Wikipedia scowiki https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.12 first-letter Media Special Collogue Uiser Uiser collogue Wikipedia Wikipedia collogue File File collogue MediaWiki MediaWiki collogue Template Template collogue Help Help collogue Category Category collogue Portal Portal talk Define Define talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 2 920018 896998 2026-07-25T00:40:35Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 920018 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name=Inglis |nativename= {{lang|en|English}} |pronunciation= |region=Oreeginally [[Ingland]]<br />nou warldwide |speakers=360{{ndash}}400{{nbsp}}million |date=2006 |ref={{sfn|Crystal|2006|pp=424–426}} |speakers2=[[Seicont leid|L2 speakers]]: 400{{nbsp}}million;{{brk}}as a [[foreign leid]]: 600–700&nbsp;million{{sfn|Crystal|2006|pp=424–426}} |familycolor =Indo-European |fam2=[[Germanic leids|Germanic]] |fam3=[[Wast Germanic leids|Wast Germanic]] |fam4=[[Anglo-Frisie leids|Anglo-Frisie]] |fam5=[[Anglic leids|Anglic]] |ancestor=[[Auld Inglis]] |ancestor2=[[Middle Inglis leid|Middle Inglis]] |ancestor3=[[Early Modren Inglis]] |script={{plainlist| * [[Laitin script]] ([[Inglis alphabet]]) * [[Inglis Braille]], [[Unified Inglis Braille]] }} |nation={{plainlist| * 67 kintras * 27 non-sovereign entities{{brk}} {{Collapsible list |titlestyle= font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left; |title= Various organisations| * [[Unitit Naitions]] * [[European Union]] * [[Commonweel o Naitions]] * [[Cooncil o Europe]] * [[Internaitional Criminal Court|ICC]] * [[Internaitional Olympic Committee|IOC]] * [[Internaitional Organisation for Staundartisation|ISO]] * [[NATO]] * [[WTO]] * [[North American Free Trade Agreement|NAFTA]] * [[Organisation o American States|OAS]] * [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation an Development|OECD]] * [[Organisation o Islamic Cooperation|OIC]] * [[OPEC]] * [[GUAM Organization for Democracy an Economic Development]]* [[Paceefic Islands Forum|PIF]] * [[UKUSA Agreement]] * [[Association o Sootheast Asian Naitions|ASEAN]] * [[ASEAN Economic Commonty]] * [[Sooth Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|SAARC]] * [[Turkic Cooncil]] * [[Economic Cooperation Organisation|ECO]] }} }} |iso1=en |iso2=eng |iso3=eng |lingua=52-ABA |map=Anglospeak.svg |mapcaption= {{legend|#0000ff|Kintras o the warld whaur Inglis is a majority native leid}} {{legend|#8ddada|Kintras whaur Inglis is offeecial but nae a majority native leid}} |notice=IPA |sign=[[Manually coded Inglis]]<br />(multiple seestems) |glotto=stan1293 |glottorefname=Standard English }} '''Inglis''' ({{lang-en|English}}) is a [[Wast Germanic leids|Wast Germanic leid]] that arose in the [[History o Anglo-Saxon Ingland|Anglo-Saxon]] kinricks o [[England]] an spread intae whit wis tae become sooth-east [[Scotland]] unner the influence o the [[Angles|Anglian]] medieval kinrick o [[Northumbrie]]. Follaein the economic, poleetical, military, scienteefic, cultural, an colonial influence o [[Kinrick o Great Breetain|Great Breetain]] an the Unitit Kinrick frae the 18t century, via the [[Breetish Empire]], an o the [[Unitit States]] syne the mid-20t century,<ref>[[#refAmmon2006|Ammon]], pp.&nbsp;2245–2247.</ref><ref>[[#refSchneider2007|Schneider]], p.&nbsp;1.</ref><ref>[[#refMazrui1998|Mazrui]], p.&nbsp;21.</ref><ref>[[#refHowatt2004|Howatt]], pp.&nbsp;127–133.</ref> it haes been [[Inglis-speakin warld|widely dispersed]] aroond the warld, become the [[Warld leid|leadin leid]] o internaitional discourse, an haes acquired uise as ''[[lingua franca]]'' in mony regions.<ref>[[#refCrystal1997|Crystal]], pp.&nbsp;87–89.</ref><ref>[[#refWardhaugh2006|Wardhaugh]], p.&nbsp;60.</ref> It is widely learnit as a [[seicont leid]] an uised as an [[offeecial leid]] o the [[European Union]] an mony [[Commonwealth o Naitions|Commonwealth]] kintras, as well as in mony warld organisations. It is the [[Leet o leids bi number o native speakers|third maist natively spoken]] leid in the warld, efter [[Mandarin Cheenese]] an [[Spaingie leid|Spaingie]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/statistics/size |title=Summary by language size |access-date=10 February 2015 |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |website=Ethnologue: Languages of the World |ref={{harvid|Ethnologue|2010}}}}</ref> Historically, Inglis originatit frae the fusion o leids an dialects, noo collectively kent as [[Auld Inglis]], whilk wur brocht tae the eastren coast o Great Breetain bi Germanic ([[Anglo-Saxon]]) settlers beginnin in the 5t century&nbsp;– wi the wird "Inglis" bein derived frae the name o the Angles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/English |title=English&nbsp;— Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary |publisher=Merriam-webster.com |date=2007-04-25 |access-date=2010-01-02}}</ref> A significant nummer o Inglis wirds are constructit based on roots frae [[Latin]], acause Latin in some form wis the ''[[lingua franca]]'' o the Christian Kirk an o European intellectual life.<ref name="Spiritus-temporis.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.spiritus-temporis.com/old-english-language/latin-influence.html |title=Old English language&nbsp;— Latin influence |publisher=Spiritus-temporis.com |date= |access-date=2010-01-02 |archive-date=2011-08-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831001952/http://www.spiritus-temporis.com/old-english-language/latin-influence.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The leid wis faur influenced bi the [[Auld Norse]] leid wi [[Danelaw|Viking invasions]] in the 8t an 9t centuries. The [[Norman conquest o Ingland]] in the 11t century gae rise tae hivy borrowins frae [[Norman leid|Norman-French]], an vocabulary an spelling conventions began tae gie the superficial appearance o a close relationship wi [[Romance leids]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ab13 |title=Words on the brain: from 1 million years ago? |author= |date= |work=History of language |publisher= |access-date=5 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.orbilat.com/Influences_of_Romance/English/RIFL-English-Latin-The_Inflluences_on_Old_English.html |title=Latin Influences on Old English |author=Albert C. Baugh & Thomas Cable |year=1978 |work=An excerpt from Foreign Influences on Old English |publisher= |access-date=5 September 2010 |archive-date=2010-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127073603/http://orbilat.com/Influences_of_Romance/English/RIFL-English-Latin-The_Inflluences_on_Old_English.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> tae whit haed nou become [[Middle Inglis]]. The [[Great Vowel Shift]] that began in the sooth o Ingland in the 15t century is ane o the historical events markin the separation o Middle an [[Modern Inglis]]. Awin tae the significant assimilation o various European leids throughoot historie, modren Inglis is aften seen as haein a gey muckle vocabulary. The ''[[Oxford Inglis Dictionary]]'' leets ower 250,000 distinct wirds, an daes nae include mony technical or [[slang]] terms, or wirds that belang tae multiple wird classes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/page/howmanywords |title=How many words are there in the English Language? |author= |date= |work= |publisher=Oxforddictionaries.com |access-date= |archive-date=2011-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111130011051/http://oxforddictionaries.com/page/howmanywords |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.vistawide.com/languages/language_statistics.htm Vista Worldwide Lanugage Statistics]</ref> == Etymology == The name "Inglis" comes frae the pairt o [[Germany]] an [[Denmark]] cried "Angeln". The spellin ''Inglis'' is a leeterar archaism frae aulder Scots that enthusiasts is gey fond o. It wis sount {{IPA|[ɪŋ'lɪs]}} (cf. ''[[Scots leid|Scottis]]''), wi time the ''is'' wis cuttit tae ''s'' an the modren ootcome wis {{IPA|[ɪŋ'(ə)lz]}} that can be seen in the faimly name wi the mair mensefu modren spellin '''Ingles'''. Maist fowk the nou says {{IPA|['ɪŋlɪʃ]}}, ''English'', tho some fowk scrieves ''Inglish'' fir fear that fowk micht soond the foregaun wrang. Mony fowk soonds ''Inglis'' {{IPA|['ɪŋglɪs]}} efter the English soond-tae-letter spellin. == Significance == [[File:EN English Language Symbol ISO 639-1 IETF Language Tag Icon.svg|thumb|EN ([[ISO 639]]-1)]] Modern Inglis, sumtimes descrived as the first global [[lingua franca]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Global English: gift or curse? |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=92238D4607726060BCBD3DB70C472D0F.tomcat1?fromPage=online&aid=291932 |access-date=2005-04-04 |archive-date=2016-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205101401/http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=92238D4607726060BCBD3DB70C472D0F.tomcat1?fromPage=online&aid=291932 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Graddol" /> is the [[Linguistic imperialism|dominant leid]] or in some instances even the required [[internaitional auxiliary leid|internaitional leid]] o communications, science, information technology, business, aviation, entertainment, radio an diplomacy.<ref name="triumph">{{cite news |url=http://www.economist.com/world/europe/displayStory.cfm?Story_ID=883997 |title=The triumph o Inglish |access-date=2007-03-26 |date=2001-12-20 |publisher=The Economist}}{{subscription}}</ref> Its spread ayont the [[Breetish Isles]] began wi the growthe o the [[Breetish Empire]], an bi the late 19t century its reach wis truly global. Follaein the Breetish colonisation o North Americae, it acame the dominant leid in the Unitit States an in Canadae. The growin economic an cultural influence o the US an its status as a global [[superpouer]] syne Warld War II hae significantly acceleratit the leid's spread across the planet.<ref name="Graddol">{{cite web |url=http://www.britishcouncil.org/de/learning-elt-future.pdf |format=PDF |title=The Future of English? |access-date=2007-04-15 |year=1997 |last1=Graddol |first1=David |work=The British Council |archive-date=2014-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628012917/http://www.britishcouncil.org/de/learning-elt-future.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> A wirkin kennin o Inglis haes become a requirement in a number o fields, occupations an professions sic as medicine an computin; as a consequence ower a billion fowk speak Inglis tae at least a basic level (see [[Inglis leid learnin an teachin]]). It is ane o sax offeecial les o the [[Unitit Nations]]. Ane impact o the growthe o Inglis haes been tae reduce native [[Natural leid#Linguistic diversity|linguistic diversity]] in mony pairts o the warld, an its influence continues tae play an important role in [[leid attrition]].<ref name="Crystal-LanguageDeath">{{cite book |last=Crystal |first=David |authorlink=David Crystal |title=Language Death |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2002 |doi=10.2277/0521012716 |isbn=0-521-01271-6}}</ref> Conversely the naitural internal variety o Inglis alang wi [[Inglis-based creole leids|creoles]] an [[pidgin]]s hae the potential tae produce new distinct leids frae Inglis ower time.<ref name="Cheshire">{{cite book |last=Cheshire |first=Jenny |title=English Around The World: Sociolinguistic Perspectives |url=https://archive.org/details/englisharoundwor0000unse |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=1991 |doi=10.2277/0521395658 |isbn=0-521-39565-8}}</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} === Soorces === {{Commonscat|English language}} {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Crystal |first=David |chapter=Chapter 9: English worldwide |title=A History of the English Language |url=https://archive.org/details/historyenglishla00hogg |editor1-last=Denison |editor1-first=David |editor2-last=Hogg |editor2-first=Richard M. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2006 |isbn=978-0-511-16893-2 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyenglishla00hogg/page/420 420]–439 |ref=harv}} {{refend}} {{Germanic leids}} [[Category:Inglis leid| ]] [[Category:Inglis leids]] [[Category:Leids o American Samoa]] [[Category:Leids o Antigua an Barbuda]] [[Category:Leids o Australie]] [[Category:Leids o Bangladesh]] [[Category:Leids o Belize]] [[Category:Leids o Bermuda]] [[Category:Leids o Botswana]] [[Category:Leids o Cameroon]] [[Category:Leids o Canadae]] [[Category:Leids o Fiji]] [[Category:Leids o Ghana]] [[Category:Leids o Grenada]] [[Category:Leids o Guam]] [[Category:Leids o Guyana]] [[Category:Leids o Hong Kong]] [[Category:Leids o Indie]] [[Category:Leids o Ireland]] [[Category:Leids o Jamaica]] [[Category:Leids o Kenyae]] [[Category:Leids o Kiribati]] [[Category:Leids o Lesotho]] [[Category:Leids o Liberie]] [[Category:Leids o Macau]] [[Category:Leids o Madagascar]] [[Category:Leids o Malawi]] [[Category:Leids o Malaysie]] [[Category:Leids o Maltae]] [[Category:Leids o Mauritius]] [[Category:Leids o Namibie]] [[Category:Leids o Nauru]] [[Category:Leids o New Zealand]] [[Category:Leids o Nigerie]] [[Category:Leids o Niue]] [[Category:Leids o Pakistan]] [[Category:Leids o Palau]] [[Category:Leids o Papua New Guinea]] [[Category:Leids o Rwanda]] [[Category:Leids o Saunt Kitts an Nevis]] [[Category:Leids o Saunt Lucie]] [[Category:Leids o Saunt Vincent an the Grenadines]] [[Category:Leids o Samoa]] [[Category:Leids o Seychelles]] [[Category:Leids o Sierra Leone]] [[Category:Leids o Singapore]] [[Category:Leids o Sooth Africae]] [[Category:Leids o Sudan]] [[Category:Leids o Swaziland]] [[Category:Leids o the Bahamas]] [[Category:Leids o the Breetish Virgin Islands]] [[Category:Leids o the Cayman Islands]] [[Category:Leids o The Gambie]] [[Category:Leids o the Philippines]] [[Category:Leids o the Pitcairn Islands]] [[Category:Leids o the Solomon Islands]] [[Category:Leids o the Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:Leids o the Unitit States Virgin Islands]] [[Category:Leids o the Unitit States]] [[Category:Leids o Tokelau]] [[Category:Leids o Trinidad an Tobago]] [[Category:Leids o Uganda]] [[Category:Leids o Vanuatu]] [[Category:Leids o Zambie]] [[Category:Leids o Zimbabwe]] [[Category:SVO leids]] [[Category:Stress-timed leids]] s8ghmmwv3m48wvp85kzfjohipzw2ysa 0 6 920015 918974 2026-07-25T00:38:03Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 920015 wikitext text/x-wiki :''For mair airticles adae wi fowk, steids an things in Scotland tak a keek at [[:category:Scotland]].'' {{Infobox country UK | native_name = {{lang-gd|Alba}} | image_flag = Flag of Scotland.svg | image_coat = Royal Standard of Scotland.svg{{!}}border | symbol_width = 125px | symbol_type = [[Ryal Staundart o Scotland|Ryal Banner]] | national_motto = "[[In My Defens God Me Defend]]"^a | national_anthem = Various^b<br>Predominantly "[[Flouer o Scotland]]" | status = [[Kintras o the Unitit Kinrick|Kintra]] | capital = [[Edinburgh]] | largest_city = [[Glesga]]<br/>{{smaller|{{coord|55|51|N|4|16|W|display=inline}}}} | languages_type = [[Leids o Scotland|Offeecial leids]]<ref name="Scottish official languages">{{Cite web |title=FACT: SCOTLAND'S OFFICIAL LANGUAGES ARE ENGLISH, SCOTS, GAELIC & BRITISH SIGN LANGUAGE |url=https://www.scotland.org/about-scotland/facts/scotlands-languages |access-date=March 27, 2023 |website=Scotland.org}}</ref> | languages = {{unbulleted list | [[Inglis leid|Inglis]] | [[Scots leid|Scots]] | [[Scots Gaelic]] | [[Breetish Sign Leid]] }} | ethnic_groups = | ethnic_groups_year = 2011 | religion = {{unbulleted list | 38.8% [[Releegion in Scotland|Christian]] | 2.6% Ither | 51.1% No releegion }}<ref name=religion>{{Cite web |title=Scotland's Census 2022 - Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion |url=https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/2022-results/scotland-s-census-2022-ethnic-group-national-identity-language-and-religion/ |access-date=2024-05-21 |website=Scotland's Census |language=en |archive-date=21 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521162438/https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/2022-results/scotland-s-census-2022-ethnic-group-national-identity-language-and-religion/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | demonym = [[Scots fowk|Scots]] | type = | legal_jurisdiction = [[Scots Law|Scotland]] | government_type = [[Scottish devolution|Devolved]] [[Pairlament|pairlamentary legislatur]] within&nbsp;[[constitutional monarchy|constitutional<br>{{raise|0.2em|monarchy}}]]{{raise|0.1em|^e}} | monarch = [[Charles III]] | first_minister = [[John Swinney]] | deputy_first_minister = [[Kate Forbes]] | prime_minister = [[Keir Starmer]] | secretary_of_state = [[Ian Murray]] | number_of_mps = 59 | legislature = [[Scots Pairlament]] | sovereignty_type = Formation | established_event1 = [[Origins o the Kinrick o Alba|Established]] | established_date1 = 9t yearhunder <small>([[Naitional meeth|tradeetionally]]&nbsp;843)</small> | established_event2 = [[Acts o Union 1707|Union wi Ingland]] | established_date2 = 1 Mey 1707 | established_event3 = [[Scotland Act 1998|Devolution]] | established_date3 = 19 November 1998 | area_rank = | area_magnitude = | area_km2 = 77933 | area_sq_mi = 30090 | area_footnote = <ref name=ONSCOUNTRYPROFILES>[http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-325257 Region and Country Profiles, Key Statistics and Profiles, October 2013] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924095611/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-325257 |date=2015-09-24 }}, ONS. Retrieved 9 August 2015.</ref> | area_label = Land | percent_water = | population_rank = | population_estimate = {{increase}} 5,463,300<ref name="ONS-pop-ests-June2018">{{cite web |last1=Jonathan |first1=McMullan |title=Population estimates for UK, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/bulletins/annualmidyearpopulationestimates/latest |website=Ons.gov.uk |publisher=[[Office for National Statistics]] |language=en |date=28 June 2018}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2019 | population_census = 5,313,600<ref name=autogenerated3>{{cite web|url=http://www.gro-gov.scot/statistics/theme/population/estimates/mid-year/2012/index.html|title= Population estimates by sex, age and administrative area, Scotland, 2011 and 2012 |date=8 August 2013 |publisher=National Records of Scotland |accessdate=8 August 2013}}</ref> | population_census_year = 2011 | population_density_km2 = 67.5 | population_density_sq_mi = 174.1 | population_density_rank = | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = | GVA = £138 billion<ref name=GVA>{{cite web |title=Regional gross value added (income approach), UK: 1997 to 2017, December 2015 |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossvalueaddedgva/bulletins/regionalgrossvalueaddedbalanceduk/1998to2017/pdf|author=Office for National Statistics |accessdate=24 April 2017}}</ref> | GVA_rank = | GVA_year = 2017 | GVA_per_capita = £25,500<ref name=GVA/> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini = <!--number only--> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI_year = 2017 | HDI_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI = 0.901<!--number only--> | HDI_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/|title=Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab|website=hdi.globaldatalab.org|language=en|access-date=13 September 2018}}</ref> | HDI_rank = | patron_saints = {{unbulleted list | [[Saunt Aundrae]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scotland.org/about/history-tradition-and-roots/features/culture/st-andrews.html |title=''St Andrew—Quick Facts'' |work=Scotland. org—The Official Online Gateway |accessdate=2 December 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071111134544/http://scotland.org/about/history-tradition-and-roots/features/culture/st-andrews.html |archivedate=11 November 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |work=Catholic Online |title=St Andrew |url=http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=109 |accessdate=15 November 2011}}</ref> | [[Saunt Margaret o Scotland|Saunt Margaret]]<ref>{{cite web |work=Catholic Online |title=St Margaret of Scotland |url=http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=304 |accessdate=15 November 2011}}<br/>{{cite web |work=Catholic Online |title=Patron saints |url=http://www.catholic.org/saints/patron.php?letter=S |accessdate=15 November 2011}} </ref> | [[Saunt Columba]]<ref>{{cite web |work=Catholic Online |title=St Columba |url=http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=419 |accessdate=15 November 2011}}</ref> }} | official_website = {{URL|http://www.scotland.org/}} | footnote_a = Eften shawn abbreviatit as "In Defens". | footnote_b = A nummer o [[sang]]s are uised unofficially as Scots anthems, maist notably ''[[Scotland the Brave]]'', ''[[Flouer o Scotland]]'', an ''[[Scots Wha Hae]]''. ''[[Auld Lang Syne]]'' an the ''[[The Thistle o' Scotland]]'' haw bin proponed an aw. | footnote_c = Baith Scots an Scots Gaelic are offeecially recognised as [[regional leid]]s unner the [[European Chairter for Regional or Minority Leids]].<big><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/rms/0900001680695175 |title=European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages |lang=Inglis |work=[[Cooncil o Europe]] |accessdate=10 December 2019}}</ref></big> Unner the [[Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act 2005]], [[Bòrd na Gàidhlig]] is a ''quango'' appointed by the [[Scots Govrenment]] in 2003, tasked wi securin Gaelic as an [[offeecial leid]] o Scotland.<big><ref>Macleod, Angus [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article384045.ece "Gaelic given official status"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531171029/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article384045.ece |date=2010-05-31 }} (22 April 2005) ''[[The Times]]''. London. Retrieved 2 August 2007.</ref></big> Breetish Sign Leid is offeecially recognised unner the British Sign Language (Scotland) Act 2015.<big><ref name="British Sign Language">{{cite web|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/13876863.Scotland_becomes_first_part_of_UK_to_recognise_signing_for_deaf_as_official_language/|title=Scotland becomes first part of UK to recognise signing for deaf as official language |publisher=Herald Scotland |year=2015|accessdate=17 January 2016}}</ref></big> | footnote_d = The heid o state o the Unitit Kinrick is the monarch (currently King Charles III, syne 2022). Scotland haes leemitit sel-govrenment within the UK as well as representation in the UK Pairlament. It wis [[Scotland (European Pairlament constituency)|a UK electoral region]] for the [[European Pairlament]]. Certain executive an legislative pouers hae been devolved tae, respectively, the [[Scots Govrenment]] an the [[Scots Pairlament]]. }} '''Scotland''' ({{IPA-endia|ˈskɔʔlənd|pronooncit}}; {{lang-en|Scotland}}; {{lang-gd|[[Alba]]}}, {{IPA-gd|ˈal̪ˠapə||Alba-gd.ogg}}) is a [[kintra|kintra in north wastren]] [[Europe]], an is wan o the fower kintras<ref>Scotland, [[Ingland]], [[Wales]] an [[Northren Ireland]]</ref> that maks the [[Unitit Kinrick|Unitit Kinrick]]. It taks up the northren thurd o the [[Great Breetain]]. Sooth o Scotland is [[Ingland]], an is bund bi the [[North Sea|German Ocean]] til the east an the [[Atlantic Ocean]] til the north an wast. Scotland wis ance a free kinrick, but syne gaed intil a union wi England in 1603, whan [[James VI, King o Scots|Jeams VI]] o Scotland becam Jeams I o England efter the deith o [[Elizabeth I o Ingland|Elspeth I]]. This union wis makkit formal on 1 Mey 1707 bi the [[Acts o Union 1707|Treaty o Union]]. The [[Scots Pairlament]] wis gotten rid o on 26 Mairch. The union southert baith kinricks, makkin the [[Kinrick o Great Breetain]], wi a new single Pairlament haudden in Wastmeenster, [[Lunnon]], but some pairts o Scotland's institutions, merkit the laund's naitional kirk an scuilin an legal systems, wis hauden apairt. In 1801, Scotland becam ane o the three launds o the Unitit Kinrick, alang wi England an Ireland (nou juist Northren Ireland). Wales is nou seen for uisual as anither laund, awtho it wis juist a principality o the kinrick o England in 1707. In 1997, the Scots fowk voted tae hae a new pairlament, estaiblisht by the UK government in the ''[[Scotland Act 1998]]''. The nou reconvened Scots Pairlament haes been gien the pouer tae govern the laund on maist Scots maiters, but haesna ower muckle pouer wi taxes, awtho it dis hae the pouer tae chynge the UK income tax rate bi 3p in the [[Poond sterling|pund]]. Scotland's size is maistly that estaiblisht by the 1237 ''Treaty o York'' atween Scotland an England an the 1266 ''Treaty o Perth'' atween Scotland an [[Norawa]]. Exceptions is the [[Isle o Man|Isle o Mann]], that is nou a croun dependency ootwi the Unitit Kinrick, [[Orkney]] an [[Shetland]], that is nou Scots raither nor Dens, an [[Berrick|Berwick]], that wis defined as subject til the laws o England by the 1746 ''Wales an Berwick Act''. The [[patron saunt]] o Scotland is [[Saunt Andra]], an [[St Andra's Day]] is on [[30 November]] but it haesna been celebrate muckle syne the Reformation. The wird ''Scot'' wis taen frae the [[Laitin]] an its uiss micht weel date fae aboot the first hauf o the 10t centurie, whan it first kythed in the ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'' an harkent til the Laund o the Gaels, analogous til the Laitin ''Scotia''. The ither name is "Caledonie", that's gien tae some pairts o the New Warld an colonies, like [[New Caledon]]. Scots kings adoptit the teetle ''Basileus/Rex Scottorum'' (= Hie King/King o the Gaels, ''basileus'' meanin sovereign in the Greek, an ''rex'' meanin king in the Laitin) an ''Rex Scotiae'' (King o Gael-Land) sometime in the 11t century, likely swee'd by the style ''Imperator Scottorum'' kent tae hae been uised bi Brian Bóruma in Ireland in 1005. In modren times the wird "Scot" is uised equaly for aw indwallers nae maiter wha thair forebeirs wis. This is acause the kintra haess haed a ceevic raither nor a single kin orientation for maist o the last thoosand year. ==History== [[Image:Scota & Gaedel Glas.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The foonders o Scotland o late mediaeval legend, [[Scota]] wi [[Goídel Glas]], on thair vaige frae [[Egyp]], as depicted in a 15t century manuscript o the ''[[Scotichronicon]]'' o [[Walter Bower]].]] {{main|History o Scotland}} ===Early history=== {{main|Prehistoric Scotland}} Repeated [[Glacier|glaciation]]s, that kivered the hale laund-mass o modren Scotland, hae malafoustered ony traces that micht hae existit o bodies bidin thare afore the [[Mesolithic]] period. It is thocht that the first post-glacial groups o [[hunter-gaitherer]]s wan til Scotland aboot 12,800 year syne, as the [[ice sheet]] retreated efter the [[Last glacial period|last glaciation]].<ref>The earliest kent evidence is a [[keezle-stane]] arraeheid frae [[Islay]]. See {{cite book|last=Moffat|first=Alistair|url=https://archive.org/details/beforescotlandst0000moff|title=Before Scotland: The Story of Scotland Before History|publisher=Thames & Hudson|year=2005|location=London|pages=Page 42}}</ref><ref>Sites at [[Cramond]] dated tae 8500 BC an naur [[Kinloch Castle|Kinloch]], [[Rùm]] frae 7700 BC provide the earliest kent evidence o bodies <u>bidin</u> in Scotland. See {{cite web|title=The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map: Rubbish dump reveals time-capsule of Scotland's earliest settlements|url=http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=2146410357|accessdate=2008-02-10|publisher=megalithic.co.uk}} and Edwards, Kevin J. and Whittington, Graeme "Vegetation Change" in {{cite book|author=Edwards, Kevin J. & Ralston, Ian B.M. (Eds)|title=Scotland After the Ice Age: Environment, Archaeology and History, 8000 BC&ndash;AD 1000|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|year=2003|location=Edinburgh|pages=Page 70}}</ref> Groups o sattlers begoud biggin the first kent permanent hooses on Scots syle aroond 9,500 year aby, an the first clachans around 6,000 year syne. The weel-presered clachan o [[Skara Brae]] on the [[Mainlaund, Orkney|Mainlaund]] o [[Orkney]] dates frae this period. [[Neolithic]] habitation, buirial an reetual steids is in parteecular common an weel-presered in the [[Northren Isles]] an [[The Waster Isles|Wastren Isles]], whaur want o trees led tae maist structurs bein biggit wi local stane.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pryor|first=Francis|title=Britain BC|url=https://archive.org/details/britainbclifeinb0000pryo| publisher=HarperPerennial|location=London|year=2003|isbn=978-0007126934|pages=pp. 98&ndash;104 & 246&ndash;250}}</ref> ===Roman influence=== [[Image:Orkney_Skara_Brae.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Skara Brae]], a [[neolithic]] dounset, located in the [[Bay o Skaill]], [[Orkney]].]][[Image:HiltonofCadboll01.JPG|thumb|right|A replica o the [[Pechtish stanes|Pechtish]] [[Hilton o Cadboll Stane]].]] The written [[protohistory]] o Scotland begoud wi the in comin o the [[Roman Empire]] in soothren an central Great Breetain, whan the Romans occupied whit is nou [[Ingland]] an [[Wales]], administerin it as a [[Roman province|province]] cried ''[[Roman Breetain|Britannia]]''. Roman invasions an occupations o soothren Scotland war a series o brief interludes. In 83&ndash;4 AD the general [[Gnaeus Julius Agricola]] defeated the [[Caledonians]] at the [[battle o Mons Graupius]], an [[Castra|Roman forts]] war briefly set alang the [[Gask Ridge]] naur tae the [[Hieland Boondary Fault|Hieland line]] (nane are kent tae hae been constructed ayont that line). Three year efter the battle the [[Roman airmy|Roman airmies]] haed resiled tae the [[Soothren Uplands]].<ref>Hanson, William S. ''The Roman Presence: Brief Interludes'', in {{cite book|author=Edwards, Kevin J. & Ralston, Ian B.M. (Eds)|year=2003|title=Scotland After the Ice Age: Environment, Archeology and History, 8000 BC - AD 1000|location=Edinburgh|publisher=Edinburgh University Press}}</ref> Thay pit up [[Hadrian's Waw]] for tae haud in the tribes on baith sides o the waw,<ref name=snyder>{{cite book | last = Snyder | first = Christopher A. | year = 2003 | title = The Britons | url = https://archive.org/details/britons00snyd | publisher = Blackwell Publishing | isbn = 0-631-22260-X}}</ref> an the ''[[Limes|Limes Britannicus]]'' becam the northren laundmairch o the empire, awtho the airmy hauden on tae the [[Antonine Waw]] in the [[Central Lawlands]] for twa short periods&mdash;the hindmaist o thaim wis durin the time o Emperor [[Septimius Severus]] frae 208 till 210.<ref>{{cite book|author=Robertson, Anne S.|year=1960|title=The Antonine Wall|publisher=Glasgow Archaeological Society}}</ref> The extent o Roman military occupation o ony significant pairt o Scotland wis limited tae a total o aboot 40 year, awtho thair influence on the soothren section o the kintra occupeed by [[Brython]]ic tribes sic as the [[Votadini]] an [[Damnonii]] wad still hae been considerable.<ref name=snyder/> ===Medieval period=== {{main|Pechts|Scotland in the Heich Middle Ages|Scotland in the Late Middle Ages}} ===Modern history=== [[Image:The Battle of Culloden.jpg|thumb|David Morier's pentin on the "[[Battle o Culloden]]".]] In 1603, [[James VI, King o Scots]] inherited the throne o the [[Kinrick o Ingland]], an becam King James I o Ingland, an left [[Edinburgh]] for [[Lunnon]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Chronology of Scottish History|url=https://archive.org/details/chronologyofscot0000ross|publisher=Geddes & Grosset|isbn=1-85534-380-0|last=Ross|first=David|date=2002|quote='''1603:''' James VI becomes [[James I o Ingland]] in the [[Union o the Crouns]], an quats [[Edinburgh]] for [[Lunnon]]|page=[https://archive.org/details/chronologyofscot0000ross/page/56 56]}}</ref> Apairt frae a short period unner [[the Protectorate]], Scotland steyed a sinder [[state]], but there wis guid puckle conflict atween the croun an the [[Covenanters]] ower the form o [[Presbyterian kirk governance|kirk government]]. Efter the [[Glorious Revolution]], the abolition o [[episcopacy]] an the dingin doun o the [[Catholic Kirk|Roman Catholic]] [[James VII, King o Scots|James VII]] by [[William an Mary]], Scotland briefly shored tae wale a different [[Protestantism|Protestant]] monarch frae Ingland.<ref>TM Devine (1999) ''op cit'' "&#0133;Stated that the Scots Parliament had the right to decide on Queen Anne's successor, and that England and Scotland could not have the same sovereign in the future unless the London Parliament granted Scots 'Free Communication of trade'&#0133;"</ref> In 1707, the [[Pairlament o Scotland|Scots Pairlament]] an the [[Pairlament o Ingland]] enacted the twin [[Acts o Union 1707|Acts o Union]] that led tae Scotland's formal incorporation intae the [[Kinrick o Great Breetain]].<ref name=Mackie>{{cite book|author=Mackie, J.D.|year=1969|title=A History of Scotland|location=London|publisher=Penguin}}</ref> The deponed [[Jacobitism|Jacobite Stuart]] claimants haed steyed popular in the [[Scots Hielands|Hielands]] an nor'east, in parteecular amangst non-[[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian]]s. Houaniver, twa major Jacobite uprisings launched in 1715 an 1745 failt tae remuive the [[Hoose o Hanover]] frae the British throne. The threit o the Jacobite muivement tae the Unitit Kinrick an its monarchs effective endit at the [[Battle o Culloden]], Great Breetain's last [[pitched battle]]. This defeat paved the wey for lairge-scale remuivals o the indwallers o the Hielands an Islands, kent as the [[Hieland Clearances]].<ref name=Mackie/> The [[Scots Enlightenment]] an the [[Industrial Revolution]] makkit Scotland intae an intellectual, commercial an industrial pouerhoose. Efter [[Seicont Warld Weir]], Scotland experienced an industrial decline that wis parteecular severe.<ref>{{cite book|author=Harvie, Christopher|year=1981|title=No Gods and Precious Few Heroes: Scotland 1914&ndash;80|url=https://archive.org/details/nogodspreciousfe0000unse|location=London|publisher=Edward Arnold}}</ref> Anerly in raicent decades haes the kintra enjoyed something o a cultural an economic renaissance. Economic factors that hae contribute tae this recovery include a resurgent financial services industry, electronics manufacturin, (see [[Silicon Glen]]),<ref>See {{cite web|author=Stewart, Heather|url=http://politics.guardian.co.uk/scotland/comment/0,,2073303,00.html|title=Celtic Tiger Burns Brighter at Holyrood|publisher=[[The Guardian|The Guardian Unlimited]]|accessdate=2007-05-06}} for an accoont o Scotland's economic challenges, especially efter the dotcom dounturn, as it competes wi the emergin [[Eastren Europe]]an economies.</ref> an the [[North Sea|German Ocean ile]] an gas industry.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2004/04/19170/35326|title=National Planning Framework for Scotland|publisher=Scottish Government publication|quote=Since the 1970s, the development of North Sea oil and gas fields has made an important contribution to the Scottish economy, and underpinned prosperity in the North-East.|accessdate=2007-11-07|archive-date=2012-01-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120094618/http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2004/04/19170/35326|url-status=dead}}</ref> Follaein a [[Scots devolution referendum, 1997|referendum on devolution proposals in 1997]], the [[Scotland Act 1998]] <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/Acts/acts1998/ukpga_19980046_en_1|title=The Scotland Act 1998|publisher=Office of Public Sector Information|accessdate=2008-04-22}}</ref> wis passed by the [[Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick|Unitit Kinrick Pairlament]] for tae estaiblish a devolved [[Scots Pairlament]]. == Ilands == Scotland haes mair nor 790 ilands, that ar sindert intil fower groups: [[Shetland]], [[Orkney]], an the [[Hebrides]], that ar sub-dividit intil the [[Inner Hebrides]] an [[The Waster Isles|Ooter Hebrides]], the ail o [[Mull]] isnae ti be forgotten. {{clear}} == References == {{reflist}} == See forby == {{wiktionar}} {{Commonscat}} *{{commons-inline|Scotland}} * [[Places o Scotland]] * [[Cooncil areas o Scotland]] * Thar's this airticle spoken an aw! [[Media:ScotlandSCO.ogg|Listen til the spokin airticle]] *: (<span class="plainlinks">[http://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scotland&oldid=10989 version o airticle whan it wis spoken]</span>) {{Authority control}} [[Category:Scotland| ]] [[Category:Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:Inglis-speakin kintras an territories]] [[Category:Scots-speakin kintras]] [[Category:Northren Europe]] [[Category:Wastren Europe]] [[Category:Island kintras]] [[Category:Celtic naitions]] aaifn2v0karyhkfgsre9bsxdeuguqk0 0 1005 919922 916944 2026-07-24T21:37:24Z NoahGeo 129838 chynged wha the prime meenister is 919922 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | name = {{collapsible list |titlestyle=background:transparent;font-size:9pt; |title={{resize|11.5pt|{{nowrap|Unitit Kinrick o Great}} {{nowrap|Breetain an Northren Ireland}}}} |{{Infobox |subbox=yes |bodystyle=font-size:9pt;font-weight:normal; <!--Anglo--> |rowclass1=mergedrow |label1=[[Inglis leid|Inglis]]: |data1={{lang|en|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland}} |rowclass2=mergedrow |label2=[[Ulster Scots leid|Ulster Scots]]:|data2={{lang|sco|Claught Kängrick o Docht Brätain an Norlin Airlann}} <!--Brittonic--> |rowclass3=mergedrow |label3=[[Welsh leid|Welsh]]: |data3={{lang|cy|Teyrnas Unedig Prydain Fawr a Gogledd Iwerddon}} |rowclass4=mergedrow |label4=[[Cornish leid|Cornish]]: |data4={{lang|kw|Rywvaneth Unys Breten Veur ha Kledhbarth Iwerdhon}} <!--Goidelic--> |rowclass5=mergedrow |label5=[[Scots&nbsp;Gaelic]]: |data5={{lang|gd|Rìoghachd Aonaichte Bhreatainn is Èireann a Tuath}} |rowclass6 =mergedrow |label6=[[Erse leid|Erse]]: |data6={{lang|ga|Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus Thuaisceart Éireann}} }} }} | common_name = Unitit Kinrick | linking_name = the Unitit Kinrick <!--Note: "the" required here as this entry used to create wikilinks--> | image_flag = Flag of the United Kingdom.svg | image_coat = Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom.svg | alt_coat = Coat of arms containing shield and crown in centre, flanked by lion and unicorn | symbol_type = {{nowrap|[[Ryal coat o airms o the Unitit Kinrick|Ryal coat o airms]]{{tsp}}{{#tag:ref |The Ryal coat o airms uised in Scotland:<br /><center>[[File:Coat of arms of the United Kingdom in Scotland.svg|100px]]</center> |group="note"}}<!--(end nowrap:)-->}} | national_anthem = {{nowrap|1="[[God Save the King]]"{{#tag:ref |Thare is no authorised version o the naitional anthem as the wirds are a matter o tradeetion; anly the first verse is uisually sung.<ref>''[http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/Symbols/NationalAnthem.aspx National Anthem]'', British Monarchy official website. Retrieved 16 November 2013.</ref> No law wis passed makin "God Save the King" the offeecial anthem. In the Inglis tradeetion, such laws are nae necessary; proclamation an uisage are sufficient tae mak it the naitional anthem. "God Save the King" an aa serves as the [[Honours music|Ryal anthem]] for certain [[Commonweel realms]]. |group="note"}} <div style="padding-top:0.5em;"><center>[[File:United States Navy Band - God Save the Queen.ogg]]</center></div><!--(end nowrap:)-->}} | image_map = Europe-UK.svg | map_caption = {{map_caption |countryprefix=the |country={{nobold|Unitit&nbsp;Kinrick}} |location_color=dark green |region=Europe |region_color=dark gray |subregion= |subregion_color=green}} | languages_type = Offeecial leid<br />{{nobold|an national leid}} | languages = Inglis | languages2_type = Recognised regional<br />leids{{#tag:ref |Unner the [[Cooncil o Europe]]'s [[European Charter for Regional or Minority Leids]], Scots, Ulster-Scots, Welsh, Cornish, Erse an Scots Gaelic, are offeecially recognised as [[Regional leid|regional]] or [[Minority leid|minority]] leids bi the [[Govrenment o the Unitit Kinrick|Breetish govrenment]] for the purposes o the Charter. See an aa [[Leids o the Unitit Kinrick]].<ref name="reglang">{{cite web |url=http://conventions.coe.int/treaty/Commun/ListeDeclarations.asp?CL=ENG&NT=148&VL=1 |title=List of declarations made with respect to treaty No. 148 |publisher=[[Council of Europe]] |accessdate=12 December 2013 |archive-date=2013-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212175720/http://conventions.coe.int/treaty/Commun/ListeDeclarations.asp?CL=ENG&NT=148&VL=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |group="note"<!--(end #tag:)-->}} | languages2 = {{hlist|list_style=line-height:1.3em;|item_style=white-space; |[[Scots leid|Scots]]|[[Ulster Scots leid|Ulster‑Scots]]|[[Welsh leid|Welsh]]|[[Cornish leid|Cornish]]|[[Scots&nbsp;Gaelic]]|[[Erse leid|Erse]]}} | ethnic_groups = {{ublist|list_style=line-height:1.3em; |class=nowrap |87.1% [[White fowk|White]] |7.0% [[Breetish Asian|Asian]] |3.0% [[Black Breetish|Black]] |2.0% [[Mixed (Unitit Kinrick ethnicity category)|Mixed]] |0.9% ithers}} | ethnic_groups_year = [[Unitit Kinrick Census 2011|2011]] | demonym = {{hlist|[[Breetish fowk|Breetish]] | Briton}} | capital = [[Lunnon]] | coordinates = {{Coord|51|30|N|0|7|W|type:city}} | largest_city = [[Lunnon]] | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Pairlamentary seestem|pairlamentary]] [[constitutional monarchy]] | leader_title1 = [[Monarchy o the Unitit Kinrick|Monarch]] | leader_name1 = {{nowrap|[[Charles, King o the Unitit Kinrick|Charles III]]}} | leader_title2 = [[Prime Meenister o the Unitit Kinrick|Prime&nbsp;Meenister]] | leader_name2 = [[Andy Burnham]] | legislature = [[Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick|Pairlament]] | upper_house = {{nowrap|[[Hoose o Lairds]]}} | lower_house = {{nowrap|[[Hoose o Commons o the Unitit Kinrick|Hoose o Commons]]}} | sovereignty_type = [[History o the Unitit Kinrick|History]] | established_event1 = [[Acts o Union o Ingland an Scotland]] | established_date1 = {{nowrap|1 May 1707}} | established_event2 = [[Acts o Union o Great Breetain an Ireland]] | established_date2 = {{nowrap|1 January 1801}} | established_event3 = [[Erse Free State Constitution Act 1922|Erse Free State Constitution Act]] | established_date3 = {{nowrap|5 December 1922}} | established_date4 = {{nowrap|1 January 1973}} | area_rank = 80t | area_magnitude = 1 E11 | area_km2 = 243610 | area_sq_mi = 94,060 | percent_water = 1.34 | population_estimate = {{increase}} 67,886,004<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/Population/|title=World Population Prospects - Population Division - United Nations|website=population.un.org|access-date=31 March 2020|archive-date=2020-06-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604174948/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/Population/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | population_census = 63,182,178<ref name="pop_census">{{cite web |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/census/2011/uk-census/index.html |title=2011 UK censuses |publisher=Office for National Statistics |accessdate=17 December 2012 |archive-date=2016-01-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131125807/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/census/2011/uk-census/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = 21st | population_census_year = 2011 | population_census_rank = 22nt | population_density_km2 = 270.7 | population_density_sq_mi = 701.2 | population_density_rank = 50t | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $3.131&nbsp;trillion<ref name="IMFWEOUK">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=14&pr.y=17&sy=2017&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=112&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2019 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |accessdate=30 October 2019}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2019 | GDP_PPP_rank = 9t | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $46,827<ref name="IMFWEOUK"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 26t | GDP_nominal = {{decrease}} $2.744&nbsp;trillion<ref name="IMFWEOUK"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2019 | GDP_nominal_rank = 6t | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{decrease}} $41,030<ref name="IMFWEOUK"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 20t | Gini = 33.1 | Gini_year = 2017 | Gini_change = increase | Gini_ref = <ref name="eurogini">{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=tessi190&plugin=1 |title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income - EU-SILC survey |publisher=[[Eurostat]] |website=ec.europa.eu |access-date=7 March 2019}}</ref> | Gini_rank = 33rd | HDI = 0.940<!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2022<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2024 |title=HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2023-24 |url=http://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf |website=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |pages=274-277 |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 15t | currency = [[Poond&nbsp;sterling]] (£) | currency_code = GBP | time_zone = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]] | utc_offset = &#8203;<!--NOTE: Please do not remove. This is a blank character entity so that the infobox displays "UTC" without a specified offset.--> | time_zone_DST = [[Breetish Simmer Time|BST]] | utc_offset_DST = +1 | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy&nbsp;([[Anno Domini|AD]]) | drives_on = [[Richt- an left-haund traffic|left]] | calling_code = [[Telephone nummers in the Unitit Kinrick|+44]] | cctld = [[.uk]] <!--| national_motto = | religion = | footnotes = --> }} The '''Unitit Kinrick o Great Breetain an Northren Ireland''' ({{lang-en|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland}}), commonly kent the '''Unitit Kinrick''' ({{lang-en|United Kingdom}}; '''UK''') or '''Breetain''' ({{lang-en|Britain}}), is a [[kintra]] in waster [[Europe]]. Lyin aff the north-wastren coast o the European mainlaund, the UK includes the isle o [[Great Breetain]], the north-eastren pairt o the isle o [[Ireland]] an mony smawer islands.<ref>{{cite web |title=Definition of Great Britain in English |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Great-Britain?q=Great+Britain |publisher=Oxford University Press |accessdate=29 October 2014 |quote=Great Britain is the name for the island that comprises England, Scotland and Wales, although the term is also used loosely to refer to the United Kingdom. |archive-date=2016-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814114302/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/great-britain?q=Great+Britain |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Norlin Airlan]] is the anly pairt o the Unitit Kinrick that shares a laund mairch wi anither sovereign state{{mdashb}}the [[Republic o Ireland]].<ref group="note">Awtho Northren Ireland is the anly pairt o the UK that shares a laund mairch wi anither sovereign state, twa o [[Breetish Owerseas Territories|its Owerseas Territories]] an aa share laund mairches wi ither sovereign kintras. [[Gibraltar]] shares [[Gibraltar-Spain mairch|a mairch]] wi Spain, while the [[Sovereign Base Auries o Akrotiri an Dhekelia]] share borders wit the [[Republic o Cyprus]], the [[Turkis Republic o Northren Cyprus]] an the UN [[buffer zone]] separatin the twa Cypriot polities.</ref> Apairt frae this laund mairch, the UK is surroondit bi the Atlantic Ocean, wi the [[North Sea]] tae its east, the [[Inglis Channel]] tae its sooth an the [[Celtic Sea]] tae its sooth-sooth-wast, giein it the 12t-langest coastline in the warld. The [[Erse Sea]] lies atween Great Breetain an Ireland. Wi an aurie o {{convert|242500|km2|sqmi}}, the UK is the 78t-lairgest sovereign state in the warld an the 11t-lairgest in Europe. It is the 21st-maist populous kintra an aw, wi an estimatit 67.8 million indwallers as o 2020. The UK is a [[constitutional monarchy]] wi a [[pairlamentary seestem|pairliamentar democracy]].<ref>[http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/HowtheMonarchyworks/Whatisconstitutionalmonarchy.aspx The British Monarchy, ''What is constitutional monarchy?'']. Retrieved 17 Julie 2013</ref><ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uk.html CIA, ''The World Factbook''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107065049/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uk.html |date=2019-01-07 }}. Retrieved 17 July 2013</ref> The [[Monarchy o the Unitit Kinrick|monarch]] is [[Charles III|King Charles III]], The UK's caipital an lairgest ceety is [[Lunnon]], a [[global ceety]] an [[financial centre]] wi an urban aurie population o 10.3 million, the fowert-lairgest in Europe.<ref>The 30 Largest Urban Agglomerations Ranked by Population Size at Each Point in Time, 1950-2030, [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/CD-ROM/ World Urbanization Prospects, the 2014 revision], Population Diveesion o the [[Unitit Naitions Depairtment o Economic an Social Affairs]]. Retrieved 22 February 2015.</ref> Ither major urban auries in the UK include the conurbations centred on [[West Midlands conurbation|Birmingham]], [[Wast Yorkshire Urban Aurie|Leeds]], [[Greater Glesga|Glesga]], [[Liverpuil Urban Aurie|Liverpuil]] an [[Greater Manchester Biggit-up Aurie|Manchester]]. The UK consists o fower kintras—[[Ingland]], [[Scotland]], [[Wales]] an [[Northren Ireland]].<ref name="page823">{{cite web |url=http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page823 |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20080909013512/http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page823 |archive-date=9 September 2008 |title=Countries within a country |publisher=Prime Minister's Office |date=10 January 2003 |accessdate=8 March 2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416083521/http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page823 |date=2010-04-16 }}</ref> Aw but Ingland hae [[devolution in the Unitit Kinrick|devolved]] admeenistrations,<ref name="devoladmins">{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/devolution-of-powers-to-scotland-wales-and-northern-ireland#devolved-administrations |title=Devolution of powers to Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland |publisher=United Kingdom Government |accessdate=17 April 2013 |quote=In a similar way to how the government is formed from members from the two Houses of Parliament, members of the devolved legislatures nominate ministers from among themselves to comprise executives, known as the devolved administrations...}}</ref> ilk wi varyin pouers,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/7859034.stm |title=Fall in UK university students |publisher=BBC News |date=29 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.transport-research.info/web/countryprofiles/uk.cfm |title=Country Overviews: United Kingdom |publisher=Transport Research Knowledge Centre |accessdate=28 March 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100404062853/http://www.transport-research.info/web/countryprofiles/uk.cfm |archivedate=4 April 2010 |df=}}</ref> based in thair caipitals [[Edinburgh]], [[Cairdiff]] an [[Belfast]], respectively. The nearbi [[Isle o Man]], [[Bailiwick o Guernsey]] an [[Bailiwick o Jersey]] are no pairt o the UK, bein [[Croun dependencies]] wi the Breetish Govrenment responsible for defence an internaitional representation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/LivingintheUK/DG_10012517 |archivedate=15 October 2012 |title=Key facts about the United Kingdom |archiveurl=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20121015000000/http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/LivingintheUK/DG_10012517 |accessdate=6 March 2015 |publisher=[[Directgov]] |quote=<blockquote style="padding-top:0; margin-top:0; padding-left:0; padding-right:0;">The full title of this country is 'the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland'. Great Britain is made up of England, Scotland and Wales. The United Kingdom (UK) is made up of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. 'Britain' is used informally, usually meaning the United Kingdom.<br /> The Channel Islands and the Isle of Man are not part of the UK.</blockquote> |df=}}</ref> Prior tae the [[History o the formation o the Unitit Kinrick|formation o the UK]], Wales haed been conquered an annexed bi the Kinrick o Ingland. This meant that the unitit kinrick creatit in 1707 bi the [[Treaty o Union]] atween Ingland an Scotland encompassed aw o Great Breetain. The Kinrick o Ireland merged wi this state in 1801 tae form the Unitit Kinrick o Great Breetain an Ireland. Five-saxts o Ireland secedit frae the UK in 1922, leavin the present formulation o the Unitit Kinrick o Great Breetain and Northren Ireland.<ref group="note">The [[Anglo-Erse Treaty]] wis signed on 6 December 1921 tae resolve the [[Erse War o Unthirldom]]. Whan it teuk effect ane year later, it established the [[Erse Free State]] as a separate [[dominion]] within the [[Commonweel o Naitions|Commonweel]]. The UK's current name wis adoptit tae reflect the cheenge.</ref> Thare are [[Breetish Owerseas Territories|fowerteen Breetish Owerseas Territories]],<ref name="overseasterrirories">{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/protecting-and-developing-the-overseas-territories |title=Supporting the Overseas Territories |publisher=[[Foreign and Commonwealth Office]] |accessdate=9 March 2015}}</ref> the remnants o the [[Breetish Empire]] that, at its hicht in the 1920s, encompassed awmaist a quarter o the warld's land mass an wis the lairgest empire in history. Breetish influence can be observed in the leid, cultur an legal seestems o mony o its umwhile colonies. The UK is a developit kintra an haes the warld's saxt-lairgest economy bi nominal GDP <ref>{{cite web|title=Britain crashes out of world's top 5 economies|url=http://money.cnn.com/2017/11/22/news/economy/uk-france-biggest-economies-in-the-world|publisher=[[CNN]]|access-date=2018-02-04|archive-date=2018-01-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105233524/http://money.cnn.com/2017/11/22/news/economy/uk-france-biggest-economies-in-the-world|url-status=dead}}.</ref> an ninth-lairgest economy bi [[purchasin pouer parity]]. It haes a heich-income economy an haes a "verra heich" [[Human Development Index]], rankin 16t in the warld. It wis the first industrialised kintra an the warld's foremaist pouer in the 19t an early 20t centuries.<ref>{{cite book |title=The First Industrial Nation: the Economic History of Britain, 1700–1914 |url=https://archive.org/details/firstindustrialn00unse |publisher=Routledge |location=London |author=Mathias, P. |year=2001 |isbn=0-415-26672-6}}</ref><ref name="ferguson">{{cite book |last=Ferguson |first=Niall |year=2004 |title=Empire: The rise and demise of the British world order and the lessons for global power |url=https://archive.org/details/empire00nial |publisher=Basic Books |location=New York |isbn=0-465-02328-2}}</ref> The UK remeens a great pouer wi conseederable economic, cultural, militar, scienteefic an poleetical influence internaitionally.<ref>{{cite book |author1=T. V. Paul |author2=James J. Wirtz |author3=Michel Fortmann |title=Balance of Power |publisher=State University of New York Press, 2005 |year=2005 |pages=59, 282 |isbn=0791464016 |url=https://www.google.com/books?id=9jy28vBqscQC&pg=PA59&dq="Great+power"}} ''Accordingly, the great powers after the Cold War are Britain, China, France, Germany, Japan, Russia and the United States'' p.59</ref><ref name="David M. McCourt">{{cite book |last=McCourt |first=David |title=Britain and World Power Since 1945: Constructing a Nation's Role in International Politics |publisher=University of Michigan Press |date=28 May 2014 |location=United States of America |pages= |isbn=0472072218 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=lwpOnwEACAAJ&dq=Britain+and+World+Power+Since+1945:+Constructing+a+Nation%27s+Role+in+International+Politics}}</ref> It is a recognised nuclear wappens state an is seivent in militar expenditur in the warld.<ref name="SIPRI">{{cite web |url=https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/Trends-world-military-expenditure-2016.pdf |title=Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2016 |publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]] |format=PDF |accessdate=26 April 2017}}</ref> It haes been a [[permanent members o the Unitit Naitions Security Cooncil|permanent member]] o the [[Unitit Naitions Security Cooncil]] syne its first session in 1946. It wis a leadin member state o the EU an its predecessor, the [[European Economic Commonty]] (EEC), frae 1973 till 2020. The UK a member o the [[Commonweel o Naitions]], the [[G7 finance meenisters]], the [[G7 forum]], the [[G-20 major economies|G20]], [[NATO]], the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation an Development]] (OECD), an the [[Warld Tred Organisation]] (WTO). == Historie o tha Unitit Kinrick == ===Early history=== Settlement bi [[Cro-Magnons|anatomically modren humans]] o whit wis tae acome the Unitit Kinrick occurred in waves beginnin bi aboot 30,000 years agae.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/south_west/7069001.stm "Ancient skeleton was 'even older']". [[BBC News]]. 30 October 2007. Retrieved 27 April 2011.</ref> Bi the end o the [[Prehistoric Breetain|region's prehistoric period]], the population is thocht tae hae belanged, in the main, tae a cultur termed [[Insular Celts|Insular Celtic]], comprisin [[Britons (historical)|Brythonic Breetain]] an [[Gaelic Ireland]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Celtic culture: A historical encyclopedia |url=https://archive.org/details/celticculturehis00koch_128 |page=[https://archive.org/details/celticculturehis00koch_128/page/n1016 973] |author=Koch, John T. |isbn=978-1-85109-440-0 |year=2006 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |location=Santa Barbara, CA}}</ref> The [[Roman conquest o Breetain|Roman conquest]], beginnin in 43 AD, an the 400-year [[Roman Britain|rule o soothren Breetain]], wis follaed bi an invasion bi [[Germanic fowks|Germanic]] [[Anglo-Saxon]] settlers, reducin the Brythonic area [[Wales#Medieval Wales|mainly tae whit wis tae acome Wales]], [[Cornwall]] an the historic [[Kinrick o Strathclyde]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor1-first=John |editor1-last=Davies|editor1-link=John Davies (historian) |editor2-first=Nigel |editor2-last=Jenkins |editor2-link=Nigel Jenkins |editor3-first=Menna |editor3-last=Baines|editor4-first=Peredur I. |editor4-last=Lynch |editor4-link=Peredur Lynch |title=[[Encyclopaedia of Wales|The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales]] |year=2008 |publisher=University of Wales Press |location=Cardiff |isbn=978-0-7083-1953-6 |page=915}}</ref> Maist o the region settled bi the Anglo-Saxons becam unifee'd as the [[Kinrick o Ingland]] in the 10t century.<ref name="Short Athelstan biography on the BBC History website">{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/athelstan.shtml |title=Short Athelstan biography |publisher=BBC History |accessdate=9 April 2013}}</ref> Meanwhile, [[Dál Riata|Gaelic-speakers in north-wast Britain]] (wi connections tae the north-east o Ireland an tradeetionally supposed tae hae migratit frae thare in the 5t century)<ref>{{cite book |author=Mackie, J.D. |authorlink=J.D. Mackie |title=A History of Scotland |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofscotlan00mack_0 |location=London |publisher=Penguin |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-14-013649-4 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofscotlan00mack_0/page/18 18]–19}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Campbell, Ewan |title=Saints and Sea-kings: The First Kingdom of the Scots |url=https://archive.org/details/saintsseakingsfi0000camp |publisher=Canongate |location=Edinburgh |year=1999 |isbn=0-86241-874-7 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/saintsseakingsfi0000camp/page/8 8]–15}}</ref> unitit wi the [[Picts]] tae creaut the [[Kinrick o Scotland]] in the 9t century.<ref>{{cite book |last=Haigh |first=Christopher |title=The Cambridge Historical Encyclopedia of Great Britain and Ireland |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1990 |page=30 |isbn=978-0-521-39552-6}}</ref> The [[Early Modren Breetain|early modren period]] saw releegious conflict resultin frae the [[Reformation]] an the introduction o [[Protestantism in the Unitit Kinrick|Protestant]] state kirks in ilk kintra.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/479892/Protestantism/41558/The-Reformation-in-England-and-Scotland The Reformation in England and Scotland] and [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/293754/Ireland/22978/The-Reformation-period Ireland: The Reformation Period & Ireland under Elizabth I], Encyclopædia Britannica Online.</ref> Wales wis [[Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542|fully incorporatit intae the Kinrick o Ingland]],<ref name="BBC Tudors">{{cite web |title=British History in Depth&nbsp;– Wales under the Tudors |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/tudors/wales_tudors_01.shtml |accessdate=21 September 2010 |publisher=BBC History |date=5 November 2009}}</ref> an Ireland wis constitutit as a kinrick in personal union wi the Inglis croun.<ref>{{cite book |title=A history of the modern British Isles, 1529–1603: The two kingdoms |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernb0000nich |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernb0000nich/page/171 171]–172 |first=Mark |last=Nicholls |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-631-19334-0 |publisher=Blackwell |location=Oxford}}</ref> In 1603, Elizabeth I o Ingland deed an [[Jamie VI o Scotland|Jamie the Saxt o Scotland]] becam [[James I o Ingland|James the First o Ingland]] an aa. Tha Acts o Union 1707 makkit tha [[Kinrick o Great Breetain]] an tha [[Scots Pairlament]] wis unitit wi tha Inglis pairlament in Lunnon. In the mid-17t century, aw three kinricks [[Wars o the Three Kinricks|war involved in a series o connectit wars]] (includin the [[Inglis Ceevil War]]) that led tae the temporar owerthraw o the monarchy an the establishment o the short-leeved [[unitar republic]] o the [[Commonweel o Ingland|Commonweel o Ingland, Scotland an Ireland]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/187936/English-Civil-Wars |title=English Civil Wars |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |date= |accessdate=28 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.archontology.org/nations/uk/scotland/01_laws.php |title=Scotland and the Commonwealth: 1651–1660 |publisher=Archontology.org |date=14 March 2010 |accessdate=9 March 2015}}</ref> Awtho the [[Restoration (1660)|monarchy wis restored]], the [[Interregnum (1649–1660)|Interregnum]] ensured (alang wi the [[Glorious Revolution]] o 1688 an the subsequent [[Bill of Rights 1689]], an the [[Claim of Right Act 1689]]) that, unlik muckle o the rest o Europe, [[ryal absolutism]] wad nae prevail, an a professed Catholic coud niver accede tae the thrane. The [[Breetish constitution]] wad develop on the basis o constitutional monarchy an the [[pairlamentary seestem]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Lodge |first=Richard |year=2007 |origyear=1910 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=EBSpvBxGyqcC |title=The History of England&nbsp;– From the Restoration to the Death of William III (1660–1702) |publisher=Read Books |page=8 |isbn=978-1-4067-0897-4}}</ref> ===Treaty o Union=== Tho previous attempts at unitin the twa kinricks within Great Breetain in 1606, 1667, an 1689 haed pruived unsuccessfu, the attempt initiatit in 1705 led tae the Treaty o Union o 1706 bein agreed an ratified bi baith pairlaments. On 1 Mey 1707, the unitit Kinrick o Great Breetain came intae bein, the result o Acts o Union bein passed bi the pairlaments o Ingland an Scotland tae ratify the 1706 Treaty o Union an sae unite the twa kinricks.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/citizenship/rise_parliament/docs/articles_union.htm |title=Articles of Union with Scotland 1707 |publisher=UK Parliament |accessdate=19 October 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny/ |title=Acts of Union 1707 |publisher=UK Parliament |accessdate=6 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scotshistoryonline.co.uk/union.html |title=Treaty (act) of Union 1706 |publisher=Scottish History online |accessdate=3 February 2011 |archive-date=2019-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527074630/http://www.scotshistoryonline.co.uk/union.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the 18t century, cabinet govrenment developed unner [[Robert Walpole]], in practice the first prime meenister (1721–1742). A series o [[Jacobite Uprisins]] socht tae remuive the Protestant [[Hoose o Hanover]] frae the Breetish thrane an restore the Catholic [[Hoose o Stuart]]. The Jacobites war feenally defeatit at the [[Battle o Culloden]] in 1746, efter that the [[Scots Hielanders]] war brutally suppressed. The Breetish colonies in North Americae that brak awey frae Britain in the [[American Revolutionary War|American War o Unthirldom]] becam the Unitit States o Americae, recognised bi Britain in 1783. Breetish imperial ambition turned taewart Asie, pairteecularly tae [[Company rule in Indie|Indie]].<ref>Library of Congress, [https://books.google.com/?id=BQDgr_XvsHoC&pg=PA73 ''The Impact of the American Revolution Abroad''], p. 73.</ref> Efter the defeat o Fraunce at the end o the [[French Revolutionary Wars|Revolutionary]] an [[Napoleonic Wars]] (1792–1815), Great Breetain emerged as the principal naval an imperial pouer o the 19t century (wi Lunnon the lairgest ceety in the warld frae aboot 1830).<ref>Tellier, L.-N. (2009). ''Urban World History: an Economic and Geographical Perspective''. Quebec: PUQ. p. 463. {{ISBN|2-7605-1588-5}}.</ref> [[Ryal Navy#1815–1914|Unchallenged at sea]], Breetish dominance wis later descrived as ''[[Pax Britannica]]'' ("Breetish Peace"), a period o [[Internaitional relations o the Great Pouers (1814–1919)|relative peace amang the Great Pouers]] (1815–1914) in that the Breetish Empire becam the global [[hegemon]] an adoptit the role o global polisman.<ref>[[#refJohnston2008|Johnston]], pp.&nbsp;508-10.</ref><ref>[[#refOHBEv3|Porter]], p.&nbsp;332.</ref><ref>Sondhaus, L. (2004). ''Navies in Modern World History''. London: Reaktion Books. p. 9. {{ISBN|1-86189-202-0}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |first=Andrew |last=Porter |title=The Nineteenth Century, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume III |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-924678-5 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=oo3F2X8IDeEC |ref=refOHBEv3 |page=332}}</ref> Breetain focht alangside Fraunce, Roushie an (efter 1917) the Unitit States, against Germany an its allies in the [[First Warld War]] (1914–1918).<ref>Turner, John (1988). ''Britain and the First World War''. London: Unwin Hyman. pp. 22–35. {{ISBN|978-0-04-445109-9}}.</ref> Breetish airmed forces war engaged athort muckle o the Breetish Empire an in several regions o Europe, pairteecularly on the [[Wastren Front (Warld War I)|Wastren front]].<ref name="Westwell&Cove">Westwell, I.; Cove, D. (eds) (2002). ''History of World War I, Volume 3''. Lunnon: Marshall Cavendish. pp. 698 an 705. {{ISBN|0-7614-7231-2}}.</ref> The heich fatalities o trench warfare caused the loss o muckle o a generation o men, wi lastin social effects in the naition an a great disruption in the social order. ===Erse unthirldom=== The rise o [[Erse naitionalism]], an disputes within Ireland ower the terms o [[Erse Hame Rule muivement|Erse Hame Rule]], led eventually tae the [[Pairteetion o Ireland|pairteetion o the island]] in 1921.<ref>SR&O 1921, No. 533 of 3 May 1921.</ref> The [[Erse Free State]] becam independent wi [[Dominion|Dominion status]] in 1922. Northren Ireland remeened pairt o the Unitit Kinrick.<ref name="CAIN">{{cite web |url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/politics/docs/ait1921.htm |title=The Anglo-Irish Treaty, 6&nbsp;December 1921 |publisher=CAIN |accessdate=15 May 2006 |archive-date=2012-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514145108/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/politics/docs/ait1921.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> A wave o strikes in the mid-1920s culminatit in the [[1926 Unitit Kinrick general strike|General Strike o 1926]]. Britain haed still nae recuivered frae the effects o the war whan the [[Great Depression]] (1929–1932) occurred. This led tae conseederable unemployment an haurdship in the auld industrial auries, as weel as poleetical an social unrest in the 1930s, wi risin membership in communist an socialist pairties. A coaleetion govrenment wis formed in 1931.<ref>Rubinstein, W. D. (2004). ''Capitalism, Culture, and Decline in Britain, 1750–1990''. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 11. {{ISBN|0-415-03719-0}}.</ref> Breetain entered the [[Seicont Warld War]] bi declarin war on Germany in 1939, efter Germany haed invadit Poland. [[Winston Churchill]] becam prime meenister an heid o a coaleetion govrenment in 1940. Despite the defeat o its European allies in the first year o the war, Breetain an its Empire conteena'd the ficht alane against Germany. In 1940, the [[Ryal Air Force]] defeatit the German [[Luftwaffe]] in a struggle for control o the skies in the [[Battle o Breetain]]. Urban auries suffered hivy bombin in [[the Blitz]]. Thare war an aa eventual haurd-focht veectories in the [[Battle o the Atlantic]], the [[North Africae campaign]] an the [[Burma campaign]]. Breetish forces played an important role in the [[Normandy laundins]] o 1944, achieved wi its Unitit States ally. ===Syne Warld War II=== Efter the end o the Seicont Warld War in 1945, the UK wis ane o the [[Fower Polismen|Big Fower]] pouers (alang wi the U.S., the Soviet Union, an Cheenae) that met tae plan the post-war warld;<ref>{{cite book |last1=Doenecke |first1=Justus D. |last2=Stoler |first2=Mark A. |title=Debating Franklin D. Roosevelt's foreign policies, 1933–1945 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xdMF9rX6mX8C&pg=PA62 |year=2005 |accessdate=19 March 2016 |isbn=0-8476-9416-X}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.iup.edu/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=37681 |title=The Four Policemen and. Postwar Planning, 1943-1945: The Collision of Realist and. Idealist Perspectives. |last=Kelly |first=Brian |accessdate=25 August 2015 |archive-date=2015-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022125442/https://www.iup.edu/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=37681 |url-status=dead }}</ref> it wis an oreeginal seegnatory tae the [[Declaration o the Unitit Naitions]]. The UK wis the third kintrea tae develop [[Nuclear wappen|a nuclear wappens airsenal]] (wi its [[Operation Hurricane|first atomic bomb test]] in 1952), but the new post-war leemits o Breetain's internaitional role war illustratit bi the [[Suez Creesis]] o 1956. Frae the late 1960s, Northren Ireland suffered communal an paramilitar veeolence (whiles affectin ither pairts o the UK) conventionally kent as [[the Tribbles]]. It is uisually conseedert tae hae endit wi the [[Belfast Agreement|Belfast "Guid Fryday" Agreement]] o 1998.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Politics of Northern Ireland: Beyond the Belfast Agreement |url=https://archive.org/details/politicsnorthern00augh |first=Arthur |last=Aughey |isbn=978-0-415-32788-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/politicsnorthern00augh/page/7 7] |year=2005 |location=London |publisher=Routledge}}</ref><ref name=Hope>"The troubles were over, but the killing continued. Some of the heirs to Ireland's violent traditions refused to give up their inheritance." {{cite book |author=Holland, Jack |title=Hope against History: The Course of Conflict in Northern Ireland |url=https://archive.org/details/hopeagainsthisto00holl |publisher=Henry Holt |location=New York |year=1999 |page=[https://archive.org/details/hopeagainsthisto00holl/page/221 221] |isbn=978-0-8050-6087-4}}</ref><ref>Elliot, Marianne (2007). ''The Long Road to Peace in Northern Ireland: Peace Lectures from the Institute of Irish Studies at Liverpool University.'' University of Liverpool Institute of Irish Studies, Liverpool University Press. p. 2. {{ISBN|1-84631-065-2}}.</ref> Aroond the end o the 20t century thare war major cheenges tae the govrenance o the UK wi the establishment o devolved admeenistrations for Scotland, Wales an Northren Ireland.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://publius.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/28/1/217 |title=Reforging the Union: Devolution and Constitutional Change in the United Kingdom |accessdate=4 February 2009 |journal=Publius: the Journal of Federalism |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=217–234 |last=Keating |first=Michael |date=1 January 1998 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.pubjof.a029948}}</ref> In the decade-lang process o [[European integration]], the UK wis a foondin member o the alliance cried the [[Wastren European Union]], established wi the [[Lunnon an Paris Conferences]] in 1954. In 1960 the UK wis ane o the seeven foondin members o the [[European Free Tred Association]] (EFTA), but in 1973 it left tae jyne the [[European Commonties]] (EC). Whan the EC becam the [[European Union]] (EU) in 1992, the UK wis ane o the 12 foondin members. In 2016, the Unitit Kinrick [[Unitit Kinrick European Union membership referendum, 2016|votit tae leave the European Union]].<ref name="Washington Post">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/britons-head-to-the-polls-for-historic-vote-on-eu/2016/06/23/0d466fb0-34a7-11e6-ab9d-1da2b0f24f93_story.html |title=In stunning decision, Britain votes to leave the E.U. |date=24 June 2016 |work=[[The Washington Post]] |accessdate=24 June 2016}}</ref> The legal process o leavin the EU begoud on 29 Mairch 2017, wi the [[Unitit Kinrick invocation o Airticle 50 o the Treaty on European Union|UK's invocation o Airticle 50]] o the Treaty o Lisbon, formally notifyin the EU o the UK's intention tae leave. The UK steyed a fou member o the EU till 31 January 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainers/article-50-options|title=Article 50 extension|last=Wright|first=Georgina|date=29 October 2019|website=Institute for Government|access-date=27 December 2019}}</ref> ==Geografie== [[File:Uk topo en.jpg|thumb|upright|right|The topografie o the UK]] The tot aurie o the Unitit Kinrick is approximately {{convert|243610|km2|sqmi|-1}}. The kintra occupies the major pairt o the Breetish Isles<ref>Oxford English Dictionary: "British Isles: a geographical term for the islands comprising Great Britain and Ireland with all their offshore islands including the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands."</ref> [[airchipelago]] an includes the island o Great Breetain, the north-eastren ane-saxt o the island o Ireland an some smawer surroondin islands. It lies atween the North Atlantic Ocean an the North Sea wi the sooth-east coast comin within {{convert|35|km|mi|0|order=flip}} o the coast o northren Fraunce, frae that it is separatit bi the [[Inglis Channel]].<ref name="factbook">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uk.html |title=United Kingdom |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |accessdate=23 September 2008 |archive-date=2019-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107065049/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uk.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1993 10% o the UK wis forestit, 46% uised for pastures an 25% cultivatit for agricultur.<ref name="Atlapedia">{{cite web |author=Latimer Clarke Corporation Pty Ltd |url=http://www.atlapedia.com/online/countries/unitedki.htm |title=United Kingdom&nbsp;– Atlapedia Online |publisher=Atlapedia.com |accessdate=26 October 2010}}</ref> The [[Ryal Observatory, Greenwich|Ryal Greenwich Observatory]] in Lunnon is the definin pynt o the [[Prime Meridian]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rmg.co.uk/explore/astronomy-and-time/astronomy-facts/history/the-prime-meridian-at-greenwich |title=The Prime Meridian at Greenwich |author=ROG Learning Team |date=23 August 2002 |work=Royal Museums Greenwich |publisher=Royal Museums Greenwich |accessdate=11 September 2012 |archive-date=2015-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107023957/http://www.rmg.co.uk/explore/astronomy-and-time/astronomy-facts/history/the-prime-meridian-at-greenwich |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Unitit Kinrick lies atween latitudes [[49t parallel north|49°]] tae [[61st parallel north|61° N]], an longitudes [[9t meridian wast|9° W]] tae [[2nt meridian east|2° E]]. Northren Ireland shares a {{convert|360|km|mi|0|adj=on|order=flip}} laund boondary wi the Republic o Ireland.<ref name="factbook"/> The coastline o Great Breetain is {{convert|17820|km|mi|0|order=flip}} lang.<ref name="UK coastline">{{cite web |url=http://www.cartography.org.uk/default.asp?contentID=749 |title=How long is the UK coastline? |first=Giles |last=Darkes |date=January 2008 |accessdate=24 January 2015 |publisher=The [[British Cartographic Society]] |archive-date=2012-05-27 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/67yAn3CWU?url=http://www.cartography.org.uk/default.asp?contentID=749 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is connectit tae [[continental Europe]] bi the [[Channel Tunnel]], that at {{convert|50|km|mi|0|order=flip}} ({{convert|38|km|mi|0|order=flip}} unnerwatter) is the langest unnerwatter tunnel in the warld.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurotunnel.com/ukcP3Main/ukcCorporate/ukcTunnelInfrastructure/ukcInfrastructure/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101218114514/http://www.eurotunnel.com/ukcP3Main/ukcCorporate/ukcTunnelInfrastructure/ukcInfrastructure |archivedate=18 December 2010 |title=The Channel Tunnel |publisher=Eurotunnel |accessdate=8 March 2015}}</ref> [[Ingland]] accoonts for juist ower hauf o the tot aurie o the UK, cuiverin {{convert|130395|km2|sqmi|-1}}.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/7327029.stm |publisher=BBC News |title=England&nbsp;– Profile |date=11 February 2010}}</ref> Maist o the kintra consists o lawland terrain,<ref name="Atlapedia"/> wi moontainous terrain north-wast o the [[Tees-Exe line]]; includin the [[Loch Destrict|Cumbrian Moontains]] o the Loch Destrict, the [[Pennines]], [[Exmoor]] an [[Dartmoor]]. The main rivers an estuaries are the [[River Thames|Thames]], [[River Severn|Severn]] an the [[Humber]]. Ingland's heichest moontain is [[Scafell Pike]] ({{convert|978|m|ft|0}}) in the [[Loch Destrict]]. Its principal rivers are the Severn, Thames, Humber, Tees, Tyne, Tweed, Avon, Exe an Mersey.<ref name="Atlapedia"/> [[Scotland]] accoonts for juist unner a third o the tot aurie o the UK, cuiverin {{convert|78772|km2|sqmi|-1}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scotland.org/about/fact-file/index.html |title=Scotland Facts |publisher=Scotland Online Gateway |accessdate=16 July 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621045248/http://www.scotland.org/about/fact-file/index.html |archivedate=21 June 2008 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621045248/http://www.scotland.org/about/fact-file/index.html |date=2008-06-21 }}</ref> an includin nearly aicht hunder islands,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/uk/the-complete-guide-to-the--scottish-islands-633851.html |title=The complete guide to the ... Scottish Islands |work=The Independent |location=London |date=1 June 2000 |first=Jon |last=Winter |accessdate=8 March 2015}}</ref> predominantly wast an north o the mainland; notably the [[Hebrides]], [[Orkney|Orkney Islands]] an [[Shetland|Shetland Islands]]. Scotland is the maist moontainous kintra in the UK an its topografie is distinguished bi the [[Hieland Boondary Faut]]—a [[Faut (geology)|geological rock fractur]]—that traverses Scotland frae [[Isle o Arran|Arran]] in the wast tae [[Stanehyve]] in the east.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurefirst7728.html |title=Overview of Highland Boundary Fault |work=Gazetteer for Scotland |publisher=University of Edinburgh |accessdate=27 December 2010}}</ref> The [[Faut (geology)|faut]] separates twa distinctively different regions; namely the [[Scots Hielands|Hielands]] tae the north an wast an the [[Scots Lawlands|lawlands]] tae the sooth an east. The mair rugged Hieland region conteens the majority o Scotland's moontainous laund, includin [[Ben Nevis]] that at {{convert|1343|m|ft|0}} is the heichest pynt in the Breetish Isles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bennevisweather.co.uk/index.asp |title=Ben Nevis Weather |publisher=Ben Nevis Weather |accessdate=26 October 2008 |archive-date=2012-05-27 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/67yAqrmVy?url=http://www.bennevisweather.co.uk/index.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lawland auries—especially the narrae waist o laund atween the [[Firth o Clyde]] an the [[Firth o Forth]] kent as the [[Central Lawlands|Central Belt]]—are flatter an hame tae maist o the population includin [[Glesga]], Scotland's lairgest ceety, an [[Edinburgh]], its caipital an poleetical centre, awtho upland an moontainous terrain lies within the [[Soothren Uplands]]. [[Wales]] accoonts for less nor a tent o the tot aurie o the UK, cuiverin {{convert|20779|km2|sqmi|-1}}.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/6233450.stm |title=Profile: Wales |publisher=BBC News |date=9 June 2010 |accessdate=7 November 2010}}</ref> Wales is maistly moontainous, tho [[Sooth Wales]] is less moontainous nor [[North Wales|North]] an [[mid Wales]]. The main population an industrial auries are in Sooth Wales, consistin o the coastal ceeties o [[Cairdiff]], [[Swansea]] an [[Newport, Wales|Newport]], an the [[Sooth Wales Valleys]] tae their north. The heichest moontains in Wales are in [[Snowdonie]] an include [[Snowdon]] ({{lang-cy|Yr Wyddfa}}) that, at {{convert|1085|m|ft|0}}, is the heichest peak in Wales.<ref name="Atlapedia"/> The 14, or possibly 15, Welsh moontains ower {{convert|3,000|ft|m|abbr=off}} heich are kent collectively as the [[Welsh 3000s]]. Wales haes ower {{convert|1680|mi|0|abbr=off|order=flip}} o coastline.<ref name="UK coastline" /> Several islands lie aff the Welsh mainland, the lairgest o that is [[Anglesey]] (''Ynys Môn'') in the north-wast. [[Northren Ireland]], separatit frae Great Breetain bi the [[Erse Sea]] an [[North Channel (Great Breetain an Ireland)|North Channel]], haes an aurie o {{convert|14160|km2|sqmi|-1}} an is maistly hilly. It includes [[Lough Neagh]] that, at {{convert|388|km2|sqmi|0}}, is the lairgest loch in the Breetish Isles bi aurie.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/ni/geog.htm |title=Geography of Northern Ireland |publisher=University of Ulster |accessdate=22 May 2006 |archive-date=2012-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118133131/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/ni/geog.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The heichest peak in Northren Ireland is [[Slieve Donard]] in the [[Mourne Moontains]] at {{convert|852|m|ft|0}}.<ref name="Atlapedia"/> ===Climate=== The Unitit Kinrick haes a temperate climate, wi plentifu rainfaw aw year roond.<ref name="factbook"/> The temperatur varies wi the saisons seendle drappin ablo {{convert|-11|C|lk=on}} or risin abuin {{convert|35|C}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/ |title=UK climate summaries |publisher=Met Office |accessdate=1 May 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/67yAsDB9c?url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/ |archivedate=27 May 2012 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> The prevailin wind is frae the sooth-wast an beirs frequent spells o mild an wet wather frae the Atlantic Ocean,<ref name="factbook"/> awtho the eastren pairts are maistly sheltered frae this wind syne the majority o the rain faws ower the wastren regions the eastren pairts are tharefore the driest. Atlantic currents, wairmed bi the [[Gulf Stream]], bring mild winters;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ukclimateprojections.metoffice.gov.uk/23152 |title=Atlantic Ocean Circulation (Gulf Stream) |work=UK Climate Projections |publisher=Met Office |accessdate=8 March 2015 |archive-date=2018-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017162552/http://ukclimateprojections.metoffice.gov.uk/23152 |url-status=dead }}</ref> especially in the wast whaur winters are wet an iven mair sae ower heich grund. Simmers are wairmest in the sooth-east o Ingland, bein closest tae the European mainland, an cuilest in the north. Hivy snawfaw can occur in winter an early ware on heich grund, an occasionally settles tae great deepth awey frae the hills. ==Economy== The UK haes a pairtially regulatit [[mercat economy]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bis.gov.uk/assets/biscore/better-regulation/docs/p/11-795-principles-for-economic-regulation |title=Principles for Economic Regulation |date=April 2011 |publisher=Department for Business, Innovation & Skills |accessdate=1 May 2011}}</ref> Based on mercat [[exchynge rate]]s, the UK is theday the fift-lairgest economy in the warld an the seicont-lairgest in Europe efter Germany. [[HM Thesaury]], led bi the [[Chancellor o the Exchequer]], is responsible for developin an executin the govrenment's public finance policy an economic policy. The [[Bank o Ingland]] is the UK's [[central bank]] an is responsible for issuin notes an cunyies in the naition's siller, the [[poond sterling]]. Banks in Scotland an Northren Ireland reteen the richt tae issue thair awn notes, subject tae reteenin eneuch Bank o Ingland notes in reserve tae cuiver their issue. The poond sterling is the warld's third-lairgest [[reserve siller]] (efter the US dollar an the euro).<ref>{{cite news |last=Chavez-Dreyfuss |first=Gertrude |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/asiaCompanyAndMarkets/idINN3141616420080331?sp=true |agency=Reuters |title=Global reserves, dollar share up at end of 2007-IMF |date=1 April 2008 |accessdate=21 December 2009 |archive-date=2009-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109210433/http://in.reuters.com/article/asiaCompanyAndMarkets/idINN3141616420080331?sp=true |url-status=dead }}</ref> Syne 1997 the Bank o Ingland's [[Monetary Policy Committee]], heidit bi the Govrenor o the Bank o Ingland, haes been responsible for settin interest rates at the level necessar tae achieve the oweraw inflation target for the economy that is set bi the Chancellor ilk year.<ref>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312060011/http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/about/more_about.htm |title=More About the Bank |date=n.d. |publisher=Bank of England |url=http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/about/more_about.htm |archivedate=12 March 2008}}</ref> The UK [[Tertiary sector o the economy|service sector]] maks up aroond 79% o GDP.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/economicoutputandproductivity/output/bulletins/indexofservices/october2017|title=UK index of services: October 2017|publisher=Office for National Statistics|date=22 December 2017|accessdate=15 January 2018}}</ref> == Demografie == === Population === In the [[Unitit Kinrick Census 2011|2011 census]] the tot population o the Unitit Kinrick wis 63,181,775.<ref name="2011census">{{cite web |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_292378.pdf |title=2011 Census: Population Estimates for the United Kingdom |publisher=Office for National Statistics |date=27 March 2011 |accessdate=18 December 2012 |archive-date=2016-01-05 |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_292378.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is the fift-lairgest in the [[Commonweel o Nations]] an the 22nt lairgest in the warld. === Leids === The UK's ''de facto'' offeecial leid is Inglis.<ref name="direct.gov.uk">{{cite web |url=http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/LivingintheUK/DG_10012519 |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20121015000000/http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/LivingintheUK/DG_10012519|archive-date=15 October 2012 |title=English language&nbsp;– Government, citizens and rights |work=[[Directgov]] |accessdate=23 August 2011}}</ref><ref name="thecommonwealth.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookHomeInternal/139560/ |title=Commonwealth Secretariat&nbsp;– UK |publisher=[[Commonwealth Secretariat]] |accessdate=23 August 2011}}</ref> Houiver, thar is monie leids spak in the Unitit Kinrick bi baith native an immigrant. The native leids can be spleet inti twa groups: * The [[Celtic leids]]: [[Scots Gaelic leid|Scots Gaelic]], [[Erse leid|Erse]], [[Welsh leid|Welsh]] an [[Cornish leid|Cornish]] * The [[Germanic leid]]s: [[Scots leid|Scots]] an [[Inglis leid|Inglish]] ===Releegion=== In the 2001 census 71.6% o aw respondents indicatit that thay war Christians, wi the next lairgest faiths bein Islam (2.8%), [[Hinduism]] (1.0%), [[Sikhism]] (0.6%), [[Judaism]] (0.5%), [[Buddhism]] (0.3%) an aw ither releegions (0.3%).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=293 |title=UK Census 2001 |publisher=National Office for Statistics |accessdate=22 April 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312034628/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=293 <!--Added by H3llBot--> |archivedate=12 March 2007}}</ref> 15% o respondents statit that thay haed na releegion, wi a forder 7% nae statin a releegious preference.<ref>{{cite web |title=Religious Populations |publisher=Office for National Statistics |date=11 October 2004 |url=http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2005/02/20757/53570 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5zFDlspeL?url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=954 |archivedate=6 June 2011 |df=}}</ref> ==Politics== {{multiple image | align = right | image1 = Queen Elizabeth II in March 2015.jpg | width1 = 150 | caption1 = [[Queen Elizabeth II]], Monarch syne 1952 | image2 = Boris Johnson official portrait (cropped).jpg | width2 = 141 | caption2 = [[Boris Johnson]], Prime Meenister syne 2019 }} The Unitit Kinrick is a unitar state unner a constitutional monarchy. Queen Elizabeth II haes been the monarch an heid o state o the UK, as weel as Queen o fifteen ither independent [[Commonweel realm|Commonweel kintras]]. The monarch haes "the richt tae be consultit, the richt tae encourage, an the richt tae wairn".<ref>[[Walter Bagehot|Bagehot, Walter]] (1867). ''The English Constitution''. London: Chapman and Hall. p. 103.</ref> The Constitution o the Unitit Kinrick is [[uncodified constitution|uncodified]] an consists maistly o a collection o disparate written soorces, includin [[statute]]s, juidge-made [[case law]] an internaitional treaties, thegither wi [[Breetish Constitution#Conventions|constitutional conventions]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.llrx.com/features/uk2.htm#UK%20Legal%20System |title=A Guide To the UK Legal System |publisher=[[University of Kent|University of Kent at Canterbury]] |accessdate=16 May 2006 |author=Carter, Sarah |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/67yH6Ly5h?url=http://www.llrx.com/features/uk2.htm |archivedate=27 May 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> As thare is na technical difference atween ordinar statutes an "constitutional law", the Pairlament o the UK Pairlament can perform "constitutional reform" semply bi passin [[Act o Pairlament|Acts o Pairlament]], an sicweys haes the poleetical pouer tae cheenge or abolish awmaist ony written or unwritten element o the constitution. Houiver, na Pairlament can pass laws that futur Pairlaments canna cheenge.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.uk/about/how/laws/sovereignty.cfm |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/67yH6yA8K?url=http://www.parliament.uk/about/how/laws/sovereignty.cfm |archivedate=27 May 2012 |title=Parliamentary sovereignty |publisher=UK Parliament |date=n.d.}}</ref> The UK haes a pairlamentar govrenmen based on the Wastmeenster seestem that haes been emulatit aroond the warld: a legacy o the Breetish Empire. The pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick meets in the [[Palace o Wastmeenster]] an haes twa houses: an electit [[Hoose o Commons o the Unitit Kinrick|Hoose o Commons]] an appointit [[Hoose o Lairds]]. Aw bills passed are gien [[Ryal Assent]] afore acomin law. The poseetion o [[Prime Meenister o the Unitit Kinrick|prime meenister]],<ref group="note">Syne the early twentiet century the prime meenister haes held the office o [[First Laird o the Thesaury]], an in recent decades haes an aa held the office o [[Meenister for the Ceevil Service]].</ref> the UK's heid o govrenment,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Government, Prime Minister and Cabinet |work=Public services all in one place |publisher=[[Directgov]] |url=http://direct.gov.uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/UKgovernment/Centralgovernmentandthemonarchy/DG_073444 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921004951/http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/UKgovernment/Centralgovernmentandthemonarchy/DG_073444 |archivedate=2012-09-21 |accessdate=9 March 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> belangs tae the person maist likely tae command the confidence o the Hoose o Commons. ==Cultur== ===Airts=== The Inglis playwright an poet [[William Shakespeare]] is widely regairdit as the greatest dramatist o aw time,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/537853/William-Shakespeare |title=William Shakespeare (English author) |publisher=Britannica Online encyclopedia |accessdate=26 February 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761562101/Shakespeare.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060209154055/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761562101/Shakespeare.html |archivedate=9 February 2006 |title=MSN Encarta Encyclopedia article on Shakespeare |accessdate=26 February 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Shakespeare%2c+William |publisher=Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia |title=William Shakespeare |accessdate=26 February 2006}}</ref> [[Robert Burns]] is a weel kent an praised poet. [[The Beatles]] hae internaitional sales o ower ane billion units an are the biggest-sellin an maist influential baund in the history o popular muisic.<ref name="Beatles sales">{{cite web |url=http://www.emimusic.com/about/history/1960-1969/# |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425011032/http://www.emimusic.com/about/history/1960-1969/ |archivedate=25 April 2014 |title=1960–1969 |publisher=EMI Group |accessdate=9 March 2015 |df= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425011032/http://www.emimusic.com/about/history/1960-1969/ |date=2014-04-25 }}</ref><ref name="McCartney">{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,975715-2,00.html |title=Paul At Fifty |work=Time |location=New York |date=8 June 1992 |access-date=2018-02-04 |archive-date=2013-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518221715/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,975715-2,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Guinness">[https://books.google.com/?id=rdU1xtIWJz0C Most Successful Group] ''[[The Guinness Book of Records]]'' 1999, p. 230. Retrieved 19 March 2011.</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/entertainment/music/news/beatles-a-big-hit-with-downloads-15013117.html |title=Beatles a big hit with downloads |newspaper=Belfast Telegraph |date=25 November 2010 |accessdate=16 May 2011}}</ref> Ither prominent Breetish contreibutors tae hae influenced popular muisic ower the last 50 year include [[The Rolling Stones]], [[Pink Floyd]], [[Queen (baund)|Queen]], [[Led Zeppelin]], the [[Bee Gees]], an [[Elton John]], aw o that hae warldwide record sales o 200&nbsp;million or mair.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.emimusic.com/news/2009/singstar®-queen-to-be-launched-by-sony-computer-entertainment-europe/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423012539/http://www.emimusic.com/news/2009/singstar%C2%AE-queen-to-be-launched-by-sony-computer-entertainment-europe/ |archivedate=23 April 2014 |title=British rock legends get their own music title for PlayStation3 and PlayStation2 |publisher=[[EMI]] |date=2 February 2009 |accessdate=9 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/2305273/Sir-Elton-John-honoured-in-Ben-and-Jerry-ice-cream.html |title=Sir Elton John honoured in Ben and Jerry ice cream |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |date=17 July 2008 |first=Urmee |last=Khan |location=London |access-date=2018-02-04 |archive-date=2008-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080801175725/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/2305273/Sir-Elton-John-honoured-in-Ben-and-Jerry-ice-cream.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1562875/Rock-group-Led-Zeppelin-to-reunite.html |title=Rock group Led Zeppelin to reunite |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |date=19 April 2008 |location=London |first=Richard |last=Alleyne |accessdate=31 March 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Floyd 'true to Barrett's legacy' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/5170644.stm |publisher=BBC News |date=11 July 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Kate |last=Holton |title=Rolling Stones sign Universal album deal |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/entertainmentNews/idUSL1767761020080117 |publisher=Reuters |date=17 January 2008 |accessdate=26 October 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Tim |last=Walker |title=Jive talkin': Why Robin Gibb wants more respect for the Bee Gees |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/jive-talkin-why-robin-gibb-wants-more-respect-for-the-bee-gees-826116.html |work=The Independent |location=London |date=12 May 2008 |accessdate=26 October 2008 |archive-date=2011-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013215157/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/jive-talkin-why-robin-gibb-wants-more-respect-for-the-bee-gees-826116.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Unitit Kinrick haes haed a conseederable influence on the history o the cinema. The Breetish directors [[Alfred Hitchcock]], that's film ''[[Vertigo (film)|Vertigo]]'' is conseedert bi some creetics as the [[Leet o films conseedert the best|best film o aw time]],<ref name="bbc">{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-19078948 |title=Vertigo is named 'greatest film of all time' |publisher=BBC News |date=2 August 2012 |accessdate=18 August 2012}}</ref> an [[David Lean]] are amang the maist critically acclaimed o aw-time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/topten/poll/directors-directors.html |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/67yHUco5o?url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/topten/poll/directors-directors.html |archivedate=27 May 2012 |title=The Directors' Top Ten Directors |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> ither important directors includin [[Charlie Chaplin]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/462570/index.html |title=Chaplin, Charles (1889–1977) |accessdate=25 January 2011 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> [[Michael Powell]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/447167/index.html |title=Powell, Michael (1905–1990) |accessdate=25 January 2011 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> [[Carol Reed]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/459891/index.html |title=Reed, Carol (1906–1976) |accessdate=25 January 2011 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> [[Edgar Wright]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2bacc7dbca |title=Wright, Edgar (1974–) |accessdate=12 September 2017 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> [[Christopher Nolan]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2bbfd6e83e |title=Nolan, Christopher (1970–) |accessdate=6 May 2017 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> an [[Ridley Scott]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/462413/index.html |title=Scott, Sir Ridley (1937–) |accessdate=25 January 2011 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> Mony Breetish actors hae achieved internaitional fame an creetical success, includin: [[Julie Andrews]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/446530/index.html |title=Andrews, Julie (1935–) |accessdate=11 December 2010 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> [[Richard Burton]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/472165/index.html |title=Burton, Richard (1925–1984) |accessdate=11 December 2010 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> [[Michael Caine]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/463342/index.html |title=Caine, Michael (1933–) |accessdate=11 December 2010 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> [[Colin Firth]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/873595/index.html |title=Firth, Colin (1960–) |accessdate=12 September 2017 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> [[Gary Oldman]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/471018/index.html |title=Oldman, Gary (1958–) |accessdate=12 September 2017 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> [[Ben Kingsley]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/474377/index.html |title=Kingsley, Ben (1942–) |accessdate=12 September 2017 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> [[Ian McKellen]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/492416/index.html |title=McKellen, Ian (1939–) |accessdate=12 September 2017 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> [[Liam Neeson]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/490910/index.html |title=Neeson, Liam (1952–) |accessdate=12 September 2017 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> Charlie Chaplin,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/462570/index.html |title=Chaplin, Charles (1889–1977) |accessdate=11 December 2010 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> [[Sean Connery]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/455509/index.html |title=Connery, Sean (1930–) |accessdate=11 December 2010 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> [[Vivien Leigh]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/488753/index.html |title=Leigh, Vivien (1913–1967) |accessdate=11 December 2010 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> [[David Niven]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/458293/index.html |title=Niven, David (1910–1983) |accessdate=11 December 2010 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> [[Laurence Olivier]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/450224/index.html |title=Olivier, Laurence (1907–1989) |accessdate=11 December 2010 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> [[Peter Sellers]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/461941/index.html |title=Sellers, Peter (1925–1980) |accessdate=11 December 2010 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> [[Kate Winslet]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/489012/index.html |title=Winslet, Kate (1975–) |accessdate=11 December 2010 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> [[Anthony Hopkins]],<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.theguardian.com/film/Player/Player_Page/0,,-3689,00.html |title=Anthony Hopkins |work=The Guardian |location= London |accessdate=21 January 2015}}</ref> an [[Daniel Day-Lewis]].<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-21570142 |title= Daniel Day-Lewis makes Oscar history with third award |publisher=BBC News |date=25 February 2013 |accessdate=15 August 2013}}</ref> ==Sport== Major sports, includin association fitbaa, [[tennis]], [[rugby union]], [[rugby league]], [[gowf]], [[boxin]], [[netbaw]], [[rowin (sport)|rowin]] an [[cricket]], oreeginatoy or war substantially developed in the UK an the states that precedit it. Wi the rules an codes o mony modren sports inventit an codifee'd in late 19t century Victorian Breetain, in 2012, the Preses o the IOC, [[Jacques Rogge]], statit; ''"This great, sports-loving country is widely recognised as the birthplace of modern sport. It was here that the concepts of sportsmanship and fair play were first codified into clear rules and regulations. It was here that sport was included as an educational tool in the school curriculum"''.