DiseasesDB = 9099 |ICD10 = {{ICD10|E|66| |e|65}} |ICD9 = {{ICD9|278}} |MedlinePlus = 007297 |OMIM = 601665 |eMedicineSubj = med |eMedicineTopic = 1653 |MeshName = Obesity |MeshNumber = C23.888.144.699.500 | }} '''Obesity''' es a [[medical condeetion]] in which excess [[body fat]] haes accumulatit tae the extent that it mey hae a negative effect on heal, leadin tae reduced [[life expectancy]] an/or increased heal problems.<ref name="WHO 2000 p.6">WHO 2000 p.6</ref><ref name=HaslamJames>{{cite journal | author = Haslam DW, James WP | title = Obesity | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_october-1-7-2005_366_9492/page/1197 | journal = Lancet | volume = 366 | issue = 9492 | pages = 1197–209 | year = 2005 | pmid = 16198769 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67483-1 | type = Review }}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Obesity| ]] [[Category:Bariatrics]] [[Category:Body shape]] [[Category:Nutreetion]] 412h1iofzqoyaixl5rbbtslic35cvm1 0 138812 917802 905749 2026-06-05T10:12:16Z ~2026-33190-66 132434 /* */ 917802 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox philosopher |era = [[Age o Enlichtenment]] |image = Thomas Paine rev1.jpg{{!}}border |image_size = 225px |caption = Portrait bi Auguste Millière (1880)<br />ile on canvas |name = Thomas Paine |birth_name = Thomas Pain<ref name=JulesP1>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=9pha6K8kP7IC&pg=PP1&dq=A+J+Ayer+Paine|title=Thomas Paine|last=Ayer|first=Alfred Jules|page=1|isbn=0-226-03339-2|year=1990|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|postscript=<!--None-->}}</ref> |birth_date = Januar 29, 1737<ref name="Conway" group="Note">{{cite book|title=The Life of Thomas Paine|author=Conway, Moncure D.|others=[[William Cobbett|Cobbett, William]], Illustrator|authorlink=Moncure D. Conway|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=itUgoLAvk7QC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |publisher=[[G. P. Putnam's Sons]] |year=1908 |volume=Vol. I. p. 3 |accessdate=2013-10-02}} – In the contemporary record as notit bi Conway, Paine's birth date is prentit in Volume I, page 3, as 29 Januar, 1736–37. Common practice wis tae uise a dash or a slash tae separate the auld-style year frae the new-style year. Paine's birth date, atween 1 Januar, an 25 Mairch, advances bi eleiven days an his year increases bi ane tae Februar 9, 1737. The [[Auld Style an New Style dates|A.S.]] airtin gies mair detail if needit.</ref> <!--As consensus since 20 Feb 2010 see talk page--> |birth_place = {{nowrap|[[Thetford]], [[Norfolk]], [[Kinrick o Great Breetain|Great Breetain]]}} |death_date = {{Death date and age|mf=yes|1809|6|8|1737|1|29}} |death_place = {{nowrap|[[New York Ceety]], [[New York]], U.S.}} |school_tradition = Enlichtenment, [[Clessical liberalism|liberalism]], [[republicanism]] |main_interests = Politics, ethics, religion |religion = |signature = Thomas Paine Signature.svg |influences = [[Jacobin]], [[Voltaire]], [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]], [[John Locke]], [[Releegious Society o Friends]], [[Charles de Secondat, baron de Montesquieu|Montesquieu]], [[Benjamin Franklin]] |influenced = [[Thomas Jefferson]], [[William Godwin]], [[Mary Wollstonecraft]], [[Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud]], [[Abraham Lincoln]], [[Thomas Edison]], [[Mahatma Phule]], [[Moncure D. Conway]], [[Bertrand Russell]], [[Christopher Hitchens]], [[Robert G. Ingersoll]] |notable_ideas = }} '''Thomas Paine''' (Januar 29, 1737 – Juin 8, 1809) wis an Inglis-American poleetical activist, filosofer, poleetical theorist, an revolutionary. Ane o the [[Foondin Faithers o the Unitit States]], he authored the twa maist influential pamphlets at the stairt o the [[American Revolution]], an he inspired the [[Patriot (American Revolution)|rebels]] in 1776 tae declare unthirldom frae Breetain.<ref>{{cite book|first=James A.|last=Henretta|display-authors=et al.|title=America's History, Volume 1: To 1877|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5PmY3sBubw8C&pg=PA165|year=2011|publisher=Macmillan|page=165|isbn=9780312387914}}</ref> After the [[French Revolution]] he wis electit tae the French Naitional Assembly in 1792.<ref>https://www.thomaspaine.org/works/essays/french-revolution/address-to-the-people-of-france.html{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> His ideas reflected Enlightenment-era rhetoric of transnational human rights.<ref>Jason D. SolingerI. "Thomas Paine's Continental Mind". ''Early American Literature'' (2010) 45#3, Vol. 45 Issue 3, pp. 593-61.7</ref> ==Notes== <references group="Note"/> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Paine, Thomas}} [[Category:Thomas Paine| ]] [[Category:1737 births]] [[Category:1809 daiths]] [[Category:18t-century American writers]] [[Category:18t-century Inglis fowk]] [[Category:18t-century Inglis writers]] [[Category:19t-century American writers]] [[Category:19t-century Inglis fowk]] [[Category:Age o Enlichtenment]] [[Category:Agrarian theorists]] [[Category:American aboleetionists]] [[Category:American clessical liberals]] [[Category:American deists]] [[Category:American foreign policy writers]] [[Category:American libertarians]] [[Category:American male writers]] [[Category:American pamphlet writers]] [[Category:American political philosophers]] [[Category:American revolutionaries]] [[Category:Breetish clessical leeberals]] [[Category:Breetish fowk o the American Revolution]] [[Category:Breetish republicans]] [[Category:Buirials in New York]] [[Category:Creetics o releegions]] [[Category:Deist filosofers]] [[Category:Deputies tae the French Naitional Convention]] [[Category:Inglis businessfowk]] [[Category:Inglis inventors]] [[Category:Inglis writers]] [[Category:Enlichtenment philosophers]] [[Category:Hae o Fame for Great Americans inductees]] [[Category:History o New Rochelle, New York]] [[Category:Kinrick o Great Breetain emigrants tae the Thirteen Colonies]] [[Category:Members o the American Filosofical Society]] [[Category:Patriots in the American Revolution]] [[Category:Pennsylvanie poleetical activists]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Thetford Grammar Schuil]] [[Category:Fowk frae Bordentown, New Jersey]] [[Category:Fowk frae Greenwich Veelage]] [[Category:Fowk frae New Rochelle, New York]] [[Category:Fowk frae Thetford]] [[Category:Fowk o the American Enlichtenment]] [[Category:Fowk o wars o unthirldom o the Americas]] [[Category:Poleetical leaders o the American Revolution]] [[Category:Prisoners sentenced tae daith bi Fraunce]] [[Category:Releegious sceptics]] sja4xuh4rmb8daheb3feoxcs6adn1dq 917804 917802 2026-06-05T10:35:01Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Nae the Inglis wiki 917804 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox philosopher |era = [[Age o Enlichtenment]] |image = Thomas Paine rev1.jpg{{!}}border |image_size = 225px |caption = Portrait bi Auguste Millière (1880)<br />ile on canvas |name = Thomas Paine |birth_name = Thomas Pain<ref name=JulesP1>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=9pha6K8kP7IC&pg=PP1&dq=A+J+Ayer+Paine|title=Thomas Paine|last=Ayer|first=Alfred Jules|page=1|isbn=0-226-03339-2|year=1990|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|postscript=<!--None-->}}</ref> |birth_date = Januar 29, 1737<ref name="Conway" group="Note">{{cite book|title=The Life of Thomas Paine|author=Conway, Moncure D.|others=[[William Cobbett|Cobbett, William]], Illustrator|authorlink=Moncure D. Conway|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=itUgoLAvk7QC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |publisher=[[G. P. Putnam's Sons]] |year=1908 |volume=Vol. I. p. 3 |accessdate=2013-10-02}} – In the contemporary record as notit bi Conway, Paine's birth date is prentit in Volume I, page 3, as 29 Januar, 1736–37. Common practice wis tae uise a dash or a slash tae separate the auld-style year frae the new-style year. Paine's birth date, atween 1 Januar, an 25 Mairch, advances bi eleiven days an his year increases bi ane tae Februar 9, 1737. The [[Auld Style an New Style dates|A.S.]] airtin gies mair detail if needit.</ref> <!--As consensus since 20 Feb 2010 see talk page--> |birth_place = {{nowrap|[[Thetford]], [[Norfolk]], [[Kinrick o Great Breetain|Great Breetain]]}} |death_date = {{Death date and age|mf=yes|1809|6|8|1737|1|29}} |death_place = {{nowrap|[[New York Ceety]], [[New York]], U.S.}} |school_tradition = Enlichtenment, [[Clessical liberalism|liberalism]], [[republicanism]] |main_interests = Politics, ethics, releegion |religion = |signature = Thomas Paine Signature.svg |influences = [[Jacobin]], [[Voltaire]], [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]], [[John Locke]], [[Releegious Society o Friends]], [[Charles de Secondat, baron de Montesquieu|Montesquieu]], [[Benjamin Franklin]] |influenced = [[Thomas Jefferson]], [[William Godwin]], [[Mary Wollstonecraft]], [[Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud]], [[Abraham Lincoln]], [[Thomas Edison]], [[Mahatma Phule]], [[Moncure D. Conway]], [[Bertrand Russell]], [[Christopher Hitchens]], [[Robert G. Ingersoll]] |notable_ideas = }} '''Thomas Paine''' (Januar 29, 1737 – Juin 8, 1809) wis an Inglis-American poleetical activist, filosofer, poleetical theorist, an revolutionary. Ane o the [[Foondin Faithers o the Unitit States]], he authored the twa maist influential pamphlets at the stairt o the [[American Revolution]], an he inspired the [[Patriot (American Revolution)|rebels]] in 1776 tae declare unthirldom frae Breetain.<ref>{{cite book|first=James A.|last=Henretta|display-authors=et al.|title=America's History, Volume 1: To 1877|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5PmY3sBubw8C&pg=PA165|year=2011|publisher=Macmillan|page=165|isbn=9780312387914}}</ref> After the [[French Revolution]] he wis electit tae the French Naitional Assembly in 1792.<ref>https://www.thomaspaine.org/works/essays/french-revolution/address-to-the-people-of-france.html{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> His ideas reflected Enlightenment-era rhetoric of transnational human rights.<ref>Jason D. SolingerI. "Thomas Paine's Continental Mind". ''Early American Literature'' (2010) 45#3, Vol. 45 Issue 3, pp. 593-61.7</ref> ==Notes== <references group="Note"/> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Paine, Thomas}} [[Category:Thomas Paine| ]] [[Category:1737 births]] [[Category:1809 daiths]] [[Category:18t-century American writers]] [[Category:18t-century Inglis fowk]] [[Category:18t-century Inglis writers]] [[Category:19t-century American writers]] [[Category:19t-century Inglis fowk]] [[Category:Age o Enlichtenment]] [[Category:Agrarian theorists]] [[Category:American aboleetionists]] [[Category:American clessical liberals]] [[Category:American deists]] [[Category:American foreign policy writers]] [[Category:American libertarians]] [[Category:American male writers]] [[Category:American pamphlet writers]] [[Category:American political philosophers]] [[Category:American revolutionaries]] [[Category:Breetish clessical leeberals]] [[Category:Breetish fowk o the American Revolution]] [[Category:Breetish republicans]] [[Category:Buirials in New York]] [[Category:Creetics o releegions]] [[Category:Deist filosofers]] [[Category:Deputies tae the French Naitional Convention]] [[Category:Inglis businessfowk]] [[Category:Inglis inventors]] [[Category:Inglis writers]] [[Category:Enlichtenment philosophers]] [[Category:Hae o Fame for Great Americans inductees]] [[Category:History o New Rochelle, New York]] [[Category:Kinrick o Great Breetain emigrants tae the Thirteen Colonies]] [[Category:Members o the American Filosofical Society]] [[Category:Patriots in the American Revolution]] [[Category:Pennsylvanie poleetical activists]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Thetford Grammar Schuil]] [[Category:Fowk frae Bordentown, New Jersey]] [[Category:Fowk frae Greenwich Veelage]] [[Category:Fowk frae New Rochelle, New York]] [[Category:Fowk frae Thetford]] [[Category:Fowk o the American Enlichtenment]] [[Category:Fowk o wars o unthirldom o the Americas]] [[Category:Poleetical leaders o the American Revolution]] [[Category:Prisoners sentenced tae daith bi Fraunce]] [[Category:Releegious sceptics]] qyfhn3q8c3qtwgazk4asb6xqkzhbwsc 917808 917804 2026-06-05T10:40:57Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Mendit Scots 917808 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox philosopher |era = [[Age o Enlichtenment]] |image = Thomas Paine rev1.jpg{{!}}border |image_size = 225px |caption = Portrait bi Auguste Millière (1880)<br />ile on canvas |name = Thomas Paine |birth_name = Thomas Pain<ref name=JulesP1>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=9pha6K8kP7IC&pg=PP1&dq=A+J+Ayer+Paine|title=Thomas Paine|last=Ayer|first=Alfred Jules|page=1|isbn=0-226-03339-2|year=1990|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|postscript=<!--None-->}}</ref> |birth_date = Januar 29, 1737<ref name="Conway" group="Note">{{cite book|title=The Life of Thomas Paine|author=Conway, Moncure D.|others=[[William Cobbett|Cobbett, William]], Illustrator|authorlink=Moncure D. Conway|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=itUgoLAvk7QC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |publisher=[[G. P. Putnam's Sons]] |year=1908 |volume=Vol. I. p. 3 |accessdate=2013-10-02}} – In the contemporary record as notit bi Conway, Paine's birth date is prentit in Volume I, page 3, as 29 Januar, 1736–37. Common practice wis tae uise a dash or a slash tae separate the auld-style year frae the new-style year. Paine's birth date, atween 1 Januar, an 25 Mairch, advances bi eleiven days an his year increases bi ane tae Februar 9, 1737. The [[Auld Style an New Style dates|A.S.]] airtin gies mair detail if needit.</ref> <!--As consensus since 20 Feb 2010 see talk page--> |birth_place = {{nowrap|[[Thetford]], [[Norfolk]], [[Kinrick o Great Breetain|Great Breetain]]}} |death_date = {{Death date and age|mf=yes|1809|6|8|1737|1|29}} |death_place = {{nowrap|[[New York Ceety]], [[New York]], U.S.}} |school_tradition = Enlichtenment, [[Clessical liberalism|liberalism]], [[republicanism]] |main_interests = Politics, ethics, releegion |religion = |signature = Thomas Paine Signature.svg |influences = [[Jacobin]], [[Voltaire]], [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]], [[John Locke]], [[Releegious Society o Friends]], [[Charles de Secondat, baron de Montesquieu|Montesquieu]], [[Benjamin Franklin]] |influenced = [[Thomas Jefferson]], [[William Godwin]], [[Mary Wollstonecraft]], [[Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud]], [[Abraham Lincoln]], [[Thomas Edison]], [[Mahatma Phule]], [[Moncure D. Conway]], [[Bertrand Russell]], [[Christopher Hitchens]], [[Robert G. Ingersoll]] |notable_ideas = }} '''Thomas Paine''' (Januar 29, 1737 – Juin 8, 1809) wis an Inglis-American poleetical activist, filosofer, poleetical theorist, an revolutionary. Ane o the [[Foondin Faithers o the Unitit States]], he authored the twa maist influential pamphlets at the stairt o the [[American Revolution]], an he inspired the [[Patriot (American Revolution)|rebels]] in 1776 tae declare unthirldom frae Breetain.<ref>{{cite book|first=James A.|last=Henretta|display-authors=et al.|title=America's History, Volume 1: To 1877|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5PmY3sBubw8C&pg=PA165|year=2011|publisher=Macmillan|page=165|isbn=9780312387914}}</ref> Efter the [[French Revolution]] he wis electit tae the French Naitional Assembly in 1792.<ref>https://www.thomaspaine.org/works/essays/french-revolution/address-to-the-people-of-france.html{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> His ideas reflectit Enlichtenment-era rhetoric o transnaitional bodie richts.<ref>Jason D. SolingerI. "Thomas Paine's Continental Mind". ''Early American Literature'' (2010) 45#3, Vol. 45 Issue 3, pp. 593-61.7</ref> ==Notes== <references group="Note"/> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Paine, Thomas}} [[Category:Thomas Paine| ]] [[Category:1737 births]] [[Category:1809 daiths]] [[Category:18t-century American writers]] [[Category:18t-century Inglis fowk]] [[Category:18t-century Inglis writers]] [[Category:19t-century American writers]] [[Category:19t-century Inglis fowk]] [[Category:Age o Enlichtenment]] [[Category:Agrarian theorists]] [[Category:American aboleetionists]] [[Category:American clessical liberals]] [[Category:American deists]] [[Category:American foreign policy writers]] [[Category:American libertarians]] [[Category:American male writers]] [[Category:American pamphlet writers]] [[Category:American political philosophers]] [[Category:American revolutionaries]] [[Category:Breetish clessical leeberals]] [[Category:Breetish fowk o the American Revolution]] [[Category:Breetish republicans]] [[Category:Buirials in New York]] [[Category:Creetics o releegions]] [[Category:Deist filosofers]] [[Category:Deputies tae the French Naitional Convention]] [[Category:Inglis businessfowk]] [[Category:Inglis inventors]] [[Category:Inglis writers]] [[Category:Enlichtenment philosophers]] [[Category:Hae o Fame for Great Americans inductees]] [[Category:History o New Rochelle, New York]] [[Category:Kinrick o Great Breetain emigrants tae the Thirteen Colonies]] [[Category:Members o the American Filosofical Society]] [[Category:Patriots in the American Revolution]] [[Category:Pennsylvanie poleetical activists]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Thetford Grammar Schuil]] [[Category:Fowk frae Bordentown, New Jersey]] [[Category:Fowk frae Greenwich Veelage]] [[Category:Fowk frae New Rochelle, New York]] [[Category:Fowk frae Thetford]] [[Category:Fowk o the American Enlichtenment]] [[Category:Fowk o wars o unthirldom o the Americas]] [[Category:Poleetical leaders o the American Revolution]] [[Category:Prisoners sentenced tae daith bi Fraunce]] [[Category:Releegious sceptics]] 47jkq8uhxz74j5eqots6zrfrmny5z46 917809 917808 2026-06-05T10:42:50Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 dmy 917809 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox philosopher |era = [[Age o Enlichtenment]] |image = Thomas Paine rev1.jpg{{!}}border |image_size = 225px |caption = Portrait bi Auguste Millière (1880)<br />ile on canvas |name = Thomas Paine |birth_name = Thomas Pain<ref name=JulesP1>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=9pha6K8kP7IC&pg=PP1&dq=A+J+Ayer+Paine|title=Thomas Paine|last=Ayer|first=Alfred Jules|page=1|isbn=0-226-03339-2|year=1990|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|postscript=<!--None-->}}</ref> |birth_date = 29 Januar 1737<ref name="Conway" group="Note">{{cite book|title=The Life of Thomas Paine|author=Conway, Moncure D.|others=[[William Cobbett|Cobbett, William]], Illustrator|authorlink=Moncure D. Conway|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=itUgoLAvk7QC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |publisher=[[G. P. Putnam's Sons]] |year=1908 |volume=Vol. I. p. 3 |accessdate=2013-10-02}} – In the contemporary record as notit bi Conway, Paine's birth date is prentit in Volume I, page 3, as 29 Januar, 1736–37. Common practice wis tae uise a dash or a slash tae separate the auld-style year frae the new-style year. Paine's birth date, atween 1 Januar, an 25 Mairch, advances bi eleiven days an his year increases bi ane tae Februar 9, 1737. The [[Auld Style an New Style dates|A.S.]] airtin gies mair detail if needit.</ref> <!--As consensus since 20 Feb 2010 see talk page--> |birth_place = {{nowrap|[[Thetford]], [[Norfolk]], [[Kinrick o Great Breetain|Great Breetain]]}} |death_date = {{Death date and age|mf=yes|1809|6|8|1737|1|29}} |death_place = {{nowrap|[[New York Ceety]], [[New York]], U.S.}} |school_tradition = Enlichtenment, [[Clessical liberalism|liberalism]], [[republicanism]] |main_interests = Politics, ethics, releegion |religion = |signature = Thomas Paine Signature.svg |influences = [[Jacobin]], [[Voltaire]], [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]], [[John Locke]], [[Releegious Society o Friends]], [[Charles de Secondat, baron de Montesquieu|Montesquieu]], [[Benjamin Franklin]] |influenced = [[Thomas Jefferson]], [[William Godwin]], [[Mary Wollstonecraft]], [[Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud]], [[Abraham Lincoln]], [[Thomas Edison]], [[Mahatma Phule]], [[Moncure D. Conway]], [[Bertrand Russell]], [[Christopher Hitchens]], [[Robert G. Ingersoll]] |notable_ideas = }} '''Thomas Paine''' (Januar 29, 1737 – Juin 8, 1809) wis an Inglis-American poleetical activist, filosofer, poleetical theorist, an revolutionary. Ane o the [[Foondin Faithers o the Unitit States]], he authored the twa maist influential pamphlets at the stairt o the [[American Revolution]], an he inspired the [[Patriot (American Revolution)|rebels]] in 1776 tae declare unthirldom frae Breetain.<ref>{{cite book|first=James A.|last=Henretta|display-authors=et al.|title=America's History, Volume 1: To 1877|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5PmY3sBubw8C&pg=PA165|year=2011|publisher=Macmillan|page=165|isbn=9780312387914}}</ref> Efter the [[French Revolution]] he wis electit tae the French Naitional Assembly in 1792.<ref>https://www.thomaspaine.org/works/essays/french-revolution/address-to-the-people-of-france.html{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> His ideas reflectit Enlichtenment-era rhetoric o transnaitional bodie richts.<ref>Jason D. SolingerI. "Thomas Paine's Continental Mind". ''Early American Literature'' (2010) 45#3, Vol. 45 Issue 3, pp. 593-61.7</ref> ==Notes== <references group="Note"/> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Paine, Thomas}} [[Category:Thomas Paine| ]] [[Category:1737 births]] [[Category:1809 daiths]] [[Category:18t-century American writers]] [[Category:18t-century Inglis fowk]] [[Category:18t-century Inglis writers]] [[Category:19t-century American writers]] [[Category:19t-century Inglis fowk]] [[Category:Age o Enlichtenment]] [[Category:Agrarian theorists]] [[Category:American aboleetionists]] [[Category:American clessical liberals]] [[Category:American deists]] [[Category:American foreign policy writers]] [[Category:American libertarians]] [[Category:American male writers]] [[Category:American pamphlet writers]] [[Category:American political philosophers]] [[Category:American revolutionaries]] [[Category:Breetish clessical leeberals]] [[Category:Breetish fowk o the American Revolution]] [[Category:Breetish republicans]] [[Category:Buirials in New York]] [[Category:Creetics o releegions]] [[Category:Deist filosofers]] [[Category:Deputies tae the French Naitional Convention]] [[Category:Inglis businessfowk]] [[Category:Inglis inventors]] [[Category:Inglis writers]] [[Category:Enlichtenment philosophers]] [[Category:Hae o Fame for Great Americans inductees]] [[Category:History o New Rochelle, New York]] [[Category:Kinrick o Great Breetain emigrants tae the Thirteen Colonies]] [[Category:Members o the American Filosofical Society]] [[Category:Patriots in the American Revolution]] [[Category:Pennsylvanie poleetical activists]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Thetford Grammar Schuil]] [[Category:Fowk frae Bordentown, New Jersey]] [[Category:Fowk frae Greenwich Veelage]] [[Category:Fowk frae New Rochelle, New York]] [[Category:Fowk frae Thetford]] [[Category:Fowk o the American Enlichtenment]] [[Category:Fowk o wars o unthirldom o the Americas]] [[Category:Poleetical leaders o the American Revolution]] [[Category:Prisoners sentenced tae daith bi Fraunce]] [[Category:Releegious sceptics]] 338rxnvhytol5tpkxrmrcvp2vj4wz6h 917810 917809 2026-06-05T10:43:15Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 dmy 917810 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox philosopher |era = [[Age o Enlichtenment]] |image = Thomas Paine rev1.jpg{{!}}border |image_size = 225px |caption = Portrait bi Auguste Millière (1880)<br />ile on canvas |name = Thomas Paine |birth_name = Thomas Pain<ref name=JulesP1>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=9pha6K8kP7IC&pg=PP1&dq=A+J+Ayer+Paine|title=Thomas Paine|last=Ayer|first=Alfred Jules|page=1|isbn=0-226-03339-2|year=1990|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|postscript=<!--None-->}}</ref> |birth_date = 29 Januar 1737<ref name="Conway" group="Note">{{cite book|title=The Life of Thomas Paine|author=Conway, Moncure D.|others=[[William Cobbett|Cobbett, William]], Illustrator|authorlink=Moncure D. Conway|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=itUgoLAvk7QC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |publisher=[[G. P. Putnam's Sons]] |year=1908 |volume=Vol. I. p. 3 |accessdate=2013-10-02}} – In the contemporary record as notit bi Conway, Paine's birth date is prentit in Volume I, page 3, as 29 Januar, 1736–37. Common practice wis tae uise a dash or a slash tae separate the auld-style year frae the new-style year. Paine's birth date, atween 1 Januar, an 25 Mairch, advances bi eleiven days an his year increases bi ane tae Februar 9, 1737. The [[Auld Style an New Style dates|A.S.]] airtin gies mair detail if needit.</ref> <!--As consensus since 20 Feb 2010 see talk page--> |birth_place = {{nowrap|[[Thetford]], [[Norfolk]], [[Kinrick o Great Breetain|Great Breetain]]}} |death_date = {{Death date and age|mf=yes|1809|6|8|1737|1|29}} |death_place = {{nowrap|[[New York Ceety]], [[New York]], U.S.}} |school_tradition = Enlichtenment, [[Clessical liberalism|liberalism]], [[republicanism]] |main_interests = Politics, ethics, releegion |religion = |signature = Thomas Paine Signature.svg |influences = [[Jacobin]], [[Voltaire]], [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]], [[John Locke]], [[Releegious Society o Friends]], [[Charles de Secondat, baron de Montesquieu|Montesquieu]], [[Benjamin Franklin]] |influenced = [[Thomas Jefferson]], [[William Godwin]], [[Mary Wollstonecraft]], [[Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud]], [[Abraham Lincoln]], [[Thomas Edison]], [[Mahatma Phule]], [[Moncure D. Conway]], [[Bertrand Russell]], [[Christopher Hitchens]], [[Robert G. Ingersoll]] |notable_ideas = }} '''Thomas Paine''' (29 Januar 1737 – 8 Juin 1809) wis an Inglis-American poleetical activist, filosofer, poleetical theorist, an revolutionary. Ane o the [[Foondin Faithers o the Unitit States]], he authored the twa maist influential pamphlets at the stairt o the [[American Revolution]], an he inspired the [[Patriot (American Revolution)|rebels]] in 1776 tae declare unthirldom frae Breetain.<ref>{{cite book|first=James A.|last=Henretta|display-authors=et al.|title=America's History, Volume 1: To 1877|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5PmY3sBubw8C&pg=PA165|year=2011|publisher=Macmillan|page=165|isbn=9780312387914}}</ref> Efter the [[French Revolution]] he wis electit tae the French Naitional Assembly in 1792.<ref>https://www.thomaspaine.org/works/essays/french-revolution/address-to-the-people-of-france.html{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> His ideas reflectit Enlichtenment-era rhetoric o transnaitional bodie richts.<ref>Jason D. SolingerI. "Thomas Paine's Continental Mind". ''Early American Literature'' (2010) 45#3, Vol. 45 Issue 3, pp. 593-61.7</ref> ==Notes== <references group="Note"/> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Paine, Thomas}} [[Category:Thomas Paine| ]] [[Category:1737 births]] [[Category:1809 daiths]] [[Category:18t-century American writers]] [[Category:18t-century Inglis fowk]] [[Category:18t-century Inglis writers]] [[Category:19t-century American writers]] [[Category:19t-century Inglis fowk]] [[Category:Age o Enlichtenment]] [[Category:Agrarian theorists]] [[Category:American aboleetionists]] [[Category:American clessical liberals]] [[Category:American deists]] [[Category:American foreign policy writers]] [[Category:American libertarians]] [[Category:American male writers]] [[Category:American pamphlet writers]] [[Category:American political philosophers]] [[Category:American revolutionaries]] [[Category:Breetish clessical leeberals]] [[Category:Breetish fowk o the American Revolution]] [[Category:Breetish republicans]] [[Category:Buirials in New York]] [[Category:Creetics o releegions]] [[Category:Deist filosofers]] [[Category:Deputies tae the French Naitional Convention]] [[Category:Inglis businessfowk]] [[Category:Inglis inventors]] [[Category:Inglis writers]] [[Category:Enlichtenment philosophers]] [[Category:Hae o Fame for Great Americans inductees]] [[Category:History o New Rochelle, New York]] [[Category:Kinrick o Great Breetain emigrants tae the Thirteen Colonies]] [[Category:Members o the American Filosofical Society]] [[Category:Patriots in the American Revolution]] [[Category:Pennsylvanie poleetical activists]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Thetford Grammar Schuil]] [[Category:Fowk frae Bordentown, New Jersey]] [[Category:Fowk frae Greenwich Veelage]] [[Category:Fowk frae New Rochelle, New York]] [[Category:Fowk frae Thetford]] [[Category:Fowk o the American Enlichtenment]] [[Category:Fowk o wars o unthirldom o the Americas]] [[Category:Poleetical leaders o the American Revolution]] [[Category:Prisoners sentenced tae daith bi Fraunce]] [[Category:Releegious sceptics]] oxqncha4emegt27xacqkijhmvxqvycd 0 143580 917775 854659 2026-06-04T17:08:49Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 2 books for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260604sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 917775 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}}{{Infobox anatomy | Name = Clitoris | Latin = | Image = Clitoris Anatomy.svg | Caption = The inner anatomy o the human [[vulva]], wi the [[clitoral huid]] an [[labia minora]] shawn as lines. The clitoris extends frae the visible bit tae a pynt ablo the pubic bane. | Width = 280px | Image2 = Clitoris glans - detailed.jpg | Caption2 = Location o clitoral glans (2) an [[clitoral huid]] (1) | Precursor = [[Genital tubercle]] | System = | Artery = [[Dorsal artery o clitoris]], [[deep artery o clitoris]] | Vein = [[Superficial dorsal veins o clitoris]], [[deep dorsal vein o clitoris]] | Nerve = [[Dorsal nerve o clitoris]] | Lymph = }} The '''clitoris''' is a female [[sex organ]] at kythes in [[mammal]]s, [[ostrich]]es an a feck o ither beists. In humans, the ledgin pairt - the glauns - is at the foreside infa o the labia minora (inner lips), abuin the apen o the [[urethra]]. The [[penis]], the male marrow tae the clitoris, haes a selsame affgaun lang afore birth, bit they sinder forther in the oncome. For it is blin, the clitoris is unpurpose tae mak watter or for reproduction. While few ainimals mak urine thro the clitoris or uise it affaerin tae reproduction, the spottit hyena mair bi token is kenspeckle for a gye muckle clitoris nor it uisses for makkin watter, mow, an giein birth. A feck o ither ainimals, sic as lemurs, pugs, an moudiewarts hae a muckle clitoris forby.<ref name="Goodman_Roughgarden_Wingfield"> {{harvnb|Goodman|2009}}; {{harvnb|Roughgarden|2004|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=dASsUFtN57sC&pg=PA37 37–40]}}; {{harvnb|Wingfield|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/?id=11f2zMjqqVkC&pg=PA2023 2023]}} </ref> The clitoris is the human female's maist kittlie pairt an maistlins the foremaist bodily wallee o human female [[Human sexuality|sexual]] pleisur.<ref name="Rodgers_O'Connell_Greenberg_Weiten_Carroll"> {{harvnb|Rodgers|2003|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=eJutAwmKCPEC&pg=PA92 92–93]}}; {{harvnb|O'Connell|Sanjeevan|Hutson|2005|pp=1189–1195}}; {{harvnb|Greenberg|Bruess|Conklin|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6b36v8JHznIC&pg=PA95 95]}}; {{harvnb|Weiten|Dunn|Hammer|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=CGu96TeAZo0C&pg=PT423 386]}}: {{harvnb|Carroll|2012|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=RY0n2CGS5EcC&pg=PT154 110–111], [https://books.google.com/books?id=RY0n2CGS5EcC&pg=PT296 252]}} </ref> The clitoris is a quirkie lith, an its bin an kittliness micht differ frae woman tae woman. The heid o the human clitoris is nae mair in its binn nor a pease, an is thocht tae hae 8,000 sensory nerve endins or thereby.<ref name="Carroll_Di Marino"> {{harvnb|Carroll|2012|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=RY0n2CGS5EcC&pg=PT154 110–111], [https://books.google.com/books?id=RY0n2CGS5EcC&pg=PT296 252]}}; {{harvnb|Di Marino|2014|p=81}} </ref> [[Sexology|Sexological]] an medical debate hae focused on the clitoris, an it haes an aw been the subject o [[Sociology|sociological]] (includin social constructionist) analyses an studies.<ref name="Moore_Blechner"> {{harvnb|Moore|Clarke|1995}}; {{harvnb|Blechner|2017}} </ref> Sic discussions range frae anatomical accuracy, gender inequality, [[orgasm]]ic factors an thair physiological explanation for the G-spot.<ref name="Moore_Blechner_Schwartz_Wood"> {{harvnb|Moore|Clarke|1995}}; {{harvnb|Blechner|2017}}; {{harvnb|Schwartz|Kempner|2015|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=p0goBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA24 24]}}; {{harvnb|Wood|2017|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=GFsvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT68 68-69]}}; </ref> Awtho, in humans, the anerly kent purpose o the clitoris is tae provide sexual pleisur, whather the clitoris is vestigial, an [[adaptation]], or serves a reproductive function haes been debatit.<ref name="Rodgers_O'Connell_Kilchevsky"> {{harvnb|Rodgers|2003|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=eJutAwmKCPEC&pg=PA92 92–93]}}; {{harvnb|O'Connell|Sanjeevan|Hutson|2005|pp=1189–1195}}; {{harvnb|Kilchevsky|Vardi|Lowenstein|Gruenwald|2012|pp=719–726}} </ref> Social perceptions o the clitoris include the significance o its role in female sexual pleisur, assumptions aboot its true size an depth, an varyin beliefs regairdin genital modification sic as clitoris enlargement, clitoris piercin an clitoridectomy.<ref name="Ogletree_Chalker_Momoh"> {{harvnb|Ogletree|Ginsburg|2000|pp=917–926}}; {{harvnb|Chalker|2002|p=[https://books.google.com/?id=m3m3_Uq8qWkC&pg=PA60 60]}}; {{harvnb|Momoh|2005|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=dVjIP0RfVAMC&pg=PA5 5–11]}} </ref> Genital modification mey be for aesthetic, medical or cultural reasons.<ref name="Ogletree_Chalker_Momoh"/> Knawledge o the clitoris is significantly impactit bi cultural perceptions o the organ. Studies suggest thit knawledge anent its existence an anatomy is scant in comparison wi that o ither sexual organs, an that mair eddication anent it coud help alleviate social stigmas associatit wi the female bouk an female sexual pleisur; for ensaumple, that the clitoris an [[vulva]] in general are visually unappealin, that female [[masturbation]] is tabu, or that men shoud be expectit tae maister an control weemen's orgasms.<ref name="Ogletree_Wade_Waskul"> {{harvnb|Ogletree|Ginsburg|2000|pp=917–926}}; {{harvnb|Wade|Kremer|Brown|2005|pp=117–138}}; {{harvnb|Waskul|Vannini|Wiesen|2007|pp=151–174}} </ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ===Soorces=== {{Refbegin|30em}} *{{cite journal |last1= Blechner |first1=Mark J.|title=The Clitoris: Anatomical and Psychological Issues |journal=Studies in Gender and Sexuality]|volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=190-200|date=2017|doi=10.1080/15240657.2017.1349509 |ref=harv}} *{{cite book |last=Carroll |first=Janell L. |title=Sexuality Now: Embracing Diversity |publisher=[[Cengage Learning]] |year=2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RY0n2CGS5EcC&pg=PP1 |isbn=978-1-111-83581-1 |ref=harv }} <!-- |accessdate=September 12, 2012 --> *{{cite book |last=Chalker |first=Rebecca |year=2002 |origyear=2000 |title=The Clitoral Truth |publisher=Seven Seas Press |isbn=978-1-58322-473-1 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=m3m3_Uq8qWkC&pg=PP1 |ref=harv }} <!-- |accessdate=2012-11-27 --> *{{cite book |last=Di Marino |first=Vincent |title=Anatomic Study of the Clitoris and the Bulbo-Clitoral Organ |publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer]] |year=2014 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wKMpBAAAQBAJ&dq=gbs_navlinks_s |isbn=3319048945 |ref=harv }} <!-- |accessdate=September 4, 2014 --> * {{cite book |last=Goodman |first=S. |editor-last=Wilson |editor-first=D |editor2-last=Mittermeier |editor2-first=R |chapter=Family Eupleridae (Madagascar Carnivores) |title=Handbook of the Mammals of the World |volume=1: Carnivores |year=2009 |publisher=Lynx Edicions |isbn=978-84-96553-49-1 |url=http://www.lynxeds.com/hmw/species-accounts/hmw-1-species-accounts-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens |ref=harv |access-date=2018-06-01 |archive-date=2011-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725081653/http://www.lynxeds.com/hmw/species-accounts/hmw-1-species-accounts-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens |url-status=dead }} <!-- |accessdate=November 27, 2012 --> *{{cite book |last=Greenberg |first=Jerrold S. |first2=Clint E. |last2=Bruess |first3=Sarah C |last3=Conklin |title=Exploring the Dimensions of Human Sexuality |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning |isbn=978-0-7637-7660-2 |year=2010 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1NC5R0RozBYC&pg=PP1 |ref=harv }} <!-- |accessdate=November 15, 2012 --> *{{cite journal |last1=Kilchevsky |first1=Amichai |last2=Vardi |first2=Yoram |last3=Lowenstein |first3=Lior |last4=Gruenwald |first4=Ilan |title=Is the Female G-Spot Truly a Distinct Anatomic Entity? |journal=[[The Journal of Sexual Medicine]] |volume= 9|issue=3 |pages=719–26 |date=January 2012|pmid=22240236 |doi=10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02623.x |ref=harv}} *{{cite book |last=Momoh |first=Comfort |authorlink=Comfort Momoh |chapter=1: Female Genital Mutilation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dVjIP0RfVAMC&pg=PP1 |title=Female Genital Mutilation |editor-last=Momoh |editor-first=Comfort |publisher=Radcliffe Publishing |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-85775-693-7 |ref=harv }} <!-- |accessdate=November 27, 2012 --> *{{cite journal |last1=Moore |first1=Lisa Jean |last2= Clarke |first2=Adele E.|title=Clitoral Conventions and Transgressions: Graphic Representations in Anatomy Texts, c1900-1991 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_feminist-studies_summer-1995_21_2/page/255 |journal=[[Feminist Studies]]|volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=255-301 |date=April 1995|doi=10.2307/3178262 |ref=harv}} *{{cite journal |last=Ogletree |first=Shirley Matile |last2=Ginsburg |first2=Harvey J. |year=2000 |title=Kept Under the Hood: Neglect of the Clitoris in Common Vernacular |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_sex-roles_2000-12_43_11-12/page/917 |journal=[[Sex Roles (journal)|Sex Roles]] |volume=43 |issue=11–12 |pages=917–26 |doi=10.1023/A:1011093123517 |ref=harv}} *{{cite journal |last1=O'Connell |first1=Helen E. |last2=Sanjeevan |first2=Kalavampara V. |last3=Hutson |first3=John M. |title=Anatomy of the clitoris |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-urology_2005-10_174_4/page/1189 |journal=The Journal of Urology |volume=174 |issue=4 |pages=1189–95 |date=October 2005 |pmid=16145367 |doi=10.1097/01.ju.0000173639.38898.cd |ref=harv}} *{{cite book |last=Rodgers |first=Joann Ellison |title=Sex: A Natural History |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]] |year=2003 |isbn=0805072810 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eJutAwmKCPEC&dq=gbs_navlinks_s |ref=harv }} <!-- |accessdate=September 4, 2014 --> *{{cite book |last=Roughgarden |first=Joan |year=2004 |title=Evolution's Rainbow: Diversity, Gender, and Sexuality in Nature and People |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=978-0-520-24073-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dASsUFtN57sC&pg=PP1 |ref=harv }} <!-- |accessdate=November 9, 2013 --> *{{cite book|last=Schwartz|first=Pepper|first2=Martha|last2=Kempner|year=2015|title=50 Great Myths of Human Sexuality|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]|isbn=0470674334|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p0goBgAAQBAJ&pg|ref=harv}} <!-- |accessdate=March 11, 2018 --> *{{cite journal |last1=Wade |first1=Lisa D. |last2=Kremer |first2=Emily C. |last3=Brown |first3=Jessica |title=The Incidental Orgasm: The Presence of Clitoral Knowledge and the Absence of Orgasm for Women |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_women-health_2005_42_1/page/117 |journal=[[Women & Health]] |volume= 42|issue=1 |pages=117–38 |pmid=16418125 |year=2005 |doi=10.1300/J013v42n01_07 |ref=harv}} *{{cite journal |last=Waskul |first=Dennis D. |last2= Vannini |first2=Phillip |last3=Wiesen |first3=Desiree|title=Women and Their Clitoris: Personal Discovery, Signification, and Use |journal=[[Symbolic Interaction (jurnal)|Symbolic Interaction]] |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=151–74 |year=2007 |doi=10.1525/si.2007.30.2.151 |ref=harv}} *{{cite book |last=Weiten |first=Wayne |first2=Dana S. |last2=Dunn |first3=Elizabeth Yost |last3=Hammer |title=Psychology Applied to Modern Life: Adjustment in the 21st century |isbn=978-1-111-18663-0 |publisher=[[Cengage Learning]] |year=2011 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CGu96TeAZo0C&pg=PP1 |ref=harv }} <!-- |accessdate=November 9, 201 --> *{{cite book |last=Wingfield |first=John C |editor-last=Neill |editor-first=Jimmy D |year=2006 |chapter=Communicative Behaviors Hormone–Behavior Interactions, and Reproduction in Vertebrates |title=Physiology of Reproduction |volume=2 |isbn=978-0-12-515402-4 |publisher=[[Gulf Professional Publishing]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=11f2zMjqqVkC&pg=PP1 |ref=harv }} <!-- |accessdate=November 27, 2012 --> *{{cite book|last=Wood|first=Rachel|year=2017|title=Consumer Sexualities: Women and Sex Shopping|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=1315447509|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GFsvDwAAQBAJ&pg|ref=harv}} <!-- |accessdate=March 11, 2018 --> {{refend}} {{Authority control}} hj48e02g6c3fpilclj5xmt9stvpeyoi 0 146010 917697 905619 2026-06-04T14:05:25Z Makenzis 43742 917697 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club | clubname = Slovan Bratislava | current = 2014–15 ŠK Slovan Bratislava saison | image = [[File:SK Slovan BA.png|230px|logo]] | fullname = Športový klub Slovan Bratislava futbal, a.s. | nickname = ''Belasí'' (Sky blues)<br />''Jastrabi z Tehelného poľa'' (The Hawks frae Brickfield)<br /> ''Králi Bratislavy'' (Keengs o Bratislava) | founded = {{Start date and years ago|df=yes|1919|5|3}}<br />as ''1. ČsŠK Bratislava'' | ground = [[Pasienky]], [[Bratislava]] | capacity = 11,591<ref>http://www.skslovan.com/index.php?context=13</ref> | owner = [[Ivan Kmotrík]] | chairman = [[Ivan Kmotrík]] | manager = [[Nikodimos Papavasiliou]] | league = [[Slovak First Fitbaa League|Fortuna Liga]] | season = 2025–26 | position = 1:t | website = http://www.skslovan.com/ | pattern_la1=_sk slovan bratislava1213h|pattern_b1=_sk slovan bratislava1213h|pattern_ra1=_sk slovan bratislava1213h|pattern_sh1=_sk slovan bratislava1213h|pattern_so1=_color_3_stripes_white | leftarm1= |body1= |rightarm1= |shorts1= |socks1=6dc7d9 | pattern_la2=_sk slovan bratislava1213a|pattern_b2=_sk slovan bratislava1213a|pattern_ra2=_sk slovan bratislava1213a|pattern_sh2= | pattern_so2=_sk slovan bratislava1213a | leftarm2= |body2= |rightarm2= |shorts2= 000040 |socks2= }} '''ŠK Slovan Bratislava''' ({{IPA-sk|ˈsloʋan ˈbracislaʋa|}}, "[[Bratislava]] [[Slav]]") is a [[association fitbaw|fitbaw]] club based in [[Bratislava]], [[Slovakie]], that plays in the [[Slovak Super Liga]]. ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sk Slovan Bratislava}} [[Category:ŠK Slovan Bratislava| ]] [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Slovakie|Bratislava, Slovan]] [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Bratislava|Bratislava, Slovan]] [[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in 1919]] [[Category:Czechoslovak First League clubs|Bratislava, Slovan]] [[Category:1919 establishments in Slovakie]] [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Czechoslovakie|Bratislava, Slovan]] 2gxz2ri9fw3xufhjw5uc6azlg5bbbhl 0 154051 917715 828334 2026-06-04T16:16:11Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260604sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 917715 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox philosopher |region = [[Jewish filosofie]] |era = [[Medieval Filosofie]] |image = Maimonides-2.jpg |caption = 18t-century portrait o Maimonides |name = Moshe ben Maimon ("Maimonides") |birth_date = 1135 |birth_place = [[Córdoba, Spain|Cordova]], [[Almoravid Empire]] <small>(present-day [[Spain]])</small> |death_date = 12 December 1204 (aged 69) |death_place = [[Fustat|Fostat]], [[Egyp]], or [[Cairo]], Egyp<ref name="goldin">Goldin, Hyman E. ''[[Shulchan Aruch|Kitzur Shulchan Aruch]] – Code of Jewish Law'', Forward to the New Edition. (New York: Hebrew Publishing Company, 1961)</ref> |religion = [[Judaism]] |school_tradition = [[Jewish law]], [[Jewish ethics]] |influences = [[Talmud]], [[Aristotle]], [[al-Farabi]], [[Avicenna]], [[Avempace]], [[Averroes]], [[Al-Ghazali|Algazel]]<ref name="H-Net">{{cite web |url=http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=227091077594594 |title=H-Net}}</ref><ref name="Islamic Influences">{{cite web |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/maimonides-islamic/ |title=Maimonides Islamic Influences |work=Plato |publisher=Stanford}}</ref> |influenced = [[Jeremiah Stamler]], [[Baruch Spinoza|Spinoza]], [[Thomas Aquinas|Aquinas]], [[James Joyce|Joyce]], [[Jean Bodin|Bodin]], [[Gottfried Leibniz|Leibniz]], [[Isaac Newton|Newton]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.achgut.com/dadgdx/index.php/dadgd/article/issac_newton_judaic_monotheist_of_the_school_of_maimonides/ |title=Isaac Newton: "Judaic monotheist of the school of Maimonides" |publisher=Achgut.com |date=2007-06-19 |accessdate=2010-03-13}}</ref> [[Leo Strauss|Strauss]], [[Michael Friedländer|Friedländer]], [[Emmanuel Levinas|Levinas]] |signature = Firma de Maimonides.svg }} '''Moshe ben Maimon''' ({{lang-he|משה בן מימון}} ''Moshe ben Maymon''), or '''Mūsā ibn Maymūn''' ({{lang-ar|موسى بن ميمون}}), [[Leet o rabbis kent bi acronyms|acronymed]] '''Rambam''' ({{lang-he|רמב״ם}} – for "'''''R'''abbeinu '''M'''oshe '''B'''en '''M'''aimon''", "Oor Rabbi/Teacher Moses Son o Maimon"), an [[Greek leid|Graecised]] (an subsequently [[Laitinisation o names|Laitinised]]) '''Moses Maimonides''', a preeminent medieval [[Sephardi Jews|Sephardic Jewish]] [[Jewish filosofie|filosofer]] an [[astronomer]],<ref>Maimonides: Abū ʿImrān Mūsā [Moses] ibn ʿUbayd Allāh [Maymūn] al‐Qurṭubī [http://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Maimonides_BEA.htm]</ref> became ane o the maist prolific an influential [[Torah]] scholars an pheesicians<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.med.uottawa.ca/historyofmedicine/hetenyi/levinoff.htm |title=A Biographical and Historiographical Critique of Moses Maimonides |access-date=2016-08-23 |archive-date=2015-09-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905060421/http://www.med.uottawa.ca/historyofmedicine/hetenyi/levinoff.htm |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|pmid=10493314|journal=Arch Intern Med |year=1999 |volume=159|issue=16|pages=1841–5|title=Moses Maimonides: medieval physician and scholar|author=S. R. Simon|doi=10.1001/archinte.159.16.1841}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Maimonides's medicine|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_march-8-14-2008_371_9615/page/804|journal=The Lancet|volume=371|issue=9615|page=804|year=2008|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60365-7 |author=Athar Yawar Email Address}}</ref> o the [[Middle Ages]]. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Maimonides}} oy0i1c7j1dxzle3viyl8il2g7sr4hcf 0 154290 917754 854694 2026-06-04T16:50:10Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260604sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 917754 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist |image = Jean Piaget in Ann Arbor.png |image_size = 190px |caption = Piaget at the [[Varsity o Michigan]], c. 1968 |birth_name = Jean William Fritz Piaget |birth_date = {{birth date|1896|8|9|df=y}} |birth_place = [[Neuchâtel]], [[Swisserland]] |death_date = {{Death date and age|1980|9|16|1896|8|9|df=y}} |death_place = [[Geneva]], [[Swisserland]] |fields = [[Developmental psychology]], [[epistemology]] |known_for = [[Constructivism (learnin theory)|Constructivism]], [[genetic epistemology]], [[theory o cognitive development]], [[object permanence]], [[egocentrism]] |alma_mater = [[Varsity o Neuchâtel]] |influences = [[Immanuel Kant]], [[Henri Bergson]],<ref>Susan Pass, ''Parallel Paths to Constructivism: Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky'', Information Age Publishing, 2004, p. 74.</ref> [[Pierre Janet]], [[James Mark Baldwin]]<ref>Piaget, J. (1982). Reflections on Baldwin [interview with J. J. Vonèche]. In J. M. Broughton & D. J. Freeman-Moir (Eds.), ''The cognitive developmental psychology of James Mark Baldwin'' (pp. 80-86). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.</ref> |influenced = [[Bärbel Inhelder]],<ref>Inhelder, B. (1989). Bärbel Inhelder [Autobiography] (H. Sinclair & M. Sinclair, Trans.). In G. Lindzey (Ed.), ''A History of Psychology in Autobiography'' (Vol. VIII, pp. 208-243). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Tryphon, A., & Vonèche, J. J. (Eds.). (2001). ''Working with Piaget: Essays in honour of Bärbel Inhelder.'' Hove, East Sussex, UK: Psychology Press.</ref> [[Jerome Bruner]],<ref>Bruner, J. S. (1983). ''In search of mind: Essays in autobiography.'' New York: Harper & Row.</ref> [[Kenneth Kaye]],{{Citation needed|date=April 2014}} [[Lawrence Kohlberg]],<ref>Kohlberg, L. (1982). Moral development. In J. M. Broughton & D. J. Freeman-Moir (Eds.), The cognitive developmental psychology of James Mark Baldwin: Current theory and research in genetic epistemology (pp. 277-325). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.</ref> [[Robert Kegan]],<ref>Kegan, Robert (1994). In Over Our Heads (p. 29). Cambridge, MA: Harvasrd University Press.</ref> [[Howard Gardner]],<ref>Gardner, H. (2008). Wrestling with Jean Piaget, my paragon. What have you changed your mind about? http://www.edge.org/q2008/q08_1.html#gardner {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019164117/https://www.edge.org/q2008/q08_1.html#gardner |date=2016-10-19 }}</ref> [[Thomas Kuhn]],<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Burman | first1 = J. T. | year = 2007 | title = Piaget no "remedy" for Kuhn, but the two should be read together: Comment on Tsou's "Piaget vs. Kuhn on scientific progress" | url = | journal = Theory & Psychology | volume = 17 | issue = 5| pages = 721–732 | doi = 10.1177/0959354307079306 }}</ref> [[Seymour Papert]],<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Papert | first1 = S | date = March 29, 1999 | title = Child Psychologist: Jean Piaget | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_time_1999-03-29_153_12/page/104| journal = Time | volume = 153 | issue = | pages = 104–107 }}</ref> [[Umberto Eco]],{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}} [[Lev Vygotsky]]<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Piaget | first1 = J | year = 1979 | title = Comments on Vygotsky's critical remarks | url = | journal = Archives de Psychologie | volume = 47 | issue = 183| pages = 237–249 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Piaget | first1 = J | year = 2000 | title = Commentary on Vygotsky's criticisms of ''Language and Thought of the Child and Judgement'' and ''Reasoning in the Child'' (L. Smith, Trans.) | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_new-ideas-in-psychology_august-december-2000_18_2-3/page/241| journal = New Ideas in Psychology | volume = 18 | issue = 2-3| pages = 241–259 | doi=10.1016/s0732-118x(00)00012-x}} (Original work published 1962.)</ref> }} '''Jean Piaget ''' ({{IPA-fr|ʒɑ̃ pjaʒɛ|lang}}; 9 August 1896 – 16 September 1980) wis a Swiss clinical psychologist kent for his pioneerin wirk in bairn development. [[theory o cognitive development|Piaget's theory o cognitive development]] an epistemological view are thegither cried "[[genetic epistemology]]". ==References== {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Piaget, Jean}} [[Category:1896 births]] [[Category:1980 daiths]] [[Category:Fowk frae Neuchâtel]] [[Category:20t-century Swiss writers]] [[Category:20t-century philosophers]] [[Category:Bairn development]] [[Category:Bairn psychologists]] [[Category:Cognitive scientists]] [[Category:Constructivism (psychological schuil)]] [[Category:Developmental psychologists]] [[Category:Epistemologists]] [[Category:Erasmus Prize winners]] [[Category:Mathematical cogneetion researchers]] [[Category:Swiss eddicational theorists]] [[Category:Swiss-French fowk]] [[Category:Swiss filosofers]] [[Category:Swiss Protestants]] [[Category:Swiss psychologists]] [[Category:Varsity o Geneva faculty]] [[Category:Varsity o Paris faculty]] [[Category:Fowk associatit wi the Varsity o Zurich]] [[Category:Buirials at Cimetière des Rois]] [[Category:Consciousness researchers an theorists]] [[Category:Varsity o Neuchâtel alumni]] [[Category:Varsity o Lausanne faculty]] [[Category:Stage theories]] ad79var77swzspdame17rllpeobijox 0 156950 917742 917374 2026-06-04T16:39:00Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260604sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 917742 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist |nobel=yes |name = Sir Andre Geim |image = Andre Geim 2010-1.jpg |image_size = 190px |alt = |caption = |birth_name = {{Plainlist| * Andrei Konstantinovich Geim * {{lang-ru|Андре́й Константи́нович Гейм}}}} |birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1958|10|21}}<ref name="whoswho">{{Who's Who | surname = GEIM | othernames = Sir Andre (Konstantin) | id = U245770 | volume = 2014 | edition = online edition via [[Oxford University Press]]}} {{subscription required}}</ref> |birth_place = [[Sochi]], [[Roushie Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Roushie SFSR]], [[Soviet Union]] |death_date = |death_place = |workplaces = {{Plainlist| * [[Moscow Institute o Pheesics an Technology]] * [[Institute o Solit State Pheesics (Roushie)|Institute o Solid State Pheesics]] * [[Roushie Academy o Sciences]] * [[Varsity o Manchester]] * [[Radboud Varsity Nijmegen]]}} |residence = [[Manchester]], Ingland |nationality = Dutch an Breetish | fields = [[Condensed matter pheesics]] |alma mater = {{Plainlist| * [[Institute of Solid State Physics (Russia)|Institute of Solid State Physics]] * [[Russian Academy of Sciences]]}} |doctoral_students = {{Plainlist| * Soren Neubeck<ref name="neubeckphd">{{cite thesis |degree=PhD |first=Soeren |last=Neubeck |title=Scanning probe investigations on graphene |publisher=University of Manchester |date=2010 |url=https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/uk-ac-man-scw:98605 |access-date=2016-11-16 |archive-date=2014-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517154814/https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/uk-ac-man-scw:98605 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Konstantin Novoselov]]<ref name="novoselovphd">{{cite thesis |degree=PhD |first=Konstantin S. |last=Novoselov |title=Development and applications of mesoscopic hall microprobes |publisher=Radboud University Nijmegen |date=2004 |url=http://repository.ubn.ru.nl/handle/2066/19519 |authorlink=Konstantin Novoselov |access-date=2016-11-16 |archive-date=2018-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224234258/https://repository.ubn.ru.nl//handle/2066/19519 |url-status=dead }} ISBN 9090183663</ref> * Rashid Jalil<ref name="jalilphd">{{cite thesis |degree=PhD |first=Rashid |last=Jalil |title=Novel Substrates for Graphene based Electronics |publisher=University of Manchester |date=2012 |url=https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/uk-ac-man-scw:165218 |access-date=2016-11-16 |archive-date=2015-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419122649/https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/uk-ac-man-scw:165218 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />Da Jiang<ref name="jiangphd">{{cite thesis |degree=PhD |first=Da |last=Jiang |title=Fabrication, characterization and measurement of atomically thin carbon devices |publisher=University of Manchester |date=2006 |url=http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/643390338}}</ref> * Rahul Raveendran-Nair<ref name="rahulphd">{{cite thesis |degree=PhD |first=Rahul |last=Raveendran-Nair |title=Atomic structure and properties of graphene and novel graphene derivatives |publisher=University of Manchester |date=2010 |url=http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.527419 |access-date=2016-11-16 |archive-date=2016-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305012404/http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.527419 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />Ibtsam Riaz<ref name="ibtsamphd">{{cite thesis |degree=PhD |first=Ibtsam |last=Riaz |title=Graphene and Boron Nitride : Members of Two Dimensional Material Family |publisher=University of Manchester |date=2012 |url=https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/uk-ac-man-scw:153124 |access-date=2016-11-16 |archive-date=2014-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517154818/https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/uk-ac-man-scw:153124 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Gareth Young<ref name="garethphd">{{cite thesis |degree=PhD |first=Gareth |last=Young |title=Investigation into the ferromagnetic properties of graphite |publisher=University of Manchester |date=2005 |url=http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/643421462}}</ref>}} | doctoral_advisor = Victor Petrashov<ref name="bbcprofile"/><ref name="petrashov">{{cite web |url=http://www.rhul.ac.uk/aboutus/newsandevents/news/newsarticles/nobelprizewinners.aspx |title=Mentor of two Nobel Prize winners teaches at Royal Holloway |format= |work= |archivedate=2013-07-31 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6IWSBv6UD?url=http://www.rhul.ac.uk/aboutus/newsandevents/news/newsarticles/nobelprizewinners.aspx |deadurl=no |df=dmy |access-date=2016-11-16 |url-status=live }}</ref> | thesis_title = Investigation of mechanisms of transport relaxation in metals by a helicon resonance method | thesis_year = 1987 | alma_mater = [[Moscow Institute o Pheesics an Technology]] |known_for = {{Plainlist| * Discoverin [[graphene]]<ref name="wonderland">{{Cite journal | last1 = Geim | first1 = A. K.| authorlink1 = Andre Geim | last2 = Kim | first2 = P.| authorlink2 = Philip Kim| doi = 10.1038/scientificamerican0408-90 | title = Carbon Wonderland | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_scientific-american_2008-04_298_4/page/90 | journal = Scientific American | volume = 298 | issue = 4 | pages = 90–97 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18380146| pmc = }}</ref><ref name="flatland">{{Cite journal | last1 = Geim | first1 = A. K. | authorlink1 = Andre Geim| last2 = MacDonald | first2 = A. H. | url = http://www.condmat.physics.manchester.ac.uk/fullpub/28%20Physics%20Today%2060%2035%2041%20AUG%202007.pdf| doi = 10.1063/1.2774096 | title = Graphene: Exploring Carbon Flatland | journal = Physics Today | volume = 60 | issue = 8 | pages = 35 | year = 2007 | pmid = | pmc = |bibcode = 2007PhT....60h..35G }}</ref><ref name="graphene">{{Cite journal | last1 = Novoselov | first1 = K. S. | authorlink1 = Konstantin Novoselov | last2 = Geim | first2 = A. K. | authorlink2 = Andre Geim | last3 = Morozov | first3 = S. V. | last4 = Jiang | first4 = D. | last5 = Zhang | first5 = Y. | last6 = Dubonos | first6 = S. V. | last7 = Grigorieva | first7 = I. V. | last8 = Firsov | first8 = A. A. | doi = 10.1126/science.1102896 | title = Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films | journal = Science | volume = 306 | issue = 5696 | pages = 666–669 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15499015 | url = http://www.condmat.physics.manchester.ac.uk/pdf/mesoscopic/publications/graphene/Science_2004.pdf | pmc = |arxiv = cond-mat/0410550 |bibcode = 2004Sci...306..666N }}</ref> * Magnetic levitation<ref name="frog">{{Cite journal | last1 = Berry | first1 = M. V. | authorlink1 = Michael Berry (physicist)| last2 = Geim | first2 = A. K. | authorlink2 = Andre Geim| title = Of flying frogs and levitrons | journal = European Journal of Physics | volume = 18 | issue = 4 | pages = 307 | year = 1997 | doi = 10.1088/0143-0807/18/4/012| url = http://www.physics.bristol.ac.uk/people/berry_mv/the_papers/Berry285.pdf|bibcode = 1997EJPh...18..307B }}</ref> * [[Gecko tape]]<ref name="gecko">{{Cite journal | last1 = Geim | first1 = A. K. | authorlink = Andre Geim| last2 = Dubonos | first2 = S. V. | last3 = Grigorieva | first3 = I. V. | last4 = Novoselov | first4 = K. S. | authorlink4 = Konstantin Novoselov| last5 = Zhukov | first5 = A. A. | last6 = Shapoval | first6 = S. Y. | doi = 10.1038/nmat917 | title = Microfabricated adhesive mimicking gecko foot-hair | journal = Nature Materials | url = http://www.condmat.physics.manchester.ac.uk/pdf/mesoscopic/publications/geckotape/Naturemat_2003.pdf| volume = 2 | issue = 7 | pages = 461–463 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12776092| pmc = |bibcode = 2003NatMa...2..461G }}</ref>}} |awards = {{Plainlist| * [[Ig Nobel Prize]] (2000) * [[Mott Prize]] (2007) * [[Fellae o the Ryal Society|FRS]] (2007)<ref name=frs>{{cite web |url=http://royalsociety.org |title=Certificate of Election: EC/2007/16: Andre Geim |publisher=The Royal Society |archivedate=2015-07-11 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6Zx077DgH?url=https://collections.royalsociety.org/DServe.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini |location=London |access-date=2022-04-09 |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[European Pheesical Society|EuroPheesics Prize]] (2008) * [[Körber European Science Prize|Körber Prize]] (2009) * [[John J. Carty Awaird for the Advancement o Science|John J. Carty Awaird]] (2010) * [[Hughes Medal]] (2010) * [[Nobel Prize in Pheesics]] (2010)<ref>{{cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2010/geim-bio.html/|accessdate=7 February 2014}}</ref> * [[Knicht Bachelor]] (2012)<ref name="whoswho"/> * [[Copley Medal]] (2013)<ref name="bbcprofile">{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b037ghx1 |title=BBC Radio 4 – Andre Geim Profile by Helen Grady, first broadcast 27 July 2013 |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> * [[Carbon Medal]] (2016)}} |signature = <!--(filename only)--> |signature_alt = |footnotes = | spouse = Irina V. Grigorieva<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/b01g99j3/Beautiful_Minds_Series_2_Professor_Andre_Geim/ |title=BBC iPlayer – Beautiful Minds: Series 2: Professor Andre Geim |format= |work= |accessdate=19 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.manchester.ac.uk/research/irina.v.grigorieva/ |title=Dr Irina V. Grigorieva, research profile – personal details (The University of Manchester) |format= |work= |archivedate=2012-04-19 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/672M8APCM?url=http://www.manchester.ac.uk/research/irina.v.grigorieva/ |deadurl=no |df=dmy |access-date=2016-11-16 |url-status=live }}</ref> | website = {{URL|condmat.physics.manchester.ac.uk/people/academic/geim/}} }} '''Sir Andre Konstantin Geim''', [[Royal Society|FRS]],<ref name=frs/> [[Ryal Society o Chemistry|HonFRSC]], [[Institute o Pheesics|HonFInstP]] (born 21 October 1958) is a Soviet-born Dutch-Breetish [[pheesicist]] wirkin in the [[School of Physics and Astronomy, Varsity o Manchester|School of Physics and Astronomy]] at the [[Varsity o Manchester]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.condmat.physics.manchester.ac.uk/people/academic/geim/ |title=Professor Andre Geim, FRS (Condensed Matter Physics Group – The University of Manchester) |format= |work= |archivedate=2012-04-19 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/672L2wva6?url=http://www.condmat.physics.manchester.ac.uk/people/academic/geim/ |deadurl=no |df=dmy |access-date=2016-11-16 |url-status=live }}</ref> Geim wis awairdit the 2010 [[Nobel Prize in Pheesics]] jyntly wi [[Konstantin Novoselov]] for his wirk on [[graphene]].<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Geim | first1 = A. K. | authorlink = Andre Geim| title = Graphene: Status and Prospects | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2009-06-19_324_5934/page/1530 | doi = 10.1126/science.1158877 | journal = Science | volume = 324 | issue = 5934 | pages = 1530–1534 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19541989| pmc = |arxiv = 0906.3799 |bibcode = 2009Sci...324.1530G }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Geim | first1 = A. K. | last2 = Novoselov | first2 = K. S. | doi = 10.1038/nmat1849 | title = The rise of graphene | journal = Nature Materials | volume = 6 | issue = 3 | pages = 183–191 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17330084| pmc = |bibcode = 2007NatMa...6..183G }}</ref> He is [[Regius Professor]] o Pheesics an [[Royal Society]] Research Professor at the [[Manchester Centre for Mesoscience and Nanotechnology]].<ref name="scopus">{{Scopus|id=7004967893}}</ref><ref name="googlescholar">{{cite web|url=http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=andre+geim|title=andre geim – Google Scholar|work=google.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Hargittai | first1 = I. N. | title = Graphene 2010 | doi = 10.1007/s11224-010-9680-0 | journal = Structural Chemistry | volume = 21 | issue = 6 | pages = 1151–1154 | year = 2010 | pmid = | pmc = }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Novoselov | first1 = K. S. | last2 = Geim | first2 = A. K. | last3 = Dubonos | first3 = S. V. | last4 = Hill | first4 = E. W. | last5 = Grigorieva | first5 = I. V. | title = Subatomic movements of a domain wall in the Peierls potential | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_december-18-25-2003_426_6968/page/812 | doi = 10.1038/nature02180 | journal = Nature | volume = 426 | issue = 6968 | pages = 812–816 | year = 2003 | pmid = 14685231| pmc = |arxiv = cond-mat/0312631 |bibcode = 2003Natur.426..812N }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Arthur, Charles|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/scientists-magnetised-by-levitating-frog-1266532.html|title=Scientists magnetised by levitating frog|publisher=[[The Independent]]|date=12 April 1997|accessdate=25 October 2010}}</ref><ref>Novoselov, K. S. ''et al.'' (2004). [http://arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/0410631 "Room-temperature electric field effect and carrier-type inversion in graphene films"]. Submitted to ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' on 5 February 2004.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.graphene.manchester.ac.uk/explore/the-story-of-graphene/the-2010-nobel-prize-for-physics/|title=The Home of Graphene – The University of Manchester|author=Robert J Lambert|work=manchester.ac.uk}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Geim, Andre}} [[Category:1958 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Academics o the Varsity o Manchester]] [[Category:Breetish emigrants tae the Netherlands]] [[Category:Breetish inventors]] [[Category:Breetish Nobel laureates]] [[Category:Breetish fowk o German strynd]] [[Category:Breetish fowk o Roushie strynd]] [[Category:Breetish physicists]] [[Category:Commanders o the Order o the Netherlands Lion]] [[Category:Dutch inventors]] [[Category:Dutch Nobel laureates]] [[Category:Dutch fowk o Roushie strynd]] [[Category:Dutch physicists]] [[Category:Fellaes o the Ryal Society]] [[Category:Graphene]] [[Category:Magnetic levitation]] [[Category:Naitional Academy o Sciences laureates]] [[Category:Nobel laureates in Pheesics]] [[Category:Honorary Fellaes o the Institute o Pheesics]] [[Category:Knichts Bachelor]] [[Category:Members o the Ryal Netherlands Academy o Airts an Sciences]] [[Category:Members o the Unitit States Naitional Academy o Sciences]] [[Category:Moscow Institute o Pheesics an Technology alumni]] [[Category:Naituralised ceetizens o the Netherlands]] [[Category:Naituralised ceetizens o the Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:Fowk frae Manchester]] [[Category:Fowk frae Sochi]] [[Category:Roushie emigrants tae the Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:Roushie-German fowk]] [[Category:Roushie inventors]] [[Category:Roushie Nobel laureates]] [[Category:Roushie pheesicists]] [[Category:School of Computer Science, Varsity o Manchester]] [[Category:Volga German fowk]] 0ryw20e7frtwotiavo83zuimeabcsqw 0 157082 917755 613840 2026-06-04T16:50:44Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260604sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 917755 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist |nobel=yes |name = Susumu Tonegawa |image = Susumu Tonegawa Photo.jpg|Susumu Tonegawa |caption = Susumu Tonegawa |birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1939|09|06}} |birth_place = [[Nagoya]], [[Japan]] |death_date = |death_place = |residence = |citizenship = |nationality = [[Japan]] |fields = [[Genetics]], [[Immunology]], [[Neuroscience]] |alma_mater = {{Plainlist| * [[Kyoto Varsity]] * [[Varsity o Californie, San Diego]]}} |doctoral_advisor = |academic_advisors = {{Plainlist| * Masaki Hayashi * [[Renato Dulbecco]]{{fact|date=May 2016}}}} |doctoral_students = |known_for = [[Antibody]] diversity |author_abbrev_bot = |author_abbrev_zoo = |influences = |influenced = [[Adrian Hayday]] (postdoc)<ref name=Hayday1985>{{cite journal|last1=Hayday|first1=A|title=Structure, organization, and somatic rearrangement of T cell gamma genes|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_cell_1985-02_40_2/page/259|journal=Cell|volume=40|issue=2|year=1985|pages=259–269|doi=10.1016/0092-8674(85)90140-0}}</ref> |signature = |footnotes = |ethnicity = |work_institutions = {{Plainlist| * [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] * [[RIKEN Brain Science Institute]] * [[Howard Hughes Medical Institute]]}} |prizes = {{Plainlist| * [[Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize]] {{small|(1982)}} * [[Order of Culture]] {{small|(1984)}} * [[Nobel Prize in Pheesiology or Medicine]] {{small|(1987)}}}} |religion = | website = {{URL|https://tonegawalab.mit.edu/susumu-tonegawa}} }} '''Susumu Tonegawa''' (利根川 進 ''Tonegawa Susumu'', born September 6, 1939) is a [[Japan]]ese [[scientist]] wha wis the sole recipient o the [[Nobel Prize in Pheesiology or Medicine]] in 1987, for his discovery o the [[Genetics|genetic]] mechanism that produces [[antibouk]] diversity.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.boston.com/news/education/higher/specials/mit150/mitlist/?page=full|title=The MIT 150: 150 Ideas, Inventions, and Innovators that Helped Shape Our World|publisher=[[The Boston Globe]]|date=May 15, 2011|accessdate=August 8, 2011|deadurl=no}}</ref> Awtho he won the Nobel Prize for his wirk in [[immunology]], Tonegawa is a [[molecular biology|molecular biologist]] bi trainin an he again chynged fields follaein his Nobel Prize win; he nou studies [[neuroscience]], examinin the molecular, cellular an neuronal basis o memory formation an retrieval. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tonegawa, Susumu}} [[Category:1939 births]] [[Category:Members o the Unitit States Naitional Academy o Sciences]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Molecular biologists]] [[Category:Japanese immunologists]] [[Category:Japanese molecular biologists]] [[Category:Japanese neuroscientists]] [[Category:Nobel laureates in Pheesiology or Medicine]] [[Category:Japanese Nobel laureates]] [[Category:Recipients o the Order o Cultur]] [[Category:Kyoto Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Members o the European Molecular Biology Organisation]] [[Category:Massachusetts Institute o Technology faculty]] [[Category:Fowk frae Nagoya]] [[Category:Varsity o Californie, San Diego alumni]] [[Category:Recipients o the Albert Lasker Awaird for Basic Medical Resairch]] [[Category:Scripps Research Institute]] [[Category:Howard Hughes Medical Investigators]] [[Category:Immunology]] [[Category:RIKEN personnel]] 4neqi4dgpscoecetoq0pvwrar0ljxbp 0 157102 917732 825181 2026-06-04T16:31:50Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260604sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 917732 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist |nobel=yes | image = 2016 Nobel Reception US Embassy Sweden (31222132190) (cropped).jpg | image_size = 180px | caption = Thouless in 2016 | name = David Thouless | birth_name = David James Thouless | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1934|9|21}} | birth_place = [[Bearsden]], Scotland<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sturrock|first1=Laura|title=Bearsden scientist is awarded Nobel prize in Physics|url=http://www.kirkintilloch-herald.co.uk/news/bearsden-scientist-is-awarded-nobel-prize-in-physics-1-4249500|accessdate=6 October 2016|work=Kirkintilloch Herald|date=5 October 2016}}</ref> | death_date = 6 Aprile 2019 (aged 84) | death_place = [[Cambridge]], Ingland | residence = Unitit Kinrick<ref name=bbc/> | citizenship = Unitit Kinrick | nationality = Breetish, Scots | field = [[Condensed matter pheesics]] | alma_mater = {{Plainlist| * [[Trinity Hall, Cambridge]] (BA) * [[Cornell Varsity]] (PhD)}} | work_institution = {{Plainlist| * [[Varsity o Washington]] * [[Varsity o Californie, Berkeley]] * [[Varsity o Birmingham]] * [[Yale Varsity]]}} | thesis_title = The application of perturbation methods to the theory of nuclear matter | thesis_year = 1958 | thesis_url = http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/745509629 | doctoral_advisor = [[Hans Bethe]] | doctoral students = | notable_students = [[J. Michael Kosterlitz]] (postdoc)<ref name=bbc>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b07x12m3|title=BBC Radio 4 profile: Professor David J Thouless|publisher=BBC|website=bbc.co.uk|location=London}}</ref> | known_for = {{Plainlist| * [[Kosterlitz–Thouless transeetion]] * [[Thouless energy]] * [[Topological quantum nummer]]s}} | prizes = {{Plainlist| * [[Maxwell Medal an Prize]] <small>(1973)</small> * [[Fellae o the Ryal Society]] <small>(1979)</small><ref name=frs>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117024634/https://royalsociety.org/people/david-thouless-12410/ |archivedate=17 November 2015 |url=https://royalsociety.org/people/david-thouless-12410/ |website=royalsociety.org |publisher=[[Royal Society]] |location=London |author=Anon |year=1979 |title=Professor David Thouless FRS}} Ane or mair o the precedin sentences incorporates text frae the royalsociety.org wabsteid whaur: {{quote|“All text published under the heading 'Biography' on Fellow profile pages is available under [[Creative Commons license|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]].” --{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925220834/https://royalsociety.org/about-us/terms-conditions-policies/ |date=September 25, 2015 |title=Royal Society Terms, conditions and policies }}}}</ref> * [[Lars Onsager Prize]] {{small|(2000)}} * [[Nobel Prize in Pheesics]] {{small|(2016)}}<ref name="Devlin Sample 2016">{{cite web | last=Devlin | first=Hannah | last2=Sample | first2=Ian | title=British trio win Nobel prize in physics 2016 for work on exotic states of matter – live | website=the Guardian | date=2016-10-04 | url=http://www.theguardian.com/science/live/2016/oct/04/nobel-prize-in-physics-2016-to-be-announced-live | accessdate=2016-10-04}}</ref>}} | footnotes = | children = three<ref name=bbc/> | spouse = {{marriage|Margaret Elizabeth Scrase|1958}} }} '''David James Thouless''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|FRS}}<ref name=frs/> ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|eɪ|v|ᵻ|d|_|ˈ|dʒ|eɪ|m|z|_|ˈ|θ|aʊ|l|ɛ|s}}, born 21 September 1934; deed 6 Aprile 2019)<ref name=whoswho>{{Who's Who | surname = THOULESS | othernames = Prof. David James | id = U37668 | volume = 2016 | edition = online [[Oxford University Press]]|location=Oxford}} {{subscription required}}</ref> wis a Scots [[Condensed matter pheesics|condensed-matter]] [[pheesicist]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lanl.gov/orgs/pa/newsbulletin/2004/04/23/text04.shtml |title=Physicist Thouless to give two talks at Lab |access-date=2016-11-18 |archive-date=2006-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061015000324/http://www.lanl.gov/orgs/pa/newsbulletin/2004/04/23/text04.shtml |url-status=bot: unknown }}, [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]]</ref> He is a winner of the [[Wolf Prize in Pheesics|Wolf Prize]] an laureate o the 2016 [[Nobel Prize]] for pheesics alang wi [[Duncan Haldane|F. Duncan M. Haldane]] an [[John M. Kosterlitz|J. Michael Kosterlitz]] for theoretical discoveries o [[topological phase]] transeetions an topological phases o matter.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4PN4GnsrSgC&q=%22Thouless,+david+james%22+1934&dq=%22Thouless,+david+james%22+1934&hl=en&sa=X&ei=k9WWUdjJM-X5iwKd-oGQAw&ved=0CFQQ6AEwCA The international who's who 1991-92]</ref><ref>[https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2016/ The Nobel Prize in Physics 2016]</ref><ref name=naturenob>{{cite journal|last1=Gibney|first1=Elizabeth|last2=Castelvecchi|first2=Davide|title=Physics of 2D exotic matter wins Nobel: British-born theorists recognized for work on topological phases|url=https://archive.org/details/nature-uk_2016-10-06_538_7623/page/18|journal=Nature|volume=538|issue=7623|year=2016|pages=18–18|publisher=[[Springer Nature]]|location=London||doi=10.1038/nature.2016.20722}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Thouless, David}} [[Category:1934 births]] [[Category:2019 daiths]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Winchester College]] [[Category:Alumni o Trinity Hall, Cambridge]] [[Category:Cornell Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Fowk frae Bearsden]] [[Category:Members o the Unitit States Naitional Academy o Sciences]] [[Category:American physicists]] [[Category:American nuclear pheesicists]] [[Category:Scots physicists]] [[Category:Varsity o Washington faculty]] [[Category:Wolf Prize in Pheesics laureates]] [[Category:Fellaes o the Ryal Society]] [[Category:Maxwell Medal an Prize recipients]] [[Category:Academics o the Varsity o Birmingham]] [[Category:Scots expatriates in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Nobel laureates in Pheesics]] [[Category:American Nobel laureates]] [[Category:Breetish Nobel laureates]] [[Category:Scots Nobel laureates]] lob46pm4ahyi15hx7cnrpfoduxlqc7o 0 157104 917776 850102 2026-06-04T17:15:20Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260604sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 917776 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist |nobel=yes | birth_name = Frederick Duncan Michael Haldane | name = Duncan Haldane | image = Duncan Haldane.jpg | caption = Duncan Haldane (2016) | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1951|09|14|mf=y}}<ref name=whoswho>{{Who's Who | surname = HALDANE | othernames = Prof. (Frederick) Duncan (Michael) | id = U18585 | volume = 1997 | edition = online [[Oxford University Press]]|location=Oxford}} {{subscription required}}</ref><ref name="acp">{{cite web|title=Array of contemporary American physicists|url=http://www.aip.org/history/acap/biographies/bio.jsp?haldanef|publisher=American Physical Society|accessdate=23 April 2012|archive-date=2016-09-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917085601/https://www.aip.org/history/acap/biographies/bio.jsp?haldanef|url-status=dead}}</ref> | birth_place = [[Lunnon]], UK | residence = [[Princeton, New Jersey]], US | citizenship = [[Unitit States]] | nationality = [[Unitit Kinrick|Breetish]] | fields = [[Condensed matter theory]] | workplaces = {{Plainlist| * [[Princeton Varsity]] * [[Varsity o Soothren Californie]] * [[Bell Laboratories]]}} | alma_mater = [[Varsity o Cambridge]] (BA, PhD) | doctoral_advisor = [[Philip Warren Anderson]]<ref name=mathgene>{{MathGenealogy|id=119838}}</ref> | academic_advisors = | doctoral_students = {{Plainlist| * [[Ashvin Vishwanath]]<ref name=mathgene/> * Srinivas Raghu{{fact|date=October 2016}}}} | thesis_title = An extension of the Anderson model as a model for mixed valence rare earth materials | thesis_url = http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=9095 | thesis_year = 1978 | known_for = Haldane pseudopotentials in the [[Fractional quantum Hall effect]] | awards = {{Plainlist| * [[Oliver E. Buckley Condensed Matter Prize]] {{small|(1993)}} * [[Fellae o the Ryal Society]] {{small|(1996)}}<ref name=frs/> * [[Nobel Prize in Pheesics]] {{small|(2016)}}}} | website = {{URL|http://physics.princeton.edu/~haldane/}} | signature = <!--(filename only)--> | signature_alt = | footnotes = }} '''Frederick Duncan Michael Haldane''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|FRS}}<ref name=frs>{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117003805/https://royalsociety.org/people/frederick-haldane-11566/|archivedate=2015-11-17|url=https://royalsociety.org/people/frederick-haldane-11566/|publisher=[[Royal Society]]|location=London|author=Anon|year=1996|title=Professor Frederick Haldane FRS}} One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from the royalsociety.org website where: {{quote|“All text published under the heading 'Biography' on Fellow profile pages is available under [[Creative Commons license|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]].” --{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925220834/https://royalsociety.org/about-us/terms-conditions-policies/ |date=September 25, 2015 |title=Royal Society Terms, conditions and policies }}}}</ref> (born 14 September 1951),<ref name=whoswho/> known as '''F. Duncan Haldane''', is a [[Unitit Kinrick|Breetish]] born pheesicist wha is Eugene Higgins Professor o Pheesics at the [[pheesics]] depairtment o [[Princeton Varsity]], an a Distinguished Visiting Research Chair<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.perimeterinstitute.ca/news/perimeter-welcomes-new-distinguished-visiting-research-chairs|title=PERIMETER WELCOMES NEW DISTINGUISHED VISITING RESEARCH CHAIRS {{!}} Perimeter Institute|website=www.perimeterinstitute.ca|access-date=2016-10-04}}</ref> at [[Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics]]. He wan the 2016 [[Nobel Prize in Pheesics]] wi [[David J. Thouless]] an [[J. Michael Kosterlitz]].<ref name=nobelnature>{{cite journal|last1=Gibney|first1=Elizabeth|last2=Castelvecchi|first2=Davide|title=Physics of 2D exotic matter wins Nobel: British-born theorists recognized for work on topological phases|url=https://archive.org/details/nature-uk_2016-10-06_538_7623/page/18|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|volume=538|issue=7623|year=2016|pages=18–18|location=London|publisher=[[Springer Nature]]||doi=10.1038/nature.2016.20722}}</ref><ref name="Devlin Sample 2016">{{cite web | last=Devlin | first=Hannah | last2=Sample | first2=Ian | title=British trio win Nobel prize in physics 2016 for work on exotic states of matter – live | website=the Guardian | date=2016-10-04 | url=http://www.theguardian.com/science/live/2016/oct/04/nobel-prize-in-physics-2016-to-be-announced-live | accessdate=2016-10-04}}</ref><ref name="Haldane1983">{{cite journal|last1=Haldane|first1=F. D. M.|title=Nonlinear Field Theory of Large-Spin Heisenberg Antiferromagnets: Semiclassically Quantized Solitons of the One-Dimensional Easy-Axis Néel State|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=50|issue=15|year=1983|pages=1153–1156|issn=0031-9007|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.50.1153}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Haldane, Duncan}} [[Category:1951 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at St Paul's School, Lunnon]] [[Category:Alumni o Christ's College, Cambridge]] [[Category:Princeton Varsity faculty]] [[Category:Breetish physicists]] [[Category:Inglis pheesicists]] [[Category:American physicists]] [[Category:Fellaes o the Ryal Society]] [[Category:Fellaes o the American Academy o Airts an Sciences]] [[Category:Fellaes o the American Pheesical Society]] [[Category:Fellaes o the Institute o Pheesics]] [[Category:Fellaes o the American Association for the Advancement o Science]] [[Category:Nobel laureates in Pheesics]] [[Category:Fowk o Slovenie strynd]] [[Category:Inglis expatriates in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Breetish Nobel laureates]] [[Category:Inglis Nobel laureates]] [[Category:American Nobel laureates]] 5ehgqzxib95br3nipi4tfe66q2iulyz 0 157107 917706 899730 2026-06-04T16:10:45Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260604sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 917706 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=October 2020}} {{Infobox scientist |nobel=yes | birth_name = John Michael Kosterlitz | name = Michael Kosterlitz | image = Jkosterl.jpg | caption = J. Michael Kosterlitz in 2016 | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1943|06|22}}<ref name="NobelFacts">{{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2016/kosterlitz-facts.html |title=J. Michael Kosterlitz - Facts |publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]] |accessdate=2016-11-02 }}</ref> | birth_place = [[Aiberdeen]], [[Scotland]] | residence = [[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]], [[Rhode Island]], U.S. | citizenship = [[Unitit States]] | nationality = [[Unitit Kinrick|Breetish]], [[Scotland|Scots]] | fields = [[Condensed matter physics]] | thesis_url = http://solo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/OXVU1:LSCOP_OX:oxfaleph020561608 | thesis_title = Problems in strong interaction physics | thesis_year = 1969 | known_for = [[Kosterlitz–Thouless transeetion]] | academic_advisors = [[David Thouless]] (postdoc) | alma_mater = {{Plainlist| * [[Varsity o Cambridge]] (BA, MA) * [[Varsity o Oxford]] (DPhil)}} | work_institution = [[Brown Varsity]] | awards ={{Plainlist| * [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] (2016)<ref name=nobelnature/> * [[Lars Onsager Prize]] (2000)<ref name=osnager>{{cite web|url=http://www.aps.org/programs/honors/prizes/prizerecipient.cfm?last_nm=Kosterlitz&first_nm=John&year=2000|title=Lars Onsager recipient 2000, John Michael Kosterlitz Brown University|website=aps.org|publisher=[[American Physical Society]]}}</ref>}} | website = {{URL|https://vivo.brown.edu/display/jkosterl}} }} '''John Michael Kosterlitz''' (born 22 Juin 1943) is a Scots-born American professor o German-Jewish strynd at [[Brown Varsity]]<ref name=brown>{{cite web|url=https://research.brown.edu/research/profile.php?id=1143831933|title=Kosterlitz Research profile at Brown University|publisher=Brown University|website=brown.edu}}</ref> an the son o [[biochemist]] [[Hans Kosterlitz]]. He wis awairdit the 2016 [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize in physics]] alang wi [[David Thouless]] an [[Duncan Haldane]] for wirk on [[condensed matter physics]].<ref name=nobelnature>{{cite journal|last1=Gibney|first1=Elizabeth|last2=Castelvecchi|first2=Davide|title=Physics of 2D exotic matter wins Nobel: British-born theorists recognized for work on topological phases|url=https://archive.org/details/nature-uk_2016-10-06_538_7623/page/18|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|volume=538|issue=7623|year=2016|pages=18–18|location=London|publisher=[[Springer Nature]]|doi=10.1038/nature.2016.20722}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kosterlitz, John M.}} [[Category:1942 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Aiberdeen]] [[Category:Breetish physicists]] [[Category:Scots physicists]] [[Category:American physicists]] [[Category:Alumni o Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge]] [[Category:Alumni o Brasenose College, Oxford]] [[Category:American atheists]] [[Category:American Jews]] [[Category:American fowk o German-Jewish strynd]] [[Category:Jewish atheists]] [[Category:Scots atheists]] [[Category:Scots Jews]] [[Category:Scots fowk o German-Jewish strynd]] [[Category:Jewish American scientists]] [[Category:Jewish physicists]] [[Category:Brown Varsity faculty]] [[Category:Maxwell Medal and Prize recipients]] [[Category:Nobel laureates in Physics]] [[Category:Academics o the Varsity o Birmingham]] [[Category:Breetish Nobel laureates]] [[Category:Scots Nobel laureates]] [[Category:American Nobel laureates]] {{stub/Science}} m09q5u0gzj7gplodho1vv9d25rbtogg 0 158934 917757 915640 2026-06-04T16:53:06Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 3 books for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260604sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 917757 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fixscots}} {{Taxobox |name=Olive baboon<ref name="msw3">{{MSW3 Primates |pages=166 |id=12100581}}</ref> |status=LC |status_system=iucn3.1 |status_ref=<ref name="iucn">{{cite journal |authors=Kingdon, J.; Butynski, T.M; De Jong, Y. |title=''Papio anubis'' |journal=[[IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] |volume=2008 | page = e.T40647A10348950 |publisher=[[IUCN]] |year=2008 |url = http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/40647/0 | accessdate = 27 August 2016 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T40647A10348950.en}} </ref> |image=Olive baboon Ngorongoro.jpg |regnum=[[Animal]]ia |phylum=[[Chordate|Chordata]] |classis=[[Mammal]]ia |ordo=[[Primate]]s |familia=[[Cercopithecidae]] |genus=''[[Papio]]'' |species='''''P. anubis''''' |binomial=''Papio anubis'' |binomial_authority=( [[Rene Primevere Lesson|Lesson]], 1827) |range_map=Papio anubis distribution.svg |range_map_caption=Geographic range }} The '''olive baboon''' (''Papio anubis''), cried the '''Anubis baboon''' an aw, is a memmer o the faimily Cercopithecidae ([[Auld Warld pug]]s). The species is the maist wide-rangin o aw [[baboon]]s,<ref name="Shefferly" /> bein foond in 25 kintras athort [[Africae]], extendin frae [[Mali]] eastwaird tae [[Ethiopie]] an [[Tanzanie]]. Isolatit populations are present in some muntainous regions o the [[Sahara]] an aw.<ref name="Shefferly" /> It bides in [[savannah]]s, [[steppe]]s, an [[forest]]s.<ref name="Shefferly" /> The common name is springheidit frae its coat colour, that is a shade o green-grey at a distance. A variety o communications, vocal an non-vocal, facilitate a complex social structur. ==Pheesical chairacteristics== [[File:Papio anubis skulls.jpg|thumb|left|Skull o a male (left) an female (richt)]] The olive baboon is cried for its coat, that, at a distance, is a shade o green-grey.<ref name="Lang">{{cite web |author=Cawthon Lang, KA |date=2006-04-18 |title=Primate Factsheets: Olive baboon (''Papio anubis'') Taxonomy, Morphology, & Ecology |url=http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/entry/olive_baboon/taxon |accessdate=2007-01-27}}</ref> Its alternative name comes frae the [[Auncient Egyp|Egyptian]] god [[Anubis]], that wis aften shawn as a dug heid resemblin the dug-lik muzzle o the baboon. At closer range, its coat is multicolourt, due tae rings o yellae-broun an black on the hairs.<ref name="Rowe1996">{{cite book |last=Rowe |first=N. |year=1996 |title=The Pictorial Guide to the Living Primates |url=https://archive.org/details/pictorialguideto0000rowe_p5o5 |location=East Hampton (NY) |publisher=Pogonias Press |isbn=0-9648825-0-7}}</ref> The hair on the baboon's face, houiver, is coarser an ranges frae dark grey tae black.<ref name="Lang" /> This coloration is shared bi baith sexes, awtho males hae a mane o langer hair that tapers doun tae ordinar lenth alang the back.<ref name="Shefferly" /> Besides the mane, the male olive baboon differs frae the female in terms o size an wicht, an canine tuith size; males are, on average, {{convert|70|cm|in|abbr=on}} taw while staundin an females measur {{convert|60|cm|in|abbr=on}} in hicht.<ref name="Shefferly">{{cite web |last1=Shefferly |first1=N. |year=2004 |title=Papio anubis |work=Animal Diversity Web |accessdate=2007-01-27 |url=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Papio_anubis.html}}</ref><ref name="Fleagle">{{cite book |last=Fleagle |first=John |title=Primate Adaptation and Evolution |url=https://archive.org/details/primateadaptatio00flea |year=1999 |publisher=Academic Press |location=San Diego |isbn=0-12-260341-9 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/primateadaptatio00flea/page/n209 195]–197 |edition=2nd}}</ref> The olive baboon is ane o the lairgest species o pug; anerly the [[chacma baboon]] an the [[mandrill]] attain seemilar sizes.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=6869499 |url=http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/37620/1/1330600116_ftp.pdf |year=1983 |last1=Dechow |first1=PC |title=Estimation of body weights from craniometric variables in baboons |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=113–23 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.1330600116 |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology}}</ref> The heid-an-bouk lenth can range frae {{convert|50|to|114|cm|in|abbr=on}}, wi a species average o aroond {{convert|85|cm|in|abbr=on}}. At the shouder on aw fowers, females average {{convert|55|cm|in|abbr=on}} against males, which average {{convert|70|cm|in|abbr=on}}. The teepical wicht range for baith sexes is reportitly {{convert|10|-|37|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, wi males averagin {{convert|24|kg|lb|abbr=on}} an females averagin {{convert|14.7|kg|lb|abbr=on}}. Some males mey wich as hintle as {{convert|50|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Burnie">Burnie D and Wilson DE (Eds.), ''Animal: The Definitive Visual Guide to the World's Wildlife''. DK Adult (2005), ISBN 0-7894-7764-5</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20051230112707/http://www.kenyalogy.com/eng/fauna/babuino.html Wildlife: Mammals: Olive baboon]. kenyalogy.com</ref><ref>[http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/entry/olive_baboon Primate Factsheets: Olive baboon (''Papio anubis'') Taxonomy, Morphology, & Ecology]. Pin.primate.wisc.edu. Retrieved on 2012-08-21.</ref><ref name="Kingdon">Kingdon, Jonathan ''Kingdon Guide to African Mammals'' (1993) ISBN 978-0-85112-235-9</ref> Lik ither baboons, the olive baboon haes a elongatit, dug-lik muzzle.<ref name="Shefferly" /> In fact, alang wi the muzzle, the animal's tail ({{convert|38|-|58|cm|in|abbr=on|disp=or}}) an fower-legged gait can mak baboons seem very canine.<ref name="Nagel1973">{{cite journal |last=Nagel |first=U. |year=1973 |title=A Comparison of Anubis Baboons, Hamadryas Baboons and Their Hybrids at a Species Border in Ethiopia |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_folia-primatologica_1973_19_2-3/page/104 |journal=Folia Primatol |volume=19 |issue=2–3 |pages=104–65 |doi=10.1159/000155536}}</ref> The tail amaist leuks as if it is breuken, as it is erect for the first quairter, efter which it drops doun shairply.<ref name="Lang" /> The bare patch o a baboon's rump, famously seen in cartoons an movies, is a guid deal smawer in the olive baboon.<ref name="Shefferly" /> The olive baboon, lik maist [[cercopithecine]]s, haes a cheek pouch wi which tae store fuid.<ref name="Groves2001">{{cite book |last=Groves |first=C. |year=2001 |title=Primate Taxonomy |url=https://archive.org/details/primatetaxonomy0000grov |location=Washington DC |publisher=Smithsonian Inst Pr. |isbn=1-56098-872-X}}</ref> ==Distribution an habitat== The species inhabits a strip o 25 equatorial African kintras, very nearly rangin frae the east tae wast coasts o the continent.<ref name="Groves2001" /> The exact boondars o this strip are no clearly defined, as the species' territory owerlaps wi that o ither baboon species.<ref name="Lang" /> In mony places, this haes resultit in cross-breedin atween species.<ref name="Lang" /> For ensaumple, considerable hybridization haes occurred atween the olive baboon an the [[hamadryas baboon]] in Ethiopie.<ref name="Nagel1973" /> Cross-breedin wi the [[yellae baboon]] an the [[Guinea baboon]] haes been observit an aw.<ref name="Lang" /> Awtho this haes been notit, the hybrids hae no as yet been well studiet.<ref name="Lang" /> Throuoot its wide range, the olive baboon can be foond in a nummer o different habitats.<ref name="Shefferly" /> It is uisually classifee'd as savanna-dwellin, livin in the wide plains o the grassland.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Rowell |first=T. E. |year=1966 |title=Forest living baboons in Uganda |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-zoology_1966-07_149_3/page/344 |journal=J Zool |volume=149 |issue=3 |pages=344–365 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1966.tb04054.x}}</ref> The grassland, especially those near open firthland, dae mak up a lairge pairt o its habitat, but the baboon inhabits rainforests an deserts an aw.<ref name="Shefferly" /> [[Uganda]] an the [[Democratic Republic o the Congo]], for instance, baith support olive baboon populations in dense tropical forests.<ref name="Lang" /> ==Behaviour an ecologie== [[File:Papio anubis 1.JPG|thumb|upright|Bi climbin trees, individuals can act as a leukoot tae detect predators.]] ===Social structur=== The olive baboon lives in groups o 15 tae 150, made up o a few males, mony females, an thair young.<ref name="Lang2">{{cite web |author=Cawthon Lang, KA |date=2006-04-18 |title=Primate Factsheets: Olive baboon (''Papio anubis'') Behavior |url=http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/entry/olive_baboon/behav |accessdate=2007-01-27}}</ref> Each baboon haes a social rankin somewhaur in the group, dependin on its dominance.<ref name="Lang2" /> Female dominance is hereditary, wi dochters haein nearly the same rank as thair mithers,<ref name="Lang2" /><ref name="Smuts1985">{{Cite journal |author=Smuts, Barbara |authorlink=Barbara Smuts |year=1985 |title=Sex and Friendship in Baboons |place=New York |publisher=Aldine Publications |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vx_l76muFWMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=smuts+%22Sex+and+Friendship+in+Baboons%22&q |isbn=978-0-202-02027-3 |accessdate=28 April 2010 }}</ref> an adult females formin the core o the social seestem.<ref name="Smuts1985" /> Female relatives form thair awn subgroups in the troop.<ref name="Lang2" /> Related females are lairgely friendly tae ilk ither. Thay tend tae stay close thegither an gruim ane anither, an team up in aggressive encoonters athin the troop.<ref name="Smuts1985" /> Female kin form thir strang bonds acause thay dinnae emigrate frae thair natal groups.<ref name="Strier">{{cite book |last=Strier |first=Karen |title=Primate Behavioral Ecology |url=https://archive.org/details/primatebehaviora0000stri_m7l4 |year=2011 |publisher=Prentice Hall |location=Upper Saddle River |isbn=0-205-79017-8 |edition=4th}}</ref> Occasionally, groups mey split up when thay acome sae lairge that competeetion for resoorces is problematic, but even then, members o matrilines tend tae stick thegither.<ref name="Strier" /> Dominant females procur mair fuid, mateins, an supporters. Amang olive baboons in Tanzanie, heich-rankin females gie birth at shorter intervals tae infants wi a heicher survival rate, an thair dochters tend tae matur faster than law-rankin females.<ref name="Strier" /> Housomeivver, thir heich-rankin females appear tae hae a higher probability o miscarriages an aw an some heich-rankin matrilines hae inexplicably law growthiness.<ref name="Strier" /> Ane theory suggests this occurs due tae stress on the heich-rankin females, awtho this theory is controversial.<ref name="Strier" /> [[File:Baboons Kenya 2007.jpg|thumb|left|Troop in Kenyae]] A female aften forms a lang-lastin social relationship wi a male in her troop, kent as a "friendship".<ref name="Smuts1985" /> Thir nansexual affiliative friendships benefit baith the male an female.<ref name="Strier" /> Males benefit frae thir relationships acause thay are uisually formed suin efter he immigrates intae a new group,<ref name="Strier" /> an helps the male integrate intae the group mair easily.<ref name="Strier" /> He coud potentially en up matein wi his female friend in the futur an aw.<ref name="Strier" /> Females gain pertection frae threats tae thairsels an thair infants (if thay hae ony).<ref name="Strier" /> Males occasionally "baby-sit" for thair female friends, sae she can feed an forage freely athoot the burden o haein tae cairy or watch the infant.<ref name="Strier" /> Sexually receptive females an newly immigratit males can form sic friendships.<ref name="Lang2" /> Thir relationships are whiles endurin an the pair grooms an remains close tae ilk ither.<ref name="Lang2" /> Thay traivel, forage, sleep, an raise infants thegither an aw, as well as fecht thegither against aggressive conspecifics.<ref name="Smuts1985" /> Males establish thair dominance mair forcefully than females.<ref name="Lang2" /> A male disperses,<ref name="Strier" /> or leaves his natal group an jyns anither group, efter reachin sexual maturity.<ref name="Lang2" /> Adult males are vera competitive wi ilk ither an fecht for access tae females.<ref name="Smuts1985" /> Heicher dominance means better access tae matein an earlier access tae fuid, sae naturally a great deal o fechtin ower rank occurs, wi younger males constantly treein tae rise in poseetion.<ref name="Lang2" /> Acause females stay wi thair groups thair entire lives, an males emigrate tae ithers, aften a new male challenges an aulder ane for dominance.<ref name="Lang2" /> Frequently, when aulder baboons drop in the social hierarchy, thay muive tae anither tribe.<ref name="Shefferly" /> The younger males wha pushed thaim doun aften bullies an harasses thaim.<ref name="Shefferly" /> Aulder males tend tae hae mair supportive an equal relationships than those o the younger males. The umwhile micht form coalitions against the latter.<ref name="Smut 1990">{{cite journal |last=Smuts |first=B. B. |last2=Watanabe |first2=J. M. |year=1990 |title=Social relationships and ritualized greetings in adult male baboons (''Papio cynocephalus anubis'') |url=https://archive.org/details/international-journal-of-primatology_1990-04_11_2/page/147 |journal=Int J Primatol |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=147–172 |doi=10.1007/BF02192786}}</ref> Despite bein hierarchical, baboons appear tae be "democratic" when it comes tae decidin the direction o collective muivement. Indwallers are mair likely tae follae when multiple decision-makkers gree on wha direction tae go rather than simply follaein dominant indwallers.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Strandburg-Peshkin, Ariana. |author2=Farine, Damien R. |author3=Couzin, Iain D. |author4=Crofoot, Margaret C. |year=2015 |title=Shared decision-making drives collective movement in wild baboons |journal=Science |volume=348 |issue=624 |pages=1358–1361 |doi=10.1126/science.aaa5099 |pmid=26089514 |pmc=4801504}}</ref> ===Reproduction an parentin=== [[File:Olive baboon (Papio anubis) suckling, Semliki Wildlife Reserve.jpg|thumb|left|sucklin, [[Uganda]]]] [[Image:Baby baboon on back.jpg|thumb|Wi baby, [[Lake Manyara National Park]], [[Tanzanie]]]] [[File:Olive baboon (Papio anubis) with juvenile.jpg|thumb|wi juvenile, [[Uganda]]]] Females are sexually matur at seiven tae aicht year auld, an males at seiven tae 10 years.<ref name="Shefferly" /> The beginnin o a female's ovulation is a signal tae the males that she is ready tae mate. Durin ovulation, the skin o the female's anogenital aurie swells an turns a bricht reid/pink.<ref name="Motluk">{{cite journal |author=Motluk, Alison |title=Big Bottom |journal=New Scientist |volume=19 |issue=7 |url=http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn494-big-bottom.html |year=2001}}</ref> The swellin maks it difficult tae muive an increases the female's chance o microbial or parasitic infection.<ref name="Motluk" /> Females wi mair swollen anogenital auries reproduce while younger, produce mair affspring per year, an those affspring hae a better chance o survivin. Thir females attract mair males an aw, an are mair likely tae cause aggressive fechts atween thaim.<ref name="Lang2" /> Olive baboons tend tae mate promiscuously.<ref name="Lang2" /> A male forms a matein consortship wi a estrous female, stayin close tae an copulatin wi her.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Packer |first=C. |year=1979 |title=Inter-troop transfer and [[inbreeding avoidance]] in ''Papio anubis'' |journal=Anim Behav |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=1–36 |doi=10.1016/0003-3472(79)90126-X}}</ref> Males gaird thair pairtner against ony ither male treein tae mate wi her. Unless a female is in a multiday consortship, she aften copulates wi mair nor ane male each day.<ref name="Leigh">{{cite book |title=Reproduction and Fitness in Baboons: Behavioral, Ecological, and Life History Perspective |url=https://archive.org/details/reproductionfitn00swed |year=2006 |publisher=Springer Science+Business Media, LLC |location=New York |isbn=0-387-30688-9 |editor1=Steven Leigh |editor2=Larissa Swedell |page=[https://archive.org/details/reproductionfitn00swed/page/28 28]}}</ref> Multiple copulations are no necessar for reproduction, but mey function tae mak the actual paternity o the female's affspring ambiguous. This lack o paternal certainty coud help reduce the occurrence o infanticide.<ref name="Shefferly" /> Occasionally, male olive baboons monopolize a female for her entire period o probable conception.<ref name="Leigh" /> The male protects his female frae bein matit bi ither males durin consortship.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bercovitch |first=F. B. |year=1991 |title=Mate selection, consortship formation, and reproductive tactics in adult female savanna baboons |url=https://archive.org/details/primates_1991-10_32_4/page/437 |journal=Primates |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=437–452 |doi=10.1007/BF02381935}}</ref> [[File:Grooming monkeys PLW edit.jpg|thumb|left|Adult [[social groomin|groomin]] young in the [[Ngorongoro Conservation Area]], Tanzanie]] Newborns hae black natal coats an bricht pink skin. Females are the primar caregiers o infants, but males play a role an aw.<ref name="Lang2" /> In its first few days, the infant mey be unable tae stay attached tae its mither an relies on her for pheesical support. Housomeivver, its grasp graws stranger bi its first week an it is able tae cling tae its mither's fur bi itsel.<ref name="Lang2" /> Bi twa weeks, the infant begins tae splore its surroondins for short periods, but stays near her. The distance the infant spends awa frae its mither increases the aulder it gets.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Nash |first=L. T. |year=1978 |title=The development of the mother-infant relationship in wild baboons (''Papio anubis'') |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_animal-behaviour_1978-08_26_3/page/746 |journal=Anim Behav |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=746–759 |doi=10.1016/0003-3472(78)90141-0}}</ref> In general, heicher-rankin females are uisually mair relaxed parents than females o lawer rank, which uisually keep thair affspring close tae thaim.<ref name="Shefferly" /> Housomeivver, this difference anerly lasts for approximately the first aicht weeks o a infant's life.<ref name="Shefferly" /> Olive baboons dae no seem tae practice co-operative parentin, but a female mey gruim an infant that is no hers. Subadult an juvenile females are mair likely tae care for anither's young, as thay hae no yet producit affspring o thair awn.<ref name="Shefferly" /> Ane theory for why immatur females tend tae seek oot infants is that thay can prepare for thair futur roles as mithers.<ref name="Strier" /> Infant baboons born tae first-time mithers suffer heicher mortality than those born tae experiencit mithers, which suggests that prior experience in carin for infants is important.<ref name="Strier" /> Adult males in the groups care for the infants an aw, as thay are likely tae be relatit tae thaim.<ref name="Packer1980" /> Males gruim infants, reducin the amoont o parasites thay mey hae, an calm thaim when thay are stressed. Thay mey pertect thaim frae predators an aw, sic as chimpanzees. Housomeivver, adult males exploit infants an uise thaim tae reduce the likeliheid that ither males will threaten thaim.<ref name="Packer1980">{{cite journal |last=Packer |first=C. |year=1980 |title=Male care and exploitation of infants in ''Papio anubis'' |journal=Anim Behav |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=512–520 |doi=10.1016/S0003-3472(80)80059-5}}</ref> ===Communication=== [[File:BABOON-e.JPG|thumb|Face o olive baboon]] Olive baboons communicate wi various vocalisations an facial expressions. Throuoot the day, baboons o aw ages emit the "basic grunt".<ref name="Ransom1981">Ransom TW. (1981) Beach troop of the Gombe. East Brunswick (NJ): Assoc Univ Press ISBN 0-8387-1704-7.</ref> Adults gie a range o caws. The "roargrunt" is made bi adult males displayin tae ilk ither. The "cough-bark", an the "cough geck" are made when law-fleein birds or humans thay dae no ken are sichtit. A "wa-hoo" caw is made in response tae predators or neebourin groups at nicht an durin stressful situations.<ref name="Ransom1981" /> Ither vocalisations include "breuken gruntin" (law-volume, quick series o grunts made durin relatively calm aggressive encoonters), "pant-grunts" (made when aggressive encoonters escalate), "shrill barks" (loud caws gien when potential threats appear suddent), an "screams" (continuous heich-pitch soonds respondin tae strang emotions).<ref name="Ransom1981" /> The maist common facial expression o the olive baboon is "lipsmackin", which is associatit wi a nummer o behaviours.<ref name="Lang2" /> "Ear flattenin", "ees narraeed", "heid shakin", "jaw-clappin", lipsmackin, an "tongue protrusion" are uised when baboons are greetin ilk ither, an are whiles made wi a "rear present".<ref name="Ransom1981" /> "Eebrou raisin", "molar grindin", "starin", an "yawnin" are uised tae threaten ither baboons.<ref name="Lang2" /> A submissive baboon responds wi displays sic as the "fear grin", the "rigid crouch", an "tail erect".<ref name="Ransom1981" /> ===Diet=== [[File:Papio anubis in Kenya.jpg|thumb|right|Foragin in Kenyae]] Ane major raison for its widespread success is that the olive baboon is omnivorous.<ref name="Lang" /> As sic it is able tae fynd nutrition in amaist ony environs, an it is able tae adapt wi different foragin tactics.<ref name="Whiten1991" /> For instance, the olive baboon in grassland goes aboot fyndin fuid differently frae ane in a forest.<ref name="Lang" /> The baboon forages on aw levels o a environs, abuin an beneath the grund an in the canopy o forests.<ref name="Whiten1991">{{cite journal |last=Whiten |first=A. |last2=Byrne |first2=R. W. |last3=Barton |first3=R. A. |last4=Waterman |first4=P. G. |last5=Henzi |first5=S. P. |year=1991 |title=Dietary and foraging strategies of baboons |journal=Phil Trans R Soc Lond |volume=334 |issue=1270 |pages=187–197 |doi=10.1098/rstb.1991.0108}}</ref> Maist ainimals anerly leuk for fuid at ane level; an arboreal species sic as a [[lemur]] daes no leuk for fuid on the grund. The olive baboon searches as wide a aurie as it can, an it eats virtually iverything it fynds.<ref name="Whiten1991" /> The diet teepically includes a lairge variety o [[plant]]s, an [[invertebrate]]s an smaw mammals, as well as birds.<ref name="Skelton">{{cite web |author=Skelton, S. |title=Savanna Baboon (Papio cynocephalusd) |url=http://wanp.exis.net/~spook/babtxt.hml |accessdate=2007-01-29 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The olive baboon eats leaves, gress, ruits, bark, flouers, fruit, lichens, tubers, seeds, mushrooms, corms, an rhizomes.<ref name="Skelton" /> Corms an rhizomes are especially important in times o drocht, acause gress luises a great deal o its nutritional value.<ref name="Skelton" /> In dry, arid regions, sic as the northeastren deserts, smaw invertebrates lik insects, speeders, an scorpions fill oot its diet.<ref name="Skelton" /> The olive baboon actively hunts prey an aw, frae smaw rodents an hares tae tods an ither primates.<ref name="Lang" /> Its leemit is uisually smaw antelope, sic as [[Thomson's gazelle]] an an aw, rarely, sheep, goats, an live chickens, which mey amoont tae 33.5% o its fuid frae huntin.<ref name="Lang" /> Huntin is uisually a group activity, wi baith males an females pairticipatin.<ref name="Lang" /> Interestinly, this seestematic predation wis apparently developit recently.<ref name="Strum">{{cite journal |author=Strum, S C. |title=Primate Predation: Interim Report on the Development of a Tradition in a Troop of Olive Baboons |journal=Science |volume=187 |page=4178 |year=1975 |doi=10.1126/science.187.4178.755 |pmid=17795248 |issue=4178}}</ref> In a field study, sic behaviour wis observit as stairtin wi the males o ane troop an spreadin throu aw ages an sexes.<ref name="Strum" /> In [[Eritrea]], the olive baboon haes formed a seembiotic relationship wi that kintra's endangered [[elephant]] population. The baboons uise the watter holes dug bi the elephants, whilk the elephants uise the tree-tap baboons as a early warnin seestem.<ref>{{cite web |title=The rediscovery of Eritrea's elephants |work=BBC Wildlife magazine |date=July 2003 |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/animals/features/300feature1.shtml |accessdate=2007-09-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060314104912/http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/animals/features/300feature1.shtml |archivedate=2006-03-14}}</ref> ==Conservation status== The olive baboon is leetit as [[least concern]] bi the [[IUCN]] acause "this species is vera widespread an abundant an awtho persecutit as a crop raider thare are nae major threats believit tae be resultin in a range-wide population decline".<ref name="iucn" /> Despite persecution, the baboon is still widespread an numerous.<ref name="iucn" /> Housomeivver, competeetion an disease hae possibly led tae fewer baboons in closed forests. It haes been actively persecutit as a pest.<ref name="iucn" /> ==References== {{Wikispecies|Papio anubis|olive baboon}} {{Commons category|Papio anubis}} {{reflist|30em}} == Freemit airtins == * {{UCSC genomes|papAnu2}} [[Category:Cercopithecine pugs]] [[Category:Mammals o Burkina Faso]] [[Category:Mammals o Ethiopie]] [[Category:Mammals o Mali]] [[Category:Fauna o the Sahara]] [[Category:Mammals o Somalie]] [[Category:Mammals o Tanzanie]] [[Category:Fauna o East Africae]] [[Category:Fauna o Wast Africae]] [[Category:Primates o Africae]] [[Category:Megafauna o Africae]] [[Category:Ainimals descrived in 1827]] [[Category:Mammals o Uganda]] [[Category:Mammals o Benin]] [[Category:Mammals o Burundi]] [[Category:Mammals o Cameroon]] [[Category:Mammals o the Central African Republic]] [[Category:Mammals o Chad]] [[Category:Mammals o the Democratic Republic o the Congo]] [[Category:Mammals o the Republic o the Congo]] [[Category:Mammals o Ivory Coast]] [[Category:Mammals o Eritrea]] [[Category:Mammals o Ghana]] [[Category:Mammals o Guinea]] [[Category:Mammals o Kenyae]] [[Category:Mammals o Mauritanie]] [[Category:Mammals o Niger]] [[Category:Mammals o Nigerie]] [[Category:Mammals o Rwanda]] [[Category:Mammals o Sierra Leone]] [[Category:Mammals o Sooth Sudan]] [[Category:Mammals o Sudan]] [[Category:Mammals o Togo]] h1p1fzqjtwgkzkywotoyg8eb3jibipy 0 161170 917771 909826 2026-06-04T17:05:23Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260604sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 917771 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=Mairch 2021}} {{Infobox animal | name = Dolly | image = Dolly face closeup.jpg | image_size = | caption = Dolly's [[taxidermied]] remains | birth_name = | othername = 6LLS (code name) | species = [[Sheep|Domestic sheep, Finn-Dorset]] | gender = Female | birth_date = 5 July 1996 | birth_place = [[Roslin Institute]], [[Edinburgh]], Scotland | death_date = 14 February 2003 (aged 6) | death_place = Roslin Institute, Edinburgh, Scotland |module={{Infobox person|child=yes | death_cause = [[Lung disease]] and severe [[arthritis]]}} | resting_place = [[National Museum of Scotland]] (remains on display). | resting_place_coordinates = | relativeage = | nationality = United Kingdom (Great Britain) | employer = | role = | years_active = | known = First mammal cloned from an adult somatic cell | tricks = | awards = | title = | term = | predecessor = | successor = | owner = | parents = | children = Six lambs (Bonnie; twins Sally and Rosie; triplets Lucy, Darcy and Cotton) | weight = | height = | appearance = | namedafter = [[Dolly Parton]]<ref name="BBC-97"/> | website = }} '''Dolly''' (5 Julie 1996 – 14 Februar 2003) wis a female [[domestic sheep]], an the first [[mammal]] [[clonin|cloned]] frae an adult [[somatic cell]], uisin the process o [[nuclear transfer]].<ref>{{Cite journal|author=McLaren A |title=Cloning: pathways to a pluripotent future |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2000-06-09_288_5472/page/1774 |journal=Science |volume=288 |issue=5472 |pages=1775–80 |date=2000 |pmid=10877698 |doi=10.1126/science.288.5472.1775}}</ref><ref name=Wilmut>{{Cite journal|display-authors=4|author=Wilmut I|author2=Schnieke AE|author3=McWhir J|author4=Kind AJ|author5=Campbell KH |title=Viable offspring derived from fetal and adult mammalian cells |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1997-02-27_385_6619/page/810|journal=Nature |volume=385 |issue=6619 |pages=810–3 |date=1997 |pmid=9039911 | doi=10.1038/385810a0 |bibcode=1997Natur.385..810W}}</ref> She wis cloned bi [[Ian Wilmut]], [[Keith Campbell (biologist)|Keith Campbell]] an colleagues at the [[Roslin Institute]], pairt o the [[Varsity o Edinburgh]], Scotland, an the biotechnology company PPL Therapeutics, based near [[Edinburgh]]. The fundin for Dolly's clonin wis providit bi PPL Therapeutics an the UK's [[Depairtment for Environs, Fuid an Rural Affairs|Meenistry o Agricultur]].<ref name=j1>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1080/00141844.1999.9981606| title = Why dolly matters: Kinship, culture and cloning| url = https://archive.org/details/ethnos_1999_64_3/page/301| journal = Ethnos| volume = 64| issue = 3–4| pages = 301–324| year = 1999| last1 = Edwards | first1 = J. }}</ref> She wis born on 5 Julie 1996 an died frae a progressive lung disease five month afore her seivent birthday.<ref name=BBC>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2764039.stm "Dolly the sheep clone dies young"]. BBC News. 14 February 2003</ref> She haes been cried "the warld's maist famous sheep" bi soorces includin [[BBC News]] an ''[[Scientific American]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/353617.stm |title=Is Dolly old before her time? |date=27 May 1999 |work=[[BBC News]] |accessdate=4 October 2009 | location=London}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=no-more-cloning-around|title=No More Cloning Around|last=Lehrman |first=Sally|date=July 2008|work=[[Scientific American]]|accessdate=21 September 2008}}</ref> The cell uised as the donor for the clonin o Dolly wis taken frae a [[mammary gland]], an the production o a healthy clone tharefore proved that a cell taken frae a speceefic pairt o the bouk could recreate a whole individual. On Dolly's name, Wilmut stated "Dolly is derived frae a mammary gland cell an we couldn't think o a mair impressive pair o glands than [[Dolly Parton]]'s".<ref name="BBC-97">{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/22/newsid_4245000/4245877.stm | work=BBC News | title=1997: Dolly the sheep is cloned | date=22 February 1997}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Dolly The Sheep}} [[Category:1996 births]] [[Category:2003 daiths]] [[Category:Sheep]] [[Category:History o Scotland]] [[Category:Dolly Parton]] [[Category:Individual ainimals]] [[Category:Biotechnology]] {{stub/Ainimal}} {{stub/Science}} ka2w9bp18ziu9l6pthdsirmv8b2rnev 0 162786 917713 915556 2026-06-04T16:15:59Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 917713 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Population density of countries 2018 world map, people per sq km.svg|347px|thumb|Population density (fowk per km²) bi kintra in 2018]] This is a '''leet o [[kintra]]s an [[dependent territory|dependencies]] ranked bi human [[population density]]''' an meisurt bi the nummer o [[human]] indwallers per [[squerr kilometre]] or [[squerr mile]]. ==Leet== * The [[European Union]] is a ''[[sui generis]]'' supranaitional union possessin "kintra-lik" chairacteristics. The entity is componed o 28 member kintras. Its population density haes been estimatit at 116 fowk per km², an it would be ranked 95t if it were included in the leet. (population: 506,913,394 on Januar 1, 2014,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&language=en&pcode=tps00001&tableSelection=1&footnotes=yes&labeling=labels&plugin=1|title=Eurostat-Tables,Graphs and Maps Interface（TGM）table|publisher=[[European Commission]]|accessdate=9 March 2015}}</ref> area: 4,324,782&nbsp;km²). ''See an aa: [[Leet o regional organisations bi population]]''. *The maist densely populatit sovereign naition is [[Monaco]], wi a population density o 18,713 fowk/km². * Aurie includes laund an watter. {|class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:right" |+ !Pos.!!Kintra (or dependent territory)!!Aurie (km²)!!Aurie (mi²)!!Population!!Density<br>(pop./km²)!!Density<br>(pop./mi²)!!Date!! class="unsortable" | Population soorce |- ||| align="left" |{{noflag}}'''[[Population density#Human population density|Warld]]''' (laund anly, excludin [[Antarcticae]]) |{{convert|134940000|km2|disp=table}} |{{formatnum:{{worldpop}}}} |{{convert|{{#expr: {{worldpop}}/134940000 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} | align="left" |[http://www.census.gov/popclock/ USCB's warld population clock] |- ||| align="left" |{{noflag}}'''[[Population density#Human population density|Warld]]''' (laund anly) |{{convert|148940000|km2|disp=table}} |{{formatnum:{{worldpop}}}} |{{convert|{{#expr: {{worldpop}}/148940000 round 0 }}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} | align="left" |[http://www.census.gov/popclock/ USCB's Warld population clock] |- ||| align="left" |{{noflag}}'''[[Population density#Human population density|Warld]]''' (wi watter) |{{convert|510072000|km2|disp=table}} |{{formatnum:{{worldpop}}}} |{{convert|{{#expr: {{worldpop}}/510072000 round 0 }}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} | align="left" |[http://www.census.gov/popclock/ USCB's Warld population clock] |- |1 | align="left" |''{{MAC}}'' ([[Cheenae]])<ref>Current [[Special Admeenistrative Region]] (SAR) o the [[Cheenae|Fowkrepublic o Cheenae]] (PRC). Umwhile [[Portugal|Portuguese]] colony.</ref> |{{convert|30.5|km2|0|disp=table}} |647,700 |{{convert|{{#expr: 647700/30.5 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |September 30, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.dsec.gov.mo/TimeSeriesDatabase.aspx?KeyIndicatorID=12 Offeecial quarterly estimate] |- |2 | align="left" |{{MCO}} |{{convert|2.02|km2|2|disp=table}} |38,400 |{{convert|{{#expr: 38400/2.02 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |December 31, 2015 | align="left" |[http://www.imsee.mc/Population-et-emploi Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121128001937/http://www.imsee.mc/Population-et-emploi |date=2012-11-28 }} |- |3 | align="left" |{{SIN}} |{{convert|719.2|km2|0|disp=table}} |5,607,300 |{{convert|{{#expr: 5607300/719.2 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.singstat.gov.sg/statistics/latest-data#16 Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151129094649/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/statistics/latest-data#16 |date=2015-11-29 }} |- |4 | align="left" |''{{HKG}}'' ([[China]]) |{{convert|1,105.7|km2|0|disp=table}} |7,346,700 |{{convert|{{#expr: 7346700/1105.7 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.censtatd.gov.hk/hkstat/sub/so20.jsp Offeecial estimate] |- |5 | align="left" |''{{GIB}}'' ([[Unitit Kinrick|UK]])<ref>Territory claimed bi [[Spain]].</ref> |{{convert|6.8|km2|1|disp=table}} |33,140 |{{convert|{{#expr: 33140/6.8 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |March 7, 2017 | align="left" |[https://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/new/sites/default/files/HMGoG_Documents/Abstract%202014.pdf Offeecial estimate] |- |6 | align="left" |{{BHR}} |{{convert|757|km2|0|disp=table}} |1,472,483 |{{convert|{{#expr: 1472483/757 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |March 21, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.cio.gov.bh/CIO_ARA/English/Publications/Census/2011%2009%2018%20Final%20English%20Census%202010%20Summary%20%20Results%20-%20Review%201.pdf Final 2010 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502230515/http://www.cio.gov.bh/CIO_ARA/English/Publications/Census/2011%2009%2018%20Final%20English%20Census%202010%20Summary%20%20Results%20-%20Review%201.pdf |date=2013-05-02 }} |- |7 | align="left" |{{VAT}} |{{convert|0.44|km2|2|disp=table}} |800 |{{convert|{{#expr: 800/0.44 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |2012 | align="left" |[http://www.vaticanstate.va/content/vaticanstate/es/stato-e-governo/note-generali/popolazione.html Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202031317/http://www.vaticanstate.va/content/vaticanstate/es/stato-e-governo/note-generali/popolazione.html |date=2017-02-02 }} |- |8 | align="left" |{{MLT}} |{{convert|315|km2|0|disp=table}} |426,149 |{{convert|{{#expr: 426149/315 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |March 21, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.nso.gov.mt/statdoc/document_file.aspx?id=3424 Preliminary 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113194522/http://www.nso.gov.mt/statdoc/document_file.aspx?id=3424 |date=2013-11-13 }} |- |9 | align="left" |''{{BER}}'' ([[Unitit Kinrick|UK]]) |{{convert|52|km2|0|disp=table}} |66,449 |{{convert|{{#expr: 66449/52 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |March 21, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.gov.bm/portal/server.pt/gateway/PTARGS_0_2_980_227_1014_43/http%3B/ptpublisher.gov.bm%3B7087/publishedcontent/publish/cabinet_office/statistics/dept___statistics___additonal_files/2012_facts___figures_0.pdf Final 2010 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520190010/http://www.gov.bm/portal/server.pt/gateway/PTARGS_0_2_980_227_1014_43/http%3B/ptpublisher.gov.bm%3B7087/publishedcontent/publish/cabinet_office/statistics/dept___statistics___additonal_files/2012_facts___figures_0.pdf |date=2013-05-20 }} |- |10 |{{data Bangladesh|popdens}} | align="left" |[http://www.bbs.gov.bd/Home.aspx Offeecial population clock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904045106/http://www.bbs.gov.bd/Home.aspx |date=2011-09-04 }} |- |11 | align="left" |''{{SXM}}'' ([[Kinrick o the Netherlands]]) |{{convert|34|km2|0|disp=table}} |37,429 |{{convert|{{#expr: 37429/34 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |January 1, 2010 | align="left" |[http://www.citypopulation.de/SintMaarten.html Offeecial estimate] |- |12 | align="left" |{{MDV}} |{{convert|298|km2|0|disp=table}} |317,280 |{{convert|{{#expr: 317280/298 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |2010 | align="left" |[http://planning.gov.mv/en/images/stories/publications/analysiscd/pdf/13.pdf Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224031/http://planning.gov.mv/en/images/stories/publications/analysiscd/pdf/13.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} |- |13 | align="left" |''{{JEY}}'' ([[Unitit Kinrick|UK]]) |{{convert|116|km2|0|disp=table}} |97,857 |{{convert|{{#expr: 97857/116 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |March 27, 2011 | align="left" |[http://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20CensusBulletin1%2020111208%20SU.pdf 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918003705/http://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20CensusBulletin1%2020111208%20SU.pdf |date=2012-09-18 }} |- |14 | align="left" |''{{GGY}}'' ([[Unitit Kinrick|UK]]) |{{convert|78|km2|0|disp=table}} |62,431 |{{convert|{{#expr: 62431/78 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |March 31, 2010 | align="left" |[http://www.gov.gg/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=5506&p=0 Offeecial estimate] |- |15 | align="left" |''{{flag|Palestinian National Authority|name=Palestinian Territories}}''<ref>Borders an aurie o Palestinian-admeenistert territories are pendin ootcome o negotiations wi [[Israel]].</ref> |{{convert|6,020|km2|0|disp=table}} |4,550,368 |{{convert|{{#expr: 4550368/6020 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |2014 | align="left" |[http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/site/881/default.aspx#Population Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610214618/http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/site/881/default.aspx#Population |date=2015-06-10 }} |- |16 | align="left" |''{{MAF}}'' ([[Fraunce]]) |{{convert|54|km2|0|disp=table}} |36,979 |{{convert|{{#expr: 36979/54 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |January 1, 2010 | align="left" |[http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/recensement/populations-legales/france-departements.asp?annee=2010 Offeecial estimate] |- |17 | align="left" |{{TWN}} ([[Republic o Cheenae|ROC]])<ref>[[Poleetical status o Taiwan|Pairtially recognised state]], claimed bi the [[Fowkrepublic o Cheenae]] as ane o its [[Provinces o Cheenae|provinces]].</ref> |{{convert|36,197|km2|0|disp=table}} |23,526,295 |{{convert|{{#expr: 23526295/36197 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |October 31, 2016 | align="left" |[http://eng.stat.gov.tw/point.asp?index=9 Monthly official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704022127/http://eng.stat.gov.tw/point.asp?index=9 |date=2014-07-04 }} |- |18 | align="left" |{{BRB}} |{{convert|430|km2|0|disp=table}} |274,200 |{{convert|{{#expr: 274200/430 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2010 | align="left" |[http://www.citypopulation.de/Barbados.html Offeecial estimate] |- |19 | align="left" |{{MRI}} |{{convert|2,040|km2|0|disp=table}} |1,262,879 |{{convert|{{#expr: 1262879/2040 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2015 | align="left" |[http://statsmauritius.govmu.org/English/StatsbySubj/Pages/Population-Stats-Jan-Jun2015.aspx Offeecial estimate] |- |20 | align="left" |{{LBN}} |{{convert|10,452|km2|0|disp=table}} |5,988,153 |{{convert|{{#expr: 5988153/10201 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2014 | align="left" |UN projection |- |21 | align="left" |''{{MYT}}'' ([[Fraunce]]) |{{convert|374|km2|0|disp=table}} |212,600 |{{convert|{{#expr: 212600/374 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |August 21, 2012 | align="left" |[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?ref_id=19214&reg_id=27 2012 census result] |- |22 | align="left" |{{SMR}} |{{convert|61|km2|0|disp=table}} |33,028 |{{convert|{{#expr: 33028/61 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |May 31, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.statistica.sm/on-line/home/dati-statistici/popolazione.html# Monthly official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121228151338/http://www.statistica.sm/on-line/home/dati-statistici/popolazione.html |date=2012-12-28 }} |- |23 | align="left" |''{{ARU}}'' ([[Kinrick o the Netherlands]]) |{{convert|193|km2|0|disp=table}} |101,484 |{{convert|{{#expr: 101484/193 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |September 29, 2010 | align="left" |[http://www.cbs.aw/cbs/readBlob.do?id=4199 2010 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113151207/http://www.cbs.aw/cbs/readBlob.do?id=4199 |date=2012-11-13 }} |- |24 | align="left" |{{KOR}} |{{convert|100,210|km2|0|disp=table}} |50,801,405 |{{convert|{{#expr: 50801405/100210 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2016 | align="left" |[http://kosis.kr/nsportalStats/nsportalStats_0102Body.jsp?menuId=1&NUM=1 Annual official estimate] |- |25 | align="left" |{{NRU}} |{{convert|21|km2|0|disp=table}} |10,084 |{{convert|{{#expr: 10084/21 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |October 30, 2011 | align="left" |[http://www.citypopulation.de/Nauru.html 2011 census result] |- |26 | align="left" |{{RWA}} |{{convert|25,314|km2|0|disp=table}} |11,882,766 |{{convert|{{#expr: 11882766/25314 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2015 | align="left" |[http://statistics.gov.rw/ Annual official estimate] |- |27 | align="left" |{{TUV}} |{{convert|26|km2|0|disp=table}} |11,323 |{{convert|{{#expr: 11323/26 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2013 | align="left" |[http://www.spc.int/sdp/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=158&Itemid=42&lang=en Offeecial estimate] |- |28 | align="left" |''{{BLM}}'' ([[Fraunce]]) |{{convert|21|km2|0|disp=table}} |8,938 |{{convert|{{#expr: 8938/21 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |January 1, 2010 | align="left" |[http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/recensement/populations-legales/france-departements.asp?annee=2010 Offeecial estimate] |- |29 | align="left" |{{COM}} |{{convert|1,861|km2|0|disp=table}} |784,745 |{{convert|{{#expr: 784745/1861 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2015 | align="left" |[http://comoros.africadata.org/fr/DataAnalysis Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111213747/http://comoros.africadata.org/fr/DataAnalysis |date=2016-01-11 }} |- |30 | align="left" |{{BDI}} |{{convert|27,816|km2|0|disp=table}} |11,552,561 |{{convert|{{#expr: 11552561/27816 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.isteebu.bi/images/rapports/projection%20de%20la%20population%20bdi%202008-2030.pdf Offeecial annual projection] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403071528/http://www.isteebu.bi/images/rapports/projection%20de%20la%20population%20bdi%202008-2030.pdf |date=2019-04-03 }} |- |31 |{{data Netherlands|popdens}} | align="left" |[https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/visualisaties/population-counter Offeecial population clock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009222717/https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/visualisaties/population-counter |date=2018-10-09 }} |- |32 | align="left" |{{HAI}} |{{convert|27,065|km2|0|disp=table}} |11,078,033 |{{convert|{{#expr: 11078033/27065 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.ihsi.ht/pdf/projection/ProjectionsPopulation_Haiti_2007.pdf Offeecial projection] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219001450/http://ihsi.ht/pdf/projection/ProjectionsPopulation_Haiti_2007.pdf |date=2015-02-19 }} |- |33 |{{data India|popdens}} | align="left" |[http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_chapter3.pdf Population clock based on 2011 census] |- |34 |{{data Israel|popdens}} | align="left" |[http://cbs.gov.il/reader/?MIval=cw_usr_view_Folder&ID=141 Offeecial population clock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915102003/http://www.cbs.gov.il/reader/?MIval=cw_usr_view_Folder&ID=141 |date=2018-09-15 }}<ref>Calculatit based on average growth syne last census</ref> |- |35 | align="left" |''{{PRI}}'' ([[Unitit States|US]])<ref>Commonweel o the [[Unitit States]].</ref> |{{convert|8,868|km2|0|disp=table}} |3,411,307 |{{convert|{{#expr: 3411307/8868 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.census.gov/popest/data/index.html Offeecial estimate] |- |36 | align="left" |{{BEL}} |{{convert|30,528|km2|0|disp=table}} |11,353,461 |{{convert|{{#expr: 11353461/30528 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |December 1, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.ibz.rrn.fgov.be/fileadmin/user_upload/nl/bev/statistieken/stat-1-1_n.pdf Monthly official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111002452/http://www.ibz.rrn.fgov.be/fileadmin/user_upload/nl/bev/statistieken/stat-1-1_n.pdf |date=2014-11-11 }} |- |37 |{{data Philippines|popdens}} | align="left" |[http://rpo3.popcom.gov.ph/ Offeecial population clock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915090120/http://rpo3.popcom.gov.ph/ |date=2015-09-15 }} |- |38 | align="left" |{{SRI}} |{{convert|65,610|km2|0|disp=table}} |22,480,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 22480000/65610 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/VitalStatistics/MidYearPopulation/Mid-year%20population%20by%20age%20group.pdf Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117022357/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/VitalStatistics/MidYearPopulation/Mid-year%20population%20by%20age%20group.pdf |date=2017-11-17 }} |- |39 | align="left" |''{{MTQ}}'' ([[Fraunce]]) |{{convert|1,128|km2|0|disp=table}} |385,551 |{{convert|{{#expr: 385551/1128 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2013 | align="left" |[http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/recensement/populations-legales/france-regions.asp Offeecial estimate] |- |40 | align="left" |''{{CUR}}'' ([[Kinrick o the Netherlands]]) |{{convert|444|km2|0|disp=table}} |150,563 |{{convert|{{#expr: 150563/444 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |March 26, 2011 | align="left" |[http://www.citypopulation.de/Curacao.html 2011 census result] |- |41 | align="left" |{{JPN}} |{{convert|377,944|km2|0|disp=table}} |126,860,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 126860000/377944 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |January 1, 2017 | align="left" |[http://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/jinsui/tsuki/index.htm Monthly official estimate] |- |42 | align="left" |''{{REU}}'' ([[Fraunce]]) |{{convert|2,512|km2|0|disp=table}} |821,136 |{{convert|{{#expr: 821136/2512 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |January 1, 2010 | align="left" |[http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/recensement/populations-legales/france-regions.asp Offeecial estimate] |- |43 | align="left" |{{MHL}} |{{convert|181|km2|0|disp=table}} |56,086 |{{convert|{{#expr: 56086/181 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2013 | align="left" |[http://www.spc.int/sdp/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=158&Itemid=42&lang=en Offeecial estimate] |- |44 | align="left" |''{{VIR}}'' ([[Unitit States|US]]) |{{convert|352|km2|0|disp=table}} |106,405 |{{convert|{{#expr: 106405/352 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |April 1, 2010 | align="left" |[http://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/2010_census/cb11-cn180.html Final 2010 census result] |- |45 | align="left" |{{SLV}} |{{convert|21,040|km2|0|disp=table}} |6,340,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 6340000/21040 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2013 | align="left" |UN estimate |- |46 | align="left" |{{GRD}} |{{convert|344|km2|0|disp=table}} |103,328 |{{convert|{{#expr: 103328/344 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |May 12, 2011 | align="left" |[http://www.geohive.com/cntry/grenada.aspx 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614004809/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/grenada.aspx |date=2012-06-14 }} |- |47 | align="left" |''{{GUM}}'' ([[Unitit States|US]]) |{{convert|541|km2|0|disp=table}} |159,358 |{{convert|{{#expr: 159358/541 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |April 1, 2010 | align="left" |[http://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/2010_census/cb11-cn179.html Final 2010 census result] |- |48 | align="left" |''{{ASM}}'' ([[Unitit States|US]]) |{{convert|197|km2|0|disp=table}} |55,519 |{{convert|{{#expr: 55519/197 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |April 1, 2010 | align="left" |[http://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/2010_census/cb11-cn177.html Final 2010 census result] |- |49 | align="left" |{{VNM}} |{{convert|331,212|km2|0|disp=table}} |92,700,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 92700000/331212 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2016 | align="left" |[https://www.gso.gov.vn/default_en.aspx?tabid=622&ItemID=15862 Offeecial estimate] |- |50 | align="left" |{{LCA}} |{{convert|617|km2|0|disp=table}} |166,526 |{{convert|{{#expr: 166526/617 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |May 10, 2010 | align="left" |[http://www.stats.gov.lc/StLuciaPreliminaryCensusReport2010.pdf Preliminary 2010 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502230512/http://www.stats.gov.lc/StLuciaPreliminaryCensusReport2010.pdf |date=2013-05-02 }} |- |51 | align="left" |{{GBR}} |{{convert|242,910|km2|0|disp=table}} |65,110,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 65110000/242910 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2015 | align="left" |[https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates Annual official estimate] |- |52 | align="left" |{{VCT}} |{{convert|389|km2|0|disp=table}} |100,892 |{{convert|{{#expr: 100892/389 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2009 | align="left" |[http://www.caricomstats.org/Files/Databases/Population/MP.htm Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602153647/http://www.caricomstats.org/Files/Databases/Population/MP.htm |date=2013-06-02 }} |- |53 | align="left" |{{TRI}} |{{convert|5,155|km2|0|disp=table}} |1,328,019 |{{convert|{{#expr: 1328019/5155 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |January 9, 2011 | align="left" |[http://www.cso.gov.tt/sites/default/files/content/images/census/TRINIDAD%20AND%20TOBAGO%202011%20Demographic%20Report.pdf 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502230527/http://www.cso.gov.tt/sites/default/files/content/images/census/TRINIDAD%20AND%20TOBAGO%202011%20Demographic%20Report.pdf |date=2013-05-02 }} |- |54 | align="left" |{{JAM}} |{{convert|10,991|km2|0|disp=table}} |2,723,246 |{{convert|{{#expr: 2723246/10991 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |December 31, 2014 | align="left" |[http://statinja.gov.jm/Demo_SocialStats/population.aspx Offeecial estimate] |- |55 | align="left" |''{{GLP}}'' ([[Fraunce]]) |{{convert|1,630|km2|0|disp=table}} |402,119 |{{convert|{{#expr: 402119/1630 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2013 | align="left" |[http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/recensement/populations-legales/france-regions.asp Offeecial estimate] |- |56 |{{data Pakistan|popdens}} | align="left" |[http://www.census.gov.pk Offeecial population clock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225211657/http://www.census.gov.pk/%20 |date=2018-12-25 }} |- |57 | align="left" |{{LIE}} |{{convert|160|km2|0|disp=table}} |36,842 |{{convert|{{#expr: 36842/160 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |December 31, 2012 | align="left" |[http://www.llv.li/amtsstellen/llv-as-bevoelkerung/llv-as-bevoelkerung-bevoelkerungsstatistik_per_31_dezember-vorlaeufig.htm Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331084716/http://www.llv.li/amtsstellen/llv-as-bevoelkerung/llv-as-bevoelkerung-bevoelkerungsstatistik_per_31_dezember-vorlaeufig.htm |date=2014-03-31 }} |- |58 | align="left" |{{GER}} |{{convert|357,168|km2|0|disp=table}} |82,175,700 |{{convert|{{#expr: 82175700/357168 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |December 31, 2015 | align="left" |[http://www.statistik-portal.de/Statistik-Portal/en/en_zs01_bund.asp Quarterly official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924110018/http://www.statistik-portal.de/Statistik-Portal/en/en_zs01_bund.asp |date=2015-09-24 }} |- |59 | align="left" |{{KWT}} |{{convert|17,818|km2|0|disp=table}} |4,007,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 4007000/17818 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2016 | align="left" |[http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/ Offeecial estimate] |- |60 | align="left" |{{DOM}} |{{convert|47,875|km2|0|disp=table}} |10,528,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 10528000/47875 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2015 | align="left" |[http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Publications/Files/Key_Findings_WPP_2015.pdf UN Projection] |- |61 | align="left" |''{{CAY}}'' ([[Unitit Kinrick|UK]]) |{{convert|259|km2|0|disp=table}} |55,456 |{{convert|{{#expr: 55456/259 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |October 10, 2010 | align="left" |[http://www.eso.ky/pages.php?page=2010censusofpopulationandhousingfinalreport Final 2010 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921135615/http://eso.ky/pages.php?page=2010censusofpopulationandhousingfinalreport |date=2013-09-21 }} |- |62 | align="left" |{{LUX}} |{{convert|2,586|km2|0|disp=table}} |537,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 537000/2586 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |December 31, 2012 | align="left" |[http://www.statistiques.public.lu/stat/TableViewer/tableViewHTML.aspx?ReportId=383&IF_Language=fra&MainTheme=2&FldrName=1 Offeecial estimate]{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |- |63 | align="left" |{{SUI}} |{{convert|41,285|km2|0|disp=table}} |8,391,973 |{{convert|{{#expr: 8391973/41285 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |September 30, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/en/index/themen/01/02/blank/key/bevoelkerungsstand/01.html Quarterly provisional figure] |- |64 | align="left" |{{NGA}} |{{convert|923,768|km2|0|disp=table}} |186,988,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 186988000/923768 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2016 | align="left" |UN projection |- |65 | align="left" |{{ITA}} |{{convert|301,308|km2|0|disp=table}} |60,592,547 |{{convert|{{#expr: 60592547/301308 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |June 30, 2016 | align="left" |[http://demo.istat.it/bilmens2016gen/index.html Monthly official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216081210/http://demo.istat.it/bilmens2016gen/index.html |date=2018-12-16 }} |- |66 | align="left" |{{PRK}} |{{convert|120,540|km2|0|disp=table}} |24,213,510 |{{convert|{{#expr: 24213510/120540 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |October 1, 2014 | align="left" |[http://kp.one.un.org/content/dam/unct/dprk/docs/2014%20SDHS%20Report_E_final.pdf Preliminary 2014 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202031214/http://kp.one.un.org/content/dam/unct/dprk/docs/2014%20SDHS%20Report_E_final.pdf |date=2017-02-02 }} |- |67 | align="left" |{{SEY}} |{{convert|455|km2|0|disp=table}} |93,144 |{{convert|{{#expr: 90945/455 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |December 31, 2015 | align="left" |[http://www.nbs.gov.sc/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/End-2015-Population-Bulletin.pdf Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202031704/http://www.nbs.gov.sc/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/End-2015-Population-Bulletin.pdf |date=2017-02-02 }} |- |68 | align="left" |''{{VGB}}'' ([[Unitit Kinrick|UK]]) |{{convert|151|km2|0|disp=table}} |29,537 |{{convert|{{#expr: 29537/151 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |2010 | align="left" |[http://www.dpu.gov.vg Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020525210259/http://www.dpu.gov.vg/ |date=2002-05-25 }} |- |69 | align="left" |{{ATG}} |{{convert|442|km2|0|disp=table}} |86,295 |{{convert|{{#expr: 86295/442 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |May 27, 2011 | align="left" |[http://www.citypopulation.de/Antigua.html Preliminary 2011 census result] |- |70 | align="left" |{{SKN}} |{{convert|270|km2|0|disp=table}} |51,970 |{{convert|{{#expr: 51970/270 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2009 | align="left" |[http://www.caricomstats.org/Files/Databases/Population/MP.htm Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602153647/http://www.caricomstats.org/Files/Databases/Population/MP.htm |date=2013-06-02 }} |- |71 | align="left" |{{STP}} |{{convert|1,001|km2|0|disp=table}} |187,356 |{{convert|{{#expr: 187356/1001 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |May 13, 2012 | align="left" |[http://www.citypopulation.de/SaoTome.html 2012 census result] |- |72 | align="left" |{{NPL}} |{{convert|147,181|km2|0|disp=table}} |26,494,504 |{{convert|{{#expr: 26494504/147181 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |June 22, 2011 | align="left" |[http://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Major-Finding.pdf Final 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717170017/http://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Major-Finding.pdf |date=2013-07-17 }} |- |73 | align="left" |{{QAT}} |{{convert|11,571|km2|0|disp=table}} |2,024,707 |{{convert|{{#expr: 2024707/11571 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |October 31, 2013 | align="left" |[http://www.qsa.gov.qa/eng/PopulationStructure.htm Monthly official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130220032/http://www.qsa.gov.qa/eng/PopulationStructure.htm |date=2012-11-30 }} |- |74 | align="left" |{{GAM}} |{{convert|10,690|km2|0|disp=table}} |1,849,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 1849000/10690 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2013 | align="left" |UN estimate |- |75 | align="left" |{{flag|Kosovo}}<ref>{{Kosovo-note}}</ref> |{{convert|10,910|km2|0|disp=table}} |1,815,606 |{{convert|{{#expr: 1815606/10910 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |December 31, 2012 | align="left" |[http://www.citypopulation.de/Kosovo-Cities.html Offeecial estimate] |- |76 | align="left" |{{AND}} |{{convert|464|km2|0|disp=table}} |76,246 |{{convert|{{#expr: 76246/464 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |2012 | align="left" |[http://www.estadistica.ad/serveiestudis/web/banc_dades4.asp?tipus_grafic=&bGrafic=&formules=inici&any1=01/01/2000&any2=01/01/2012&codi_divisio=8&lang=1&codi_subtemes=8&codi_tema=2&chkseries= Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113143444/http://www.estadistica.ad/serveiestudis/web/banc_dades4.asp?tipus_grafic= |date=2017-11-13 }} |- |77 | align="left" |{{UGA}} |{{convert|241,551|km2|0|disp=table}} |36,860,700 |{{convert|{{#expr: 36860700/241551 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.ubos.org/onlinefiles/uploads/ubos/statistical_abstracts/Statistical%20Abstract%202015.pdf Annual official estimate] |- |78 | align="left" |''{{IMN}}'' |{{convert|572|km2|0|disp=table}} |84,497 |{{convert|{{#expr: 84497/572 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |March 27, 2011 | align="left" |[http://www.citypopulation.de/IsleOfMan.html 2011 census result] |- |79 | align="left" |{{KIR}} |{{convert|726|km2|0|disp=table}} |106,461 |{{convert|{{#expr: 106461/726 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2013 | align="left" |[http://www.spc.int/sdp/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=158&Itemid=42&lang=en Offeecial estimate] |- |80 | align="left" |{{CYP}} |{{convert|5,896|km2|0|disp=table}} |862,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 862000/5896 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |December 31, 2011 | align="left" |[http://www.mof.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/All/C6ECE5795EAC1ED8C2257AB70038FCD4?OpenDocument&sub=1&sel=1&e=&print Offeecial estimate] |- |81 | align="left" |{{TON}} |{{convert|720|km2|0|disp=table}} |104,270 |{{convert|{{#expr: 104270/720 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2013 | align="left" |[http://www.spc.int/sdp/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=158&Itemid=42&lang=en Offeecial estimate] |- |82 | align="left" |{{FSM}} |{{convert|701|km2|0|disp=table}} |101,351 |{{convert|{{#expr: 101351/701 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2013 | align="left" |[http://www.spc.int/sdp/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=158&Itemid=42&lang=en Offeecial estimate] |- |83 | align="left" |{{GUA}} |{{convert|108,889|km2|0|disp=table}} |15,806,675 |{{convert|{{#expr: 15806675/108889 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |June 30, 2014 | align="left" |[http://www.ine.gob.gt/index.php/estadisticas/tema-indicadores Annual Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314175005/http://www.ine.gob.gt/index.php/estadisticas/tema-indicadores |date=2014-03-14 }} |- |84 |{{data China|popdens}} | align="left" |[http://data.stats.gov.cn/ Offeecial population clock] |- |85 | align="left" |''{{TKL}}'' ([[New Zealand|NZ]]) |{{convert|10|km2|0|disp=table}} |1,411 |{{convert|{{#expr: 1411/10 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |October 18, 2011 | align="left" |[http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_PHC/Tokelau/report.pdf Final 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120815034343/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_PHC/Tokelau/report.pdf |date=2012-08-15 }} |- |86 | align="left" |''{{AIA}}'' ([[Unitit Kinrick|UK]]) |{{convert|96|km2|0|disp=table}} |13,452 |{{convert|{{#expr: 13452/96 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |May 11, 2011 | align="left" |[http://www.citypopulation.de/Anguilla.html Preliminary 2011 census result] |- |87 | align="left" |{{IDN}} |{{convert|1,904,569|km2|0|disp=table}} |260,581,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 260581000/1904569 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.bps.go.id/website/pdf_publikasi/watermark_Proyeksi%20Penduduk%20Indonesia%202010-2035.pdf Offeecial projection] |- |88 | align="left" |{{CZE}} |{{convert|78,867|km2|0|disp=table}} |10,564,866 |{{convert|{{#expr: 10564866/78867 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |June 30, 2016 | align="left" |[https://www.czso.cz/csu/czso/population Quarterly official estimate] |- |89 | align="left" |{{DNK}} |{{convert|43,098|km2|0|disp=table}} |5,748,769 |{{convert|{{#expr: 5748769/43098 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |January 1, 2017 | align="left" |[http://www.dst.dk/en/Statistik/emner/befolkning-og-befolkningsfremskrivning/folketal.aspx Quarterly official estimate] |- |90 | align="left" |{{THA}} |{{convert|513,120|km2|0|disp=table}} |65,729,098 |{{convert|{{#expr: 65729098/513120 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |December 31, 2015 | align="left" |[http://stat.bora.dopa.go.th/stat/y_stat58.htm Offeecial estimate] |- |91 | align="left" |{{TOG}} |{{convert|56,600|km2|0|disp=table}} |7,143,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 7143000/56600 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.stat-togo.org/index.php/thematiques/statistiques-demographiques/32-thematiques/statistiques-demographiques/etat-structure/79-perspectives-demo Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908020603/http://www.stat-togo.org/index.php/thematiques/statistiques-demographiques/32-thematiques/statistiques-demographiques/etat-structure/79-perspectives-demo |date=2015-09-08 }} |- |92 | align="left" |{{POL}} |{{convert|312,685|km2|0|disp=table}} |38,439,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 38439000/312685 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |October 31, 2016 | align="left" |[http://stat.gov.pl/podstawowe-dane/ Offeecial estimate] |- |93 | align="left" |{{CPV}} |{{convert|4,033|km2|0|disp=table}} |491,875 |{{convert|{{#expr: 491875/4033 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |June 16, 2010 | align="left" |[http://www.ine.cv/actualise/dadostat/files/7ba5fbd5-bf0a-4faf-a734-0495ba9f80f0evolução%20da%20população%20residente%20em%20cabo%20verde,%201900%20-2010.pdf Final 2010 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003130545/http://www.ine.cv/actualise/dadostat/files/7ba5fbd5-bf0a-4faf-a734-0495ba9f80f0evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20da%20popula%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20residente%20em%20cabo%20verde%2C%201900%20-2010.pdf |date=2012-10-03 }} |- |94 | align="left" |{{MWI}} |{{convert|118,484|km2|0|disp=table}} |14,388,600 |{{convert|{{#expr: 14388600/118484 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2011 | align="left" |[http://www.citypopulation.de/Malawi.html Offeecial estimate] |- |95 | align="left" |{{GHA}} |{{convert|238,533|km2|0|disp=table}} |28,308,301 |{{convert|{{#expr: 28308301/238533 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |October 26, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/ Offeecial projection] |- |96 | align="left" |''{{MNP}}'' ([[Unitit States|US]]) |{{convert|457|km2|0|disp=table}} |53,883 |{{convert|{{#expr: 53883/457 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |April 1, 2010 | align="left" |[http://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/2010_census/cb11-cn178.html Final 2010 census result] |- |97 | align="left" |{{FRA}} |{{convert|543,965|km2|0|disp=table}} |66,821,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 64149000/543965 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |October 1, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.insee.fr/fr/bases-de-donnees/bsweb/serie.asp?idbank=001641607 Monthly official estimate] |- |98 | align="left" |{{UAE}} |{{convert|83,600|km2|0|disp=table}} |9,856,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 9856000/83600 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/01/weodata/index.aspx Offeecial estimate] |- |99 | align="left" |{{AZE}} |{{convert|86,600|km2|0|disp=table}} |9,755,500 |{{convert|{{#expr: 9755500/86600 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2016 | align="left" |[http://stat.gov.az/news/?id=3311 Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202031604/http://stat.gov.az/news/?id=3311 |date=2017-02-02 }} |- |100 | align="left" |{{PRT}} |{{convert|92,090|km2|0|disp=table}} |10,341,330 |{{convert|{{#expr: 10341330/92090 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |December 31, 2015 | align="left" |[https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpgid=ine_main&xpid=INE Offeecial estimate] |- |101 | align="left" |{{SVK}} |{{convert|49,036|km2|0|disp=table}} |5,426,252 |{{convert|{{#expr: 5426252/49036 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |December 31, 2015 | align="left" |[http://portal.statistics.sk/showdoc.do?docid=68588 Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202031417/http://portal.statistics.sk/showdoc.do?docid=68588 |date=2017-02-02 }} |- |102 |{{data Jordan|popdens}} | align="left" |[http://www.dos.gov.jo/dos_home_e/main/index.htm Offeecial population clock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117225318/http://www.dos.gov.jo/dos_home_e/main/index.htm |date=2012-01-17 }} |- |103 | align="left" |{{HUN}} |{{convert|93,029|km2|0|disp=table}} |9,830,485 |{{convert|{{#expr: 9830485/93029 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |January 1, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.ksh.hu/docs/eng/xstadat/xstadat_annual/i_wnt001b.html Annual official estimate] |- |104 | align="left" |{{MDA}} |{{convert|33,843|km2|0|disp=table}} |3,553,100 |{{convert|{{#expr: 3553100/33843 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |January 1, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.statistica.md/category.php?l=ro&idc=103& Offeecial estimate] |- |105 | align="left" |{{AUT}} |{{convert|83,879|km2|0|disp=table}} |8,767,919 |{{convert|{{#expr: 8767919/83879 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |October 1, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.statistik.at/web_de/statistiken/menschen_und_gesellschaft/bevoelkerung/bevoelkerungsstand_und_veraenderung/bevoelkerung_zu_jahres-_quartalsanfang/023582.html Offeecial quarterly estimate] |- |106 | align="left" |{{CUB}} |{{convert|109,884|km2|0|disp=table}} |11,239,004 |{{convert|{{#expr: 11239004/109886 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |December 31, 2015 | align="left" |[http://www.one.cu/aec2015/03%20Poblacion.pdf Annual official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329125044/http://www.one.cu/aec2015/03%20Poblacion.pdf |date=2017-03-29 }} |- |107 | align="left" |{{TUR}} |{{convert|783,562|km2|0|disp=table}} |79,814,871 |{{convert|{{#expr: 79814871/783562 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |December 31, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/Start.do Annual official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108091816/http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/Start.do |date=2017-11-08 }} |- |108 | align="left" |{{SVN}} |{{convert|20,273|km2|0|disp=table}} |2,064,241 |{{convert|{{#expr: 2064241/20273 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.stat.si/StatWeb/en/field-overview?idp=17&headerbar=13 Offeecial quarterly estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202031406/http://www.stat.si/StatWeb/en/field-overview?idp=17&headerbar=13 |date=2017-02-02 }} |- |109 | align="left" |{{ARM}} |{{convert|29,743|km2|0|disp=table}} |2,995,100 |{{convert|{{#expr: 2995100/29743 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |June 30, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.armstat.am/en/?nid=126&id=19001&submit=Search Offeecial estimate] |- |110 | align="left" |{{ALB}} |{{convert|28,703|km2|0|disp=table}} |2,886,026 |{{convert|{{#expr: 2886026/28703 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |January 1, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.instat.gov.al/en/publications/press-releases/press-release-population-of-albania-1-january-2016.aspx Offeecial annual estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421163002/http://instat.gov.al/en/publications/press-releases/press-release-population-of-albania-1-january-2016.aspx |date=2016-04-21 }} |- |111 | align="left" |{{SYR}} |{{convert|185,180|km2|0|disp=table}} |18,564,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 18564000/185180 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2016 | align="left" |[https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/ UN estimate] |- |112 | align="left" |{{SLE}} |{{convert|71,740|km2|0|disp=table}} |7,075,641 |{{convert|{{#expr: 7075641/71740 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |December 4, 2015 | align="left" |[https://www.statistics.sl/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/2015-Census-Provisional-Result.pdf Preliminary 2015 census result] |- |113 |{{data Malaysia|popdens}}<!-- Do not replace this with a manual calculation. Template:Data Malaysia, like other data templates do for other countries, is used to automatically calculate today's population based on official sources. If this country's population is not accurate, please update the data template, not this article. --> | align="left" |[http://www.statistics.gov.my Offeecial population clock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611041219/http://www.statistics.gov.my/ |date=2008-06-11 }} |- |114 | align="left" |{{DMA}} |{{convert|739|km2|0|disp=table}} |71,293 |{{convert|{{#expr: 71293/739 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |May 14, 2011 | align="left" |[http://www.dominica.gov.dm/cms/files/2011_census_report.pdf Preliminary 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608104411/http://www.dominica.gov.dm/cms/files/2011_census_report.pdf |date=2019-06-08 }} |- |115 | align="left" |{{ETH}} |{{convert|1,063,652|km2|0|disp=table}} |101,853,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 101853000/1063652 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2016 | align="left" |[http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/ UN projection] |- |116 | align="left" |{{CRI}} |{{convert|51,100|km2|0|disp=table}} |4,890,379 |{{convert|{{#expr: 4890379/51100 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |June 30, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.inec.go.cr/ Offeecial estimate] |- |117 | align="left" |{{BEN}} |{{convert|112,622|km2|0|disp=table}} |10,653,654 |{{convert|{{#expr: 10653654/112622 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.insae-bj.org/Migration.html?file=files/stats-demographiques/STATISTIQUES%20DEMOGRAPHIQUES.xlsx Offeecial projection] |- |118 | align="left" |{{TRNC}} |{{convert|3355|km2|0|disp=table}} |313,626 |{{convert|{{#expr: 313626/3355 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |2014 | align="left" |[http://www.devplan.org/Ecosos/BOOK/SEG-2014.pdf Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108225108/http://www.devplan.org/Ecosos/BOOK/SEG-2014.pdf |date=2016-01-08 }} |- |119 |{{data Egypt|popdens}} | align="left" |[http://www.capmas.gov.eg Offeecial population clock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907025744/https://www.capmas.gov.eg/ |date=2023-09-07 }} |- |120 | align="left" |{{ESP}} |{{convert|505,990|km2|0|disp=table}} |46,438,422 |{{convert|{{#expr: 46438422/505990 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |January 1, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.ine.es/inebaseDYN/cp30321/cp_inicio.htm Offeecial estimate] |- |121 | align="left" |{{SRB}} |{{convert|77,474|km2|0|disp=table}} |7,076,372 |{{convert|{{#expr: 7076372/77474 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |January 1, 2016 | align="left" |[http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/WebSite/Public/PageView.aspx?pKey=2 Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225081855/http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/WebSite/Public/PageView.aspx?pKey=2 |date=2015-12-25 }} |- |122 | align="left" |{{KHM}} |{{convert|181,035|km2|0|disp=table}} |15,626,444 |{{convert|{{#expr: 15626444/181035 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.stat.go.jp/info/meetings/cambodia/pdf/rp12_ch10.pdf Offeecial annual projection] |- |123 | align="left" |{{IRQ}} |{{convert|434,128|km2|0|disp=table}} |36,787,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 36787000/434128 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2016 | align="left" |[http://cosit.gov.iq/en/rtl-support Annual official projection] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319085807/http://cosit.gov.iq/en/rtl-support |date=2017-03-19 }} |- |124 | align="left" |{{ROM}} |{{convert|238,391|km2|0|disp=table}} |19,760,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 19760000/238391 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |January 1, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/com_presa/com_pdf/poprez_ian2016e.pdf Offeecial annual estimate] |- |125 | align="left" |{{GRE}} |{{convert|131,957|km2|0|disp=table}} |10,858,018 |{{convert|{{#expr: 10858018/131957 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |January 1, 2015 | align="left" |[http://www.statistics.gr/en/statistics/-/publication/SPO18/- Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110002613/http://www.statistics.gr/en/statistics/-/publication/SPO18/- |date=2021-01-10 }} |- |126 | align="left" |{{KEN}} |{{convert|581,834|km2|0|disp=table}} |47,251,449 |{{convert|{{#expr: 47251449/581834 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2016 | align="left" |[http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/ UN projection] |- |127 | align="left" |{{MKD}} |{{convert|25,713|km2|0|disp=table}} |2,071,278 |{{convert|{{#expr: 2071278/25713 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |December 31, 2015 | align="left" |[http://www.stat.gov.mk/OblastOpsto_en.aspx?id=2 Offeecial estimate] |- |128 | align="left" |{{MYA}} |{{convert|676,577|km2|0|disp=table}} |54,363,426 |{{convert|{{#expr: 54363426/676577 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |March 29, 2014 | align="left" |[http://www.straitstimes.com/news/asia/east-asia/story/myanmar-census-shows-population-9-million-fewer-estimated-20140830 Preliminary 2014 census result] |- |129 | align="left" |{{HON}} |{{convert|112,492|km2|0|disp=table}} |8,721,014 |{{convert|{{#expr: 8721014/112492 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.ine.gob.hn/images/Productos%20ine/censo/Censo%202013/Proyecciones/Proyecciones%20Ine%202016.xlsx Offeecial projection] |- |130 |{{data Morocco|popdens}} | align="left" |[http://www.hcp.ma Offeecial population clock] |- |131 | align="left" |''{{PYF}}'' ([[Fraunce]]) |{{convert|3,521|km2|0|disp=table}} |268,270 |{{convert|{{#expr: 268270/3521 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |August 22, 2012 | align="left" |[http://www.ispf.pf/Libraries/RP2012/Premiers_résultats_population_légale.sflb.ashx Preliminary 2012 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221193409/http://www.ispf.pf/Libraries/RP2012/Premiers_r%C3%A9sultats_population_l%C3%A9gale.sflb.ashx |date=2014-02-21 }} |- |132 | align="left" |{{SEN}} |{{convert|196,722|km2|0|disp=table}} |14,799,859 |{{convert|{{#expr: 14799859/196722 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |2016 | align="left" |[http://www.ansd.sn/senegal_indicateurs.html Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117060113/http://www.ansd.sn/senegal_indicateurs.html |date=2012-01-17 }} |- |133 | align="left" |{{CRO}} |{{convert|56,542|km2|0|disp=table}} |4,190,669 |{{convert|{{#expr: 4190669/56542 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |December 31, 2015 | align="left" |[http://www.dzs.hr/Eng/system/first_results.htm#MIG Annual official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705025245/http://www.dzs.hr/Eng/system/first_results.htm#MIG |date=2017-07-05 }} |- |134 | align="left" |{{UKR}}<ref>Excludes [[Crimea]]</ref> |{{convert|576,500 |km2|0|disp=table}} |42,642,434 |{{convert|{{#expr: 42642434/576500 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |September 1, 2016 | align="left" |[http://database.ukrcensus.gov.ua/PXWEB2007/eng/news/op_popul_e.asp Monthly official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808023040/http://database.ukrcensus.gov.ua/PXWEB2007/eng/news/op_popul_e.asp |date=2016-08-08 }} |- |135 | align="left" |{{CIV}} |{{convert|322,921|km2|0|disp=table}} |23,202,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 23202000/322921 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |2012 | align="left" |[http://www.ins.ci/n Offeecial estimate] |- |136 | align="left" |{{SWZ}} |{{convert|17,364|km2|0|disp=table}} |1,250,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 1250000/17364 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2013 | align="left" |UN estimate |- |137 | align="left" |{{TLS}} |{{convert|14,919|km2|0|disp=table}} |1,066,409 |{{convert|{{#expr: 1066409/14919 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 11, 2010 | align="left" |[http://dne.mof.gov.tl Final 2010 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120816060817/http://dne.mof.gov.tl/ |date=2012-08-16 }} |- |138 | align="left" |{{BIH}} |{{convert|51,209|km2|0|disp=table}} |3,531,159 |{{convert|{{#expr: 3531159/51209 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |September 30, 2013 | align="left" |[http://www.popis2013.ba/popis2013/doc/Popis2013prvoIzdanje.pdf Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224103940/http://www.popis2013.ba/popis2013/doc/Popis2013prvoIzdanje.pdf |date=2017-12-24 }} |- |139 | align="left" |{{UZB}} |{{convert|444,103|km2|0|disp=table}} |30,492,800 |{{convert|{{#expr: 30492800/444103 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |January 1, 2014 | align="left" |[http://www.stat.uz/demographic Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20140723223303/http://www.stat.uz/demographic |date=2014-07-23 }} |- |140 | align="left" |{{LES}} |{{convert|30,355|km2|0|disp=table}} |2,074,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 2074000/30355 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2013 | align="left" |UN estimate |- |141 | align="left" |{{BRU}} |{{convert|5,765|km2|0|disp=table}} |393,162 |{{convert|{{#expr: 393162/5765 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |June 20, 2011 | align="left" |[http://www.depd.gov.bn/projects/BPP/Preliminary%20Report%20of%20BPP%202011_updated_20Feb2012.pdf Preliminary 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010121333/http://www.depd.gov.bn/projects/BPP/Preliminary%20Report%20of%20BPP%202011_updated_20Feb2012.pdf |date=2012-10-10 }} |- |142 | align="left" |{{IRL}} |{{convert|70,273|km2|0|disp=table}} |4,757,976 |{{convert|{{#expr: 4757976/70273 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |April 24, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cpr/censusofpopulation2016-preliminaryresults/ Offeecial census figures] |- |143 | align="left" |{{SAM}} |{{convert|2,831|km2|0|disp=table}} |187,820 |{{convert|{{#expr: 187820/2831 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |November 7, 2011 | align="left" |[http://www.sbs.gov.ws Final 2011 census result] |- |144 | align="left" |{{TUN}} |{{convert|163,610|km2|0|disp=table}} |10,777,500 |{{convert|{{#expr: 10777500/163610 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2012 | align="left" |[http://www.ins.nat.tn/indexfr.php Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117075430/http://www.ins.nat.tn/indexfr.php |date=2020-11-17 }} |- |145 | align="left" |''{{BES}}'' ([[Netherlands]]) |{{convert|322|km2|0|disp=table}} |21,133 |{{convert|{{#expr: 21133/322 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |January 1, 2011 | align="left" |[http://www.citypopulation.de/NedAntillen.html Offeecial estimate] |- |146 | align="left" |''{{NFK}}'' ([[Australia]]) |{{convert|35|km2|0|disp=table}} |2,302 |{{convert|{{#expr: 2302/35 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |August 9, 2011 | align="left" |[http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_PHC/Norfolk_Island/report.pdf 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200110/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_PHC/Norfolk_Island/report.