<ref>[http://www.olympic.org/Documents/Games_London_2012/London_2012_Opening_ceremony_Speech_Jacques_Rogge.pdf "Opening ceremony of the games of the XXX Olympiad"]. Olympic.org. Retrieved 30 November 2013.</ref><ref>[http://uk.reuters.com/article/2012/07/23/uk-oly-preview-ad-idUKBRE86M0I720120723 "Unparalleled Sporting History"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203031252/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2012/07/23/uk-oly-preview-ad-idUKBRE86M0I720120723 |date=2013-12-03 }}. Reuters. Retrieved 30 November 2013.</ref> ==Notes== <references group="note"/> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Commonscat|United Kingdom}} [[Category:Unitit Kinrick| ]] <!-- An article should be at the top of its own category, so please do not remove the space.--> [[Category:Breetish Islands| ]] [[Category:Constitutional monarchies]] [[Category:Kintras borderin the Atlantic Ocean]] [[Category:Kintras in Europe]] [[Category:Inglis-speakin kintras an territories]] [[Category:G8 naitions]] [[Category:G20 naitions]] [[Category:Island kintras]] [[Category:Leeberal democracies]] [[Category:Member states o NATO]] [[Category:Member states o the Commonweel o Naitions]] [[Category:Member states o the Cooncil o Europe]] [[Category:Member states o the Union for the Mediterranean]] [[Category:Member states o the Unitit Naitions]] [[Category:Northren European kintras]] [[Category:Wastren European kintras]] 7wvwbx7gszg3ql3dshdo48efooyxvxn 919972 919922 2026-07-24T23:58:00Z NoahGeo 129838 919972 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | name = {{collapsible list |titlestyle=background:transparent;font-size:9pt; |title={{resize|11.5pt|{{nowrap|Unitit Kinrick o Great}} {{nowrap|Breetain an Northren Ireland}}}} |{{Infobox |subbox=yes |bodystyle=font-size:9pt;font-weight:normal; <!--Anglo--> |rowclass1=mergedrow |label1=[[Inglis leid|Inglis]]: |data1={{lang|en|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland}} |rowclass2=mergedrow |label2=[[Ulster Scots leid|Ulster Scots]]:|data2={{lang|sco|Claught Kängrick o Docht Brätain an Norlin Airlann}} <!--Brittonic--> |rowclass3=mergedrow |label3=[[Welsh leid|Welsh]]: |data3={{lang|cy|Teyrnas Unedig Prydain Fawr a Gogledd Iwerddon}} |rowclass4=mergedrow |label4=[[Cornish leid|Cornish]]: |data4={{lang|kw|Rywvaneth Unys Breten Veur ha Kledhbarth Iwerdhon}} <!--Goidelic--> |rowclass5=mergedrow |label5=[[Scots&nbsp;Gaelic]]: |data5={{lang|gd|Rìoghachd Aonaichte Bhreatainn is Èireann a Tuath}} |rowclass6 =mergedrow |label6=[[Erse leid|Erse]]: |data6={{lang|ga|Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus Thuaisceart Éireann}} }} }} | common_name = Unitit Kinrick | linking_name = the Unitit Kinrick <!--Note: "the" required here as this entry used to create wikilinks--> | image_flag = Flag of the United Kingdom.svg | image_coat = Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom.svg | alt_coat = Coat of arms containing shield and crown in centre, flanked by lion and unicorn | symbol_type = {{nowrap|[[Ryal coat o airms o the Unitit Kinrick|Ryal coat o airms]]{{tsp}}{{#tag:ref |The Ryal coat o airms uised in Scotland:<br /><center>[[File:Coat of arms of the United Kingdom in Scotland.svg|100px]]</center> |group="note"}}<!--(end nowrap:)-->}} | national_anthem = {{nowrap|1="[[God Save the King]]"{{#tag:ref |Thare is no authorised version o the naitional anthem as the wirds are a matter o tradeetion; anly the first verse is uisually sung.<ref>''[http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/Symbols/NationalAnthem.aspx National Anthem]'', British Monarchy official website. Retrieved 16 November 2013.</ref> No law wis passed makin "God Save the King" the offeecial anthem. In the Inglis tradeetion, such laws are nae necessary; proclamation an uisage are sufficient tae mak it the naitional anthem. "God Save the King" an aa serves as the [[Honours music|Ryal anthem]] for certain [[Commonweel realms]]. |group="note"}} <div style="padding-top:0.5em;"><center>[[File:United States Navy Band - God Save the Queen.ogg]]</center></div><!--(end nowrap:)-->}} | image_map = Europe-UK.svg | map_caption = {{map_caption |countryprefix=the |country={{nobold|Unitit&nbsp;Kinrick}} |location_color=dark green |region=Europe |region_color=dark gray |subregion= |subregion_color=green}} | languages_type = Offeecial leid<br />{{nobold|an national leid}} | languages = [[Inglis]] | languages2_type = Recognised regional<br />leids{{#tag:ref |Unner the [[Cooncil o Europe]]'s [[European Charter for Regional or Minority Leids]], Scots, Ulster-Scots, Welsh, Cornish, Erse an Scots Gaelic, are offeecially recognised as [[Regional leid|regional]] or [[Minority leid|minority]] leids bi the [[Govrenment o the Unitit Kinrick|Breetish govrenment]] for the purposes o the Charter. See an aa [[Leids o the Unitit Kinrick]].<ref name="reglang">{{cite web |url=http://conventions.coe.int/treaty/Commun/ListeDeclarations.asp?CL=ENG&NT=148&VL=1 |title=List of declarations made with respect to treaty No. 148 |publisher=[[Council of Europe]] |accessdate=12 December 2013 |archive-date=2013-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212175720/http://conventions.coe.int/treaty/Commun/ListeDeclarations.asp?CL=ENG&NT=148&VL=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |group="note"<!--(end #tag:)-->}} | languages2 = {{hlist|list_style=line-height:1.3em;|item_style=white-space; |[[Scots leid|Scots]]|[[Ulster Scots leid|Ulster‑Scots]]|[[Welsh leid|Welsh]]|[[Cornish leid|Cornish]]|[[Scots&nbsp;Gaelic]]|[[Erse leid|Erse]]}} | ethnic_groups = {{ublist|list_style=line-height:1.3em; |class=nowrap |87.1% [[White fowk|White]] |7.0% [[Breetish Asian|Asian]] |3.0% [[Black Breetish|Black]] |2.0% [[Mixed (Unitit Kinrick ethnicity category)|Mixed]] |0.9% ithers}} | ethnic_groups_year = [[Unitit Kinrick Census 2011|2011]] | demonym = {{hlist|[[Breetish fowk|Breetish]] | Briton}} | capital = [[Lunnon]] | coordinates = {{Coord|51|30|N|0|7|W|type:city}} | largest_city = [[Lunnon]] | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Pairlamentary seestem|pairlamentary]] [[constitutional monarchy]] | leader_title1 = [[Monarchy o the Unitit Kinrick|Monarch]] | leader_name1 = {{nowrap|[[Charles, King o the Unitit Kinrick|Charles III]]}} | leader_title2 = [[Prime Meenister o the Unitit Kinrick|Prime&nbsp;Meenister]] | leader_name2 = [[Andy Burnham]] | legislature = [[Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick|Pairlament]] | upper_house = {{nowrap|[[Hoose o Lairds]]}} | lower_house = {{nowrap|[[Hoose o Commons o the Unitit Kinrick|Hoose o Commons]]}} | sovereignty_type = [[History o the Unitit Kinrick|History]] | established_event1 = [[Acts o Union o Ingland an Scotland]] | established_date1 = {{nowrap|1 May 1707}} | established_event2 = [[Acts o Union o Great Breetain an Ireland]] | established_date2 = {{nowrap|1 January 1801}} | established_event3 = [[Erse Free State Constitution Act 1922|Erse Free State Constitution Act]] | established_date3 = {{nowrap|5 December 1922}} | established_date4 = {{nowrap|1 January 1973}} | area_rank = 80t | area_magnitude = 1 E11 | area_km2 = 243610 | area_sq_mi = 94,060 | percent_water = 1.34 | population_estimate = {{increase}} 67,886,004<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/Population/|title=World Population Prospects - Population Division - United Nations|website=population.un.org|access-date=31 March 2020|archive-date=2020-06-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604174948/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/Population/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | population_census = 63,182,178<ref name="pop_census">{{cite web |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/census/2011/uk-census/index.html |title=2011 UK censuses |publisher=Office for National Statistics |accessdate=17 December 2012 |archive-date=2016-01-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131125807/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/census/2011/uk-census/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = 21st | population_census_year = 2011 | population_census_rank = 22nt | population_density_km2 = 270.7 | population_density_sq_mi = 701.2 | population_density_rank = 50t | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $3.131&nbsp;trillion<ref name="IMFWEOUK">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=14&pr.y=17&sy=2017&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=112&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2019 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |accessdate=30 October 2019}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2019 | GDP_PPP_rank = 9t | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $46,827<ref name="IMFWEOUK"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 26t | GDP_nominal = {{decrease}} $2.744&nbsp;trillion<ref name="IMFWEOUK"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2019 | GDP_nominal_rank = 6t | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{decrease}} $41,030<ref name="IMFWEOUK"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 20t | Gini = 33.1 | Gini_year = 2017 | Gini_change = increase | Gini_ref = <ref name="eurogini">{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=tessi190&plugin=1 |title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income - EU-SILC survey |publisher=[[Eurostat]] |website=ec.europa.eu |access-date=7 March 2019}}</ref> | Gini_rank = 33rd | HDI = 0.940<!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2022<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2024 |title=HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2023-24 |url=http://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf |website=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |pages=274-277 |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 15t | currency = [[Poond&nbsp;sterling]] (£) | currency_code = GBP | time_zone = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]] | utc_offset = &#8203;<!--NOTE: Please do not remove. This is a blank character entity so that the infobox displays "UTC" without a specified offset.--> | time_zone_DST = [[Breetish Simmer Time|BST]] | utc_offset_DST = +1 | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy&nbsp;([[Anno Domini|AD]]) | drives_on = [[Richt- an left-haund traffic|left]] | calling_code = [[Telephone nummers in the Unitit Kinrick|+44]] | cctld = [[.uk]] <!--| national_motto = | religion = | footnotes = --> }} The '''Unitit Kinrick o Great Breetain an Northren Ireland''' ({{lang-en|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland}}), commonly kent the '''Unitit Kinrick''' ({{lang-en|United Kingdom}}; '''UK''') or '''Breetain''' ({{lang-en|Britain}}), is a [[kintra]] in waster [[Europe]]. Lyin aff the north-wastren coast o the European mainlaund, the UK includes the isle o [[Great Breetain]], the north-eastren pairt o the isle o [[Ireland]] an mony smawer islands.<ref>{{cite web |title=Definition of Great Britain in English |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Great-Britain?q=Great+Britain |publisher=Oxford University Press |accessdate=29 October 2014 |quote=Great Britain is the name for the island that comprises England, Scotland and Wales, although the term is also used loosely to refer to the United Kingdom. |archive-date=2016-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814114302/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/great-britain?q=Great+Britain |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Norlin Airlan]] is the anly pairt o the Unitit Kinrick that shares a laund mairch wi anither sovereign state{{mdashb}}the [[Republic o Ireland]].<ref group="note">Awtho Northren Ireland is the anly pairt o the UK that shares a laund mairch wi anither sovereign state, twa o [[Breetish Owerseas Territories|its Owerseas Territories]] an aa share laund mairches wi ither sovereign kintras. [[Gibraltar]] shares [[Gibraltar-Spain mairch|a mairch]] wi Spain, while the [[Sovereign Base Auries o Akrotiri an Dhekelia]] share borders wit the [[Republic o Cyprus]], the [[Turkis Republic o Northren Cyprus]] an the UN [[buffer zone]] separatin the twa Cypriot polities.</ref> Apairt frae this laund mairch, the UK is surroondit bi the Atlantic Ocean, wi the [[North Sea]] tae its east, the [[Inglis Channel]] tae its sooth an the [[Celtic Sea]] tae its sooth-sooth-wast, giein it the 12t-langest coastline in the warld. The [[Erse Sea]] lies atween Great Breetain an Ireland. Wi an aurie o {{convert|242500|km2|sqmi}}, the UK is the 78t-lairgest sovereign state in the warld an the 11t-lairgest in Europe. It is the 21st-maist populous kintra an aw, wi an estimatit 67.8 million indwallers as o 2020. The UK is a [[constitutional monarchy]] wi a [[pairlamentary seestem|pairliamentar democracy]].<ref>[http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/HowtheMonarchyworks/Whatisconstitutionalmonarchy.aspx The British Monarchy, ''What is constitutional monarchy?'']. Retrieved 17 Julie 2013</ref><ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uk.html CIA, ''The World Factbook''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107065049/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uk.html |date=2019-01-07 }}. Retrieved 17 July 2013</ref> The [[Monarchy o the Unitit Kinrick|monarch]] is [[Charles III|King Charles III]], The UK's caipital an lairgest ceety is [[Lunnon]], a [[global ceety]] an [[financial centre]] wi an urban aurie population o 10.3 million, the fowert-lairgest in Europe.<ref>The 30 Largest Urban Agglomerations Ranked by Population Size at Each Point in Time, 1950-2030, [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/CD-ROM/ World Urbanization Prospects, the 2014 revision], Population Diveesion o the [[Unitit Naitions Depairtment o Economic an Social Affairs]]. Retrieved 22 February 2015.</ref> Ither major urban auries in the UK include the conurbations centred on [[West Midlands conurbation|Birmingham]], [[Wast Yorkshire Urban Aurie|Leeds]], [[Greater Glesga|Glesga]], [[Liverpuil Urban Aurie|Liverpuil]] an [[Greater Manchester Biggit-up Aurie|Manchester]]. The UK consists o fower kintras—[[Ingland]], [[Scotland]], [[Wales]] an [[Northren Ireland]].<ref name="page823">{{cite web |url=http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page823 |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20080909013512/http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page823 |archive-date=9 September 2008 |title=Countries within a country |publisher=Prime Minister's Office |date=10 January 2003 |accessdate=8 March 2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416083521/http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page823 |date=2010-04-16 }}</ref> Aw but Ingland hae [[devolution in the Unitit Kinrick|devolved]] admeenistrations,<ref name="devoladmins">{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/devolution-of-powers-to-scotland-wales-and-northern-ireland#devolved-administrations |title=Devolution of powers to Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland |publisher=United Kingdom Government |accessdate=17 April 2013 |quote=In a similar way to how the government is formed from members from the two Houses of Parliament, members of the devolved legislatures nominate ministers from among themselves to comprise executives, known as the devolved administrations...}}</ref> ilk wi varyin pouers,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/7859034.stm |title=Fall in UK university students |publisher=BBC News |date=29 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.transport-research.info/web/countryprofiles/uk.cfm |title=Country Overviews: United Kingdom |publisher=Transport Research Knowledge Centre |accessdate=28 March 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100404062853/http://www.transport-research.info/web/countryprofiles/uk.cfm |archivedate=4 April 2010 |df=}}</ref> based in thair caipitals [[Edinburgh]], [[Cairdiff]] an [[Belfast]], respectively. The nearbi [[Isle o Man]], [[Bailiwick o Guernsey]] an [[Bailiwick o Jersey]] are no pairt o the UK, bein [[Croun dependencies]] wi the Breetish Govrenment responsible for defence an internaitional representation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/LivingintheUK/DG_10012517 |archivedate=15 October 2012 |title=Key facts about the United Kingdom |archiveurl=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20121015000000/http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/LivingintheUK/DG_10012517 |accessdate=6 March 2015 |publisher=[[Directgov]] |quote=<blockquote style="padding-top:0; margin-top:0; padding-left:0; padding-right:0;">The full title of this country is 'the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland'. Great Britain is made up of England, Scotland and Wales. The United Kingdom (UK) is made up of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. 'Britain' is used informally, usually meaning the United Kingdom.<br /> The Channel Islands and the Isle of Man are not part of the UK.</blockquote> |df=}}</ref> Prior tae the [[History o the formation o the Unitit Kinrick|formation o the UK]], Wales haed been conquered an annexed bi the Kinrick o Ingland. This meant that the unitit kinrick creatit in 1707 bi the [[Treaty o Union]] atween Ingland an Scotland encompassed aw o Great Breetain. The Kinrick o Ireland merged wi this state in 1801 tae form the Unitit Kinrick o Great Breetain an Ireland. Five-saxts o Ireland secedit frae the UK in 1922, leavin the present formulation o the Unitit Kinrick o Great Breetain and Northren Ireland.<ref group="note">The [[Anglo-Erse Treaty]] wis signed on 6 December 1921 tae resolve the [[Erse War o Unthirldom]]. Whan it teuk effect ane year later, it established the [[Erse Free State]] as a separate [[dominion]] within the [[Commonweel o Naitions|Commonweel]]. The UK's current name wis adoptit tae reflect the cheenge.</ref> Thare are [[Breetish Owerseas Territories|fowerteen Breetish Owerseas Territories]],<ref name="overseasterrirories">{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/protecting-and-developing-the-overseas-territories |title=Supporting the Overseas Territories |publisher=[[Foreign and Commonwealth Office]] |accessdate=9 March 2015}}</ref> the remnants o the [[Breetish Empire]] that, at its hicht in the 1920s, encompassed awmaist a quarter o the warld's land mass an wis the lairgest empire in history. Breetish influence can be observed in the leid, cultur an legal seestems o mony o its umwhile colonies. The UK is a developit kintra an haes the warld's saxt-lairgest economy bi nominal GDP <ref>{{cite web|title=Britain crashes out of world's top 5 economies|url=http://money.cnn.com/2017/11/22/news/economy/uk-france-biggest-economies-in-the-world|publisher=[[CNN]]|access-date=2018-02-04|archive-date=2018-01-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105233524/http://money.cnn.com/2017/11/22/news/economy/uk-france-biggest-economies-in-the-world|url-status=dead}}.</ref> an ninth-lairgest economy bi [[purchasin pouer parity]]. It haes a heich-income economy an haes a "verra heich" [[Human Development Index]], rankin 16t in the warld. It wis the first industrialised kintra an the warld's foremaist pouer in the 19t an early 20t centuries.<ref>{{cite book |title=The First Industrial Nation: the Economic History of Britain, 1700–1914 |url=https://archive.org/details/firstindustrialn00unse |publisher=Routledge |location=London |author=Mathias, P. |year=2001 |isbn=0-415-26672-6}}</ref><ref name="ferguson">{{cite book |last=Ferguson |first=Niall |year=2004 |title=Empire: The rise and demise of the British world order and the lessons for global power |url=https://archive.org/details/empire00nial |publisher=Basic Books |location=New York |isbn=0-465-02328-2}}</ref> The UK remeens a great pouer wi conseederable economic, cultural, militar, scienteefic an poleetical influence internaitionally.<ref>{{cite book |author1=T. V. Paul |author2=James J. Wirtz |author3=Michel Fortmann |title=Balance of Power |publisher=State University of New York Press, 2005 |year=2005 |pages=59, 282 |isbn=0791464016 |url=https://www.google.com/books?id=9jy28vBqscQC&pg=PA59&dq="Great+power"}} ''Accordingly, the great powers after the Cold War are Britain, China, France, Germany, Japan, Russia and the United States'' p.59</ref><ref name="David M. McCourt">{{cite book |last=McCourt |first=David |title=Britain and World Power Since 1945: Constructing a Nation's Role in International Politics |publisher=University of Michigan Press |date=28 May 2014 |location=United States of America |pages= |isbn=0472072218 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=lwpOnwEACAAJ&dq=Britain+and+World+Power+Since+1945:+Constructing+a+Nation%27s+Role+in+International+Politics}}</ref> It is a recognised nuclear wappens state an is seivent in militar expenditur in the warld.<ref name="SIPRI">{{cite web |url=https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/Trends-world-military-expenditure-2016.pdf |title=Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2016 |publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]] |format=PDF |accessdate=26 April 2017}}</ref> It haes been a [[permanent members o the Unitit Naitions Security Cooncil|permanent member]] o the [[Unitit Naitions Security Cooncil]] syne its first session in 1946. It wis a leadin member state o the EU an its predecessor, the [[European Economic Commonty]] (EEC), frae 1973 till 2020. The UK a member o the [[Commonweel o Naitions]], the [[G7 finance meenisters]], the [[G7 forum]], the [[G-20 major economies|G20]], [[NATO]], the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation an Development]] (OECD), an the [[Warld Tred Organisation]] (WTO). == Historie o tha Unitit Kinrick == ===Early history=== Settlement bi [[Cro-Magnons|anatomically modren humans]] o whit wis tae acome the Unitit Kinrick occurred in waves beginnin bi aboot 30,000 years agae.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/south_west/7069001.stm "Ancient skeleton was 'even older']". [[BBC News]]. 30 October 2007. Retrieved 27 April 2011.</ref> Bi the end o the [[Prehistoric Breetain|region's prehistoric period]], the population is thocht tae hae belanged, in the main, tae a cultur termed [[Insular Celts|Insular Celtic]], comprisin [[Britons (historical)|Brythonic Breetain]] an [[Gaelic Ireland]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Celtic culture: A historical encyclopedia |url=https://archive.org/details/celticculturehis00koch_128 |page=[https://archive.org/details/celticculturehis00koch_128/page/n1016 973] |author=Koch, John T. |isbn=978-1-85109-440-0 |year=2006 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |location=Santa Barbara, CA}}</ref> The [[Roman conquest o Breetain|Roman conquest]], beginnin in 43 AD, an the 400-year [[Roman Britain|rule o soothren Breetain]], wis follaed bi an invasion bi [[Germanic fowks|Germanic]] [[Anglo-Saxon]] settlers, reducin the Brythonic area [[Wales#Medieval Wales|mainly tae whit wis tae acome Wales]], [[Cornwall]] an the historic [[Kinrick o Strathclyde]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor1-first=John |editor1-last=Davies|editor1-link=John Davies (historian) |editor2-first=Nigel |editor2-last=Jenkins |editor2-link=Nigel Jenkins |editor3-first=Menna |editor3-last=Baines|editor4-first=Peredur I. |editor4-last=Lynch |editor4-link=Peredur Lynch |title=[[Encyclopaedia of Wales|The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales]] |year=2008 |publisher=University of Wales Press |location=Cardiff |isbn=978-0-7083-1953-6 |page=915}}</ref> Maist o the region settled bi the Anglo-Saxons becam unifee'd as the [[Kinrick o Ingland]] in the 10t century.<ref name="Short Athelstan biography on the BBC History website">{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/athelstan.shtml |title=Short Athelstan biography |publisher=BBC History |accessdate=9 April 2013}}</ref> Meanwhile, [[Dál Riata|Gaelic-speakers in north-wast Britain]] (wi connections tae the north-east o Ireland an tradeetionally supposed tae hae migratit frae thare in the 5t century)<ref>{{cite book |author=Mackie, J.D. |authorlink=J.D. Mackie |title=A History of Scotland |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofscotlan00mack_0 |location=London |publisher=Penguin |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-14-013649-4 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofscotlan00mack_0/page/18 18]–19}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Campbell, Ewan |title=Saints and Sea-kings: The First Kingdom of the Scots |url=https://archive.org/details/saintsseakingsfi0000camp |publisher=Canongate |location=Edinburgh |year=1999 |isbn=0-86241-874-7 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/saintsseakingsfi0000camp/page/8 8]–15}}</ref> unitit wi the [[Picts]] tae creaut the [[Kinrick o Scotland]] in the 9t century.<ref>{{cite book |last=Haigh |first=Christopher |title=The Cambridge Historical Encyclopedia of Great Britain and Ireland |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1990 |page=30 |isbn=978-0-521-39552-6}}</ref> The [[Early Modren Breetain|early modren period]] saw releegious conflict resultin frae the [[Reformation]] an the introduction o [[Protestantism in the Unitit Kinrick|Protestant]] state kirks in ilk kintra.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/479892/Protestantism/41558/The-Reformation-in-England-and-Scotland The Reformation in England and Scotland] and [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/293754/Ireland/22978/The-Reformation-period Ireland: The Reformation Period & Ireland under Elizabth I], Encyclopædia Britannica Online.</ref> Wales wis [[Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542|fully incorporatit intae the Kinrick o Ingland]],<ref name="BBC Tudors">{{cite web |title=British History in Depth&nbsp;– Wales under the Tudors |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/tudors/wales_tudors_01.shtml |accessdate=21 September 2010 |publisher=BBC History |date=5 November 2009}}</ref> an Ireland wis constitutit as a kinrick in personal union wi the Inglis croun.<ref>{{cite book |title=A history of the modern British Isles, 1529–1603: The two kingdoms |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernb0000nich |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernb0000nich/page/171 171]–172 |first=Mark |last=Nicholls |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-631-19334-0 |publisher=Blackwell |location=Oxford}}</ref> In 1603, Elizabeth I o Ingland deed an [[Jamie VI o Scotland|Jamie the Saxt o Scotland]] becam [[James I o Ingland|James the First o Ingland]] an aa. Tha Acts o Union 1707 makkit tha [[Kinrick o Great Breetain]] an tha [[Scots Pairlament]] wis unitit wi tha Inglis pairlament in Lunnon. In the mid-17t century, aw three kinricks [[Wars o the Three Kinricks|war involved in a series o connectit wars]] (includin the [[Inglis Ceevil War]]) that led tae the temporar owerthraw o the monarchy an the establishment o the short-leeved [[unitar republic]] o the [[Commonweel o Ingland|Commonweel o Ingland, Scotland an Ireland]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/187936/English-Civil-Wars |title=English Civil Wars |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |date= |accessdate=28 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.archontology.org/nations/uk/scotland/01_laws.php |title=Scotland and the Commonwealth: 1651–1660 |publisher=Archontology.org |date=14 March 2010 |accessdate=9 March 2015}}</ref> Awtho the [[Restoration (1660)|monarchy wis restored]], the [[Interregnum (1649–1660)|Interregnum]] ensured (alang wi the [[Glorious Revolution]] o 1688 an the subsequent [[Bill of Rights 1689]], an the [[Claim of Right Act 1689]]) that, unlik muckle o the rest o Europe, [[ryal absolutism]] wad nae prevail, an a professed Catholic coud niver accede tae the thrane. The [[Breetish constitution]] wad develop on the basis o constitutional monarchy an the [[pairlamentary seestem]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Lodge |first=Richard |year=2007 |origyear=1910 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=EBSpvBxGyqcC |title=The History of England&nbsp;– From the Restoration to the Death of William III (1660–1702) |publisher=Read Books |page=8 |isbn=978-1-4067-0897-4}}</ref> ===Treaty o Union=== Tho previous attempts at unitin the twa kinricks within Great Breetain in 1606, 1667, an 1689 haed pruived unsuccessfu, the attempt initiatit in 1705 led tae the Treaty o Union o 1706 bein agreed an ratified bi baith pairlaments. On 1 Mey 1707, the unitit Kinrick o Great Breetain came intae bein, the result o Acts o Union bein passed bi the pairlaments o Ingland an Scotland tae ratify the 1706 Treaty o Union an sae unite the twa kinricks.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/citizenship/rise_parliament/docs/articles_union.htm |title=Articles of Union with Scotland 1707 |publisher=UK Parliament |accessdate=19 October 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny/ |title=Acts of Union 1707 |publisher=UK Parliament |accessdate=6 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scotshistoryonline.co.uk/union.html |title=Treaty (act) of Union 1706 |publisher=Scottish History online |accessdate=3 February 2011 |archive-date=2019-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527074630/http://www.scotshistoryonline.co.uk/union.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the 18t century, cabinet govrenment developed unner [[Robert Walpole]], in practice the first prime meenister (1721–1742). A series o [[Jacobite Uprisins]] socht tae remuive the Protestant [[Hoose o Hanover]] frae the Breetish thrane an restore the Catholic [[Hoose o Stuart]]. The Jacobites war feenally defeatit at the [[Battle o Culloden]] in 1746, efter that the [[Scots Hielanders]] war brutally suppressed. The Breetish colonies in North Americae that brak awey frae Britain in the [[American Revolutionary War|American War o Unthirldom]] becam the Unitit States o Americae, recognised bi Britain in 1783. Breetish imperial ambition turned taewart Asie, pairteecularly tae [[Company rule in Indie|Indie]].<ref>Library of Congress, [https://books.google.com/?id=BQDgr_XvsHoC&pg=PA73 ''The Impact of the American Revolution Abroad''], p. 73.</ref> Efter the defeat o Fraunce at the end o the [[French Revolutionary Wars|Revolutionary]] an [[Napoleonic Wars]] (1792–1815), Great Breetain emerged as the principal naval an imperial pouer o the 19t century (wi Lunnon the lairgest ceety in the warld frae aboot 1830).<ref>Tellier, L.-N. (2009). ''Urban World History: an Economic and Geographical Perspective''. Quebec: PUQ. p. 463. {{ISBN|2-7605-1588-5}}.</ref> [[Ryal Navy#1815–1914|Unchallenged at sea]], Breetish dominance wis later descrived as ''[[Pax Britannica]]'' ("Breetish Peace"), a period o [[Internaitional relations o the Great Pouers (1814–1919)|relative peace amang the Great Pouers]] (1815–1914) in that the Breetish Empire becam the global [[hegemon]] an adoptit the role o global polisman.<ref>[[#refJohnston2008|Johnston]], pp.&nbsp;508-10.</ref><ref>[[#refOHBEv3|Porter]], p.&nbsp;332.</ref><ref>Sondhaus, L. (2004). ''Navies in Modern World History''. London: Reaktion Books. p. 9. {{ISBN|1-86189-202-0}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |first=Andrew |last=Porter |title=The Nineteenth Century, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume III |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-924678-5 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=oo3F2X8IDeEC |ref=refOHBEv3 |page=332}}</ref> Breetain focht alangside Fraunce, Roushie an (efter 1917) the Unitit States, against Germany an its allies in the [[First Warld War]] (1914–1918).<ref>Turner, John (1988). ''Britain and the First World War''. London: Unwin Hyman. pp. 22–35. {{ISBN|978-0-04-445109-9}}.</ref> Breetish airmed forces war engaged athort muckle o the Breetish Empire an in several regions o Europe, pairteecularly on the [[Wastren Front (Warld War I)|Wastren front]].<ref name="Westwell&Cove">Westwell, I.; Cove, D. (eds) (2002). ''History of World War I, Volume 3''. Lunnon: Marshall Cavendish. pp. 698 an 705. {{ISBN|0-7614-7231-2}}.</ref> The heich fatalities o trench warfare caused the loss o muckle o a generation o men, wi lastin social effects in the naition an a great disruption in the social order. ===Erse unthirldom=== The rise o [[Erse naitionalism]], an disputes within Ireland ower the terms o [[Erse Hame Rule muivement|Erse Hame Rule]], led eventually tae the [[Pairteetion o Ireland|pairteetion o the island]] in 1921.<ref>SR&O 1921, No. 533 of 3 May 1921.</ref> The [[Erse Free State]] becam independent wi [[Dominion|Dominion status]] in 1922. Northren Ireland remeened pairt o the Unitit Kinrick.<ref name="CAIN">{{cite web |url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/politics/docs/ait1921.htm |title=The Anglo-Irish Treaty, 6&nbsp;December 1921 |publisher=CAIN |accessdate=15 May 2006 |archive-date=2012-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514145108/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/politics/docs/ait1921.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> A wave o strikes in the mid-1920s culminatit in the [[1926 Unitit Kinrick general strike|General Strike o 1926]]. Britain haed still nae recuivered frae the effects o the war whan the [[Great Depression]] (1929–1932) occurred. This led tae conseederable unemployment an haurdship in the auld industrial auries, as weel as poleetical an social unrest in the 1930s, wi risin membership in communist an socialist pairties. A coaleetion govrenment wis formed in 1931.<ref>Rubinstein, W. D. (2004). ''Capitalism, Culture, and Decline in Britain, 1750–1990''. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 11. {{ISBN|0-415-03719-0}}.</ref> Breetain entered the [[Seicont Warld War]] bi declarin war on Germany in 1939, efter Germany haed invadit Poland. [[Winston Churchill]] becam prime meenister an heid o a coaleetion govrenment in 1940. Despite the defeat o its European allies in the first year o the war, Breetain an its Empire conteena'd the ficht alane against Germany. In 1940, the [[Ryal Air Force]] defeatit the German [[Luftwaffe]] in a struggle for control o the skies in the [[Battle o Breetain]]. Urban auries suffered hivy bombin in [[the Blitz]]. Thare war an aa eventual haurd-focht veectories in the [[Battle o the Atlantic]], the [[North Africae campaign]] an the [[Burma campaign]]. Breetish forces played an important role in the [[Normandy laundins]] o 1944, achieved wi its Unitit States ally. ===Syne Warld War II=== Efter the end o the Seicont Warld War in 1945, the UK wis ane o the [[Fower Polismen|Big Fower]] pouers (alang wi the U.S., the Soviet Union, an Cheenae) that met tae plan the post-war warld;<ref>{{cite book |last1=Doenecke |first1=Justus D. |last2=Stoler |first2=Mark A. |title=Debating Franklin D. Roosevelt's foreign policies, 1933–1945 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xdMF9rX6mX8C&pg=PA62 |year=2005 |accessdate=19 March 2016 |isbn=0-8476-9416-X}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.iup.edu/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=37681 |title=The Four Policemen and. Postwar Planning, 1943-1945: The Collision of Realist and. Idealist Perspectives. |last=Kelly |first=Brian |accessdate=25 August 2015 |archive-date=2015-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022125442/https://www.iup.edu/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=37681 |url-status=dead }}</ref> it wis an oreeginal seegnatory tae the [[Declaration o the Unitit Naitions]]. The UK wis the third kintrea tae develop [[Nuclear wappen|a nuclear wappens airsenal]] (wi its [[Operation Hurricane|first atomic bomb test]] in 1952), but the new post-war leemits o Breetain's internaitional role war illustratit bi the [[Suez Creesis]] o 1956. Frae the late 1960s, Northren Ireland suffered communal an paramilitar veeolence (whiles affectin ither pairts o the UK) conventionally kent as [[the Tribbles]]. It is uisually conseedert tae hae endit wi the [[Belfast Agreement|Belfast "Guid Fryday" Agreement]] o 1998.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Politics of Northern Ireland: Beyond the Belfast Agreement |url=https://archive.org/details/politicsnorthern00augh |first=Arthur |last=Aughey |isbn=978-0-415-32788-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/politicsnorthern00augh/page/7 7] |year=2005 |location=London |publisher=Routledge}}</ref><ref name=Hope>"The troubles were over, but the killing continued. Some of the heirs to Ireland's violent traditions refused to give up their inheritance." {{cite book |author=Holland, Jack |title=Hope against History: The Course of Conflict in Northern Ireland |url=https://archive.org/details/hopeagainsthisto00holl |publisher=Henry Holt |location=New York |year=1999 |page=[https://archive.org/details/hopeagainsthisto00holl/page/221 221] |isbn=978-0-8050-6087-4}}</ref><ref>Elliot, Marianne (2007). ''The Long Road to Peace in Northern Ireland: Peace Lectures from the Institute of Irish Studies at Liverpool University.'' University of Liverpool Institute of Irish Studies, Liverpool University Press. p. 2. {{ISBN|1-84631-065-2}}.</ref> Aroond the end o the 20t century thare war major cheenges tae the govrenance o the UK wi the establishment o devolved admeenistrations for Scotland, Wales an Northren Ireland.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://publius.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/28/1/217 |title=Reforging the Union: Devolution and Constitutional Change in the United Kingdom |accessdate=4 February 2009 |journal=Publius: the Journal of Federalism |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=217–234 |last=Keating |first=Michael |date=1 January 1998 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.pubjof.a029948}}</ref> In the decade-lang process o [[European integration]], the UK wis a foondin member o the alliance cried the [[Wastren European Union]], established wi the [[Lunnon an Paris Conferences]] in 1954. In 1960 the UK wis ane o the seeven foondin members o the [[European Free Tred Association]] (EFTA), but in 1973 it left tae jyne the [[European Commonties]] (EC). Whan the EC becam the [[European Union]] (EU) in 1992, the UK wis ane o the 12 foondin members. In 2016, the Unitit Kinrick [[Unitit Kinrick European Union membership referendum, 2016|votit tae leave the European Union]].<ref name="Washington Post">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/britons-head-to-the-polls-for-historic-vote-on-eu/2016/06/23/0d466fb0-34a7-11e6-ab9d-1da2b0f24f93_story.html |title=In stunning decision, Britain votes to leave the E.U. |date=24 June 2016 |work=[[The Washington Post]] |accessdate=24 June 2016}}</ref> The legal process o leavin the EU begoud on 29 Mairch 2017, wi the [[Unitit Kinrick invocation o Airticle 50 o the Treaty on European Union|UK's invocation o Airticle 50]] o the Treaty o Lisbon, formally notifyin the EU o the UK's intention tae leave. The UK steyed a fou member o the EU till 31 January 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainers/article-50-options|title=Article 50 extension|last=Wright|first=Georgina|date=29 October 2019|website=Institute for Government|access-date=27 December 2019}}</ref> ==Geografie== [[File:Uk topo en.jpg|thumb|upright|right|The topografie o the UK]] The tot aurie o the Unitit Kinrick is approximately {{convert|243610|km2|sqmi|-1}}. The kintra occupies the major pairt o the Breetish Isles<ref>Oxford English Dictionary: "British Isles: a geographical term for the islands comprising Great Britain and Ireland with all their offshore islands including the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands."</ref> [[airchipelago]] an includes the island o Great Breetain, the north-eastren ane-saxt o the island o Ireland an some smawer surroondin islands. It lies atween the North Atlantic Ocean an the North Sea wi the sooth-east coast comin within {{convert|35|km|mi|0|order=flip}} o the coast o northren Fraunce, frae that it is separatit bi the [[Inglis Channel]].<ref name="factbook">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uk.html |title=United Kingdom |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |accessdate=23 September 2008 |archive-date=2019-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107065049/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uk.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1993 10% o the UK wis forestit, 46% uised for pastures an 25% cultivatit for agricultur.<ref name="Atlapedia">{{cite web |author=Latimer Clarke Corporation Pty Ltd |url=http://www.atlapedia.com/online/countries/unitedki.htm |title=United Kingdom&nbsp;– Atlapedia Online |publisher=Atlapedia.com |accessdate=26 October 2010}}</ref> The [[Ryal Observatory, Greenwich|Ryal Greenwich Observatory]] in Lunnon is the definin pynt o the [[Prime Meridian]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rmg.co.uk/explore/astronomy-and-time/astronomy-facts/history/the-prime-meridian-at-greenwich |title=The Prime Meridian at Greenwich |author=ROG Learning Team |date=23 August 2002 |work=Royal Museums Greenwich |publisher=Royal Museums Greenwich |accessdate=11 September 2012 |archive-date=2015-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107023957/http://www.rmg.co.uk/explore/astronomy-and-time/astronomy-facts/history/the-prime-meridian-at-greenwich |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Unitit Kinrick lies atween latitudes [[49t parallel north|49°]] tae [[61st parallel north|61° N]], an longitudes [[9t meridian wast|9° W]] tae [[2nt meridian east|2° E]]. Northren Ireland shares a {{convert|360|km|mi|0|adj=on|order=flip}} laund boondary wi the Republic o Ireland.<ref name="factbook"/> The coastline o Great Breetain is {{convert|17820|km|mi|0|order=flip}} lang.<ref name="UK coastline">{{cite web |url=http://www.cartography.org.uk/default.asp?contentID=749 |title=How long is the UK coastline? |first=Giles |last=Darkes |date=January 2008 |accessdate=24 January 2015 |publisher=The [[British Cartographic Society]] |archive-date=2012-05-27 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/67yAn3CWU?url=http://www.cartography.org.uk/default.asp?contentID=749 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is connectit tae [[continental Europe]] bi the [[Channel Tunnel]], that at {{convert|50|km|mi|0|order=flip}} ({{convert|38|km|mi|0|order=flip}} unnerwatter) is the langest unnerwatter tunnel in the warld.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurotunnel.com/ukcP3Main/ukcCorporate/ukcTunnelInfrastructure/ukcInfrastructure/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101218114514/http://www.eurotunnel.com/ukcP3Main/ukcCorporate/ukcTunnelInfrastructure/ukcInfrastructure |archivedate=18 December 2010 |title=The Channel Tunnel |publisher=Eurotunnel |accessdate=8 March 2015}}</ref> [[Ingland]] accoonts for juist ower hauf o the tot aurie o the UK, cuiverin {{convert|130395|km2|sqmi|-1}}.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/7327029.stm |publisher=BBC News |title=England&nbsp;– Profile |date=11 February 2010}}</ref> Maist o the kintra consists o lawland terrain,<ref name="Atlapedia"/> wi moontainous terrain north-wast o the [[Tees-Exe line]]; includin the [[Loch Destrict|Cumbrian Moontains]] o the Loch Destrict, the [[Pennines]], [[Exmoor]] an [[Dartmoor]]. The main rivers an estuaries are the [[River Thames|Thames]], [[River Severn|Severn]] an the [[Humber]]. Ingland's heichest moontain is [[Scafell Pike]] ({{convert|978|m|ft|0}}) in the [[Loch Destrict]]. Its principal rivers are the Severn, Thames, Humber, Tees, Tyne, Tweed, Avon, Exe an Mersey.<ref name="Atlapedia"/> [[Scotland]] accoonts for juist unner a third o the tot aurie o the UK, cuiverin {{convert|78772|km2|sqmi|-1}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scotland.org/about/fact-file/index.html |title=Scotland Facts |publisher=Scotland Online Gateway |accessdate=16 July 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621045248/http://www.scotland.org/about/fact-file/index.html |archivedate=21 June 2008 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621045248/http://www.scotland.org/about/fact-file/index.html |date=2008-06-21 }}</ref> an includin nearly aicht hunder islands,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/uk/the-complete-guide-to-the--scottish-islands-633851.html |title=The complete guide to the ... Scottish Islands |work=The Independent |location=London |date=1 June 2000 |first=Jon |last=Winter |accessdate=8 March 2015}}</ref> predominantly wast an north o the mainland; notably the [[Hebrides]], [[Orkney|Orkney Islands]] an [[Shetland|Shetland Islands]]. Scotland is the maist moontainous kintra in the UK an its topografie is distinguished bi the [[Hieland Boondary Faut]]—a [[Faut (geology)|geological rock fractur]]—that traverses Scotland frae [[Isle o Arran|Arran]] in the wast tae [[Stanehyve]] in the east.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurefirst7728.html |title=Overview of Highland Boundary Fault |work=Gazetteer for Scotland |publisher=University of Edinburgh |accessdate=27 December 2010}}</ref> The [[Faut (geology)|faut]] separates twa distinctively different regions; namely the [[Scots Hielands|Hielands]] tae the north an wast an the [[Scots Lawlands|lawlands]] tae the sooth an east. The mair rugged Hieland region conteens the majority o Scotland's moontainous laund, includin [[Ben Nevis]] that at {{convert|1343|m|ft|0}} is the heichest pynt in the Breetish Isles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bennevisweather.co.uk/index.asp |title=Ben Nevis Weather |publisher=Ben Nevis Weather |accessdate=26 October 2008 |archive-date=2012-05-27 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/67yAqrmVy?url=http://www.bennevisweather.co.uk/index.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lawland auries—especially the narrae waist o laund atween the [[Firth o Clyde]] an the [[Firth o Forth]] kent as the [[Central Lawlands|Central Belt]]—are flatter an hame tae maist o the population includin [[Glesga]], Scotland's lairgest ceety, an [[Edinburgh]], its caipital an poleetical centre, awtho upland an moontainous terrain lies within the [[Soothren Uplands]]. [[Wales]] accoonts for less nor a tent o the tot aurie o the UK, cuiverin {{convert|20779|km2|sqmi|-1}}.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/6233450.stm |title=Profile: Wales |publisher=BBC News |date=9 June 2010 |accessdate=7 November 2010}}</ref> Wales is maistly moontainous, tho [[Sooth Wales]] is less moontainous nor [[North Wales|North]] an [[mid Wales]]. The main population an industrial auries are in Sooth Wales, consistin o the coastal ceeties o [[Cairdiff]], [[Swansea]] an [[Newport, Wales|Newport]], an the [[Sooth Wales Valleys]] tae their north. The heichest moontains in Wales are in [[Snowdonie]] an include [[Snowdon]] ({{lang-cy|Yr Wyddfa}}) that, at {{convert|1085|m|ft|0}}, is the heichest peak in Wales.<ref name="Atlapedia"/> The 14, or possibly 15, Welsh moontains ower {{convert|3,000|ft|m|abbr=off}} heich are kent collectively as the [[Welsh 3000s]]. Wales haes ower {{convert|1680|mi|0|abbr=off|order=flip}} o coastline.<ref name="UK coastline" /> Several islands lie aff the Welsh mainland, the lairgest o that is [[Anglesey]] (''Ynys Môn'') in the north-wast. [[Northren Ireland]], separatit frae Great Breetain bi the [[Erse Sea]] an [[North Channel (Great Breetain an Ireland)|North Channel]], haes an aurie o {{convert|14160|km2|sqmi|-1}} an is maistly hilly. It includes [[Lough Neagh]] that, at {{convert|388|km2|sqmi|0}}, is the lairgest loch in the Breetish Isles bi aurie.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/ni/geog.htm |title=Geography of Northern Ireland |publisher=University of Ulster |accessdate=22 May 2006 |archive-date=2012-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118133131/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/ni/geog.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The heichest peak in Northren Ireland is [[Slieve Donard]] in the [[Mourne Moontains]] at {{convert|852|m|ft|0}}.<ref name="Atlapedia"/> ===Climate=== The Unitit Kinrick haes a temperate climate, wi plentifu rainfaw aw year roond.<ref name="factbook"/> The temperatur varies wi the saisons seendle drappin ablo {{convert|-11|C|lk=on}} or risin abuin {{convert|35|C}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/ |title=UK climate summaries |publisher=Met Office |accessdate=1 May 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/67yAsDB9c?url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/ |archivedate=27 May 2012 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> The prevailin wind is frae the sooth-wast an beirs frequent spells o mild an wet wather frae the Atlantic Ocean,<ref name="factbook"/> awtho the eastren pairts are maistly sheltered frae this wind syne the majority o the rain faws ower the wastren regions the eastren pairts are tharefore the driest. Atlantic currents, wairmed bi the [[Gulf Stream]], bring mild winters;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ukclimateprojections.metoffice.gov.uk/23152 |title=Atlantic Ocean Circulation (Gulf Stream) |work=UK Climate Projections |publisher=Met Office |accessdate=8 March 2015 |archive-date=2018-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017162552/http://ukclimateprojections.metoffice.gov.uk/23152 |url-status=dead }}</ref> especially in the wast whaur winters are wet an iven mair sae ower heich grund. Simmers are wairmest in the sooth-east o Ingland, bein closest tae the European mainland, an cuilest in the north. Hivy snawfaw can occur in winter an early ware on heich grund, an occasionally settles tae great deepth awey frae the hills. ==Economy== The UK haes a pairtially regulatit [[mercat economy]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bis.gov.uk/assets/biscore/better-regulation/docs/p/11-795-principles-for-economic-regulation |title=Principles for Economic Regulation |date=April 2011 |publisher=Department for Business, Innovation & Skills |accessdate=1 May 2011}}</ref> Based on mercat [[exchynge rate]]s, the UK is theday the fift-lairgest economy in the warld an the seicont-lairgest in Europe efter Germany. [[HM Thesaury]], led bi the [[Chancellor o the Exchequer]], is responsible for developin an executin the govrenment's public finance policy an economic policy. The [[Bank o Ingland]] is the UK's [[central bank]] an is responsible for issuin notes an cunyies in the naition's siller, the [[poond sterling]]. Banks in Scotland an Northren Ireland reteen the richt tae issue thair awn notes, subject tae reteenin eneuch Bank o Ingland notes in reserve tae cuiver their issue. The poond sterling is the warld's third-lairgest [[reserve siller]] (efter the US dollar an the euro).<ref>{{cite news |last=Chavez-Dreyfuss |first=Gertrude |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/asiaCompanyAndMarkets/idINN3141616420080331?sp=true |agency=Reuters |title=Global reserves, dollar share up at end of 2007-IMF |date=1 April 2008 |accessdate=21 December 2009 |archive-date=2009-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109210433/http://in.reuters.com/article/asiaCompanyAndMarkets/idINN3141616420080331?sp=true |url-status=dead }}</ref> Syne 1997 the Bank o Ingland's [[Monetary Policy Committee]], heidit bi the Govrenor o the Bank o Ingland, haes been responsible for settin interest rates at the level necessar tae achieve the oweraw inflation target for the economy that is set bi the Chancellor ilk year.<ref>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312060011/http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/about/more_about.htm |title=More About the Bank |date=n.d. |publisher=Bank of England |url=http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/about/more_about.htm |archivedate=12 March 2008}}</ref> The UK [[Tertiary sector o the economy|service sector]] maks up aroond 79% o GDP.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/economicoutputandproductivity/output/bulletins/indexofservices/october2017|title=UK index of services: October 2017|publisher=Office for National Statistics|date=22 December 2017|accessdate=15 January 2018}}</ref> == Demografie == === Population === In the [[Unitit Kinrick Census 2011|2011 census]] the tot population o the Unitit Kinrick wis 63,181,775.<ref name="2011census">{{cite web |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_292378.pdf |title=2011 Census: Population Estimates for the United Kingdom |publisher=Office for National Statistics |date=27 March 2011 |accessdate=18 December 2012 |archive-date=2016-01-05 |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_292378.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is the fift-lairgest in the [[Commonweel o Nations]] an the 22nt lairgest in the warld. === Leids === The UK's ''de facto'' offeecial leid is Inglis.<ref name="direct.gov.uk">{{cite web |url=http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/LivingintheUK/DG_10012519 |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20121015000000/http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/LivingintheUK/DG_10012519|archive-date=15 October 2012 |title=English language&nbsp;– Government, citizens and rights |work=[[Directgov]] |accessdate=23 August 2011}}</ref><ref name="thecommonwealth.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookHomeInternal/139560/ |title=Commonwealth Secretariat&nbsp;– UK |publisher=[[Commonwealth Secretariat]] |accessdate=23 August 2011}}</ref> Houiver, thar is monie leids spak in the Unitit Kinrick bi baith native an immigrant. The native leids can be spleet inti twa groups: * The [[Celtic leids]]: [[Scots Gaelic leid|Scots Gaelic]], [[Erse leid|Erse]], [[Welsh leid|Welsh]] an [[Cornish leid|Cornish]] * The [[Germanic leid]]s: [[Scots leid|Scots]] an [[Inglis leid|Inglish]] ===Releegion=== In the 2001 census 71.6% o aw respondents indicatit that thay war Christians, wi the next lairgest faiths bein Islam (2.8%), [[Hinduism]] (1.0%), [[Sikhism]] (0.6%), [[Judaism]] (0.5%), [[Buddhism]] (0.3%) an aw ither releegions (0.3%).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=293 |title=UK Census 2001 |publisher=National Office for Statistics |accessdate=22 April 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312034628/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=293 <!--Added by H3llBot--> |archivedate=12 March 2007}}</ref> 15% o respondents statit that thay haed na releegion, wi a forder 7% nae statin a releegious preference.<ref>{{cite web |title=Religious Populations |publisher=Office for National Statistics |date=11 October 2004 |url=http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2005/02/20757/53570 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5zFDlspeL?url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=954 |archivedate=6 June 2011 |df=}}</ref> ==Politics== {{multiple image | align = right | image1 = Queen Elizabeth II in March 2015.jpg | width1 = 150 | caption1 = [[Queen Elizabeth II]], Monarch syne 1952 | image2 = Boris Johnson official portrait (cropped).jpg | width2 = 141 | caption2 = [[Boris Johnson]], Prime Meenister syne 2019 }} The Unitit Kinrick is a unitar state unner a constitutional monarchy. Queen Elizabeth II haes been the monarch an heid o state o the UK, as weel as Queen o fifteen ither independent [[Commonweel realm|Commonweel kintras]]. The monarch haes "the richt tae be consultit, the richt tae encourage, an the richt tae wairn".<ref>[[Walter Bagehot|Bagehot, Walter]] (1867). ''The English Constitution''. London: Chapman and Hall. p. 103.</ref> The Constitution o the Unitit Kinrick is [[uncodified constitution|uncodified]] an consists maistly o a collection o disparate written soorces, includin [[statute]]s, juidge-made [[case law]] an internaitional treaties, thegither wi [[Breetish Constitution#Conventions|constitutional conventions]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.llrx.com/features/uk2.htm#UK%20Legal%20System |title=A Guide To the UK Legal System |publisher=[[University of Kent|University of Kent at Canterbury]] |accessdate=16 May 2006 |author=Carter, Sarah |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/67yH6Ly5h?url=http://www.llrx.com/features/uk2.htm |archivedate=27 May 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> As thare is na technical difference atween ordinar statutes an "constitutional law", the Pairlament o the UK Pairlament can perform "constitutional reform" semply bi passin [[Act o Pairlament|Acts o Pairlament]], an sicweys haes the poleetical pouer tae cheenge or abolish awmaist ony written or unwritten element o the constitution. Houiver, na Pairlament can pass laws that futur Pairlaments canna cheenge.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.uk/about/how/laws/sovereignty.cfm |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/67yH6yA8K?url=http://www.parliament.uk/about/how/laws/sovereignty.cfm |archivedate=27 May 2012 |title=Parliamentary sovereignty |publisher=UK Parliament |date=n.d.}}</ref> The UK haes a pairlamentar govrenmen based on the Wastmeenster seestem that haes been emulatit aroond the warld: a legacy o the Breetish Empire. The pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick meets in the [[Palace o Wastmeenster]] an haes twa houses: an electit [[Hoose o Commons o the Unitit Kinrick|Hoose o Commons]] an appointit [[Hoose o Lairds]]. Aw bills passed are gien [[Ryal Assent]] afore acomin law. The poseetion o [[Prime Meenister o the Unitit Kinrick|prime meenister]],<ref group="note">Syne the early twentiet century the prime meenister haes held the office o [[First Laird o the Thesaury]], an in recent decades haes an aa held the office o [[Meenister for the Ceevil Service]].</ref> the UK's heid o govrenment,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Government, Prime Minister and Cabinet |work=Public services all in one place |publisher=[[Directgov]] |url=http://direct.gov.uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/UKgovernment/Centralgovernmentandthemonarchy/DG_073444 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921004951/http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/UKgovernment/Centralgovernmentandthemonarchy/DG_073444 |archivedate=2012-09-21 |accessdate=9 March 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> belangs tae the person maist likely tae command the confidence o the Hoose o Commons. ==Cultur== ===Airts=== The Inglis playwright an poet [[William Shakespeare]] is widely regairdit as the greatest dramatist o aw time,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/537853/William-Shakespeare |title=William Shakespeare (English author) |publisher=Britannica Online encyclopedia |accessdate=26 February 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761562101/Shakespeare.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060209154055/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761562101/Shakespeare.html |archivedate=9 February 2006 |title=MSN Encarta Encyclopedia article on Shakespeare |accessdate=26 February 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Shakespeare%2c+William |publisher=Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia |title=William Shakespeare |accessdate=26 February 2006}}</ref> [[Robert Burns]] is a weel kent an praised poet. [[The Beatles]] hae internaitional sales o ower ane billion units an are the biggest-sellin an maist influential baund in the history o popular muisic.<ref name="Beatles sales">{{cite web |url=http://www.emimusic.com/about/history/1960-1969/# |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425011032/http://www.emimusic.com/about/history/1960-1969/ |archivedate=25 April 2014 |title=1960–1969 |publisher=EMI Group |accessdate=9 March 2015 |df= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425011032/http://www.emimusic.com/about/history/1960-1969/ |date=2014-04-25 }}</ref><ref name="McCartney">{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,975715-2,00.html |title=Paul At Fifty |work=Time |location=New York |date=8 June 1992 |access-date=2018-02-04 |archive-date=2013-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518221715/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,975715-2,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Guinness">[https://books.google.com/?id=rdU1xtIWJz0C Most Successful Group] ''[[The Guinness Book of Records]]'' 1999, p. 230. Retrieved 19 March 2011.</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/entertainment/music/news/beatles-a-big-hit-with-downloads-15013117.html |title=Beatles a big hit with downloads |newspaper=Belfast Telegraph |date=25 November 2010 |accessdate=16 May 2011}}</ref> Ither prominent Breetish contreibutors tae hae influenced popular muisic ower the last 50 year include [[The Rolling Stones]], [[Pink Floyd]], [[Queen (baund)|Queen]], [[Led Zeppelin]], the [[Bee Gees]], an [[Elton John]], aw o that hae warldwide record sales o 200&nbsp;million or mair.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.emimusic.com/news/2009/singstar®-queen-to-be-launched-by-sony-computer-entertainment-europe/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423012539/http://www.emimusic.com/news/2009/singstar%C2%AE-queen-to-be-launched-by-sony-computer-entertainment-europe/ |archivedate=23 April 2014 |title=British rock legends get their own music title for PlayStation3 and PlayStation2 |publisher=[[EMI]] |date=2 February 2009 |accessdate=9 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/2305273/Sir-Elton-John-honoured-in-Ben-and-Jerry-ice-cream.html |title=Sir Elton John honoured in Ben and Jerry ice cream |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |date=17 July 2008 |first=Urmee |last=Khan |location=London |access-date=2018-02-04 |archive-date=2008-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080801175725/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/2305273/Sir-Elton-John-honoured-in-Ben-and-Jerry-ice-cream.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1562875/Rock-group-Led-Zeppelin-to-reunite.html |title=Rock group Led Zeppelin to reunite |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |date=19 April 2008 |location=London |first=Richard |last=Alleyne |accessdate=31 March 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Floyd 'true to Barrett's legacy' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/5170644.stm |publisher=BBC News |date=11 July 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Kate |last=Holton |title=Rolling Stones sign Universal album deal |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/entertainmentNews/idUSL1767761020080117 |publisher=Reuters |date=17 January 2008 |accessdate=26 October 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Tim |last=Walker |title=Jive talkin': Why Robin Gibb wants more respect for the Bee Gees |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/jive-talkin-why-robin-gibb-wants-more-respect-for-the-bee-gees-826116.html |work=The Independent |location=London |date=12 May 2008 |accessdate=26 October 2008 |archive-date=2011-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013215157/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/jive-talkin-why-robin-gibb-wants-more-respect-for-the-bee-gees-826116.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Unitit Kinrick haes haed a conseederable influence on the history o the cinema. The Breetish directors [[Alfred Hitchcock]], that's film ''[[Vertigo (film)|Vertigo]]'' is conseedert bi some creetics as the [[Leet o films conseedert the best|best film o aw time]],<ref name="bbc">{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-19078948 |title=Vertigo is named 'greatest film of all time' |publisher=BBC News |date=2 August 2012 |accessdate=18 August 2012}}</ref> an [[David Lean]] are amang the maist critically acclaimed o aw-time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/topten/poll/directors-directors.html |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/67yHUco5o?url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/topten/poll/directors-directors.html |archivedate=27 May 2012 |title=The Directors' Top Ten Directors |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> ither important directors includin [[Charlie Chaplin]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/462570/index.html |title=Chaplin, Charles (1889–1977) |accessdate=25 January 2011 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> [[Michael Powell]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/447167/index.html |title=Powell, Michael (1905–1990) |accessdate=25 January 2011 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> [[Carol Reed]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/459891/index.html |title=Reed, Carol (1906–1976) |accessdate=25 January 2011 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> [[Edgar Wright]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2bacc7dbca |title=Wright, Edgar (1974–) |accessdate=12 September 2017 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> [[Christopher Nolan]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2bbfd6e83e |title=Nolan, Christopher (1970–) |accessdate=6 May 2017 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> an [[Ridley Scott]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/462413/index.html |title=Scott, Sir Ridley (1937–) |accessdate=25 January 2011 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> Mony Breetish actors hae achieved internaitional fame an creetical success, includin: [[Julie Andrews]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/446530/index.html |title=Andrews, Julie (1935–) |accessdate=11 December 2010 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> [[Richard Burton]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/472165/index.html |title=Burton, Richard (1925–1984) |accessdate=11 December 2010 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> [[Michael Caine]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/463342/index.html |title=Caine, Michael (1933–) |accessdate=11 December 2010 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> [[Colin Firth]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/873595/index.html |title=Firth, Colin (1960–) |accessdate=12 September 2017 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> [[Gary Oldman]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/471018/index.html |title=Oldman, Gary (1958–) |accessdate=12 September 2017 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> [[Ben Kingsley]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/474377/index.html |title=Kingsley, Ben (1942–) |accessdate=12 September 2017 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> [[Ian McKellen]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/492416/index.html |title=McKellen, Ian (1939–) |accessdate=12 September 2017 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> [[Liam Neeson]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/490910/index.html |title=Neeson, Liam (1952–) |accessdate=12 September 2017 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> Charlie Chaplin,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/462570/index.html |title=Chaplin, Charles (1889–1977) |accessdate=11 December 2010 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> [[Sean Connery]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/455509/index.html |title=Connery, Sean (1930–) |accessdate=11 December 2010 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> [[Vivien Leigh]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/488753/index.html |title=Leigh, Vivien (1913–1967) |accessdate=11 December 2010 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> [[David Niven]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/458293/index.html |title=Niven, David (1910–1983) |accessdate=11 December 2010 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> [[Laurence Olivier]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/450224/index.html |title=Olivier, Laurence (1907–1989) |accessdate=11 December 2010 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> [[Peter Sellers]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/461941/index.html |title=Sellers, Peter (1925–1980) |accessdate=11 December 2010 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> [[Kate Winslet]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/489012/index.html |title=Winslet, Kate (1975–) |accessdate=11 December 2010 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> [[Anthony Hopkins]],<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.theguardian.com/film/Player/Player_Page/0,,-3689,00.html |title=Anthony Hopkins |work=The Guardian |location= London |accessdate=21 January 2015}}</ref> an [[Daniel Day-Lewis]].<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-21570142 |title= Daniel Day-Lewis makes Oscar history with third award |publisher=BBC News |date=25 February 2013 |accessdate=15 August 2013}}</ref> ==Sport== Major sports, includin association fitbaa, [[tennis]], [[rugby union]], [[rugby league]], [[gowf]], [[boxin]], [[netbaw]], [[rowin (sport)|rowin]] an [[cricket]], oreeginatoy or war substantially developed in the UK an the states that precedit it. Wi the rules an codes o mony modren sports inventit an codifee'd in late 19t century Victorian Breetain, in 2012, the Preses o the IOC, [[Jacques Rogge]], statit; ''"This great, sports-loving country is widely recognised as the birthplace of modern sport. It was here that the concepts of sportsmanship and fair play were first codified into clear rules and regulations. It was here that sport was included as an educational tool in the school curriculum"''.<ref>[http://www.olympic.org/Documents/Games_London_2012/London_2012_Opening_ceremony_Speech_Jacques_Rogge.pdf "Opening ceremony of the games of the XXX Olympiad"]. Olympic.org. Retrieved 30 November 2013.</ref><ref>[http://uk.reuters.com/article/2012/07/23/uk-oly-preview-ad-idUKBRE86M0I720120723 "Unparalleled Sporting History"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203031252/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2012/07/23/uk-oly-preview-ad-idUKBRE86M0I720120723 |date=2013-12-03 }}. Reuters. Retrieved 30 November 2013.</ref> ==Notes== <references group="note"/> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Commonscat|United Kingdom}} [[Category:Unitit Kinrick| ]] <!-- An article should be at the top of its own category, so please do not remove the space.--> [[Category:Breetish Islands| ]] [[Category:Constitutional monarchies]] [[Category:Kintras borderin the Atlantic Ocean]] [[Category:Kintras in Europe]] [[Category:Inglis-speakin kintras an territories]] [[Category:G8 naitions]] [[Category:G20 naitions]] [[Category:Island kintras]] [[Category:Leeberal democracies]] [[Category:Member states o NATO]] [[Category:Member states o the Commonweel o Naitions]] [[Category:Member states o the Cooncil o Europe]] [[Category:Member states o the Union for the Mediterranean]] [[Category:Member states o the Unitit Naitions]] [[Category:Northren European kintras]] [[Category:Wastren European kintras]] be66cp4lrprnwe1u6ewjl76fqr44qt0 4 1063 919919 918794 2026-07-24T12:24:57Z MediaWiki message delivery 20411 /* Request for comment (the future of Abstract Wikipedia) */ new section 919919 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ [[File:Mercat Cross, Edinburgh.jpg|right|200px]] Walcome tae the Mercat Cross! 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Buddhism haes twa main forms: Theravada, fund in Sri Lanka an Sootheast Asia; an [[Mahayana]], fund in East Asia (China, Korea, Japan an Vietnam), Tibet, Western China, Mongolia, Bhutan, pairts of India, Nepal an Russia.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Eckel|first=Malcolm David|title=Buddhism|url=https://archive.org/details/buddhismoriginsb0000ecke|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0195219074|pages=[https://archive.org/details/buddhismoriginsb0000ecke/page/n12 10]}}</ref> == The Buddha == Accordin tae tradeetion, Gautama (Gotama in Pāli) lived fae aroond 563 BCE tae aboot 483 BCE.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Brown|first=Authors: Kathryn Selig|title=Life of the Buddha {{!}} Essay {{!}} The Metropolitan Museum of Art {{!}} Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/TOAH/HD/buda/hd_buda.htm|access-date=2025-02-14|website=The Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History|language=en}}</ref> He waes born in the Sakyan Republic,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Keown|first=Damien|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/311761089|title=Buddhism|date=2009|publisher=Sterling|isbn=978-1-4027-6883-5|edition=Illustrated ed|series=A brief insight|location=New York, NY|pages=18|oclc=311761089}}</ref> auldest son tae Suddhodana, wha was like tae hae been the heid o the republic's governin cooncil.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Schumann|first=Hans Wolfgang|title=The historical Buddha: the times, life, and teachings of the founder of Buddhism|url=https://archive.org/details/historicalbuddha0000hans|last2=Schumann|first2=Hans Wolfgang|date=2004|publisher=Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1817-0|edition=1. Indian ed|series=Buddhist tradition series|location=Delhi|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historicalbuddha0000hans/page/16 17]}}</ref> Tradeetion gies Gautama the forename "Siddhartha" (Sanskrit) or "Siddhattha" (Pāli). Hooaniver, the early screeptures niver caw him bi his first name, whilk daesna appear ontil several hunnert year eftir his deith.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Blomfield|first=Vishvapani|title=Gautama Buddha: The Life and Teachings of the Awakened One|publisher=Quercus|year=2011|isbn=9781849164092|location=London|pages=8}}</ref> As a loon, Gautama "gaed furth" fae hame, seyin fareweil tae his faither and step-mither,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sangharakshita|title=The Buddha's victory|url=https://archive.org/details/buddhasvictory0000sang|date=1991|publisher=Windhorse Publ|isbn=978-0-904766-50-9|location=Glasgow|pages=[https://archive.org/details/buddhasvictory0000sang/page/18 18]}}</ref> an leain his wife, Yaśodharā (Pali: Yasodharā)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yasodhara|url=https://rubinmuseum.org/projecthimalayanart/glossary/yashodhara/|access-date=2025-02-15|website=Project Himalayan Art|language=en}}</ref> an bairn, Rāhula, in their care.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gindin|first=Matthew|date=2018-01-29|title=Did the Buddha Really Have a Wife and Son? - Tricycle: The Buddhist Review|url=https://tricycle.org/article/buddhas-family/|access-date=2025-02-15|website=Tricycle: The Buddhist Review - The independent voice of Buddhism in the West.|language=en}}</ref> His ettle waes tae finn an end tae the sufferin he cuidna chaip in life. He jined twa speeritual teachers — Alara Kalama and Uddaka Ramaputta — ain eftir the ither, maisterin the forms o meditation each taucht, but didna finn the escape fae sufferin he langed fir.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wynne|first=Alexander|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/ocm71800589|title=The origin of Buddhist meditation|date=2007|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-42387-8|series=Routledge critical studies in Buddhism|location=London ; New York|pages=8|oclc=ocm71800589}}</ref> He formed his ain community o ascetics, practicin sel-torture and fastin in order tae atteen complete maistery ower hissel. Aince mair, he didna finn an escape fae sufferin, an his ascetic practices brocht him near tae deith.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Blomfield|first=Vishvapani|title=Gautama Buddha: The Life and Teachings of the Awakened One|publisher=Quercus|year=2011|isbn=9781849164092|location=London|pages=68–71}}</ref> Takin food aince mair, he minded on a time whan, as a bairn, he'd haed a blissfu experience o meditation ablow a tree. Intuitively, he kent this path o meditation tae be the wey tae liberation.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Blomfield|first=Vishvapani|title=Gautama Buddha: The Life and Teachings of the Awakened One|publisher=Quercus|year=2011|isbn=9781849164092|location=London|pages=71}}</ref> Eftir oors o meditatin deeply, he kent hissel tae hae won tae ''nibbāna'', or the "smorin" o ignorance. He haed, aged 35 year, become "Buddha," meanin "Ane That's Awaukent."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-01-14|title=The Awakened One|url=https://penguinrandomhousehighereducation.com/book/?isbn=9781570625510|access-date=2025-02-15|website=Penguin Random House Higher Education|language=en}}</ref> Fae then oan, until his deith at the age o 80, he taucht his path tae awaukenin tae awbody at wid lissen. He gaithered aboot him a "fowerfauld assembly" (cattaro parisā) o monks (bhikkhus), nuns (bhikkhunīs), male hoosehauders (upāsakas), an female hoosehauders (upāsikās).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Harvey|first=Peter|title=An introduction to Buddhism: teachings, history, and practices|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontobu00harv_0|date=2005|publisher=Cambridge Univ. Press|isbn=978-0-521-31333-9|edition=13. print|location=Cambridge|pages=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontobu00harv_0/page/218 217]}}</ref> == See forby == * [[Zen gairden]] == References == {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Buddhism| ]] {{Stub/Faith}} l6rq255hbyunw6n2mgj58rp6sdyxwtx 0 4022 919931 909852 2026-07-24T23:26:19Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 919931 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=Januar 2021}} {{Infobox atom}} An '''atom''' is the smawest consteetuent unit o ordinary [[matter]] that haes the properties o a [[chemical element]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Atom|encyclopedia=[[Compendium of Chemical Terminology|Compendium of Chemical Terminology (IUPAC Gold Book)]]|publisher=IUPAC|edition=2nd|url=http://goldbook.iupac.org/A00493.html|accessdate=2015-04-25}}</ref> Ivery [[solit]], [[liquid]], [[gas]], an [[plasma (physics)|plasma]] is componed o neutral or [[ionised]] atoms. Atoms are very smaw; teepical sizes are aroond 100&nbsp;[[picometre]]s (a ten-billiont o a metre, in the short scale).<ref name=Ghosh02>{{cite journal | author = Ghosh, D. C. |author2= Biswas, R. | title = Theoretical calculation of Absolute Radii of Atoms and Ions. Part 1. The Atomic Radii | journal = Int. J. Mol. Sci. | volume = 3 | pages = 87–113 | year = 2002 | doi=10.3390/i3020087| doi-access = free }}</ref> Atoms [[Maiter swaw#The de Broglie hypothesis|are smaw eneuch]] that attemptin tae predict thair behaviour uisin clessical physics - as if thay war billiard baws, for ensaumple - gies noticeably incorrect predictions due tae [[quantum mechanics|quantum effects]]. Throu the development o physics, atomic models hae incorporatit [[#Further developments in quantum physics|quantum principles]] tae better expleen an predict the behaviour. Ivery atom is componed o a [[atomic nucleus|nucleus]] an ane or mair [[electron]]s boond tae the nucleus. The nucleus is made o ane or mair [[proton]]s an teepically a seemilar nummer o [[neutron]]s. Protons an neutrons are cried [[nucleon]]s. Mair nor 99.94% o an atom's mass is in the nucleus. The protons hae a positive [[electric chairge]], the electrons hae a negative electric chairge, an the neutrons hae na electric chairge. If the nummer o protons an electrons are equal, that atom is electrically neutral. If an atom haes mair or fewer electrons nor protons, then it haes an oweraw negative or positive charge, respectively, an it is cried an [[ion]]. The electrons o an atom are attractit tae the protons in an atomic nucleus bi this [[electromagnetic force]]. The protons an neutrons in the nucleus are attractit tae ilk ither bi a different force, the [[nuclear force]], which is uisually stranger than the electromagnetic force repellin the positively charged protons frae ane anither. Unner certaint circumstances the repellin electromagnetic force becomes stranger nor the nuclear force, an nucleons can be ejectit frae the nucleus, leavin behind a different element: [[nuclear decay]] resultin in [[nuclear transmutation]]. The nummer o protons in the nucleus defines tae what [[chemical element]] the atom belangs: for ensaumple, aw [[copper]] atoms conteen 29 protons. The nummer o neutrons defines the [[isotope]] o the element.<ref name=leigh1990>{{cite book|editor=Leigh, G. J.|year=1990|title=International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Commission on the Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry, [[Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry]] – Recommendations 1990|publisher=Blackwell Scientific Publications|isbn=0-08-022369-9|page=35|location=Oxford|quote=An atom is the smallest unit quantity of an element that is capable of existence whether alone or in chemical combination with other atoms of the same or other elements.}}</ref> The nummer o electrons influences the [[magnetic]] properties o an atom. Atoms can attach tae ane or mair ither atoms bi [[chemical bond]]s tae form [[chemical compoonds]] sic as [[molecule]]s. The abeelity o atoms tae associate an dissociate is responsible for maist o the physical chynges observed in naitur, an is the subject o the discipline o [[chemistry]]. ==History o atomic theory== ===Auncient times=== The idea that matter is made up o discrete units is a very auld idea, appearin in mony auncient culturs sic as Greece an Indie. The wird "atom" wis creatit bi [[Auncient Greek filosofie|auncient Greek filosofers]]. Houiver, thir ideas war foondit in filosofical an theological raisonin raither nor evidence an experimentation. As a result, thair views on whit atoms leuk lik an hou thay behave war incorrect. ===1800s=== [[File:Daltons symbols.gif|right|thumb|Various atoms an molecules as depictit in [[John Dalton]]'s ''A New System of Chemical Philosophy'' (1808).]] In the early 1800s, [[John Dalton]] uised the concept o atoms tae expleen why [[Chemical element|elements]] ayeweys react in ratios o smaw hale nummers (the [[law o multiple proportions]]). Dalton believed atomic theory coud expleen why watter absorbs different gases in different proportions an aw. For ensaumple, he foond that watter absorbs [[carbon dioxide]] faur better nor it absorbs [[nitrogen]].<ref name = "Dalton_1803_paper">Dalton, John. "[http://web.lemoyne.edu/~GIUNTA/dalton52.html On the Absorption of Gases by Water and Other Liquids]", in ''Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester''. 1803. Retrieved on August 29, 2007.</ref> Dalton hypothesized this wis due tae the differences atween the masses an configurations o the gases' respective pairticles, an carbon dioxide molecules (CO₂) are hivier an lairger nor nitrogen molecules (N₂). In 1827, [[Botany|botanist]] [[Robert Brown (Scots botanist frae Munross)|Robert Brown]] uised a microscope tae leuk at dist grains fleetin in watter an discovered that thay muived aboot erratically, a phenomenon that became kent as "[[Brownian motion]]". This wis thocht tae be caused bi watter molecules knockin the grains aboot. In 1905, [[Albert Einstein]] pruived the reality o thir molecules an thair motions bi producin the first [[Stateestical physics]] analysis o [[Brownian motion]].<ref name=adp322_8_549/><ref>{{cite book |last=Mazo|first=Robert M.|year=2002 |title=Brownian Motion: Fluctuations, Dynamics, and Applications |url=https://archive.org/details/brownianmotion00mazo|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-851567-7 |oclc=48753074|pages=[https://archive.org/details/brownianmotion00mazo/page/n11 1]–7}} </ref><ref name=lee_hoon1995/> French physicist [[Jean Perrin]] uised Einstein's wark tae experimentally determine the mass an dimensions o atoms, thareby conclusively verifeein [[Dalton's atomic theory]].<ref name=e31_2_50/> ===Early 1900s=== The physicist [[J. J. Thomson]] meisurt the mass o cathode rays, shawin thay war made o pairticles, but war aroond 1800 times lichter nor the lichtest atom, [[hydrogen]]. Tharefore, thay war nae atoms, but a new pairticle, the first ''[[subatomic pairticle|subatomic]]'' pairticle tae be discovered, that he oreeginally cried "''corpuscle''" but wis later named ''electron'', efter pairticles postulatit bi [[George Johnstone Stoney]] in 1874. He shawed thay war identical tae pairticles gien off bi [[Photoelectric effect|photoelectric]] an radioactive materials an aw.<ref name="Thomson">{{cite journal|last=Thomson|first=J. J.|title=On bodies smaller than atoms|journal=The Popular Science Monthly|volume=|issue= |pages=323–335|publisher=Bonnier Corp.|location= |date=August 1901|url=https://books.google.com/?id=3CMDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA323|doi= |id= |accessdate=2009-06-21}}</ref> It wis quickly recognised that thay are the pairticles that cairy [[electric current]]s in metal weirs, an cairy the negative electric chairge within atoms. Thomson wis gien the 1906 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] for this wark. Sicweys he owerturned the belief that atoms are the indivrrsible, ultimate pairticles o matter.<ref name=nobel1096/> Thomson incorrectly postulatit that the law mass, negatively chairged electrons wra distributed ootthrou the atom in a uniform sea o positive chairge an aw. In 1909, [[Hans Geiger]] an [[Ernest Marsden]], unner the direction o [[Ernest Rutherford]], bombardit a metal foil wi [[alpha pairticle]]s tae observe hou thay scaitert. Thay expectit aw the alpha pairticles tae pass straicht throu wi little deflection, acause Thomson's model said that the chairges in the atom are sae diffuise that thair electric fields coud nae affect the alpha pairticles muckle. Houiver, Geiger an Marsden spottit alpha pairticles bein deflectit bi angles greater nor 90°, that wis supposed tae be impossible accordin tae Thomson's model. Tae expleen this, Rutherford proponed that the positive charge o the atom is concentratit in a tottie nucleus at the centre o the atom.<ref name=pm21_669/> Rutherford compared his findins tae ane firin a 15-inch shell an it comin back tae hit the person wha fired it.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Gold Foil Experiment|url=http://myweb.usf.edu/~mhight/goldfoil.html|website=myweb.usf.edu|access-date=2017-08-02|archive-date=2016-11-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119121837/http://myweb.usf.edu/~mhight/goldfoil.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> While experimentin wi the products o [[radioactive decay]], in 1913 [[radiochemistry|radiochemist]] [[Frederick Soddy]] discovered that thare appeared tae be mair nor ane teep o atom at ilk poseetion on the periodic cairt.<ref name=npc1921/> The term [[isotope]] wis coined bi [[Margaret Todd (doctor)|Margaret Todd]] as a suitable name for different atoms that alang tae the same element. J.J. Thomson creatit a technique for separatin atom teeps throu his wark on ionised gases, that subsequently led tae the discovery o [[stable isotope]]s.<ref name=prsA_89_1_1913/> In 1913 the physicist [[Niels Bohr]] proponed a model in that the electrons o an atom war assumed tae orbit the nucleus but coud anerly dae sae in a finite set o orbits, an coud jimp atween thir orbits anerly in discrete cheenges o energy correspondin tae absorption or radiation o a photon.<ref name=stern20050516/> This quantisation wis uised tae expleen why the electrons orbits are stable (gien that normally, chairges in acceleration, includin circular motion, lose kinetic energy that is emittit as electromagnetic radiation, see ''[[synchrotron radiation]]'') an why elements absorb an emit electromagnetic radiation in discrete spectra.<ref name=bohr19221211/> Later in the same year [[Henry Moseley]] providit addeetional experimental evidence in favour o [[Bohr model|Niels Bohr's theory]]. In 1924, [[Louis de Broglie]] proponed that aw pairticles behave tae an extent lik swaws. In 1926, [[Erwin Schrödinger]] uised this idea tae develop a mathematical model o the atom that descrived the electrons as three-dimensional [[swawform]]s raither nor pynt pairticles. The development o the [[mass spectrometry|mass spectrometer]] allaed the mass o atoms tae be meisurt wi increased accuracy. The device uises a magnet tae bend the trajectory o a beam o ions, an the amoont o deflection is determined bi the ratio o an atom's mass tae its chairge. The chemist [[Francis William Aston]] uised this instrument tae shaw that isotopes haed different masses. The [[atomic mass]] o thir isotopes varied bi integer amoonts, cried the [[hale nummer rule]].<ref name=pm39_6_449/> The explanation for thir different isotopes awaitit the discovery o the [[neutron]], an unchairged pairticle wi a mass seemilar tae the [[proton]], bi the physicist [[James Chadwick]] in 1932. In 1938, the German chemist [[Otto Hahn]], a student o Rutherford, directit neutrons ontae uranium atoms expectin tae get [[transuranium element]]s. Insteid, his chemical experiments shawed [[barium]] as a product.<ref name=Bowden/><ref name=CHF/> A year later, [[Lise Meitner]] an her neffae [[Otto Frisch]] verifee'd that Hahn's result war the first experimental ''nuclear fission''.<ref name=nature143_3615_239/><ref name=schroeder/> In 1944, Hahn received the [[Nobel prize]] in chemistry. Despite Hahn's efforts, the contreibutions o Meitner an Frisch war nae recognised.<ref name=pt50_9_26/> ==Structur== ===Subatomic pairticles=== Tho the wird ''atom'' oreeginally denotit a pairticle that canna be cut intae smawer pairticles, in modren scienteefic uissage the atom is componed o various [[subatomic pairticle]]s. The constituent pairticles o an atom are the [[electron]], the [[proton]] an the [[neutron]]; aw three are [[fermion]]s. Houiver, the [[hydrogen|hydrogen-1]] atom haes na neutrons an the [[hydron (chemistry)|hydron ion]] haes na electrons. The electron is bi faur the least massive o thir pairticles at {{val|9.11|e=-31|u=kg}}, wi a negative [[Electric chairge|electrical chairge]] an a size that is too smaw tae be meisurt uisin available techniques.<ref>{{cite book|last=Demtröder|first=Wolfgang|year=2002|title=Atoms, Molecules and Photons: An Introduction to Atomic- Molecular- and Quantum Physics|url=https://archive.org/details/atomsmoleculesph0000demt|publisher=Springer|edition=1st|isbn=3-540-20631-0|oclc=181435713|pages=[https://archive.org/details/atomsmoleculesph0000demt/page/39 39]–42}}</ref> Protons hae a positive chairge an a mass 1,836 times that o the electron, at {{val|1.6726|e=-27|u=kg}}. The nummer o protons in an atom is cried its [[atomic nummer]]. Neutrons hae na electrical chairge an hae a free mass o 1,839 times the mass o the electron,<ref>{{cite book|last=Woan|first=Graham|year=2000|title=The Cambridge Handbook of Physics|url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgehandboo00woan_344|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-57507-9|oclc=224032426|page=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgehandboo00woan_344/page/n15 8]}}</ref> or {{val|1.6929|e=-27|u=kg}}, the hiviest o the three constituent pairticles, but it can be reduced bi the [[nuclear bindin energy]]. Baith protons an neutrons are composite pairticles componed o [[elementary pairticle]]s cried [[quark]]s. Thare are twa teeps o quarks in atoms, ilk haein a fractional electric chairge. Protons are componed o twa [[up quark]]s (ilk wi chairge +{{sfrac|2|3}}) an ane [[doun quark]] (wi a chairge o −{{sfrac|1|3}}). Neutrons conseest o ane up quark an twa doun quarks. This distinction accoonts for the difference in mass an chairge atween the twa pairticles.<ref name=pdg2002/><ref name=schombert2006/> The quarks are held thegither bi the [[strang interaction]] (or strang force), that is mediatit bi [[gluon]]s. ===Nucleus=== [[File:Wpdms physics proton proton chain 1.svg|right|thumb|Illustration o a nuclear fusion process that forms a deuterium nucleus, conseestin o a proton an a neutron, frae twa protons. A [[positron]] (e⁺)—an [[antimaiter]] electron—is emitted alang wi an electron [[neutrino]].]] Aw the boond protons an neutrons in an atom mak up a tottie [[atomic nucleus]], an are collectively cried [[nucleon]]s. The radius o a nucleus is approximately equal tae 1.07&nbsp;{{radic|''A''|3}}&nbsp;[[femtometre|fm]], whaur ''A'' is the tot nummer o nucleons.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jevremovic|first=Tatjana|year=2005|title=Nuclear Principles in Engineering|url=https://archive.org/details/nuclearprinciple00jevr_745|publisher=Springer|isbn=0-387-23284-2|oclc=228384008|page=[https://archive.org/details/nuclearprinciple00jevr_745/page/n75 63]}}</ref> This is muckle smawer nor the radius o the atom, that is on the order o 10⁵&nbsp;fm. The nucleons are boond thegither bi a short-ranged attractive potential cried the [[residual strang force]]. At distances smawer nor 2.5 fm this force is muckle mair pouerfu nor the [[electrostatic force]] that causes positively chairged protons tae repel ilk ither.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pfeffer|first=Jeremy I.|last2=Nir|first2=Shlomo|year=2000|title=Modern Physics: An Introductory Text|publisher=Imperial College Press|isbn=1-86094-250-4|oclc=45900880|pages=330–336}}</ref> The proton, the electron, an the neutron are clessifee'd as [[fermion]]s. ===Electron clood=== The electrons in an atom are attractit tae the protons in the nucleus bi the [[electromagnetic force]]. This force binds the electrons inside an [[electrostatic]] [[potential wall]] surroondin the smawer nucleus, that means that an freemit soorce o energy is needit for the electron tae escape. The closer an electron is tae the nucleus, the greater the attractive force. Hence electrons boond near the centre o the potential wall require mair energy tae escape nor thae at greater separations. ==Properties== Bi defineetion, ony twa atoms wi an identical nummer o ''protons'' in thair nuclei alang tae the same [[chemical element]]. Atoms wi equal nummers o protons but a different nummer o ''neutrons'' are different isotopes o the same element. For ensaumple, aw hydrogen atoms admit exactly ane proton, but isotopes exist wi no neutrons ([[hydrogen-1]], bi faur the maist common form,<ref name=matis2000/> cried protium an aw), ane neutron ([[deuterium]]), twa neutrons ([[tritium]]) an [[isotopes o hydrogen|mair nor twa neutrons]]. Aboot 339 nuclides occur naiturally on [[Yird]],<ref name=lidsay20000730/> o that 254 (aboot 75%) hae nae been observed tae decay, an are referred tae as "[[stable isotope]]s". Houiver, anerly 90 o thir nuclides are stable tae aw decay, even [[leet o nuclides|in theory]]. Anither 164 (bringin the tot tae 254) hae nae been observed tae decay, even tho in theory it is energetically possible. The lairge majority o an atom's mass comes frae the protons an neutrons that mak it up. The tot nummer o thir pairticles (cried "nucleons") in a gien atom is cried the [[mass nummer]]. It is a positive integer an dimensionless (insteid o haein dimension o mass), acause it expresses a coont. An ensaumple o uise o a mass nummer is "carbon-12," that haes 12 nucleons (sax protons an sax neutrons). The actual [[Invariant mass|mass o an atom at rest]] is eften expressed uisin the [[Atomic mass unit|unifee'd atomic mass unit]] (u), cried dalton (Da) an aw. As even the maist massive atoms are faur too licht tae wirk wi directly, chemists insteid uise the unit o [[Mole (unit)|moles]]. Ane mole o atoms o ony element ayeweys haes the same nummer o atoms (aboot [[Avogadro constant|{{val|6.022|e=23}}]]). This nummer wis chosen sae that if an element haes an atomic mass o 1&nbsp;u, a mole o atoms o that element haes a mass close tae ane gram. Atoms lack a well-defined ooter boondary, sae thair dimensions are uisually descrived in terms o an [[atomic radius]]. This is a meisur o the distance oot tae that the electron clood extends frae the nucleus.<ref name="Ghosh02"/> Whan subjectit tae fremmit forces, lik [[electrical field]]s, the shape o an atom mey deviate frae [[spherical symmetry]]. The deformation depends on the field magnitude an the orbital teep o ooter shell electrons, as shawn bi [[group theory|group-theoretical]] conseederations. Atomic dimensions are thoosands o times smawer nor the swawlenths o [[licht]] (400–700&nbsp;[[nanometre|nm]]) sae thay canna be viewed uising an [[optical microscope]]. Houever, individual atoms can be observed uisin a [[scannin tunnelin microscope]]. Tae veesualise the size o the atom, consider that a teepical human hair is aboot 1&nbsp;million carbon atoms in weenth.<ref name=osu2007/> A single drap o watter conteens aboot 2&nbsp;[[sextillion]] ({{val|2|e=21}}) atoms o oxygen, an twice the nummer o hydrogen atoms.<ref>{{cite book |last=Padilla|first=Michael J. |author2=Miaoulis, Ioannis|author3= Cyr, Martha|year = 2002 |title = Prentice Hall Science Explorer: Chemical Building Blocks |publisher = Prentice-Hall, Inc. |location = Upper Saddle River, New Jersey USA |isbn = 0-13-054091-9 |oclc=47925884|page=32 |quote=There are 2,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 (that's 2&nbsp;sextillion) atoms of oxygen in one drop of water—and twice as many atoms of hydrogen.}}</ref> Ivery element haes ane or mair isotopes that hae unstable nuclei that are subject tae radioactive decay, causin the nucleus tae emit pairticles or electromagnetic radiation. Radioactivity can occur whan the radius o a nucleus is lairge compared wi the radius o the strang force, that anerly acts ower distances on the order o 1&nbsp;fm.<ref name=splung/> The maist common forms o radioactive decay are:<ref>{{cite book |last=L'Annunziata<!-- Note: the single quote mark before the name is correct. --> |first=Michael F. |year=2003|title=Handbook of Radioactivity Analysis |url=https://archive.org/details/handbookradioact00lann|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=0-12-436603-1 |oclc=16212955|pages=[https://archive.org/details/handbookradioact00lann/page/n22 3]–56}}</ref><ref name=firestone20000522/> * [[Alpha decay]]: this process is caused whan the nucleus emits an alpha pairticle, that is a helium nucleus conseestin o twa protons an twa neutrons. The result o the emission is a new element wi a lawer [[atomic nummer]]. * [[Beta decay]] (an [[electron captur]]): thir processes are regulatit bi the [[waik force]], an result frae a transformation o a neutron intae a proton, or a proton intae a neutron. The neutron tae proton transeetion is accompanied bi the emission o an electron an an [[antineutrino]], while proton tae neutron transeetion (except in electron captur) causes the emission o a [[positron]] an a [[neutrino]]. The electron or positron emissions are cried beta pairticles. Beta decay aither increases or decreases the atomic nummer o the nucleus bi ane. Electron captur is mair common nor positron emission, acause it requires less energy. In this teep o decay, an electron is absorbed bi the nucleus, raither nor a positron emittit frae the nucleus. A neutrino is still emittit in this process, an a proton cheenges tae a neutron. * [[Gamma decay]]: this process results frae a cheenge in the energy level o the nucleus tae a lawer state, resultin in the emission o electromagnetic radiation. The excitit state o a nucleus which results in gamma emission uisually occurs follaein the emission o an alpha or a beta pairticle. Sicwweys, gamma decay uisually follaes alpha or beta decay. Elementar pairticles possess an intrinsic quantum mechanical property kent as [[Spin (physics)|spin]]. This is analogous tae the [[angular momentum]] o an object that is spinnin aroond its [[centre o mass]], awtho strictly speakin thir pairticles are believed tae be pynt-lik an canna be said tae be rotatin. Spin is meisurt in units o the reduced [[Planck constant]] (ħ), wi electrons, protons an neutrons aw haein spin ½&nbsp;ħ, or "spin-½". At temperaturs close tae [[absolute zero]], atoms can form a [[Bose–Einstein condensate]], at which pynt quantum mechanical effects, that are normally anerly observed at the atomic scale,becom apparent on a macroscopic scale.<ref>{{cite book |last=Myers|first=Richard|year=2003 |title=The Basics of Chemistry|url=https://archive.org/details/basicsofchemistr0000myer|publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=0-313-31664-3 |oclc=50164580|page=[https://archive.org/details/basicsofchemistr0000myer/page/85 85]}}</ref><ref name=nist_bec/> This super-cuiled collection o atoms then behaves as a single [[super atom]], that mey allae fundamental checks o quantum mechanical behaviour.<ref name=colton_fyffe1999/> ==Identification== The [[scannin tunnelin microscope]] is a device for viewin surfaces at the atomic level. It uises the [[quantum tunnelin]] phenomenon, that allaes pairticles tae pass throu a barrier that wad normally be insurmoontable. Electrons tunnel throu the vacuum atween twa planar metal electrodes, on ilk o that is an [[adsorb]]ed atom, providin a tunnelin-current density that can be meisurt. Scannin ane atom (taken as the tip) as it muives past the ither (the saumple) permits plottin o tip displacement versus lateral separation for a constant current. The calculation shaws the extent tae that scannin-tunnelin-microscope eemages o an individual atom are veesible. It confirms that for law bias, the microscope eemages the space-averaged dimensions o the electron orbitals athort closely packed energy levels—the [[Fermi level]] [[local density o states]].<ref name=jacox1997/><ref name=nf_physics1986/> ==References== {{reflist|colwidth=30em|refs= <!--Unused ref<ref name=leigh1990>{{cite book|editor=Leigh, G. J.|year=1990|title=International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Commission on the Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry, [[Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry]] – Recommendations 1990|publisher=Blackwell Scientific Publications|isbn=0-08-022369-9|page=35|location=Oxford|quote=An atom is the smallest unit quantity of an element that is capable of existence whether alone or in chemical combination with other atoms of the same or other elements.}}</ref>--> <!--ref name=slac_20090615>{{cite web|date=15 June 2009|title=Radioactive Decays|url=http://www2.slac.stanford.edu/vvc/theory/nuclearstability.html|publisher=[[Stanford Linear Accelerator Center]]|accessdate=4 July 2009| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090607115741/http://www2.slac.stanford.edu/vvc/theory/nuclearstability.html| archivedate= 7 June 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref--> <ref name=adp322_8_549>{{cite journal|last=Einstein|first=Albert|year=1905|title=Über die von der molekularkinetischen Theorie der Wärme geforderte Bewegung von in ruhenden Flüssigkeiten suspendierten Teilchen|journal=[[Annalen der Physik]]|volume=322|issue=8|pages=549–560|language=German|url=http://www.zbp.univie.ac.at/dokumente/einstein2.pdf|format=PDF|doi=10.1002/andp.19053220806|accessdate=4 February 2007|bibcode=1905AnP...322..549E|archive-date=2007-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070718202731/http://www.zbp.univie.ac.at/dokumente/einstein2.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name=lee_hoon1995>{{cite web|last=Lee|first=Y.K.|year=1995|author2=Hoon, K.|title=Brownian Motion|url=http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~nd/surprise_95/journal/vol4/ykl/report.html|publisher=[[Imperial College]]|accessdate=18 December 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218061408/http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~nd/surprise_95/journal/vol4/ykl/report.html|archivedate=2007-12-18|deadurl=no|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name=e31_2_50>{{cite journal|last=Patterson|first=G.|year=2007 |title=Jean Perrin and the triumph of the atomic doctrine|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_endeavour_2007-06_31_2/page/50|journal=[[Endeavour (journal)|Endeavour]]|volume=31|issue=2|pages=50–53|doi=10.1016/j.endeavour.2007.05.003|pmid=17602746}}</ref> <ref name=nobel1096>{{cite web|year=1906|title=J.J. Thomson|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1906/thomson-bio.html|publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]]|accessdate=20 December 2007}}</ref> <ref name=pm21_669>{{cite journal|last=Rutherford|first=E.|title=The Scattering of α and β Particles by Matter and the Structure of the Atom|url=http://users.uoa.gr/~pjioannou/mech1/READING/structureatom.pdf|journal=[[Philosophical Magazine]]|year=1911|volume=21|pages=669–88|doi=10.1080/14786440508637080|issue=125}}</ref> <ref name=npc1921>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1921/soddy-bio.html|title=Frederick Soddy, The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1921 |publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]]|accessdate=18 January 2008}}</ref> <ref name=prsA_89_1_1913>{{cite journal|doi=10.1098/rspa.1913.0057|last=Thomson|first=Joseph John|title=Rays of positive electricity|url=http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/canal.html|series=A|journal=[[Proceedings of the Royal Society]]|year=1913|volume=89|issue=607|pages=1–20|bibcode = 1913RSPSA..89....1T |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name=stern20050516>{{cite web|last=Stern|first=David P.