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} |- |147 | align="left" |{{BFA}} |{{convert|270,764|km2|0|disp=table}} |17,322,796 |{{convert|{{#expr: 17322796/270764 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |2013 | align="left" |[http://www.insd.bf/fr Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814084502/http://www.insd.bf/fr |date=2012-08-14 }} |- |148 | align="left" |{{ECU}} |{{convert|255,595|km2|0|disp=table}} |{{formatnum: {{#expr: 150000+6.95*{{Age in days|2011|6|15}} round 0}}00}} |{{formatnum: {{#expr: (15000000+695*{{Age in days|2011|6|15}})/255595 round 0}}}} |{{formatnum: {{#expr: (15000000+695*{{Age in days|2011|6|15}})/98686 round 0}}}} |{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} | align="left" |[http://www.inec.gob.ec/proyecciones_poblacionales/relojnew.swf Offeecial population clock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121131641/http://www.inec.gob.ec/proyecciones_poblacionales/relojnew.swf |date=2013-01-21 }} |- |149 | align="left" |{{BUL}} |{{convert|111,002|km2|0|disp=table}} |7,153,784 |{{convert|{{#expr: 7153784/111002 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |December 31, 2015 | align="left" |[http://www.nsi.bg/bg/node/14154] |- |150 | align="left" |''{{TCA}}'' ([[Unitit Kinrick|UK]]) |{{convert|497|km2|0|disp=table}} |31,458 |{{convert|{{#expr: 31458/497 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |January 25, 2012 | align="left" |[http://www.citypopulation.de/TurksCaicos.html 2012 census result] |- |151 | align="left" |''{{COK}}'' ([[New Zealand|NZ]]) |{{convert|237|km2|0|disp=table}} |14,974 |{{convert|{{#expr: 14974/237 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |December 1, 2011 | align="left" |[http://www.mfem.gov.ck/docs/Stats/2012/Census/2011%20Cook%20Islands%20Population%20Census%20Report.pdf Final 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502230514/http://www.mfem.gov.ck/docs/Stats/2012/Census/2011%20Cook%20Islands%20Population%20Census%20Report.pdf |date=2013-05-02 }} |- |152 | align="left" |{{MEX}} |{{convert|1,967,138|km2|0|disp=table}} |122,273,473 |{{convert|{{#expr: 122273473/1967138 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.conapo.gob.mx/work/models/CONAPO/Proyecciones/Datos/Bases_de_Datos/Indicadores_demograficos/CSV/baseindidemMX.csv Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205000208/http://www.conapo.gob.mx/work/models/CONAPO/Proyecciones/Datos/Bases_de_Datos/Indicadores_demograficos/CSV/baseindidemMX.csv |date=2017-12-05 }} |- |153 | align="left" |{{TAN}} |{{convert|883,749|km2|0|disp=table}} |55,155,473 |{{convert|{{#expr: 55155473/883749 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |August 26, 2012 | align="left" |[http://www.nbs.go.tz/sensa/PDF/Census%20General%20Report%20-%2029%20March%202013_Combined_Final%20for%20Printing.pdf 2012 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502230453/http://www.nbs.go.tz/sensa/PDF/Census%20General%20Report%20-%2029%20March%202013_Combined_Final%20for%20Printing.pdf |date=2013-05-02 }} |- |154 | align="left" |{{TJK}} |{{convert|143,100|km2|0|disp=table}} |8,551,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 8551000/143100 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |January 1, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.stat.tj/en Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306125630/http://www.stat.tj/en/ |date=2012-03-06 }} |- |155 | align="left" |{{GNQ}} |{{convert|28,051|km2|0|disp=table}} |1,622,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 1622000/28051 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |2010 | align="left" |[http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/estadistica.php Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107063158/https://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/404.shtml |date=2019-01-07 }} |- |156 | align="left" |{{YEM}} |{{convert|455,000|km2|0|disp=table}} |24,527,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 24527000/455000 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |2012 | align="left" |[http://www.cso-yemen.org/content.php?lng=arabic&id=553 Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923211602/http://www.cso-yemen.org/content.php?lng=arabic&id=553 |date=2015-09-23 }} |- |157 | align="left" |{{GEO}} |{{convert|69,700|km2|0|disp=table}} |3,720,400 |{{convert|{{#expr: 3720400/69700 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |January 1, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.geostat.ge/index.php?action=page&p_id=152&lang=eng Offeecial estimate] |- |158 | align="left" |{{ERI}} |{{convert|121,100|km2|0|disp=table}} |6,333,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 6333000/121100 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2013 | align="left" |UN estimate |- |159 | align="left" |{{NIC}} |{{convert|121,428|km2|0|disp=table}} |6,071,045 |{{convert|{{#expr: 6071045/121428 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |June 30, 2012 | align="left" |[http://www.inide.gob.ni/estadisticas/Cifras%20municipales%20año%202012%20INIDE.pdf Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502230512/http://www.inide.gob.ni/estadisticas/Cifras%20municipales%20a%C3%B1o%202012%20INIDE.pdf |date=2013-05-02 }} |- |160 |{{data Iran|popdens}} | align="left" |[http://www.amar.org.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=133 Offeecial population clock] |- |161 | align="left" |''{{MSR}}'' ([[Unitit Kinrick|UK]]) |{{convert|102|km2|0|disp=table}} |4,922 |{{convert|{{#expr: 4922/102 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |May 12, 2011 | align="left" |[http://www.gov.ms/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Montserrat-At-A-Glance.pdf 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403071254/http://www.gov.ms/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Montserrat-At-A-Glance.pdf |date=2019-04-03 }} |- |162 | align="left" |''{{WLF}}'' ([[Fraunce]]) |{{convert|274|km2|0|disp=table}} |13,135 |{{convert|{{#expr: 13135/274 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2013 | align="left" |[http://www.spc.int/sdp/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=158&Itemid=42&lang=en Offeecial estimate] |- |163 | align="left" |{{FIJ}} |{{convert|18,333|km2|0|disp=table}} |858,038 |{{convert|{{#expr: 858038/18333 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2012 | align="left" |[http://www.statsfiji.gov.fj/Key%20Stats/Population/1.2%20pop%20by%20ethnicity.pdf Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130416021611/http://www.statsfiji.gov.fj/Key%20Stats/Population/1.2%20pop%20by%20ethnicity.pdf |date=2013-04-16 }} |- |164 | align="left" |{{PAN}} |{{convert|74,177|km2|0|disp=table}} |3,405,813 |{{convert|{{#expr: 3405813/74177 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |May 16, 2010 | align="left" |[http://www.censos2010.gob.pa/Resultados/cuadros.aspx Final 2010 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110307170158/http://www.censos2010.gob.pa/Resultados/Cuadros.aspx |date=2011-03-07 }} |- |165 | align="left" |{{BLR}} |{{convert|207,600|km2|0|disp=table}} |9,469,200 |{{convert|{{#expr: 9469200/207600 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2014 | align="left" |[http://belstat.gov.by/en/ofitsialnaya-statistika/otrasli-statistiki/naselenie/demografiya_2/current-data/demographic-situation-in-Half-Year-2014 Quarterly official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729023401/http://belstat.gov.by/en/ofitsialnaya-statistika/otrasli-statistiki/naselenie/demografiya_2/current-data/demographic-situation-in-Half-Year-2014/ |date=2014-07-29 }} |- |166 | align="left" |{{MNE}} |{{convert|13,812|km2|0|disp=table}} |620,029 |{{convert|{{#expr: 620029/13812 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |April 1, 2011 | align="left" |[http://www.monstat.org/userfiles/file/popis2011/saopstenje/saopstenje%281%29.pdf Final 2011 census result] |- |167 | align="left" |{{CMR}} |{{convert|466,050|km2|0|disp=table}} |20,386,799 |{{convert|{{#expr: 20386799/466050 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |2012 | align="left" |[http://www.stat.cm/downloads/annuaire/2012/Annuaire-2012-chapitre-4.pdf Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517031000/http://www.stat.cm/downloads/annuaire/2012/Annuaire-2012-chapitre-4.pdf |date=2018-05-17 }} |- |168 |align=left|[[Colombie]] | align="left" |1,141,748 |440,831 |49,087,979 |43 |111.35 |Februar 14, 2017 |[http://www.dane.gov.co/reloj/reloj_animado.php Offeecial population clock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114091321/http://www.dane.gov.co/reloj/reloj_animado.php |date=2012-01-14 }} |- |169 | align="left" |{{GUI}} |{{convert|245,857|km2|0|disp=table}} |10,628,972 |{{convert|{{#expr: 10628972/245857 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |2015 | align="left" |[http://www.stat-guinee.org Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712050037/http://www.stat-guinee.org/ |date=2012-07-12 }} |- |170 | align="left" |{{RSA}} |{{convert|1,220,813|km2|0|disp=table}} |52,981,991 |{{convert|{{#expr: 52981991/1220813 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2013 | align="left" |[http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0302/P03022013.pdf Offeecial estimate] |- |171 | align="left" |{{PLW}} |{{convert|488|km2|0|disp=table}} |20,901 |{{convert|{{#expr: 20901/488 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2013 | align="left" |[http://www.spc.int/sdp/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=158&Itemid=42&lang=en Offeecial estimate] |- |172 | align="left" |{{GNB}} |{{convert|36,125|km2|0|disp=table}} |1,547,777 |{{convert|{{#expr: 1547777/36125 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.stat-guinebissau.com/publicacao/Projeccao_demografica.pdf Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202031343/http://www.stat-guinebissau.com/publicacao/Projeccao_demografica.pdf |date=2017-02-02 }} |- |173 | align="left" |{{LIT}} |{{convert|65,300|km2|0|disp=table}} |2,836,708 |{{convert|{{#expr: 2836708/65300 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |January 1, 2016 | align="left" |[http://db1.stat.gov.lt/statbank/selectvarval/saveselections.asp?MainTable=M3010101&PLanguage=1&TableStyle=&Buttons=&PXSId=7743&IQY=&TC=&ST=ST&rvar0=&rvar1=&rvar2=&rvar3=&rvar4=&rvar5=&rvar6=&rvar7=&rvar8=&rvar9=&rvar10=&rvar11=&rvar12=&rvar13=&rvar14= Monthly official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100819130935/http://db1.stat.gov.lt/statbank/selectvarval/saveselections.asp?MainTable=M3010101&PLanguage=1&TableStyle=&Buttons=&PXSId=7743&IQY=&TC=&ST=ST&rvar0=&rvar1=&rvar2=&rvar3=&rvar4=&rvar5=&rvar6=&rvar7=&rvar8=&rvar9=&rvar10=&rvar11=&rvar12=&rvar13=&rvar14= |date=2010-08-19 }} |- |174 | align="left" |{{LBR}} |{{convert|97,036|km2|0|disp=table}} |4,076,530 |{{convert|{{#expr: 4076530/97036 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.lisgis.net/pg_img/Population%20Projection%20final%20110512.pdf Offeecial projection] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224150241/http://www.lisgis.net/pg_img/Population%20Projection%20final%20110512.pdf |date=2021-02-24 }} |- |175 | align="left" |{{AFG}} |{{convert|645,807|km2|0|disp=table}} |25,500,100 |{{convert|{{#expr: 25500100/645807 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |January 1, 2013 | align="left" |[http://cso.gov.af/Content/files/Settled%20Population%20by%20Civil%20Division,.pdf Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918003706/http://cso.gov.af/Content/files/Settled%20Population%20by%20Civil%20Division,.pdf |date=2012-09-18 }} |- |176 | align="left" |''{{CCK}}'' ([[Australia]]) |{{convert|14|km2|0|disp=table}} |550 |{{convert|{{#expr: 550/14 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |August 9, 2011 | align="left" |[http://www.citypopulation.de/Australia-Agglo.html 2011 census result] |- |177 | align="left" |{{DJI}} |{{convert|23,000|km2|0|disp=table}} |864,618 |{{convert|{{#expr: 864618/23000 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2011 | align="left" |[http://www.ministere-finances.dj/Annuaire2012Ver02102012-Correct3.pdf Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053048/http://www.ministere-finances.dj/Annuaire2012Ver02102012-Correct3.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |- |178 | align="left" |{{COD}} |{{convert|2,345,095|km2|0|disp=table}} |85,026,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 85026000/2345095 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.ins-rdc.org/sites/default/files/Montage%20AnnuStat%20FINAL%202%20From%20VEROUILLE%20_0.pdf Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114103852/http://www.ins-rdc.org/sites/default/files/Montage%20AnnuStat%20FINAL%202%20From%20VEROUILLE%20_0.pdf |date=2016-01-14 }} |- |179 | align="left" |{{MDG}} |{{convert|587,041|km2|0|disp=table}} |20,696,070 |{{convert|{{#expr: 20696070/587041 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |2011 | align="left" |[http://www.instat.mg/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=33&Itemid=56 Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520005948/http://www.instat.mg/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=33&Itemid=56 |date=2011-05-20 }} |- |180 | align="left" |''{{flag|Saunt Helena}}'' ([[Unitit Kinrick|UK]]) |{{convert|122|km2|0|disp=table}} |4,255 |{{convert|{{#expr: 4255/122 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |February 10, 2008 | align="left" |[http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_PHC/Saint_Helena/Saint_Helena.pdf Preliminary 2008 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629183023/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_PHC/Saint_Helena/Saint_Helena.pdf |date=2014-06-29 }} |- |181 | align="left" |''{{FRO}}'' ([[Denmark]]) |{{convert|1,399|km2|0|disp=table}} |48,244 |{{convert|{{#expr: 48244/1399 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |April 1, 2013 | align="left" |[http://www.hagstova.fo/portal/page/portal/HAGSTOVAN/Statistics_%20Faroe_Islands Monthly official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511090929/http://www.hagstova.fo/portal/page/portal/HAGSTOVAN/Statistics_%20Faroe_Islands |date=2011-05-11 }} |- |182 |{{data United States|Popdens}} | align="left" |[http://www.census.gov/popclock Offeecial population clock] |- |183 | align="left" |{{ZIM}} |{{convert|390,757|km2|0|disp=table}} |12,973,808 |{{convert|{{#expr: 12973808/390757 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |August 17, 2012 | align="left" |[http://www.zimstat.co.zw/dmdocuments/CensusPreliminary2012.pdf Preliminary 2012 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903060905/http://www.zimstat.co.zw/dmdocuments/CensusPreliminary2012.pdf |date=2013-09-03 }} |- |184 | align="left" |{{VEN}} |{{convert|916,445|km2|0|disp=table}} |28,946,101 |{{convert|{{#expr: 28946101/916445 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |October 30, 2011 | align="left" |[http://www.ine.gob.ve/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=473:para-el-30102011-28946101-total-preliminar-de-personas-en-venezuela&catid=121:censo-2011 Preliminary 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002094142/http://www.ine.gob.ve/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=473:para-el-30102011-28946101-total-preliminar-de-personas-en-venezuela&catid=121:censo-2011 |date=2013-10-02 }} |- |185 | align="left" |{{LAT}} |{{convert|64,562|km2|0|disp=table}} |2,005,200 |{{convert|{{#expr: 2005200/64562 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |January 1, 2014 | align="left" |[http://www.csb.gov.lv/en/statistikas-temas/population-key-indicators-30624.html Monthly official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130628214416/http://www.csb.gov.lv/en/statistikas-temas/population-key-indicators-30624.html |date=2013-06-28 }} |- |186 | align="left" |{{MOZ}} |{{convert|799,380|km2|0|disp=table}} |23,700,715 |{{convert|{{#expr: 23700715/799380 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |2012 | align="left" |[http://www.ine.gov.mz/Dashboards.aspx Offeecial estimate] |- |187 | align="left" |{{KGZ}} |{{convert|199,945|km2|0|disp=table}} |5,895,100 |{{convert|{{#expr: 5895100/199945 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |2015 | align="left" |[http://www.stat.kg/media/statisticsoperational/8095e2a8-5228-4645-90e5-4ee025605225.xls Offeecial estimate] |- |188 | align="left" |{{EST}} |{{convert|45,339|km2|0|disp=table}} |1,313,271 |{{convert|{{#expr: 1313271/45339 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |January 1, 2015 | align="left" |[http://www.stat.ee/main-indicators Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121123153505/http://www.stat.ee/main-indicators |date=2012-11-23 }} |- |189 | align="left" |{{LAO}} |{{convert|236,800|km2|0|disp=table}} |6,580,800 |{{convert|{{#expr: 6580800/236800 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |2013 | align="left" |[http://www.nsc.gov.la/Statistics/Selected%20Statistics/Population.htm Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517150036/http://www.nsc.gov.la/Statistics/Selected%20Statistics/Population.htm |date=2012-05-17 }} |- |190 | align="left" |{{BHS}} |{{convert|13,940|km2|0|disp=table}} |351,461 |{{convert|{{#expr: 351461/13940 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |May 3, 2010 | align="left" |[http://statistics.bahamas.gov.bs/download/056411800.pdf Final 2010 census result]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |- |191 | align="left" |''{{SPM}}'' ([[Fraunce]]) |{{convert|242|km2|0|disp=table}} |6,081 |{{convert|{{#expr: 6081/242 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |January 1, 2010 | align="left" |[http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/recensement/populations-legales/france-departements.asp?annee=2010 Offeecial estimate] |- |192 | align="left" |{{BRA}} |{{convert|8,515,767|km2|0|disp=table}} |202,768,562 |{{convert|{{#expr: 202768562/8515767 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2014 | align="left" |[ftp://ftp.ibge.gov.br/Estimativas_de_Populacao/Estimativas_2014/estimativa_dou_2014.pdf Offeecial estimate] |- |193 | align="left" |{{PER}} |{{convert|1,285,216|km2|0|disp=table}} |30,475,144 |{{convert|{{#expr: 30475144/1285216 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |June 30, 2013 | align="left" |[http://www.inei.gob.pe/biblioineipub/bancopub/Est/Lib0842/cap03.htm Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601002017/http://www.inei.gob.pe/biblioineipub/bancopub/Est/Lib0842/cap03.htm |date=2012-06-01 }} |- |194 | align="left" |{{CHL}} |{{convert|756,096|km2|0|disp=table}} |16,634,603 |{{convert|{{#expr: 16634603/756096 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |April 9, 2012 | align="left" |[http://www.censo.cl/contenido/sintesis_resultados_censo_2012.pdf Final 2012 census result]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |- |195 | align="left" |{{VAN}} |{{convert|12,190|km2|0|disp=table}} |264,652 |{{convert|{{#expr: 264652/12190 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2013 | align="left" |[http://www.spc.int/sdp/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=158&Itemid=42&lang=en Offeecial estimate] |- |196 |{{data Sweden|popdens}} | align="left" |[http://www.scb.se Offeecial population clock] |- |197 | align="left" |{{BTN}} |{{convert|38,394|km2|0|disp=table}} |{{formatnum: {{#expr: 720000+36*{{Age in days|2012|4|16}} round 0}}}} |{{formatnum: {{#expr: (720000+36*{{Age in days|2012|4|16}})/38394 round 0}}}} |{{formatnum: {{#expr: (720000+36*{{Age in days|2012|4|16}})/14824 round 0}}}} |{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} | align="left" |[http://www.nsb.gov.bt/main/main.php#&slider1=1 Offeecial population clock]{{Dead link|date=February 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |- |198 | align="left" |{{URU}} |{{convert|176,215|km2|0|disp=table}} |3,286,314 |{{convert|{{#expr: 3286314/176215 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |September 30, 2011 | align="left" |[http://www.ine.gub.uy/censos2011/index.html Final 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112153208/http://www.ine.gub.uy/censos2011/index.html |date=2012-01-12 }} |- |199 | align="left" |''{{ALA}}'' ([[Finland]]) |{{convert|1,552|km2|0|disp=table}} |28,502 |{{convert|{{#expr: 28502/1552 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |December 31, 2012 | align="left" |[http://www.asub.ax/start.con?iLan=2 Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115211225/http://www.asub.ax/start.con?iLan=2 |date=2016-11-15 }} |- |200 | align="left" |{{SOL}} |{{convert|28,370|km2|0|disp=table}} |515,870 |{{convert|{{#expr: 515870/28370 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |November 23, 2009 | align="left" |[http://www.spc.int/prism/solomons 2009 census result] |- |201 | align="left" |{{SSD}} |{{convert|644,329|km2|0|disp=table}} |11,296,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 11296000/644329 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2013 | align="left" |UN estimate |- |202 |{{data New Zealand|popdens}} | align="left" |[http://www.stats.govt.nz/methods_and_services/population_clock.aspx Offeecial population clock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100604223109/http://www.stats.govt.nz/methods_and_services/population_clock.aspx |date=2010-06-04 }} |- |203 | align="left" |{{ZAM}} |{{convert|752,612|km2|0|disp=table}} |13,092,666 |{{convert|{{#expr: 13092666/752612 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |October 16, 2010 | align="left" |[http://www.citypopulation.de/Zambia.html Final 2010 census result] |- |204 | align="left" |{{SDN}} |{{convert|1,839,542|km2|0|disp=table}} |30,894,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 30894000/1839542 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |April 22, 2008 | align="left" |[http://southsudaninfo.net/wp-content/uploads/reference_library/reports/5th_sudan_census26_april_2009.pdf 2008 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520025735/http://southsudaninfo.net/wp-content/uploads/reference_library/reports/5th_sudan_census26_april_2009.pdf |date=2013-05-20 }} |- |205 | align="left" |{{ANG}} |{{convert|1,246,700|km2|0|disp=table}} |20,609,294 |{{convert|{{#expr: 20609294/1246700 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |2012 | align="left" |[http://www.ine.gov.ao Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126193220/http://www.ine.gov.ao/ |date=2015-11-26 }} |- |206 | align="left" |{{FIN}} |{{convert|338,424|km2|0|disp=table}} |5,489,057 |{{convert|{{#expr: 5489057/338424 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |October 13, 2015 | align="left" |[http://vrk.fi/default.aspx?site=4&docid=85 Offeecial population clock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002005827/http://vrk.fi/default.aspx?site=4&docid=85 |date=2015-10-02 }} |- |207 | align="left" |{{PAR}} |{{convert|406,752|km2|0|disp=table}} |6,672,631 |{{convert|{{#expr: 6672631/406752 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |2012 | align="left" |[http://www.dgeec.gov.py/sub_index/Pobreza/Paraguay%20Evolucion%20de%20la%20Poblacion%20Total%20Periodo%201950-2002%20Proyeccion%202012.pdf Offeecial estimate] |- |208 | align="left" |{{ALG}} |{{convert|2,381,741|km2|0|disp=table}} |38,700,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 38700000/2381741 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |January 1, 2014 | align="left" |[http://www.ons.dz/-Demographie-.html Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306220607/http://www.ons.dz/-Demographie-.html |date=2012-03-06 }} |- |209 | align="left" |{{NOR}} |{{convert|323,782|km2|0|disp=table}} |5,252,166 |{{convert|{{#expr: 5189435/323782 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |October 1, 2016 | align="left" |[https://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/folkemengde/kvartal Quarterly official estimate] |- |210 | align="left" |{{PNG}} |{{convert|462,840|km2|0|disp=table}} |7,398,500 |{{convert|{{#expr: 7398500/462840 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2013 | align="left" |[http://www.spc.int/sdd/index.php/en/downloads/doc_download/736-population-datasheet-jan-2014 Annual official estimate] |- |211 | align="left" |''{{CXR}}'' ([[Australia]]) |{{convert|137|km2|0|disp=table}} |2,072 |{{convert|{{#expr: 2072/137 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |August 9, 2011 | align="left" |[http://www.citypopulation.de/Australia-Agglo.html 2011 census result] |- |212 | align="left" |{{SOM}} |{{convert|637,657|km2|0|disp=table}} |9,331,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 9331000/637657 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2010 | align="left" |[http://www.citypopulation.de/Somalia.html Offeecial estimate] |- |213 | align="left" |{{NER}} |{{convert|1,186,408|km2|0|disp=table}} |17,129,076 |{{convert|{{#expr: 17129076/1186408 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |December 10, 2012 | align="left" |[http://www.stat-niger.org/statistique/file/rgph2012.pdf Preliminary 2012 census result] |- |214 | align="left" |{{ARG}} |{{convert|2,780,400|km2|0|disp=table}} |40,117,096 |{{convert|{{#expr: 40117096/2780400 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |October 27, 2010 | align="left" |[http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/novedades/gacetilla_01_09_11.pdf Final 2010 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034527/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/novedades/gacetilla_01_09_11.pdf |date=2015-09-24 }} |- |215 | align="left" |{{BLZ}} |{{convert|22,965|km2|0|disp=table}} |324,528 |{{convert|{{#expr: 324528/22965 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |May 12, 2010 | align="left" |[http://www.sib.org.bz/Portals/0/docs/publications/census/2010_Census_Report.pdf Final 2010 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127084833/http://www.sib.org.bz/Portals/0/docs/publications/census/2010_Census_Report.pdf |date=2016-01-27 }} |- |216 | align="left" |{{SAU}} |{{convert|2,149,690|km2|0|disp=table}} |29,994,272 |{{convert|{{#expr: 29994272/2149690 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |2013 | align="left" |[http://www.cdsi.gov.sa/english Annual official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919225542/http://www.cdsi.gov.sa/english/ |date=2012-09-19 }} |- |217 | align="left" |''{{NCL}}'' ([[Fraunce]]) |{{convert|18,575|km2|0|disp=table}} |258,958 |{{convert|{{#expr: 258958/18575 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2013 | align="left" |[http://www.spc.int/sdp/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=158&Itemid=42&lang=en Offeecial estimate] |- |218 | align="left" |{{OMN}} |{{convert|309,500|km2|0|disp=table}} |4,183,841 |{{convert|{{#expr: 4183841/309500 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |June 9, 2015 | align="left" |[http://www.ncsi.gov.om/NCSI_website Weekly official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140530052708/http://www.ncsi.gov.om/NCSI_website |date=2014-05-30 }} |- |219 | align="left" |{{COG}} |{{convert|342,000|km2|0|disp=table}} |4,448,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 4448000/342000 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2013 | align="left" |UN estimate |- |220 | align="left" |{{MLI}} |{{convert|1,248,574|km2|0|disp=table}} |14,528,662 |{{convert|{{#expr: 14528662/1248574 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |April 1, 2009 | align="left" |[http://instat.gov.ml Final 2009 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413171022/http://www.instat.gov.ml/ |date=2012-04-13 }} |- |221 | align="left" |{{TKM}} |{{convert|491,210|km2|0|disp=table}} |5,240,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 5240000/491210 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2013 | align="left" |UN estimate |- |222 | align="left" |''{{flag|Ascension Island}}'' ([[Unitit Kinrick|UK]]) |{{convert|88|km2|0|disp=table}} |880 |{{convert|{{#expr: 880/88 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |February 10, 2008 | align="left" |[http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_PHC/Saint_Helena/Saint_Helena.pdf Preliminary 2008 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629183023/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_PHC/Saint_Helena/Saint_Helena.pdf |date=2014-06-29 }} |- |223 | align="left" |{{BOL}} |{{convert|1,098,581|km2|0|disp=table}} |10,389,913 |{{convert|{{#expr: 10389913/1098581 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |November 21, 2012 | align="left" |[http://www.ine.gob.bo/pdf/boletin/NP_2013_2.pdf Preliminary 2012 census result] |- |224 | align="left" |{{CHA}} |{{convert|1,284,000|km2|0|disp=table}} |11,274,106 |{{convert|{{#expr: 11274106/1284000 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |May 20, 2009 | align="left" |[http://www.citypopulation.de/Chad.html Preliminary 2009 census result] |- |225 | align="left" |{{RUS}} |{{convert|17,098,242|km2|0|disp=table}} |143,975,923 |{{convert|{{#expr: 143975923/17098242 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |January 1, 2015 | align="left" |[http://www.gks.ru/bgd/free/B13_00/IssWWW.exe/Stg/dk11/8-0.htm Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140213200830/http://www.gks.ru/bgd/free/b13_00/IssWWW.exe/Stg/dk11/8-0.htm |date=2014-02-13 }} |- |226 | align="left" |{{CAF}} |{{convert|622,436|km2|0|disp=table}} |4,616,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 4616000/622436 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2013 | align="left" |UN estimate |- |227 | align="left" |{{GAB}} |{{convert|267,667|km2|0|disp=table}} |1,672,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 1672000/267667 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2013 | align="left" |UN estimate |- |228 | align="left" |{{KAZ}} |{{convert|2,724,900|km2|0|disp=table}} |17,186,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 17186000/2724900 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |February 1, 2014 | align="left" |[http://www.eng.stat.kz/Pages/default.aspx Monthly official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140117231623/http://www.eng.stat.kz/Pages/default.aspx |date=2014-01-17 }} |- |229 | align="left" |''{{NIU}}'' ([[New Zealand|NZ]]) |{{convert|261|km2|0|disp=table}} |1,613 |{{convert|{{#expr: 1613/261 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |September 10, 2011 | align="left" |[http://www.citypopulation.de/Niue.html Final 2011 census result] |- |230 | align="left" |{{GUY}} |{{convert|214,999|km2|0|disp=table}} |784,894 |{{convert|{{#expr: 784894/214999 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |2010 | align="left" |[http://www.statisticsguyana.gov.gy/pubs/Guyana_Population_Projections_2005-2025.pdf Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202031300/http://www.statisticsguyana.gov.gy/pubs/Guyana_Population_Projections_2005-2025.pdf |date=2017-02-02 }} |- |231 | align="left" |{{LBY}} |{{convert|1,770,060|km2|0|disp=table}} |6,244,174 |{{convert|{{#expr: 6202000/1770060 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2013 | align="left" |UN estimate |- |232 |{{data Canada|popdens}} | align="left" |[http://www.statcan.gc.ca/start-debut-eng.html Offeecial estimate] |- |233 |{{data Australia|popdens}} | align="left" |[http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs%40.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/1647509ef7e25faaca2568a900154b63?OpenDocument Offeecial estimate] |- |234 | align="left" |{{BOT}} |{{convert|581,730|km2|0|disp=table}} |2,024,904 |{{convert|{{#expr: 2024904/581730 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |August 22, 2011 | align="left" |[http://www.cso.gov.bw/media/2011%20Census%20_Alphabetical%20Index%20of%20Districts.pdf Final 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525113252/http://www.cso.gov.bw/media/2011%20Census%20_Alphabetical%20Index%20of%20Districts.pdf |date=2013-05-25 }} |- |235 | align="left" |{{MTN}} |{{convert|1,030,700|km2|0|disp=table}} |3,461,041 |{{convert|{{#expr: 3461041/1030700 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |2013 | align="left" |[http://www.ons.mr/doc/publication/Projectionpopulation.pdf Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925151255/http://www.ons.mr/doc/publication/Projectionpopulation.pdf |date=2015-09-25 }} |- |236 | align="left" |{{SUR}} |{{convert|163,820|km2|0|disp=table}} |534,189 |{{convert|{{#expr: 534189/163820 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |August 13, 2012 | align="left" |[http://www.citypopulation.de/Suriname.html Preliminary 2012 census result] |- |237 | align="left" |{{ISL}} |{{convert|102,775|km2|0|disp=table}} |332,529 |{{convert|{{#expr: 332529/102775 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |January 1, 2016 | align="left" |[http://www.statice.is Offeecial estimate] |- |238 | align="left" |''{{GUF}}'' ([[Fraunce]]) |{{convert|86,504|km2|0|disp=table}} |244,118 |{{convert|{{#expr: 244118/86504 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2013 | align="left" |[http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/recensement/populations-legales/france-regions.asp Offeecial estimate] |- |239 | align="left" |{{NAM}} |{{convert|825,118|km2|0|disp=table}} |2,113,077 |{{convert|{{#expr: 2113077/825118 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |August 28, 2011 | align="left" |[http://www.citypopulation.de/Namibia.html Final 2011 census result] |- |240 | align="left" |{{flagicon|SADR}} [[Wastren Sahara]]<ref>Admeenistration is split atween [[Morocco]] an the [[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]], baith o which claim the entire territory.</ref> |{{convert|252,120|km2|0|disp=table}} |567,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 567000/252120 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |July 1, 2013 | align="left" |UN estimate |- |241 | align="left" |{{MNG}} |{{convert|1,564,100|km2|0|disp=table}} |3,000,000 |{{convert|{{#expr: 3000000/1564100 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |January 24, 2015 | align="left" |[http://www.infomongolia.com/ct/ci/6068 Offeecial estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034911/http://www.infomongolia.com/ct/ci/6068 |date=2015-09-24 }} |- |242 | align="left" |''{{flag|Tristan da Cunha}}'' ([[Unitit Kinrick|UK]]) |{{convert|207|km2|0|disp=table}} |266 |{{convert|{{#expr: 266/207 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |February 10, 2008 | align="left" |[http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_PHC/Saint_Helena/Saint_Helena.pdf Preliminary 2008 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629183023/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_PHC/Saint_Helena/Saint_Helena.pdf |date=2014-06-29 }} |- |243 | align="left" |''{{PCN}}'' ([[Unitit Kinrick|UK]]) |{{convert|47|km2|0|disp=table}} |56 |{{convert|{{#expr: 56/47 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |2013 | align="left" |[http://www.citypopulation.de/Pitcairn.html 2013 census result] |- |244 | align="left" |''{{FLK}}'' ([[Unitit Kinrick|UK]])<ref>Islands claimed bi [[Argentinae]].</ref> |{{convert|12,173|km2|0|disp=table}} |2,563 |{{convert|{{#expr: 2563/12173 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |April 15, 2012 | align="left" |[http://www.falklands.gov.fk/our-people 2012 census result] |- |245 | align="left" |''{{SJM}}'' ([[Norawa]]) |{{convert|61,399|km2|0|disp=table}} |2,655 |{{convert|{{#expr: 2655/61399 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |September 1, 2012 | align="left" |[http://www.citypopulation.de/Svalbard.html Offeecial estimate] |- |246 | align="left" |''{{GRL}}'' ([[Denmark]]) |{{convert|2,166,000|km2|0|disp=table}} |55,984 |{{convert|{{#expr: 55984/2166000 round 0}}|/km2|0|disp=table}} |January 1, 2015 | align="left" |[http://www.stat.gl/default.asp?lang=en Offeecial estimate] |- !Pos.!!Kintra (or dependent territory)!!Aurie (km²)!!Aurie (mi²)!!Population!!Density<br>(pop./km²)!!Density<br>(pop./mi²)!!Date!!Population soorce |} ==Notes== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Leet O sovereign states an dependent territories bi population density}} [[Category:Demografie]] [[Category:Human owerpopulation]] [[Category:Leets o kintras bi population]] [[Category:Leets o kintras bi population density]] [[Category:Leets bi population density|Kintras an dependencies]] egstoqv6r5fwips8my5vq8st6txx334 0 163058 917756 900928 2026-06-04T16:51:09Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260604sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 917756 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=October 2020}} {{Infobox scientist |nobel=yes | name = Percy Williams Bridgman | image = Bridgman.jpg | image_size = 220px | birth_date = {{birth date|1882|04|21|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]], Unitit States | death_date = {{death date and age|1961|08|20|1882|04|01|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Randolph, New Hampshire]], Unitit States | death_cause = [[Suicide]] | nationality = Unitit States | field = [[Physics]] | work_institutions = [[Harvard Varsity]] | alma_mater = [[Harvard Varsity]] | doctoral_advisor = [[Wallace Clement Sabine]] | doctoral_students = [[Francis Birch (geophysicist)|Francis Birch]]<br/>[[Gerald Holton]]<BR />[[John C. Slater]]<br />[[John Hasbrouck Van Vleck]] | known_for = [[Heich pressur physics]]<br>[[Operationalism]]<br>[[Operational defineetion]] | influences = | influenced = | prizes = [[Rumford Prize]] (1917)<br />[[Elliott Cresson Medal]] (1932)<br>[[Comstock Prize in Physics]] (1933)<br>[[Nobel Prize in Physics]] (1946)<br>[[Fellae o the Ryal Society]] (1949)<ref name="frs">{{Cite journal| last1 = Newitt | first1 = D. M.| doi = 10.1098/rsbm.1962.0003| title = Percy Williams Bridgman 1882–1961| journal = [[Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society]]| volume = 8| pages = 26–40| year = 1962| pmid = | pmc = }}</ref><br>[[Bingham Medal]] (1951) }} '''Percy Williams Bridgman''' (21 Aprile 1882 – 20 August 1961) wis an American [[Leet o physicists|physicist]] wha wan the 1946 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] for his wirk on the physics o heich pressurs. He forby wrote extensively on the [[scienteefic method]] an on ither aspects o the [[filosofie o science]].<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1063/1.3057180 | title = Percy W. Bridgman | url = https://archive.org/details/physics-today_1961-10_14_10/page/78 | journal = Physics Today | volume = 14 | issue = 10 | pages = 78 | year = 1961 | pmid = | pmc = }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Bridgman | first1 = P. | title = A Complete Collection of Thermodynamic Formulas | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_physical-review_1914-04_3_4/page/273 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRev.3.273 | journal = Physical Review | volume = 3 | issue = 4 | pages = 273–281 | year = 1914 | pmid = | pmc = |bibcode = 1914PhRv....3..273B }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Bridgman | first1 = P. W. | title = Probability, Logic, and ESP | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1956-01-06_123_3184/page/n13 | doi = 10.1126/science.123.3184.15 | journal = Science | volume = 123 | issue = 3184 | pages = 15–17 | year = 1956 | pmid = 13281470| pmc = |bibcode = 1956Sci...123...15B }}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bridgman, Percy Williams}} [[Category:1882 births]] [[Category:1961 daiths]] [[Category:20t-century physicists]] [[Category:American atheists]] [[Category:American Nobel laureates]] [[Category:American physicists]] [[Category:Experimental physicists]] [[Category:Rheologists]] [[Category:Harvard Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Harvard Varsity faculty]] [[Category:Nobel laureates in Physics]] [[Category:Foreign Members o the Ryal Society]] [[Category:Scientists that committit suicide]] [[Category:Thermodynamicists]] [[Category:Suicides bi fireairm in New Hampshire]] [[Category:Naitional Academy o Sciences laureates]] [[Category:Hollis Chair o Mathematics an Naitural Filosofie]] [[Category:Winners o the Comstock Prize in Physics]] [[Category:Members o the Unitit States Naitional Academy o Sciences]] [[Category:Physicists wha committit suicide]] {{stub/Science}} 7s5q4eiipv2kk5xqpg7thc2t6sj6fgj 0 163060 917708 900940 2026-06-04T16:12:10Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260604sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 917708 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist |nobel=yes | name = Sir Edward Appleton | image = Appleton.jpg | image_size = 190px | caption = | birth_name = Edward Victor Appleton | birth_date = {{Birth date|1892|9|6|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Bradford]], [[West Riding of Yorkshire]], [[Ingland]], [[Unitit Kinrick o Great Breetain an Ireland|UK]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|1965|4|21|1892|9|6|df=y}} | death_place = [[Edinburgh]], [[Scotland]], [[UK]] | nationality = [[Ingland|Inglis]] | field = [[Pheesics]] | workplaces = [[King's College London]]<br />[[Varsity o Cambridge]]<br />[[Varsity o Edinburgh]]<br>[[Cavendish Laboratory]] | alma_mater = [[Bradford College, Ingland|Bradford College]] <br /> [[St John's College, Cambridge]] | doctoral_advisor = <!--The PhD had only just started in Cambridge in 1919--> | academic_advisors = [[J. J. Thomson]] <br />[[Ernest Rutherford]] | doctoral_students = | notable_students = [[J. A. Ratcliffe]]<br />[[Charles Oatley]] | known_for = [[Ionosphere|Ionospheric Pheesics]]<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Appleton | first1 = E. V. | title = Two Anomalies in the Ionosphere | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1946-05-25_157_3995/page/n18 | doi = 10.1038/157691a0 | journal = Nature | volume = 157 | issue = 3995 | pages = 691 | year = 1946 | pmid = | pmc = |bibcode = 1946Natur.157..691A }}</ref><ref name="ion">{{Cite journal|author=Appleton, EV|year=1932|title=Wireless Studies of the Ionosphere|journal=J. Inst. Elec. Engrs.|doi=10.1049/jiee-1.1932.0144}}</ref><br />[[F region|Appleton layer]]<Br>Demonstrating existence of [[Kennelly–Heaviside layer]] | prizes = {{nowrap|[[Nobel Prize in Pheesics]] <small>(1947)</small><br>[[Fellae o the Ryal Society]] <small>(1927)</small><ref name="frs">{{Cite journal | last1 = Ratcliffe | first1 = J. A. | doi = 10.1098/rsbm.1966.0001 | title = Edward Victor Appleton 1892–1965 | journal = [[Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society]] | volume = 12 | pages = 1–19 | year = 1966 | pmid = | pmc = }}</ref><br>[[Hughes Medal]] <small>(1933)</small><br>[[Faraday Medal]] <small>(1946)</small><br>[[Appleton Medal an Prize|Chree Medal]] <small>(1947)</small><br>[[Ryal Medal]] <small>(1950)</small><br>[[Albert Medal (Ryal Society o Airts)|Albert Medal]] {{small|(1950)}}<br>[[IEEE Medal o Honour]] <small>(1962)</small>}} }} '''Sir Edward Victor Appleton''' {{postnominals|country=GBR|GBE|KCB|FRS}}<ref name="frs">{{Cite journal | last1 = Ratcliffe | first1 = J. A. | doi = 10.1098/rsbm.1966.0001 | title = Edward Victor Appleton 1892–1965 | journal = [[Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society]] | volume = 12 | pages = 1–19 | year = 1966 | pmid = | pmc = }}</ref> (6 September 1892 – 21 Aprile 1965) wis an Inglis [[pheesicist]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Sir Edward Appleton (1892–1965)|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/appleton_edward.shtml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1063/1.3047706 | title = Sir Edward Appleton | url = https://archive.org/details/physics-today_1965-09_18_9/page/113 | journal = Physics Today | volume = 18 | issue = 9 | pages = 113 | year = 1965 | pmid = | pmc = }}</ref> Nobel Prize winner an pioneer in radio pheesics. He studied, an wis an aa employed as a Lab Technician, at [[Bradford College (Ingland)|Bradford Technical College]] [[Bradford College, Ingland|frae]] 1909 tae 1911. He wan the [[Nobel Prize in Pheesics]] in 1947 for his seminal wirk provin the exeestence o the [[ionosphere]] during experiments carried oot in 1924. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Appleton, Edward Victor}} [[Category:1892 births]] [[Category:1965 daiths]] [[Category:20t-century physicists]] [[Category:Academics o King's College London]] [[Category:Fellaes o King's College London]] [[Category:Academics o the Varsity o Lunnon]] [[Category:Alumni o St John's College, Cambridge]] [[Category:Alumni o the Varsity o Edinburgh]] [[Category:Atmospheric pheesicists]] [[Category:Inglis pheesicists]] [[Category:Fellaes o the Ryal Society]] [[Category:IEEE Medal o Honour recipients]] [[Category:Knichts Grand Cross o the Order o the Breetish Empire]] [[Category:Nobel laureates in Pheesics]] [[Category:Fowk frae Bradford]] [[Category:Principals o the Varsity o Edinburgh]] [[Category:Ryal Medal winners]] [[Category:Knichts Commander o the Order o the Bath]] [[Category:Recipients o the Keeng Haakon VII Freedom Cross]] [[Category:Honorary Fellaes o the Ryal Society o Edinburgh]] [[Category:Fellaes o the American Academy o Airts an Sciences]] [[Category:Foreign Fellaes o the Indie Naitional Science Academy]] [[Category:Inglis Nobel laureates]] [[Category:Academics o the Varsity o Cambridge]] [[Category:Preses o the Breetish Science Association]] onyur5s127kloxa6m24mtsu5h9bg9e8 0 163071 917726 798448 2026-06-04T16:28:03Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260604sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 917726 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist |nobel=yes | name = Charles Barkla | image = Charles Glover Barkla 01.jpg | image_size = 160px | birth_name = Charles Glover Barkla | birth_date = {{Birth date|1877|6|7|df=y}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1917/barkla-bio.html|title=Charles Glover Barkla - Biographical|publisher=nobelprize.org}}</ref> | birth_place = [[Widnes]], [[Lancashire]], [[Ingland]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1944|10|23|1877|6|7|df=y}} | death_place = [[Edinburgh]], [[Scotland]] | nationality = [[Unitit Kinrick]] | field = [[Pheesics]] | workplaces = [[Varsity o Cambridge]]<br>[[Varsity o Liverpuil]]<br> [[King's College London]]<br> [[Varsity o Edinburgh]] | alma_mater = [[University College Liverpool]]<br>[[Trinity College, Cambridge]]<br>[[King's College, Cambridge]] | academic_advisors = [[J. J. Thomson]]<br>[[Oliver Lodge]] | academic_students = | known_for = [[X-ray scatterin]] <br> [[X-ray spectroscopy]] | prizes = [[Nobel Prize in Pheesics]] (1917)<br> [[Hughes Medal]] o the Ryal Society }} '''Charles Glover Barkla''' [[Fellae o the Ryal Society|FRS]]<ref name="frs">{{Cite journal | last1 = Allen | first1 = H. S. | title = Charles Glover Barkla. 1877-1944 | doi = 10.1098/rsbm.1947.0004 | journal = [[Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society]] | volume = 5 | issue = 15 | pages = 341 | year = 1947 | jstor = 769087| pmid = | pmc = }}</ref> [[Ryal Society o Edinburgh|FRSE]] (7 Juin 1877 – 23 October 1944) wis a [[Unitit Kinrick|Breetish]] [[pheesics|pheesicist]], an the winner o the [[Nobel Prize in Pheesics]] in 1917 for his wirk in [[X-ray spectroscopy]] an relatit auries in the study o [[X-ray]]s ([[Roentgen rays]]).<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Shampo | first1 = M. A. | last2 = Kyle | first2 = R. A. | title = Charles Barkla--Nobel Laureate | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_mayo-clinic-proceedings_1993-12_68_12/page/1176 | journal = Mayo Clinic proceedings. Mayo Clinic | volume = 68 | issue = 12 | pages = 1176 | year = 1993 | pmid = 8246619 | doi=10.1016/s0025-6196(12)60068-8 }}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Barkla, Charles Glover}} [[Category:1877 births]] [[Category:1944 daiths]] [[Category:20t-century physicists]] [[Category:Alumni o Trinity College, Cambridge]] [[Category:Alumni o King's College, Cambridge]] [[Category:Academics o King's College London]] [[Category:Academics o the Varsity o Edinburgh]] [[Category:Inglis pheesicists]] [[Category:Inglis Methodists]] [[Category:Fellaes o the Ryal Society]] [[Category:Nobel laureates in Pheesics]] [[Category:Fowk frae Widnes]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Liverpool Institute High School for Boys]] [[Category:Inglis Nobel laureates]] [[Category:Spectroscopists]] f98kk6lortqju8xqtolqwlznfkazogt 0 163785 917762 793182 2026-06-04T16:58:58Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260604sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 917762 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox medical condeetion | name = Vitiligo | Image = Vitiligo2.JPG | Caption = Non-segmental vitiligo o the haund. | Field = [[Dermatology]] | width = 250px | Pronounce = | DiseasesDB = 13965 | ICD10 = {{ICD10|L|80||l|80}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|709.01}} | ICDO = | OMIM = 193200 | MedlinePlus = 000831 | eMedicineSubj = derm | eMedicineTopic = 453 | MeshID = D014820 }} '''Vitiligo''' is a lang term [[skin]] condeetion chairacterised bi patches o the skin [[depigmentation|losin thair pigment]].<ref name=Lancet2016/> The patches o skin affected acome white an uisually hae sharp margins.<!-- <ref name=Lancet2016/> --> The hair frae the skin mey an aa acome white.<ref name=Lancet2016/> Inside the mooth an neb mey an aa be involved.<ref name=NIH2014>{{cite web|title=Questions and Answers about Vitiligo|url=http://www.niams.nih.gov/health_info/Vitiligo/default.asp|website=NIAMS|accessdate=11 August 2016|date=June 2014}}</ref> Teepically baith sides o the bouk are affectit.<ref name=Lancet2016/> Eften the patches begin on auries o skin that are exposed tae the sun.<!-- <ref name=NIH2014/> --> It is mair noticeable in fowk wi dark skin.<ref name=NIH2014/> Vitiligo mey result in [[psychological stress]] an thae affectit mey be [[stigmatised]].<ref name=Lancet2016>{{cite journal|last1=Ezzedine|first1=K|last2=Eleftheriadou|first2=V|last3=Whitton|first3=M|last4=van Geel|first4=N|title=Vitiligo.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_the-lancet_july-4-10-2015_386_9988/page/74|journal=Lancet (London, England)|date=4 July 2015|volume=386|issue=9988|pages=74–84|pmid=25596811|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(14)60763-7}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Autoimmune diseases]] [[Category:Disturbances o human pigmentation]] [[Category:Genetic disorders bi system]] t5jrn3ln5em7ylcoi5z2x8uni804a8d 0 163791 917746 818139 2026-06-04T16:43:21Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260604sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 917746 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=Dizember 2020}} {{Infobox medical condeetion | Name = Insomnia | Image = Insomnia.webm | Caption = Video explanation | Field = [[Psychiatry]], [[sleep medicin]] | pronounce = in-SOM-ne-ah<ref name=NIH2011Ov/> | DiseasesDB = 26877 | ICD10 = {{ICD10|F|51|0|f|50}}, {{ICD10|G|47|0|g|40}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|307.42}}, {{ICD9|307.41}}, {{ICD9|327.0}}, {{ICD9|780.51}}, {{ICD9|780.52}} | ICDO = | OMIM = | MedlinePlus = 000805 | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 2698 | MeshID = D007319 }} '''Insomnia''', kent as '''sleeplessness''' an aw, is a [[sleep disorder]] whaur fowk hae trooble [[sleepin]].<ref name=NIH2011Ov>{{cite web|title=What Is Insomnia?|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/inso#|website=NHLBI|accessdate=9 August 2016|date=December 13, 2011}}</ref> Thay mey hae difficulty fawin asleep, or stayin asleep as lang as desired.<ref name=Pun2012>{{Cite journal | last1 = Golub | first1 = R. M. | title = Insomnia | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2012-06-27_307_24/page/2653 | doi = 10.1001/jama.2012.6219 | journal = JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association | volume = 307 | issue = 24 | pages = 2653–2653 | year = 2012 | pmid =22735439 | pmc = }}</ref><ref name=Th2007>{{Cite journal | last1 = Roth | first1 = T. | title = Insomnia: Definition, prevalence, etiology, and consequences | journal = Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine | volume = 3 | issue = 5 Suppl | pages = S7–10 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17824495 | pmc = 1978319}}</ref> Insomnia is teepically follaed bi daytime sleepiness, law energy, irritability, an a [[depression (muid)|depressed muid]].<!-- <ref name=NIH2011Ov/> --> It mey result in an increased risk o [[motor vehicle collisions]], as well as problems focusin an learnin.<!-- <ref name=NIH2011Ov/> --> Insomnia can be short term, lastin for days or weeks, or lang term, lastin mair nor a month.<ref name=NIH2011Ov/> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Insomnia]] [[Category:Psychiatric diagnosis]] {{stub}} s37u0cr7jrz3jnt9wqpnzydo4v3l1h4 0 166744 917725 839104 2026-06-04T16:27:36Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260604sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 917725 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{Taxobox | name = Lady beetle | image = Coccinella magnifica01.jpg | image_caption = ''[[Coccinella magnifica]]'' | domain = [[Eukarya]] | regnum = [[Animal]]ia | phylum = [[Arthropod]]a | classis = [[Insect]]a | ordo = [[Beetle|Coleoptera]] | subordo = [[Polyphaga]] | superfamilia = [[Cucujoidea]] | familia = '''Coccinellidae''' | familia_authority = [[Pierre André Latreille|Latreille]], 1807&nbsp;<ref name="ITIS">{{ITIS |id=114329 |taxon=Coccinellidae Latreille, 1807 |accessdate=24 July 2012}}</ref> | subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies&nbsp;<ref name="ITIS" /> | subdivision = * [[Chilocorinae]] <small>[[Étienne Mulsant|Mulsant]], 1846</small> * [[Coccidulinae]] <small>Mulsant, 1846</small> * [[Coccinellinae]] <small>Latreille, 1807</small> * [[Epilachninae]] <small>Mulsant, 1846</small> * [[Hyperaspidinae]] <small>Duverger, 1989</small> * [[Microweiseinae]] <small>Leng, 1920</small><ref>{{cite web | title = Wikispecies: Microweiseinae | url = http://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Microweiseinae | year = 2012 | accessdate = 9 March 2013}}</ref> * [[Scymninae]] <small>Mulsant, 1846</small> * [[Sticholotidinae]] <small>Weise, 1901</small> }} '''Coccinellidae''' is a widespread [[faimily (biology)|faimily]] o smaw [[beetle]]s rangin frae 0.8 tae 18&nbsp;mm (0.0315 tae 0.708&nbsp;inches).<ref name="Seago">{{cite journal | title=Phylogeny, classification and evolution of ladybird beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) based on simultaneous analysis of molecular and morphological data | url=https://archive.org/details/molecular-phylogenetics-and-evolution_2011-07_60_1/page/137 | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |date=July 2011 | volume=60 | issue=1 | pages=137–151 | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2011.03.015 | last1=Seago | last2=Giorgi | last3=Li | last4=Ślipińskia | first1=A. E. | first2=J. A. | first3=J. | first4=A. | pmid=21426943}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Biological pest control beetles]] [[Category:Coccinellidae| ]] [[Category:Cucujoidea faimilies]] [[Category:Insects actin as insect pest control augents]] [[Category:Taxa named bi Pierre André Latreille]] {{Stub/Insect}} 5fd8qu0z4x0dunbak8hoya2ut575ug9 0 174443 917792 810324 2026-06-05T05:56:19Z Fhdxrfhgbs 117029 917792 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox nobility| | name =Marie Charles Louis d'Albert | title = [[Duke o Luynes]] | image = File:Portrait de Marie-Louis-Charles d'Albert de Luynes, Duc de Monfort.png|200px | caption =The young Duke o Chevreuse in 1722 bi Rigaud. | spouse =Thérèse Pélagie d'Albert<br>Henriette Nicole d'Egmont | issue = [[Charles Marie Léopold d'Albert, Coont o Dunois|Charles Marie, Coont o Dunois]]<br>Marie Paule , Duchess o Chaulnes<br>[[Louis Joseph d'Albert, Duke o Luynes|Louis Joseph, Duke o Luynes]] | full name =Marie Charles Louis d'Albert | father =[[Charles Philippe d'Albert, Duke o Luynes|Charles Philippe d'Albert]] | mother =[[Louise Léontine de Bourbon]] | birth_date =24 Aprile 1717 | birth_place =[[Paris]], [[Fraunce]] | noble family =[[Hoose o Albert|Albert]] | death_date = 8 October 1771 (aged 54) | death_place =Paris, Fraunce |module=<center>[[File:Crown of a Duke of France.svg|100px|]]<br />[[File:Blason Louis Charles d'Albert (1620-1690).svg|100px|]]</center> }} '''Marie Charles Louis d'Albert, [[Duke o Luynes]]''' (24 Aprile 1717 - 8 October 1771) wis a [[french]] [[nobility|nobleman an Duke]]. Born in [[Paris]], he wis the fifth Duke o Luynes as well as Duke o Chevreuse. ''duc de Chevreuse'' while his faither was alive. ==Mairiages== # Firstly he mairit Thérèse Pélagie d'Albert on 22 Januar 1735 but haed nae issue. # Secondly he mairit Henriette Nicole d'Egmont on 27 Aprile 1738 an haed issue. ==Issue== #[[Charles Marie Léopold d'Albert, Coont o Dunois]] (23 Mey 1740 – 12 Aprile 1758) died unmairit. #Marie Paule Angélique d'Albert (17 September 1744 – ?) mairit [[Louis Joseph d'Albert, Duke o Chaulnes]], nae childer. #[[Louis Joseph d'Albert, Duke o Luynes]] (4 November 1748 - 13 Mey 1807) mairit Guyonne Élisabeth de Montmorency, an haed childer. ==Teetles an styles== *'''24 Aprile 1717 -1758''' The Duke o Chevreuse. *'''1758 - 8 October 1771''' The Duke o Luynes. [[Category:Dukes o Fraunce]] [[Category:Dukes o Luynes]] [[Category:1717 births]] [[Category:1771 daiths]] [[Category:Fowk frae Paris]] [[Category:Hoose o Albert]] [[Category:Militar governors o Paris]] [[Category:Buirials at the Kirk o Saint Sulpice, Paris]] 1czwsyvp974bwup8cu3w6cawbu5y6d8 0 176350 917777 912088 2026-06-04T17:15:56Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260604sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 917777 wikitext text/x-wiki {{noscots}} This is a '''pairtial leet o Solar Seestem objects bi size''', arranged in descendin order o mean volumetric [[radius]], an subdividit intae several size classes. == Leet o objects bi radius == <!-- This list is ranked by mean RADIUS. Many Wikipedia articles list the polar and equatorial DIAMETER. Please be sure of your figures. --> === Lairger nor 400 km === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! rowspan=2 style="font-weight: normal;" | '''Bouk'''&thinsp;^(a) ! rowspan=2 class="unsortable"| Image ! colspan=2 style="font-weight: normal;" | '''Radius'''&thinsp;^(b) ! colspan=2 | Vollum ! colspan=2 | Mass ! data-sort-type="number" | Density ! colspan=2 style="font-weight: normal;" | '''Gravity'''&thinsp;^(c) ! rowspan=2 | Teep ! rowspan=2 class="unsortable" | Shape ! rowspan=2 data-sort-type="number" style="font-weight: normal;" | '''#'''&thinsp;^(d) |- ! data-sort-type="number" | ([[kilometre|km]]) ! class="unsortable" | ([[Yird radius|R_⊕]]) ! data-sort-type="number" | ([[1,000,000,000 (nummer)|10⁹]]&nbsp;km³) ! class="unsortable" | ({{abbr|V_⊕|Gien in multiples o Yird's vollum}}) ! data-sort-type="number" | ([[Yottagram|10²¹]]&nbsp;kg) ! class="unsortable" | ([[Yird mass|M_⊕]]) ! data-sort-type="number" | (g/cm³) ! data-sort-type="number" | (m/s²) ! class="unsortable" | ([[staundart gravity|⊕]]) |-style="background-color: #FBEC5D;" |[[Sun]] |bgcolor=black | [[File:Sun in February.jpg|50px]] |{{small|{{val|696342|65}}<ref name=arxiv1203_4898> {{cite journal |last1=Emilio |first1=M. |last2=Kuhn |first2=J. R. |last3=Bush |first3=R. I. |last4=Scholl |first4=I. F. |date=2012 |title=Measuring the Solar Radius from Space during the 2003 and 2006 Mercury Transits |journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal]] |volume=750 |issue=2 |page=135 |arxiv=1203.4898 |bibcode=2012ApJ...750..135E |doi=10.1088/0004-637X/750/2/135 }}</ref>}} |{{small|109.3}} |{{small|1,414,300,000}} |{{small|1,305,700}} |{{small|1,988,550,000}} |333,000 |1.408 |274.0 |27.94 |[[star]] |roond (HE) |align=center | 1 |-style="background-color: #d5d5d5;" |[[Jupiter]] |bgcolor=black | [[File:Jupiter and its shrunken Great Red Spot.jpg|50x50px]] |{{val|69911|6}} |10.97 |1,431,280 |1,321 |1,898,600 |317.83 |1.326 |24.79 |2.528 |[[planet]] ([[gas giant]]); haes [[Raings o Jupiter|rings]] |roond (HE) |align=center | 2 |-style="background-color: #d5d5d5;" |[[Saturn]] |bgcolor=black | [[File:Ringworld Waiting.jpg|50x50px]] |{{val|58232|6}}<br>{{small|([[wikt:without|w/o]] rings)}} |9.140 |827,130 |764 |568,460 |95.162 |0.687 |10.445 |1.065 |[[planet]] ([[gas giant]]); haes [[Raings o Saturn|rings]] |roond (HE) |align=center | 3 |-style="background-color: #d5d5d5;" | [[Uranus]] |bgcolor=black | [[File:Uranus2.jpg|50px]] |{{val|25362|7}} |3.981 |68,340 |63.1 |86,832 |14.536 |1.27 |8.69 |0.90 |[[planet]] ([[ice giant]]); haes [[Raings o Uranus|rings]] |roond (HE) |align=center | 4 |-style="background-color: #d5d5d5;" |[[Neptune]] |bgcolor=black | [[File:Neptune - Voyager 2 (29347980845) flatten crop.jpg|50px]] |{{val|24622|19}} |3.865 |62,540 |57.7 |102,430 |17.147 |1.638 |11.15 |1.137 |[[planet]] ([[ice giant]]); haes [[Raings o Neptune|raings]] |roond (HE) |align=center | 5 |-style="background-color: #e6e6e6;" |[[Yird]] |bgcolor=black | [[File:Africa and Europe from a Million Miles Away.png|50px]] |{{val|6371.0|0.01}} |1 |1,083.21 |1 |5,973.6 |1 |5.514 |[[Gravity o Yird|9.80665]] |1 |[[planet]] ([[terrestrial planet|terrestrial]]) |[[Yird#Shape|roond]] (HE) |align=center | 6 |-style="background-color: #e6e6e6;" |[[Venus]] |bgcolor=black | [[File:Venus-real color.jpg|50px]] |{{val|6051.8|1.0}}<br>{{small|(w/o gas)}} |0.9499 |928.43 |0.857 |4,868.5 |0.815 |5.243 |8.872 |0.905 |[[planet]] ([[terrestrial planet|terrestrial]]) |roond (HE) |align=center | 7 |-style="background-color: #e6e6e6;" |[[Maurs]] |bgcolor=black | [[File:Mars 23 aug 2003 hubble.jpg|50px]] |{{val|3389.5|0.2}} |0.5320 |163.18 |0.151 |641.85 |0.107 |3.9335 ± 0.0004 |3.7 |0.38 |[[planet]] ([[terrestrial planet|terrestrial]]) |roond (HE) |align=center | 8 |-style="background-color: #FFE8E8;" |[[Ganymede (muin)|Ganymede]]<br>{{small|Jupiter III}} |bgcolor=black | [[File:Ganymede g1 true-edit1.jpg|50x50px]] |{{val|2634.1|0.3}} |0.4135 |76.30 |0.0704 |148.2 |0.0248 |1.936 |1.428 |0.15 |[[muin o Jupiter]] |roond (HE) |align=center | 9 |-style="background-color: #FFFFCC;" |[[Titan (muin)|Titan]]<br>{{small|Saturn VI}} |bgcolor=black | [[File:Two Halves of Titan.png|50px]] | {{val|2576|2|fmt=gaps}}<br>{{small|(w/o gas)}} |0.4043 |71.52 |0.0660 |134.5 |0.0225 |1.8798 ± 0.0044 |1.354 |0.14 |[[muin o Saturn]] |roond (HE) |align=center | 10 |-style="background-color: #e6e6e6;" |[[Mercur (planet)|Mercur]] |bgcolor=black | [[File:Mercury in color - Prockter07-edit1.jpg|50x50px]] |{{val|2439.7|1.0}} |0.3829 |60.83 |0.0562 |330.2 |0.0553 |5.427 |3.7 |0.38 |[[planet]] ([[terrestrial planet|terrestrial]]) |roond (HE) |align=center | 11 |-style="background-color: #FFE8E8;" |[[Callisto (muin)|Callisto]]<br>{{small|Jupiter IV}} |bgcolor=black | [[File:Callisto.jpg|50px]] |{{val|2410.3|1.5}} |0.3783 |58.65 |0.0541 |107.6 |0.018 |1.8344 ± 0.0034 |1.23603 |0.126 |[[moon of Jupiter]] |roond (HE) |align=center | 12 |-style="background-color: #FFE8E8;" |[[Io (muin)|Io]]<br>{{small|Jupiter I}} |bgcolor=black | [[File:Io highest resolution true color.jpg|50px]] |{{val|1821.6|.5}} |0.2859 |25.32 |0.0234 |89.3 |0.015 |3.528 ± 0.006 |1.797 |0.183 |[[moon of Jupiter]] |roond (HE) |align=center | 13 |-style="background-color: #B0E0E6;" |[[Muin]]<br/>{{small|Yird I}} |bgcolor=black | [[File:FullMoon2010.jpg|50px]] |{{val|1737.1}} |0.2727 |21.958 |0.0203 |73.5 |0.0123 |3.3464 |1.625 |0.166 |muin o Yird |roond (HE) |align=center | 14 |-style="background-color: #FFE8E8;" |[[Europa (muin)|Europa]]<br>{{small|Jupiter II}} |bgcolor=black | [[File:Europa-moon.jpg|50px]] |{{val|1560.8|.5}} |0.2450 |15.93 |0.0147 |48 |0.008035 |3.013 ± 0.005 |1.316 |0.134 |[[moon of Jupiter]] |roond (HE) |align=center | 15 |-style="background-color: #DDEEFF;" |[[Triton (muin)|Triton]]<br>{{small|Neptune I}} |bgcolor=black | [[File:Neptune’s Moon Triton Fosters Rare Icy Union (gemini1903a) (square crop).jpg|50px]] |{{val|1353.4|0.9}} |0.2124 |10.38 |0.0096 |21.5 |0.003599 |2.061 |0.782 |0.0797 |[[moon of Neptune]] |roond (HE) |align=center | 16 |- |[[Pluto]]<br>{{small|134340}} |bgcolor=black | [[File:Nh-pluto-in-true-color 2x JPEG-edit-frame.jpg|50x50px]] |{{val|1186|2|fmt=gaps}}<ref>''New Horizons'' press conference, 2015-7-24</ref> |0.186 |6.95 |0.0064 |13.105 |0.0022 |1.87 ± 0.02 |0.61 |0.062 |[[dwarf planet]]; [[plutino]]; [[moons of Pluto|multiple]] |roond (HE) |align=center | 17 |- |[[Eris (dwarf planet)|Eris]]<br>{{small|136199}} |bgcolor=#420001 | [[File:Eris and dysnomia2.jpg|50px]] |{{val|1163|6|fmt=gaps}}<ref name="sicardy"> {{cite journal |last1=Sicardy |first1=B. |display-authors=etal. |date=2011 |title=Size, density, albedo and atmosphere limit of dwarf planet Eris from a stellar occultation |journal=European Planetary Science Congress Abstracts |volume=6 |pages=137 |url=http://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EPSC-DPS2011/EPSC-DPS2011-137-8.pdf |accessdate=2011-09-14 |bibcode=2011epsc.conf..137S }} </ref> |0.1825 |6.59 |0.006 |16.7<ref name="Brown Schaller 2007">{{cite journal| doi = 10.1126/science.1139415| last1 = Brown| first1 = Michael E.| authorlink = Michael E. Brown| last2 = Schaller| first2 = Emily L.| date = 15 June 2007| title = The Mass of Dwarf Planet Eris| url = https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2007-06-15_316_5831/page/1585| journal = Science| volume = 316| issue = 5831| page = 1585| pmid = 17569855| pmc = | bibcode = 2007Sci...316.1585B| ref = harv}}</ref> |0.0028 |2.52 ± 0.05 |{{Gr|16.7|1300}} |0.0672 |[[dwarf planet]]; [[scattered disc|SDO]]; [[Dysnomia (muin)|binary]] |roond (HE) |align=center | 18 |-style="background-color: #CCFFCC;" |[[Titania (muin)|Titania]]<br>{{small|Uranus III}} |bgcolor=black | [[File:Titania (moon) color cropped.jpg|50px]] |{{val|788.4|0.6}} |0.1237 |2.06 |0.0019 |3.526 |0.00059 |1.711 ± 0.005 |0.378 |0.0385 |[[moon of Uranus]] |roond |align=center | 19 |- |{{mpl-|225088|2007 OR|10}}<br>{{small|225088}} |bgcolor=black | |{{val|767|+38|-113}}<ref name=arXiv:1603.03090> {{Cite journal |last1=Pál |first1=András |display-authors=etal. |year=2016 |title=Large size and slow rotation of the trans-Neptunian object (225088) 2007 OR10 discovered from Herschel and K2 observations |journal=The Astronomical Journal |volume=151 |issue=5 |pages=117 |doi=10.3847/0004-6256/151/5/117 }}</ref> |0.1200 |1.88 |0.0017 | | | | | |[[Resonant trans-Neptunian object|resonant KBO]] (3:10) |{{small|unknown}} |align=center | 20 |-style="background-color: #FFFFCC;" |[[Rhea (muin)|Rhea]]<br>{{small|Saturn V}} |bgcolor=black | [[File:PIA07763 Rhea full globe5.jpg|50px]] |{{val|763.8|1.0}} |0.1199 |1.87 |0.0017 |2.3166 |0.00039 |1.236 ± 0.005 |0.26 |0.027 |[[moon of Saturn]] |roond (HE, {{small|disputed}}) |align=center | 21 |-style="background-color: #CCFFCC;" |[[Oberon (muin)|Oberon]]<br>{{small|Uranus IV}} |bgcolor=black | [[File:Voyager 2 picture of Oberon.jpg|50px]] |{{val|761.4|2.6}} |0.1195 |1.85 |0.0017 |3.014 |0.0005 |1.63 ± 0.05 |0.347 |0.035 |[[moon of Uranus]] |roond |align=center | 22 |-style="background-color: #FFFFCC;" |[[Iapetus (muin)|Iapetus]]<br>{{small|Saturn VIII}} |bgcolor=black | [[File:Iapetus as seen by the Cassini probe - 20071008.jpg|50px]] |{{val|734.5|2.8}} |0.1153 |1.55 |0.0014 |1.9739 |0.00033 |1.088 ± 0.013 |0.223 |0.0227 |[[moon of Saturn]] |roond {{small|(not in HE)}} |align=center | 23 |- |{{dp|Makemake}}<br>{{small|136472}} |bgcolor=#710000 | [[File:Makemake moon Hubble image with legend (cropped).jpg|50px]] |{{val|715|19|-11}}<!--now known not viewed pole-on--><ref name=Brown2013>{{cite journal|author=M.E. Brown|year=2013|arxiv=1304.1041|title=On the size, shape, and density of dwarf planet Makemake|journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters|volume=767|pages=L7(5pp)|doi=10.1088/2041-8205/767/1/L7|bibcode = 2013ApJ...767L...7B }}</ref> |0.112 |1.7 |.0016 | | |2.3 ± 0.9 | | |[[dwarf planet]]; [[classical Kuiper belt object|cubewano]] |roond |align=center | 24 |- |{{dp|Haumea}}<br>{{small|136108}} |bgcolor=black| <!-- Do not place a non-free file here, per WP:NFLISTS --> |{{val|620|+34|-29}} |0.097 |1.3–1.6 |0.001 |4.006 |0.00067 |2.55<ref name=lacerda /> |0.44 |0.045 |[[dwarf planet]]; [[Resonant trans-Neptunian object|resonant KBO]] (7:12); [[moons of Haumea|trinary]] |roond {{small|(scalene [[ellipsoid]])}} |align=center | 25 |-style="background-color: #E5E5FF;" |[[Charon (muin)|Charon]]<br>{{small|Pluto I}} |bgcolor=black | [[File:Charon in Color (HQ).jpg|50px]] |{{val|606|3}} |0.0951 |0.87 |0.0008 |1.52 |0.00025 |1.702 ± 0.021 |0.279 |0.028 |[[moon of Pluto]] |roond |align=center | 26 |-style="background-color: #CCFFCC;" |[[Umbriel (muin)|Umbriel]]<br>{{small|Uranus II}} |bgcolor=black | [[File:PIA00040 Umbrielx2.47.jpg|50px]] |{{val|584.7|2.8}} |0.0918 |0.84 |0.0008 |1.2 |0.00020 |1.39 ± 0.16 |0.234 |0.024 |[[moon of Uranus]] |roond |align=center | 27 |-style="background-color: #CCFFCC;" |[[Ariel (muin)|Ariel]]<br>{{small|Uranus I}} |bgcolor=black | |{{val|578.9|0.6}} |0.0909 |0.81 |0.0007 |1.35 |0.000226 |1.66 ± 0.15 |0.269 |0.027 |[[moon of Uranus]] |roond |align=center | 28 |-style="background-color: #FFFFCC;" |[[Dione (muin)|Dione]]<br>{{small|Saturn IV}} |bgcolor=black | [[File:Dione color south.jpg|50px]] |{{val|561.4|0.4}} |0.0881 |0.73 |0.0007 |1.096 |0.000183 |1.478 ± 0.003 |0.232 |0.0237 |[[moon of Saturn]] |roond {{small|(not in HE)}} |align=center | 29 |- |[[50000 Quaoar|Quaoar]]<br>{{small|50000}} |bgcolor=black | [[File:Quaoar hubble.jpg|50px]] |{{val|555|3}} |0.0871 | | |1.4 ± 0.1 |0.0002 |2.2 ± 0.4<ref name=TNOsCool8> {{Cite journal|first1=S. |last1=Fornasier |display-authors=etal. |arxiv= 1305.0449 |title= TNOs are Cool: A survey of the trans-Neptunian region. VIII. Combined Herschel PACS and SPIRE observations of 9 bright targets at 70–500 ''μ''m |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |volume=555 |pages=A15 |date= 2013 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201321329 }}</ref> |{{Gr|0.37|445|3}} |0.0127 |[[Classical Kuiper belt object|cubewano]]; [[Weywot (muin)|binary]] |{{small|unknown}} |align=center | 30 |-style="background-color: #FFFFCC;" |[[Tethys (muin)|Tethys]]<br>{{small|Saturn III}} |bgcolor=black | [[File:PIA18317-SaturnMoon-Tethys-Cassini-20150411.jpg|50px]] |{{val|531.1|0.6}} |0.0834 |0.624 |0.0006 |0.6173 |0.000103 |0.984 ± 0.003<ref>Roatsch Jaumann et al. 2009, p. 765, Tables 24.1–2</ref> |0.145 |0.015 |[[moon of Saturn]] |roond {{small|(not in HE)}} |align=center | 31 |- |[[90377 Sedna|Sedna]]<br>{{small|90377}} |bgcolor=black | [[File:Sedna PRC2004-14d.jpg|50px]] |{{val|500|80}} |0.0785 | | | | | | | |[[sednoid]]; [[detached object]] |{{small|unknown}} |align=center | 32 |- |[[Ceres (dwarf planet)|Ceres]]<br>{{small|1}} |bgcolor=black | [[File:PIA19562-Ceres-DwarfPlanet-Dawn-RC3-image19-20150506.jpg|50x50px]] |{{val|473}}<ref name=Dawnpresentation>{{cite web|url=http://nesf2015.arc.nasa.gov/agenda|title=Agenda - NASA Exploration Science Forum 2015|publisher=|access-date=2017-08-24|archive-date=2015-07-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724072209/http://nesf2015.arc.nasa.gov/agenda|url-status=dead}}</ref> |0.0742 |0.433 |0.0004 |0.939<ref name="Rayman20150528">{{cite web |title=Dawn Journal, May 28, 2015 |last=Rayman |first=M. D. |publisher=[[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] |url=http://dawnblog.jpl.nasa.gov/2015/05/28/dawn-journal-may-28-2015/ |date=28 May 2015 |accessdate=23 July 2015 |archive-date=2015-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530075157/http://dawnblog.jpl.nasa.gov/2015/05/28/dawn-journal-may-28-2015/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |0.000157 |2.17 |0.29 |0.030 |[[dwarf planet]]; [[asteroid belt|belt asteroid]] |roond (HE) |align=center | 33 |- |{{mpl-|307261|2002 MS|4}}<br>{{small|307261}} |bgcolor=black| |{{val|467|24}} |0.0733 | | | | | | | |[[Classical Kuiper belt object|cubewano]]<ref name=johnston2011> {{cite web |date=24 March 2015 |title=List of Known Trans-Neptunian Objects |publisher=Johnston's Archive |author=Wm. Robert Johnston |url=http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/tnoslist.html |accessdate=21 July 2015 }}</ref> |{{small|unknown}} |align=center | 34 |- |[[90482 Orcus|Orcus]]<br>{{small|90482}} |bgcolor=#420001|[[File:Orcus nasa.jpg|50px]] |{{val|458|13}} |0.0719 | | | | |2.47<ref name=Carry2011>{{Cite journal | last1 = Carry | first1 = B. |display-authors=etal. | title = Integral-field spectroscopy of (90482) Orcus-Vanth | arxiv = 1108.5963| doi = 10.1051/0004-6361/201117486 | journal = Astronomy & Astrophysics | volume = 534 | pages = A115 | year = 2011 | pmid = | pmc = |bibcode = 2011A&A...534A.115C }}</ref> | | |[[plutino]]; [[Vanth (muin)|binary]] |{{small|unknown}} |align=center | 35 |- |[[120347 Salacia|Salacia]]<br>{{small|120347}} |bgcolor=black| |{{val|425|23}} |0.0667 | | |0.45 ± ? | |1.16{{±|0.59|0.36}}<ref name="StansberrySalaciaTyphon"> {{cite journal |title=Physical Properties of Trans-Neptunian Binaries (120347) Salacia–Actaea and (42355) Typhon–Echidna |author=J.A. Stansberry |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103512001224 |accessdate=2012-04-27 |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2012.03.029 |bibcode=2012Icar..219..676S |volume=219 |issue=2 |journal=Icarus |pages=676–688 |year=2012 }}</ref> | | |[[Classical Kuiper belt object|cubewano]]; [[Actaea (muin)|binary]] |{{small|unknown}} |align=center | 36 |- ! colspan=14 style="font-size: 0.9em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; padding: 6px 4px;" |Notes: :^(a)&nbsp;Name o body, includin alternative names uisin [[Roman numeral designation|Roman numerals tae designate muins]] (sic as "Jupiter I" for [[Io (muin)|Io]]), an nummers tae [[minor planet designation|designate minor planets]] :^(b)&nbsp;Mean radius includin uncertainties :^(c)&nbsp;Gien as [[surface gravity]] (1 bar for [[gaseous planet]]s) :^(d) Rankin bi radius o the lairgest bodies in the Solar Seestem, mey nae reflect the latest updates o meisurt radii :{{legend2|#FBEC5D|border=1px solid #bbb|[[star]]}}&nbsp;&nbsp;{{legend2|#d5d5d5|border=1px solid #bbb|[[giant planet]]}}&nbsp;&nbsp;{{legend2|#e6e6e6|border=1px solid #AAF3CD|[[terrestrial planet]]}}&nbsp;&nbsp;{{legend2|#B0E0E6|border=1px solid #AAF3CD|the Muin, muin o Yird}}&nbsp;&nbsp;{{legend2|#FFE8E8|border=1px solid #AAF3CD|[[muins o Jupiter|muin o Jupiter]]}}&nbsp;&nbsp;{{legend2|#FFFFCC|border=1px solid #E6E600|[[muins o Saturn|muin o Saturn]]}}&nbsp;&nbsp;{{legend2|#CCFFCC|border=1px solid #00FF00|[[muins o Uranus|muin o Uranus]]}}&nbsp;&nbsp;{{legend2|#DDEEFF|border=1px solid #8FC7FF|[[muins o Neptune|muin o Neptune]]}}&nbsp;&nbsp;{{legend2|#E5E5FF|border=1px solid #8FC7FF|[[muins o Pluto|muin o Pluto]]}} |} === Frae 200 tae 400 km === Aw imaged icy muins except [[Proteus (muin)|Proteus]] wi radii greater nor 200&nbsp;km are roond, awtho those unner 400&nbsp;km that hae haed thair shapes carefully meisurt are nae in hydrostatic equilibrium.<ref name=Thomas2010/>{{citation needed|date=July 2015}} Maist asteroids are rockier an less likely tae be roond; for ensaumple, [[10 Hygiea]] is nae, while [[2 Pallas]] an [[4 Vesta]] are borderline.{{fact|date=December 2016}} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! style="font-weight: normal;" width=100 | '''Body'''&thinsp;^(a) ! class="unsortable"| Image ! data-sort-type="number" width=85 style="font-weight: normal;" | '''Radius'''&thinsp;^(b)<br>'''{{small|([[kilometre|km]])}}''' ! data-sort-type="number" width=65 | Mass<br>{{small|(10²⁰&nbsp;kg)}} ! data-sort-type="number" width=65 | Density<br>{{small|(g/cm³)}} ! style="font-weight: normal;" | '''Teep'''&thinsp;^(c) ! style="font-weight: normal;" | '''Remerks&nbsp;– Shape'''&thinsp;^(d) ! class="unsortable" style="font-weight: normal; width: 3.8em; text-align: center;" | '''Refs&thinsp;'''^(c)<br>'''{{Tooltip|r|Citation for the body's size}}{{·}}{{Tooltip|M|Citation for the body's mass}}''' |- |{{mpl|2013 FY|27}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | 265–550 |align=center | – |align=center | – |SDO |lairge range of estimatit diameters |align=center | r{{·}}M |- |{{mpl-|55565|2002 AW|197}}<br>{{small|55565}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|384|20|18}} |align=center | – |align=center | – |ither TNO, [[detached object]] |– |align=center | <ref name="TNO-cool-2014"> {{Cite journal|arxiv=1403.6309|last1= Vilenius|first1= E.|title= "TNOs are Cool": A survey of the trans-Neptunian region X. Analysis of classical Kuiper belt objects from Herschel and Spitzer observations|journal= Astronomy & Astrophysics|volume= 564|pages= A35 |display-authors=etal.|year= 2014|doi= 10.1051/0004-6361/201322416}}</ref>{{·}}<ref name="TNO-cool-2014" /> |- |{{mpl-|208996|2003 AZ|84}}<br>{{small|208996}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|385}} |align=center | – |align=center | – |[[plutino]]; [[minor-planet muin|binary]] |– |align=center | r{{·}}M |- |[[V774104]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|375|p=~}} |align=center | - |align=center | - | |– |align=center | - |- |[[174567 Varda|Varda]]<br>{{small|174567}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|358}} |align=center | {{val|2.65}} |align=center | {{val|1.25}} |cubewano; [[Ilmarë (muin)|binary]] |– |align=center | <ref name="TNO-cool-2014" />{{·}}<ref name="TNO-cool-2014" /> |- |{{mpl|2015 RR|245}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|350|p=~}} |align=center | - |align=center | - |[[resonant KBO]]&nbsp;{{small|(2:9)}} |– |align=center | - |-style="background-color: #ECFCF4;" |[[Dysnomia (muin)|Dysnomia]]<br>{{small|Eris I}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|342|25}} |align=center | – |align=center | – |moon of [[Eris (dwarf planet)|Eris]] |lairge range of estimatit diameters 100–660&nbsp;km |align=center | <ref name=TNOCool4> {{Cite journal|last=Santos-Sanz |first=P. |date=2012 |title="TNOs are Cool": A Survey of the Transneptunian Region IV. Size/albedo characterization of 15 scattered disk and detached objects observed with Herschel Space Observatory-PACS |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |volume=541 |pages=A92 |arxiv=1202.1481 |display-authors=etal |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201118541 }}</ref>{{·}}M |- |{{mpl-|90568|2004 GV|9}}<br>{{small|90568}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|340|40}} |align=center | – |align=center | – |cubewano |– |align=center | r{{·}}M |- |{{mpl-|145452|2005 RN|43}}<br>{{small|145452}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|340|40}} |align=center | – |align=center | – |cubewano |– |align=center | r{{·}}M |- |{{mpl-|55637|2002 UX|25}}<br>{{small|55637}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|335|17}} |align=center | {{val|1.25}} |align=center | {{val|0.82}} |cubewano; [[minor-planet muin|binary]] |– |align=center | <ref name="TNO-cool-2014" />{{·}}<ref> {{Cite journal|author=M.E. Brown |title=The density of mid-sized Kuiper belt object 2002 UX25 and the formation of the dwarf planets |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=778 |issue=2 |pages=L34 |arxiv=1311.0553|date=4 November 2013 |doi=10.1088/2041-8205/778/2/L34 }}</ref> |- |{{mpl-|278361|2007 JJ|43}}<br>{{small|278361}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|335|150}}<ref name="scida2015">{{cite web | url= http://lcogt.net/files/K2SciCon/Robert_Szabo-Szabo_TNOs_web.pdf | title= Pushing the Limits of K2:Observing Trans-Neptunian Objects S3K2: Solar System Studies with K2 | access-date= 2017-08-24 | archive-date= 2016-03-05 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160305034458/http://lcogt.net/files/K2SciCon/Robert_Szabo-Szabo_TNOs_web.pdf | url-status= dead }}</ref> |align=center | – |align=center | – |[[cubewano]] |– |align=center | r{{·}}M |- |[[20000 Varuna|Varuna]]<br>{{small|20000}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|334|77|43}} |align=center | {{val|3.7}} |align=center | {{val|0.99}}<ref name=lacerda>{{Cite journal|arxiv=astro-ph/0612237|last1=Lacerda|first1=Pedro|title=Densities of Solar System Objects from their Rotational Lightcurves|journal=The Astronomical Journal|volume=133|issue=4|pages=1393|last2=Jewitt|first2=David|year=2006|doi=10.1086/511772}}</ref> <!-- assumed density 2.965 --> |cubewano |– |align=center | <ref name=Varunaresolved> {{cite journal |last=Lorenzi |first=V. |last2=Pinilla-Alonso |first2=N. |last3=Licandro |first3=J. P. |last4=Dalle Ore |first4=C. M. |last5=Emery |date=24 January 2014 |title=Rotationally resolved spectroscopy of (20000) Varuna in the near-infrared |arxiv=1401.5962|journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |quote=cited data from: Lellouch et al., 2013, of estimated diameter of 668 (+154,−86) km |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201322251 |bibcode=2014A&A...562A..85L |volume=562 |pages=A85 }}</ref>{{·}}M |- |[[28978 Ixion|Ixion]]<br>{{small|28978}} |bgcolor=#404040| [[Image:Ixion planetoid nasa.jpg|50px|center]] |align=center | {{val|325|130|110}} |align=center | – |align=center | – |[[plutino]] |– |align=center | r{{·}}M |- |{{mpl-|229762|2007 UK|126}}<br>{{small|229762}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|300|40}} |align=center | – |align=center | – |SDO |– |align=center | r{{·}}M |- |[[19521 Chaos|Chaos]]<br>{{small|19521}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|300|70}} |align=center | – |align=center | – |cubewano |– |align=center | r{{·}}M |- |{{mpl|2010 KZ|39}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|300|p=~}} |align=center | – |align=center | – |cubewano<ref name=MPC10KZ39> {{cite web |title=2010 KZ39 |publisher=IAU Minor Planet Center |url=http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=2010+KZ39&commit=Show |accessdate=2011-08-18 }}</ref> |– |align=center | r{{·}}M |- |{{mpl|2012 VP|113}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|300|p=~}} |align=center | – |align=center | – |[[sednoid]] |– |align=center | r{{·}}M |- |{{mpl|2010 RF|43}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|300|p=~}} |align=center | – |align=center | – |SDO |– |align=center | r{{·}}M |- |{{mpl-|145451|2005 RM|43}}<br>{{small|145451}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|300|p=~}} |align=center | – |align=center | – |SDO |– |align=center | r{{·}}M |- |{{mpl-|42301|2001 UR|163}}<br>{{small|42301}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|300|p=~}} |align=center | – |align=center | – |SDO |– |align=center | r{{·}}M |- |{{mpl-|84522|2002 TC|302}}<br>{{small|84522}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|290|50}} |align=center | – |align=center | – |[[resonant KBO]]&nbsp;{{small|(2:5)}} |– |align=center | r{{·}}M |- |{{mpl|2002 XV|93}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|280|10}} |align=center | – |align=center | – |[[plutino]] |– |align=center | r{{·}}M |- |{{mpl-|455502|2003 UZ|413}}<br>{{small|455502}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|280|p=~}} |align=center | – |align=center | – |[[plutino]] |– |align=center | r{{·}}M |- |{{mpl|2008 ST|291}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|318|p=~}} |align=center | – |align=center | – |SDO |– |align=center | r{{·}}M |- |{{mpl|2010 RE|64}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|280|p=~}} |align=center | – |align=center | – |SDO |– |align=center | r{{·}}M |- |{{mpl|2010 FX|86}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|280|p=~}} |align=center | – |align=center | – |cubewano |– |align=center | r{{·}}M |- |{{mpl|2006 QH|181}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|280|p=~}} |align=center | – |align=center | – |SDO |– |align=center | r{{·}}M |- |{{mpl-|472271|2014 UM|33}}<br>{{small|472271}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|270|p=~}} |align=center | – |align=center | – |cubewano |– |align=center | r{{·}}M |- |{{mpl|2004 XR|190}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|270|p=~}} |align=center | – |align=center | – |SDO |– |align=center | r{{·}}M |-style="background-color: #f2f2f2;" |[[4 Vesta|Vesta]]<br>{{small|4}} |bgcolor=black| [[File:Vesta full mosaic.jpg|50px]] |align=center | {{val|262.7|0.1}} |align=center | {{val|2.59}} |align=center | {{val|3.46}} |belt asteroid |formerly roond (nae in [[hydrostatic equilibrium]]: frozen-in ellipsoidal shape an lairge impact basins)<ref name="Fu 2013"> {{cite journal|last=Fu|first=R. R.|author2=Hager, B. H.; Ermakov, A.I.; Zuber, M.T.|title=Early Viscous Relaxation of Asteroid Vesta and Implications for Late Impact-Driven Despinning|journal=44th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference|volume=44|date=2013|page=2115|url=http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2013/pdf/2115.pdf |bibcode=2013LPI....44.2115F}}</ref><ref name="Asmar 2012"> {{cite journal|last=Asmar|first=S. W.|author2=Konopliv, A. S.; Park, R. S.; Bills, B. G.; Gaskell, R.; Raymond, C. A.; Russell, C. T.; Smith, D. E.; Toplis, M. J.; Zuber, M. T.|title=The Gravity Field of Vesta and Implications for Interior Structure|journal=43rd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference|volume=43|date=2012|page=2600|url=http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2012/pdf/2600.pdf |bibcode=2012LPI....43.2600A}}</ref> |align=center | <ref name=Russell2012> {{cite journal |author=Russell, C. T. |display-authors=etal |title=Dawn at Vesta: Testing the Protoplanetary Paradigm |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2012-05-11_336_6082/page/684 |journal=Science |volume=336 |issue=6082 |pages=684–686 |date=2012 |doi=10.1126/science.1219381 |pmid=22582253 |bibcode = 2012Sci...336..684R }}</ref>{{·}}<ref name=Russell2012 /> |- |{{mpl-|84922|2003 VS|2}}<br>{{small|84922}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|260|20}} |align=center | – |align=center | – |[[plutino]] |– |align=center | r{{·}}M |- |{{mpl-|120348|2004 TY|364}}<br>{{small|120348}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|260|p=~}} |align=center | – |align=center | – |cubewano |– |align=center | r{{·}}M |- |{{mpl|2010 VK|201}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|260|p=~}} |align=center | – |align=center | – |cubewano |– |align=center | r{{·}}M |-style="background-color: #f2f2f2;" |[[2 Pallas|Pallas]]<br>{{small|2}} |bgcolor=black| [[File:PallasHST2007.jpg|50px]] |align=center | {{val|256|3}}<ref name=Carry2009>{{Cite journal|title=Physical properties of (2) Pallas|journal=Icarus|volume=205|issue=2|pages=460|author=Carry, B.|date=2009|arxiv=0912.3626 |display-authors=etal|doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2009.08.007}}</ref> |align=center | {{val|2.11|0.26}}<ref name="Baer2007">{{cite journal |last=Baer |first=James |author2=Steven R. Chesley |title=Astrometric masses of 21 asteroids, and an integrated asteroid ephemeris |journal=Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy |volume=100 |issue=2008 |pages=27–42 |url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/h747307j43863228/fulltext.pdf |format=PDF |doi=10.1007/s10569-007-9103-8 |accessdate=11 November 2008 |date=2008 |bibcode=2008CeMDA.100...27B |archive-date=2011-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110224014158/http://www.springerlink.com/content/h747307j43863228/fulltext.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |align=center | {{val|3.0|0.5}} |belt asteroid |uncertain |align=center | <ref name=Carry2009/> M |- style="background-color: #FFFFCC;" |[[Enceladus]]<br>{{small|Saturn II}} |bgcolor=black| [[File:PIA17202-SaturnMoon-Enceladus-ApproachingFlyby-20151028.jpg|50x50px]] |align=center | {{val|252.1|0.2}} |align=center | {{val|1.08}} |align=center | {{val|1.61}} |moon of Saturn |roond (nae in hydrostatic equilibrium: frozen-in ellipsoidal shape) |align=center | r{{·}}M |- |{{mpl-|202421|2005 UQ|513}}<br>{{small|202421}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|250|40}} |align=center | – |align=center | – |cubewano |– |align=center | r{{·}}M |- |{{mpl|2003 QX|113}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|250|p=~}} |align=center | – |align=center | – |SDO |– |align=center | r{{·}}M |- |{{mpl|2014 FC|69}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|250|p=~}} |align=center | – |align=center | – |– |– |align=center | r{{·}}M |- |{{mpl-|119979|2002 WC|19}}<br>{{small|119979}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|245}} |align=center | – |align=center | – |[[twotino]]; [[minor-planet muin|binary]] |– |align=center | r{{·}}M |- |{{mpl-|471143|2010 EK|139}}<br>{{small|471143}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|240|70}} |align=center | – |align=center | – |SDO |– |align=center | r{{·}}M |-style="background-color: #CCFFCC;" |[[Miranda (muin)|Miranda]]<br>{{small|Uranus V}} |bgcolor=black| [[File:PIA18185 Miranda's Icy Face.jpg|50px]] |align=center | {{val|235.8|0.7}} |align=center | {{val|0.66}} |align=center | {{val|1.2}} |moon of Uranus |roond |align=center | r{{·}}M |- |{{mpl-|145480|2005 TB|190}}<br>{{small|145480}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|230|30}} |align=center | – |align=center | – |[[detached object]] |– |align=center | r{{·}}M |- |{{mpl-|26375|1999 DE|9}} <br>{{small|26375}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|230|20}} |align=center | – |align=center | – |[[resonant KBO]]&nbsp;{{small|(2:5)}} |– |align=center | r{{·}}M |- |{{mpl-|120132|2003 FY|128}}<br>{{small|120132}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|230|10}} |align=center | – |align=center | – |SDO |– |align=center | r{{·}}M |- |[[38628 Huya|Huya]]<br>{{small|38628}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|229|5}} |align=center | – |align=center | – |[[plutino]] |– |align=center | r{{·}}M |- |{{mpl-|84719|2002 VR|128}}<br>{{small|84719}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|220|20}} |align=center | – |align=center | – |[[plutino]] |– |align=center | r{{·}}M |- |{{mpl|2010 TJ|}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|220|p=~}} |align=center | – |align=center | – |SDO |– |align=center | r{{·}}M |- |{{mpl-|445473|2010 VZ|98}}<br>{{small|445473}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|220|p=~}} |align=center | – |align=center | – |SDO |– |align=center | r{{·}}M |- |{{mpl|2011 FW|62}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|220|p=~}} |align=center | – |align=center | – |ither TNO |– |align=center | r{{·}}M |-style="background-color: #f2f2f2;" |[[10 Hygiea|Hygiea]]<br>{{small|10}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|215|4}} |align=center | – |align=center | – |belt asteroid |irregular |align=center | r{{·}}M |- style="background-color: #DDEEFF;" |[[Proteus (muin)|Proteus]]<br>{{small|Neptune VIII}} |bgcolor=black| [[File:Proteus (Voyager 2).jpg|50px]] |align=center | {{val|210|7}} |align=center | {{val|0.44}} |align=center | {{val|1.3|p=~}} |moon of Neptune |irregular |align=center | r{{·}}M |- |{{mpl-|303775|2005 QU|182}}<br>{{small|303775}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|210|40}} |align=center | – |align=center | – |SDO |– |align=center | r{{·}}M |- |{{mpl-|444030|2004 NT|33}}<br>{{small|444030}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|210|40}} |align=center | – |align=center | – |cubewano |– |align=center | r{{·}}M |- |{{mpl-|469306|1999 CD|158}}<br>{{small|469306}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|210|p=~}} |align=center | – |align=center | – |[[resonant KBO]]&nbsp;{{small|(4:7)}} |– |align=center | r{{·}}M |- |{{mpl-|175113|2004 PF|115}}<br>{{small|175113}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|203|43}} |align=center | – |align=center | – |[[plutino]] |– |align=center | r{{·}}M |- |{{mpl-|471288|2011 GM|27}}<br>{{small|471288}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|201|p=~}} |align=center | – |align=center | – |cubewano |– |align=center | r{{·}}M |- |{{mpl-|35671|1998 SN|165}}<br>{{small|35671}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|200|20}} |align=center | – |align=center | – |cubewano |– |align=center | r{{·}}M |- |{{mpl-|469372|2001 QF|298}}<br>{{small|469372}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|200|20}} |align=center | – |align=center | – |[[plutino]] |– |align=center | r{{·}}M |- |{{mpl-|82075|2000 YW|134}}<br>{{small|82075}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|200|p=~}} |align=center | – |align=center | – |SDO |– |align=center | r{{·}}M |- |{{mpl-|26181|1996 GQ|21}}<br>{{small|26181}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|200|p=~}} |align=center | – |align=center | – |SDO |– |align=center | r{{·}}M |- ! colspan=14 style="font-size: 0.9em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; padding: 6px 4px" | Notes: :^(a)&nbsp;Name of body, including alternative names using [[Roman numeral designation|Roman numerals to designate moons]] (such as "Saturn II" for [[Enceladus]]), and numbers to [[minor planet designation|designate minor planets]] :^(b)&nbsp;Mean radius including uncertainties :^(c,d)&nbsp;Figures from default source ''Johnston's Archive—List of Known Trans-Neptunian Objects'',<ref name=johnston2011 /> if otherwise not mentioned in ''References'' Legend: :{{legend2|#e9e9e9|border=1px solid #bbb|[[belt asteroid]]}}&nbsp;&nbsp;{{legend2|#FFFFCC|border=1px solid #E6E600|[[moon of Saturn]]}}&nbsp;&nbsp;{{legend2|#CCFFCC|border=1px solid #00FF00|[[moon of Uranus]]}}&nbsp;&nbsp;{{legend2|#DDEEFF|border=1px solid #8FC7FF|[[moon of Neptune]]}}&nbsp;&nbsp;{{legend2|#ECFCF4|border=1px solid #AAF3CD|[[Dysnomia (muin)|Dysnomia]], moon of [[Eris (dwarf planet)|Eris]]}} :SDO – [[scattered disc]] object :cubewano – [[classical Kuiper belt object]] :[[plutino]] - trans-Neptunian object in Pluto-like orbit |} === From 100 to 200 km === This leet conteens a selection of objects estimatit tae be atween 100 an 200&nbsp;km in radius (200 an 400&nbsp;km in diameter). The lairgest of thir mey lie abuin the boundary for hydrostatic equilibrium, but maist are irregular. Most o the [[trans-Neptunian object]]s listed wi a radius smawer than 200&nbsp;km hae "''assumed sizes'' based on a ''generic'' [[Albedo#Astronomical albedo|albedo]] of 0.09" syne thay are too far away tae directly meisur thair sizes wi existin instruments. Mass switches frae 10²¹ kg tae 10¹⁸ kg (Zg). [[Main-belt asteroid]]s hae orbital elements constrained bi (2.0 AU < a < 3.2 AU; q > 1.666 AU) accordin tae JPL Solar System Dynamics (JPLSSD).<ref name="mainbelt">{{cite web |title=JPL definition of Main-belt Asteroid (MBA) |publisher=JPL Solar System Dynamics |url=http://ssd.jpl.ar.gov/sbdb_help.cgi?class=MBA |accessdate=2009-03-12 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> This leet is nae complete, missing mony poorly kent TNOs.<ref name=johnston2011 /> {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! style="font-weight: normal;" width=100 | '''Body'''^(a) ! class="unsortable"| Image ! data-sort-type="number" width=85 style="font-weight: normal;" | '''Radius'''^(b)<br>'''{{small|([[kilometre|km]])}}''' ! data-sort-type="number" width=75 | Mass<br>{{small|([[Zettagram|10¹⁸&nbsp;kg]])}} ! Type ! class="unsortable" | Remarks – Shape ! class="unsortable" style="font-weight: normal; width: 3.8em; text-align: center;" | '''Refs&thinsp;'''^(c)<br>'''{{Tooltip|r|Citation for the body's size}}'''{{·}}'''{{Tooltip|M|Citation for the body's mass}}''' |-style="background-color: #FFFFCC;" |[[Mimas (muin)|Mimas]]<br>{{small|Saturn I}} |bgcolor=black| [[File:Mimas Cassini.jpg|50px]] |align=center | {{val|198.2|0.4}} |align=center | {{val|37.49|0.03}} |[[Moons of Saturn|satellite of Saturn]] |roond (smallest kent body currently kent tae hae an ellipsoidal<br>shape, but nae in hydrostatic equilibrium) |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[Vanth (muin)|Vanth]]<br>{{small|Orcus I}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|190|50}} |align=center | |satellite of [[90482 Orcus|Orcus]] |– |align=center |<ref name="Carry2011"/>{{·}}M |- |{{mpl|2010 TY|53}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|183|p=~}} |align=center | |extendit [[Centaur (minor planet)|centaur]] |– |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[Ilmarë (muin)|Ilmarë]]<br>{{small|Varda I}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|180|20}} |align=center | |satellite of [[174567 Varda|Varda]] |– |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |{{mpl-|15874|1996 TL|66}}<br>{{small|15874}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|170|10}} |align=center | |[[Scattered disc|SDO]] |– |align=center |r{{·}}M |-style="background-color: #DDEEFF;" |[[Nereid (muin)|Nereid]]<br>{{small|Neptune II}} |bgcolor=black| [[File:Nereid-Voyager2.jpg|50px|center]] |align=center | {{val|170|30}} |align=center | |[[Moons of Neptune|satellite of Neptune]] |– |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |{{mpl-|230965|2004 XA|192}}<br>{{small|230965}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|170|60}} |align=center | |[[Scattered disc|SDO]] |– |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |{{mpl-|82158|2001 FP|185}}<br>{{small|82158}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|166|28}} |align=center | |[[Scattered disc|SDO]] |– |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[704 Interamnia|Interamnia]]<br>{{small|704}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|163|1}} |align=center | {{val|37}} |belt asteroid {{small|(F)}} |irregular shape |align=center |r{{·}}M |-style="background-color: #EDCF7D;" |[[Hi'iaka (muin)|Hiʻiaka]]<br>{{small|Haumea I}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|160}} |align=center | {{val|20}} |[[Moons of Haumea|satellite of Haumea]] |– |align=center |<ref name="RagozzineBrown2009">{{cite journal| doi = 10.1088/0004-6256/137/6/4766| last1 = Ragozzine| first1 = D.| last2 = Brown| first2 = M. E.| year = 2009| title = Orbits and Masses of the Satellites of the Dwarf Planet Haumea (2003 EL61)| journal = The Astronomical Journal| volume = 137| issue = 6| pages = 4766–4776| pmid = | pmc = | arxiv = 0903.4213| bibcode = 2009AJ....137.4766R| ref = harv}}</ref>{{·}}M |- |[[2007 OR10#Satellite|S/(225088) 1]]<br>{{small|2007 OR10 I}} |bgcolor=black| [[File:Moon Around the Dwarf Planet 2007 OR10.jpg|50px|center]] |align=center | {{val|160|p=~}} |align=center | |satellite of [[2007 OR10]] |– |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |{{mpl-|119951|2002 KX|14}}<br>{{small|119951}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|159}} |align=center | |[[cubewano]] |– |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[52 Europa|Europa]]<br>{{small|52}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|158|4}} |align=center | {{val|16.5}} |belt asteroid {{small|(C)}} |irregular shape<ref name="Kaasalainen2002">{{cite journal| author=M. Kaasalainen| title=Models of Twenty Asteroids from Photometric Data| journal=Icarus| volume=159| issue=2| pages=369–395| date=2002| format=PDF| url=http://www.rni.helsinki.fi/~mjk/IcarPIII.pdf| doi=10.1006/icar.2002.6907| accessdate=2009-06-23| bibcode=2002Icar..159..369K| archive-date=2008-02-16| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216072340/http://www.rni.helsinki.fi/~mjk/IcarPIII.pdf| url-status=dead}}</ref> |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |{{mpl|1995 SN|55}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|150|p=~}} |align=center | |[[Lost minor planet|Lost]]—[[Centaur (minor planet)|centaur]] or transient TNO |– |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[511 Davida|Davida]]<br>{{small|511}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|145|10}} |align=center | {{val|43.8}} |belt asteroid {{small|(C)}} |irregular shape |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[87 Sylvia|Sylvia]]<br>{{small|87}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|143|5}} |align=center | {{val|14.78}} |belt asteroid (outer) {{small|(X)}}; [[Minor-planet muin|trinary]] |irregular shape<ref name="Kaasalainen2002" /> |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[Actaea (muin)|Actaea]]<br>{{small|Salacia I}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|140|10}} |align=center | |satellite of [[120347 Salacia]] |– |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[65 Cybele|Cybele]]<br>{{small|65}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|136|6}} |align=center | {{val|17.8}} |belt asteroid (outer) {{small|(C)}} |irregular shape |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[3 Juno|Juno]]<br>{{small|3}} |bgcolor=black| [[File:Juno 4 wavelengths.jpg|50px|center]] |align=center | {{val|136|11}} |align=center | {{val|26.7}} |belt asteroid {{small|(S)}} |irregular shape<ref name="Kaasalainen2002" /> |align=center |<ref name="mit.edu">{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2004.08.005|url=http://www.mit.edu/people/lucylim/2005_Icarus_LimMcConnochie_Thermal_infrared_8-13_micron_spectra.pdf|title=Thermal infrared (8?13 ?m) spectra of 29 asteroids: The Cornell Mid-Infrared Asteroid Spectroscopy (MIDAS) Survey|journal=Icarus|volume=173|issue=2|pages=385|year=2005|last1=Lim|first1=L|last2=McConnochie|first2=T|last3=Belliii|first3=J|last4=Hayward|first4=T|bibcode=2005Icar..173..385L|access-date=2017-08-24|archive-date=2016-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232808/http://www.mit.edu/people/lucylim/2005_Icarus_LimMcConnochie_Thermal_infrared_8-13_micron_spectra.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{·}}M |-style="background-color: #FFFFCC;" |[[Hyperion (muin)|Hyperion]]<br>{{small|Saturn VII}} |bgcolor=black| [[File:Hyperion true.jpg|50px|center]] |align=center | {{val|135|4}} |align=center | {{val|5.58}} |[[Moons of Saturn|satellite of Saturn]] |irregular shape |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[15 Eunomia|Eunomia]]<br>{{small|15}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|134|7}} |align=center | 31.2 |belt asteroid {{small|(S)}} |irregular shape<ref name="Kaasalainen2002" /> |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[107 Camilla|Camilla]]<br>{{small|107}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|129|7}} |align=center | 11.2 |belt asteroid (outer) {{small|(C)}}; [[Minor-planet muin|binary]] |irregular shape<ref name="TorKaaMic03">{{cite journal| author= J. Torppa| title= ''Shapes and rotational properties of thirty asteroids from photometric data''| journal= Icarus| date= 2003| volume= 164| pages= 346–383| url= http://www.rni.helsinki.fi/~mjk/thirty.pdf| format= PDF| doi= 10.1016/S0019-1035(03)00146-5| issue= 2| bibcode= 2003Icar..164..346T| display-authors= etal.| access-date= 2017-08-24| archive-date= 2015-11-06| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151106103549/http://www.rni.helsinki.fi/~mjk/thirty.pdf| url-status= dead}}</ref> |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[31 Euphrosyne|Euphrosyne]]<br>{{small|31}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|128|3}} |align=center | 6.23 |belt asteroid {{small|(C)}} |irregular shape |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[16 Psyche|Psyche]]<br>{{small|16}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|127|2}} |align=center | 21.9 |belt asteroid {{small|(M)}} |irregular shape |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |{{mpl-|145453|2005 RR|43}}<br>{{small|145453}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|126}} |align=center | |[[Classical Kuiper belt object|cubewano]]; [[Haumea family]] |– |align=center |<ref name=CarrySnodgrass2012> {{cite journal |last=Carry |first=Benoit |last2=Snodgrass |first2=Colin |last3=Lacerda |first3=Pedro |last4=Hainaut |first4=Olivier |last5=Dumas |first5=Christophe |date=16 July 2012 |title=Characterisation of candidate members of (136108) Haumea's family: II. Follow-up observations |url=http://benoit.carry.free.fr/science/article/2012-AA-544-Carry.pdf |journal=[[Astronomy & Astrophysics]] |volume=544 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201219044 |arxiv=1207.6491 |accessdate=8 June 2014 |bibcode=2012A&A...544A.137C |pages=A137 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107172122/http://benoit.carry.free.fr/science/article/2012-AA-544-Carry.pdf |archivedate=7 November 2014 |df= }}</ref>{{·}}M |- |[[79360 Sila–Nunam|Sila]]<br>{{small|79360}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|125|15|16}} |align=center | 11 |[[Classical Kuiper belt object|cubewano]]; [[Minor-planet muin|binary]] w/ Nunam |dooble classical Kuiper belt object ''[[79360 Sila–Nunam]]'' |align=center |<ref name="TNO-cool-2014" />{{·}}M |- |[[10199 Chariklo|Chariklo]]<br>{{small|10199}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|124|9}} |align=center | |[[Centaur (minor planet)|centaur]] |[[rings of Chariklo|haes rings]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |{{mpl-|309239|2007 RW|10}}<br>{{small|309239}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|124|15}} |align=center | |TNO—[[quasi-satellite]] of Neptune |– |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[79360 Sila–Nunam|Nunam]]<br>{{small|79360}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|118|14|15}} |align=center | |[[Classical Kuiper belt object|cubewano]]; [[Minor-planet muin|binary]] w/ Sila |dooble classical Kuiper belt object ''[[79360 Sila–Nunam]]'' |align=center |<ref name="TNO-cool-2014" />{{·}}M |- |[[324 Bamberga|Bamberga]]<br>{{small|324}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|117|4}} |align=center | 10 |belt asteroid {{small|(C)}} | |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[451 Patientia|Patientia]]<br>{{small|451}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|117|5}} |align=center | |belt asteroid |irregular shape |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |{{mpl|2001 QC|298}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|117|11|-12}} |align=center | {{val|11.88|0.14}} |het [[Classical Kuiper belt object|classical]]; binary |– |align=center |<ref name="TNO-cool-2014" />{{·}}M |- |[[2060 Chiron|Chiron]]<br>{{small|2060 ''or'' 95P/Chiron}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|116|7}} |align=center | |[[Centaur (minor planet)|centaur]] |[[Rings of Chiron|haes rings]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[88 Thisbe|Thisbe]]<br>{{small|88}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|113|6}} |align=center | 10.5 |belt asteroid {{small|(B)}} |irregular shape<ref name="TorKaaMic03" /> |align=center |r{{·}}M |-style="background-color: #FFE5FF;" |[[624 Hektor|Hektor]]<br>{{small|624}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|113|8}} |align=center | 10 |Jupiter trojan ({{L4}}); [[Minor-planet muin|binary]] |irregular shape |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[65489 Ceto|Ceto]]<br>{{small|65489}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|112|10}} |align=center | 5.4 |extendit [[Centaur (minor planet)|centaur]]; [[Minor-planet muin|binary]] |– |align=center |r{{·}}<ref name="Grundy2007" /> |- |[[532 Herculina|Herculina]]<br>{{small|532}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|111|2}} |align=center | |belt asteroid {{small|(S)}} |irregular shape<ref name="Kaasalainen2002" /> |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[48 Doris|Doris]]<br>{{small|48}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|111|4}} |align=center | |belt asteroid |irregular shape |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[45 Eugenia|Eugenia]]<br>{{small|45}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|107|2}} |align=center | 5.69 |belt asteroid {{small|(F)}}; [[Minor-planet muin|trinary]] |irregular shape<ref name="Kaasalainen2002" /> |align=center |r{{·}}M |-style="background-color: #FFFFCC;" |[[Phoebe (muin)|Phoebe]]<br>{{small|Saturn IX}} |bgcolor=black| [[File:Phoebe cassini.jpg|50px|center]] |align=center | {{val|106.5|0.7}} |align=center | {{val|8.29|0.01}} |[[Moons of Saturn|satellite of Saturn]] |formerly roond<ref>JPL/NASA, 2012 Apr 26. [http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/newsreleases/newsrelease20120426/ Cassini Finds Saturn Moon Has Planet-Like Qualities] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713125236/http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/newsreleases/newsrelease20120426/ |date=2015-07-13 }}</ref> |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[29 Amphitrite|Amphitrite]]<br>{{small|29}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|106|3}} |align=center | 11.8 |belt asteroid {{small|(S)}} |irregular shape<ref name="Kaasalainen2002" /> |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[54598 Bienor|Bienor]]<br>{{small|54598}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|105|15}} |align=center | |[[Centaur (minor planet)|centaur]] |– |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[53311 Deucalion|Deucalion]]<br>{{small|53311}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|105|p=~}} |align=center | |[[Classical Kuiper belt object|cubewano]] |– |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[423 Diotima|Diotima]]<br>{{small|423}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|104|3}} |align=center | |belt asteroid {{small|(C)}} |irregular shape<ref name=Durkaa>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20066347 |url=http://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/pdf/2007/13/aa6347-06.pdf|title=Physical models of ten asteroids from an observers' collaboration network|journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics|volume=465|pages=331|year=2007|last1=Ďurech|first1=J.|display-authors=etal.|bibcode=2007A&A...465..331D}}</ref> |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[13 Egeria|Egeria]]<br>{{small|13}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|104|4}} |align=center | 16.3 |belt asteroid {{small|(G)}} |irregular shape |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[19 Fortuna|Fortuna]]<br>{{small|19}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|104|6}} |align=center | 12.7 |belt asteroid {{small|(G)}} |irregular shape |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[94 Aurora|Aurora]]<br>{{small|94}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|102|2}} |align=center | |belt asteroid |irregular shape<ref name=planocc>{{cite web|url=http://occsec.wellington.net.nz/planet/2001/plnres01.htm#Aurora|title=Planetary occultations: 2001 results|publisher=|access-date=2017-08-24|archive-date=2012-06-05|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/68CZvqe2h?url=http://occsec.wellington.net.nz/planet/2001/plnres01.htm#Aurora|url-status=dead}}</ref> |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[7 Iris|Iris]]<br>{{small|7}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|100|5}} |align=center | 13.6 |belt asteroid {{small|(S)}} |irregular shape |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[41 Daphne|Daphne]]<br>{{small|41}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|100|5}} |align=center | |belt asteroid |irregular shape |align=center |r{{·}}M |- | [[24 Themis|Themis]]<br>{{small|24}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|100|10}} |align=center | 11.3 |belt asteroid {{small|(C)}}; [[Themis family]] |– |align=center |r{{·}}M |- ! colspan=7 style="font-size: 0.9em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; padding: 6px 4px" | Notes: :^(a)&nbsp;Name of body, including alternative names using [[Roman numeral designation|Roman numerals to designate moons]] (such as "Saturn I" for [[Mimas (muin)|Mimas]]), and numbers to [[minor planet designation|designate minor planets]] :^(b)&nbsp;Mean radius including uncertainties :^(c)&nbsp;Reference column specifically for radius (r) and mass (M) citations Legend: :{{legend2|#FFE5FF|border=1px solid #FF99FF|[[Jupiter trojan]]}}&nbsp;&nbsp;{{legend2|#FFFFCC|border=1px solid #E6E600|[[moon of Saturn]]}}&nbsp;&nbsp;{{legend2|#DDEEFF|border=1px solid #8FC7FF|[[moon of Neptune]]}}&nbsp;&nbsp;{{legend2|#EDCF7D|border=1px solid #CE9F1C|[[moon of Haumea]]}} :{{legend2|#fafafa|border=1px solid #ccc|[[belt asteroid]]—types: [[B-type asteroids|B]]{{·}}[[C-type asteroids|C]]{{·}}[[F-type asteroids|F]]{{·}}[[G-type asteroids|G]]{{·}}[[M-type asteroids|M]]{{·}}[[S-type asteroids|S]]{{·}}[[X-type asteroids|X]]}} |} === From 50 to 100 km === This leet conteens a selection of objects 50 an 100&nbsp;km in radius (100&nbsp;km tae 200&nbsp;km in average diameter). The listed objects currently include maist objects in the [[asteroid belt]] an moons o the [[giant planet]]s in this size range, but mony newly discovered objects in the outer Solar System are missing, sic as those included in the follaein reference.<ref name=johnston2011 /> [[Asteroid spectral types]] are maistly Tholen, but some might be SMASS. {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !style="font-weight: normal;" width=105 | '''Body'''^(a) !class="unsortable"| Image ! data-sort-type="number" width=85 style="font-weight: normal;" | '''Radius'''^(b)<br>'''{{small|([[kilometre|km]])}}''' !data-sort-type="number" width=65 | Mass<br>{{small|([[Zettagram|10¹⁸&nbsp;kg]])}} !Type – Remarks |- |[[702 Alauda|Alauda]]<br>{{small|702}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|97|2}} |align=center | {{val|6.05}} |belt asteroid {{small|(C)}}; [[Minor-planet muin|binary]] |-style="background-color: #DDEEFF;" |[[Larissa (muin)|Larissa]]<br>{{small|Neptune VII}} |bgcolor=black| [[File:Larissa 1.jpg|50px|center]] |align=center | {{val|97|3}} |align=center | |moon of Neptune |- |[[375 Ursula|Ursula]]<br>{{small|375}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|96|2}} |align=center | |belt asteroid |- |{{mpl|2001 QC|298}} I |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|96|9|-10}}<ref name="TNO-cool-2014"/> |align=center | |satellite of {{mp|2001 QC|298}} |- |[[121 Hermione|Hermione]]<br>{{small|121}} |bgcolor=black| [[File:121Hermione (Lightcurve Inversion).png|50px]] |align=center | {{val|95}}<ref name=MarKaaHom06>{{cite journal|author=F. Marchis|display-authors=etal|title=Shape, size and multiplicity of main-belt asteroids I. Keck Adaptive Optics survey|journal=Icarus|volume=185|pages=39–63|date=2006|doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2006.06.001|pmid=19081813|issue=1|pmc=2600456|bibcode=2006Icar..185...39M}}</ref> |align=center | {{val|5.38}} |outer belt asteroid {{small|(C)}}; [[Minor-planet muin|binary]] |- |[[372 Palma|Palma]]<br>{{small|372}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|96|2}} |align=center | |belt asteroid |- |[[9 Metis|Metis]]<br>{{small|9}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|95}} |align=center | {{val|11.3}} |belt asteroid |- |[[128 Nemesis|Nemesis]]<br>{{small|128}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|92|3}} |align=center | {{val|7}} |belt asteroid {{small|(C)}} |- |[[6 Hebe|Hebe]]<br>{{small|6}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|93}} |align=center | {{val|12.8}} |belt asteroid {{small|(S)}} |- |[[5145 Pholus|Pholus]]<br>{{small|5145}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|92|8}} |align=center | {{val|6.6}} |[[Centaur (minor planet)|centaur]] |- |[[154 Bertha|Bertha]]<br>{{small|154}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|93|1}} |align=center | |belt asteroid {{small|(C)}} |- |[[76 Freia|Freia]]<br>{{small|76}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|92|2}} |align=center | {{val|6.5}} |outer belt asteroid; [[Cybele asteroid|Cybele]] |- |[[130 Elektra|Elektra]]<br>{{small|130}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|91|6}} |align=center | {{val|6.6}} |belt asteroid {{small|(G)}}; [[Minor-planet muin|binary]] |- |[[38083 Rhadamanthus|Rhadamanthus]]<br>{{small|38083}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|100.5}} |align=center | |<ref name=johnston2011 /> {{mp|1999 HX|11}}; [[plutino]]? |-style="background-color: #FFFFCC;" |[[Janus (muin)|Janus]]<br>{{small|Saturn X}} |bgcolor=black| [[File:PIA12714 Janus crop.jpg|50px|center]] |align=center | {{val|89.5|1.4}} |align=center | {{val|1.912}} |moon of Saturn |- |[[259 Aletheia|Aletheia]]<br>{{small|259}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|95|3}} |align=center | {{val|5.97}} |belt asteroid |-style="background-color: #DDEEFF;" |[[Galatea (muin)|Galatea]]<br>{{small|Neptune VI}} |bgcolor=black| [[File:Galatea moon.jpg|50px|center]] |align=center | {{val|88|4}} |align=center | {{val|2.12}} |moon of Neptune |- |[[88611 Teharonhiawako|Teharonhiawako]]<br>{{small|88611}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|89|16|18}} |align=center | |<ref name="TNO-cool-2014" /> [[trans-Neptunian object]]; [[cubewano]]; primary of [[Sawiskera (muin)|Sawiskera]] |- |[[42355 Typhon|Typhon]]<br>{{small|42355}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|81|4}} |align=center | |[[trans-Neptunian object]]; [[Minor-planet muin|binary]] |- |[[120 Lachesis|Lachesis]]<br>{{small|120}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|87}} |align=center | {{val|5.5}} |belt asteroid |- |[[747 Winchester|Winchester]]<br>{{small|747}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|85|3}} |align=center | |belt asteroid |- |[[153 Hilda|Hilda]]<br>{{small|153}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|85}} |align=center | {{val|5.2}} |belt asteroid; [[Hilda asteroids|Hildas]] |-style="background-color: #EDCF7D;" |[[Namaka (muin)|Namaka]]<br>{{small|Haumea II}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|85|p=~}} |align=center | {{val|2}} |moon of Haumea |-style="background-color: #CCFFCC;" |[[Puck (muin)|Puck]]<br>{{small|Uranus XV}} |bgcolor=black| [[File:Puck, moon of Uranus (1986).png|50px|center]] |align=center | {{val|81|2}}<ref name=UranusVoyager>{{cite journal| doi = 10.1006/icar.2001.6597| last = Karkoschka| first = Erich| authorlink = Erich Karkoschka| year = 2001| title = Voyager's Eleventh Discovery of a Satellite of Uranus and Photometry and the First Size Measurements of Nine Satellites| journal = Icarus| volume = 151| issue = 1| pages = 69–77| bibcode = 2001Icar..151...69K| ref = {{sfnRef|Karkoschka, Voyager|2001}}}}</ref> |align=center | |moon of Uranus |- |[[96 Aegle|Aegle]]<br>{{small|96}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|84|3}} |align=center | {{val|5.1}} |belt asteroid |- |[[241 Germania|Germania]]<br>{{small|241}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|89|4}} |align=center | {{val|5.05}} |belt asteroid {{small|(C)}} |- |[[194 Prokne|Prokne]]<br>{{small|194}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|85|3}} |align=center | {{val|5}} |belt asteroid {{small|(C)}} |- |[[566 Stereoskopia|Stereoskopia]]<br>{{small|566}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|84}}<ref name=jpldata> {{cite web |type=2010-06-24 last obs |title=JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 566 Stereoskopia (1905 QO) |url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=566 |accessdate=2010-09-05 }}</ref> |align=center | |outer belt asteroid; [[Cybele asteroid|Cybele]] |-style="background-color: #FFE8E8;" |[[Amalthea (muin)|Amalthea]]<br>{{small|Jupiter V}} |bgcolor=black| [[File:Amalthea (moon).png|50px|center]] |align=center | {{val|84|2}} |align=center | {{val|2.08|0.15}} |moon of Jupiter |-style="background-color: #FFE5FF;" |[[911 Agamemnon|Agamemnon]]<br>{{small|911}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|83}} |align=center | |Jupiter trojan |- |[[22 Kalliope|Kalliope]]<br>{{small|22}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|90|2}} |align=center | {{val|8.09}} |belt asteroid {{small|(M)}}; [[Minor-planet muin|binary]] |- |[[66652 Borasisi|Borasisi]]<br>{{small|66652}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|81.5|16|33}} |align=center | |<ref name="TNO-cool-2014" /> [[trans-Neptunian object]]; [[cubewano]]; [[Minor-planet muin|binary]] |- |[[386 Siegena|Siegena]]<br>{{small|386}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|85|4}} |align=center | |belt asteroid {{small|(C)}} |- |[[59 Elpis|Elpis]]<br>{{small|59}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|82|3}} |align=center | |belt asteroid |-style="background-color: #FFE5FF;" |[[1437 Diomedes|Diomedes]]<br>{{small|1437}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|82|2}} |align=center | {{val|4.6}} |Jupiter trojan |- |[[444 Gyptis|Gyptis]]<br>{{small|444}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|82|5}} |align=center | {{val|12.5}} |belt asteroid {{small|(C)}} |- |[[409 Aspasia|Aspasia]]<br>{{small|409}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|88|2}} |align=center | {{val|4.42}} |belt asteroid {{small|(C)}} |- |[[209 Dido|Dido]]<br>{{small|209}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|70|5}} |align=center | {{val|4.28}} |belt asteroid {{small|(C)}} |- |[[334 Chicago|Chicago]]<br>{{small|334}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|84|4}} |align=center | |belt asteroid {{small|(C)}} |- |[[804 Hispania|Hispania]]<br>{{small|804}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|74|2}} |align=center | {{val|9.95}} |belt asteroid {{small|(P)}} |- |[[185 Eunike|Eunike]]<br>{{small|185}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|80|3}} |align=center | {{val|4.09}} |belt asteroid |- |[[139 Juewa|Juewa]]<br>{{small|139}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|81|4}} |align=center | {{val|4}} |belt asteroid |- |-style="background-color: #BB8899;" |[[S/2015 (136472) 1]]<br>{{small|Makemake I}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|80}} |align=center | |moon of Makemake |- |[[85 Io|Io]]<br>{{small|85}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|80}} |align=center | {{val|3.4}} |belt asteroid |- |[[165 Loreley|Loreley]]<br>{{small|165}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|82|4}} |align=center | {{val|3.91}} |belt asteroid {{small|(C)}} |- |[[790 Pretoria|Pretoria]]<br>{{small|790}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|80.49}}<ref name="Carry2012" /> |align=center | |outer belt asteroid; [[Cybele asteroid|Cybele]] |- |[[173 Ino|Ino]]<br>{{small|173}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|80|3}} |align=center | |belt asteroid {{small|(C)}} |- |[[148780 Altjira|Altjira]]<br>{{small|148780}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|123|19|70}} |align=center | |<ref name="TNO-cool-2014" /> [[trans-Neptunian object]]; [[cubewano]]; binary; seicontar [[S/2007 (148780) 1]] |- |[[354 Eleonora|Eleonora]]<br>{{small|354}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|77|3}} |align=center | |belt asteroid {{small|(S)}} |- |[[39 Laetitia|Laetitia]]<br>{{small|39}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|76.9}}<ref name="Carry2012"> {{Citation |first1 = B. |last1 = Carry |title = Density of asteroids |work = Planetary and Space Science |volume = 73 |pages = 98–118 |date=December 2012 |doi = 10.1016/j.pss.2012.03.009 |bibcode = 2012P&SS...73...98C |postscript= . |arxiv = 1203.4336 }} See Table 1.</ref> |align=center | {{val|3.5}} |belt asteroid |- |[[14 Irene|Irene]]<br>{{small|14}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|76}} |align=center | {{val|8.2}} |belt asteroid |- |[[89 Julia|Julia]]<br>{{small|89}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|74|4}} |align=center | {{val|3.6}} |belt asteroid {{small|(S)}} |- |[[536 Merapi|Merapi]]<br>{{small|536}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|76|2}} |align=center | |belt asteroid |- |[[776 Berbericia|Berbericia]]<br>{{small|776}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|76|2}} |align=center | |belt asteroid |- |[[145 Adeona|Adeona]]<br>{{small|145}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|75|3}} |align=center | {{val|3.6}} |belt asteroid; [[Adeona family|Adena]] |- |[[150 Nuwa|Nuwa]]<br>{{small|150}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|73|5}} |align=center | {{val|3.62}} |belt asteroid {{small|(C)}} |-style="background-color: #DDEEFF;" |[[Despina (muin)|Despina]]<br>{{small|Neptune V}} |bgcolor=black| [[File:Despina.jpg|50px|center]] |align=center | {{val|75|3}} |align=center | |moon of Neptune |-style="background-color: #CCFFCC;" |[[Sycorax (muin)|Sycorax]]<br>{{small|Uranus XVII}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|75|p=~}} |align=center | {{val|2.3}} |moon of Uranus |- |[[385446 Manwë|Manwë]]<br>{{small|385446}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|75|p=~}} |align=center | |[[Resonant Kuiper belt object|resonant KBO]] (4:7) |- |[[49 Pales|Pales]]<br>{{small|49}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|74.9}}<ref name="SIMPS"> {{cite web |url=http://www.psi.edu/pds/resource/imps.html |author=Tedesco |display-authors=etal |title=Supplemental IRAS Minor Planet Survey (SIMPS) |accessdate=December 29, 2008 |work=IRAS-A-FPA-3-RDR-IMPS-V6.0 |publisher=[[Planetary Data System]] |date=2004 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5mqp8r4gD?url=http://www.psi.edu/pds/resource/imps.html |archivedate=January 17, 2010 |df= }}</ref> |align=center | {{val|2.69}} |belt asteroid {{small|(C)}} |- |[[S/2007 (148780) 1]]<br>{{small|Altjira I}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|111|17|63}} |align=center | [[trans-Neptunian object]]; [[cubewano]]; binary |<ref name="TNO-cool-2014" /> Seicontar of [[148780 Altjira]] |- |[[117 Lomia|Lomia]]<br>{{small|117}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|70|p=~}} |align=center | {{val|3.4}} |belt asteroid {{small|(C)}} |- |[[238 Hypatia|Hypatia]]<br>{{small|238}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|70|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid {{small|(C)}} |- |[[168 Sibylla|Sibylla]]<br>{{small|168}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|70|p=~}} |align=center | {{val|3.42}} |belt asteroid {{small|(C)}} |- |[[283 Emma|Emma]]<br>{{small|283}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|70|p=~}} |align=center | {{val|1.38}} |belt asteroid; [[Minor-planet muin|binary]] |- |[[51 Nemausa|Nemausa]]<br>{{small|51}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|70|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid |- |[[106 Dione|Dione]]<br>{{small|106}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|70|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid {{small|(G)}} |- |[[137 Meliboea|Meliboea]]<br>{{small|137}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|70|p=~}} |align=center | {{val|3.2}} |belt asteroid |- |[[20 Massalia|Massalia]]<br>{{small|20}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|70|p=~}} |align=center | {{val|5.67}} |belt asteroid |- |[[211 Isolda|Isolda]]<br>{{small|211}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|70|p=~}} |align=center | {{val|3.07}} |belt asteroid {{small|(C)}} |-style="background-color: #FFE5FF;" |[[1172 Äneas|Äneas]]<br>{{small|1172}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|70|p=~}} |align=center | |Jupiter trojan |- |[[144 Vibilia|Vibilia]]<br>{{small|144}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|70|p=~}} |align=center | {{val|3}} |belt asteroid |- |[[508 Princetonia|Princetonia]]<br>{{small|508}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|70|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid |- |[[895 Helio|Helio]]<br>{{small|895}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|70|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid {{small|(B)}} |- |[[361 Bononia|Bononia]]<br>{{small|361}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|70|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid {{small|(D)}} |- |[[420 Bertholda|Bertholda]]<br>{{small|420}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|70|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid {{small|(P)}} |- |[[93 Minerva|Minerva]]<br>{{small|93}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|70|p=~}} |align=center | {{val|2.9}} |belt asteroid {{small|(C)}}; [[Minor-planet muin|trinary]] |-style="background-color: #FFE5FF;" |[[617 Patroclus|Patroclus]]<br>{{small|617}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|70|p=~}} |align=center | |Jupiter trojan; [[Minor-planet muin|binary]] |- |[[308 Polyxo|Polyxo]]<br>{{small|308}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|70|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid {{small|(T)}} |- |[[18 Melpomene|Melpomene]]<br>{{small|18}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|70|p=~}} |align=center | {{val|3}} |belt asteroid |- |[[268 Adorea|Adorea]]<br>{{small|268}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|70|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid |- |[[349 Dembowska|Dembowska]]<br>{{small|349}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|70|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid {{small|(R)}} |- |[[489 Comacina|Comacina]]<br>{{small|489}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|70|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid |- |[[69 Hesperia|Hesperia]]<br>{{small|69}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|70|p=~}} |align=center | {{val|2.76}} |belt asteroid {{small|(M)}} |- |[[54 Alexandra|Alexandra]]<br>{{small|54}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|70|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid |- |[[762 Pulcova|Pulcova]]<br>{{small|762}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|70|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid {{small|(C)}}; [[Minor-planet muin|binary]] |- | [[Pabu (muin)|Pabu]]<br>{{small|Borasisi I}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|70|p=~}} |align=center | |Seicontar of [[66652 Borasisi]] |- |[[196 Philomela|Philomela]]<br>{{small|196}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|70|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid {{small|(S)}} |- |[[212 Medea|Medea]]<br>{{small|212}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|70|p=~}} |align=center | {{val|2.64}} |belt asteroid |- |[[95 Arethusa|Arethusa]]<br>{{small|95}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|70|p=~}} |align=center | {{val|2.6}} |belt asteroid |-style="background-color: #CCFFCC;" |[[Portia (muin)|Portia]]<br>{{small|Uranus XII}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|68|4}} |align=center | {{val|1.7}} |moon of Uranus |-style="background-color: #FFE5FF;" |[[588 Achilles|Achilles]]<br>{{small|588}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|70|p=~}} |align=center | |Jupiter trojan |- |[[690 Wratislavia|Wratislavia]]<br>{{small|690}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|70|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid |- |[[111 Ate|Ate]]<br>{{small|111}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|70|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid {{small|(C)}} |- |[[247 Eukrate|Eukrate]]<br>{{small|247}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|70|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid {{small|(C)}} |- |[[705 Erminia|Erminia]]<br>{{small|705}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|70|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid |- |[[471 Papagena|Papagena]]<br>{{small|471}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|70|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid {{small|(C)}} |- |[[Phorcys (muin)|Phorcys]]<br><{{small|Ceto I}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|86|5}} |align=center | {{val|1.67}}<ref name="Grundy2007"> {{cite journal |last=Grundy |first=W.M. |author2=Stansberry, J.A. |author3=Noll K.S. |author4=Stephens, D.C. |display-authors= etal |title=The orbit, mass, size, albedo, and density of (65489) Ceto/Phorcys: A tidally-evolved binary Centaur |journal=Icarus |date=2007 |arxiv=0704.1523 |bibcode = 2007Icar..191..286G |doi = 10.1016/j.icarus.2007.04.004 |volume=191 |pages=286–297 }}</ref> |[[Satellite]] of [[65489 Ceto]] |- |[[147 Protogeneia|Protogeneia]]<br>{{small|147}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|70|p=~}} |align=center | {{val|2.5}} |belt asteroid |- |[[Menoetius (muin)|Menoetius]]<br>{{small|Patroclus I}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|70|p=~}} |align=center | |Seicontar of [[617 Patroclus]] |- |[[344 Desiderata|Desiderata]]<br>{{small|344}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|70|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid {{small|(C)}} |- |[[146 Lucina|Lucina]]<br>{{small|146}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|70|p=~}} |align=center | {{val|2.4}} |belt asteroid |- |[[141 Lumen|Lumen]]<br>{{small|141}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|70|p=~}} |align=center | {{val|1.6}} |belt asteroid {{small|(C)}} |- |[[356 Liguria|Liguria]]<br>{{small|356}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|70|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid |- |[[11 Parthenope|Parthenope]]<br>{{small|11}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|70|p=~}} |align=center | {{val|6.15}} |belt asteroid |- |[[187 Lamberta|Lamberta]]<br>{{small|187}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|70|p=~}} |align=center | {{val|2.37}} |belt asteroid {{small|(C)}} |- |{{mpl-|15760|1992 QB|1}}<br>{{small|15760}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | 54-84 |align=center | |[[cubewano]] |-style="background-color: #FFE8E8;" |[[Himalia (muin)|Himalia]]<br>{{small|Jupiter VI}} |bgcolor=black| [[File:Cassini-Huygens Image of Himalia.png|50px|center]] |align=center | {{val|67|10}}<ref name="Porco2003"> {{cite journal | last = Porco | first = Carolyn C. |display-authors=etal | title = Cassini Imaging of Jupiter's Atmosphere, Satellites, and Rings | url = http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Paul_Helfenstein/publication/10867818_Cassini_imaging_of_Jupiter's_atmosphere_satellites_and_rings/links/09e4150ca3aa7f043a000000.pdf | journal = Science | volume = 299 |date=March 2003 | pages = 1541–1547 | doi = 10.1126/science.1079462 | pmid = 12624258 | issue = 5612 | bibcode = 2003Sci...299.1541P }}</ref> |align=center | {{val|4.19}}<ref name="Emelyanov2005"> {{cite journal |last=Emelyanov |first=N.V. |author2= Archinal, B. A. |author3=A’hearn, M. F. |display-authors=etal |title=The mass of Himalia from the perturbations on other satellites |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |volume=438 |issue=3 |pages=L33–L36 |date=2005 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:200500143|bibcode=2005A&A...438L..33E }}</ref> |moon of Jupiter—[[Himalia group]] |- |[[419 Aurelia|Aurelia]]<br>{{small|419}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|60|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid {{small|(F)}} |- |[[200 Dynamene|Dynamene]]<br>{{small|200}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|60|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid |- |[[8 Flora|Flora]]<br>{{small|8}} |bgcolor=black| [[File:8Flora (Lightcurve Inversion).png|50px]] |align=center | {{val|60|p=~}} |align=center | {{val|8.47}} |belt asteroid {{small|(S)}}; [[Flora family|Flora]] |- |[[712 Boliviana|Boliviana]]<br>{{small|712}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|60|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid {{small|(X)}} |- |[[654 Zelinda|Zelinda]]<br>{{small|654}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|60|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid |- |[[426 Hippo|Hippo]]<br>{{small|426}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|60|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid |- |[[47 Aglaja|Aglaja]]<br>{{small|47}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|60|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid {{small|(C)}} |- |[[279 Thule|Thule]]<br>{{small|279}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|60|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid {{small|(D)}} |- |[[92 Undina|Undina]]<br>{{small|92}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|60|p=~}} |align=center | {{val|2.1}} |belt asteroid {{small|(M)}} |-style="background-color: #FFE5FF;" |[[1173 Anchises|Anchises]]<br>{{small|1173}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|60|p=~}} |align=center | |Jupiter trojan |-style="background-color: #FFE5FF;" |[[1143 Odysseus|Odysseus]]<br>{{small|1143}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|60|p=~}} |align=center | |Jupiter trojan ({{L4}}) |- |[[469 Argentina|Argentina]]<br>{{small|469}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|60|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid; [[Cybele asteroid|Cybele]] |- |[[159 Aemilia|Aemilia]]<br>{{small|159}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|60|p=~}} |align=center | {{val|1.4}} |belt asteroid |- |[[405 Thia|Thia]]<br>{{small|405}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|60|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid {{small|(C)}} |- |[[602 Marianna|Marianna]]<br>{{small|602}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|60|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid |- |[[46 Hestia|Hestia]]<br>{{small|46}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|60|p=~}} |align=center | {{val|3.5}}<ref name="Michalak2001">{{cite journal |last=Michalak |first=G. |title=Determination of asteroid masses |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |volume=374 |issue=2 |pages=703–711 |date=2001 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20010731 |url=http://www.aanda.org/index.php?option=article&access=standard&Itemid=129&url=/articles/aa/abs/2001/29/aa10228/aa10228.html |accessdate=2008-11-10 |bibcode=2001A&A...374..703M }}{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>–21<ref name="Bange1997">{{cite journal |last=Bange |first=J.F |author2=A. Bec-Borsenberger |title=DETERMINATION OF THE MASSES OF MINOR PLANETS |page=169 |date=1997 |url=http://www.rssd.esa.int/Hipparcos/venice-proc/poster02_22.pdf |accessdate=2008-11-10 }}</ref> |belt asteroid |- |[[216 Kleopatra|Kleopatra]]<br>{{small|216}} |bgcolor=black|[[File:Kleopatra.jpg|50px]] |align=center | {{val|60|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid {{small|(M)}}; [[Minor-planet muin|trinary]] |- |[[104 Klymene|Klymene]]<br>{{small|104}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|60|p=~}} |align=center | {{val|2}} |belt asteroid |- |[[410 Chloris|Chloris]]<br>{{small|410}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|60|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid {{small|(C)}} |- |[[134 Sophrosyne|Sophrosyne]]<br>{{small|134}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|60|p=~}} |align=center | {{val|2}} |belt asteroid |- |[[328 Gudrun|Gudrun]]<br>{{small|328}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|60|p=~}} |align=center | {{val|1.94}} |belt asteroid {{small|(S)}} |-style="background-color: #FFE5FF;" |[[1867 Deiphobus|Deiphobus]]<br>{{small|1867}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|60|p=~}} |align=center | |Jupiter trojan |- |[[68 Leto|Leto]]<br>{{small|68}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|60|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid {{small|(S)}} |- |[[70 Panopaea|Panopaea]]<br>{{small|70}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|60|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid {{small|(C)}} |- |[[Sawiskera (muin)|Sawiskera]]<br>{{small|Teharonhiawako I}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|65|12|13}} |align=center | |<ref name="TNO-cool-2014" /> Seicontar of [[88611 Teharonhiawako]] |- |[[127 Johanna|Johanna]]<br>{{small|127}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|60|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid |- |[[276 Adelheid|Adelheid]]<br>{{small|276}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|60|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid |- |[[176 Iduna|Iduna]]<br>{{small|176}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|60|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid {{small|(G)}} |- |[[156 Xanthippe|Xanthippe]]<br>{{small|156}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|60|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid {{small|(S)}} |- |[[28 Bellona|Bellona]]<br>{{small|28}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|60|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid {{small|(C)}} |- |[[86 Semele|Semele]]<br>{{small|86}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|60|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid {{small|(C)}} |- |[[78 Diana|Diana]]<br>{{small|78}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|60|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid {{small|(C)}} |- |[[381 Myrrha|Myrrha]]<br>{{small|381}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|60|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid {{small|(C)}} |- |[[225 Henrietta|Henrietta]]<br>{{small|225}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|60|p=~}} |align=center | {{val|1.83}} |belt asteroid {{small|(C)}}; [[Cybele asteroid|Cybele]] |- |[[618 Elfriede|Elfriede]]<br>{{small|618}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|60|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid {{small|(C)}} |- |[[105 Artemis|Artemis]]<br>{{small|105}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|60|p=~}} |align=center | {{val|1.8}} |belt asteroid {{small|(C)}} |- |[[81 Terpsichore|Terpsichore]]<br>{{small|81}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|60|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid {{small|(C)}} |- |[[5 Astraea|Astraea]]<br>{{small|5}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|60|p=~}} |align=center | {{val|2.9}} |belt asteroid |- |[[74 Galatea|Galatea]]<br>{{small|74}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|60|p=~}} |align=center | {{val|1.8}} |belt asteroid {{small|(C)}} |- |[[350 Ornamenta|Ornamenta]]<br>{{small|350}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|60|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid {{small|(C)}} |- |[[772 Tanete|Tanete]]<br>{{small|772}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|60|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid {{small|(C)}} |- |[[476 Hedwig|Hedwig]]<br>{{small|476}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|60|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid |- |[[1093 Freda|Freda]]<br>{{small|1093}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|60|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid |- |[[171 Ophelia|Ophelia]]<br>{{small|171}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|60|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid {{small|(C)}}; [[Themis family|Themis]] |- |[[909 Ulla|Ulla]]<br>{{small|909}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|60|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid |-style="background-color: #FFE5FF;" |[[3317 Paris|Paris]]<br>{{small|3317}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|60|p=~}} |align=center | |Jupiter trojan |- |[[203 Pompeja|Pompeja]]<br>{{small|203}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|60|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid |-style="background-color: #FFE5FF;" |[[3063 Makhaon|Makhaon]]<br>{{small|3063}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|60|p=~}} |align=center | {{val|1.6}} |Jupiter trojan |- |{{mpl-|308933|2006 SQ|372}}<br>{{small|308933}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|60|p=~}} |align=center | |[[trans-Neptunian object]] |- |[[38 Leda|Leda]]<br>{{small|38}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|60|p=~}} |align=center | {{val|1.6}} |belt asteroid |- |[[360 Carlova|Carlova]]<br>{{small|360}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|60|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid |- |[[521 Brixia|Brixia]]<br>{{small|521}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|60|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid |- |[[490 Veritas|Veritas]]<br>{{small|490}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|60|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid; [[Veritas family]] |- |[[466 Tisiphone|Tisiphone]]<br>{{small|466}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|60|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid {{small|(C)}} |- |[[53 Kalypso|Kalypso]]<br>{{small|53}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|60|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid |-style="background-color: #FFE5FF;" |[[2241 Alcathous|Alcathous]]<br>{{small|2241}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|60|p=~}} |align=center | |Jupiter trojan |- |[[388 Charybdis|Charybdis]]<br>{{small|388}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|60|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid {{small|(C)}} |- |[[34 Circe|Circe]]<br>{{small|34}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|60|p=~}} |align=center | {{val|1.5}} |belt asteroid {{small|(C)}} |-style="background:#FFFFCC;" |[[Epimetheus (muin)|Epimetheus]]<br>{{small|Saturn XI}} |bgcolor=black| [[File:PIA09813 Epimetheus S. polar region.jpg|50px|center]] |align=center | {{val|58|2}} |align=center | {{val|0.5304}}<ref name="Spitale2006">{{cite journal|author=Spitale, J. N. |display-authors=etal |title=''The orbits of Saturn's small satellites derived from combined historic and ''Cassini'' imaging observations'' |journal=The Astronomical Journal |date=2006 |volume=132 |issue=2 |pages=692–710 |url=http://www.iop.org/EJ/article/1538-3881/132/2/692/205235.html |doi=10.1086/505206 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5wRXnoO8Q?url=http://www.iop.org/EJ/article/1538-3881/132/2/692/205235.html |archivedate=2011-02-12 |url-status=live |bibcode=2006AJ....132..692S |df= }}</ref> |moon of Saturn |- |[[596 Scheila|Scheila]]<br>{{small|596}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|60|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid |- |[[56 Melete|Melete]]<br>{{small|56}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|60|p=~}} |align=center | {{val|1.5}} |belt asteroid |- |[[129 Antigone|Antigone]]<br>{{small|129}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|60|p=~}} |align=center | {{val|2}} |belt asteroid; nickel–iron |- |[[12 Victoria|Victoria]]<br>{{small|12}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|60|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid {{small|(S)}} |- |[[57 Mnemosyne|Mnemosyne]]<br>{{small|57}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|60|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid |- |[[545 Messalina|Messalina]]<br>{{small|545}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|60|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid |-style="background-color: #FFE5FF;" |[[2797 Teucer|Teucer]]<br>{{small|2797}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|60|p=~}} |align=center | |Jupiter trojan ({{L4}}) |-style="background-color: #FFE5FF;" |[[2920 Automedon|Automedon]]<br>{{small|2920}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|60|p=~}} |align=center | |Jupiter trojan ({{L4}}) |- |[[91 Aegina|Aegina]]<br>{{small|91}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|50|p=~}} |align=center | {{val|1.4}} |belt asteroid {{small|(C)}} |- |[[140 Siwa|Siwa]]<br>{{small|140}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|50|p=~}} |align=center | {{val|1.4}} |belt asteroid |- |[[814 Tauris|Tauris]]<br>{{small|814}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|50|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid |- |[[595 Polyxena|Polyxena]]<br>{{small|595}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|50|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid |- |[[230 Athamantis|Athamantis]]<br>{{small|230}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|50|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid {{small|(S)}} |-style="background-color: #FFE5FF;" |[[659 Nestor|Nestor]]<br>{{small|659}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|50|p=~}} |align=center | |Jupiter trojan |- |[[37 Fides|Fides]]<br>{{small|37}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|50|p=~}} |align=center | {{val|1.3}} |belt asteroid {{small|(S)}} |- |[[514 Armida|Armida]]<br>{{small|514}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|50|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid |- |[[23 Thalia|Thalia]]<br>{{small|23}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|50|p=~}} |align=center | {{val|1.3}} |belt asteroid {{small|(S)}} |- |[[739 Mandeville|Mandeville]]<br>{{small|739}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|50|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid {{small|(X)}} |- |[[40 Harmonia|Harmonia]]<br>{{small|40}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|50|p=~}} |align=center | {{val|1.3}} |belt asteroid {{small|(S)}} |- |[[181 Eucharis|Eucharis]]<br>{{small|181}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|50|p=~}} |align=center | {{val|1.2}} |belt asteroid {{small|(K)}} |- |[[346 Hermentaria|Hermentaria]]<br>{{small|346}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|50|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid {{small|(S)}} |- |[[357 Ninina|Ninina]]<br>{{small|357}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|50|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid |- |[[506 Marion|Marion]]<br>{{small|506}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|50|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid {{small|(C)}} |- |[[365 Corduba|Corduba]]<br>{{small|365}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|50|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid {{small|(C)}} |- |[[36 Atalante|Atalante]]<br>{{small|36}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|50|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid |- |[[713 Luscinia|Luscinia]]<br>{{small|713}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|50|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid {{small|(C)}} |- |[[1269 Rollandia|Rollandia]]<br>{{small|1269}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|50|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid |- |[[164 Eva|Eva]]<br>{{small|164}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|50|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid {{small|(C)}} |- |[[98 Ianthe|Ianthe]]<br>{{small|98}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|50|p=~}} |align=center | {{val|1.2}} |belt asteroid {{small|(C)}} |- |[[240 Vanadis|Vanadis]]<br>{{small|240}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|50|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid {{small|(C)}} |- |[[221 Eos|Eos]]<br>{{small|221}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|50|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid {{small|(K)}} |- |[[788 Hohensteina|Hohensteina]]<br>{{small|788}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|50|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid |- |[[791 Ani|Ani]]<br>{{small|791}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|50|p=~}} |align=center | |[[belt asteroid]] |-style="background-color: #FFE5FF;" |[[1208 Troilus|Troilus]]<br>{{small|1208}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|50|p=~}} |align=center | |Jupiter trojan |- |[[192 Nausikaa|Nausikaa]]<br>{{small|192}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|50|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid {{small|(S)}} |- |[[63 Ausonia|Ausonia]]<br>{{small|63}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|50|p=~}} |align=center | {{val|1.1}} |belt asteroid {{small|(S)}} |- |[[35 Leukothea|Leukothea]]<br>{{small|35}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|50|p=~}} |align=center | {{val|1.1}} |belt asteroid {{small|(C)}} |- |[[570 Kythera|Kythera]]<br>{{small|570}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|50|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid |- |[[233 Asterope|Asterope]]<br>{{small|233}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|50|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid {{small|(T)}} |-style="background-color: #FFE5FF;" |[[4063 Euforbo|Euforbo]]<br>{{small|4063}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|50|p=~}} |align=center | |Jupiter trojan |-style="background-color: #FFE5FF;" |[[1583 Antilochus|Antilochus]]<br>{{small|1583}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|50|p=~}} |align=center | |Jupiter trojan |- |[[1390 Abastumani|Abastumani]]<br>{{small|1390}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|50|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid |- |[[522 Helga|Helga]]<br>{{small|522}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|50|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid; [[Cybele asteroid|Cybele]] |- |[[175 Andromache|Andromache]]<br>{{small|175}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|50|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid {{small|(C)}} |- |[[191 Kolga|Kolga]]<br>{{small|191}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|50|p=~}} |align=center | {{val|1.08}} |belt asteroid {{small|(C)}} |- |[[663 Gerlinde|Gerlinde]]<br>{{small|663}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|50|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid |- |[[626 Notburga|Notburga]]<br>{{small|626}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|50|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid |- |[[387 Aquitania|Aquitania]]<br>{{small|387}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|50|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid {{small|(S)}} |- |[[42 Isis|Isis]]<br>{{small|42}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|50|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid {{small|(S)}} |- |[[30 Urania|Urania]]<br>{{small|30}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|50|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid {{small|(S)}} |- ! colspan=6 style="font-size: 0.9em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; padding: 6px 4px" | Notes: :^(a)&nbsp;Name of body, including alternative names using [[Roman numeral designation|Roman numerals to designate moons]] (such as "Saturn I" for [[Mimas (muin)|Mimas]]), and numbers to [[minor planet designation|designate minor planets]] :^(b)&nbsp;Mean radius including uncertainties Legend: :{{legend2|#FFE5FF|border=1px solid #FF99FF|[[Jupiter trojan]]}}&nbsp;&nbsp;{{legend2|#FFE8E8|border=1px solid #FF9999|[[moon of Jupiter]]}}&nbsp;&nbsp;{{legend2|#FFFFCC|border=1px solid #E6E600|[[moon of Saturn]]}}&nbsp;&nbsp;{{legend2|#CCFFCC|border=1px solid #00FF00|[[moon of Uranus]]}}&nbsp;&nbsp;{{legend2|#DDEEFF|border=1px solid #8FC7FF|[[moon of Neptune]]}}&nbsp;&nbsp;{{legend2|#EDCF7D|border=1px solid #CE9F1C|[[moon of Haumea]]}}&nbsp;&nbsp;{{legend2|#BB8899|border=1px solid #CE9F1C|[[S/2015 (136472) 1|moon of Makemake]]}} :{{legend2|#fafafa|border=1px solid #ccc|[[belt asteroid]]—types: [[C-type asteroids|C]]{{·}}[[D-type asteroid|D]]{{·}}[[F-type asteroids|F]]{{·}}[[G-type asteroid|G]]{{·}}[[K-type asteroid|K]]{{·}}[[M-type asteroids|M]]{{·}}[[P-type asteroid|P]]{{·}}[[R-type asteroids|R]]{{·}}[[S-type asteroids|S]]{{·}}[[T-type asteroids|T]]{{·}}[[X-type asteroids|X]]}} |} === Frae 20 tae 50 km === This leet conteens a few ensaumples acause thare are aboot 589 [[asteroid]]s in the [[asteroid belt]] wi a meisurt radius atween 20 an 50&nbsp;km.<ref name=diameter40-100>{{cite web|url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb_query.cgi?obj_group=all;obj_kind=all;obj_numbered=all;ast_orbit_class=IMB;ast_orbit_class=MBA;ast_orbit_class=OMB;OBJ_field=0;ORB_field=0;combine_mode=AND;c1_group=OBJ;c1_item=Ap;c1_op=%3C=;c1_value=100;c2_group=OBJ;c2_item=Ap;c2_op=%3E=;c2_value=40;table_format=HTML;max_rows=50;format_option=comp;c_fields=AcBhBgBjBiBnBsAiAp;.cgifields=format_option;.cgifields=ast_orbit_class;.cgifields=combine_mode;.cgifields=table_format;.cgifields=obj_kind;.cgifields=obj_group;.cgifields=obj_numbered;.cgifields=com_orbit_class&query=1&c_sort=ApD|title=JPL Small-Body Database Search Engine|first=Alan|last=Chamberlin|publisher=}}</ref> Mony thoosands o objects o this size range hae yet tae be discovered in the Trans-Neptunian region. The nummer o deegits is nae an endorsement o [[signeeficant feegurs]]. The table switches frae {{e|18}}&nbsp;kg tae {{e|15}}&nbsp;kg ([[Exagram|Eg]]), an mony o thir mass vailyies are assumed. ''(See [[leet o minor planets]].)'' {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! style="font-weight: normal;" width=100 | '''Body'''^(a) ! class="unsortable"| Eemage ! data-sort-type="number" width=85 style="font-weight: normal;" | '''Radius'''^(b)<br>'''{{small|([[kilometre|km]])}}''' ! data-sort-type="number" width=75 | Mass<br>{{small|([[Exagram|10¹⁵&nbsp;kg]])}} ! Type – Notes ! class="unsortable" style="font-weight: normal; width: 3.8em; text-align: center;" | '''Refs&thinsp;'''^(c)<br>'''{{Tooltip|r|Citation for the body's size}}'''{{·}}'''{{Tooltip|M|Citation for the body's mass}}''' |- |[[21 Lutetia]] |bgcolor=black|[[File:Rosetta triumphs at asteroid Lutetia.jpg|50px|center]] |align=center |{{val|50|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|1700}} |[[belt asteroid]] {{small|(M)}} |align=center |r{{·}}<!-- 1700 trilion tonnes = 1700 e15 kg--><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-11470851 |title=Jonathan Amos – '''Asteroid Lutetia has thick blanket of debris''' (4 October 2010) – BBC News |access-date=2017-08-24 |archive-date=2010-11-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101120235200/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-11470851 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <!-- pre flyby figure 2570e15 kg--> |- |[[50 Virginia]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|50|p=~}} |align=center | |[[asteroid]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[114 Kassandra]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|50|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|1000}} |[[belt asteroid]] {{small|(T)}} |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[1021 Flammario]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|50|p=~}} |align=center | |[[asteroid]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[162 Laurentia]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|50|p=~}} |align=center | |[[belt asteroid]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[401 Ottilia]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|50|p=~}} |align=center | |[[belt asteroid]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |-style="background:#FFE8E8;" |[[Thebe (muin)|Thebe]]<br>{{small|Jupiter XIV}} |bgcolor=black|[[File:Thebe.jpg|50px|center]] |align=center |{{val|50|p=~}} |align=center | |moon of Jupiter |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[148 Gallia]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|50|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|980}} |[[belt asteroid]] {{small|(R)}} |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[404 Arsinoe]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|50|p=~}} |align=center | |[[belt asteroid]] {{small|(C)}} |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[27 Euterpe]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|50|p=~}} |align=center | |[[belt asteroid]] {{small|(S)}} |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[773 Irmintraud]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|50|p=~}} |align=center | |[[asteroid]] {{small|(D)}} |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[62 Erato]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|50|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|910}} |[[belt asteroid]]; [[Themis family|Themis]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[26 Proserpina]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|45|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|900}} |[[asteroid]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[345 Tercidina]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|45|p=~}} |align=center | |[[belt asteroid]] {{small|(C)}} |align=center |r{{·}}M |-style="background:#CCFFCC;" |[[Juliet (muin)|Juliet]]<br>{{small|Uranus XI}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|45|p=~}} |align=center | |moon of Uranus |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[58 Concordia]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|45|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|850}} |[[asteroid]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[229 Adelinda]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|45|p=~}} |align=center | |[[belt asteroid]] {{small|(C)}} |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[379 Huenna]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|45|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|480}} |[[belt asteroid]] {{small|(C)}} |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[103 Hera]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|45|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|790}} |asteroid |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[17 Thetis]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|45|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|1200}} |[[asteroid]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[143 Adria]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|45|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|760}} |[[belt asteroid]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[109 Felicitas]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|45|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|750}} |[[asteroid]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[100 Hekate]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|45|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|1000}} |[[asteroid]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[90 Antiope]] A |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|45|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|410}} |[[asteroid]] {{small|(C)}}; [[Minor planet muin|binary]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[227 Philosophia]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|45|p=~}} |align=center | |[[belt asteroid]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |-style="background:#FFFFCC;" |[[Prometheus (muin)|Prometheus]]<br>{{small|Saturn XVI}} |bgcolor=black|[[File:Prometheus 12-26-09a.jpg|50px|center]] |align=center |{{val|45|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|156.6}} |moon of Saturn |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[110 Lydia]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|45|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|670}} |[[asteroid]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |-style="background:#FFE8E8;" |[[Elara (muin)|Elara]]<br>{{small|Jupiter VII}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|45|p=~}} |align=center | |moon of Jupiter; [[Himalia group]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[72 Feronia]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|45|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|670}} |[[asteroid]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[Echidna (muin)|Echidna]]<br>{{small|Typhon I}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|44|3}} |align=center | |satellite of [[42355 Typhon]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[385446 Manwë#Satellite|Thorondor]]<br>{{small|Manwë I}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|40|p=~}} |align=center | |satellite of [[385446 Manwë|Manwë]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[60558 Echeclus]]<br>{{small|174P/Echeclus}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|40|p=~}} |align=center | |[[Centaur (minor planet)|centaur]]<ref name="echeclus"> {{cite web |type=2008-05-07 last obs |title=JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 60558 Echeclus (2000 EC98) |url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=60558 |accessdate=2008-09-09 }}</ref> |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[90 Antiope|S/2000 (90) 1]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|40|p=~}} |align=center | |[[asteroid moon]] of [[90 Antiope]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[71 Niobe]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|40|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|610}} |[[asteroid]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[102 Miriam]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|40|p=~}} |align=center | |[[asteroid]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[97 Klotho]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|40|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|590}} |[[asteroid]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[61 Danae]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|40|p=~}} |align=center | |[[asteroid]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |-style="background:#DDEEFF;" |[[Thalassa (muin)|Thalassa]]<br>{{small|Neptune IV}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|40|p=~}} |align=center | |moon of Neptune |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[122 Gerda]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|40|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|570}} |[[belt asteroid]] {{small|(S)}} |align=center |r{{·}}M |-style="background:#FFFFCC;" |[[Pandora (muin)|Pandora]]<br>{{small|Saturn XVII}} |bgcolor=black|[[File:Pandora PIA07632.jpg|50px|center]] |align=center |{{val|40|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|135.6}} |moon of Saturn |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[83 Beatrix]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|40|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|560}} |[[belt asteroid]] {{small|(X)}} |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[32 Pomona]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|40|p=~}} |align=center | |[[asteroid]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |-style="background:#CCFFCC;" |[[Belinda (muin)|Belinda]]<br>{{small|Uranus XIV}} |bgcolor=black|[[File:Belinda.gif|50px|center]] |align=center |{{val|40|p=~}} |align=center | |moon of Uranus |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[115 Thyra]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|40|p=~}} |align=center | |[[asteroid]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |-style="background:#CCFFCC;" |[[Cressida (muin)|Cressida]]<br>{{small|Uranus IX}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|40|p=~}} |align=center | |moon of Uranus |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[135 Hertha]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|40|p=~}} |align=center | |[[asteroid]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[84 Klio]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|40|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|520}} |[[asteroid]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[80 Sappho]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|40|p=~}} |align=center | |[[asteroid]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[1001 Gaussia]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|40|p=~}} |align=center | |[[asteroid]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[58534 Logos]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|40|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|270}} |[[Kuiper belt object]]; [[cubewano]]; [[Minor planet muin|binary]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[124 Alkeste]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|40|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|470}} |[[belt asteroid]] {{small|(S)}} |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[55576 Amycus]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|40|p=~}} |align=center | |[[Centaur (minor planet)|centaur]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[25 Phocaea]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|40|p=~}} |align=center | |[[asteroid]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[Weywot (muin)|Weywot]]<br>{{small|Quaoar I}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|35|p=~}} |align=center | |satellite of [[50000 Quaoar|Quaoar]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[8405 Asbolus]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|35|p=~}} |align=center | |[[Centaur (minor planet)|centaur]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[112 Iphigenia]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|35|p=~}} |align=center | |[[asteroid]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |-style="background:#CCFFCC;" |[[Rosalind (muin)|Rosalind]]<br>{{small|Uranus XIII}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|35|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|250}} |moon of Uranus |align=center |r{{·}}M |-style="background:#CCFFCC;" |[[Caliban (muin)|Caliban]]<br>{{small|Uranus XVI}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|35|p=~}} |align=center | |moon of Uranus |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[99 Dike]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|35|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|390}} |[[asteroid]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[66 Maja]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|35|p=~}} |align=center | |[[asteroid]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[116 Sirona]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|35|p=~}} |align=center | |[[belt asteroid]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[44 Nysa]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|35|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|370}} |[[belt asteroid]] {{small|(E)}} |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[10370 Hylonome]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|35|p=~}} |align=center | |[[Centaur (minor planet)|centaur]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[77 Frigga]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|35|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|350}} |[[asteroid]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[55 Pandora]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|35|p=~}} |align=center | |[[asteroid]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[133 Cyrene]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|35|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|310}} |[[belt asteroid]] {{small|(S)}} |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[79 Eurynome]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|35|p=~}} |align=center | |[[asteroid]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[Zoe (muin)|Zoe]]<br>{{small|Logos I}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|35|p=~}} |align=center | |satellite of [[58534 Logos]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |-style="background:#DDEEFF;" |[[Naiad (muin)|Naiad]]<br>{{small|Neptune III}} |bgcolor=black|[[File:Naiad Voyager.png|50px|center]] |align=center |{{val|35|p=~}} |align=center | |moon of Neptune |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[43 Ariadne]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|35|p=~}} |align=center | |[[asteroid]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[101 Helena]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|35|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|300}} |[[asteroid]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[108 Hecuba]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|30|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|390}} |[[asteroid]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |-style="background:#CCFFCC;" |[[Desdemona (muin)|Desdemona]]<br>{{small|Uranus X}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|30|p=~}} |align=center | |moon of Uranus |align=center |r{{·}}M |-style="background:#DDEEFF;" |[[Halimede (muin)|Halimede]]<br>{{small|Neptune IX}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|30|p=~}} |align=center | |moon of Neptune |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[52975 Cyllarus]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|30|p=~}} |align=center | |[[Centaur (minor planet)|centaur]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[82 Alkmene]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|30|p=~}} |align=center | |[[asteroid]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[60 Echo]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|30|p=~}} |align=center | |[[asteroid]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[83982 Crantor|Crantor]]<br>{{small|83982}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|30|p=~}} |align=center | |[[Centaur (minor planet)|centaur]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[Comet Hale–Bopp]]<br>{{small|C/1995 O1}} |bgcolor=black|[[File:Comet Hale-Bopp 1995O1.jpg|centre|50x50px]] |align=center |{{val|30|p=~}} |align=center | |[[comet]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |-style="background:#FFE8E8;" |[[Pasiphae (muin)|Pasiphae]]<br>{{small|Jupiter VIII}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|30|p=~}} |align=center | |moon of Jupiter |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[7066 Nessus]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|30|p=~}} |align=center | |[[Centaur (minor planet)|centaur]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |-style="background:#DDEEFF;" |[[Neso (muin)|Neso]]<br>{{small|Neptune XIII}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|30|p=~}} |align=center | |moon of Neptune |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[64 Angelina]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|30|p=~}} |align=center | |[[belt asteroid]] {{small|(E)}} |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[67 Asia]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|30|p=~}} |align=center | |[[asteroid]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[119 Althaea]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|30|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|200}} |[[belt asteroid]] {{small|(S)}} |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[75 Eurydike]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|30|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|180}} |[[belt asteroid]] {{small|(M)}} |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[142 Polana]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|30|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|180}} |[[belt asteroid]] {{small|(F)}} |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[253 Mathilde]] |bgcolor=black|[[File:(253) mathilde crop.jpg|50px|center]] |align=center |{{val|26.4}} |align=center |{{val|103.3}} |[[belt asteroid]] {{small|(C)}} |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[52872 Okyrhoe]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|25|p=~}} |align=center | |[[Centaur (minor planet)|centaur]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[(486958) 2014 MU69|2014 MU69]]<br>{{small|486958}} |bgcolor=black|[[File:KBO 2014 MU69 HST.jpg|60px|center]] |align=center |{{val|25|p=~}} |align=center | |[[Kuiper Belt|KBO]], [[cubewano]], [[Trans-Neptunian object|TNO]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |-style="background:#CCFFCC;" |[[Bianca (muin)|Bianca]]<br>{{small|Uranus VIII}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|25|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|92}} |moon of Uranus |align=center |r{{·}}M |-style="background:#CCFFCC;" |[[Prospero (muin)|Prospero]]<br>{{small|Uranus XVIII}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|25|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|85}} |moon of Uranus |align=center |r{{·}}M |-style="background:#CCFFCC;" |[[Setebos (muin)|Setebos]]<br>{{small|Uranus XIX}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|25|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|75}} |moon of Uranus |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[123 Brunhild]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|25|p=~}} | |[[belt asteroid]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[4348 Poulydamas]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|25|p=~}} |align=center | |[[asteroid]]; [[Jupiter Trojan]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[1000 Piazzia]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|25|p=~}} |align=center | |[[belt asteroid]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[113 Amalthea]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|25|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|100}} |[[belt asteroid]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |-style="background:#FFE8E8;" |[[Carme (muin)|Carme]]<br>{{small|Jupiter XI}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|25|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|130}} |moon of Jupiter; [[Carme group]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[138 Tolosa]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|25|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|99}} |[[belt asteroid]] {{small|(S)}} |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[126 Velleda]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|20|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|94}} |[[belt asteroid]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[73 Klytia]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|20|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|92}} |[[asteroid]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |-style="background:#DDEEFF;" |[[Sao (muin)|Sao]]<br>{{small|Neptune XI}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|20|p=~}} |align=center | |moon of Neptune |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[125 Liberatrix]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|20|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|87}} |[[belt asteroid]] {{small|(M)}} |align=center |r{{·}}M |-style="background:#FFE8E8;" |[[Metis (muin)|Metis]]<br>{{small|Jupiter XVI}} |bgcolor=black|[[File:Metis.jpg|50px|center]] |align=center |{{val|20|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|36}} |moon of Jupiter |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[132 Aethra]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|20|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|82}} |[[belt asteroid]] {{small|(M)}} |align=center |r{{·}}M |-style="background:#CCFFCC;" |[[Ophelia (muin)|Ophelia]]<br>{{small|Uranus VII}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|20|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|53}} |moon of Uranus |align=center |r{{·}}M |-style="background:#DDEEFF;" |[[Laomedeia (muin)|Laomedeia]]<br>{{small|Neptune XII}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|20|p=~}} |align=center | |moon of Neptune |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[118 Peitho]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|20|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|76}} |[[belt asteroid]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[208 Lacrimosa]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|20|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|73.9}} |[[belt asteroid]] {{small|(S)}} [[Koronis family|Koronis]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[136 Austria]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|20|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|68}} |[[belt asteroid]] {{small|(M)}} |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[131 Vala]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|20|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|69}} |[[belt asteroid]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |-style="background:#CCFFCC;" |[[Cordelia (muin)|Cordelia]]<br>{{small|Uranus VI}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|20|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|44}} |moon of Uranus |align=center |r{{·}}M |-style="background:#FFFFCC;" |[[Siarnaq (muin)|Siarnaq]]<br>{{small|Saturn XXIX}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|20|p=~}} |align=center | |moon of Saturn |align=center |r{{·}}M |- ! colspan=6 style="font-size: 0.9em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; padding: 6px 4px" | Notes: :^(a)&nbsp;Name of body, including alternative names using [[Roman numeral designation|Roman numerals to designate moons]] (such as "Saturn I" for [[Mimas (muin)|Mimas]]), and numbers to [[minor planet designation|designate minor planets]] :^(b)&nbsp;Mean radius including uncertainties :^(c)&nbsp;Reference column specifically for radius (r) and mass (M) citations Legend: :{{legend2|#FFE8E8|border=1px solid #FF9999|[[moon of Jupiter]]}}&nbsp;&nbsp;{{legend2|#FFFFCC|border=1px solid #E6E600|[[moon of Saturn]]}}&nbsp;&nbsp;{{legend2|#CCFFCC|border=1px solid #80FF80|[[moon of Uranus]]}}&nbsp;&nbsp;{{legend2|#DDEEFF|border=1px solid #8FC7FF|[[moon of Neptune]]}} :{{legend2|#fafafa|border=1px solid #ccc|[[belt asteroid]]—types: [[C-type asteroids|C]]{{·}}[[D-type asteroid|D]]{{·}}[[E-type asteroids|E]]{{·}}[[F-type asteroids|F]]{{·}}[[M-type asteroids|M]]{{·}}[[R-type asteroids|R]]{{·}}[[S-type asteroids|S]]{{·}}[[T-type asteroids|T]]{{·}}[[X-type asteroids|X]]}} |} === From 1 to 20 km === This leet conteens anly a few ensaumples o objects atween 1 an 20&nbsp;km in radius. {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! style="font-weight: normal;" width=100 | '''Body'''^(a) ! class="unsortable"| Image ! data-sort-type="number" width=85 style="font-weight: normal;" | '''Radius'''^(b)<br>'''{{small|([[kilometre|km]])}}''' ! data-sort-type="number" width=75 | Mass<br>{{small|([[Exagram|10¹⁵&nbsp;kg]])}} ! Type – Notes ! class="unsortable" style="font-weight: normal; width: 3.8em; text-align: center;" | '''Refs&thinsp;'''^(c)<br>'''{{Tooltip|r|Citation for the body's size}}'''{{·}}'''{{Tooltip|M|Citation for the body's mass}}''' |- |[[167 Urda]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|20|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|66.7}} |[[belt asteroid]]; [[Koronis family]]; [[S-type asteroid|S-type]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |-style="background:#FFE8E8;" |[[Sinope (muin)|Sinope]]<br>{{small|Jupiter IX}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|20|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|76}} |moon of Jupiter |align=center |r{{·}}M |-style="background:#DDEEFF;" |[[Psamathe (muin)|Psamathe]]<br>{{small|Neptune X}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|20|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|37}} |moon of Neptune |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[29P/Schwassmann–Wachmann|29P/Schwassmann–<br>Wachmann]] |bgcolor=black|[[File:29P Schwassmann Wachmann.jpg|50px]] |align=center |{{val|20|p=~}} |align=center | |comet; [[centaur (minor planet)|centaur]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |-style="background:#FFE8E8;" |[[Lysithea (muin)|Lysithea]]<br>{{small|Jupiter X}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|20|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|63}} |moon of Jupiter; [[Himalia group]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[158 Koronis]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|20|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid; [[Koronis family]]; [[S-type asteroid|S-type]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[944 Hidalgo|Hidalgo]]<br>{{small|944}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|19}} |align=center | |[[Centaur (minor planet)|centaur]], first tae be discovered in 1920; historically cried ''asteroid''. |align=center |<ref> {{cite web |type=2008-05-09 last obs |title=JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 944 Hidalgo (1920 HZ) |url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=944 |accessdate=2008-03-09 }}</ref>{{·}}M |-style="background:#CCCCFF;" |[[Hydra (muin)|Hydra]]<br>{{small|Pluto III}} |bgcolor=black|[[File:Hydra (moon) from 231 000 kilometres.jpg|centre|50x50px]] |align=center |{{val|19}} |align=center | |moon of Pluto |align=center |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/hydra-emerges-from-the-shadows|title=Hydra Emerges from the Shadows|first=Tricia|last=Talbert|date=15 July 2015|publisher=}}</ref>{{·}}M |-style="background:#FFFFCC;" |[[Helene (muin)|Helene]]<br>{{small|Saturn XII, Dione B}} |bgcolor=#8C7A4C |[[File:Helene over Saturn (color).jpg|centre|50x50px]] |align=center |{{val|17.6|0.4}} |align=center |{{val|25}} |moon of Saturn; [[Dione (muin)|Dione]] trojan |align=center |{{sfn|Thomas|2010}}{{·}}M |-style="background:#CCCCFF;" |[[Nix (muin)|Nix]]<br>{{small|Pluto II}} |bgcolor=black|[[File:Nix best view-true color.jpg|50px|center]] |align=center |{{val|17.5}} |align=center | |moon of Pluto |align=center |<ref name=NewHorizonssettlessizedebate>{{cite web|url=http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/News-Center/News-Article.php?page=20150713|title=New Horizons|publisher=}}</ref>{{·}}M |- |[[243 Ida]] |bgcolor=black|[[File:243 Ida large.jpg|50px|center]] |align=center |{{val|15.7}} |align=center |{{val|42}} |belt asteroid; [[Koronis family]]; [[S-type asteroid|S-type]]; [[Minor planet muin|binary]] |align=center |<ref>{{cite journal |last=Britt |first=D. T. |author2=Yeomans, D. K.