|date=16 May 2005|title=The Atomic Nucleus and Bohr's Early Model of the Atom|url=http://www-spof.gsfc.nasa.gov/stargaze/Q5.htm|publisher=[[NASA]]/[[Goddard Space Flight Center]]|accessdate=20 December 2007|archive-date=2007-08-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820084047/http://www-spof.gsfc.nasa.gov/stargaze/Q5.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name=bohr19221211>{{cite web|last=Bohr|first=Niels|date=11 December 1922|title=Niels Bohr, The Nobel Prize in Physics 1922, Nobel Lecture|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1922/bohr-lecture.html|publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]]|accessdate=16 February 2008}}</ref> <ref name=pm39_6_449>{{cite journal|last=Aston|first=Francis W.|year=1920|title=The constitution of atmospheric neon|journal=[[Philosophical Magazine]]|volume=39|issue=6|pages=449–55|doi=10.1080/14786440408636058}}</ref> <ref name="CHF">{{cite web|title=Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner, and Fritz Strassmann|url=https://www.chemheritage.org/historical-profile/otto-hahn-lise-meitner-and-fritz-strassmann|website=Chemical Heritage Foundation|accessdate=27 October 2016}}</ref> <ref name=Bowden>{{cite book|last1=Bowden|first1=Mary Ellen|title=Chemical achievers : the human face of the chemical sciences|url=https://archive.org/details/chemicalachiever0000bowd|date=1997|publisher=Chemical Heritage Foundation|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=9780941901123|chapter=Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner, and Fritz Strassmann|pages=[https://archive.org/details/chemicalachiever0000bowd/page/76 76]–80, 125}}</ref> <ref name=nature143_3615_239>{{cite journal |last=Meitner|first=Lise|last2=Frisch|first2=Otto Robert|year=1939|title=Disintegration of uranium by neutrons: a new type of nuclear reaction|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1939-02-11_143_3615/page/238|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|volume=143 |issue=3615 |pages=239–240 |doi=10.1038/143239a0 |bibcode = 1939Natur.143..239M }}</ref> <ref name=schroeder>{{cite web|last=Schroeder|first=M.|title=Lise Meitner – Zur 125. Wiederkehr Ihres Geburtstages|url=http://www.physik3.gwdg.de/~mrs/Vortraege/Lise_Meitner-Vortrag-20031106/|language=German|accessdate=4 June 2009|archive-date=2011-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719034227/http://www.physik3.gwdg.de/~mrs/Vortraege/Lise_Meitner-Vortrag-20031106/|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name=pt50_9_26>{{cite journal|last=Crawford |first=E.| year=1997|title=A Nobel tale of postwar injustice|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260861491_A_nobel_tale_of_postwar_injustice|journal=[[Physics Today]]|volume=50|issue=9|pages=26–32|doi=10.1063/1.881933|last2=Sime|first2=Ruth Lewin|last3=Walker|first3=Mark |bibcode = 1997PhT....50i..26C }}</ref> <ref name=pdg2002>{{cite web|author=Particle Data Group|year=2002|url=http://www.particleadventure.org/|title=The Particle Adventure|publisher=Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory|accessdate=3 January 2007| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070104075936/http://www.particleadventure.org/| archivedate= 4 January 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> <ref name=schombert2006>{{cite web|first=James|last=Schombert|date=18 April 2006|url=http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/ast123/lectures/lec07.html|title=Elementary Particles|publisher=University of Oregon|accessdate=3 January 2007|archive-date=2011-08-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830212645/http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/ast123/lectures/lec07.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name=matis2000>{{cite web|last=Matis|first=Howard S.|date=9 August 2000|url=http://www.lbl.gov/abc/wallchart/chapters/02/3.html|title=The Isotopes of Hydrogen|work=Guide to the Nuclear Wall Chart|publisher=Lawrence Berkeley National Lab|accessdate=21 December 2007| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071218153548/http://www.lbl.gov/abc/wallchart/chapters/02/3.html| archivedate= 18 December 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> <ref name=lidsay20000730>{{cite web|last=Lindsay|first=Don|date=30 July 2000|url=http://www.don-lindsay-archive.org/creation/isotope_list.html|title=Radioactives Missing From The Earth|publisher=Don Lindsay Archive|accessdate=23 May 2007| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070428225550/http://www.don-lindsay-archive.org/creation/isotope_list.html| archivedate= 28 April 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> <!--ref name=adp5f_3_133>{{cite journal|last = [[Bethe]]|first = H.|title=Termaufspaltung in Kristallen|journal=[[Annalen der Physik]] |year=1929|volume=395 |issue = 2 |pages=133–208|bibcode = 1929AnP...395..133B|doi = 10.1002/andp.19293950202}}</ref--> <!--ref name=pssb245_9_1858>{{cite journal |last = Birkholz|first = M.|author2=Rudert, R. |title=Interatomic distances in pyrite-structure disulfides – a case for ellipsoidal modeling of sulfur ions |journal=Physica Status Solidi (b) |year=2008|volume=245 |issue=9|pages=1858–1864 |url=http://www.mariobirkholz.de/pssb2008.pdf |doi=10.1002/pssb.200879532|bibcode = 2008PSSBR.245.1858B }}</ref--> <ref name=osu2007>{{cite web |author=Staff|year=2007 |url=http://oregonstate.edu/terra/2007/02/small-miracles/ |title=Small Miracles: Harnessing nanotechnology |publisher=Oregon State University |accessdate=7 January 2007}}—describes the width of a human hair as {{val|e=5|u=nm}} and 10 carbon atoms as spanning 1&nbsp;nm.</ref> <ref name=splung>{{cite web |url=http://www.splung.com/content/sid/5/page/radioactivity |title=Radioactivity |publisher=Splung.com |accessdate=19 December 2007| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071204135150/http://www.splung.com/content/sid/5/page/radioactivity| archivedate= 4 December 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> <ref name=firestone20000522>{{cite web |last=Firestone |first=Richard B. |date=22 May 2000 |url=http://isotopes.lbl.gov/education/decmode.html |title=Radioactive Decay Modes |publisher=Berkeley Laboratory |accessdate=7 January 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060929111801/http://isotopes.lbl.gov/education/decmode.html |archivedate=29 September 2006 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060929111801/http://isotopes.lbl.gov/education/decmode.html |date=2006-09-29 }}</ref> <ref name=nist_bec>{{cite news |author=Staff|date=9 October 2001 |title=Bose-Einstein Condensate: A New Form of Matter |publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology |url=https://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/releases/bec_background.cfm |accessdate=16 January 2008| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080103192918/https://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/releases/BEC_background.htm| archivedate= 3 January 2008 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> <ref name=colton_fyffe1999>{{cite web |last=Colton |first=Imogen |author2=Fyffe, Jeanette |date=3 February 1999 |url=http://www.ph.unimelb.edu.au/~ywong/poster/articles/bec.html |title=Super Atoms from Bose-Einstein Condensation |publisher=The University of Melbourne |accessdate=6 February 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070829200820/http://www.ph.unimelb.edu.au/~ywong/poster/articles/bec.html |archivedate=29 August 2007 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070829200820/http://www.ph.unimelb.edu.au/~ywong/poster/articles/bec.html |date=2007-08-29 }}</ref> <ref name=jacox1997>{{cite web |last=Jacox|first=Marilyn|author2=Gadzuk, J. William |url=http://physics.nist.gov/GenInt/STM/stm.html |title=Scanning Tunneling Microscope |publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology |date=November 1997|accessdate=11 January 2008 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080107133132/http://physics.nist.gov/GenInt/STM/stm.html| archivedate= 7 January 2008 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> <ref name=nf_physics1986>{{cite web |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1986/index.html |title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1986 |publisher=The Nobel Foundation |accessdate=11 January 2008}}—in particular, see the Nobel lecture by G. Binnig and H. Rohrer.</ref> }} {{Commonscat|Atoms}} [[Category:Atoms| ]] [[Category:Concepts in physics]] [[Category:Chemistry]] 5yf4onzlwf2rxgbmlkazvynn5s53dig 0 4796 919999 918756 2026-07-25T00:25:03Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 919999 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Marxism''' is an economic an sociopoleetical warldview an method o socioeconomic inquiry that centers upon a [[Historical materialism|materialist interpretation o history]], a [[dialectic]]al view o social chynge, an an analysis an critique o the development o [[caipitalism]]. Marxism wis pioneered in the early tae mid 19th century bi twa [[German philosophy|German philosophers]], [[Karl Marx]] an [[Friedrich Engels]]. Marxism encompasses [[Marxian economics|Marxian economic theory]], a [[Marxist sociology|sociological theory]] an a [[Revolutionary socialism|revolutionary]] view o social chynge that haes influenced [[socialist]] poleetical muivements aroond the warld. ==References== ===Footnotes=== {{reflist|colwidth=35em}} {{commonscat|Marxism}} == Leeteratur == * {{cite book |title=Fidel: A Biography of Fidel Castro|url=https://archive.org/details/fidelbiographyof0000bour|last=Bourne |authorformat=scap|first=Peter G.|date=1986|publisher=Dodd, Mead & Company|location=New York|ref=Bou86}} * {{cite book |title=The Revolutionary Ideas of Karl Marx|url=https://archive.org/details/revolutionaryide0000call_i2b6|last=Callinicos |authorformat=scap|first=Alex|authorlink=Alex Callinicos|date=2010|origyear=1983|publisher=Bookmarks|location=Bloomsbury, London|isbn=978-1-905192-68-7|ref=Cal10}} * {{cite book |title=My Life: A Spoken Autobiography|url=https://archive.org/details/fidelcastromylif0000cast|last1=Castro |authorformat=scap|first1=Fidel|last2=Ramonet|first2=Ignacio (interviewer)|date=2009|publisher=Scribner|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4165-6233-7|ref=Cas09}} * {{cite book |title=The Real Fidel Castro|url=https://archive.org/details/realfidelcastro00colt_0|last=Coltman |authorformat=scap|first=Leycester|date=2003|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven and London|isbn=978-0-300-10760-9|ref=Col03}} * {{cite book |title=Prehistorian: A Biography of V. Gordon Childe|last=Green |authorformat=scap|first=Sally|date=1981|publisher=Moonraker Press|location=Bradford-on-Avon, Wiltshire|isbn=0-239-00206-7|ref=Gre81}} * {{cite book |title=Karl Marx: A Brief Biographical Sketch with an Exposition of Marxism|last=Lenin |authorformat=scap|first=Vladimir|authorlink=Vladimir Lenin|date=1967|origyear=1913|publisher=Foreign Languages Press|location=Peking|isbn=|url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1914/granat/index.htm|accessdate=2014-06-17|nopp=|ref=Len67}} * {{cite book |title=Wage Labour and Capital|last=Marx |authorformat=scap|first=Karl|authorlink=Karl Marx|date=1849|publisher=Neue Rheinische Zeitung|location=Germany|isbn=|url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1847/wage-labour/index.htm|accessdate=2014-06-17|nopp=|ref=Mar49}} * {{cite book |title=A History of Archaeological Thought|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofarchaeo0000trig|edition=2nd|last=Trigger |authorformat=scap|first=Bruce G.|authorlink=Bruce Trigger|date=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-521-60049-1|nopp=|ref=Tri07}} {{Refend}} * {{cite book |author=Avineri, Shlomo|date=1968|title=The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx|url=https://archive.org/details/socialpoliticalt0000avin|publisher=Cambridge University Press|authorlink=Shlomo Avineri}} * {{cite book |author=Dahrendorf, Ralf|title=Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society|url=https://archive.org/details/classclassconfli00dahr|date=1959|authorlink=Ralf Dahrendorf|location=Stanford, CA|publisher=Stanford University Press}} * [[Jon Elster]], ''An Introduction to Karl Marx''. Cambridge, England, 1986. * Michael Evans, ''Karl Marx''. London, 1975. * Stefan Gandler, [http://www.brill.com/products/book/critical-marxism-mexico ''Critical Marxism in Mexico: Adolfo Sánchez Vázquez and Bolívar Echeverría''], Leiden/Boston, Brill Academic Press, 2015. 467 pages. ISBN 978-90-04-22428-5. * {{cite book |author=Kołakowski, Leszek|title=Main Currents of Marxism|date=1976|publisher=Oxford University Press|authorlink=Leszek Kołakowski}} * {{cite book |author=Parkes, Henry Bamford|title=Marxism: An Autopsy|url=https://archive.org/details/marxismautopsy00park|date=1939|location=Boston|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|authorlink=Henry Bamford Parkes}} * {{cite encyclopedia |last1=Prychitko |first1=David L. |authorlink1= David Prychitko |last2= |first2= |authorlink2= |editor= [[David R. Henderson]] (.) |encyclopedia=[[Concise Encyclopedia of Economics]] |title=Marxism |url=http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/Marxism.html |date=2008 |edition= 2nd |publisher=[[Library of Economics and Liberty]]}} * [[Cedric Robinson|Robinson, Cedric J.]]: ''Black Marxism: The Making of the Black Radical Tradition'', 1983, Reissue: Univ North Carolina Press, 2000 * [[R. J. Rummel|Rummel, R.J.]] (1977) ''[http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/NOTE12.HTM Conflict In Perspective]'' Chap. 5 ''[http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/CIP.CHAP5.HTM Marxism, Class Conflict, and the Conflict Helix]'' * {{cite book |last=Screpanti|first=E|author2=S. Zamagna|date=1993|title=An Outline of the History of Economic Thought|url=https://archive.org/details/outlineofhistory0000scre}} * Shenfield, S.D. [https://web.archive.org/web/20081112101246/http://www.cdi.org/russia/johnson/2008-204.cfm ''Vladislav Bugera: Portrait of a Post-Marxist Thinker''] * {{cite book |author=McLellan, David|title=Marxism After Marx|url=https://archive.org/details/alf.3540.355.430.9.mcl|date=2007|location=Basingstoke|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|authorlink=David McLellan (academic)}} [[Category:Economic ideologies]] [[Category:Marxism| ]] [[Category:Creeticism o releegion]] [[Category:Filosofical muivements]] [[Category:Philosophical traditions]] [[Category:Theories o history]] [[Category:Karl Marx]] [[Category:Sociological paradigms]] [[Category:Communism]] [[Category:Socialism]] [[Category:Social theories]] [[Category:Materialism]] 03om3wedyqjo4trbmzpjbpqy1xtqwjm 0 5670 919989 880681 2026-07-25T00:17:59Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 919989 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Siller''' or '''money''' is onything that is for ordinar accepted in [[payment]] for [[guids an services]] an in repayment o [[det]]s.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Economics of Money, Banking, and Financial Markets (Alternate Edition) |url=https://archive.org/details/economicsofmoney0000mish |last=Mishkin |first=Frederic S. |authorlink=Frederic Mishkin|year= 2007|publisher=Addison Wesley |location=Boston |isbn=0-321-42177-9 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/economicsofmoney0000mish/page/8 8] }}</ref> The main uises o siller are as a [[medium o exchynge]], a [[unit o accoont]], an a [[store o vailyie]].<ref name="mankiw">{{cite book |title=Macroeconomics |url=https://archive.org/details/macroeconomics0000mank |last=Mankiw |first=N. Gregory |authorlink=N. Gregory Mankiw |year=2007 | edition=6th |publisher=Worth Publishers |location= New York |isbn=0-7167-6213-7 }}</ref> == Currency == A currency is a unit o exchynge, faceelitatin the transfer o guids an services. It is a form o siller, an it is conseedert a store o vailyie bi mony fowk an aw, that's shaped bi a claim tae its central baunk assets. A currency zone is a kintra or region that haes a specific currency as the dominant medium o exchynge. For tae faceelitate troke atween currency zones, thare's exchynge rates i.e. prices that currencies (an the guids an services o indiveedual currency zones) can be exchynged agin ilk ither for. Currencies can be classifee'd as aither fleetin currencies or fixed currencies based on their exchynge rate regime. In common uiss, currency whiles refers anerly tae paper money, as in "cunyies an currency", but this is misleadin. Cunyies an paper money is baith forms o currency. == See forby == * [[Cunyie]]s * [[Paper note]]s * [[Chack]] * [[Eurozone]] * [[Poond sterling]] == References == <references/> {{Commonscat|Money}} [[Category:Economics]] [[gd:Ruith-airgid]] 2hwqk2lcj8v2uwxs9meganyic6l2wt4 0 6140 919953 917914 2026-07-24T23:44:01Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 919953 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|30|N|70|E|display=title}} {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = Islamic Republic o Pakistan |common_name = Pakistan |native_name = {{native name|ur|{{nobold|{{Nastaliq|اِسلامی جمہوریہ پاكِستان}}}}|italics=off}}<br />{{small|{{transl|ur|ALA-LC|''Islāmī Jumhūriyah Pākistān''}}}}<ref name="LatinSpelling">{{cite book |author=James Minahan |title=The Complete Guide to National Symbols and Emblems [2 Volumes] |date=23 December 2009 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-0-313-34497-8 |page=141}}</ref> |image_flag = Flag of Pakistan.svg |image_coat = Coat of arms of Pakistan.svg |symbol_type = Emblem |national_motto = {{Transl|ur|''[[Īmān, Ittiḥād, Naẓm]]''}}<br />{{native name|ur|{{Nastaliq|ایمان، اتحاد، نظم}}|italics=off|nolink=on}}<br />{{small|"Faith, Unity, Discipline"}}&nbsp;{{lower|0.2em|<ref name="The State Emblem">{{cite web |title=The State Emblem |url=http://www.infopak.gov.pk/Eemblem.aspx |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701023430/http://www.infopak.gov.pk/Eemblem.aspx |archivedate=2007-07-01 |publisher=Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, [[Government of Pakistan]]. |access-date=18 December 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><!--end lower:-->}} |national_anthem = {{transl|ur|ALA-LC|''[[Qaumi Taranah|Qaumī Tarānah]]''}}<br />{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|قومی ترانہ}}}}<br /><center><small>"The National Anthem"</small><ref>{{cite web|title=National Symbols and Things of Pakistan |url=http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/gop/index.php?q=aHR0cDovLzE5Mi4xNjguNzAuMTM2L2dvcC8uL2ZybURldGFpbHMuYXNweD9vcHQ9bWlzY2xpbmtzJmlkPTQx |work=Government of Pakistan |access-date=27 May 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413153310/http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/gop/index.php?q=aHR0cDovLzE5Mi4xNjguNzAuMTM2L2dvcC8uL2ZybURldGFpbHMuYXNweD9vcHQ9bWlzY2xpbmtzJmlkPTQx |archivedate=13 April 2014 }}</ref><br />[[File:Pakistan anthem - United States Navy Band.ogg]]</center> |image_map = Pakistan (orthographic projection).svg |map_width = 220px |map_caption = Aurie controlled bi Pakistan shawn in dark green; claimed but uncontrolled region shawn in licht green. |capital = [[Islamabad]] |coordinates = {{Coord|33|40|N|73|10|E|type:city}} |largest_city = [[Karachi]]<br />{{small|{{coord|24|51|36|N|67|00|36|E|display=inline}}}} |official_languages = {{hlist |[[Urdu]]|[[Inglis leid|Inglis]]<ref>{{cite web|title=SC orders immediate implementation of Urdu as official language|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/952913/sc-orders-implementation-of-urdu-as-official-language/|publisher=[[The Express Tribune]]|date=7 September 2015|access-date=8 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistan to replace English with Urdu as official language|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/928480/pakistan-to-replace-english-with-urdu-as-official-language/|publisher=[[The Express Tribune]]|date=29 July 2015|access-date=8 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dunyanews.tv/index.php/en/Pakistan/288574-PM-approves-implementation-of-Urdu-language-in-gov|title=PM approves implementation of Urdu language in govt departments – Pakistan – Dunya News|work=dunyanews.tv}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1193624|title=PM, president to deliver speeches in Urdu on foreign trips, SC told|author=Irfan Haider|work=dawn.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenewsteller.com/pakistan/govt-submits-plan-to-supreme-court-to-promote-urdu-as-official-language/19569/|title=Govt. submits plan to Supreme Court to promote Urdu as official language|work=The News Teller|access-date=2017-05-11|archive-date=2018-12-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226143037/https://www.thenewsteller.com/pakistan/govt-submits-plan-to-supreme-court-to-promote-urdu-as-official-language/19569/|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} |regional_languages = {{collapsible list |titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%; |title = [[Leids o Pakistan|Provincial level]] |[[Punjabi leid|Punjabi]]{{dot}}[[Sindhi leid|Sindhi]]{{dot}}[[Pashto leid|Pashto]]{{dot}}[[Saraiki leid|Saraiki]]{{dot}}[[Balochi leid|Balochi]]{{dot}}[[Kashmiri leid|Kashmiri]]{{dot}}[[Brahui leid|Brahui]]{{dot}}[[Shina leid|Shina]]{{dot}}[[Balti leid|Balti]]{{dot}}[[Khowar leid|Khowar]]{{dot}}[[Burushaski]]{{dot}}[[Yidgha leid|Yidgha]]{{dot}}[[Dameli leid|Dameli]]{{dot}}[[Kalash leid|Kalasha]]{{dot}}[[Gawar-Bati leid|Gawar-Bati]]{{dot}}[[Domaaki leid|Domaaki]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Population by Mother Tongue |url=http://www.census.gov.pk/MotherTongue.htm |publisher=Population Census Organization, Government of Pakistan |access-date=28 December 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912021653/http://www.census.gov.pk/MotherTongue.htm |archivedate=12 September 2011 }}</ref><ref name="state.gov">{{cite web|url=http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3453.htm|title=Background Note: Pakistan-Profile|publisher=State.Gov|date=6 October 2010|access-date=29 May 2012}}</ref> }} |languages_type = [[Naitional leid]] |languages = [[Urdu]]<ref name="National language">{{cite book|title=Language in South Asia|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O2n4sFGDEMYC&pg=PA138#v=onepage&q&f=false|author=Braj B. Kachru|author2=Yamuna Kachru|author3=S.N. Sridhar|page=138|isbn=978-1-139-46550-2|date=27 March 2008}}</ref><ref name="yasmeen">{{cite book|author=Yasmeen Niaz Mohiuddin|title=Pakistan: a global studies handbook|url=https://archive.org/details/pakistanglobalst0000mohi|year=2006|publisher=ABC-CLIO {{!}}|isbn=1-85109-801-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/pakistanglobalst0000mohi/page/3 3], 317, 323–324}}</ref> |ethnic_groups = 44.68% [[Punjabis]]<br />15.42% [[Pashtuns]]<br />14.1% [[Sindhis]]<br />8.38% [[Saraiki fowk|Saraiki]]s<br />7.57% [[Muhajir fowk|Muhajirs]]<br />3.57% [[Baloch fowk|Balochi]]s<br />6.28% Others<ref name="cia">[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pk.html "Pakistan"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524220650/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pk.html |date=2020-05-24 }} The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency.</ref> |ethnic_groups_year = 2016 |demonym = [[Pakistani]] |government_type = [[Federal republic|Federal]] [[Pairlamentar seestem|pairlamentar]] [[constitutional republic]] |leader_title1 = [[Preses o Pakistan|Preses]] |leader_name1 = [[Arif Alvi]] |leader_title2 = [[Prime Meenister o Pakistan|Prime Meenister]] |leader_name2 = [[Anwar ul Haq Kakar]] |leader_title3 = [[Chairman o the Senate o Pakistan|Chairman o the Senate]] |leader_name3 = [[Sadiq Sanjrani]] |leader_title4 = [[Speaker o the Naitional Assembly o Pakistan|Speaker o the Assembly]] |leader_name4 = [[Raja Pervaiz Ashraf]] |leader_title5 = [[Chief Juistice o Pakistan|Chief Juistice]] |leader_name5 = [[Mian Saqib Nisar]] |legislature = ''[[Pairlament o Pakistan|Pairlament]]'' |upper_house = [[Senate o Pakistan|Senate]] |lower_house = [[Naitional Assembly o Pakistan|Naitional Assembly]] |sovereignty_type = [[Pakistan Muivement|Unthirldom]] |sovereignty_note = frae the [[Unitit Kinrick]] |established_event1 = {{nowrap|[[Allahabad Address|Conception]]}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allamaiqbal.com/publications/journals/review/oct83/2.htm|title=THE CONCEPT OF PAKISTAN IN THE LIGHT OF IQBAL's ADDRESS AT ALLAHABAD|author=Ehsan Rashid|year=1977|publisher=Iqbal Memorial Talks|access-date=5 March 2014|archive-date=2018-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303225603/http://www.allamaiqbal.com/publications/journals/review/oct83/2.htm|url-status=dead}} Ehsan Rashid explains how concept of Pakistan and Iqbal's Allahabad address are interlinked.</ref> |established_date1 = 29 December 1930 |established_event2 = {{nowrap|[[Pakistan Declaration|Declaration]]}} |established_date2 = 28 Januar 1933 |established_event3 = {{nowrap|[[Lahore Resolution|Resolution]]}} |established_date3 = 23 Mairch 1940 |established_event4 = [[Dominion o Pakistan|Dominion]] |established_date4 = 14 August 1947 |established_event5 = [[Islamic Republic]] |established_date5 = 23 Mairch 1956 |area_km2 = 881,913 |area_footnote = {{efn|"Includes data for Pakistani territories of Kashmir; [[Azad Kashmir]] ({{convert|13297|km2|sqmi|disp=or|abbr=on}}) and [[Gilgit–Baltistan]] ({{convert|72520|km2|sqmi|disp=or|abbr=on}}).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geohive.com/cntry/pakistan.aspx |title=Pakistan statistics |publisher=Geohive |access-date=20 April 2013 |archive-date=2013-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130406012611/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/pakistan.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> Excluding these territories would produce an area figure of {{convert|796,095|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}."}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldatlas.com/as/pk/where-is-pakistan.html|title=Where is Pakistan?|author=|date=|work=worldatlas.com}}</ref> |area_rank = 33rd |area_sq_mi = 307,374 |percent_water = 2.86 |population_estimate = 197,322,000<ref name="IMF_Popu">[https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=50&pr.y=4&sy=2015&ey=2020&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=564&s=LP&grp=0&a= "Pakistan"] IMF Population estimates.</ref> |population_estimate_year = 2017 |population_estimate_rank = 6t |population_density_km2 = 244.4 |population_density_sq_mi = 633 |population_density_rank = 56t |GDP_PPP = {{nowrap|$1.060 trillion<ref name="imf2">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=52&pr.y=11&sy=2016&ey=2020&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=564&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=Pakistan | publisher=International Monetary Fund | access-date=15 January 2017}}</ref>}} |GDP_PPP_year = 2017 |GDP_PPP_rank = 25t |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $5,374<ref name="imf2" /> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 137t |GDP_nominal = {{nowrap|$284.185 billion<ref name="imf2" />}} |GDP_nominal_year = 2016 |GDP_nominal_rank = 43rd |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $1,468<ref name=imf2 /> |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 144t |Gini = 30.7 <!--number only--> |Gini_year = 2013 |Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?end=2013&locations=PK&start=1987&view=chart |title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) |publisher=World Bank |access-date=28 February 2017 |archive-date=2018-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226143016/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?end=2013&locations=PK&start=1987&view=chart%20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |Gini_rank = |HDI = 0.550 <!--number only--> |HDI_year = 2015<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> |HDI_change = steady<!--increase/decrease/steady--> |HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf |title=Human Development Report 2016 |date=2016 |access-date=26 March 2017 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme }}</ref> |HDI_rank = 147t |currency = [[Pakistani rupee]] (₨) |currency_code = PKR |time_zone = [[Pakistan Staundart Time|PST]] |utc_offset = +5^b |drives_on = [[LHT#Pakistan|left]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_28-7-2005_pg3_5 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110085150/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_28-7-2005_pg3_5 |archivedate=10 January 2012 |title=Driving—the good, the bad and the ugly |author=Miguel Loureiro |date=28 July 2005 |work=Daily Times |access-date=6 February 2014 |location=Pakistan}}</ref> |calling_code = [[Telephone nummers in Pakistan|+92]] |cctld = [[.pk]] |official_website = {{URL|http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/}} |footnote_a = See an aa [[Pakistani Inglis]].:{{note|Alpha|α}} |footnote_b = See an aa [[Daylicht savin time in Pakistan]]. |religion = 96.4% [[Islam]] {{small|(Offeecial)}}<ref name="Article_2">{{cite web|url=http://pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part1.html|title=Part I: "Introductory"|work=pakistani.org}}</ref><br />3.6% ithers<ref name="cia" /> |area_magnitude = }} [[File:Provinces and territories of Pakistan named es (2018).svg|thumb|Territorial Organization]] '''Pakistan''' (officially ''The Islamic Republic o Pakistan'', and the [[Urdu]] is the main and national leid o the kintra) it is situated in Sooth Aisie, it mairches on [[Republic o the Fowk o Cheena|Cheena]], [[Indie]], [[Afghanistan]] an [[Iran]]. Pakistan has an estimated 156,770,000 fowk bidin in the kintra. == History == Pakistan was whiles pairt o the [[Breetish Empire|British Empire]] but becam independent in 1947 on 14th August, along with Indie. After than it had an existence as a independent state, tho fowk haes bid thare syne the seventeen year thousand BC. Ane o the world's oldest cities, Moenjo-Daro, wis in Pakistan. In 1947, ifter many year of campaigning, Pakistan and [[Indie]] war unthirlt frae Breetain. Pakistan wis creatit as the kintra for the Muslims, an Indae for the Hindus. This o coorse left the problem o whaur the Christians, Jews, Buddhists etc. wis tae bide, an thair places in the twa kintras haes been a problem tae the day. The kintra that's cried [[Bangladesh]] the nou wis whiles pairt o Pakistan (cried East Pakistan) til it became independent in 1971. == Leids == The heidmaist leid o Pakistan is [[Urdu]]. Anerly aboot 10% o Pakistani's haes it as thair mither tongue, but it haes acome Pakistan's ''lingua franca'' an aw edicate Pakistanis haes it fluent. The ae ither naitional offeecial leid is [[English]], but ilkane o the provinces haes offeecial leids forby thon, sic as [[Punjabi leid|Punjabi]], [[Pushtu]], [[Sindhi leid|Sindhi]] an sae on. Punjabi haes the maist native speakers, aboot 44% o the kintra's indwallers. Mair nor aichty leids an byleids is spak in Pakistan. Some is spak bi gey few fowk, sic as Aer thatin 1998 haed anerly 100-200 speakers, while maist haes a wheen mair. Maist Pakistanis haes at least twa leids, an ken o fower or mair isna byordinar. == Religion == Pakistan was first as a state for the Muslim state of the Indian sub-continent, it isna supreesin that the feck o fowk in Pakistan (96%) is [[Muslim]]s, (spleet atween awmaist 77% Sunni an 20% Shi'a). The lave is Muslims [[Christian]], [[Judaism|Jewish]], [[Buddhist|Buddhism]] an a taut is [[Anamist]], maistly o the Kalash fowk in the Nor' o the kintra. == Education == Anerly 53% <ref>Ministry of Education [http://www.moe.gov.pk/faqs.htm?#q4 Literacy level] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090121211652/http://moe.gov.pk/faqs.htm#q4 |date=2009-01-21 }}</ref> o Pakistan's indwallers is leeterate. Eddication stairts at the eild o five, tho mony stairtna schuil ava. Thare is, forby state schuils, Islamic schuils cried ''madrassas'' in Pakistan that haes been creeticised for upbiggin fundamentalist Islamic support in the kintra, an as an affcome biggin up support for [[terrorism]]. Aboot 7.5% o childer in the Nor' Wast Frontier Province is jaloused tae be eddicatit in ''madrassas''. Thare's modren varsities in Pakistan, as weel as mony airmy colleges that offers trainin for offishers an siclike. ==Notes== <references group="lower-alpha"/> == References == <references/> {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Pakistan| ]] [[Category:Pakistan Movement]] [[Category:Developing 8 Kintras member states]] [[Category:Inglis-speakin kintras an territories]] [[Category:Federal countries]] [[Category:Umwhile British colonies]] [[Category:Hindustani-speakin kintras an territories]] [[Category:Iranian Plateau]] [[Category:Islamic republics]] [[Category:Islamic states]] [[Category:Member states o the Commonweel o Naitions]] [[Category:Member states o the Organisation o Islamic Cooperation]] [[Category:Member states o the Sooth Asian Association for Regional Cooperation]] [[Category:Member states o the Unitit Naitions]] [[Category:Sooth Asian kintras]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1947]] [[Category:Urdu-speakin kintras an territories| ]] [[Category:Commonweel republics]] [[Category:Republics]] [[Category:Pashto-speakin kintras an territories]] 7ylevk2k23mk1d0h4fj8jz0w0ddbx9l 0 7074 919968 915630 2026-07-24T23:55:43Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 919968 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=Dizember 2020}} {{subspeciesbox | name = Horse | status = DOM | image = Nokota Horses cropped.jpg | image_caption = <!-- Caption intentionally left blank per consensus to avoid promoting one breed. --> | image_alt = Twa Nokota horse staundin in open gressland wi rowin hills an trees veesible in the backgrund. | genus = Equus | species = ferus | species_link = Wild horse | subspecies = caballus | authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10t edeetion o Systema Naturae|1758]]<ref name="Linn1758"> {{cite book | last = Linnaeus | first = Carolus | authorlink = Carl Linnaeus | title = Systema naturae per regna tria naturae :secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. | publisher = Holmiae (Laurentii Salvii) | year = 1758 | page = 73 | url = http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/726976 | accessdate = 2008-09-08 | volume = 1 | edition = 10th }}</ref> | synonyms = at least 48 published | synonyms_ref = <ref name=MSW3/> }} [[File:Wiehern.ogg|thumb|Horse nieghs ]] The '''horse''' (''Equus ferus caballus'')<ref name=MSW3>{{MSW3 Perissodactyla | id = 14100016 | pages = 630–631}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature|year=2003|title=Usage of 17 specific names based on wild species which are pre-dated by or contemporary with those based on domestic animals (Lepidoptera, Osteichthyes, Mammalia): conserved. Opinion 2027 (Case 3010)|journal=Bull. Zool. Nomencl.|volume=60|issue=1|pages=81–84|url=http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/iczn/BZNMar2003opinions.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821235959/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/iczn/BZNMar2003opinions.htm|archivedate=2007-08-21}}</ref> is ane o twa [[Extant taxon|extant]] [[subspecies]] o [[wild horse|''Equus ferus'']]. It is an [[odd-taed ungulate]] [[mammal]] belangin tae the taxonomic faimily [[Equidae]]. Accordin tae scienteefic consensus, the horse hae [[evolution|evolvit]] ower the past 45 tae 55&nbsp;million years fae a wee multi-taed craitur, ''[[Eohippus]]'', intae the muckle single-taed ainimal o the day. Humans begane tae [[Domestication|domesticate]] the horse aroond 4000 BC, an thair domestication is believed tae hae been widespread bi 3000 BC. Horse in the subspecies ''caballus'' are domesticatit, awtho some domesticatit populations leeve in the wild as [[feral horse]]. Thir feral populations are no true [[wild horse]], as this term is uised tae descrive horse that hae niver been domesticatit, sic as the endangered [[Przewalski's horse]], a separate subspecies, an the anerly remeenin true [[wild horse]]. Thare is an extensive, specializit vocabulary uised tae descrive equine-relatit concepts, cowerin iverything fae [[anatomy]] tae life stages, size, [[equine coat colour|colours]], [[horse merkins|merkins]], [[horse breed|breeds]], [[ainimal locomotion|locomotion]], an behaviour. Horse anatomy enables them tae mak uise o speed tae escape predators an thay hae a well-developit [[Equilibrioception|sense o balance]] an a strang [[fecht-or-flicht response]]. Relatit tae this need tae flee frae predators in the wild is an unuisual trait: horse are able tae sleep baith staundin up an leein doun. Female horse, cried [[meir]]s, cairy thair young for approximately 11&nbsp;months, an a young horse, cried a [[foal]], can staund an run shortly follaein birth. Maist domesticatit horse begin trainin unner [[saidle]] or in [[Horse harnish|harnish]] atween the ages o twa an fower. Thay reach full adult development bi age five, an hae an average lifespan o atween 25 an 30&nbsp;years. Horse breeds are lowsely dividit intae three categories based on general temperament: speeritit "het bluids" wi speed an endurement; "cauld bluids", sic as [[draucht horse]] an some [[pownie]]s, suitable for slaw, hivy wirk; an "[[wairmbluid]]s", developed frae crosses atween het bluids an cauld bluids, eften focusin on creautin breeds for speceefic ridin purposes, pairteecularly in Europe. Thare are mair nor 300&nbsp;breeds o horse in the warld the day, developed for mony different uises. Horse an humans interact in a wide variety o sport competeetions an non-competitive recreautional pursuits, as well as in wirkin activities sic as [[Moontit polis|polis wirk]], [[wirkin ainimal|agricultur]], enterteenment, an [[hippotherapy|therapy]]. Horse war historically uised in warfare, frae which a wide variety o [[equestrianism|ridin]] an [[drivin (horse)|drivin]] techniques developed, uisin mony different styles o [[Horse tack|equipment]] an methods o control. Mony products are derived frae horse, includin meat, milk, hide, hair, bane, an pharmaceuticals extractit frae the urine o pregnant mares. Humans provide domesticatit horse wi fuid, watter an shelter, as well as attention frae specialists sic as [[veterinarian]]s an [[ferrier]]s. ==Biology== [[File:Points of a horse.jpg|thumb|Pynts o a horse<ref>{{cite book|last=Goody|first=John|title=Horse Anatomy|edition=2nd|publisher=J A Allen|isbn=0-85131-769-3|year=2000}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Pavord|first1=Tony|last2=Pavord|first2=Marcy|title=Complete Equine Veterinary Manual|url=https://archive.org/details/completeequineve0000pavo|publisher=David & Charles|isbn=0-7153-1883-7|year=2007}}</ref>|upright=1.5|alt=Diagram o a horse wi some pairts labeled.]] Specific terms an specialised leid are uised tae descrive [[equine anatomy]], different life stages, colours an breeds. ===Lifespan an life stages=== Dependin on breed, [[horse management|management]] an environment, the modren domestic horse haws a life expectancy o 25 tae 30&nbsp;years.<ref name=Ensminger46/> Uncommonly, a few ainimals live intae thair 40s an, occasionally, ayont.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/livestock/horses/facts/info_age.htm|title=The Age of a Horse|publisher=Government of Ontario|work=Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs|author=Wright, B.|date=March 29, 1999|accessdate=2009-10-21|archive-date=2010-01-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100120031232/http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/livestock/horses/facts/info_age.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The auldest verifiable record wis "[[Old Billy]]", a 19t-century horse that lived tae the age o 62.<ref name=Ensminger46/> In modren times, Sugar Puff, wha haed been leetit in ''[[Guinness World Records]]'' as the warld's auldest leevin pownie, dee'd in 2007 at age 56.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.thehorse.com/viewarticle.aspx?ID=9708|title= World's Oldest Living Pony Dies at 56|accessdate=2007-05-31 |author= Ryder, Erin |work= The Horse}}</ref> Regairdless o a horse or pownie's actual birth date, for maist competeetion purposes a year is addit tae its age ilk Januar&nbsp;1 o ilk year in the Northren Hemisphere<ref name=Ensminger46/><ref>{{cite book |title= The Manual of Horsemanship of the British Horse Society and the Pony Club |url= https://archive.org/details/manualofhorseman00pony |author=British Horse Society |year=1966|edition=6th edition, reprinted 1970 |publisher= British Horse Society |location= Kenilworth, UK |isbn= 0-9548863-1-3|page= [https://archive.org/details/manualofhorseman00pony/page/255 255]}}</ref> an ilk August&nbsp;1 in the Soothren Hemisphere.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.studbook.org.au/DisplayPDF.aspx?ty=RULES |format=PDF |title= Rules of the Australian Stud Book |accessdate=2008-07-09 |year= 2007 |publisher=Australian Jockey Club |page=7}}</ref> The exception is in [[endurement ridin]], whaur the meenimum age tae compete is based on the ainimal's actual calendar age.<ref name=Endurance>{{cite web|url= http://www.aerc.org/HorseAge.aspx|title= Equine Age Requirements for AERC Rides|accessdate= 2011-07-25|publisher= American Endurance Riding Conference|archive-date= 2011-08-11|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110811110201/http://aerc.org/HorseAge.aspx|url-status= dead}}</ref> The follaein terminology is uised tae descrive horse o various ages: * [[Cowt (horse)|Cowt]]: A male horse unner the age o fower.<ref>[[#Ensminger|Ensminger]], p. 415</ref> A common terminology error is tae caw ony young horse a "cowt", whan the term actually anerly refers tae young male horse.<ref>{{cite book|author=Becker, Marty, Audrey Pavia, Gina Spadafori, Teresa Becker|title=Why Do Horses Sleep Standing Up?: 101 of the Most Perplexing Questions Answered About Equine Enigmas, Medical Mysteries, and Befuddling Behaviors|publisher=HCI|year=2007|isbn=0-7573-0608-X|url=https://books.google.com/?id=Qvz62nMkQLYC&pg=PA23|page= 23}}</ref> * [[Filly]]: A female horse unner the age o fower.<ref name=Ensminger418/> * [[Foal]]: A horse o aither sex less nor ane year auld. A nursin foal is while cried a ''soukie'' an a foal that haes been weaned is cried a ''weanlin''.<ref name=Ensminger418>[[#Ensminger|Ensminger]], p. 418</ref> Maist domesticatit foals are weaned at five tae seeven month o age, awtho foals can be weaned at fower month wi na adverse pheesical effects.<ref>[[#Giffin|Giffin]], p. 431</ref> * [[Libbin (horse)|Libbin]]: A [[libbed]] male horse o ony age.<ref name=Ensminger418/> * [[Meir]]: A female horse fower year auld an aulder.<ref>[[#Ensminger|Ensminger]], p. 422</ref> * [[Couser]]: A non-libbit male horse fower year auld an aulder.<ref>[[#Ensminger|Ensminger]], p. 427</ref> The term "horse" is whiles uised colloquially tae refer specifically tae a stallion.<ref name=Ensminger420>[[#Ensminger|Ensminger]], p. 420</ref> * [[Yearauld (horse)|Yearauld]]: A horse o aither sex that is atween ane an twa year auld.<ref>[[#Ensminger|Ensminger]], p. 430</ref> In [[horse racin]], thir defineetions mey differ: For example, in the Breetish Isles, [[Thoraebred]] horse racin defines cowts an fillies as less nor five year auld.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.equibase.com/newfan/glossary-full.cfm|title= Glossary of Horse Racing Terms|accessdate=2008-04-03 |work= Equibase.com|publisher= Equibase Company, LLC}}</ref> Houiver, Australie Thoraebred racin defines cowts an fillies as less nor fower year auld.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.studbook.org.au/DisplayPDF.aspx?ty=RULES|title=Rules of the Australian Stud Book|accessdate=2010-02-05|page=9|date=July 2008|publisher=Australian Jockey Club Ltd and Victoria Racing Club Ltd}}</ref> ===Size an meisurment=== The hicht o horse is uisually meisurt at the heichest pynt o the [[withers]], whaur the neck meets the [[back (horse)|back]].<ref name=Whitaker77>[[#Whitaker|Whitaker]], p. 77</ref> This pynt is uised acause it is a stable pynt o the anatomy, unlik the heid or neck, that muive up an doun in relation tae the bouk o the horse. [[File:Horse-and-pony.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.4|Size varies greatly amang horse breeds, as wi this full-sized horse an smaw powniey.]] The size o horse varies bi breed, but is influenced bi [[equine nutreetion|nutreetion]] an aw. Licht ridin horse uisually range in hicht frae {{hands|14|to|16|lk=off}} an can wecht frae {{convert|380|to|550|kg}}.<ref>[[#Bongianni|Bongianni]], entries 1, 68, 69</ref> Lairger ridin horse uisually stairt at aboot {{hands|15.2|lk=off}} an eften are as taw as {{hands|17|lk=off}}, wechtin frae {{convert|500|to|600|kg|sigfig=3}}.<ref>[[#Bongianni|Bongianni]], entries 12, 30, 31, 32, 75</ref> Hivy or [[draucht horse]] are uisually at least {{hands|16|lk=off}} heich an can be as taw as {{hands|18|lk=off}} heich. Thay can wecht frae aboot {{convert|700|to|1000|kg|sigfig=3}}.<ref>[[#Bongianni|Bongianni]], entries 86, 96, 97</ref> The lairgest horse in recordit history wis probably a [[Shire horse]] named [[Sampson (horse)|Mammoth]], wha wis born in 1848. He stuid {{hands|21.2+1/4|lk=off}} heich an his peak wecht wis estimatit at {{convert|1524|kg}}.<ref name=Whitaker60>[[#Whitaker|Whitaker]], p. 60</ref> The current record hauder for the warld's smawest horse is [[Thumbelina (horse)|Thumbelina]], a fully matur [[miniature horse]] affectit bi [[dwarfism]]. She is {{convert|17|in|cm|abbr=on}} taw an wechts {{convert|57|lb|kg|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=409317&in_page_id=1770|title=Meet Thumbelina, the World's Smallest Horse |accessdate=2006-10-08 |author= Martin, Arthur |work= Daily Mail | location=London | date=2006-10-08}}</ref> ====Pownies==== {{Main|Pownie}} Pownies are [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomically]] the same ainimals as horse. The distinction atween a horse an pownie is commonly drawn on the basis o hicht, especially for competeetion purposes. Houiver, hicht alone is nae dispositive; the difference atween horse an pownies mey include aspects o [[phenoteep]] an aw, includin conformation an temperament. The tradeetional staundart for hicht o a horse or a [[pownie]] at maturity is {{hands|14.2|lk=off}}. An ainimal 14.2&nbsp;h or ower is uisually conseedert tae be a horse an ane less nor 14.2&nbsp;h a pownie,<ref name=EnsmingerHT11>{{cite book |author= Ensminger, M.E.|title= Horses and Tack|url= https://archive.org/details/horsestack0000ensm|edition= Revised|publisher= Houghton Mifflin Company|location= Boston, MA|year= 1991|isbn= 0-395-54413-0 |oclc= 21561287|pages=[https://archive.org/details/horsestack0000ensm/page/11 11]–12}}</ref> but thare are mony exceptions tae the tradeetional staundart. In Australie, pownies are conseedert tae be thae unner {{hands|14|lk=off}}.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Howlett, Lorna |author2=Philip Mathews|title=Ponies in Australia|publisher=Philip Mathews Publishers|location=Milson's Point, NSW|isbn=0-908001-13-4|year=1979|page= 14}}</ref> For competeetion in the [[wastren ridin|Wastren]] diveesion o the [[United States Equestrian Federation]], the cutaff is {{hands|14.1|lk=off}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usef.org/_IFrames/RuleBook/rulebooks.aspx |title=2012 United States Equestrian Federation, Inc. Rule Book |publisher=United States Equestrian Federation |page=Rule WS 101 |access-date=2017-10-20 |archive-date=2017-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010200000/http://www.usef.org/_IFrames/RuleBook/rulebooks.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Internaitional Federation for Equestrian Sport]], the warld govrenin bouk for horse sport, uises [[metric seestem|metric]] meisurments an defines a pownie as bein ony horse measurin less nor {{convert|148|cm|in|2}} at the withers withoot shaes, that is juist ower 14.2 h, an {{convert|149|cm|in|2}}, or juist ower 14.2½ h, wi shaes.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.fei.org/sites/default/files/Annex%20XVII%20-%20Extracts%20Ponies.pdf | title=Annex XVII: Extracts from Rules for Pony Riders and Children, 9th edition | publisher=Fédération Equestre Internationale | year=2009 | accessdate=2010-03-07 | archive-date=2013-01-28 | archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6E0dISRzn?url=http://www.fei.org/sites/default/files/Annex%20XVII%20-%20Extracts%20Ponies.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> Hicht is nae the sole criterion for distinguishin horse frae pownies. [[Breed registry|Breed registries]] for horse that teepically produce individuals baith unner an ower 14.2&nbsp;h conseeder aw ainimals o that breed tae be horse regairdless o thair hicht.<ref>For ensaumple, the [[Missouri Fox Trotter]], or the [[Arabian horse]]. See [[#McBane|McBane]], pp. 192, 218</ref> Conversely, some pownie breeds mey hae featurs in common wi horse, an individual ainimals mey occasionally matur at ower 14.2&nbsp;h, but are still conseedert tae be pownies.<ref>For ensaumple, the [[Welsh Pownie]]. See [[#McBane|McBane]], pp. 52–63</ref> Pownies eften exhibit thicker manes, tails, an oweraw coat. Thay forby hae proportionally shorter legs, wider baurels, hivier bane, shorter an thicker necks, an short heids wi braid foreheids. Thay mey hae caumer temperaments nor horse an a heich level o intelligence that mey or mey nae be uised tae cooperate wi human haundlers an aw.<ref name=EnsmingerHT11/> Smaw size, bi itsel, is nae an exclusive determinant. For ensaumple, the [[Shetland pownie]] that averages {{hands|10|lk=off}}, is conseedert a pownie.<ref name=EnsmingerHT11/> Conversely, breeds sic as the [[Falabella]] an ither [[miniatur horse]], that can be na tawer nor {{convert|30|in|cm}}, are clessifee'd bi thair [[breed registry|registries]] as verra smaw horse, nae pownies.<ref>[[#McBane|McBane]], p. 200</ref> ===Genetics=== Horse hae 64 [[chromosomes]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/genetics/medgen/chromo/species.html |title=Chromosome Numbers in Different Species |publisher=Vivo.colostate.edu |date=1998-01-30 |accessdate=2013-04-17 |archive-date=2013-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511210119/http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/genetics/medgen/chromo/species.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[horse genome]] wis [[DNA sequencin|sequenced]] in 2007. It conteens 2.7 billion DNA [[base pairs]],<ref name=Cornell>{{cite web|url=http://www.vet.cornell.edu/news/articles/09antczakscience.cfm |title=Sequenced horse genome expands understanding of equine, human diseases |publisher=Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine |date=2012-08-21 |accessdate=2013-04-01}}</ref> that is lairger nor the [[dug genome]], but smawer nor the [[human genome]] or the [[bovine genome]].<ref name=ScienceDaily>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/11/091105143708.htm |title=Domestic Horse Genome Sequenced |doi=10.1126/science.1178158 |publisher=ScienceDaily, LLC |date=2009-11-05 |accessdate=2013-04-01}}</ref> The cairt is available tae resairchers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://uswest.ensembl.org/Equus_caballus/Info/Index |title=Ensembl genome browser 71: Equus caballus - Description |publisher=Uswest.ensembl.org |accessdate=2013-04-17 |archive-date=2017-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010200000/http://uswest.ensembl.org/Equus_caballus/Info/Index |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Colours an merkins=== [[File:Horsescd1l-095.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|[[Bay (horse)|Bay]] (left) an [[chestane (coat)|chestane]] (whiles cried "sorrel") are twa o the maist common coat colours, seen in awmaist aw breeds.]] Horse exhibit a diverse array o [[Equine coat colour|coat colours]] an distinctive [[horse merkins|merkins]], descrived bi a specialised vocabulary. Eften, a horse is clessifee'd first bi its coat colour, afore breed or sex.<ref>{{cite book |author=Vogel, Colin B.V.M|title=The Complete Horse Care Manual|url=https://archive.org/details/completehorsecar0000voge|publisher=Dorling Kindersley Publishing, Inc.|location=New York, NY|year=1995 |isbn=0-7894-0170-3 |oclc=32168476|page=[https://archive.org/details/completehorsecar0000voge/page/14 14]}}</ref> Horse o the same colour mey be distinguished frae ane anither bi white [[horse merkins|merkins]],<ref>{{cite book |title=A Basic Guide to Horse Care and Management|url=https://archive.org/details/basicguidetohors0000mill|author1=Mills, Bruce |author2=Barbara Carne |year=1988 |publisher=Howell Book House |location=New York, NY|isbn=0-87605-871-3 |oclc=17507227|pages= [https://archive.org/details/basicguidetohors0000mill/page/72 72]–73}}</ref> that, alang wi various spottin patterns, are inheritit separately frae coat colour. Mony [[Equine coat colour genetics|genes]] that creaut horse coat colours an patterns hae been identifee'd. Current genetic tests can identify at least 13 different [[allele]]s influencin coat colour,<ref name=UCVGL/> an resairch conteenas tae discover new genes airtit tae speceefic traits. The basic coat colours o [[chestane (coat)|chestane]] an [[black (horse)|black]] are determined bi the [[gene]] controlled bi the [[Melanocortin 1 receptor]],<ref name=Marklund1996>{{cite journal |last=Marklund |first=L. |author2=M. Johansson Moller |author3=K. Sandberg |author4=L. Andersson |title=A missense mutation in the gene for melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor (MC1R) is associated with the chestnut coat color in horses |journal=Mammalian Genome |volume=7 |pages=895–899 |year=1996 |doi=10.1007/s003359900264 |pmid=8995760 |issue=12}}</ref> forby kent as the "extension gene" or "reid factor",<ref name=UCVGL/> as its recessive form is "reid" (chestane) an its dominant form is black.<ref name=UCDIntro/> Addeetional [[gene]]s control suppression o black colour tae [[pynt colouration]] that results in a [[bay (horse)|bay]], spottin patterns sic as [[pinto horse|pinto]] or [[leopard complex|leopard]], [[dilution gene]]s sic as [[palomino]] or [[dun gene|dun]], as well as [[gray (horse)|graying]], an aw the ither factors that creaut the mony possible coat colours foond in horse.<ref name=UCVGL>{{cite web |url= http://www.vgl.ucdavis.edu/services/coatcolorhorse.php|title= Horse Coat Color Tests|accessdate=2008-05-01 |work= Veterinary Genetics Laboratory |publisher= University of California}}</ref> Horse that hae a white coat colour are eften mislabeled; a horse that looks "white" is uisually a middle-aged or aulder [[gray (horse)|gray]]. Grays are born a daurker shade, get lichter as thay age, but uisually keep black skin aneath thair white hair coat (wi the exception o pink skin unner white [[horse merkins|merkins]]). The anerly horse properly cried [[white (horse)|white]] are born wi a predominantly white hair coat an pink skin, a fairly rare occurrence.<ref name=UCDIntro>{{cite web |url= http://www.vgl.ucdavis.edu/services/coatcolor.php|title= Introduction to Coat Color Genetics|accessdate=2008-05-01|work= Veterinary Genetics Laboratory |publisher= University of California}}</ref> Different an unrelatit [[Genetics|genetic]] factors can produce white coat colours in horse, includin several different alleles o [[dominant white]] an the [[sabino horse|sabino-1 gene]].<ref name=haase2009-similar>{{cite journal |author=Haase B |title=Allelic Heterogeneity at the Equine KIT Locus in Dominant White (W) Horses |journal=PLoS Genetics |volume=3 |issue=11 |pages=e195 |year=2007 |pmid=17997609 |pmc=2065884 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.0030195 |author2=Brooks SA |author3=Schlumbaum A |display-authors=3 |last4=Azor |first4=Pedro J. |last5=Bailey |first5=Ernest |last6=Alaeddine |first6=Ferial |last7=Mevissen |first7=Meike |last8=Burger |first8=Dominik |last9=Poncet |first9=Pierre-André}}</ref> Houever, thare are na "[[Albinism|albino]]" horse, defined as haein baith pink skin an reid een.<ref name=Duplicatetest>{{cite journal |title= Genetic mapping of dominant white (W), a homozygous lethal condition in the horse (''Equus caballus'') |author= Mau, C., Poncet, P. A., Bucher, B., Stranzinger, G. & Rieder, S. |journal= Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics|volume= 121|doi= 10.1111/j.1439-0388.2004.00481.x |year= 2004 |pages= 374–383 |issue= 6}}</ref> ===Reproduction an development=== [[Gestation]] lasts approximately 340&nbsp;days, wi an average range 320–370 days,<ref name=Ensminger156>[[#Ensminger|Ensminger]], p. 156</ref> an uisually results in ane [[foal]]; twins are rare.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www2.okstate.edu/pio/twinfoals.html|accessdate= 2008-09-23|title= Rare Twin Foals Born at Vet Hospital: Twin Birth Occurrences Number One in Ten Thousand|author= Johnson, Tom|work= Communications Services, Oklahoma State University|publisher= Oklahoma State University|archive-date= 2012-10-12|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121012052136/http://www2.okstate.edu/pio/twinfoals.html|url-status= dead}}</ref> Horse are a [[precocial]] species, an foals are capable o staundin an runnin within a short time follaein birth.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Miller, Robert M. |author2=Rick Lamb|title=Revolution in Horsemanship and What it Means to Mankind |url=https://archive.org/details/revolutioninhors0000mill |publisher= Lyons Press|location=Guilford, Connecticut|year=2005|isbn=1-59228-387-X |oclc=57005594|pages=[https://archive.org/details/revolutioninhors0000mill/page/102 102]–103}}</ref> Foals are uisually born in the ware. The [[oestrus cycle]] o a mare occurs aboot ivery 19–22 days an occurs frae early ware intae hairst. Maist mares enter an ''anoestrus'' period in the winter an sicweys dae nae cycle in this period.<ref name=Ensminger150>[[#Ensminger|Ensminger]], p. 150</ref> Foals are generally [[weanin|weaned]] frae thair mithers atween fower an sax month o age.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.extension.org/pages/29352/reducing-weaning-stress-in-foals|author=Kline, Kevin H.|title=Reducing weaning stress in foals|publisher=Montana State University eXtension|date=2010-10-07|accessdate=2012-04-03|archive-date=2012-03-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322182958/http://www.extension.org/pages/29352/reducing-weaning-stress-in-foals|url-status=dead}}</ref> Horse, pairticularly cowts, whiles are pheesically capable o reproduction at aboot 18&nbsp;months, but domesticatit horse are rarely alloued tae breed afore the age o three, especially females.<ref name=HorseTack129>{{cite book |author= Ensminger, M.E.|title= Horses and Tack|url= https://archive.org/details/horsestack0000ensm|edition= Revised|publisher= Houghton Mifflin Company|location= Boston, MA|year= 1991|isbn= 0-395-54413-0 |oclc= 21561287|page=[https://archive.org/details/horsestack0000ensm/page/129 129]}}</ref> Horse fower year auld are conseedert matur, awtho the skelet normally conteenas tae develop till the age o sax; maturation depends on the horse's size, breed, sex, an quality o care an aw. Lairger horse hae lairger banes; tharefore, nae anerly dae the banes tak langer tae form [[Osseous tishie|bane tishie]], but the [[epiphyseal plate]]s are lairger an tak langer tae convert frae [[cartilage]] tae bane. Thir plates convert efter the ither pairts o the banes, an are crucial tae development.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.equineortho.colostate.edu/questions/dod.htm |title=Developmental Orthopaedic Disease: Problems of Limbs in young Horses|accessdate=2008-04-20|author= McIlwraith, C.W.|publisher=Colorado State University|work=Orthopaedic Research Center}}</ref> Dependin on maturity, breed, an wirk expectit, horse are uisually put unner saidle an [[horse trainin|trained]] tae be ridden atween the ages o twa an fower.<ref name=Train163>{{cite book |author=Thomas, Heather Smith |title=Storey's Guide to Training Horses: Ground Work, Driving, Riding |url=https://archive.org/details/storeysguidetotr0000thom |publisher=Storey Publishing |location=North Adams, MA |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-58017-467-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/storeysguidetotr0000thom/page/162 163]}}</ref> Awtho [[Thoraebred]] [[Horse racin|race horse]] are put on the track as young as the age o twa in some kintras,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.jockeyclub.com/factbook.asp?section=11|title= 2-Year-Old Racing (US and Canada)|accessdate=2008-04-28 |work= Online Fact Book|publisher= Jockey Club}}</ref> horse speceefically bred for sports sic as [[dressage]] are generally nae pit unner saidle till thay are three or fower year auld, acause thair banes an muscles are nae solitly developed.<ref>{{cite book|title=The USDF Guide to Dressage|url=https://books.google.com/?id=9NNobNYAiroC&pg=PA272|author1=Bryant, Jennifer Olson |author2=George Williams|publisher=Storey Publishing|year=2006|isbn=1-58017-529-5|pages=271–272}}</ref> For [[endurement ridin]] competeetion, horse are nae deemed matur enough tae compete till thay are a full 60&nbsp;calendar months (five years) auld.<ref name=Endurance/> ===Anatomy=== ====Skeletal seestem==== [[File:Horse anatomy.svg|thumb|upright=1.4|The skeletal seestem o a modren horse]] The horse skelet averages 205 banes.<ref name=Evans90>{{cite book |author= Evans, J.|title= The Horse|url= https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780716718116|edition= Second|publisher= Freeman|location= New York, NY|year= 1990|isbn=0-7167-1811-1 |oclc= 20132967|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780716718116/page/90 90]}}</ref> A signeeficant difference atween the horse skelet an that o a human is the lack o a [[Clavicle|hausebane]]—the horse's [[Equine forelimb anatomy|forelimms]] are attached tae the [[Vertebral column|spinal column]] bi a pouerfu set o muscles, tenons, an ligaments that attach the [[Scapula|shoulder blade]] tae the torso. The horse's legs an huifs are unique structurs an aw. Thair leg banes are proportioned differently frae thae o a human. For ensaumple, the bouk pairt that is cried a horse's "knee" is actually made up o the [[Carpus|carpal]] banes that correspond tae the human [[wrist]]. Similarly, the [[hock (zoology)|hock]] contens banes equivalent tae thae in the human [[ankle]] an [[heel]]. The lawer leg banes o a horse correspond tae the banes o the human haund or fit, an the [[Equine anatomy|fetlock]] (incorrectly cried the "anklet") is actually the proximal [[sesamoid bane]]s atween the [[Equine anatomy|cannon]] banes (a single equivalent tae the human [[Metacarpus|metacarpal]] or [[Metatarsus|metatarsal]] banes) an the [[proximal phalanges]], locatit whaur ane finds the "knuckles" o a human. A horse haes na muscles in its legs ablo the knees an hocks, anerly skin, hair, bane, [[tenon]]s, [[ligament]]s, [[cartilage]], an the assortit specialised tishies that mak up the [[horse huif|huif]].<ref name=Ensminger21>[[#Ensminger|Ensminger]], pp. 21–25</ref> ====Huifs==== {{Main|Horse huif|Horseshae|Ferrier}} The creetical importance o the feet an legs is summed up bi the tradeetional adage, "na fit, na horse".<ref name=Ensminger367>[[#Ensminger|Ensminger]], p. 367</ref> The [[horse huif]] begins wi the [[distal phalanges]], the equivalent o the human fingertip or tip o the tae, surroondit bi [[cartilage]] an ither specialised, bluid-rich saft tishies sic as the [[Horse huif#Internal structurs|laminae]]. The exterior huif waw an horn o the sole is made o [[keratin]], the same material as a human [[Nail (anatomy)|fingernail]].<ref>[[#Giffin|Giffin]], p. 304</ref> The end result is that a horse, wechtin on average {{convert|500|kg}},<ref>[[#Giffin|Giffin]], p. 457</ref> traivels on the same banes as wad a human on tiptoe.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.cvm.uiuc.edu/petcolumns/showarticle_pf.cfm?id=118|title= Yes, The Shin Bone Is Connected to the Ankle Bone|accessdate=2008-04-05 |author= Fuess, Theresa A.|work= Pet Column|publisher= University of Illinois |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060909161307/http://www.cvm.uiuc.edu/petcolumns/showarticle_pf.cfm?id=118 |archivedate = September 9, 2006}}</ref> For the pertection o the huif unner certain condeetions, some horse hae [[horseshae]]s placed on thair feet bi a perfaisional [[ferrier]]. The huif conteenually growes, an in maist domesticatit horse needs tae be trimmed (an horseshaes reset, if uised) ivery five tae aicht weeks,<ref>[[#Giffin|Giffin]], pp. 310–312</ref> tho the huifs o horse in the wild wear doun an regroweat a rate suitable for thair terrain. ====Teeth==== {{Main|Horse teeth}} Horse are adaptit tae [[grazin]]. In an adult horse, thare are 12&nbsp;[[incisor]]s at the front o the mooth, adaptit tae bitin aff the gress or ither vegetation. Thare are 24&nbsp;teeth adaptit for chewin, the [[premolar]]s an [[Molar (tuith)|molars]], at the back o the mooth. Cousers an libbins hae fower addeetional teeth juist ahint the incisors, a teep o [[Canine tuith|canine teeth]] cried "tushes". Some horse, baith male an female, will develop ane tae fower verra smaw [[Vestigiality|vestigial]] teeth in front o the molars, kent as "wouf" teeth, that are generally remuived acause thay can interfere wi the [[bit (horse)|bit]]. Thare is an emptie interdental space atween the incisors an the molars whaur the bit rests directly on the gums, or "bars" o the horse's mooth whan the horse is [[bridle]]d.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kreling |first=Kai |title=Horses' Teeth and Their Problems: Prevention, Recognition, and Treatment |url=https://books.google.com/?id=3q1LINmOkOIC&pg=PA117-IA1 |year=2005 |publisher=Globe Pequot |location=Guilford, CT |isbn=1-59228-696-8 |chapter=The Horse's Teeth |oclc=59163221|pages= 12–13}}</ref> An estimate o a horse's age can be made frae leukin at its teeth. The teeth conteeina tae erupt ootthrou life an are worn doun bi grazing. Tharefore, the incisors shaw cheenges as the horse ages; thay develop a distinct wear pattern, cheeanges in tuith shape, an cheenges in the angle at that the chewin surfaces meet. This allous an estimate o a horse's age, awtho diet an veterinary care can affect the rate o tuith wear an aw.<ref name=Ensminger46>[[#Ensminger|Ensminger]], pp. 46–50</ref> ====Digeestion==== Horse are [[yerbivore]]s wi a digeestive seestem adaptit tae a [[forage]] diet o gresses an ither plant material, consumed steadily ootthrou the day. Tharefore, compared tae humans, thay hae a relatively smaw painch but verra lang thairms tae facilitate a steidy flow o nutrients. A {{convert|450|kg|adj=on}} horse will eat {{convert|7|to|11|kg}} o fuid per day an, unner normal uise, drink {{convert|38|to|45|L}} o [[watter]]. Horse are nae [[ruminant]]s, thay hae anerly oane painch, lik humans, but unlik humans, thay can utilize [[cellulose]], a major component o gress. Horse are [[hindgut fermentation|hindgut fermenters]]. Cellulose fermentation bi symbiotic bacteria occurs in the [[cecum]], or "watter gut", that fuid gaes throu afore reachin the [[lairge intestine]]. Horse canna [[Vomitin|vomit]], sae digeestion problems can quickly cause [[horse colic|colic]], a leadin cause o daith.<ref>[[#Giffin|Giffin]], p. 175</ref> ====Senses==== [[File:Pferdeauge.jpg|thumb|A horse's ee|alt=Close up o a horse ee, wi is dark broun wi lashes on the tap eelid]] The horse' senses are based on thair status as [[predation|prey ainimals]], whaur thay maun be awaur o thair surroondins at aw times.<ref name=Ensminger309>[[#Ensminger|Ensminger]], pp. 309–310</ref> Thay hae the lairgest een o ony laund mammal,<ref name=Sellnow>{{cite book|author=Sellnow, Les|title=Happy Trails: Your Complete Guide to Fun and Safe Trail Riding|url=https://books.google.com/?id=bOUTZgrGD6QC&pg=PA46|year=2004|publisher=Eclipse Press|isbn=1-58150-114-5|oclc=56493380|page=46}}</ref> an are lateral-eed, meanin that thair een are poseetioned on the sides o thair heids.<ref>{{cite journal|url = http://www.thehorse.com/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=15938 | title=Eye Position and Animal Agility Study Published|journal = The Horse | date =March 7, 2010 |nopp=|accessdate=2010-03-11}} Press Release, citing February 2010 Journal of Anatomy, Dr. Nathan Jeffery, co-author, University of Liverpool.</ref> This means that horse hae a range o veesion o mair nor 350°, wi approximately 65° o this bein [[binocular veesion]] an the remainin 285° [[monocular veesion]].<ref name=Sellnow/> Horse hae excellent day an [[nicht veesion]], but thay hae twa-colour, or [[Dichromacy|dichromatic veesion]]; thair [[color veesion]] is somewhit lik [[Reid–green colour blindness|reid-green colour blindness]] in humans, whaur certain colours, especially reid an relatit colours, appear as a shade o green.<ref>{{cite journal |url= http://www.thehorse.com/viewarticle.aspx?ID=9670 |title= In Living Color |accessdate= 2007-07-27 |author= McDonnell, Sue |journal= The Horse via internet archive |date= June 1, 2007 |archive-date= 2007-09-27 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070927223341/http://www.thehorse.com/viewarticle.aspx?ID=9670 |url-status= bot: unknown }}</ref> Thair [[Olfaction|sense o smell]], while muckle better nor that o humans, is nae quite as guid as that o a dug. It is believed tae play a key role in the social interactions o horse as well as detectin ither key scents in the environment. Horse hae twa olfactory centres. The first seestem is in the nostrils an nasal cavity, that analyze a wide range o odours. The seicont, locatit unner the nasal cavity, are the [[Vomeronasal organ]]s, cried the Jacobson's organs an aw. Thir hae a separate nerve pathway tae harn an appear tae primarily analyze [[pheromones]].<ref name="Briggs smell">{{cite web|last=Briggs|first=Karen|title=Equine Sense of Smell|url=http://www.thehorse.com/articles/10055/equine-sense-of-smell|publisher=The Horse|accessdate=2013-12-15|date=2013-12-11}}</ref> A horse's hearin is guid,<ref name=Ensminger309/> an the [[Pinna (anatomy)|pinna]] o ilk lug can rotate up tae 180°, giein the potential for 360° hearin withoot haein tae muive the heid.<ref>{{cite book |author=Myers, Jane |url=https://books.google.com/?id=-gAgchKMXdkC&printsec=frontcover|title= Horse Safe: A Complete Guide to Equine Safety |publisher=CSIRO Publishing |location= Collingwood, UK|year=2005 |isbn=0-643-09245-5 |oclc=65466652|page=7}}</ref> Noise impacts the behaviour o horse an certain kinds o noise mey contreibute tae stress: A 2013 study in the UK indicated that stabled horse war caumest in a quiet settin, or if listenin tae country or clessical muisic, but displayed signs o nervishness whan listenin tae jazz or rock muiic. This study recommended keepin muisic unner a vollum o 21 [[decibel]]s an aw.<ref name="Music">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehorse.com/articles/31229/music-genres-effect-on-horse-behavior-evaluated|title= Music Genre's Effect on Horse Behavior Evaluated|last= Lesté-Lasserre |first=Christa|date=January 18, 2013|work=The Horse|publisher=Blood Horse Publications|accessdate=23 January 2013}}</ref> An Australie study foond that stabled racehorse listenin tae talk radio haed a heicher rate o gastric ulcers nor horse listenin tae muisic, an racehorse stabled whaur a radio wis played haed a heicher oweraw rate o ulceration nor horse stabled whaur thare wis na radio playin.<ref name="EquiNews">{{cite web|url=http://www.equinews.com/article/radios-causing-gastric-ulcers|title=Radios Causing Gastric Ulcers|author=Kentucky Equine Research Staff|date=February 15, 2010|work=EquiNews|publisher=Kentucky Equine Research |accessdate=23 January 2013}}</ref> Horse hae a great sense o balance, due pairtly tae thair abeelity tae feel thair fittin an pairtly tae heichly developed [[proprioception]]—the unconscious sense o whaurethe bouk an limms are at aw times.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.thoroughbredtimes.com/horse-health/1998/October/17/True-horse-sense.aspx|title= True Horse Sense|accessdate= 2008-07-08|author= Thomas, Heather Smith|work= Thoroughbred Times|publisher= Thoroughbred Times Company|archive-date= 2013-01-28|archive-url= https://www.webcitation.org/6E0dQoAfP?url=http://www.thoroughbredtimes.com/horse-health/1998/october/17/true-horse-sense.aspx|url-status= dead}}</ref> A horse's [[Somatosensory seestem|sense o titch]] is well developed. The maist sensitive auries are aroond the een, lugs, an neb.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.unce.unr.edu/publications/files/ag/other/fs9829.pdf|format= PDF|title= Horse Handling and Riding Guidelines Part 1: Equine Senses|accessdate= 2008-07-09|author1= Cirelli, Al Jr.|author2= Brenda Cloud|work= Cooperative Extension|page= 4|publisher= University of Nevada|archive-date= 2015-09-08|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150908031752/http://www.unce.unr.edu/publications/files/ag/other/fs9829.pdf|url-status= dead}}</ref> Horse are able tae sense contact as subtle as an insect laundin onywhaur on the bouk.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Hairston, Rachel |author2=Madelyn Larsen|title= The Essentials of Horsekeeping|publisher= Sterling Publishing Company, Inc.|year= 2004 |isbn=0-8069-8817-7|location=New York, NY|url=https://books.google.com/?id=vSBwbz7FozYC&pg=PA77 |oclc= 53186526|page= 77}}</ref> Horse hae an advanced sense o taste, that allous them tae sort throu [[fother]] an chuise whit thay wad maist lik tae eat,<ref>[[#Miller|Miller]], p. 28</ref> an thair [[Prehensility|prehensile]] lips can easily sort even smaw grains. Horse generally will nae eat pushionous plants, houiver, thare are exceptions; horse will occasionally eat toxic amoonts o pushionous plants even whan thare is adequate halthy fuid.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.cvm.uiuc.edu/petcolumns/showarticle.cfm?id=16|title= Horse Pasture is No Place for Poisonous Plants|accessdate=2008-07-09 |author= Gustavson, Carrie |work= Pet Column July 24, 2000 |publisher= University of Illinois |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070809051147/http://www.cvm.uiuc.edu/petcolumns/showarticle.cfm?id=16 |archivedate = August 9, 2007}}</ref> ===Muivement=== [[File:Muybridge race horse animated.gif|thumb|left|The gallop|alt=Film shawin a horse runnin.]] Aw horse muive naiturally wi fower basic [[horse gang|gangs]]: the fower-beat [[Horse gang#Walk|walk]], that averages {{convert|6.4|km/h}}; the twa-beat [[Trot (horse gang)|trot or jog]] at {{convert|13|to|19|km/h}} (fester for [[harness racin]] horse); the [[Canter|canter or lope]], a three-beat gang that is {{convert|19|to|24|km/h}}; an the [[Horse gallop|gallop]].<ref name=HorseGaits32>[[#Harris|Harris]], p. 32</ref> The gallop averages {{convert|40|to|48|km/h}},<ref name=Harris47>[[#Harris|Harris]], pp.&nbsp;47–49</ref> but the warld record for a horse gallopin ower a short, sprint distance is {{convert|70.76|km/h}}.<ref name=guinness>{{cite web| title = Fastest speed for a race horse| work = Guinness World Records| accessdate = 8 January 2013| url = http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/fastest-speed-for-a-race-horse/}}</ref> Besides thir basic gangs, some horse perform a twa-beat [[Pacin (horse gang)|pace]], insteid o the trot.<ref name=HorseGaits50>[[#Harris|Harris]], p. 50</ref> Thare are several foweur-beat "[[amblin]]" gangs that are approximately the speed o a trot or pace an aw, tho smuither tae ride. Thir include the lateral [[Amblin#Rack|rack]], [[Amblin|runnin walk]], an [[tölt]] as well as the diagonal [[Fox trot (gang)|tod trot]].<ref name="Lieberman">{{cite journal |author=Lieberman, Bobbie | year=2007 |title=Easy Gaited Horses|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_equus_2007-08_359/page/47 |journal=Equus|issue= 359|pages=47–51}}</ref> Amblin gangs are eften genetic in some breeds, kent collectively as [[gangit horse]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Equus Staff | year=2007 |title=Breeds that Gait|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_equus_2007-08_359/page/52 |journal=Equus |issue= 359|pages=52–54}}</ref> Eften, gangit horse replace the trot wi ane o the amblin gangs<!--but some horses both trot and amble, can the Harris book support adding this?-->.<ref name=HorseGaits51>[[#Harris|Harris]], pp. 50–55</ref> ===Behaviour=== Horse are prey ainimals wi a strang [[fecht-or-flicht response]]. Theair first reaction tae threat is tae stairtle an uisually flee, awtho thay will staund thair grund an defend themsels whan flicht is impossible or if thair young are threatened.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.extension.org/pages/23342/horse-fight-vs-flight-instinct |title=Horse Fight vs Flight Instinct |publisher=eXtension |date=2009-09-24 |accessdate=2013-04-17 |archive-date=2013-05-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515125847/http://www.extension.org/pages/23342/horse-fight-vs-flight-instinct |url-status=dead }}</ref> Thay tend tae be curious an aw; whan stairtled, thay will eften hesitate an instant tae ascertain the cause o thair fricht, an mey nae ayeweys flee frae something that thay perceive as non-threatenin. Maist licht horse ridin breeds war developed for speed, agility, alertness an endurement; naitural qualities that extend frae thair wild auncestors. Houiver, throu selective breedin, some breeds o horse are quite docile, pairticularly certain draucht horse.<ref name=Natural226>{{cite book|ref=McBane |author= McBane, Susan|title= A Natural Approach to Horse Management|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780413623706 |publisher= Methuen|location= London|year= 1992|isbn= 0-413-62370-X |oclc= 26359746|pages= [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780413623706/page/226 226]–228}}</ref> Horse are [[herd ainimal]]s, wi a clear hierarchy o rank, led bi a dominant individual, uisually a meir. Thay are social craiturs that are able tae form companionship attachments tae thair awn species an tae ither ainimals, includin humans. Thay communicate in various weys, includin vocalisations sic as nickerin or whinnyin, mutual [[Social gruimin|gruimin]], an [[bouk leid]]. Mony horse will acome difficult tae manage if thay are isolatit, but wi trainin, horse can learn tae accept a human as a companion, an sicweys be comfortable awey frae ither horse.<ref name=Ensminger305>[[#Ensminger|Ensminger]], pp. 305–309</ref> Houiver, whan confined wi insufficient companionship, exercise, or stimulation, individuals mey develop [[stable vices]], an assortment o bad habits, maistly [[Stereotypy (non-human)|stereotypies]] o psychological oreegin, that include wid chewin, waw kickin, "weavin" (rockin back an forth), an ither problems.<ref name=Prince214>{{cite book |author1=Prince, Eleanor F. |author2=Gaydell M. Collier|title= Basic Horsemanship: English and Western|url=https://archive.org/details/basichorsemanshi00prin |publisher= Doubleday|location= New York, NY|year= 1974|isbn=0-385-06587-6 |oclc= 873660|pages=[https://archive.org/details/basichorsemanshi00prin/page/214 214]–223}}</ref> ====Intelligence an learnin==== Studies hae indicatit that horse perform a nummer o [[Cogneetion|cognitive]] tasks on a daily basis, meetin mental challenges that include [[foragin|fuid procurement]] an identification o individuals within a [[Social structur|social seestem]]. Thay hae guid [[Spatial visualisation abeelity|spatial discrimination]] abeelities an aw.<ref name=Hanggi>{{cite web|url=http://www.horsetalk.co.nz/features/horseintelligence-119.shtml|title=Understanding horse intelligence|author=Clarkson, Neil|date=2007-04-16|accessdate=2008-09-16|work=Horsetalk 2007|publisher=Horsetalk|archive-date=2013-01-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124164951/http://horsetalk.co.nz/2012/10/11/understanding-horse-intelligence/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Studies hae assessed equine intelligence in auries sic as [[problem solvin]], speed o learnin, an [[memory]]. Horse excel at semple learnin, but are able tae uise mair advanced cognitive abilities that involve [[categorisation]] an [[concept learnin]] an aw. Thay can learn uisin [[habituation]], [[Desensitisation (psychology)|desensitisation]], [[clessical condeetionin]], an [[operant condeetionin]], an positive an negative [[reinforcement]].<ref name=Hanggi/> Ane study haes indicatit that horse can differentiate atween "mair or less" if the quantity involved is less nor fower.<ref name="count">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehorse.com/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=15396 | title=Horses Demonstrate Ability to Count in New Study |author=Lesté-Lasserre, Christa |accessdate=2009-12-06|work=The Horse}}</ref> Domesticatit horse mey face greater mental challenges nor wild horse, acause thay live in artifeecial environments that prevent [[instinct]]ive behaviour whilst learnin tasks that are nae naitural.<ref name=Hanggi/> Horse are ainimals o [[Habit (psychology)|habit]] that respond well tae regimentation, an respond best whan the same routines an techniques are uised consistently. Ane trainer believes that "intelligent" horse are reflections o intelligent trainers wha effectively uise response condeetionin techniques an positive reinforcement tae train in the style that best fits wi an individual ainimal's naitural inclinations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cs.bloodhorse.com/blogs/nicanor/archive/2008/06/17/equine-iq-what-big-brown-couldn-t-tell-you-and-mr-ed-kept-to-himself.aspx|title=What Big Brown Couldn't Tell You and Mr. Ed Kept to Himself (part 1)|author=Coarse, Jim|date=2008-06-17|accessdate=2008-09-16|work=The Blood Horse}}</ref> ====Temperament==== Horse are [[mammal]]s, an as sic are [[wairm-bluidit]], or [[endotherm]]ic craiturs, as opponed tae cauld-bluidit, or [[poikilotherm]]ic ainimals. Houever, thir wirds hae developed a separate meanin in the context o equine terminology, uised tae descrive temperament, nae [[Thermoregulation|bouk temperatur]]. For ensaumple, the "het-bluids", sic as mony [[horse racin|race horse]], exhibit mair sensitivity an energy,<ref name=Belknap255>[[#Belknap|Belknap]], p. 255</ref> while the "cauld-bluids", sic as maist [[draucht horse|draucht breeds]], are quieter an calmer.<ref name=Belknap112>[[#Belknap|Belknap]], p. 112</ref> Whiles "het-bluids" are clessifee'd as "licht horse" or "ridin horse",<ref name=Ensminger71>[[#Ensminger|Ensminger]], pp. 71–73</ref> wi the "cauld-bluids" clessifee'd as "draucht horse" or "wark horse".<ref name=Ensminger84>[[#Ensminger|Ensminger]], p. 84</ref> ====Sleep patterns==== Horse are able tae sleep baith staundin up an leein doun. In an adaptation frae life in the wild, horse are able tae enter licht sleep uisin a "[[stay apparatus]]" in thair legs, allouin them tae doze withoot collapsin.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://equisearch.com/horses_care/health/behavior/eqzzz629/|title= How Horses Sleep|accessdate= 2007-03-23|author= Pascoe, Elaine|work= Equisearch.com|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070927193341/http://equisearch.com/horses_care/health/behavior/eqzzz629/|archivedate= 2007-09-27|df= }}</ref> Horse sleep better whan in groups acause some ainimals will sleep while ithers staund gaird tae watch for predators. A horse kept alane will nae sleep well acause its [[instinct]]s are tae keep a constant ee oot for danger.<ref name="Horse sleep pt. 2"/> Unlik humans, horse dae nae sleep in a solit, unbroken period o time, but tak mony short periods o rest. Horse spend fower tae fifteen oors a day in staundin rest, an frae a few meenits tae several oors leein doun. Tot sleep time in a 24-oor period mey range frae several meenits tae a couple o oors,<ref name="Horse sleep pt. 2">{{cite web|url= http://equisearch.com/horses_care/health/behavior/eqpowernap1771/|title= How Horses Sleep, Pt. 2&nbsp;– Power Naps|accessdate= 2007-03-23|author= Pascoe, Elaine|work= Equisearch.com|date= 2002-03-12|archive-date= 2007-09-27|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070927193158/http://equisearch.com/horses_care/health/behavior/eqpowernap1771/|url-status= dead}}</ref> maistly in short intervals o aboot 15&nbsp;meenits ilk.<ref name=Ensminger310>[[#Ensminger|Ensminger]], p. 310.</ref> The average sleep time o a domestic horse is said tae be 2.9 oors per day.<ref>{{cite journal|title=40 Winks?|author=Holland, Jennifer S. |journal=National Geographic|volume=220|date=July 2011|issue=1}}</ref> Horse maun lee doun tae reach [[Rapid ee muivement sleep|REM sleep]]. Thay anerly hae tae lie doun for an oor or twa ivery few days tae meet thair meenimum REM sleep requirements.<ref name="Horse sleep pt. 2"/> Houiver, if a horse is niver alloued tae lie doun, efter several days it will acome sleep-deprived, an in rare cases mey suddenly collapse as it involuntarily slips intae REM sleep while still staundin.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://equisearch.com/horses_care/health/behavior/sleepdisorder_121506/|title= Equine Sleep Disorder Videos|accessdate= 2007-03-23|author= EQUUS Magazine Editors|work= Equisearch.com|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070510051620/http://equisearch.com/horses_care/health/behavior/sleepdisorder_121506/|archivedate= 2007-05-10|df= }}</ref> This condeetion differs frae [[narcolepsy]], awtho horse mey suffer frae that disorder an aw.<ref name="Smith">{{cite book |author=Smith, BP |title=Large Animal Internal Medicine|url=https://archive.org/details/largeanimalinter0000unse |publisher=Mosby|location=St. Louis, MO|year=1996 |edition=Second |isbn=0-8151-7724-0 |oclc=33439780|pages= [https://archive.org/details/largeanimalinter0000unse/page/1086 1086]–1087}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ===Soorces=== {{refbegin|60em}} *{{cite book |ref=Belknap|author=Belknap, Maria |title=Horsewords: The Equine Dictionary |url=https://archive.org/details/horsewordsequine0000mari_z9o4_2nded|edition=Second |publisher=Trafalgar Square Publishing |location=North Pomfret, VT |year=2004 |isbn=1-57076-274-0}} *{{cite book |ref=Bongianni|author=Bongianni, Maurizio |title=Simon & Schuster's Guide to Horses and Ponies |publisher=Fireside |location=New York |year= 1987|isbn=0-671-66068-3}} *{{cite encyclopedia|ref=Dohner |author=Dohner, Janet Vorwald |editor= Dohner, Janet Vorwald |title=Equines: Natural History |encyclopedia=Historic and Endangered Livestock and Poultry Breeds |year=2001 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=Topeka, KS |pages=400–401 | isbn = 978-0-300-08880-9}} *{{cite book|ref=Edwards |author=Edwards, Elwyn Hartley |title=The Encyclopedia of the Horse |publisher=Dorling Kindersley |location= London, UK|year=1994 |isbn=1-56458-614-6 |oclc=29670649}} *{{cite book |ref=Ensminger|author= Ensminger, M. E.|title= Horses and Horsemanship: Animal Agricultural Series|url=https://archive.org/details/horseshorsemansh0000ensm|edition= Sixth|publisher= Interstate Publishers|location= Danville, IN|year= 1990|isbn=0-8134-2883-1 |oclc= 21977751}} *{{cite book|ref=Giffin |author1=Giffin, James M. |author2=Tom Gore|title= Horse Owner's Veterinary Handbook |url=https://archive.org/details/horseownersveter0002giff |edition= Second|publisher= Howell Book House |location= New York|year=1998|isbn=0-87605-606-0 |oclc=37245445}} *{{cite book|ref=Harris |author= Harris, Susan E.|title= Horse Gaits, Balance and Movement|url=https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_h0z5 |publisher= Howell Book House|location= New York|year= 1993|isbn= 0-87605-955-8 |oclc= 25873158}} *{{cite book|ref=McBane |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds |url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc00susa |last=McBane |first=Susan |year=1997 |publisher=Wellfleet Press |location=Edison, NJ |isbn=0-7858-0604-0 |oclc=244110821}} *{{cite book |ref=Miller|author=Miller, Robert M.|title= Understanding the Ancient Secrets of the Horse's Mind |publisher= Russell Meerdink Company Ltd|location=Neenah, WI|year=1999|isbn=0-929346-65-3|url=https://books.google.com/?id=5Qat2gs43owC&pg=PA28|oclc=42389612}} *{{cite book|ref=Price |author= Price, Steven D.; Spector, David L..; Gail Rentsch; Burn, Barbara B. (editors) |title= The Whole Horse Catalog: Revised and Updated|url=https://archive.org/details/wholehorsecatalo0000unse |edition=Revised |publisher=Fireside |location=New York |year=1998 |isbn=0-684-83995-4}} *{{cite book |ref=Sponenberg|author= Sponenberg, D. Phillip|chapter=The Proliferation of Horse Breeds|title= Horses Through Time|url=https://archive.org/details/horsesthroughtim00olse|edition= First|publisher= Roberts Rinehart Publishers|location= Boulder, CO |year= 1996 |isbn=1-57098-060-8 |oclc= 36179575}} *{{cite book|ref=Whitaker | author=Whitaker, Julie |author2=Whitelaw, Ian |title=The Horse: A Miscellany of Equine Knowledge |url=https://archive.org/details/horsemiscellanyo0000whit |publisher=St. Martin's Press |location=New York |year=2007 |isbn=0-312-37108-X}} {{refend}} [[Category:Horse| ]] [[Category:Ainimal-pouered transport]] [[Category:Ainimals descrived in 1758]] [[Category:Equus]] [[Category:Yerbivorous ainimals]] [[Category:Horse subspecies]] [[Category:Fermstockin]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Burkina Faso]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Lesotho]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Mongolie]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Nigerie]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Turkmenistan]] 4izzgnlhvr3zn9z92v9mqp5dnm0yvym 0 7750 920014 914418 2026-07-25T00:37:10Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 920014 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{Year nav|2012}} '''2012''' ('''[[roman numerals|MMXII]]''') wis a [[lowp year]] stairtin on a [[Sunday]] in the [[Gregorian calendar]]. == Events == {{Update section}} === Januar === * [[1 Januar]] — The warks o [[James Joyce]] entered the [[public domain]]. * [[15 Januar]] — Presidential elections in [[Finland]] * [[23 Januar]] — [[Cheenae new year]] an scheduled new muin.[http://www.foormilab.to/cgi-bin/uncgi/yoorsky lift abune 47°n 7°e at tue 2008 mar 25 1:52]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} this time o year is associate wi the watter-draigon in [[Cheenae]] [[astrology]].[http://www.zein.se/patrick/chinen5p.html the beauty o cheenae astrology] * [[31 Januar]] — [[433 eros]], the seicont-lairgest [[Naur Yird Object]] on record (size 13x13x33 km) is expected tae pass the Yird at 0.1790 [[astronomical unit]] (~26.8 million kilometer; ~16.6 million mile). [[NASA]] studied Eros wi the [[Naur Shoemaker]] probe launched on [[1996-02-17]].[http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/neofact.html near Yird object fact sheet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926070521/http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/neofact.html |date=2015-09-26 }} === Februar === * [[5 Februar]] — [[Super Bowl XLVI]] wis played. * [[6 Februar]] — Queen [[Elizabeth II o the Unitit Kinrick|Elizabeth II]] celebratit her [[diamond jubilee]]. A series o festivities athort the [[Unitit Kinrick]] an the [[Commonweel o Nations]] will likely rin throu oot the year. === Aprile === * [[1 Aprile]] — The [[Unitit States census, 1940|Unitit States census o 1940]] is released tae the public. * [[15 Aprile]] - 100t anniversity o the sinkin o the [[R.M.S. Titanic]] * [[17 Aprile]] — the Unitit States will cede control o the [[Militar o Sooth Korea|militar]] o the [[Republic o Korea]] efter 50 year. === Mey === * [[20 Mey]] — annular [[solar eclipse]], a sunday. * main - [[French preses]] election (if the incumbent's term hud normally finished in Mey). * main - [[Irish general election]] is due tae be held if the current govrenment remains in office fur a foo term. === Juin === * [[6 Juin]] — seicont an lest [[sun|solar]] [[transit o venus|transit]] o the planit [[Venus (planet)|Venus]] o thes century; the next pair is predictit tae occur in [[2117]] an [[2125]] (see [[transit o venus, 2012]]). * [[9 Juin]]–[[1 Julie]] — [[2012 European Fitbaa Championship]] will be played in [[Poland]]/[[Ukraine]]. === Julie === * [[Julie 1]] — preses elections in [[mexico]]. * [[Julie 27]] — openin' ceremony o the [[2012 Simmer Olympics]] begins in [[Lunnon]] at 7:30 pm [[UTC]], 8:30pm bst.[http://www.Lunnon2012.com/ homepage - Lunnon 2012]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} === August === * [[12 August]] — closin' ceremony o the [[2012 Simmer Olympics]] in [[Lunnon]], [[Unitit Kinrick]], a sunday. * [[29 August]] — stairt o the [[2012 Simmer Paralympics]] === September === * [[9 September]] — end o the [[2012 Simmer Paralympics]] === October === * [[24 October]] — the [[Unitit Kinrick]]'s 5-yeir-lang region-bi-region process to cease [[analogue telly]] broadcasts an ainly permit [[deegital telly]] broadcasts (Scots: ''deegital cheenge ower''<ref>[https://www.anorak.co.uk/319005/technology/digital-tv-for-ulster-scots-in-northren-ireland-whit-is-the-deegital-cheenge-ower.html Digital TV for Ulster Scots in ‘Northren Ireland’: Whit Is The Deegital Cheenge-Ower?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012161206/https://www.anorak.co.uk/319005/technology/digital-tv-for-ulster-scots-in-northren-ireland-whit-is-the-deegital-cheenge-ower.html |date=2020-10-12 }} Anorak.co.uk</ref>) ends. [[Meridian Broadcasting]], [[ITV Lunnon]], [[Tyne Tees Television]] an [[UTV]] war the lest auries tae switch aff analogue.<ref>[http://www.digitaluk.co.uk/en/when.html when is the digital tv switchowre? the different regions an dates]</ref> === November === * [[6 November]] — the Unitit States [[Unitit States preses election|preses]], [[Unitit States senate elections, 2012|senate]], an [[Unitit States hoose o representatives|hoose o representatives]] elections. * [[6 November]] — [[Elections in Puertae Rico|Puertae Rico general election]] * [[13 November]] — tot [[solar eclipse]] (visible in northren [[Australie]] an the sooth paceefic). * [[28 November]] — penumbral [[lunar eclipse]] === December === * [[3 December]] — [[Jupiter]] oppositions. * [[21 December]] — the [[mesoamerican lang coont calendar]], notably uised bi the [[Meya civilization]] amang ethers o [[pre-columbian]] [[mesoamericae]], completes its thirteent ''[[baktun|b'ak'tun]]'' cycle syne the calendar's meethical startin' pynt (equivalent tae [[3114 bc]] [[August 11]] in the [[proleptic gregorian calendar]], accordin' tae the "gmt-correlation" [[julian day numbers|jdn]]= 584283).see finley (2002), hooston (1989, pp.&nbsp;49–51), miller an taube (1993, pp.&nbsp;50–52), voss (2006, p.&nbsp;138), wagner (2006, pp.&nbsp;281–283). note 'at hooston 1989 mistakenly writes "3113 bc" (when "-3113" is meant), an miller an taube 1993's mention o "2 August" is a (presumed) erratum. the lang coont ''b'ak'tun'' date o thes startin' pynt (13.0.0.0.0) is repeated, fur the first time in a span o approximately fife,125 [[solar year]]s. the significance o thes period-endin' tae the pre-columbian Meya themselves is unclear, an thaur is an incomplete [[Meya script|inscription]] ([[tortuguero (Meya site)|tortuguero]] monument 6) 'at graphite loons thes date. it is tae be foond carved oan the walls o the temple o inscriptions in [[palenque]] an aa, whaur it functions as a base date frae which ither dates ur computed.wagner (2006, p.&nbsp;281; an aa nae weel.443). houiver, it is conjectured 'at thes main represent in the [[Meya mythology|Meya belief seestem]] a transition frae the current creation warld intae the next. * the 2012 [[winter solstice]] will occur oan thes day at 11:11 [[UTC]] forby. {{cite web|title=Yirds seasons: equinoxes, solstices, perihelion, an aphelion, 2000-2020|author=Unitit States naval observatory|url=http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/earthseasons.php|date=2007-01-28|access-date=2008-04-15|archive-date=2007-10-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013000301/http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/EarthSeasons.php|url-status=dead}} * [[December 23]] — the alternatife date fur the completion o the thirteent ''b'ak'tun'' cycle in the Meya calendar, usin' a version o the gmt-correlation based oan a jdn o 584285 (a.k.a. the "astronomical" ur "[[floyd loonsbury|loonsbury]] correlation"), which is supported by a smawer nummer o Meyanist researchers.efter a modified proposal championed by [[floyd loonsbury]]; soorces 'at hae uised thes correlation include hooston (1989, p.&nbsp;51), an in parteecular schele an freidel (1990, pp.&nbsp;430 ''it seq.''). see an aa commentary by finley (2002), fa althoogh makin' an assessment 'at the "[584285 correlation yieldin' end-date o December 23] is noo mair aw the gang wi Meyanists", expresses a personal preference fur the 584283 correlation. * [[31 December]] — expiration o the [[Kyoto Protocol]]. === Unkent dates === * the replacement eastern span o the [[san francisco-oaklain bay bridge]] will open tae traffeck, replacin' the auld eastern cantilever span 'at wis damaged in the [[loma prieta earthquake]] in 1989, awmaist a quarter century (23 year) efter the span wis damaged [http://www.newbaybridge.org newbaybridge.org - the new eest span: history in the making] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819061750/http://www.newbaybridge.org/ |date=2007-08-19 }} * [[Indie]]'s 11t [[five-year plans o indie|five-year plan]] ([[2007]]–2012) ends an the 12t a body (2012–[[2017]]) starts. * [[Australie]] an [[Ireland]] will cease analogue tele broadcasts. * californiaws ban oan the production o [[foie gras]] will tak' effect. * [[NASA]]'s new [[orion (spacecraft)|orion spacecraft]] will acome fully operational fur [[International Space Station]] support flights. * [[Cheenae]] is tae complete the construction o the [[Kuafu]] spacecraft. * [[Freedom Touer]] in [[New York Ceety]]: construction will be finished. * [[secht & soond]] magazine will conduct its tap ten films o aw-time poll fur the seivent decade syne 1952. * the [[Hallandsas ridge tunnel]] will be completit, 17 year behin' the oreeginal plan. * the [[Canberra class]] lecht aircraft carriers/lairge amphibioos ships, the lairgest ships ever tae be operated by the Ryal Australie Navy, will be in service. * the sin will reverse its ain magnetic poles durin' 2012 as result o reachin' the end o the current 11-year [[sunspot cycle]].[http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2001/ast15feb_1.htm the sin diz a flip] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090512121817/http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2001/ast15feb_1.htm |date=2009-05-12 }} * the [[Canadian Navy]] recei'es the delivery o the first [[joint support ship]]. == Majur religioos holidays == * [[Januar 7]] — [[Christenmas day]] bi [[Julian calendar]] (celebrated bi [[eastern orthodox]] Christians) * [[Februar 1]] — [[imbolc]], a [[cross-quarter day]] (celebrated oan [[Februar 2]] in some places) * [[Februar 5]] — Mawlid an nabi - [[Islam]] * [[Mairch 8]] — Pureem - [[Judaism]] * [[Mairch 20]] — [[sprin' equinox]], cried [[ostara]] an aa * [[Aprile 7]] — Passowre - [[Judaism]] * [[Aprile 8]] — [[Easter]] - [[christianity]] * [[Mey 1]] — [[Beltane]], a [[cross-quarter day]] * [[Mey 27]] — Shavuot - [[Judaism]] * [[Juin 17]] — Lailat al miraj - [[Islam]] * [[Juin 20]] — Simmer [[solstice]], cried [[midsimmer]] ur [[midsimmer|litha]] an aa * [[Julie 20]] — [[Ramadan]] begins - [[Islam]] * [[August 1]] — [[Lammas]], a [[cross-quarter day]] * [[August 19]] — Id al fitr - [[Islam]] * [[September 17]] — Rosh hashanah - [[Judaism]] * [[September 21]] — [[equinox|faa equinox]], cried [[mabon]] an aa * [[October 1]] — Sukkot - [[Judaism]] * [[November 1]] — [[Samhain]], a [[cross-quarter day]], [[neopaganism|neopagan]] Hogmanay an [[christianity|christian]] aw saints' day * [[November 15]] — Hogmanay - [[Islam]] * [[December 9]] — Hanukkah - [[Judaism]] * [[December 21]] — Winter [[solstice]], cried [[yule]] an aa * [[December 25]] — [[Christenmas]] == Metaphysical predictions == 2012 is whiles claimed tae be a [[great year]] o spiritual transformation (ur [[apocalypse]]). mony esoteric soorces interprit the completion o the thirteent [[baktun|b'ak'tun]] cycle in the [[Meya lang coont calendar|lang coont]] o the [[Meya calendar]] (which occurs oan [[December 21]] by the maist widely held correlation) tae pure techt thaur will be a majur chynge in warld order. accordingly, several eclectic authors claeem 'at a majur, world-changin' event will tak' place in 2012: * the 1997 beuk ''[[the bible code]]'' claims 'at, accordin' tae certaint algorithms o the [[bible code]], a meteur, asteroid ur comit will collide wi the Yird. * the 2006 beuk ''2012: the return o [[quetzalcoatl]]'' bi [[Daniel Pinchbeck]] discusses theories o a possible global awakenin' tae psychic connection bi the year 2012, creatin' a [[noosphere]]. ither prophecies an apocalyptic writins an hypotheses fur thes year include: * [[Terence McKenna]]'s [[novelty theory]] suggested the [[End times|end o time]] an a pynt o [[technological singularity|singularity]] in which humankin will hae a shift in conscioosness.<ref name="Mavericks">{{cite book|title=Mavericks of the Mind: Conversations for the New Millennium|year=1993|publisher=[[Ten Speed Press|Crossing Press]]|location=Freedom, CA|isbn=978-0895946010|pages=[https://archive.org/details/mavericksofmindc00brow/page/9 9–24]|editor1-first=David Jay|editor1-last=Brown|editor1-link=David Jay Brown|editor2-first=Rebecca McClen|editor2-last=Novick|chapter=Mushrooms, Elves And Magic|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/mavericksofmindc00brow/page/9}}</ref><ref name="Jenkins">{{cite book|last=Jenkins|first=John Major|author-link=John Major Jenkins|title=The 2012 Story: The Myths, Fallacies, and Truth Behind the Most Intriguing Date in History|chapter=Early 2012 Books McKenna and Waters|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M4Z5xOx1INcC&pg=PT76|publisher=[[Penguin Group|Penguin]]|year=2009|isbn=978-1101148822|ref={{SfnRef|Jenkins|2009}}}}</ref><ref name="EsquireJacobson">{{cite magazine|first=Mark|last=Jacobson|date=June 1992|title=Terence McKenna the brave prophet of The next psychedelic revolution, or is his cosmic egg just a little bit cracked?|magazine=[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]]|pages=107–138|id=ESQ 1992 06|url=https://archive.org/details/1992TerenceMcKennaEaquire}}</ref><ref name="Dery21C">{{cite web|url=http://www.21cmagazine.com/Terence-McKenna-The-Inner-Elf|title=Terence McKenna: The inner elf|last=Dery|first=Mark|author-link=Mark Dery|year=2001|origyear=1996|accessdate=2014-02-07|magazine=21•C Magazine|archive-date=2014-07-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724101610/http://21cmagazine.com/Terence-McKenna-The-Inner-Elf|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Literature === * ''[[methuselah's children]]'' (1941/1958) an ''[[time enaw fur love]]'' (1973) bi [[Robert A. Heinlein]]: a crucial meetin' o the [[howard families]] takes place, followin' the election o [[nehemiah scudder]] fur [[president o the usa]]. in baith novels, viewpoint character [[lazarus long]] is speart whit happened at thes meetin' as he is the lest livin' eyewitness; in baith novels he declines tae answer. nehemiah scudder establishes a religioos dictatorship in the usa. * "domain" an "resurrection" bi authur [[Steve Alten]]: a feectional series 'at tells the events o the gabriel twins efter discoverin' the mystery behin' 2012. * "[[2012: the war fur sools]]" bi authur [[Whitley Strieber]] is a feectional novel abit thee [[parallel universe (fiction)|parallel warlds]] an the occurrences leadin' up tae December 21, 2012 in each as the walls atween them begin tae thin an allaw passage ben gateways tae the others. === Comics === * ''[[the invisibles#the invisible kingdom|the invisibles]]'' ("[[the invisibles#the invisible kingdom|the invisible kingdom]]," 1999–2000): the invisibles' "fictional" universe expands intae the meta-context o the "higher universe," possibly uir ain. === Music === * "A Certain Shade o Green," a sang frae the [[Incubus (baund)|Incubus]] album ''[[s.c.i.e.n.c.e.]]'', references 2012 in the followin' lines: ''aur ye gonna stain aroond till 2012 a.d.? / whit ur ye waitin' fur, a certain shade o green?''. December 21, 2012 appears tae be the date when the video fur the sang "warning" is supposed tae tak' place. * [[Genesis (baund)|Genesis]]'s sang ''Get'em it bi Friday'' frae thair 1972 album ''[[Foxtrot (album)|Foxtrot]]'', sets "18/9/2012" (on the printed operistic-dialog lyrics) as the date when "genetic control" woods sit a heecht restriction oan human beings sae 'at twice as mony fowk coods fit oan real estate properties. * "Pesky Solar Flares", bi Angie Strange haes lyrics relatin' tae coronal mass ejections occurrin' durin' the winter solstice o 2012. the sang wis available as a free download oan the wabsteid o the aw the gang american conspiracy gab radio shaw coest tae coest am. * the [[Hed Pe]] sang "i.f.o." (tae be foond oan thair seicont, self-titled album), which is abit ufo sightings an governmental conspiracies tae cowre them up, references the year 2012: "prepaur tae meit yer maker in the skies ower the pyramids / check stonehenge / gang ask the Meyans / 2012 suin come / Ah will be waitin' sayin' Ah tauld ye sae / when the skies ur ripped open / an the mothership lands oan yer cynical ass". * (hed) p.e. references 2012 in "killin' time" frae thair seicont album "broke". ''come twintie twal, come twal tribes, come twal strands, come twal li'es twal steps, twal months, twal drug dealers'' * [[stones flin' records]] airtist [[Dudley Perkins]] released his lp, entitled '[[expressions (2012 a.u.)]]', in 2006 * the instrumental sang "December 21, 2012" bi [[Frodus]], which appears as a b-side tae thair best-sellin' 7" vinyl single o thair [[devo]] cowre "explosions" (released 1997). * the [[Anaal Nathrakh]] sang "[[Timewae Zero]]" is abit the apparent end o the warld oan December 21, 2012. the lyrics ur translated as "the 21st o December, 2012, the time will come" * the [[A Day Tae Remember]] sang "[[Fest Forward Tae 2012]]" refers tae the warld endin' in 2012 as a warnin' fur friends tae dae somethin' tae prepaur. * british nu-rae ootfit [[klaxons]] sin' abit apocalyptic horsemen in thair sang "foor horsemen o 2012" frae the 2007 album [[myths o the near future (album)|myths o the near future]]. * the sang "2012 — demise o the 5th sun" by the melodic daith metal bain [[scar symmetry]] is a reference tae the year 2012. "''fur the lines oan the fractal wae / fit the coorse o history / they're created tae wark as a body till the end / when the winter solstice comes / actualizin' the prophecy / the demise in 2012 realized''" * the [[testament (baund)|testament]] sang "3 days in darkness", aff o the gaitherin' album is a sang abit 2012, an speaks o the Yird bein' swallowed in molten fire. * [[vnv nation]]'s album praise the fallen" haes the subtitle "ptf 2012", which is forby the nam o a track in the album, which seems tae be predominantly abit an upcomin' war. the sang, "honoor" starts wi the line, "passife fields, januar 2012..." * hivy metal bain [[burnt by the sin (band)|burnt by the sun]]'s tois albums baith deal wi prophecies concernin' the year 2012. * "2012" is the nam o the 2005 album by the experimental rock bain [[auld time relijun]], an several sangs mak references tae auncient Meyan cultur, sic' as "burial moond" an "the kin' o tint lecht." * oan the bain [[hella (baund)|hella]]'s album [[There's nae 666 in ooter space]] thaur is a track cried "2012 an coontless" in which the anly words ur "there's nae 666 in ooter space" repeated. * metal bain [[Ewigkeit]]'s album [[Radio Ixtlan]] haes a track entitled "life at palenque 2012" referencin' baith the Meyan calendar date an the site at which the temple o inscriptions whaur it is carved. * canibus mentions the year 2012 an December 21, 2012 oan his poit laureate infinity vocals an oan his 2007 album [[fur whom the beat tolls]]. === Film === * ''[[I am legend (film)|i am legend]]'': the events o the [[2007]] film tak' place in thes year. === Televeesion === * ''[[Doctor Who]]'' * * "[[Dalek (Doctor Who episode)|dalek]]," 2005: a [[dalek]] breaks loose unner the [[utah]] salt plains, an plans tae kill every livin' hin' oan the [[yird]]. ** "[[Fear her]]," 2006: the episode is sit durin' the lead-up tae the [[2012 summer olympics]] in [[Lunnon]]. * ''[[Futurama (tv series)|Futurama]]'' ** [[Xmas story]]," 1999: the war o 2012 occurs, durin' which talk-shaw host [[conan o'brien]] tint his "freakishly lang legs." ** [[Jurassic bark]]," 2002; [[philip j. fry|philip j. fry's]] dug [[seymoor (futurama)|seymoor]] dies in thes year. * ''[[The x-files]]'' ("[[the truth (the x-files)|the truth]]," 2002): oan [[December 22]], aliens invade the Yird. === Gemmes === * ''[[Shadowrun]]'': wi the [[Meyan calendar#2012|sixth Meyan warld beginning]], magic returns tae the warld in an event called "the awakenin'." * ''escape 2012'': the player's mission is tae escape frae alien captivity. * in [[Dark•matter]], a campaign settin' fur the [[alternity]] an [[d20 modern]] roleplayin' gemmes, the institute 'at the protagonists belang tae believe 'at 2012 will be the end o the warld. * [[Stalker - shadaw o chernobyl|''s.t.a.l.k.e.r — shadaw o chernobyl'']] is sit in thes year * ''[[Psychic force 2012]]'' is sit durin' thes year. * in ''[[Universe at war: earth assault]]'', the hierarchy invasion oan the Yird begins. * an in-gam document frae ''[[the secrit world]]'' conteens the date 2012 circled an underlined but the significance o thes is yit unkent. * in ''[[Shattered union]]'', ye.s. president david jefferson adams accepts his seicont term in office efter the [[scotus|supreme coort]] disqualifies aw ither presidential candidates. * a body o the dual storylines in [[assassin's creed]] is sit in 2012 * events o [[mega cheil iii]], [[mega man's soccer]], [[wily an right's rockboard]] an [[mega cheil v]] ur sit in thes year. * a body o the puzzles later oan in [[la mulana]] (a freewaur pc gam based oan mony o the aulder msx gemmes released) states ye need tae 'walk the end year o the aztec's fift age.' the player main 'en lecht anly the torches o the gates 'at correspond tae the numbers in the year '2012'. == See awso == *[[:Category:2012 albums]] *[[:Category:2012 daiths]] == Notes == {{reflist|1}} == References == {{refbegin}} :{{cite book|author=argüelles, josé |authorlink=josé argüelles |year=1987 |title=the Meyan factor: path beyond technology |publisher=bear & company}} :{{cite book|author=argüelles, josé |year=2002 |title=time an the technosphaur, the law o time in human affairs] |publisher=bear & company}} :{{cite book|author=argüelles, josé/valum votan |year=2004 |title=livin' ben the closin' o the cycle, a survival guide oan the road tae 2012 |publisher=law o time press}} :{{cite book |author=drosnin, michael |year=1997 |title=[[the bible code]] |location=new york, ny |publisher=toochstain press}} :{{cite web |author=finley, michael |year=2002 |title=the correlation question |work=the real Meya prophecies: astronomy in the inscriptions an codices |url=http://members.shaw.ca/mjfinley/corr.html |publisher=Meya astronomy |accessdate=2007-06-04}} :hancock, graham. (1995) ''[[fingerprints o the gods]]''. new york, ny: thee rivers press. :{{cite book | author=hooston, stephen d. |authorlink=Stephen D. Hooston |year=1989 |title=readin' the past: Meya glyphs |publisher=british museum publications |location=Lunnon |isbn=0-7141-8069-6 |oclc=18814390}} :{{cite book |author=joseph, lawrence e.|authorlink=Lawrence E. Joseph |year=2007 |title=apocalypse 2012: a scientific investigation intae civilization's end |url=https://archive.org/details/apocalypse2012sc00jose_0|publisher=morgan road books |location=new york |isbn=978-0-7679-2447-4 |oclc=70673333}} :{{cite book |author=miller, mary |authorlink=Mary Miller |author2=ain [[karl taube]] |year=1993 |title=the gods an symbols o ancient mexico an the Meya |url=https://archive.org/details/godssymbolsofa00mill |publisher=thames an hudson |location=Lunnon |isbn=0-500-05068-6 |oclc=27667317}} :morrison, grant, an varioos artists (1995–2000) ''[[the invisibles]]'', vol. yin issues 1–25, vol. tae issues 1–22, vol. thee issues 12–14. new york, ny: vertigo comics. :pinchbeck, daniel. (2006) ''2012: the return o quetzalcoatl''. new york, ny: penguin crew. :satinowre, jeffrey, m.d. (1997) ''crackin' the bible code''. new york, ny: harpercollins press. :{{cite book |author=schele, linda |authorlink=linda schele |author2= an david freidel |year=1990 |title=a forest o kings: the untauld story o the ancient Meya |url=https://archive.org/details/forestofkingsunt0034sche |publisher=william morraw |location=new york |isbn=0-688-07456-1}} :stray, geoff. (2005) ''beyond 2012: catastrophe ur ecstasy''. sussex uk: vital signs publishin'. :{{cite book |author=voss, alexander |year=2006 |chapter=astronomy an mathematics |pages=[https://archive.org/details/mayadivinekingso0000unse/page/130 130]–143 |editor= [[nikolai grube]] (ed.) |others=eva eggebrecht an matthias seidel (assistant eds.) |title=Meya: divine kings o the rain forest |url=https://archive.org/details/mayadivinekingso0000unse |location=cologne |publisher=könemann press |isbn=3-8331-1957-8 |oclc=71165439}} :{{cite book |author=wagner, elizabeth |year=2006 |chapter=Meya creation myths an cosmography |pages=[https://archive.org/details/mayadivinekingso0000unse/page/280 280]–293 |editor= [[nikolai grube]] |others=eva eggebrecht an matthias seidel (assistant eds.) |title=Meya: divine kings o the rain forest |url=https://archive.org/details/mayadivinekingso0000unse |location=cologne |publisher=könemann press |isbn=3-8331-1957-8 |oclc=71165439}} See Finley (2002), Houston (1989, pp.&nbsp;49–51), Miller an Taube (1993, pp.&nbsp;50–52), Voss (2006, p.&nbsp;138), Wagner (2006, pp.&nbsp;281–283). Note that Houston 1989 mistakenly writes "3113 BC" (when "-3113" is meant), an Miller an Taube 1993's mention o "2 August" is a (presumed) erratum. The Long Count ''b'ak'tun'' date o this stairtin pynt (13.0.0.0.0) is repeated, for the first time in a span o approximately 5,125 [[solar year]]s. The significance o this period-endin tae the pre-Columbian Meya themselves is unclear, an there is an incomplete [[Meya script|inscription]] ([[Tortuguero (Meya site)|Tortuguero]] Monument 6) that records this date. It is tae be foond carved on the walls o the Temple o Inscriptions in [[Palenque]] an aa, whaur it functions as a base date frae which ither dates are computed.Wagner (2006, p.&nbsp;281; ill.443 an aa). Houiver, it is conjectured that this Mey represent in the [[Meya mythology|Meya belief seestem]] a transition frae the current Creation world intae the next. {{refend}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:2012|*]] ou9pznooey40lgikiuw5xoo8l39w4wl 0 10268 919973 882423 2026-07-24T23:58:38Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 919973 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club | clubname = Burnley F.C. | image = [[image:Burnley FC badge.png|200px]] | fullname = Burnley Football Club | nickname = The Clarets | founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1882}} | ground = [[Turf Moor]] | capacity = 21,401 | owner = ALK Capital LLC | chairman = Alan Pace | manager = [[Vincent Kompany]] | league = {{English football updater|Burnley}} | season = {{English football updater|Burnley2}} | position = {{English football updater|Burnley3}} | current = | pattern_la1 = _burnley2223h | pattern_b1 = _burnley2223h | pattern_ra1 = _burnley2223h | pattern_sh1 = _burnley2223h | pattern_so1 = _burnley2223h | leftarm1 = 80BFFF | body1 = 800000 | rightarm1 = 80BFFF | shorts1 = FFFFFF | socks1 = FFFFFF | pattern_la2 = _burnley2223a | pattern_b2 = _burnley2223a | pattern_ra2 = _burnley2223a | pattern_sh2 = _burnley2223a | pattern_so2 = _burnley2223a | leftarm2 = 77BBFF | body2 = 77BBFF | rightarm2 = 77BBFF | shorts2 = 77BBFF | socks2 = 77BBFF | pattern_la3 = _burnley2223t | pattern_b3 = _burnley2223t | pattern_ra3 = _burnley2223t | pattern_sh3 = _burnley2223t | pattern_so3 = _burnley2223t | leftarm3 = 035B6F | body3 = 035B6F | rightarm3 = 035B6F | shorts3 = 000000 | socks3 = 035B6F | website = http://www.burnleyfootballclub.com/ }} '''Burnley Football Club''' ({{IPA-en|ˈbɜrnli}}), nicknamed ''The Clarets'' bi fans, is a professional Inglis [[fitba]] club based in [[Burnley]], [[Lancashire]], that plays in the [[Premier League]] efter winnin the [[EFL Championship]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Unwin|first=Will|date=2023-04-07|title=Burnley promoted to Premier League after Kompany’s claret revolution|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2023/apr/07/vincent-kompany-burnley-promotion-premier-league|access-date=2023-07-03|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> In 1883, Burnley acame ane o the first fitba teams til become professional.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rollin|first=Glenda|url=https://archive.org/details/skysportsfootbal0000unse_z0q8|title=Sky Sports Football Yearbook 2006-2007|last2=Rollin|first2=Jack|date=2007|publisher=Headline Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-7553-1664-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/skysportsfootbal0000unse_z0q8/page/120 120]|language=en}}</ref> Acause o that, Burnley pressurit [[the Fitba League]] tae pay the fitbawers. Burnley wud play in the [[FA Cup]] fur the first time in [[1885–86 FA Cup|1885-86]] an wur ane o the 12 foonder memmers o [[The Fitba League]] in [[1888 in association fitbaw|1888]]. Fae the 1950s till the 1970s, unner chairman [[Bob Lord]], the club wud be kent fur its youth policie an [[Scout (fitba)|scoutin system]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jones|first=Andy|title=Turning ‘nuggets into gold’, rows with everyone and the 3pm TV blackout – How ‘Lord of Burnley’ shaped the game|url=https://theathletic.com/1317306/2019/10/25/profiting-from-youngsters-better-facilities-than-chelsea-the-3pm-tv-blackout-banning-reporters-how-lord-of-burnley-shaped-the-game/|access-date=2023-07-03|website=The Athletic|language=en}}</ref> an wis ane o the first to mak a purpose-buildit [[training ground]]. Burnley hae been [[Leet o Inglis fitbaw champions|champions o Ingland]] twa time, in [[1920–21 Burnley F.C. saison|1920–21]] an [[1959–60 Burnley F.C. saison|1959–60]], hae won the FA Cup ance, in [[1913–14 FA Cup|1913–14]], an hae won the [[FA Community Shield|FA Charity Shield]] twa time, in [[1960 FA Charity Shield|1960]] an [[1973 FA Charity Shield|1973]]. They hae been rinners-up in the [[Fitba League First Division|First Division]] twa time, in [[1919–20 Football League|1919–20]] an [[1961–62 Football League|1961–62]], an FA Cup rinners-up twa time, in [[1946–47 FA Cup|1946–47]] an [[1961–62 FA Cup|1961–62]]. Burnley are alsae ane o ainly five clubs tae hae won [[Inglis fitba league system|aw fower professional divisions o Inglis fitba]], wi [[Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C.|Wolverhampton Wanderers]], [[Preston North End F.C.|Preston North End]], [[Sheffield United F.C.|Sheffield United]] an [[Portsmouth F.C.|Portsmouth]] forby. Whan the team won the 1959–60 Football League, the toun o Burnley—wi ainly 80,000 fowk—wud acome ane of the mair wee touns to hae an English first-tier champion team. The team hae playit hame gemmes at [[Turf Moor]] syne 1883, efter thay haed muivit fae thair original grounds at Calder Vale. The club colours o [[Wine (color)#Claret|claret]] an blue wur adoptit afore the [[1910–11 in English football|1910–11]] saison in respect tae the 1909-10 Fitba League champions [[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]]. The club is nicknamed "the Clarets" acause o the kenspeckle colour o its [[Tap (fitba)|hame shirts]]. Burnley's logo the nou is based on the toun's coat o arms.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Thomas|first=Andi|date=2015-01-16|title=Burnley's badge is the best in the Premier League|url=https://www.sbnation.com/soccer/2015/1/16/7557207/burnley-badge-premier-league|url-status=live|access-date=2023-07-03|website=SB Nation|language=en}}</ref> The team hae haed a lang-standin rivalry wi neeburin club [[Blackburn Rovers F.C.|Blackburn Rovers]]. The clubs play against ilka-ither in the [[East Lancashire derby|East Lancashire Derby]], the auldest fitba derby.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jones|first=Andy|title=Inside England's oldest rivalry: Cotton contracts, Owen Coyle masks and bus escorts|url=https://theathletic.com/3835797/2022/11/12/burnley-blackburn-oldest-rivalry/|access-date=2023-07-03|website=The Athletic|language=en}}</ref> == References == <references /> {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Ingland]] [[Category:Sport in Burnley]] [[Category:Burnley F.C.| ]] [[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in 1882]] [[Category:Premier League clubs]] [[Category:Football League clubs]] [[Category:Football League Championship clubs]] [[Category:Football League foonder members]] [[Category:FA Cup winners]] [[Category:1880s establishments in Europe]] k2bbaejz4u3nd2ad32b7f7vis5yluso 0 10553 919935 890676 2026-07-24T23:28:47Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 919935 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Needs Mair Soorces}} {{short description|Passive electrical component providin electrical resistance}}{{Infobox electronic component|component=Resistor|image=[[File:Electronic-Axial-Lead-Resistors-Array.png|250px]]|caption=An array of axial-lead resistors|type=[[Passivity (engineering)|Passive]]|working_principle=[[Electric resistance]]|invented=|first_produced=|symbol=[[File:IEEE 315-1975 (1993).2.1.1.a.svg|100px]] [[File:IEEE 315-1975 (1993) 2.1.1.b.svg|100px]]|symbol_caption=IEEE schematic symbols}}A '''reseestor''' is a twa-endit electronic component that maks a [[voltage]] ower its ends evenly tae the circuit's voltage bi [[Ohm's Law]]. In electronic circuits, resistors are uised tae git current flow doun, sort signal levels, tae spleet voltages, bias active elements, an terminate transmission lines, among ither uises. Heigh-power resistors that can dissipate mony [[Watt|watts]] o electrical pouer as heat micht be uised as pairt o motor controls, in pouer distreebution seestems, or as test loads for [[Electric generator|generators]]. Fixed resistors hiv resistances that juist chynge a wee bit wi temperatur, time or operatin voltage. Variable resistors can be uised tae sort circuit elements (sic as a vollum control or a lamp dimmer), or as sensin devices for heat, licht, humidity, force, or chemical acteevity.{{Citation needed}} Resistors are common elements for electrical networks an electronic circuits and are fun in loads o [[Electronics|electronic equipment]]. Practical resistors as discrete components can be made up o sindry compounds an forms. Resistors are implementit ben integrated circuits an aw. The electrical function for a resistor is specifeed bi its resistance: common commercial resistors are manufacturt ower a reenge o mair nor nine orders of magnitude. The nominal value for the resistance faws ben the manufacturin tolerance, indicatit on the component. == Electronic seembols an notation == Twa teepical schematic diagram seembol are as fund ablow:<gallery> File:Resistor,_Rheostat_(variable_resistor),_and_Potentiometer_symbols.svg|ANSI-style: (a)&nbsp;resistor, (b)&nbsp;rheostat (variable resistor), an (c)&nbsp;potentiometer File:Resistor_symbol_IEC.svg|IEC resistor seembol </gallery>The notation tae gie a resistor's vailye in a circuit diagram kin be different fae diagram tae diagram. Ae common scheme is the RKM code follaein IEC 60062. Insteid o uisin a decimal separator, this notation uises a letter loosely associatit wi SI prefixes correspondin wi the pairt's resistance. For exemple, ''8K2''<!-- with uppercase K! --> as pairt merkin code, in a circuit diagram or in a bill of materials (BOM) gies a resistor vailyie for 8.2&nbsp;kΩ. Extrae zeros pit at the end imply a tichter tolerance, for exemple ''15M0'' for three signeeficant digits. Whan the vailyie can be gien wioot needin a prefix (that is, multiplicator 1), an "R" is pit in insteid o the decimal separator. For exemple, ''1R2'' indicates 1.2&nbsp;Ω, an ''18R'' indicates 18&nbsp;Ω.{{Citation needed}}{{Commonscat|Resistors}} == Theory for operation == [[File:ResistanceHydraulicAnalogy2.svg|right|thumb|The [[hydraulic analogy]] compares electric current flowing through circuits to water flowing through pipes. When a pipe (left) is clogged with hair (right), it takes a larger pressure to achieve the same flow of water. Pushing electric current through a large resistance is like pushing water through a pipe clogged with hair: It requires a larger push ([[voltage]]) to drive the same flow ([[electric current]]).<ref>{{cite web|author=Harder, Douglas Wilhelm|title=Resistors: A Motor with a Constant Force (Force Source)|url=https://ece.uwaterloo.ca/~dwharder/Analogy/Resistors/|access-date=9 November 2014|publisher=Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo}}</ref>]] === Ohm's law === {{Main article|Ohm's law}}The behaviour for an ideal resistor is descrived bi [[Ohm's law]]:<math display="block">V=I \cdot R.</math>Ohm's law states thit the [[voltage]] (<math>V</math>) across a resistor is proportional tae the [[Electric current|current]] (<math>I</math>) passin throu it, whaur the constant o proportionality is the resistance (<math>R</math>). For exemple, see gin a 300-ohm resistor is pit across the terminals for a 12-volt battery, than a current for 12 / 300 = 0.04 [[Ampere|amperes]] flowes throu that resistor. The ohm (seembol: Ω) is the SI unit for electrical resistance, named for [[Georg Simon Ohm]]. An ohm is the same as a [[volt]] per [[ampere]]. As resistors are specifeed an manufacturt ower a muckle reenge o vailyies, the derived units for milliohm (1&nbsp;mΩ = 10⁻³&nbsp;Ω), kilohm (1&nbsp;kΩ = 10³&nbsp;Ω), an megohm (1&nbsp;MΩ = 10⁶&nbsp;Ω) are uised commonly an aw.<ref>{{cite book|author=[[American Radio Relay League]] (ARRL)|title=ARRL Handbook for Radio Communications|url=https://archive.org/details/arrlhandbook20210000arrl|date=2021|publisher=American Radio Relay League|isbn=978-1-62595-139-7|edition=98|language=en|chapter=Fundamental Theory—Circuits and Components}}</ref><ref name="arrl1968">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/arrl_1968_handbook|title=Radio Amateurs Handbook|date=1968|publisher=American Radio Relay League|editor=Doug DeMaw|edition=45|language=en|chapter=Electrical Laws and Circuits —Resistance}}</ref>{{rp|p.20}} === Series an parallel resistors{{anchor|Series_and_parallel_circuits}} === {{anchor|series|Series}} The tot resistance for resistors connectt ane efter the ither is thair individual resistance vailyies pit thegither.{{clear|left}}[[File:Resistors_in_series.svg|alt=Circuit diagram of several resistors, labelled R1, R2 ... Rn, connected end to end]]<math display="block"> R_\mathrm{eq} = R_1 + R_2 + \cdots + R_n. </math>{{anchor|parallel|Parallel}}<!-- do not delete, used by redirects -->The tot resistance for resistors connectit alangside ane anither is the reciprocal o the reciprocals for the individual resistors pit thegither.<ref name="arrl1968" />{{rp|p.20ff}}{{clear|left}}[[File:Resistors_in_parallel.svg|alt=Circuit diagram of several resistors, labelled R1, R2 ... Rn, side by side, both leads of each connected to the same wires]]<math display="block"> \frac{1}{R_\mathrm{eq}} = \frac{1}{R_1} + \frac{1}{R_2} + \cdots + \frac{1}{R_n}. </math>For exemple, a 10 ohm resistor connectit alangside in parallel wi a 5 ohm resistor an a 15 ohm resistor gies oor {{sfrac|1/10 + 1/5 + 1/15}} ohm o resistance, or {{sfrac|30|11}} = 2.727 ohm. A resistor netwark thit is a combination o parallel an series connections can be spleet up intae smawer pairts thit are aither ane or the ither. Some complex netwarks o resistors cannae be resolved in this mainer, needin mair sophisticatit circuit analysis. Generally, the Y-Δ transform, or matrix methods can be uised to solve sic problems.<ref>Farago, P.S. (1961) ''An Introduction to Linear Network Analysis'', pp. 18–21, The English Universities Press Ltd.☃☃{{En}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Wu, F. Y.|year=2004|title=Theory of resistor networks: The two-point resistance|trans-title=Theory for resistor netwarks: The twa-point resistance|journal=Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General|language=en|volume=37|issue=26|pages=6653–6673|arxiv=math-ph/0402038|bibcode=2004JPhA...37.6653W|doi=10.1088/0305-4470/37/26/004|s2cid=119611570}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Wu, Fa Yueh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H-k8dhB7lmwC&pg=PA489|title=Exactly Solved Models: A Journey in Statistical Mechanics : Selected Papers with Commentaries (1963–2008)|author2=Yang, Chen Ning|date=2009|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-281-388-6|pages=489–|language=en|trans-title=Exact Solved Models: A Jurney in Statistical Mechanics : Selecit Papers wi Commentaries (1963–2008)}}</ref> === Power dissipation === At ony instant, the pouer ''P'' (watts) consumed bi a resistor for resistance ''R'' (ohm) is calculatit as:<math display="block"> P = I V = I^2 R = \frac{V^2}{R} </math>whaur ''V'' (volts) is the voltage across the resistor an ''I'' (amps) is the [[Ampere|current]] flowin throu it. Uisin [[Ohm's law]], the twa ither forms can be derived. This pouer is convertit intae heat thit haes tae be dissipatit bi the resistor's package afore its temperatur gangs up ower much.<ref name="arrl1968" />{{rp|p.22}} Resistors are ratit bi the wey o thair maximum pouer dissipation. Discrete resistors in solid-state electronic seestems are teepically ratit as {{frac|10}}, {{frac|8}}, or {{frac|4}} watt. Thay normally absorb much less not a watt o electrical pouer an arenae needin a lot o tent tae thair pouer ratin. [[File:Danotherm_HS50_power_resistor.jpg|thumb|An aluminium-encased power resistor rated for dissipation of 50 W when mounted on a heat-sink]] Pouer resistors are needin tae dissipate substantial amoonts o pouer an are teepically uised in pouer supplies, pouer conversion circuits, an pouer amplifiers; this designation is loosely applied tae resistors wi pouer ratins for 1 watt or mair. Pouer resistors are pheesically mair muckle an mey no uise the preferred vailyies, colour codes, an ooter packages descrived ablow.{{Citation needed}} See gin the average pouer dissipatit bi a resistor is mair nor its pouer rating, daimige tae the resistor micht happen, permanently chyngin its resistance; this is distinct frae the reversible chynge in resistance due tae its temperatur coefficient whan it warms up. Ower much pouer dissipation micht heeze the temperatur for the resistor tae a pynt whaur it can burn the circuit board or nearbi components, or e'en stairt a fire. Thare are flameproof resistors thit willnae stairt flames wi ony owerload for ony amoont o time.{{Citation needed}} Resistors micht be specifeed wi heicher ratit dissipation than is gien in service tae tak intae accoont puir air circulation, heich altitude, or high operatin temperatur. Aw resistors hive a maximum voltage ratin; this micht limit the pouer dissipation for heicher resistance vailyies.<ref>{{cite web|title=Specifications and How to Interpret Them|trans-title=Specifications an Hou tae Interpret Thaim|url=https://seielect.com/news/20170821_-_Resistor_Data_Sheet_Information.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=July 6, 2021|publisher=Stackpole Electronics|language=en}}</ref> For exemple, amang {{frac|4}} watt resistors (an awfy common sort o leaded resistor) ane is listit wi a resistance o 100&nbsp;MΩ<ref>{{Cite web|title=Through Hole Resistor, 0.1 Gohm, RGP Series, 250 mW, ± 5%, Axial Leaded, 750 V|url=https://nl.farnell.com/te-connectivity/rgp0207chj100m/res-100m-5-250mw-axial-thick-film/dp/2805251|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190647/https://nl.farnell.com/te-connectivity/rgp0207chj100m/res-100m-5-250mw-axial-thick-film/dp/2805251|archive-date=2021-07-09|access-date=2023-10-07|website=nl.farnell.com|language=nl}}</ref> an a maximum ratit voltage o 750&nbsp;V. Hounaiver e'en pittin 750&nbsp;V across a 100&nbsp;MΩ resistor aw the time wad juist hae the ootcome power dissipation for less nor 6&nbsp;mW, makin the nominal {{frac|4}} watt ratin meaninless.{{Citation needed}} [[File:USSR_power_resistor_VZR_12W.JPG|thumb|VZR power resistor 1.5&nbsp;kΩ 12&nbsp;W, manufactured in 1963 in the Soviet Union]] == Nonideal properties == Practical resistors hiv a series inductance an a smaw parallel [[capacitance]]; these specifications can be important in heich-frequency applications. In a law-noise amplifier or pre-amp, the noise characteristics for a resistor micht be an issue. In some precision applications, the temperatur coefficient for the resistance micht be a concern an aw.{{Citation needed}} The unwantit inductance, excess noise, an temperatur coefficient are maistly dependent on the technology uised in manufacturin the resistor. They arenae for ordinar specified individually for a parteecular faimily o resistors manufacturt uising a parteecular technology.<ref>A family of resistors may also be characterized according to its ''critical resistance.'' Applying a constant voltage across resistors in that family below the critical resistance will exceed the maximum power rating first; resistances larger than the critical resistance fail first from exceeding the maximum voltage rating. See {{cite book|author=Middleton, Wendy|title=Reference data for engineers: radio, electronics, computer, and communications|author2=Van Valkenburg, Mac E.|publisher=Newnes|year=2002|isbn=0-7506-7291-9|edition=9|pages=5–10|language=en}}</ref> A faimily o discrete resistors micht be characterised bi the wey o its form factor, that is, the size o the device an the poseetion o the leads (or terminals). This is relevant in the practical manufacturin o circuits thit micht uise thaim.{{Citation needed}} Practical resistors are specified as havin a maximum pouer rating thit is needin tae ootding the anticipatit pouer dissipation for that resistor in a parteecular circuit an aw: this is maistly concernin pouer electronics applications. Resistors wi heicher pouer ratins are pheesically mair muckle an micht need heat sinks. Sometimes in a heich-voltage circuit, the rated maximum wirkin voltage for the resistor needs taen tent. While thare isnae a minimum wirkin voltage for a gien resistor, failure tae accooont for a resistor's maximum ratin micht cause the resistor tae catch fire whan current is ran throu it.{{Citation needed}} == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Electrical components]] [[Category:Resistive components]] 0doalfztt5qxmf3wq2wxm81210hz449 0 10758 919934 816041 2026-07-24T23:27:56Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 919934 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=October 2020}} [[File:Dante-alighieri.jpg|thumb|right]] '''Dante Alighieri''' (Mey/Juin c.1265 – September 14, 1321), commonly kent as '''Dante''', wis an [[Italy|Italian]] poet o the [[Middle Ages]]. He wis born in [[Florence]]; he dee'd an is buried in [[Ravenna]]. The name ''Dante'' is, accordin tae the words o [[Jacopo Alighieri]], a [[hypocorism]] for ''Durante''. In contemporary documents it is followed bi the [[patronymic]] ''Alagherii'' or ''de Alagheriis''; it wis [[Boccaccio]] who popularized the form ''Alighieri''. His ''[[Divine Comedy]]'', oreeginally cawed ''Commedia'' bi the author an later nicknamed ''Divina'' bi [[Boccaccio]], is aften considered the greatest literary work componed in the [[Italian leid]] an a masterpiece o warld [[literature]].<ref>{{citebook|last=Bloom|first=Harold|authorlink=Harold Bloom|title=The Western Canon|url=https://archive.org/details/westerncanonbook00bloorich|year=1994}}</ref> In Italy he is kent as "the Supreme Poet" (''il Sommo Poeta'') or juist ''il Poeta''. Dante, [[Petrarch]], an [[Boccaccio]] ar forby kent as "the three fountains" or "the three crouns". Dante is cawed the "Faither o the Italian leid" an aa. == References == <references/> {{Commonscat}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Dante Alighieri}} [[Category:1265 births]] [[Category:1321 daiths]] [[Category:Fowk frae Florence]] [[Category:14t-century Laitin writers]] [[Category:14t-century poets]] [[Category:Catholic poets]] [[Category:Christian writers]] [[Category:Epic poets]] [[Category:Italian poets]] [[Category:Italian poleetical theorists]] [[Category:Italian politeecians]] [[Category:Italian Roman Catholics]] [[Category:Medieval poets]] [[Category:Roman Catholic writers]] [[Category:Sonneteers]] [[Category:Dante Alighieri| ]] {{stub}} 0lvoofrer9dd9yxa7enqmoocmvbz8pn 0 10957 919924 899626 2026-07-24T23:13:57Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 2 books for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 919924 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person wikidata|caption=Edwin Morgan in 2010}} '''Edwin George Morgan''' [[OBE]] ([[27 Aprile]] 1920 &ndash; [[17 August]] 2010)<ref name="Independent">[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/professor-edwin-morgan-writer-celebrated-as-one-of-the-finest-scottish-poets-of-the-20th-century-2057166.html Professor Edwin Morgan: Writer celebrate as ane o the best Scots poets o the 20t century], ''[[The Independent]]'' {{in|en}}</ref> wis a [[Scotland|Scots]] [[makar]] an translator that wis associate wi the [[Scots Renaissance]]. He is widely kent as ane o the foremaist Scots poets o the 20t century.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Flood|first=Alison|date=2010-08-19|title=Edwin Morgan, Scotland's national poet, dies aged 90|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/aug/19/edwin-morgan-scotland-national-poet|access-date=2023-07-27|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> In 1999, Morgan wis makkit the first [[Glesca]] Poet Laureate. In 2004, he wis named as the first Scots naitional poet: the [[Makar|Scots Makar]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=2011-01-19|title=Liz Lochhead confirmed as new Scots Makar|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-12227515|access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref> Ane o his poems "''Poem for the Opening of the Scottish Parliament''" wis rade by [[Liz Lochhead]] at the appenin o the [[Scots Pairlament|Scots Pairliament]] biggin oan 9 October 2004. She becam the Scots Makar hersel.<ref name=":0" /> His maist kenspeckle warks are aftimes taucht in schuils<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=SQA|title=English - Course overview and resources|url=https://www.sqa.org.uk/sqa/45672.html|access-date=2023-07-27|website=www.sqa.org.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Cooper|first=Jane|url=https://www.scottishpoetrylibrary.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Winter-by-Edwin-Morgan.pdf?|title=Winter by Edwin Morgan, Resource by Jane Cooper|publisher=Scottish Poetry Library|year=2018|location=Scottish Poetry Library|pages=1}}</ref> * ''"Winter"'' * ''"In the Snackbar"'' * ''"Glasgow 5 March 1971"'' * ''"Good Friday"'' * ''"Trio"'' * ''Glasgow Sonnet (I)'' * ''"Starlings in George Square" (1968)'' * ''"The Death of Marilyn Monroe" (1962)'' * ''"A Good Year for Death" (1977)'' == Early life == Morgan wis born in Glesga on 27 Apryle 1920 tae Presbyterian parents. His faither wis ae clerk an then director fur steel an airn merchants Arnott, Young and Co. He convinced his parents tae pit up the membership fee fur sindry buik clubs ootthrou the city an tuik pairteecular interest in poetry, wi the ''Faber Book of Modern Verse'' bein ae "revelation" tae him.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Crown |first1=Sarah |title=Zest and grit |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/jan/26/poetry |access-date=19 August 2023 |work=The Guardian |date=26 January 2008}}</ref> == Warks == === Buiks === * ''Dies Irae'', 1952 – first published in Poems of Thirty Years, Carcanet New Press, 1982<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=About Edwin Morgan|url=https://archive.org/details/aboutedwinmorgan0000unse|date=1990|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-0158-5|editor-last=Crawford|editor-first=Robert|series=Modern Scottish writers|location=Edinburgh|editor-last2=Whyte|editor-first2=Hamish}}</ref> * ''Beowulf: A Verse Translation into Modern English'', Hand and Flower Press, 1952<ref>{{Cite book|last=Morgan|first=Edwin|title=Beowulf: a verse translation into modern English|date=2002|publisher=Carcanet|isbn=978-1-85754-588-3|location=Manchester}}</ref> * ''The Vision of Cathkin Braes and Other Poems'', William MacLellan, 1952<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=McGonigal|first=James|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=enf3DwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PT140&dq=The+Vision+of+Cathkin+Braes+and+Other+Poems,+William+MacLellan,+1952&hl=en|title=Beyond the Last Dragon: A life of Edwin Morgan|date=2011-12-09|publisher=Sandstone Press Ltd|isbn=978-1-908737-01-4|language=en}}</ref> * ''The Cape of Good Hope'' (limited edition), Pound Press, 1955<ref name=":1" /> * ''Poems from Eugenio Montale'' (translator), School of Art, University of Reading, 1959<ref>{{Cite web|title=Morgan, Edwin George (1920–2010), poet and translator|url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-103047;jsessionid=08829E9023E244BF1B5B46694BF28416|access-date=2023-07-27|website=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|language=en|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-103047;jsessionid=08829e9023e244bf1b5b46694bf28416}}</ref> * ''Sovpoems: Brecht, Neruda, Pasternak, Tsvetayeva, Mayakovsky, Martynov, Yevtushenko'' (translator), Migrant Press, 1961<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sovpoems: Brecht, Neruda, Pasternak, Tsvetayeva, Mayakovsky, Martynov, Yevtushenko|publisher=Migrant Press|year=1961|isbn=9780140421279|translator-last=Morgan|translator-first=Edwin}}</ref> * ''Collins Albatross Book of Longer Poems'' (editor), Collins, 1963<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Dósa|first=Attila|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lg_TIUF6zngC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA56&dq=Collins+Albatross+Book+of+Longer+Poems+(Edwin+Morgan+editor),+Collins,+1963&hl=en|title=Beyond Identity: New Horizons in Modern Scottish Poetry|date=2009|publisher=Rodopi|isbn=978-90-420-2787-9|pages=55-56|language=en}}</ref> * ''Starryveldt'', Eugen Gomringer Press, 1965<ref>{{Cite web|title=Edwin Morgan Archive {{!}} Gallery {{!}} Starryveldt|url=https://edwinmorgan.scottishpoetrylibrary.org.uk/1960s/starryveldt.html|access-date=2023-07-27|website=edwinmorgan.scottishpoetrylibrary.org.uk}}</ref> * ''Emergent Poems'', Hansjörg Mayer, 1967<ref name=":2" /> * ''Gnomes'', Akros publications, 1968<ref name=":2" /> * ''The Second Life'', Edinburgh University Press, 1968<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Scottish sixties: reading, rebellion, revolution?|date=2013|publisher=Rodopi|isbn=978-94-012-0980-9|editor-last=Bell|editor-first=Eleanor|series=Scottish cultural review of language and literature|location=Amsterdam|pages=133}}</ref> * ''Selected Poems of Sándor Weöres and Selected Poems of Ferenc Juhász'' (translator and introduction for Sándor Weöres), Penguin, 1970<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sándor Weöres and Ferenc Juhász: Selected Poems|url=https://archive.org/details/selectedpoemsofs0000weor|publisher=Penguin|year=1970|isbn=9780140421279|translator-last=Morgan|translator-first=Edwin}}</ref> * ''The Horseman's Word: Concrete Poems,'' Akros, 1970<ref>{{Cite book|last=MacCullough|first=Kathleen|title=Concrete poetry: an ann. internat. bibliography, with an index of poets and poems|url=https://archive.org/details/concretepoetryan0000mccu|date=1989|publisher=The Whitston Publ. Company|isbn=978-0-87875-332-1|location=Troy, NY}}</ref> * ''Twelve Songs,'' Castlelaw Press, 1970<ref>{{Cite book|last=Morgan|first=Edwin|title=Twelve Songs|publisher=Castlelaw Press|year=1970|isbn=9780902461048}}</ref> * ''Glasgow Sonnets'', Castlelaw Press, 1972<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Great Britain. Scottish Education Dept. Central Committee on English|title=Scottish literature in the secondary school: a report of a sub-committee on the study of Scottish literature in schools|url=https://archive.org/details/scottishliteratu0000grea|date=1976|publisher=H.M.S.O|isbn=978-0-11-491371-7|location=Edinburgh}}</ref> * ''Instamatic Poems'', Ian McKelvie, 1972<ref>{{Cite book|last=Miller|first=Andrew D.|title=Poetry, photography, ekphrasis: lyrical representations of photographs from the 19th century to the present|date=2015|publisher=Liverpool University Press|isbn=978-1-78138-190-8|location=Liverpool}}</ref> * ''Wi the haill voice: 25 poems by Vladimir Mayakovsky'' (translator and glossary), Carcanet, 1972<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pollard|first=Natalie|title=Poetry, publishing, and visual culture from late modernism to the twenty-first century: fugitive pieces|date=2020|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-885260-5|edition=First edition|location=Oxford, United Kingdom}}</ref> * ''From Glasgow to Saturn'', Carcanet, 1973<ref>{{Cite book|last=Morgan|first=Edwin|title=From Glasgow to Saturn|url=https://archive.org/details/fromglasgowtosat0000morg|publisher=Carcanet|year=1973|isbn=9780856350405}}</ref> * ''Nuspeak8: Being a Visual Poem by Edwin Morgan'', Scottish Arts Council, 1973<ref>{{Cite book|title=About Edwin Morgan|url=https://archive.org/details/aboutedwinmorgan0000unse|date=1990|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-0158-5|editor-last=Crawford|editor-first=Robert|series=Modern Scottish writers|location=Edinburgh|editor-last2=Whyte|editor-first2=Hamish}}</ref> * ''The Whittrick: a Poem in Eight Dialogues'', Akros, 1973<ref name=":2" /> * ''Essays'', Carcanet, 1974<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jones|first=Chris|title=The Use of Old English in Twentieth Century Poetry|publisher=OUP|year=2010|isbn=9780191614651|location=Oxford}}</ref> * ''Fifty Renascence Love-Poems'' (translator), Whiteknights Press, 1975<ref>{{Cite book|last=Healey|first=Robin|title=Italian literature before 1900 in English translation: an annotated bibliography, 1929-2008|date=2011|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-1-4426-4269-0|series=Toronto Italian studies|location=Toronto|pages=444}}</ref> * ''Rites of Passage'' (translator), 1976<ref>{{Cite book|title=Translation and opposition|url=https://archive.org/details/translationoppos0000dimi|date=2011|publisher=Multilingual Matters|isbn=978-1-84769-430-0|editor-last=Asimakoulas|editor-first=Dimitris|series=Translating Europe|location=Bristol|pages=[https://archive.org/details/translationoppos0000dimi/page/136 136]}}</ref> * ''Edwin Morgan: an interview by Marshall Walker'', Akros, 1977<ref>{{Cite book|title=Edwin Morgan - An Interview|publisher=Akros Publications|year=1977|isbn=9780900036897|editor-last=Walker|editor-first=Marshall}}</ref> * ''The New Divan'', 1977<ref name=":1" /> * ''Selected poems by August Graf von Platen-Hallermünde'' (translator), Castlelaw Press, 1978<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nicholson|first=Colin|title=Edwin Morgan: inventions of modernity|url=https://archive.org/details/edwinmorganinven00nich|date=2002|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-6360-2|edition=1. publ|location=Manchester}}</ref> * ''Star Gate: Science Fiction Poems'', Third Eye Centre, 1979<ref name=":4" /> * ''Scottish Satirical Verse'' (compiler), Carcanet, 1980<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Writers DIrectory 2008|publisher=Thomson Gale|year=2008|isbn=9781558626003|editor-last=Kazensky|editor-first=Michelle|volume=2}}</ref> * ''Grendel'', Mariscat, 1982<ref name=":1" /> * ''Poems of Thirty Years'', Carcanet New Press, 1982<ref name=":1" /> * ''The Apple-Tree (modern version of a medieval Dutch play)'', Third Eye Centre, 1982<ref name=":2" /> * ''Takes/Grafts'', Mariscat, 1983 * ''Sonnets from Scotland,'' Mariscat, 1984 * ''Selected Poems'', 1985 * ''From the Video Box'', Mariscat, 1986 * ''Newspoems'', Wacy, 1987 * ''Tales from Limerick Zoo'' (illustrated by David Neilson), Mariscat, 1988 * ''Themes on a Variation'', 1988 * ''Collected Poems'' (republished 1996 with index), 1990 * ''Crossing the Border: Essays on Scottish Literature'', 1990 * ''Nothing Not Giving Messages: Reflections on his Work and Life'' (edited by Hamish Whyte), Polygon, 1990 * ''Hold Hands Among the Atoms: 70 Poems'', Mariscat, 1991 * ''Edmond Rostand's Cyrano de Bergerac: A New Verse Translation'' (translator), 1992 * ''Fragments by József Attila'' (translator), Morning Star Publications, 1992 * ''MacCaig, Morgan, Lochhead: Three Scottish Poets'' (edited and introduced by Roderick Watson), Canongate, 1992 * ''Cecilia Vicuña:PALABRARmas/WURDWAPPINschaw'', Morning Star Publications, 1994 * ''Sweeping Out the Dark'', 1994 * ''Long Poems – But How Long?'' (W. D. Thomas Memorial Lecture), University of Wales, Swansea, 1995 * ''Collected Translations,'' 1996 * ''St. Columba: The Maker on High'' (translator), Mariscat, 1997 * ''Virtual and Other Realities'', 1997 * ''Christopher Marlowe's Dr Faustus'' (a new version), Canongate, 1999 * ''Demon'', Mariscat, 1999 * ''A.D.: A Trilogy of Plays on the Life of Jesus'', Carcanet, 2000 * ''Jean Racine: Phaedra'' (translation of Phèdre), 2000 (Oxford-Weidenfeld Translation Prize) * ''New Selected Poems'', 2000 * ''Attila József: Sixty Poems'' (translator), Mariscat, 2001 * ''Cathures,'' 2002 * ''Love and a Life: 50 Poems by Edwin Morgan'', Mariscat, 2003 * ''The Battle of Bannockburn'' (translator), SPL in association with Akros and Mariscat, 2004 * ''Tales from Baron Munchausen'', Mariscat, 2005 * ''The Play of Gilgamesh'', 2005 * ''Thirteen Ways of Looking at Rillie'', Enitharmon, 2006 * ''A Book of Lives'', 2007 ==Reference== {{Reflist}} {{Makars}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Morgan, Edwin}} [[Category:1920 births]] [[Category:2010 daiths]] [[Category:Academics o the Varsity o Glesga]] [[Category:Alumni o the Varsity o Glesga]] [[Category:Officers o the Order o the Breetish Empire]] [[Category:Scots conscientious objectors]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at the High School of Glasgow]] [[Category:Breetish Poetry Revival]] [[Category:Fellaes o the Ryal Society o Leeteratur]] [[Category:Gay writers]] [[Category:LGBT writers frae Scotland]] [[Category:LGBT poets]] [[Category:Fowk frae Glesga]] [[Category:Fowk frae Ruglen]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Rutherglen Academy]] [[Category:Scots Makars]] [[Category:Scots poets]] [[Category:Scots Renaissance]] [[Category:Scots scholarts an academics]] [[Category:Scots sodgers]] [[Category:Scots translators]] [[Category:Ryal Airmy Medical Corps sodgers]] [[Category:Breetish Airmy personnel o Warld War II]] [[Category:Daiths frae pneumonia]] [[Category:Infectious disease daiths in Scotland]] [[Category:Fellaes o the Ryal Society o Edinburgh]] [[Category:Hungarian–Inglis translators]] [[Category:20t-century Scots writers]] [[Category:21st-century Scots writers]] [[Category:20t-century Scots poets]] [[Category:21st-century Scots poets]] [[Category:21st-century male writers]] [[Category:Scots male poets]] [[Category:Scots science feection writers]] [[Category:20t-century translators]] [[Category:21st-century translators]] [[Category:20t-century male writers]] {{Stub/Makar}} {{Stub/Scotland}} {{Stub/Beuk}} 90seylgvpl0pdi173zb26gjbj99drqc 0 11322 919955 826057 2026-07-24T23:45:42Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 919955 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty | name = Genghis Khan | title = {{plainlist| *1st [[Khagan]] of the [[Mongol Empire]]<br />([[Khan (title)|Supreme Khan]] of all the [[Mongols]]) *[[King of Kings]]}} | image = YuanEmperorAlbumGenghisPortrait.jpg | caption = Genghis Khan as portrayed in a 14t-century [[Yuan era]] album; the oreeginal version wis in black an white. Oreeginal size is 47&nbsp;cm wide an 59.4 cm heich. Pent an ink on silk. Nou locatit in the [[Naitional Pailace Museum]], [[Taipei]], [[Taiwan]]. | succession = 1st [[Khagan|Great Khan of the Mongol Empire]] | reign = Ware 1206 – 18 August 1227 | coronation = Ware 1206 in a [[Kurultai]] at the [[Onon River]], [[Mongolie]] | full name = [[File:Cinggis qagan.svg|right|26px|alt=ᠴᠢᠩᠭᠢᠰ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ]]Genghis Khan<br />{{lang-mn|label=[[Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet|Mongol]]|Чингис хаан}} ''Chinggis Khaan''<br />[[Mongol script]] (picture on the right): {{MongolUnicode|ᠴᠢᠩᠭᠢᠰ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ}} ''Chinggis Khagan''{{refn|{{zh|t=成吉思汗|w=Ch'eng²-chi²-szu¹ Han⁴|p=Chéngjísī Hán|first=t}}.|group="note"}} | birth_name = Temüjin{{refn|English: {{IPAc-en|t|ə|ˈ|m|uː|dʒ|ɪ|n}}, whiles an aw written as ''Temuchin'' or ''Temujin''; {{lang-mn|Тэмүжин|Temüjin}} {{IPA-mn|tʰemut͡ʃiŋ||Temujin.ogg}}; {{lang-xng|Temüjin|script=Latn}};<ref>{{cite journal |year=1959 |title= Central Asiatic Journal|journal=Central Asiatic Journal |volume=5 |page=239 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PjjjAAAAMAAJ |accessdate=July 29, 2011 }}</ref> {{zh|t=鐵木真|s=铁木真|w=T'ieh³-mu⁴-chen¹|p=Tiěmùzhēn|first=t}}.|name="Temujin"|group="note"}} | successor = [[Ögedei Khan]] | spouse = {{plainlist| *[[Börte]] Üjin Khatun *Yisui *Kunju Khatun *[[Khulan (wife o Genghis Khan)|Khulan Khatun]] *[[Yesugen]] Khatun *[[Yesui|Yesulun Khatun]] *Isukhan Khatun *Gunju Khatun *Abika Khatun *Gurbasu Khatun *Chaga Khatun *Moge Khatun}} | issue = {{plainlist| *[[Jochi]] *[[Chagatai Khan|Chagatai]] *[[Ögedei Khan|Ögedei]] *[[Alakhai Bekhi]] *[[Tolui]] *others}} | house = [[Borjigin|The Imperial Hoose o Borjigin]] | dynasty = Genghisid | father = [[Yesügei]] | mother = [[Hoelun]] | religion = [[Tengrism]] | birth_date = likely 1162<ref name="birth" /> | birth_place = [[Khentii Muntains]], [[Khamag Mongol]] | death_date = {{death date and age|mf=y|1227|8|18|1162||}}<ref>{{cite book|first=Paul|last=Ratchnevsky|title=Genghis Khan: His Life and Legacy|url=https://archive.org/details/genghiskhanhisli0000paul|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|year=1991|isbn= 978-0-631-16785-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/genghiskhanhisli0000paul/page/142 142]|quote=It is possible, however, to say with certainty that Genghis Khan died in August 1227; only in specifying the actual day of his death do our sources disagree.}}</ref> |death_place = [[Yinchuan]], [[Wastren Xia]] }} '''Genghis Khan''' {{refn|Historians o the Mongol empire generally prefer the spellin ''Chinggis Khaan'', that mair closely approximates the name in [[Mongolie leid|Mongolie]], {{lang|mn|Чингис хаан}} {{IPA-mn|t͡ʃʰiŋɡɪs xaːŋ||GenghisKhan01.ogg}}.<ref>{{cite book |last=Morgan |first=David |title=The Mongols|edition=2 |year=2007|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|page=186|isbn=978-1-4051-3539-9}}</ref> The spellin o his name cam oreeginally frae [[Italian leid|Italian]], hyne the pronunciation {{IPAc-en|ˌ|dʒ|ɛ|ŋ|ɡ|ɪ|s|_|ˈ|k|ɑː|n}}, that is similar tae the Italian pronunciation; the seicont ''G'' has a follaein ''H'' tae produce the soond {{IPAc-it|g}}, as in ''spaghetti''. But acause ''G'' afore ''E'' in Inglis/Scots is ambiguous (cf. ''get'' vs. ''gel''), this leads tae the common pronunciation o {{IPAc-en|ˌ|ɡ|ɛ|ŋ|ɡ|ɪ|s|_|ˈ|k|ɑː|n}}, wi baith ''G''s producin the soond {{IPAc-en|g}}, that has led tae the alternate spellin ''Jenghis Khan'' tae try tae prevent this.<ref>Pronunciation references: * {{cite American Heritage Dictionary|Genghis Khan}} *{{cite encyclopedia |year=2004 |title=Genghis Khan |encyclopedia=Webster's New World College Dictionary |publisher=Wiley Publishing |url=http://www.yourdictionary.com/genghis-khan |accessdate=July 29, 2011 }} *{{cite Oxford Dictionaries|Genghis Khan|accessdate=July 29, 2011}}</ref><br/>The [[Middle Mongol language|Middle Mongol]] pronunciation was {{IPA-all|ˈt͡ɕʰiŋːɡɪs ˈkaχaːn|}} or {{IPA-all|ˈt͡ʃʰiŋːɡɪs ˈqaχaːn|}}.<ref>{{Citation|last=NativLang|title=What Genghis Khan's Mongolian Sounded Like - and how we know|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HEoi6CpaUWw|access-date=2018-12-28}}</ref>|group="note"}} (born '''Temüjin''',{{refn|name="Temujin"|group="note"}} {{c.|1162}}{{spaced ndash}} 18 August 1227), born '''[[Borjigin|B.]] Temüjin''' ({{Audio|Temujin.ogg|pronunciation}}, wis the foonder, ''[[Khan (title)|Khan]]'' (ruler) an ''[[Khagan]]'' (emperor) o the [[Mongol Empire]], which became the [[Warld's lairgest empires|lairgest]] contiguous [[empire]] in history efter his daith. He came tae pouer bi unitin mony o the [[nomadic]] tribes o [[northeast Asie]]. Efter foondin the [[Mongol Empire]] an being proclaimed "Genghis Khan", he startit the [[Mongol invasions]] that woud ultimately result in the conquest o maist o Eurasie. These includit raids or invasions o the [[Kara-Khitan Khanate]], [[Caucasus]], [[Mongol invasion o Khwarezmia|Khwarezmid Empire]], [[Western Xia]] an [[Jin Dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin]] dynasties. These campaigns wur aften accompanied bi wholesale massacres o the civilian populations - especially in [[Mongol invasion o Khwarezmia|Khwarezmia]]. Bi the end o his life, the Mongol Empire occupied a substantial portion o [[Central Asie]] an [[Cheenae]]. Afore Genghis Khan dee'd, he assigned [[Ögedei Khan]] as his successor an split his empire intae [[khanate]]s amang his sons an grandsons.<ref>John Joseph Saunders-The History of the Mongol Conquests</ref> He dee'd in 1227 efter defeatin the [[Tangut]]s. He wis buried in an [[Tomb o Genghis Khan|unmarked grave]] somewhere in Mongolie at an unkent location. His descendants went on tae stretch the Mongol Empire across maist o [[Eurasia]] bi conquering an/or creatin [[vassal]] states oot o aw o modern-day Cheenae, [[Korea]], the [[Caucasus]], Central Asian kintras, an substantial portions o modern [[Eastren Europe]] an the [[Middle East]]. Mony o these invasions also resultit in lairge-scale slaughter o the local populations an ar no viewed positively in these parts o the warld today. Ayont his great military accomplishments, Genghis Khan also advanced the Mongol Empire in ither ways. He decreed the adoption o the [[Auld Uyghur alphabet|Uyghur]] script as the Mongol Empire's writin system. He also promotit religious tolerance in the Mongol Empire, an creatit a unified empire frae the nomadic tribes o northeast Asie. Present-day Mongolians regard him highly as the foondin faither o [[Mongolie]].<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2010-01-26|url=http://www.accd.edu/sac/history/keller/mongols/empsub1.html|title=Genghis Khan|publisher=[[North Georgia College and State University]]|archive-date=2010-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100306053246/http://www.accd.edu/sac/history/keller/mongols/empsub1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Notes== {{Reflist|group=note}} == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:1160s births]] [[Category:1227 daiths]] [[Category:Fowk frae Khentii Province]] [[Category:Great Khans o the Mongol Empire]] [[Category:13t-century rulers]] [[Category:12t-century rulers in Asie]] [[Category:Year o birth uncertaint]] [[Category:Daiths bi horse-ridin accident]] [[Category:Genocide perpetrators]] ea2a0mzwgwtrhu5mmn4zsulau8gijoy 0 11632 919979 891307 2026-07-25T00:05:40Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 919979 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club | clubname = Sunderland AFC | current = | image = [[File:Logo Sunderland.svg|250px]] | fullname = Sunderland Association Football Club | nickname = "The Black Cats"<ref name="safc.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.safc.com/the-club/history/black-cats|title=Black Cats Nickname|date=17 July 2012|publisher=SAFC|accessdate=19 April 2014}}</ref> | short name = SAFC | motto = ''Consectatio Excellentiae'' [[in the pursuit o excellence]] | founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1879}}<br/>{{nowrap|(as ''Sunderland and District Teachers'')}} | ground = [[Stadium of Light]] | capacity = 49,000<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.premierleague.com/content/dam/premierleague/site-content/News/publications/handbooks/premier-league-handbook-2013-14.pdf |title=Premier League Handbook Season 2013/14 |format=PDF |accessdate=17 August 2013 |work=[[Premier League]] |archive-date=2016-01-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131132636/http://www.premierleague.com/content/dam/premierleague/site-content/News/publications/handbooks/premier-league-handbook-2013-14.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | owner = [[Kyril Louis-Dreyfus]] | chairman = [[Kyril Louis-Dreyfus]] | manager =[[Tony Mowbray]] | mgrtitle = Manager | league = {{English football updater|Sunderld}} | FA cup trophies = 8 | season = {{English football updater|Sunderld2}} | position = {{English football updater|Sunderld3}} | website = http://www.safc.com/ | Shirt Suppliers = [[Nike]] | Sponsors = [[Spreadex]] | pattern_la1 = _sunderland2324h | pattern_b1 = _sunderland2324h | pattern_ra1 = _sunderland2324h | pattern_sh1 = _nikeleague3b | pattern_so1 = | leftarm1 = FFFFFF | body1 = FFFFFF | rightarm1 = FFFFFF | shorts1 = 000000 | socks1 = FF0000 | pattern_la2 = _sunderland2324a | pattern_b2 = _sunderland2324a | pattern_ra2 = _sunderland2324a | pattern_sh2 = | pattern_so2 = | leftarm2 = E02270 | body2 = E02270 | rightarm2 = E02270 | shorts2 = 3F0094 | socks2 = 3F0094 | pattern_la3 = | pattern_b3 = _niketiempopremier2v | pattern_ra3 = | pattern_sh3 = | pattern_so3 = | leftarm3 = 000055 | body3 = CDFF00 | rightarm3 = 000055 | shorts3 = CDFF00 | socks3 = CDFF00 }} '''Sunderland Association Football Club''' ({{pron-en|ˈsʊndərlənd}}) is an Inglis professional [[fitba]] club in [[Sunderland, Tyne an Wear|Sunderland]], [[Tyne an Wear]] that plays in the [[EFL Championship]], efter promuivin fae [[EFL League One]]. Syne its formation in 1879, the club haes won sax [[Fitbaa League First Division|First Division]] titles—in 1892, 1893, 1895, 1902, 1913, an 1936 an the [[FA Cup]] twa time, in 1937 an 1973 (see [[Sunderland A.F.C. saisons]]). The club wis foondit bi schuilteacher [[James Allan (fitbawer)|James Allan]] an wis electit intae [[The Fitba League]] in 1890 whaur the team wud perform well, earnin plaudits tae refer thaim as a "wonderfully fine team". Sunderland wud gang professional in 1886.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rollin|first=Glenda|url=https://archive.org/details/skysportsfootbal0000unse_z0q8|title=Sky Sports Football Yearbook 2006-2007|last2=Rollin|first2=Jack|date=2007|publisher=Headline Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-7553-1664-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/skysportsfootbal0000unse_z0q8/page/368 368]|language=en}}</ref> Sunderland's first gemme wis a 1-0 loss against [[Ferryhill Athletic F.C.|Ferryhill Athletic]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Woodhouse|first=Robert|url=|title=Sunderland in 100 Dates|date=2015-02-02|publisher=The History Press|isbn=978-0-7509-6324-4|pages=1881|language=en}}</ref> The Sunderland team won thair first [[FA Cup]] in 1937 wi a 3–1 victory ower [[Preston North End F.C.|Preston North End]], an remained in the [[Fitba League First Division|First Division]] fur 68 saisons, losin the record til [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] when thay wur relegatit in 1958. Sunderland's maist notable trophy win efter the Seicont Warld War wis thair seicont FA Cup in 1973, whan the club secured a 1–0 victory ower [[Leeds United A.F.C.|Leeds United]]. The team haed won the [[Fitball League First Division|seicont tier]] title 5 time in that period an the [[Fitbaa League Seicont Division|third tier]] title ainly ance. In 21 Mey 2022, Sunderland won against [[Wycombe Wanderers F.C.|Wycombe Wanderers]] in the [[EFL League One|EFL League One play-off final]]. Sunderland play thair hame gemmes at the 49,000 capacity [[aw-seater stadium|aw-seater]] [[Stadium of Light]] haein muivit fae [[Roker Park]] in 1997. The oreeginal ground capacity wis 42,000 whan it wis increased til 49,000 follaein redevelopment in 2000. Sunderland hae a lang-staundin rivalry wi thair neeburin club [[Newcastle United F.C.|Newcastle United]], wi whom thay hae contestit the [[Tyne–Wear derby]] syne 1898. == Honours == The follaein are the honours Sunderland hae achieved syne thair foondation in 1879.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.safc.com/page/HonoursDetail/|title=Roll Of Honour|publisher=Sunderland A.F.C.|accessdate=21 December 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rsssf.com/tablese/engsupcuphist.html|title=England&nbsp;— List of FA Charity/Community Shield Matches|publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation|accessdate=21 December 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/2WWfootball.htm|title=Football and the Second World War|publisher=Spartacus|accessdate=8 September 2010|archive-date=2009-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225213503/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/2WWfootball.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> === League === * '''[[Leet o Inglis fitbaw champions|First Division]]: 6 (level 1)''' :[[1891–92 in Inglis fitbaw|1891–92]], [[1892–93 in Inglis fitbaw|1892–93]], [[1894–95 in Inglis fitbaw|1894–95]], [[1901–02 in Inglis fitba|1901–02]], [[1912–13 in Inglis fitbaw|1912–13]], [[1935–36 in Inglis fitbaw|1935–36]] :''Rinners-up (5):'' [[1893–94 in English fitbaw|1893–94]], [[1897–98 in English fitbaw|1897–98]], [[1900–01 in English fitbaw|1900–01]], [[1922–23 in English fitbaw|1922–23]], [[1934–35 in English fitbaw|1934–35]] * '''[[Leet o winners o Inglis Fitbaa League Championship an predecessors|Seicont Division/First Division/Championship]]: 5 (level 2)''' :[[1975–76 in English fitbaw|1975–76]], [[1995–96 in English fitbaw|1995–96]], [[1998–99 in English fitbaw|1998–99]], [[2004–05 in English fitbaw|2004–05]], [[2006–07 in English fitbaw|2006–07]] :''Runners-up (2):'' [[1963–64 in English fitbaw|1963–64]], [[1979–80 in English fitbaw|1979–80]] :''Promotion (1):'' [[1990 Football League Second Division play-off Final|1989–90]] * '''[[Leet o winners o Inglis Fitbaa League Ane an predecessors|Third Division]]: 1 (level 3)''' :[[1987–88 in English fitbaw|1987–88]] === Cup === * '''[[FA Cup]]: 2 ''' :[[1937 FA Cup Final|1937]], [[1973 FA Cup Final|1973]] :''Runners-up (2):'' [[1913 FA Cup Final|1913]], [[1992 FA Cup Final|1992]] :''Semi-Finalists (8):'' 1891, 1892, 1895, 1931, 1938, 1955, 1956, 2004 * '''[[Football League Cup|League Cup]]''' :''Runners-up (1):'' [[1985 Football League Cup Final|1985]] :''Semi-finalists'' (2): 1963, 1999 * '''[[FA Community Shield|Charity Shield]]: 1''' :[[1936 FA Charity Shield|1936]] :''Runners-up (1):'' [[1937 FA Charity Shield|1937]] * '''[[Sheriff o Lunnon Charity Shield]]: 1''' :[[1902–03 in English fitbaw|1903]] * '''[[Fitbaa League War Cup]]''' :''Runners-up (1):'' [[1942 Fitbaa League War Cup Final|1942]] ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat|Sunderland AFC}} [[Category:Sunderland A.F.C.| ]] [[Category:1879 establishments in Ingland]] [[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in 1879]] [[Category:FA Cup winners]] [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Ingland]] [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Tyne an Wear]] [[Category:Umwhile Football League clubs]] [[Category:Premier League clubs]] [[Category:United Soccer Association importit teams]] dgp9t0sopckbl5mb5f46zpnsih3ll9q 0 11857 919993 843775 2026-07-25T00:21:05Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 919993 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Abdullah Quilliam | image = Liverpool_article01_body02.jpg | alt = | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = 10 Apryle 1856 | birth_place = [[Liverpuil]], [[Unitit Kinrick o Great Breetain an Ireland|Unitit Kinrick]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1932|4|23|1856|4|10}} | death_place = [[Bloomsbury]], Lunnon, Unitit Kinrick | nationality = Breetish | religion = [[Islam]] | other_names = {{lang|ar|عبد الله كويليام}}<br />William Henry Quilliam<br />Henri Marcel Leon<br />Haroun Mustapha Leon | known_for = | occupation = }} '''William Henry Quilliam''' (Apryle 10, 1856 – 1932), who changed his name tae '''Abdullah Quilliam''', wis a 19t century convert frae [[Christianity]] tae [[Islam]], noted for foondin [[Ingland]]'s first [[mosque]] an Islamic centre. == Backgrund == William Quilliam wis born in [[Liverpool]] tae a wealthy [[Manx fowk|Manx]] faimily in 1856. His faither, Robert Quilliam, wis a watch manufacturer. William wis educated at the [[Liverpool Institute High School for Boys|Liverpool Institute]] an [[King William's College]] on the [[Isle o Man]]. He began work as a solicitor in 1878. === Conversion tae Islam === Quilliam wis brocht up a Christian but learned aboot Islam an converted, aither while visitin southren [[France]] in 1882 an crossing ower tae [[Algerie]] an [[Tunisie]], or efter visitin [[Morocco]] in 1887. Returning tae Liverpool, he began tae promote Islam in Breetain as [[Abdullah (name)|Abdullah]] Quilliam. Quilliam established the [[Liverpool Muslim Institute]] at 8 Brougham Terrace, West Derby Street, Liverpool in 1889, openin on Christmas day. This wis Ingland's first mosque, accommodating aroond a hunder Muslims, This wis followed bi a Muslim [[college]], headed bi [[Haschem Wilde]] an [[Nasrullah Warren]], which offered courses for baith Muslims an non-Muslims. A weekly [[Debatin]] an [[Leeterar]] Society within the college attracted non-Muslims. Quilliam influenced the paths o ither converts, includin his formerly [[Methodist]] mither, his sons, an scientists an intellectuals an his ensaumple lead tae the conversion o ower 150 Inglismen tae Islam. Quilliam wis influential in advancin knowledge o Islam within the [[Unitit Kinrick]], an gained ither converts throu his [[leeterar]] wirks an the [[Charitable organization|charitable]] institutions he foondit. An active writer an essayist, he produced a weekly paper, ''The Crescent'', frae 1893 until 1908. He published three editions o his ''The Faith o Islam'', which wis translated intae thirteen leids, gainin him fame across the Islamic warld. He haed extensive contact wi Englis-spikin Wast African Muslims an toured the region's coastal ceeties on his wey tae [[Lagos]] tae attend the festivities surroonding the consecration o the Shitta Bey Mosque in 1894. He received mony honours frae the leaders o the Islamic warld. He wis appyntit [[Sheikh al-Islam]] bi the [[Ottoman Sultan]], [[Abdul Hamid II]] in 1894 an [[Persie]] [[Consul (representative)|Consul]] tae Liverpool bi the [[Shah]]. He an aa received money frae the [[Abdur Rahman Khan|Emir o Afghanistan]] tae fund the Islamic Institute in Liverpool. Quilliam's wirk in Liverpool stopped when he left Ingland in 1908 an the Muslim community thare dispersed. He dee'd in 1932, in Lunnon, an wis buried in [[Brookwood Seemetry]], near [[Woking]]. He wis buried near [[Abdullah Yusuf Ali]], [[Muhammad Marmaduke Pickthall]] (who each translated the Qur'an), an [[Rowland Allanson-Winn, 5t Baron Headley|Lord Headley]]. [[Wastren Muslims]], parteecularly converts tae Islam, see him as a pioneer o the path thay hae taken. His legacy is maintained bi the Abdullah Quilliam Society which wis formed in 1996. The Society is raisin funds tae restore 8-10 Brougham Terrace tae re-open the historic mosque an establish an educational centre. The [[Quilliam Foundation]], a thinktank aimed at challengin extremist islamist ideologies, wis launched in 2008. == Notes and references == {{Reflist}} == External links == * [http://www.abdullahquilliamsociety.org/ Abdullah Quilliam Society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203142226/http://www.abdullahquilliamsociety.org/ |date=2011-02-03 }} * [http://abdullahquilliam.wordpress.com/ Abdullah Quilliam: The History of British Muslims] * [http://www.quilliamfoundation.org/ Quilliam Foundation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131092615/http://www.quilliamfoundation.org/ |date=2017-01-31 }} * [http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/this_britain/article2826203.ece ''Forgotten champion of Islam: One man and his mosque'' The Independent newspaper, 2 August 2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070923014058/http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/this_britain/article2826203.ece |date=2007-09-23 }} * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/legacies/heritage/england/liverpool/article_1.shtml Special BBC feature on Abdullah Quilliam and his Mosque, including audio testimonials from his grand-daughter and admirers] * [http://www.mcb.org.uk/features/features.php?ann_id=139 The Muslim Council of Britain's special biography and profile on Quilliam's life] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060517231304/http://www.mcb.org.uk/features/features.php?ann_id=139 |date=2006-05-17 }} * [http://www.masud.co.uk/ISLAM/bmh/BMH-AQ-poem4.htm ''The Riddle of Life'', poem by Abdullah Quilliam] * [http://www.wokingmuslim.org/pers/quilliam/ Quilliam mentioned in early Ahmadiyya sources and his connection with the Woking Muslim Mission under the name Professor H.M. Leon] * [http://www.isb.org.uk/iaw/yesteryear.htm A brief look at Muslims in Britain from yesteryear] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724052613/http://www.isb.org.uk/iaw/yesteryear.htm |date=2011-07-24 }} == Sources == * {{cite beuk|last=Lewis|first=Philip|title=Islamic Britain: Religion, Politics, and Identity among British Muslims: Bradford in the 1990s|url=https://archive.org/details/islamicbritainre00lewi|year=1994|publisher=I.B. Tauris|location=London|isbn=1850438617}} * {{cite book|last=Singleton|first=Brent D.|title=The Convert's Passion: An Anthology of Islamic Poetry from Late Victorian and Edwardian Britain|year=2009|publisher=Wildside|location=Rockville, MD|isbn=1434403548}}(Includes poems bi Abdullah William Henry Quilliam, Yehya-en-Nasr Parkinson, W. Obeid-Ullah Cunliffe, Ameenah Lincoln, Amherst D. Tyssen, Valfrid Hedman, Henry Yute Jones Taylor, an others) {{DEFAULTSORT:Quilliam, William Abdullah}} [[Category:1856 births]] [[Category:1932 daiths]] [[Category:Converts tae Islam]] [[Category:Inglis Muslims]] [[Category:Inglis releegious writers]] [[Category:Muslim writers]] [[Category:Buirials at Brookwood Seemetry]] [[Category:Inglis fowk o Manx strynd]] [[Category:Fowk frae Liverpuil]] [[Category:Alumni o King William's College]] 92bgctltyolaglnjvjzg2t72vneh900 0 12472 920010 664633 2026-07-25T00:33:53Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 920010 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Ford Escort 1172cc 1960.JPG|thumb|265px|A less expensive variant the Ford Squire wis brandit as the Ford Escort: this wis the first uise bi Ford o Breetain o a name which wad acome weel kent athort Europe an North Americae when applee'd tae Ford's mainstream sma faimily caurs manufactured frae the late 1960s (Europe) / early 1980s (USA).]] The '''Ford Squire''' is a [[Automobile|caur]] frae [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] for the [[Unitit Kinrick]] mercat biggit atween 1955 an 1959. It wis a twa door, fower seat [[Station wagon|estate]] design, the brither tae the [[Ford Prefect (caur)#100E (1953–59)|Ford Prefect 100E]] fower door [[sedan (caur)|saloon]], sharin the same 1172 cc Ford [[sidevalve]] 36&nbsp;bhp (27&nbsp;kW) ingine an ither pairts an the same interior trim. It wis substantially shorter than baith the Prefect an the closely relatit [[Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia 100E]] twa door saloon. It uised the short front doors o the fower-door model acause the bodyshell wis optimized for uise as a panel van (which wis marketed as the [[Thames 300E]]). The rear door wis in twa pieces split horizontally. The rear seat coud be foldit flat tae convert frae a fower seater tae a load carrier. Till 1957 thare wur wid trim pieces screwed tae the sides o the vehicle. The Squire competit in the same mercat segment as the [[Hillman Husky]] an the [[Austin A30|Austin A30 / A35 based estate]]: thir wur significantly mair popular in the UK than langer estates at the time. Tot production wis 17,812 caurs. The '''Ford Escort''' wis a mechanically identical estate caur but based on the [[Ford Anglia]] which haed a lawer trim level. This proved mair popular an a tot o 33,131 Escorts wur produced atween 1955 an 1961.<ref name=AZ1945>{{cite book |last=Sedgwick |first=M. |authorlink= |author2=Gillies.M|title=A-Z of Cars 1945–1970|url=https://archive.org/details/azofcars194519700000mich |year=1986 |publisher=Bay View Books |location=Devon, UK |isbn=1-870979-39-7}}</ref> Production o the Escort continued till 1961, twa years langer than the Squire. The Breetish [[The Motor (magazine)|''Motor'']] magazine testit a Squire in 1955 recordin a tap speed o 69.9&nbsp;mph (112.5&nbsp;km/h) an acceleration frae 0-50&nbsp;mph (80&nbsp;km/h) in 20.2 seconds an a fuel consumption o (7.91 L/100&nbsp;km; 29.7 mpg-US). The test caur which haed the optional heater cost £668 includin taxes.<ref name=Motor1955>{{cite journal | authorlink = Unsigned |title = The Ford Squire Estate Car| journal =[[The Motor (magazine)|The Motor]]| volume = | pages = | date = December 8 1955}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Ford}} {{FordEurope}} [[Category:Ford vehicles|Squire]] [[Category:Vehicles introduced in 1955]] hmn34fi087y4cylmdhrxptgbgypur81 0 12858 920017 887767 2026-07-25T00:39:50Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 920017 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|13|N|122|E|display=title}} {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = Republic o the Philippines |common_name = the Philippines |native_name = ''{{lang|fil|Republika ng Pilipinas}}'' <small>{{no bold|([[Filipino leid|Filipino]])}}</small>{{efn|name=a|In the recognisit regional [[leids o the Philippines]]: :* {{lang-akl|Republika it Pilipinas}} :* {{lang-bik|Republika kan Filipinas}} :* {{lang-ceb|Republika sa Pilipinas}} :* {{lang-cbk|República de Filipinas}} :* {{lang-hil|Republika sang Filipinas}} :* {{lang-ibg|Republika nat Filipinas}} :* {{lang-ilo|Republika ti Filipinas}} :* {{lang-ivv|Republika nu Filipinas}} :* {{lang-pam|Republika ning Filipinas}} :* {{lang-krj|Republika kang Pilipinas}} :* {{lang-mrw|Republika san Pilipinas}} :* {{lang-pag|Republika na Filipinas}} :* {{lang-xsb|Republika nin Pilipinas}} :* {{lang-sgd|Republika nan Pilipinas}} :* {{lang-tsg|Republika sin Pilipinas}} :* {{lang-war|Republika han Pilipinas}} In the recognisit optional leids o the Philippines: :* {{lang-es|República de Filipinas}} :* {{lang-ar|جمهورية الفلبين|Jumhuriat al-Falabin}} }} |image_flag = Flag of the Philippines.svg |image_coat = Coat of Arms of the Philippines.svg |other_symbol = <div style="padding:0.3em;">[[File:Seal of the Philippines.svg|80px|link=Great Seal o the Philippines]]</div>{{native phrase|fil|[[Coat o airms o the Philippines#Great Seal|Dakilang Sagisag ng Pilipinas]]|nolink=on}}<br />{{small|Great Seal o the Philippines}} |other_symbol_type = [[Coat o arms o the Philippines#Great Seal|Great Seal]] |national_motto = <br />"{{lang|fil|[[Maka-Diyos, Maka-Tao, Makakalikasan at Makabansa]]}}"<ref name=ra8491>{{cite web|title=Republic act no. 8491 |url=http://www.gov.ph/1998/02/12/republic-act-no-8491/ |publisher=Republic of the Philippines |accessdate=March 8, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308050740/http://www.gov.ph/1998/02/12/republic-act-no-8491/ |archivedate=March 8, 2014 |df= }}</ref><br />{{small|"For God, Fowk, Naitur, an Kintra"}} |national_anthem = ''{{lang|fil|[[Lupang Hinirang]]}}''<br />{{small|''Chuisen Laund''}}<br /><center>[[File:Lupang Hinirang instrumental.ogg]]</center> |image_map = PHL orthographic.svg |image_map2 = |capital = [[Manila]]{{ref|a|a}}<br />{{Coord|14|35|N|120|58|E|type:city}} |largest_city = [[Quezon Ceety]]<br />{{small|{{coord|14|38|N|121|02|E|display=inline}}}} |official_languages = {{hlist |[[Filipino leid|Filipino]] |[[Philippine Inglis|Inglis]]}} |recognized_regional_languages = {{collapsible list |title = [[Leids o the Philippines|19 leids]]<ref name="7 mother languages">[http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/317280/news/nation/deped-adds-7-languages-to-mother-tongue-based-education-for-kinder-to-grade-3 DepEd adds 7 languages to mother tongue-based education for Kinder to Grade 3]. [[GMA News]]. Julie 13, 2013.</ref> |[[Aklanon leid|Aklanon]] |[[Central Bikol leid|Central Bikol]] |[[Cebuano leid|Cebuano]] |[[Chavacano]] |[[Hiligaynon leid|Hiligaynon]] |[[Ibanag leid|Ibanag]] |[[Ilocano leid|Ilocano]] |[[Ivatan leid|Ivatan]] |[[Kapampangan leid|Kapampangan]] |[[Kinaray-a leid|Kinaray-a]] |[[Maguindanao leid|Maguindanao]] |[[Maranao leid|Maranao]] |[[Pangasinan leid|Pangasinan]] |[[Sambal leid|Sambal]] |[[Surigaonon leid|Surigaonon]] |[[Tagalog leid|Tagalog]] |[[Taūsug leid|Taūsug]] |[[Waray leid|Waray]] |[[Yakan leid|Yakan]] }} |languages_type = Naitional leid |languages = [[Filipino leid|Filipino]] |languages2_type = Optional leid{{ref|b|b}} |languages2 = {{hlist |[[Philippine Spaingie|Spaingie]] |[[Arabic]]}} |ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list <!-- per page 27 of the supporting source cited (Cebuanos, Ilongos, and Waray are covered by the Visayan grouping -- page 34 of the PDF) --> |{{#expr:100 * (10539816+9125637+7773655+3660645) / 92097978 round 1}}% [[Visayans|Visayan]] |{{#expr:100 * 25512089 / 92097978 round 1}}% [[Tagalog fowk|Tagalog]] |{{#expr:100 * 8987941 / 92097978 round 1}}% [[Ilocano fowk|Ilocano]] |{{#expr:100 * 6299283 / 92097978 round 1}}% [[Bicolano fowk|Bicolano]] |{{#expr:100 * 4737123 / 92097978 round 1}}% [[Moro fowk|Moro]] |{{#expr:100 * 2897239 / 92097978 round 1}}% [[Kapampangan fowk|Kapampangan]] |{{#expr:100 * 1586349 / 92097978 round 1}}% [[Igorot fowk|Igorot]] |{{#expr:100 * 1274895 / 92097978 round 1}}% [[Pangasinense fowk|Pangasinense]] |{{#expr:100 * 1146250 / 92097978 round 1}}% [[Cheenese Filipino|Chinese]] |{{#expr:100 * 1054859 / 92097978 round 1}}% [[Zamboangueño fowk|Zamboangueño]] |8.3% [[Ethnic groups in the Philippines|ithers]] }} |ethnic_groups_year = 2010{{Sfn|Philippine Statistics Authority|2014|pp=29–34}} |demonym = [[Filipinos|Filipino (''masculine or neutral'')<br />Filipina (''feminine'')]]<br /> [[Pinoy]] (''colloquial masculine'')<br />Pinay (''colloquial feminine'')<br /> [[Filipinos|Philippine]] (''Scots'')<!-- "Philippine" is a demonym as it is used to identify natives or residents of a certain or specific place that are derived from the place name Philippines, i.e. Philippine-American War -- refer to Oxford definition of demonym(s). --> |government_type = [[Unitar state|Unitar]] [[Presidential seestem|presidential]] [[Constitution o the Philippines|constitutional]] [[republic]] |leader_title1 = [[Preses o the Philippines|President]] |leader_name1 = [[Rodrigo Duterte]] |leader_title2 = [[Vice Preses o the Philippines|Vice President]] |leader_name2 = [[Leni Robredo]] |leader_title3 = [[Preses o the Senate o the Philippines|Senate President]] |leader_name3 = [[Tito Sotto]] |leader_title4 = [[Speaker o the Hoose o Representatives o the Philippines|Hoose Speaker]] |leader_name4 = [[Lord Allan Velasco]] |leader_title5 = [[Chief Juistice o the Supreme Coort o the Philippines|Chief Juistice]] |leader_name5 = [[Diosdado Peralta]] |legislature = [[Congress o the Philippines|Congress]] |upper_house = [[Senate o the Philippines|Senate]] |lower_house = [[Hoose o Representatives of the Philippines|Hoose o Representatives]] |sovereignty_type = [[Sovereignty o the Philippines|Formation o the republic]] |sovereignty_note = {{ref|e|e}} |established_event1 = [[Philippine Declaration o Unthirldom|Unthirldom frae Spain declared]] |established_date1 = Juin 12, 1898 |established_event2 = [[Treaty o Paris (1898)]] / Spaingie Cession{{ref|c|c}} |established_date2 = December 10, 1898 |established_event3 = [[Malolos Constitution]] / [[First Philippine Republic]] {{ref|e|e}} |established_date3 = Januar 21, 1899 |established_event4 = [[Tydings–McDuffie Act]] |established_date4 = Mairch 24, 1934 |established_event5 = [[Commonwealth o the Philippines]] |established_date5 = Mey 14, 1935 |established_event6 = [[Treaty o Manila (1946)|Treaty of Manila / Independence from United States]] {{ref|d|d}} |established_date6 = July 4, 1946 |established_event7 = [[Constitution of the Philippines|Current constitution]] |established_date7 = February 2, 1987 |area_km2 = 343,448<ref name="size">{{Cite web |url=https://www.gov.ph/about-the-philippines |title=Archived copy |access-date=2017-12-24 |archive-date=2019-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601070000/https://www.gov.ph/about-the-philippines |url-status=dead }}</ref> |area_label = Tot |area_rank = <!--|area_magnitude = 1 E11--> |area_sq_mi = {{convert|{{data Philippines|pst2|total area}}|km2|sqmi|0|disp=output number only}} <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |percent_water = 0.61<ref name=CIAfactbook>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rp.html |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |title=East & Southeast Asia :: Philippines |work=The World Factbook |location=Washington, D.C.: Author |date=October 28, 2009 |accessdate=November 7, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150719222229/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rp.html |archivedate=July 19, 2015 |df= }}</ref>&nbsp;{{small|(inland waters)}} |area_label2 = [[Laund aurie|Laund]] |area_data2 = 341,353<ref name=size /> |population_estimate_year= 2017 |population_estimate_rank= 12t |population_estimate = |population_census = 100,981,437<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.psa.gov.ph/content/highlights-philippine-population-2015-census-population|title=Highlights of the Philippine Population 2015 Census of Population - Philippine Statistics Authority|website=www.psa.gov.ph|access-date=2017-12-24|archive-date=2017-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202031551/https://www.psa.gov.ph/content/highlights-philippine-population-2015-census-population|url-status=dead}}</ref> |population_census_year = {{Data Philippines|pst2|popbaseyear}} |population_census_rank = 12t |population_density_km2 = 294 |population_density_sq_mi = {{Data/popdens|Philippines|comma|areaunit=sqmi}}<!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = 37t |GDP_PPP = $873.966 billion<ref name="imf2">{{cite web | url =http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=59&pr.y=10&sy=2014&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=566&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= | title = Philippines | work = World Economic Outlook | publisher = International Monetary Fund | date = October 2016}}</ref> |GDP_PPP_year = 2017 |GDP_PPP_rank = 29t |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $8,223<ref name=imf2 /> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 118t |GDP_nominal = $348.593 billion<ref name=imf2 /> |GDP_nominal_year = 2017 |GDP_nominal_rank = 36t |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $3,280<ref name=imf2 /> |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 104t |Gini = 43.0 <!--number only--> |Gini_year = 2012 |Gini_change = 42decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank |accessdate=March 2, 2011}}</ref> |Gini_rank = 44t |HDI = 0.682 <!--number only--> |HDI_year = 2015 <!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> |HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=March 21, 2017 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> |HDI_rank = 116th |currency = {{nowrap|[[Philippine piso|Piso]] (Filipino:&nbsp;{{lang|fil|{{IPA-tl|ˈpiso|}}}}) (₱)}} |currency_code = PHP |time_zone = [[Philippine Staundart Time|PST]] |utc_offset = +8 |utc_offset_DST = +8 |time_zone_DST = not observed |date_format = {{unbulleted list |mm-dd-yyyy|dd-mm-yyyy ([[Anno Domini|AD]])}} |drives_on = richt<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.brianlucas.ca/roadside/ |title=Which side of the road do they drive on? |author=Lucas, Brian |date=August 2005 |accessdate=February 22, 2009 |publisher=}}</ref> |calling_code = [[+63]] |cctld = [[.ph]] |official_website = [https://www.gov.ph/ National Government Portal]<br />[http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/ Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines] |footnote_a = {{note|a}} While Manila proper is designatit as the naition's caipital, the hale o [[Metro Manila|Naitional Caipital Region]] (NCR) is designatit as [[seat o govrenment]], hence the name o a region. This is acause it haes mony naitional govrenment institutions aside frae Malacanang Palace an some augencies/institutions that are locatit within the caipital ceety.<ref>{{cite web|title=Presidential Decree No. 940, s. 1976 |url=http://www.gov.ph/1976/05/29/presidential-decree-no-940-s-1976/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19760529010101/http://www.gov.ph/1976/05/29/presidential-decree-no-940-s-1976/ |publisher=Malacanang |accessdate=April 4, 2015 |archivedate=May 29, 1976 |dead-url=yes |location=Manila |df= }}</ref> |footnote_b = {{note|b}} The 1987 Philippine constitution specifees "Spaingie an Arabic shall be promotit on a voluntary an optional basis."<ref name=OfficialLang>{{cite web |author1=Joselito Guianan Chan |author2=Managing Partner |url=http://www.chanrobles.com/article14language.htm |title=1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines, Article XIV, Section 7. |publisher=Chan Robles & Associates Law Firm |accessdate=May 4, 2013 |archive-date=2007-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071110234327/http://www.chanrobles.com/article14language.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |footnote_c = {{note|c}} Filipino revolutionaries [[Philippine Declaration o Unthirldom|declared unthirldom]] frae Spain on Juin 12, 1898, but Spain cedit the islands tae the Unitit States for $20&nbsp;million in the [[Treaty o Paris (1898)|Treaty o Paris]] on December 10, 1898 that eventually led tae the [[Philippine–American War]]. |footnote_d = {{note|d}} The Unitit States o Americae recognisit the unthirldom o the Philippines on Julie 4, 1946, throu the [[Treaty o Manila (1946)|Treaty o Manila]].<ref>{{Citation|url=http://untreaty.un.org/unts/1_60000/1/6/00000254.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723021900/http://untreaty.un.org/unts/1_60000/1/6/00000254.pdf|archivedate=July 23, 2011|format=PDF|title=Treaty of General Relations Between the United States of America and the Republic of the Philippines. Signed at Manila, on 4 July 1946|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=December 10, 2007}}</ref> This date was chosen because it corresponds to the U.S. [[Independence Day (United States)|Independence Day]], which was observed in the Philippines as '''''[[Independence Day (Philippines)|Independence Day]]''''' until May 12, 1962, when [[President of the Philippines|President]] [[Diosdado Macapagal]] issued Presidential Proclamation No. 28, shifting it to June 12, the date of [[Emilio Aguinaldo]]'s proclamation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Republic of the Philippines Independence Day |url=http://m.state.gov/md243684.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915021401/http://m.state.gov/md243684.htm |publisher=[[United States State Department]] |accessdate=July 30, 2015 |archivedate=2015-09-15 |dead-url=yes |url-status=dead }}</ref> |footnote_e = {{note|e}} In accordance wi airticle 11 o the Revolutionar Govrenment Decree o Juin 23, 1898, the [[Malolos Congress]] selectit a commission tae draw up a draft [[constitution]] on September 17, 1898. The commission wis componit o Hipólito Magsalin, Basilio Teodoro, José Albert, [[Joaquin Gonzalez (politeecian)|Joaquín González]], [[Gregorio S. Araneta|Gregorio Araneta]], Pablo Ocampo, Aguedo Velarde, Higinio Benitez, [[Tomas del Rosario|Tomás del Rosario]], [[Jose Alejandrino|José Alejandrino]], Alberto Barretto, José Ma. de la Viña, José Luna, [[Antonio Luna]], Mariano Abella, Juan Manday, [[Felipe Calderón y Roca|Felipe Calderón]], [[Arsenio Cruz-Herrera|Arsenio Cruz]] an Felipe Buencamino.<ref>{{cite book|last=Calderón|first=Felipe|title=Mis memorias sobre la revolución filipina: Segunda etapa, (1898 á 1901). |url=https://archive.org/details/arb8046.0001.001.umich.edu|year=1907|publisher=Imp. de El Renacimiento|location=Manila|pages=[https://archive.org/details/arb8046.0001.001.umich.edu/page/234 234], 235; appendix, pp. 5–10.}}</ref> Thay war all walthie an weel-eddicatit.<ref name=LOCPhil>{{cite book|author=Dolan, Federal Research Division, Library of Congress|editor=Ronald E.|title=Philippines, a country study|date=1983|publisher=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=0-8444-0748-8|edition=4th}}</ref> |religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |92% [[Christianity]] |5.57% [[Islam]] |2.43% ithers<ref name="PSA-2015PSY">{{cite journal|title=Table 1.10; Household Population by Religious Affiliation and by Sex; 2010|journal=2015 Philippine Statistical Yearbook|date=October 2015|pages=1–30|url=https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/2015%20PSY%20PDF.pdf|accessdate=August 15, 2016|publisher=Philippine Statistics Authority|location=East Avenue, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines|issn=0118-1564}}</ref> }} }} [[File:Regions and provinces of the Philippines-es.svg|thumb|Territorial Organization]] The '''Philippines''' ({{lang-fil|Pilipinas|}} {{IPA-tl|ˌpɪlɪˈpinɐs|}}), offeecially kent as the '''Republic o the Philippines''' ([[Filipino leid|Filipino]]:Republika ng Pilipinas), is a kintra in [[Sootheast Asie]] in the [[wastren Paceefic Ocean]]. Tae its north athort the [[Luzon Strait]] lies [[Taiwan]]. Wast athort the [[Sooth Cheenae Sea]] sits [[Vietnam]]. The [[Sulu Sea]] tae the soothwast lies atween the kintra an the island o [[Borneo]], an tae the sooth the [[Celebes Sea]] separates it frae ither islands o [[Indonesie]]. It is boondit on the east bi the [[Philippine Sea]]. Its location on the [[Paceefic Ring o Fire]] an its tropical climate mak the Philippines prone tae yirdquaks an typhoons but hae an aa endoued the kintra wi naitural resoorces an made it ane o the richest auries o biodiversity in the warld. An archipelago comprisin 7,641<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cnnphilippines.com/videos/2016/02/20/More-islands-more-fun-in-PH.html|title=More islands, more fun in PH|date=20 February 2016|language=en|access-date=20 June 2018|archive-date=2018-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007074415/http://cnnphilippines.com/videos/2016/02/20/More-islands-more-fun-in-PH.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> islands, the Philippines is categerisit broadly intae three main geographical divisions: [[Luzon]], [[Visayas]], an [[Mindanao]]. Its caipital ceety is [[Manila]]. ==Notes== {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} ==References== {{Reflist}} == Freemit airtins == {{Sister project links}} {{Refbegin}} ; Govrenment * [http://www.congress.gov.ph/ Official website of the House of Representatives of the Philippines] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604085514/http://congress.gov.ph/ |date=2020-06-04 }} * [http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/ Official website of the Supreme Court of the Philippines] * [http://www.bsp.gov.ph/ Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP or Central Bank of the Philippines)] * [http://localweb.neda.gov.ph/ National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) – Economic Indicators Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100721214659/http://localweb.neda.gov.ph/ |date=2010-07-21 }} * [http://countrystat.bas.gov.ph/ Bureau of Agricultural Statistics – CountrySTAT Philippines] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110320180142/http://countrystat.bas.gov.ph/ |date=2011-03-20 }} * [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-p/philippines.html Chiefs of State and Cabinet Members] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528053331/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-p/philippines.html |date=2010-05-28 }} ; General information * {{dmoz|Regional/Oceania/Philippines}} * [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/philippines.htm Philippines] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521230339/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/philippines.htm |date=2011-05-21 }} at UCB Libraries GovPubs * [http://wiki.answers.com/Q/FAQ/2802 WikiAnswers: Q&A about the Philippines] ;Pictures <!--Do not add commercial links or your website. Suggest them via the discussion page. Failure to do so will mean the deletion of your websites as spam.--> * [http://journeyphilippines.net/ Around Philippines Photos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424010749/http://journeyphilippines.net/ |date=2017-04-24 }} * [http://asiaphilippines.net/ Asia Philippines Photos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111114003102/http://asiaphilippines.net/ |date=2011-11-14 }} * [http://philippinesdailyphotos.com/ Philippines Daily Photos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202025242/http://www.philippinesdailyphotos.com/ |date=2018-12-02 }} ;Beuks an articles * [http://www.gutenberg.org/browse/authors/b#a2296 History of the Philippine Islands] in mony volumes, frae [[Project Gutenberg]] (indexed unner [[Emma Helen Blair]], the general editor) * [http://newsweek.washingtonpost.com/postglobal/america/philippines/ Washington Post – How the Philippines Sees America] ; Ither <!--Do not add commercial links or your website. Suggest them via the discussion page. Failure to do so will mean the deletion of your websites as spam.--> * [http://www.adb.org/ Asian Development Bank (ADB)] * [http://www.aer.ph/ AER - Economic and social issues in the Philippines] at [[Action For Economic Reforms]] * [http://www.filipiniana.net/ Filipinana.net - Free digital library and a research portal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217085143/http://filipiniana.net/ |date=2008-12-17 }} ; Wikimedia <!--Do not add commercial links or your website. Suggest them via the discussion page. Failure to do so will mean the deletion of your websites as spam.--> * [[meta:Wikimedia Philippines|Wikimedia Philippines]] * {{Wikiatlas|Philippines}} * [http://www.wikimapia.org/#y=12554564&x=122915039&z=6&l=0&m=a WikiSatellite view of Philippines] at [[WikiMapia]] * {{Wikivoyage|Philippines}} {{Refend}} {{Template group |title = Articles Related to the Philippines |list = {{Philippines topics}} {{Philippines political divisions}} {{Template group |title = [[File:Gnome-globe.svg|25px]]{{nbsp}}Geographic locale |list = '''[[Geographic coordinate system|Lat. <small>and</small> Long.]] {{Coord|14|35|N|121|0|E|display=inline}} <span style="color:darkblue;">(Manila)</span>''' {{Countries of Asia}} {{Countries and territories of Southeast Asia}} {{Countries of the Malay Archipelago}} }} {{Template group |title = International membership |list = {{Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)}} {{Major non-NATO ally}} {{East Asia Summit (EAS)}} {{Non-Aligned Movement}} {{Like Minded Group}} {{Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)}} {{World Trade Organization (WTO)}} }} {{Template group |title = Languages |list = {{Austronesian-speaking countries and territories}} {{Latin Union}} {{English official language clickable map}} }}}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Philippines| ]] [[Category:Member states o the Association o Sootheast Asian Naitions]] [[Category:Kintras borderin the Paceefic Ocean]] [[Category:Kintras borderin the Philippine Sea]] [[Category:Kintras borderin the Sooth Cheenae Sea]] [[Category:Inglis-speakin kintras an territories]] [[Category:First republics in Asie]] [[Category:Umwhile Spaingie colonies]] [[Category:Island kintras]] [[Category:Leeberal democracies]] [[Category:Republics]] [[Category:Sootheast Asie kintras]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1565]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1898]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1946]] [[Category:Volcanic arc islands]] <!--Interwikis--> 9dbt35u1mdskju9hdo6479qhnd38ifk 0 12917 919988 813086 2026-07-25T00:17:15Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 2 books for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 919988 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Ford Prefect''' is a line o [[United Kingdom|Breetish]] [[automobile|caurs]] produced bi the UK section o the [[Ford o Breetain|Ford Motor Company]], an a mair upmarket version o its direct siblings the [[Ford Popular]] an [[Ford Anglia]]. It wis introduced in 1938 an remained in production till 1941; returnin tae the mercat in 1945, it wis affered till 1961. The caur progressed in 1953 frae its oreeginal perpendicular or 'sit-up-an-beg' style tae a mair modren [[Three-box stylin|three-box]] structur. Lik its siblings, the caur became a popular basis for a [[hot rod]] especially in Breetain whaur baith its lichtweight structur an its [[Straight-4|fower cylinder ingines]] appealed tae builders. __TOC__ {{clear}} ==E93A (1938-49)== [[Image:Ford Prefect ca 1948.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Ford Prefect E93A]] The Ford Prefect wis introduced in 1938 an biggit bi the Ford plant in [[Ford Dagenham assembly plant|Dagenham]], [[Essex]]. The oreeginal Ford Prefect wis a slicht rewirkin o the previous year's [[Ford 7Y|7Y]], the first Ford caur designed ootside o [[Detroit]], [[Michigan]]. It wis designed specifically for the Breetish mercat. It haed a 1200 cc side valve ingine wi thermocirculation radiator (nae pump) an the ability tae be stairtit bi a crank haundle shoud the battery no hae sufficient pouer tae turn the stairter motor runnin frae the 6 Volt chargin seestem. The windscreen wipers wur pouered bi the vacuum portit frae the ingine intake manifold - as the caur laboured uphill the wipers wad slow tae a standstill due tae the intake manifold vacuum droppin tae near nil, ae tae stairt workin again as the tap wis reached an the intake vacuum increased. The windscreen opened forrit pivotin on hinges on the tap edge; twa flaps aither side o the scuttle an aa let air intae the caur. The maist common body styles wur twa an fower door saloons but pre war a few tourers an coupés wur made. Post war ae fower door saloons wur available on the hame mercat but twa door models wur made for export. 41,486 wur made up tae 1941<ref name=AZ1930>{{cite book |last=Sedgwick |first=M. |coauthors=Gillies |title=A-Z of cars of the 1930's |url=https://archive.org/details/azofcarsof1930sa0000mich |year=1989 |publisher= Bay View Books |location=UK |isbn=1-870979-38-9}}</ref> an a further 158,007 atween 1945 an 1948.<ref name=AZ1945/> {{clear}} ==E493A (1949–53)== Post war, the Prefect design changed little till replaced in 1952. The headlamps moved intae the wings an [[trafficators]] wur fittit (internally lit semaphores sprungin oot frae the door pillars tae signal left an richt turns), tho due tae space restrictions thir wur left oot on the Australian-biggit [[Pickup truck#The Australian ute|Ute]]. Ae fower door saloons wur available on the hame mercat, the twa door sector bein left tae the [[Ford Anglia|Anglia]] but some wur made for export.<ref name=AZ1945>{{cite book |last=Sedgwick |first=M. |author2=Gillies |title=A–Z of cars 1945–1970 |url=https://archive.org/details/azofcars194519700000mich | year =1986 |publisher= Bay View Books |location=UK |isbn=1-870979-39-7}}</ref> The brakes remained mechanically operated uisin the Girling rod seestem wi 10 in (250&nbsp;mm) drums an the chassis still haed transverse leaf springs front an rear. A Prefect testit bi the Breetish magazine [[The Motor (magazine)|The Motor]] in 1948 haed a tap speed o {{convert|61|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} an coud accelerate frae 0-0-50&nbsp;mph (80&nbsp;km/h) in 22.8 seconds. A fuel consumption o {{convert|33.2|mpgimp|L/100 km mpgus}} wis recorded. The test car which haed the optional leather upholstery cost £412 includin taxes. In standard form thay commented that it wis the cheapest 4-door car on the Breetish mercat.<ref name=Motor1948>{{cite journal | authorlink = Unsigned |title = The Ford Prefect Road Test| journal =[[The Motor (magazine)|The Motor]]| volume = | pages = | date = October 27, 1948}}</ref> 192,229 war made.<ref name=AZ1945/> [[Image:1950CanadianFordPrefect.jpg|thumb|left|1950 Canadian-distribution Breetish Ford Prefect]] {{clear}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Ford vehicles|Prefect]] [[Category:1938 introductions]] 1l1tkww2cvglx5wosn39uwn16ju5gau 0 13647 919956 894988 2026-07-24T23:46:40Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 919956 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Persie | altname = ''fārsi'' | nativename = {{lang|fa|فارسی}} | pronunciation = {{IPA-fa|fɒːɾˈsiː|}} | states = {{hlist|style=line-height:1.3em; | [[Iran]]<ref name="Samadi">{{cite book | last = Samadi | first = Habibeh | title = Assessing Grammar: The Languages of Lars | url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781847696373 | year = 2012 | publisher = Multilingual Matters | isbn = 978-1-84769-637-3 | author2 = Nick Perkins | editor = Martin Ball | editor2 = David Crystal | editor3 = Paul Fletcher | page = [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781847696373/page/169 169] | language = Inglis }}</ref> | [[Afghanistan]]<ref name="Samadi" />&nbsp;(as [[Dari leid|Dari]]) }} {{hlist|style=line-height:1.3em; | [[Tajikistan]]<ref name="Samadi" />&nbsp;(as [[Tajik leid|Tajik]]) | [[Uzbekistan]] (as Tajik an [[Bukhori dialect|Bukhori]])|[[Iraq]]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iraq | title = IRAQ | language = Inglis | accessdate = 7 November 2014 }}</ref> | [[Roushie]]<ref>{{cite book | ref = harv | last1 = Pilkington | first1 = Hilary | last2 = Yemelianova | first2 = Galina | title = Islam in Post-Soviet Russia | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=mAfS-PFRLYkC&pg=PA27 | year = 2004 | publisher = Taylor & Francis | isbn = 978-0-203-21769-6 | page = 27 | language = Inglis }}: "Among other indigenous peoples of Iranian origin were the Tats, the Talishes and the Kurds"</ref><ref>{{cite book | ref = harv | last1 = Mastyugina | first1 = Tatiana | last2 = Perepelkin | first2 = Lev | title = An Ethnic History of Russia: Pre-revolutionary Times to the Present | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=xd3ZnfyRgncC&pg=PA80 | year = 1996 | publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group | isbn = 978-0-313-29315-3 | language = Inglis }}, p. 80: "The Iranian Peoples (Ossetians, Tajiks, Tats, Mountain Judaists)"</ref>|[[Azerbaijan]]<ref name="Windfuhr">Windfuhr, Gernot: ''The Iranian Languages'', Routledge 2009, p.&nbsp;418.</ref> }} | speakers = 45 million (2007)<ref>Mikael Parkvall, "Världens 100 största språk 2007" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), in ''[[Nationalencyklopedin]]''</ref>&nbsp;– 60 million | date = 2009 | ref = <ref name="Windfuhr" /> | speakers2 = (110 million tot speakers)<ref name="Windfuhr" /> | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian leids|Indo-Iranian]] | fam3 = [[Iranian leids|Iranian]] | fam4 = [[Wastren Iranian leids|Wastren Iranian]] | fam5 = Soothwastren Iranian | ancestor = [[Auld Persie]] | ancestor2 = [[Middle Persie]] | dia1 = [[Wastren Persie]] | dia2 = [[Dari leid|Dari]] | dia3 = [[Tajik leid|Tajik]] | dia4 = [[Bukhori leid|Bukhori]] | dia5 = [[Pahlavani leid|Pahlavani]] | dia6 = [[Hazaragi leid|Hazaragi]] | dia7 = [[Aimaq dialect|Aimaq]] | dia8 = [[Judeo-Persie]] | dia9 = [[Dehwari leid|Dehwari]] | dia10 = [[Judeo-Tat]]<ref name="Windfuhr" /> | dia11 = [[Tat leid (Caucasus)|Caucasian Tat]]<ref name="Windfuhr" /> | dia12 = [[Armeno-Tat]]<ref name="Windfuhr" /> | stand1 = [[Wastren Persie]] | stand2 = [[Dari leid|Dari]] | stand3 = [[Tajik leid|Tajik]] | script = {{startplainlist|class=nowrap}} * [[Persie alphabet]] ([[Iran]] an [[Afghanistan]]) * [[Tajik alphabet]] ([[Tajikistan]]) * {{hlist |[[Ebreu alphabet|Ebreu]] | [[Persian Braille]]}} {{endplainlist}} | nation = {{plainlist| *{{IRN}} (as Persie) *{{AFG}} (as [[Dari leid|Dari]]) *{{TJK}} (as [[Tajik leid|Tajik]])}} | agency = {{startplainlist}} * {{longlink|[[Academy o Persie Leid an Leeteratur]]&nbsp;([[Iran]])}} {{endplainlist}} | iso1 = fa | iso2b = per | iso2t = fas | iso3 = fas | lc1 = pes | ld1 = [[Wastern Persie]] | lc2 = prs | ld2 = [[Dari leid]] (Afghan Persie) | lc3 = tgk | ld3 = [[Tajik leid|Tajiki]] | lc4 = aiq | ld4 = [[Aimaq dialect]] | lc5 = bhh | ld5 = [[Bukhori dialect]] | lc7 = haz | ld7 = [[Hazaragi dialect]] | lc8 = jpr | ld8 = [[Judeo-Persie]] | lc9 = phv | ld9 = [[Pahlavani leid|Pahlavani]] | lc10 = deh | ld10 = [[Dehwari leid|Dehwari]] | lc11 = jdt | ld11 = [[Judeo-Tat]] | lc12 = ttt | ld12 = [[Tat leid (Caucasus)|Caucasian Tat]] | lingua = {{longitem|58-AAC (Wider Persie)<br />{{nowrap|&nbsp;> 58-AAC-c (Central Persie)}}}} | image = Farsi.svg | imagesize = 100px | imagecaption = ''Fārsi'' written in Persie ([[Nastaʿlīq script]]) | map = Persian Language Location Map.svg{{!}}border | mapcaption = Auries wi monie Persie speakers (wi dialects an aw) | map2 = Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan.svg{{!}}border | mapcaption2 = {{legend|red|Kintras whaur Persie is an offeecial leid}} | listclass = hlist | glotto = fars1254 | glottorefname = Farsic&nbsp;– Caucasian Tat }} '''Persie''' (local name: '''{{lang|fa|[[wikt:فارسی|فارسی]]}}''', ''Fārsi'' {{IPA-fa|fɒːɾˈsi|IPA}}) is an [[Iranie leids|Iranie leid]] athin the [[Indo-Iranie leids|Indo-Iranie]] brainch o the [[Indo-European leids]]. It is widely spoken in [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Uzbekistan]] an tae some extent in [[Armenie]], [[Iraq]], [[Bahrain]], an [[Oman]]. The Persie leid, whase native names is فارسی ''Fārsi'', ''[[Dari]]'' (the dialect o Afghanistan) or ''Fārsi-ye-Dari'' (''Dari Persian''), can be clessifee'd linguistically as a conteenuation o [[Middle Persie]], the offeecial releegious an leeterar leid o [[Sassanian|Sassanid Persie]], itsel a conteenuation o [[Auld Persian]], the leid o the [[Persiae Empire]] in [[Achaemenids]] era.