|author3= Housen, K.|author4= Consolmagno, G. |title=Asteroid Density, Porosity, and Structure |journal=Asteroids III |publisher=University of Arizona |location=Tucson |date=2002 |pages=485–500 |url=http://www.lpi.usra.edu/books/AsteroidsIII/pdf/3022.pdf |accessdate=2008-10-27 |bibcode=2002aste.conf..485B |ref=CITEREFBrittYeomansHousenConsolmagno2002}}</ref>{{·}}M |- |[[1655 Comas Solà]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|15.3|1.1}} |align=center | |belt asteroid; [[B-type asteroid|B-type]] |align=center |<ref name="JPL1655ComasSolà">{{cite web |url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=1655 |title=JPL Small-Body Database Browser 1655 Comas Sola |accessdate=2014-11-07 |publisher=[[NASA]] |quote=Physical Parameter Table, diameter, 30.57}}</ref>{{·}}M |-style="background:#FFFFCC;" |[[Atlas (muin)|Atlas]]<br>{{small|Saturn XV}} |bgcolor=black|[[File:Cassini Atlas N00084634 CL.png|50px|center]] |align=center |{{val|15.1|0.9}} |align=center |{{val|66}} |moon of Saturn |align=center |{{sfn|Thomas|2010}}{{·}}M |- |[[226 Weringia]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|15|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid; [[S-type asteroid|S-type]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[433 Eros]] |bgcolor=black|[[File:Eros - PIA02923 (color).jpg|50px|center]] |align=center |{{val|15|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|66.9}} |[[Amor asteroid|Amor]]/ NEA |align=center |r{{·}}M |-style="background:#CCFFCC;" |[[Stephano (muin)|Stephano]]<br>{{small|Uranus XX}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|15|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|22}} |moon of Uranus |align=center |r{{·}}M |-style="background:#FFFFCC;" |[[Albiorix (muin)|Albiorix]]<br>{{small|Saturn XXVI}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|15|p=~}} |align=center | |moon of Saturn |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[1036 Ganymed]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|15|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|33}} |NEA |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[1815 Beethoven]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|15|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[31824 Elatus]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|15|p=~}} |align=center | |[[centaur (minor planet)|centaur]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |-style="background:#CCFFCC;" |[[Perdita (muin)|Perdita]]<br>{{small|Uranus XXV}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|15|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|13}} |moon of Uranus |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[Linus (muin)|Linus]]<br>{{small|Kalliope I}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|15|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|60}} |asteroid moon of [[22 Kalliope]] |align=center |r{{·}}<ref name="Marchis03">{{cite journal|author=F. Marchis |display-authors=etal |title=A three-dimensional solution for the orbit of the asteroidal satellite of 22 Kalliope |journal=Icarus |date=2003 |volume=165 |issue=1 |pages=112–120 |bibcode=2003Icar..165..112M |doi=10.1016/S0019-1035(03)00195-7 |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Icar..196..578D |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5wRXtaEJR?url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2003Icar..165..112M&db_key=AST&data_type=HTML&format=&high=444b66a47d11635 |archivedate=2011-02-12 |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref> |-style="background:#FFE8E8;" |[[Ananke (muin)|Ananke]]<br>{{small|Jupiter XII}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|15|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|38.2}} |moon of Jupiter |align=center |r{{·}}M |-style="background:#FFFFCC;" |[[Pan (muin)|Pan]]<br>{{small|Saturn XVIII}} |bgcolor=black|[[File:PIA21436.jpg|50px|center]] |align=center |{{val|14.1|1.3}} |align=center |{{val|4.95}} |moon of Saturn |align=center |<ref name=Thomas2010>{{cite journal| doi = 10.1016/j.icarus.2010.01.025| last1 = Thomas| first1 = P. C.| date = July 2010| title = Sizes, shapes, and derived properties of the saturnian satellites after the Cassini nominal mission| journal = Icarus| volume = 208| issue = 1| pages = 395–401| pmid = | pmc = | url = http://www.ciclops.org/media/sp/2011/6794_16344_0.pdf| bibcode = 2010Icar..208..395T| ref = harv| access-date = 2017-08-24| archive-date = 2018-12-23| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181223003125/http://www.ciclops.org/media/sp/2011/6794_16344_0.pdf| url-status = dead}}</ref>{{·}}<ref name="Porco2007"> {{cite journal |author=[[Carolyn C. Porco|Porco, C. C.]] |title=Saturn's Small Inner Satellites: Clues to Their Origins |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |date=2007 |volume=318 |issue=5856 |pages=1602–1607 |pmid=18063794 |bibcode=2007Sci...318.1602P |doi=10.1126/science.1143977 |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Sci...318.1602P |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5wRXsjQIR?url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Sci...318.1602P |archivedate=2011-02-12 |deadurl=no |display-authors=etal |df= }}</ref> |- |[[20461 Dioretsa|Dioretsa]]<br>{{small|20461}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center | {{val|14|3}} |align=center | |<ref name=sizeest>{{cite journal|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103501966874|title=Visible to Thermal-Infrared Spectrophotometry of a Possible Inactive Cometary Nucleus|first1=Alan W.|last1=Harris|first2=Marco|last2=Delbó|first3=Richard P.|last3=Binzel|first4=John K.|last4=Davies|first5=Julie|last5=Roberts|first6=David J.|last6=Tholen|first7=Robert J.|last7=Whiteley|date=1 October 2001|publisher=|journal=Icarus|volume=153|issue=2|pages=332–337|via=ScienceDirect|doi=10.1006/icar.2001.6687}}</ref> [[Centaur (minor planet)|centaur]];<ref name=JPLDioretsa>{{cite web|url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=dioretsa|title=JPL Small-Body Database Browser|first=Alan|last=Chamberlin|publisher=}}</ref> [[damocloid]] |-style="background:#FFA6C9;" |[[Phobos (muin)|Phobos]]<br>{{small|Mars I}} |bgcolor=black| [[File:Phobos colour 2008.jpg|50px|center]] |align=center |{{val|11.267}} |align=center |{{val|10.7}} |moon of Mars |align=center |r{{·}}M |-style="background:#FFFFCC;" |[[Telesto (muin)|Telesto]]<br>{{small|Saturn XIII or Tethys B}} |bgcolor=black|[[File:Telesto cassini closeup.jpg|50px|center]] |align=center |{{val|10|p=~}} |align=center | |moon of Saturn [[Tethys (muin)|Tethys]] trojan |align=center |r{{·}}M |-style="background:#FFFFCC;" |[[Paaliaq (muin)|Paaliaq]]<br>{{small|Saturn XX}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|10|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|8.2}} |moon of Saturn |align=center |r{{·}}M |-style="background:#CCFFCC;" |[[Francisco (muin)|Francisco]]<br>{{small|Uranus XXII}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|10|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|7.2}} |moon of Uranus |align=center |r{{·}}M |-style="background:#FFFFCC;" |[[Calypso (muin)|Calypso]]<br>{{small|Saturn XIV or Tethys C}} |bgcolor=232323|[[File:N00151485 Calypso crop.jpg|50px|center]] |align=center |{{val|10|p=~}} |align=center | |moons of Saturn; [[Tethys (muin)|Tethys]] trojan |align=center |r{{·}}M |-style="background:#FFE8E8;" |[[Leda (muin)|Leda]]<br>{{small|Jupiter XIII}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|10|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|11}} |moon of Jupiter; [[Himalia group]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |-style="background:#CCFFCC;" |[[Ferdinand (muin)|Ferdinand]]<br>{{small|Uranus XXIV}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|10|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|5.4}} |moon of Uranus |align=center |r{{·}}M |-style="background:#CCFFCC;" |[[Margaret (muin)|Margaret]]<br>{{small|Uranus XXIII}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|10|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|5.4}} |moon of Uranus |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[149 Medusa]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|10|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|8}} |belt asteroid |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[Romulus (muin)|Romulus]]<br>{{small|Sylvia I}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|10|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|4}} |asteroid moon of [[87 Sylvia]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |-style="background:#FFFFCC;" |[[Ymir (muin)|Ymir]]<br>{{small|Saturn XIX}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|10|p=~}} |align=center | |moon of Saturn |align=center |r{{·}}M |-style="background:#CCFFCC;" |[[Trinculo (muin)|Trinculo]]<br>{{small|Uranus XXI}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|10|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|3.9}} |moon of Uranus |align=center |r{{·}}M |-style="background:#CCFFCC;" |[[Cupid (muin)|Cupid]]<br>{{small|Uranus XXVII}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|10|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|3.8}} |moon of Uranus |align=center |r{{·}}M |-style="background:#DDEEFF;" |[[S/2004 N 1]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|10|p=~}} |align=center | |moon of Neptune |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[2002 Euler]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|10|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|5.5}} |belt asteroid |align=center |r{{·}}M |-style="background:#FFE8E8;" |[[Adrastea (muin)|Adrastea]]<br>{{small|Jupiter XV}} |bgcolor=black|[[File:Adrastea.jpg|50px|center]] |align=center |{{val|10|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|2}} |moon of Jupiter |align=center |r{{·}}M |-style="background:#FFFFCC;" |[[Kiviuq (muin)|Kiviuq]]<br>{{small|Saturn XXIV}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|10|p=~}} |align=center | |moon of Saturn |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[2000 Herschel]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|10|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?ID=a0002000|title=JPL Small-Body Database Browser|first=Alan|last=Chamberlin|publisher=}}</ref> |align=center |r{{·}}M |-style="background:#FFFFCC;" |[[Tarvos (muin)|Tarvos]]<br>{{small|Saturn XXI}} |bgcolor=black|[[File:Tarvos from Cassini.jpg|50px]] |align=center |{{val|10|p=~}} |align=center | |moon of Saturn |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[S/2006 (624) 1]]<br>{{small|Hektor I}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|10|p=~}} |align=center | |asteroid moon of [[624 Hektor]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |-style="background:#CCCCFF;" |[[Kerberos (muin)|Kerberos]]<br>{{small|Pluto IV}} |bgcolor=black|[[File:Kerberos (moon).jpg|50px|center]] |align=center |{{val|10|p=~}} |align=center | |moon of Pluto |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[2685 Masursky]] |bgcolor=black|[[File:Asteroid 2685Masurky.gif|50px|center]] |align=center |{{val|10|p=~}} |align=center |5–11 |belt asteroid |align=center |r{{·}}M |-style="background:#CCCCFF;" |[[Styx (muin)|Styx]]<br>{{small|Pluto V}} |bgcolor=black|[[File:Styx (moon).jpg|50px|center]] |align=center |{{val|10|p=~}} |align=center | |moon of Pluto |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[951 Gaspra]] |bgcolor=black|[[File:951 Gaspra.jpg|50px|center]] |align=center |{{val|6.1|0.4}} |align=center |2–3 |belt asteroid |align=center |<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1006/icar.1994.1002|title=Galileo's Encounter with 951 Gaspra: Overview|journal=Icarus|volume=107|pages=2|year=1994|last1=Veverka|first1=J.|last2=Belton|first2=M.|last3=Klaasen|first3=K.|last4=Chapman|first4=C.|bibcode=1994Icar..107....2V}}</ref>{{·}}M |- |[[(65407) 2002 RP120]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|5|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|3.1}} |[[Damocloid]] ([[retrograde motion|retrograde]]) & possible ejected [[scattered disc|SDO]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |-style="background:#FFFFCC;" |[[Bestla (muin)|Bestla]]<br>{{small|Saturn XXXIX}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|5|p=~}} |align=center | |moon of Saturn |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[Petit-Prince (muin)|Petit-Prince]]<br>{{small|Eugenia I}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|5|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|1.2}} |asteroid moon of [[45 Eugenia]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |-style="background:#FFA6C9;" |[[Deimos (muin)|Deimos]]<br>{{small|Mars II}} |bgcolor=black|[[File:Deimos-MRO.jpg|50px|center]] |align=center |{{val|5|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|1.48}} |moon of Mars |align=center |r{{·}}M |-style="background:#FFFFCC;" |[[Ijiraq (muin)|Ijiraq]]<br>{{small|Saturn XXII}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|5|p=~}} |align=center | |moon of Saturn |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[S/2002 (121) 1]]<br>{{small|Hermione I}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|5|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|1.6}} |asteroid moon of [[121 Hermione]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[Halley's Comet]] |bgcolor=#1f0002|[[File:Lspn comet halley.jpg|50px|center]] |align=center |{{val|5|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|0.03}} |comet |align=center |r{{·}}<ref>Using the [[Volume#Volume formulas|volume of an ellipsoid]] of 15x8x8km * an assumed [[rubble pile]] density of 0.6&nbsp;g/cm³ yields a mass (m=d*v) of ~3.02E+14&nbsp;kg</ref> |- |[[S/2001 (107) 1]]<br>{{small|Camilla I}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|5|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|1.5}} |asteroid moon of [[107 Camilla]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |-style="background:#CCFFCC;" |[[Mab (muin)|Mab]]<br>{{small|Uranus XXVI}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|5|p=~}} |align=center | |moon of Uranus |align=center |r{{·}}M |-style="background:#FFFFCC;" |[[Erriapus (muin)|Erriapus]]<br>{{small|Saturn XXVIII}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|5|p=~}} |align=center | |moon of Saturn |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[26858 Misterrogers]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|5|p=~}} |align=center | |belt asteroid |align=center |r{{·}}M |-style="background:#FFE8E8;" |[[Callirrhoe (muin)|Callirrhoe]]<br>{{small|Jupiter XVII}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|5|p=~}} |align=center | |moon of Jupiter |align=center |r{{·}}M |-style="background:#FFE8E8;" |[[Themisto (muin)|Themisto]]<br>{{small|Jupiter XVIII}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|5|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|0.69}} |moon of Jupiter |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[Remus (muin)|Remus]]<br>{{small|Sylvia II}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|5|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|0.2}} |asteroid moon of [[87 Sylvia]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[S/2003 (379) 1]]<br>{{small|Huenna I}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|5|p=~}} |align=center | |asteroid moon of [[379 Huenna]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[S/2003 (130) 1]]<br>{{small|Elektra I}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|5|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|0.4}} |asteroid moon of [[130 Elektra]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[S/2004 (45) 1]]<br>{{small|Eugenia II}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|5|p=~}} |align=center | |asteroid moon of [[45 Eugenia]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[118401 LINEAR]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|5|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|0.23}} |[[main-belt comet]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[4179 Toutatis]] |bgcolor=#282828|[[File:Toutatis.jpg|50px|center]] |align=center |{{val|5|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|0.05}} |NEA |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[3200 Phaethon]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|5|p=~}} |align=center |{{val|0.14}} |[[Apollo asteroid]]; [[B-type asteroid|B-type]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[2P/Encke]] |bgcolor=#333 |[[File:Comet Encke.jpg|50px|center]] |align=center |{{val|5|p=<}} |align=center | |comet |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[Comet Hyakutake|C/1996 B2]]<br>Comet Hyakutake |bgcolor=#4a0808|[[File:Comet Hyakutake from Hubble.jpg|centre|50x50px]] |align=center |{{val|5|p=<}} |align=center | |comet<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/comet/hyakutake/index.html |title=Comet Hyakutake Home Page (JPL) |publisher=.jpl.nasa.gov |accessdate=2011-01-04 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5wRXzjGtT?url=http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/comet/hyakutake/index.html |archivedate=2011-02-12 |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref> |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[81P/Wild]]<br><small>Wild 2</small> |bgcolor=black|[[File:Wild2 3.jpg|50px|center]] |align=center |{{val|5|p=<}} |align=center | |comet |align=center |r{{·}}M |-style="background:#FFFFCC;" |[[Polydeuces (muin)|Polydeuces]]<br>{{small|Saturn XXXIV or Dione C}} |bgcolor=black|[[File:Polydeuces.jpg|50px|center]] |align=center |{{val|5|p=<}} |align=center |{{val|0.03}} |moon of Saturn; [[Dione (muin)|Dione]] trojan |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[17P/Holmes]] |bgcolor=black|[[File:17pHolmes 071104 eder vga.jpg|50px|center]] |align=center |{{val|5|p=<}} |align=center | |comet |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[5535 Annefrank]] |bgcolor=black|[[File:Annefrank 5535.jpg|50px|center]] |align=center |{{val|5|p=<}} |align=center | |belt asteroid |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[3753 Cruithne]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|5|p=<}} |align=center |{{val|0.13}} |[[Aten asteroid]] & [[quasi-satellite]] of Earth |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[(285263) 1998 QE2]] |bgcolor=black|[[File:(285263) 1998 QE2, Goldstone, May 30, 2013.jpg|50px|center]] |align=center |{{val|5|p=<}} |align=center | |NEA; binary |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[4055 Magellan]] |bgcolor=#333 |[[File:CCD image of asteroid 4055 Magellan.png|50px|center]] |align=center |{{val|5|p=<}} |align=center | |[[Amor asteroid]]; [[V-type asteroid|V-type]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[9969 Braille]] |bgcolor=black|[[File:PIA01345.jpg|50px|center]] |align=center |{{val|5|p=<}} |align=center | |[[Mars-crosser asteroid]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[132524 APL]] |bgcolor=black|[[File:Asteroid 2002 JF56.jpg|50px|center]] |align=center |{{val|5|p=<}} |align=center | |belt asteroid |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[(6178) 1986 DA]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|5|p=<}} |align=center |{{val|0.002}} |[[amor asteroid]]; [[M-type asteroid|M-type]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[32P/Comas Solà|Comet Comas Solà]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|4.2}} |align=center | |[[Jupiter-family comet]]<ref name=yfernandez/> |align=center |<ref name="JPLComasSolà">{{cite web | url = http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=32P | title = JPL Small-Body Database Browser 32P/Comas Sola | accessdate = 2014-11-07 | publisher = [[NASA]]}}</ref>{{·}}M |-style="background:#FFFFCC;" |[[Daphnis (muin)|Daphnis]]<br>{{small|Saturn XXXV}} |bgcolor=#333 |[[File:PIA21056 - Daphnis Up Close.jpg|50px|center]] |align=center |{{val|3.9|0.8}} |align=center |{{val|0.084}} |moon of Saturn |align=center |r{{·}}<ref name="Porco2007" /> |- |[[9P/Tempel]] |bgcolor=black|[[File:PIA02127.jpg|50px|center]] |align=center |{{val|2.8}} |align=center |{{val|0.075}} |comet |align=center |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stardustnext.jpl.nasa.gov/science/stardust_next_Thomas.html|title=The Nucleus of Comet 9P/Tempel 1: Shape & Geology From Two Flybys|publisher=|access-date=2017-08-24|archive-date=2016-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203031258/http://stardustnext.jpl.nasa.gov/science/stardust_next_Thomas.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{·}}M |- |[[2867 Šteins]] |bgcolor=black|[[File:2867 Šteins by Rosetta (reprocessed).png|50px|center]] |align=center |{{val|2.65}} |align=center | |belt asteroid; [[E-type asteroid|E-type]] |align=center |<ref name=keller>{{cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.1179559|pmid=20056887|title=E-Type Asteroid (2867) Steins as Imaged by OSIRIS on Board Rosetta|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2010-01-08_327_5962/page/n79|journal=Science|volume=327|issue=5962|pages=190|year=2010|last1=Keller|first1=H. |display-authors=etal.|bibcode=2010Sci...327..190K}}</ref>{{·}}M |- |[[19P/Borrelly]] |bgcolor=black|[[File:Comet Borrelly Nucleus.jpg|50px|center]] |align=center |{{val|2.4}} |align=center | |[[Jupiter-family comet]]<ref name=yfernandez/> |align=center |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Com_19PBorrelly&Display=Facts&System=Metric|title=19P/Borrelly - By the Numbers - Planets - NASA Solar System Exploration|publisher=|access-date=2017-08-24|archive-date=2014-08-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809140735/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Com_19PBorrelly&Display=Facts&System=Metric|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{·}}M |-style="background:#FFFFCC;" |[[Pallene (muin)|Pallene]]<br>{{small|Saturn XXXIII}} |bgcolor=#999 |[[File:N00163156.jpg|50px|center]] |align=center |{{val|2.22|0.07}}<ref name=Thomas2013/> |align=center |{{val|0.043}} |moon of Saturn |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko|Comet Churyumov–Gerasimenko]] |bgcolor=black|[[File:Comet 67P on 19 September 2014 NavCam mosaic.jpg|50px|center]] |align=center |{{val|1.9}} |align=center | |[[Jupiter-family comet]]<ref name=yfernandez>{{cite web |title=List of Jupiter-Family and Halley-Family Comets |url=http://www.physics.ucf.edu/~yfernandez/cometlist.html |date=28 July 2015 |publisher=University of Central Florida: Physics |accessdate=6 September 2015 |archive-date=2019-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502212937/https://physics.ucf.edu/~yfernandez/cometlist.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |{{mpl|(53319) 1999 JM|8}} |bgcolor=#404040|[[File:Asteroid 1999 JM8.gif|50px|center]] |align=center |{{val|1.75}} |align=center | |[[Apollo asteroid]]; PHA |align=center |<ref name=echo>{{cite web |title=RADAR IMAGES CAPTURE BIG, SLOWLY TUMBLING ASTEROID |url=http://echo.jpl.nasa.gov/~lance/1999JM8/press_release.html |publisher=NASA/JPL Media Relations Office |author=Diane Ainsworth |accessdate=2014-05-01 |archive-date=2016-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118002204/http://echo.jpl.nasa.gov/~lance/1999JM8/press_release.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{·}}M |-style="background:#FFFFCC;" |[[Methone (muin)|Methone]]<br>{{small|Saturn XXXII}} |bgcolor=black|[[File:Methone PIA14633.jpg|50px|center]] |align=center |{{val|1.45|0.03}}<ref name=Thomas2013>{{cite conference | first = P. C. | last = Thomas | authorlink = |display-authors=4 | author2 = Burns, J. A. |author3=Tiscareno, M. S. |author4=Hedman, M. M. |author5=Helfenstein, P. | title = Saturn's Mysterious Arc-Embedded Moons: Recycled Fluff? | booktitle = 44th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference | pages = 1598 | publisher = | date = 2013 | location = | url = http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2013/pdf/1598.pdf | accessdate = 2013-05-21 }}</ref> |align=center |{{val|0.019}} |moon of Saturn |align=center |r{{·}}M |- ! colspan=6 style="font-size: 0.9em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; padding: 6px 4px" | Notes: :^(a)&nbsp;Name of body, including alternative names using [[Roman numeral designation|Roman numerals to designate moons]] (such as "Saturn I" for [[Mimas (muin)|Mimas]]), and numbers to [[minor planet designation|designate minor planets]] :^(b)&nbsp;Mean radius including uncertainties :^(c)&nbsp;Reference column specifically for radius (r) and mass (M) citations Legend: :{{legend2|#FFA6C9|border=1px solid #FF5C9D|[[moon of Mars]]}}&nbsp;&nbsp;{{legend2|#FFE8E8|border=1px solid #FF9999|[[moon of Jupiter]]}}&nbsp;&nbsp;{{legend2|#FFFFCC|border=1px solid #E6E600|[[moon of Saturn]]}}&nbsp;&nbsp;{{legend2|#CCFFCC|border=1px solid #80FF80|[[moon of Uranus]]}}&nbsp;&nbsp;{{legend2|#DDEEFF|border=1px solid #8FC7FF|[[moon of Neptune]]}}&nbsp;&nbsp;{{legend2|#CCCCFF|border=1px solid #8080FF|[[moon of Pluto]]}} Types: : Main belt [[asteroid]]s; [[Comet]]s; NEA: [[Near-Earth asteroid]]; [[Asteroid moon]] |} === Below 1 km === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! style="font-weight: normal;" width=160 | '''Body'''^(a) ! class="unsortable" width=50 | Image ! data-sort-type="number" width=85 style="font-weight: normal;" | '''Radius'''^(b)<br>'''([[metre|m]])''' ! data-sort-type="number" width=75 | Mass<br>([[Petagram|10¹²&nbsp;kg]]) ! Type – Notes ! class="unsortable" width=70 | Refs&thinsp;^(c) |- |[[1620 Geographos]] |bgcolor=black| [[File:Geographos.jpg|50px|center]] |align=center |{{val|885}} |align=center |{{val|4}} |[[Near-Earth asteroid|NEA]]{{·}}[[Apollo asteroid|Apollo]] |align=center |<ref name="PSI">[https://archive.today/20060623213811/http://www.psi.edu/pds/archive/astdata04/simps04/diamalb.tab Asteroid Data Archive, Archive] ''Planetary Science Institute''</ref>{{·}}M |- |[[1862 Apollo]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|850}} |align=center |{{val|5.1}} |NEA{{·}}Apollo{{·}}[[Q-type asteroid|Q-type]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |{{mpl|(214869) 2007 PA|8}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|800|p=~}} |align=center | |NEA{{·}}Apollo |align=center |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2012-350|title=NASA Radar Images Asteroid 2007 PA8|publisher=}}</ref>{{·}}M |- |[[100000 Astronautica]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|800|p=~}} |align=center | |Inner [[belt asteroid]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=100000|title=JPL Small-Body Database Browser|first=Alan|last=Chamberlin|publisher=}}</ref> |align=center |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=23753|title=Minor Planet No. 100,000 Named for Space Age 50th Anniversary|publisher=}}</ref>{{·}}M |- style="background-color: #E5E5FF;" |[[Dactyl (muin)|Dactyl]]<br>^{Ida I} |bgcolor=black|[[File:Dactyl-HiRes.jpg|50px]] |align=center |{{val|700}} |align=center | |[[Minor-planet muin|Moon]] of [[243 Ida]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[1566 Icarus]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|700}} |align=center |{{val|2.9}} |NEA{{·}}Apollo{{·}}[[U-type asteroid|U-type]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[4769 Castalia]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|700}} |align=center |{{val|1.3}} |NEA{{·}}Apollo |align=center |<ref>{{cite web |author=Alan Chamberlin |url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=4769%20Castalia;orb=0;cov=0;log=0;cad=0#phys_par |title=JPL Small-Body Database Browser |publisher=Ssd.jpl.nasa.gov |accessdate=2011-01-04 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5wRY2UNG1?url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=4769%20Castalia%3Borb%3D0%3Bcov%3D0%3Blog%3D0%3Bcad%3D0#phys_par |archivedate=2011-02-12 |deadurl=no |df= |url-status=live }}</ref>{{·}}M |- |{{mpl|(137108) 1999 AN|10}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|650}} |align=center | |NEA{{·}}Apollo |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |{{mpl|(29075) 1950 DA}} |bgcolor=black|[[File:1950 DA (color).png|centre|50px]] |align=center |{{val|600}} |align=center |{{val|3}} |NEA{{·}}Apollo |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |{{mpl|(66391) 1999 KW|4}} |bgcolor=black|[[File:1999 KW4 animated.gif|50px|center]] |align=center |{{val|600}} |align=center |{{val|2.33}} |NEA{{·}}[[Aten asteroid|Aten]]{{·}}[[Mercury-crosser]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[46P/Wirtanen]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|600}} |align=center | |[[Comet]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[103P/Hartley]]<br>{{small|Hartley 2}} |bgcolor=black|[[File:495296main epoxi-1-full full.jpg|50px]] |align=center |{{val|570|80}} |align=center |{{val|0.3}} |Comet |align=center |r{{·}}<ref name="Lisse2009">{{Cite journal |last=Lisse |first=C. M. |author2=Fernandez |author3=Reach |author4=Bauer |author5=A'Hearn |author6=Farnham |display-authors= etal |title=Spitzer Space Telescope Observations of the Nucleus of Comet 103P/Hartley 2 |journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific |volume=121 |issue=883 |pages=968–975 |date=2009 |doi=10.1086/605546 |jstor=10.1086/605546 |bibcode=2009PASP..121..968L |arxiv = 0906.4733 }}</ref> |- |[[3908 Nyx]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|520}} |align=center |{{val|5}} |NEA{{·}}[[Amor asteroid|Amor]]{{·}}[[V-type asteroid|V-type]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[14827 Hypnos]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|450}} |align=center | |[[Comet]]{{·}}[[dormant comet]]<ref name="dormant">{{cite journal |first=Kathryn |last=Whitman |author2=Alessandro Morbidelli |author3=Robert Jedicke |lastauthoramp=yes |title=The Size-Frequency Distribution of Dormant Jupiter Family Comets |date=2006 |arxiv=astro-ph/0603106 |bibcode = 2006Icar..183..101W |doi = 10.1016/j.icarus.2006.02.016 |volume=183 |journal=Icarus |pages=101–114}}</ref> |align=center |<ref name="jpldataHypnos">{{cite web|title=JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 14827 Hypnos (1986 JK) |url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=Hypnos |accessdate=2008-02-08 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5wRY3FjU0?url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=Hypnos |archivedate=2011-02-12 |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref>{{·}}M |- |[[2062 Aten]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|450}} |align=center |{{val|0.76}} |NEA{{·}}[[Aten asteroid|Aten]] |align=center |<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://trs-new.jpl.nasa.gov/dspace/bitstream/2014/22732/1/97-1257.pdf |title=Benner, et al. – Radar Detection of Near-Earth Asteroids 2062 Aten, 2101 Adonis, 3103 Eger, 4544 Xanthus, and 1992 QN (1997) |access-date=2017-08-24 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201658/http://trs-new.jpl.nasa.gov/dspace/bitstream/2014/22732/1/97-1257.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{·}}M |- |{{mpl|2007 CA|19}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|432}} |align=center |{{val|1.2}} |NEA{{·}}Apollo |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[6489 Golevka]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|350}} |align=center | |NEA{{·}}Apollo |align=center |<ref>{{cite web |author=Alan Chamberlin |url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi#top |title=JPL Small-Body Database Browser |publisher=Ssd.jpl.nasa.gov |accessdate=2011-01-04 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5wRY4Rkg7?url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi#top |archivedate=2011-02-12 |deadurl=no |df= |url-status=live }}</ref>{{·}}M |- |[[25143 Itokawa]] |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|346}} |align=center |{{val|0.0358}} |NEA{{·}}Apollo |align=center |r{{·}}M |-style="background-color: #FFFFCC;" |[[Aegaeon (muin)|Aegaeon]]<br>{{small|Saturn LIII}} |bgcolor=black| [[File:Aegaeon (2008 S1).jpg|50px|center]] |align=center |{{val|330|60}}<ref name=Thomas2013/> |align=center | |[[moon of Saturn]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |{{mpl|2004 XP|14}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|300}} |align=center | |NEA{{·}}Apollo |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |{{mpl|(144898) 2004 VD|17}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|290}} |align=center |{{val|3}} |NEA{{·}}Apollo |align=center |r{{·}}<ref name="NASANEO">Based on an assumed density of 2.6&nbsp;g/cm³ as given at the NASA NEO impact risk page http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/risk/index.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211202907/http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/risk/index.html |date=2011-02-11 }}</ref> |- | [[101955 Bennu]] | bgcolor=black|[[File:NASA 1999 RQ36.gif|50px|center]] | align=center |{{val|275}} | align=center | | NEA{{·}}Apollo{{·}}[[Potentially hazardous object|PHO]] | align=center |<ref>ref name=Nolan2013</ref> |- |{{mpl|(308635) 2005 YU|55}} |bgcolor=black|[[File:2005YU55-20111107.jpg|50px|center]] |align=center |{{val|180}} |align=center | |NEA<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-15572634 BBC – '''Giant asteroid passes near Earth''' – 9 November 2011]</ref> Apollo{{·}}PHO<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2005YU55|title=JPL Small-Body Database Browser|first=Alan|last=Chamberlin|publisher=}}</ref> |align=center |<ref name="Busch"> {{cite web |date=March 31, 2012 |title=Shape and Spin of Near-Earth Asteroid 308635 (2005 YU55) From Radar Images and Speckle Tracking |publisher=LPI |author=M.W. Busch |display-authors=etal |url=http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/acm2012/pdf/6179.pdf |accessdate=9 April 2012 }}</ref>{{·}}M |- |[[4660 Nereus]] |bgcolor=black|[[File:Nereus.jpg|50px|center]] |align=center |{{val|165}} |align=center | |NEA{{·}}Apollo |align=center |<ref>{{cite web |author=Alan Chamberlin |url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=4660%20Nereus;orb=0;cov=0;log=0;cad=0#phys_par |title=JPL Small-Body Database Browser |publisher=Ssd.jpl.nasa.gov |accessdate=2011-01-04 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5wRY5u45e?url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=4660%20Nereus%3Borb%3D0%3Bcov%3D0%3Blog%3D0%3Bcad%3D0#phys_par |archivedate=2011-02-12 |deadurl=no |df= |url-status=live }}</ref>{{·}}M |- |{{mpl|(357439) 2004 BL|86}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|162.5}} |align=center | |NEA{{·}}Apollo{{·}}[[minor-planet muin|binary]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |[[99942 Apophis]] |bgcolor=black|[[File:2004MN4 Sormano.gif|50px]] |align=center |{{val|162.5}} |align=center |{{val|0.05}} |NEA{{·}}[[Aten asteroid|Aten]]{{·}}[[Potentially hazardous object|PHO]] |align=center |<ref name=esanews1>{{cite web |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Herschel_intercepts_asteroid_Apophis |title=Herschel intercepts asteroid Apophis |author=ESA |publisher=[[European Space Agency]] (ESA) |date=January 9, 2013 |accessdate=2013-01-09 }}</ref>{{·}}<ref name="NASANEO" /> |- style="background-color: #FFFFCC;" |[[S/2009 S 1]] |bgcolor=black|[[File:PIA11665 moonlet in B Ring cropped.jpg|50px|center]] |align=center |{{val|150}} |align=center | |[[moon of Saturn]] |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |{{mpl|2010 TK|7}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|150}} |align=center | |[[Earth trojan]]{{·}}Apollo |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |{{mpl|2007 TU|24}} |bgcolor=black|[[File:2007 TU24 radar image 20080128.jpg|50px|center]] |align=center |{{val|125}} |align=center | |NEA{{·}}Apollo{{·}}[[Potentially hazardous object|PHO]] |align=center |<ref name="NASA0125">{{cite web|title=NASA Scientists Get First Images of Earth Flyby Asteroid |publisher=NASA/[[Jet Propulsion Laboratory|JPL]] |date=2008-01-25 |url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.cfm?release=2008-014 |accessdate=2008-01-26 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5wRY6xBF0?url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.cfm?release=2008-014 |archivedate=2011-02-12 |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref>{{·}}M |- |{{mpl|2002 JE|9}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|100}} |align=center | |NEA{{·}}Apollo{{·}}PHO |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |{{mpl|2010 XC|15}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|100}} |align=center | |NEA{{·}}Apollo{{·}}PHO |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |{{mpl|1994 WR|12}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|65}} |align=center |{{val|0.002}} |NEA{{·}}[[Aten asteroid|Aten]] |align=center |<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/risk/1994wr12.html |title=NASA – 1994 WR12 Earth Impact Risk Summary – 2011 |access-date=2017-08-24 |archive-date=2016-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326083250/http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/risk/1994wr12.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><!-- 55? <ref>{{cite web|url=http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/risk/1994wr12.html |title=1994 WR12 Impact Risk |publisher=Neo.jpl.nasa.gov |date=2010-12-08 |accessdate=2011-01-04|archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/5wRY8XdEh?url=http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/risk/1994wr12.html |archivedate = 2011-02-12|deadurl=no}}</ref>-->{{·}}<ref name="NASANEO" /> |- |{{mpl|(410777) 2009 FD}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|65}} |align=center |{{val|0.0028}} |NEA{{·}}Apollo |align=center |<ref name=2009FDimpactrisk>[http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/risk/2009fd.html 2009 FD Impact Risk] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110111142013/http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/risk/2009fd.html |date=January 11, 2011 }}</ref>{{·}}<ref name=2009FDimpactrisk /> |- |{{mpl|2008 HJ}} |bgcolor=black| |align=center |{{val|18}} |align=center |{{val|0.000005}} |NEA{{·}}[[Fast rotator (asteroid)|fast rotator]], {{LCDB|0|2008+HJ}}, (43 [[second|s]])<ref name=2008HJbbc /> |align=center |<!--(24+12)/2=18--><ref name="2008HJbbc">{{Cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7426755.stm |title=BBC News – '''Record spin for newfound asteroid''' (2008) |access-date=2017-08-24 |archive-date=2011-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810230912/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7426755.stm |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{·}}<!-- 5000 metric tonnes --><ref name=2008HJbbc /> |- |[[367943 Duende]] |bgcolor=black|[[File:Radar-2012DA14-Goldstone.jpg|50px]] |align=center |{{val|15}} |align=center | |NEA |align=center |r{{·}}M |- |{{mpl|1998 KY|26}} |bgcolor=black|[[File:Asteroid 1998 KY26.faces model.jpg|50px]] |align=center |{{val|15}} |align=center | |NEA{{·}}[[Fast rotator (asteroid)|fast rotator]] (10 [[meenit|min]]) |align=center |<ref>{{cite web |author=Alan Chamberlin |url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=1998%20KY26;orb=0;cov=0;log=0;cad=0#phys_par |title=JPL Small-Body Database Browser |publisher=Ssd.jpl.nasa.gov |accessdate=2011-01-04 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5wRYBF1Zr?url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=1998%20KY26%3Borb%3D0%3Bcov%3D0%3Blog%3D0%3Bcad%3D0#phys_par |archivedate=2011-02-12 |deadurl=no |df= |url-status=live }}</ref>{{·}}M |- ! colspan=6 style="font-size: 0.9em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; padding: 6px 4px" | Notes: :^(a)&nbsp;Name o bouk, includin alternative names uisin [[Roman numeral designation|Roman numerals tae designate muins]] (sic as "Saturn LIII" for [[Aegaeon (muin)|Aegaeon]]), an nummers tae [[minor planet designation|designate minor planets]] :^(b)&nbsp;Mean radius includin uncertainties :^(c)&nbsp;Reference column speceefically for radius (r) an mass (M) citations Legend: :{{legend2|#E5E5FF|border=1px solid #9999FF|[[minor-planet muin]]}}&nbsp;&nbsp;{{legend2|#FFFFCC|border=1px solid #E6E600|[[muin o Saturn]]}} : NEA: [[near-Yird asteroid]]; [[Apollo asteroid]]s are a group o NEAs |} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Leet O Solar Seestem Objects Bi Size}} [[Category:Leets o Solar Seestem objects|Size]] [[Category:Airticles needin AWB cleanup]] 5j0fw8e6axvny6gxt6mjxlp5fxid6ev 0 179104 917753 875120 2026-06-04T16:49:39Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260604sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 917753 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox alternative medicine | name = Homeopathy | synonyms = Homoeopathy | pronounce = | image = File:Hahnemann.jpg | image_size = | alt = Samuel Hahnemann | caption = Samuel Hahnemann, oreeginator o homeopathy | claims = "Like cures like", dilution increases potency, disease caused bi [[miasm]]s. | topics = [[Alternative medicine]] | origyear = 1796 | origprop = [[Samuel Hahnemann]] | laterprop = [[James Tyler Kent]], [[Constantine Hering]], [[Royal S. Copeland]], [[George Vithoulkas]] | seealso = [[Humorism]], [[heroic medicine]] | MeshID = D006705 }} '''Homeopathy''' is a seestem o [[alternative medicine]] creatit in 1796 bi [[Samuel Hahnemann]], based on his doctrine o ''lik cures lik'' (''[[similia similibus curentur]]''), a claim that a substance that causes the symptoms o a disease in halthy fowk wad cure seemilar symptoms in sick fowk.<ref name="Hahnemann">{{cite book | title=The homœopathic medical doctrine, or "Organon of the healing art" | publisher=W. F. Wakeman | author=Hahnemann, Samuel | authorlink=Samuel Hahnemann | year=1833 | location=Dublin | pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=EnEFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR3 iii], [https://books.google.com/books?id=EnEFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA48 48–49] | quote=Observation, reflection, and experience have unfolded to me that the best and true method of cure is founded on the principle, ''[[similia similibus curentur]]''. To cure in a mild, prompt, safe, and durable manner, it is necessary to choose in each case a medicine that will excite an affection similar (''{{lang|el|ὅμοιος πάθος}}'') to that against which it is employed.}} Translator: Charles H. Devrient, Esq.</ref> Homeopathy is a [[pseudoscience]] – a belief that is incorrectly presentit as scienteefic - acause homeopathic preparations isnae effective for treatin ony condeetion;<ref name=Tuomela>{{cite book |author=Tuomela, R|authorlink=Raimo Tuomela |veditors=Pitt JC, Marcello P |doi=10.1007/978-94-009-3779-6_4 |series=Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science |volume=98 |year=1987 |pages=83–101 |publisher=Springer |chapter=Chapter 4: Science, Protoscience, and Pseudoscience |title=Rational Changes in Science: Essays on Scientific Reasoning |isbn=978-94-010-8181-8}}</ref><ref name=Smith2012>{{cite journal |author=Smith K |title=Homeopathy is Unscientific and Unethical |journal=Bioethics |volume=26 |issue=9 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8519.2011.01956.x|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1035885 |pages=508–512 |year=2012}}</ref><ref name=Baran2014>{{cite book |vauthors=Baran GR, Kiana MF, Samuel SP |work=Healthcare and Biomedical Technology in the 21st Century |publisher=Springer |year=2014 |pages=19–57 |title=Chapter 2: Science, Pseudoscience, and Not Science: How Do They Differ? |doi=10.1007/978-1-4614-8541-4_2 |isbn=978-1-4614-8540-7 |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4614-8541-4_2/fulltext.html |quote=within the traditional medical community it is considered to be quackery |access-date=2017-11-04 |archive-date=2014-04-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420104028/http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4614-8541-4_2/fulltext.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=Ladyman>{{cite book |author=Ladyman J |veditors=Pigliucci M, Boudry M |year=2013 |pages=48–49 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |chapter=Chapter 3: Towards a Demarcation of Science from Pseudoscience |title=Philosophy of Pseudoscience: Reconsidering the Demarcation Problem |quote=Yet homeopathy is a paradigmatic example of pseudoscience. It is neither simply bad science nor science fraud, but rather profoundly departs from scientific method and theories while being described as scientific by some of its adherents (often sincerely). |isbn=978-0-226-05196-3}}</ref> lairge-scale studies haes foond homeopathy tae be nae mair effective nor a [[placebo]], indicatin that ony positive effects that follae treatment is anerly due tae the placebo effect, normal recovery frae illness, or [[regression fallacy|regression taewart the mean]].<ref name="pmid12492603">{{cite journal |last1=Ernst |first1=E. |authorlink=Edzard Ernst|title=A systematic review of systematic reviews of homeopathy |journal=British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology |volume=54 |issue=6 |pages=577–82 |year=2002 |pmid=12492603 |pmc=1874503 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2125.2002.01699.x}}</ref><ref name="shang">{{cite journal |last1=Shang |first1=Aijing |last2=Huwiler-Müntener |first2=Karin |last3=Nartey |first3=Linda |last4=Jüni |first4=Peter |last5=Dörig |first5=Stephan |last6=Sterne |first6=Jonathan AC |last7=Pewsner |first7=Daniel |last8=Egger |first8=Matthias |title=Are the clinical effects of homoeopathy placebo effects? Comparative study of placebo-controlled trials of homoeopathy and allopathy |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_august-27-september-2-2005_366_9487/page/726 |journal=The Lancet |volume=366 |pages=726–732 |year=2005 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67177-2 |pmid=16125589 |issue=9487}}</ref><ref name=inquiry_4504>{{cite web |date=February 22, 2010 |title=Evidence Check 2: Homeopathy - Science and Technology Committee |publisher=[[Hoose o Commons o the Unitit Kinrick|Breetish Hoose o Commons]] Science and Technology Committee |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200910/cmselect/cmsctech/45/4504.htm |accessdate=April 5, 2014 |archive-date=2015-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919021452/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200910/cmselect/cmsctech/45/4504.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} 4yvtmgdd9p0l27vwnnyloo0ex438sl9 0 185958 917729 771121 2026-06-04T16:29:59Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260604sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 917729 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition (new) | name = Psoriasis | image = Psoriasis on back1.jpg | caption = Back an airms o a person wi psoriasis | pronounce = | specialty = [[Dermatology]] | symptoms = [[erythema|Reid]], itchy, scaly patches o skin<ref name=Menter2008/> | complications = [[Psoriatic arthritis]]<ref name=Lancet2015>{{cite journal|last1=Boehncke|first1=WH|last2=Schön|first2=MP|title=Psoriasis.|journal=Lancet|date=26 May 2015|pmid=26025581|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61909-7|volume=386|pages=983–94}}</ref> | onset = Adults<ref name=NIH2015>{{cite web|title=Questions and Answers About Psoriasis|url=https://www.niams.nih.gov/health_info/psoriasis/|website=www.niams.nih.gov|accessdate=22 April 2017|language=en|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422134800/https://www.niams.nih.gov/health_info/psoriasis/|archivedate=22 April 2017|df=}}</ref> | duration = Lang term<ref name=Lancet2015/> | causes = [[Genetic disease]] triggered bi environmental factors<ref name=Menter2008 /> | risks = | diagnosis = Based on symptoms<ref name=Lancet2015/> | differential = | prevention = | treatment = [[corticosteroid|Steroid creams]], [[vitamin D3]] cream, [[ultraviolet licht]], [[Immunosuppressive drog|immune seestem suppressin medications]] sic as [[methotrexate]]<ref name=NIH2013>{{cite web|title=Questions and Answers about Psoriasis|url=http://www.niams.nih.gov/health_info/Psoriasis/default.asp|website=National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases|accessdate=1 July 2015|date=October 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708150114/http://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_info/Psoriasis/default.asp|archivedate=8 July 2015|df=}}</ref> | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = 79.7 million<ref name=GBD2015Pre>{{cite journal|last1=GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence|first1=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|pmid=27733282|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6|pmc=5055577}}</ref> / 2–4%<ref name=Parisi2013>{{cite journal|vauthors=Parisi R, Symmons DP, Griffiths CE, Ashcroft DM |others=Identification and Management of Psoriasis and Associated ComorbidiTy (IMPACT) project team|title=Global epidemiology of psoriasis: a systematic review of incidence and prevalence|journal=J Invest Dermatol|date=February 2013|volume=133|issue=2|pages=377–85|pmid=23014338|doi=10.1038/jid.2012.339}}</ref> | deaths = }} '''Psoriasis''' is a lang-lastin [[autoimmune disease]] chairacterised bi patches o abnormal skin.<ref name=NIH2013/> Thir skin patches are teepically [[erythema|red]], itchy, an scaly.<ref name=Menter2008/> Psoriasis varies in severity frae smaw, localised patches tae complete bouk coverage.<ref name=Menter2008>{{cite journal|vauthors=Menter A, Gottlieb A, Feldman SR, Van Voorhees AS, Leonardi CL, Gordon KB, Lebwohl M, Koo JY, Elmets CA, Korman NJ, Beutner KR, Bhushan R |title=Guidelines of care for the management of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: Section 1. Overview of psoriasis and guidelines of care for the treatment of psoriasis with biologics|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-academy-of-dermatology-journal_2008-05_58_5/page/826 |journal=J Am Acad Dermatol|date=May 2008|volume=58|issue=5|pages=826–50|pmid=18423260|doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2008.02.039}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Autoimmune diseases]] [[Category:Cutaneous condeetions]] [[Category:Psoriasis]] q6suc29db2cq4mqryaayjh54u13q783 0 206657 917773 906686 2026-06-04T17:06:14Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260604sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 917773 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fixscots}} {{Infobox film | name = Fun and Fancy Free | director = {{Plainlist| * [[Jack Kinney]] <small>(animation)</small> * Bill Roberts <small>(animation)</small> * [[Hamilton Luske]] <small>(animation)</small> * [[William Morgan (director)|William Morgan]] <small>{{nowrap|(live-action)}}</small> }} | producer = [[Walt Disney]] | story = {{Plainlist| * [[Homer Brightman]] * [[Eldon Dedini]] * Lance Nolley * Tom Oreb * Harry Reeves * [[Ted Sears]] }} | based_on = {{Based on|''[[Little Bear Bongo]]''|[[Sinclair Lewis]] <small>(''Bongo'')</small><br />|''[[Jack and the Beanstalk]]'' <small>(''Mickey and the Beanstalk'')</small>}} | starring = {{Plainlist| * [[Cliff Edwards]] * [[Edgar Bergen]] * [[Luana Patten]] * [[Walt Disney]] * [[Clarence Nash]] * [[Pinto Colvig]] * [[Billy Gilbert]] * Anita Gordon }} | narrator = {{Plainlist| * [[Dinah Shore]] <small>(''Bongo'')</small> * [[Edgar Bergen]] <small>(''Mickey and the Beanstalk'')</small> }} | music = {{Plainlist| * [[Oliver Wallace]] * [[Paul Smith (film an televeesion componer)|Paul Smith]] * [[Eliot Daniel]] * [[Charles Wolcott]] }} | editing = Jack Bachom | studio = [[Walt Disney Animation Studios|Walt Disney Productions]] | distributor = [[RKO Pictures|RKO Radio Pictures]] | released = {{Film date|1947|09|27}} | runtime = 73 minutes | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | budget = | gross = $3,165,000 (worldwide rentals)<ref name="Jewell">{{cite journal|last=Sedgwick|first=John|title=Richard B. Jewell's RKO Film Grosses, 1929–51: The C. J. Trevlin Ledger: A comment.|url=https://archive.org/details/historical-journal-of-film-radio-and-television_1994_14_1/page/51|journal=Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television|volume=14|issue=1|pages=51–8|year=1994|doi=10.1080/01439689400260041}}</ref> }} '''''Fun and Fancy Free''''' is a 1947 American [[animation|animatit]] [[muisical film|muisical]] [[fantasy film|fantasy]] [[anthology film|package film]] produced bi [[Walt Disney]] an released on September 27, 1947 bi [[RKO Pictures|RKO Radio Pictures]]. It is the ninth [[Leet o Walt Disney Animation Studios films|Disney animatit featur film]] an the fowert o the package films the studio produced in the 1940s in order tae save money durin [[Warld War II]]. The Disney package films o the late 1940s helped finance ''[[Cinderella (1950 film)|Cinderella]]'' (1950), an subsequent ithers, sic as ''[[Alice in Wonderland (1951 film)|Alice in Wonderland]]'' (1951), an ''[[Peter Pan (1953 film)|Peter Pan]]'' (1953). The film is a compilation o twa stories, the first o which, ''Bongo'', is hosted bi [[Jiminy Cricket]] an narrated bi [[Dinah Shore]]. Based on the tale ''[[Little Bear Bongo]]'' bi [[Sinclair Lewis]], ''Bongo'' tells the story o a circus bear cub named Bongo wha longs for freedom frae captivity. Bongo escapes the circus an eventually forms a romantic relationship wi a female bear cub named Lulubelle in the wild, realizin that he must prove himsel in order tae earn Lulubelle as his mate. The second story, ''Mickey and the Beanstalk'', is hosted bi [[Edgar Bergen]] an is a retellin o ''[[Jack and the Beanstalk]]'' featurin [[Mickey Mouse|Mickey]], [[Donald Duck|Donald]], an [[Goofy]] as three peasants wha discover the temperamental [[Willie the Giant]]'s castle in the sky throu the uise o some magic beans. Thay must battle the greedy but lovable giant in order tae restore peace tae thair [[valley]]. Though the film is primarily animatit, it an aw uses [[live-action animatit film|live-action]] segments tae jyn its twa stories thegither. ''Mickey and the Beanstalk'' wis the last time [[Walt Disney]] voiced [[Mickey Mouse]], acause he wis too busy on ither projects tae continue voicin the famous chairacter. Disney replaced himsel wi sound effects airtist [[Jimmy MacDonald (sound effects artist)|Jimmy MacDonald]]. == References == {{Reflist}} {{Stub/Fillum}} {{Walt Disney Animation Studios}} [[Category:American films]] [[Category:American romantic comedy films]] [[Category:Animatit comedy films]] [[Category:Animatit muisical films]] [[Category:Animatit romance films]] [[Category:Inglis-leid films]] [[Category:Films featurin anthropomorphic chairacters]] [[Category:Walt Disney Animation Studios films]] [[Category:Walt Disney Pictures films]] lc1wiwe1cuzv5v9kg0ssqhgwuxl1jpn 0 206967 917717 704871 2026-06-04T16:17:11Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260604sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 917717 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox |image = Hieracium aurantiacum LC0106.jpg |image_caption = |genus = Pilosella |species = aurantiaca |authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Friedrich Wilhelm Schultz|F.W.Schultz]] & Sch.Bip.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Bräutigam, S|author2=Greuter, W|year=2007|title = A new treatment of ''Pilosella'' for the Euro-Mediterranean flora|url=https://archive.org/details/willdenowia_2007_37_1/page/123|journal=Willdenowia|volume=37|issue=1|pages=123–137|doi=10.3372/wi.37.37106}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Schultz, FW|author2=Schultz-Bipontinus, CH|year=1862|title=''Pilosella'' als eigene Gattum aufgestellt|trans-title=''Pilosella'' is set up as a separate genus|journal=Flora (Separatabdruck)|volume=45|pages=417–441|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=GRciAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1}}</ref> |synonyms= *''Hieracium aurantiacum'' <small>L.</small> }} '''''Pilosella aurantiaca''''' is a [[perennial plant|perennial]] [[flouerin plant]] in the daisy family [[Asteraceae]]. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Taxonbar|from1=Q20757547|from2=Q159107}} [[Category:Pilosella|aurantiaca]] [[Category:Alpine flora]] [[Category:Plants descrived in 1753]] [[Category:Taxa named bi Carl Linnaeus]] dpnt1vxynmlpc24yi776jr8kdhcvza2 0 207385 917769 889240 2026-06-04T17:04:00Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260604sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 917769 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=Januar 2021}} {{Automatic taxobox | taxon = Bryozoa | fossil_range = {{fossil range|Early Ordovician | Recent|ref=<ref name=Taylor2013>{{cite journal|doi=10.1666/13-029|title=Reinterpretation of the Cambrian 'bryozoan' ''Pywackia'' as an octocoral|date=November 2013 |last1=Taylor|first1=P.D.|last2=Berning|first2=B.|last3=Wilson|first3=M.A.|journal=Journal of Paleontology|volume=87|issue=6|pages=984–990|url=https://zenodo.org/record/907861}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1111/pala.12189|title=The oldest known bryozoan: ''Prophyllodictya'' (Cryptostomata) from the lower Tremadocian (Lower Ordovician) of Liujiachang, south-western Hubei, central China|journal=Palaeontology|volume=58|issue=5|pages=925–934|date=September 2015|last1=Ma|first1=Junye|last2=Taylor|first2=Paul D.|last3=Xia|first3=Fengsheng|last4=Zhan|first4=Renbin}}</ref>}} | image = Haeckel Bryozoa.jpg | image_upright = 1.1 | image_caption="Bryozoa", frae [[Ernst Haeckel]]'s ''[[Kunstformen der Natur]]'', 1904 | parent_authority =<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Halanych | first1 = K.M. | last2 = Bacheller | first2 = J.D. | last3 = Aguinaldo | first3 = A.M. | last4 = Liva | first4 = S.M. | last5 = Hillis | first5 = D.M. | last6 = Lake | first6 = J.A. | title = Evidence from 18S ribosomal DNA that the lophophorates are protostome animals | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1995-03-17_267_5204/page/1641 | journal = Science | volume = 267 | issue = 5204 | pages = 1641–1643 | date = 17 March 1995 | pmid = 7886451 |bibcode = 1995Sci...267.1641H |doi = 10.1126/science.7886451 }}</ref> | authority = Ehrenberg, 1831<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ernst|first=A.|year=2007|title=A cystoporate bryozoan species from the Zechstein (Late Permian)|journal=Paläontologische Zeitschrift|volume=81|issue=2|pages=113–117|doi=10.1007/BF02988385}}</ref> | subdivision_ranks = Clesses | subdivision = | synonyms = Ectoprocta (Nitsche, 1869) (umwhile subphylum o Bryzoa)<ref name="FuchsObstSundberg2009ComprMolPhyloOfBryozoa">{{cite journal|last=Fuchs|first=J.|date=July 2009|title=The first comprehensive molecular phylogeny of Bryozoa (Ectoprocta) based on combined analyses of nuclear and mitochondrial genes|url=https://archive.org/details/molecular-phylogenetics-and-evolution_2009-07_52_1/page/225|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=52|issue=1|pages=225–233|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2009.01.021|pmid=19475710|last2=Obst|first2=M|last3=Sundberg|first3=P}}</ref> }} '''Bryozoa''' (kent as the '''Polyzoa''', '''Ectoprocta''' or commonly as '''moss ainimals''' forby)<ref name=Brusaca>{{cite book|author=Brusca|author2=Brusca|title=The Invertebrates|year=2003|url=https://archive.org/details/invertebrates0002brus|chapter=21: The Lophophorate Phyla}}</ref> are a [[phylum]] o [[aquatic ainimal|aquatic]] [[invertebrate]] ainimals. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q148134}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Bryozoans| ]] [[Category:Ainimal phyla]] [[Category:Early Ordovician first appearances]] [[Category:Extant Ordovician first appearances]] {{stub/Ainimal}} hocme4pngq9b5kh4esiz8gwv9dg9tq0 0 207415 917735 858116 2026-06-04T16:33:30Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260604sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 917735 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{Taxobox | name = Diatoms | image = Diatoms through the microscope.jpg | image_caption = Licht microscopy o a saumplin o marine diatoms foond leevin atween creestals o annual sea ice in Antarcticae, shawin a multiplicity o sizes, shapes, an colours | domain = [[Eukaryota]] | unranked_regnum = [[SAR supergroup|SAR]]: a [[clade]] or supergroup that includes [[stramenopile]]s ([[heterokont]]s), [[alveolate]]s, an [[Rhizaria]].<ref name="pmid19174147">{{cite journal |author=Archibald JM |title=The puzzle of plastid evolution |journal=Curr. Biol. |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=R81–8 |date=January 2009 |pmid=19174147 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2008.11.067 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960-9822(08)01485-1}}</ref><ref name="pmid17726520">{{cite journal |vauthors=Burki F, Shalchian-Tabrizi K, Minge M, etal |editor1-last=Butler |editor1-first=Geraldine |title=Phylogenomics reshuffles the eukaryotic supergroups |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=2 |issue=8 |pages=e790 |year=2007 |pmid=17726520 |pmc=1949142 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0000790 |bibcode = 2007PLoSO...2..790B }}</ref><ref name="pmid19237557">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hampl V, Hug L, Leigh JW, etal |title=Phylogenomic analyses support the monophyly of Excavata and resolve relationships among eukaryotic "supergroups" |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2009-03-10_106_10/page/3859 |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=106 |issue=10 |pages=3859–64 |date=March 2009 |pmid=19237557 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0807880106 |pmc=2656170 |bibcode=2009PNAS..106.3859H}}</ref><ref name="pmid18799712">{{cite journal |vauthors=Frommolt R, Werner S, Paulsen H, etal |title=Ancient recruitment by chromists of green algal genes encoding enzymes for carotenoid biosynthesis |journal=Mol. Biol. Evol. |volume=25 |issue=12 |pages=2653–67 |date=December 2008 |pmid=18799712 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msn206 |url=http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=18799712}}</ref> | superphylum = [[Heterokonta]] | phylum = [[Ochrophyta]] | classis = '''Bacillariophyceae''' | classis_authority = [[Pierre Dangeard|Dangeard]], 1933<ref>Dangeard, P. (1933). ''Traite d'Algologie.'' Paul Lechvalier and Fils, Paris, [https://books.google.com/books?id=mDxVAAAAMAAJ].</ref> | subdivision_ranks = Orders see text | synonyms = * Diatomea <small>[[Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier|Dumortier]], 1821</small><ref>Dumortier, B.-C. (1822). ''[http://images.algaebase.org/pdf/AC100CF013cd51B91ERyQ180397B/16499.pdf Commentationes botanicae. Observations botaniques, dédiées à la Société d'Horticulture de Tournay] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006091814/http://images.algaebase.org/pdf/AC100CF013cd51B91ERyQ180397B/16499.pdf |date=6 October 2015 }}'' (disponible at Algaebase). pp. [i], [1]-116, [1, tabl., err.]. Tournay: Imprimerie de Ch. Casterman-Dieu, Rue de pont No. 10.</ref> * Diatomophyceae <small>[[Gottlob Ludwig Rabenhorst|Rabenhorst]], 1864</small><ref>Rabenhorst, L. ''[https://archive.org/details/floraeuropaeaalg0103rabe Flora europaea algarum aquae dulcis et submarinae]'' (1864–1868). ''Sectio I. Algas diatomaceas complectens, cum figuris generum omnium xylographice impressis'' (1864). pp. 1-359. Lipsiae [Leipzig]: Apud Eduardum Kummerum.</ref> * Bacillariae <small>Haeckel, 1878</small><ref>Haeckel, E. (1878). ''[http://caliban.mpipz.mpg.de/haeckel/protistenreich/high/IMG_8499.html Das Protistenreich] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110205527/http://caliban.mpipz.mpg.de/haeckel/protistenreich/high/IMG_8499.html |date=2014-11-10 }}.''</ref> * Bacillariophyta <small>[[Engler system|Engler & Gilg]], 1919</small><ref>Engler, A. & Gilg, E. (1919). ''Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien: eine Übersicht über das gesamte Pflanzensystem mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Medizinal- und Nutzpflanzen, nebst einer Übersicht über die Florenreiche und Florengebiete der Erde zum Gebrauch bei Vorlesungen und Studien über spezielle und medizinisch-pharmazeutische Botanik'', 8th ed., Gebrüder Borntraeger Verlag, Berlin, 395 p.</ref> }} '''Diatoms''' (''diá-tom-os'' 'cut in hauf', frae ''diá'', 'throu' or 'apairt'; an the ruit o ''tém-n-ō'', 'A cut'.) <ref>{{LSJ|dia/tomos|diá-tom-os}} "cut in hauf" (= [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0058%3Aalphabetic+letter%3D*d%3Aentry+group%3D30%3Aentry%3Ddixo%2Ftomos ''dichó-tom-os'']) — {{LSJ|dia/|diá}} "throu" or "apairt" an the ruit o {{LSJ|te/mnw1|tém-n-ō}} "A cut". {{ablaut|e|o||verb root}}</ref> are a muckle group o [[algae]],<ref name="Merriam-Webster">{{cite web |title=Definition of DIATOM |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/diatom |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en}}</ref> specifically [[microalgae]], foond in the oceans, watterweys an siles o the warld.<!--Living diatoms make up a significant portion of the Earth's biomass: they generate about 20 to 50 percent of the oxygen produced on the planet each year, take in over 6.7 billion metric tons of silicon each year from the waters in which they live, and constitute nearly half of the organic material found in the oceans. The shells of dead diatoms can reach as much as a half-mile (800 m) deep on the ocean floor, and the entire Amazon basin is fertilized annually by 27 million tons of diatom shell dust transported by transatlantic winds from the African Sahara, much of it from the Bodélé Depression, which was once made up of a system of fresh-water lochs. Diatoms are unicellular: they occur either as solitary cells or in colonies, which can take the shape of ribbons, fans, zigzags, or stars. Individual cells range in size from 2 to 200 micrometers. In the presence of adequate nutrients and sunlight, an assemblage of living diatoms doubles approximately every 24 hours by asexual multiple fission; the maximum life span of individual cells is about six days. Diatoms have two distinct shapes: a few (centric diatoms) are radially symmetric, while most (pennate diatoms) are broadly bilaterally symmetric. A unique feature of diatom anatomy is that they are surrounded by a cell wall made of silica (hydrated silicon dioxide), cried a frustule. These frustules have structural coloration due to their photonic nanostructure, prompting them to be described as "jewels of the sea" and "living opals". Movement in diatoms primarily occurs passively as a result of both water currents and wind-induced water turbulence; however, male gametes of centric diatoms have flagella, permitting active movement for seeking female gametes. Similar to plants, diatoms convert light energy to chemical energy by photosynthesis, although this shared autotrophy evolved independently in both lineages. Unusually for autotrophic organisms, diatoms possess a urea cycle, a feature that they share with animals, although this cycle is used to different metabolic ends in diatoms. The family Rhopalodiaceae also possess a cyanobacterial endosymbiont called a spheroid body. This endosymbiont has lost its photosynthetic properties, but has kept its ability to perform nitrogen fixation, allowing the diatom to fix atmospheric nitrogen. The study of diatoms is a branch of phycology. Diatoms are classified as eukaryotes, organisms with a membrane-bound cell nucleus, that separates them from the prokaryotes archaea and bacteria. Diatoms are a type of plankton called phytoplankton, the most common of the plankton types. Diatoms also grow attached to benthic substrates, floating debris, and on macrophytes. They comprise an integral component of the periphyton community. Another classification divides plankton into eight types based on size: in this scheme, diatoms are classed as microalgae. Several systems for classifying the individual diatom species exist. Fossil evidence suggests that diatoms originated during or before the early Jurassic period, which was about 150 to 200 million years ago. The oldest fossil evidence for diatoms is a specimen of extant genus Hemiaulus in Late Jurassic aged amber from Thailand. Diatoms are used to monitor past and present environmental conditions, and are commonly used in studies of water quality. Diatomaceous earth (diatomite) is a collection of diatom shells found in the earth's crust. They are soft, silica-containing sedimentary rocks which are easily crumbled into a fine powder and typically have a particle size of 10 to 200 μm. Diatomaceous earth is used for a variety of purposes including for water filtration, as a mild abrasive, in cat litter, and as a dynamite stabilizer.--> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q162678}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Algae clesses]] [[Category:Diatoms|*]] {{Stub}} ioke962w88h8qldzof57s0hc2nl8gnw 0 210484 917772 718450 2026-06-04T17:05:56Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260604sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 917772 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = ''Lobaria pulmonaria''<ref name="urlSpecies Fungorum - GSD Species"/><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Miadlikowska J, etal | title=New insights into classification and evolution of the Lecanoromycetes (Pezizomycotina, Ascomycota) from phylogenetic analyses of three ribosomal RNA- and two protein-coding genes |url=https://archive.org/details/mycologia_november-december-2006_98_6/page/1088 |year=2006 | journal=Mycologia |volume=98 |pages=1088–1103 | doi=10.3852/mycologia.98.6.1088 | pmid=17486983 | issue=6}}</ref> | status = | status_system = | status_ref = | image = Lobaria pulmonaria 010108c.jpg | image_width = 240px | regnum = [[Fungi]] | divisio = [[Ascomycota]] | classis = [[Lecanoromycetes]] | ordo = [[Peltigerales]] | familia = [[Lobariaceae]] | genus = ''[[Lobaria]]'' | species = '''''L. pulmonaria''''' | binomial = ''Lobaria pulmonaria''<ref name="urlSpecies Fungorum - GSD Species">{{cite web |url=http://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/GSDspecies.asp?RecordID=394901 |title=Species Fungorum - GSD Species |accessdate=2009-01-12}}</ref> | binomial_authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Georg Franz Hoffmann|Hoffm.]] (1796) }} '''''Lobaria pulmonaria''''' is a lairge [[epiphyte|epiphytic]] [[crottle]] consistin o an [[ascomycete]] [[fungus]] an a [[green alga]]l pairtner leevin thegither in a [[symbiosis|symbiotic]] relationship wi a [[cyanobacterium]]—a symbiosis involvin members o three [[kinrick (biology)|kinricks]] o organisms. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q1281000}} [[Category:Crottles]] [[Category:Epiphytes]] [[Category:Peltigerales]] [[Category:Demulcents]] [[Category:Lobaria]] [[Category:Fungi descrived in 1796]] su2a27hrgk02ar9icnp19vatohplmxp 4 223455 917784 917495 2026-06-04T20:02:37Z ListeriaBot 30924 Wikidata list updated [V2] 917784 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wikidata list |sparql=SELECT DISTINCT ?item WHERE { ?position wdt:P279 wd:Q1711695 . ?item p:P39 ?ps . ?ps ps:P39 ?position . ?item wdt:P31 wd:Q5 . } |links=red_only |thumb=100 |columns=number,label:Name,,P18,P569,P570,P19 }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! number ! Name ! ! eemage ! date o birth ! date o daith ! place o birth |- | style='text-align:right'| 1 | [[Ben Wallace]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Rt Hon Ben Wallace MP crop 2.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970-05-15 | | [[Farnborough]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 2 | [[Margaret Curran]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Baroness Curran crop 2, 2025.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1958" | 1958-11-24 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 3 | [[Elaine Smith]] | | [[File:ElaineSmithMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963-05-07 | | [[Coatbrig]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 4 | [[Nicol Stephen]] | | [[File:Nicol Stephen.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960-03-23 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 5 | [[James Douglas-Hamilton, Baron Selkirk of Douglas]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Lord Selkirk of Douglas crop 2.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-07-31 | data-sort-value="2023" | 2023-11-28 | [[Sooth Lanrikshire]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 6 | [[Phil Gallie]] | | | data-sort-value="1939" | 1939-06-03 | data-sort-value="2011" | 2011-01-24 | [[Portsmouth]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 7 | [[Jim Wallace, Baron Wallace of Tankerness]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Lord Wallace of Tankerness crop 2, 2019.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-08-25 | data-sort-value="2026" | 2026-01-29 | [[Annan, Dumfries an Gallowa|Annan]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 8 | [[Henry McLeish]] | | [[File:Official Portrait of Henry McLeish, 2000.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1948" | 1948-06-15 | | [[Methul]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 9 | [[Andrew Welsh]] | | | data-sort-value="1944" | 1944-04-19 | data-sort-value="2021" | 2021-06-17 | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 10 | [[Donald Gorrie]] | | | data-sort-value="1933" | 1933-04-02 | data-sort-value="2012" | 2012-08-25 | [[Breetish Raj]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 11 | [[George Reid]] | | [[File:George Reid MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1939" | 1939-06-04 | data-sort-value="2025" | 2025-08-12 | [[Tullibody]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 12 | [[Cathy Peattie]] | | [[File:Cathey Peattie (Scottish politician).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1951" | 1951-11-24 | | [[Grangemooth]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 13 | [[Colin Campbell]] | | | data-sort-value="1938" | 1938-08-31 | | [[Paisley]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 14 | [[Dorothy-Grace Elder]] | | | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-08-11 | | [[Dundee]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 15 | [[David Davidson]] | | | data-sort-value="1943" | 1943-01-25 | data-sort-value="2024" | 2024-06-14 | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 16 | [[David McLetchie]] | | [[File:DavidMcLetchieMSP20110509.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-08-06 | data-sort-value="2013" | 2013-08-12 | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 17 | [[Dennis Canavan]] | | [[File:EET Scotland’s Economic Future Post-2014.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-08-08 | | [[Coudenbeith]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 18 | [[Des McNulty]] | | [[File:Des McNulty.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-07-28 | | [[Stockport]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 19 | [[John Farquhar Munro]] | | [[File:Iain Fearchar Rothach aig SMO.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1934" | 1934-08-26 | data-sort-value="2014" | 2014-01-26 | [[Glen Shiel]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 20 | [[Duncan Hamilton]] | | | data-sort-value="1973" | 1973 | | [[Irvin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 21 | [[Duncan McNeil]] | | [[File:DuncanMcNeilMSP20110511.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950-09-07 | | [[Greenock]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 22 | [[Mary Mulligan]] | | [[File:MaryMulligan.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960-02-12 | | [[Liverpuil]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 23 | [[Marilyn Livingstone]] | | | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-09-30 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 24 | [[Maureen Macmillan]] | | | data-sort-value="1943" | 1943-02-09 | | [[Oban]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 25 | [[Elaine Murray]] | | [[File:ElaineMurrayMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-12-22 | | [[Hitchin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 26 | [[Elaine Thomson]] | | | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957 | | [[Innerness]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 27 | [[Tavish Scott]] | | [[File:Tavish Scott MSP at Bournemouth.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1966" | 1966-05-06 | | [[Innerness]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 28 | [[Karen Whitefield]] | | [[File:KarenWhitefield.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970-01-08 | | [[Bellshill]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 29 | [[Euan Robson]] | | [[File:Euan Robson.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-02-17 | | [[Northren Ingland]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 30 | [[John McAllion]] | | | data-sort-value="1948" | 1948-02-13 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 31 | [[Helen Eadie]] | | [[File:HelenEadieMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1947" | 1947-03-07 | data-sort-value="2013" | 2013-11-09 | [[Stanehoosemuir|Stennie]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 32 | [[Lyndsay McIntosh]] | | | data-sort-value="1955" | 1955 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 33 | [[Fiona McLeod]] | | [[File:FionaMcLeodMSP20110507.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957-12-03 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 34 | [[Iain Gray]] | | [[File:IainGrayMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957-06-07 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 35 | [[Mike Rumbles]] | | [[File:Mike Rumbles.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-06-10 | | [[South Shields]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 36 | [[Gordon Jackson]] | | [[File:GJ losing.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1948" | 1948-08-05 | | [[Ardrussan]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 37 | [[Ian Welsh]] | | | data-sort-value="1953" | 1953-11-23 | | [[Preswick]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 38 | [[Frank McAveety]] | | [[File:Frank McAveety MSP (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-07-27 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 39 | [[Lloyd Quinan]] | | | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 40 | [[Iain Smith]] | | [[File:Iain smith.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960-05-01 | | [[Gateside]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 41 | [[Alasdair Morrison]] | | | data-sort-value="1968" | 1968-11-18 | | [[Stornowa]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 42 | [[Irene McGugan]] | | | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952 | | [[Angus]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 43 | [[Irene Oldfather]] | | [[File:Irene Oldfather 2016 (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 44 | [[Jamie McGrigor]] | | [[File:JamieMcGrigorMSP20110509.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949-10-19 | data-sort-value="2025" | 2025-07-20 | [[Lunnon]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 45 | [[John Home Robertson]] | | [[File:Johnhomerobertson.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1948" | 1948-12-05 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 46 | [[John Scott]] | | [[File:JohnScottMSP20110509.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1951" | 1951-06-07 | | [[Ayr]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 47 | [[Karen Gillon]] | | [[File:KarenGillon.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1967" | 1967-08-18 | | [[Jethart]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 48 | [[Kate Maclean]] | | | data-sort-value="1958" | 1958-02-16 | | [[Dundee]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 49 | [[Kay Ullrich]] | | [[File:Kay Ullrich.