<ref name="Lazard"/> Persie is a [[pluricentric leid]] an its grammar is seemilar tae that o mony contemporar European leids.<ref name="Richard Davis 2006. pp. 602-603">Richard Davis, “Persian” in Josef W. Meri, Jere L. Bacharach, “Medieval Islamic Civilization”, Taylor & Francis, 2006. Ppg 602-603. “The grammar of New Persian is similar to many contemporary European languages.” “Persian has, in general, confined its borrowings from Arabic to lexical items, and its morphology is relatively unaffected by the influence of Arabic, being confined to a few conventions such as (usually optional) use of Arabic plurals for Arabic-derived words (as an English speaker may use Latin plurals for Latin loan words in English)... Similarly, the core vocabulary of Persian continued to be derived from Pahlavi, but Arabic lexical items predominated for more abstract or abstruse subjects and often replaced their Persian equivalents in polite discourse.”</ref> The Persie leid haes been a medium for leeterar an scienteefic contreibutions tae the eastren hauf o the [[Muslim warld]]. Persie haes haed a conseederable influence on neebourin leids, in parteecular the [[Turkic leids]] in [[Central Asie]], [[Caucasus]], an [[Anatolie]], neebourin Iranie leids, as weel as [[Armenie leid|Armenie]], [[Arabic leid|Arabic]] an ither leids. It haes exertit a strang influence on Sooth Asie leids an aw, specially [[Urdu]], as weel as [[Hindi]], [[Punjabi leid|Punjabi]], [[Sindhi leid|Sindhi]] an [[Bengali leid|Bengali]].<ref name="Lazard">Professor. Gilbert Lazard, : ''The language known as New Persian, which usually is called at this period (early Islamic times) by the name of Dari or Parsi-Dari, can be classified linguistically as a continuation of Middle Persian, the official religious and literary language of Sassanian Iran, itself a continuation of Old Persian, the language of the Achaemenids. Unlike the other languages and dialects, ancient and modern, of the Iranian group such as [[Avestan]], [[Parthian language|Parthian]], [[Soghdian]], [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]], [[Balochi language|Balochi]], [[Pashto language|Pashto]], etc., Old [[Middle Persian|Middle]] and New Persian represent one and the same language at three states of its history. It haed its origin in [[Fars Province|Fars]] (the true Persian kintra frae the historical point o view) an is differentiatit bi dialectical features, still easy recognisable frae the dialect prevailin in north-wastren an eastren Iran'' in (Lazard, Gilbert 1975, “The Rise of the New Persian Language” in Frye, R. N., The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 4, pp. 595–632, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</ref><ref name="Richard Davis 2006. pp. 602-603"/><ref name="Lazard, Gilbert 1971">Lazard, Gilbert, "Pahlavi, Pârsi, dari: Les langues d'Iran d'apès Ibn al-Muqaffa" in R.N. Frye, "Iran and Islam. In Memory of the late Vladimir Minorsky", Edinburgh University Press, 1971.</ref><ref name="Nushin Namazi">{{Cite web|url=http://cgi.stanford.edu/group/wais/cgi-bin/?p=24327|title=Persian Loan Words in Arabic|author=Nushin Namazi|date=2008-11-24|accessdate=2009-06-01|archive-date=2011-05-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520151330/http://cgi.stanford.edu/group/wais/cgi-bin/?p=24327|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Classe 2000 1057">{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of literary translation into English |last=Classe |first=Olive |authorlink= |year=2000 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |location= |isbn=978-1-884964-36-7 |page=1057 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=C1uXah12nHgC&pg=PA1057 |quote=''Since the Arab conquest of the country in 7th century AD, many loan words have entered the language (which from this time has been written with a slightly modified version of the Arabic script) and the literature has been heavily influenced by the conventions of Arabic literature.''}}</ref><ref name=lambtonexcerpt>Ann K. S. Lambton, "Persian grammar", Cambridge University Press, Cambridge University Press 1953. Excerpt: "The Arabic words incorporated into the Persian language have become Persianized".</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat|Persian language}} [[Category:Iranian cultur]] [[Category:Leids o Afghanistan]] [[Category:Leids o Iran]] [[Category:Leids o Iraq]] [[Category:Leids o Tajikistan]] [[Category:Persie leid| ]] [[Category:Soothwastren Iranie leids]] [[Category:Subject–object–verb leids]] 6jbhwd9y52fqzobm17sxlla5v4kw8l1 0 13798 919951 900206 2026-07-24T23:42:47Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 919951 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=October 2020}} '''Kairouan''' ({{lang-ar|القيروان}}) (cried '''Kirwan''' or '''Al Qayrawan''' an aa), is the caipital o the [[Kairouan Governorate]] in [[Tunisie]]. Referred tae as the Islamic Cultural Caipital, it is a [[UNESCO]] [[Warld Heritage site]]. The ceety wis foondit bi the [[Arabs]] aroond 670. In the period o [[Caliphate|Caliph]] [[Mu'awiya I|Mu'awiya]], it became an important centre for Islamic an [[Qur'an|Quranic]] learnin, an sicweys attractin a lairge nummer o Muslims frae various pairts o the warld, next anerlie tae [[Mecca]] an [[Medina]]. The holy [[Mosque o Uqba]] is situatit in the ceety.<ref name=EP>Europa Publications “General Survey: Holy Places” ''The Middle East and North Africa 2003'', p. 147. Routledge, 2003. ISBN 1857431324. “The city is regarded as a holy place for Muslims.”</ref><ref>{{cite book | title = Hutchinson Encyclopedia 1996 Edition | url = https://archive.org/details/hutchinsonencycl0000unse_z2q0 | publisher = Helicon Publishing Ltd, [[Oxford]] | year = 1996 | page = [https://archive.org/details/hutchinsonencycl0000unse_z2q0/page/572 572] | doi = | isbn = 1-85986-107-5}}</ref> It is considered bi mony Muslims tae be [[Islam]]'s fowert holiest ceety.<ref name="HarrisKoser2004">{{cite book|author1=Dr. Ray Harris|author2=Khalid Koser|title=Continuity and change in the Tunisian sahel|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=f6xyAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=17 October 2010|date=30 August 2004|publisher=Ashgate|isbn=9780754633730|page=108}}</ref> ==Etymology== The oreeginal name wis derived frae [[Arabic]] ''kairuwân'', frae [[Persian leid|Persian]] ''Kâravân'', meanin "military/civilian camp" (frae Kâr, "war/military," an van/wan, "ootpost"), "caravan", or "restin place" (see [[caravanserai]]).<ref name="kairouan">{{cite web |url=http://www.isesco.org.ma/english/capitalsIslamic/2009/kairouan2009/p2.php |title=Location and origin of the name of Kairouan |publisher=Isesco.org |date= |accessdate=2010-04-12 |archive-date=2011-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605234532/http://www.isesco.org.ma/english/capitalsIslamic/2009/kairouan2009/p2.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==History== Kairouan wis foondit in aboot the year 670 when the [[Arab]] general [[Uqba ibn Nafi]] o Amir Muauia selectit a site in the middle o a dense forest, then infestit wi wild beasts an reptiles, as the location o a [[military base|military post]] for the conquest o the Wast. It wis locatit far frae the sea whaur it wis safe frae continued attacks o the [[Berber fowk|Berber]]s who haed fiercely resistit the Arab invasion. Berber resistance continued, led first bi [[Kusaila]] whose troops killed Uqba at [[Biskra]] aboot fifteen years efter the military post wis established, an then bi a Berber woman cried [[Al-Kahina]] who wis killed an her airmy defeatit in 702. Subsequently, thare wis a mass conversion o the [[Berber fowk|Berbers]] tae Islam. [[Kharijites]] or Islamic 'ootsiders' which formed an egalitarian an puritanical sect appeared an are still present on the island o [[Jerba]]. In 745, [[Kharijite]] [[Berber fowk|Berbers]] captured Kairouan, which wis awready at that time a developed ceety wi luxuriant gardens an olive groves. Pouer struggles remained till Kairouan wis recaptured bi [[Ibrahim ibn al-Aghlab]] at the end o the 8t century. In 800, Ibrahim wis confirmed [[Emir]] an hereditary ruler o [[Ifriqiya]] bi [[Caliph]] [[Harun ar-Rashid]] in [[Baghdad]]. [[Ibrahim ibn al-Aghlab]] foondit the [[Aghlabid]] dynasty that ruled [[Ifriqiya]] atween 800 an 909. The new Emirs embellished Kairouan an made it thair caipital which suin became famous for its weel an prosperity reachin the levels o [[Basra]] an [[Kufa]] an givin Tunisie ane o its gowden ages lang sought efter the glorious days o [[Carthage]]. The [[Aghlabite]]s biggit the great mosque an established in it a varsity that wis a centre o eddication baith in Islamic thocht an in the secular sciences. Its role can be compared tae that o the [[University o Paris]] in the [[Middle Ages]]. In the 9t century, the ceety became a brilliant focus o [[Arab]] an [[Islamic]] culturs attractin scholars frae aw ower the [[Islamic Warld]]. In that period [[Imam]] [[Sahnun]] an [[Asad ibn al-Furat]] made o Kairouan a temple o knawledge an a magnificent centre o diffusion o Islamic sciences. The Aghlabids biggit pailaces forby, fortifications an fine waterworks o which anerlie the puils remain. Frae Kairouan envoys frae [[Charlemagne]] an the [[Holy Roman Empire]] returned wi glowin reports o the [[Aghlabite]]s pailaces, libraries an gardens – an frae the cripplin taxation imposed tae pey for thair drunkenness an sundry debaucheries. The [[Aghlabite]] pacified the kintra an conquered Sicily in 827 forby<ref>[http://books.google.fr/books?id=qamIQbPLMqgC&pg=PA48&dq=aghlabids+conquered+sicily+in+827&cd=7#v=onepage&q=aghlabids%20conquered%20sicily%20in%20827&f=false Barbara M. Kreutz, ''Before the Normans: Southern Italy in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries'', University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996, p. 48]</ref>. [[File:Calif al Mahdi Kairouan 912 CE.jpg|thumb|left|Gowd coin o the Fatimid Calif [[Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi Billah|al-Mahdi]], mintit in Kairouan in 912 CE.]] In 893, throu the mission o Ubaydalla Said, the [[Kutama]] Berbers frae the wast o the kintra stairtit the muivement o the [[Shiite]] [[Fatimid]]s. The year 909 saw the owerthrow o the [[Sunni]] [[Aghlabite]] that ruled [[Ifriqiya]] an the creation o the [[Shiite]] [[Fatimid]] dynasty. Durin the reign o the [[Fatimid]]s, Kairouan wis neglectit an lost its importance as the new rulers residit first in Raqqada but suin moved thair caipital tae the newly biggit [[Al Mahdiyah]] on the coast o modren Tunisie. Efter succeedin in extendin thair rule ower aw o central [[Maghreb]], an aurie consistin o the modren kintras o [[Morocco]], [[Algerie]], [[Tunisie]] an [[Libie]], thay eventually moved east tae [[Egyp]] tae foond [[Cairo]] makin it the caipital o thair vast [[Caliphate]] an leavin the [[Zirids]] as thair vassals in [[Ifriqiya]]. Govrenin again frae Kairouan, the [[Zirids]] led the kintra throu anither airtistic, commercial an agricultural heyday. Schools an varsities flourisht, owerseas tred in local manufactures an farm produce ran hie an the courts o the [[Zirids]] rulers wur centres o refinement that eclipsed those o thair European contemporaries. When the [[Zirids]] declared thair unthirldom frae [[Cairo]] an thair conversion tae [[Sunni]] Islam in 1045 bi givin allegiance tae [[Baghdad]], the Fatimid Caliph [[Ma'ad al-Mustansir Billah]] sent as punishment hordes o troublesome Arab tribes ([[Banu Hilal]] an [[Banu Sulaym]]) tae invade Ifriqiya. Thir invaders sae utterly destroyed Kairouan in 1057 that it niver regained its umwhile importance an thair influx wis a major factor in the spread o nomadism in auries whaur agricultur haed previously been dominant. Some 1,700 years o intermittent but continual progress wis undone athin a decade as in maist pairt o the kintra the land wis laid tae waste for nearly twa centuries. In the 13t century unner the prosperous [[Hafsids]] dynasty that ruled Ifriqiya, the ceety stairtit tae emerge frae its ruins. It is anerlie unner the [[Husainid Dynasty]] that Kairouan stairtit tae fynd an honorable place in the kintra an throughoot the Islamic warld. In 1881, Kairouan wis taken bi the [[Fraunce|French]], efter which non-Muslims wur alloued access tae the ceety. ==Releegion== [[File:Kairouan's Great Mosque courtyard.jpg|thumb|The Great Mosque o Kairouan, cried the [[Mosque o Uqba]] (Great Mosque o Sidi-Uqba) an aa.]] The maist important [[mosque]] in the ceety is the [[Mosque o Uqba|Great Mosque o Sidi-Uqba]], cried the Great Mosque o Kairouan an aa. It haes been said that seiven pilgrimages tae this mosque is considered the equivalent o ane pilgrimage tae Mecca.<ref name="Limited2003">{{cite book|author=Europa Publications Limited|title=The Middle East and North Africa|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=pP315Mw3S9EC&pg=PA150|accessdate=17 October 2010|date=30 October 2003|publisher=Europa Publications|isbn=9781857431841|page=150}}</ref> Efter its establishment, Kairouan became an [[Islam]]ic an [[Quran]]ic learnin centre in [[North Africae]]. An airticle bi Professor Kwesi Prah<ref>Director, Centre for Advanced Study of African Societies, Cape Town, South Africa.</ref> describes hou durin the medieval period, Kairouan wis considered the third holiest ceety in Islam efter Mecca an Medina.<ref>This wis oreeginally a paper submittit tae the African Union (AU) Experts’ Meetin on a Strategic Geopolitic Veesion o Afro-Arab Relations. AU Headquarters, Addis Ababa, 11–12 May 2004 [http://www.hollerafrica.com/showArticle.php?artId=164&catId=1 Towards a Strategic Geopolitic Vision of Afro-Arab Relations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928105940/http://www.hollerafrica.com/showArticle.php?artId=164&catId=1 |date=2007-09-28 }}. "Bi 670, the Arabs haed taken Tunisie, an bi 675, they haed completit construction o Kairouan, the ceety that wad become the premier Arab base in North Africae. Kairouan wis later tae become the third holiest ceety in Islam in the medieval period, efter Mecca an Medina, acause o its importance as the centre o the Islamic faith in the Maghrib".</ref> The day, mony consider the ceety as the fowert holiest in Islam.<ref name="HarrisKoser2004"/> Judaism, nae langer prevalent in the ceety, haes an illustrious history in Kairouan, parteecularly in the early [[Middle Ages]]. Rabbeinu Chushiel, his son [[Chananel Ben Chushiel|Rabbeinu Chananel]], an R. [[Nissim Ben Jacob]] (R. Nissim Gaon) wur aw frae Kairouan an Rabbi [[Isaac Alfasi]] studied thare, as did mony ither great rabbis. Kairouan wis sicweys the first major centre o Jewish learnin ootside o [[Babylonie]] an [[Eretz Yisrael]]. In memory o Sufi saints, [[Sufi]] festivals are held in the ceety.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.marweb.com/tunisia/entertainment/sufi-song-festival-kairouan.txt |title=Tunisia News – Sufi Song Festival starts in Kairouan |publisher=News.marweb.com |date=2010-02-25 |accessdate=2010-04-12 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Twin touns== *{{flagicon|Morocco}} [[Fes]], Morocco, syne 22 October 1965 *{{flagicon|Algeria}} [[Tlemcen]], Algerie, syne 28 Mey 1969 *{{flagicon|Spain}} [[Córdoba, Spain]], syne 10 Juin 1969 *{{flagicon|Egypt}} [[Cairo]], Egyp, syne 14 Mairch 1976 *{{flagicon|Uzbekistan}} [[Samarkand]], Uzbekistan, syne 5 October 1977 *{{flagicon|Mali}} [[Timbuktu]], Mali, syne 2 Juin 1986 *{{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Bursa]], Turkey, syne 26 December 1987 ==References== {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} {{#invoke:coordinates|coord|display=title}} [[Category:Arabic airchitectur]] [[Category:Airchaeological steids in Tunisie]] [[Category:Populatit places in Tunisie]] [[Category:Communes o Tunisie]] [[Category:Haly ceeties]] [[Category:Populatit places established in the 7t century]] [[Category:Warld Heritage Steids in Tunisie]] h1m835curw57bbadq73ida0dnfj7ozg 0 14143 919976 919449 2026-07-25T00:02:26Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 919976 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fixscots}} {{Short descreeption|Federal subject o the Roushie Federation in the Roushie Far East}} {{Use dmy dates|date=Julie 2026}} {{Infobox Roushie federal subject | en_name=Jewish Autonomous Oblast | ru_name=Еврейская автономная область | loc_lang1=Yiddish | loc_name1={{Script/Hebrew|ייִדישע אװטאָנאָמע געגנט‎}} | image_map=Map of Russia (2014–2022) - Jewish Autonomous Oblast (Crimea disputed).svg | coordinates={{coord|48|36|N|132|12|E|type:adm1st_region:RU|display=inline,title}} | image_coa=Coat of arms of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast.svg | image_flag=Flag of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast.svg | flag_size=125px | anthem= | anthem_ref= | political_status=Autonomous oblast | political_status_link=Autonomous oblasts of Russia | federal_district=[[Far Eastern Federal District|Far Eastren]] | economic_region=[[Far Eastern economic region|Far Eastren]] | adm_ctr_type=Admeenistrative centre | adm_ctr_name=[[Birobidzhan]] | adm_ctr_ref=<ref>Charter of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast, Article&nbsp;5</ref> | pop_2021census=150453 | pop_2021census_rank=80th | urban_pop_2021census=70.8% | rural_pop_2021census=29.2% | pop_2021census_ref=<ref>{{Cite web |title=Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/tab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx |access-date=1 September 2022 |publisher=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Federal State Statistics Service]] |archive-date=September 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901194902/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/tab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx |url-status=live }}</ref> | pop_latest= | pop_latest_ref= | pop_latest_date= | demographics_type2=GDP {{nobold|(nominal, 2024)}} | demographics2_footnotes=<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/statistics/accounts# |title=Валовой региональный продукт - Врп с 1998-2024 года |website=rosstat.gov.ru}}</ref> | demographics2_title1=Awthegither | demographics2_info1=[[Russian ruble|₽]]{{FXConvert|RUS|102|b|lk=on}} | demographics2_title2=Per heid | demographics2_info2=₽{{FXConvert|RUS|697097|lk=on}} | area_km2=36271 | area_km2_rank=61st | established_date=7 Mey 1934 | established_date_ref=<ref>Charter of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast, Article&nbsp;4</ref> | license_plates=79 | ISO=RU-YEV | leader_title=[[Governor of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast|Governor]] | leader_title_ref=<ref>Charter of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast, Article&nbsp;22</ref> | leader_name=[[Maria Kostyuk]] | leader_name_ref=<ref>Official website of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast. [http://eao.ru/?p=6 Alexander Borisovich Levintal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417185911/https://www.eao.ru/?p=6 |date=April 17, 2021 }}, Governor of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast {{in lang|ru|yi}}</ref> | legislature=[[Legislative Assembly of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast|Legislative Assembly]] | legislature_ref=<ref>Charter of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast, Article&nbsp;15</ref> | website=[http://www.eao.ru www.eao.ru] }} The '''Jewish Autonomous Oblast''' ('''JAO'''){{efn|{{langx|ru|Еврейская автономная область (ЕАО)|Yevreyskaya avtonomnaya oblast}} {{IPA|ru|jɪˈvrʲejskəjə ɐftɐˈnomnəjə ˈobləsʲtʲ (ˌje‿ˌa‿ˈo)|ipa}}; {{langx|yi|{{Script/Hebrew|ייִדישע אװטאָנאָמע געגנט}}|Yidishe Avtonome Gegnt}}, {{IPA|yi|ˈjɪdɪʃə avtɔˈnɔmə ˈɡɛɡn̩t|ipa}}; {{langx|yi|{{Script/Hebrew|ייִדישע אױטאָנאָמע געגנט}}|Yidishe Oytonome Gegnt|label=Staundart Yiddish}}, {{IPA|yi|ˈjɪdɪʃə ɔɪtɔˈnɔmə ˈɡɛɡn̩t|ipa}}}} is a [[federal subjects of Russia|federal subject]] o [[Roushie]] in the [[Russian Far East|far east]] o the kintra. It mairches wi [[Khabarovsk Krai]] an [[Amur Oblast]] in Roushie, an wi [[Heilongjiang]] province in [[Cheena]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Eran Laor Cartographic Collection. The National Library of Israel |title=Map of Manchuria and region, 1942 |url=http://primo.nli.org.il/primo_library/libweb/action/dlDisplay.do?vid=NLI&docId=NNL_MAPS_JER003509115 |access-date=January 23, 2019 |archive-date=May 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200529021008/http://primo.nli.org.il/primo-explore/fulldisplay?vid=NLI&docid=NNL_MAPS_JER003509115&context=L |url-status=live }}</ref> Its [[administrative centre]] is the toun o [[Birobidzhan]]. An official Soviet decree set the JAO aside in 1928, an it wis formally establisht in 1934. At its heicht in the late 1940s, the [[Jews|Jewish]] population o the region rase tae aboot 46,000–50,000, or near 25% o aw its indwallers.<ref name="Holley-2005" /> The share o Jews gaed steadily doun efter that. The [[2021 Russian census]] recordit juist 837 ethnic Jews in the JAO (0.6%). Article 65 o the [[Constitution of Russia]] sets oot that the JAO is Roushie's anerly [[Autonomous oblasts of Russia|autonomous oblast]]. It is ane o the twa officially Jewish jurisdictions in the warld, the ither bein [[Israel]].<ref>{{Cite news |title='Sad And Absurd': The U.S.S.R.'s Disastrous Effort To Create A Jewish Homeland |language=en |work=NPR.org |url=https://www.npr.org/2016/09/07/492962278/sad-and-absurd-the-u-s-s-r-s-disastrous-effort-to-create-a-jewish-homeland |access-date=2022-10-15 |archive-date=March 11, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311203924/https://www.npr.org/2016/09/07/492962278/sad-and-absurd-the-u-s-s-r-s-disastrous-effort-to-create-a-jewish-homeland |url-status=live }}</ref> It is ane o the few places in the warld whaur [[Yiddish]] is a recognised [[minority language|minority leid]].<ref name=jao-ustav>{{cite web|url=http://constitution.garant.ru/region/ustav_evreis/chapter/1/|title=Устав Еврейской автономной области от 8 октября 1997 г. N 40-ОЗ (с изменениями и дополнениями) Глава I. Общие положения. Статья 6.2 [Charter of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast N 40-ОЗ (with the Amendments and Additions of 8 October 1997): Chapter I. General situation. Article 6.2]|website=Сайт Конституции Российской Федерации [Site of the Constitution of the Russian Federation]|publisher=Garant|access-date=2023-06-16|archive-date=2015-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221205825/http://constitution.garant.ru/region/ustav_evreis/chapter/1/#block_1000|url-status=live|quote=В области создаются условия для сохранения, изучения и развития языков еврейского народа и других народов, проживающих на территории области.|trans-quote=In the oblast the conditions will be created for the protection, study and growth of the languages of the Jewish peoples and other peoples living on the territory of the oblast.}}</ref> == Historie == {{Main|History of the Jews in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast}} {{See also|History of the Jews in Russia|History of the Jews in the Soviet Union}} === Backgrund === ==== The Roushie annexation o the Amur region ==== Afore 1858, the laund that maks up the Jewish Autonomous Oblast the day wis ruled, ae efter anither, bi a wheen o [[Dynasties in Chinese history|Cheenese imperial dynasties]]. In 1858, the north bank o the [[Amur River]], includin the laund o the modren JAO, wis sindert frae the [[Qing dynasty|Qing Cheenese]] territory o [[Manchuria under Qing rule|Manchurie]] an brocht intae the [[Russian Empire|Roushie Empire]] unner the [[Treaty of Aigun]] (1858) an the [[Convention of Peking]] (1860). ==== Militar colonisation ==== In December 1858, the Roushie govrenment authorised the settin-up o the [[Amur Cossacks|Amur Cossack Host]] for tae hain the sooth-east mairch o Siberie an the communication routes alang the Amur an [[Ussuri]] rivers.<ref name="Pereltsvaig-2014"/> Settlers frae [[Transbaikalia]] cam as pairt o this militar colonisation. Atween 1858 an 1882, mony settlements o widden hooses war foondit.<ref name="Ravenstein-1861">{{Cite book |last=Ravenstein |first=Ernst Georg |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_XEEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA156 |title=The Russians on the Amur: its discovery, conquest, and colonization, with a description of the country, its inhabitants, productions, and commercial capabilities ... |publisher=Trübner and co. |year=1861 |page=156 |author-link=Ernst Georg Ravenstein}}</ref> As mony as 40,000 men frae the Roushie militar are thocht tae hae flittit tae the region.<ref name="Ravenstein-1861"/> Expeditions o scientists—amang thaim geographers, ethnographers, naturalists an botanists sic as [[Mikhail Ivanovich Venyukov]], [[Leopold von Schrenck]], [[Karl Maximovich]], [[Gustav Radde]] an [[Vladimir Leontyevich Komarov]]—helpit forder research in the area.<ref name="Pereltsvaig-2014"/> ==== Biggin the Trans-Siberian Railway ==== {{Multi image | direction=vertical | image1=Trans siberian railroad large.png | alt1= | caption1=Map o the Trans-Siberian Railway: the first route in reid an the Baikal–Amur Mainline in green. | image2=Yevrey03.png | total_width=250 | caption2=The Jewish Autonomous Oblast, wi its admeenistrative centre Birobidzhan unnerlined. | align=right | width=250 }} In 1899, wark begoud on the regional section o the [[Trans-Siberian Railway]] atween [[Chita, Zabaykalsky Krai|Chita]] an [[Vladivostok]]. The project brocht a muckle influx o new settlers an led tae new settlements bein foondit. Atween 1908 an 1912, stations opened at Volochayevka, [[Obluchye]], [[Bira, Russia|Bira]], [[Birakan]], [[Londoko]], [[In, Russia|In]] an [[Tikhonkaya, Jewish Autonomous Oblast|Tikhonkaya]]. The railway wis feenisht in October 1916, whan the {{convert|2590|m|adj=on}} [[Khabarovsk Bridge]] ower the Amur at [[Khabarovsk]] opened. At that time, afore the [[Russian Revolution|revolution o 1917]], maist o the local fowk war fermers.<ref name="Pereltsvaig-2014"/> The Tungussky timmer-mill wis the anerly industrial concern, tho gowd wis howkit frae the Sutara River an thare wis a wheen o wee railway warkshops.<ref name="Pereltsvaig-2014"/> ==== Roushie Civil War ==== In 1922, durin the [[Russian Civil War|Roushie Civil War]], the laund o the future Jewish Autonomous Oblast wis the scene o the [[Battle of Volochayevka]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.prlib.ru/en-us/History/Pages/Item.aspx?itemid=990 |title=Anniversary of the Battle of Volochayevka |access-date=April 18, 2025 |archive-date=June 14, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614154849/http://www.prlib.ru/en-us/History/Pages/Item.aspx?itemid=990 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Soviet policies anent the Jews ==== Altho [[Judaism]] as a religion ran agin the [[Bolsheviks|Bolshevik Pairty]]'s atheist policy, an organised Jewish commonties war hauden doun throu the closin o synagogues an the harassment o believers, [[Vladimir Lenin]] socht an aw tae content minority groups, win thair support an shaw examples o tolerance.<ref name=siegel/><ref name="Gessen-2016">{{Cite book |authorlink=Masha Gessen|last=Gessen |first=Masha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IfW4DAAAQBAJ |title=Where the Jews Aren't: The Sad and Absurd Story of Birobidzhan, Russia's Jewish Autonomous Region |date=2016-08-23 |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-8052-4246-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Weinberg |first=Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6UwDwAAQBAJ&q=autonomous |title=Stalin's Forgotten Zion: Birobidzhan and the Making of a Soviet Jewish Homeland: An Illustrated History, 1928–1996 |date=1998-05-25 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-20990-9 |language=en|location=Berkeley}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Srebrnik |first=Henry Felix |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1zxsj1m |title=Dreams of Nationhood: American Jewish Communists and the Soviet Birobidzhan Project, 1924-1951 |date=2010 |publisher=Academic Studies Press |doi=10.2307/j.ctt1zxsj1m |jstor=j.ctt1zxsj1m |isbn=978-1-936235-11-7}}</ref> In 1924, mair nor 30% o Jews had nae wark,<ref name="Kipnis-JVL">{{Cite web |last=Kipnis |first=Mark |title=Komzet |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0012_0_11427.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116155108/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0012_0_11427.html |archive-date=16 January 2017 |website=[[Jewish Virtual Library]] |publisher=Encyclopaedia Judaica}}</ref> in pairt acause Soviet policies agin private property keepit thaim frae wirkin as craftworkers or wee business owners, as mony had dune afore the revolution.<ref>{{Cite web |first1=Masha |last1=Gessen |date=September 7, 2016 |title='Sad And Absurd': The U.S.S.R.'s Disastrous Effort To Create A Jewish Homeland |url=https://www.npr.org/2016/09/07/492962278/sad-and-absurd-the-u-s-s-r-s-disastrous-effort-to-create-a-jewish-homeland |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref> Ettlin tae get Jews back intae wark as mair productive members o society, the govrenment set up [[Komzet]], the committee for the agricultural settlement o Jews.<ref name="Kipnis-JVL"/> The Soviet govrenment conseedert resettlin aw the Jews in the USSR in a set territory, whaur they coud follae a wey o life that wis “socialist in content an national in form”. The Roushies socht tae offer an alternative tae [[Zionism]] an tae the [[Mandate for Palestine]] as a Jewish hameland. [[Socialist Zionist]]s sic as [[Ber Borochov]] war winnin followers at the time. Zionism wis the favoured ideology in the warld's political economy o the Yiddish interpretations, which war fundamentally at odds wi the USSR acause the Yiddish muivement's opposition—seen, for example, in [[Emma Goldman]]—tae the ethno-nationalism that shaped the Soviet states wis growin.<ref name="Pereltsvaig-2014" /> [[Crimea]] wis first conseedert in the early 1920s, whan it awready had a sizeable Jewish population.<ref name="Pereltsvaig-2014">{{Cite web |first1=Asya |last1=Pereltsvaig |author-link=Asya Pereltsvaig |date=October 9, 2014 |title=Birobidzhan: Frustrated Dreams of a Jewish Homeland |url=https://www.languagesoftheworld.info/russia-ukraine-and-the-caucasus/birobidzhan-frustrated-dreams-jewish-homeland.html}}</ref> Twa Jewish districts ({{lang|ru|raiony}}) war set up in Crimea an three in sooth Ukraine.<ref name="Kipnis-JVL"/><ref>{{Cite book |first1=Yaacov |last1=Ro'i |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bJBH5pxzSyMC&pg=PA193 |title=Jews and Jewish Life in Russia and the Soviet Union |publisher=Frank Cass & Co. |year=2004 |isbn=9780714646190 |page=193}}</ref> Houaniver, an alternative plan, thocht tae hae mair advantages, wis pitten intae practice.<ref name="Pereltsvaig-2014"/> {{Multiple image | image1= | caption1= | image2=Chapel of St. Dmitry Donskoy.jpg | caption2=The Chapel o St Dmitry Donskoy. | image3=Волочаевский бой фото5.jpg | caption3=A monument tae the [[Battle of Volochayevka]]. | direction=vertical | width=250 | align=right | image4=Government-hq.jpg | caption4=A Yiddish–Roushie sign on the JAO govrenment heidquarters. }} === Early historie === ==== Establishment ==== In the end, the Soviet leadership wale [[Birobidzhan]], in whit is nou the JAO, as the steid for the Jewish region.<ref name="Rosen-2004">{{Cite web |first1=Arthur |last1=Rosen |date=February 2004 |title=Birobidzhan – the Almost Soviet Jewish Autonomous Region |url=https://www.jewishmag.com/75mag/birobidzhan/birobidzhan.htm |access-date=April 18, 2025 |archive-date=January 26, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126003718/http://www.jewishmag.com/75mag/birobidzhan/birobidzhan.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Komzet wis taen aback bi the wale: the area had been waled for militar an economic raisons.<ref name=siegel/> Cheenese groups aften gaed intae the region, while [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] wantit Roushie tae loss the provinces o the [[Soviet Far East]]. At the time, anerly aboot 30,000 fowk bade in the area. Maist war descendants o Trans-Baikal [[Cossacks]] resettled thare bi the tsarist authorities, alang wi Koreans, Kazakhs an the [[Tungusic peoples]].<ref>{{Cite book |first1=Nora |last1=Levin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Nz0N5GBW6MC |title=The Jews in the Soviet Union Since 1917: Paradox of Survival, Volume 1 |publisher=New York University Press |year=1990 |isbn=9780814750513 |page=283}}</ref> The Soviet govrenment socht tae bring mair settlers tae the remote [[Russian Far East]], abuin aw alang the exposed mairch wi Cheena. General [[Pavel Sudoplatov]] wrate o the govrenment's raison for walin the area in the Far East: {{quote|Stalin ordert the establishment o the Jewish Autonomous Oblast in Birobidzhan in 1928 anerly as a wey tae strenthen the Far Eastren mairch wi an ootpost, no as a favour tae the Jews. Cheenese an White Roushie resistance groups war aye gaun intae the area, an the ettle wis tae hain the territory bi settin up a colony whase indwallers wad be fremmit tae the [[White émigré|White Roushie émigrés]], abuin aw the Cossacks. The region wis cannily gien the status o an autonomous district, no an autonomous republic. That meant it coud hae nae local legislature, heich coort or govrenment post at ministerial rank. It wis an autonomous area, but a bare frontier raither nor a political centre.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Pavel |last1=Sudoplatov |first2=Anatolii |last2=Sudoplatov |first3=Jerrold L. |last3=Schecter |first4=Leona P. |last4=Schecter |title=[[Special Tasks|Special Tasks: The Memoirs of an Unwanted Witness – A Soviet Spymaster]] |location=Boston, Massachusetts |publisher=Little, Brown & Co. |year=1994 |page=[https://archive.org/details/specialtasksmemo00sudo/page/289 289]}}</ref>}} On 28 Mairch 1928, the Presidium o the General Executive Committee o the USSR passed the decree “On the attaching for Komzet of free territory near the Amur River in the Russian Far East for settlement of the working Jews”.<ref name="Britton-2012"/> The decree opened “a possibility of establishment of a Jewish administrative territorial unit on the territory of said region”.<ref name="Pereltsvaig-2014"/><ref name="Britton-2012">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7QLiAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA105|title=Behind Communism|first=Frank L.|last=Britton|date=November 19, 2012|publisher=Lulu|isbn=978-1-300-06605-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> The new territory wis first cried the [[Birobidzhan]] Jewish National Raion.<ref name=siegel/> Birobidzhan's geography an climate war baith sair. It wis muntainous, happit in unbrocken forests o aik, pine an cedar, an had boggy laund an aw. Onie new settlers wad hae tae big thair lives frae the grund up. For tae mak colonisation mair ettlin, the Soviet govrenment alloued private ownership o laund. This brocht mony non-Jews tae settle in the oblast for tae get a free ferm.<ref>{{Cite book |first1=Richard |last1=Overy |url=https://archive.org/details/dictators00rich |title=The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia |publisher=W.W. Norton Company, Inc |year=2004 |isbn=9780393020304 |page=[https://archive.org/details/dictators00rich/page/567 567] |url-access=registration}}</ref> In the spring o 1928, 654 Jews cam for tae settle in the area. By October, houaniver, 49.7% o thaim had left acause o the sair conditions.<ref name=siegel/> In the simmer o 1928, torrential rain fludit the craps an an ootbrak o [[anthrax]] killt the nowt.<ref name="Gessen-2016" /> On 7 Mey 1934, the Presidium o the General Executive Committee acceptit a decree turnin it intae the Jewish Autonomous Region athin the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]].<ref name="Pereltsvaig-2014"/> In 1938, whan the [[Khabarovsk Krai|Khabarovsk Territory]] wis formed, the Jewish Autonomous Region (JAR) wis taen intae its structure.<ref name="Britton-2012"/> ==== Growthe o Jewish commonties in the early 1930s ==== {{Multiple image | direction=vertical | image1=Щедрые дары еврейской земли, рынок у пос. Николаевка ф2.JPG | alt1= | width=250 | align=right | image2=Биробиджан, вокзал (cropped).jpg | caption1=Mercat near the clachan o Nikolaevka. | caption2=A menorah ower the forepairt o Birobidzhan railway station. | image3=Село Владимировка ЕАО фото.JPG | caption3=Vladimirovka clachan. }} In the 1930s, a Soviet promotional campaign ettled tae draw mair Jewish settlers tae the region. It uised the common Soviet promotional tuils o the time, includin posters an Yiddish-leid novelles that descrived a socialist utopie thare. On ae occasion, leaflets promotin Birobidzhan war drappit frae an aeroplane ower a Jewish neebourheid in Belarus. On anither, a govrenment-made Yiddish film cried ''[[Seekers of Happiness]]'' tellt o a Jewish faimily frae owerseas biggin a new life in Birobidzhan.<ref name="Pereltsvaig-2014"/> The early Jewish settlements includit [[Valdgeym]], foondit in 1928, whaur the first [[collective farm]] in the oblast wis set up;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stalin's forgotten Zion: the harsh realities of Birobidzhan |url=http://www.swarthmore.edu/Home/News/biro/html/panel13.html |publisher=Swarthmore}}</ref> [[Amurzet]], the centre o Jewish settlement sooth o Birobidzhan frae 1929 tae 1939;<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2004 |title=A Jew Receives State Award in Jewish Autonomous Republic |url=http://fjc.ru/news/newsArticle.asp?AID=170388&cid=84435&media=80392&NewsType=80052&origMedia=80392&scope=3806&start=30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927015959/http://fjc.ru/news/newsArticle.asp?AID=170388&cid=84435&media=80392&NewsType=80052&origMedia=80392&scope=3806&start=30 |archive-date=2007-09-27 |access-date=2026-07-15 |publisher=The Federation of Jewish Communities of the CIS |location=Birobidjan, RU }}</ref> an [[Smidovich]]. The [[Organization for Jewish Colonisation in the Soviet Union]], a Jewish Communist organisation in North Americae, successfully encouragit a wheen o US indwallers tae flit thare. Amang thaim wis the faimily o the future spy [[George Koval]], wha cam in 1932.<ref name="Pereltsvaig-2014"/><ref>{{Cite magazine |first1=Michael |last1=Walsh |date=May 2009 |title=George Koval: Atomic Spy Unmasked |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/george-koval-atomic-spy-unmasked-125046223/ |magazine=[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]] |access-date=January 12, 2017 |archive-date=September 7, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907033651/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/george-koval-atomic-spy-unmasked-125046223/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Aboot 1,200 Jews frae ootwith the Soviet Union chose tae settle in Birobidzhan.<ref name="Pereltsvaig-2014"/><ref name="Rosen-2004"/> As the Jewish population grew, sae did the influence o [[Yiddish culture]] on the region. The settlers set up a Yiddish newspaper, the ''[[Birobidzhaner Shtern]]''; a theatre company wis formed; an streets in the new ceety war nemmit efter kenspeckle Yiddish authors sic as [[Sholom Aleichem]] an [[I. L. Peretz]].<ref name="Srebrnik-2006" /> ==== Stalin's time an the Seicont Warld War ==== The Jewish population o the JAO rase tae a pre-war heicht o 20,000 in 1937.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nzhq85nPrdsC&pg=PA326|title=A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony 1581-1990|first=James|last=Forsyth|date=September 8, 1994|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-47771-0 |via=Google Books}}</ref> The 1939 census recordit 17,695 Jews in the region, or 16% o its haill population.<ref name="Britton-2012"/><ref name="atlas">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-w9JCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA257|title=Russian Political Atlas – Political Situation, Elections, Foreign Policy |date=July 31, 2015 |publisher=Lulu Press, Incorporated |isbn=978-1-329-39045-4 }}</ref> Efter the war endit in 1945, interest kythit up again in Birobidzhan as a possible hame for Jewish refugees. In 1948 the region's Jewish population rase tae aboot 46,000–50,000, near a quarter o aw the JAO's indwallers.<ref name="Holley-2005" /> ==== Cauld War ==== The census o 1959 fand that the Jewish population o the JAO had gane doun bi aboot a hauf, tae 14,269 fowk.<ref name=atlas/> A synagogue opened at the end o the Seicont Warld War, but sneckit in the mid-1960s efter a fire duin it muckle skaith.<ref name="Frank-2012">{{Cite web |first1=Ben G. |last1=Frank |date=April 15, 2012 |title=A Visit to the 'Soviet Jerusalem' |url=http://crownheights.info/something-jewish/43151/a-visit-to-the-soviet-jerusalem/ |publisher=CrownHeights.info |access-date=January 13, 2017 |archive-date=January 16, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116151306/http://crownheights.info/something-jewish/43151/a-visit-to-the-soviet-jerusalem/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1980, a Yiddish schuil opened in [[Valdgeym]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pinkus |first=Benjamin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=52Ew77pZsNUC |title=The Jews of the Soviet Union: the History of a national minority |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-521-38926-6 |page=272 |chapter=The Post-Stalin period, 1953–83 |access-date=2009-02-18 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=52Ew77pZsNUC&pg=PA272}}</ref> In 1987, the reformin Soviet govrenment led bi [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] pardoned mony political prisoners an tellt the American Jewish commonty that it wad allou 11,000 Jewish [[refusenik]]s tae emigrate.{{sfnm|1a1=Doder|1a2=Branson|1y=1990|1p=195}} The 1989 Soviet census recordit 8,887 Jews in the JAO, 4% o its haill population o 214,085.<ref name="siegel">{{Cite web |last=Siegel |first=William R. |title=Nation Making in Russia's Jewish Autonomous Oblast |url=https://www2.gwu.edu/~ieresgwu/assets/docs/demokratizatsiya%20archive/05-03_siegel.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160902184547/https://www.gwu.edu/~ieresgwu/assets/docs/demokratizatsiya%20archive/05-03_siegel.pdf |archive-date=September 2, 2016 |access-date=January 13, 2017}}</ref> === Post-Soviet historie === [[File:Flickr - Government Press Office (GPO) - Jewish Agency Representatives.jpg|thumb|Fowk frae [[Birobidzhan]] [[1990s post-Soviet aliyah|arrivin in Israel]], 23 Mairch 1993.]] In 1991, efter the Soviet Union brak up, the Jewish Autonomous Oblast becam a [[Federal subjects of Russia|federal subject]] o Roushie an wis nae langer unner [[Khabarovsk Krai]]. By then, houaniver, maist Jews had emigrate frae the Soviet Union, an the Jews left ahint makkit up less nor 2% o the local population.<ref name="Srebrnik-2006">{{Cite web |first1=Henry |last1=Srebrnik |date=July 2006 |title=Birobidzhan: A Remnant of History |url=http://jewishcurrents.org/old-site/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/Birobidzhan.pdf |publisher=[[Jewish Currents]]}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> In early 1996, 872 fowk—20% o the Jewish population at the time—emigrate tae [[Tel Aviv]] on charter flichts.<ref name="Brook-1996">{{Cite news |first1=James |last1=Brook |date=July 11, 1996 |title=Birobidzhan Journal;A Promised Land in Siberia? Well, Thanks, but ... |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/07/11/world/birobidzhan-journal-a-promised-land-in-siberia-well-thanks-but.html |archive-date=August 16, 2017 |access-date=February 17, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816065041/http://www.nytimes.com/1996/07/11/world/birobidzhan-journal-a-promised-land-in-siberia-well-thanks-but.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2002, 2,357 Jews bade in the JAO.<ref name=atlas/> An airticle frae 2004 said the nummer o Jews in the region wis “nou growin”.<ref name="Strauss-2004">{{Cite news |first1=Julius |last1=Strauss |date=August 17, 2004 |title=Jewish enclave created in Siberia by Stalin stages a revival |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/1469623/Jewish-enclave-created-in-Siberia-by-Stalin-stages-a-revival.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/1469623/Jewish-enclave-created-in-Siberia-by-Stalin-stages-a-revival.html |archive-date=January 12, 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref> By 2005, [[Amurzet]] had a wee but active Jewish commonty.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 10, 2005 |title=Remote Far East Village Mobilizes for Purim |url=http://www.fjc.ru/news/newsArticle.asp?AID=267005 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204000238/http://www.fjc.ru/news/newsArticle.asp?AID=267005 |archive-date=February 4, 2009 |publisher=Federation of Jewish Communities of the CIS}}</ref> An airticle in ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]'' in Apryle 2007 threapit that the Jewish population had grown tae aboot 4,000. It citit [[Mordechai Scheiner]], the [[Chief Rabbi]] o the JAO frae 2002 tae 2011, wha said that Jewish cultur wis seein a religious an cultural revival at the time.<ref name="Gur-2007">{{Cite news |first1=Haviv |last1=Rettig Gur |author-link1=Haviv Rettig Gur|date=April 17, 2007 |title=Yiddish returns to Birobidzhan |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |url=https://www.jpost.com/Jewish-World/Jewish-Features/Yiddish-returns-to-Birobidzhan}}</ref> Accordin tae Roushie census data, houaniver, by 2010 aboot 1,600 fowk o Jewish descent war left in the JAO—1% o its population—while ethnic Roushies makkit up 93%.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 20, 2016 |title=Russia's Jewish Autonomous Region In Siberia 'Ready' To House European Jews. |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-jewish-autonomous-region-house-european-jews/27498765.html |publisher=[[Radio Free Europe]]}}</ref> Accordin tae an airticle frae 2000, Birobidzhan had a wheen o state-run schuils that taucht Yiddish, a Yiddish schuil for religious teachin, an a nursery. Bairns atween five an seiven had twa lessons ilka week for tae learn spoken Yiddish, alang wi Jewish sangs, dance an traditions.<ref name="Steen-2000">{{Cite news |last=Steen |first=Michael |date=January 13, 2000 |title=Soviet-era Jewish homeland struggles on |work=Utusan Online |url=http://ww1.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2000&dt=0113&pub=Utusan_Express&sec=Features&pg=fe_02.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=January 12, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113171700/http://ww1.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2000&dt=0113&pub=Utusan_Express&sec=Features&pg=fe_02.htm |archive-date=January 13, 2017}}</ref> An airticle in ''[[The Washington Times]]'' in 2006 said that Yiddish wis taucht in the schuils, a Yiddish radio station wis rinnin, an the ''Birobidzhaner Shtern'' newspaper had a section in Yiddish.<ref name="washingtontimes.com">{{Cite news |date=7 January 2006 |title=Jewish life revived in Russia |work=The Washington Times |url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2006/jan/7/20060107-104818-4703r/}}</ref> [[File:OmqBXApVTdk.tif|thumb|Memorial tae the Jewish poet [[Isaac Leibovich Bronfman]].]] In 2002, [[The Cinema Guild]] released ''[[L'Chayim, Comrade Stalin!]]'', a documentary anent Stalin's creation an settlement o the Jewish Autonomous Region. As weel as tellin the historie o the Jewish Autonomous Oblast's creation, the film shaws life in modren Birobidzhan an interviews wi Jewish indwallers.<ref name="Kehr-2003">{{Cite web |last=Kehr|first=Dave |author-link=Dave Kehr |date=January 31, 2003 |title=Film Review; When Soviet Jews Sought Paradise in Siberian Swamps and Snow |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/01/31/movies/film-review-when-soviet-jews-sought-paradise-in-siberian-swamps-and-snow.html |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Accordin tae an airticle frae 2010, Yiddish wis the leid o teachin in juist ane o Birobidzhan's fourteen state schuils. Twa schuils, wi a quarter o the ceety's pupils, gied compulsory Yiddish lessons tae bairns frae sax tae ten year auld.<ref name="Herszenhorn-2012"/><ref>{{Cite news |first1=Alfonso |last1=Daniels |date=June 7, 2010 |title=Why some Jews would rather live in Siberia than Israel |work=[[Christian Science Monitor]] |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2010/0607/Why-some-Jews-would-rather-live-in-Siberia-than-Israel}}</ref> As o 2012, the ''[[Birobidzhaner Shtern]]'' wis aye prentin twa or three pages in Yiddish ilka week, an ae local primary schuil wis aye teachin Yiddish.<ref name="Herszenhorn-2012">{{Cite news |first1=David M. |last1=Herszenhorn |date=October 3, 2012 |title=Despite Predictions, Jewish Homeland in Siberia Retains Its Appeal |work=[[New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/04/world/europe/jewish-homeland-in-birobidzhan-russia-retains-appeal.html |archive-date=March 31, 2017 |access-date=February 17, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331040710/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/04/world/europe/jewish-homeland-in-birobidzhan-russia-retains-appeal.html |url-status=live }}</ref> An airticle frae 2012 said that “anerly a gey wee minority, maistly aulder fowk, speak Yiddish”; that a new synagogue sponsort bi [[Chabad]] had opened at 14a Sholom-Aleichem Street; an that the [[Sholem Aleichem Amur State University]] gied a Yiddish course.<ref name="Frank-2012"/> Accordin tae an airticle frae 2015, kosher meat cam bi train frae [[Moscow]] ilka few weeks; a Sunday schuil wis rinnin; an thare wis a [[minyan]] on Friday nichts an [[Shabbat]].<ref>{{Cite web |first1=Ben G. |last1=Frank |date=May 27, 2015 |title=A Railway Sign In Yiddish? – Only in Siberia |url=http://www.jewishpress.com/sections/features/features-on-jewish-world/a-railway-sign-in-yiddish-only-in-siberia/2015/05/27/ |work=[[Jewish Press]]}}</ref> An airticle in ''[[The Guardian]]'' frae November 2017, cried “Revival of a Soviet Zion: Birobidzhan celebrates its Jewish heritage”, leukit at the ceety's state at the time. It said that, tho the Jewish Autonomous Region in Roushie's far east wis nou haurdly 1% Jewish, officials howpit tae bring back fowk wha had left efter the Soviet collapse.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Walker |first=Shaun |date=27 September 2017 |title=Revival of a Soviet Zion: Birobidzhan celebrates its Jewish heritage |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/sep/27/revival-of-a-soviet-zion-birobidzhan-celebrates-its-jewish-heritage}}</ref> ==== Proposals in 2013 for tae merge the JAO wi neebourin regions ==== In 2013, proposals war pitten forrit for tae merge the JAO wi [[Khabarovsk Krai]] or [[Amur Oblast]].<ref name="Pereltsvaig-2014"/> The proposals led tae protests<ref name="Pereltsvaig-2014"/> an war rejectit bi the indwallers,<ref>{{Cite news |first1=Ilan |last1=Goren |date=August 24, 2013 |title=In Eastern Russia, the Idea of a Jewish Autonomy Is Being Brought Back to Life |work=[[Haaretz]] |url=https://www.haaretz.com/2013-08-24/ty-article/.premium/reviving-stalins-idea-for-jewish-autonomy/0000017f-f7de-d044-adff-f7ff19830000 |archive-date=September 27, 2017 |access-date=April 18, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927052456/http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-1.543221 |url-status=live }}</ref> an bi the Jewish commonty o Roushie. Speirins war raised an aw anent whether the [[Constitution of Russia]] wad allou sic a merger, an whether it wad need a national referendum.<ref name="Pereltsvaig-2014"/> == Cultur == The JAO an its historie are shawn in the documentary film ''[[L'Chayim, Comrade Stalin!]]''.<ref name="Kehr-2003"/> Released in 2002, the film tells hou [[Joseph Stalin]] creatit the Jewish Autonomous Oblast an hou thoosands o [[Russian language|Roushie]]- an [[Yiddish]]-speakin [[Jew]]s pairtly settled it. As weel as tellin the historie o the proposed [[Jewish homeland|Jewish hameland]], the film shaws life in modren Birobidzhan an interviews wi Jewish indwallers. == Geography == The north an wast o the oblast are muntainous, wi ranges sic as the [[Lesser Khingan]] an the [[Bureya Range]]. [[Mount Studencheskaya]], in the Bureya Range, is the heichest pynt in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast at {{convert|1421|m|ft}}. The sooth an east are pairt o the [[Amur valley]], wi juist a wheen o wee residual riggs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Еврейская автономная область - Географическое положение и рельеф |url=https://www.eao.ru/o-eao/obshchie-svedeniya/geograficheskoe-polozhenie-i-relef--1/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220035252/https://www.eao.ru/o-eao/obshchie-svedeniya/geograficheskoe-polozhenie-i-relef--1/ |archive-date=December 20, 2021 |access-date=December 20, 2021}}</ref> === Climate === The territory haes a [[monsoon]]al an [[anticyclonic]] [[climate]]. The [[East Asia]]n monsoon brings warm, wat an muggy simmers, while the [[Siberian High|Siberian heich-pressure seestem]] brings cauld, dry an windy winters. == Govrenment == {{Multi image | direction=vertical | image1=Life expectancy in Russian subject -Jewish Autonomous Oblast.png | caption1=Life expectancy at birth in the JAO. | align=right | image2=Proportion of Jews in the general population of the Jewish Autonomous Region by year.jpg | width= | caption2=Share o Jews in the haill population o the JAO bi year. | total_width=350 }} Article 65 o the [[Constitution of Russia]] sets oot that the JAO is Roushie's anerly [[Autonomous oblasts of Russia|autonomous oblast]]. === Admeenistrative diveesions === {{Main|Administrative divisions of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast}} The Jewish Autonomous Oblast is sindert intae five [[Raion|districts]], ane o thaim bein Birobidzhan, a toun wi [[City of federal subject significance|district status]]. The oblast haes ae ither toun, [[Obluchye, Jewish Autonomous Oblast|Obluchye]], an eleven [[urban-type settlements]] forby. == Economy == The Jewish Autonomous Oblast is pairt o the [[Far Eastern Economic Region]]. It haes industry an agriculture, an a transport netwark o roads, railways an watterweys. Tho it haes nae sea coast, it is a [[free economic zone]]. The oblast's minerals an its biggin an finishin materials are socht efter in the [[Economy of Russia|Roushie mercat]]. [[Nonferrous metallurgy]], ingineerin, metalwarkin, biggin-materials, forestry, [[woodworking]], [[light industry]] an [[food industry|food production]] are its maist weel-developit industrial sectors.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 5, 2004 |title=Jewish Autonomous Region |url=http://www.kommersant.com/p-31/r_374/Jewish_Autonomous_Region/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104062851/http://www.kommersant.com/p-31/r_374/Jewish_Autonomous_Region/ |archive-date=November 4, 2011 |access-date=December 22, 2011 |website=Kommersant Moscow |publisher=Kommersant. Publishing House |df=mdy-all}}</ref> Agriculture is the Jewish Autonomous Oblast's main economic sector acause o its fertile grund an [[Moisture|wat climate]]. The region's lairgest companies include the Kimkano–Sutarsky Minin an Processin Plant, wi income o ${{to USD|6800|RUS|year=2017}} million in 2017; the Teploozersky Cement Plant, wi ${{to USD|1700|RUS|year=2017}} million; an Brider Trading Hoose, wi ${{to USD|1400|RUS|year=2017}} million.<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ru:Выписки ЕГРЮЛ и ЕГРИП, проверка контрагентов, ИНН и КПП организаций, реквизиты ИП и ООО |url=https://sbis.ru/contragents?p=companies |access-date=20 October 2018 |website=СБИС |language=ru |archive-date=October 21, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021024515/https://sbis.ru/contragents?p=companies |url-status=live }}</ref> === Transport === The region's weel-developit transport netwark haes {{convert|530|km|mi|sigfig=2|abbr=on}} o railway, includin the Trans-Siberian Railway frae the time o the tsars; {{convert|600|km|mi|sigfig=2|abbr=on}} o watterwey on the Amur an Tunguska rivers; an {{convert|1900|km|mi|sigfig=2|abbr=on}} o roads, includin {{convert|1600|km|mi|sigfig=1|abbr=on}} wi a paved surface. The maist important road is the Khabarovsk–Birobidzhan–Obluchye–Amur Region heichwey, wi a ferry ower the Amur. The [[Birobidzhan Yuzhniy Airfield]], in the middle o the region, links Birobidzhan wi Khabarovsk an wi the ootby district centres. ==== Tongjiang–Nizhneleninskoye railway brig ==== {{Main|Tongjiang-Nizhneleninskoye railway bridge}} The Tongjiang–Nizhneleninskoye railway brig is {{convert|2.215|km|mi|sigfig=3|abbr=on}} lang an cost $355 million. It links [[Nizhneleninskoye]] in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast wi [[Tongjiang, Heilongjiang|Tongjiang]] in [[Heilongjiang Province]], [[Cheena]]. The brig opened in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |first1=Lilit |last1=Marcus |date=August 20, 2021 |title=First cross-river railway bridge between China and Russia completed |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/tongjiang-china-russia-bridge-complete-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=2022-07-14 |website=CNN |language=en |archive-date=July 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714135547/https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/tongjiang-china-russia-bridge-complete-intl-hnk/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> an cairries mair nor {{convert|3|e6t|e6ST e6LT|abbr=off|sigfig=2}} o freight an 1.5 million passengers ilka year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 25, 2016 |title=Work Starts On First China-Russia Highway Bridge |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-china-amur-river-highway-bridge-border-trade/28195627.html |publisher=[[Radio Free Europe]] |access-date=April 18, 2025 |archive-date=June 12, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250612095119/https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-china-amur-river-highway-bridge-border-trade/28195627.html |url-status=live }}</ref> == Demography == {{Historical populations|3=1926|4=35540|5=1939|6=108900|7=1959|8=162856|9=1970|10=172449|11=1979|12=190219|13=1989|14=215937|15=2002|16=190915|17=2010|18=176558|19=2021|20=150453|type=|footnote=Soorce: census data}} The JAO's population haes gane doun bi mair nor 40% syne 1989, lairgely acause o the muckle exodus atween 1989 an 1996. The recordit population wis {{ru-census|p1989=215,937|punct=}} in 1989 an {{ru-census|p2021=150,453|punct=.}} in 2021. === Ethnic groups === {| class="wikitable" |+ Ethnicities in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ru:Национальный состав населения |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx |access-date=30 December 2022 |publisher=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Federal State Statistics Service]] |archive-date=December 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230204643/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx |url-status=live }}</ref> |- ! Ethnicity ! Population !! Percent |- | [[Russians|Roushies]] | 133,625 || 88.8% |- | [[Ukrainians]] | 1,292 || 0.9% |- | [[Jews]] | 837 || 0.6% |- | [[Tatars]] | 431 || 0.3% |- | [[Azerbaijanis]] | 411 || 0.3% |- | [[Tajiks]] | 371 || 0.2% |- | Ither ethnicities | 2,712 || 1.8% |- | Ethnicity no gien | 10,774 || 7.2% |} In the late 1940s, the [[Jews|Jewish]] population o the region rase tae aboot 46,000–50,000, near 25% o aw its indwallers.<ref name="Holley-2005">{{Cite news |first1=David |last1=Holley |date=August 7, 2005 |title=In Russia's Far East, a Jewish Revival |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-aug-07-fg-enclave7-story.html}}</ref> The 1959 census fand that the Jewish population o the JAO had gane doun bi aboot a hauf, tae 14,269 fowk.<ref name=atlas/> In 1987, the reformin Soviet govrenment led bi [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] pardoned mony political prisoners an tellt the American Jewish commonty it wad allou 11,000 Jewish [[refusenik]]s tae emigrate.{{sfnm|1a1=Doder|1a2=Branson|1y=1990|1p=195}} The 1989 Soviet census recordit 8,887 Jews in the JAO, 4% o its haill population o 214,085.<ref name="siegel"/> Efter the Soviet Union brak up in 1991, the JAO becam a [[Federal subjects of Russia|federal subject]] o Roushie an wis nae langer unner [[Khabarovsk Krai]]. By that time, maist o the Jews had emigrate, an the Jews left ahint makkit up less nor 2% o the local population.<ref name="Srebrnik-2006"/><ref>{{Cite news |title='Sad And Absurd': The U.S.S.R.'s Disastrous Effort To Create A Jewish Homeland |language=en |work=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/2016/09/07/492962278/sad-and-absurd-the-u-s-s-r-s-disastrous-effort-to-create-a-jewish-homeland |access-date=2022-10-15}}</ref> In early 1996, 872 fowk, or 20% o the Jewish population at the time, emigrate tae Israel.<ref name="Brook-1996"/> In 2002, 2,357 Jews bade in the JAO.<ref name=atlas/> An airticle frae 2004 said the nummer o Jews in the region wis “nou growin”.<ref name="Strauss-2004"/> An airticle in ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]'' frae Apryle 2007 threapit that the Jewish population had grown tae aboot 4,000. It citit [[Mordechai Scheiner]], the [[Chief Rabbi]] o the JAO frae 2002 tae 2011, wha said Jewish cultur wis seein a religious an cultural revival at the time.<ref name="Gur-2007"/> The [[2021 Russian census]], houaniver, recordit juist 837 ethnic Jews, or 0.6% o the JAO's population. '''Vital statistics for 2024:'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2025 |script-title=ru:Естественное движение населения в разрезе субъектов российской федерации за декабрь 2024 года |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/EDN_12-2024.htm |url-status=live |access-date=25 February 2025 |website=Rosstat |archive-date=February 26, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250226232433/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/EDN_12-2024.htm }}</ref> * Births: 1,120 (7.7 per 1,000) * Daiths: 2,193 (15.1 per 1,000) '''Total fertility rate (2024):'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-25 |script-title=ru:Рейтинг рождаемости в регионах: кто в лидерах, а кто в аутсайдерах {{!}} Москва |url=https://fedpress.ru/article/3365231 |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=ФедералПресс |language=ru-RU}}</ref> * 1.35 bairns per wumman '''Life expectancy (2021):'''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/folder/210/document/13207 |script-title=ru:Демографический ежегодник России |publisher=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Federal State Statistics Service of Russia]] (Rosstat) |access-date=2022-06-01 |language=ru |trans-title=The Demographic Yearbook of Russia |archive-date=December 15, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241215223757/https://rosstat.gov.ru/folder/210/document/13207 |url-status=live }}</ref> * Awthegither – 66.12 year * Men&nbsp;– 61.73 * Weemen&nbsp;– 70.58 === Leids spoken === In the Soviet Union thare wis an ettle tae mak Yiddish an official leid athin Birobidzhan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://old.ipkpr.ru/index.php/pedagogicheskij-vestnik-eao/item/633|title=Идиш в ЕАО: традиции, опыт, современность|access-date=November 25, 2024|archive-date=March 22, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322115050/http://old.ipkpr.ru/index.php/pedagogicheskij-vestnik-eao/item/633|url-status=dead}}</ref> Unner the JAO's statute o 1997, Yiddish is ane o its recognised [[minority language|minority leids]].<ref name=jao-ustav/> Yiddish is taucht in three schuils in the region, but near aw the commonty speaks Roushie.<ref>{{Cite magazine |first1=Gal |last1=Beckerman |date=August 31, 2016 |title=A Promised Land in the U.S.S.R. |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/136493/promised-land-ussr |magazine=[[The New Republic]]}}</ref> Accordin tae an airticle frae 2000, Birobidzhan had a wheen o state-run schuils that taucht Yiddish, a Yiddish schuil for religious teachin, an a nursery. Bairns atween five an seiven had twa lessons ilka week for tae learn spoken Yiddish, alang wi Jewish sangs, dance an traditions.<ref name="Steen-2000"/> An airticle in ''[[The Washington Times]]'' in 2006 said that Yiddish wis taucht in the schuils, a Yiddish radio station wis rinnin, an the ''Birobidzhaner Shtern'' newspaper had a section in Yiddish.<ref name="washingtontimes.com"/> === Religion === {{Bar box | title=Religion in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast in 2012 (Sreda Arena Atlas)<ref name="2012ArenaAtlas">[https://sreda.org/en/arena "Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206100344/http://sreda.org/en/arena |date=December 6, 2017 }}. Sreda, 2012.</ref><ref>[http://c2.kommersant.ru/ISSUES.PHOTO/OGONIOK/2012/034/ogcyhjk2.jpg 2012 Arena Atlas Religion Maps]. "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved 21/04/2017. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170421154615/http://c2.kommersant.ru/ISSUES.PHOTO/OGONIOK/2012/034/ogcyhjk2.jpg Archived].</ref> | float=right | bars= {{Bar percent|[[Russian Orthodoxy|Roushie Orthodoxy]]|DarkOrchid|23}} {{Bar percent|Ither [[Eastern Orthodoxy|Orthodox]]|MediumOrchid|6}} {{Bar percent|Ither [[Christianity in Russia|Christians]]|DeepSkyBlue|10}} {{Bar percent|[[Islam in Russia|Islam]]|Green|1}} {{Bar percent|[[Judaism]]|Blue|1}} {{Bar percent|[[Spiritual but not religious|Spiritual but no religious]]|DarkSlateGray|35}} {{Bar percent|[[Atheism]] an [[irreligion]]|Black|22}} {{Bar percent|Ither or no gien|Gray|3}} }} Accordin tae a survey frae 2012, 23% o the Jewish Autonomous Oblast's population follae [[Russian Orthodox Church|Roushie Orthodoxy]]. Anither 6% are [[Eastern Orthodoxy|Orthodox Christians]] unner ither kirk jurisdictions, or Orthodox believers wha belang tae nae kirk; an 9% are [[Nondenominational Christianity|unaffiliatit]] or general Christians.<ref name="2012ArenaAtlas" /> [[Judaism]], tho it is the religion associatit wi the oblast's titular ethno-religious group, is practised bi juist 1% o the population. That is anerly a bittie abuin the national average an near the figure for commonties in ither federal subjects. Forby, 35% cried thairsels “spiritual but no religious”, while 22% professit [[atheism]]. This maks the Jewish Autonomous Oblast ane o the least religious regions in Roushie. Awthegither, 5% follaed ither religions or wadna answer the speirin.<ref name="2012ArenaAtlas" /> Archbishop Ephraim (Prosyanka) (2015) is heid o the Roushie Orthodox Eparchy (Diocese) o Birobidzhan, establisht in 2002. == See an aw == {{Portal|Judaism|Russia}} * [[History of the Jews in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast]] * [[Beit T'shuva|Beit T'shuva Synagogue]] * [[East Asian Jews]] * ''[[In Search of Happiness]]'', documentary film frae 2005 * ''[[L'Chayim, Comrade Stalin!]]'', documentary film frae 2002 * [[Boris Kaufman (rabbi)|Boris Kaufman]] * [[Pale of Settlement]] * [[Proposals for a Jewish state]] == References == === Notes === {{Notelist}} === Citations === {{Reflist}} === Soorces === * {{RussiaBasicLawRef|yev}} * {{Cite book |last1=Doder |first1=Dusko |url=https://archive.org/details/gorbachevheretic00dode/ |title=Gorbachev: Heretic in the Kremlin |last2=Branson |first2=Louise |publisher=Futura |year=1990 |isbn=978-0708849408 |location=London}} == For mair readin == * [[American Committee for the Settlement of Jews in Birobidjan]], ''Birobidjan: The Jewish Autonomous Territory in the USSR.'' New York: American Committee for the Settlement of Jews in Birobidjan, 1936. * Melech Epstein, ''The Jew and Communism: The Story of Early Communist Victories and Ultimate Defeats in the Jewish Community, USA, 1919–1941.'' New York: Trade Union Sponsoring Committee, 1959. * Henry Frankel, ''The Jews in the Soviet Union and Birobidjan.'' New York: American Birobidjan Committee, 1946. * Ber Boris Kotlerman and Shmuel Yavin, ''Bauhaus in Birobidzhan.'' Tel Aviv: Bauhaus Center, 2009. * Nora Levin, ''The Jews in the Soviet Union Since 1917: Paradox of Survival: Volume 1.'' New York: New York University Press, 1988. * James N. Rosenberg, ''How the Back-to-the-Soil Movement Began: Two Years of Blazing the New Jewish "Covered Wagon" Trail Across the Russian Prairies.'' Philadelphia: United Jewish Campaign, 1925. * Anna Shternshis, ''Soviet and Kosher: Jewish Popular Culture in the Soviet Union, 1923–1939.'' Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2006. == Ootby airtins == {{Commons category|Jewish Autonomous Oblast}} * [http://www.eao.ru/en/ Official wabsteid o the Jewish Autonomous Oblast] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114120929/http://eao.ru/en/ |date=January 14, 2017 }} * [http://www.swarthmore.edu/Home/News/biro/ ''Stalin's Forgotten Zion: Birobidzhan and the Making of a Soviet Jewish Homeland: An Illustrated History, 1928–1996''] * [https://archive.org/details/TheJewishAutonomousRegion A Soviet pamphlet frae 1939 anent the JAO] * [https://www.sovietzion.com/ ''SOVIET ZION: The New Musical Drama'' — a modren opera set in the Jewish Autonomous Region] * [http://frontiers.loc.gov/intldl/mtfhtml/mfdigcol/nlrph.html#j_eng ''Meeting of the Frontiers: The Birobidzhan Album'' (photographs o Birobidzhan frae the 1920s an 1930s)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224221634/http://frontiers.loc.gov/intldl/mtfhtml/mfdigcol/nlrph.html#j_eng |date=February 24, 2021 }} {{Jewish Autonomous Oblast}} {{Subdiveesions o Roushie}} {{Russian Far East}} {{Autonomous Oblasts of the Soviet Union}} {{Authority control}} {{Jews in the Soviet Union}} [[Category:Jewish Autonomous Oblast| ]] [[Category:Jewish Roushie an Soviet history]] [[Category:Manchurie]] [[Category:Roushie-speakin kintras an territories]] [[Category:Yiddish cultur]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1934]] 2fdbkrfrjppqgj81v592okcx1hwwywb 0 14160 919975 914414 2026-07-25T00:01:28Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 2 books for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 919975 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Anawrahta Minsaw''' ({{lang-my|အနော်ရထာ မင်းစော}}, {{IPA-my|ʔənɔ̀jətʰà mɪ́ɴ sɔ́|pron}}; 1015–1078) wis the foonder o the [[Pagan Empire]]. Considered the maist important [[Burma|Burmese]] monarch bi historians, Anawrahta turned a sma principality in the dry zone o Upper Burma intae the first Burmese Empire that formed the basis o modren-day [[Burma]] (Myanmar). Historically verifiable [[Burmese history]] begins wi his ascension tae the Pagan throne in 1044. Anawrahta unified the entire [[Irrawaddy river|Irrawaddy valley]] for the first time in history, an placed peripheral regions sic as [[Shan States]] an [[Rakhine State|Arakan]] (Northern Rakhine) unner Pagan's suzerainty. He successfully stopped the advance o [[Khmer Empire]] intae [[Tenasserim|Tenasserim coastline]] an intae Upper [[Menam]] valley, makkin Pagan ane o twa main kinrick in [[mainland Sootheast Asie]]. A strict disciplinarian, Anawrahta implementit a series o key social, releegious an economic reforms that woud hae a lastin impact in Burmese history. His social an releegious reforms later developed intae the modren-day [[Burmese cultur]]. Bi biggin a series o weirs, he turned parched, arid regions aroond Pagan intae the main rice granaries o Upper Burma, gien Upper Burma an endurin economic base frae which tae dominate the Irrawaddy valley an its periphery in the follaein centuries. He bequeathed a strang administrative seestem that aw later Pagan keengs follaed till the dynasty's fall in 1287. The success an longevity o Pagan's dominance ower the Irrawaddy valley laid the foondation for the ascent o Burmese leid an cultur, the spread of [[Bamar|Burman]] ethnicity in Upper Burma. Anawrahta's legacy went far ayont the borders o modren Burma. His embrace o [[Theravada Buddhism]] an his success in stoppin the advance o Khmer Empire, a [[Hindu]] kinrick, providit the Buddhist schuil, which haed been in retreat elsewhaur in [[Sooth Asie|Sooth]] an [[Sootheast Asie]], a muckle needed reprieve an a safe shelter. He helped restart Theravada Buddhism in [[Ceylon]], the Buddhist schuil's oreeginal hame. The success o Pagan dynasty made Theravada Buddhism's later growth in [[Lan Na]] (northren Thailand), [[Sukhothai Kinrick|Siam]] (central Thailand), [[Lan Xang]] ([[Laos]]), an Khmer Empire ([[Cambodie]]) in the 13t an 14t centuries possible. Anawrahta is ane o the maist famous keengs in Burmese history. His life stories (legends) are a staple o Burmese folklore an retauld in popular literatur an theatre. == Soorces== * {{cite book | last=Aung-Thwin | first=Michael | title=Pagan: The Origins of Modern Burma | url=https://archive.org/details/paganoriginsofmo0000aung | publisher=University of Hawai'i Press | year=1985 | location=Honolulu | isbn=0-8248-0960-2|pages=21-22}} * {{cite book | last=Aung-Thwin | first=Michael A. | title=The Mists of Rāmañña: The Legend that was Lower Burma | url=https://archive.org/details/mistsoframannale0000aung | edition=illustrated | publisher=University of Hawai'i Press | year=2005 | location=Honolulu | isbn=978-0-8248-2886-8|page=433}} * {{cite book | last=Bo Lay | first=Dr. | title=Meitthalat Lettwei Thutethana Kyan | language=my | location=Yangon | publisher=Su Paung}} * {{cite book | last=Coedès | first=George | author-link=George Coedès | editor=Walter F. Vella | others=trans.Susan Brown Cowing | title=The Indianized States of Southeast Asia| year=1968 | publisher=University of Hawaii Press | isbn=978-0-8248-0368-1|pages=133, 148-150, 155}} * {{cite book | last=Eade | first=J.C. | title=Southeast Asian Ephemeris: Solar and Planetary Positions, A.D. 638–2000 | url=https://archive.org/details/southeastasianep0000eade | year=1989 | publisher=Cornell University Press | isbn=0-87727-704-4}} * {{cite book | last=Hall | author-link=D.G.E. Hall | first=D.G.E. | title=Burma | edition=3rd |year=1960 |publisher=Hutchinson University Library| isbn=978-1-4067-3503-1}} * {{cite book | last=Harvey| first = G. E.| title = History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824 | publisher=Frank Cass & Co. Ltd | year = 1925 | location = London|pages=19, 24-34, 307, 326}} * {{cite book | last=Htin Aung | author-link=Htin Aung | first=Maung | title=A History of Burma | url=https://archive.org/details/historyofburma00htin | publisher=Cambridge University Press | location=New York and London | year=1967|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofburma00htin/page/30 31]-38}} * {{cite book | last=Kala | author-link=U Kala | first=U | title=[[Maha Yazawin]] | publisher=Ya-Pyei Publishing | location=Yangon | year=1724 | edition=2006, 4th printing | language=my | volume=1–3}} * {{cite book | author=Khin Myo Chit | author-link=Khin Myo Chit | title=Anawrahta of Burma | edition=1 | publisher=[[Sarpay Beikman]] | location=Yangon | year=1970 | language=en}} * {{cite book | author=Khin Myo Chit | author-link=Khin Myo Chit | translator=[[Thawda Swe]] | title=Bagan Thuyegaung Mya | edition=4 | publisher=Win Myint Aung Sarpay | location=Yangon | year=2001 | language=my}} * {{cite book | author=Kyaw Thet | author-link=Kyaw Thet | title= History of Burma | year= 1962| publisher=Yangon University Press |location= Yangon | language=my|pages=40-42, 45-47}} * {{cite book | last=Lieberman | author-link=Victor Lieberman | first= Victor B. | title=Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830, volume 1, Integration on the Mainland | year=2003 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=978-0-521-80496-7|pages=91-92, 115-116}} * {{cite book | author=Maha Sithu | author-link=Maha Sithu of Twinthin | title=[[Yazawin Thit]] | publisher=Ya-Pyei Publishing | location=Yangon | year=1798 | edition=2012, 2nd printing | language=my | volume=1–3 | editor=Myint Swe (|editor2=Kyaw Win |editor3=Thein Hlaing }} * {{cite book | last=Myint-U | author-link=Thant Myint-U | first=Thant | title=The River of Lost Footsteps—Histories of Burma | url=https://archive.org/details/riveroflostfoots0000than_d0r2 | year=2006 | publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux | isbn=978-0-374-16342-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/riveroflostfoots0000than_d0r2/page/72 72]-73}} * {{cite book | author=Pe Maung Tin | author-link=Pe Maung Tin |author2=G.H. Luce |author-link2=Gordon Luce | title=[[Glass Palace Chronicle|The Glass Palace Chronicle of the Kings of Burma]] | edition=1960 | publisher=Rangoon University Press | year=1923}} * {{cite book | last=Phayre | author-link=Arthur Purves Phayre | first=Lt. Gen. Sir Arthur P. | title=History of Burma | year=1883 | edition=1967 | publisher=Susil Gupta | location=London}} * {{cite book | last=Ricklefs | first=M.C. |author2=Bruce McFarland Lockhart |author3=Albert Lau |author4=Portia Reyes |author5=Maitrii Aung-Thwin |author6=Bruce Lockhart | title=A New History of Southeast Asia | url=https://archive.org/details/newhistoryofsout0000unse | year=2010 | publisher=Palgrave Macmillan | isbn=978-0230212145|pages=[https://archive.org/details/newhistoryofsout0000unse/page/43 43]-45}} * {{cite book | author=Royal Historians of Burma | title=[[Zatadawbon Yazawin]] | year=c. 1680 | edition=1960 |editor=U Hla Tin | publisher=Historical Research Directorate of the Union of Burma}} * {{cite book | author=Royal Historical Commission of Burma | author-link=Royal Historical Commission of Burma | title=[[Hmannan Yazawin]] | volume=1| year=1832 | location=Yangon | language=my | edition=2003 | publisher=Ministry of Information, Myanmar|pages=227-229, 269-270}} * {{cite book | last=Sandamala Linkara | first=Ashin | title=Rakhine Yazawinthit Kyan | year= 1931 | edition=1997 | publisher=Tetlan Sarpay | language=my | volume=1–2 | location=Yangon}} * {{cite book | last=South | first=Ashley | title=Mon nationalism and civil war in Burma: the golden sheldrake | url=https://archive.org/details/monnationalismci0000sout | isbn=978-0-7007-1609-8 | publisher=Routledge | year=2003|page=419}} * {{cite book | last=Tarling | author-link=Nicholas Tarling | first=Nicholas | title=The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia: Early Times to c. 1500 | url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory0000unse_b7s6 | year=1999 | isbn=978-0-521-66369-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory0000unse_b7s6/page/165 165]}} {{Burmese text}} [[Category:Burmese monarchs]] [[Category:Pagan dynasty]] [[Category:1010s births]] [[Category:1078 daiths]] {{Stub/Asie}} ffios5mq0yfdz71cibp73ylul9m1w6q 0 16132 919995 903970 2026-07-25T00:22:13Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 919995 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sabha''' ({{lang-ar|سبها}} ''Sabhā'') is a ceety in soothwastren [[Libie]] wi a population o 130,000. It wis historically the caipital o the [[Fezzan]] region an is nou caipital o the [[Sabha Destrict]].<ref>{{citebook|title=Libya in Pictures|url=https://archive.org/details/libyainpictures0000dipi|author=Francesca Davis DiPiazza|year=2006|publisher=Twenty-First Century Books|isbn=0822525496}}</ref> == Owerview == Sabha is biggit on a plain saund aurie next tae a picturesque [[Gaberoun|Lake Gaberoun]], surroondit bi palm trees wi dates, which haes made the ceety increasingly popular wi internaitional tourists. In addition tae traditional camel-ridin, hirin an drivin jeeps tae veesit the surroondin auries haes acome increasingly popular. Wi a relatively lairge population, an growin fast, Sabha's importance is due tae its bein the air an road transport hub o the Fezzan, a military base, an the centre o a remarkable agricultural industry in the desert. Sabha is famous for the [[Fort Elena]] castle,<ref>Martin, B. G. (1984) "Ahmad Rasim Pasha and the Fazzan Slave Trade, 1881-1896" [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sasFc2yN7AcC&pg=PA64 pp. 64-65] ''in'' Willis, John Ralph (ed.) (1984) ''Slaves and Slavery in Muslim Africa: The Servile Estate'' Cass, London, pp. 51-82, ISBN 0-7146-3201-5</ref> which is the castle featurt on the reverse o the ten dinars [[Libian dinar#Banknotes|banknote]] o Libie. Fort Elena wis previously kent as Fortezza Margherita, biggit durin the [[Italian North Africae|Italian colonial period]]. Currently the Italian-biggit fort is a military institution. Sabha is kent as the place whaur Libian leader [[Muammar al-Gaddafi]] annoonced "the dawn o the era o the masses".<ref>{{Cite book | last=Vanderwalle | first=Dirk J. | title=Libya Since Independence: oil and state-building | year=1998| publisher=I B Tauris & Co Ltd | location=London | isbn=1-86064-264-0 }}</ref> == Military == In a 2004 report bi the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]], the Sabha base wis linked wi Libie's nuclear wappens programme.<ref>Griffiths, Katherine (2007) "Libya stalls on pledge to destroy stock of uranium" ''The Daily Telegraph'' 13 August 2007, p. 16</ref> '''Seba Oasis''', near Sabha, wis the test site o the [[OTRAG rocket]]s, efter launchin wis nae langer possible in [[Shaba North]] in Zaire (nou [[Democratic Republic o Congo]]). In Seba Oasis on Mairch 1, 1981 an OTRAG rocket wi a maximum heicht o 50&nbsp;km (31&nbsp;mi) wis launched. == Transport == An 800&nbsp;km (500&nbsp;mi) lang railwey haes been proposed frae Sabha tae the port o [[Misrata]] for [[Iron ore in Africae|iron ore]] transport.<ref>''Xinhua News Agency'' (2008) "Chinese win Libya rail bidding" ''International Herald Tribune'' 19 February 2008, Finance Section, p. 13</ref> This railwey coud continue tae [[Niger]] an ayont. == See an aa == * [[Railway stations in Libie]] == References == {{reflist}} {{coord|27|02|20|N|14|25|35|E|region:LY_type:city(130000)|display=title}} [[Category:Populatit places in Libie]] nvvxuurq4d5dtlqdvtjfzc2zym7mkor 0 20442 919933 828977 2026-07-24T23:27:44Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 919933 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Linkrot}} {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |name =Nag Hammadi |official_name =Nag Hammadi |native_name =نجع حمادى |nickname = |settlement_type = Ceety |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |pushpin_map = Egypt<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_mapsize =300 |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Egyp <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Egyp}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Govrenorates o Egyp|Govrenorate]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Qena Govrenorate]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |<!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |population_blank1 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone =[[Egyp Staundart Time|EST]] |utc_offset = +2 |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|26|03|N|32|15|E|region:EG|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Nag Hammadi''' ({{lang-ar|نجع حمادى}}, {{IPA-arz|ˈnæɡʕe ħæmˈmæːdi|IPA}}), is a ceety in [[Upper Egyp]]. Nag Hammadi wis kent as [[Sheneset-Chenoboskion|Chenoboskion]] ({{lang-el|Χηνοβόσκιον}}) in [[classical antiquity]], meanin "geese grazin grunds". It is locate on the wast bank o the [[Nile]] in the [[Qena Govrenorate]], aboot 80 kilometre north-wast o [[Luxor]]. It haes a population o aboot 30,000, wha is maistly fermers. [[Succar]] an [[aluminium]] are producit in Nag Hammadi. The toun o Nag Hammadi wis established bi Mahmoud Pasha Hammadi, wha wis a member o the Hammadi faimily in [[Sohag]], [[Egyp]]. Mahmoud Pasha Hammadi wis a major landhaulder in Sohag, an kent for his strang opposition tae the Breetish occupation. Mahmoud Pasha Hammadi creatit Nag Hammadi for the indigenous fowk frae Sohag wha wis forcit tae abandon thair hameland bi the Breetish occupation. In recognition o this, the new toun wis gien the name "Hammadi". ==The Nag Hammadi Library== {{main|Nag Hammadi library}} Nag Hammadi is best kent for bein the steid whaur local fermers foond a sealed earthenware jar containin thirteen leather-bund [[papyrus]] [[codex|codices]], thegither wi pages torn frae anither beuk, in December 1945. The mither o the fermers burned ane o the beuks an pairts o a seicont (includin its civer). Sicweys twal o thir beuks (ane missing its civer) an the loose pages survive.<ref name="NHL">{{cite book |author=James M. Robinson |year=1988 |title=The Nag Hammadi Library |url=https://archive.org/details/naghammadilibrar0000unse_v4a1 |publisher=Harper San Francisco |location=San Francisco}}. "The Nag Hammadi library consists of twelve books, plus eight leaves removed from a thirteenth book in late antiquity and tucked inside the front cover of the sixth. These eight leaves comprise a complete text, an independent treatise takken out of a book of collected essays." (p.10)</ref> The writins in thir codices, datin back tae the 2nt century AD,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nag-hammadi.com/ |title=www.nag-hammadi.com |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-date=2007-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070408060536/http://www.nag-hammadi.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> comprised 52 maistly [[Gnosticism|Gnostic]] tractates ([[treatise]]s), believit tae be a leebrar hidden bi monks frae the nearhaun monastery o [[St Pachomius]] whan the possession o sic banned writins, denoonced as [[Christian heresy|heresy]], wis made an offence. The contents o the [[coptic bindin|Coptic-bund]] [[codex|codices]] wis written in [[Coptic leid|Coptic]], tho the wirks wur likely aw translations frae [[Greek leide|Greek]]. Maist famous o thir wirks must be the ''[[Gospel o Thomas]]'', o which the Nag Hammadi codices contain the amerlie complete copy. Aw the texts haes been public syne 1975, an is available online. ==Nag Hammadi massacre== {{main|Nag Hammadi massacre}} The ceety wis the steid o the [[Nag Hammadi massacre]] in Januar 2010, wherein aicht [[Copts|Coptic]] [[Christianity|Christians]] wis shot deid bi three [[Muslim]] men.<ref name="catastrophe">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8478397.stm Egypt's anxious Copts 'await next catastrophe']</ref> Nineteen Coptic Christians wur attacked althegither.<ref name="catastrophe"/><ref>http://translate.google.com/translate?js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=1&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elfagr.org%2FNewsDetails.aspx%3FnwsId%3D15807%26secid%3D3611&sl=ar&tl=en</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8444851.stm | work=BBC News | title=Egypt church attack kills Copts | date=2010-01-07}}</ref> ==Notes== {{reflist}} {{coord|26|03|N|32|15|E|display=title}} [[Category:Qena Govrenorate]] [[Category:Populatit places in Egyp]] {{Stub/Egyp}} hd6eadwb46vob5akx1eld6rc4nzttnj 0 33742 920011 918712 2026-07-25T00:34:49Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 920011 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisic genre |name=Rock muisic |color=white |bgcolor=crimson |stylistic_origins=[[Rock an roll]], [[electric blues]], [[jazz]], [[fowk muisic]], [[kintra muusic|kintra]], [[blues]], [[rhythm an blues]], [[soul muisic]] |cultural_origins=1950s an 1960s, [[Unitit Kinrick]] an [[Unitit States]] |instruments=[[Vocals]], [[electric guitar]], [[bass guitar]], [[acoustic guitar]], [[Drum kit|drums]], [[synthesizer]], [[Keybuird instrument|keyboards]] |popularity= Extremely heich warldwide, syne 1960s |derivatives=[[New Age muisic]]&nbsp;– [[Synthpop]] |subgenrelist=Leet o rock genres |subgenres= [[Alternative rock]]&nbsp;– [[Art rock]]&nbsp;– [[Baroque pop]]&nbsp;– [[Beat muisic]]&nbsp;– [[Britpop]]&nbsp;– [[Emo]]&nbsp;– [[Experimental rock]]&nbsp;– [[Garage rock]]&nbsp;– [[Glam rock]]&nbsp;– [[Grindcore]]&nbsp;– [[Group Sounds]]&nbsp;– [[Grunge]]&nbsp;– [[Hard rock]]&nbsp;– [[Heartland rock]]&nbsp;– [[Hivy metal]]&nbsp;– [[Instrumental rock]]&nbsp;– [[Indie rock]]&nbsp;– [[Jangle pop]]&nbsp;– [[Krautrock]]&nbsp;– [[Madchester]]&nbsp;– [[Post-Britpop]]&nbsp;– [[Pouer pop]]&nbsp;– [[Progressive rock]]&nbsp;– [[Protopunk]]&nbsp;– [[Psychedelic rock|Psychedelia]]&nbsp;– [[Punk rock]]&nbsp;– [[Rock noir]]&nbsp;– [[Soft rock]]&nbsp;– [[Southern rock]]&nbsp;– [[Surf muisic|Surf]]&nbsp;– [[Symphonic rock]] |fusiongenres= [[Aboriginal rock]]&nbsp;– [[Afro-rock]]&nbsp;– [[Anatolie rock]]&nbsp;– [[Bhangra (muisic)|Bhangra rock]]&nbsp;– [[Blues rock]]&nbsp;– [[Kintra rock]]&nbsp;– [[Flamenco-rock]]&nbsp;– [[Fowk rock]]&nbsp;– [[Funk rock]]&nbsp;– [[Glam punk]]&nbsp;– [[Indo-rock]]&nbsp;– [[Industrial rock]]&nbsp;– [[Jazz fusion]]&nbsp;– [[Pop rock]]&nbsp;– [[Punta rock]]&nbsp;– [[Raga rock]]&nbsp;– [[Raï rock]]&nbsp;– [[Rap rock]]&nbsp;– [[Rockabilly]]&nbsp;– [[Rockoson]]&nbsp;– [[Samba-rock]]&nbsp;– [[Space rock]]&nbsp;– [[Stoner rock]]&nbsp;– [[Sufi rock]] |regional_scenes= [[Argentine rock|Argentinae]]&nbsp;– [[Armenie rock|Armenie]]&nbsp;– [[Aussie rock|Australie]]&nbsp;– [[Belaroushie rock|Belaroushie]]&nbsp;– [[Belgian rock|Belgium]]&nbsp;– [[Bosnie rock|Bosnie an Herzegovina]]&nbsp;– [[Brazilian rock|Brazil]]&nbsp;– [[Canadian rock|Canadae]]&nbsp;– [[Chilean rock|Chile]]&nbsp;– [[Cheenese rock|Cheenae]]&nbsp;– [[Colombie rock|Colombie]]&nbsp;– [[Cuban rock|Cuba]]&nbsp;– [[Croatie rock|Croatie]]&nbsp;– [[Dens rock|Denmark]]&nbsp;– [[Dominican rock|Dominican Republic]]&nbsp;– [[Ecuadorian rock|Ecuador]]&nbsp;– [[Estonie rock|Estonie]]&nbsp;– [[Finnish rock|Finland]]&nbsp;– [[French rock|France]]&nbsp;– [[Greek rock|Greece]]&nbsp;– [[German rock|Germany]]&nbsp;– [[Hungarian rock|Hungary]]&nbsp;– [[Icelandic rock|Iceland]]&nbsp;– [[Indie rock|Indie]]&nbsp;– [[Indonesian rock|Indonesia]]&nbsp;– [[Irish rock|Ireland]]&nbsp;– [[Israeli rock|Israel]]&nbsp;– [[Italian rock|Italy]]&nbsp;– [[:en:Music of Japan#Rock|Japan]]&nbsp;– [[Rock en español|Spainyie-speakin warld]]&nbsp;– [[Latvie rock|Latvie]]&nbsp;– [[Lithuanie rock|Lithuanie]]&nbsp;– [[Malaysie rock|Malaysie]]&nbsp;– [[Mexican rock|Mexico]]&nbsp;– [[Nepali rock|Nepal]]&nbsp;– [[Kiwi rock|New Zealand]]&nbsp;– [[Norse rock|Norawa]]&nbsp;– [[Pakistani rock|Pakistan]]&nbsp;– [[Peruvian rock|Peru]]&nbsp;– [[Pinoy rock|Philippines]]&nbsp;– [[Pols rock|Poland]]&nbsp;– [[Portuguese rock|Portugal]]&nbsp;– [[Roushie rock|Roushie]]&nbsp;– [[Serbie rock|Serbie]]&nbsp;– [[Slovenie rock|Slovenie]]&nbsp;– [[Spinyie rock|Spain]]&nbsp;– [[Swadish rock|Swaden]]&nbsp;– [[Swiss rock|Swisserland]]&nbsp;– [[Tatar rock|Tatar]]&nbsp;– [[Thai rock|Thailand]]&nbsp;– [[Turkis rock|Turkey]]&nbsp;– [[Ukrainian rock|Ukraine]]&nbsp;– [[Breetish rock|Unitit Kinrick]]&nbsp;– [[American rock|Unitit States]]&nbsp;– [[Uruguayan rock|Uruguay]]&nbsp;– [[SFR Yugoslav Pop an Rock scene|SFR Yugoslavie]]&nbsp;– [[Zam-rock|Zambie]] |other_topics=[[Backbeat (muisic)|Backbeat]]&nbsp;– [[Rock opera]]&nbsp;– [[Rock band]]&nbsp;– [[:en:Rock and Roll Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]]&nbsp;– [[:en:Social impact of rock and roll|Social impact]]&nbsp;– [[:en:List of jazz and popular musical terms|Leet o rock muisic terms]]}} '''Rock muisic''' is a genre o popular [[muisic]] that developit durin an efter the 1960s, pairticularly in the Unitit Kinrick an the Unitit States. It haes its ruits in 1940s an 1950s rock an roll, itsel hivily influencit bi rhythm an blues an kintra muisic.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebdige|first=Dick|title=Subculture: the meaning of style|url=https://archive.org/details/liang.subculturemeanin0001hebd|date=2008|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-03949-9|series=New accents|location=London New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/liang.subculturemeanin0001hebd/page/49 49]}}</ref> Rock muisic drew strangly on a nummer o ither genres sic as [[blues]] an fowk, an incorporatit influences frae [[jazz]], [[classical muisic|classical]] an ither muisical soorces an aw.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebdige|first=Dick|title=Subculture: the meaning of style|url=https://archive.org/details/liang.subculturemeanin0001hebd|date=2008|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-03949-9|series=New accents|location=London New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/liang.subculturemeanin0001hebd/page/46 46]-61}}</ref> Muisically, rock haes centred aroond the electric [[guitar]], uisually as pairt o a rock group wi [[bass guitar]] an drums. teepically, rock is sang-based muisic uisually wi a 4/4 time signatur utilizin a verse-chorus form, but the genre haes acome extremely diverse an common muisical characteristics are difficult tae define.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Cambridge companion to pop and rock|url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00frit|date=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-55660-6|editor-last=Frith|editor-first=Simon|edition=Repr|series=Cambridge companions to music|location=Cambridge|pages=109-142|chapter=Reconsidering Rock, Keir Keightley}}</ref> Lik [[pop muisic]], leerics aften stress romantic luve but address a wide variety o ither themes that are frequently social or poleetical in emphasis an aw. The dominance o rock bi white, male muisickers haes been seen as ane o the key factors shapin the themes splorit in rock muisic. Rock places a heicher degree o emphasis on musicianship, live performance, an an ideology o authenticity than pop muisic. == References == {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} {{Commonscat|Rock music|Rock muisic}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rock Muisic}} [[Category:Rock muisic| ]] [[Category:Rock muisic genres| ]] [[Category:African-American muisic]] [[Category:American styles o muisic]] [[Category:20t-century muisic genres]] [[Category:21st-century muisic genres]] 42rwohtqte084gveaucg1zx0hmrktqe 0 33914 919963 897615 2026-07-24T23:51:56Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 919963 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Creeminal organization |name = Sinaloa Cairtel <br>(Paceefic Cairtel, <br>Guzmán-Loera Cairtel) |image = |image_size = |caption = [[Joaquín Guzmán]], leader o the Sinaloa Cartel |founded = 1989 |founding_location = [[Culiacan]], [[Sinaloa]]<ref>{{cite news|last=Zeidler|first=Special Agent Eileen|title=5 Members of a Major Mexican Drug-Trafficking Organization Indicted in Operation Money Train|url=http://www.justice.gov/dea/pubs/states/newsrel/2008/sd100908.html|accessdate=18 September 2011|newspaper=Drug Enforcement Administration|archive-date=2012-05-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511023423/http://www.justice.gov/dea//pubs/states/newsrel/2008/sd100908.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |years_active = 1989–present |territory = '''[[Mexico]]''':<br /> [[Sinaloa]], [[Sonora]], [[Nayarit]], [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]], [[Durango]], [[Jalisco]], [[Colima]], [[Chiapas]], [[Guerrero]], [[Zacatecas]], [[Baja California]], [[Baja California Sur]], [[Oaxaca]], [[Guanajuato]], [[Querétaro]], [[Tlaxcala]], [[Puebla]], [[Morelos]], [[Mexico Ceety]]<br />'''[[Unitit States]]''', <br />'''[[Central Americae]]'''<br />'''[[Sooth Americae]]''' |ethnicity = |membership = |activities = [[Drug trokin]]<ref>{{cite web|last=McCAUL|first=MICHAEL T.|title=A Line in the Sand: Confronting the Threat at the Southwest Border|url=http://www.house.gov/sites/members/tx10_mccaul/pdf/Investigaions-Border-Report.pdf|publisher=HOUSE COMMITTEE ON HOMELAND SECURITY|accessdate=12 October 2011|archive-date=2011-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911170206/http://www.house.gov/sites/members/tx10_mccaul/pdf/Investigaions-Border-Report.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> |allies = [[Guwf Cairtel]], [[Knichts Templar Cairtel]],<ref name="url El Paso Times">{{cite web |url= http://www.elpasotimes.com/juarez/ci_19215212 |title= El Paso Times - Mexican Drug Cartels Strengthen Ties With US Gangs |work= |accessdate= 2011-11-09 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |rivals = [[Los Zetas]], [[Juárez Cairtel]], [[Tijuana Cairtel]] }} [[File:Cartel du Sinaloa.png|thumb|2023]] The '''Sinaloa Cairtel''' ([[Spainyie leid|Spainyie]]: ''Cártel de Sinaloa'' or ''CDS'')<ref>{{cite news|title=Sinaloa Cartel Influence is Steadily Growing In Tijuana|url=http://www.borderlandbeat.com/2011/02/sinaloa-cartel-influence-is-steadily.html|newspaper=Borderland Beat|date=23 February 2011}}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> is a drog-trokin an organizit creeme organisation based in the ceety o [[Culiacán]], [[Sinaloa]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Mexico's Sinaloa gang grows empire, defies crackdown|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/01/19/us-mexico-drugs-idUSTRE70I6UZ20110119|accessdate=18 September 2011|newspaper=Reuters|date=19 January 2011|archive-date=2015-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150115012632/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/01/19/us-mexico-drugs-idUSTRE70I6UZ20110119|url-status=dead}}</ref> wi operations in the Mexican states o [[Baja California]], [[Durango]], [[Sonora]] an [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]].<ref name="Wilson">{{cite book|last=Freeman|first=Laurie|title=State of Siege:Drug-Related Violence and Corruption in Mexico|publisher=Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars|pages=7, 13, 15|url=http://www.wilsoncenter.org/news/docs/State_of_Siege_WOLA.pdf|access-date=2012-06-06|archive-date=2006-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061104023412/http://www.wilsoncenter.org/news/docs/State_of_Siege_WOLA.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Organized">{{cite book|last=Bailey|first=John J.|author2=Roy Godson|title=Organized Crime and Democratic Governability: Mexico and the U.S.-Mexican Borderlands|url=https://archive.org/details/organizedcrimede0000unse|publisher=Univ of Pittsburgh Press|year=2000|page=[https://archive.org/details/organizedcrimede0000unse/page/146 146]|isbn=0-8229-5758-2}}</ref> The cartel is kent as the '''Guzmán-Loera Organization''' an the '''Paceefic Cartel''' an aw, the latter due tae the coast o Mexico frae which it oreeginatit. The cartel haes been cried the '''Federation''' an aw.<ref name="Wilson"/><ref name="Blames">{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSN07300830|title=Mexico blames Gulf cartel for surge in drug murders|last=Rama|first=Anahi|date=7 April 2008|publisher=Reuters|accessdate=2008-04-11}}</ref><ref name="100k">{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/mar/03/100000-foot-soldiers-in-cartels/|title=100,000 foot soldiers in Mexican cartels|last=Carter|first=Sara A.|date=3 March 2009|publisher=The Washington Times|accessdate=2009-03-03}}</ref> The 'Federation' wis pairtially splintered when the Beltrán-Leyva brithers brak apairt frae the Sinaloa Cairtel.<ref name="LastNarco"/> ==References== {{reflist|30em}} {{Mexican Drog War}} [[Category:Drog cairtels in Mexico]] [[Category:Gangs in Mexico]] [[Category:Mara Salvatrucha]] [[Category:Mexican Drog War]] [[Category:Sinaloa]] [[Category:Sinaloa Cairtel]] [[Category:Organisit crime groups in Laitin Americae]] lmwt615v8fkm1p2quqhyyxtif8nwh8h 0 34960 919923 893783 2026-07-24T23:13:00Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 919923 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Arturo Guzmán Decena | image_name = | image_size = 140px | image_caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|mf=yes|1976|1|13}} | birth_place = [[Puebla, Puebla|Puebla]], [[Mexico]]. | death_date = {{Death date and age|mf=yes|2002|11|21|1976|1|13}} | death_place = [[Matamoros, Tamaulipas|Matamoros]], [[Tamaulipas]], Mexico. | charge = [[Murder]], [[drug trafficking]], [[mercenary]]. | alias = Z-1 | occupation = }} '''Arturo Guzmán Decena''', a.k.a. '''Z-1''' (13 Januar 1976 − 21 November 2002) wis a [[Mexican Airmy]] sodger that defectit tae become a [[mercenary]] an commander o the mercenary gang cried [[Los Zetas]] at the service o [[Osiel Cárdenas Guillen]], the [[Guwf Cairtel]]'s [[drog laird]].<ref name=explorando >{{cite news|url=http://www.explorandomexico.com/about-mexico/9/266/|title=The Zetas|last=Explorando Mexico Editorial Team|publisher=Explorando Mexico|accessdate=2009-08-23}}</ref> Los Zetas are conseidert bi the [[Drug Enforcement Administration]] (DEA) as the maist technologically advanced, sophisticatit an violent [[drog cartel]] in Mexico.<ref name="Grayson">{{cite web |url=http://www.fpri.org/enotes/200805.grayson.loszetas.html |title=Los Zetas: the Ruthless Army Spawned by a Mexican Drug Cartel |accessdate=2008-08-23 |last=Grayson |first=George |publisher=U.S. Foreign Policy Research Institute |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080813014533/http://www.fpri.org/enotes/200805.grayson.loszetas.html |archivedate=2008-08-13 |deadurl=no |url-status=dead }}{{Cite web |url=http://www.fpri.org/enotes/200805.grayson.loszetas.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2022-09-13 |archive-date=2008-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080813014533/http://www.fpri.org/enotes/200805.grayson.loszetas.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | first=Michael | last=Ware | coauthors= |authorlink= | title=Los Zetas called Mexico's most dangerous drug cartel | date=August 6, 2009 | publisher= | url =http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/americas/08/06/mexico.drug.cartels/index.html | work =CNN News | pages = | accessdate = 2009-08-07 | language = }}</ref> == Backgrund == Guzmán Decena trained wi an elite Mexican militar group cried [[Grupo Aeromóvil de Fuerzas Especiales]] (GAFE) oreeginally trained in [[coonter-insurgency]] an locatin an apprehendin [[drog cairtel]] members. In 1997, Guzmán Decena defectit frae the Mexican airmy<ref name="Rodríguez Martínez 2006">{{cite web|url=http://www.monografias.com/trabajos28/poder-zetas/poder-zetas.shtml|title=El Poder de Los Zetas|last=Rodríguez Martínez |first=Marco A.|year=2006|publisher=Monografías|accessdate=2009-08-23}}</ref> an wis bribed bi Osiel Cárdenas Guillen, the leader o the Guwf Cartel, tae become his personal bodyguard. Guzmán Decena brocht wi him approximately 30 ither GAFE deserters enticit bi salaries substantially heicher than thon peyed bi the Mexican govrenment. The role o Los Zetas wis suin expandit, collectin debts, securin [[cocaine]] supply an trokin routes kent as ''plazas'' an executin its foes, aften wi grotesque savagery.<ref name="Grayson"/><ref name="Networks0705" /> The group's name ''Los Zetas'' is gien efter its first leader, Lieutenant Arturo Guzmán Decena, thats Federal Polis [[radio code]] wis ''"Z1"'',<ref>[http://www.isn.ethz.ch/isn/Current-Affairs/Security-Watch/Detail/?lng=en&id=97554 Los Zetas: Evolution of a Criminal Organization] - March 11, 2009</ref> a code gien tae heich-rankin officers.<ref name="Networks0705">{{cite book|title=Networks, Terrorism and Global Insurgency |url=https://archive.org/details/networksterroris0000unse |first=Robert |last=Bunker |publisher=Routledge |month=July |year=2005 |isbn=0-415-34819-6 |page=xv}}</ref><ref name="Weak1105" >{{cite book|title = Weak bilateral law enforcement presence at the U.S.- Mexico border |publisher = Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, and Homeland Security |month = November |year = 2005}}</ref><ref name="Texas0407">{{cite book|title=Texas Monthly On: Texas True Crime |url=https://archive.org/details/texasmonthlyonte00mont |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=2007 |month=April |isbn=0-292-71675-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/texasmonthlyonte00mont/page/n54 44]}}</ref> ==Daith== Guzmán Decena wis shot deid inside a restaurant on November 2002 in [[Matamoros, Tamaulipas|Matamoros]], [[Tamaulipas]];<ref name="Rodríguez Martínez 2006"/><ref>{{es icon}} {{cite news|last=Osorno|first=Diego|title=Los Zetas – Historias de Nadie|url=http://www.milenio.com/cdb/doc/impreso/7156228|accessdate=28 May 2012|newspaper=[[Milenio]]|date=12 May 2007}}</ref> his seicont-in-command, Rogelio González Pizaña (a.k.a.: ''Z2'') wis captured in October 2004 an sae [[Heriberto Lazcano]] (a.k.a.: ''Z3'') ascendit tae the leadership o the paramilitar gang. == See an aw == * [[Mexican Drog War]] ==References== {{reflist}} {{Mexican Drog War}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Guzman Decena, Arturo}} [[Category:1976 births]] [[Category:2002 daiths]] [[Category:Fowk frae Puebla]] [[Category:Los Zetas]] [[Category:Guwf Cairtel trokers]] [[Category:Mexican drog trokers]] [[Category:Daiths bi fireairm in Mexico]] ihuyzf0rft313r94xomuzkp9ph1t9si 0 36516 920001 903129 2026-07-25T00:26:17Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 920001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Ceety o Port o Spainie |other_name = |native_name = City of Port of Spain |nickname = |settlement_type = |motto = |image_skyline = Internationalfinancecentre.JPG |imagesize = |image_caption = Dountoun Port of Spain near the Hyatt Hotel |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = 100px |city_logo = |citylogo_size = |image_map = PortofSpain.PNG |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = <!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position = <!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> |pushpin_map_caption = |pushpin_mapsize = |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = [[Trinidad an Tobago]] |subdivision_type1 = |subdivision_name1 = |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = [[Mayor]] |leader_name = Keron Valentine |leader_title1 = Govrenin&nbsp;body<!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 =Port of Spain City Corporation |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = |area_magnitude = |unit_pref = Imperial<!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |population_as_of = 2009 |population_footnotes = |population_note = Rankit 3rd |population_total = 57000 |population_density_km2 = 3650 |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title = |population_blank1 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = |timezone = AST |utc_offset = −4 |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|10|40|N|61|31|W|region:TT|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use<ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = ''[[Human Development Index|HDI]]'' The HDI for Trinidad and Tobago is 0.814, which gives the country a rank of 19th out of 177 countries with data (2007/2008) – <span style="color:#090">high</span> |footnotes = <div class="center">[[File:Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg|44px]]</div> }} <!-- Infobox ends --> '''Port o Spainie''' or '''Port o Spain''' ({{lang-en|Port of Spain|link=no}}) is the [[caipital ceeties|caipital ceety]] o the Republic o [[Trinidad an Tobago]] an the kintra's third-lairgest municipality, efter [[San Fernando, Trinidad an Tobago|San Fernando]] an [[Chaguanas]]. The ceety haes a municipal population o 49,031 (2000 census),<ref>[http://www.cso.gov.tt/statistics/cssp/census2000/Total_Population_by_Sex_%20Sex_Ratio_and_Area_2000.pdf#search=%22population%20port%20of%20spain%20couva%20sangre%20grande%20san%20fernando%20site%3Acso.gov.tt%22 Table 1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305015627/http://www.cso.gov.tt/statistics/cssp/census2000/Total_Population_by_Sex_%20Sex_Ratio_and_Area_2000.pdf#search=%22population%20port%20of%20spain%20couva%20sangre%20grande%20san%20fernando%20site%3Acso.gov.tt%22 |date=2009-03-05 }}, 2000 Census, from [http://www.cso.gov.tt/ Central Statistical Office] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722090100/http://www.cso.gov.tt/ |date=2012-07-22 }}, Government of Trinidad and Tobago</ref> a metropolitan population o 128,026 (1990 unofficial estimate)<ref>{{Cite journal |author=Halcrow Group (Trinidad & Tobago) Ltd. |title=Greater Port of Spain Local Area Plan |version= |publisher= |date=December 2000 |url=http://www.nalis.gov.tt/plan2-Intro.htm |accessdate=2007-05-14 |journal= |archive-date=2008-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080303042039/http://www.nalis.gov.tt/plan2-Intro.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> an a transient daily population o 250,000.<ref>[http://www.cityofportofspain.org.tt/ Port of Spain City Corporation Home Page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061207115419/http://www.cityofportofspain.org.tt/ |date=2006-12-07 }}</ref> It is locatit on the [[Guwf o Paria]], on the northwast coast o the island o Trinidad an is pairt o a lairger conurbation stretchin frae Chaguaramas in the wast tae Arima in the east wi an estimatit population o 600,000.<ref name="nationsencyclopedia1">{{cite web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/economies/Americas/Trinidad-and-Tobago.html |title=Trinidad and Tobago – Country overview, Location and size, Population, Industry, Oil and gas, Manufacturing, Services, Tourism |publisher=Nationsencyclopedia.com |date= |accessdate=2010-06-26}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist|2}} *{{cite book |author=[[Michael Anthony (author)|Anthony, Michael]] |title=Historical Dictionary of Trinidad and Tobago |url=https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000anth |publisher=Scarecrow Press, Inc. Lanham, Md., and London |year=2001 |isbn=0-8108-3173-2}} ==Freemit airtins== {{commons}} * [http://www.cityofportofspain.org.tt/ Port of Spain City Corporation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061207115419/http://www.cityofportofspain.org.tt/ |date=2006-12-07 }} * [http://www.tramz.com/tt/tt.html The Trams an Trolleybuses o Port of Spain] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100205084307/http://www.tramz.com/tt/tt.html |date=2010-02-05 }} {{Leet o North American caipitals}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Port Of Spain}} [[Category:Caipitals in the Caribbean]] [[Category:Populatit coastal places in Trinidad an Tobago]] [[Category:Port ceeties in the Caribbean]] [[Category:Port of Spain| ]] [[Category:Ports an harbours o Trinidad an Tobago]] [[Category:Regional corporations an municipalities o Trinidad an Tobago]] khf5an2z1pnkzis2fvqhkqltn9k21eg 0 37905 920019 793546 2026-07-25T05:13:56Z NoahGeo 129838 920019 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{Italic title}} '''''Daemonologie''''' (full name ''Daemonologie, In Forme of a Dialogie, Diuided into three Bookes. By James Rx'') is a beuk scrieved an publisht in 1597 bi [[Jamie VI, King o Scots|Jamie VI, Keeng o Scots]] (James I o Ingland). It is the furst kent screivins anent [[warwouf|werewolfs]] in [[Scots]].<ref>{{cite web |title=King James and the Werewolves |url=https://www.scotslanguage.com/Halloween_uid41/King_James_and_the_Werewolves |website=Centre for the Scots Leid |quote=The earliest kent screivings anent werewolfs – in the Scots leid – dates fae 1597. Nae less a cheil nor King Jamie VI wrate a wee tait aboot the subject.}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Beuks]] {{Stub/Beuk}} {{Stub/Scotland}} s1pe7dr6l1r0kk9ovmhc1fmnrhjqe7d 0 38099 919930 918732 2026-07-24T23:24:31Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 15 books for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 919930 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{WW2InfoBox}} '''Warld War II''', or the '''Seicont Warld War''' (aften abbreviatit as '''WWII''' or WW2), wis a global war that stertit in 1939 an endit in 1945. It inrowed [[Warld War II bi country|the wappin forces o the warld's naitions]]—includin aw o the [[great pouer]]s—at the hinner en formin twa opponin [[military alliance]]s: the [[Feres o Warld War II|Feres]] an the [[Axis pouers|Axis]]. It wis the braidest [[war]] in history, an directly inrowed mair nor 100 million fowk frae ower 30 kintras. In a state o "[[tot war]]", the major participants funged thair hail economic, industrial, an scienteefic cawpabilities ahint the [[war brash]], erasin the distinction atween [[ceevilian]] an [[militar]] resoorces. Merkit bi mass daiths o ceevilians, includin the [[Holocaust]] (in whilk thareaboot 11 million fowk wis killt)<ref>{{Harvnb|Fitzgerald|2011|p=4}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Hedgepeth|Saidel|2010|p=16}}</ref> an the [[strategic bombin during Warld War II|strategic bombin o industrial an population centres]] (in whilk thareaboot ane million fowk wis killt, includin the [[Atomic bombins o Hiroshima an Nagasaki|uise o twa nuclear wappens in combat]]),<ref>{{cite book |title=War, Violence, and Population: Making the Body Count |url=https://archive.org/details/warviolencepopul00tyne |author=James A. Tyner |page=[https://archive.org/details/warviolencepopul00tyne/page/n63 49] |date=March 3, 2009 |publisher=The Guilford Press; 1 edition |isbn=1-6062-3038-7}}</ref> it resultit in an estimate [[Warld War II casualties|50 million tae 85 million fatalities]]. Thir made Warld War&nbsp;II the [[Leet o wars an disasters by death toll|deidliest pingle]] in [[History o the warld|human history]].<ref name="Sommerville 2008 5">{{Harvnb|Sommerville|2011|p=5}}.</ref> The [[Empire o Japan]] ettilt tae dominate [[Asie]] an the [[Paceefic]] an wis awready [[Seicont Sino-Japanese War|at war]] wi the [[Republic o Cheenae (1912–1949)|Republic o Cheenae]] in 1937,<ref name="Bar&Shyu 2001 6">{{Harvnb|Barrett|Shyu|2001|p=6}}.</ref> but the warld war is generally said tae hae began on 1 September 1939<ref>Axelrod, Alan (2007) ''Encyclopedia of World War II, Volume 1''. Infobase Publishing. pp. 659.</ref> wi the [[invasion o Poland|invasion]] o [[Seicont Pols Republic|Poland]] bi [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] an subsequent declarations o war on Germany bi [[French Third Republic|Fraunce]] an the [[Unitit Kinrick]]. Frae late 1939 tae early 1941, in a series o campaigns an [[Tripartite Pact|treaties]], Germany vinkisht or maunt the feck o continental Europe, an formed the Axis alliance wi [[Kinrick o Italy|Italy]] an [[Empire o Japan|Japan]]. Follaein the [[Treaty o Non-Aggression atween Germany an the Soviet Union|Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact]], Germany an the Soviet Union pairteetioned an annexed territories o thair European neighbours, [[Soviet invasion o Poland|Poland]], [[Winter War|Finland]], [[Soviet occupation o Bessarabia an Northren Bukovina|Romanie]] an the [[Occupation o the Baltic states|Baltic states]]. The Unitit Kinrick an the [[Commonweel o Naitions|Breetish Commonweel]] wis the anerly Allied forces continuin the fecht agin the European Axis pouers, wi campaigns in [[Wastren Desert Campaign|North Africae]] an the [[East African Campaign (Warld War II)|Horn o Africae]] as weel as the lang-rinnin [[Battle o the Atlantic]]. In Juin 1941, the European Axis pouers lencht [[Operation Barbarossa|an invasion o the Soviet Union]], appenin the [[Eastren Front (Warld War II)|lairgest laund war theatre in history]], whilk trappit the feck o the Axis' militar forces intae a [[Attrition warfare|attrition war]]. In December 1941, Japan [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|attackit the Unitit States]] an [[Japanese invasion o Malaya|European territories]] in the Paceefic Ocean, an swith vinkisht a fait feck o the Wastren Paceefic. The Axis forderin hautit in 1942 whan Japan lost the creetical [[Battle o Midway]], near [[Hawaii]], an Germany wis defait in the [[Seicont Battle o El Alamein|North Africae]] an syne, decisively, at [[Battle o Stalingrad|Stalingrad]] in the Soviet Union. In 1943, wi a series o German defaits on the [[Eastren Front (Warld War II)|Eastren Front]], the [[Allied invasion o Sicily|Allied invasion]] o Italy whilk rase Italian renooncement, an Allied owerhauns in the Paceefic, the Axis lost the initiative an taen legbail on haun on aw fronts. In 1944, the Wastren Allies [[Normandy landings|invadit German-occupied Fraunce]], while the Soviet Union won back aw o its territorial losses an invadit Germany an its feres. Durin 1944 an 1945 the Japanese dreed major reverses in mainland Asie in [[Second Guangxi Campaign|Sooth]] [[Battle o Wast Hunan|Central Cheenae]] an [[Burma Campaign|Burma]], while the Allies lamed the [[Imperial Japanese Navy|Japanese Navy]] an fangt key Wastren Paceefic islands. The war in Europe endit wi an [[Wastren Allied invasion o Germany|invasion o Germany]] bi the Wastren Allies an the Soviet Union culminatin in the [[Battle o Berlin|tak o Berlin]] bi Soviet an Pols truips an the subsequent [[German Instrument o Surrender|German uncondeetional surrender]] on [[Victory in Europe Day|8 Mey 1945]]. Follaein the [[Potsdam Declaration]] bi the Allies on the 26t Julie 1945 an Japan's refuise o tae renoonce unner its terms, the Unitit States [[Atomic bombins o Hiroshima an Nagasaki|drappit atomic bombs]] on the Japanese ceeties o [[Hiroshima]] an [[Nagasaki]] on the 6t August an the 9t August respectively. Wi an [[Operation Downfall|invasion o the Japanese airchipelago]] imminent, the possibility o addeetional atomic bombins, an the [[Soviet-Japanese War (1945)|Soviet Union's declaration o war on Japan]] an [[Soviet invasion o Manchuria|invasion o Manchuria]], [[Surrender o Japan|Japan renoonced]] on the 15t August 1945. Sicweys endit the war in Asie, souderin the Allies' tot victory. Warld War&nbsp;II chynged the warld's poleetical alignment an social structur. The [[Unitit Naitions]] (UN) wis estaiblisht fur tae forder internaitional comploutherin an fur tae prevene futur conflicks. The gree-bearin [[great pouer]]s—the Unitit States, the Soviet Union, Cheenae, the Unitit Kinrick, an Fraunce—became the [[Permanent members o the Unitit Naitions Security Council|permanent memmers]] o the [[Unitit Naotions Security Cooncil]].<ref name="The UN Security Council">{{Citation|title=The UN Security Council|url=http://www.unfoundation.org/what-we-do/issues/united-nations/the-un-security-council.html|accessdate=15 May 2012|archive-date=2012-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620101548/http://www.unfoundation.org/what-we-do/issues/united-nations/the-un-security-council.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Soviet Union an the Unitit States ootcam as rival [[superpouer]]s, settin the stage fur the [[Cauld War]], whilk lastit fur the neist 46 year. Atween haun, the European great pouers' hank waned, while the [[decolonisation o Asie]] an [[decolonisation o Africae|Africae]] began. Maist kintras whase industries haed been damaged muived taewart [[post-Warld War II economic expansion|economic betterness]]. Poleetical integration, inspecially [[European integration|in Europe]], wis a war ootcome, as pairt o a ettle at endin afore-war laith an creautin a common identity.<ref>{{cite web|title=From War to Peace: A European Tale|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2012/eu-lecture_en.html|publisher=Nobel Lecture by the European Union|accessdate=4 January 2014|author=Herman Van Rompuy, President of the European Council|author2=José Manuel Durão Barroso, President of the European Commission|date=10 December 2012}}</ref> ==Backgrund== === Europe === [[Warld War I]] haed radically altert the [[Geopolitics|poleetical]] European map, wi the defeat o the [[Central Powers]]—includin [[Austrick-Hungary]], [[German Empire|Germany]], [[Kinrick o Bulgarie|Bulgarie]] an the [[Ottoman Empire]]—an the 1917 [[October Revolution|Bolshevik seizur o pouer]] in [[Roushie Republic|Roushie]], that hinderly led tae the foondin o the [[Soviet Union]]. Atween haun, the veectorious [[Allies o Warld War I]], sic as Fraunce, Belgium, Italy, Romanie an Greece, gained territory, an new [[naition-states]] wis creatit oot o the collapse o Austrick-Hungary an the Ottoman an [[Roushie Empire]]s. Fur tae prevene a futur warld war, the [[League o Naitions]] wis creatit in the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|1919 Paris Peace Conference]]. Maugre strang [[pacifism|pacifist]] sentiment [[eftermath o Warld War I|efter Warld War I]],{{sfn|Ingram|2006|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=bREQibN9i-sC&pg=PA76 76–8]}} its eftermath still caused [[irredentist]] an [[revanchist]] [[naitionalism]] in several European states. Thir sentiments wis especially merkit in Germany acause o the signeeficant territorial, colonial, an financial losses incurred bi the [[Treaty o Versailles]]. Unner the treaty, Germany lost aroond 13 percent o its hame territory an aw o [[German colonial empire|its owerseas possessions]], while German annexation o ither states wis prohibitit, [[Warld War I reparations|reparations]] war imposed, an leemits wis placed on the size an capability o the kintra's [[Reichswehr|airmed forces]].{{sfn|Kantowicz|1999|p=149}} The German Empire wis dissolved in the [[German Revolution o 1918–1919]], an a democratic govrenment, later kent as the [[Weimar Republic]], wis creautit. The interwar period saw strife atween supporters o the new republic an hardline opponents on baith the [[richt-weeng politics|richt]] an [[left-weeng politics|left]]. Italy, as an Entente ally, haed made some post-war territorial gains; houiver, Italian naitionalists wis angert that the [[Treaty o Lunnon (1915)|promises made]] bi Breetain an Fraunce tae siccar Italian entrance intae the war wisnae fulfilt in the peace dounset. Frae 1922 tae 1925, the [[Italian Fascism|Fascist]] muivement led bi [[Benito Mussolini]] seized pouer in Italy wi a naitionalist, [[Totalitarianism|totalitarian]], an [[cless collaboration]]ist agenda that abolisht representative democracy, repressed socialist, left-weeng an leeberal forces, an pursued an aggressive expansionist foreign policy aimed at makkin Italy a [[warld pouer]], promisin the creaution o a "[[New Roman Empire]]".{{sfn|Shaw|2000|p=35}} [[File:Nürnberg Reichsparteitag Hitler retouched.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] at a German [[Naitional Socialist]] poleetical rally in [[Nürnberg]], August 1933]] [[Adolf Hitler]], efter an [[Beer Hall Putsch|unsuccessfu attempt tae owerthraw the German govrenment]] in 1923, eventually acame the [[Adolf Hitler's rise tae pouer|Chancellor o Germany in 1933]]. He abolisht democracy, espoosin a [[New Order (Nazism)|radical, racially motivatit revision o the warld order]], an suin begoud a massive [[German re-airmament|reairmament campaign]].{{sfn|Brody|1999|p=4}} Meanwhile, Fraunce, tae siccar its alliance, [[Franco-Italian Greement|alloued Italy a free haund in Ethiopie]], that Italy desired as a colonial possession. The situation wis aggravatit in early 1935 whan the [[Saar (League o Naitions)|Territory o the Saar Basin]] wis legally reunitit wi Germany an Hitler repudiatit the Treaty o Versailles, acceleratit his reairmament programme, an introduced [[conscription]].{{sfn|Zalampas|1989|p=62}} Hitler defee'd the Versailles an [[Locarno treaties]] bi [[Remilitarisation o the Rhineland|remilitarisin]] the [[Rhineland]] in Mairch 1936, [[Appeasement|encoonterin little opposeetion]].{{sfn|Adamthwaite|1992|p=52}} In October 1936, Germany an Italy formed the [[Roum–Berlin Axis]]. A month later, Germany an Japan signed the [[Anti-Comintern Pact]], that Italy wad jyne in the follaein year. === Asie === The [[Kuomintang]] (KMT) pairty in Cheenae launched a [[Northren Expedition|unification campaign]] against [[Warlaird Era|regional warlairds]] an nominally unifee'd Cheenae in the mid-1920s, but wis suin embrulyie'd in a [[Cheenese Ceevil War|ceevil war]] against its umwhile [[Cheenese Communist Pairty]] allies{{sfn|Preston|1998|p=104}} an [[Central Plains War|new regional warlairds]]. In 1931, an [[Statism in Shōwa Japan|increasinly militareestic]] [[Empire o Japan]], that haed lang soct influence in Cheenae{{sfn|Myers|Peattie|1987|p=458}} as the first step o whit its govrenment saw as the kintra's [[Hakko ichiu|richt tae rule Asie]], uised the [[Mukden Incident]] as a pretext tae [[Japanese invasion o Manchurie|launch an invasion o Manchurie]] an establish the [[puppet state]] o [[Manchukuo]].{{sfn|Smith|Steadman|2004|p=28}} Ower waik tae resist Japan, Cheenae appealt tae the [[League o Naitions]] fur help. Japan widrew frae the League o Naitions efter bein [[Lytton Report|condemned]] fur its incursion intae Manchurie. The twa naitions syne focht several battles, in [[28 Januar Incident|Shanghai]], [[Battle o Rehe|Rehe]] an [[Defence o the Great Waw|Hebei]], till the [[Tanggu Truce]] wis signed in 1933. Thareefter, Cheenese volunteer forces conteena'd the reseestance tae Japanese aggression in [[Pacification o Manchukuo|Manchurie]], an [[Actions in Inner Mongolie (1933–1936)|Chahar an Suiyuan]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Coogan|1993}}: "Although some Chinese troops in the Northeast managed to retreat south, others were trapped by the advancing Japanese Army and were faced with the choice of resistance in defiance of orders, or surrender. A few commanders submitted, receiving high office in the puppet government, but others took up arms against the invader. The forces they commanded were the first of the volunteer armies."</ref> Efter the 1936 [[Xi'an Incident]], the Kuomintang an communist forces greed on a ceasefire tae present a [[Seicont Unitit Front|unitit front]] fur tae oppone Japan.{{sfn|Busky|2002|p=10}} == Pre-war events == === Spaingie Ceevil War (1936–39) === {{Main|Spaingie Ceevil War}} Whan ceevil war ootbrak in Spain, Hitler an Mussolini lent militar uphaudin tae the [[Naitionalist faction (Spaingie Ceevil War)|Naitionalist rebels]], led bi General [[Francisco Franco]]. The Soviet Union uphaudit the existin govrenment, the [[Seicont Spaingie Republic|Spaingie Republic]]. Ower 30,000 foreign volunteers, kent as the [[Internaitional Brigades]], forby focht agin the Naitionalists. Baith Germany an the USSR uised this [[proxy war]] as an opportunity fur tae test in combat thair maist advanced wappens an tactics. The Naitionalists wan the ceevil war in Apryle 1939; Franco, nou dictator, remeened offeecially neutral in World War II but generally favoured the Axis.{{sfn|Payne|2008|page=271}} His greatest collaboration wi Germany wis the sendin o [[Blue Diveesion|volunteers]] tae fecht on the [[Eastren Front (Warld War II)|Eastren Front]].{{sfn|Payne|2008|page=146}} === Japanese invasion o Cheenae (1937) === {{Main|Seicont Sino-Japanese War}} In Julie 1937, Japan capturt the umwhile Cheenese imperial caipital o [[Peking]] efter instigatin the [[Marco Polo Brig Incident]], that culminatit in the Japanese campaign tae invade aw o Cheenae.{{sfn|Eastman|1986|pp=547–51}} The Soviets quickly signed a [[Sino-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact|non-aggression pact wi Cheenae]] tae lend [[materiel]] uphaudin, effectively endin Cheenae's prior [[Sino-German comploutherin 1926–1941|comploutherin wi Germany]]. Frae September tae November, the Japanese attackit [[Battle o Taiyuan|Taiyuan]],<ref name="Guo 1971 221">{{Harvnb|Guo|2005}}</ref><ref name="Hsu & Chang 1971 221">{{Harvnb|Hsu|Chang|1971|pp=195–200}}.</ref> as weel as engagin the [[Naitional Revolutionary Airmy|Kuomintang Airmy]] [[Battle o Xinkou|aroond Xinkou]]<ref name="Guo 1971 221"/><ref name="Hsu & Chang 1971 221"/> an [[Communist Pairty o Cheenae|Communist forces]] [[battle o Pingxingguan|in Pingxingguan]].<ref name=Tucker2009>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_tSnygvbIC&pg=PA1873|title=A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East [6 volumes]: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East|first=Spencer C.|last=Tucker|date=23 December 2009|publisher=ABC-CLIO|accessdate=27 August 2017|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref name=yang>Yang Kuisong, "On the reconstruction of the facts of the Battle of Pingxingguan"</ref> [[Generalissimo]] [[Chiang Kai-shek]] deployed his [[German-trained diveesions in the Naitional Revolutionary Airmy|best airmy]] tae [[Battle o Shanghai|defend Shanghai]], but, efter three month o fechtin, Shanghai fell. The Japanese conteena'd tae push the Cheenese forces back, [[Battle o Nanking|capturin the caipital Nanking]] in December 1937. Efter the faw o Nanking, tens o thoosands, gif no hunders o thoosands, o Cheenese ceevilians an disairmed combatants wis [[Nanking Massacre|murthert bi the Japanese]].<ref>Levene, Mark and Roberts, Penny. ''The Massacre in History''. 1999, page 223-4</ref><ref name=tot>Totten, Samuel. ''Dictionary of Genocide''. 2008, 298–9.</ref> In Mairch 1938, Naitionalist Cheenese forces wan thair [[Battle o Taierzhuang|first major veectory at Taierzhuang]] but then the ceety o [[Xuzhou]] [[Battle o Xuzhou|wis taken bi Japanese]] in Mey.{{sfn|Hsu|Chang|1971|pp=221–230}} In Juin 1938, Cheenese forces stawed the Japanese advance bi [[1938 Yellae River fluid|fluidin the Yellae River]]; this manoeuvre bocht time fur the Cheenese tae prepare thair defences at [[Wuhan]], but the [[Battle o Wuhan|ceety wis takken]] bi October.{{sfn|Eastman|1986|p=566}} Japanese militar veectories didnae bring aboot the collapse o Cheenese resistance that Japan haed howpit tae achieve; insteid the Cheenese govrenment relocatit inland tae [[Chongqing]] an conteena'd the war.{{sfn|Taylor|2009|pp=150–2}}{{sfn|Sella|1983|pp=651–87}} === European occupations an agreements === [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-H27337, Moskau, Stalin und Ribbentrop im Kreml.jpg|right|thumb|upright|German Foreign Meenister [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] (richt) an the Soviet leader [[Joseph Stalin]], efter signin the [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact]], 23 August 1939]] In Europe, Germany an Italy wis becomin aggressiver. In Mairch 1938, Germany [[Anschluss|annexed Austrick]], again provokin [[Appeasement o Hitler|a bittock response]] frae ither European pouers.{{sfn|Collier|Pedley|2000|p=144}} Encouraged, Hitler begoud pressin German claims on the [[Sudetenland]], an aurie o [[Czechoslovakie]] wi a predominantly [[ethnic German]] population; an suin Breetain an Fraunce follaed the coonsel o Breetish Prime Meenister [[Neville Chamberlain]] an concedit this territory tae Germany in the [[Munich Greement]], that wis made agin the wishes o the Czechoslovak govrenment, in exchynge fur a promise o nae mair territorial demands.{{sfn|Kershaw|2001|pp=121–2}} Suin efterwart, Germany an Italy forced Czechoslovakie tae [[First Vienna Awaird|cede addeetional territory]] tae [[Hungary]] an Poland annexed Czechoslovakie's [[Zaolzie]] region.{{sfn|Kershaw|2001|p=157}} Awtho aw o Germany's statit demands haed been satisfee'd bi the greement, preevatly Hitler wis furious that Breetish interference haed preventit him frae seizin aw o Czechoslovakie in ane operation. In subsequent speeches, Hitler attackit Breetish an Jewish "war-mongers" an in Januar 1939 [[Plan Z|saicretly ordered a major big-up o the German navy]] tae challenge Breetish naval supremacy. In Mairch 1939, [[German occupation o Czechoslovakie|Germany invadit the remeender o Czechoslovakie]] an subsequently split it intae the German [[Pertectorate o Bohemie an Moravie]] an a pro-German [[client state]], the [[Slovak Republic (1939–1945)|Slovak Republic]].{{sfn|Davies|2006|loc=pp. 143–4 (2008 ed.)}} Hitler forby deleevered the 20 Mairch 1939 [[1939 German ultimatum tae Lithuanie|ultimatum tae Lithuanie]], forcin the concession o the [[Klaipėda Region]]. Greatly alairmed an wi Hitler makkin forder demands on the [[Free Ceety o Danzig]], Breetain an Fraunce [[Anglo-Pols militar alliance#Breetish Guarantee tae Poland|guaranteed thair uphaudin o Pols unthirldom]]; whan [[Italian invasion o Albanie|Italy conquered Albanie]] in Apryle 1939, the same guarantee wis extendit tae Romanie an [[Greece]].{{sfn|Lowe|Marzari|2002|p=330}} Shortly efter the [[Franco-Pols Militar Alliance|Franco]]-Breetish pledge tae Poland, Germany an Italy formalised thair awn alliance wi the [[Pact o Steel]].{{sfn|Dear|Foot|2001|p=234}} Hitler accuised Breetain an Poland o tryin tae "encircle" Germany an renoonced the [[Anglo-German Naval Greement]] an the [[German–Pols Non-Aggression Pact]]. The situation reakit a general creesis in late August as German truips conteena'd tae mobilise agin the Pols mairch. In August 23, whan tripartite negotiations aboot a militar alliance atween Fraunce, Breetain an USSR stawed<ref>Derek Watson, Molotov's Apprenticeship in Foreign Policy: The Triple Alliance Negotiations in 1939, ''Europe-Asia Studies'', Vol. 52, No. 4 (Jun., 2000), pp. 695-722 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/153322]</ref>, Soviet Union signed [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact|a non-aggression pact]] wi Germany.{{sfn|Shore|2003|p=108}} This pact haed a saicret protocol that defined German an Soviet "spheres o influence" (wastren [[Seicont Pols Republic|Poland]] an [[Lithuanie]] for Germany; [[Territories o Poland annexed bi the Soviet Union|eastren Poland]], Finland, [[Estonie]], Latvie an [[Bessarabie]] fur the USSR), an raised the quaisten o conteenuin Pols unthirldom.{{sfn|Dear|Foot|2001|p=608}} The pact neutralised the possibility o Soviet opposeetion tae a campaign against Poland an assured that Germany wad nae hae tae face the prospect o a twa-front war, as it haed in Warld War I. Immediately efter that, Hitler ordert the attack tae proceed on 26 August, but upon hearin that Breetain haed concludit a formal mutual assistance pact wi Poland, an that Italy wad mainteen neutrality, he decidit tae delay it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/DAP-Poland/Campaign-II.html#chapter5|title=The German Campaign In Poland (1939)|publisher=|accessdate=29 October 2014}}</ref> In response tae Breetish requests fur direct negotiations fur tae evit war, Germany made demands on Poland, that anerly served as a pretext tae worsen relations.<ref name=ww2db_com>{{cite web |url=http://ww2db.com/battle_spec.php?battle_id=162 |title=The Danzig Crisis |website=ww2db.com}}</ref> On 29 August, Hitler demanded that a Pols [[plenipotentiary]] immediately traivel fur tae Berlin tae negotiate the haundower o [[Danzig]], an tae allou a [[plebiscite]] in the [[Pols Corridor]] in that the German minority wad vote on secession.<ref name=ww2db_com/> The Poles refuised tae complee wi the German demands, an on the nicht o 30–31 August in a veeolent meetin wi the Breetish ambassador [[Neville Henderson]], Ribbentrop declared that Germany conseedert its claims rejectit.<ref name=ibiblio1939>{{cite web |title=Major international events of 1939, with explanation |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/events/1939.html |publisher=Ibiblio.org}}</ref> == Coorse o the war == === War braks oot in Europe (1939–40) === [[File:Schleswig Holstein firing Gdynia 13.09.1939.jpg|left|thumb|German battleship [[SMS Schleswig-Holstein|Schleswig-Holstein]] firin first salvos o WWII in the attack o [[battle o Westerplatte|Westerplatte]]. Gdańsk, 1 September 1939]] On 1 September 1939, upon [[Operation Himmler|haein staged]] several [[Gleiwitz incident|mairch incidents]], Germany [[Invasion o Poland|invadit Poland]]. {{sfn|Evans|2008|pp=1–2}} The [[Battle o Westerplatte]] is aften descrived as the first European battle o Warld War II. Breetain respondit wi an ultimatum tae Germany tae cease militar operations, an on 3 September, efter the ultimatum wis ignored, Fraunce, Breetain, [[Australie]], an [[New Zealand]] declared a war on Germany. This alliance wis jynt bi [[Union o Sooth Africae|Sooth Africae]] (6 September) an [[Canadae]] (10 September). The alliance providit [[Phoney War|na direct militar support]] tae Poland, ootside o a [[Saar Offensive|cautious French probe intae the Saarland]].<ref name="Keegan 1997 35">{{Harvnb|Keegan|1997|p=35}}.<br />{{Harvnb|Cienciala|2010|p=128}}, observes that, while it is true that Poland wis faur awey, makkin it difficult for the French an Breetish tae provide support, "[f]ew Western historians of World War II&nbsp;... know that the British had committed to bomb Germany if it attacked Poland, but did not do so except for one raid on the base of Wilhelmshafen. The French, who committed to attack Germany in the west, had no intention of doing so."</ref> The [[Allies o Warld War II|Wastren Allies]] forby begoud a [[Blockade o Germany (1939–45)|naval blockade o Germany]], that aimed tae damage the kintra's economy an war effort.<ref>{{Harvnb|Beevor|2012|p=32}}; {{Harvnb|Dear|Foot|2001|pp=248–9}}; {{Harvnb|Roskill|1954|p=64}}.</ref> Germany respondit bi orderin [[Submarine warfare#Warld War II|U-boat warfare]] agin Allied merchand an warships, that wad later escalate intae the [[Battle o the Atlantic]]. On 8 September, German truips reached suburbs o [[Warsaw]]. The Pols wastlin [[Battle o Bzura|coonter offensive]] hautit the German advance fur several day, but it wis ootflankit an encircled bi the ''[[Wehrmacht]]''. Remnants o the Pols airmy brak throu tae [[Battle o Warsaw (1939)|besieged Warsaw]]. On 17 September 1939, efter signin a [[Battles o Khalkhin Gol|cease-fire wi Japan]], the [[Soviet invasion o Poland|Soviets invadit Eastren Poland]].{{sfn|Zaloga|2002|pp=80, 83}} On 27 September, Warsaw gairison signed a cease-fire an surrendered tae the Germans, an [[Samodzielna Grupa Operacyjna Polesie|the last lairge operational unit o the Pols Airmy]] [[Battle o Kock (1939)|surrendered on 6 October]]. Maugre a militar defeat, the Pols govrenment niver surrendered; the Pols resistance established an [[Pols Unnergrund State|Unnergrund State]] an a pairtisan [[Hame Airmy]].{{sfn|Hempel|2005|p=24}}. Germany [[Pols auries annexed bi Nazi Germany|annexed]] the wastren an [[General Govrenment|occupied]] the central pairt o Poland, an the USSR [[Pols auries annexed bi Nazi Germany|annexed]] its eastren pairt; smaw shares o Pols territory war transferred tae [[Territorial chynges o Poland#Warld War II|Lithuanie]] an [[Slovak invasion o Poland|Slovakie]]. On the 6t October, Hitler made a public peace owertur tae Breetain an Fraunce, but said that the futur o Poland wis tae be determined exclusively bi Germany an the Soviet Union. The proposal wis rejectit<ref name=ibiblio1939/>, an Hitler ordered an immediate offensive agin Fraunce,<ref>Nuremberg Documents C-62/GB86, a directive frae Hitler in October 1939 whilk concludes: "The attack [on France] is tae be launcht this Autumn if conditions is possible ava."</ref> that wad be postponed till the ware o 1940 due tae bad wather. {{sfn|Liddell Hart|1977|pp=39–40}}{{sfn|Bullock|1990|loc=pp. 563–4, 566, 568–9, 574–5 (1983 ed.)}}<ref>Blitzkrieg: From the Rise of Hitler to the Fall of Dunkirk, L Deighton, Jonathan Cape, 1993, p186-7. Deighton states that "the offensive was postponed twenty-nine times before it finally took place."</ref> The Soviet Union forced the [[Baltic states|Baltic kintras]]—Estonie, Latvie an Lithuanie, the states that war in a Soviet [[Molotov-Ribbentrop pact|sphere o influence]]"—tae sign [[Backgrund o the occupation o the Baltic states#Soviet ultimatums an occupation|"mutual assistance pacts"]] that stipulatit stationin Soviet truips in thir kintras. Suin efter that, signeeficant Soviet militar contingent wis muived thare.{{sfn|Smith|Pabriks|Purs|Lane|2002|p=24}}{{sfn|Bilinsky|1999|p=9}}{{sfn|Murray|Millett|2001|pp=55–6}}. Finland refuised tae sign a seemilar pact an rejectit tae cede pairt o its territory tae the USSR, thar promptit a Soviet invasion in November 1939{{sfn|Spring|1986|p=207-226}}, an the USSR wis expelt frae the League o Naitions<ref>Carl van Dyke. The Soviet Invasion of Finland. Frank Cass Publishers, Lindon, Portland, OR. {{ISBN|0-7146-4753-5}}, p. 71.</ref>. Despite owerwhelmin numerical superiority, Soviet militar sonse wis modest, an the [[Winter War|Finno-Soviet war]] endit in Mairch 1940 wi [[Moscow Peace Treaty|meenimal Finnish concessions]].{{sfn|Hanhimäki|1997|p=12}} In Juin 1940, the Soviet Union forcibly annexed [[Soviet occupation o the Baltic states (1940)|Estonie, Latvie an Lithuanie]],{{sfn|Bilinsky|1999|p=9}} an the disputit Romanie regions o [[Soviet occupation o Bessarabie an Northren Bukovina|Bessarabie, Northren Bukovina an Hertza]]. Meanwhile, Nazi-Soviet poleetical rapprochement an economic co-operation{{sfn|Ferguson|2006|pp=367, 376, 379, 417}}{{sfn|Snyder|2010|p=118ff}} gradually stawed,{{sfn|Koch|1983}}{{sfn|Roberts|2006|p=56}} an baith states begoud preparations for war.{{sfn|Roberts|2006|p=59}} === Wastren Europe (1940–41) === {{main|Wastren Front (Warld War II)}} [[File:Maginot Line ln-en.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Map o the French [[Maginot Line]]]] In Apryle 1940, [[Operation Weserübung|Germany invadit Denmark an Norawa]] tae pertect shipments o [[Swwadish airn-ure minin in World War II|airn ore frae Swaden]], that the Allies war [[Operation Wilfred|attemptin tae cut aff]] bi unilaterally minin neutral Norse watters.<ref>{{Harvnb|Murray|Millett|2001|pp=57–63}}.</ref> [[Denmark]] capitulatit efter a few oors, an [[Norse Campaign|mauggre Allied support]], in that the important herbour o [[Narvik]] temporarily wis recapturt frae the Germans, [[Norawa]] wis conquert within twa month.{{sfn|Commager|2004|p=9}} [[Norawa Debate|Breetish discontent ower the Norse campaign]] led tae the replacement o the Breetish Prime Meenister, [[Neville Chamberlain]], wi [[Winston Churchill]] on 10 Mey 1940.{{sfn|Reynolds|2006|p=76}} Germany [[Battle o Fraunce|launcht an offensive agin Fraunce]] an, adherin tae the [[Manstein Plan]] forby attackit the neutral naitions o [[Battle o Belgium|Belgium]], [[Battle o the Netherlands|the Netherlands]], an [[German invasion o Luxembourg|Luxembourg]] on 10 Mey 1940.{{sfn|Evans|2008|pp=122–3}} That same day, Breetish forces laundit in [[Invasion o Iceland|Iceland]] an the [[Breetish occupation o the Faroe Islands|Faroes]] tae preempt a possible German invasion o the islands.<ref>{{Harvnb|Dear|Foot|2001|p=436}}. The Americans later relieved the Breetish, wi marines arrivin in Reykjavik on 7 Julie 1941 ({{Harvnb|Schofield|1981|p=122}}).</ref> The US, in close co-operation wi [[Henrik Kauffmann|the Dens envoy tae Washington D.C.]], greed tae pertect [[Greenland in Warld War II|Greenland]], layin the poleetical framewark for the formal establishment o bases in Apryle 1941. The [[Netherlands in Warld War II|Netherlands]] an [[Belgium in Warld War II|Belgium]] wis owerrun uisin [[blitzkrieg]] tactics in a few days an weeks, respectively.{{sfn|Shirer|1990|pp=721–3}} The French-fortifee'd [[Maginot Line]] an the main bouk o the Allied forces that haed muived intae Belgium wae circumventit bi a flankin muivement throu the thickly widdit [[Ardennes]] region,{{sfn|Keegan|1997|pp=59–60}} mistakenly perceived bi Allied planners as an impenetrable naitural barrier against airmoured vehicles.{{sfn|Regan|2004|p=152}}{{sfn|Liddell Hart|1977|p=48}} As a result, the bouk o the Allied airmies foond themsels trappit in an encirclement an war beaten. The majority war takken prisoner, whilst ower 300,000, maistly Breetish an French, war [[Dunkirk evacuation|evacuated frae the continent at Dunkirk]] bi early Juin, awtho abandonin awmaist aw o thair equipment.{{sfn|Keegan|1997|pp=66–7}} On the 10t Juin, [[Italian invasion o Fraunce|Italy invadit Fraunce]], declarin war on baith Fraunce an the Unitit Kinrick.{{sfn|Overy|Wheatcroft|1999|p=207}} Paris fell tae the Germans on the 14t Juin an aicht days later [[Airmistice o 22 Juin 1940|Fraunce signed an airmistice wi Germany]] an wis suin dividit intae [[German militar admeenistration in occupied Fraunce in Warld War II|German]] an [[Italian occupation o Fraunce|Italian occupation zones]],{{sfn|Umbreit|1991|p=311}} an a wanoccupied [[rump state]] unner the [[Vichy Regime]], that, tho offeecially neutral, wis generally aligned wi Germany. Fraunce kept its fleet but the Breetish feared the Germans wad seize it, sae on 3 Julie, the Breetish [[Attack on Mers-el-Kébir|attacked it]].{{sfn|Brown|2004|p=xxx}} The [[Battle o Breetain]]{{sfn|Keegan|1997|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=TF8kcx9hTssC&pg=PA72 72]}} begoud in early Julie wi [[Kanalkampf|Luftwaffe attacks on shippin an herbours]].<ref name=Murray_BoB>{{harvnb|Murray|1983|loc=[http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/AAF-Luftwaffe/AAF-Luftwaffe-2.html#cn70 The Battle of Britain].}}</ref> On 19 Julie, Hitler again publicly offert tae end the war, sayin he wisna wantin tae destroy the [[Breetish Empire]]. The Unitit Kinrick rejectit this ultimatum.<ref name=ibiblio_1940>{{cite web |title=Major international events of 1940, with explanation |url= http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/events/1940.html |publisher=Ibiblio.org |accessdate=}}</ref> The main [[Adlertag|German air superiority campaign]] stairtit in August but failed tae defeat [[RAF Fechter Command]], an a [[Operation Sea Lion|proponed invasion]] wis postponed indefinitely on 17 September. The German [[strategic bombin]] offensive intensifee'd as nicht attacks on Lunnon an ither ceeties in [[the Blitz]], but lairgely failed tae disrupt the Breetish war effort.{{r|Murray_BoB}} Uisin newly capturt French ports, the German Navy [[Battle o the Atlantic#'Happy Time' (Juin 1940&nbsp;– Februar 1941)|enjoyed success]] against an ower-extendit [[Ryal Navy]], uisin [[U-boat]]s agin Breetish shippin in the [[Battle o the Atlantic|Atlantic]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Goldstein|2004|p=35}}. Aircraft played a heichly important role in defeatin the German U-boats ({{Harvnb|Schofield|1981|p=122}}).</ref> <!-- REFERENCES NEEDED FOR THIS --> The Breetish scored a signeeficant veectory on 27 Mey 1941 bi [[Last battle o the battleship Bismarck|sinkin the German battleship ''Bismarck'']].<ref>{{Harvnb|Steury|1987|p=209}}; {{Harvnb|Zetterling|Tamelander|2009|p=282}}.</ref> Aiblins maist importantly, in the Battle o Breetain the [[Ryal Air Force]] haed successfully reseestit the Luftwaffe's assault, an the German bombin campaign lairgely endit in Mey 1941.{{sfn|Dear|Foot|2001|pp=108–9}} Ootthrou this period, the neutral Unitit States teuk meisurs tae assist Cheenae an the Wastren Allies. In November 1939, the American [[Neutrality Acts o 1930s|Neutrality Act]] wis amendit tae allou [[Cash an cairy (World War II)|"cash an cairy"]] purchases bi the Allies.{{sfn|Overy|Wheatcroft|1999|pp=328–30}} In 1940, follaein the German captur o Paris, the size o the [[Unitit States Navy]] wis [[Two-Ocean Navy Act|signeeficantly increased]]. In September, the Unitit States forder greed tae a [[Destroyers for Bases Agreement|tred o American destroyers for Breetish bases]].{{sfn|Maingot|1994|p=52}} Still, a lairge majority o the American public conteena'd tae oppone ony direct militar intervention intae the conflict weel inte 1941.{{sfn|Cantril|1940|p=390}} Awtho Roosevelt haed promised tae keep the Unitit States oot o the war, he nivertheless teuk concrete steps tae prepare for war. At the end o September 1940, the [[Tripartite Pact]] unitit Japan, Italy an Germany tae formalise the [[Axis Pouers]]. The Tripartite Pact stipulatit that ony kintra, wi the exception o the Soviet Union, no in the war that attacked ony Axis Power wad be forced tae gae tae war agin aw three.{{Sfn|Bilhartz|Elliott|2007|p=179}} The Axis expandit in November 1940 whan Hungary, Slovakie an [[Kinrick o Romanie|Romanie]] jynt the Tripartite Pact.{{Sfn|Dear|Foot|2001|p=877}} Romanie wad mak a [[Romanie in Warld War II|major contreibution]] (as [[Hungary in Warld War II|did Hungary]]) tae the Axis war agin the USSR, pairtially tae recaptur [[Soviet occupation o Bessarabie an Northren Bukovina|territory cedit tae the USSR]], pairtially tae pursue its leader [[Ion Antonescu]]'s desire tae combat communism.{{Sfn|Dear|Foot|2001|pp=745–6}} === Mediterranean (1940–41) === [[File:9 Div Tobruk(AWM 020779).jpg|thumb|right|Sodgers o the [[Breetish Empire in Warld War II|Breetish Commonweel forces]] frae the Australie Airmy's [[9t Diveesion (Australie)|9t Diveesion]] in the [[Siege o Tobruk]]; [[North African Campaign]], August 1941]] Italy begoud operations in the Mediterranean, ineetiatin a [[Siege o Maltae (Warld War II)|siege o Maltae]] in Juin, [[Italian conquest o Breetish Somaliland|conquerin Breetish Somaliland]] in August, an [[Italian invasion o Egyp|makkin an incursion intae Breetish-held Egyp]] in September 1940. In October 1940, Italy stairtit the [[Greco-Italian War]] acause o Mussolini's jealousy o Hitler's success but within days wis repulsed wi few territorial gains an a stalemate suin occurred.{{sfn|Clogg|2002|p=118}} The Unitit Kinrick respondit tae Greek requests for assistance bi sendin truips tae Crete an providin air support tae Greece. Hitler decidit that whan the wather impruived he wad tak action against Greece tae assist the Italians an prevent the Breetish frae gaining a fithauld in the Balkans, tae strike against the Breetish naval dominance o the Mediterranean, an tae siccar his hauld on Romanie ile.<ref>{{Harvnb|Evans|2008|pp=146, 152}}; {{Harvnb|US Army|1986|pp=[http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/balkan/20_260_1.htm 4–6]}}</ref> Bi late Mairch 1941, follaein [[Bulgarie]]'s signin o the [[Tripartite Pact]], the Germans war in poseetion tae intervene in Greece. Plans chynged, houiver, acause o developments in neighbourin [[Yugoslavie]]. The Yugoslav govrenment haed signed the Tripartite Pact on 25 Mairch, anerly tae be owerthrawn twa day efter bi a [[Yugoslav coup d'état|Breetish-encouraged coup]]. Hitler viewed the new regime as hostile an immediately decidit tae eliminate it. On 6 Apryle Germany simultaneously invadit baith [[Invasion o Yugoslavie|Yugoslavie]] an [[Battle o Greece|Greece]], makkin rapid progress an forcin baith naitions tae surrender within the month. The Breetish war driven frae the Balkans efter Germany [[Battle o Crete|conquered the Greek island o Crete]] bi the end o Mey.{{sfn|Weinberg|2005|p=229}} <!-- REFERENCE SEEMS VERY NARROW FOR RANGE OF EVENTS COVERED --> Awtho the Axis veectory wis swift, bitter pairtisan warfare subsequently brak oot agin the [[Axis occupation o Yugoslavie]], whilk conteena'd till the end o the war. === Axis attack on the USSR (1941) === Wi the situation in Europe an Asie relatively stable, Germany, Japan, an the Soviet Union made preparations. Wi the Soviets waurie o moontin tensions wi Germany an the Japanese plannin tae tak advantage o the European War bi seizin resoorce-rich European possessions in [[Sootheast Asie]], the twa pouers signed the [[Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact]] in Apryle 1941.{{sfn|Garver|1988|p=114}} Bi contrast, the Germans war steadily makkin preparations for an attack on the Soviet Union, massin forces on the Soviet mairch.{{sfn|Weinberg|2005|p=195}} Hitler believed that Breetain's refuisal tae end the war wis based on the howp that the Unitit States an the Soviet Union wad enter the war agin Germany suiner or later.{{sfn|Murray|1983|p=[http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/AAF-Luftwaffe/AAF-Luftwaffe-3.html 69]}} He tharefore decidit tae try tae strenthen Germany's relations wi the Soviets, or failin that, tae attack an eliminate them as a factor. In November 1940, [[German–Soviet Axis talks|negotiations teuk place]] tae determine if the Soviet Union wad jyne the Tripartite Pact. The Soviets shawed some interest, but asked for concessions frae Finland, Bulgarie, Turkey, an Japan that Germany conseedert unacceptable. On 18 December 1940, Hitler issued the directive tae prepare for an invasion o the Soviet Union. On 22 Juin 1941, Germany, supportit bi Italy an Romanie, invadit the Soviet Union in [[Operation Barbarossa]], wi Germany accusin the Soviets o plottin agin them. Thay war jynt shortly bi Finland an Hungary.<ref name=Events1941>{{citation |last1=Klooz |first1=Marle |last2=Wiley |first2=Evelyn |others=Director: Humphrey, Richard A. |year=1944 |title=Events leading up to World War II – Chronological History |series=78th Congress, 2d Session – House Document N. 541 |location=Washington |publisher=US Government Printing Office |at=pp. 267–312 ([http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/events/1941.html 1941]) |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/events/}}.</ref> The primar targets o this surprise offensive{{sfn|Sella|1978}}{{page needed|date=July 2016}} war the [[Baltic region]], Moscow an [[Ukraine]], wi the [[Strategic goal (militar)|ultimate goal]] o endin the 1941 campaign near the [[A-A line|Arkhangelsk-Astrakhan line]], frae the [[Caspian sea|Caspian]] tae the [[White Sea]]s. Hitler's objectives war tae eliminate the Soviet Union as a militar pouer, exterminate Communism, generate ''[[Lebensraum]]'' ("leevin space"){{sfn|Kershaw|2007|pp=66–9}} bi [[Generalplan Ost|dispossessin the native population]]{{sfn|Steinberg|1995}}{{page needed|date=July 2016}} an guarantee access tae the strategic resoorces needit tae defeat Germany's remeenin rivals.{{sfn|Hauner|1978}}{{page needed|date=July 2016}} [[File:German troops in Russia, 1941 - NARA - 540155.jpg|thumb|left|German sodgers in the invasion o the Soviet Union bi the [[Axis pouers]], 1941]] Awtho the [[Reid Airmy]] wis preparin for strategic [[coonter-offensive]]s afore the war,{{sfn|Roberts|1995}}{{page needed|date=July 2016}} ''Barbarossa'' forced the [[Stavka|Soviet supreme command]] tae adopt a [[strategic defence]]. In the simmer, the Axis made signeeficant gains intae Soviet territory, inflictin immense losses in baith personnel an materiel. By the middle o August, houiver, the German [[Oberkommando des Heeres|Airmy Heich Command]] decidit tae [[Battle o Smolensk (1941)|suspend the offensive]] o a conseederably depletit [[Airmy Group Centre]], an tae divert the [[2nt Panzer Group]] tae reinforce truips advancin taewart central Ukraine an Leningrad.{{sfn|Wilt|1981}}{{page needed|date=July 2016}} The [[Battle o Kiev (1941)|Kiev offensive]] wis owerwhalminly successfu, resultin in encirclement an elimination o fower Soviet airmies, an made possible further [[Crimean Campaign|advance intae Crimea]] an industrially developit Eastren Ukraine (the [[First Battle o Kharkov]]).{{sfn|Erickson|2003|pp=114–37}} The diversion o three quarter o the Axis truips an the majority o thair air forces frae Fraunce an the central Mediterranean tae the [[Eastren Front (Warld War II)|Eastren Front]]{{sfn|Glantz|2001|p=9}} promptit Breetain tae reconseeder its [[grand strategy]].{{sfn|Farrell|1993}}{{page needed|date=July 2016}} In Julie, the UK an the Soviet Union formed a [[Anglo-Soviet Greement|militar alliance against Germany]]{{sfn|Keeble|1990|p=29}} The Breetish an Soviets [[Anglo-Soviet invasion o Iran|invadit neutral Iran]] tae siccar the [[Persian Corridor]] an Iran's [[ile field]]s.{{sfn|Bueno de Mesquita|Smith|Siverson|Morrow|2003|p=425}} In August, the Unitit Kinrick an the Unitit States jyntly issued the [[Atlantic Chairter]].{{sfn|Beevor|2012|p=220}} Bi October Axis [[operational objective]]s in Ukraine an the Baltic region war achieved, wi anerly the sieges o [[siege o Leningrad|Leningrad]]{{sfn|Kleinfeld|1983}}{{page needed|date=July 2016}} an [[Siege o Sevastopol (1941–42)|Sevastopol]] conteenain.{{sfn|Jukes|2001|p=113}} A major [[battle o Moscow|offensive against Moscow]] wis renewed; efter twa month o fierce battles in increasinly hersh wather the German airmy awmaist reached the ooter suburbs o Moscow, whaur the exhaustit truips<ref>{{Harvnb|Glantz|2001|p=26}}: "By 1 November [the Wehrmacht] had lost fully 20% of its committed strength (686,000 men), up to 2/3 of its ½-million motor vehicles, and 65 percent of its tanks. The German Army High Command (OKH) rated its 136 divisions as equivalent to 83 full-strength divisions."</ref> war forced tae suspend thair offensive.{{sfn|Reinhardt|1992|p=227}} Lairge territorial gains war made bi Axis forces, but thair campaign haed failed tae achieve its main objectives: twa key ceeties remeened in Soviet haunds, the Soviet [[Militar capability|capability tae resist]] wis nae brak, an the Soviet Union reteened a conseederable pairt o its militar potential. The ''blitzkrieg'' [[Phase (combat)|phase]] o the war in Europe haed endit.{{sfn|Milward|1964}}{{page needed|date=July 2016}} Bi early December, freshly mobilised [[Militar reserve force|reserves]]{{sfn|Rotundo|1986}}{{page needed|date=July 2016}} alloued the Soviets tae achieve numerical parity wi Axis truips.{{sfn|Glantz|2001|p=26}} This, as weel as [[Richard Sorge#Wartime intelligence supplee'd bi the Sorge Ring|intelligence data]] that established that a meenimal nummer o Soviet truips in the East wad be sufficient tae deter ony attack bi the Japanese [[Kwantung Airmy]],{{sfn|Garthoff|1969}}{{page needed|date=July 2016}} alloued the Soviets tae begin a [[Soviet Offensive (1941–1942)|massive coonter-offensive]] that stairtit on 5 December aw alang the front an pushed German truips {{convert|100|-|250|km|mi}} wast.<ref>{{Harvnb|Beevor|1998|pp=41–2}}; {{Harvnb|Evans|2008|pp=213–4}}, notes that "Zhukov had pushed the Germans back where they had launched Operation Typhoon two months before.&nbsp;... Only Stalin's decision to attack all along the front instead of concentrating his forces in an all-out assault against the retreating German Army Group Centre prevented the disaster from being even worse."</ref> === War braks out in the Paceefic (1941) === {{main|Paceefic War}} In 1939, the Unitit States haed renoonced its tred treaty wi Japan; an, beginnin wi an [[aviation petrol]] ban in Julie 1940, Japan becam subject tae increasin economic pressur.{{r|ibiblio_1940}} In this time, Japan launched its [[Battle o Changsha (1939)|first attack against Changsha]], a strategically important Cheenese ceety, but wis repulsed bi late September.{{sfn|Jowett|Andrew|2002|p=14}} Despite [[1939–40 Winter Offensive|several offensives]] bi baith sides, the war atween Cheenae an Japan wis stalematit bi 1940. Tae increase pressur on Cheenae bi blockin supply routes, an tae better poseetion Japanese forces in the event o a war wi the Wastren powers, Japan invadit an [[Japanese invasion o French Indocheenae|occupied northren Indocheenae]].{{sfn|Overy|Wheatcroft|1999|p=289}} Efterwart, the Unitit States [[embargo]]ed airn, steel an mechanical pairts against Japan.{{sfn|Morison|2002|p=60}} Ither sanctions suin follaed. [[File:The USS Arizona (BB-39) burnin efter the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor - NARA 195617 - Edit.jpg|thumb|right|{{USS|Arizona|BB-39|6}} in the Japanese surprise air attack on the [[Unitit States Paceefic Fleet|American paceefic fleet]], 7 December 1941]] Syne early 1941 the Unitit States an Japan haed been engaged in negotiations in an attempt tae impruive thair streened relations an end the war in Cheenae. In thir negotiations Japan advanced a nummer o proponements that war dismissed bi the Americans as inadequate.<ref name=USAWWIIcp5>{{cite web |title=The decision for War |website=US Army in WWII – Strategy and Command: The First Two Years |pp=113–27 |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-P-Strategy/Strategy-5.html}}</ref> At the same time the US, Breetain, an the Netherlands engaged in saicret discussions for the jynt defence o thair territories, in the event o a Japanese attack against ony o them.<ref name=USAWWIIcp4>{{cite web |title=The Showdown With Japan Aug–Dec 1941 |website=US Army in WWII – Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare |pp=63–96 |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-WD-Strategic1/USA-WD-Strategic1-4.html}}</ref> Roosevelt reinforced [[Commonweel o the Philippines|the Philippines (an American pertectorate scheduled for unthirldom in 1946)]] an wairned Japan that the US wad react tae Japanese attacks against ony "neebourin kintra".{{r|USAWWIIcp4}} Japan prepared for war efter failed negotiations. On 7 December 1941 (8 December in Asie time zones), Japan attacked Breetish an American hauldins wi near-simultaneous [[Japanese expansion (1941–1942)|offensives against Sootheast Asie an the Central Paceefic]].{{sfn|Wohlstetter|1962|pp=341–3}} Thir includit an [[attack on Pearl Harbor|attack on the American fleet at Pearl Harbor]], [[Philippines Campaign (1941–42)|the Philippines]], [[Malayan Campaign|landings in Thailand an Malaya]]{{sfn|Wohlstetter|1962|pp=341–3}} an the [[battle o Hong Kong]]. Thir attacks led the [[Unitit States declaration o war on Japan|Unitit States]], [[Unitit Kinrick declaration o war on Japan|Unitit Kinrick]], Cheenae, Australie an several ither states tae formally declare war on Japan, whauras the Soviet Union, bein hivily involved in lairge-scale hostilities wi European Axis kintras, mainteened its neutrality agreement wi Japan.<ref>{{Harvnb|Dunn|1998|p=157}}. According to {{Harvnb|May|1955|p=155}}, Churchill stated: "Russian declaration of war on Japan would be greatly to our advantage, provided, but only provided, that Russians are confident that will not impair their Western Front."</ref> Germany, follaed bi the ither Axis states, declared war on the Unitit States<ref>[[s:Adolf Hitler's Declaration of War against the United States|Adolf Hitler's Declaration of War against the United States]] in Wikisource.</ref> in solidarity wi Japan, citin as juistification the American attacks on German war veshels that haed been ordered bi Roosevelt.{{r|Events1941}}<ref>{{citation |last1=Klooz |first1=Marle |last2=Wiley |first2=Evelyn |others=Director: Humphrey, Richard A. |year=1944 |title=Events leading up to World War II – Chronological History |series=78th Congress, 2d Session – House Document N. 541 |location=Washington |publisher=US Government Printing Office |at=p. 310 ([http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/events/1941.html 1941]) |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/events/}}.</ref> === Axis advance staws (1942–43) === In 1942, Allied offeecials debatit on the appropriate [[grand strategy]] tae pursue. Aw agreed that [[Europe first|defeatin Germany]] wis the primar objective. The Americans favourt a straichtforrit, [[Operation Sledgehammer|lairge-scale attack]] on Germany throu Fraunce. The Soviets wis forby demandin a seicont front. The Breetish, on the ither haund, argied that militar operations shoud target peripheral auries tae weir oot German strenth, leadin tae increasin demoralisation, an bolster resistance forces. Germany itsel wad be subject tae a hivy bombin campaign. An offensive agin Germany wad then be launched primarily bi Allied airmour withoot uisin lairge-scale airmies.<ref>{{cite web |title=The First Full Dress Debate over Strategic Deployment. Dec 1941 – Jan 1942 |website=US Army in WWII – Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare |pp=97–119 |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-WD-Strategic1/USA-WD-Strategic1-5.html}}</ref> Eventually, the Breetish persuadit the Americans that a laundingin Fraunce wis infeasible in 1942 an thay shoud insteid focus on drivin the Axis oot o North Africae.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Elimination of the Alternatives. Jul–Aug 1942 |website=US Army in WWII – Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare |pp=266–92 |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-WD-Strategic1/USA-WD-Strategic1-12.html}}</ref> ==== Paceefic (1942–43) ==== Bi the end o Apryle 1942, Japan an its ally Thailand haed awmaist fully conquered [[Japanese conquest o Burma|Burma]], [[Battle o Malaya|Malaya]], [[Dutch East Indies campaign|the Dutch East Indies]], [[Battle o Singapore|Singapore]], an [[Rabaul]], inflictin severe losses on Allied truips an takkin a lairge nummer o preesoners.{{sfn|Beevor|2012|pp=247–267, 345}} Despite stubborn [[Philippines Campaign (1941–42)|resistance]] bi Filipino an US forces, the [[Philippine Commonweel]] wis eventually capturt in Mey 1942, forcin its govrenment intae exile.{{sfn|Lewis|1953|loc=p. 529 (Table 11)}} In airly Mey 1942, Japan ineetiatit operations tae [[Operation Mo|captur Port Moresby]] bi [[amphibious assault]] an sicweys sever communications an supply lines atween the Unitit States an Australie. The plant invasion wis thortert whan an Allied task force, centred on twa American fleet cairiers, focht Japanese naval forces tae a draw in the [[Battle o the Coral Sea]].{{sfn|Maddox|1992|pp=111–2}} Japan's next plan, motivatit bi the earlier [[Doolittle Raid]], wis tae seize [[Midway Atoll]] an wyse American cairiers intae battle tae be eliminatit; as a diversion, Japan wad forby send forces tae [[Aleutian Islands Campaign|occupy the Aleutian Islands]] in Alaska.{{sfn|Salecker|2001|p=186}} In mid-Mey, Japan stairtit the [[Zhejiang-Jiangxi Campaign]] in Cheenae, wi the goal o inflictin retribution on the Cheenese that aidit the survivin American airmen in the Doolittle Raid bi destroyin air bases an fechtin against the Cheenese 23rd an 32nd Airmy Groups.<ref>{{Harvnb|Schoppa|2011|p=28}}.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=lILltXBTo8oC&pg=PA19 Chevrier & Chomiczewski & Garrigue 2004], p.19.</ref> In early Juin, Japan put its operations intae action but the Americans, haein brak [[Japanese naval codes]] in late Mey, war fully awaur o plans an order o battle, an uised this knawledge tae achieve a decisive [[Battle o Midway|veectory at Midway]] ower the [[Imperial Japanese Navy]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Ropp|2000|p=368}}.</ref> ==== Eastren Front (1942–43) ==== [[File:RIAN archive 44732 Soviet soldiers attack house.jpg|left|thumb|upright=1.35|[[Reid Airmy]] sodgers on the coonterattack, in the [[Battle o Stalingrad]], Februar 1943]] Maugre conseederable losses, in airly 1942 Germany an its allies stappit a major Soviet offensive in central an soothren Roushie, keepin maist territorial gains thay haed achieved in the umwhile year.{{sfn|Glantz|2001|p=31}} Bi mid-November, the Germans haed [[Battle o Stalingrad|nearly takken Stalingrad]] in bitter [[urban warfare|street fechtin]] whan the Soviets begoud thair seicont winter coonter-offensive, stairtin wi an [[Operation Uranus|encirclement o German forces at Stalingrad]]{{sfn|Beevor|1998|pp=239–65}} an an assault on the [[Operation Mars|Rzhev salient near Moscow]], tho the latter failed disastrously.{{sfn|Black|2003|p=119}} Bi early Februar 1943, the German Airmy haed taen tremendous losses; German truips at Stalingrad haed been forced tae surrender,{{sfn|Beevor|1998|pp=383–91}} an the front-line haed been pushed back ayont its poseetion afore the simmer offensive. In mid-Februar, efter the Soviet push haed tapered aff, the Germans launcht anither [[Third Battle o Kharkov|attack on Kharkov]], creautin a [[Salients, re-entrants an pockets|salient]] in thair front line aroond the Soviet ceety o [[Kursk]].{{sfn|Erickson|2001|p=142}} ==== Wastren Europe/Atlantic an Mediterranean (1942–43) ==== Exploitin puir American naval command deceesions, [[Seicont Happy Time|the German navy ravaged Allied shippin aff the American Atlantic coast]].{{sfn|Milner|1990|p=52}} Bi November 1941, Commonweel forces haed launched a coonter-offensive, [[Operation Crusader]], in North Africae, an reclaimed aw the gains the Germans an Italians haed made.{{sfn|Beevor|2012|pp=224–8}} In Juin 1943 the Breetish an Americans begoud [[Combined Bomber Offensive|a strategic bombin campaign]] against Germany wi a goal tae disrupt the war economy, reduce morale, an "[[de-hoosin|de-hoose]]" the ceevilian population.<ref>[http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/USSBS/ETO-Summary.html#tc "The Civilians"] United States Strategic Bombing Survey Summary Report (European War)</ref> The [[Bombin o Hamburg in Warld War II|firebombin o Hamburg]] wis amang the first attacks in this campaign, it lead tae signeeficant causalities an inflictit conseederable losses on infrastructur o this important industrial centre.{{sfn|Overy|1995|pp=119–120}} === Allies gain momentum (1943–44) === On 3 September 1943, the Wastren Allies [[Allied invasion o Italy|invadit the Italian mainland]], follaein [[Airmistice o Cassibile|Italy's airmistice wi the Allies]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Kolko|1990|p=45}}</ref> Germany wi the help o fascists respondit bi disairmin Italian forces that wis in mony places withoot superior orders, seizin militar control o Italian auries,{{sfn|Mazower|2008|p=362}} an creautin a series o defensive lines.{{sfn|Hart|Hart|Hughes|2000|p=151}} German special forces then [[Gran Sasso raid|rescued Mussolini]], that then suin established a new client state in German-occupied Italy named the [[Italian Social Republic]],{{sfn|Blinkhorn|2006|p=52}} causin an [[Italian Ceevil War|Italian ceevil war]]. The Wastren Allies focht throu several lines till reachin the [[Winter Line|main German defensive line]] in mid-November.{{sfn|Read|Fisher|2002|p=129}} In November 1943, [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] an Winston Churchill met wi [[Chiang Kai-shek]] [[Cairo Conference|in Cairo]] an then wi Joseph Stalin [[Tehran Conference|in Tehran]].<ref name="Kolko 1990 211,235,267_268">{{Harvnb|Kolko|1990|pp=211, 235, 267–8}}.</ref> The umwhile conference determined the post-war return o Japanese territory<ref name="Iriye 1981 154">{{Harvnb|Iriye|1981|p=154}}.</ref> an the militar plannin fur the [[Burma Campaign]],{{sfn|Mitter|2014|p=286}} while the latter includit greement that the Wastren Allies wad invade Europe in 1944 an that the Soviet Union wad declare war on Japan within three month o Germany's defeat.<ref name="polley148">{{Harvnb|Polley|2000|p=148}}.</ref> Bi the end o Januar 1944, a major [[Leningrad Front|Soviet]] [[Siege o Leningrad#Soviet relief o the siege|offensive herried oot German forces]] frae the [[Leningrad Oblast|Leningrad region]],<ref name="Glantz 2002 327_366">{{Harvnb|Glantz|2002|pp=327–66}}.</ref> endin the langest an [[Leet o battles bi casualties#Sieges an urban combat|maist lethal siege in history]]. Bi late Mey, the Soviets haed [[Crimean Offensive|leeberatit Crimea]], lairgely expelled Axis forces frae Ukraine, an made [[First Jassy–Kishinev Offensive|incursions intae Romanie]], that war repulsed bi the Axis truips.<ref name="Chubarov 2001 122">{{Harvnb|Chubarov|2001|p=122}}.</ref> The Allied offensives in Italy haed succeedit an, at the expense o allouin several German diveesions tae retreat, on 4 Juin, Roum wis capturt.<ref>{{Harvnb|Holland|2008|pp=169–84}}; {{Harvnb|Beevor|2012|pp=568–73}}.<br />The weeks after the fall of Rome saw a dramatic upswing in German atrocities in Italy ({{Harvnb|Mazower|2008|pp=500–2}}). The period featurt massacres wi victims in the hundrers at [[Civitella in Val di Chiana|Civitella]] ({{Harvnb|de Grazia|Paggi|1991}}; {{Harvnb|Belco|2010}}), [[Ardeatine massacre|Fosse Ardeatine]] ({{Harvnb|Portelli|2003}}), an [[Sant'Anna di Stazzema massacre|Sant'Anna di Stazzema]] ({{Harvnb|Gordon|2012|pp=10–1}}), an is kaipit wi the [[Marzabotto massacre]].</ref> === Allies close in (1944) === [[File:Approaching Omaha.jpg|thumb|American truips approachin [[Omaha Beach]], in the [[invasion o Normandy]] on [[Normandy laundins|D-Day]], 6 Juin 1944]] On 6 Juin 1944 (kent as [[Normandy laundins|D-Day]]), efter three year o Soviet pressur,<ref name=rees406>{{Harvnb|Rees|2008|pp=406–7}}: "Stalin always believed that Britain and America were delaying the second front so that the Soviet Union would bear the brunt of the war."</ref> the Wastren Allies [[Invasion o Normandy|invadit northren Fraunce]]. Efter reassignin several Allied divisions frae Italy, thay forby [[Operation Dragoon|attacked soothren Fraunce]].<ref name="Weinberg 2005 695">{{Harvnb|Weinberg|2005|p=695}}.</ref> Thir laundins war successfu, an led tae the defeat o the [[Falaise Pocket|German Airmy units]] in Fraunce. Paris wis [[Leeberation o Paris|leeberatit]] bi the [[French Reseestance|local reseestance]] assistit bi the [[Free French Forces]], baith led bi General [[Charles de Gaulle]], on 25 August<ref>{{Harvnb|Badsey|1990|p=91}}.</ref> an the Wastren Allies conteena'd tae [[Allied advance frae Paris tae the Rhine|push back German forces]] in wastren Europe in the latter pairt o the year. An attempt tae advance intae northren Germany speirheidit bi [[Operation Market Garden|a major airborne operation]] in the Netherlands failed.<ref>{{Harvnb|Dear|Foot|2001|p=562}}.</ref> Thareefter, the Wastren Allies slawly pushed intae Germany, but [[Operation Queen|failed tae cross the Ruhr river]] in a lairge offensive. In Italy, Allied advance forby slawed due tae the [[Gothic Line|last major German defensive line]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Forrest|Evans|Gibbons|2012|p=191}}</ref> On 22 Juin, the Soviets launched a strategic offensive in Belaroushie ("[[Operation Bagration]]") that destroyed the German [[Airmy Group Centre]] awmaist completely.<ref name="Zaloga 1996 7">{{Harvnb|Zaloga|1996|p=7}}: "It was the most calamitous defeat of all the German armed forces in World War II."</ref> Suin efter that [[Lvov–Sandomierz Offensive|anither Soviet strategic offensive]] forced German truips frae Wastren Ukraine an Eastren Poland. The Soviet advance promptit [[Armia Krajowa|reseestance forces in Poland]] tae [[Operation Tempest|ineetiate several uprisins]] agin the German occupation. Houiver, the lairgest o thir [[Warsaw Uprisin|in Warsaw]], whaur German sodgers massacred 200,000 ceevilians, an a [[Slovak Naitional Uprisin|naitional uprisin]] in [[Slovak Republic (1939–1945)|Slovakie]], did nae receive Soviet support an war subsequently suppressed bi the Germans.<ref>{{Harvnb|Berend|1996|p=8}}.</ref> The Reid Airmy's [[Jassy–Kishinev Offensive|strategic offensive in eastren Romanie]] cut aff an destroyed the [[Airmy Group Sooth Ukraine|conseederable German truips thare]] an triggered [[Keeng Michael's Coup|a successfu coup d'état in Romanie]] an [[Bulgarie coup d'état o 1944|in Bulgarie]], follaed bi thae kintras' shift tae the Allied side.<ref name="countrystudies.us">{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/romania/23.htm|title=Armistice Negotiations and Soviet Occupation|publisher=US Library of Congress|accessdate=14 November 2009|quote=The coup speeded the Red Army's advance, and the Soviet Union later awarded Michael the Order of Victory for his personal courage in overthrowing Antonescu and putting an end to Romania's war agin the Allies. Western historians uniformly point out that the Communists jist played a uphaudin role in the coup; efter-war Romanian historians, housomeir, ascribe tae the Communists the decisive role in Antonescu's overthrow}}</ref> In September 1944, Soviet truips advanced intae [[Democratic Federal Yugoslavie|Yugoslavie]] an forced the rapid widrawal o German Airmy Groups [[Airmy Group E|E]] an [[Airmy Group F|F]] in [[Axis occupation o Greece|Greece]], [[Albanie Kinrick (1943–44)|Albanie]] an Yugoslavie tae rescue them frae bein cut aff.<ref name="Evans 2008 653">{{Harvnb|Evans|2008|p=653}}.</ref> Bi this pynt, the Communist-led [[Yugoslav Pairtisans|Pairtisans]] unner Marshal [[Josip Broz Tito]], that haed led an [[Warld War II in Yugoslavia|increasinly successfu guerrilla campaign]] against the occupation syne 1941, controlled muckle o the territory o Yugoslavie an engaged in delayin efforts against German forces forder sooth. In northren [[Serbie (1941–1944)|Serbie]], the [[Reid Airmy]], wi leemitit support frae Bulgarie forces, assisted the Pairtisans in a jynt [[Belgrade Offensive|leeberation o the caipital ceety o Belgrade]] on 20 October. A few days later, the Soviets launched a [[Budapest Offensive|massive assault]] against [[Operation Panzerfaust|German-occupied]] Hungary that lastit till [[Battle o Budapest|the faw o Budapest]] in Februar 1945.<ref>{{Harvnb|Wiest|Barbier|2002|pp=65–6}}.</ref> Unlik impressive Soviet veectories in the Balkans, [[Continuation War|bitter Finnish reseestance]] tae the [[Vyborg–Petrozavodsk Offensive|Soviet offensive]] in the [[Karelie Isthmus]] denee'd the Soviets occupation o Finland an led tae a [[Moscow Airmistice|Soviet-Finnish airmistice]] on relatively mild condeetions,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wiktor|first=Christian L|title=Multilateral Treaty Calendar – 1648–1995|url=https://archive.org/details/multilateraltrea0000wikt|publisher=Kluwer Law International|year=1998|isbn=90-411-0584-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/multilateraltrea0000wikt/page/426 426]}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Newton|2004}}.</ref> awtho Finland wis forced tae [[Lapland War|fecht thair umwhile allies]]. In the Paceefic, US forces conteena'd tae press back the Japanese perimeter. In mid-Juin 1944, thay begoud thair [[Mariana an Palau Islands campaign|offensive agin the Mariana an Palau islands]], an decisively defeatit Japanese forces in the [[Battle o the Philippine Sea]]. Thir defeats led tae the resignation o the Japanese Prime Meenister, [[Hideki Tojo]], an providit the Unitit States wi air bases tae launch intensive hivy bomber attacks on the Japanese hame islands. In late October, American forces [[Battle o Leyte|invadit the Filipino island o Leyte]]; suin efter, Allied naval forces scored anither lairge veectory in the [[Battle o Leyte Gulf]], ane o the lairgest naval battles in history.<ref>{{Harvnb|Cook|Bewes|1997|p=305}}.</ref> === Axis collapse, Allied veectory (1944–45) === [[File:Yalta Conference (Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin) (B&W).jpg|thumb|[[Yalta Conference]] held in Februar 1945, wi [[Winston Churchill]], [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] an [[Joseph Stalin]]]] On 16 December 1944, Germany made a last attempt on the Wastren Front bi uisin maist o its remeenin reserves tae launch [[Battle o the Bulge|a massive coonter-offensive in the Ardennes]] an [[Operation Nordwind|alang the French–German mairch]] tae split the Wastren Allies, encircle lairge portions o Wastren Allied truips an captur thair primar supply port at [[Antwerp]] tae prompt a poleetical dounset.<ref name="parkerxiii">{{Harvnb|Parker|2004|pp=xiii–xiv, 6–8, 68–70, 329–330}}</ref> Bi Januar, the offensive haed been repulsed wi na strategic objectives fulfilled.<ref name="parkerxiii"/> In Italy, the Wastren Allies remeened stalemated at the German defensive line. In mid-Januar 1945, the Soviets an Poles attacked in Poland, [[Vistula–Oder Offensive|pushin frae the Vistula tae the Oder]] river in Germany, an [[East Proushie Offensive|overran East Proushie]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Glantz|2001|p=85}}.</ref> On 4 Februar, Soviet, Breetish an US leaders met for the [[Yalta Conference]]. Thay greed on the occupation o post-war Germany, an on whan the Soviet Union wad jyne the war against Japan.<ref>{{Harvnb|Beevor|2012|pp=709–22}}.</ref> In Februar, the Soviets [[Silesie Offensives|entered Silesie]] an [[East Pomeranie Offensive|Pomeranie]], while [[Wastren Allied invasion o Germany|Wastren Allies entered wastren Germany]] an closed tae the [[Rhine]] river. Bi Mairch, the Wastren Allies crossed the Rhine [[Operation Plunder|north]] an [[Remagen|sooth]] o the [[Rhine-Ruhr|Ruhr]], [[Ruhr Pocket|encirclin the German Airmy Group B]],<ref>{{Harvnb|Buchanan|2006|p=21}}.</ref> while the Soviets advanced tae [[Vienna offensive|Vienna]]. In early Apryle, the Wastren Allies feenally [[Ware 1945 offensive in Italy|pushed forrit in Italy]] an soopit athort wastren Germany capturin [[Battle o Hamburg (1945)|Hamburg]] an [[Battle o Nuremberg (1945)|Nuremberg]], while Soviet an Polshforces [[Battle o Berlin|stormed Berlin]] in late Apryle. [[Elbe Day|American an Soviet forces met at the Elbe river]] on 25 Apryle. On 30 Apryle 1945, the [[Reichstag biggin|Reichstag]] wis capturt, seegnallin the militar defeat o Nazi Germany.<ref name="Shepardson 1998">{{Harvnb|Shepardson|1998}}.</ref> Several chynges in leadership occurred in this period. On 12 Apryle, Preses Roosevelt dee'd an wis succeedit bi [[Harry S. Truman]]. Benito Mussolini [[Daith o Benito Mussolini|wis killt]] bi [[Italian reseestance muivement|Italian pairtisans]] on 28 Apryle.<ref name="O'Reilly 2001 244">{{Harvnb|O'Reilly|2001||p=244}}.</ref> Twa days later, [[Daith o Adolf Hitler|Hitler committit suicide]], an wis succeedit bi [[Grand Admiral]] [[Karl Dönitz]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Kershaw|2001|p=823}}.</ref> German forces surrendered in Italy on 29 Apryle. [[German Instrument o Surrender|Tot an uncondeetional surrender]] wis signed [[Veectory in Europe Day|on 7 Mey]], tae be effective bi the end o [[Veectory Day (Eastren Front)|8 Mey]].<ref name="Evans 2008 737">{{Harvnb|Evans|2008|p=737}}.</ref> German Airmy Group Centre [[Prague Offensive|reseestit in Prague]] till 11 Mey.<ref name="Glantz 1998 34">{{Harvnb|Glantz|1998|p=24}}.</ref> In the Paceefic theatre, American forces accompanied bi the forces o the [[Philippine Commonweel]] advanced [[Philippines Campaign (1944–1945)|in the Philippines]], [[Battle o Leyte|clearin Leyte]] bi the end o Apryle 1945. Thay [[Battle o Luzon|laundit on Luzon]] in Januar 1945 an [[Battle o Manila (1945)|recapturt Manila]] in Mairch follaein a battle that reduced the ceety tae ruins. Fechtin conteena'd on Luzon, [[Battle o Mindanao|Mindanao]], an ither islands o the Philippines till the [[End o Warld War II in Asie|end o the war]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chant|first=Christopher|year=1986|title=The Encyclopedia of Codenames of World War II|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofco0000chan|publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul|page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofco0000chan/page/118 118]|isbn=0-7102-0718-2}}</ref> Meanwhile, the [[Unitit States Airmy Air Forces]] (USAAF) war destroyin strategic an populatit ceeties an touns in Japan in an effort tae destroy Japanese war industrie an ceevilian morale. On the nicht o 9–10 Mairch, USAAF [[Boeing B-29 Superfortress|B-29]] [[bomber]]s [[Bombin o Tokyo|struck Tokyo]] wi thoosands o [[Incendiary device|incendiary bombs]], that killt 100,000 ceevilians an destroyed {{convert|16|sqmi}} within a few oors. Ower the next five month, the USAAF [[Air raids on Japan|firebombed a tot o 67 Japanese ceeties]], killin 393,000 ceevilians an destroyin 65% o biggit-up auries.<ref>{{cite journal|author=John Dower|title=Lessons from Iwo Jima|journal=Perspectives|year=2007|volume= 45|issue=6|pages=54–56|url=http://www.historians.org/perspectives/issues/2007/0709/index.cfm}}</ref> On 11 Julie, Allied leaders [[Potsdam Conference|met in Potsdam, Germany]]. Thay [[Potsdam Greement|confirmed earlier greements]] aboot Germany,<ref name="Williams 2006 90">{{Harvnb|Williams|2006|p=90}}.</ref> an reiteratit the demand for uncondeetional surrender o aw Japanese forces bi Japan, speceefically statin that "the alternative for Japan is prompt an utter destruction".<ref name="Miscamble 2007 201">{{Harvnb|Miscamble|2007|p=201}}.</ref> In this conference, the [[Unitit Kinrick general election, 1945|Unitit Kinrick held its general election]], an [[Clement Attlee]] replaced Churchill as Prime Meenister.<ref name="Miscamble 2007 203_204">{{Harvnb|Miscamble|2007|pp=203–4}}.</ref> [[File:Shigemitsu-signs-surrender.jpg|thumb|right|Japanese foreign affairs meenister [[Mamoru Shigemitsu]] signs the [[Japanese Instrument o Surrender]] on buird {{USS|Missouri|BB-63|6}}, 2 September 1945]] The Allies cried for uncondeetional Japanese surrender in the [[Potsdam Declaration]] o 27 Julie, but the Japanese govrenment rejectit the cry. In early August, the USAAF [[Atomic bombings o Hiroshima an Nagasaki|drappit atomic bombs]] on the Japanese ceeties o [[Hiroshima]] an [[Nagasaki]]. Atween the twa bombins, the Soviets, pursuant tae the Yalta greement, [[Soviet invasion o Manchurie|invadit Japanese-held Manchurie]], an quickly defeatit the [[Kwantung Airmy]], that wis the lairgest Japanese fechtin force.<ref>{{Harvnb|Glantz|2005}}.</ref><ref name="Pape 1993">{{Harvnb|Pape|1993}}.</ref> The Reid Airmy an aw capturt [[Sakhalin]] Island an the [[Kuril Islands]]. On 15 August 1945, [[Surrender o Japan|Japan surrendered]], wi the [[Japanese Instrument o Surrender|surrender documents]] feenally signed at [[Tokyo Bay]] on the deck o the American battleship [[USS Missouri (BB-63)|USS ''Missouri'']] on 2 September 1945, endin the war.<ref name="Beevor 2012 776">{{Harvnb|Beevor|2012|p=776}}.</ref> == Eftermath == The Allies established occupation admeenistrations in [[Allied-occupied Austrick|Austrick]] an [[Allied-occupied Germany|Germany]]. The umwhile becam a neutral state, non-aligned wi ony poleetical bloc. The latter wis dividit intae wastren an eastren occupation zones controlled bi the Wastren Allies an the USSR, accordinly. A [[denazification]] programme in Germany led tae the [[Nuremberg trials|prosecution o Nazi war criminals]] an the remuival o ex-Nazis frae power, awtho this policy muived taewart amnesty an re-integration o ex-Nazis intae Wast German society.<ref name="Frei 2002 41_66">{{Harvnb|Frei|2002|pp=41–66}}.</ref> In an effort tae mainteen [[warld peace]],<ref name="Yoder 1997 39">{{Harvnb|Yoder|1997|p=39}}.</ref> the Allies formed the [[Unitit Naitions]], that offeecially cam intae exeestence on 24 October 1945,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/aboutun/history.htm |title=History of the UN |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=25 January 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218221016/http://www.un.org/aboutun/history.htm |archivedate=18 February 2010 }}</ref> an adoptit the [[Universal Declaration o Human Richts]] in 1948, as a common staundart for aw [[Member states o the Unitit Naitions|member naitions]].<ref name="Waltz 2002">{{Harvnb|Waltz|2002}}.<br /> The UDHR is viewable here [https://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/].</ref> Post-war diveesion o the warld wis formalised bi twa internaitional militar alliances, the Unitit States-led [[NATO]] an the Soviet-led [[Warsaw Pact]];<ref name="Borstelmann 2005 318">{{Harvnb|Borstelmann|2005|p=318}}.</ref> the lang period o poleetical tensions an militar competeetion atween them, the [[Cauld War]], wad be accompanied bi an unprecedentit [[airms race]] an [[proxy war]]s.<ref>{{Harvnb|Leffler|Westad|2010}}.</ref> [[Korea]], umwhile [[Korea unner Japanese rule|unner Japanese rule]], wis [[Diveesion o Korea|dividit an occupied]] bi the Soviet Union in the [[North Korea|North]] an the US in the [[Sooth Korea|Sooth]] atween 1945 an 1948. Separate republics emerged on baith sides o the 38t parallel in 1948, ilk claimin tae be the legitimate govrenment for aw o Korea, that led ultimately tae the [[Korean War]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Stueck|2010}}.</ref> In Cheenae, naitionalist an communist forces resumed [[Cheenese Ceevil War|the ceevil war]] in Juin 1946. Communist forces war veectorious an established the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae on the mainland, while naitionalist forces retreatit tae [[Taiwan]] in 1949.<ref name="Lynch 2010 12_13">{{Harvnb|Lynch|2010|pp=12–3}}.</ref> == Impact == === Casualties an war crimes === Estimates fur the tot nummer o casualties in the war varies, acause mony diaths went wanrecordit. Maist suggests that some 60 million fowk dee'd in the war, includin aboot [[Battle casualties o Warld War II|20 million militar personnel]] an 40 million ceevilians.<ref name="WWII: C&C">{{cite web |last=O'Brien |first=Prof. Joseph V |title=World War II: Combatants and Casualties (1937–1945) |url=http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~jobrien/reference/ob62.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225004221/http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~jobrien/reference/ob62.html |archivedate=25 December 2010 |work=Obee's History Page |publisher=John Jay College of Criminal Justice |accessdate=28 December 2013|df=dmy-all }} {{Cite web |url=http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~jobrien/reference/ob62.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2018-06-02 |archive-date=2010-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225004221/http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~jobrien/reference/ob62.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Matthew|last=White|title=Source List and Detailed Death Tolls for the Twentieth Century Hemoclysm|url=http://necrometrics.com/20c5m.htm#Second|work=Historical Atlas of the Twentieth Century|publisher=Matthew White's Homepage|accessdate=20 April 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=World War II Fatalities|url=http://secondworldwar.co.uk/index.php/fatalities|publisher=secondworldwar.co.uk|accessdate=20 April 2007|archive-date=2008-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922185149/http://secondworldwar.co.uk/index.php/fatalities|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mony o the ceevilians dee'd acause o deliberate [[genocide]], [[Leet o massacres|massacres]], [[Strategic bombin in Warld War II|mass-bombins]], [[Infectious disease|disease]], an [[stairvation]]. [[File:Chinese civilians to be buried alive.jpg|thumb|Cheenese civilians bein buiried alive bi sodgers o the [[Imperial Japanese Airmy]], in the [[Nanking Massacre]], December 1937]] In Asie an the Paceefic, atween 3 million an mair nor 10 million ceevilians, maistly Cheenese (estimatit at 7.5 million<ref>{{Harvnb|Dear|Foot|2001|p=290}}.</ref>), wis killt bi the Japanese occupation forces.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP3.HTM|title=Statistics|last=Rummell|first=R. J|work=Freedom, Democide, War|publisher=The University of Hawaii System|accessdate=25 January 2010}}</ref> The best-kent Japanese atrocity wis the [[Nanking Massacre]], in that fifty tae three hunder thoosand Cheenese ceevilians war raped an murthert.<ref>{{Harvnb|Chang|1997|p=102}}.</ref> Mitsuyoshi Himeta reportit that 2.7 million casualties occurred in the ''[[Three Alls Policy|Sankō Sakusen]]''. General [[Yasuji Okamura]] implementit the policy in Heipei an [[Shantung]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Bix|2000|p=?}}.</ref> The Soviet Union wis responsible for the [[Katyn massacre]] o 22,000 Pols officers,<ref>Kużniar-Plota, Małgorzata (30 November 2004). "Decision to commence investigation into Katyn Massacre". Departmental Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation. Retrieved 4 August 2011.</ref> an the impreesonment or execution o thoosands o poleetical preesoners bi the [[NKVD]],<ref>Robert Gellately. Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe. Knopf, 2007 {{ISBN|1-4000-4005-1}} p. 391</ref> === Genocide an concentration camps === The German govrenment led bi [[Adolf Hitler]] an the [[Nazi Pairty]] wis responsible for [[the Holocaust]] (killin o thareaboot 6 million Jews), as weel as fur killin o 2.7 million ethnic [[Nazi crimes agin the Pols nation|Poles]],<ref>Institute of National Remembrance, Polska 1939–1945 Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami. Materski an Szarota. page 9 ''"Total Polish population losses under German occupation are currently calculated at about 2 770 000"''.</ref> an 4 million ithers that war deemed "[[life unworthy o life|unworthy o life]]" (includin the [[Disabeelity|disabled]] an [[Mental disorder|mentally ill]], [[German mistreatment o Soviet preesoners o war|Soviet preesoners o war]], [[homosexuals]], [[Freemasons]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], an [[Romani fowk|Romani]]) as pairt o a programme o deliberate extermination. [[German mistreatment o Soviet preesoners o war|Soviet POWs]] wis kept in especially unbeirable condeetion, an, awtho thair extermination wisnae an offeecial goal, 3.6 million o Soviet POWs oot o 5.7 dee'd in Nazi camps in the war.<ref>{{Harvnb|Herbert|1994|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=M7Y9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA222 222]}}</ref><ref name="Overy 2004 568_569">{{Harvnb|Overy|2004|pp=568–9}}.</ref> In addeetion tae [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camps]], [[Extermination camp|daith camps]] wis creatit in Nazi Germany fur tae exterminate fowk at an industrial scale. ==Notes== <references group="lower-alpha"/> ==Citations== {{Reflist}} == References == {{Reflist|group=nb}} {{Refbegin|indent=yes|30em}} :{{Cite book|last=Adamthwaite|first=Anthony P.<!--was small caps-->|year=1992|title=The Making of the Second World War|isbn=0-415-90716-0|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|ref=harv}} :{{Cite journal|last=Anderson|first=Irvine H., Jr.<!--was small caps-->|year=1975|title=The 1941 De Facto Embargo on Oil to Japan: A Bureaucratic Reflex|journal=The Pacific Historical Review|volume=44|issue=2|jstor=3638003|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Applebaum|first=Anne<!--was small caps-->|authorlink=Anne Applebaum|year=2003|title=[[Gulag: A History|Gulag: A History of the Soviet Camps]]|location=London|publisher=[[Penguin Books|Allen Lane]]|isbn=978-0-7139-9322-6|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|author=———|year=2012|title=Iron Curtain: The Crushing of Eastern Europe 1944–56|location=London|publisher=[[Penguin Books|Allen Lane]]|isbn=978-0-7139-9868-9|ref=CITEREFApplebaum2012}} :{{Cite journal|last=Bacon|first=Edwin<!--was small caps-->|year=1992|title=Glasnost' and the Gulag: New Information on Soviet Forced Labour around World War II|journal=[[Soviet Studies]]|volume=44|issue=6|pages=1069–1086|jstor=152330|doi=10.1080/09668139208412066|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Badsey|first=Stephen<!--was small caps-->|year=1990|title=Normandy 1944: Allied Landings and Breakout|url=https://archive.org/details/normandy1944alli0000bads_o8g0|location=Oxford|publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]]|isbn=978-0-85045-921-0|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Balabkins|first=Nicholas<!--was small caps-->|year=1964|title=Germany Under Direct Controls: Economic Aspects of Industrial Disarmament 1945–1948|url=https://archive.org/details/germanyunderdire0000bala|location=New Brunswick, NJ|publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]]|isbn=978-0-8135-0449-0|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last1=Barber|first1=John<!--was small caps-->|last2=Harrison|first2=Mark|year=2006|chapter=Patriotic War, 1941–1945|title=''In Ronald Grigor Suny, ed.,''' The Cambridge History of Russia, Volume III: The Twentieth Century ''(pp.&nbsp;217–242)''|location=Cambridge|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-81144-6|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Barker|first=A. 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Shirer|year=1990|origyear=1960|title=[[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich|The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany]]|location=New York,&nbsp;NY|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|isbn=0-671-72868-7 |ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Shore|first=Zachary<!--was small caps-->|year=2003|title=What Hitler Knew: The Battle for Information in Nazi Foreign Policy|url=https://archive.org/details/whathitlerknewba00shor_0|location=New York,&nbsp;NY|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-518261-3|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Slim|first=William<!--was small caps-->|year=1956|title=Defeat into Victory|url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_KU-154-859|location=London|publisher=Cassell|isbn=0-304-29114-5|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Smith|first=Alan<!--was small caps-->|year=1993|title=Russia and the World Economy: Problems of Integration|url=https://archive.org/details/russiaworldecono00smit|location=London|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-415-08924-1|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Smith|first=J.W.<!--was small caps-->|year=1994|title=The World's Wasted Wealth 2: Save Our Wealth, Save Our Environment|url=https://archive.org/details/worldswastedweal0000smit_l8e5|publisher=Institute for Economic Democracy|isbn=0-9624423-2-1|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Smith|first=Peter C.<!--was small caps-->|year=2002|origyear=1970|title=Pedestal: The Convoy That Saved Malta|url=https://archive.org/details/pedestalmaltacon0000pete|edition=5th|location=Manchester|publisher=Goodall|isbn=978-0-907579-19-9|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last1=Smith|first1=David&nbsp;J.<!--was small caps-->|last2=Pabriks|first2=Artis|last3=Purs|first3=Aldis|last4=Lane|first4=Thomas|year=2002|title=The Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania|url=https://archive.org/details/balticstatesesto0000smit_l0z8|location=London|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-415-28580-3|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last1=Smith|first1=Winston<!--was small caps-->|last2=Steadman|first2=Ralph|year=2004|title=All Riot on the Western Front, Volume 3|publisher=Last Gasp|isbn=978-0-86719-616-0|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Snyder|first=Timothy<!--was small caps-->|authorlink=Timothy D. Snyder|year=2010|title=Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin|url=https://archive.org/details/bloodlandseurope0000snyd_e5a3|location=London|publisher=[[The Bodley Head]]|isbn=978-0-224-08141-2|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book |last=Sommerville |first=Donald |year=2008 |title=The Complete Illustrated History of World War Two: An Authoritative Account of the Deadliest Conflict in Human History with Analysis of Decisive Encounters and Landmark Engagements |url=https://archive.org/details/completeillustra0000somm |location=Leicester |publisher=Lorenz Books |isbn=978-075481898-4 |ref=harv }} :{{Cite journal|last=Spring|first=D.&nbsp;W.<!--was small caps-->|year=1986|title=The Soviet Decision for War against Finland, 30 November 1939|journal=[[Soviet Studies]]|volume=38|issue=2|pages=207–226|jstor=151203|doi=10.1080/09668138608411636|ref=harv}} :{{Cite journal|last=Steinberg|first=Jonathan<!--was small caps-->|authorlink=Jonathan Steinberg|year=1995|title=The Third Reich Reflected: German Civil Administration in the Occupied Soviet Union, 1941–4|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_english-historical-review_1995-06_110_437/page/620|journal=[[The English Historical Review]]|volume=110|issue=437|pages=620–651|jstor=578338|ref=harv|doi=10.1093/ehr/cx.437.620}} :{{Cite journal|last=Steury|first=Donald P.<!--was small caps-->|year=1987|title=Naval Intelligence, the Atlantic Campaign and the Sinking of the Bismarck: A Study in the Integration of Intelligence into the Conduct of Naval Warfare|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-contemporary-history_1987-04_22_2/page/209|journal=[[Journal of Contemporary History]]|volume=22|issue=2|pages=209–233|jstor=260931|doi=10.1177/002200948702200202|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Stueck|first=William<!--was small caps-->|year=2010|chapter=The Korean War|title=''In [[Melvyn P. Leffler]] and [[Odd Arne Westad]], eds.,'' The Cambridge History of the Cold War, Volume&nbsp;I: Origins ''(pp.&nbsp;266–287)'' |location= Cambridge |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-521-83719-4 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite book|last1=Sumner|first1=Ian<!--was small caps-->|last2=Baker|first2=Alix|year=2001|title=The Royal Navy 1939–45|url=https://archive.org/details/royalnavy19391940000sumn|location=Oxford|publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]]|isbn=978-1-84176-195-4|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Swain|first=Bruce<!--was small caps-->|year=2001|title=A Chronology of Australian Armed Forces at War 1939–45|location=Crows Nest|publisher=[[Allen & Unwin]]|isbn=978-1-86508-352-0|ref=harv}} :{{Cite journal|last=Swain|first=Geoffrey<!--was small caps-->|year=1992|title=The Cominform: Tito's International?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_historical-journal_1992-09_35_3/page/641|journal=[[The Historical Journal]]|volume=35|issue=3|pages=641–663|doi=10.1017/S0018246X00026017|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Tanaka|first=Yuki<!--was small caps-->|year=1996|title=Hidden Horrors: Japanese War Crimes in World War II|url=https://archive.org/details/hiddenhorrorsjap0000tana|location=Boulder, CO|publisher=[[Westview Press]]|isbn=978-0-8133-2717-4|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Taylor|first=A. 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Taylor|year=1961|title=The Origins of the Second World War|location=London|publisher=[[Hamish Hamilton]]|isbn=|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|author=———|year=1979|title=How Wars Begin|url=https://archive.org/details/howwarsbegin0000tayl|location=London|publisher=[[Hamish Hamilton]]|isbn=978-0-241-10017-2|ref={{sfnRef|Taylor|1979}}}} :{{Cite book|last=Taylor|first=Jay<!--was small caps-->|year=2009|title=The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the Struggle for Modern China|url=https://archive.org/details/generalissimochi00tayl|location=Cambridge,&nbsp;MA|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|isbn=978-0-674-03338-2|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last1=Thomas|first1=Nigel<!--was small caps-->|last2=Andrew|first2=Stephen|year=1998|title=German Army 1939–1945 (2): North Africa & Balkans|location=Oxford|publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]]|isbn=978-1-85532-640-8|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last1=Thompson|first1=John Herd<!--was small caps-->|last2=Randall|first2=Stephen J.|author2-link=Stephen Randall (political scientist)|year=2008|title=Canada and the United States: Ambivalent Allies|url=https://archive.org/details/canadaunitedsta00thom|edition=4th|location=Athens, GA|publisher=[[University of Georgia Press]]|isbn=978-0-8203-3113-3|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Trachtenberg|first=Marc<!--was small caps-->|authorlink=Marc Trachtenberg|year=1999|title=A Constructed Peace: The Making of the European Settlement, 1945–1963|url=https://archive.org/details/constructedpeace0000trac|location=Princeton,&nbsp;NJ|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|isbn=978-0-691-00273-6|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last1=Tucker|first1=Spencer C.<!--was small caps-->|authorlink1=Spencer C. Tucker|last2=Roberts|first2=Priscilla Mary|title=Encyclopedia of World War II: A Political, Social, and Military History|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000unse_p0k0|year=2004|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=1-57607-999-6|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Umbreit|first=Hans<!--was small caps-->|year=1991|chapter=The Battle for Hegemony in Western Europe|title=''In P.&nbsp;S. Falla,&nbsp;ed.,'' Germany and the Second World War, Volume&nbsp;2: Germany's Initial Conquests in Europe ''(pp.&nbsp;227–326)''|location=Oxford|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-822885-1|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|author=United States Army<!--was small caps-->|authorlink=United States Army|year=1986|origyear=1953|title=The German Campaigns in the Balkans (Spring 1941)|url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/balkan/intro.htm|location=Washington, DC|publisher=[[Department of the Army]]|ref=CITEREFUS_Army1986|access-date=2018-06-02|archive-date=2009-06-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619234443/http://history.army.mil/books/wwii/balkan/intro.htm|url-status=dead}} :{{Cite journal|last=Waltz|first=Susan<!--was small caps-->|authorlink=Susan Waltz|year=2002|title=Reclaiming and Rebuilding the History of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_third-world-quarterly_2002_23_3/page/437|journal=[[Third World Quarterly]]|volume=23|issue=3|pages=437–448|jstor=3993535|doi=10.1080/01436590220138378|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Ward|first=Thomas A.<!--was small caps-->|year=2010|title=Aerospace Propulsion Systems|location=Singapore|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]|isbn=978-0-470-82497-9|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Watson|first=William E.<!--was small caps-->|authorlink=William E. Watson|year=2003|title=Tricolor and Crescent: France and the Islamic World|url=https://archive.org/details/tricolorcrescent0000wats|location=Westport,&nbsp;CT|publisher=[[Praeger Publishers|Praeger]]|isbn=0-275-97470-7|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Weinberg|first=Gerhard L.| authorlink=Gerhard Weinberg<!--was small caps-->|year=2005|title=A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II|edition=2nd|location=Cambridge|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-85316-3|ref=harv}}; comprehensive overview with emphasis on diplomacy :{{Cite book|last=Wettig|first=Gerhard<!--was small caps-->|year=2008|title=Stalin and the Cold War in Europe: The Emergence and Development of East-West Conflict, 1939–1953|location=Lanham,&nbsp;MD|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]|isbn=978-0-7425-5542-6|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last1=Wiest|first1=Andrew<!--was small caps-->|last2=Barbier|first2=M. K.|year=2002|title=Strategy and Tactics: Infantry Warfare|location=St Paul, MN|publisher=[[MBI Publishing Company]]|isbn=978-0-7603-1401-2|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Andrew<!--was small caps-->|year=2006|title=Liberalism and War: The Victors and the Vanquished|url=https://archive.org/details/liberalismwarvic0000will|location=Abingdon & New York,&nbsp;NY|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-415-35980-1|ref=harv}} :{{Cite journal|last=Wilt|first=Alan F.<!--was small caps-->|authorlink=Alan F. Wilt|year=1981|title=Hitler's Late Summer Pause in 1941|journal=Military Affairs|volume=45|issue=4|pages=187–91|jstor=1987464|doi=10.2307/1987464|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Wohlstetter|first=Roberta<!--was small caps-->|authorlink=Roberta Wohlstetter|year=1962|title=Pearl Harbor: Warning and Decision|url=https://archive.org/details/pearlharborwarni0000wohl|location=Palo Alto,&nbsp;CA|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-8047-0597-4|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Wolf|first=Holger C.<!--was small caps-->|year=1993|chapter=The Lucky Miracle: Germany 1945–1951|title=''In [[Rudi Dornbusch|Rudiger Dornbusch]], Wilhelm Nölling and [[Richard Layard, Baron Layard|Richard Layard]], eds.,'' Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today ''(pp.&nbsp;29–56)''|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|publisher=[[MIT Press]]|isbn=978-0-262-04136-2|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Wood|first=James&nbsp;B.<!--was small caps-->|year=2007|title=Japanese Military Strategy in the Pacific War: Was Defeat Inevitable?|url=https://archive.org/details/japanesemilitary0000wood|location=Lanham, MD|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]|isbn=978-0-7425-5339-2|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Yoder|first=Amos<!--was small caps-->|year=1997|title=The Evolution of the United Nations System|url=https://archive.org/details/evolutionofunite0000yode|edition=3rd|location=London & Washington,&nbsp;DC|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|isbn=1-56032-546-1|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Zalampas|first=Michael<!--was small caps-->|year=1989|title=Adolf Hitler and the Third Reich in American magazines, 1923–1939|url=https://archive.org/details/adolfhitlerthird0000zala|publisher=Bowling Green University Popular Press|isbn=0-87972-462-5|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Zaloga|first=Steven&nbsp;J.<!--was small caps-->|authorlink=Steven Zaloga|year=1996|title=Bagration 1944: The Destruction of Army Group Centre|location=Oxford|publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]]|isbn=978-1-85532-478-7|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|author=———|year=2002|title=Poland 1939: The Birth of Blitzkrieg|url=https://archive.org/details/poland1939birtho0000zalo|location=Oxford|publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]]|isbn=978-1-84176-408-5|ref=CITEREFZaloga2002}} : Zeiler, Thomas W. and Daniel M. DuBois, eds. ''A Companion to World War II'' (2 vol 2013), 1030pp; comprehensive overview by scholars :{{Cite book|last=Zeiler|first=Thomas W.<!--was small caps-->|year=2004|title=Unconditional Defeat: Japan, America, and the End of World War II|url=https://archive.org/details/unconditionaldef0000zeil|location=Wilmington, DE|publisher=Scholarly Resources|isbn=978-0-8420-2991-9|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last1=Zetterling|first1=Niklas<!