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1943" | 1943-05-05 | data-sort-value="2021" | 2021-01-04 | [[Preswick]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 50 | [[Keith Harding]] | | | data-sort-value="1938" | 1938-11-21 | data-sort-value="2021" | 2021-11-15 | [[Chipping Norton]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 51 | [[Keith Raffan]] | | | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949-06-21 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 52 | [[Lewis Macdonald]] | | [[File:LewisMacdonaldMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957-01-01 | | [[Stornowa]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 53 | [[Malcolm Chisholm]] | | [[File:Malcolm Chisholm.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949-03-07 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 54 | [[Margaret Jamieson]] | | | data-sort-value="1953" | 1953 | | [[Kilmaurnock]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 55 | [[Margaret Smith]] | | [[File:Margaret-SmithMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961-02-18 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 56 | [[Mary Scanlon]] | | [[File:MaryScanlonMSP20110509.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1947" | 1947-05-25 | | [[Dundee]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 57 | [[Michael Russell]] | | [[File:Mike Russell SNP Conference.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1953" | 1953-08-09 | | [[Bromley]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 58 | [[Mike Watson, Baron Watson of Invergowrie]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Lord Watson of Invergowrie crop 2, 2020.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949-05-01 | | [[Cammuslang]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 59 | [[Murdo Fraser]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Murdo Fraser MSP (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965-09-05 | | [[Innerness]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 60 | [[Murray Tosh]] | | | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950-09-01 | | [[Ayr]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 61 | [[Nick Johnston]] | | | data-sort-value="1948" | 1948-01-05 | | [[Filey]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 62 | [[Nora Radcliffe]] | | | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946-03-04 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 63 | [[Patricia Ferguson]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Patricia Ferguson MP crop 2.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1958" | 1958-09-24 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 64 | [[Trish Godman]] | | | data-sort-value="1939" | 1939-10-31 | data-sort-value="2019" | 2019-07-21 | [[Gouan]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 65 | [[Paul Martin]] | | [[File:PaulMartinMSP20110511.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1967" | 1967-03-17 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 66 | [[Pauline McNeill]] | | [[File:Pauline McNeill.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-09-12 | | [[Paisley]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 67 | [[Peter Peacock]] | | [[File:Peter Peacock.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-05-27 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 68 | [[Richard Simpson]] | | [[File:RichardSimpsonMSP20110511.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-10-22 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 69 | [[Robert Brown]] | | [[File:Robert Brown (Scottish Government).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1947" | 1947-12-25 | | [[Newcastle upon Tyne]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 70 | [[Ross Finnie]] | | [[File:Ross Finnie.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1947" | 1947-02-11 | | [[Greenock]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 71 | [[Sam Galbraith]] | | [[File:Sam Galbraith MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945-10-18 | data-sort-value="2014" | 2014-08-18 | [[Clitheroe]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 72 | [[Sylvia Jackson]] | | | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946-12-03 | data-sort-value="2022" | 2022-07-27 | [[Lincolnshire]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 73 | [[Michael McMahon]] | | [[File:MichaelMcMahon5715448629 0404153e04 o.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961-09-18 | | [[Bellshill]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 74 | [[Alex Johnstone]] | | [[File:AlexJohnstoneMSP20110509.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961-07-31 | data-sort-value="2016" | 2016-12-07 | [[Steenhive|Stanehyve]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 75 | [[Allan Wilson]] | | [[File:Allan Wilson.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-08-05 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 76 | [[Andrew Wilson]] | | | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970 | | [[Lanrik]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 77 | [[Nigel Don]] | | [[File:NigelDonMSP20110507.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-04-16 | | [[London Borough of Sutton]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 78 | [[Ian McKee]] | | | data-sort-value="1940" | 1940-04-02 | | [[South Shields]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 79 | [[Wendy Alexander]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Baroness Alexander of Cleveden crop 2, 2025.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963-06-27 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 80 | [[Andy Kerr]] | | [[File:Andy Kerr.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-03-17 | | [[East Kilbride]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 81 | [[Rhona Brankin]] | | [[File:Rhona Brankin.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950-01-19 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 82 | [[Sarah Boyack]] | | [[File:Sarah Boyack MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961-05-16 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 83 | [[Johann Lamont]] | | [[File:Johann Lamont 2019.png|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957-07-11 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 84 | [[Cathie Craigie]] | | [[File:Cathy Craigie.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-04-14 | | [[Stirlin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 85 | [[Jackie Baillie]] | | [[File:Official Portrait of Jackie Baillie (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1964" | 1964-01-15 | | [[Hong Kong]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 86 | [[Annabel Goldie]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Baroness Goldie crop 2, 2024.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950-02-27 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 87 | [[Fergus Ewing]] | | [[File:Cabinet Secretary for the Rural Economy and Connectivity, Fergus Ewing.png|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957-09-23 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 88 | [[Alex Fergusson]] | | [[File:AlexFergussonMSP20110511.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949-04-08 | data-sort-value="2018" | 2018-07-31 | [[Leswalt]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 89 | [[Stewart Stevenson]] | | [[File:StewartStevensonMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946-10-15 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 90 | [[Rob Gibson]] | | [[File:RobGibsonMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945-10-10 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 91 | [[Liz Smith]] | | [[File:ElizabethSmithMSP20110508.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960-02-27 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 92 | [[Alasdair Morgan]] | | | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945-04-21 | | [[Aiberfeldy]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 93 | [[Cathy Jamieson]] | | [[File:Cathy Jamieson.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-11-03 | | [[Kilmaurnock]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 94 | [[Claire Baker]] | | [[File:ClaireBakerMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1971" | 1971-03-04 | | [[Dunfaurlin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 95 | [[Rhoda Grant]] | | [[File:RhodaGrantMSP20110511.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963-06-26 | | [[Stornowa]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 96 | [[Gavin Brown]] | | [[File:Gavin Brown.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1975" | 1975-06-04 | | [[Kirkcaldy|Kircaudy]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 97 | [[George Foulkes, Baron Foulkes of Cumnock]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Lord Foulkes of Cumnock crop 2, 2019.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-21 | | [[Oswestry]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 98 | [[James Kelly]] | | [[File:JamesKellyMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963-10-23 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 99 | [[Hugh O'Donnell]] | | | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-05-01 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 100 | [[Jeremy Purvis]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Lord Purvis of Tweed crop 2.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1974" | 1974-01-15 | | [[Berrick|Berik]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 101 | [[Jim Hume]] | | [[File:JimHumeMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-11-04 | | [[Peebles]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 102 | [[John Lamont]] | | [[File:Official portrait of John Lamont MP crop 2, 2024.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1976" | 1976-04-15 | | [[Kilwinnin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 103 | [[John Park]] | | [[File:John-Park-MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1973" | 1973-09-14 | | [[Dunfaurlin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 104 | [[John Wilson]] | | [[File:JohnWilsonMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-11-28 | | [[Fawkirk]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 105 | [[Margaret Mitchell]] | | [[File:MargaretMitchellMSP20120529.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-11-15 | | [[Coatbrig]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 106 | [[Mike Pringle]] | | | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945-12-25 | | [[Northern Rhodesia]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 107 | [[Richard Baker]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Richard Baker MP crop 2.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1974" | 1974-05-29 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 108 | [[Stefan Tymkewycz]] | | | data-sort-value="1959" | 1959-09-18 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 109 | [[Ted Brocklebank]] | | | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-09-24 | | [[St Aundraes]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 110 | [[Alison McInnes]] | | [[File:AlisonMcInnesMSP20110511.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957-07-17 | | [[Irvin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 111 | [[Hugh Henry]] | | [[File:HughHenryMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-02-12 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 112 | [[Nanette Milne]] | | [[File:NanetteMilneMSP20110509.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-27 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 113 | [[Andrew Arbuckle]] | | | data-sort-value="1944" | 1944-04-12 | data-sort-value="2025" | 2025-12-25 | [[Fife]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 114 | [[Tommy Sheridan]] | | [[File:TommySheridan2007.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1964" | 1964-03-07 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 115 | [[Eleanor Scott]] | | [[File:Eleanor scott (13338173734).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1951" | 1951-07-23 | | [[Innerness]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 116 | [[Susan Deacon]] | | [[File:Susan Deacon.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1964" | 1964-02-02 | | [[Musselburrae]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 117 | [[John Swinburne]] | | | data-sort-value="1930" | 1930-07-04 | data-sort-value="2017" | 2017-10-01 | [[Pennsylvanie|Pennsylvania]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 118 | [[Janis Hughes]] | | | data-sort-value="1958" | 1958-05-01 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 119 | [[Bill Aitken]] | | | data-sort-value="1947" | 1947-04-15 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 120 | [[Bill Butler]] | | [[File:Bb3-billbutler.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-03-30 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 121 | [[Scott Barrie]] | | | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-03-10 | | [[St Aundraes]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 122 | [[Brian Monteith]] | | [[File:Brian Monteith MEP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1958" | 1958-01-08 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 123 | [[Bristow Muldoon]] | | [[File:Bristow Muldoon - 2014-10-30 - Andy Mabbett.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1964" | 1964-03-19 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 124 | [[George Lyon]] | | [[File:George Lyon MEP at Bournemouth 2009.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-07-16 | | [[Rossay]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 125 | [[Bruce McFee]] | | | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961-05-18 | data-sort-value="2021" | 2021-09-09 | [[Johnstoun]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 126 | [[Charlie Gordon]] | | | data-sort-value="1951" | 1951-10-28 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 127 | [[Christopher Harvie]] | | | data-sort-value="1944" | 1944-09-21 | | [[Motherwal]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 128 | [[David Stewart]] | | [[File:DaveStewartMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-05-05 | | [[Innerness]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 129 | [[Dave Thompson]] | | [[File:DaveThompsonMSP20120629.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949-09-20 | | [[Lossiemooth]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 130 | [[David Whitton]] | | | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-04-22 | | [[Farfar]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 131 | [[Derek Brownlee]] | | | data-sort-value="1974" | 1974-08-10 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 132 | [[Jim Tolson]] | | [[File:Jim Tolson.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965-05-26 | | [[Kirkcaldy|Kircaudy]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 133 | [[Marlyn Glen]] | | [[File:Marlyn-Glen.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1951" | 1951-09-30 | | [[Dundee]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 134 | [[Tom McCabe]] | | [[File:Tom McCabe.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-04-28 | data-sort-value="2015" | 2015-04-19 | [[Hamiltoun]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 135 | [[Angus MacKay]] | | [[File:Angus MacKay.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1964" | 1964-01 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 136 | [[Ian Jenkins]] | | | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-03-18 | data-sort-value="2025" | 2025-07-29 | [[Rossay]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 137 | [[Brian Fitzpatrick]] | | | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 138 | [[John Young]] | | | data-sort-value="1930" | 1930-12-21 | data-sort-value="2011" | 2011-11-03 | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 139 | [[Campbell Martin]] | | | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960-03-10 | | [[Irvin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 140 | [[Chris Ballance]] | | [[File:Chris Ballance (13338189044).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-07-07 | | [[Worcester]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 141 | [[Christine May]] | | | data-sort-value="1948" | 1948-03-23 | | [[Dublin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 142 | [[Shiona Baird]] | | | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946-09-14 | | [[Hereford]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 143 | [[Dave Petrie]] | | | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946-12-10 | data-sort-value="2011" | 2011-08-31 | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 144 | [[Rosemary Byrne]] | | | data-sort-value="1948" | 1948-03-03 | | [[Irvin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 145 | [[Mark Ballard]] | | [[File:Mark B smart smile.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1971" | 1971-06-27 | | [[Leeds]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 146 | [[Jean Turner]] | | | data-sort-value="1939" | 1939-12-23 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 147 | [[Mark Ruskell]] | | [[File:MarkRuskellMSP-May2016.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1972" | 1972-05-14 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 148 | [[Bashir Ahmad]] | | | data-sort-value="1940" | 1940-02-12 | data-sort-value="2009" | 2009-02-06 | [[Amritsar]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 149 | [[Bill Kidd]] | | [[File:BillKiddMSP20070509.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-07-24 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 150 | [[Bill Wilson]] | | | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963-12-11 | | [[Paisley]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 151 | [[Bob Doris]] | | [[File:BobDorisMSP20110507.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1973" | 1973-05-11 | | [[Vale of Leven]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 152 | [[Chic Brodie]] | | [[File:Chic Brodie.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1944" | 1944-05-08 | data-sort-value="2022" | 2022-09-24 | [[Dundee]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 153 | [[Claudia Beamish]] | | [[File:ClaudiaBeamishMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-08-09 | | [[Lunnon]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 154 | [[Colin Beattie]] | | [[File:Colin Beattie.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1951" | 1951-10-17 | | [[Farfar]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 155 | [[Dennis Robertson]] | | [[File:DennisRobertson20120627.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-08-14 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 156 | [[Drew Smith]] | | [[File:DrewSmithMSP20110614.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1950" | 20th century | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 157 | [[Graeme Dey]] | | [[File:GraemeDeyMSP20110507.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-10-29 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 158 | [[Gordon MacDonald]] | | [[File:GordonMacDonaldMSP20120529.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960-01-02 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 159 | [[Graeme Pearson]] | | [[File:GraemePearsonMSP20110508.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950-04-01 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 160 | [[Neil Bibby]] | | [[File:Neil Bibby.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1983" | 1983-09-06 | | [[Paisley]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 161 | [[Hanzala Malik]] | | [[File:HanzalaMalikMSP20110601.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-11-26 | data-sort-value="2023" | 2023-12-14 | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 162 | [[Margaret McCulloch]] | | [[File:Margaret McCulloch.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-05-09 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 163 | [[Jean Urquhart]] | | [[File:JeanUrquhartMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949-05-17 | | [[Wast Lowden]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 164 | [[Jenny Marra]] | | [[File:Jenny Marra MSP.png|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1977" | 1977-11-06 | | [[Dundee]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 165 | [[Jim Eadie]] | | [[File:JimEadieMSP20110509.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1968" | 1968-02-10 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 166 | [[John Pentland]] | | [[File:JohnPentlandMSP20110508.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946-12-24 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 167 | [[Siobhan McMahon]] | | [[File:SiobhanMcMahonMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1984" | 1984-07-04 | | [[Bellshill]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 168 | [[Marco Biagi]] | | [[File:Marco Biagi.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1982" | 1982-07-31 | | [[The Vale]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 169 | [[Margaret McDougall]] | | [[File:MargaretMcDougallMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949-01-23 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 170 | [[Mark Griffin]] | | [[File:Mark-Griffin-MSP-closeup.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1985" | 1985-10-19 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 171 | [[Mary Fee]] | | [[File:MaryFeeMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-03-23 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 172 | [[Mike MacKenzie]] | | [[File:MikeMacKenzieMSP20110509.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1958" | 1958-11-18 | | [[Oban]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 173 | [[Paul Wheelhouse]] | | [[File:PaulWheelhouseMSP20110507.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970-06-22 | | [[Bilfawst|Belfast]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 174 | [[Alison Johnstone]] | | [[File:Alison Johnstone 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965-10-11 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 175 | [[Cara Hilton]] | | [[File:Cara Hilton.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1975" | 1975 | | [[Grangemooth]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 176 | [[Cameron Buchanan]] | | [[File:CameronBuchananMSP20140129.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946-09 | data-sort-value="2023" | 2023-06-24 | [[Woking]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 177 | [[Alex Rowley]] | | [[File:AlexRowleyMSP.png|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963-11-30 | | [[Dunfaurlin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 178 | [[Lesley Brennan]] | | [[File:Lesley Brennan.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1972" | 1972 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 179 | [[James Dornan]] | | [[File:JamesDornanMSP20110507.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1953" | 1953-03-17 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 180 | [[Joan McAlpine]] | | [[File:JoanMcAlpineMSP20120529.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-01-28 | | [[Gourock]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 181 | [[Brian Whittle]] | | [[File:BrianWhittleMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1964" | 1964-04-26 | | [[Ayr]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 182 | [[Angus MacDonald]] | | [[File:AngusMacDonaldMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963-10-11 | | [[Stornowa]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 183 | [[Neil Findlay]] | | [[File:NeilFindlayMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1969" | 1969-03-06 | | [[Brocksburn]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 184 | [[Rachael Hamilton]] | | [[File:Rachel Hamilton MSP.png|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970-09 | | [[Herefordshire]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 185 | [[Oliver Mundell]] | | [[File:Oliver Mundell 2016.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1989" | 1989-12-01 | | [[Irvin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 186 | [[Finlay Carson]] | | [[File:FinlayCarsonMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1967" | 1967-10-18 | | [[Twynham, Dumfries an Gallowa|Twynham]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 187 | [[Gordon Lindhurst]] | | [[File:Gordon Lindhurst MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1967" | 1967-07-02 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 188 | [[Ross Greer]] | | [[File:Ross Greer, October 2022.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1994" | 1994-06-01 | | [[Easter Kirkpatrick|Bearsden]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 189 | [[Alexander Burnett]] | | [[File:Alexander Burnett.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1973" | 1973-07-30 | | [[Banchry]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 190 | [[Ross Thomson]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Ross Thomson crop 2.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1987" | 1987-09-21 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 191 | [[Colin Smyth]] | | [[File:Colin Smyth MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1972" | 1972 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 192 | [[Kate Forbes]] | | [[File:Deputy First Minister - designate and Cabinet Secretary for Economy and Gaelic - designate, Kate Forbes (53707856301) (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1990" | 1990-04-06 | | [[Dingwal]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 193 | [[Edward Mountain]] | | [[File:Official Portrait of Edward Mountain MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961-03-19 | | [[Moray]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 194 | [[Jamie Greene]] | | [[File:JamieGreeneMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1980" | 1980-03-19 | | [[Greenock]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 195 | [[Maurice Golden]] | | [[File:MauriceGoldenMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1980" | 1980-01-12 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 196 | [[Maurice Corry]] | | [[File:MauriceCorryMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950-06 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 197 | [[Monica Lennon]] | | [[File:MonicaLennonMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1981" | 1981-01 | | [[Bellshill]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 198 | [[Alison Harris]] | | [[File:AlisonHarrisMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965-07-23 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 199 | [[Graham Simpson]] | | [[File:Harry Cavanagh meeting Graham Simpson MSP, 2025 (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1972" | 1972-05 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 200 | [[Alex Cole-Hamilton]] | | [[File:AlexCole-HamiltonMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1977" | 1977-07-22 | | [[Hertfordshire]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 201 | [[Ash Regan]] | | [[File:Ash Denham MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1974" | 1974-03-08 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 202 | [[Ben Macpherson]] | | [[File:BenMacphersonMSP-May2016.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1985" | 1980s | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 203 | [[Ivan McKee]] | | [[File:Ivan McKee MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963-09 | | [[Milligs Mill]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 204 | [[Annie Wells]] | | [[File:AnnieWellsMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1972" | 1972-02-24 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 205 | [[Daniel Johnson]] | | [[File:David Johnson MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1977" | 1977-09-03 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 206 | [[Peter Chapman]] | | [[File:Peter Chapman.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950-05-13 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 207 | [[Miles Briggs]] | | [[File:Miles Briggs.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1983" | 1983-03-30 | | [[Preston]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 208 | [[Donald Cameron]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Lord Cameron of Lochiel crop 2, 2024.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1976" | 1976-11-26 | | [[St Mary's Hospital]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 209 | [[Liam Kerr]] | | [[File:Liam Kerr MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1975" | 1975-01-23 | | [[Chester]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 210 | [[Jeremy Balfour]] | | [[File:Jeremy Balfour MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1967" | 1967-03-11 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 211 | [[Bill Bowman]] | | | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950-05-30 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 212 | [[Michelle Ballantyne]] | | [[File:MichelleBallantyneMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-11-28 | | [[Ashton-under-Lyne]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 213 | [[Jamie Halcro Johnston]] | | [[File:JamieHalcroJohnstonMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1975" | 1975-10-08 | | [[Oxford]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 214 | [[Tom Mason]] | | [[File:Tom Mason MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-12-31 | | [[Bishop's Stortford]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 215 | [[Beatrice Wishart]] | | [[File:Beatrice Wishart MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1955" | 1955 | | [[Lerook]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 216 | [[Jackie Dunbar]] | | [[File:Jackie Dunbar MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | | | [[Peterheid]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 217 | [[Marie McNair]] | | [[File:Marie McNair 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1975" | 1975<br/>1976 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 218 | [[Paul McLennan]] | | [[File:Minister for Housing Paul McLennan (52781732883) (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1966" | 1966 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 219 | [[Collette Stevenson]] | | [[File:Collette Stevenson 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1969" | 1969-03-15 | | [[East Kilbride]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 220 | [[Evelyn Tweed]] | | [[File:Official Portrait of Evelyn Tweed MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1967" | 1967 | | [[Ayr]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 221 | [[Natalie Don]] | | [[File:Natalie Don MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1989" | 1989-02-12 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 222 | [[Katy Clark]] | | [[File:Katy Clark MP.jpeg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1967" | 1967-07-03 | | [[Kilwinnin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 223 | [[Foysol Choudhury]] | | [[File:Foysol Choudhury MBE.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1969" | 1969-01-05 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 224 | [[Michelle Thomson]] | | [[File:Michelle Thomson 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965-03-11 | | [[Easter Kirkpatrick|Bearsden]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 225 | [[Martin Whitfield]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Martin Whitfield crop 2.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965 | | [[Newcastle upon Tyne]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 226 | [[Jenni Minto]] | | [[File:Jenni Minto 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1968" | 1968-11 | | [[Elgin, Moray|Elgin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 227 | [[Audrey Nicoll]] | | [[File:Audrey Nicoll MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 228 | [[Jim Fairlie]] | | [[File:Minister for Agriculture and Connectivity - Jim Fairlie.jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 229 | [[Stephanie Callaghan]] | | [[File:Stephanie Callaghan MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1971" | 1971 | | [[Hamiltoun]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 230 | [[Elena Whitham]] | | [[File:Official 2023 government portrait of Elena Whitham.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1974" | 1974 | | [[Kilmaurnock]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 231 | [[Kaukab Stewart]] | | [[File:Kaukab Stewart 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1967" | 1967<br/>1968 | | [[Pakistan]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 232 | [[Emma Roddick]] | | [[File:Emma Roddick 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1997" | 1997-07-30 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 233 | [[Sandesh Gulhane]] | | | data-sort-value="1982" | 1982-01-22 | | [[Lunnon]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 234 | [[Mercedes Villalba]] | | [[File:Mercedes Villalba 2026 (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1989" | 1989 | | [[Bristol]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 235 | [[Sue Webber]] | | [[File:Sue Webber 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 236 | [[Michael Marra]] | | [[File:Michael Marra 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-02-17 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 237 | [[Paul O'Kane]] | | [[File:Paul O'Kane 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1988" | 1988-03-21 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 238 | [[Karen Adam]] | | [[File:Karen Adam MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1975" | 1975-06-07 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 239 | [[Sharon Dowey]] | | [[File:Sharon Dowey MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1969" | 1969<br/>1970 | | [[Girvan]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 240 | [[Davy Russell]] | | [[File:Davy Russell at the Scottish Parliament (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960s<br/>1962 | | [[Quarter]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 241 | [[Margaret Burgess]] | | [[File:Margaret Burgess.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949-12-07 | | [[Ayrshire]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 242 | [[Anne McTaggart]] | | [[File:AnneMcTaggartMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970-01-30 | | [[Coatbrig]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 243 | [[Bill Walker]] | | [[File:BillWalkerMSP20110720.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-03-31 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 244 | [[Roderick Campbell]] | | [[File:RoderickCampbellMSP20110511.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1953" | 1953-06-15 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 245 | [[Colin Keir]] | | [[File:ColinKeirMSP20110507.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1959" | 1959-12-09 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 246 | [[Jayne Baxter]] | | [[File:JayneBaxterMSP20121211.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1955" | 1955-11-05 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 247 | [[Calum Kerr]] | | | data-sort-value="1972" | 1972-04-05 | | [[Gallae]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 248 | [[Heather Anderson]] | | [[File:Heather Anderson official portrait as an MEP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1959" | 1959-01-31 | | [[Dundee]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 249 | [[Gillian Mackay]] | | [[File:Gillian Mackay 2026 (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1991" | 1991 | | [[Fawkirk]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 250 | [[Ariane Burgess]] | | [[File:Ariane Burgess MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965-11-20 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 251 | [[Meghan Gallacher]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Meghan Gallacher MSP (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1992" | 1992-01-17 | | [[Bellshill]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 252 | [[Craig Hoy]] | | [[File:Craig Hoy 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1975" | 1975 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 253 | [[Douglas Lumsden]] | | [[File:Douglas Lumsden 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1971" | 1971-08 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 254 | [[Carol Mochan]] | | [[File:Carol Mochan MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 255 | [[Màiri McAllan]] | | [[File:Official portrait of net zero secretary Màiri McAllan (cropped 1).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1993" | 1993-02-14 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 256 | [[Malcolm Offord]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Lord Offord of Garvel crop 2, 2025.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1964" | 1964-09-05 | | [[Greenock]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 257 | [[Alex Kerr]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 258 | [[Laura Mitchell]] | | | data-sort-value="1982" | 1982-05 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 259 | [[Kate Nevens]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Kate Nevens MSP (cropped).png|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1982" | 1982 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 260 | [[Roz McCall]] | | [[File:Roz Mccall In Dunfermline.jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 261 | [[Pam Duncan-Glancy]] | | [[File:Pam Duncan-Glancy MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1981" | 1981-11-02 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 262 | [[Pam Gosal]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Pam Gosal MSP (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1972" | 1972 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 263 | [[Tess White]] | | [[File:Tess White 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965-02-18 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 264 | [[Thomas Kerr]] | | [[File:Thomas Kerr Official MSP portrait 2026 (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 265 | [[Mark Simpson]] | | | data-sort-value="1988" | 1988-11-30 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 266 | [[Laura Moodie]] | | | data-sort-value="1978" | 1978 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 267 | [[Colm Merrick]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 268 | [[Julie MacDougall]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 269 | [[Katherine Sangster]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 270 | [[Tim Eagle]] | | [[File:Tim eagle 24.jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 271 | [[David Kirkwood]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 272 | [[Holly Bruce]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 273 | [[Irshad Ahmed]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Irshad Ahmed MSP (cropped).png|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 274 | [[Michelle Campbell]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Michelle Campbell (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 275 | [[Adam Harley]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 276 | [[Simita Kumar]] | | | data-sort-value="1987" | 1987 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 277 | [[Iris Duane]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Iris Duane MSP (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 278 | [[Duncan Dunlop]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 279 | [[Cara McKee]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 280 | [[Helen McDade]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 281 | [[David Smith]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 282 | [[Q Manivannan]] | | [[File:Q Manivannan (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996<br/>1997 | | [[Tamil Nadu]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 283 | [[Katie Hagmann]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 284 | [[Jack Middleton]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 285 | [[Zen Ghani]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 286 | [[Sanne Dijkstra-Downie]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Sanne Dijkstra-Downie (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 287 | [[Duncan Massey]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 288 | [[Yi-pei Chou Turvey]] | | | data-sort-value="1981" | 1981 | | [[Taiwan (kintra)|Taiwan]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 289 | [[Kayleigh Kinross-O'Neill]] | | [[File:Kayleigh Kinross-O'Neill, Official MSP Portrait.png|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 290 | [[Angela Ross]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Angela Ross MSP (cropped).png|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 291 | [[Amanda Bland]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Amanda Bland (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 292 | [[Hannah Mary Goodlad]] | | [[File:Hannah Mary Goodlad Scottish Parliament Portrait 2026.jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 293 | [[Jamie Langan]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 294 | [[Kim Schmulian]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 295 | [[Lloyd Melville]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 296 | [[Senga Beresford]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Senga Beresford (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 297 | [[Mandy Lindsay]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 298 | [[Max Bannerman]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Max Bannerman MSP (cropped).png|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 299 | [[Kristopher Leask]] | | [[File:Kristopher Leask, Official MSP Portrait.png|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 300 | [[Vic Currie]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 301 | [[Morven-May MacCallum]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 302 | [[Dawn Black]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 303 | [[Kate Campbell]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 304 | [[David Barratt]] | | [[File:Official portrait of David Barratt MSP 2026 (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 305 | [[Gary Bouse]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 306 | [[Andrew Baxter]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 307 | [[Donald MacKinnon]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 308 | [[Joe Fagan]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 309 | [[David Green]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 310 | [[Joe Long]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 311 | [[Pauline Stafford]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 312 | [[Jenny Young]] | | | | | |} {{Wikidata list end}} fxw7ib5xay9n4sjhu1hypyb7yr7fasv 0 225213 917727 897552 2026-06-04T16:28:35Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260604sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 917727 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox cultivar|name=Broccoli|image=Broccoli and cross section edit.jpg|image_caption=|species=''[[Brassica oleracea]]''|group=italica|origin=[[Italy]], ower 2,000 yeir agae<ref name="OTB">{{cite journal|title=Origin and taxonomy of broccoli|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_economic-botany_july-september-1956_10_3/page/250|last=Buck|first=P. A|journal = Economic Botany|volume = 10|issue = 3|pages = 250–253|year = 1956|doi=10.1007/bf02899000|s2cid=31365713}}</ref><ref name="JSUOF">{{cite web|url=http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/mv031|title=Broccoli—Brassica oleracea L. (Italica group)|last=Stephens|first=James|publisher=University of Florida|page=1|accessdate=14 May 2009|archive-date=2018-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225193103/http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/mv031|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}'''Broccoli''' is a fuid [[plant]], ''[[Brassica oleracea]]'', etten as a vegatable. A [[vegetable]]-like [[cabbitch]], the broccoli haes lairge [[green]] [[flouer]] heids an a shank an aw. The wird ''broccoli'' comes frae the [[Italian leid|Italian]] plural o ''{{lang|it|broccolo}}'', that means "the flouerin tap o a cabbitch", and is the diminutive form o ''{{lang|it|brocco}}'', meanin "wee nail" or "sproot".<ref>{{cite dictionary|title=broccoli|encyclopedia=Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary|edition=11th|page=[https://archive.org/details/merriamwebstersc00merr_6/page/156 156]|isbn=978-0-87779-809-5|url=https://archive.org/details/merriamwebstersc00merr_6/page/156|accessdate=9 April 2014|url-access=registration|year=2004}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist|30em}}{{Stub/Fuid}}{{Stub/Plaunt}} [[Category:Italian wirds an phrases]] [[Category:Vegetables]] coty8uwux1yd26mvj3u94dx0wetxsqp 2 225865 917796 917497 2026-06-05T08:01:38Z ListeriaBot 30924 Wikidata list updated [V2] 917796 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wikidata list |sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item (wdt:P495)* wd:Q22 } |sort=label |columns=label:label,P31,P18,P571,P577,P136 |thumb=128 }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! label ! instance o ! eemage ! date o foondation or creation ! date o publication ! genre |- | ''[[:d:Q16323131|100 Pipers]]'' | ''[[:d:Q883744|blended whiskey]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q382947|Scotch whisky]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q80359036|alcohol brand]]'' | [[File:100 Pipers bottle.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4638043|44 Scotland Street]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2004" | 2004 | |- | ''[[:d:Q48814513|5 Star Wrestling]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q130348409|A Bear Named Wojtek]]'' | ''[[:d:Q17517379|animated short film]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q202866|animatit film]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2024" | 2024 | |- | ''[[:d:Q4656103|A Cool Head]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2009" | 2009 | |- | ''[[:d:Q30638714|A Dark so Deadly]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2017" | 2017 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q347332|A Disaffection]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1989" | 1989 | |- | ''[[:d:Q4656829|A Foot in the Grave]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1987" | 1987 | |- | ''[[:d:Q107680425|A frog he would a-wooing go]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1549" | 1549 | |- | ''[[:d:Q4657112|A Good Hanging and Other Stories]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1992" | 1992 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q3549611|A Legend of Montrose]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | [[File:Walter Scott Legend of Montrose Illustration.jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1819" | 1819 | ''[[:d:Q136472|historical fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q120097613|A little child the Saviour came]]'' | ''[[:d:Q602446|lyrics]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1861" | 1861 | |- | ''[[:d:Q28408011|A Lost Lady of Old Years]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q55081833|A Practical Guide to a Spectacular Suicide]]'' | [[film]] | | | data-sort-value="2014" | 2014 | |- | ''[[:d:Q4659095|A Question of Blood]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2003" | 2003 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q4659137|A Ramble Round the Globe]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1894" | 1894 | ''[[:d:Q213051|non-feection]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q103296523|A Rooster, "Gallas Furcatus," Forked Tail Wild Cock]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11060274|prent]]'' | | data-sort-value="1802" | 1802 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q103296534|A Rooster, "Gallus Oeneus," Wild Golden Cock]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11060274|prent]]'' | | data-sort-value="1802" | 1802 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4359779|A Song of Stone]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1997" | 1997 | [[Science fiction|science feection]]<br/>''[[:d:Q197949|post-apocalyptic fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q4659839|A Stranger Came Ashore]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1975" | 1975-08-07 | ''[[:d:Q182015|thriller]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q16575965|horror fiction]]''<br/>[[fantasie]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4660121|A Thread of Scarlet]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1959" | 1959 | |- | ''[[:d:Q4646807|A' Cleachdadh na Gàidhlig]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2011" | 2011 | |- | ''[[:d:Q137165572|Abaire]]'' | ''[[:d:Q101352|faimily name]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q113336119|Abandoned Stars]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5741069|rock baund]]'' | | data-sort-value="2010" | 2010-06-15 | | [[Progressive metal]] |- | ''[[:d:Q212348|Aberdeen Angus]]'' | ''[[:d:Q12045585|cattle breed]]'' | [[File:Angus cattle 10.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | [[Abernethy biscuit]] | | [[File:Abernethy Biscuits..jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q138880137|Ablutions]]'' | ''[[:d:Q580807|albumen print]]'' | [[File:Ablutions (2015.67.61).jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1870" | 1870 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96192714|Accidents and disasters on land]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | [[File:Accidents and disasters on land.pdf|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4691060|Against a Dark Background]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1993" | 1993-05 | [[Science fiction|science feection]] |- | ''[[:d:Q50399495|Ah, Chloris]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3331189|edeetion]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q11019883|Air ais air an Ran Dan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q40831|comedy]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q13484144|Air Cuan Dubh Drilseach]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2013" | 2013<br/>2020 | [[Science fiction|science feection]] |- | ''[[:d:Q53866684|Aironauts]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | data-sort-value="1999" | 1999 | ''[[:d:Q185029|first-person shuiter]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q10299630|Amélia II]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7605392|steam yacht]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1303735|survey vessel]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2601071|royal yacht]]'' | [[File:Iate Amélia II (3º) croped.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4749698|An Account of Capers]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1988" | 1988 | |- | ''[[:d:Q16821450|An Account of Corsica]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:An Account of Corsica, title page.jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1768" | 1768 | ''[[:d:Q185598|diary]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q138179461|An Luingeas Dorcha air Fàire]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | | [[Science fiction|science feection]] |- | ''[[:d:Q135529092|Analecta Graeca Minora]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1790" | 1790s | |- | ''[[:d:Q4751170|Anam]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q30590462|Ancestor Stones]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2006" | 2006 | |- | ''[[:d:Q4753430|And the Land Lay Still]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2010" | 2010 | ''[[:d:Q6647667|high literature]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q104791679|Andrina]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2851345|Anne of Geierstein]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | [[File:Anne of G 1829.jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1829" | 1829 | ''[[:d:Q136472|historical fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q108856925|Aon Teanga]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4784939|Arbroath smokie]]'' | | [[File:Arbroath Smokies - geograph.org.uk - 481678.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q121628098|Argyll aircraft engine]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1753786|sleeve valve]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15057021|engine model]]'' | [[File:Argyll aircraft engine.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1914" | 1914 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2600426|Arms of Mary]]'' | ''[[:d:Q134556|single]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q7366|sang]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1975" | 1975<br/>1992 | [[Pop muisic|pop]]<br/>''[[:d:Q2047814|Palingsound]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q104099453|Art and archaeology papers]]'' | ''[[:d:Q737498|academic journal]]'' | | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q50399249|Auld Gudeman]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3331189|edeetion]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q7366|sang]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q102961830|Autumn River]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3305213|paintin]]'' | [[File:Autumn River - Vanderbilt Fine Arts Gallery - 1979.0303P.tif|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q793281|Ayrshire cattle]]'' | ''[[:d:Q12045585|cattle breed]]'' | [[File:Biggle cow book (Plate III) (6835787694).jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q30646489|Bad Hotel]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | data-sort-value="2012" | 2012-08-14 | ''[[:d:Q1137896|tower defense]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q687397|Ballantine's]]'' | ''[[:d:Q80359036|alcohol brand]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q883744|blended whiskey]]'' | [[File:Scotch Whisky (aka).jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1827" | 1827 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q86752397|Bannan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108472340|Battalion of Flies]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | | | |- | [[Bay City Rollers]] | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | [[File:BayCityRollers1976RobBogaerts.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1966" | 1966 | | [[Rock muisic|rock]]<br/>''[[:d:Q484641|pop rock]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q837837|power pop]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q76092|glam rock]]''<br/>[[Pop muisic|pop]] |- | ''[[:d:Q89285051|Beach Bounce]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | data-sort-value="2015" | 2015-08-14 | ''[[:d:Q689445|visual novel]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q37619|Bearded Collie]]'' | ''[[:d:Q39367|dog breed]]'' | [[File:Bearded Collie.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q61642181|Beats]]'' | [[film]] | | | data-sort-value="2019" | 2019-01-24<br/>2019-05-17<br/>2019-11-07 | ''[[:d:Q130232|drama film]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q102429885|coming-of-age film]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q157443|comedy film]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q4880450|Beggars Banquet]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2002" | 2002 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q4883072|Bell's whisky]]'' | ''[[:d:Q431289|brand]]''<br/>[[Whisky]] | [[File:BellScotch.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1851" | 1851 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q816198|Belted Galloway]]'' | ''[[:d:Q12045585|cattle breed]]'' | [[File:Belted Galloway cow J4.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4885960|Ben Jonson Journal]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5633421|scienteefic journal]]'' | | data-sort-value="1993" | 1993 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q50399616|Bess the Gawkie]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q122310744|Big Crown: Showdown]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | data-sort-value="2018" | 2018-12-14 | |- | ''[[:d:Q51756400|Big Gold Dream]]'' | [[film]] | | | data-sort-value="2015" | 2015 | |- | ''[[:d:Q26492705|Bird Magic No. 10]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3305213|paintin]]'' | | data-sort-value="1982" | 1982 | | [[abstract airt]] |- | ''[[:d:Q471241|Bis]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | [[File:Bis Buffalo Bar.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1994" | 1994 | | ''[[:d:Q1298934|synthpop]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q842324|indie pop]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q3612973|Black & Blue]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1997" | 1997 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q4920219|Black & White]]'' | ''[[:d:Q80359036|alcohol brand]]'' | [[File:Black & White (whisky) bottle 04.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | [[Black bun]] | | [[File:Black bun cut open.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16971600|Black Dog Scotch Whisky]]'' | ''[[:d:Q40050|drink]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q80359036|alcohol brand]]'' | [[File:Black Dog Scotch Whisky Logo.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1883" | 1883 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4922585|Blackbird]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q21010853|drama]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q25635147|Blas]]'' | ''[[:d:Q132241|festival]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q11483816|annual event]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4925907|Bleeding Hearts]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1994" | 1994 | |- | ''[[:d:Q4927621|Blood Hunt]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1995" | 1995-09-14 | ''[[:d:Q182015|thriller]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q24256086|Bloons TD 5]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | data-sort-value="2014" | 2014-11-19 | ''[[:d:Q1137896|tower defense]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q885603|Blue Angels Motorcycle Club]]'' | ''[[:d:Q182391|motorcycle club]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1849110|outlaw motorcycle club]]'' | [[File:Blue Angels Erpe-Mere.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q50399465|Blue bonnets over the border]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q103297548|Blue Flower]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11060274|prent]]'' | | data-sort-value="1999" | 1999 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q38450|Blue Paul Terrier]]'' | ''[[:d:Q38672|dog type]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4929839|Blue Shoes and Happiness]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2006" | 2006 | |- | ''[[:d:Q137649426|Blàrag a' Bhò]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | [[Childer's telly series|childer's televeesion series]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4934527|Bob the Builder: Can We Fix It?]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | data-sort-value="2000" | 2000-01-12 | ''[[:d:Q1153173|educational entertainment]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q34222620|Bonnie Chirsty]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3331189|edeetion]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q37710|border collie]]'' | ''[[:d:Q39367|dog breed]]'' | [[File:Argentine border collie.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q28407754|Border Life]]'' | [[Telly programme|televeesion programme]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3326445|Boreray sheep]]'' | ''[[:d:Q24036271|rare breed]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15622363|sheep breed]]'' | [[File:Boreray Ewes.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16845069|Bothy band]]'' | [[muisic genre]]<br/>''[[:d:Q105756498|type of musical group]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3066180|bouncy techno]]'' | [[muisic genre]] | | data-sort-value="1992" | 1992 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106648058|Bowie family of Maryland]]'' | [[Faimily|faimlie]] | | data-sort-value="1705" | 1705 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4952596|Boyracers]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2001" | 2001 | ''[[:d:Q223945|Bildungsroman]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q21997425|Break the Chains]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2015" | 2015 | |- | ''[[:d:Q109923688|Breeders' Cup World Thoroughbred Championships]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | data-sort-value="2005" | 2005-09-20 | ''[[:d:Q108611897|horse racing video game]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q63610141|Breve Historia de la Segunda Guerra Mundial]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3331189|edeetion]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2013" | 2013-03 | |- | [[Bridie]] | | [[File:Bridie.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16846610|Brighton Belle]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2012" | 2012 | |- | ''[[:d:Q4975393|Brose]]'' | [[fuid]] | [[File:Atholl brose.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q138773600|Brothers Reid]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | data-sort-value="2010" | 2010 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q103297846|Brount]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1062404|artist's book]]'' | | data-sort-value="1995" | 1995 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q32094891|Brut@l]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | data-sort-value="2017" | 2017-02-09 | ''[[:d:Q270948|action game]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q23916|adventure video game]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q343568|action-adventure game]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q106511534|Bubba]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15632617|feectional human]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1569167|gemme character]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4982543|Buchanan's]]'' | ''[[:d:Q40050|drink]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q80359036|alcohol brand]]'' | | data-sort-value="1879" | 1879 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4984149|Buddha Da]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2003" | 2003-01-02 | |- | ''[[:d:Q20200837|Bunessan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1888" | 1888 | |- | ''[[:d:Q16954518|Bunkered]]'' | ''[[:d:Q41298|magazine]]'' | | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996 | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996-04 | |- | ''[[:d:Q20638877|Butcher's Broom]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1934" | 1934 | ''[[:d:Q8253|feection]]'' |- | [[Butterie]] | | [[File:Aberdeen Buttery.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | [[Caber toss]] | | [[File:Caber 2.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5016556|Cado Belle]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | data-sort-value="1974" | 1974 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q37888|Cairn Terrier]]'' | ''[[:d:Q39367|dog breed]]'' | [[File:Cairn-Terrier-Garten1.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q136001349|Cala]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5019561|calf's liver and bacon]]'' | | [[File:Calf's liver, bacon and mash at Staplefield, West Sussex, England 1.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q128969|Calimero]]'' | ''[[:d:Q63952888|anime television series]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q9335576|comedy television series]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q5027077|Camp Coffee]]'' | ''[[:d:Q114392939|drink brand]]'' | [[File:Bottle, essence (AM 629460).jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1876" | 1876 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5030993|Canal Dreams]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1989" | 1989 | |- | ''[[:d:Q131303582|Canty]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | data-sort-value="1998" | 1998 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q617216|caramel shortbread]]'' | | [[File:Millionaire's shortbread.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3221381|Castle Dangerous]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | [[File:Tales Volume 4.jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1831" | 1831-11 | ''[[:d:Q136472|historical fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q5050556|Castlemilk Moorit]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15622363|sheep breed]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q24036271|rare breed]]'' | [[File:Borris the ram shorn.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2277829|Catriona]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:Catriona (novel).jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1893" | 1893 | ''[[:d:Q21802675|adventure fiction]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1196408|historical fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q107537699|Chaotic Youth]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | data-sort-value="1978" | 1978 | | [[Punk rock]] |- | ''[[:d:Q97621198|Chick's Day]]'' | ''[[:d:Q24862|short film]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950 | ''[[:d:Q959790|crime film]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q8253|feection]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q5098501|Children of This Earth]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1930" | 1930 | |- | ''[[:d:Q1069502|Chivas Regal]]'' | ''[[:d:Q167270|trademark]]'' | [[File:Chivas regal 12yo.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1801" | 1801 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4021847|Christmas Lemmings]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | data-sort-value="1991" | 1991 | ''[[:d:Q54767|puzzle video game]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q105702790|Christmas video game]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q17352486|Chronicles of the Canongate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:Chronicles of the Canongate 1st series.jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1828" | 1828-05-15 | |- | [[Clapshot]] | | [[File:Clapshot and oatcakes.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q463230|claymore]]'' | ''[[:d:Q124078422|weapon type]]'' | [[File:Scottish claymore replica (Albion Chieftain)2.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | [[Clootie dumplin]] | | [[File:Clootie dumpling.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q25217364|Close to the Bone]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2013" | 2013 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q5136184|Club Cupid]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | [[reality telly]] |- | ''[[:d:Q115740539|Club Life]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | data-sort-value="2016" | 2016-04-13 | ''[[:d:Q689445|visual novel]]'' |- | [[Clydesdale horse]] | ''[[:d:Q1160573|horse breed]]'' | [[File:3 Clydesdale horses.JPG|center|128px]] | | | |- | [[Cock-a-leekie]] | | [[File:Cock-a-leekie Soup.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q124851344|Come, Holy Spirit , descend on us]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q119585929|Come, Labor On]]'' | ''[[:d:Q602446|lyrics]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1859" | 1859 | ''[[:d:Q116953130|hymn text]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q122378424|Commands & Colors: Ancients]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | data-sort-value="2018" | 2018-09-12 | |- | ''[[:d:Q28945174|CommonSpace]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1153191|online newspaper]]'' | | data-sort-value="2015" | 2015-01 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5156663|Complicity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1993" | 1993 | |- | ''[[:d:Q5156775|composite rules shinty–hurling]]'' | ''[[:d:Q31629|type o sport]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q13137940|sport with racquet/stick/club]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5158085|Conall Cra Bhuidhe]]'' | ''[[:d:Q699|fairy tale]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16827781|Conquer the Castle]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5163254|Consolevania]]'' | [[Telly programme|televeesion programme]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q747339|contra dance]]'' | ''[[:d:Q107357104|type of dance]]'' | [[File:Glen Echo Park contra dance.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q139023201|Conversations in Gaelic and English]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3331189|edeetion]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1892" | 1892 | ''[[:d:Q1346592|bitext]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q136410671|Corryvreckan]]'' | [[queir]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3436601|Count Robert of Paris]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | [[File:Tales Volume 4.jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1832" | 1832 | ''[[:d:Q136472|historical fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q133224168|Countrywoman's Calendar]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962 | |- | ''[[:d:Q16952451|Crabbie's]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2009" | 2009 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98383629|Crabbit Granny]]'' | ''[[:d:Q24862|short film]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1953" | 1953 | ''[[:d:Q8253|feection]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q5180351|Cracked]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | [[Comedy drama|comedy-drama]] |- | [[cranachan]] | ''[[:d:Q182940|dessert]]'' | [[File:Cranachan (4332953688).jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3002602|Crime]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2008" | 2008 | ''[[:d:Q5937792|crime fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q109620644|Crimond]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1872" | 1872 | |- | ''[[:d:Q5188589|Crossfire]]'' | [[Telly programme|televeesion programme]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q57705951|Cruinn]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q17018487|Scottish folk music]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q136001121|Culla]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | | | |- | [[Cullen skink]] | [[soup]] | [[File:Cullen Skink.JPG|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7849873|Cunningham]]'' | ''[[:d:Q101352|faimily name]]'' | | | | |- | [[Curlin]] | ''[[:d:Q31629|type o sport]]'' | [[File:12-01-20-yog-674.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1966" | 1966 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3007961|Cutty Sark]]'' | ''[[:d:Q80359036|alcohol brand]]'' | [[File:Bottle of Cutty Sark Scotch Whisky with box.JPG|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1923" | 1923-03-23 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q126477332|Cygni: All Guns Blazing]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | data-sort-value="2024" | 2024-08-06 | ''[[:d:Q1044478|shoot 'em up]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q136410399|Côr Harmony]]'' | [[queir]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q38336|Dandie Dinmont Terrier]]'' | ''[[:d:Q39367|dog breed]]'' | [[File:Dandie Dinmont Terrier 600.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4037031|Dark Planet: Battle for Natrolis]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | | ''[[:d:Q208189|real-time strategy]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q18350426|Dateline Scotland]]'' | [[Telly programme|televeesion programme]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q119585958|Day is Done]]'' | ''[[:d:Q602446|lyrics]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1969" | 1969 | ''[[:d:Q116953130|hymn text]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q5243100|Daybreak Scotland]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5245078|Dead Air]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2002" | 2002 | |- | ''[[:d:Q112031241|Dead Pony]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | [[File:Dead Pony (52072572184).jpg|center|128px]] | | | ''[[:d:Q11366|alternative rock]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q3617562|Dead Souls]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1999" | 1999 | |- | ''[[:d:Q5245442|Dead Wood]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2009" | 2009 | |- | ''[[:d:Q5247573|Death of a Ladies' Man]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2009" | 2009-07-23 | |- | ''[[:d:Q80657151|Debate Night]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q181761|deep-fried Mars bar]]'' | | [[File:DeepFriedMarsBar.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1995" | 1995 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3301197|deep-fried pizza]]'' | ''[[:d:Q116392487|type of pizza]]'' | [[File:Deep Fried Pizza.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5251004|Deeside]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1911" | 1911 | |- | ''[[:d:Q5251821|Degrassi]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | data-sort-value="1999" | 1999 | | ''[[:d:Q183504|indie rock]]'' |- | [[Dewar's]] | ''[[:d:Q80359036|alcohol brand]]'' | [[File:DewarsLogo.png|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1846" | 1846 | | |- | [[Dictionar o the Scots Leid]] | ''[[:d:Q3327521|online dictionary]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q131344705|dictionary of the Scots language]]'' | | data-sort-value="2001" | 2001 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q9207544|Dimple]]'' | ''[[:d:Q80359036|alcohol brand]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5280892|Dirk dance]]'' | ''[[:d:Q107357104|type of dance]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q66456966|Discovery and Excavation in Scotland]]'' | ''[[:d:Q21834496|archaeology journal]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q737498|academic journal]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5296225|Donkey Punch]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2007" | 2007-04-01 | |- | ''[[:d:Q5297243|Doors Open]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2008" | 2008 | ''[[:d:Q5937792|crime fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q115803710|Doughnuts and Doom]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2022" | 2022-09-20 | ''[[:d:Q725377|graphic novel]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2561438|slice of life]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q18150777|Downfall]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2011" | 2011 | |- | [[Drambuie]] | ''[[:d:Q114392939|drink brand]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q167270|trademark]]'' | [[File:New drambuie bottle.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1910" | 1910 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q109405060|Dujanah]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | data-sort-value="2017" | 2017-09-19 | ''[[:d:Q23916|adventure video game]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q17505244|Dumfries Courier]]'' | [[newspaper]] | | data-sort-value="1809" | 1809 | | |- | [[Dundee cake]] | | [[File:Dundee cake.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1266163|Dunlop cheese]]'' | | [[File:Ayrshire's Dunlop Cheese.JPG|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q56279760|Dàin do Eimhir]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5325340|Eagleowl]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | [[File:Eagleowl promo.jpg|center|128px]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1317816|indie folk]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q959914|Ecstasy: Three Tales of Chemical Romance]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996-05 | |- | ''[[:d:Q3002812|Edinburgh Crystal]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5338215|Edinburgh Law Review]]'' | ''[[:d:Q746654|law review]]'' | | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5338306|Edinburgh rock]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5159627|confection]]'' | [[File:Edinburgh Rock.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q137360821|Eemis Stane]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1368848|literary magazine]]'' | | data-sort-value="2021" | 2021 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5357317|Electric Brae]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1992" | 1992 | |- | ''[[:d:Q83742490|Enough of Him]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | data-sort-value="2020" | 2020 | | ''[[:d:Q25372|drama]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q31970514|Epic Battle Fantasy 4]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | data-sort-value="2014" | 2014-02-25 | ''[[:d:Q23916|adventure video game]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q744038|role-playing video game]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q112132374|Epic Battle Fantasy 5]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | data-sort-value="2018" | 2018-11-30 | ''[[:d:Q5923834|Japanese role-playing video game]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q744038|role-playing video game]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q2246627|Eriskay Pony]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1160573|horse breed]]'' | [[File:Eriskay pony beinn sciathan.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5398772|Espedair Street]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1987" | 1987 | |- | ''[[:d:Q5399160|Espresso Tales]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2004" | 2004 | ''[[:d:Q1347298|serialized fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q5399414|Essays on Philosophical Subjects]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q33524602|Ettrick Banks]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q22075098|Even Dogs in the Wild]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2015" | 2015-11-05 | ''[[:d:Q5937792|crime fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q5420395|Exit Music]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2007" | 2007-09-06 | |- | ''[[:d:Q102964839|Expulsion of the Moneylenders from the Temple]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11060274|prent]]'' | [[File:Expulsion of the Moneylenders from the Temple - Vanderbilt Fine Arts Gallery - 1980.013.tif|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107529619|External Menace]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | data-sort-value="1979" | 1979 | | [[Punk rock]] |- | ''[[:d:Q97621188|Fantasmagoria]]'' | ''[[:d:Q24862|short film]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1948" | 1948 | ''[[:d:Q8253|feection]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q102964931|Far from the Sea]]'' | ''[[:d:Q429785|poster]]'' | | data-sort-value="2002" | 2002 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5435395|Farl]]'' | [[breid]] | [[File:Ben W Bell Soda Bread Farl 05 June 2007.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92480206|Fast & Furious: Adrenaline]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | | ''[[:d:Q860750|racin video gemme]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q5437606|Father Hilary's Holiday]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965 | |- | ''[[:d:Q5437626|Father Malachy's Miracle]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1931" | 1931 | |- | ''[[:d:Q33524785|Fee him, Father]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q20012196|FFS]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | [[File:FFS (Franz Ferdinand & Sparks) @ Albert Hall, Manchester 25-8-2015 (20284011824).jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="2015" | 2015 | | ''[[:d:Q217467|art rock]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q15749735|Film-Philosophy]]'' | ''[[:d:Q737498|academic journal]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q773668|open-access journal]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1256352|Filth]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1998" | 1998 | ''[[:d:Q5937792|crime fiction]]'' |- | [[Finnan haddie]] | [[fuid]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q102965122|Five Colours]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11060274|prent]]'' | | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3797845|Fleshmarket Close]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2004" | 2004 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q5464691|Follow Follow]]'' | ''[[:d:Q41298|magazine]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q52244114|For ever, Fortune]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1725" | 1725 | |- | ''[[:d:Q25171666|Forward]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1002697|periodical leiteratur]]'' | | data-sort-value="1906" | 1906 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5479814|Francie and Josie]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5493518|Fraochy Bay]]'' | [[Telly programme|televeesion programme]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q411924|Frazier]]'' | ''[[:d:Q101352|faimily name]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5504828|fritter roll]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q83450990|From Scenes Like These]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1968" | 1968 | |- | ''[[:d:Q18611377|From The Doctor to my son Thomas]]'' | ''[[:d:Q24862|short film]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q110879246|video work]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2014" | 2014 | ''[[:d:Q471839|science feection film]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q3088307|Fromage d'Ayrshire]]'' | | [[File:Ayrshire.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5506087|Frontline]]'' | ''[[:d:Q41298|magazine]]'' | | data-sort-value="2000" | 2000 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5506409|fruit pudding]]'' | | [[File:Scottish breakfast pack.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5511555|Féillire]]'' | ''[[:d:Q41298|magazine]]'' | | data-sort-value="1872" | 1872 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7832290|Gaelic folk music]]'' | ''[[:d:Q106537557|music by ethnic group]]''<br/>[[muisic genre]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16148439|Gaelic music]]'' | [[muisic genre]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5516932|Gahn family]]'' | [[Faimily|faimlie]]<br/>''[[:d:Q62274319|Swedish unintroduced noble family]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q66760350|Galaxy Girls]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | data-sort-value="2017" | 2017-09-15 | ''[[:d:Q689445|visual novel]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q505149|Gallagher and Lyle]]'' | ''[[:d:Q9212979|musical duo]]'' | [[File:Gallagher and Lyle On Stage In Greenock.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1972" | 1972 | | [[Pop muisic|pop]]<br/>''[[:d:Q186472|folk rock]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q613408|country rock]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q5519004|Gallery Whispers]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1999" | 1999 | ''[[:d:Q5937792|crime fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q124609645|Galloway Adriatic]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1148385|straight-six]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15057021|engine model]]'' | [[File:Galloway Adriatic.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12018056|Galloway Atlantic]]'' | ''[[:d:Q245272|V12]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15057021|engine model]]'' | [[File:Paired Galloway Atlantic engines in a Handley Page V1500.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q935155|Galloway cattle]]'' | ''[[:d:Q12045585|cattle breed]]'' | [[File:Galloway.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q126326631|Galloway News]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1868552|local newspaper]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q138645059|Gangsta Bang - Introduction]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3414877|quest]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5523709|Garnock Way]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q23739|soap opera]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q5564471|Girl in May]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956 | ''[[:d:Q19765983|romantic fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q5416645|Glasgow Times]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1110794|daily newspaper]]''<br/>[[wabsteid]] | | data-sort-value="1876" | 1876 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98382842|Glasgow's Docklands]]'' | ''[[:d:Q24862|short film]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956 | ''[[:d:Q213051|non-feection]]'' |- | [[Glayva]] | | [[File:Glayva.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1947" | 1947 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q154306|glen plaid]]'' | | [[File:Glen Plaid aka Prince of Wales check pattern.JPG|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1840" | 1840s | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5567537|Glen's Vodka]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1972" | 1972 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2262510|Glue]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2001" | 2001 | |- | ''[[:d:Q125700841|Gnoss]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | data-sort-value="2015" | 2015 | | ''[[:d:Q17018487|Scottish folk music]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q125027573|Go, labor on; spend, and be spent]]'' | ''[[:d:Q602446|lyrics]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q116953130|hymn text]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q38686|Golden Retriever]]'' | ''[[:d:Q39367|dog breed]]'' | [[File:Golden Retriever Dukedestiny01 drvd.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5582797|Good Morning Scotland]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1555508|radio program]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q131538174|Good Words for the Young]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1002697|periodical leiteratur]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q11780435|monthly magazine]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1029418|children's magazine]]'' | | data-sort-value="1869" | 1869 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5584773|Gordon & MacPhail]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10373548|whisky distillery]]''<br/>[[Business|buisiness]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q38301|Gordon Setter]]'' | ''[[:d:Q39367|dog breed]]'' | [[File:Orrvilas enska w800px.