--was small caps-->|last2=Tamelander|first2=Michael|year=2009|title=''Bismarck'': The Final Days of Germany's Greatest Battleship|url=https://archive.org/details/bismarckfinalday0000zett|location=Drexel Hill,&nbsp;PA|publisher=[[Casemate Publishers|Casemate]]|isbn=978-1-935149-04-0|ref=harv}} {{Refend}} [[Category:Conflicts in 1939]] [[Category:Conflicts in 1940]] [[Category:Conflicts in 1941]] [[Category:Conflicts in 1942]] [[Category:Conflicts in 1943]] [[Category:Conflicts in 1944]] [[Category:Conflicts in 1945]] [[Category:Global conflicts]] [[Category:History o Montenegro]] [[Category:History o the Soviet Union an Soviet Roushie]] [[Category:History o the Unitit States (1918–45)]] [[Category:Modren Europe]] [[Category:Modren history]] [[Category:Nuclear warfare]] [[Category:Wars involvin Albanie]] [[Category:Wars involvin Australie]] [[Category:Wars involvin Austrick]] [[Category:Wars involvin Belgium]] [[Category:Wars involvin Bolivie]] [[Category:Wars involvin Brazil]] [[Category:Wars involvin Breetish Indie]] [[Category:Wars involvin Bulgarie]] [[Category:Wars involvin Burma]] [[Category:Wars involvin Cambodie]] [[Category:Wars involvin Canadae]] [[Category:Wars involvin Chile]] [[Category:Wars involvin Colombie]] [[Category:Wars involvin Costa Rica]] [[Category:Wars involvin Croatie]] [[Category:Wars involvin Cuba]] [[Category:Wars involvin Czechoslovakie]] [[Category:Wars involvin Denmark]] [[Category:Wars involvin Ecuador]] [[Category:Wars involvin Egyp]] [[Category:Wars involvin El Salvador]] [[Category:Wars involvin Estonie]] [[Category:Wars involvin Ethiopie]] [[Category:Wars involvin Finland]] [[Category:Wars involvin Fraunce]] [[Category:Wars involvin Germany]] [[Category:Wars involvin Greece]] [[Category:Wars involvin Guatemala]] [[Category:Wars involvin Haiti]] [[Category:Wars involvin Honduras]] [[Category:Wars involvin Hungary]] [[Category:Wars involvin Iceland]] [[Category:Wars involvin Indonesie]] [[Category:Wars involvin Italy]] [[Category:Wars involvin Iran]] [[Category:Wars involvin Iraq]] [[Category:Wars involvin Japan]] [[Category:Wars involvin Laos]] [[Category:Wars involvin Latvie]] [[Category:Wars involvin Lebanon]] [[Category:Wars involvin Liberie]] [[Category:Wars involvin Lithuanie]] [[Category:Wars involvin Luxembourg]] [[Category:Wars involvin Mexico]] [[Category:Wars involvin Mongolie]] [[Category:Wars involvin Montenegro]] [[Category:Wars involvin Nepal]] [[Category:Wars involvin Norawa]] [[Category:Wars involvin Nicaragua]] [[Category:Wars involvin Panama]] [[Category:Wars involvin Paraguay]] [[Category:Wars involvin Peru]] [[Category:Wars involvin Poland]] [[Category:Wars involvin Romanie]] [[Category:Wars involvin Saudi Arabie]] [[Category:Wars involvin Serbie]] [[Category:Wars involvin Slovakie]] [[Category:Wars involvin Slovenie]] [[Category:Wars involvin Sooth Africae]] [[Category:Wars involvin Sri Lanka]] [[Category:Wars involvin Sirie]] [[Category:Wars involvin Thailand]] [[Category:Wars involvin Turkey]] [[Category:Wars involvin the Dominican Republic]] [[Category:Wars involvin the Netherlands]] [[Category:Wars involvin the Philippines]] [[Category:Wars involvin the Republic o Cheenae]] [[Category:Wars involvin the Republic o Macedonie]] [[Category:Wars involvin the Soviet Union]] [[Category:Wars involvin the Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:Wars involvin the Unitit States]] [[Category:Wars involvin Uruguay]] [[Category:Wars involvin Venezuela]] [[Category:Wars involvin Vietnam]] [[Category:Warld War II|*]] kqqmv8vppe5at01ngxrqownz0t764pe 0 39159 920020 888353 2026-07-25T10:35:03Z -wuppertaler 120322 Commons added 920020 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Geobox|Region <!-- *** Name section *** --> | name = Norte | native_name = | other_name = Região Norte | category = [[Admeenistrative_diveesions_o_Portugal#NUTS|NUTS II Region]] | native_category = Região <!-- *** Image *** --> | image = Alto Douro.jpg | image_size = 240 | image_caption = Alto Douro, in the province o Trás os Montes e Alto Douro (northeast Norte). It's here that the Porto Wine is producit. <!-- *** Symbols *** -- | flag = | symbol = <!-- *** Etymology *** ---> | etymology = ''norte'', [[Portuguese leid|Portuguese]] for ''north'' <!-- *** Country etc. *** --> | country = {{flag|Portugal}} | state = | region = [[Norte Region|Norte]] | district = <!-- *** Parts *** --> | capital = Porto | capital_coordinates = {{coord|41|8|59|N|8|36|36|W|display=inline,title}} | capital_elevation = | part_type = | part_count = | part = | part1 = | city = | city1 = | municipality_type = | municipality_count = <!-- *** Geography *** --> | area = 21278 | highest = | highest location = | highest_elevation = | lowest = Sea level | lowest_location = Atlantic Ocean | lowest_elevation = <!-- *** Population *** --> | population_as_of = 2011 | population = 3689173 | population_density = 173.38 <!-- *** Government *** --> | established_type = | established = | leader = <!-- *** Various codes *** --> | timezone = [[Wastren European Time|WET]] | utc_offset = +0 | timezone_DST = [[Wastren European Simmer Time|WEST]] | utc_offset_DST = +1 | code_type = ISO | code = PT | code1_type = [[Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics|NUTS]] | code1 = PT11 <!-- *** Free fields *** --> | free_type = [[GDP]] per caipita ([[Purchasin Pouer Staundart|PPS]]) | free = € 12,800<ref name=eurostat>{{cite web|title= GDP per inhabitant in 2006 ranged from 25% of the EU27 average in Nord-Est in Romania to 336% in Inner London| publisher= Eurostat| url= http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/PGP_PRD_CAT_PREREL/PGE_CAT_PREREL_YEAR_2009/PGE_CAT_PREREL_YEAR_2009_MONTH_02/1-19022009-EN-AP.PDF}}</ref> | free1_type = | free1 = <!-- *** Map section *** --> | map = LocalRegiaoNorte.svg | map_size = 235 | map_caption = Location o the Norte Region in context o the naitional borders | map_locator = | map_locator_x = | map_locator_y = <!-- *** Website *** --> | website = <!-- *** Footnotes *** --> | footnotes = Statistics frae [[Instituto Nacional de Estatística|INE]] (2005); geographic detail from Instituto Geográfico Português (2010) }} '''Norte''' ({{lang-pt|Região Norte}}, {{IPA-pt|ʁɨʒiˈɐ̃w ˈnɔɾt(ɨ)|IPA}}; "North Region") is a region in the northren pairt o [[Portugal]]. It is a land o dense vegetation an profoond historic an cultural walth. Its caipital is the city o [[Porto]]. The region haes 3,689,173 inhabitants accordin tae the 2011 census,<ref name=INE>{{cite web|title= Censos 2011 Resultados Preliminares 2011| publisher= INE| url= http://www.ine.pt/scripts/flex_v10/Main.html}}</ref> an its aurie is 21,278&nbsp;km² (densitie o 173 inhabitants per square kilometre). It is ane o five [[Regions o Portugal|regions o Mainland Portugal]] ([[Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics|NUTS]] II subdiveesions). Northren Portugal is a culturally variet region, thus historical rivalries atween different neeburin cities an touns are common, unlike ither [[Regions o Portugal|Portuguese regions]] whare ilka city an toun is culturally raither seemlir. == References == ;Notes {{reflist}} {{Commonscat|Norte (Portugal)}} {{Regions o Portugal}} [[Category:Norte Region, Portugal| ]] [[Category:NUTS 2 statistical regions o the European Union]] [[Category:NUTS 2 statistical regions o Portugal]] 0ill8776f1duefzzqct8548fizo98sp 0 41941 919947 918716 2026-07-24T23:39:41Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 3 books for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 919947 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{short descreeption|Big cat o the family Felidae}} {{Speciesbox | name = Lion | fossil_range = {{fossil range|Pleistocene|Present}} | image = Lion waiting in Namibia.jpg <!-----Please do not replace these featured images without a consensus----> | image_caption = Male lion in [[Okonjima]], [[Namibie]] | image2 = Okonjima Lioness.jpg | image2_caption = Female (lioness) in Okonjima | status = VU | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |journal=[[The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] |publisher=[[IUCN]] |author=Bauer, H. |author2=Packer, C. |author3=Funston, P. F. |author4=Henschel, P. |author5=Nowell, K. |year=2016 |volume=2016 |title=''Panthera leo'' |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T15951A107265605.en |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15951/115130419}}</ref> | taxon = Panthera leo<ref name=MSW3>{{MSW3 Carnivora |id=14000228 |page=546 |heading=''Panthera leo''}}</ref> | authority=([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10t edeetion o Systema Naturae|1758]])<ref name="Linn1758" /> | subdivision_ranks = [[Subspeshies]] | subdivision = :''[[Panthera leo leo|P. l. leo]]'' :''[[Panthera leo melanochaita|P. l. melanochaita]]'' :{{dagger}}''[[Sri Lanka lion|P. l. sinhaleyus]]'' | range_map = Lion distribution.png | range_map_caption = Historical an present distribution o ''Panthera leo'' in [[Africae]], [[Asie]] an [[Europe]] }} [[File:Lion Cubs Phinda 2011.ogv|thumb|right]] The '''lion''' (''Panthera leo'') is ane o the five big cat species in the [[genus]] ''[[Panthera]]'' an a memmer o the faimily [[Felidae]]. Wi some males ootdingin {{convert|250|kg|abbr=on}} in wicht,<ref name="nowak">{{Cite book|last=Nowak |first= Ronald M. |year=1999 |title=Walker's Mammals of the World |url=https://archive.org/details/walkersmammalsof0001nowa |location=Baltimore |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |isbn=0-8018-5789-9}}</ref> it is the second mucklest livin cat efter the [[tiger]]. Thir days, thare wild lions in [[sub-Saharan Africae]] an in [[Asie]], wi an [[endangered]] remnant population in [[Gir Wid Naitional Pairk]] in [[Indie]], haein disappeart frae [[North Africae]] an [[Soothwast Asie]] in heestoric times. Till the late [[Pleistocene]], aboot 10,000&nbsp;year syne, the lion wis the maist widespreid muckle laund mammal efter humans. Thay wur foond in maist o Africae, athort Eurasie frae wastren Europe tae Indie, an in the Americas frae the [[Yukon]] tae [[Peru]].<ref name="Harington69">{{cite journal|last=Harington |first=C. R. (Dick) |year=1969 |title=Pleistocene remains of the lion-like cat (''Panthera atrox'') from the Yukon Territory and northern Alaska |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_canadian-journal-of-earth-sciences_1969-10_6_5/page/1277 |journal=Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences |volume=6 |issue=5 |pages=1277–88|doi=10.1139/e69-127}}</ref> The lion is a [[vulnerable species]], haein seen a major population decline o 30–50% ower the past seicont hauf o the 20t century.<ref name="IUCN" /> Lion populàtions is untenable ootwi designate reserves an naitional pairks. Awbesit the decline's cause isnae fou unnerstuid, habitat loss an conflicts wi humans is the greatest causes o concern thir days. Athin Africae, the [[Wast African lion]] populàtion is pairtìcular endangert. Lions lives fur 10–14 year in the wild, awbesit in captivity thay can be livin mair nor 20 year. In the wild, males seendle lives langer than 10 years, as injuries sustained frae continual fechtin wi rival males greatly reduce thair longevity.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Smuts |first=G. L. |year=1982 |title=Lion|publisher=Macmillan South Africa |location=Johannesburg |page=231|isbn= 0-86954-122-6}}</ref> Thay teepically inhabit [[savanna]] an [[grassland]], awbesit thay mey tak tae [[Shrub|bush]] an [[wid]]. Lions is unuisually [[social animal|social]] compared wi ither cats. A lion pride consists o sib females an affspring an a smaw nummer o adult males. Groups o female lions teepically hunt thegither, preying maistly on lairge [[ungulate]]s. Lions is [[apex predator|apex]] an [[keystone species#Predators|keystone predators]], awbesit thay are forby expert [[scavengers]] obteenin ower 50 percent o thair fuid bi scavengin as opportunity allows. While lions dae nae teepically hunt humans, some hae been kent tae dae sae. Sleeping mainly during the day, lions are primarily [[nocturnality|nocturnal]], awbesit bordering on [[crepuscular]] in naitur.<ref name="earthtouch">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120420172909/http://www.earth-touch.com/result.php?i=Lions-nocturnal-chorus Lions' nocturnal chorus]. Earth-touch.com. Retrieved on 31 July 2013.</ref><ref name="phxzoo">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120415054339/http://www.phoenixzoo.org/learn/animals/animal_detail.aspx?FACT_SHEET_ID=100001 African Lion ''Panthera leo'']. Phoenix Zoo Fact Sheet.</ref> Heichly distinctive, the male lion is easy recognised bi its mane, an its face is ane o the widest recognised ainimal seembols in human [[cultur]]. Depictions hae existit frae the [[Upper Paleolithic]] period, wi carvins an pentins frae the [[Lascaux]] an [[Chauvet Cave]]s, throu virtually aw auncient an medieval culturs whaur thay ance occurred. It haes been extensively depicted in sculpturs, in pentins, on naitional banners, an in contemporary films an leeteratur. Lions hae been kept in [[menagerie]]s syne the time o the [[Roman Empire]], an hae been a key species socht fur exhibeetion in [[zoo]]s ower the warld syne the late aichteent century. Zoos is cooperatin warldwide in breedin programs fur the endangered [[Asiatic lion|Asiatic subspecies]]. ==Etymology== The lion's name, seemilar in mony [[Romance leids]], is derived frae the [[Laitin]] ''{{lang|la|leo}}'',<ref>{{Cite book | last=Simpson |first=D. P. | title=Cassell's Latin Dictionary | url=https://archive.org/details/cassellslatineng0000unse_w6a1 | publisher=Cassell Ltd. | year=1979 | edition=5th | location=London | page=342 | isbn=0-304-52257-0}}</ref> an the [[Ancient Greek]] {{lang|grc|λέων}} (''{{lang|grc-Latn|leon}}'').<ref name="Liddell 1980">{{Cite book | authorlink=Henry George Liddell |last=Liddell |first=Henry George |authorlink2=Robert Scott (philologist) |last2=Scott |first2=Robert | year=1980 | title=[[A Greek-English Lexicon]] (Abridged Edition)|page=[https://archive.org/details/lexicon00lidd/page/411 411] | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | location=United Kingdom | isbn=0-19-910207-4}}</ref> The [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] wird {{lang|he|לָבִיא}} ({{lang|he-Latn|''lavi''}}) mey be sib an aw.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia | title=Lion|encyclopedia=Oxford English Dictionary|editor=Simpson, John; Weiner, Edmund| year=1989 |edition= 2nd| location=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press| isbn=0-19-861186-2}}</ref> It wis ane o the species oreeginally describit bi [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], wha gae it the name ''Felis leo'', in his aichteent-century wirk, ''[[Systema Naturae]]''.<ref name="Linn1758">{{Cite book |last=Linnaeus |first=Carolus |authorlink=Carl Linnaeus |title=Systema naturae per regna tria naturae :secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. |publisher=Holmiae (Laurentii Salvii) |year=1758 |page=41 |url=http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/726936 |accessdate=8 September 2008 |language=Latin |volume=1 |edition=10th}}</ref> ==Characteristics== [[File:Lion and eland.jpg|thumb|right|A skeletal moont o an African Lion attackin a [[Common Eland]] on display at [[The Museum o Osteology]], [[Oklahoma City, Oklahoma]]]] Ahind anerly the trrger, the lion is the seicont mucklemaist livin felid in lenth an wecht. Its harnpan is verra seemilar tae that o the teeger, awbesit the frontal region is uisually mair depressed an flattened, wi a slichtly shorter postorbital region. The lion's skull haes braider nasal appenins than the tiger, housamiver, due tae the amoont o skull variation in the twa species, uisually, anly the lawer jaw structur can be uised as a moleskin indicator o species.<ref name="USSR">{{Cite book | last = Heptner |first=V. G. |last2=Sludskii |first2=A. A.| title = Mammals of the Soviet Union, Volume II, Part 2 | year = 1992| isbn = 90-04-08876-8 | publisher = Brill | location = Leiden u.a.}}</ref> Lion colouration varies frae licht buff tae yellowish, reiddish, or dark ochraceous broun. The unnerpairts are generally lichter an the tail tuft is black. Lion cubs is born wi broun [[Rosette (zoology)|rosettes]] (spots) on thair body, rather lik thaim o a leopard. awbesit thir spots fade as lions reak adultheid, faint spots eften mey still be seen on the shanks an unnerpairts, parteecularly on lionesses. Lions is the anerly memmers o the cat faimily tae be displayin obvious [[sexual dimorphism]] – that is, males an females leuk distinctly different. Thay forby hae specialised roles that ilka gender plays in the pride. Fur instance, the lioness, the hunter, lacks the male's thick mane. The colour o the male's mane varies frae blond tae black, generally becomin darker as the lion grows aulder. The maist distinctive characteristic skared bi baith females an males is that the tail ends in a hairy tuft. In some lions, the tuft conceals a haurd "spine" or "spur", thareaboot 5&nbsp;mm lang, formed o the feenal sections o tail bane fused thegither. The lion is the anly felid tae hae a tufted tail – the function o the tuft an spine are unkent. Absent at birth, the tuft develops aroond 5½&nbsp;months o age an is readily identifiable at 7&nbsp;months.<ref name="Schaller28">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 28.</ref> Adult lion size varies athort thair range wi thaim frae the soothren African populations in Zimbabwe, the Kalahari an Kruger Pairk averagin aroond {{convert|189.6|kg|lb|abbr=on}} an {{convert|126.9|kg|lb|abbr=on}} in males an females respectively compared tae {{convert|174.9|kg|lb|abbr=on}} an {{convert|119.5|kg|lb|abbr=on}} o male an female lions frae [[East Africae]].<ref name=Smuts_etal_1980>{{Cite journal |last=Smuts|first=G. L.|author2=Robinson, G.A.|author3=Whyte, I.J.|title=Comparative growth of wild male and female lions (Panthera leo)|journal=Journal of Zoology|year=1980|volume=190|issue=3|pages=365–373|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1980.tb01433.x/abstract|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1980.tb01433.x}}</ref> Reportit body measurements in males are heid-body lenths rangin frae {{convert|170|to|250|cm|ftin|abbr=on}}, tail lenths o {{convert|90|–|105|cm|ftin|abbr=on}}. In females reportit heid-body lenths range frae {{convert|140|to|175|cm|ftin|abbr=on}}, tail lenths o {{convert|70|–|100|cm|ftin|abbr=on}},<ref name="nowak"/> houiver, the aften citit maximum heid an body lenth o {{convert|250|cm|ftin|abbr=on}} fits rather tae extinct Pleistocene forms, lik the [[American lion]], wi even lairge modren lions meisurin several centimetres less in lenth.<ref>[[Vratislav Mazák|Mazák, Vratislav]] (April 2004) ''Der Tiger'', Westarp Wissenschaften, 5th ed., pp. 178 ff., ISBN 3-89432-759-6.</ref> Record measurements frae huntin records are supposedly a tot lenth o naur {{convert|3.6|m|ft|abbr=on}} for a male shot naur Mucsso, soothren [[Angolae]] in October 1973 an a wecht o {{convert|313|kg|lb|abbr=on}} for a male shot ootside [[Hectorspruit]] in eastren [[Transvaal Province|Transvaal]], [[Sooth Africae]] in 1936.<ref>Wood, The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats. Sterling Pub Co Inc (1983), ISBN 978-0-85112-235-9</ref> Anither notably outsized male lion, that wis shot naur [[Moont Kenyae]], wiched in at {{convert|272|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name=CAP>{{Cite book |last=Nowell |first=Kristin |last2=Jackson |first2=Peter |title= Wild Cats: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan|url=http://carnivoractionplans1.free.fr/wildcats.pdf |format=PDF |year=1996 |publisher=IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group |location= Gland, Switzerland |isbn=2-8317-0045-0 |pages= 17–21, 37–41|chapter= Panthera Leo}}</ref> ===Mane=== [[File:HansomeLion 002.jpg|thumb|right|During agonistic confrontations wi ither lions, the mane maks the lion appear lairger.]] The adult male lion's mane, unique amang cats, is ane o the maist distinctive characteristics o the species. It mey provide an excellent intimidation display; aidin the lion durin confrontations wi ither lions.<ref> {{cite web | last=Trivedi | first=Bijal P. | title=Are Maneless Tsavo Lions Prone to Male Pattern Baldness? | publisher=National Geographic | year=2005 | url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/04/0412_020412_TVtsavolions.html | accessdate=7 July 2007}}</ref> The presence, absence, colour, an size o the mane is associatit wi genetic precondeetion, sexual maturity, climate, an [[testosterone]] production; the rule o thumb is the darker an fouer the mane, the healthier the lion. Sexual selection o mates bi lionesses favors males wi the densest, darkest mane.<ref name="Trivedi02">{{cite web | last=Trivedi | first =Bijal P. | title=Female Lions Prefer Dark-Maned Males, Study Finds | work=National Geographic News | publisher=National Geographic | date=22 August 2002 | url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/08/0822_020822_TVlion.html| accessdate=1 September 2007}}</ref> Research in [[Tanzanie]] an aa suggests mane lenth signals fechtin success in male–male relationships. Darker-maned individuals mey hae langer reproductive lives an higher affspring survival, awbesit thay suffer in the hettest months o the year.<ref name=West>{{Cite journal |last=West |first=Peyton M. |author2=Packer, Craig |date=August 2002 |title=Sexual Selection, Temperature, and the Lion's Mane |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2002-08-23_297_5585/page/1338 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=297 |issue=5585 |pages= 1339–43 |doi=10.1126/science.1073257 |pmid=12193785}}</ref> [[File:Maneless lion from Tsavo East National Park.png|thumb|A maneless lion.]] Scientists ance believed that the distinct status o some subspecies coud be juistified bi [[Morphology (biology)|morphology]], includin the mane size. Morphology wis uised tae identifee subspecies lik the [[Barbary lion]] an [[Cape lion]]. Research haes suggestit, houiver, that environmental factors influences the colour an size o a lion's mane, lik the [[Ruim temperatur|ambient temperatur]].<ref name=West/> The cuiler ambient temperatur in European an North American [[zoo]]s, fur ensaumple, mey result in a hivier mane. Sicweys, the mane isnae an appropriate merker for identifyin subspecies.<ref name="CG">{{cite journal |last=Barnett |first=Ross |author2=Yamaguchi, Nobuyuki |author3=Barnes, Ian|author4=Cooper, Alan |date=August 2006 |title=Lost populations and preserving genetic diversity in the lion ''Panthera leo'': Implications for its ''ex situ'' conservation |journal=Conservation Genetics |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=507–14 |doi=10.1007/s10592-005-9062-0}}</ref><ref name="yamaguchi-haddane">{{cite journal |last=Yamaguchi |first=Nobuyuki |author2=Haddane, B. |year=2002 |title=The North African Barbary Lion and the Atlas Lion Project |journal=International Zoo News |volume=49 |pages=465–81}}</ref> The males o the Asiatic subspecies, housomiver, is characterised bi sparser manes nor average African lions.<ref name="Menon">{{cite book |last=Menon |first=Vivek |year=2003 |title=A Field Guide to Indian Mammals |url=https://archive.org/details/fieldguidetoindi0000meno |location=Delhi |publisher=Dorling Kindersley India |isbn=0-14-302998-3| pages=}}</ref> In the [[Pendjari Naitional Pairk]] area, awmaist aw males is maneless or hae verra waik manes.<ref>Schoe, Marjolein; Sogbohossou, Etotépé A.; Kaandorp, Jacques and de Iongh, Hans (2010) ''Progress Report – collaring operation Pendjari Lion Project, Benin.'' Funded by the Dutch Zoo Conservation Fund.</ref> Maneless male lions haes forby been reportit frae [[Senegal]], frae Sudan ([[Dinder Naitional Pairk]]), an frae [[Tsavo East Naitional Pairk]] in Kenyae, an the oreeginal male white lion frae Timbavati wis maneless an aa. The testosterone hormone haes been linked tae mane growthe, therefore [[castration|castratit]] lions eften hae minimal tae no mane, as the removal o the gonads inhibits testosterone production.<ref>{{cite journal | first = Linda | last = Munson| date = 3 March 2006 | title = Contraception in felids | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_theriogenology_2006-07-01_66_1/page/126 | journal = Theriogenology| pmid = 16626799 | volume = 66 | issue = 1 | pages = 126–34 | doi = 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2006.03.06 }}</ref> [[Cave pentin]]s o extinct European [[Panthera leo spelaea|cave lion]]s awmaist exclusively shaw ainimals wi no manes, suggestin that thay war aither athoot manes,<ref name="Koenigswald02">{{cite book |last=Koenigswald |first=Wighart von |year=2002 |title=Lebendige Eiszeit: Klima und Tierwelt im Wandel |location=Stuttgart |publisher=Theiss |isbn=3-8062-1734-3| pages=|language=de}}</ref> or that the pentins depict lionesses as seen huntin in a group. ===White lions=== [[File:White Lion.jpg|thumb|right|[[White lion]]s owe thair colourin tae a recessive allele; thay are rare forms o the subspecies ''Panthera leo krugeri'']] The [[white lion]] is nae a distinct subspecies, but a special [[Polymorphism (biology)|morph]] wi a genetic condeetion, [[leucism]],<ref name = "zoos_encyclopedia">{{cite encyclopedia | last = Grisham | first= Jack | editor-first = Catherine E | editor-last = Bell |title=Lion |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the World's Zoos |volume=2: G–P |year=2001 | publisher = Fitzroy Dearborn |location=Chofago |isbn=1-57958-174-9 |pages=733–39}}</ref>> that causes paler colouration akin tae that o the [[white teeger]]; the condeetion is seemilar tae [[melanism]], that causes [[black panther]]s. Thay are nae albinos, haein normal pigmentation in the een an skin. White Transvaal lion (''Panthera leo krugeri'') individuals occasionally hae been encountered in an aroond [[Kruger Naitional Pairk]] an the adjacent [[Timbavati Private Game Reserve]] in eastren Sooth Africae, but are mair commonly foond in [[captivity (ainimal)|captivity]], whaur breeders deliberately select them. The unuisual cream colour o thair coats is due tae a [[recessive allele]].<ref>{{cite book |last=McBride |first=Chris |title=The White Lions of Timbavati |url=https://archive.org/details/whitelionsoftimb00mcbr |year=1977 |publisher=E. Stanton |location=Johannesburg |isbn= 0-949997-32-3 }}</ref> Reportedly, thay hae been bred in camps in South Africae fur uiss as trophies tae be killt during [[canned hunt]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last=Tucker|first=Linda |title=Mystery of the White Lions—Children of the Sun God|year=2003 |publisher=Npenvu Press|location=Mapumulanga |isbn= 0-620-31409-5}}</ref> ==Behaviour== [[File:Panthera leo stretching (Etosha, 2012).jpg|thumbnail|left|Adult male lion stretching.]] Lions spends a feck o thair time restin an is inactive fur aboot 20&nbsp;oor per day.<ref name="Schaller122">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 122.</ref> awbesit lions can be active at ony time, thair activity generally peaks efter dusk wi a period o socialisin, gruimin, an defecatin. Intermittent bursts o activity follae throu the nicht oors till dawn, whan huntin maist eften taks place. Thay spend an average o twa oors a day walkin an 50&nbsp;minutes eatin.<ref name="Schaller120">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], pp. 120–21.</ref> ===Group organization=== [[File:pride leader.jpg|thumb|right|Twa lionesses an a matur male o a pride.]] [[File:Lions Family Portrait Masai Mara.jpg|thumb|right|Twa males an a female lion.]] Lions is the maist socially inclined o aw wild [[felid]]s, maist o thaim remainin quite solitar in naitur. The lion is a predatory [[carnivore]] wi twa teeps o social organisation. Some lions is ''indwallers,'' livin in groups centerin aroond relatit lionesses, cried ''prides''.<ref name="Schaller33">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 33.</ref> Females form the stable [[social unit]] in a pride an dinnae tolerate ootside females.<ref name="Schaller37">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 37.</ref> Membership anly chynges wi the births an daiths o lionesses,<ref name="Schaller39">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 39.</ref> awbesit some females dae leave an become nomadic.<ref name="Schaller44">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 44.</ref> awbesit extremely lairge prides, consistin o up tae 30 individuals, hae been observed, the average pride consists o five or sax females, thair cubs o baith sexes, an ane or twa males (kent as a ''coaleetion'' if mair nor ane) wha mate wi the adult females. The nummer o adult males in a coaleetion is uisually twa but mey increase tae as mony as fower afore decreasin again ower time.<ref name="Schaller44"/> The sole exception tae this pattern is the [[Tsavo lion]] pride that aye haes juist ane adult male.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Milius |first=Susan |date=April 2002 |title= Biology: Maneless lions live one guy per pride|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science-news-us_2002-04-20_161_16/page/253 |journal=Society for Science & the Public |volume=161 |issue=16 |pages=253 |doi=10.1002/scin.5591611614}}</ref> Male cubs are excluded frae thair maternal pride whan thay reach maturity at aroond 2–3 years o age.<ref name="Schaller44"/> The seicont organisational behaviour is labeled ''nomads'', wha range widely an muive aboot sporadically, aither singularly or in pairs.<ref name="Schaller33"/> Pairs is mair frequent amang sib males that haes been excludit frae thair birth pride. Note that a lion mey switch lifestyles; nomads mey become indwallers an vice versa. Males, as a rule, live at least some portion o thair lifes as nomads, an some can neir jyne anither pride. A female wha becomes a nomad haes a fair feck greater difficulty jynin a new pride, as the females in a pride is sib, an thay reject maist attempts bi an unrelated female tae jyne thair faimily group. The area a pride occupies is cried a ''pride area'', whauras that bi a nomad is a ''range''.<ref name="Schaller33"/> The males associated wi a pride tend tae stay on the fringes, patrollin thair [[Territory (ainimal)|territory]]. Why [[Social behaviour|sociality]] – the maist pronoonced in ony cat species – haes developed in lionesses is the subject o much debate. Increased huntin success appears an obvious reason, but this is less nor sure upon examination: coordinated huntin daes allou for mair successfu predation but an aa ensurs that non-huntin memmers reduce per capita calorific intake; housomiver, some tak a role raisin cubs, wha mey be left alane for extendit periods o time. Memmers o the pride regularly tend tae play the same role in hunts an hone thair skills. The heal o the hunters is the primary need for the survival o the pride, an thay are the first tae consume the prey at the site it is taen. Ither benefits include possible [[kin selection]] (better tae share fuid wi a relatit lion than wi a stranger), pertection o the young, maintenance o territory, an individual insurance against injury an hunger.<ref name=CAP/> [[File:Lion.ogv|thumb|right|Video o a wild lioness]] Lionesses dae maist o the huntin for thair pride. Thay are mair effective hunters, as thay are smawer, swither, an mair agile than the males an unencumbered bi the hivy an conspicuous mane, that causes owerheatin during exertion. Thay act as a coordinatit group wi members wha perform the same role consistently fur tae stalk an bring doun the prey sonsie-like. Smawer prey is eaten at the location o the hunt, tharebi bein shared amang the hunters; whan the kill is muckler it eften is dragged tae the pride area. Thare is mair sharin o muckler kills,<ref name="Schaller133">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 133.</ref> awbesit pride members aften behave aggressively toward ane anither as ilkane ettles at consumin sae muckle a hantle o fuid as possible. Naur the conclusion o the hunt, males hae a tendency tae dominate the kill ance the lionesses hae succeeded. Thay are mair lik tae share this wi the cubs as wi the lionesses, but males rarely share fuid thay hae killt bi thairsels. Baith males an females can defend the pride agin intruders, but the male lion is better-suitit for this purpose due tae its stockier, mair powerful big.<ref>[http://www.lionconservationfund.org/lion_adopt.html Join the Pride]. Lion Conservation Fund. Retrieved on 31 July 2013.</ref> Some individuals consistently lead the defence against intruders, while ithers lag behind.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Heinsohn|first= R. |author2=C. Packer |year=1995 |title=Complex cooperative strategies in group-territorial African lions |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1995-09-01_269_5228/page/1260|journal=Science |volume=269 |issue=5228 |pages=1260–62 |doi=10.1126/science.7652573 |pmid=7652573}}</ref> Lions tend tae assume speceefic roles in the pride. Those laggin behind mey provide ither valuable services tae the group.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morell|first= V. |year=1995 |title=Cowardly lions confound cooperation theory |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1995-09-01_269_5228/page/1216|journal=Science |volume=269 |issue=5228 |pages=1216–17|doi=10.1126/science.7652566 |pmid=7652566}}</ref> An alternative hypothesis is that thare is some reward associated wi bein a leader wha fends aff intruders, an the rank o lionesses in the pride is reflectit in thir responses.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jahn|first= Gary C. |year=1996 |title=Lioness Leadership |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1996-03-01_271_5253/page/1214|journal=Science |volume=271 |issue=5253 |page=1215 |doi=10.1126/science.271.5253.1215a |pmid=17820922 }}</ref> The male or males associatit wi the pride must defend thair relationship tae the pride frae ootside males wha attempt tae tak ower thair relationship wi the pride. ===Huntin an diet=== [[File:Female Lion.JPG|thumb|Lion teeth are teepical o a carnivore.]] Lions prefer tae [[Scavenger|scavenge]] whan the opportunity presents itsel<ref name = "Schaller213" /> wi [[carrion]] providin mair nor 50% o thair diet.<ref name=AWF>{{cite web | title = Behavior and Diet | work = African Wildlife Foundation website | publisher = African Wildlife Foundation | year = 1996 | url =http://www.awf.org/wildlife-conservation/lion | accessdate =6 June 2014}}</ref> Thay scavenge ainimals aither deid frae [[naitural causes]] (disease) or killt bi ither predators, an keep a constant lookout for circlin vultures, bein keenly aware that thay indicate an ainimal dead or in distress.<ref name = "Schaller213">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 213.</ref> In fact, maist deid prey on whilk baith hyenas an lions feed upon are killt bi the hyenas insteid o the lions.<ref name="nowak" /> The lionesses daes maist o the huntin for the pride. The male lion associatit wi the pride uisually stays an watches ower young cubs till the lionesses return frae the hunt. Teepically, several wirk thegither an encircle the herd frae different pynts. Ance thay hae closed in on the herd, thay uisually target the ainimal closest tae them. The attack is short an pouerfu; thay attempt tae catch the victim wi a fast rush an feenal leap. The prey uisually is killt bi [[strangulation]],<ref>{{cite web | title = About lions—Ecology and behaviour | first = Gus | last = Mills | publisher = African Lion Working Group | url = http://www.african-lion.org/lions_e.htm | accessdate = 20 July 2007 | archive-date = 2014-03-31 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140331141011/http://www.african-lion.org/lions_e.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref> that can cause [[cerebral ischemia]] or [[asphyxia]] (that results in [[hypoxemia|hypoxemic]], or "general", [[hypoxia (medical)|hypoxia]]). The prey an aa mey be killt bi the lion enclosin the ainimal's mooth an nostrils in its jaws (that wad result in asphyxia an aa).<ref name="nowak" /> Lions uisually hunts in coordinatit groups an stalk thair chosen prey. Housomiver, thay arnae parteecularly kent fur thair stamina – fur instance, a lioness' hert maks up anly 0.57% o her body wecht (a male's is aboot 0.45% o his body wecht), whauras a hyena's hert is close tae 1% o its body wecht.<ref>[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 248.</ref> Sicweys, thay anly run fast in short bursts,<ref name="Schaller2478">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], pp. 247–48.</ref> an need tae be close tae thair prey afore stairtin the attack. Thay tak advantage o factors that reduce veesibility; mony kills tak place naur some form o civer or at nicht.<ref name="Schaller237">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 237.</ref> Thay sneak up tae the victim till thay reach a distance o approximately {{convert|30|m|ft|abbr=off}} or less. [[File:Serengeti Lion Running saturated.jpg|thumb|left|Lioness in a burst o speed while huntin.]] The [[Predation|prey]] consists mainly o medium-sized mammals, wi a preference fur [[wildebeest]], [[zebra]]s, [[African Buffalo|buffalo]], an [[warthog]]s in Africae an [[nilgai]], [[Boar|wild boar]], an several [[deer]] species in Indie. Mony ither species are huntit, based on availability, mainly [[ungulate]]s wichin atween {{convert|50|and|300|kg|lb|abbr=on}} lik [[kudu]], [[hartebeest]], [[gemsbok]], an [[Taurotragus|eland]].<ref name="nowak" /> Occasionally, thay tak relatively smaw species lik [[Thomson's gazelle]] or [[Springbok (antelope)|springbok]]. Lions huntin in groups is capable o takkin doun maist ainimals, even adults in guid heal, but in maist pairts o thair range thay rarely attack verra lairge prey lik fully grown male [[giraffe]]s due tae the danger o injury. Giraffes an buffaloes are awmaist invulnerable tae a solitary lion as well.<ref name="Schaller259">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 259.</ref> Extensive studies shaws that lionesses normally preys on mammals wi an average wecht o {{convert|126|kg|abbr=on}}, while kills made bi male lions average {{convert|399|kg|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite journal | author1=Radloff, Frans G. T.|author2=Du Toit, Johan T. |year= 2004 |title= Large predators and their prey in a southern African savanna: a predator's size determines its prey size range | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-animal-ecology_2004-05_73_3/page/410|journal=Journal of Animal Ecology |volume=73 |pages=410–423 |doi=10.1111/j.0021-8790.2004.00817.x}}</ref> In Africae, wildebeest rank at the tap o preferred prey (makin nearly hauf o the lion prey in the [[Serengeti]]) follaed bi zebra.<ref>{{Cite book |isbn=88-8095-752-X| title = The Art of Being a Lion |url=https://archive.org/details/artofbeinglion0000deni| page = [https://archive.org/details/artofbeinglion0000deni/page/186 186] | first1 = Christine | last1 = Denis-Huot | first2 = Michel | last2 = Denis-Huot | publisher = Friedman/Fairfax | year = 2002}}</ref> Lions dinnae prey on fou grown adult [[elephant]]s; maist adult [[hippopotamus]]es, [[rhinoceros]]es, an smawer [[gazelle]]s, [[impala]], an ither agile antelopes are generally excludiy. Houiver, giraffes an buffaloes are eften taken in certaint regions. For instance, in Kruger Naitional Pairk, giraffes is regularly huntit.<ref name=Pienaar1969>{{Cite journal |last1=Pienaar|first1=U. de V.|title=Predator-prey relationships among the larger mammals of the Kruger National Park|journal=Koedoe|date=1969|volume=12|issue=1|doi=10.4102/koedoe.v12i1.753|url=http://www.koedoe.co.za/index.php/koedoe/article/view/753}}</ref> In Manyara Pairk, Cape buffaloes constitute as much as 62% o the lion's diet,<ref>{{Cite journal | title = Among the Elephants | url = https://archive.org/details/amongelephants00iain | first1 = Iain | last1 = Douglas-Hamilton | first2 = Oria | last2 = Douglas-Hamilton | year = 1975 }}</ref> due tae the heich nummer density o buffaloes. Occasionally hippopotamus is an aa taken, but adult rhinoceroses are generally avoidit. Warthogs are eften taken dependin on availability.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1 =Hayward|first1 = Matt W. | last2 = Kerley | first2 = Graham | year = 2005 | title= Prey preferences of the lion (''Panthera leo'') | journal= Journal of Zoology | volume = 267 | issue = 3 | pages = 309–22 |doi= 10.1017/S0952836905007508}}</ref> The lions o [[Chobe Naitional Pairk#Geografie an ecoseestems|Savuti]], Botswana, hae adaptit tae huntin young elephants during the dry saison, an a pride o 30 lions haes been recordit killin individuals atween the ages o fower an eleven years.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Power |first=R. J. |last2=Shem Compion |first2=R. X.|year=2009|title=Lion predation on elephants in the Savuti, Chobe National Park, Botswana|journal=African Zoology|volume=44|issue=1|pages=36–44|doi=10.3377/004.044.0104}}</ref> In the [[Kalahari desert]] in [[Sooth Africae]], black-maned lions mey chase baboons up a tree, wait patiently, then attack them whan thay try tae escape: [[File:Lion and baboon 1.jpg|thumb|250px|Baboons trapped up a tree bi lions.]] Lions forby attack domestic livestock an in Indie cattle contribute signeeficantly tae thair diet.<ref name = "Menon" /> Lions is capable o killin ither predators lik [[leopard]]s, [[cheetah]]s, [[hyena]]s, an [[African Wild Dug|wild dugs]], awbesit (unlik maist felids) thay seldom devour the competitors efter killin them. A lion mey gorge itsel an eat up tae {{convert|30|kg|lb|abbr=on}} in ane sittin;<ref name="simba">{{Cite book | last= Guggisberg|first= Charles Albert Walter| title = Simba: the life of the lion. |year=1961 |publisher=Howard Timmins |location=Cape Town}}</ref> if it is unable tae consume aw the kill it will rest for a few oors afore consumin mair. On a het day, the pride mey retreat tae shade leavin a male or twa tae staund guard.<ref name="Schaller2706">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], pp. 270–76.</ref> An adult lioness requires an average o aboot {{convert|5|kg|lb|abbr=on}} o meat per day, a male aboot {{convert|7|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref>[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 276.</ref> [[File:Lions taking down cape buffalo.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Four lionesses catch a cape buffalo.]] Acause lionesses hunt in open spaces whaur thay are easy seen bi thair prey, cooperative huntin increases the likelihood o a sonsie hunt; this is especially true wi lairger species. Teamwork an aa enables them tae defend thair kills easier against ither lairge predators lik hyenas, that mey be attractit bi [[vulture]]s frae kilometres away in open savannas. Lionesses dae maist o the huntin; males attacht tae prides dae nae uisually pairteecipate in huntin, except in the case o lairger quarry lik giraffe an buffalo. In teepical hunts, ilka lioness haes a favored poseetion in the group, aither stalkin prey on the "weeng" then attackin, or muivin a smawer distance in the centre o the group an capturin prey in flicht frae ither lionesses.<ref name=hunt>{{Cite journal | last = Stander | first = PE | title= Cooperative hunting in lions: the role of the individual |url=http://lchc.ucsd.edu/MCA/Mail/xmcamail.2011_09.dir/pdfeL5GzNL2FL.pdf |journal=Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology|volume=29|issue=6|pages=445–54|year=1992|doi = 10.1007/BF00170175}}</ref> Thare is evidence that male lions are juist as successfu at huntin as females; thay are solo hunters wha ambush prey in smaw bush.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Scott R. Loariea |author2=Craig J. Tamblingb |author3=Gregory P. Asnera|year=2013|title=Lion hunting behaviour and vegetation structure in an African savanna|journal=Animal Behaviour|volume=85|issue=5|pages=899–906|doi=10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.01.018}}</ref> Young lions first display stalkin behaviour aboot three month o age, awbesit thay dae nae pairteecipate in huntin till thay are awmaist a year auld. Thay begin tae hunt effectively whan thay are naur twa yeir auld.<ref name="Schaller153">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 153.</ref> ====Predator competeetion==== [[File:Panthera leo & Crocuta crocuta.jpg|thumb|250px|Subadult male lion an [[spotted hyena]]]] Lions an [[spottit hyena]]s occupy the same [[ecological niche]], meanin thay compete for prey an carrion in the areas whaur thay coexist. A review o data across several studies indicates a dietary owerlap o 58.6%.<ref name="prey">{{Cite journal | url = http://www.zbs.bialowieza.pl/g2/pdf/1598.pdf | format = PDF | title = Prey preferences of the spotted hyaena (''Crocuta crocuta'') and degree of dietary overlap with the lion (''Panthera leo'') | last = Hayward | first = Matt W. | journal = Journal of Zoology | year = 2006 | volume = 270 | pages = 606–14 | doi = 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00183 | access-date = 2015-06-02 | archive-date = 2018-12-25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181225033155/http://www.zbs.bialowieza.pl/g2/pdf/1598.pdf%20 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Lions teepically ignore spottit hyenas unless the lions are on a kill or are bein harassed bi the hyenas, while the latter tend tae visibly react tae the presence o lions whether thare is fuid or nae. Lions seize the kills o spottit hyenas: in the [[Ngorongoro crater]], it is common for lions tae subsist largely on kills stolen frae hyenas, causin the hyenas tae increase thair kill rate.<ref name="Kruuk21">{{Cite book |chapter = Interactions between Hyenas and other Carnivorous Animals | first = Hans | last = Kruuk | title = The Spotted Hyena: A Study of Predation and Social Behaviour |url = https://archive.org/details/spottedhyenastud0000kruu | publisher = The University of Chicago Press | place = Chicago | year = 1972|isbn=0-226-45508-4 }}</ref> On the ither haund, in Northren Botswana's Chobe Naitional Pairk, the situation is reversed: hyenas frequently challenge lions an steal thair kills: thay obtain fuid frae 63% o aw lion kills.<ref name="Conservation">{{Cite book | title = Carnivore Conservation | url = https://archive.org/details/carnivoreconserv0000unse |edition=1 |editor1-first=John L. |editor1-last=Gittleman |editor2-first=Stephan M. |editor2-last=Funk |editor3-first=David W. |editor3-last=Macdonald |editor4-first=Robert K. |editor4-last=Wayne| publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 2001|isbn=978-0-521-66232-1|displayeditors=4}}</ref> whan confrontit on a kill bi lions, spottit hyenas mey aither leave or wait patiently at a distance o {{convert|30|–|100|m|ft|abbr=on}} till the lions hae finished,<ref name="schaller272">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 272.</ref> but thay are forby bauld eneuch tae feed alangside lions, an even force the lions aff a kill. The twa species mey attack ane anither even whan thare is nae fuid involved for nae apparent reason.<ref name="schaller273">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], pp. 273–274.</ref><ref name="enemies">{{cite video|people=Joubert, Dereck and Joubert, Beverley|title= Eternal Enemies: Lions and Hyenas |medium=[[DVD]] | publisher = [[National Geographic Channel|National Geographic]]|year= 1992}}</ref> Lion predation can accoont for up tae 71% o hyena daiths in [[Etosha]]. Spottit hyenas hae adaptit bi frequently mobbin lions that enter thair territories.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Competitive interactions between spotted hyenas and lions in the Etosha National Park, Namibia| last1 =Trinkel | first1 = Martina | last2 = Kastberger | first2 = Gerald |journal=African Journal of Ecology|volume=43|issue=3|year=2005|pages=220–24|doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2028.2005.00574.x}}</ref> Experiments on captive spottit hyenas revealed that specimens wi no prior experience wi lions act indifferently tae the sicht o them, but will react fearfully tae the scent.<ref name="Kruuk21" /> The size o male lions allows them occasionally tae confront hyenas in itherwise evenly matched brawls an sae tae tip the balance in favour o the lions. Lions tend tae dominate smawer felines lik [[cheetah]]s an [[leopard]]s whaur thay co-occur, stealin thair kills an killin thair cubs an even adults whan gien the chance. The cheetah haes a 50% chance o losin its kill tae lions or ither predators.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = O'Brien | first1 = Stephen J | last2 = Wildt | first2 = David E | last3 = Bush | first3 = Mitchell | year = 1986 | title = The Cheetah in Genetic Peril | format = PDF | journal = Scientific American | issue = 254 | pages = 68–76 | url = http://www.catsg.org/cheetah/05_library/5_3_publications/N_and_O/OBrien_et_al_1986_Cheetah_in_genetic_peril.pdf | access-date = 2015-06-02 | archive-date = 2018-09-30 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180930022126/http://www.catsg.org/cheetah/05_library/5_3_publications/N_and_O/OBrien_et_al_1986_Cheetah_in_genetic_peril.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> Lions are major killers o cheetah cubs, up tae 90% o thaim are lost in thair first weeks o life due tae attacks bi ither predators. Cheetahs evit competeetion bi huntin at different times o the day an hide thair cubs in thick brush. Leopards forby uise siclike tactics, but hae the advantage that thay can tae subsist a fair bit better on smaw prey nor on aither lions or cheetahs. Wanlik cheetahs, leopards can clim trees an uise them tae haud thair cubs an kills awa frae lions; housomiver, lionesses will occasionally be sonsie in climmin tae retrieve leopard kills.<ref name = "Schaller293">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 293.</ref> Seemilarly, lions dominate [[African Wild Dug|African wild dugs]]; thay nae juist tak thair kills but preying on young an (rarely) adult dugs an aa. Population densities o wild dugs are laich in areas whaur lions are mair abundant.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Conserving the African wild dog ''Lycaon pictus''. I. Diagnosing and treating causes of decline | last1 =Woodroffe | first1 = Rosie | last2 = Ginsberg | first2 = Joshua R |year=1999| journal =Oryx | volume = 33| pages =132–42|doi= 10.1046/j.1365-3008.1999.00052.x |issue=2}}</ref><!-- cites twa previous refs --> Houiver, thare are a few reportit cases o auld an woondit lions fawin prey tae wild dugs.<ref name=Pienaar1969/><ref>[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 188.</ref> The [[Nile crocodile]] is the anly [[Sympatry|sympatric]] predator (aside humans) that can singly threaten the lion. Dependin on the size o the crocodile an the lion, aither can lose kills or carrion tae the ither. Lions haes been kent tae kill crocodiles venturin ontae laund,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/transcripts/2509crocs.html |title=Crocodiles! | publisher = PBS | work = Nova | type = transcript |date= 28 April 1998 |accessdate=21 November 2010}}</ref> while the reverse is true for lions enterin watterways, as evidenced bi the occasional lion claw foond in crocodile stomachs.<ref name="Guggisberg">{{Cite book | last = Guggisberg | first = Charles Albert Walter |url =http://books.google.com/?id=92NuQgAACAAJ| title = Crocodiles: Their Natural History, Folklore, and Conservation| year = 1972 | page = 195 | isbn = 0-7153-5272-5 | publisher = David & Charles | location = Newton Abbot}}</ref> ====Man-eatin==== {{Main|Man-eater}} While lions disnae uisually hunt fowk, some (uisually males) seem tae seek oot human prey; ane well-publicised case includes the [[Tsavo maneaters]], whaur 28 offeecially recordit railwey wirkers biggin the [[Uganda Railway|Kenyae-Uganda Railway]] war taken bi lions ower nine month during the construction o a brig ower the [[Tsavo River]] in [[Kenyae]] in 1898.<ref name=Patterson>{{cite book | last = Patterson |first=Bruce D. | year = 2004 | title = The Lions of Tsavo: Exploring the Legacy of Africa's Notorious Man-Eaters | url = https://archive.org/details/lionsoftsavoexpl0000patt | publisher = McGraw-Hill | isbn = 0-07-136333-5}}</ref> The hunter wha kill the lions wrote a beuk detailin the ainimals' predatory behaviour. The lions war lairger than normal, lacked manes, an ane seemed tae suffer frae tuith decay. The infirmity theory, includin tuith decay, is nae favored bi aw researchers; an analysis o teeth an jaws o man-eatin lions in museum collections suggests that while tuith decay mey expleen some incidents, prey depletion in human-dominatit areas is a mair likely cause o lion predation on humans.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Patterson |first=Bruce D. |author2=Neiburger, Ellis J.|author3=Kasiki, Samuel M. |date=February 2003 |title=Tooth Breakage and Dental Disease as Causes of Carnivore–Human Conflicts |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-mammalogy_2003-02_84_1/page/190 |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=84 |issue=1 |pages=190–96|doi=10.1644/1545-1542(2003)084<0190:TBADDA>2.0.CO;2}}</ref> In thair analysis o Tsavo an general man-eatin, Kerbis Peterhans an Gnoske acknowledge that sick or injurt ainimals mey be mair prone tae man-eatin, but that the behaviour is "nae unuisual, nor necessarily 'aberrant'" whaur the opportunity exists; if inducements lik access tae livestock or human corpse are present, lions will regularly prey upon human beins. The authors note that the relationship is well-attestit amang ither pantherines an primates in the paleontological record.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://www.man-eater.info/gpage6.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030031426/http://www.man-eater.info/gpage6.html |archivedate=2007-10-30 |accessdate=7 July 2007 |last=Peterhans |first=Julian C. Kerbis |author2=Thomas Patrick Gnoske |title=The Science of Man-eating |journal=Journal of East African Natural History |volume=90 |issue=1&2 |year=2001 |pages=1–40 |doi=10.2982/0012-8317(2001)90[1:TSOMAL]2.0.CO;2 |url-status=live }}</ref> The lion's proclivity fur man-eatin haes been seestematically examined. American an Tanzanian scientists report that man-eatin behaviour in rural areas o Tanzanie increased a fair bit frae 1990 tae 2005. At least 563 veelagers war attacked an mony eaten ower this period – a nummer far exceedin the mair famed "Tsavo" incidents o a century earlier. The incidents occurred naur aboots [[Selous Gemme Reserve|Selous Naitional Pairk]] in [[Rufiji River|Rufiji Destrict]] an in [[Lindi Region|Lindi Province]] near the [[Mozambique|Mozambican]] border. While the expansion o villagers intae bush kintra is ane concern, the authors argues that conservation policy maun mitigate the danger acause, in this case, conservation contreibutes directly tae human daiths. Cases in Lindi hae been documentit whaur lions seize humans frae the centre o substantial veelages.<ref name="Packer05">{{Cite journal |last=Packer |first=C. |author2=Ikanda, D. |author3=Kissui, B. |author4= Kushnir, H. |date=August 2005 |title=Conservation biology: lion attacks on humans in Tanzania |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2005-08-18_436_7053/page/926 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=436 |issue=7053 |pages=927–28 |doi=10.1038/436927a| pmid=16107828}}</ref> Anither study o 1,000 fowk attacked bi lions in soothren Tanzanie atween 1988 an 2009 foond that the weeks follaein the [[full muin]] (whan thare wis less muinlight) war a strang indicator o increased nicht attacks on fowk.<ref name="fullmoon">{{cite journal | title=Fear of Darkness, the Full Moon and the Nocturnal Ecology of African Lions | last=Packer |first=C | journal=[[PLoS ONE]] |date=July 2011 | volume=6 | issue=7 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0022285 |author2=Swanson A |author3=Ikanda D |author4=Kushnir H | editor1-last=Rands | editor1-first=Sean A. | pages=e22285}}</ref> [[File:Lionsoftsavo2008.jpg|thumb|The Tsavo Man-Eaters on display in the [[Field Museum o Naitural History]] in [[Chicago, Illinois]] ]] Author Robert R. Frump wrote in ''The Man-eaters of Eden'' that Mozambican refugees regularly crossin Kruger Naitional Pairk at nicht in [[Sooth Africae]] is attacked an eaten bi the lions; pairk offeecials hae concedit that man-eatin is a problem thare. Frump believes thoosands mey hae been killt in the decades efter [[Sooth Africae unner apartheid|apartheid]] sealed the pairk an forced the refugees tae cross the pairk at nicht. Fur naur a century afore the mairch wis sealed, Mozambicans haed regularly walked athort the pairk in daytime wi little harm.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Frump |first=RR |title=The Man-Eaters of Eden: Life and Death in Kruger National Park |url=https://archive.org/details/maneatersofedenl0000frum |year=2006 |publisher=The Lyons Press |isbn=1-59228-892-8}}</ref> Packer estimates mair nor 200 Tanzanians is killt ilka year bi lions, [[crocodile]]s, elephants, hippos, an [[snake]]s, an that the nummers coud be dooble that amount, wi lions thocht tae kill at least 70 o thaim. Packer haes documented that atween 1990 an 2004, lions attacked 815 fowk in Tanzanie, killin 563. Packer an Ikanda are amang the few [[conservation movement|conservationists]] wha believe wastren conservation efforts maun tak accoont o thir matters nae juist acause o ethical concerns aboot human life, but fur the lang term success o conservation efforts an lion preservation an aw.<ref name="Packer05"/> A man-eatin lion wis killt bi gemme scouts in Soothren Tanzanie in Aprile 2004. It is believed tae hae killt an eaten at least 35&nbsp;fowk in a series o incidents coverin several veelages in the Rufiji Delta coastal region.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Toothache 'made lion eat humans' |last=Dickinson |first=Daniel |date=19 October 2004 |publisher=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3756180.stm |accessdate=25 January 2011}}</ref> Dr Rolf D. Baldus, the GTZ wildlife programme coordinator, commentit that it wis likely that the lion preyed on humans acause it haed a lairge [[abscess]] unnerneath a [[molar (tuith)|molar]] that wis cracked in several places. He faur commentit that "This lion probably experienced a lot o pain, pairteecularly whan it wis chewin."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baldus |first=R |date=March 2006 |title=A man-eating lion (''Panthera leo'') from Tanzania with a toothache |journal=European Journal of Wildlife Research |volume=52 |issue= 1 |pages= 59–62|doi=10.1007/s10344-005-0008-0}}</ref> GTZ is the German development cooperation agency an haes been wirkin wi the Tanzanian govrenment on wildlife conservation for nearly twa decades. As in ither cases this lion wis lairge, lacked a mane, an haed a tuith problem. The "Aw-Africae" record o man-eatin generally is conseidert no tae be Tsavo, but incidents in the early 1930s throu the late 1940s in whit wis then [[Tanganyika]] (nou Tanzanie). [[George Gilman Rushby|George Rushby]], gemme warden an professional hunter, eventually dispatched the pride, that ower three generations is thocht tae hae killt an eaten 1,500 tae 2,000 fowk in what is nou [[Njombe]] destrict.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rushby |first=George G. |title= No More the Tusker |year= 1965 |publisher=W. H. Allen |location=London}}</ref> ===Reproduction an life cycle=== {{commons category|Mating lions}} Maist lionesses will hae reproduced bi the time thay are fower years o age.<ref name="Schaller29">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 29.</ref> Lions dae nae [[matein|mate]] at ony speceific time o year, an the females are [[polyestrous]].<ref name="Schaller174">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 174.</ref> As wi ither [[Cat's penis|cats' penises]], the male lion's penis haes [[penile spines|spines that pyntin backward]]. During penis widrawal, the spines rake the waws o the female's [[vagina]], that mey cause ovulation.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Asdell |first=Sydney A. |title=[http://books.google.com/books?id=yQzSe71g2AcC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false Patterns of mammalian reproduction] |year=1993|origyear= 1964 |publisher=Cornell University Press|location=Ithaca |isbn=978-0-8014-1753-5}}</ref> A lioness mey mate wi mair nor ane male whan she is [[Estrous cycle|in heat]].<ref name="Schaller142">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 142.</ref> [[File:Panthera leo -Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania -mating-8.jpg|thumb|left|Matin lions.]] The average gestation period is aroond 110&nbsp;days,<ref name="Schaller174"/> the female giein birth tae a litter o ane tae fower cubs in a secluded den (that mey be a thicket, a reed-bed, a cave, or some ither sheltered area) uisually awa frae the rest o the pride. She will eften hunt bi hersel while the cubs is still helpless, stayin relatively close tae the thicket or den whaur the cubs are kept.<ref name="Scott45">[[#Scott|Scott]], p. 45.</ref> The cubs themsels is born blind – thair een dae nae open till roughly a week efter birth. Thay wecht {{convert|1.2|–|2.1|kg|lb|abbr=on}} at birth an is awmaist helpless, beginnin tae crawl a day or twa efter birth an walkin aroond three weeks o age.<ref name="Schaller143">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 143.</ref> The lioness muives her cubs tae a new den steid several times a month, carrying them ane bi ane bi the nape o the neck, tae prevent scent frae biggin up at a single den steid an sicweys avoidin the attention o predators that mey harm the cubs.<ref name="Scott45"/> Uisually, the mither daes nae integrate hersel an her cubs back intae the pride until the cubs are sax tae aicht weeks auld.<ref name="Scott45"/> Whiles this introduction tae pride life occurs earlier, houiver, parteecularly if ither lionesses hae gien birth at aboot the same time. For instance, lionesses in a pride eften synchronise thair reproductive cycles sae that thay cooperate in the raisin an souklin o the young (ance the cubs are past the initial stage o isolation wi thair mither), wha suckle indiscriminately frae ony or aw o the nouricin females in the pride. In addition tae greater pertection, the synchronization o births an aa haes an advantage in that the cubs end up bein roughly the same size, an sicweys hae an equal chance o survival. If ane lioness gies birth tae a litter o cubs a couple o months efter anither lioness, for instance, then the younger cubs, bein much smawer than thair aulder brethren, uisually are dominatit bi lairger cubs at mealtimes – consequently, daith bi starvation is mair common amang the younger cubs. [[File:PregnantLioness.jpg|thumb|A pregnant lioness (richt).]] In addition tae stairvation, cubs an aa face mony ither dangers, lik predation bi jackals, hyenas, leopards, mairtial eagles, an snakes. Even buffaloes, should thay catch the scent o lion cubs, eften stampede toward the thicket or den whaur thay are bein kept, daein thair best tae trample the cubs tae daith while wardin ff the lioness. Furthermair, whan ane or mair new males oust the previous male(s) associatit wi a pride, the conqueror(s) eften kill ony existin young cubs,<ref name="Packpus83">{{Cite journal |last=Packer |first=C. |last2=Pusey |first2=A. E. |date=May 1983 |title= Adaptations of female lions to infanticide by incoming males|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-naturalist_1983-05_121_5/page/716 |journal= American Naturalist |volume=121 |issue=5 |pages=716–28 |doi= 10.1086/284097}}</ref> aiblins acause females dinnae become fertile an receptive till thair cubs mature or dee. Aw in aw, as mony as 80% o the cubs will dee afore the age o twa.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Macdonald |first=David |year=1984 |title=The Encyclopedia of Mammals|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma00mals_0 |publisher=Facts on File|location=New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma00mals_0/page/31 31]|isbn= 0-87196-871-1}}</ref> <gallery> File:Black-maned lion and cub 1.jpg|1 o 4: A tolerant black-<br/>maned male File:Black-maned lion and cub 2.jpg|<centre>2 o 4</centre> File:Black-maned lion and cub 3.jpg|<centre>3 o 4</centre> File:Black-maned lion and cub 4.jpg|<centre>4 o 4</centre> </gallery> whan first introduced tae the rest o the pride, the cubs initially lack confidence whan confrontit wi adult lions ither than thair mither. Thay suin begin tae immerse thairsels in the pride life, houiver, playin amang thairsels or attemptin tae initiate play wi the adults. Lionesses wi cubs o thair ain are mair likely tae be tolerant o anither lioness's cubs than lionesses wioot cubs. The tolerance o the male lions toward the cubs varies – whiles, a male will patiently let the cubs play wi his tail or his mane, whauras anither mey snarl an bat the cubs away.<ref>[[#Scott|Scott]], p. 46.</ref> [[File:Male Lion and Cub Chitwa South Africa Luca Galuzzi 2004.JPG|thumb|Male lions are generally mair likely tae share fuid caught bi the pride wi cubs than wi lionesses, but rarely share thair ain catches wi ithers.]] Weanin occurs efter sax tae seeven month. Male lions reach maturity at aboot 3 years o age an, at 4–5 years o age, are capable o challengin an displacing the adult male(s) associatit wi anither pride. Thay begin tae age an waiken atween 10 an 15 years o age at the latest,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Crandall |first=Lee S. |title=The management of wild animals in captivity |year=1964 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |oclc=557916}}</ref> if thay hae nae already been creetically injured while defendin the pride (ance ousted frae a pride bi rival males, male lions rarely manage a seicont tak-ower). This leaves a short windae for thair ain affspring tae be born an matur. If thay are able tae procreate as suin as thay tak ower a pride, potentially, thay mey hae mair affspring reachin maturity afore thay an aa are displaced. A lioness will eften attempt tae defend her cubs fiercely frae a usurpin male, but sic actions are rarely successfu. He uisually kills aw o the existin cubs wha are less nor twa year auld. A lioness is waiker an much lichter than a male; success is mair likely whan a group o three or fower mithers within a pride jyn forces agin ane male.<ref name="Packpus83"/> Contrary tae popular belief, it isnae anly males that is oostit frae thair pride tae become nomads, awbesit maist females certainly dae remain wi thair birth pride. Houiver, whan the pride becomes ower muckle, the next generation o female cubs mey be forced tae leave tae eke oot thair ain territory. Furthermair, whan a new male lion taks ower the pride, subadult lions, baith male an female, mey be evictit.<ref>[[#Scott|Scott]], p. 68.</ref> Life is harsh for a female nomad. Nomadic lionesses rarely manage tae raise thair cubs tae maturity, wioot the pertection o ither pride members. ===Heal=== Awbesit adult lions haes nae naitural predators, evidence suggests that the majority dee violently frae humans or ither lions.<ref name="Schaller183">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 183.</ref> Lions eften inflict serious injuries on ilka ither, aither members o different prides encoonterin ilka ither in territorial disputes, or members o the same pride fechtin at a kill.<ref name="Schaller1889">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], pp. 188–89.</ref> Crippled lions an lion cubs mey faw victim tae hyenas, leopards, or be trampled bi buffalo or elephants, an careless lions mey be maimed whan huntin prey.<ref name="Schaller1890">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], pp. 189–90.</ref> [[File:Lake-Nakuru-Lions-in-Tree.JPG|thumb|Lions seekin refuge frae flies bi climbin a tree.]] Various species o [[tick]] commonly infest the lugs, neck an groin regions o maist lions.<ref name="Schaller184">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 184.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Yeoman |first=Guy Henry|author2=Walker, Jane Brotherton |title=The ixodid ticks of Tanzania|year=1967 |publisher=Commonwealth Institute of Entomology |location=London |oclc=955970}}</ref> Adult forms o several species o the tapeworm genus ''[[Taenia (tapeworm)|Taenia]]'' hae been isolatit frae thairms, the lions haein ingestit larval forms frae antelope meat.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sachs |first=R |year=1969|title=Untersuchungen zur Artbestimmung und Differenzierung der Muskelfinnen ostafrikanischer Wildtiere [Differentiation and species determination of muscle-cysticerci in East African game animals] |journal=Zeitschrift für tropenmedizin und Parasitologie |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=39–50 |pmid=5393325|language=de}}</ref> Lions in the [[Ngorongoro Conservation Area|Ngorongoro Crater]] war afflictit bi an ootbreak o stable flee (''[[stable flee|Stomoxys calcitrans]]'') in 1962; this resultit in lions becomin covered in bluidy bare patches an emaciatit. Lions soucht unsuccessfully tae evade the bitin flees bi climbin trees or crawlin intae hyena burrows; mony perished or emigratit as the population dropped frae 70 tae 15 individuals.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fosbrooke |first=Henry |year=1963 |title=The stomoxys plague in Ngorongoro |journal=East African Wildlife Journal |volume=1 |issue=6|pages=124–26 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.1963.tb00190.x}}</ref> A mair recent ootbreak in 2001 killt sax lions.<ref name="Nkwame06">{{Cite news | last=Nkwame | first=Valentine M | title=King of the jungle in jeopardy | publisher=The Arusha Times | date=9 September 2006 | url=http://www.arushatimes.co.tz/2006/36/features_10.htm | accessdate=4 September 2007 | archive-date=2018-12-25 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225033132/http://www.arushatimes.co.tz/2006/36/features_10.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> Lions, especially in captivity, are vulnerable tae the [[canine distemper]] virus (CDV), [[feline immunodeficiency virus]] (FIV), an [[feline infectious peritonitis]] (FIP).<ref name="zoos_encyclopedia"/> CDV is spread throu domestic dugs an ither [[carnivora|carnivores]]; a 1994 outbreak in [[Serengeti Naitional Pairk]] resultit in mony lions developin neurological seemptoms lik seizurs. During the ootbreak, several lions dee'd frae pneumonia an [[encephalitis]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Roelke-Parker |first=M. E. |date=February 1996 |title=A canine distemper epidemic in Serengeti lions (''Panthera leo'') |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1996-02-01_379_6564/page/440 |journal= Nature|volume=379 |issue= 6564|pages=441–45 |doi=10.1038/379441a0|pmid=8559247|last2=Munson|first2=Linda|last3=Packer|first3=Craig|last4=Kock|first4=Richard|last5=Cleaveland|first5=Sarah|last6=Carpenter|first6=Margaret|last7=O'Brien|first7=Stephen J.|last8=Pospischil|first8=Andreas|last9=Hofmann-Lehmann|first9=Regina |displayauthors=9|first10=Hans|last10=Lutz|first11=George L. M.|last11=Mwanengele|first12=M. N.|last12=Mgasa|first13=G. A.|last13=Machange|first14=Brian A.|last14=Summers|first15=Max J. G.|last15=Appel}}</ref> FIV, that is seemilar tae [[HIV]] while nae kent tae adversely affect lions, is worrisome eneuch in its effect in domestic cats that the Species Survival Plan recommends systematic testin in captive lions. It occurs wi heich tae endemic frequency in several wild lion populations, but is maistly absent frae Asiatic an Namibian lions. ===Communication=== [[File:Lion cub with mother.jpg|thumb|right|Heid rubbin an lickin are common social behaviours athin a pride]] whan restin, lion socialization occurs throu a nummer o behaviours, an the ainimal's expressive movements are heichly developed. The maist common peacefu tactile gestures are heid rubbin an [[social lickin]],<ref name="Schaller85">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 85.</ref> that hae been compared wi gruimin in primates.<ref>{{Cite book |editor=Desmond Morris|last=Sparks |first=J |title=Primate Ethology |chapter=Allogrooming in primates:a review |year=1967 |publisher=Aldine |location=Chicago |isbn=0-297-74828-9}} (2007 edition: 0-202-30826-X)</ref> Heid rubbin – nuzzlin ane's foreheid, face an neck against anither lion – appears tae be a form o greetin,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Leyhausen |first=Paul |title=Verhaltensstudien an Katzen|edition= 2nd |year=1960 |publisher=Paul Parey |location=Berlin |isbn=3-489-71836-4 |language=de}}</ref> as it is seen eften efter an ainimal haes been apart frae others, or efter a fecht or confrontation. Males tend tae rub ither males, while cubs an females rub females.<ref name="Schaller858">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], pp. 85–88.</ref> Social lickin eften occurs in tandem wi heid rubbin; it is generally mutual an the recipient appears tae express pleasure. The heid an neck are the maist common pairts o the body licked, that mey hae arisen oot o utility, as a lion canna lick thir airts individually.<ref name="Schaller8891">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], pp. 88–91.</ref> {{sound|filename=Lion raring-sound1TamilNadu178.ogg|title=Lion roar|description=A lion in captivity roaring}} Lions hae an array o facial expressions an body posturs that serve as veesual gesturs.<ref name="Schaller92102">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], pp. 92–102.</ref> Thair repertoire o vocalisations is an aa lairge; variations in intensity an pitch, rather than discrete signals, appear central tae communication. Lion soonds include snarlin, hissin, coughin, miaowin, woofin, an roarin. Lions tend tae [[roar (ainimal)|roar]] in a verra characteristic manner, stairtin wi a few deep, lang roars that trail off intae a series o shorter anes.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://roberteklund.info/pdf/Ananthakrishnan_et_al_2011_LionRoars.pdf |title=An acoustic analysis of lion roars. II: Vocal tract characteristics |last=Ananthakrishnan |first=G. |last2=Eklund |first2=Robert |last3=Peters |first3=Gustav |last4=Mabiza |first4=Evans |journal=Speech, Music and Hearing Quarterly Progress and Status Report TMH-QPSR |volume=51 |page=5 |year=2011 |access-date=2015-06-02 |archive-date=2018-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929060746/http://roberteklund.info/pdf/Ananthakrishnan_et_al_2011_LionRoars.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://roberteklund.info/pdf/Eklund_et_al_2011_LionRoars.pdf |title=An acoustic analysis of lion roars. I: Data collection and spectrogram and waveform analyses |last=Eklund |first=Robert |last2=Peters |first2=Gustav; |last3=Ananthakrishnan |first3=G |last4=Mabiza |first4=Evans |journal=Speech, Music and Hearing Quarterly Progress and Status Report TMH-QPSR |volume=51 |page=1 |year=2011 |access-date=2015-06-02 |archive-date=2018-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929060941/http://roberteklund.info/pdf/Eklund_et_al_2011_LionRoars.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Thay maist eften roar at nicht; the soond, that can be heard frae a distance o {{convert|8|km}}, is uised tae advertise the ainimal's presence.<ref name="Schaller10313">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], pp. 103–113.</ref> Lions hae the loudest roar o ony big cat. ==Distribution an habitat== [[File:India Animals.jpg|thumb|Twa male [[Asiatic lions]]. The wild population o the endangered Asiatic lions is restrictit tae the [[Gir Wid Naitional Pairk]] in wastren Indie.<ref>{{Cite book |last = Miller |first = Brian |title = Endangered animals: a reference guide to conflicting issues |url = https://archive.org/details/endangeredanimal0000unse_m4q9 |publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group|year= 2000 |isbn = 0-313-30816-0}}</ref>]] In Africae, lions can be foond in savanna grasslands wi scattert ''[[Acacia]]'' trees, that serve as shade;<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rudnai|first= Judith A. |title=The social life of the lion |year=1973 |publisher=s.n. |location=Wallingford |isbn=0-85200-053-7 }}</ref> thair habitat in Indie is a mixtur o dry savanna wid an verra dry deciduous scrub wid.<ref>{{cite web | title=The Gir—Floristic | work=Asiatic Lion Information Centre | publisher=Wildlife Conservation Trust of India | year=2006 | url=http://www.asiaticlion.org/gir-floristic.htm | accessdate=14 September 2007 | archive-date=2011-08-24 | archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/61AzrEcoS?url=http://www.asiaticlion.org/gir-floristic.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> The habitat o lions oreeginally spanned the soothren pairts o [[Eurasie]], rangin frae [[Greece]] tae Indie, an maist o [[Africae]] except the central [[rainwid]]-zone an the [[Sahara]] desert. [[Herodotus]] reportit that lions haed been common in Greece in 480 BC; thay attacked the baggage camels o the Persie keeng [[Xerxes I o Persie|Xerxes]] on his march throu the kintra. [[Aristotle]] considered them rare bi 300 BC. Bi 100 AD thay war extirpated.<ref name="Schaller5">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 5.</ref> A population o [[Asiatic lion]]s survived till the tent century in the [[Caucasus]], thair last European ootpost.<ref>{{Cite book | last=Heptner| first= V. G.|author2=A. A. Sludskii | year=1989| title=Mammals of the Soviet Union: Volume 1, Part 2: Carnivora (Hyaenas and Cats)|publisher=Amerind| location=New York| isbn=90-04-08876-8}}</ref> The species wis eradicatit frae [[Palestine]] bi the [[Middle Ages]] an frae maist o the rest o Asie efter the arrival o readily available firearms in the aichteent century. Atween the late nineteent an early twentiet century, thay became extinct in [[North Africae]] an [[Soothwast Asie]]. Bi the late nineteent century, the lion haed disappeart frae [[Turkey]] an maist o northren Indie,<ref name=zoos_encyclopedia /><ref>{{cite web |title=Past and present distribution of the lion in North Africa and Southwest Asia. |year=2001 |publisher=Asiatic Lion Information Centre |url=http://www.asiatic-lion.org/distrib.html |accessdate=1 June 2006 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510060942/http://www.asiatic-lion.org/distrib.html |archivedate=2008-05-10 |url-status=dead }}</ref> while the last sichtin o a live Asiatic lion in [[Iran]] wis in 1941 (atween [[Shiraz]] an Jahrom, [[Fars Province]]), awbesit the corpse o a lioness wis foond on the banks o the [[Karun]] river, [[Khūzestān Province]] in 1944. Thare are no subsequent reliable reports frae [[Iran]].<ref name="simba"/> The subspecies nou survives anly in an aroond the [[Gir Wid Naitional Pairk|Gir Wid]] o northwastren Indie.<ref name="Asiaticweb">{{cite web | title=Asiatic Lion—History | work=Asiatic Lion Information Centre | publisher=Wildlife Conservation Trust of India | year=2006 | url=http://www.asiaticlion.org/asiatic-lion-history.htm | accessdate=15 September 2007 | archive-date=2011-08-24 | archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/61AzLUsTo?url=http://www.asiaticlion.org/asiatic-lion-history.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> Approximately 500 lions live in the area o the {{convert|1,412|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} sanctuary in the state o [[Gujarat]], that covers maist o the wid. Thair nummers haes waxt frae 180 tae 523 ainimals mainly acause the naitural prey species haes rekivert.<ref name="Singh, Gibson">{{Cite journal |author1=Singh, H. S.|author2=Gibson, L.|title=A conservation success story in the itherwise dire megafauna extinction crisis: The Asiatic lion (''Panthera leo persica'') of Gir Wid|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_biological-conservation_2011-05_144_5/page/1753|journal= Biological Conservation|volume=144|issue=5|pages=1753–1757|year=2011|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2011.02.009}} </ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Asiatic Lion—Population | work=Asiatic Lion Information Centre | publisher=Wildlife Conservation Trust of India | year=2006 | url=http://www.asiaticlion.org/population-gir-forests.htm | accessdate=15 September 2007 | archive-date=2011-08-24 | archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/61AzriYLb?url=http://www.asiaticlion.org/population-gir-forests.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Population an conservation status== {{Main|Lion huntin}} [[File:Lion Gir.jpg|thumb|The Asiatic lion, whase habitat ance ranged frae the Mediterranean tae north-wast Indian subcontinent, is thir days foond anly in the [[Gir Wid]] o [[Gujarat]], Indie. It wis estimatit that anly 523 Asiatic lions survives in the wild.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?220509 |title=The Mane Don't Fit |last=Desai |first=Darshan |work=Outlook India Magazine |publisher=Outlookindia.com |date=23 June 2003 |accessdate=21 November 2010}}</ref>]] Maist lions nou lives in eastren an soothren Africae, an thair nummers thare is swith decreasin, wi an estimatit 30–50% decline per 20 years in the late hauf o the 20t century.<ref name=IUCN/> Estimates o the African lion population range atween 16,500 an 47,000 livin in the wild in 2002–2004,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bauer |first=H. |last2=Van Der Merwe |first2=S. |year= 2002|title=The African lion database |journal=Cat news |volume=36 |pages=41–53}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Chardonnet|first=P.|year=2002|title=Conservation of African lion|url=http://conservationforce.org/pdf/conservationoftheafricanlion.pdf|publisher=International Foundation for the Conservation of Wildlife|location=Paris, France|access-date=2015-06-02|archive-date=2013-11-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110184540/http://conservationforce.org/pdf/conservationoftheafricanlion.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> doun frae early 1990s estimates that ranged as heich as 100,000 an aiblins 400,000 in 1950. Primary causes o the decline include disease an human interference.<ref name=IUCN/> Habitat loss an conflicts wi humans are considered the maist signeeficant threats tae the species.<ref name="awf">{{cite web |title=AWF Wildlife: Lion|url=http://www.awf.org/content/wildlife/detail/lion|publisher=[[African Wildlife Foundation]]|accessdate=29 August 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=NATURE. The Vanishing Lions |publisher=PBS |url=http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/episodes/the-vanishing-lions/introduction/545/ |accessdate=25 January 2011}}</ref> The remainin populations are aften geografically isolatit frae ane anither, that can lead tae [[inbreedin]], an consequently, reduced [[genetic diversity]]. Tharefore the lion is considered a [[vulnerable species]] bi the [[Internaitional Union for Conservation o Naitur]], while the Asiatic subspecies is [[endangered]].<ref>{{IUCN2010.4|assessors=Breitenmoser, U., Mallon, D.P., Ahmad Khan, J. & Driscoll, C.|year=2008|id=15952|title=Panthera leo ssp. persica|downloaded=13 December 2010}}</ref> The lion population in the region o Wast Africae is isolatit frae lion populations o Central Africae, wi nae or naur nae exchynge o breedin individuals. The nummer o matur individuals in Wast Africae is estimatit bi twa separate recent surveys at 850–1,160 (2002/2004). Thare is disagreement ower the size o the lairgest individual population in Wast Africae: the estimates range frae 100 tae 400 lions in [[Burkina Faso]]'s [[Arly-Singou]] ecoseestem.<ref name=IUCN/> Anither population in northwastren Africae is foond in [[Waza Naitional Pairk]], whaur approximately 14–21 ainimals persist.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tumenta |first=P. N. |last2=Kok |first2=J. S. |last3=van Rijssel |first3=J. C. |last4=Buij |first4=R. |last5=Croes |first5=B. M. |last6=Funston |first6=P. J. |last7=de Iongh |first7=H. H. |last8=de Haes |first8=H. A. Udo |year= 2009|title=Threat of rapid extermination of the lion (''Panthera leo leo'') in Waza National Park, Northern Cameroon |journal=African Journal of Ecology |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01181.x |pages=1–7|volume=48|issue=4}}</ref> [[File:The Big Game of Africa (1910) - Male lion Sotik Plains May 1909.png|left|thumb|Black maned male lion, shot in the Sotik Plains, Kenyae (Mey 1909)]] Conservation o baith African an Asian lions haes required the setup an maintenance o naitional parks an gemme reserves; amang the best kent are [[Etosha Naitional Pairk]] in [[Namibie]], [[Serengeti Naitional Pairk]] in Tanzanie, an [[Kruger Naitional Pairk]] in eastren [[Sooth Africae]]. The [[Ewaso Lions]] Project protects lions in the [[Samburu Naitional Reserve]], [[Buffalo Springs Naitional Reserve]] an [[Shaba Naitional Reserve]] o the [[Ewaso Ng'iro]] ecoseestem in Northren [[Kenyae]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/magazine/-/434746/657312/-/15kjo9jz/-/index.html |title = Winning with lions |publisher = The East African Magazine |access-date = 2015-06-02 |archive-date = 2018-12-25 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181225033317/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/magazine/-/434746/657312/-/15kjo9jz/-/index.html%0A%20 |url-status = dead }}</ref> Ootside thir areas, the issues arising frae lions' interaction wi livestock an fowk uisually results in the elimination o the umwhile.<ref>{{cite web | last=Roach | first=John | title=Lions Vs. Farmers: Peace Possible? | work=National Geographic News | publisher=National Geographic | date=16 July 2003 | url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/07/0716_030716_lions.html | accessdate=1 September 2007}}</ref> In Indie, the last refuge o the Asiatic lion is the {{convert|1,412|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} [[Gir Wid Naitional Pairk]] in wastren Indie, that haed thareaboot 180&nbsp;lions in 1974 an aboot 400 in 2010.<ref name="Singh, Gibson"/> As in Africae, numerous human habitations is naurhaun wi the eftercomin problems atween lions, livestock, locals an wildlife offeecials.<ref name="C4WDefault-10.1046/j.1523-1739.1994.08020501.x">{{cite journal |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1994.08020501.x/abstract;jsessionid=FF3227E78A0339404CEBBA045818D361.f04t04 |title=Lion‐Human Conflict in the Gir Forest, India |date=1 June 1994 |publisher=Blackwell Science Inc |issn=1523-1739 |accessdate=1 May 2014 |doi=10.1046/j.1523-1739.1994.08020501.x |issue=2 |volume=8 |pages=501–7 |journal=Conservation Biology |first1=Vasant K. |last1=Saberwal |first2=James P. |last2=Gibbs |first3=Ravi |last3=Chellam |first4=A. J. T. |last4=Johnsingh}}</ref> The [[Asiatic Lion Reintroduction Project]] plans tae establish a seicont independent population o [[Asiatic lion]]s at the [[Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary]] in the Indian state o [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Johnsingh |first=A. J. T. |year=2004 |title=WII in the Field: Is Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary ready to play second home to Asiatic lions? |journal=Wildlife Institute of India Newsletter |volume=11 |issue=4 |url=http://www.wii.gov.in/publications/newsletter/winter04/wii%20in%20field.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222341/http://www.wii.gov.in/publications/newsletter/winter04/wii+in+field.htm |archivedate=2007-09-27 |accessdate=6 November 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is important tae stairt a seicont population tae serve as a [[gene puil]] for the last survivin Asiatic lions an tae help develop an mainteen [[genetic diversity]] enablin the species tae survive. The umwhile popularity o the Barbary lion as a zoo ainimal haes meant that scattered lions in captivity is as lik tae be descendit frae Barbary lion stock. This includes lions at [[Port Lympne Zoo|Port Lympne Wild Ainimal Pairk]] in [[Kent]], Ingland that is descendit frae ainimals awned bi the [[Keeng o Morocco]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bigcatrescue.org/barbary_lion_news.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051217091555/http://www.bigcatrescue.org/barbary_lion_news.htm |archivedate=2005-12-17 |title=Barbary Lion News |accessdate=24 September 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Anither eleven ainimals believed tae be Barbary lions war foond in [[Addis Ababa]] zoo, descendants o ainimals ained bi [[Haile Selassie I o Ethiopie|Emperor Haile Selassie]]. WildLink Internaitional, in collaboration wi [[Oxford Varsity]], launched thair ambeetious Internaitional [[Barbary Lion#The Barbary Lion Project|Barbary Lion Project]] wi the aim o identifyin an breedin Barbary lions in captivity for eventual reintroduction intae a naitional pairk in the [[Atlas Moontains]] o [[Morocco]].<ref name="yamaguchi-haddane"/> Follaein the discovery o the decline o lion population in Africae, several coordinatit efforts involvin lion [[Wildlife conservation|conservation]] haes been organised in an attempt tae stem this decline. Lions is ane species included in the [[Species Survival Plan]], a coordinatit attempt bi the [[Association o Zoos an Aquariums]] tae increase its chances o survival. The plan wis oreeginally stairtit in 1982 fur the Asiatic lion, but wis suspendit whan it wis foond that maist Asiatic lions in North American zoos war nae [[genetic pollution|genetically pure]], haein been hybridised wi African lions. The African lion plan stairtit in 1993, focusin especially on the Sooth African subspecies, awbesit thare are difficulties in assessin the genetic diversity o captive lions, syne maist individuals is o unkent origin, makkin maintenance o genetic diversity a problem.<ref name="zoos_encyclopedia"/> ===In captivity=== Lions is pairt o a group o exotic ainimals that is the core o [[zoo]] exhibits syne the late aichteent century; memmers o this group is invariably lairge vertebrates an include elephants, rhinoceroses, hippopotamuses, lairge primates, an ither big cats; zoos socht tae gather as mony o thir species as possible.<ref name="dc81">[[#Courcy|de Courcy]], p. 81</ref> awbesit mony modren zoos is mair selective aboot thair exhibits,<ref>[[#Courcy|de Courcy]], p. 82</ref> thare is mair nor 1,000 African an 100 Asiatic lions in zoos an wildlife pairks aroond the warld. Thay are considered an ambassador species an are kept for tourism, eddication an conservation purposes.<ref name="WAZA">{{cite web |last1= Dollinger |first1= P |last2= Geser |first2= S |title= Lion: In the Zoo (subpage) |work= Visit the Zoo |publisher= WAZA (World Association of Zoos and Aquariums) |url= http://www.waza.org/en/zoo/visit-the-zoo/cats-1254385523/panthera-leo |accessdate= 5 April 2011 |archive-date= 2018-12-25 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181225033251/http://www.waza.org/en/zoo/visit-the-zoo/cats-1254385523/panthera-leo |url-status= dead }}</ref> Lions can reach an age o ower 20 years in captivity; Apollo, a resident lion o [[Honolulu Zoo]] in [[Honolulu]], [[Hawaii]], dee'd at age 22 in August 2007. His twa sisters, born in 1986, war still alive in August 2007.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Aguiar|first=Eloise|date=August 2007|title=Honolulu zoo's old lion roars no more|newspaper=Honolulu Advertiser|url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2007/Aug/08/ln/hawaii708080394.html|accessdate=4 September 2007|archive-date=2018-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225033236/http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2007/Aug/08/ln/hawaii708080394.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Breedin programs need tae note origins tae avoid breedin different subspecies an sicweys reducing conservation value.<ref>{{Cite book | url= http://books.google.com/?id=vLZKnsCk89wC&pg=PA437|accessdate=12 September 2010| last1= Frankham |first1= Richard |last2= Ballou |first2= Jonathan |last3= Briscoe |first3= David |title= Introduction to Conservation Genetics |page=437|publisher=Cambridge University Press| year= 2009| isbn= 0-521-70271-2| location= Cambridge, England}}</ref> Houiver, several Asiatic-African lion crosses hae been bred.<ref name="AviseHamrick1996">{{Cite book |last1=Avise|first1=J. C.|last2=Hamrick|first2=J. L.|title=Conservation Genetics|url=https://archive.org/details/conservationgene0000unse|date=31 January 1996|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9780412055812|page=[https://archive.org/details/conservationgene0000unse/page/67 67]|quote=Furthermore, whan Asiatic lions were inadvertently bred to African lion subspecies in North America, the fecundity, reproductive success, and spermatozoal development improved dramatically (Box 3.3; O'Brien et al., 1987b).}}</ref> [[File:MP-panthera leo krugeri 8.jpg|thumb|Male African lion o the Transvaal subspecies (''P. l. krugeri'')]] At the ancient Egyptian ceeties o [[Taremu]] an [[Per-Bast]] war temples tae the lioness goddesses o Egyp, [[Sekhmet]] an [[Bast (goddess)|Bast]] an at Taremu thare wis a temple tae the son o the deity, [[Maahes]] the lion prince, whaur live lions war kept an allaed tae roam within his temple. The Greeks cried the ceety Leontopolis, the "Ceety o Lions" an documentit that practice. Lions war kept an bred bi [[Assirie]] keengs as early as 850 BC,<ref name="Schaller5"/> an [[Alexander the Great]] wis said tae hae been presentit wi tame lions bi the [[Malhi]] o northren Indie.<ref>{{Cite book |last= Smith |first=Vincent Arthur|title= The Early History of India|url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283154 |year=1924|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283154/page/n117 97]|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|isbn=}}</ref> Later in [[Roman Empire|Roman]] times, lions war kept bi emperors tae tak pairt in the gladiator arenas or for executions (see [[bestiarii]], [[damnatio ad bestias]], an [[venatio]]). Roman notables, includin [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla|Sulla]], [[Pompey]], an [[Julius Caesar]], eften ordered the mass slaughter o hunders o lions at a time.<ref>{{Cite book | first= Thomas |last= Wiedemann | title= Emperors and Gladiators |publisher= Routledge |year= 1995 |page= 60 | isbn= 0-415-12164-7 }}</ref> In the East, lions wis tamed bi Indian princes, an [[Marco Polo]] reportit that [[Kublai Khan]] kept lions inside.<ref>[[#Baratay|Baratay & Hardouin-Fugier]], p. 17.</ref> The first European "zoos" spread amang noble an ryal faimilies in the thirteent century, an till the seiventeent century war cried [[seraglio]]s; at that time, thay came tae be cried [[menagerie]]s, an extension o the [[cabinet o curiosities]]. Thay spread frae Fraunce an Italy durin the [[Renaissance]] tae the rest o Europe.<ref>[[#Baratay|Baratay & Hardouin-Fugier]], pp. 19–21, 42.</ref> In England, awbesit the seraglio tradeetion wis less developed, Lions war [[Touer o Lunnon#Menagerie|kept at the Touer o Lunnon]] in a seraglio established bi [[John o Ingland|Keeng John]] in the thirteent century,<ref>[[#Baratay|Baratay & Hardouin-Fugier]], p. 20.</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Owen|first=James|title=Medieval Lion Skulls Reveal Secrets of Tower of London "Zoo"|work=National Geographic Magazine|publisher=National Geographic|date=3 November 2005|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/11/1103_051103_tower_lions.html| accessdate=5 September 2007}}</ref> probably stocked wi ainimals frae an earlier menagerie stairtit in 1125 bi [[Henry I o Ingland|Henry I]] at his huntin lodge in [[Woodstock, Oxfordshire|Woodstock]], near [[Oxford]]; whaur lions haed reportedly been stocked bi [[William o Malmesbury]].<ref name="Blunt15">[[#Blunt|Blunt]], p. 15.</ref> Seraglios served as expressions o the nobility's pouer an wealth. Ainimals lik big cats an [[elephant]]s, in parteecular, seembolised pouer, an wad be pittit in fechts against ilka ither or domesticatit ainimals. Bi extension, menageries an seraglios served as demonstrations o the dominance o humanity ower naitur. Consequently, the defeat o sic naitural "lairds" bi a cou in 1682 astonished the spectators, an the fecht o an elephant afore a rhinoceros drew jeers. Sic fechts wad slowly fade oot in the seiventeent century wi the spread o the menagerie an thair appropriation bi the commoners. The tradeetion o keepin big cats as pets wad last intae the nineteent century; at that time it wis seen as heich eccentric.<ref>[[#Baratay|Baratay & Hardouin-Fugier]], pp. 24–28.</ref> [[File:Albrecht Dürer - Two seated lions - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|[[Albrecht Dürer]], Lions sketch. (circa 1520)]] The presence o lions at the Touer o Lunnon wis intermittent, bein restocked whan a monarch or his consort, lik [[Margaret o Anjou]] the wife o [[Henry VI o Ingland|Henry VI]], aither soucht or war gien ainimals. Records indicate thay war kept in puir condeetions thare in the seiventeent century, in contrast tae mair open condeetions in [[Florence]] at the time.<ref name="Blunt16">[[#Blunt|Blunt]], p. 16.</ref> The menagerie wis appen tae the public bi the aichteent century; admission wis a sum o three hauf-pence or the supply o a cat or dug for feedin tae the lions.<ref name="Blunt17">[[#Blunt|Blunt]], p. 17.</ref> A rival menagerie at the [[Exeter Exchynge]] an aa exhibitit lions till the early nineteent century.<ref>[[#Courcy|de Courcy]], pp. 8–9.</ref> The Touer menagerie wis closed doun bi [[William IV o the Unitit Kinrick|William IV]],<ref name="Blunt17"/> an ainimals transferred tae the [[Lunnon Zoo]], that opened its gates tae the public on 27 Aprile 1828.<ref name="Blunt32">[[#Blunt|Blunt]], p. 32.</ref> The wild ainimals tred flourished alangside improved colonial tred o the nineteent century. Lions wis conseidered fair common an wanpricey. Awbesit thay wad barter heicher nor teegers, thay war less costly than lairger, or mair difficult tae transport ainimals lik the giraffe an hippopotamus, an much less nor [[giant panda]]s.<ref>[[#Baratay|Baratay & Hardouin-Fugier]], p. 122.</ref> Lik ither ainimals, lions war seen as little mair nor a naitural, boundless commodity that wis mercilessly exploited wi terrible losses in captur an transportation.<ref>[[#Baratay|Baratay & Hardouin-Fugier]], pp. 114, 117.</ref> The widely reproduced imagery o the heroic hunter chasin lions wad dominate a lairge pairt o the century.<ref>[[#Baratay|Baratay & Hardouin-Fugier]], p. 113.</ref> Splorers an hunters exploitit a popular [[Manichaeism|Manichean]] division o ainimals intae "guid" an "evil" tae add thrillin value tae thair adventurs, castin thairsels as heroic figurs. This resultit in big cats, ayeweys suspectit o bein man-eaters, representin "baith the fear o naitur an the satisfaction o havin owercome it."<ref>[[#Baratay|Baratay & Hardouin-Fugier]], pp. 173, 180–83.</ref> [[File:Lion - melbourne zoo.jpg|thumb|Lion at [[Melbourne Zoo]] enjoyin an elevatit gressy area wi some tree shelter]] Lions wis kept in cramped an squalid condeetions at Lunnon Zoo till a lairger lion hoose wi roomier cages wis biggit in the 1870s.<ref name="Blunt208">[[#Blunt|Blunt]], p. 208.</ref> Faur changes teuk place in the early twentiet century, whan [[Carl Hagenbeck]] designed enclosurs mair closely resemblin a naitural habitat, wi concrete 'rocks', mair appen space an a moat insteid o bars. He designed lion enclosurs for baith [[Melbourne Zoo]] an Sydney's [[Taronga Zoo]], amang ithers, in the early twentiet century. awbesit his designs war popular, the auld bars an cage enclosurs prevailed till the 1960s in mony zoos.<ref name="dc69">[[#Courcy|de Courcy]], p. 69.</ref> In the later decades o the twentiet century, lairger, mair naitural enclosurs an the uise o [[mesh|wire mesh]] or [[laminatit glass]] insteid o lawered dens allaed veesitors tae come closer nor ever tae the ainimals, wi some attractions even placin the den on grund heicher than visitors, lik the Cat Wid/Lion Owerleuk o [[Oklahoma City Zoo an Botanical Gairden|Oklahoma City Zoological Pairk]].<ref name="zoos_encyclopedia"/> Lions is nou placed in gey muckler naturalistic areas; modren recommendit guidelines mair closely approximate condeetions in the wild wi closer attention tae the lions' needs, heichlichtin the need fur dens in separate areas, elevatit poseetions in baith sun an shade whaur lions can sit an adequate grund civer an drainage as weel as sufficient space tae roam. Thare hae an aa been instances whaur a lion wis kept bi a private individual, lik the lioness [[Elsa the Lioness|Elsa]], wha wis raised bi [[George Adamson]] an his guidwife [[Joy Adamson]] an came tae develop a strang bond wi them, parteecularly the latter. The lioness later achieved fame, her life bein documentit in a series o beuks an films. ===Baitin an tamin=== {{Main|Lion-baitin|Lion tamin}} [[File:Lion tamer (LOC pga.03749).jpg|left|thumb|Nineteent century [[etchin]] o a lion tamer in a cage o lions]] Lion-baitin is a [[bluid sport]] involvin the [[ainimal-baitin|baitin]] o lions in combat wi ither ainimals, uisually dugs. Records o it exists in auncient times throu till the seiventeent century. It wis feenally banned in [[Vienna]] bi 1800 an Ingland in 1835.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hone |first=William |editor=Kyle Grimes |title=The Every-Day Book |origyear=1825–1826 |url=http://www.uab.edu/english/hone/etexts/edb/day-pages/207-july26.html |accessdate=25 January 2011 |year=2004 |publisher=University of Alabama at Birmingham |page=26 |chapter=July |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624080642/http://www.uab.edu/english/hone/etexts/edb/day-pages/207-july26.html |archivedate=2008-06-24 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Blaisdell |first=Warren H. |date=November 1997 |title=How A Lion Fight Caused England To Stop The Breeding Of Both Ring And Pit Bulldogs |journal=American Bulldog Review |volume=3 |issue=4 |url=http://www.american-bulldog.com/how_a_lion.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080424001716/http://www.american-bulldog.com/how_a_lion.htm |archivedate=2008-04-24 |accessdate=5 September 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lion tamin refers tae the practice o tamin lions fur enterteenment, aither as pairt o an established [[circus]] or as an indiveedual act, lik [[Siegfried & Roy]]. The term is forby eften uised fur the tamin an display o ither big cats lik teegers, leopards, an [[cougar]]s. The practice wis pioneered in the first hauf o the nineteent century bi Frenchman Henri Martin an American [[Isaac A. Van Amburgh|Isaac Van Amburgh]] wha baith toured widely, an whase techniques war copied bi a nummer o follaers.<ref name = "baratay187"/> Van Amburgh performed afore [[Queen Victoria]] in 1838 whan he toured Great Breetain. Martin componed a [[pantomime]] titled ''Les Lions de Mysore'' ("the lions o Mysore"), an idea that Amburgh quickly borraed. Thir acts eclipsed [[equestrianism]] acts as the central display o circus shaws, but truly entered public consciousness in the early twentiet century wi cinema. In demonstratin the superiority o human ower ainimal, lion tamin served a purpose seemilar tae ainimal fichts o previous centuries.<ref name="baratay187">[[#Baratay|Baratay & Hardouin-Fugier]], p. 187.</ref> The ultimate pruif o a tamer's dominance an control ower a lion is demonstratit bi placin his heid in the lion's gab. The nou iconic lion tamer's chair wis possibly first uised bi American [[Clyde Beatty]] (1903–1965).<ref>{{Cite book | first=David | last=Feldman | authorlink=David Feldman (author) | year=1993 | title=How Does Aspirin Find a Headache? | url=https://archive.org/details/howdoesaspirinfi00davi | publisher=HarperCollins | isbn= 0-06-016923-0 }}</ref> ==Notes==<!-- ContribZool76:87. --> {{reflist|30em}} ===Citit texts=== {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book | last1 = Baratay |first1 = Eric | first2 = Elisabeth | last2 = Hardouin-Fugier |title= Zoo: a history of zoological gardens in the West | url = https://archive.org/details/zoohistoryofzool0000bara |year=2002 |publisher=Reaktion Books |location=London |isbn = 1-86189-111-3|ref=Baratay}} * {{cite book |last=Blunt |first= Wilfred |title= The Ark in the Park: The Zoo in the Nineteenth Century |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_241893313 |year = 1975 | publisher =Hamish Hamilton |location=London |isbn=0-241-89331-3|ref=Blunt}} * {{cite book |last=de Courcy |first=Catherine |title= The Zoo Story |year= 1995 |publisher= Penguin Books | location = Ringwood, Victoria |isbn=0-14-023919-7|ref=Courcy}} * {{cite book | last= Schaller |first= George B. |authorlink= George Schaller|year= 1972 |title= The Serengeti lion: A study of predator-prey relations| url= https://archive.org/details/serengetilionstu0000scha |publisher= University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago |isbn = 0-226-73639-3 | ref =Schaller}} * {{cite book | last= Scott |first=Jonathon |last2=Scott |first2=Angela |year=2002 |title=Big Cat Diary: Lion | url= https://archive.org/details/lion0000scot_g1p0 |publisher=Harper Collins |isbn=0-00-714666-3 |ref=Scott}} {{refend}} [[Category:Lions| ]] [[Category:Ainimals descrived in 1758]] [[Category:Greek loanwirds]] [[Category:Mammals o Africae]] [[Category:Mammals o Indie]] [[Category:Megafauna o Africae]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Burundi]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Chad]] [[Category:Fauna o Wast Africae]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o the Republic o the Congo]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Kenyae]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Malawi]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Morocco]] [[Category:Fauna o East Africae]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Sierra Leone]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Singapore]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Sooth Africae]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Sri Lanka]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Swaziland]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Togo]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Tunisie]] [[Category:Predators]] [[Category:Felids o Indie]] qilbb1esza5jmpl4cqew2rolfkehgyo 0 45397 919939 914563 2026-07-24T23:33:57Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 919939 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group| |group= Erse fowk <br /> ''Muintir na hÉireann'' |image = |caption= 1st row: [[Oscar Wilde]] • [[Maureen O'Hara]] • [[Hugh Roe O'Donnell|Red Hugh O'Donnell]] • [[Bono]] • [[Bram Stoker]] • [[Francis Beaufort]] • [[George Best]] 2nd row: [[Mary McAleese]] • [[Ernest Shackleton]] • [[Pierce Brosnan]] • [[Enya]] • [[Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone]] • [[Robert Boyle]] • [[Brigit of Kildare|Saint Brigid]] 3rd row: [[Jonathan Rhys Meyers]] • [[Daniel O'Connell]] • [[James Joyce]] • [[Constance Markievicz|Countess Markievicz]] • [[Sharon Corr]] • [[Patrick Pearse]] • [[Michael Collins (Irish leader)|Michael Collins]] |poptime= '''Estimatit 80,000,000 fowk wha claim Erse forebeirs'''<ref name="Diaspora">[http://www.discoverireland.com/us/about-ireland/history/ The island history], discoverireland.com</ref> |popplace = {{flag|Ireland}} 4,500,000 {{flag|Northren Ireland}} 1,700,000 |region1 = {{flag|Unitit States}} |pop1 = 40,000,000+ |ref1 =<ref>{{cite web |author=American FactFinder, United States Census Bureau |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-parsed=true&-ds_name=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_&-_lang=en&-_caller=geoselect&-format= |title=U.S. Census Bureau, 2007 |publisher=Factfinder.census.gov |accessdate=2010-05-30 |archive-date=2020-02-12 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212061822/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-parsed=true&-ds_name=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_&-_lang=en&-_caller=geoselect&-format= |url-status=dead }}</ref>|region3 = {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}} |pop2 = 6,000,000 |ref2 =<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/1224611.stm |title=One in four Britons claim Irish roots |publisher=BBC News |date=2001-03-16 |accessdate=2010-03-28}}</ref> |region3 = {{flag|Australie}} |pop3 = 5,900,000 |ref3 =<ref>The [http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/ABSNavigation/prenav/ViewData?action=404&documentproductno=0&documenttype=Details&order=1&tabname=Details&areacode=0&issue=2006&producttype=Census%20Tables&javascript=true&textversion=false&navmapdisplayed=true&breadcrumb=TLPD&&collection=Census&period=2006&productlabel=Ancestry%20(full%20classification%20list)%20by%20Sex&producttype=Census%20Tables&method=Place%20of%20Usual%20Residence&topic=Ancestry& 2006 Australian Census] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080722065340/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/ABSNavigation/prenav/ViewData?action=404&documentproductno=0&documenttype=Details&order=1&tabname=Details&areacode=0&issue=2006&producttype=Census%20Tables&javascript=true&textversion=false&navmapdisplayed=true&breadcrumb=TLPD&&collection=Census&period=2006&productlabel=Ancestry%20(full%20classification%20list)%20by%20Sex&producttype=Census%20Tables&method=Place%20of%20Usual%20Residence&topic=Ancestry& |date=2008-07-22 }} reports 1.9&nbsp;million people o Erse ''forbeirs'' in the 2001 Census. Up tae twa ancestries could be chuisen. Recent increases in the nummer wha identify as Australian suggest that this nummer is an unnerestimate o the true nummer wi Erse forbeirs. Wi that being said, the nummer claimin Erse ancestry frae the umwhile census actually mair nor doublet. Ane raison, a impruived image o whit it means tae be Irish according tae the census experts, making Australians prouder tae proclaim their Erse forbeirs. The Australian Embassy in Dublin haes forby proclaimt that up tae 30 percent o Australians haes some degree o Erse forbeirs.