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | [[Gowf]] | ''[[:d:Q31629|type o sport]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q13137940|sport with racquet/stick/club]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q212434|Olympic sport]]''<br/>[[habby]] | [[File:Golfer swing.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94830|Grand Theft Auto IV: The Lost and Damned]]'' | ''[[:d:Q209163|expansion add-on]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2009" | 2009-02-17 | ''[[:d:Q343568|action-adventure game]]'' |- | [[Grand Theft Auto: The Ballad of Gay Tony]] | ''[[:d:Q209163|expansion add-on]]'' | [[File:GTA The Ballad of Gay Tony at Igromir 2009 (4081942358).jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="2009" | 2009-10-29 | ''[[:d:Q343568|action-adventure game]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q85422949|video game with LGBT character]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q4039669|Grant's]]'' | ''[[:d:Q382947|Scotch whisky]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q80359036|alcohol brand]]'' | [[File:Full Range Grant's Whisky.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1887" | 1887 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q122362135|Grants Whisky Price in India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q40050|drink]]'' | [[File:Grant's Whisky 01.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1887" | 1887 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q100414305|Greazy Puzzy Fuckerz]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | [[File:GPF on The Black stage Defqon1 - 2024-06-30.jpg|center|128px]] | | | ''[[:d:Q388906|hardcore]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q34523520|Gree, bairnies, gree]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1546243|Grice]]'' | ''[[:d:Q18786396|pig breed]]'' | [[File:Grice reconstructed.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q17778527|Grieg]]'' | [[Faimily|faimlie]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q84224774|Guilt]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2019" | 2019-10-24<br/>2019-10-30<br/>2019-11-13 | ''[[:d:Q2101714|police film]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q130232|drama film]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q157443|comedy film]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q136384475|Gun Ghaol]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | | | [[metalcore]] |- | [[haggis]] | | [[File:Haggis Mo.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | [[haggis hurlin]] | [[sport]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q20877220|haggis pakora]]'' | | [[File:Haggis pakora.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5639068|Haig]]'' | ''[[:d:Q80359036|alcohol brand]]'' | [[File:Bottle Haig Whiskey.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q102965929|Half Mile Walk]]'' | ''[[:d:Q429785|poster]]'' | | data-sort-value="2004" | 2004 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5642753|Hallam Foe]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2002" | 2002-04-01 | |- | ''[[:d:Q184865|hammer throw]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2312410|sports discipline]]'' | [[File:John Flanagan.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q85234272|Hatted kit]]'' | | | | | |- | [[Hawick News]] | [[newspaper]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q29587139|Head for the Edge, Keep Walking]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2014" | 2014-01-01 | |- | ''[[:d:Q109566683|Heavy Events]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1816033|competitive sport]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q21654660|traditional sport]]'' | | data-sort-value="-1829" | -1829 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12059770|Hebridean]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15622363|sheep breed]]'' | [[File:Hebridean ram.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q10518891|Hebridean pony]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1160573|horse breed]]'' | [[File:Hebridean pony 1905.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q58903|Heelain cattle]]'' | ''[[:d:Q12045585|cattle breed]]'' | [[File:HighlandCow.01.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q124357837|Heisk]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q17018487|Scottish folk music]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q116792313|Henderson family]]'' | [[Faimily|faimlie]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5713678|Hendrick's Gin]]'' | ''[[:d:Q80359036|alcohol brand]]''<br/>[[gin]] | [[File:Hendrick's gin 001.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1999" | 1999 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q35600178|Hey, my bonnie wee lassie]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5752197|Hide and Seek]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1991" | 1991 | ''[[:d:Q5937792|crime fiction]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | [[Hieland gemmes]] | ''[[:d:Q18608583|recurring sporting event]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q82821|tradition]]'' | [[File:2006 Highland Games (4000821702).jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | [[Hieland pownie]] | ''[[:d:Q1160573|horse breed]]'' | [[File:Platier oye poney highland bis.JPG|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q165704|high jump]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2312410|sports discipline]]'' | [[File:Yelena Slesarenko jumping 2007.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5757308|High Times]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2004" | 2004-09-30 | |- | ''[[:d:Q4345100|Highland Laddie]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q211025|march]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q35599840|Highland Minstrel Boy]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3331189|edeetion]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q7366|sang]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5759100|Highland River]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:Kenn and the Salmon.jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1937" | 1937 | ''[[:d:Q8253|feection]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q5759332|Highlands]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q7603925|television documentary]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q5774258|Historical fencing in Scotland]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q138950054|Hoagie]]'' | | [[File:Hoagie wrap - interior.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16979295|hodden]]'' | | [[File:Hodden Grey.JPG|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5883004|Hollywood Undercover]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2007" | 2007 | ''[[:d:Q213051|non-feection]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q1951776|Hooper Bay]]'' | ''[[:d:Q59557805|unreleased album]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1994" | 1994 | |- | ''[[:d:Q2076441|How Late It Was, How Late]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1994" | 1994 | |- | ''[[:d:Q120784241|iBomber Defense Pacific]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | data-sort-value="2012" | 2012-03-01 | |- | ''[[:d:Q5990951|If You Liked School You'll Love Work]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2007" | 2007-07 | |- | ''[[:d:Q6008981|In Another Light]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2004" | 2004 | |- | ''[[:d:Q22251966|In the Cold Dark Ground]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2016" | 2016 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q4171155|In the Company of Cheerful Ladies]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2004" | 2004 | ''[[:d:Q6585139|mystery fiction]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q16994870|In:Demand Scotland]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1555508|radio program]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108784923|Industria]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | data-sort-value="2021" | 2021-09-30<br/>2022-06-09 | ''[[:d:Q185029|first-person shuiter]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q6035751|Innes Review]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5633421|scienteefic journal]]'' | | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6052728|International Research in Children's Literature]]'' | ''[[:d:Q737498|academic journal]]'' | | data-sort-value="2008" | 2008 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q121320619|Introduction to Data Mining]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2020" | 2020 | |- | ''[[:d:Q107495778|Inyal]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16827651|Iomain]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q138635039|Iomall]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2025" | 2025 | [[Science fiction|science feection]] |- | [[Irn-Bru]] | ''[[:d:Q114392939|drink brand]]'' | [[File:Barr IRN-BRU Sugar Free (3 of 3).jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1901" | 1901 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q60594312|Iron]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1676212|I’m Gonna Be (500 Miles)]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1988" | 1988 | ''[[:d:Q11366|alternative rock]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2662148|Celtic rock]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q6168304|Jazz Review]]'' | ''[[:d:Q41298|magazine]]'' | | data-sort-value="1998" | 1998 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q28408003|John Burnet of Barns]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16386474|John Macnab]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1925" | 1925 | |- | ''[[:d:Q1232629|John Murray]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2085381|publisher]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1320047|book publisher]]'' | [[File:Murray John First.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1768" | 1768 | | |- | [[Johnnie Walker]] | ''[[:d:Q167270|trademark]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q382947|Scotch whisky]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q10373548|whisky distillery]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2424752|product]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q80359036|alcohol brand]]'' | [[File:Johnnie Walker Red Label.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1820" | 1820 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q127273724|Johnstone Pipe Band]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3085519|pipe band]]'' | | data-sort-value="1943" | 1943 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q20877127|Joseph Knight]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2003" | 2003-04-07 | |- | ''[[:d:Q6294829|Journal of Beckett Studies]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5633421|scienteefic journal]]'' | | data-sort-value="1976" | 1976 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q15709992|Journal of Scottish Historical Studies]]'' | ''[[:d:Q627517|history journal]]'' | | data-sort-value="1980" | 1980 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6296188|Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5633421|scienteefic journal]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q737498|academic journal]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q773668|open-access journal]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q16024164|medical journal]]'' | | data-sort-value="1971" | 1971 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q131749566|Jules and Greg's Wild Swim]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3326476|Kailyard school]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3326717|literary movement]]'' | | data-sort-value="1880" | 1880 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6375447|Kate Crackernuts]]'' | ''[[:d:Q699|fairy tale]]'' | [[File:Page 210 illustration in English Fairy Tales.png|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6383736|Keiller's marmalade]]'' | ''[[:d:Q431289|brand]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1252971|food manufacturer]]'' | | data-sort-value="1797" | 1797 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q114051611|Kelvingrove]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1821" | 1821 | |- | ''[[:d:Q6407655|Killie pie]]'' | | [[File:Killie Pies and Peas.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q83455708|Kinnaris Quintet]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | data-sort-value="2017" | 2017 | | ''[[:d:Q17018487|Scottish folk music]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q102966954|Knackers]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11060274|prent]]'' | [[File:Knackers - Vanderbilt Fine Arts Gallery - 1971-070.tif|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1894" | 1894 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6423081|Knots and Crosses]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1987" | 1987 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q16871486|Knox]]'' | ''[[:d:Q101352|faimily name]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q18344787|Lady Agnew of Lochnaw]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3305213|paintin]]'' | [[File:John Singer Sargent - Lady Agnew of Lochnaw (1892).jpeg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1892" | 1892 | | ''[[:d:Q134307|portrait]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q96278979|Lagavulin 16 years whisky]]'' | ''[[:d:Q902887|Islay single malt whisky]]'' | [[File:Lagavulin Single Islay Malt Whisky 16 years old.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q280|Lagavulin distillery]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10373548|whisky distillery]]'' | [[File:Lagavulin Destillery.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1816" | 1816 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6473776|Laidlaw]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1977" | 1977 | |- | ''[[:d:Q6474100|Laird of Burnbrae]]'' | ''[[:d:Q355567|ryal or noble rank]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q5737899|hereditary title]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6482902|Lanark: A Life in Four Books]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1981" | 1981-01 | [[fantasie]] |- | ''[[:d:Q102967917|Laughing - Crying]]'' | ''[[:d:Q429785|poster]]'' | | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16932445|Legit]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q170238|sitcom]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q6532725|Let It Bleed]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1995" | 1995 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q113022702|LF System]]'' | ''[[:d:Q9212979|musical duo]]'' | | data-sort-value="2019" | 2019 | | ''[[:d:Q20502|house]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q138798492|Liberty City Chapter 1: Gangsta Bang]]'' | ''[[:d:Q133296086|video game chapter]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6545063|Life and Work]]'' | ''[[:d:Q41298|magazine]]'' | | data-sort-value="1879" | 1879 | | |- | [[Limmy's Show]] | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q9335576|comedy television series]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q6552852|Lindsay of Evelix]]'' | ''[[:d:Q18759100|baronetcy]]''<br/>[[Faimily|faimlie]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q138635047|Linne Dhomhain]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2021" | 2021 | |- | ''[[:d:Q48699803|Live at Five]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q126364793|Locomotive No. 10 El Esla]]'' | ''[[:d:Q785745|tank locomotive]]'' | [[File:Locomotive No. 10 El Esla - Sabero 2024.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q52243731|Logan Braes]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3331189|edeetion]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1843" | 1843 | |- | ''[[:d:Q52244260|Logan Water]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3331189|edeetion]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q17015965|London Calling]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2013" | 2013 | |- | ''[[:d:Q263673|lorne sausage]]'' | | [[File:Cooked Scottish square sausage.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3823287|Lot No. 249]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:Doyle - Une momie qui ressuscite.djvu|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1892" | 1892 | data-sort-value="1892" | 1892 | ''[[:d:Q20669641|Gothic fiction]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q16575965|horror fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q9103398|Love Fist]]'' | ''[[:d:Q6619719|fictional musical ensemble]]'' | | | | [[Heavy metal muisic|heavy metal]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3265916|Luckenbooth brooch]]'' | ''[[:d:Q499916|brooch]]'' | [[File:Luckenbooth brooches .jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16386804|Luckypenny]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1937" | 1937 | |- | ''[[:d:Q1720712|Luing cattle]]'' | ''[[:d:Q12045585|cattle breed]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1208989|beef cattle]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3235797|Machair]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q23739|soap opera]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q108829896|Mackenzie]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6724904|Maconochie]]'' | | [[File:Maconochie army ration, Musée Somme 1916, pic-110.JPG|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6726755|Made in Scotland]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q134585656|Manual Of Bacteriological Technique and Special Bacteriology]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1902" | 1902 | |- | ''[[:d:Q3992409|Marabou Stork Nightmares]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1995" | 1995 | ''[[:d:Q109581872|experimental novel]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q919929|Marmion]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:Marmion 1st ed.jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1808" | 1808 | ''[[:d:Q474090|narrative poetry]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q114390692|Martyrdom]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1825" | 1825 | |- | ''[[:d:Q16386904|Marx the First]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1975" | 1975 | |- | ''[[:d:Q25390447|Master Rallye]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | data-sort-value="2001" | 2001 | ''[[:d:Q860750|racin video gemme]]'' |- | [[Maud]] | | [[File:Sir John Watson Gordon - James Hogg, 1770 - 1835. Poet; 'The Ettrick Shepherd' - Google Art Project.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | [[Mealie]] | | [[File:Irish black and white pudding slices.JPG|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q102320800|Mediaeval Scandinavia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q737498|academic journal]]'' | | data-sort-value="1968" | 1968 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q112001238|Medicine Cabinet]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q6942541|musical collective]]'' | | data-sort-value="2018" | 2018 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6807652|Meeow!]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2000" | 2000-01-05 | [[Childer's telly series|childer's televeesion series]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6815614|Memories and Portraits]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1887" | 1887 | |- | ''[[:d:Q135512349|Men in Love]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2025" | 2025-07 | |- | ''[[:d:Q787667|Middle of the Road]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | [[File:Middle Of The Road 925-3455.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970 | | [[Pop muisic|pop]]<br/>''[[:d:Q997481|bubblegum music]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q6843484|Midwinter]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1923" | 1923 | |- | ''[[:d:Q343749|Milligan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q101352|faimily name]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1936983|Miniature Shetland pony]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1160573|horse breed]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96393620|Modern Studies]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3860275|Molly's Lips]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1988" | 1988 | ''[[:d:Q183504|indie rock]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q21030926|Monkey Shoulder]]'' | [[Whisky]] | [[File:Monkey Shoulder Whisky.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="2003" | 2003 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4148560|Morality for Beautiful Girls]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2001" | 2001 | |- | ''[[:d:Q3222487|More New Arabian Nights: The Dynamiter]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:Le dynamiteur.jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1885" | 1885 | |- | ''[[:d:Q6914355|Mortal Causes]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1994" | 1994 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q6915172|Morvern Callar]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1995" | 1995 | |- | ''[[:d:Q6918341|Motormark]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | data-sort-value="2001" | 2001 | | ''[[:d:Q861823|electroclash]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q56580|digital hardcore]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q6935684|munchy box]]'' | | [[File:Munchy Box.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106306552|Murderous Pursuits]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | data-sort-value="2018" | 2018-04-26 | ''[[:d:Q270948|action game]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1610017|simulation video game]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q472055|strategy video gemme]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q6938794|Murmuring the Judges]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1998" | 1998 | ''[[:d:Q5937792|crime fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q62067286|Murray]]'' | ''[[:d:Q82799|name]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q35599929|My Highland home]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3331189|edeetion]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q35600031|My Nannie, O]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3331189|edeetion]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1843" | 1843 | |- | ''[[:d:Q61447836|My Romantic History]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q35599707|My wife has ta'en the gee]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16998421|Nae Danger]]'' | | [[File:Nae Danger Brosef.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="2012" | 2012-08 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106584188|Neon Podcast Evangelion]]'' | ''[[:d:Q24634210|podcast show]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q105011790|anime and manga podcast]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q105885182|science fiction podcast]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q105908617|film and television podcast]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q55114857|Night Kaleidoscope]]'' | [[film]] | | | data-sort-value="2017" | 2017 | |- | ''[[:d:Q126834917|No Scotland No Party]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2489759|football chant]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q114909458|sports anthem]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2024" | 2024 | |- | ''[[:d:Q35734131|Nora's Vow]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | | |- | [[North Ronaldsay sheep]] | ''[[:d:Q15622363|sheep breed]]'' | [[File:North ron sheep.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3406327|North Tonight]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7062764|Nothing Human Left]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2011" | 2011 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7065883|Now You See It]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q114105442|NRP Albéria]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1286790|auxiliary vessel]]'' | [[File:Patrulha Albéria.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q112920258|NRP Açor]]'' | ''[[:d:Q202527|minesweeper]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3308902|naval trawler]]'' | [[File:Caça-Minas Açor (2º) (1916-1918).jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1906" | 1906 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q113866724|NRP Tomás Andrea]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2074370|minehunter]]'' | [[File:Caça-minas Thomáz Andréa (Tomás Andréa).jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1907" | 1907 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4320515|oatmeal raisin cookie]]'' | | [[File:Oatmeal Cookies with orange zest, golden raisins, and chocolate chips.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q62604270|Observation]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | data-sort-value="2019" | 2019-05-21 | ''[[:d:Q1610017|simulation video game]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q54767|puzzle video game]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q27670585|science fiction video game]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q16874548|Ochiltree]]'' | ''[[:d:Q101352|faimily name]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q29587083|Of the Balance of Trade]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1752" | 1752 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7078954|Off the Ball]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1555508|radio program]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q42967802|Ogilvie]]'' | ''[[:d:Q101352|faimily name]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16880666|Ogilvy]]'' | ''[[:d:Q101352|faimily name]]'' | [[File:Earl of Airlie arms.svg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q844519|Oh No! More Lemmings]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | data-sort-value="1991" | 1991 | ''[[:d:Q54767|puzzle video game]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q3234969|Old Mortality]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | [[File:Tales of My Landlord 1st series 1st edition.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1816" | 1816 | data-sort-value="1816" | 1816 | ''[[:d:Q136472|historical fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q102969297|On Imaginative Space]]'' | ''[[:d:Q429785|poster]]'' | | data-sort-value="1997" | 1997 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7094173|Only Fade Away]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7095381|Ooops!]]'' | [[Telly programme|televeesion programme]] | | | data-sort-value="2002" | 2002 | [[Childer's telly series|childer's televeesion series]] |- | ''[[:d:Q725120|OpenTTD]]'' | [[video gemme]]<br/>[[free saftware]] | [[File:Cardhill Transport, 2000-06-25.png|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="2004" | 2004-03-06 | ''[[:d:Q1198141|business simulation game]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q106580670|Orphans of the Tide]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2020" | 2020-02-18<br/>2020-02-20 | ''[[:d:Q111984153|young adult fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7107453|Ossian]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q28452476|Out of Bounds]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2016" | 2016 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q1646194|oxford]]'' | | [[File:Oxford cloth.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q38980|Paisley Terrier]]'' | ''[[:d:Q38672|dog type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q39367|dog breed]]'' | [[File:Paisley1903.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7134646|Paragraph]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5633421|scienteefic journal]]'' | | data-sort-value="1983" | 1983 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7140169|Partan bree]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q102969608|Pastoral]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11060274|prent]]'' | | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98382671|Petrol]]'' | ''[[:d:Q24862|short film]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957 | ''[[:d:Q8253|feection]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q65197873|Philp]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61881575|Swedish noble family]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3085519|pipe band]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105756498|type of musical group]]'' | [[File:00 1953 Folklore - bagpipe player.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q816195|plaid]]'' | | [[File:GrantPiper.JPG|center|128px]] | | | |- | [[Plain laif]] | | [[File:Plain bread.JPG|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7225175|Politics Now]]'' | [[Telly programme|televeesion programme]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7225719|Pollok, Gilmour and Company]]'' | [[Business|buisiness]] | | data-sort-value="1804" | 1804 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7228828|Poor Things]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1992" | 1992 | |- | ''[[:d:Q123322|Porno]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2002" | 2002-08 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7232652|Portuguese Irregular Verbs]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1997" | 1997 | ''[[:d:Q40831|comedy]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7234119|Postcode Challenge]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7239029|Prayer for the Living]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1934" | 1934 | ''[[:d:Q21803247|military fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q2068990|Prince Otto]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | [[File:Prince Otto (first edition) (title page).jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1885" | 1885 | |- | ''[[:d:Q47074303|Pringle]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3409032|unisex gien name]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7246044|Private Angelo]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946 | ''[[:d:Q128758|satire]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q908667|war novel]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q97356280|Project Moonbase]]'' | ''[[:d:Q24634210|podcast show]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q105580963|music podcast]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q105011645|comedy podcast]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q124356748|Psychoanalytic studies of personality]]'' | ''[[:d:Q20540385|non-fiction literary work]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2000" | 2000-01-01 | ''[[:d:Q213051|non-feection]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q107018459|Publications of the Royal Observatory, Edinburgh]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2217301|serial]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q953459|quaich]]'' | | [[File:Robinwoodquaich.JPG|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2469230|Quentin Durward]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:Quentin Durward 1823.jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1823" | 1823-05-17 | ''[[:d:Q136472|historical fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q134717368|Quentin Durward (1912 edition)]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3331189|edeetion]]'' | [[File:Quentin Durward 1823.jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1823" | 1823-05-17 | ''[[:d:Q136472|historical fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q135209247|Quick As Thieves]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7283174|Ragnarawk]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | data-sort-value="2007" | 2007 | ''[[:d:Q744038|role-playing video game]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q584105|music video game]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q28127686|Rather Be the Devil]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2016" | 2016 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7296891|Raw Spirit]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2003" | 2003 | |- | [[Rebus (TV series)|Rebus]] | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q1366112|drama television series]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q107018559|Recent advances in surgery]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2217301|serial]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107018570|Records of the Scottish Church History Society]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2217301|serial]]'' | | | | |- | [[Red Kola]] | | | data-sort-value="1977" | 1977 | | |- | [[Reestit mutton]] | | [[File:Reestit mutton in butcher's window, Lerwick - geograph.org.uk - 1590613.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q130975239|Reforj]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | No/unknown value | ''[[:d:Q116278106|survival sandbox video game]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7309799|Reheated Cabbage]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2009" | 2009 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7312846|Rendition: Guantanamo]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61475894|cancelled/unreleased video game]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q270948|action game]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7316544|Resurrection Men]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2002" | 2002 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q99630482|rivlin]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98383631|Robot Three]]'' | ''[[:d:Q24862|short film]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1951" | 1951 | ''[[:d:Q8253|feection]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q135656125|Roll of the Baronage of Scotland]]'' | [[wabsteid]]<br/>''[[:d:Q33270056|genealogy database]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q7094076|online database]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q9312094|RollerCoaster Tycoon 2: Time Twister]]'' | ''[[:d:Q209163|expansion add-on]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q11835185|RollerCoaster Tycoon 2: Wacky Worlds]]'' | ''[[:d:Q209163|expansion add-on]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2003" | 2003-01-18 | ''[[:d:Q1610017|simulation video game]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q9312099|RollerCoaster Tycoon: Corkscrew Follies]]'' | ''[[:d:Q209163|expansion add-on]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7362712|Romanno Bridge]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2008" | 2008 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7362837|Romanticism]]'' | ''[[:d:Q627517|history journal]]'' | | data-sort-value="1995" | 1995 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q64632119|Rosa ‘Alec’s Red’]]'' | ''[[:d:Q26817508|rose cultivar]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1825420|Rose's lime juice]]'' | ''[[:d:Q114392939|drink brand]]'' | [[File:Rose's Lime Juice.JPG|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1867" | 1867 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107018832|Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh publication]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2217301|serial]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7374788|Royal Salute whisky]]'' | ''[[:d:Q80359036|alcohol brand]]'' | [[File:Chivas38years.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1953" | 1953 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q116609986|Rumahoy]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | [[File:Rumahoy.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="2011" | 2011 | | ''[[:d:Q3389124|pirate metal]]''<br/>[[Fowk metal]]<br/>[[Pouer metal]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7380801|Rushen Coatie]]'' | ''[[:d:Q699|fairy tale]]'' | [[File:Page 150 illustration in More English Fairy Tales.png|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q132175284|Saber Came to Tea]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q48811805|Sacred Paws]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | [[File:Sacred Paws at Rough Trade.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="2014" | 2014 | | ''[[:d:Q842324|indie pop]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q598929|post-punk]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q183504|indie rock]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q50399865|Sae flaxen were her ringlets]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3331189|edeetion]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7398517|Safe as Houses]]'' | [[Telly programme|televeesion programme]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q17017964|Saints of the Shadow Bible]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2013" | 2013-11-07 | ''[[:d:Q5937792|crime fiction]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q88296934|Saor]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | [[File:Saor Dark Troll 2023 02.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="2012" | 2012 | | ''[[:d:Q65937017|atmospheric black metal]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7420877|Saorsa]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2011" | 2011 | |- | ''[[:d:Q56289964|Sarah's Room]]'' | [[film]] | | | data-sort-value="2013" | 2013 | |- | ''[[:d:Q110941133|Scathe]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | data-sort-value="2022" | 2022-08-31 | ''[[:d:Q185029|first-person shuiter]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q27902416|Schaw Statutes]]'' | ''[[:d:Q234460|text]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1598" | 1598 | |- | ''[[:d:Q34221604|Scornfu' Nancy]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3331189|edeetion]]'' | | | | |- | [[Scot Squad]] | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | |- | [[Scotch ale]] | ''[[:d:Q1998962|beer style]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2896374|Scotch broth]]'' | ''[[:d:Q18697490|lamb dish]]'' | [[File:Lunch at Inveraray Castle - Scotch broth (14342541740).jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3476136|Scotch Fancy]]'' | ''[[:d:Q20011823|canary breed]]'' | [[File:Our canaries (18960100635).jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | [[Scotch pie]] | | [[File:Scotch pie.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q382947|Scotch whisky]]'' | | [[File:The World of Scotch Whisky.JPG|center|128px]] | | | |- | [[Scotland]] | [[Kintras o the Unitit Kinrick|constituent kintra o the Unitit Kinrick]] | [[File:Scotland from satellite.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="843" | 843 | | |- | [[Scotland the Brave]] | [[Naitional anthem]] | [[File:Scotland the Brave.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3406251|Scotland Today]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7435657|Scotland Tonight]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q15607891|Scotland's Future]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107473448|Scotland's Home of the Year]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q125471642|Scotland's National]]'' | ''[[:d:Q125471605|national tartan]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1125192|Scots Confession]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q183770|Christian creed]]'' | [[File:Scots Confession.jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1560" | 1560 | |- | [[Scots Tarrie]] | ''[[:d:Q39367|dog breed]]'' | [[File:Scotish terrier burleska 2005.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7435802|Scotsmac]]'' | | | | | |- | [[Scotsport]] | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2878361|Scottish Backhold]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q37929|Scottish Deerhound]]'' | ''[[:d:Q39367|dog breed]]'' | [[File:Deerhound 305.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7437707|Scottish Dunface]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15622363|sheep breed]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q42636|Scottish Fold]]'' | ''[[:d:Q43577|cat breed]]'' | [[File:Purple-scottish-fold.png|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3094259|Scottish Gaelic punk]]'' | [[muisic genre]]<br/>''[[:d:Q28820001|musical scene]]'' | | data-sort-value="1978" | 1978 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7762641|The Scottish Historical Review]]'' | ''[[:d:Q627517|history journal]]'' | | data-sort-value="1921" | 1921 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7437800|Scottish Journal of Theology]]'' | ''[[:d:Q737498|academic journal]]'' | | data-sort-value="1948" | 1948 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7437854|Scottish Medical Journal]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5633421|scienteefic journal]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q73897617|toll-access journal]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q5953270|hybrid open access journal]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q16024164|medical journal]]'' | | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q24993955|Scottish Morning Roll]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1970833|Scottish National Antarctic Expedition]]'' | ''[[:d:Q366301|research expedition]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q69502940|polar expedition]]'' | [[File:Scotia on Laurie Island.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7437943|Scottish Review of Books]]'' | ''[[:d:Q41298|magazine]]'' | | data-sort-value="2005" | 2005 | data-sort-value="2004" | 2004 | |- | ''[[:d:Q18163546|Secret of the Sands]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2011" | 2011 | |- | ''[[:d:Q124643088|Seeds of Desolation]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | | | [[Daith metal]] |- | ''[[:d:Q113539840|Sena]]'' | ''[[:d:Q98151017|river gunboat]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1121471|paddle steamer]]'' | [[File:Lancha canhoneira Sena (1ª) (1871-1879).jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q10605137|Set in Darkness]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2000" | 2000 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q633547|sgian-dubh]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15142889|weapon family]]'' | | | | |- | [[Shetland (TV series)|Shetland]] | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q67175872|thriller television series]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q17019069|Shetland cattle]]'' | ''[[:d:Q12045585|cattle breed]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q24036271|rare breed]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7495670|Shetland duck]]'' | ''[[:d:Q110536225|duck breed]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7495662|Shetland Goose]]'' | ''[[:d:Q59453852|goose breed]]'' | | | | |- | [[Shetland pownie|Shetland pony]] | ''[[:d:Q1160573|horse breed]]'' | [[File:Shetland pony (2).jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | [[Shetland sheep]] | ''[[:d:Q15622363|sheep breed]]'' | [[File:Shetland sheep moorit.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | [[Shinty]] | | [[File:CabersGlasgow.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106586985|Shipwreck Island]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2021" | 2021-03-04 | ''[[:d:Q1233720|young adult literature]]'' |- | [[shortbreid]] | | [[File:Shortbread fingers.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q180935|shot put]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2312410|sports discipline]]'' | [[File:Remigius Machura senior CZ championships in athletics Kladno 2005.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7504321|Shrug]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | [[File:Shrug - December 1994.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1994" | 1994 | | ''[[:d:Q11366|alternative rock]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q20713615|SIA Scotch Whisky]]'' | | [[File:SIA Scotch Whisky Bottle.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="2014" | 2014 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107019022|Sidewalk]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2217301|serial]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q179221|Silly Wizard]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | [[File:Silly Wizard2007.JPG|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970 | | ''[[:d:Q854451|Celtic music]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q748836|Simple Minds]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | [[File:-NIMES -170618 Nimes SM2018 mk2 MG 9308-Edit.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1977" | 1977 | | ''[[:d:Q187760|new wave]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q217467|art rock]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q598929|post-punk]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q379033|arena rock]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1298934|synthpop]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q50399972|Sing on, sing on]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q28407918|Sir Quixote of the Moors]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q205234|siren]]'' | | [[File:Pneumatic siren.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1799" | 1799 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q117743230|Six Four]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q959790|crime film]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q182015|thriller]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q3486108|Skagboys]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2012" | 2012-09-17 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7535484|Skinner's Ghosts]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1998" | 1998 | ''[[:d:Q5937792|crime fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7535486|Skinner's Mission]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1997" | 1997 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7535488|Skinner's Ordeal]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996 | ''[[:d:Q5937792|crime fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7535492|Skinner's Round]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1995" | 1995 | ''[[:d:Q5937792|crime fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7535490|Skinner's Rules]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1993" | 1993 | ''[[:d:Q5937792|crime fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7535493|Skinner's Trail]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1994" | 1994 | ''[[:d:Q5937792|crime fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7535893|skirlie]]'' | ''[[:d:Q746549|dish]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q152532|Skol]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15075508|beer brand]]'' | | data-sort-value="1959" | 1959 | | |- | [[Skye Tarrie]] | ''[[:d:Q39367|dog breed]]'' | [[File:Skye terrier 800.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q124313941|Sleep, Dearie, Sleep]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q1229479|lamentation]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q114842527|Slow Roads]]'' | [[video gemme]]<br/>''[[:d:Q178285|freeware]]'' | | data-sort-value="2021" | 2021-06 | data-sort-value="2022" | 2022-10-22 | ''[[:d:Q1610017|simulation video game]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q38790|Smooth Collie]]'' | ''[[:d:Q39367|dog breed]]'' | [[File:Smooth Collie 600.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q135016000|Snake Venom Beer]]'' | [[beer]]<br/>''[[:d:Q687737|Bock]]'' | | data-sort-value="2013" | 2013 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q188407|Snow Patrol]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | [[File:Snow Patrol Band.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1994" | 1994 | | ''[[:d:Q11366|alternative rock]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q502330|Soay sheep]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15622363|sheep breed]]'' | [[File:Horned Soay ram close-up.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q109647834|Solar Flux]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | data-sort-value="2013" | 2013-10-24<br/>2013-12-19<br/>2018-12-11 | ''[[:d:Q54767|puzzle video game]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q48700473|Soldier's Dream]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | data-sort-value="1917" | 1917-10 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7560123|Something Leather]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1990" | 1990 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7562723|Soor ploom]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5159627|confection]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7571846|sowans]]'' | [[fuid]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q122196512|Spalding family]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61881575|Swedish noble family]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q10536391|introduced nobility of Sweden]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108412167|Spinning Coin]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7579584|Sporting Lucas Terrier]]'' | ''[[:d:Q39367|dog breed]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7581984|SquareGo]]'' | ''[[:d:Q41298|magazine]]'' | | data-sort-value="2007" | 2007 | data-sort-value="2007" | 2007-08 | ''[[:d:Q69662460|video game magazine]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7582190|Squeak!]]'' | [[Telly programme|televeesion programme]] | | | | [[Childer's telly series|childer's televeesion series]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4675044|St. Ives]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | [[File:St Ives - frontispiece.jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1897" | 1897 | |- | ''[[:d:Q3232270|St. Ronan's Well]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | [[File:St Ronan 1824.jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1823" | 1823-12-27 | |- | ''[[:d:Q16545107|Standing in Another Man's Grave]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2012" | 2012-11-08 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7601283|starrie]]'' | | [[File:Star Rock.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q283638|Stealers Wheel]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | [[File:Stealers Wheel - TopPop 1973 9.png|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1972" | 1972 | | ''[[:d:Q484641|pop rock]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q31797868|STEALL]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1368848|literary magazine]]'' | | data-sort-value="2016" | 2016 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7615983|Stewart of Balquhidder]]'' | [[Faimily|faimlie]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7619276|Stonemouth]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2012" | 2012-04-05 | |- | ''[[:d:Q107570722|Stories of Scotland]]'' | ''[[:d:Q24634210|podcast show]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q105011823|history podcast]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q106625351|society and culture podcast]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q106462625|places and travel podcast]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7620316|Stornoway black pudding]]'' | | [[File:Stornoway Black Pudding.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | [[Stovies]] | [[fuid]] | [[File:Stovies.JPG|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7623883|Striking and Picturesque Delineations of the Grand, Beautiful, Wonderful, and Interesting Scenery Around Loch-Earn]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1815" | 1815 | |- | ''[[:d:Q3976065|String Driven Thing]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | data-sort-value="1969" | 1969 | | ''[[:d:Q186472|folk rock]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q649634|progressive folk]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7624072|Strip Jack]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1992" | 1992 | ''[[:d:Q5937792|crime fiction]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7628082|Studies in World Christianity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q737498|academic journal]]'' | | data-sort-value="1995" | 1995 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7394864|STV Appeal]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | data-sort-value="2011" | 2011 | data-sort-value="2011" | 2011-09-11 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7394869|STV News]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q1358344|news program]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7394875|STV Rugby]]'' | [[Telly programme|televeesion programme]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7394876|STV Sports Centre]]'' | [[Telly programme|televeesion programme]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4050322|Suffocate Me]]'' | ''[[:d:Q169930|Extended play]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1993" | 1993 | ''[[:d:Q11366|alternative rock]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7639411|Sunday Herald]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2302208|Sunday newspaper]]''<br/>[[newspaper]] | | data-sort-value="1999" | 1999-02-07 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7639435|Sunday Live]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3655833|Sunset Song]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1932" | 1932 | |- | ''[[:d:Q138772740|SVR-Baureihe G4]]'' | ''[[:d:Q20650761|tender locomotive]]'' | [[File:SVR G4 Nr. 186 Lieferfoto.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16884098|Swanston]]'' | ''[[:d:Q101352|faimily name]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q112039696|Swim School]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | [[File:Swim School (52074599463).jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q65958455|Sword of Asumi]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | data-sort-value="2015" | 2015-01-08 | ''[[:d:Q689445|visual novel]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q3502845|tablet]]'' | ''[[:d:Q110220935|Sinterklaas candy]]'' | [[File:Butter tablet.JPG|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q60754147|Talisk]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | [[File:"Talisk and Gardiner Brothers presents Unleashed" concert 04.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="2014" | 2014 | | ''[[:d:Q854451|Celtic music]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q17018487|Scottish folk music]]'' |- | [[Tartan]] | | [[File:Three tartans.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q944307|Tartan Noir]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q1328330|hardboiled]]'' |- | [[Tattie scone]] | | [[File:Scone varieties.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7691104|Tea Time for the Traditionally Built]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2009" | 2009 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q6585139|mystery fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7691183|Teacher's Highland Cream]]'' | ''[[:d:Q40050|drink]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q80359036|alcohol brand]]'' | [[File:Teacher's Highland Cream 20cl bottle 1.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1884" | 1884 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4148516|Tears of the Giraffe]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2000" | 2000 | ''[[:d:Q6585139|mystery fiction]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q54868317|Teenage Superstars]]'' | [[film]] | | | data-sort-value="2017" | 2017 | ''[[:d:Q93204|documentarie film]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q113539814|Tete]]'' | ''[[:d:Q98151017|river gunboat]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1121471|paddle steamer]]'' | [[File:Lancha canhoneira Tete (1ª) (1871-1879).jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7711289|That Summer]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2000" | 2000 | |- | ''[[:d:Q2717772|The Abbot]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | [[File:The Abbot 1820.jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1820" | 1820 | ''[[:d:Q136472|historical fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7712228|The Accounting]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1958" | 1958 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7712251|The Acid House]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1994" | 1994 | ''[[:d:Q8253|feection]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7714323|The Arran Banner]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1002697|periodical leiteratur]]''<br/>[[newspaper]] | | data-sort-value="1974" | 1974 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q743137|The Associates]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | [[File:Billy-Mackenzie-Dundee-Scotland-1985.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1979" | 1979 | | ''[[:d:Q598929|post-punk]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q3791280|The Bedroom Secrets of the Master Chefs]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2006" | 2006 | |- | ''[[:d:Q3232591|The Betrothed]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | [[File:Betrothed 1825.jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1825" | 1825-06-22 | ''[[:d:Q136472|historical fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7718176|The Bishop]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7718257|The Black Book]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1993" | 1993 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q3224969|The Black Dwarf]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | [[File:Sir Walter Scott - Elshie, The Black Dwarf.jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1816" | 1816-12-02 | ''[[:d:Q136472|historical fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q1217958|The Blue Afternoon]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1993" | 1993 | |- | ''[[:d:Q2411893|The Body Snatcher]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:The Wrong Box and The Body-Snatcher book cover.jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1884" | 1884-12 | ''[[:d:Q16575965|horror fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q34521753|The Book of Scottish Song]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3331189|edeetion]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1843" | 1843 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7719471|The Botanist]]'' | | [[File:The Botanist Islay Dry Gin 03.tif|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="2010" | 2010 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q896059|The Boys of the Lough]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970 | | ''[[:d:Q854451|Celtic music]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q43343|fowk muisic]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q35600286|The Bridal Day]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3331189|edeetion]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2659725|The Bride of Lammermoor]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:Charles Robert Leslie - Sir Walter Scott - Ravenswood and Lucy at the Mermaiden's Well - Bride of Lammermoor.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1819" | 1819 | data-sort-value="1819" | 1819 | ''[[:d:Q1196408|historical fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q4304488|The Bridge]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1986" | 1986-07 | |- | ''[[:d:Q34523326|The Brier Bush]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3331189|edeetion]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16849669|The Busconductor Hines]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q35600393|The Bush aboon Traquair]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3331189|edeetion]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q7366|sang]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7720737|The Business]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1999" | 1999 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7720943|The Cairngorms]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1928" | 1928 | |- | ''[[:d:Q20617543|The Celtic Monthly]]'' | ''[[:d:Q41298|magazine]]'' | | data-sort-value="1876" | 1876 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7721856|The Celtic View]]'' | ''[[:d:Q41298|magazine]]'' | | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7727087|The Complaints]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2009" | 2009-09-03 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7727319|The Cone Gatherers]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1955" | 1955 | |- | ''[[:d:Q19902801|The Cookery Book of Lady Clark of Tillypronie]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:The Cookery Book of Lady Clark of Tillypronie cover.jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1909" | 1909 | [[cuikin]] |- | ''[[:d:Q85806850|The Cotter's Saturday Night]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:The toil-worn cottar....engraving by William Miller after Faed.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1786" | 1786 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7727846|The Course of Time]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1827" | 1827 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7727866|The Courts of the Morning]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1929" | 1929 | ''[[:d:Q21802675|adventure fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q16241321|The Crow Road]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1992" | 1992 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7728533|The Cutting Room]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2002" | 2002 | ''[[:d:Q6647667|high literature]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q5937792|crime fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7728834|The Dancing Floor]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1926" | 1926<br/>1926-07 | ''[[:d:Q21802675|adventure fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q48799259|The Dark Horse]]'' | ''[[:d:Q41298|magazine]]'' | [[File:The Dark Horse Issue 17.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q30078025|The Devil That Danced on the Water: A Daughter's Quest]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2002" | 2002 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7730406|The Divided Lady]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7730727|The Double Comfort Safari Club]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2010" | 2010 | |- | ''[[:d:Q19362881|The dress]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2927074|internet meme]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q123261191|optical illusion image]]'' | [[File:Wikipe-tan wearing The Dress reduced.svg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4674957|The Ebb-Tide. A Trio and a Quartette]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:Robert Louis Stevenson's new story, The ebb-tide.jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1894" | 1894 | ''[[:d:Q21802675|adventure fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q52243476|The Emigrant's Farewell]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3331189|edeetion]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1819" | 1819 | |- | ''[[:d:Q3209885|The Fair Maid of Perth]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | [[File:Fair Maid of Perth Illustration 1859.jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1828" | 1828-05-15 | ''[[:d:Q136472|historical fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7733256|The Falls]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2001" | 2001 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q16062387|The Field of Blood]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q85807163|The Fire Gospel]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7734296|The Five Thirty Show]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7734499|The Flood]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1986" | 1986 | ''[[:d:Q5937792|crime fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q3230799|The Fortunes of Nigel]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | [[File:Nigel 1822.jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1822" | 1822-05-29 | ''[[:d:Q136472|historical fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q69780430|The Fourth Sacrifice]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2000" | 2000 | ''[[:d:Q5937792|crime fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7735651|The Gallovidian]]'' | ''[[:d:Q41298|magazine]]'' | | data-sort-value="1899" | 1899 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106877405|The ghost]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2217301|serial]]'' | | data-sort-value="1796" | 1796 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7736610|The Girl on the Stairs]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2012" | 2012 | ''[[:d:Q6647667|high literature]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q5937792|crime fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7960828|The Good Husband of Zebra Drive]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2007" | 2007 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q6585139|mystery fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7738170|The Green Isle of the Great Deep]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1944" | 1944 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7738755|The Hanging Garden]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1998" | 1998 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q2091094|The Heart of Midlothian]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:Whistler James Arrangement in Yellow and Grey Effie Deans 1877.jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1818" | 1818 | ''[[:d:Q1196408|historical fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q109622189|The Hermit of Treig]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11578774|broadcasting program]]''<br/>[[film]] | | | data-sort-value="2022" | 2022-03-05 | |- | [[The High Life (1994 TV series)|The High Life]] | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q170238|sitcom]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7739651|The Highlander]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1002697|periodical leiteratur]]'' | | data-sort-value="1873" | 1873-05 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q30598561|The Hired Man]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2013" | 2013 | ''[[:d:Q8253|feection]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7739797|The History of Orkney Literature]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2010" | 2010 | ''[[:d:Q213051|non-feection]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q76780872|The Home of a Naturalist]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q112983|memoir]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7740720|The House with the Green Shutters]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1901" | 1901 | |- | ''[[:d:Q16386409|The Island of Sheep]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1936" | 1936 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7743629|The Journal of Sir Walter Scott]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:The Journal of Sir Walter Scott.jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1890" | 1890 | ''[[:d:Q185598|diary]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q4148524|The Kalahari Typing School for Men]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2002" | 2002 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7744522|The King Who Wished to Marry His Daughter]]'' | ''[[:d:Q699|fairy tale]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q50400004|The Laird o' Cockpen]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3331189|edeetion]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q38063812|The Laird o' Lamington]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1843" | 1843 | |- | ''[[:d:Q39071320|The Late Show]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7746381|The Law]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | [[File:The Law.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7747260|The Light Princess]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1864" | 1864 | ''[[:d:Q699|fairy tale]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q16386716|The Little Friend]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1929" | 1929 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7748150|The Loner]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2011" | 2011-03-31 | ''[[:d:Q182015|thriller]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q20664530|crime literature]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q3521717|The Mackenzies]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q183504|indie rock]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7749994|The Man Who Wouldn't Stand Up]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2012" | 2012 | |- | ''[[:d:Q2615930|The Master of Ballantrae]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:Themasterofballantreacover.jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1889" | 1889 | ''[[:d:Q21802675|adventure fiction]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1196408|historical fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q29830265|The Memory of Love]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2010" | 2010 | |- | ''[[:d:Q3232887|The Merry Men and Other Tales and Fables]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:Merrymencover.jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1887" | 1887 | |- | ''[[:d:Q137362964|The Minstrel]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1771" | 1771<br/>1774 | [[Poetry]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7751631|The Miracle at Speedy Motors]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2008" | 2008 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q6585139|mystery fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q25171819|The Missing and the Dead]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2015" | 2015 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q3224650|The Monastery]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:The Monastery 1820.jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1820" | 1820 | ''[[:d:Q1196408|historical fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7752117|The Month of the Falling Leaves]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963 | |- | ''[[:d:Q125415042|The monthly record of the Free Church of Scotland]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2217301|serial]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q102974587|The Mountains of Holland]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1062404|artist's book]]'' | | data-sort-value="1999" | 1999 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q136468173|The Munros]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7753075|The Naming of the Dead]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2006" | 2006 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | [[The National]] | [[newspaper]] | | data-sort-value="2014" | 2014-11-24 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7753227|The National Youth Pipe Band of Scotland]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | data-sort-value="2003" | 2003 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q21997676|The Natural History of Aleppo]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1756" | 1756 | |- | ''[[:d:Q89554752|The Nest]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2020" | 2020-03-22 | ''[[:d:Q67175872|thriller television series]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7754192|The Nightshift]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q65121308|The Nine]]'' | [[Telly programme|televeesion programme]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7754620|The Oban Times]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1002697|periodical leiteratur]]''<br/>[[newspaper]] | | data-sort-value="1861" | 1861 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q50399414|The Old Scottish Gentleman]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3331189|edeetion]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q30504|The Pastels]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | [[File:The Pastels.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1982" | 1982 | | ''[[:d:Q11366|alternative rock]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q3225628|The Pirate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:The Pirate 1822.jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1822" | 1822 | ''[[:d:Q1196408|historical fiction]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q111143082|pirate fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q133225145|The Place-Names of Dumfriesshire]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1935" | 1935 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7757907|The Power-House]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1916" | 1916 | ''[[:d:Q182015|thriller]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q2992437|The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1824" | 1824 | ''[[:d:Q110540276|satirical fiction]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q20669641|Gothic fiction]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q20737414|philosophical fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q16259578|The Quarry]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2013" | 2013-06-20 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7759357|The Rajah's Diamond]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:The Rajah's Diamond Cover.png|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1878" | 1878<br/>1878-06 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q27887393|The Red Chair]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3305213|paintin]]'' | | data-sort-value="1924" | 1924 | | ''[[:d:Q170571|still life]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7760409|The Return of John MacNab]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996 | |- | ''[[:d:Q50399585|The Rose of Allandale]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3331189|edeetion]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7762300|The Saturday Big Tent Wedding Party]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2011" | 2011 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7762630|The Scots Independent]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1002697|periodical leiteratur]]'' | | data-sort-value="1926" | 1926 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3522619|The Scots Magazine]]'' | ''[[:d:Q41298|magazine]]'' | | data-sort-value="1739" | 1739-02-09 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q20713036|The Scots Peerage]]'' | ''[[:d:Q277759|book series]]'' | [[File:The Scots Peerage book cover.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107019566|The Scottish educational journal]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2217301|serial]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7762640|The Scottish Golf Show]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7762742|The Sea-Maiden]]'' | ''[[:d:Q699|fairy tale]]'' | [[File:Celtic Fairy Tales - Frontispiece.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q18153910|The Sex Lives of Siamese Twins]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2014" | 2014 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7763696|The Sharp Grey Sheep]]'' | ''[[:d:Q699|fairy tale]]'' | [[File:Thomas Barker (1769-1847) (style of) - A Shepherdess and Sheep - 960240 - National Trust.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | [[The Shetland Times]] | [[newspaper]] | | data-sort-value="1872" | 1872 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3235628|The Silverado Squatters]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | [[File:Silveradosquatters.jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1883" | 1883 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7764640|The Skinny]]'' | ''[[:d:Q41298|magazine]]'' | | data-sort-value="2005" | 2005 | data-sort-value="2005" | 2005-05 | |- | ''[[:d:Q50399516|The Soldier's Grave]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3331189|edeetion]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q18163405|The Spook School]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | [[File:The Spook School (band).jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="2010" | 2010 | | ''[[:d:Q842324|indie pop]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7766351|The Stars in the Bright Sky]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2010" | 2010 | ''[[:d:Q6647667|high literature]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q151337|The State of the Art]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1989" | 1989 | [[Science fiction|science feection]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7766457|The Steep Approach to Garbadale]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2007" | 2007 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7766664|The Stooping Venus]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1926" | 1926 | |- | ''[[:d:Q20713321|The Strange Death of Labour Scotland]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2012" | 2012 | ''[[:d:Q213051|non-feection]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q2468419|The Suicide Club]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:Image taken from page 296 of 'The Suicide Club and The Rajah's Diamond. (Extracted from “New Arabian Nights.)' (11230166996).jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1878" | 1878 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7767999|The Tale of the Shifty Lad, the Widow's Son]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q17022016|The Tales of Para Handy]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q170238|sitcom]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q952340|The Talisman]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:Talisman 1825.jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1825" | 1825-06-22 | ''[[:d:Q1196408|historical fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q1438448|The Theory of Moral Sentiments]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q193495|monograph]]'' | [[File:Adam Smith Moral Sentiments 1759.jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1759" | 1759 | ''[[:d:Q742609|human naitur]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7769008|The Three Hostages]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1924" | 1924 | |- | ''[[:d:Q97823855|The Tourists]]'' | ''[[:d:Q24862|short film]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1955" | 1955 | ''[[:d:Q213051|non-feection]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q2537887|The Two Babylons]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | [[File:Two-babylons.jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1853" | 1853 | ''[[:d:Q18536349|polemical lampoon]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q107019665|The Unicorn review]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2217301|serial]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3230605|The Valorous Years]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1940" | 1940 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7772590|The View from Daniel Pike]]'' | [[Telly programme|televeesion programme]] | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q35600464|The Widow's Lament]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7775906|The World, the Flesh, and Father Smith]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945 | |- | ''[[:d:Q2753955|The Wrecker]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:Robert Louis Stevenson, 1885.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1892" | 1892 | data-sort-value="1892" | 1892 | ''[[:d:Q21802675|adventure fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q3548866|The Wrong Box]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:Thewrongboxcover.jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1889" | 1889 | ''[[:d:Q53094|black comedy]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q15015194|Theory of the Earth]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:Trans Royal Society of Edinburgh cover.jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1788" | 1788 | |- | ''[[:d:Q65580287|There Grows a Bonnie Brier Bush]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q17018487|Scottish folk music]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q35599554|There lives a young lassie]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7785209|Thirty-five years in the Punjab]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1908" | 1908 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7797011|Thoughts of My Cats]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954 | ''[[:d:Q213051|non-feection]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7801277|tiffin]]'' | | [[File:Scottish Tiffin.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7802867|Tilllate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q41298|magazine]]'' | | data-sort-value="1988" | 1988 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7810921|To Every Man a Penny]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949 | |- | ''[[:d:Q130442608|Tongues.]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7824261|Tooth and Nail]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1992" | 1992 | ''[[:d:Q186424|detective fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7824470|Top Club]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q110363629|Torridon]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q10700627|Tottie family]]'' | [[Faimily|faimlie]] | [[File:Tottieska malmgården 2009b.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105722111|Towers of Everland]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | data-sort-value="2020" | 2020-05-22 | |- | ''[[:d:Q10915891|TRA Class BT40]]'' | ''[[:d:Q19832486|locomotive class]]'' | [[File:Taiwan Railway Steam Locomotive No. 71.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | [[Trainspotting (novel)|Trainspotting]] | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1993" | 1993 | |- | ''[[:d:Q107019751|Transactions of the Glasgow Archaeological Society]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2217301|serial]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3997517|Transition]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2009" | 2009-09-03 | [[Science fiction|science feection]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7834524|Translation and Literature]]'' | ''[[:d:Q737498|academic journal]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q5633421|scienteefic journal]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2217301|serial]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1002697|periodical leiteratur]]'' | | data-sort-value="1992" | 1992 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q124720713|Transport Tycoon: World Editor]]'' | ''[[:d:Q209163|expansion add-on]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q848362|Tremulous]]'' | [[video gemme]] | [[File:Tremulous - alien base grenade.jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="2005" | 2005-08-11 | ''[[:d:Q185029|first-person shuiter]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q748677|Turtlehead]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | data-sort-value="1994" | 1994 | | [[Punk rock]] |- | ''[[:d:Q50399436|Two Original Songs by Tannahill]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q17104407|Two Wings]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | data-sort-value="2009" | 2009 | | [[Rock muisic|rock]] |- | ''[[:d:Q56244892|Tytler]]'' | ''[[:d:Q101352|faimily name]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3965250|Under the Skin]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2000" | 2000 | [[Science fiction|science feection]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7897476|Unsolved]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | data-sort-value="2004" | 2004-01-08 | |- | ''[[:d:Q34223348|Up amang yon cliffy rocks]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3331189|edeetion]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7899993|Urban Realm]]'' | ''[[:d:Q41298|magazine]]'' | | data-sort-value="1922" | 1922 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7900177|Urban the Ninth]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1973" | 1973 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7875683|USS Yacona]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7605392|steam yacht]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1303735|survey vessel]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2601071|royal yacht]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q331795|patrol vessel]]'' | [[File:Iate Amélia III.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1518444|Vat 69]]'' | ''[[:d:Q167270|trademark]]''<br/>[[Whisky]] | [[File:Whisky VAT69.jpg|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1882" | 1882 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q124045104|Verdict Guilty - 유죄 평결]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | data-sort-value="2016" | 2016-06-13<br/>2023-02-16<br/>2023-03-15<br/>2023-05-17 | ''[[:d:Q846224|fechtin gemme]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7923296|Vespers in Vienna]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96414055|Vistas]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q183504|indie rock]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q1342485|Von Wright]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61881575|Swedish noble family]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q4349149|nobility of Finland]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q10536391|introduced nobility of Sweden]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q808113|Walking on Glass]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1985" | 1985-03-07 | |- | ''[[:d:Q115046742|Walmer Castle]]'' | ''[[:d:Q12859788|steamship]]'' | | data-sort-value="1872" | 1872 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q127032002|WARD (Scottish)]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q87712836|Warhammer 40,000: Sanctus Reach]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | data-sort-value="2017" | 2017-01-19 | ''[[:d:Q472055|strategy video gemme]]'' |- | [[Wast Hieland White Tarrie|Wast Hieland White Terrier]] | ''[[:d:Q39367|dog breed]]'' | [[File:West Highland White Terrier Krakow.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7973169|Watchman]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1988" | 1988 | ''[[:d:Q182015|thriller]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7977735|We See Lights]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | [[File:We See Lights at the Leith Dockers Club.jpg|center|128px]] | | | ''[[:d:Q42201|independent music]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q1213386|Weir of Hermiston]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | [[File:Stevenson - Weir of Hermiston (1896).title.jpg|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1896" | 1896 | ''[[:d:Q1196408|historical fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7989828|Westwind]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1990" | 1990 | ''[[:d:Q182015|thriller]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q17066530|When They Lay Bare]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1999" | 1999 | |- | [[Whisky]] | | [[File:A Glass of Whiskey on the Rocks.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7887604|Whisky Galore]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1947" | 1947 | ''[[:d:Q193979|farce]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q40831|comedy]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q7994093|Whit]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1995" | 1995 | |- | ''[[:d:Q7995483|White Trash]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | | | [[Pop muisic|pop]] |- | ''[[:d:Q60421981|Who's That Lady With My Man]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7366|sang]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q134556|single]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1976" | 1976 | ''[[:d:Q517415|Europop]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q58339|disco]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q55642686|Wigilia]]'' | [[film]] | | | data-sort-value="2014" | 2014 | ''[[:d:Q28026639|Christmas film]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q16531882|William Lawson's]]'' | ''[[:d:Q80359036|alcohol brand]]'' | | data-sort-value="1849" | 1849 | | |- | ''[[:d:Q50399803|Willie was a wanton wag]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q17039057|Witch Hunt]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1993" | 1993 | |- | ''[[:d:Q8027856|Witch Wood]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1927" | 1927 | ''[[:d:Q1196408|historical fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q135975528|Without Permission]]'' | [[film]] | | | data-sort-value="2025" | 2025 | |- | ''[[:d:Q8028891|Wknd@stv]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5398426|televeesion series]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2257155|Wolfstone]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | [[File:Stuart et Colin.JPG|center|128px]] | data-sort-value="1989" | 1989 | | ''[[:d:Q2662148|Celtic rock]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q606060|women's association football]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10708051|competition class]]'' | [[File:Pepi Piazza.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3003796|women's lacrosse]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2312410|sports discipline]]'' | [[File:Womens lacrosse1.jpg|center|128px]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3569843|Woodstock]]'' | ''[[:d:Q47461344|written work]]'' | [[File:Frontispiece 1863 Woodstock-neat.png|center|128px]] | | data-sort-value="1826" | 1826-04-28 | ''[[:d:Q136472|historical fiction]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q130777372|Wrest]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | data-sort-value="2017" | 2017 | | ''[[:d:Q186472|folk rock]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q8038539|Writing on the Wall]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q206159|psychedelic rock]]'' |- | ''[[:d:Q113301675|Xena: Warrior Princess]]'' | [[video gemme]] | | | data-sort-value="2007" | 2007 | |- | ''[[:d:Q113644471|Ye Banks and Braes]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1788" | 1788 | |- | ''[[:d:Q80133851|Young Hunting]]'' | ''[[:d:Q105543609|musical work/composition]]'' | | | | [[Rock muisic|rock]] |- | ''[[:d:Q20714233|Your Cheatin' Heart]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1259759|miniseries]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5839193|Éire Óg]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q27962852|Étrangers au paradis]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7725634|leeterary wirk]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1959" | 1959 | |- | ''[[:d:Q97587415|Ímar]]'' | ''[[:d:Q215380|muisic baund]]'' | | data-sort-value="2016" | 2016 | | ''[[:d:Q854451|Celtic music]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q17018487|Scottish folk music]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1771297|English folk music]]'' |} {{Wikidata list end}} nz9ccsmgckzxh3npne33u59whaxn61n 0 230802 917741 886137 2026-06-04T16:38:12Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260604sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 917741 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fixscots}} {{Infobox body of water|name=Laacher See <br> Loch Laach|image=[[File:Laacher_See_-_Luftaufnahme.jpg|290px]]|caption=View o the [[caldera]]|image_bathymetry=|caption_bathymetry=|location=[[Ahrweiler (destrict)|Ahrweiler]], [[Rhineland-Palatinate]]|coordinates={{coord|50|25|N|7|16|E|region:DE_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}}|pushpin_map=Germany|pushpin_map_caption=Location in [[Germany]]|type=[[Volcanae|Volcanic]] [[Caldera|caldera loch]]|inflow=None|outflow=Fulbert-Stollen ([[canal]])|catchment=|basin_countries=[[Germany]]|length={{convert|1.964|km|mi|abbr=on}}|width={{convert|1.186|km|mi|abbr=on}}|area={{convert|3.3|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}|depth={{convert|31|m|ft|abbr=on}}|max-depth={{convert|51|m|ft|abbr=on}}|volume={{convert|103,000,000|m3|mi3|abbr=on}}|residence_time=|shore={{convert|7.3|km|mi|abbr=on}}|elevation={{convert|275|m|ft|abbr=on}}|islands=None|cities=}} '''Laacher See''' (leeterally: '''Loch Laach'''; {{IPA-de|ˈlaːxɐ ˈzeː}}) is a [[volcanae|volcanic]] [[caldera|caldera loch]] locatit in [[Rhineland-Palatinate]], [[Germany]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/eruptionsthatsho00oppe|title=Eruptions that Shook the World|last=Oppenheimer|first=Clive|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2011|isbn=978-0-521-64112-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/eruptionsthatsho00oppe/page/n232 216]–217|url-access=limited}}</ref><ref name="Klerk">{{cite journal|last=de Klerk|first=Pim|display-authors=etal|year=2008|title=Environmental impact of the Laacher See eruption at a large distance from the volcano: Integrated palaeoecological studies from Vorpommern (NE Germany)|journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology|volume=270|issue=1–2|pages=196–214|bibcode=2008PPP...270..196D|doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.09.013}}</ref> [[File:Map Laacher See.jpg|thumb|280x280px|Topografic map o the area aroond the Laacher See.]] [[File:Mayen Koblenz.jpg|thumb|280x280px|Map o regions aroond the Laacher See.]] [[File:Laacher_See_Bootsverleih_1.jpg|thumb|280x280px|Dock o rental boats in the Laacher See.]] The diameter is {{convert|2|km|mi|abbr=on}}, an it is locatit {{convert|24|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Koblenz]], {{convert|8|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Andernach]] an the [[Rhine]] river, an {{convert|37|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Bonn]]. Its last [[volcanic eruption]], which wis a [[Plinian eruption]], wis aroond 11,000 B.C., wi a [[Volcanic Explosivity Index]] (VEI) o 6, havin the same magnitude as the Plinian eruption o [[Munt Pinatubo]] in 1991. It is pairt o the [[Eifel]] region, an the [[East Eifel Volcanic Region]], which wis formed after the collision o the [[Africae|African]] an [[Eurasie|Eurasian]] [[continent]]s millions o yeirs ago.<ref name="Bogaard">{{cite journal|last=Bogaard|first=Paul van den|year=1995|title=⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar ages of sanidine phenocrysts from Laacher See Tephra (12,900 yr BP): Chronostratigraphic and petrological significance|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_earth-and-planetary-science-letters_1995-06_133_1-2/page/163|journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters|volume=133|issue=1–2|pages=163–174|bibcode=1995E&PSL.133..163V|doi=10.1016/0012-821X(95)00066-L}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|year=2011|title=Geo-Education and Geopark Implementation in the Vulkaneifel European Geopark/Vulkanland Eifel National Geopark|url=http://geosociety.org/meetings/2011munich/fieldTrips/e19a.htm|publisher=The Geological Society of America|access-date=2022-03-09|archive-date=2019-01-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113232457/http://geosociety.org/meetings/2011munich/fieldTrips/e19a.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://opencitations.net/index/coci/api/v1/citations/10.5194/CP-14-969-2018|last10=Esper|last11=Land|first11=Alexander|last12=Lane|first12=Christine|last13=Pfanz|first13=Hardy|first10=Jan|last14=Remmele|last15=Sigl|first15=Michael|last16=Sookdeo|first16=Adam|last17=Büntgen|first17=Ulf|display-authors=6|first14=Sabine|first9=Stefan|last5=Guidobaldi|last9=Engels|first=Frederick|last2=Wacker|first2=Lukas|last3=Jöris|first3=Olaf|last4=Oppenheimer|last=Reinig|first4=Clive|first5=Giulia|last6=Nievergelt|first6=Daniel|last7=Adolphi|first7=Florian|last8=Cherubini|first8=Paolo|title=Precise date for the Laacher See eruption synchronizes the Younger Dryas|quote=[Measurements] firmly date the [Laacher See eruption] to 13,006 ± 9 calibrated years before present (BP; taken as AD 1950), which is more than a century earlier than previously accepted.}}</ref> Bubbles o odorless [[Caurbon dioxide|CO₂]] gas called [[mofetta]]s are released from the loch, which means that the volcanae is [[dormant volcanae|dormant]]. Tae the west o the loch is the [[Maria Laach Aibey]], built in 1092 by [[Henry II o Laach]], Coont o the [[Hoose o Luxembourg]]. [[File:Laacher See, Mofetten.jpg|thumb|280x280px|Bubbles of odorless [[Caurbon dioxide|CO₂]] gas called [[mofetta]]s on the sootheastren shore o the Laacher See.]] [[File:Abtei_Maria_Laach_6.jpg|thumb|280x280px|View o the [[Maria Laach Aibey]].]] [[File:Panorama Laacher See 2010.jpg|thumb|280x280px|Panorama o the Laacher See.]] == References == <references /> == Freemit airtins == {{Commonscat|Laacher See}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120504095933/http://hisz.rsoe.hu/alertmap/read/index.php?pageid=svolcano_index&svid=10 Continuous event display of the 10 most recent registered seismic activities measured from the Laacher See] * [https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=de&u=http://www.spektrumverlag.de/artikel/977241&ei=_h_rStXtNo_-sQPL8rDXCA&sa=X&oi=translate&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAwQ7gEwAA&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dhttp://www.spektrumverlag.de/artikel/977241%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff Apokalypse im Rheintal (Cornelia Park und Hans-Ulrich Schmincke)] * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330425288_Deep_low-frequency_earthquakes_reveal_ongoing_magmatic_recharge_beneath_Laacher_See_Volcano_Eifel_Germany Martin Hensch, etal.: Deep low-frequency earthquakes reveal ongoing magmatic recharge beneath Laacher See Volcano (Eifel, Germany). Geophys. J. Int. (2019) 216, 2025–2036 doi:10.1093/gji/ggy532] * [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Michael_Foerster8/publication/288932428_Volcanic_activity_in_the_Eifel_during_the_last_500_000_years_The_ELSA-Tephra-Stack/links/5b1892250f7e9b68b424ade0/Volcanic-activity-in-the-Eifel-during-the-last-500-000-years-The-ELSA-Tephra-Stack.pdf Michael W. Förster, Frank Sirocko: Volcanic activity in the Eifel during the last 500,000 years: The ELSA-Tephra-Stack .Global and Planetary Change (2016)] (PDF) {{authority control}} [[Category:Lochs o Germany]] [[Category:Volcanaes]] [[Category:Geografie o Rhineland-Palatinate]] kc1a6mstqmbobcdggcrjl85idadb24d 0 231759 917768 913146 2026-06-04T17:03:36Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260604sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 917768 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical person|name=Alasdair Macintosh Geddes|image=|image_size=|alt=|caption=|birth_name=<!-- only use if different from name above -->|birth_date={{Birth date|1934|5|14|df=y}}|birth_place=[[Fortrose]], Scotland|death_date={{Death date and age|2024|4|9|1934|5|14|df=y}}|death_place=|death_cause=|nationality=British|citizenship=|education=[[University of Edinburgh Medical School|Varsitie o Edinburrie]]|occupation=|years_active=|known_for=*Diagnosing the warld's lest reportit deith wi the [[buock]] *Resairch on antimicrobials *Editor ''[[Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy]]'' an ''[[International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents]]''|relations=|profession=Emeritus Professor o Smittle Tribble|field=|work_institutions=*[[Heartlands Hospital|East Birmingham Hospital]] *[[University of Birmingham]]|specialism=|research_field=|prizes=|child=|module2=|signature=}} '''Alasdair Macintosh Geddes''' {{Post-nominals|CBE}} (14t Mey 1934 – 9t Apryle 2024) wis a Scottish medical doctor wha wis Professor o Smittle Tribble at the University o Birmingham Medical School. In 1978, as the Warld Halth Organisaution (WHO) wis shortlins tae be annooncin at the warld's lest case o buock hed occurred a year airlier in Somalie, Geddes diagnosed a British wimmin wi the tribble in [[Birmingham]], England. She wis fund tae be the index case o the ootbrek an becam the warld's lest reportit deith wi the tribble, five year aifter he hed preen the frontline o the WHO's buock eradicaution programme i Bangladesh i 1973. == Awairds an honours == Geddes wis a Fellae o the Academy of Medical Sciences.<ref name="AMS">{{Cite web|title=Professor Alasdair Geddes {{!}} The Academy of Medical Sciences|url=https://acmedsci.ac.uk/fellows/fellows-directory/ordinary-fellows/fellow/Professor-Alasdair-Geddes-0005907|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414070114/https://acmedsci.ac.uk/fellows/fellows-directory/ordinary-fellows/fellow/Professor-Alasdair-Geddes-0005907|archive-date=14 April 2024|access-date=30 August 2020|website=acmedsci.ac.uk}}</ref> Frae 1996 till 1998 he wis preses o the Internaitional Society fur Smittle Tribble.<ref name="Das">{{Cite journal|last=Das|first=Pam|date=January 2004|title=Interviewed|journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases|volume=4|issue=1|pages=54–57|doi=10.1016/s1473-3099(03)00862-4|issn=1473-3099|pmid=14720570}} {{Subscription required}}</ref> The follaein year, the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy awairded him the Garrod Medal, follaein whilk he delivert its accompanying lecture.<ref name="Garrod2021">{{Cite web|date=2021|title=Garrod Lecture & Medal|url=https://bsac.org.uk/what-we-do/garrod-lecture-medal/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102031240/https://bsac.org.uk/what-we-do/garrod-lecture-medal/|archive-date=2 November 2021|access-date=2 November 2021|website=The British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy|language=en}}</ref> In 2009, he received Honorar Memmership o the [[International Society of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy|Internaitional Society o Antimicrobial Chemotherapy]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=ISAC Honorary Membership {{!}} International Society of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy|url=https://www.isac.world/about-us/isc-honorary-membership|access-date=9 September 2020|website=www.isac.world|language=en|archive-date=2020-06-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623005454/https://www.isac.world/about-us/isc-honorary-membership|url-status=dead}}</ref> He received the European Society o Clinical Microbiology an Smittle Tribble awaird fur excellence in clinical microbiology an smittle tribble in 2014.<ref name="Das" /> Efterhin, in 2015 he received the Hamao Umezawa Memorial Awaird (HUMA) Awaird.<ref name="HUMA">{{Cite web|title=HUMA Awardee|url=https://www.isac.world/news-and-publications/huma-awardee-announced|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414071654/https://www.isac.world/news-and-publications/huma-awardee-announced|archive-date=14 April 2024|access-date=28 August 2020|website=www.isac.world|publisher=[[International Society of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy]]|language=en}}</ref> He wis appynt [[Order o the Breetish Empire|Commander o the Order o the British Empire]] (CBE) in the 1996 New Year Honours fur services tae Medicine.<ref>United Kingdom list: {{London Gazette|issue=54255|pages=8|supp=1|date=30 December 1995}}</ref> His mindins o 1978 inspired Mark Pallen tae be writin ''The Lest Days o Buock: Tragedy in Birmingham'', furthset i 2018.<ref name="Pallen2018Ch.27">{{Cite book|last=Pallen|first=Mark|title=The Last Days of Smallpox; Tragedy in Birmingham|publisher=Independently Published|year=2018|isbn=9781980455226|pages=94|chapter=27. Personal Interlude. Coming to Birmingham}}</ref> == Seleckit furthsettins == * {{Cite journal|last=Geddes|first=A. M.|date=15 March 1986|title=Risk of AIDS to health care workers.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-medical-journal_1986-03-15_292_6522/page/711|journal=British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.)|volume=292|issue=6522|pages=711–712|doi=10.1136/bmj.292.6522.711|issn=0267-0623|pmc=1339770|pmid=3082404}} * {{Cite journal|last=Tarlow|first=M.|last2=Geddes|first2=A. M.|date=12 December 1992|title=Meningococcal meningitis or septicaemia: a plea for diagnostic clarity|url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PII0140-6736(92)92678-9/abstract|journal=The Lancet|language=en|volume=340|issue=8833|pages=1481|doi=10.1016/0140-6736(92)92678-9|issn=0140-6736|pmid=1360607}} (Joint author) * {{Cite journal|last=Kerrod|first=Emma|last2=Geddes|first2=Alasdair M.|last3=Regan|first3=Martyn|last4=Leach|first4=Steve|date=February 2005|title=Surveillance and Control Measures during Smallpox Outbreaks|journal=[[Emerging Infectious Diseases (journal)|Emerging Infectious Diseases]]|volume=11|issue=2|pages=291–297|doi=10.3201/eid1102.040609|issn=1080-6040|pmc=3320452|pmid=15752449}} (Joint author) * {{Cite journal|last=Geddes|first=Alasdair M.|date=1 May 2006|title=The history of smallpox|url=https://www.cidjournal.com/article/S0738-081X(05)00170-7/abstract|journal=Clinics in Dermatology|language=en|volume=24|issue=3|pages=152–157|doi=10.1016/j.clindermatol.2005.11.009|issn=0738-081X|pmid=16714195}} * {{Cite journal|last=Geddes|first=Alasdair M.|last2=Klugman|first2=Keith P.|last3=Rolinson|first3=George N.|date=December 2007|title=Introduction: historical perspective and development of amoxicillin/clavulanate|journal=International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents|volume=30|issue=Suppl 2|pages=S109–112|doi=10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2007.07.015|issn=0924-8579|pmid=17900874}} (Joint author) == References == {{Reflist}} <references responsive="1"></references> == Further reading == * {{Cite book|last=Shooter, R. A.|url=http://www.official-documents.gov.uk/document/hc7980/hc06/0668/0668.pdf|title=Report of the investigation into the cause of the 1978 Birmingham smallpox occurrence|date=July 1980|publisher=Her Majesty's Stationery Office|location=London}} * {{Cite news|last=Williams|first=Sally|date=21 November 2020|title='It was a total invasion': the virus that came back from the dead|language=en|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/nov/21/it-was-a-total-invasion-the-virus-that-came-back-from-the-dead|access-date=20 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920155629/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/nov/21/it-was-a-total-invasion-the-virus-that-came-back-from-the-dead|archive-date=20 September 2022}} == Fremmit airtins == * [https://www.macearchive.org/films/atv-today-30081978-smallpox-alert-birmingham ATV Today: 30.08.1978: Smallpox Alert in Birmingham]{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [[Category:Commanders o the Order o the Breetish Empire]] [[Category:1934 births]] [[Category:Black Isle]] [[Category:2024 daiths]] [[Category:Smittle tribbles]] [[Category:Varsity o Edinburgh alumni]] oj41jmppe9jihvlcqaw5azu9f7o8hyo 0 233421 917780 916807 2026-06-04T18:28:08Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 917780 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie | name = Melissa O'Neil | image = Melissa O'Neil 2016.jpg | caption = O'Neil in 2016 | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1988|7|12}} | birth_place = [[Calgary|Calgary, Alberta]], Canadae | occupation = {{flatlist| * Actress * sangster * sangwriter }} | years_active = 2005–present | module = {{Infobox muisical airtist|embed=yes | background = solo_singer | instrument = Vocals | genre = [[Pop muisic|Pop]] | label = [[Sony Music|Sony Music Canada]] <small>(2005–2007)</small> }} }} '''Melissa O'Neil''' (born 12 Julie 1988)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Melissa O'Neil|url=https://playbill.com/person/melissa-oneil-vault-0000122112|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-06|website=Playbill|language=en-US}}</ref> is a Canadian actress an sangster-sangwriter. In 2005, O'Neil wan the thrid saison o ''[[Canadian Idol]]''. As an actress, she is kent fur her roles as Rebecca, Two, an Portia Lin in the Canadian science fiction series ''[[Dark Matter (2015 TV series)|Dark Matter]]'' an as Sergeant Lucy Chen in the American polis procedural drama series ''[[The Rookie]]''. == Early life == Melissa O'Neil wis born in [[Calgary|Calgary, Alberta]] tae a Cheenese Canadian<ref>{{Cite web|title=ABC Celebrates #AANHPIHeritageMonth with The Rookie's Melissa O'Neil|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ge7X-SkEwlo|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-06|website=}}</ref> mither frae [[Hong Kong]] an an Erse-Canadian faither.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Cardoso|first=Paul|date=2022-07-13|title=Melissa O'Neil History, Personal Life, Career, Husband, Biography|url=https://www.naijanews.com/buzz/people/melissa-oneil-heritage-personal-life-career-husband-biography/|url-status=dead|access-date=2026-05-06|website=[[Naija News]]|language=en-US|archive-date=2026-05-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260519183523/https://www.naijanews.com/buzz/people/melissa-oneil-heritage-personal-life-career-husband-biography/}}</ref> O'Neil attendit [[Lester B. Pearson Heich Schuil (Calgary)|Lester B. Pearson Heich Schuil]] in Calgary, Alberta, whaur she performed in muisicals, pleyed rugby an wis on the basketbaw team.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Volmers|first=Eric|date=2015-06-29|title=Calgary actress Melissa O'Neil charts new path with sci-fi series|url=https://calgaryherald.com/entertainment/television/calgary-actress-melissa-oneil-charts-new-path-with-sci-fi-series|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-06|website=Calgary Herald|language=en}}</ref> == Career == === ''Canadian Idol'' === In early 2005, whiles in heich schuil, O'Neil auditionit fur the thrid saison o ''[[Canadian Idol]]''. The judges wur impressed bi her vocals, an she mak it throu tae the tap 100 roond. On the furst day, she sang the sang "Concrete Angel" bi [[Martina McBride]] [[a cappella]] an again impressed the judges; bit, on the final day o competeetion, she forgot the wirds tae her chuisen sang an froze. Nivertheless, the judges wur aye sae impressed bi her singin abeelities that she continued tae the tap 32. Efter scorin the heichest nummer o votes in her semi-final group, again wi "Concrete Angel", O'Neil wis grantit a place in the final 10 o the contest. Awthou she wis heichly praised bi the judges, O'Neil suffered huge setbacks in baith the Tap 10 an Tap 9 weeks o the finals, as she wis votit in baith the bottom three an bottom twa, respectively. Shockit bi this, the judges urged viewers tae vote fur contestants lik Melissa, wha clearly haed the best vocal abeelities. Frae then on, O'Neil niver fell back intae the bottom three efter deliverin consistently praised performances, wi judge [[Zack Werner]] declarin that she wis "a threit tae win the whole thing". On 7 September 2005, O'Neil mak it intae the final twa o the competeetion, alangside [[Rex Goudie]], an efter mair performances, judge Werner statit that the heidlines o the nixt day's newspapers wad be "The King [Kalan Porter] is deid, lang live the Queen." Durin the grand finale results shaw on 14 September 2005, O'Neil defeatit Goudie tae be crouned the thrid ''Canadian Idol,'' as weel as the furst female winner, furst winner o Cheenese strynd, an (at 17) the yungest winner in the shaw's history. === Sangster === Immediately efter her win on ''Canadian Idol'', O'Neil received a congratulatory phone caw frae the [[Prime Meenister o Canadae|Canadian Prime Meenister]] [[Paul Martin]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2005-09-15|title=Calgary's Melissa O'Neil is first female Canadian Idol|language=en-CA|work=The Globe and Mail|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/calgarys-melissa-oneil-is-first-female-canadian-idol/article25678495/|access-date=2026-05-06}}</ref> She then signed a recordin contract wi [[Sony BMG|Sony BMG Canada]] an lowsed her furst single, "[[Alive (Melissa O'Neil sang)|Alive]]", that hit stores on 4 October 2005, an debuted at nummer ane on the Canadian singles chairt, a poseetion it held fur fower week. The single wint on tae be certifee'd fower-times platinum bi the [[Music Canada|CRIA]]. On 22 November 2005, O'Neil's sel-titled debut album, ''[[Melissa O'Neil (album)|Melissa O'Neil]]'', wis lowsed on Sony an debuted at nummer saxteen on the Canadian albums chairt. The seicont single frae her album, "[[Melissa O'Neil (album)|Let It Go]]" wis lowsed in late 2005 an peakit at nummer seeven on the singles chairt. On 7 Februar 2006, O'Neil embarkit on her furst solo tour in [[North Bay, Ontario]], cried the Let It Go Tour efter her seicont single. Her support ack wis her ''Canadian Idol'' rinner-up, [[Rex Goudie]]. The thrid single lowse frae O'Neil's album wis "[[Melissa O'Neil (album)|Speechless]]", that peakit at nummer thirty-ane. In Mairch 2006, her debut album wis certifee'd gowd bi the [[Music Canada|CRIA]] fur 50,000 unit shipped, an her furst single "Alive" wis kivered bi Becki Ryan in the film ''[[Flicka]]''. On 16 September 2006 O'Neil returned tae the ''Canadian Idol'' stage durin the grand finale o its fowert saison. Here, she wis surprised wi the certifee'd-gowd-presentation disc o her debut album. In 2007, O'Neil wis nominatit fur a [[Juno Awairds|Juno Awaird]] as New Airtist o the Year, alangside [[Daniel Victor|Neverending White Lights]], [[Tomi Swick]], [[Patrick Watson (muisicker)|Patrick Watson]], an [[Eva Avila]] (the latter, her ''Canadian Idol'' successor<ref>{{Cite news|date=2006-09-17|title=Quebec teen Eva Avila crowned new Canadian Idol|language=en-CA|work=The Globe and Mail|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/quebec-teen-eva-avila-crowned-new-canadian-idol/article1103663/|access-date=2026-05-06}}</ref>); houiver, Swick teuk hame the awaird.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2007-04-02|title=Furtado Wins Big At Junos|url=https://celebrityaccess.com/caarchive/furtado-wins-big-at-junos/|access-date=2026-05-06|website=CelebrityAccess|language=en-US}}</ref> In 2009, O'Neil becam the lead vocalist fur the Toronto [[funk]] baund [[God Made Me Funky]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2009-09-12|title=God Made Me Funky on ET Canada!|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uuo6EQ0uNjo|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-06|website=ET Canada}}</ref> As descrieved bi Glenn Sumi, o ''[[Now (newspaper)|NOW Toronto]]'', "Efter winnin the thrid saison o Canadian Idol... O'Neil lowsed a best-sellin disc an then promptly begound daein muisical theatre, wi roles in ''[[Dirty Dancing]]'', ''[[High School Musical]]'' an the acclaimed Stratford production o ''[[Jesus Christ Superstar]]''."<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Sumi|first=Glenn|date=2013-10-03|title=Interview: Melissa O'Neil—Actor, Les Misérables|url=https://nowtoronto.com/culture/melissa-oneil/|access-date=2026-05-06|website=NOW Toronto|language=en-CA|url-status=live}}</ref> === Muisical theatre === In the [[Toronto, Ontario]], production o ''Dirty Dancing'', O'Neil wis a featured sangster. In the Drayton Entertainment production o ''High School Musical On Stage'' (in [[St. Jacobs, Ontario|St. Jacobs]] an [[Penetanguishene]]), O'Neil pleyed the role o Gabriella. O'Neil's appearance as Martha/Maid by the Fire durin the 2011 saison's ''[[Jesus Christ Superstar]]'' wis her [[Stratford Fest|Stratford Shakespeare Fest]] debut. O'Neil wis featured as a lead in the Stage Wast Calgary production o "British Invasion" alangside umwhile lead sangster o [[The Guess Who]], Terry Hatty, an mak an appearance in ''[[Camelot (muisical)|Camelot]]''.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Zekas|first=Rita|date=2010-12-17|title=Bella rocks a yellow silk chiffon cocktail dress|url=https://www.thestar.com/life/beauty-and-fashion/bella-rocks-a-yellow-silk-chiffon-cocktail-dress/article_fe53fcfc-1d15-5a39-9833-fa504ca321c0.html|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-06|website=Toronto Star|language=en}}</ref> She pleyed [[Éponine]] in a sit-doun production o ''[[Les Misérables (muisical)|Les Misérables]]'' in Toronto at the [[Princess o Wales Theatre]], that ran frae September 2013 throu Februar 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ferri|first=Josh|title=It’s Official! Ramin Karimloo, Melissa O’Neil & More Will Head to the Barricades in Toronto’s Les Miserables|url=https://www.broadway.com/buzz/167338/its-official-ramin-karimloo-melissa-oneil-more-will-head-to-the-barricades-in-torontos-les-miserables/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-06|website=Broadway.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kenneth|first=Jones|title=Toronto's New Les Miz Will Star Ramin Karimloo, Genevieve Leclerc, Samantha Hill, Lisa Horner, Cliff Saunders|url=http://playbill.com/news/article/174991-Torontos-New-Les-Miz-Will-Star-Ramin-Karimloo-Genevieve-Leclerc-Samantha-Hill-Lisa-Horner-Cliff-Saunders|url-status=dead|access-date=2026-05-06|website=Playbill.com|archive-date=2013-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012004451/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/174991-Torontos-New-Les-Miz-Will-Star-Ramin-Karimloo-Genevieve-Leclerc-Samantha-Hill-Lisa-Horner-Cliff-Saunders}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Cameron|first=Kelly|date=1970-01-01|title=LES MISERABLES, ONCE, ALADDIN & More Set for Mirvish's 50th Season|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/LES-MISERABLES-ONCE-ALADDIN-and-More-Highlight-Mirvishs-50th-Season-20130213|access-date=2026-05-06|website=BroadwayWorld.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Gioia|first=Michael|title=Toronto Production of Les Misérables, Starring Ramin Karimloo, Ends Feb. 2|url=http://playbill.com/news/article/187145-Toronto-Production-of-Les-Miseacuterables-Starring-Ramin-Karimloo-Ends-Feb-2?tsrc=hph|url-status=dead|access-date=2026-05-06|website=Playbill.com|archive-date=2014-02-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219200614/http://playbill.com/news/article/187145-Toronto-Production-of-Les-Miseacuterables-Starring-Ramin-Karimloo-Ends-Feb-2?tsrc=hph}}</ref> She wan the [[Dora Mavor Moore Awairds|Dora Awaird]] fur Ootstandin Female Performance fur that role.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Henry|first=Alan|date=2014-06-24|title=Dora Awards 2014: A List Of All The Winners!|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/toronto/article/Photo-Flash-Inside-the-35th-Annual-Dora-Awards-Party-and-Ceremony-at-Harbourfront-Centre-20140624|access-date=2026-05-06|website=BroadwayWorld|language=en|url-status=live}}</ref> In Mairch 2012, O'Neil mak her Broadway debut in ''Jesus Christ Superstar'', whaur she pleyed Martha, Maid bi the Fire an wirkit as unnerstudy tae the role o Mary Magdalene.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Inside Playbill Gallery: Jesus Christ Supersar, Who's Who in the Cast|url=https://playbill.com/playbillpagegallery/inside-playbill?asset=00000150-ac86-d16d-a550-ecbeefaf0002&type=InsidePlaybill&slide=1|url-status=live|website=Playbill}}</ref> In 2013, O'Neil wis promotit tae pley [[Éponine]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Les Misérables Cast & Creatives: Melissa O'Neil|url=http://www.lesmis.com/toronto/about/cast-and-creatives/melissa-oneil/|url-status=dead|access-date=2026-05-06|website=LesMis.com|archive-date=2015-07-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714041106/http://www.lesmis.com/toronto/about/cast-and-creatives/melissa-oneil/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ahearn|first=Victoria|date=2013-09-26|title=Les Miserables role a ‘dream come true’ for Melissa O’Neil|url=https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/stage/les-miserables-role-a-dream-come-true-for-melissa-o-neil/article_ca7c7d0d-2934-5183-a271-a03acb911791.html|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-06|website=Toronto Star|language=en}}</ref> In Mairch 2014, O'Neil returned tae Broadway in a revival o ''Les Misérables'', whaur she wis a memmer o the ensemble an wirkit as unnerstudy fur the roles o Éponine an [[Fantine]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gioia|first=Michael|title=Casting Now Complete for 2014 Broadway Revival of Les Misérables|url=http://www.playbill.com/news/article/184997-Casting-Now-Complete-for-2014-Broadway-Revival-of-Les-Misrables?tsrc=hph|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-06|website=Playbill}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Inside Playbill Gallery: Les Misérables, Who's Who in the Cast|url=https://playbill.com/playbillpagegallery/inside-playbill?asset=00000150-ac86-d16d-a550-ecbeefaf0002&type=InsidePlaybill&|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-06|website=Playbill}}</ref> === Actin === O'Neil haes been actin syne 2015. She haes haed recurrin roles in the 2015 [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]] TV drama cried ''[[This Life (2015 TV series)|This Life]]'' that wis set in Montreal, the [[Cole Hauser]] TV crime series ''[[Rogue (TV series)|Rogue]]'', an the muisical drama wab series, ''Lost Generation'', that wis set in Berlin. The shaw wis oreeginally cried ''Pulse'' an haed a beuk an score written bi [[Duncan Sheik]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jarvey|first=Natalie|date=2016-06-02|title=Katie Findlay to Star in Go90 Musical Series ‘Pulse’|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/digital/katie-findlay-star-go90-musical-899121/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-06|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|language=en-US}}</ref> In December 2014, O'Neil wis cast in the starnin role o Two / Rebecca / Portia Lin, on the [[Syfy]] TV series space opera ''[[Dark Matter (2015 TV series)|Dark Matter]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vlessing|first=Etan|date=2014-12-18|title=Melissa O’Neil, Marc Bendavid Board Syfy’s ‘Dark Matter’|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/melissa-oneil-marc-bendavid-board-759225/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-06|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|language=en-US}}</ref> It wis a role she pleyed frae 2015 tae 2017, fur three saisons o the shaw. In 2018, O'Neil pleyed the role o Suki in [[The CW]] [[Procedural drama|procedural]] [[Crime film|crime drama]] ''[[IZombie (TV series)|iZombie]]'' creatit bi [[Rob Thomas (writer)|Rob Thomas]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shoaff|first=Brandon|date=2022-05-10|title=The iZombie Character You Likely Forgot The Rookie's Melissa O'Neil Played|url=https://www.looper.com/858156/the-izombie-character-you-likely-forgot-the-rookies-melissa-oneil-played/|access-date=2026-05-06|website=Looper|language=en-US}}</ref> an haed anither recurrin role in the thriller ''[[Condor (TV series)|Condor]]'', a TV remak o ''[[Three Days of the Condor]]''. In October 2018, O'Neil wis cast in the role o [[Los Angeles Polis Depairtment|LAPD]] Officer Lucy Chen an Sava Wu in the [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] telly polis drama series ''[[The Rookie]]'', whaur she pleys a fellae rookie polis officer opposite [[Nathan Fillion]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Petski|first=Nellie Andreeva,Denise|date=2018-02-08|title=‘The Rookie’: Melissa O’Neil To Co-Star In Nathan Fillion’s ABC Light Drama Series|url=https://deadline.com/2018/02/the-rookie-melissa-oneil-abc-drama-series-nathan-fillion-1202282153/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-06|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Volmers|first=Eric|date=2018-10-12|title=Green in Blue: Calgary's Melissa O'Neil hits the mean streets of L.A. as newbie cop in The Rookie|url=https://calgaryherald.com/entertainment/television/green-in-blue-calgarys-melissa-oneil-hits-the-mean-streets-of-l-a-as-newbie-cop-in-the-rookie|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-06|website=Calgary Herald|language=en}}</ref> == Personal life == O'Neil's maternal grandfaither gae her a [[Cheenese leid|Cheenese]] name Ao Shimin ([[Tradeetional Cheenese chairacters|Tradeetional Cheenese]]: 奧詩敏, [[Simplifee'd Cheenese chairacters|Simplifee'd Cheenese]]: 奥诗敏, [[Pinyin]]: ''Ào Shī mǐn''), that means ''ladylike''.<ref name=":1" /> At the time whan she wis competin in ''Canadian Idol'', O'Neil wis said tae be able tae speak [[Cantonese]], bit nae fluently. ==Discography== ===Albums=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! rowspan="2"| Year ! rowspan="2"| Album details ! colspan="1"| Peak ! rowspan="2"| [[Muisic recordin sales certification|Certifications]]<br />([[Leet o best sellin muisic airtists|sales threshauld]]) |- style="font-size:smaller;" ! width="40"| [[Canadian Albums Chairt|CAN]] |- | 2005 | align="left"| '''''[[Melissa O'Neil (album)|Melissa O'Neil]]''''' * Lowsed: 22 November 2005 * Label: [[Sony Records|Sony]] * Format: [[Compact Disc|CD]] | 14 | align="left"| * [[Music Canada|MC]]: Gowd |} ===Singles=== {| class="wikitable" !width="40"|Year !Sang !width="40"|Canadae !Certification !Album |- |align="center" rowspan=2|2005 |"Alive" |align="center"|1 |align="center"| 4xPlatinum (CRIA) |rowspan="3"|''[[Melissa O'Neil (album)|Melissa O'Neil]]'' |- |"Let It Go" |align="center"|7 |align="center"|— |- |align="center" rowspan=1|2006 |"Speechless" |align="center"|31 |align="center"|— |} ===Ither appearances=== {| class="wikitable" |+ !Year !Sang !Airtist !Album |- | rowspan="2" |2005 |"Concrete Angel" |[[Canadian Idol]] |''High Notes'' |- |"Whiskey Lullaby" |[[Rex Goudie]] |''Under the Lights'' |} ==Filmography== {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+ Telly an film roles |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! class="unsortable" | Notes |- |2005 |''[[Canadian Idol]]'' |Hersel |Contestant an winner on saison 3 |- | 2010 | ''Broken Hearts'' | Brandi | Film |- | 2015–2017 | ''[[Dark Matter (2015 TV series)|Dark Matter]]'' | Two / Portia Lin | Main role |- | 2015 | ''[[This Life (2015 TV series)|This Life]]'' | Sarah | Recurrin role (saison 1), 7 episodes |- | rowspan="2" | 2016 | ''[[Rogue (TV series)|Rogue]]'' | Jen | Recurrin role (saisons 3–4), 8 episodes |- | ''[[Second Jen]]'' | Naomi | Episode: "Jenny Has the Gay" |- | rowspan="2" | 2017 | ''[[Ransom (TV series)|Ransom]]'' | Drita Jakupi | Episode: "The Artist" |- | ''Lost Generation'' | Tasha | Wab series; recurrin role, 5 episodes |- | rowspan="3" | 2018 | ''[[IZombie (TV series)|iZombie]]'' | Suki | Recurrin role (saison 4), 5 episodes |- | data-sort-value="Simple Favor, A" | ''[[A Simple Favor (film)|A Simple Favor]]'' | Beth T.A. | Film |- | ''[[Condor (TV series)|Condor]]'' | Janice | Recurrin role (saison 1), 5 episodes |- | 2018–present | data-sort-value="Rookie, The" | ''[[The Rookie]]'' | Officer/Sergeant Lucy Chen / Sava "Juicy" Wu | Main role; 126 episodes |- | 2022 | data-sort-value="Rookie: Feds, The" | ''[[The Rookie: Feds]]'' | Officer Lucy Chen | Episodes: "Face Off", "The Reaper" |} '''Video gemmes roles''' {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" !Year !Title !Role !Notes |- |2016 |''[[Tom Clancy's The Division]]''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Crafting the Storyline of Tom Clancy's The Division's Faye Lau|url=https://www.massive.se/article/crafting-the-storyline-of-tom-clancys-the-divisions-faye-lau/|access-date=2026-05-06|website=Massive Entertainment|language=en-US}}</ref> |Faye Lau |Main role; Vyce |- |2019–2020 |''[[Tom Clancy's The Division 2]]'' |Faye Lau |Recurrin role (Warlairds o New York DLC, Saison 4: End o Watch) |} == Theatre == * 2007–2009: ''Dirty Dancing''<ref name=":0" /> * ''High School Musical'' at the Drayton Theatre Fest * ''Country Legends'' at the Drayton Theatre Fest * 2010: ''British Invasion'' at Stage Wast (Calgary) * 2010: ''Beauty and the Beast: The Savagely Silly Family Musical'' as Bella at Elgin Theatre (Calgary)<ref name=":2" /> * 2011: [[Stratford Fest|Stratford Shakespeare Fest]]: ''[[Jesus Christ Superstar]]'' & ''[[Camelot (muisical)|Camelot]]'' * 2012: ''Jesus Christ Superstar'' as Martha, Maid by the Fire an Mary Magdalene (unnerstudy) at the Neil Simon Theatre (New York)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jesus Christ Superstar|url=https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/jesus-christ-superstar-490940|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-06|website=Internet Broadway Database}}</ref> * 2013-14: Les Misérables: Princess o Wales Theatre * 2014–2016: ''Les Misérables'' Ensemble an Fantine an Eponine (unnerstudy) at the Imperial Theatre (New York)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Les Misérables|url=https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/les-misrables-494837|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-06|website=Internet Broadway Database}}</ref> == Awairds an honors == * 2007: [[Juno Awairds|Juno Awaird]], New Airtist o the Year (nominee) * 2014: [[Dora Mavor Moore Awairds|Dora Awaird]] fur Ootstandin Female Performance fur role o Éponine in ''Les Misérables''<ref name=":3" /> == See an aw == * [[Rock muisic o Canadae|Canadian rock]] * [[Muisic o Canadae]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Fremmit airtins== {{sister project links|d=Q3305128|q=Melissa O'Neil|c=category:Melissa O'Neil|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|wikt=no|s=no|species=no}} * {{IMDb name|2047780|Melissa O'Neil}} * {{IBDB name|491491|Melissa O'Neil}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Oneil, Melissa}} [[Category:1988 births]] [[Category:Canadian actresses o Cheenese strynd]] [[Category:Canadian fowk o Erse strynd]] [[Category:Actresses frae Calgary]] [[Category:Canadian Idol winners]] [[Category:Canadian muisical theatre actresses]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Muisickers frae Calgary]] [[Category:Dora Mavor Moore Awaird winners]] [[Category:21st-century Canadian wummen sangsters]] [[Category:Canadian muisickers o Hong Kong strynd]] [[Category:Canadian pop muisickers]] [[Category:Canadian actresses o Hong Kong strynd]] [[Category:Sangsters frae Alberta]] j3pg4kvtuhpejvi742l04tjn0no3aw9 0 233476 917718 917235 2026-06-04T16:22:28Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 15 books for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260604sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 917718 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition (new) | name = Developmental coordination ail | synonyms = Developmental motor coordination ail, dyspraxia | field = [[Psychiatry]], [[neurology]] | symptoms = Motor skeels deficit an informational processin difficulties | complications = Learnin difficulties, low sel-esteem, wee tae nae engagement in pheesical activities lik sports, leadin tae [[obesity]] | onset = syne birth | duration = Lifelang | treatment = Pheesical therapy, occupational therapy | frequency = 5–6% (o aw age groups) | differential = Motor impairments owin tae anither medical condeetion, [[autism]], [[attention deficit hyperactivity ail]], [[dysgraphia]], [[jynt hypermobility syndrome]], [[hypotonia]], [[fetal alcohol spectrum ail]] | image = File:Black Chuck Taylors.jpg | alt = Shaes wi unduin laces | caption = Mony fowk wi dyspraxia hae difficulty wi tyin shaelaces, writin, an performin tasks that require coordination. }} '''Developmental coordination''' '''ail''' ('''DCA'''), forby kent as '''developmental motor coordination''' '''ail''', '''developmental dyspraxia''', or simply '''dyspraxia''' (frae Auncient Greek ''praxis'' 'activity'), is a motor ail chairacterised bi impairt coordination o pheesical muivements as a result o harn messages nae bein accurately transmittit tae the bouk. Deficits in fine or gross motor skeels muivements interfere wi activities o daily livin. It is aften descrieved as ail in skeel acquisition, whaur the learnin an execution o coordinatit motor skeels is substantially belaw that expectit gien the individual's chronological age. Difficulties mey present as clumsiness, slawness an inaccuracy o performance o motor skeels (e.g., catchin objecks, uisin cutlery, haundwritin, ridin a bike, uise o tuils or pairteecipatin in team sports or soummin). It is aften accompanee'd bi difficulty wi organisation an/or problems wi attention, wirkin memory an time management. A diagnosis o DCD is reached anly in the absence o ither neurological impairments sic as cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, or Parkinson's dishailth. The condeetion is lifelang an its onset is in early bairnheid. It is thoucht tae affeck aboot 5% o the population. Occupational therapy can help fowk wi dyspraxia tae develop thair coordination an achieve things that thay micht itherwise find extremely challengin tae accomplish. Dyspraxia haes naething tae dae wi intelligence but fowk wi dyspraxia mey struggle wi sel-esteem acause thair peers can easily dae things thay struggle wi on a daily basis. Dyspraxia is nae aften kent as a disabeelity in the general public. == Signs an symptoms == The Warld Heal Organisation (WHO) recognises DCA as a condeetion an hae published thair defineetion in the Internaitional Clessification o Dishailths. The American Psychiatric Association (APA)'s Diagnostic an Stateestical Manual, DSM-5 clessifies Developmental Coordination Ail (DCA) as a discrete motor ail unner the broader heidin o neurodevelopmental ails. It is aften descrieved as a ail in skeel acquisition or motor learnin, whaur the learnin an execution o coordinatit motor skeels is substantially belaw that expectit gien the individual's chronological age. Mony areas o development can be affeckit bi DCA an thir mey persist intae adultheid. In bairn, DCA mey exhibit as delays in early development o sittin, crawlin, walkin; peer abeelity or difficulties wi bairnheid activities sic as rinnin, jumpin, happin, catchin, sports an soummin; slawness; frequent trippin an bruisin; peer haundwritin skeels; difficulties wi sel care; difficulties wi skeels sic as uisin cutlery or tyin shaelaces; peer spatial unnerstaundin; difficulty follaein instructions; peer time management; an aften losin objecks. In adultheid, in addeetion tae a bairnheid history as abuin, the condeetion mey manifest as a difficulty learnin new motor skeels or applyin skeels in a different or busy environment, peer organisation an time management skeels, missed deidlines an lateness fur appyntments (or earliness as a copin strategy), an awkward pauses afore answerin in conversation. Thare is aften a history o unnerachievement in eddication or the wirkplace. Awthou skeels can be acquired, sic as neat haundwritin, haundwritin speed will then be muckle lower nor expectit. Evidence frae resairch an clinical practice indicates that DCA is nae juist a pheesical ail, an thare mey be deficits in executive functions, behavioural organisation an emotional regulation that extend furth the motor impairments an that are independent o diagnoses o co-morbidities. In addeetion tae the pheesical or motor impairments, developmental coordination ail is associatit wi problems wi memory, inspecially wirkin memory. This teepically results in difficulty myndin instructions, difficulty organisin ane's time an myndin deidlines, increased propensity tae lose things or problems carryin oot tasks that require myndin seevral steps in sequence (sic as cuikin). Whilst maist o the general population experience thir problems tae some extent, thay hae a muckle mair signeeficant impact on the lives o dyspraxic fowk. Houiver, mony dyspraxics hae excellent lang-term memories, in maugre o peer short-term memory. Mony dyspraxic fowk benefit frae wirkin in a structured environment, as repeatin the same routine minimises difficulty wi time-management an allous thaim tae commit procedurs tae lang-term memory. Fowk wi developmental coordination ail whiles hae difficulty moderatin the amoont o sensory information that thair bouk is constantly sendin thaim, sae as a result thir dyspraxic fowk mey be prone tae sensory owerload an panic attacks. Moderate tae extreme difficulty daein pheesical tasks is experienced bi some fowk wi dyspraxia, an fatigue is common acause sae muckle energy is expendit tryin tae execute pheesical muivements correctly. Some dyspraxic fowk hae hypotonia, low muscle tone, that can detrimentally affeck balance an aa. === Gross motor control === Hale bouk muivement an motor coordination issues mean that major developmental targets includin walkin, rinnin, climbin an jumpin can be affeckit. The difficulties vary frae person tae person an can include the follaein: * Peer timin. * Peer balance (whiles even fawin ower in mid-step). Trippin ower ane's awn feet is common an aa. * Difficulty combinin muivements intae a controlled sequence. * Difficulty myndin the nixt muivement in a sequence. * Problems wi spatial awareness, or proprioception. * Trouble pickin up an hauldin ontae simple objecks sic as pincils, owin tae peer muscle tone or proprioception. * Clumsiness tae the pynt o knockin things ower, causin minor injuries tae anesel an bumpin intae fowk accidentally. * Difficulty in determinin left frae richt. * Cross-laterality, ambidexterity, an a shift in the preferred haund are common in fowk wi developmental coordination ail an aa. * Problems wi chewin fuids. === Fine motor control === Fine-motor problems can cause difficulty wi a wide variety o ither tasks sic as uisin a knife an fork, fastenin buttons an shaelaces, cuikin, brushin tuith, stylin hair, shavin, applyin cosmetics, appenin jars an packets, lackin an unlackin duirs, an daein hoosewirk. Difficulties wi fine motor co-ordination lead tae problems wi haundwritin, Problems associatit wi this area mey include: * Learnin basic muivement patterns. * Developin a desired writin speed. * Establishin the correct pincil grip. * Haundwritin that is difficult tae read an mey miss wirds in sentences or place wirds in the incorrect order * Acquirin graphemes, e.g. the letters o the Laitin alphabet, as weel as nummers. === Developmental verbal dyspraxia === Developmental verbal dyspraxia (DVD) is a teep o ideational dyspraxia, causin speech an leid impairments. This is the favoured term in the UK; houiver, it is whiles referred tae as airticulatory dyspraxia an aa, an in the Unitit States the uisual term is bairnheid apraxia o speech (BAS). Key problems include: * Difficulties controllin the speech organs. * Difficulties makin speech soonds. * Difficulty sequencin soonds athin a wird. * Difficulty sequencin soonds formin wirds intae sentences. * Difficulty controllin breithin, suppressin salivation an phonation whan taukin or singin wi leerics. * Slaw leid development. === Associatit ails an secondary consequences === DCA is kent tae co-occur wi ither neurodevelopmental ails. Maist common is attention deficit hyperactivity ail (ADHA), wi an estimatit 50% o fowk wi ADHA haein DCA an aa, an vice versa. Ither co-occurrin condeetions are autism, developmental leid ail, prosopagnosia an developmental learnin ail. Fowk wha hae developmental coordination ail mey hae ane or mair o thir ither co-morbid condeetions: * Fetal alcohol spectrum ail * Dyscalculia (difficulty wi nummers) * Dysgraphia (an inabeelity tae write neatly or draw) * Dyslexia (difficulty wi readin an spellin) * Hypermobility * Hypotonia (low muscle tone) * Nonverbal learnin ail * Sensory processin ail * Veesual perception deficits Houiver, a person wi DCA is unlikely tae hae aw o thir condeetions. The pattern o difficulty varies widely frae person tae person; an area o major weakness fur ane dyspraxic person can be an area o strenth or gift fur anither. Fur ensaumple, whiles some dyspraxic fowk hae difficulty wi readin an spellin owin tae dyslexia, or wi numeracy owin tae dyscalculia, ithers mey hae brilliant readin an spellin or mathematical abeelities. Co-morbidity atween ADHA an DCA is pairticulairly heich. ==== Sensory processin ail ==== Sensory processin ail (SPA) concerns haein owersensitivity or unnersensitivity tae pheesical stimuli, sic as touch, licht, soond, an smell. This mey manifest itsel as an inabeelity tae tolerate certain texturs sic as saundpaper or certain fabrics sic as wool, oral intolerance o excessively textured fuid (commonly kent as picky eatin), bein touched bi anither individual (in the case o touch owersensitivity) or it mey require the consistent uise o sunglesses ootduirs syne sunlicht mey be intense eneuch tae cause discomfort tae a dyspraxic person (in the case o licht owersensitivity). An aversion tae lood muisic an naiturally lood environments (sic as clubs an bars) is teepical behaviour o individuals wi dyspraxia wha hae auditory owersensitivity, whiles anly bein comfortable in unuisually wairm or cauld environments is teepical o a dyspraxic person wi temperatur owersensitivity. Unnersensitivity tae stimuli mey cause problems an aa, as individuals dae nae receive the sensory inpit thay need tae unnerstaund whaur thair bouks are in space. This can mak it even mair challengin tae complete tasks. Dyspraxic fowk wha are unnersensitive tae pain mey injur thaimsels wioot realisin it. Some dyspraxic fowk mey be owersensitive tae some stimuli an unnersensitive tae ithers. ==== Developmental leid ail ==== Developmental leid ail (DLA) resairch haes foond that students wi developmental coordination ail an normal leid skeels aye experience learnin difficulties maugre o relative strenths in leid. This means that, fur students wi developmental coordination ail, thair wirkin memory abeelities determine thair learnin difficulties. Ony strenth in leid that thay hae is nae able tae sufficiently support thair learnin. Students wi developmental coordination ail struggle maist in veesual-spatial memory. Whan compared tae thair peers wioot motor difficulties, students wi developmental coordination ail are seiven times mair likely nor teepically developin students tae achieve vera peer scores in veesual-spatial memory. As a result o this wirkin memory impairment, students wi developmental coordination ail hae learnin deficits as weel. '''Pheesical consequences''' Dyspraxic individuals face a heicher prevalence o negative ootcomes, includin peer cardiovascular heal, challenges wi pheesical heal an sel-care. ==== Psychological an social consequences ==== '''Psychological domain:''' Bairn wi DCA mey struggle wi lower sel-efficacy an lower sel-perceived competence in peer an social relations. Some demonstrate muckler aggressiveness an hyperactivity. '''Social domain:''' Bairn mey be mair vulnerable tae social rejection an bullyin, possibly resultin in heicher levels o laneliness. '''Support domain:''' In the Unitit Kinrick, dyspraxic adults are less likely tae be awairdit disabeelity support fur heicher eddication nor thair dyslexic peers or thaim wi co-occurrin neurodivergence. Consequently, misinterpretations an inadequate support in thir settins are mair likely tae occur an are less likely tae be includit an supportit. ==In popular cultur== [[File:Daniel Radcliffe SDCC 2014.jpg|thumb|Daniel Radcliffe, actor, haes dyspraxia.]] === Feectional chairacters === * Helen Burns, a chairacter frae [[Charlotte Brontë]]'s ''[[Jane Eyre]]'', is allegit tae hae been based on the author's dyspraxic elder sister Maria Brontë. * [[Ryan Sinclair]], a chairacter in the [[BBC]] [[Science feection on televeesion|science feection telly]] programme ''[[Doctor Who]]''. ===Public feegurs=== Fowk wha hae publicly statit thay hae been diagnosed wi developmental coordination ail include: * [[David Bailey (photographer)|David Bailey]], photographer * [[TotalBiscuit|John "TotalBiscuit" Bain]], gemmes creetic * [[Cara Delevingne]], model * [[Ellis Genge]], Rugby Union pleyer * [[Gage Golightly]], actress * [[Olive Gray]], actor * [[Tom Hunt (poleetician)|Tom Hunt]], poleetician * [[Harriet Kemsley]], comedian * [[Emma Lewell-Buck]], poleetician * [[Mel B]], sangster * [[Will Poulter]], actor * [[Daniel Radcliffe]], actor * [[Holly Smale]], author * [[Florence Welch]], sangster * [[Toyah Willcox]], muisicker == See an aw == {{div col|colwidth=22em}} * [[Agin muivement control]] * [[Apraxia]] * [[Autism]] * [[Deficits in attention, motor control an perception]] * [[Fetal alcohol spectrum ail]] * [[Global developmental delay]] * [[Hypermobility (jynts)|Hypermobility]] * [[KE faimily]] * [[Leets o leid ails]] * [[Motor control]] * [[Motor coordination]] * [[Multisensory integration]] * [[Nonverbal learnin ail]] * [[Sensory-motor couplin]] * [[Workin memory]] {{div col end}} == References == {{Reflist|4}} === Soorces === {{refbegin|2}} * <!-- To cite the DSM-5-TR ebook, use{{sfn|DSM-5-TR}} -->{{cite book |title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) |pages=74–77 |location=Arlington, VA |publisher=American Psychiatric Association Publishing |lccn=2021051782 |isbn=978-0-89042-559-6 |orig-date=adopted in 2019<!-- This is when it was adopted by the World Health Assembly -->|doi=10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 |date=February 2022<!-- The most recent update as of the access date -->|ref={{harvid|DSM-5-TR}} |last1=American Psychiatric Association }} * <!-- To cite the ICD-11, use{{sfn|ICD-11}} -->{{cite encyclopedia |title=6A04 Developmental motor coordination disorder |date=February 2022<!-- The most recent update as of the access date --> |orig-date=adopted in 2019<!-- This is when it was adopted by the World Health Assembly --> |url=https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http://id.who.int/icd/entity/148247104 |encyclopedia=International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision (ICD-11) |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=14 May 2022 |id={{ICD11|6A04|148247104}} |ref={{harvid|ICD-11}} }} <!-- A --> * <!-- to cite use{{sfn|Alloway 2007}} -->{{cite journal | vauthors = Alloway TP | title = Working memory, reading, and mathematical skills in children with developmental coordination disorder | journal = Journal of Experimental Child Psychology | volume = 96 | issue = 1 | pages = 20–36 | date = January 2007 | pmid = 17010988 | doi = 10.1016/j.jecp.2006.07.002 | hdl = 1893/800 | url = https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1587343 |hdl-access=free | ref = {{harvid|Alloway 2007}} }} * <!-- to cite use{{sfn|Alloway 2008}} -->{{cite journal | vauthors = Alloway TP, Archibald L | title = Working memory and learning in children with developmental coordination disorder and specific language impairment | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-learning-disabilities_may-june-2008_41_3/page/251 | journal = Journal of Learning Disabilities | volume = 41 | issue = 3 | pages = 251–62 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18434291 | doi = 10.1177/0022219408315815 |ref={{harvid|Alloway 2008}} }} * <!-- to cite use{{sfn|Alloway, Rajendran & Archibald 2009}} -->{{cite journal | vauthors = Alloway 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Dyspraxic Help 4U Podcast|url=https://anchor.fm/dyspraxichelp4u/episodes/Olive-Gray--Dyspraxic-Actor--Musician-and-Poet-eil2db|access-date=2021-10-23|website=Anchor|language=en|ref={{harvid|Anchor 2021a}}}} * <!-- to cite use{{sfn|Anchor 2021b}} -->{{Cite web|title=Toyah Willcox Life Story {{!}} Punk Princess {{!}} Longevity & Success {{!}} Dyspraxic Star by The Dyspraxic Help 4U Podcast|url=https://anchor.fm/dyspraxichelp4u/episodes/Toyah-Willcox-Life-Story--Punk-Princess--Longevity--Success--Dyspraxic-Star-e18hcnj|access-date=2021-10-23|website=Anchor|language=en|ref={{harvid|Anchor 2021b}}}} * <!-- to cite use{{sfn|Ayres 1972}} -->{{cite journal | vauthors = Ayres AJ | title = Types of sensory integrative dysfunction among disabled learners | journal = The American Journal of Occupational Therapy | volume = 26 | issue = 1 | pages = 13–8 | year = 1972 |id={{ERIC|EJ050431}} | pmid = 5008164 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French Canadian cross-cultural adaptation of the Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire '07: DCDQ-FC | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_canadian-journal-of-occupational-therapy_2011-12_78_5/page/318 | journal = Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy | volume = 78 | issue = 5 | pages = 318–27 | date = December 2011 | pmid = 22338299 | doi = 10.2182/cjot.2011.78.5.7 |ref={{harvid|Martini, St-Pierre & Wilson 2011}} }} * <!-- to cite use{{sfn|Meachon, Semp & Alpers 2022}} -->{{cite journal | vauthors = Meachon EJ, Zemp M, Alpers GW | title = Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD): Relevance for Clinical Psychologists in Europe | journal = Clinical Psychology in Europe | volume = 4 | issue = 2 |date = June 2022 | article-number = e4165 | doi = 10.32872/cpe.4165| pmid = 36397944 | pmc = 9667416 |ref={{harvid|Meachon, Semp & Alpers 2022}} }} * <!-- to cite use{{sfn|Miller et al. 2007}} -->{{cite journal | vauthors = Miller LJ, Anzalone ME, Lane SJ, Cermak SA, Osten ET | title = Concept evolution in sensory integration: a proposed nosology for diagnosis | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-occupational-therapy_march-april-2007_61_2/page/135 | journal = The American Journal of Occupational Therapy | volume = 61 | issue = 2 | pages = 135–40 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17436834 | doi = 10.5014/ajot.61.2.135 | ref = {{harvid|Miller et al. 2007}} }} * <!-- to cite use{{sfn|Missiuna et al. 2006}} -->{{cite journal | vauthors = Missiuna C, Gaines R, Soucie H, McLean J | title = Parental questions about developmental coordination disorder: A synopsis of current evidence | journal = Paediatrics & Child Health | volume = 11 | issue = 8 | pages = 507–12 | date = October 2006 | pmid = 19030319 | pmc = 2528644 | doi = 10.1093/pch/11.8.507 |ref={{harvid|Missiuna et al. 2006}} }} * <!-- to cite use{{sfn|Miyahara 2013}} -->{{cite journal | vauthors = Miyahara M | title = Meta review of systematic and meta analytic reviews on movement differences, effect of movement based interventions, and the underlying neural mechanisms in autism spectrum disorder | journal = Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience | volume = 7 | page = 16 | year = 2013 | pmid = 23532374 | pmc = 3607787 | doi = 10.3389/fnint.2013.00016 | doi-access = free |ref={{harvid|Miyahara 2013}} }} * <!-- to cite use{{sfn|Miyahara et al. 2017}} -->{{cite journal |last1=Miyahara |first1=Motohide |last2=Hillier |first2=Susan L |last3=Pridham |first3=Liz |last4=Nakagawa |first4=Shinichi |title=Task-oriented interventions for children with developmental co-ordination disorder |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |date=31 July 2017 |volume=2017 |issue=8 |article-number=CD010914 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD010914.pub2 |pmc=6483344 |pmid=28758189 |ref={{harvid|Miyahara et al. 2017}} }} <!-- N --> * <!-- to cite use{{sfn|NHS 2019}} -->{{cite web |title=Dyspraxia in adults |url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/developmental-coordination-disorder-dyspraxia-adults/ |website=[[National Health Service]] |date=18 October 2017 |ref={{harvid|NHS 2019}} }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} <!-- P --> * <!-- to cite use{{sfn|Pearsall-Jones, Piek & Levy 2003}} -->{{cite journal | vauthors = Pearsall-Jones JG, Piek JP, Levy F | title = Developmental Coordination Disorder and cerebral palsy: categories or a continuum? | journal = Human Movement Science | volume = 29 | issue = 5 | pages = 787–98 | date = October 2010 | pmid = 20594606 | doi = 10.1016/j.humov.2010.04.006 |ref={{harvid|Pearsall-Jones, Piek & Levy 2003}} }} * <!-- to cite use{{sfn|Pickering 2012}} -->{{cite book |doi=10.4324/9780203013403 |title=Working Memory and Neurodevelopmental Disorders |date=2012 |isbn=978-1-135-42135-9 |editor-last1=Alloway |editor-last2=Gathercole |editor-first1=Tracy Packiam |editor-first2=Susan E. |last1=Pickering |first1=Susan J |chapter=Working Memory in Dyslexia |pages=7–40 | ref = {{harvid|Pickering 2012}} }} * <!-- to cite use{{sfn|Pieters et al. 2012}} -->{{cite journal | vauthors = Pieters S, Desoete A, Van Waelvelde H, Vanderswalmen R, Roeyers H | title = Mathematical problems in children with developmental coordination disorder | journal = Research in Developmental Disabilities | volume = 33 | issue = 4 | pages = 1128–35 | year = 2012 | pmid = 22502838 | doi = 10.1016/j.ridd.2012.02.007 |ref={{harvid|Pieters et al. 2012}} }} * <!-- to cite use{{sfn|Polatajko & Cantin 2005}} -->{{cite journal | vauthors = Polatajko HJ, Cantin N | title = Developmental coordination disorder (dyspraxia): an overview of the state of the art | journal = Seminars in Pediatric Neurology | volume = 12 | issue = 4 | pages = 250–8 | date = December 2005 | pmid = 16780296 | doi = 10.1016/j.spen.2005.12.007 |ref={{harvid|Polatajko & Cantin 2005}} }} * <!-- to cite use{{sfn|Poletti 2011}} -->{{cite journal |last1=Poletti |first1=Michele |title=Disturbo di Sviluppo della Coordinazione Motoria e Sindrome Non Verbale: esistono aree di sovrapposizione clinica? |trans-title=Developmental Coordination Disorder and Nonverbal Learning Disability: do areas of clinical overlapping exist? |language=it |journal=Psicologia Clinica Dello Sviluppo |date=2011 |issue=3 |pages=525–550 |doi=10.1449/35886 |ref={{harvid|Poletti 2011}} }} * <!-- to cite use{{sfn|Psynso 2022}} -->{{cite web |title=Developmental Dyspraxia |url=https://psynso.com/developmental-dyspraxia/ |website=Psynso |access-date=19 August 2022 |ref={{harvid|Psynso 2022}} }} <!-- R --> * <!-- to cite use{{sfn|Ray-Kaeser et al. 2019}} -->{{cite journal | vauthors = Ray-Kaeser S, Thommen E, Martini R, Jover M, Gurtner B, Bertrand AM | title = Psychometric assessment of the French European Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire (DCDQ-FE) | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 14 | issue = 5 | article-number = e0217280 | date = 2019-05-23 | pmid = 31120966 | pmc = 6532915 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0217280 | editor-first = Chung-Ying | editor-last = Lin | bibcode = 2019PLoSO..1417280R | doi-access = free |ref={{harvid|Ray-Kaeser et al. 2019}} }} * <!-- to cite use{{sfn|Rosenblum 2013}} -->{{cite journal | vauthors = Rosenblum S | title = Handwriting measures as reflectors of executive functions among adults with Developmental Coordination Disorders (DCD) | journal = Frontiers in Psychology | volume = 4 | page = 357 | year = 2013 | pmid = 23805113 | pmc = 3693067 | doi = 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00357 | doi-access = free |ref={{harvid|Rosenblum 2013}} }} * <!-- to cite use{{sfn|Hussey 2008}} -->{{cite web |last=Hussey |first=Patrick |name-list-style=vanc |url=http://www.run-riot.com/articles/blogs/interview-florence-machine |title=Interview: Florence & The Machine |publisher=Run Riot |date=15 May 2008 |access-date=7 March 2010 |ref={{harvid|Hussey 2008}} }} <!-- S --> * <!-- to cite use{{sfn|Saban & Kirby 2018}} -->{{cite journal | vauthors = Saban MT, Kirby A | title = Adulthood in Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD): a Review of Current Literature Based on ICF Perspective | journal = Current Developmental Disorders Reports | issue = 5 | pages = 9–17 | date = March 2018 | volume = 5 | doi = 10.1007/s40474-018-0126-5 |ref={{harvid|Saban & Kirby 2018}} }} * <!-- to cite use{{sfn|Scharff & Petri 2011}} -->{{cite journal | vauthors = Scharff C, Petri J | title = Evo-devo, deep homology and FoxP2: implications for the evolution of speech and language | journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences | volume = 366 | issue = 1574 | pages = 2124–40 | date = July 2011 | pmid = 21690130 | pmc = 3130369 | doi = 10.1098/rstb.2011.0001 |ref={{harvid|Scharff & Petri 2011}} }} * <!-- to cite use{{sfn|Schoemaker et al. 2001}} -->{{cite journal | vauthors = Schoemaker MM, van der Wees M, Flapper B, Verheij-Jansen N, Scholten-Jaegers S, Geuze RH | title = Perceptual skills of children with developmental coordination disorder | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_human-movement-science_2001-01_20_1-2/page/111 | journal = Human Movement Science | volume = 20 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 111–33 | date = March 2001 | pmid = 11471393 | doi = 10.1016/s0167-9457(01)00031-8 | ref = {{harvid|Schoemaker et al. 2001}} }} * <!-- to cite use{{sfn|Schoemaker et al. 2006}} -->{{cite journal | vauthors = Schoemaker MM, Flapper B, Verheij NP, Wilson BN, Reinders-Messelink HA, de Kloet A | title = Evaluation of the Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire as a screening instrument | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_developmental-medicine-and-child-neurology_2006-08_48_8/page/668 | journal = Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology | volume = 48 | issue = 8 | pages = 668–73 | date = August 2006 | pmid = 16836779 | doi = 10.1017/S001216220600140X |ref={{harvid|Schoemaker et al. 2006}} }} * <!-- to cite use{{sfn|Schoemaker et al. 2012}} -->{{cite journal | vauthors = Schoemaker MM, Niemeijer AS, Flapper BC, Smits-Engelsman BC | title = Validity and reliability of the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 Checklist for children with and without motor impairments | journal = Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology | volume = 54 | issue = 4 | pages = 368–75 | date = April 2012 | pmid = 22320829 | doi = 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2012.04226.x | doi-access = free |ref={{harvid|Schoemaker et al. 2012}} }} * <!-- to cite use{{sfn|Smale 2021}} -->{{cite tweet |last=Smale |first=Holly |user=HolSmale |number=1409923031615643648 |date=June 29, 2021 |title=Just got my results through! I'm officially dyspraxic. Which comes as no surprise to anyone who has ever met me, but may stop me beating myself up for... beating myself up. ❤ |language=en |access-date=June 6, 2021 |ref={{harvid|Smale 2021}} }} * <!-- to cite use{{sfn|Smits-Engelsman et al. 2015}} -->{{cite journal |last1=Smits-Engelsman |first1=Bouwien C. M. |last2=Jelsma |first2=Lemke Dorothee |last3=Ferguson |first3=Gillian D. |last4=Geuze |first4=Reint H. |title=Motor Learning: An Analysis of 100 Trials of a Ski Slalom Game in Children with and without Developmental Coordination Disorder |journal=PLOS ONE |date=14 October 2015 |volume=10 |issue=10 |article-number=e0140470 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0140470 |pmid=26466324 |pmc=4605617 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1040470S |doi-access=free |ref={{harvid|Smits-Engelsman et al. 2015}} }} <!-- T --> * <!-- to cite use{{sfn|Thompson 2019}} -->{{cite news |last1=Thompson |first1=Alexandra |title=Mel B opens up about her ADHD, ADD and dyspraxia - but what are they? |url=https://uk.style.yahoo.com/adhd-add-dyspraxia-mel-b-110123731.html |work=Yahoo!Life |date=29 October 2019 |ref={{harvid|Thompson 2019}}}} <!-- V --> * <!-- to cite use{{sfn|Van Waelvelde et al. 2012}} -->{{cite journal | vauthors = Van Waelvelde H, Hellinckx T, Peersman W, Smits-Engelsman BC | title = SOS: a screening instrument to identify children with handwriting impairments | journal = Physical & Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics | volume = 32 | issue = 3 | pages = 306–19 | date = August 2012 | pmid = 22515913 | doi = 10.3109/01942638.2012.678971 | hdl = 1854/LU-2103056 | url = https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/2103056 | ref = {{harvid|Van Waelvelde et al. 2012}} | hdl-access = free }} * <!-- to cite use{{sfn|Vargha-Khadem et al. 2005}} -->{{cite journal | vauthors = Vargha-Khadem F, Gadian DG, Copp A, Mishkin M | title = FOXP2 and the neuroanatomy of speech and language | journal = Nature Reviews. Neuroscience | volume = 6 | issue = 2 | pages = 131–8 | date = February 2005 | pmid = 15685218 | doi = 10.1038/nrn1605 | ref = {{harvid|Vargha-Khadem et al. 2005}} }} * <!-- to cite use{{sfn|Venetsanou et al. 2007}} -->{{cite journal | vauthors = Venetsanou F, Kambas A, Aggeloussis N, Serbezis V, Taxildaris K | title = Use of the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency for identifying children with motor impairment | journal = Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology | volume = 49 | issue = 11 | pages = 846–8 | date = November 2007 | pmid = 17979863 | doi = 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2007.00846.x | doi-access = free |ref={{harvid|Venetsanou et al. 2007}} }} * <!-- to cite use{{sfn|Venetsanou et al. 2009}} -->{{cite journal | vauthors = Venetsanou F, Kambas A, Aggeloussis N, Fatouros I, Taxildaris K | title = Motor assessment of preschool aged children: A preliminary investigation of the validity of the Bruininks-Oseretsky test of motor proficiency - short form | journal = Human Movement Science | volume = 28 | issue = 4 | pages = 543–50 | date = August 2009 | pmid = 19443065 | doi = 10.1016/j.humov.2009.03.002 | url = https://hal.science/hal-00557316/file/PEER_stage2_10.1016%252Fj.humov.2009.03.002.pdf | ref = {{harvid|Venetsanou et al. 2009}} }} * <!-- to cite use{{sfn|Venetsanou et al. 2011}} -->{{cite journal |last1=Venetsanou |first1=Fotini |last2=Kambas |first2=Antonis |last3=Ellinoudis |first3=Theodoros |last4=Fatouros |first4=Ioannis |last5=Giannakidou |first5=Dimitra |last6=Kourtessis |first6=Thomas |title=Can the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-Test be the 'gold standard' for the motor assessment of children with Developmental Coordination Disorder? |journal=Research in Developmental Disabilities |date=January 2011 |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1016/j.ridd.2010.09.006 |pmid=20940096 |ref={{harvid|Venetsanou et al. 2011}} }} <!-- W --> * <!-- to cite use{{sfn|Walsh 2016}} -->{{cite news |last1=Walsh |first1=John |title=David Bailey was a scowling, socially mobile rude boy |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/david-bailey-introduced-us-to-the-concept-of-the-portrait-photographer-as-style-arbiter-and-sex-god-a6788881.html |work=The Independent |date=2 January 2016 |ref={{harvid|Walsh 2016}} }} * <!-- to cite use{{sfn|Williams 2013}} -->{{cite news |last1=Williams |first1=Holly |title=The big picture: How Will Poulter shook off the tough tearaway tag to become Hollywood's latest loveable dork |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/the-big-picture-how-will-poulter-shook-off-the-tough-tearaway-tag-to-become-hollywood-s-latest-loveable-dork-8779097.html |work=The Independent |date=24 August 2013 |ref={{harvid|Williams 2013}}}} * <!-- to cite use{{sfn|Willoughby & Polatajko 1995}} -->{{cite journal | vauthors = Willoughby C, Polatajko HJ | title = Motor problems in children with developmental coordination disorder: review of the literature | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-occupational-therapy_1995-09_49_8/page/787 | journal = The American Journal of Occupational Therapy | volume = 49 | issue = 8 | pages = 787–94 | date = September 1995 | pmid = 8526224 | doi = 10.5014/ajot.49.8.787 |ref={{harvid|Willoughby & Polatajko 1995}} }} * <!-- to cite use{{sfn|Wilson & McKenzie 1998}} -->{{cite journal | vauthors = Wilson PH, McKenzie BE | title = Information processing deficits associated with developmental coordination disorder: a meta-analysis of research findings | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-child-psychology-and-psychiatry_1998-09_39_6/page/829 | journal = Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines | volume = 39 | issue = 6 | pages = 829–40 | date = September 1998 | pmid = 9758192 | doi = 10.1111/1469-7610.00384 |ref={{harvid|Wilson & McKenzie 1998}} }} * <!-- to cite use{{sfn|Wright & Sugden 1996}} -->{{cite journal | vauthors = Wright HC, Sugden DA | title = A two-step procedure for the identification of children with developmental co-ordination disorder in Singapore | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_developmental-medicine-and-child-neurology_1996-12_38_12/page/1099 | journal = Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology | volume = 38 | issue = 12 | pages = 1099–105 | date = December 1996 | pmid = 8973295 | doi = 10.1111/j.1469-8749.1996.tb15073.x |ref={{harvid|Wright & Sugden 1996}} }} <!-- Z --> * <!-- to cite use{{sfn|Zwicker 2012}} -->{{cite journal | vauthors = Zwicker JG, Missiuna C, Harris SR, Boyd LA | title = Developmental coordination disorder: a review and update | journal = European Journal of Paediatric Neurology | volume = 16 | issue = 6 | pages = 573–81 | date = November 2012 | pmid = 22705270 | doi = 10.1016/j.ejpn.2012.05.005 |ref={{harvid|Zwicker 2012}} }} * <!-- to cite use{{sfn|Zwicker, Harris & Klassen 2013}} -->{{cite journal | vauthors = Zwicker JG, Harris SR, Klassen AF | title = Quality of life domains affected in children with developmental coordination disorder: a systematic review | journal = Child: Care, Health and Development | volume = 39 | pages = 562–580 | date = 2012-04-20 | issue = 4 | pmid = 22515477 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2214.2012.01379.x | doi-access = free |ref={{harvid|Zwicker, Harris & Klassen 2013}} }} {{refend}} === Further readin === * {{cite journal|author1-link=Helene Polatajko | vauthors = Polatajko H, Fox M, Missiuna C | title=An International Consensus on Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_canadian-journal-of-occupational-therapy_1995-04_62_1/page/3 |journal=Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy|volume=62| issue=1|year=1995|pages=3–6 |doi=10.1177/000841749506200101}} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Mandich A, Polatajko HJ | title = Developmental coordination disorder: mechanisms, measurement and management | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_human-movement-science_2003-11_22_4/page/407 | journal = Human Movement Science | volume = 22 | issue = 4–5 | pages = 407–11 | date = November 2003 | pmid = 14624825 | doi = 10.1016/j.humov.2003.09.001 }} * {{cite book | vauthors = Talukdar, A | title = Dyspraxia/DCD pocketbook | series = Teachers' Pocketbooks | publisher = Management Pocketbooks | year = 2012 | location = Hampshire; UK | isbn = 978-1-906610-38-8 |oclc = 1162296987 | url=http://www.teacherspocketbooks.co.uk/media_tp/preview/9781906610388(Preview).pdf }} * {{cite book |chapter=6A04 Developmental motor coordination disorder |pages=139–142 |title=Clinical descriptions and diagnostic requirements for ICD-11 mental, behavioural and neurodevelopmental disorders |date=2024 |publisher=World Health Organization |isbn=978-92-4-007726-3 |hdl=10665/375767 |hdl-access=free }} * {{cite web |last1=Sutton Hamilton |first1=S |title=Developmental coordination disorder: Management and outcome |url=https://www.uptodate.com/contents/developmental-coordination-disorder-management-and-outcome |work=UpToDate }} ==Fremmit airtins== {{sister project links|d=Q1269351|q=no|c=category:Dyspraxia|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|wikt=no|s=no|species=no}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Motor control]] [[Category:Neurological ails]] [[Category:Speceefic developmental ails]] rp98sosiks2w5a0n0coqlkfd36pvalf 3 233581 917704 2026-06-04T15:53:19Z CiphriusKane 74958 /* Juin 2026 */ new section 917704 wikitext text/x-wiki == Juin 2026 == [[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, I'm [[User:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]]. I wanted to let you know that I undid one or more of [[Special:Contributions/The5thelement5|your recent contributions]] because you changed [[:en:Scots language|Scots]] material to the [[:en:English language|English language]] or added English material to articles. This is the Scots Wikipedia, not the [[:en:Main Page|English one]], and the language of this project is [[Scots leid|Scots]]. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on [[User_talk:CiphriusKane|my talk page]]. Thanks! [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 15:53, 4 Juin 2026 (UTC) o61gzzo5ebv9odfjf7yp9p5id24aten 917705 917704 2026-06-04T16:01:19Z The5thelement5 132388 /* Juin 2026 */ Replie 917705 wikitext text/x-wiki == Juin 2026 == [[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, I'm [[User:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]]. I wanted to let you know that I undid one or more of [[Special:Contributions/The5thelement5|your recent contributions]] because you changed [[:en:Scots language|Scots]] material to the [[:en:English language|English language]] or added English material to articles. This is the Scots Wikipedia, not the [[:en:Main Page|English one]], and the language of this project is [[Scots leid|Scots]]. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on [[User_talk:CiphriusKane|my talk page]]. Thanks! [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 15:53, 4 Juin 2026 (UTC) :I'm sorry I am new to Wikipedia editing I just saw an article that had been changed and tried to change it back I'll leave it be. [[Uiser:The5thelement5|The5thelement5]] ([[Uiser collogue:The5thelement5|tauk]]) 16:01, 4 Juin 2026 (UTC) 9hjuj2q4gratw28i0p4y597yke21q2j 3 233582 917800 2026-06-05T09:58:02Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Made page wi "{{subst:uw-delete1}} ~~~~" 917800 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, a'm [[User:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]]. A noticed that ye recently remuived some content wioot giein a raison whit wye. In the futur, it wid be helpfu tae ithers gin ye descrieve yer chynges tae Wikipaedia wi an [[Help:Edit summary|edit summary]]. Gin this wis a mistak, dinnae fash: A pit the remuived content back in. Gin ye wid lik tae experiment, ye can uise the [[WP:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Gin ye hink a made a mistak, or gin ye hae ony quaisten, ye can lea me a message on [[User_talk:Mr.Murdoch78|ma talk page]]. Thanks!<!-- Template:uw-delete1 --> [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 09:57, 5 Juin 2026 (UTC) dkkrz3zeog60t1cnhk5xegztsk6apwc 917807 917800 2026-06-05T10:36:34Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 917807 wikitext text/x-wiki == Juin 2026 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, a'm [[User:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]]. A noticed that ye recently remuived some content wioot giein a raison whit wye. In the futur, it wid be helpfu tae ithers gin ye descrieve yer chynges tae Wikipaedia wi an [[Help:Edit summary|edit summary]]. Gin this wis a mistak, dinnae fash: A pit the remuived content back in. Gin ye wid lik tae experiment, ye can uise the [[WP:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Gin ye hink a made a mistak, or gin ye hae ony quaisten, ye can lea me a message on [[User_talk:Mr.Murdoch78|ma talk page]]. Thanks!<!-- Template:uw-delete1 --> [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 09:57, 5 Juin 2026 (UTC) 0kkb5yry751xmwimlr7amo8jo4jip6g 3 233583 917801 2026-06-05T09:58:53Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Walcome tae the Scots Wikipaedia ! 917801 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, Fhdxrfhgbs, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye for [[Special:Contributions/Fhdxrfhgbs|yer contribution]]. Some gibbles ye'll find uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isna. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|Hou tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 09:58, 5 Juin 2026 (UTC) f09m87s1frjzru26rexx741ur04bhdr 3 233584 917805 2026-06-05T10:35:32Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Made page wi "{{subst:uw-english1}} ~~~~" 917805 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, I'm [[User:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]]. I wanted to let you know that I undid one or more of [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-33190-66|your recent contributions]] because you changed [[:en:Scots language|Scots]] material to the [[:en:English language|English language]] or added English material to articles. This is the Scots Wikipedia, not the [[:en:Main Page|English one]], and the language of this project is [[Scots leid|Scots]]. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on [[User_talk:Mr.Murdoch78|my talk page]]. Thanks! [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 10:35, 5 Juin 2026 (UTC) pgrhw69t5h6cj3fj93h99r2b9u1c32h 917806 917805 2026-06-05T10:36:15Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 917806 wikitext text/x-wiki == Juin 2026 == [[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, I'm [[User:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]]. I wanted to let you know that I undid one or more of [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-33190-66|your recent contributions]] because you changed [[:en:Scots language|Scots]] material to the [[:en:English language|English language]] or added English material to articles. This is the Scots Wikipedia, not the [[:en:Main Page|English one]], and the language of this project is [[Scots leid|Scots]]. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on [[User_talk:Mr.Murdoch78|my talk page]]. Thanks! [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 10:35, 5 Juin 2026 (UTC) aucq497cmkgtm9kztjy4nvod8rt7ez3