[http://www.ireland.embassy.gov.au/dubl/relations.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113041122/http://www.ireland.embassy.gov.au/dubl/relations.html |date=2012-01-13 }}.</ref> |region4 = {{flag|Canadae}} |pop4 = 4,354,155 |ref4 =<ref name="CanadaCensus">{{cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/ethnic/pages/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Table=2&Data=Count&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000 |title=Ethnocultural portrait of Canada |publisher=[[Statistics Canada]] |year=2006 |accessdate=2008-07-04 |archive-date=2008-05-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080531020330/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/ethnic/pages/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Data=Count&Table=2&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |region5 = {{flag|Argentinae}} |pop5 = 1,000,000 |ref5 =<ref name="Argentina">[http://www.irishabroad.com/news/irishpost/featurearticles/anirisheasterrising.asp= An Irish Argentine in the Easter Rising]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |region6 = {{flag|Mexico}} |pop6 = 600,000 |ref6 = |region7 = [[Erse bi kintra|Ither Regions]] |pop7 = |ref7 = |region8 = |pop8 = |ref8 = |langs = [[Erse leid|Irish]], [[Shelta leid|Shelta]], [[Hiberno-Inglis]], [[Ulster Scots dialects]], |rels = Predominantly [[Roman Catholicism in Ireland|Roman Catholicism]], minority [[Presbyterian Kirk in Ireland|Presbyterianism]], [[Kirk o Ireland|Anglicanism]], [[Methodist Kirk in Ireland|Methodism]], (see an aw [[Releegion in Ireland]]) |related =[[Breton fowk|Bretons]], [[Cornish fowk|Cornish]], [[Manx fowk|Manx]], [[Scots fowk|Scots]], [[Ulster Scots fowk|Ulster Scots]], [[Welsh fowk|Welsh]], [[Inglis fowk|Inglis]], [[Anglo-Celtic|Anglo-Erse]], (see an aw [[Celts (modern)|Celts]] an [[Erse diaspora]]) |footnotes = * Aroond 800,000 Erse born fowk reside in Breetain, wi aroond 14,000,000 fowk claimin Erse ancestry.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/britain/article/0,,1871753,00.html |title=More Britons applying for Irish passports &#124; UK news &#124; guardian.co.uk |work=The Guardian |location=London |date= 2006-09-13|accessdate=2009-12-31 | first=Owen | last=Bowcott}}</ref> }} The '''Erse fowk''' ({{lang-ga|Muintir na hÉireann}}, ''na hÉireannaigh'' or ''na Gaeil'', [[Ullans]]: ''Airisch/Airish Fowk'') is a [[ethnic group]] that oreeginates in [[Ireland]], an island in northwastren Europe. Ireland haes been populate for aboot 9,000 year (accordin tae airchaeological studies, see [[Prehistoric Ireland]]). The Erse fowk's earliest forebeirs is recordit in leegends &ndash; thay are claimed tae be the descendants o siclike groups as the [[Nemedians]], [[Fomorians]], [[Fir Bolg]], [[Tuatha Dé Danann]] an the [[Milesies (Irish)|Milesies]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Boylan|first= Henry |year=1998|title=A Dictionary of Irish Biography, 3rd Edition|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofiris0000unse_t5c2|pages=xvi|location=Dublin|publisher=Gill and MacMillan|isbn= 0-7171-2945-4}}</ref> [[Lebor Gabála Érenn]], a beuk o Erse meethology tells that [[Milesians (Irish)|Milesians]] wis [[Scythian]] descendants.<ref>M. Virpiranta, Struggles of Sun against Thunder: Development of Druidism and Christianity. Perfect Paperback, 2011.</ref> ==Fitmerks== {{Reflist|2}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Erse Fowk}} [[Category:Celtic cultur]] [[Category:Celtic fowk]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Europe]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Ireland]] [[Category:Erse fowk| ]] l8ez3nu3bcvj5bwky8sf21rp856zb8n 0 45616 919974 896996 2026-07-24T23:59:37Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 2 books for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 919974 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Historic centre o Mexico Ceety | native_name = Centro Histórico de la Ciudad de México | image_skyline = Plaza de la Constitucion Ciudad de Mexico City.jpg | image_caption = The Zócalo, the main plaza o Mexico Ceety an the hert o the Centro Histórico | subdivision_type = Kintra | subdivision_name = [[Mexico]] | subdivision_type1 = Ceety | subdivision_name1 = [[Mexico Ceety]] | coordinates = {{coord|19|25|58.09|N|99|07|59.68|W|display=inline}} | timezone1 = [[Central Time Zone|CST]] | utc_offset1 = −6 | timezone1_DST = [[Central Daylicht Time|CDT]] | utc_offset1_DST = −5 | footnotes = {{designation list | embed=yes | designation1 = WHS | designation1_offname = Historic Centre o Mexico Ceety an [[Xochimilco]] | designation1_date = 1987 <small>(11t [[Warld Heritage Committee|session]])</small> | designation1_type = Cultural | designation1_criteria = ii, iii, iv, v | designation1_number = [http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/412 412] | designation1_free1name = State Pairty | designation1_free1value = Mexico | designation1_free2name = Region | designation1_free2value = [[:en:List of World Heritage Sites in the Americas|Laitin Americae an the Caribbean]] }} }} '''The historic centre o [[Mexico Ceety]]''' is kent as the "Centro" or "Centro Histórico" an aw. This neeborheid is focused on the [[Zócalo]] or main plaza in [[Mexico Ceety]] an extends in aw directions for a nummer o blocks wi its farthest extent bein wast tae the [[Mexico City Alameda Central|Alameda Central]]<ref name="Lonely">{{cite beuk |title=Lonely Planet Mexico City: Your map to the megalopolis |last=Noble |first=John |authorlink= |year=2000 |publisher=Lonely Planet |location=Oakland CA |isbn=1864500875|pages= |url=https://archive.org/details/mexicocity0000nobl}}</ref> The Zocalo is the mucklest plaza in Laitin Americae<ref name="WHO">{{cite web |url= http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/412 |title= UNESCO World Heritage Sites Mexico City Historic Center and Xochimilco |accessdate=2008-08-30 }}</ref> an the seicont mucklest in the warld efter Moscow's [[Red Square]].<ref name="CityGuide">{{cite web |url=http://www.mexicocity-guide.com/zones/historical_centre.htm |title=Mexico City Guide Historical Centre |accessdate=2008-08-30 |archive-date=2008-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013200825/http://www.mexicocity-guide.com/zones/historical_centre.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> It can hauld up tae naurhaund 100,000 fowk.<ref name="Fox">{{cite news |title= Mexicans protest nationwide against crime wave |url= http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,414064,00.html |work= |publisher=Fox News |date=August 30, 2008 |accessdate=2008-08-31 }}</ref> This section o the ceety haes juist ower nine square km an occupees 668 blocks. It contains 9,000 biggins, 1,550 o it haes been declared o historical importance. Maist o thir historic biggins wur constructit atween the 16t an 20t centuries. It is dividit inta twa zones for preservation purposes. Zone A encompasses the pre-Hispanic ceety an its expansion frae the Viceroy period till Unthirldom. Zone B covers the auries aw ither constructions tae the end o the 19t century that are considered indispensable tae the preservation o the aurie's airchitectural an cultural heritage.<ref name="MexDes">{{cite journal |last=Valdez Krieg |first=Adriana |authorlink= |date=September 2004 |title=Al rescate del centro histórico |journal=Mexico Desconocido |volume=331 |issue= |pages= |url=http://www.mexicodesconocido.com.mx/notas/1307-Al-rescate-del-Centro-Hist%C3%B3rico-(Distrito-Federal) |accessdate=2008-09-02 |quote= |archive-date=2009-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305102136/http://www.mexicodesconocido.com.mx/notas/1307-Al-rescate-del-Centro-Hist%C3%B3rico-%28Distrito-Federal%29 |url-status=dead }}</ref> This is whaur the Spaniards began tae bigg whit is nou modren [[Mexico Ceety]] in the 16t century on the ruins o the conquered [[Tenochtitlan]], caipital o the [[Aztec Empire]].<ref name="WHO"/> As the centre o the auncient Aztec Empire an the seat o pouer for the Spainyie colony o [[New Spain]], the Centro Historico contains maist o the ceety's historic steids frae baith eras as well as a lairge nummer o museums. This haes made it a Warld Heritage Steid.<ref name="Lonely"/> == Climate == <div style="width:75%"> {{Weather box |location = Mexico City |single line = Yes |metric first = Yes |Jan high F = 70 |Feb high F = 72 |Mar high F = 76 |Apr high F = 78 |May high F = 79 |Jun high F = 76 |Jul high F = 74 |Aug high F =74 |Sep high F = 73 |Oct high F = 73 |Nov high F =72 |Dec high F = 70 |Year high F = 74 |Jan low F = 45 |Feb low F = 46 |Mar low F = 50 |Apr low F = 53 |May low F = 55 |Jun low F = 57 |Jul low F = 56 |Aug low F = 56 |Sep low F = 55 |Oct low F = 52 |Nov low F = 48 |Dec low F = 45 |Year low F = 52 |Jan precipitation inch = 0.3 |Feb precipitation inch =0.2 |Mar precipitation inch = 0.5 |Apr precipitation inch = 0.8 |May precipitation inch = 1.9 |Jun precipitation inch = 4.2 |Jul precipitation inch = 5.1 |Aug precipitation inch = 4.8 |Sep precipitation inch = 4.3 |Oct precipitation inch = 1.7 |Nov precipitation inch = 0.6 |Dec precipitation inch = 0.3 |Year precipitation inch = 25 |source 1 = Weatherbase <ref name=Weatherbase>{{cite web |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=97667&refer=wikipedia |title=Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Mexico City, Distrito Federal |publisher=Weatherbase |year=2011 |access-date=2013-02-17 |archive-date=2013-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731132631/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=97667&refer=wikipedia |url-status=dead }} Retrieved on November 24, 2011.</ref> |date=November 2011 }} </div> ==History== [[File:FountainGarciaBravoDF.JPG|thumb|left|Foontain wi busts honorin Alonso Garcia Bravo, wha laid oot post-Conquest Mexico Ceety conservin hintle o the oreeginal Aztec infrastructur. Locatit aff Merced Street atween Jesus María an Talavera, east o the Zocalo.]] Whit is nou the historic dountoun o Mexico Ceety roughly correlates wi the auncient Aztec ceety o Tenochtitlan, that wis foondit aroond 1325. Durin the prehispanic era, the ceety developit in a planned fashion, wi streets an canals aligned wi the cardinal directions, leadin tae orderly square blocks.<ref name="MexDes"/> The eilan that the ceety wis foondit on wis dividit intae fower calpullis or neebourheids that wur dividit bi the main north-sooth roads leadin tae [[Tepeyac]] an [[Iztapalapa]] respectively an the wast-east road that lead tae [[Tacuba]] an tae a dike intae the lake, respectively. The calpullis wur namit Cuepopan, Atzacualco, Moyotla an Zoquipan, that haed subdiveesions an a "tecpan" or destrict cooncil each. The intersection o thir roads wis the centre o the ceety an o the Aztec warld. Here wur the Templo Mayor, the pailaces o the [[tlatoani]] or emperors, pailaces o nobles sic as the "Hoose o the Demons" an the "Hoose o the Flouers". Ither things locatit here wur the twa maist renouned Aztec schuils: the Telpuchcalli for secular studies an the Calmecac for priestly trainin. Whan the Spaniards arrivit, the ceety gart bigg aqueducts bi [[Montezuma Ilhuicamina]] an [[Ahuizotl]] as well as a muckle dike constructit tae the east o the ceety.<ref name="oficial">{{cite beuk |title= Guia Oficial Centro de la Ciudad de Mexico |last=Horz de Via |first= Elena|coauthors= |year= 1991|publisher= INAH - SALVAT |language=Spanish |isbn=968-32-0540-2 |pages= 8–9 }}</ref> Efter the Spainyie conquest, this design remained mainly intact, maistly due tae the efforts o [[Alonso Garcia Bravo]], who supervised hintle o the rebiggin o the ceety. This reconstruction conservit mony o the main thoroufares sic as Tenayuca, renamit Vallejo; Tlacopan, renamit México Tacuba, an Tepeyac, nou cried the Calzada de los Misterios. Thay kept major diveesions o the ceety addin Christian prefixes tae the names sic as San Juan Moyotla, Santa María Tlaquechiuacan, San Sebastián Atzacualco an San Pedro Teopan an aw. In fact, maist o the centro historicos wis biggit wi the rubble o the destroyed Aztec ceety.<ref name="MexDes"/> A nummer o fowk durin this time, aw Spaniards, accumulatit vast walth maistly throu minin an commerce in the 17t an 18t centuries. This walth is reflectit in the various mansions scattered in the centro sic as the [[Palace o Iturbide]] an [[Casa de los Azulejos, Mexico Ceety|Casa de Azulejos]] (Hoose o Tiles). This hoose wis biggit in the 16t century in Arab style but its namesake tiles wur addit in 1747 whan the Coont o the Valley o Orizaba ordered the [[Talavera (pottery)|Talavera]] tiles frae [[Puebla]].<ref name="mundo">{{cite beuk |title= Patrimonio del Mundo America del Norte |last=Lutz |first= Jurgen |author2=Jochen Schurmann |year= 2002 |language=Spanish |isbn=84-01-61896-7 |volume=1 |pages= 246–257 |publisher= Plaza de Janes |location= Mexico }}</ref> In the early pairt o the 20t century, as a result o the Laitin American postur o then-Meenister o Public Eddication [[José Vasconcelos]], mony o the streets tae the north an wast o the Zocalo wur renamit efter Laitin American kintras.<ref name="historic99">{{cite beuk |title=Mexico City Historic Center |last= Galindo |first=Carmen |authorlink= |author2=Magdalena Galindo |year=2002 |publisher=Ediciones Nueva Guia |location=Mexico City |isbn=968-5437-29-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/mexicocityhistor0000unse|page=[https://archive.org/details/mexicocityhistor0000unse/page/99 99] }}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Historic Centre O Mexico Ceety}} [[Category:Neebourheids in Mexico Ceety|Centro Historico]] [[Category:Historic centres]] [[Category:Warld Heritage Steids in Mexico]] [[Category:Veesitor attractions in Mexico Ceety]] s6z73hocf8vpigllsv2jadt86hulrlg 0 48084 920008 838190 2026-07-25T00:32:49Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 920008 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=October 2020}} A '''molecule''' is an [[electrically]] neutral group o twa or mair [[atom]]s held thegither bi [[chemical bond]]s.<ref name="iupac">{{GoldBookRef| title=Molecule|file=M04002|accessdate=23 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| author= Ebbin, Darrell D.| title= General Chemistry | url= https://archive.org/details/generalchemistry0000geor|edition=3rd| date= 1990| publisher= Houghton Mifflin Co.| location= Boston| isbn= 0-395-43302-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| author= Brown, T.L. |author2=Kenneth C. Kemp |author3=Theodore L. Brown |author4=Harold Eugene LeMay |author5=Bruce Edward Bursten |title= Chemistry – the Central Science | url= https://archive.org/details/studentlectureno00theo |edition=9th| date= 2003| publisher= Prentice Hall| location= New Jersey| isbn= 0-13-066997-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| last= Chang| first= Raymond| title= Chemistry | url= https://archive.org/details/chemistry0006chan|edition=6th| date= 1998| publisher= McGraw Hill| location= New York| isbn= 0-07-115221-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| author= Zumdahl, Steven S.| title= Chemistry | url= https://archive.org/details/chemistry0004zumd|edition=4th| date= 1997| publisher= Houghton Mifflin| location= Boston| isbn= 0-669-41794-7}}</ref> Molecules are distinguished frae [[ion]]s bi thair lack o electrical chairge. Houever, in [[quantum physics]], [[organic chemistry]], an [[biochemistry]], the term ''molecule'' is eften uised less strictly, bein applee'd tae [[polyatomic ion]]s an aa. In the [[kinetic theory o gases]], the term ''molecule'' is eften uised for ony gaseous [[pairticle]] regairdless o its composeetion. Accordin tae this defineetion, [[noble gas]] atoms are conseedert molecules as thay are in fact monoatomic molecules.<ref>{{cite book| last= Chandra| first= Sulekh| title= Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry| date= 2005| publisher= New Age Publishers| isbn= 81-224-1512-1}}</ref> A molecule mey be [[homonuclear]], that is, it conseests o atoms o ane [[chemical element]], as wi [[oxygen]] (O₂); or it mey be [[heteronuclear]], a [[chemical compoond]] componed o mair nor ane element, as wi [[watter (molecule)|watter]] (H₂O). Atoms an complexes connectit bi [[non-covalent interactions]], sic as [[hydrogen bond]]s or [[ionic bond]]s, are generally nae conseedert single molecules.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title= Molecule|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|date =22 January 2016|url=http://global.britannica.com/science/molecule|access-date=23 February 2016}}</ref> Molecules as components o matter are common in organic substances (an tharefore biochemistry). Thay mak up maist o the oceans an atmosphere. Houever, the majority o fameeliar solit substances on Yird, includin maist o the minerals that mak up the [[Crust (geology)|crust]], [[Mantle (geology)|mantle]], an [[Yird core|core o the Yird]], conteen mony chemical bonds, but are ''nae'' made o identifiable molecules. Forby, na teepical molecule can be defined for [[ionic creestal]]s ([[saut (chemistry)|sauts]]) an covalent creestals ([[network solit]]s), awtho thir are eften componed o repeatin [[unit cell]]s that extend aither in a [[Plane (mathematics)|plane]] (sic as in [[graphene]]) or three-dimensionally (sic as in [[diamond]], [[quartz]], or [[sodium chloride]]). The theme o repeated unit-cellular-structur forby holds for maist condensed phases wi [[metallic bond]]in, which means that solit metals are nae made o molecules. In [[gless]]es (solits that exeest in a vitreous disordered state), atoms mey forby be held thegither bi chemical bonds wi na presence o ony definable molecule, nor ony o the regularity o repeatin units that chairacterises creestals. ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Maiter]] [[Category:Chemistry]] [[Category:Molecular physics| ]] [[Category:Molecules| ]] a5r6gqeikjqb9vx1jndslxw1g2et9b9 0 48440 919936 884686 2026-07-24T23:30:48Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 919936 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}}{{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |name = Santa Inés Yatzeche |settlement_type =[[Municipalities o Mexico|Municipality]] an toun |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = Location o the municipality in Oaxaca |pushpin_map = Mexico<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position =above |pushpin_mapsize = |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Mexico <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Mexico}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Poleetical diveesions o Mexico|State]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Oaxaca]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref = |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = 11.48 <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of =2005 |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = 975 |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[North American Central Time Zone|Central Staundart Time]] |utc_offset = -6 |timezone_DST = [[North American Central Time Zone|Central Daylicht Time]] |utc_offset_DST = -5 |coordinates = {{coord|16|48|N|96|45|W|region:MX|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Santa Inés Yatzeche''' is a toun an [[Municipalities o Oaxaca|municipality]] in [[Oaxaca]] in sooth-wastren [[Mexico]]. The municipality kivers an aurie o 11.48&nbsp;km² at an average elevation o 1,460 metre abuin the sea level. It is pairt o the [[Zimatlán Destrict, Oaxaca|Zimatlán Destrict]] o the [[Valles Centrales de Oaxaca|Valles Centrales]] region.<ref name=inafed>{{cite web |url=http://www.inafed.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/oaxaca/municipios/20389a.htm |title=SANTA INÉS YATZECHE |work=Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México |accessdate=2010-07-10 |archive-date=2011-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718114020/http://www.inafed.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/oaxaca/municipios/20389a.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The commonty, whilk lees on the Atoyac River in the soothren [[Valle Grande, Oaxaca|Valle Grande]], haes a lang history. Airchaeological studies hae shown that it wis a flourishin centre for hunners o years afore the rise o [[Monte Albán]] aroond 500, whan it suffert a loss o 75% of its population.<ref>{{cite book |page=[https://archive.org/details/ancientmesoameri0000unse_g8r7/page/91 91] |title=Ancient Mesoamerica: A Comparison of Change in Three Regions |url=https://archive.org/details/ancientmesoameri0000unse_g8r7 |author=Richard E. Blanton, Stephen A. Kowalewski, Gary M. Feinman, Laura M. Finsten |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1993 |ISBN=0-521-44606-6}}</ref> The commonty is nou relatively poor. As o 2000, anerly 7% o hoosehaulds earned mair nor twice the minimum wage. Maist o the indwallers, wha speaks [[Zapotec leids|Zapotec]], haednae complete sax year o eddication. The veelagers maun traivel tae [[Zimatlán de Álvarez]] fur tae sell produce, an tae [[Oaxaca de Juárez|Oaxaca ceety]] fur tae obtain wage-payin wirk.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.utexas.edu/utpress/excerpts/excohcul.html |title=The Culture of Migration in Southern Mexico |publisher=University of Texas Press |author=Jeffrey H. Cohen |accessdate=2010-07-10}}</ref> As o 2005, the total population wis 975, 908 o wham spake an indigenous leid, bidin in 210 hames. The climate is temperate an main economic activity is agriculture an livestock husbandry.<ref name=inafed/> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Zimatlán Destrict, Oaxaca}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Santa Ines Yatzeche}} [[Category:Municipalities o Oaxaca]] [[Category:Populatit places in Oaxaca]] 69onq5l8fx1gs8ps2r61tldmaegwsm1 0 49680 919970 908879 2026-07-24T23:56:49Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 919970 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fix Scots|date=Januar 2021}} {{Infobox varsity |name = Harvard Varsity |image_name = Reading Room, Langdell Hall, Harvard University, Cambridge MA.jpg |image_size = 250px |caption = Reading Room<br>Langdell Hall |latin_name = Universitas Harvardiana |motto = ''Veritas''<ref>Harvard's famous ''Veritas'' appears directly on the Varsity's airms; [[Heraldry|heraldically]] speakin, houiver, a 'motto' is a wird or phrase displayed on a scroll in conjunction wi a shield o arms. [http://books.google.com/books?id=zkQWZaZqZfUC&pg=PA330&lpg=PA330#v=onepage&q&f=false Since 1692] Varsity [[seal (device)|seals]] hae borne ''Christo et Ecclesiae'' (for Christ an the Kirk) in this manner, arguably makkin that phrase the Varsity's motto in a heraldic sense. This leegend is itherwise nae in general uise the day.</ref> |established = 1636<ref name=founding>An appropriation o £400 taewart a "schuil or college" wis votit on October 28, 1636 (OS), at a meetin that ineetially convened on September 8 an wis adjourned tae October 28. Some soorces conseeder October 28, 1636 (AS) (November 7, 1636 NS) tae be the date o foondin. Harvard's 1936 tercentenary celebration treatit September 18 as the foondin date, tho 1836 bicentennial wis celebratit on September 8, 1836. Soorces: meetin dates, {{cite book|first=Josiah|last=Quincy|title=History of Harvard University|url=https://archive.org/details/historyharvardu00quingoog|year=1860|publisher=Crosby, Nichols, Lee and Co.|location=117 Washington Street, Boston}}, [http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC11636583&id=KynqxH_4lGUC&pg=RA1-PA586&lpg=RA1-PA586 p. 586], "At a Court holden September 8th, 1636 and continued by adjournment to the 28th of the 8th month (October, 1636)... the Court agreed to give £400 towards a School or College, whereof £200 to be paid next year...." Tercentenary dates: {{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/printout/0,8816,756722,00.html|date=1936-09-28|accessdate=2006-09-08|work=Time|title=Cambridge Birthday|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20121205054221/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/printout/0,8816,756722,00.html|archivedate=2012-12-05|url-status=dead}}: "Harvard claims birth on the day the Massachusetts Great and General Court convened to authorize its founding. This was Sept. 8, 1637 under the Julian calendar. Allowing for the ten-day advance of the Gregorian calendar, Tercentenary officials arrived at Sept. 18 as the date for the third and last big Day of the celebration;" "on Oct. 28, 1636 ... £400 for that 'school or college' [was voted by] the Great and General Court of the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]]." Bicentennial date: {{cite web|url=http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2003/10.02/02-history.html|publisher=Harvard University|title=Harvard Gazette: This Month in Harvard History|date=2003-09-02|accessdate=2006-09-15|author=Marvin Hightower|archive-date=2006-09-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060908144409/http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2003/10.02/02-history.html|url-status=dead}}, "Sept. 8, 1836 - Some 1,100 to 1,300 alumni flock to Harvard's Bicentennial, at which a professional choir premieres "Fair Harvard." ... guest speaker Josiah Quincy Jr., Class of 1821, makes a motion, unanimously adopted, 'that this assembly of the Alumni be adjourned to meet at this place on the 8th of September, 1936.'" Tercentary opening of Quincy's sealed package: ''The New York Times,'' September 9, 1936, p. 24, "Package Sealed in 1836 Opened at Harvard. It Held Letters Written at Bicentenary": "September 8th, 1936: As the first formal function in the celebration of Harvard's tercentenary, the Harvard Alumni Association witnessed the opening by President Conant of the 'mysterious' package sealed by President Josiah Quincy at the Harvard bicentennial in 1836."</ref> |mottoeng = Truth |type = [[Private Varsity|Private]] |calendar = Semester |endowment = US$$36 billion (2017)<ref>As o Juin 30, 2017. {{cite web |url=http://www.nacubo.org/Documents/research/2017-Endowment-Market-Values-2.pdf |title=U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year (FY) 2017 Endowment Market Value and Change in Endowment Market Value from FY2016 to FY2017 |publisher=National Association of College and University Business Officers and Commonfund Institute |year=2018 |access-date=2018-02-24 |archive-date=2018-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226033316/http://www.nacubo.org/Documents/research/2017-Endowment-Market-Values-2.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |preses = [[Drew Gilpin Faust]] |students = 21,000<ref name="Harvard at a Glance">{{As of|2014|09|01}}. {{cite web| title = Harvard at a Glance| work = Harvard University| url = http://www.harvard.edu/harvard-glance| accessdate = November 27, 2014| archive-date = 2013-06-29| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130629093652/http://www.harvard.edu/harvard-glance| url-status = dead}}</ref> |undergrad = 6,700<ref name="Harvard at a Glance"/> |postgrad = 14,500<ref name="Harvard at a Glance"/> |faculty = 4,671<ref>{{Cite book|last=Office of Institutional Research. |title=Harvard University Fact Book |year=2009 |chapter=Faculty |url=http://www.provost.harvard.edu/institutional_research/Provost_-_09_18-19facuni.pdf |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425050912/http://www.provost.harvard.edu/institutional_research/Provost_-_09_18-19facuni.pdf |archivedate=April 25, 2012 |df= }} ("Unduplicated, Paid Instructional Faculty Count: 2,107. Unduplicated instructional faculty count is the most appropriate count for general reporting purposes.")</ref> |ceety = [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] |state = Massachusetts |kintra = U.S. |campus = [[Urban aurie|Urban]]<br />{{Convert|210|acre|ha}} (Main campus)<br />{{Convert|22|acre|ha}} (Medical campus)<br />{{Convert|359|acre|ha}} (Allston campus)<ref name="Campus">{{cite web|url=http://www.provost.harvard.edu/institutional_research/Provost_-_FB2009_10_Sec03_4_Plant.pdf|title=Faculties and Allied Institutions|year=2009|publisher=Office of the Provost, Harvard University|accessdate=August 27, 2010|archive-date=2012-09-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905162014/http://www.provost.harvard.edu/institutional_research/Provost_-_FB2009_10_Sec03_4_Plant.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> |athletics = 41 Varsity Teams<br />[[Ivy League|Ivy&nbsp;League]]<br />[[Naitional Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] [[Diveesion I (NCAA)|Diveesion I]] |colors = [[Crimson]] {{Color box|#A51C30}} |free_label = Newspaper |free = ''[[The Harvard Crimson]]'' |nickname = [[Harvard Crimson]] |wabsteid = {{URL|http://www.harvard.edu/|Harvard.edu}} |logo = |publictransit = [[Harvard (MBTA station)]] }} '''Harvard Varsity''' is an American [[Private varsity|private]] [[Ivy League]] [[Carnegie Classification o Institutions o Heicher Eddication#Doctorate-grantin Varsities|research varsity]] locatit in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]], [[Massachusetts]], [[Unitit States]], established in 1636 bi the [[Massachusetts General Court|Massachusetts legislature]]. Harvard is the [[Colonial Colleges|auldest]] institution o heicher learnin in the Unitit States<ref>{{cite book|first1=Frederick |last1=Rudolph|title=The American College and University|url=https://archive.org/details/americancollegeu0000rudo |year=1961|page=[https://archive.org/details/americancollegeu0000rudo/page/3 3]|isbn=0-8203-1285-1|publisher=University of Georgia Press}}</ref> an the first [[corporation]] (offeecially ''The Preses an Fellows o Harvard College'') chartered in the kintra. Harvard's history, influence, an wealth hae made it ane o the maist prestigious varsities in the warld.<ref>{{cite book|title=Making Harvard Modern: The Rise of America's University|url=https://archive.org/details/makingharvardmod00kell|last1=Keller|first1=Morton|last2=Keller|first2=Phyllis|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-514457-0|quote=Harvard's professional schools... won world prestige of a sort rarely seen among social institutions. (...) Harvard's age, wealth, quality, and prestige may well shield it from any conceivable vicissitudes.|year=2001|pages=[https://archive.org/details/makingharvardmod00kell/page/n493 463]–481}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=How Harvard Rules: Reason in the Service of Empire|url=https://archive.org/details/howharvardrulesr00trum|quote=... [Harvard's] tremendous institutional power and prestige (...) Within the nation's (arguably) most prestigious institution of higher learning ...|chapter=Sexual Shakedown|pages=[https://archive.org/details/howharvardrulesr00trum/page/326 326]–336|year=1989|publisher=South End Press|isbn=0-89608-284-9|editor1-first=John|last=Spaulding|first=Christina|editor-last=Trumpbour}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-03-10/harvard-mit-ranked-most-prestigious-universities-study-reports.html|title=Harvard, MIT Ranked Most Prestigious Universities, Study Reports|author=David Altaner|publisher=Bloomberg|date=March 9, 2011|accessdate=March 1, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Collier's Encyclopedia|url=https://archive.org/details/colliersencyclop0014unse|publisher=Macmillan Educational Co.|year=1986|quote=Harvard University, one of the world's most prestigious institutions of higher learning, was founded in Massachusetts in 1636.}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:1636 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies]] [[Category:Association o Independent Colleges an Varsities in Massachusetts members]] [[Category:Colonial Colleges]] [[Category:Eddicational institutions established in the 1630s]] [[Category:Harvard Varsity|*]] [[Category:Naitional Association o Independent Colleges an Varsities members]] [[Category:New Ingland Association o Schuils an Colleges]] 2nm3wzdd73iyi9qcu53h8r9iz3qqhpy 0 50977 919971 909850 2026-07-24T23:57:41Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 2 books for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 919971 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=15 May 2013}} A '''yeir''' (frae [[Auld Inglis leid|Auld Inglis]] ''[[:wikt:gēar|gēar]]''; [[Gothic]] ''[[:wikt:jēr|jēr]]''; [[Runic]] ''[[:wikt:jēran|jēran]]'') is a [[unit]] o [[time]] based on tha [[orbital period]] o tha [[The Yird|Yird]] movin aroond tha [[Sun]]. Fur an observer at is oan tha Yird, thes corresponds tae tha period it taes tha sun tae complete a bodie coorse throoghit tha [[Zodiac]] alang tha [[ecliptic]]. In [[astronomy]], tha [[Julian yeir (astronomy)|Julian year]] is a unit o time at is defined as 365.25 [[day]]s o {{gaps|86|400}} [[Seicont|SI seconds]] each (nae ''[[lowp second]]s'').[[Internaitional Astronomical Union]]"[http://www.iau.org/science/publications/proceedings_rules/units/ SI units] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130716232020/http://www.iau.org/science/publications/proceedings_rules/units/ |date=2013-07-16 }}" accessed Februar 18, 2010. (see table fife an section fife.15.) reprintit frae [[George A. Wilkins]] & IAU commission fife, [http://www.iau.org/static/publications/stylemanual1989.pdf "The IAU Style Manual (1989)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726170213/http://www.iau.org/static/publications/stylemanual1989.pdf |date=2011-07-26 }} (PDF file) in ''[[IAU Transactions]]'' vol. xxb Thaur is nae universally acceptit seembol fur the year as a unit o time. The [[Internaitional Seestem o Units]] disnae propose a bodie. A common abbreviation in internaitional uisage is '''a''' (fur the [[Laitin laid|Laitin]] wird ''[[:wikt:annus|annus]]''), in [[Scots leid|Scots]] an [[Inglis leid|Inglis]] an aw '''y''' or '''yr'''. Due tae the Yird's [[axial kelter]], the coorse o a year sees the passin o the [[saison]]s, merked bi varioos changes in [[weaither]], hoors o [[daylicht]], an consequently [[vegetation]] an [[Fertility (soil)|fertility]]. In [[temperate]] an [[Subpolar climate|subpolar]] regions, generally fower [[saison]]s ur recognised: ''[[Ware (saison)|ware]]'', ''[[simmer]]'', ''[[hairst]]'' an ''[[winter]]'', each wi different [[temperatur]] an [[wather]], astronomically merked bi the sun reachin the pynts o [[equinox]] an [[solstice]]&mdash;althoogh the climatic saisons [[Saisonal lag|lag]] behind thair astronomical markers. In some [[tropics|tropical]] an [[subtropical]] regions it is mair common tae spick o the [[Wit saison|rainy]] (ur dreich, or [[monsuin]]) saison versus the [[dry saison]]. A [[calendar year]] is an approximation o the Yird's orbital period in a gien [[calendar]]. A calendar year in the [[Gregorian calendar]] (as weel as in the [[Julian calendar]]) haes aither 365 ([[common year]]s), or 366 ([[lowp year]]s) days. The wird "year" is an aw uised o periods loosely associatit but nae strictly identical wi aither the astronomical or the calendar year, sic as the [[saisonal year]], the [[fiscal year]] or the [[academic year]], etc. Bi extension, the term ''year'' can pure techt the orbital period o onie [[planit]]: fur example, a "Maurtian year" is the time in which [[Maurs]] completes its ain orbit. The term is an aw applied mair broadly tae onie lang period or cycle, sic as the "[[great year]]".[[oed]], s.v. "year", entry tae.b.: "''transf.'' Applied tae a huir uv a lang period or cycle (in [[chronology]] an [[mythology]], an vaguely in [[Poetry|poetic]] uise)." The year is aft dividit intae twal consecutive periods o time cried [[month]]s: [[Januar]], [[Februar]], [[Mairch]], [[Apryle]], [[Mey]], [[Juin]], [[Julie]], [[Augist]], [[September]], [[October]], [[November]], an [[Dizember]]. == Etymology == {{further|jēran}} [[West Saxon dialect|West saxon]] ''gear'' ({{IPA|jɛar}}), [[Anglian dialects|Anglian]] ''gēr'' continues [[Proto-Germanic]] ''*jǣram'' (''*j[[eihwaz|ē2]]ram''). [[Cognate]]s ur [[German language|German]] ''jahr'', [[auld high german]] ''jar'', [[auld norse]] ''ár'' an [[Gothic language|Gothic]] ''jer'', aw frae a [[pie]] ''*yērom'' ("year" or "saison"). Cognates ootwith o Germanic or [[Avestan]] ''yare'' ("year"), [[Ancient Greek leid|ancient Greek]] ''{{lang|grc|ὥρα}}'' ("year", "saison", or "period o time"), whence "[[hoor]]", [[auld kirk slavonic]] ''jaru'' an [[Laitin]] ''hornus'' ("o thes year"). Laitin ''[[:wikt:annus|annus]]'' (a [[2nt declension]] masculine [[noon]]); ''annum'' is the [[Accusatife case|accusatife singular]]; ''anni'' is [[genitife]] [[singular]] an [[nominatife]] [[plural]]; ''anno'' is the datife an ablatife singular) is frae a [[pie]] noin ''{{pie|*at-no-}}'', which yielded [[Gothic language|Gothic]] ''aþnam'' ("year") an aw. Baith ''*yē-ro-'' an ''*at-no-'' ur based oan verbal ruits fur expressin movement&mdash;''*at-'' an ''*ey-'', respectively&mdash;baith meanin "tae go" fur ordinar. The Greek wird fur "year", {{lang|grc|ἔτος}}, is cognate wi Laitin ''vetus'' ("old"), frae peh ''*wetus-'' ("year"), preserved in thes meanin in [[sanskrit]] ''{{iast|vat-sa-}}'' ("yearlin cauf") an ''{{iast|vat-sa-ras}}'' ("year") an aw. Derived frae the Laitin ''annus'' ur a nummer o Scots wirds, sic as [[wikt:annual|annual]], [[:wikt:annuity|annuity]], [[:wikt:anniversary|anniversary]], etc.; ''[[:wikt:per annum|per annum]]'' means "each year". == Saisonal yeir == A [[saisonal yeir]] is the time atween successife recurrences o a [[saison]]al event, sic as the [[fluid (naitural disaster)|fluid]]in o a river, the [[migration]] o a [[species]] o [[spyug]], the [[flouer]]in o a species o [[plaunt]], the first [[frost]] o the yeir, or the first scheduled gam o a certaint [[sport]]. Aw thir events can hae wide variations o mair nor a [[month]] frae yeir tae yeir. == Calendar yeir == A [[calendar yeir]] is the time atween tois dates wi the sam nam in a [[calendar]]. A half-year (ain half o a year) main rin frae Januar tae [[Juin]], or [[Julie]] tae [[Dizember]]. No astronomical yeir haes an [[integer]] [[nummer]] o days or lunar months, sae onie calendar at follows an astronomical yeir main hae a system o [[Intercalation (timekeepin)|intercalation]] sic as [[lowp year]]s. Financial an scienteefic calculations aft uise a 365-day calendar tae simplify daily rates. In the [[Julian calendar]], the average lenth o a yeir is 365.25 days. In a non-lowp yeir, thaur ur 365 days; in a [[lowp yeir]], thaur ur 366 days. A lowp yeir occurs aboot every fower yeirs. The [[Gregorian calendar]] attempts tae keep the [[northward equinox]] oan or shortly afair Mairch 21, hence it follows the [[tropical yeir|northward equinox year]]. The pure techt lenth o the yeir is {{gaps|365.2425}} days (as 97 it o 400 yeirs or lowp yeirs); thes is within a bodie [[pairts per million|ppm]] o the current lenth o the pure techt [[tropical yeir]] ({{gaps|365.242|19}} days). It is estimatit at bi the yeir 4000, the northward equinox will faa back bi a bodie day in the Gregorian calendar, nae coz o thes difference, but coz o the slowin doon o the Yird's rotation an the associatit lengthenin o the [[Sidereal day]]. The [[Revised Julian calendar]], as uised in some [[Eastern Orthodox church]]es, an aw tries tae synchronize wi the tropical yeir. The average lenth o thes calendar's yeir is {{gaps|365.242|222}} days (as 218 it o 900 year or lowp yeirs). Gregorian an revised Julian calendars will stairt tae differ in 2800. The [[iranian calendar|persian calendar]], in uise in [[Afghanistan]] an [[Iran]], haes its yeir begin oan the day o the northward equinox as determined bi astronomical computation (fur the time zain o [[tehran]]), as opposed tae uisin an algorithmic system o lowp yeirs. === Nummerin calendar yeirs === A [[calendar era]] is uised tae assign a [[nummer]] tae each individual yeir, uisin a reference pynt in the pest as the beginnin o the era. In mony coontries, the maist common era is frae the tradeetional (thoogh noo believed incorrect) yeir o the birth o [[Jesus]]. Dates in thes era ur designatit as ''[[anno domini]]'' (Laitin fur "in the yeir o the Lord"), abbreviatit AD (fur ''Anno Domini'') or CE (fur "[[common era]]"). The yeir afair yin AD or CE is designatit yin "[[befair Christ]]" (BC) or "befair the common era" (BCE); the yeir afair at tae BC; etc. Hence thaur wisnae [[0 (year)|year 0]] AD/CE. When the computations involvin yeirs ur dain involvin baith yeirs AD an years BC, it is common tae uise [[astronomical yeir nummerin]], in which yin BC is designatit "0", tae BC is designatit "−1", an sae oan. Ither eras ur an aw uised tae enumerate the yeirs in different cultural, religioos, an scienteefic contexts. == Ither annual periods== === Fiscal year === A [[fiscal year]] or financial year is a 12-month period uised fur calculatin annual financial statements in businesses an ither organisations. In mony jurisdictions, regulations regardin accoontin require sic reports ance per twal months, but dinnae require at the twal months constitute a calendar year. Fur example, in [[Canada]] an [[Indie]] the fiscal year runs frae [[Apryle]] 1; in the [[Unitit Kinrick]] it runs frae Apryle yin fur purposes o corporation tax an government financial statements, but frae Apryle sex fur purposes o personal taxation an payment o state benefits; in [[Australia]] it runs frae Julie 1, while in the [[Unitit States]], the fiscal year o the [[Federal government o the Unitit States|federal government]] runs frae [[October]] yin. === Academic year=== An academic year is the annual period durin which a student attends an [[eddication]]al [[Eddicational institution|institution]]. The academic year main be dividit intae [[academic term]]s, sic as semesters an quarters. Some [[schuil]]s in the UK an USA divide the academic year intae ''three'' rooghly equal-lenth terms (cried "trimesters" or "quarters" in the US), rooghly coincidin wi hairst, winter, an ware. At some, a shortened [[simmer]] session, whiles considered a pairt o the regular academic year, is attended bi students oan a voluntary or electife basis. Ither schuils break the year intae ''twa'' main semesters, a first (teepically [[Augist]] ben Dizember) an a second semester (Januar ben [[Mey]]). Each o thir main semesters main be split in half bi mid-term examinaitions, an each o the halves is referred tae as a "[[quarter]]" (or "term" in some coontries). Thaur main an aw be an electife simmer session and/ur a cuttie Januar session. Some ither schuils, includin some in the Unitit States, hae ''foor'' eddicational periods o markin. The skale year in mony coontries starts in Augist or [[September]] an ends in Mey, Juin, or Julie. Some schuils in the Unitit States, notably [[Boston Laitin Schuil]], main divide the year intae ''fife or mair'' markin periods. Some state in defence o thes at thaur is aiblins a [[positife correlation]] atween report frequency an academic achievement. Thaur ur teepically 180 days o teachin each year in schuils in the usa, excludin weekends an breaks, while 190 days fur pupils in state schuils in the Unititd Kinrick, [[New Zealain]] an Canada an aw. Tho, in [[Indie]], the academic year normally starts frae Juin yin an ends oan Mey 31. Thocht schuils stairt closin in the end o [[Ware (saison)|ware]], the actual academic closure is oan Mey 31, an in [[Nepal]] it starts frae Julie 15.{{citation needed|date=May 2013}} schuils an varsities in australia teepically hae academic years at rooghly align wi the calendar year (i.e. startin in [[Februar]] or [[Mairch]] an endin in October tae Dizember), as the [[soothern hemisphaur]] experiences simmer frae Dizember tae Februar. In [[Israel]], the academic year begins aroond October or [[November]], aligned wi the second month o the [[Hebrew calendar]]. == Astronomical year == === Julian year === {{main|Julian year (astronomy)}} The [[Julian year (astronomy)|Julian year]], as uised in [[astronomy]] an ither sciences, is a unit o time defined as exactly 365.25 days. Thes is the normal meanin o the unit "year" (seembol "a" frae the [[Laitin]] ''annus'') uised in varioos scienteefic contexts. The Julian century o {{gaps|36|525}} days an the Julian millennium o {{gaps|365|250}} days ur uised in astronomical calculations. Fundamentally, expressin a time interval in Julian years is a wey tae precisely specify hoo mony days (nae hoo mony "real" years), fur lang time intervals whaur statin the nummer o days woods be unwieldy an unintuitife. Bi convention, the Julian year is uised in the computation o the distance covered bi a [[lichtyear]]. In the [[unified code fur units o measure]], the seembol '''a''' (withit [[subscript]]) aye refers tae the Julian year '''aj''' o exactly {{gaps|31|557|600}} [[seicont]]s. 365.25 days o {{gaps|86|400}} seconds = yin a = yin aj = {{gaps|31.557|6}} ms the SI multiplier prefixes main be applied tae it tae f'rm '''ka''' (kiloannum), '''ma''' (megaannum) etc. === Sidereal, tropical, an anomalistic years === Each o thir three year can be luisely cried an "astronomical year". The [[sidereal year]] is the time taen fur the Yird tae complete a bodie revolution o its [[orbit]], as measured against a fixed fram o reference (sic as the fixed stars, Laitin ''sidera'', singular ''sidus''). Its average duration is {{gaps|365.256|363|004}} pure techt solar days (365 d sex h 9 min 9.76 s) (at the epoch [[j2000.0]] = Januar yin, 2000, 12:00:00 [[terrestrial time|tt]]). Internaitional Yird rotation and reference system service. (2010).[http://hpiers.obspm.fr/eop-pc/models/constants.html iers eop pc uiseful constants.] the [[tropical year]] is the period o time fur the [[ecliptic longitude]] o the sun tae increase bi 360 degrees. Syne the sun's ecliptic longitude is measured wi respect tae the equinox, the tropical year comprises a complete cycle o the saisons; coz o the biological an socio-economic importance o the saisons, the tropical year is the basis o maist [[calendar]]s. The tropical year is commonly defined<ref>{{cite beuk |url=http://books.google.com/?id=uj4jhgjanb4c&pg=pa80&lpg=pa80&dq=newcomb+tropical+year#v=onepage&q=newcomb%20tropical%20year&f=false |title=explanatory supplement to the astronomical almanac |author=P.K.Seidelman (ed.) |year=1992 |page=80 |isbn=978-1-891389-45-0 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> fur the pure techt motion o the sun alang the ecliptic. Thes differs frae the actual time atween passages o, e.g., the [[northward equinox]] fur several reasons explained ablo. Coz o the Yird's [[axial precession (astronomy)|axial precession]], thes year is abit 20 [[meenit]]s shorter than the Sidereal year. The pure techt tropical year is approximately 365 days, fife hoors, 48 meenits, 45 seconds<ref>{{cite beuk |url=http://asa.usno.navy.mil/secm/glossary.html#y |title=astronomical almanac fur the year 2011 |year=2009 |publisher=U.S. Government Printin Office an the U.K. Hydrographic Office |location=Washington an Taunton |page=m18 (glossary) |access-date=2013-05-14 |archive-date=2017-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819204825/http://asa.usno.navy.mil/SecM/Glossary.html#y |url-status=dead }}</ref> (= {{gaps|365.242|19}} days). The anomalistic year is the time taen fur the Yird tae complete a bodie revolution wi respect tae its [[apsis|apsides]]. The orbit o the Yird is [[Ellipse|elliptical]]; the extreme pynts, cried "[[apsides]]", or the [[perihelion]]—whaur the Yird is closest tae the sun (aboot 3 Januar in 2011)—an the [[aphelion]], whaur the Yird is farthest frae the sun (Julie fuir in 2011). The anomalistic year is uisually defined as the time atween perihelion passages. Its average duration is {{gaps|365.259|636}} days (365 d sex h 13 min 52.6 s) (at the epoch j2011.0).<ref>{{cite beuk |title=astronomical almanac fur the year 2011 |year=2009 |publisher = [[U.S. Government Printin Office]] an the [[U.K. Hydrographic Office]] |location = Washington an Taunton |pages = a1, c2 }}</ref> if Yird moved in an ideal [[kepler orbit]], ''i.e.'' a perfect ellipse wi the sun fixed at a bodie focus, each kin o year woods aye hae the sam duration, an the sidereal an anomalistic years woods be equal. Coz o [[perturbation (astronomy)|perturbations]] bi the [[gravity]] o ither planits, Yird's motion varies slichtly, causin the sidereal an tropical years tae vary in lenth bi abit 25 meenits (see the table ablo). Baith ur affectit in the sam wey, sae at the sidereal year is consistently 20 meenits langer than the tropical year, providit at thay ur measured in huir uv a sam wey. === Draconic year === The draconic year, draconitic year, eclipse year, or ecliptic year is the time taen fur the sun (as seen frae the Yird) tae complete a bodie revolution wi respect tae the sam [[lunar node]] (a pynt whaur the [[muin]]'s orbit intersects the [[ecliptic]]). Thes period is associatit wi [[eclipse]]s: thir occur anly when baith the sun an the muin ur near thir nodes; sae eclipses occur within abit a month o every half o an eclipse year. Hence, thaur ur tois [[eclipse saison]]s every eclipse year. The average duration o the eclipse year is:{{gaps|346.620|075|883}} days (346 d 14 h 52 min 54 s) (at the epoch j2000.0). This term is whiles erroneoosly uised fur the draconic or nodal period o [[lunar precession]]; at is, the period o a complete revolution o the muin's ascendin node aroond the ecliptic: {{gaps|18.612|815|932}} Julian years ({{gaps|6|798.331|019}} days, at the epoch j2000.0). === Full muin cycle === The [[full muin cycle]] is the time fur the sun (as seen frae the Yird) tae complete a bodie revolution wi respect tae the [[perigee]] o the orbit o the muin. Thes period is associatit wi the apparent size o the [[full muin]], an wi the varyin duration o the [[month|synodic month]] an aw. The duration o a bodie foo muin cycle is: :{{gaps|411.784|430|29}} days (411 d 18 h 49 min 34 s) (at the epoch j2000.0). === Lunar year === The [[lunar year]] comprises twal foo cycles o the phases o the muin, as seen frae the Yird. It haes a duration o approximately 354.37 days. [[Muslims]] uise thes fur celebratin thair [[Musleem holidays|eids]] an fur markin the stairt o the fastin month o ''[[Ramadan]]''. A Musleem calender year is based oan the [[lunar cycle]]. === Vague year === The "vague year", frae ''annus vagus'' ("wanderin year"), is an integral approximation tae the year equalin 365 days, which wanders in relation tae mair exact years. teepically, the vague year is dividit intae 12 [[wiktionary:schematic|schematic]] months o 30 days each plus fife [[Intercalation (timekeepin)|epagomenal]] days. Thes "vague year" wis uised in the calendars o [[Egyptian calendar|ancient Egyp]], [[Iranian calendar|Iran]], [[Armenian calendar|Armenie]] an in [[mesoamerican calendars|mesoamerica]] amang the [[Aztec calendar|Aztecs]] an [[Haab|Maya]].[http://www.mayacalendar.com/descripcion.html calendar description an coordinaition] Maya Warld Studies Center. === Heliacal year === A [[heliacal year]] is the interval atween the [[heliacal risin]]s o a staurn. It differs frae the [[sidereal year]] fur stars awa frae the [[ecliptic]] due mainly tae the [[precession o the equinoxes]]. === Sothic year === The [[Sothic cycle|Sothic year]] is the interval atween heliacal risins o the staurn [[sirius]]. It is presently less nor the [[#sidereal, tropical, an anomalistic years|sidereal year]] an its duration is huir uv a close tae the pure techt Julian year o 365.25 days. === Gaussian year === The [[Gaussian year]] is the sidereal year fur a [[planit]] o negligible mass (relatife tae the sun) an unperturbed bi ither planits at is governed bi the [[Gaussian gravitational constant]]. Sic a planit woods be slichtly closer tae the sun than the Yird's pure techt distance. Its lenth is: :{{gaps|365.256|898|3}} days (365 d sex h 9 min 56 s). === Besselian year === The [[Besselian epoch|Besselian year]] is a tropical year at starts when the (fictitioos) pure techt sun reaches an ecliptic longitude o 280°. Thes is currently oan or close tae Januar yin. It wis named efter the [[19th century]] German astronomer an mathematician [[Friedrich Bessel]]. The followin [[equation]] can be uised in irder tae compute the current besselian epoch (in years):<ref>{{cite beuk |title=[[astronomical almanac]] fur the year 2010 |year=2008 |publisher = U.S. Government Printing Office and the U.K. Hydrographic Office |location = Washington an Taunton |page = b3 }}</ref> b = 1900.0 + (Julian datett − {{gaps|2|415|020.313|52}}) / {{gaps|365.242|198|781}} the "tt" [[subscript]] indicates at fur thes [[formula]], the Julian date shoods uise the [[terrestrial time]] scale or its predecessur, [[ephemeris time]]. === Variation in the lengths o the year an the day === {{refimprove section|date=May 2013}} The exact lenth o an astronomical year changes ower time.[http://asa.usno.navy.mil/secm/glossary.html#dynamical-equinox the astronomical almanac online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819204825/http://asa.usno.navy.mil/SecM/Glossary.html#dynamical-equinox |date=2017-08-19 }}{{failed verification|date=May 2013}} the main soorces o thes chynge are: * The poseetions o the equinox an solstice pynts wi respect tae the apsides o Yird's orbit chynge: the first coz o [[precession]], an the apsides coz o the long-term effects o gravitational pull bi the ither planits. Syne the speed o the Yird varies accordin tae its poseetion in its orbit as measured frae its [[perihelion]], Yird's speed when in a solstice or equinox pynt changes ower time: if sic a pynt moves toward [[perihelion]], the interval atween tois passages decreases a bit frae year tae year; if the pynt moves towards [[aphelion]], en at period inreases a bit frae year tae year. Sae a "tropical year" measured frae a bodie passage o the northward ("vernal") equinox tae the neist, it differs frae the a bodie measured atween passages o the soothward (hairst) equinox. The average ower the foo orbit disnae chynge coz o thes, sae the lenth o the average tropical year disnae chynge coz o thes second-order effect. * Each planit's movement is perturbed bi the gravity o every ither planit. Thes leids tae short-term fluctuations in its speed, an therefair its period frae year tae year. Mairowre, it haes caused long-term changes in its orbit, an therefair long-term changes in thir periods an aw. *[[Tidal drag]] atween the Yird an the muin (an sun) increases the lenth o the day an o the month (bi transferrin angular momentum frae the rotation o Yird tae the revolution o the muin); syne the apparent pure techt solar day is the unit wi which we measure the lenth o the year in civil life, the lenth o the year appears tae decrease. The rotation rate o the Yird is changed an aw bi factors sic as [[post-glacial reboond]] an sea level rise. ==== Numerical value o year variation ==== Mean year lenths in thes section ur calculatit fur [[2000]], an differences in year lenths compared tae 2000 ur gien fur pest an future years. In the tables a day is 86,400 SI seconds lang.<ref>{{cite beuk |title=Astronomical Almanac for the year 2011 |location=Washington |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |author=U.S. Naval Observatory Nautical Almanac Office and Her Majesty's Nautical Almanac Office |year=2010 |pages=C2, L8}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Numerical expressions for precession formulae and mean elements for the Moon and planets |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astronomy-and-astrophysics_1994-02-10_282_2/page/662 |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |volume=282 |issue=2 |pages=663–683 |date=February 1994 |last1=Simon |first1=J.L. |last2=Bretagnon |first2=P. |last3=Chapront |first3=J. |last4=Chapront-Touzé |first4=M. |last5=Francou |first5=G. |last6=Laskar |first6=J. |bibcode=1994A&A...282..663S}}</ref><ref>{{cite beuk |last1=Taff |first1=Lawrence G. |title=Celestial Mechanics: A Computational Guide for the Practitioner |year=1985 |isbn=0-471-89316-1 |place=New York |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |page=103 }} Values in tables agree closely fur 2000, an depairt bi as much as 44 seconds fur the years furthest in the pest or future; the expressions ur simpler than those recommended in the ''Astronomical Almanac fur the year 2011''.</ref><ref>{{cite book |edition=3 |publisher=Univ Science Books |isbn=1-891389-85-8 |last=Seidelmann |first=P. Kenneth |others=Sean E. Urban (ed.) |title=Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac |year=2013 |page=587}} Tabulates length o tropical year frae −500 tae 2000 at 500-year intervals usin a [[formula]] bi laskar (1986); agrees closely wi values in thes section near 2000, depairts bi sex seconds in −500.</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Mean year lenths fur 2000 |- ! Teep o year !! days !! hoors !! meenits || seconds |- | tropical || 365 || 5 || 48 || 45 |- | sidereal || 365 || 6 || 9 || 10 |- | anomalistic || 365 || 6 || 13 || 53 |- | eclipse || 346 || 14 || 52 || 55 |} {| class="wikitable" |+Lenth o year: difference frae 2000 in seconds<br />(anly [[positive]] when lenth fur tabulatit year is greater than the lenth fur 2000) |- ! Year !! Tropical !! Sidereal !! Anomalistic !! Eclipse |- | −4000 || −8 || −45 || −15 || −174 |- | −2000 || 4 || −19 || −11 || −116 |- | 0 || 7 || −4 || −5 || −57 |- | 2000 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 |- | 4000 || −14 || −3 || 5 || 54 |- | 6000 || −35 || −12 || 10 || 104 |} === Summary === * 346.62 days: a [[dracontic year|draconitic year]]. * 353, 354, or 355 days: the lenths o common years in some [[lunisolar calendar]]s. * 354.37 days (12 lunar months): the average lenth o the years in [[lunar calendar]]s, notably the musleem calendar. * 365 days: a vague year ane a [[common year]] in mony [[solar calendar]]s. * {{gaps|365.242|19}} days: a pure techt tropical year (roonded tae fife decimal places) fur the [[epoch]] [[2000]]. * {{gaps|365.242|4}} days: a vernal equinox year (roonded tae fower decimal places) fur the epoch 2000. * {{gaps|365.242|5}} days: the average lenth o a year in the Gregorian calendar. * 365.25 days: the average lenth o a year in the Julian calendar. * {{gaps|365.256|4}} days: a sidereal year. * 366 days: a [[lowp year]] in mony solar calendars. * 383, 384, or 385 days: the lenths o lowp years in some lunisolar calendars. * 383.9 days (13 lunar months): a lowp year in some lunisolar calendars. An average Gregorian year is {{gaps|365.242|5}} [[day]]s = {{gaps|52.177|5}} [[week]]s = {{gaps|8|765.82}} [[hoor]]s = {{gaps|525|949.2}} [[meenit]]s = {{gaps|31|556|952}} [[seicont]]s (mean solar, nae si). A common year is 365 days = {{gaps|8|760}} hoors = {{gaps|525|600}} meenits = {{gaps|31|536|000}} seconds. A lowp year is 366 days = {{gaps|8|784}} hoors = {{gaps|527|040}} meenits = {{gaps|31|622|400}} seconds. The 400-year cycle o the Gregorian calendar haes {{gaps|146|097}} days, an hence exactly {{gaps|20|871}} [[week]]s. == Symbol == Thaur is nae universally acceptit seembol fur the year as a unit o time. The [[Internaitional Seestem o Units]] disnae propose a bodie. Nist sp811 <ref>{{cite journal |author=Ambler Thompson, Barry N. Taylor |url=http://physics.nist.gov/document/sp811.pdf |format=pdf |publisher=[[Naitional Institute o Standards an Technology]] (nist) |title=special publication 811: Guide for the use of the International System of Units (SI) |at=paragraph 8.1 |year=2008 |journal= |access-date=2013-05-14 |archive-date=2008-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511154858/http://physics.nist.gov/Document/sp811.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> an ISO 80000-3:2006 <ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[internaitional organization fur standardization]] |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=31888 |title=ISO 80000-3:2006, quantities and units – part 3: space and time |location=geneva, switzerland |year=2006 }}</ref> suggest the seembol ''[[a (year)|a]]'', taen frae the Laitin wird ''annus''.<ref>{{cite web |work=haw mony? a dictionary o units o measurement |author=Russ Rowlett |publisher=university o north carolina |title=units: a |url=http://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dicta.html |accessdate=2009-01-09 |archive-date=2008-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220111445/http://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictA.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> in Scots, the abbreviations "y" an "yr" ur whiles uised, specifically in [[geology]] an [[paleontology]], whaur "kyr, myr, byr" (thoosands, millions, an even billions o years, respectively) an seemilar abbreviations ur uised tae denote intervals o time remote frae the present.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.agu.org/pubs/style_guide_intro.html |publisher=american geophysical union |title=agu editorial style guide fur authors |date=September 21, 2007 |accessdate=2009-01-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080714134306/http://www.agu.org/pubs/style_guide_intro.html |archivedate=2008-07-14 |url-status=dead }} {{cite journal |author=North American Commission on Stratigraphic Nomenclature |url=http://ngmdb.usgs.gov/info/nacsn/code2/code2.html#article13 |title=north american stratigraphic code |journal=The American Association o Petroleum Geologists Bulletin |volume=89 |issue=11 |date=November 2005 |pages=1547–1591 |doi= |edition=article 13 (c) |access-date=2013-05-14 |archive-date=2014-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202155725/http://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Info/NACSN/Code2/code2.html#article13 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Symbol "A" === Nist sp811 <ref>{{cite web |author=Ambler Thompson, Barry N. Taylur |url=http://physics.nist.gov/document/sp811.pdf |publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) |title=special publication 811 – Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) |at=para eeecht.1 |year=2008 |access-date=2013-05-14 |archive-date=2008-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511154858/http://physics.nist.gov/Document/sp811.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> an ISO 80000-3:2006 <ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Internaitional Organization fur Standardization]] (ISO) |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=31888 |title=ISO 80000-3:2006, quantities an units |at=part 3: space and time |location=[[Geneva]] |year=2006}}</ref> suggest the seembol '''a''' (in the [[Internaitional Seestem o Units]], althoogh '''a''' is the seembol an aw fur the ''[[hectare#are|are]]'', the unit o aurie uised tae measure lain aurie, but context is uisually enaw tae disambiguate). The abbreviations '''y''' an '''yr''' ur uised an aw. The [[unified code fur units o measure]]<ref>{{cite web |author=Gunther Schadaw, Clement J. Mcdonald |url=http://aurora.rg.iupui.edu/ucum |title=unified code fur units o measure |access-date=2013-05-14 |archive-date=2008-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080520112256/http://aurora.rg.iupui.edu/ucum |url-status=dead }}</ref> disambiguates the varyin symbologies of ISO 1000, ISO 2955 an ansi x3.50<ref>http://aurora.regenstrief.org/~ucum/ucum.html#para-31 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100304195312/http://aurora.regenstrief.org/~ucum/ucum.html#para-31 |date=2010-03-04 }}</ref> bi usin :''ar'' fur [[hectare#are|are]] and: :'''at''' = a_t = {{gaps|365.242|19}} days fur the pure techt [[tropical year]] :'''aj''' = a_j = 365.25 days fur the pure techt Julian year :'''ag''' = a_g = {{gaps|365.242|5}} days fur the pure techt [[Gregorian year]] :'''a''' = yin aj year (withit further qualifier) a definition jointly adoptit bi the [[Internaitional Union o Pure an Applee'd Chemistry]] (IUPAC) an the [[Internaitional Union o Geological Sciences]] (IUGS) is tae uise ''annus'', wi seembol '''a''', fur year, defined as the lenth o the tropical year in the year 2000:<ref>{{cite journal |author=Norman E. Holden, Mauro L. Bonardi, Paul de Bièvre, Paul R. Renne, an Igur M Villa |title=IUPAC-IUGS Common Definition and Convention on the Use of the Year as a Derived Unit of Time (IUPAC Recommendations 2011) |journal=[[Pure and Applied Chemistry]] |year=2011 |volume=83 |pages=1159–1162 |doi=10.1351/pac-rec-09-01-22 |issue=5}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Celeste Biever |title=Push to Define Year Sparks Time War |journal=[[New Scientist]] |url=http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn20423-push-to-define-year-sparks-time-war.html |date=Apryle 27, 2011 |accessdate=Apryle 28, 2011}}</ref> :'''a''' = {{gaps|365.242|192|65}} days = {{gaps|31|556|925.445}} seconds the notation haes proved controversial; it conflicts wi an earlier convention amang geoscientists tae uise '''a''' specifically fur "years ago", an '''y''' or '''yr''' fur a period o ane year. ==== SI prefix multipliers ==== Fur the followin, thaur ur alternatife forms which elide the consecutife vowels, sic as ''kilannum'', ''megannum'', etc. * '''ka''' (fur kiloannum), is a [[millennium|unit o time equal tae]] a bodie [[thoosand]] (103) years. Thes is teepically uised in [[geology]], [[paleontology]], an [[archaeology]] fur [[holocene]] an [[pleistocene]] periods whaur a non-[[radiocarbon datin]] technique (i.e., [[ice core]] datin, [[dendrochronology]], [[uranium-thorium datin]], or [[varve]] analysis) is uised as the primary datin method fur age determinaition. If age is primarily determined bi [[radiocarbon datin]], en the age shoods be expressed in aither radiocarbon or calendar (calibratit) years [[befair present]]. * '''ma''' (fur megaannum), is a unit o [[time]] equal tae a bodie [[million]] (106) years. It is commonly uised in scienteefic disciplines sic as [[geology]], [[paleontology]], an [[celestial mechanics]] tae signify huir uv a lang time periods intae the pest or future. Fur example, the [[dinosaur]] species ''[[tyrannosaurus|tyrannosaurus rex]]'' wis abundant approximately ''65 ma'' (65 million years) ago (''ago'' mauna aye be mentioned; if the quantity is specified while nae explicitly discussin a duration, a bodie can assume at "ago" is implied; the alternatife "[[mya (unit)|mya]]" unit includes "ago" explicitly). In astronomical applications, the year uised is the [[Julian year (astronomy)|Julian year]] o precisely 365.25 days. In [[geology]] an [[paleontology]], the year isnae sae precise an varies—dependin oan the authur. * '''ga''' (fur gigaannum), is a unit o time equal tae 109 year (ain [[1000000000 (nummer)|billion]] oan the [[lang an cuttie scales|short scale]], a bodie [[milliard]] oan the [[lang an cuttie scales|lang scale]]). It is commonly uised in scienteefic disciplines sic as [[physical cosmology|cosmology]] an [[geology]] tae signify extremely lang time periods in the pest. Fur example, the formation o the [[Yird]] occurred approximately ''4.57 ga'' (4.57 billion years) ago. * '''ta''' (fur teraannum), is a unit o time equal tae 1012 year (ain [[1000000000000 (nummer)|trillion]] oan the cuttie scale, a bodie billion oan the lang scale). It is an extremely lang unit o time, abit 70 times as lang as the [[age o the universe]]. It's the sam order o magnitude as the expectit life span o a wee [[red dwarf star]]. * '''pa''' (fur petaannum), is a unit o time equal tae 1015 year (ain [[10^15|quadrillion]] oan the cuttie scale, a bodie billiard oan the lang scale). The [[half-life]] o the [[nuclide]] o [[cadmium]]-113 is abit eeecht pa.<ref>{{cite journal| author = p. belli ''it al.''| title = Investigation of β decay of 113cd| journal = [[Phys. Rev. C]] |volume = 76|page = 064603|year = 2007 |doi = 10.1103/physrevc.76.064603|bibcode = 2007phrvc..76f4603b| issue = sex }}</ref> thes seembol coincides wi at fur the [[pascal (unit)|pascal]] withit a multiplier prefix, thocht baith ur infrequently uised an context will normally be sufficient tae distinguish time frae pressure values. * '''ea''' (fur exaannum), is a unit o time equal tae 1018 year (ain [[quintillion]] oan the cuttie scale, a bodie trillion oan the lang scale). The half-life o [[tungsten]]-180 is yin.8 ea.<ref>{{cite journal| author = f. a. danevich ''it al.''| title = α activity of natural tungsten isotopes| journal = [[phys. rev. c]] |volume = 67|page = 014310|year = 2003| arxiv = nucl-ex/0211013|doi = 10.1103/physrevc.67.014310|bibcode = 2003phrvc..67a4310d }}</ref> === Symbols "y" an "yr" === In [[astronomy]], [[geology]], an [[paleontology]], the abbreviations '''yr''' fur "year" an '''ya''' fur "year ago" ur whiles uised, combined wi prefixes fur "thoosand", "million", or "billion".<ref>{{cite journal |author=North American Commission on Stratigraphic Nomenclature |url=http://ngmdb.usgs.gov/info/nacsn/code2/code2.html#article13 |title=North American Stratigraphic Code |chapter=article 13 (c) |quote=(c) convention an abbreviations. |journal= |access-date=2013-05-14 |archive-date=2014-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202155725/http://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Info/NACSN/Code2/code2.html#article13 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The age o a stratigraphic unit or the time o a geologic event, as commonly determined bi numerical datin or bi reference tae a calibratit time-scale, main be expressed in years afair the present. The unit o time is the modren year as presently recognised warldwide. Recommended but nae mandatory abbreviations fur sic ages ur SI (Internaitional Seestem o Units) multipliers coopled wi "a" fur annum: ka, ma, an ga fur kilo-annum (103 year), mega-annum (106 year), an giga-annum (109 year), respectively. The uisin o thir terms efter the age value follows the convention established in the field o [[carbon-14 datin]]. The "present" refers tae 1950 ad, an sic qualifiers as "ago" or "befair the present" ur omittit efter the value coz measurement o the duration frae the present tae the pest is implicit in the designaition. In contraest, the duration o ane remote interval o geologic time, as a nummer o years, shoods nae be expressed bi the sam seembols. Abbreviations fur nummers o years, withit reference tae the present, ur cried informal (e.g., '''y''' or '''yr''' fur "years"; '''mah''', ''m.y.'', or '''m.yr.''' fur millions o years; an sae forth, as preference dictates). Fur example, boondaries o the late cretaceoos epoch currently ur calibratit at 63 ma an 96 ma, but the interval o time representit bi thes epoch is 33 m.y. thay arenae SI units, uisin '''y''' tae abbreviate Scots [[:wikt:year|year]], but followin ambiguoos internaitional recommendations, uise aither the standard Scots first letters as prefixes ("t", "m", an "b") or [[metric prefix]]es ("k", "m", an "g"). Thir abbreviations include: {| class="wikitable" |- | Non-SI abbreviation || SI-prefixed equivalent || Order o magnitude |- | '''kyr'''|| ka || * Thoosand years |- | '''myr''' || Ma || * Million years |- | '''byr''' || Ga || * Billion years ([[Long an short scales|thoosand million]] years) |- | '''tya''' or '''kya''' || "ka ago" || {{Main|1 E10 s|1 E11 s|1 E12 s}} * Appearance o ''[[Homo sapiens]]'', ca. 200 tya * [[Oot o Africa migration]], ca. 60 tya * [[Lest Glacial Maximum]], ca. 20 tya * [[Neolithic Revolution]], ca. 10 tya |- | {{Anchor|mya}}'''mya''' || "Ma ago" || {{Main|1 E13 s|1 E14 s|1 E15 s}} * [[Pliocene]], 5.3 tae 2.6 mya ** The [[Brunhes–Matuyama reversal|lest geomagnetic reversal]] wis 0.78 mya<ref>{{cite journal|author=Bradford M. Clement|title=Dependence of the duration of geomagnetic polarity reversals on site latitude|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2004-04-08_428_6983/page/637|date=Apryle 8, 2004|journal=Nature|volume=428|pmid=15071591|doi=10.1038/nature02459 |issue=6983 |pages=637–40|bibcode = 2004Natur.428..637C }}</ref> ** The ([[Eemian Stage]]) [[Ice Age]] startit 0.13 mya * The [[Holocene]] startit 0.01 mya |- | '''bya''' or '''gya''' || "Ga ago" || {{Main|1 E16 s|1 E17 s|1 E18 s}} * Oldest [[Eukaryotes]], 2 bya * Age o the [[Yird]], 4.5 bya * [[Big Bang]], 13.8 bya |} Uisage o "mya" an "bya" is deprecatit in modren geophysics, the recommended usage til "ma" an "ga" fur dates [[befair present]], but "m.y." fur the duration o epochs. Thes ''ad hoc'' distinction atween "absolute" time an time intervals is somewhat controversial amongst members o the [[Geological Society o America]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=geological society o america|title=time units|url=http://www.geosociety.org/timeunits/|accessdate=2010-2-17|archive-date=2016-06-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616100504/http://www.geosociety.org/TimeUnits/|url-status=dead}}</ref> note at oan graphs uisin "ya" units oan the horizontal axis time flows frae reit tae left, which main seem coonter-intuitife. If the "ya" units ur oan the vertical axis, time flows frae tap tae bottom which is probably easier tae kin than conventional notation. == Great years == === Equinoctial cycle === The "[[great year]]", or ''equinoctial cycle'', corresponds tae a complete revolution o the equinoxes aroond the ecliptic. Its lenth is abit 25,700 year, an cannae be determined precisely as the [[astronomical precession|precession]] speed is variable. === Galactic year === The [[galactic year]] is the time it taes the Yird's [[solar system]] tae revolve ance aroond the [[galactic center]]. It comprises rooghly 230 million Yird years.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.orau.gov/sciencebowl/teams/files/astrset2.pdf | title=science bowl questions, astronomy, sit tae | work=science bowl practice questions | year=2009 | publisher=Oak Ridge Associated Universities | accessdate=2009-12-9 | archive-date=2010-03-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100307191635/http://www.orau.gov/sciencebowl/teams/files/astrset2.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> == See an aw == {{portal|time}} {{div col|2}} * [[{{CURRENTYEAR}}]] * [[Astronomical year nummerin]] * [[Befair present]] * [[ISO 8601]]: standard fur representation o dates an times * [[List o calendars]] * [[List o years]] * [[Man-hoor]] * [[Orders o magnitude (time)]] * [[Unit o time]] {{div col end}} == References == === Notes === {{reflist}} == Further readin == * {{cite beuk | title=time, the familiar stranger | url=https://archive.org/details/timefamiliarstra0000fras | last=Fraser | first=Julius Thomas | edition=illustratit | location=Amherst | publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Press]] | year=1987 | isbn=0-87023-576-1 | oclc=15790499 }} * {{cite beuk | title=what is time? | url=https://archive.org/details/whatistime0000whit | last=Whitrow | first=Gerald Jimmy | location=Oxford | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | year=2003 | isbn=0-19-860781-4 | oclc=265440481 }} {{time topics}} 19dgjy41e8z2wzim02u8osor8hui4lo 0 54189 919981 911248 2026-07-25T00:08:04Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 919981 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|September 2020}} {{Speciesbox | name = Cheetah | fossil_range = [[Pleistocene]]–[[Holocene]], {{fossilrange|1.9|0}} | status = VU | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref =<ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |author=Durant, S. |author2=Mitchell, N. |author3=Ipavec, A. |author4=Groom, R.|title=''Acinonyx jubatus'' |journal=[[The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] |date=2015 |volume=2015 |page=e.T219A50649567 |publisher=[[IUCN]] |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/219/50649567 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T219A50649567.en}}</ref> | image = Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) female 2.jpg | image_caption = Female cheetah in [[KwaZulu Natal]], [[Sooth Africa]] | image2 = Acoustic-Structure-and-Contextual-Use-of-Calls-by-Captive-Male-and-Female-Cheetahs-(Acinonyx-pone.0158546.s001.oga | image2_caption = Acoustic repertoire o cheetahs | taxon = Acinonyx jubatus | authority = ([[Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber|Schreber]], 1775) | subdivision_ranks = Subspeshies | subdivision = *[[Acinonyx jubatus jubatus|''A. j. jubatus'']] <small>(Schreber, 1775)</small> *[[Asiatic cheetah|''A. j. venaticus'']] <small>([[Edward Griffith (zoologist)|Griffith]], 1821)</small> *[[Northeast African cheetah|''A. j. soemmeringii'']] <small>([[Leopold Fitzinger|Fitzinger]], 1855)</small> *[[Northwast African cheetah|''A. j. hecki'']] <small>([[:de:Max Hilzheimer|Hilzheimer]], 1913)</small> | synonyms_ref = | range_map = Cheetah_range.gif | range_map_caption = The range o the cheetah {{leftlegend|#FBCEB1|Umwhile range|outline=gray}} {{leftlegend|#EDAD86|Law density|outline=gray}} {{leftlegend|#EB713C|Medium density|outline=gray}} {{leftlegend|#FE2712|Heich density|outline=gray}} }} [[File:Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) crossing the road.webm|thumb|Cheetah]] The '''cheetah''' (''Acinonyx jubatus''), is a [[big cat]] that for common bides in eastren an soothren Africae an a few pairts o [[Iran]]. The anly [[extant taxon|livin member]] o the [[Genus (biology)|genus]] ''[[Acinonyx]]'', the cheetah wis first [[scienteefic description|describit]] bi [[Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber]] in 1775. The cheetah is kenspeckle for its slender bouk, deep chest, spottit [[Coat (ainimal)|coat]], a smaw roond heid, black tear-lik streaks on the face, lang thin legs an a lang spottit tail. Its lichtly biggit, slender form is in sharp contrast wi the robust big o the ither [[big cat]]s. The cheetah reaches nearly {{convert|70|to|90|cm|in|abbr=on}} at the shouder, an wechs {{convert|21|-|72|kg|abbr=on}}. Tho tawer nor the [[leopard]], it is notably smawer nor the [[lion]]. Basically yellaeish tan or rufous tae greyish white, the coat is uniformly covered wi nearly 2,000 solit black spots. Cheetah are active mainly during the day, wi huntin its major activity. Adult males are sociable despite thair [[Territory (animal)|territoriality]], formin groups cried "coaleetions". Females are nae territorial; thay mey be solitary or live wi thair affspring in [[hame range]]s. [[Carnivore]]s, cheetah mainly prey upon [[antelope]]s an [[gazelle]]s. Thay will stalk thair prey tae within {{convert|100|–|300|m|ft|-1}}, chairge taewart it an kill it bi trippin it during the chase an bitin its throat tae suffocate it tae daith. The cheetah's bouk is specialised for speed; it is the [[Fastest ainimals|fastest]] laund ainimal. The speed o a huntin cheetah averages {{convert|64|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} during a sprint; the chase is interspersed wi a few short bursts o speed, when the ainimal can clock {{convert|112|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}. Cheetahs are [[Induced ovulation (ainimals)|induced ovulator]]s, breedin throughout the year. [[Gestation]] is nearly three month lang, resultin in a litter o teepically three tae five cubs (the nummer can vary frae ane tae aicht). Weanin occurs at sax month; siblings tend tae stay thegither for some time. Cheetah cubs face heicher mortality nor maist ither mammals, especially in the [[Serengeti]] region. Cheetahs indwall a variety o habitats{{snds}}dry forests, [[scrub forest]]s an [[savanna]]hs. Clessifee'd as [[Vulnerable species|vulnerable]] bi the [[IUCN]], the cheetah haes suffered a substantial decline in its historic range due taeo rampant huntin in the 20t century. Several African kintras hae taken steps tae improve the staundarts o cheetah conservation. Thanks tae its prowess at huntin, the cheetah wis tamed an uised tae kill gemme at hunts in the past. The ainimal haes been widely depictit in airt, leeteratur, advertisin an ainimation. ==Etymology== The vernacular name "cheetah" ({{IPA-en|ˈchē-tə|pron}}) is derived frae the [[Hindi]] wird चीता (''cītā''), which in turn comes frae the [[Sanskrit]] wird चित्रकायः (''{{IAST|citrakāyaḥ}}'') meanin "bricht" or "[[Variegation|variegatit]]". The first recordit uise o this wird wis in 1610.<ref>{{MerriamWebsterDictionary|Cheetah|accessdate=12 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Oxford Dictionaries|Cheetah|accessdate=22 March 2016}}</ref> An alternative name for the cheetah is "huntin leopard".<ref name="mair">{{cite book |last1 = Mair |first1 = V.H. |title = Contact and Exchange in the Ancient World |url = https://archive.org/details/contactexchangei0000unse |date = 2006 |publisher = University of Hawai'i Press |location = Hawai'i, Honolulu |isbn = 978-0-8248-2884-4 |pages = [https://archive.org/details/contactexchangei0000unse/page/116 116]–23 |oclc=62896389}}</ref> The [[scienteefic name]] o the cheetah is ''Acinonyx jubatus''.<ref name=MSW3/> The [[generic name (biology)|generic name]] ''Acinonyx'' coud hae oreeginatit frae the combination o twa [[Greek leid|Greek]] wirds: ''akinetos'' means motionless, an ''onyx'' means [[claw]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Acinonyx | title=Definition of Acinonyx | publisher=Merriam-Webster | work=Dictionary and Thesaurus | accessdate=11 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| title=The carnivores of West Africa| author=Rosevear, D.R.| year=1974| publisher=British Museum (Natural History)|page=492| url=https://archive.org/stream/carnivoresofwest00rose#page/491/mode/1up}}</ref> A rough translation o the wird wad be "non-muivin claws", a reference tae the leemitit retractability (capability o bein drawn inside the paw) o the claws o the cheetah relative tae ither cats'. The [[speceefic name (zoology)|speceefic name]] ''jubatus'' means "maned" in [[Laitin]], referrin tae the [[Dorsal (location)|dorsal]] crest o this ainimal.<ref name=catsg>{{cite web |title = ''Acinonyx jubatus'' |url = http://www.catsg.org/cheetah/01_information/1_2_species-information/species-information.htm#Phylogenetic%20history |publisher = [[IUCN]] Cat Specialist Group |accessdate = 6 May 2014 |archive-date = 2017-07-21 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170721022535/http://www.catsg.org/cheetah/01_information/1_2_species-information/species-information.htm#Phylogenetic%20history |url-status = dead }}</ref> ==Taxonomy== {{cladogram|align=left|title= |caption=The ''Puma'' lineage, depictit alang wi the ''Lynx'' an ''Felis'' lineages o the faimily [[Felid]]ae<ref name="werdelin" /><ref name="Mattern and McLennan">{{cite journal |last1 = Mattern |first1 = M.Y. |first2 = D.A. |last2 = McLennan |year = 2000 |title = Phylogeny and speciation of felids |journal = [[Cladistics (journal)|Cladistics]] |volume = 16 |pages = 232–53 |doi = 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2000.tb00354.x |issue = 2 |url = https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Deborah_Mclennan/publication/229782333_Phylogeny_and_Speciation_of_Felids/links/02e7e521c97244a58a000000.pdf?inViewer=0&pdfJsDownload=0&origin=publication_detail }} {{open access}}</ref> |1={{clade | style=font-size:90%;line-height:100%;width:300px; |1={{clade |label1=''[[Lynx (genus)|Lynx]]'' |1={{clade |1= {{clade |1=''Lynx rufus'' ([[Bobcat]]) |2={{clade |1=''L. canadensis'' ([[Canadian lynx]]) |2={{clade |1=''L. pardinus'' ([[Iberian lynx]]) |2=''L. lynx'' ([[Eurasian lynx]]) }}}}}} |2={{clade |label1=''[[Puma (genus)|Puma]]'' |1={{clade |1= ''Acinonyx jubatus'' (Cheetah) |2={{clade |1=''Puma concolor'' ([[Cougar]]) |2=''P. yagouaroundi'' ([[Jaguarundi]])}}}} |label2=''[[Felis]]'' |2={{clade |1=''Felis chaus'' ([[Jungle cat]]) |2={{clade |1=''F. nigripes'' ([[Black-footed cat]]) |2={{clade |1=''F. silvestris silvestris'' ([[European wildcat]]) |2=''F. margarita'' ([[Sand cat]]) |3={{clade |1=''F. silvestris lybica'' ([[African wildcat]]) |2=''F. catus'' ([[Domestic cat]]) }}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}} The cheetah is the anly extant [[species]] o the [[Genus (biology)|genus]] ''[[Acinonyx]]''. It is clessifee'd unner the [[subfaimily]] [[Felinae]] an [[faimily (biology)|faimily]] [[Felidae]], the faimily that includes lairge cats sic as the [[lion]], [[teeger]] an [[leopard]] an aa. The species wis first [[scienteefic description|describit]] bi German naituralist [[Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber]] in his 1775 publication ''Die Säugethiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen''.<ref name=MSW3>{{MSW3 Wozencraft |id=14000006 |pages=532-533}}</ref> The cheetah's closest relatives are the [[cougar]] (''Puma concolor'') an the [[jaguarundi]] (''P.{{nbsp}}yagouaroundi''). Thir three species thegither form the ''Puma'' lineage, ane o the aicht lineages o Felidae.<ref name="werdelin">{{cite book|last1=Werdelin|first1=L.|last2=Yamaguchi|first2=N.|last3=Johnson|first3=W.E.|last4=O'Brien|first4=S.J.|chapter=Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae)|date=2010|pages=59–82|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Nobuyuki_Yamaguchi3/publication/266755142_Phylogeny_and_evolution_of_cats_Felidae/links/543ba0710cf2d6698be30c5e.pdf|editor1-last=Macdonald|editor1-first=D.W.|editor2-last=Loveridge|editor2-first=A.J.|title=Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, UK|isbn=978-0-19-923445-5|edition=Reprinted}}</ref><ref name=johnson>{{cite journal |pmid = 9071018 |year = 1997 |last1 = Johnson |first1 = W.E. |last2 = O'Brien |first2 = S.J. |title = Phylogenetic reconstruction of the Felidae using 16S rRNA and NADH-5 mitochondrial genes |volume = 44 Suppl. 1 |pages = S98–S116 |journal = [[Journal of Molecular Evolution]] |doi = 10.1007/PL00000060 }}</ref><ref name="wcw">{{cite book |last1 = Sunquist |first1 = F. |last2 = Sunquist |first2 = M. |title = Wild Cats of the World |url = https://archive.org/details/wildcatsworld00sunq |date = 2002 |publisher = The University of Chicago Press |location = Chicago, USA |isbn = 978-0-226-77999-7 |pages = [https://archive.org/details/wildcatsworld00sunq/page/n46 14]–36 }}</ref> The [[sister group]] o the ''Puma'' lineage is a clade o smawer Auld Warld cats that includes the genera ''[[Felis]]'', ''[[Otocolobus]]'' an ''[[Prionailurus]]''.<ref name="Mattern and McLennan"/><ref name="heptner">{{cite book |last1 = Heptner |first1 = V.G. |title = Mammals of the Soviet Union |url = https://archive.org/details/mammalsofsovietu0001gept |year = 1992 |publisher = Brill |location = Leiden, Netherlands |isbn = 978-90-04-08876-4 |page = [https://archive.org/details/mammalsofsovietu0001gept/page/61 61] }}</ref> ===Subspecies=== [[File:Acinonyx jubatus subspecies range.png|thumb|right|Subspecies' range]] The five recognised [[subspecies]] o the cheetah are:<ref name=itis>{{ITIS|taxon=''Acinonyx jubatus''|id=183813|accessdate=13 February 2016}}</ref> *'''[[Asiatic cheetah]]''' (''A. j. venaticus'') <small>([[Edward Griffith (zoologist)|Griffith]], 1821)</small>: Cried the '''Iranian''' or '''Indian cheetah''' an aa. Umwhile occurred across soothwastren Asie an Indie.<ref name="hildyard">{{cite book |last1 = Hildyard |first1 = A. |title = Endangered Wildlife and Plants of the World |date = 2001 |publisher = Marshall Cavendish |location = New York, USA |isbn = 978-0-7614-7196-7 |pages = 250–1 }}</ref> Accordin tae the Internaitional Union for Conservation o Naitur an Naitural Resoorces ([[IUCN]]), it is confined tae [[Iran]], an is sicweys the anly survivin cheetah subspecies indigenous tae Asie. It haes been clessifee'd as [[Creetically Endangered]].<ref name=iucn2>{{IUCN |assessors=Durant, S., Marker, L., Purchase, N., Belbachir, F., Hunter, L., Packer, C., Breitenmoser-Würsten, C., Sogbohossou, E. and Bauer, H. |year=2008 |id=220 |title=''Acinonyx jubatus'' ssp. ''venaticus'' |version=2015.2}}</ref> A 2004 study estimatit the tot population at 50 tae 60.<ref name=farhadinia>{{cite journal |last1 = Farhadinia |first1 = M.S. |title = The last stronghold: Cheetah in Iran |journal = Cat News |year = 2004 |pages = 11–14 |url = http://wildlife.ir/Files/library/IranianCheetah_Farhadinia2004.pdf |access-date = 2016-09-02 |archive-date = 2016-03-03 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235142/http://www.wildlife.ir/Files/library/IranianCheetah_Farhadinia2004.pdf |url-status = dead }} {{open access}}</ref> Later, a 2007 study gae the tot population in Iran as 60 tae 100; the majority o individuals war likely tae be juveniles. The population haes declined sharply syne the mid-1970s.<ref name="hunter2007">{{cite journal |last2 = Jowkar |first2 = H. |last3 = Ziaie |first3 = H. |last4 = Schaller |first4 = G. |last5 = Balme |first5 = G. |last6 = Walzer |first6 = C. |last7 = Ostrowski |first7 = S. |last8 = Zahler |first8 = P. |last9 = Robert-Charrue |first9 = N.|last10=Kashiri|first10=K. |last11 = Christie |first11 = S. |last1 = Hunter |first1 = L. |title = Conserving the Asiatic cheetah in Iran: launching the first radio-telemetry study |journal = Cat News |year = 2007 |volume = 46 |pages = 8–11 }}</ref> As o 2012, anly twa captive individuals are kent.<ref name="CatWatch">{{cite web|last1=Hunter|first1=L.|title=Finding the Last Cheetahs of Iran|url=http://voices.nationalgeographic.com/2012/10/25/finding-the-last-cheetahs-of-iran/|website=Cat Watch|publisher=[[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]]|accessdate=4 May 2016|archive-date=2015-07-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701123053/http://voices.nationalgeographic.com/2012/10/25/finding-the-last-cheetahs-of-iran/|url-status=dead}}</ref> *'''[[Northwast African cheetah]]''' (''A. j. hecki'') <small>Hilzheimer, 1913</small>: Cried the '''Saharan cheetah''' an aa. Foond in northwastren Africae; the IUCN confirms its presence in anly fower countries: [[Algerie]], [[Benin]], [[Burkina Faso]] an [[Niger]]. Smaw populations are kent tae exist in the [[Ahaggar Naitional Park|Ahaggar]] an [[Tassili N'Ajjer Naitional Park|Tassili N'Ajjer]] Naitional Pairks (Algerie);<ref name="busby">{{cite report |last = Busby |first = G.B.J. |last2 = Gottelli |first2 = D. |last3 = Durant |first3 = S. |last4 = Wacher |first4 = T. |last5 = Marker |first5 = L. |last6 = Belbachir |first6 = F. |last7 = De Smet |first7 = K. |last8 = Belbachir-Bazi |first8 = A. |last9 = Fellous |first9 = A. |last10 = Belghoul |first10 = M. |title = A report from the Sahelo-Saharan interest group – Parc National de L’Ahaggar survey, Algeria (March 2005), Part 5: Using molecular genetics to study the presence of endangered carnivores (November 2006) [Unpublished report] |year = 2006 |pages = 1–19 |url = http://users.ox.ac.uk/~some2456/docs/Carniv_Mol_Gen_Ahaggar_Report_2006.pdf |access-date = 2016-09-02 |archive-date = 2016-03-04 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304112439/http://users.ox.ac.uk/~some2456/docs/Carniv_Mol_Gen_Ahaggar_Report_2006.pdf |url-status = dead }} {{open access}}</ref> a 2003 study estimatit a population o 20 tae 40 individuals in Ahaggar Naitional Pairk.<ref name="hamdine">{{cite journal |last1 = Hamdine |first1 = W. |last2 = Meftah |first2 = T. |last3 = Sehki |first3 = A. |title = Distribution and status of cheetahs (''Acinonyx jubatus'') in the Algerian Central Sahara (Ahaggar and Tassili) |journal = Mammalia |year = 2003 |volume = 67 |issue = 3 |pages = 439–43 |doi=10.1515/mamm.2003.67.3.439}}</ref> In Niger, cheetahs hae been reportit frae the [[Aïr Mountains]], [[Ténéré]], [[Termit Massif]], [[Talak, Niger|Talak]] an Azaouak valley. A 1993 study reportit a population o 50 frae Ténéré. In Benin, the cheetah still survives in [[Pendjari Naitional Pairk]] an [[W Naitional Pairk]]. The status is obscure in Burkina Faso, whaur individuals mey be confined tae the sootheastren region. Wi the tot warld population estimatit at less nor 250 matur individuals, it is leetit as [[Creetically endangered species|Creetically Endangered]].<ref name=iucn3>{{IUCN |assessors=Durant, S., Marker, L., Purchase, N., Belbachir, F., Hunter, L., Packer, C., Breitenmoser-Würsten, C., Sogbohossou, E. and Bauer, H. |year=2008 |id=221 |title=''Acinonyx jubatus'' ssp. ''hecki''|version=2015.2}}</ref> * '''[[Sooth African cheetah]]''' (''A. j. jubatus'') <small>(Schreber, 1775)</small>: Cried the '''Namibian cheetah''' an aa. Occurs in soothren African kintras sic as [[Namibie]], [[Botswana]], [[Zimbabwe]], [[Sooth Africae]] an [[Zambia]]. Diverged frae the Asiatic cheetah nearly 0.32–0.67 million years ago.<ref name="subspecies">{{cite journal |last1 = Charruau |first1 = P. |last2 = Fernandes |first2 = C. |last3 = Orozco-terwengel |first3 = P. |last4 = Peters |first4 = J. |last5 = Hunter |first5 = L. |last6 = Ziaie |first6 = H. |last7 = Jourabchian |first7 = A. |last8 = Jowkar |first8 = H. |last9 = Schaller |first9 = G. |author9-link = George Schaller|last10=Ostrowski|first10=S. |last11 = Vercammen |first11 = P. |last12 = Grange |first12 = T. |last13 = Schlotterer |first13 = C. |last14 = Kotze |first14 = A. |last15 = Geigl |first15 = E.-M. |last16 = Walzer |first16 = C. |last17 = Burger |first17 = P. A. |title = Phylogeography, genetic structure and population divergence time of cheetahs in Africa and Asia: evidence for long-term geographic isolates |journal = Molecular Ecology |year = 2011 |volume = 20 |issue = 4 |pages = 706–24 |doi = 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04986.x }}</ref> In 2007 the population wis roughly estimatit at less nor 5,000 tae maximum 6,500 adult individuals.<ref name=south1>{{cite report |title = Regional conservation strategy for the cheetah and African wild dog in southern Africa |url = https://portals.iucn.org/library/efiles/documents/Rep-2007-002.pdf |publisher = [[IUCN]] }} {{open access}}</ref><ref name=south2>{{cite report |last1 = Purchase |first1 = G. |last2 = Marker |first2 = L. |last3 = Marnewick |first3 = K. |last4 = Klein |first4 = R. |last5 = Williams |first5 = S. |title = Regional assessment of the status, distribution and conservation needs of cheetahs in southern Africa |year = 2007 |pages = 1–3 |publisher = [[IUCN]] Cat Specialist Group |url = http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Purchase_et_al_2007_Regional_assessment.pdf |access-date = 2016-09-02 |archive-date = 2015-09-19 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150919120103/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Purchase_et_al_2007_Regional_assessment.pdf |url-status = dead }} {{open access}}</ref> Nae leetit bi the IUCN.<ref name=iucn/> *'''[[Sudan cheetah]]''' (''A. j. soemmeringii'') <small>([[Leopold Fitzinger|Fitzinger]], 1855)</small>: Cried the '''central''' or '''northeast African cheetah''' an aa. Foond in the central an northeastren regions o the continent an the [[Horn o Africae]]. This subspecies wis considered identical tae the Sooth African cheetah till a 2011 genetic analysis demonstratit signeeficant differences atween the twa.<ref name=subspecies/><ref name=distinct1>{{cite news |title = Iran's endangered cheetahs are a unique subspecies |last = Davies |first = E. |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/earth/hi/earth_news/newsid_9365000/9365567.stm |publisher = [[BBC]] |date = 24 January 2011 |accessdate = 22 March 2016 }}</ref> *'''[[Tanzanie cheetah]]''' (''A. j. raineyi'' [[Synonym (taxonomy)|syn]]. ''A. j. fearsoni'') <small>[[Edmund Heller|Heller]], 1913</small>: Cried the '''east African cheetah''' an aa. Foond in [[Kenyae]], [[Somalie]], Tanzanie, an [[Uganda]]. The tot population in 2007 wis estimatit at 2,572 adults an independent adolescents. Signeeficant populations occur in the [[Maasai Mara]] an the [[Serengeti]] [[ecoregion]]s.<ref name=iucn/> {{Gallery |title=Subspecies o the cheetah |width=180 |height=200 |lines=1 |align=center ||Asie cheetah |File:Cheetah (Kruger National Park, South Africa, 2001).jpg|Sooth African cheetah |File:Cheetah at Whipsnade Zoo, Dunstable.jpg|Sudan cheetah |File:TanzanianCheetah.jpg|Tanzanian cheetah }} ==Characteristics== The cheetah is a [[big cat]] wi several distinctive features{{snds}}a slender bouk, deep chest, spottit [[Coat (ainimal)|pelage]], a smaw roondit heid, black tear-lik streaks on the face, lang thin legs an a lang spottit tail.<ref name="Estes">{{cite book |last1 = Estes |first1 = R.D. |authorlink = Richard Despard Estes |title = The Behavior Guide to African Mammals: Including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, Primates |date = 2004 |publisher = University of California Press |location = Berkeley, USA |isbn = 978-0-520-08085-0 |pages = 377–83 |edition = 4th }}</ref> Its lichtly biggit, slender form is in sharp contrast wi the robust big o the ither big cats.<ref name=wcw/> The heid-an-bouk lenth ranges frae {{convert|112|–|150|cm}}.<ref name="Estes" /> The cheetah reaches {{convert|70|–|90|cm|in|abbvn=on}} at the shouder, an weichs {{convert|21|–|72|kg|lb}}.<ref name="Estes"/><ref name="nowakmw">{{cite book |last1 = Nowak |first1 = R.M. |title = Walker's Mammals of the World |url = https://archive.org/details/walkersmammalsof0001nowa |date = 1999 |publisher = Johns Hopkins University Press |location = Baltimore, USA |isbn = 978-0-8018-5789-8 |pages = [https://archive.org/details/walkersmammalsof0001nowa/page/834 834]–6 |edition = 6th }}</ref> Sicweys, it is clearly tawer nor the leopard, which staunds nearly {{convert|55|–|70|cm|in}} at the shouder. The wecht range o the cheetah owerlaps extensively wi that o the leopard, which weichs {{convert|28|–|65|kg|lb}}.<ref name="Estes" /> On the ither haund, the cheetah is signeeficantly shorter nor the lion, whase average hicht is nearly {{convert|120|cm|in}}. Mairower, it is much lichter nor the lion, amang which females weich {{convert|126|kg|lb}} an the muckle hivier males weich {{convert|186|kg|lb}}.<ref name="Estes" /> Based on meisurments, the smawest cheetahs hae been reportit frae the Sahara, northeastren Africae an Iran.<ref name="hunterwcw">{{cite book |last1 = Hunter |first1 = L. |title = Wild Cats of the World |url = https://archive.org/details/wildcatsofworld0000hunt |date = 2015 |publisher = Bloomsbury Publishing |location = London, UK |isbn = 978-1-4729-1219-0 |pages = [https://archive.org/details/wildcatsofworld0000hunt/page/167 167]–76 }}</ref> A [[sexually dimorphic]] species, males are generally lairger nor females.<ref name="nowak">{{cite book |last1 = Nowak |first1 = R.M. |last2 = Kays |first2 = R.W. |title = Walker's Carnivores of the World |url = https://archive.org/details/walkerscarnivore00nowa |year = 2005 |publisher = Johns Hopkins University Press |location = Baltimore, USA |isbn = 978-0-8018-8032-2 |pages = [https://archive.org/details/walkerscarnivore00nowa/page/n280 270]–2 |edition = Illustrated }}</ref> ==Ecology an behaviour== [[File:Okavango Delta, Botwana (2792684218).jpg|thumbnail|right|Cheetahs rest in shade.]] Cheetahs are [[diurnality|diurnal]] (active mainly during the day),<ref name=Estes/> whauras the leopards, teegers, an lions are [[nocturnal]] (active mainly at nicht);<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hunter |first1=L. |last2=Balme |first2=G. |last3=Walker |first3=C. |last4=Pretorius |first4=K. |last5=Rosenberg |first5=K. |year=2003 |title=The landscape ecology of leopards (''Panthera pardus'') in northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: a preliminary project report |journal=Ecological Journal |volume=5 |pages=24–30 |url=http://www.biolsci.monash.edu.au/research/leopards/docs/ecojournal-2003.pdf |deadurl=unfit |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5nVirxVYK?url=http://www.biolsci.monash.edu.au/research/leopards/docs/ecojournal-2003.pdf |archivedate=2010-02-13 |access-date=2016-09-02 |url-status=dead }}{{Cite web |url=http://www.biolsci.monash.edu.au/research/leopards/docs/ecojournal-2003.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-09-02 |archive-date=2006-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060819032233/http://www.biolsci.monash.edu.au/research/leopards/docs/ecojournal-2003.pdf |url-status=dead }} {{open access}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last = Tilson |first = R. |year = 2010 |title = Tigers of the World: The Science, Politics and Conservation of ''Panthera tigris'' |url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780815515708 |publisher = Elsevier |page = [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780815515708/page/22 22] |isbn = 978-0-8155-1570-8 }}</ref><ref name=Schaller1972>{{Cite book |last = Schaller |first = G.B. |authorlink = George Schaller |year = 1972 |title = The Serengeti Lion: A Study of Predator-Prey Relations |url = https://archive.org/details/serengetilionstu0000scha |publisher = University of Chicago Press |location = Chicago, USA |isbn = 978-0-226-73639-6 }}</ref> diurnality allaes better observation an monitorin o the ainimal.<ref name="caro1994">{{cite book |last1 = Caro |first1 = T. M. |title = Cheetahs of the Serengeti Plains : Group Living in an Asocial Species |url = https://archive.org/details/cheetahsofsereng0000caro |year = 1994 |publisher = University of Chicago Press |location = Chicago, USA |isbn = 9780226094342 }}</ref> Huntin is the major activity throuoot the day; peaks are observed during dawn an dusk indicatin [[crepuscular]] tendencies.<ref name=hunterwcw/> Groups rest in grassy clearings efter dusk, tho males an juveniles eften roam aroond at nicht. The cheetah is an alert ainimal; individuals eften inspect thair vicinity at observation pynts sic as elevations. Even while restin, thay tak turns at keepin a leukoot.<ref name=wcw/> ===Organisation an territory=== Apairt frae the lion, the cheetah is the anly cat that is gregarious; houever, female cheetahs tend tae remain solitary.<ref name="mills">{{cite book |last1 = Mills |first1 = G. |last2 = Hes |first2 = L. |title = The Complete Book of Southern African mammals |url = https://archive.org/details/completebooksout00mill |date = 1997 |publisher = Struik Publishers |location = Cape Town, South Africa |isbn = 978-0-947430-55-9 |pages = [https://archive.org/details/completebooksout00mill/page/175 175]–7 |edition = 1st }}</ref> Adult males are teepically gregarious despite thair [[territory (animal)|territoriality]], an mey group thegither for life an form "coalitions". Thir groups collectively defend thair territories. In maist cases, a coaleetion will comprise brithers born in the same litter wha stayed thegither efter weanin.<ref name="kingdon">{{cite book |last1 = Kingdon |first1 = J. |authorlink = Jonathan Kingdon |title = The Kingdon Field Guide to African Mammals |year = 2015 |publisher = Bloomsbury Publishing |location = London, UK |isbn = 978-1-4729-1236-7 |pages = 403–4 |edition = 2nd }}</ref> Houever, if a cub is the anly male in the litter, then twa or three lone males mey form a smaw group, or a lone male mey jyn an exeestin group. ===Communication=== The cheetah is a prominently vocal felid. Thay canna roar but instead purr.<ref>{{cite book |last1 = Estrada |first1 = J. |last2 = Elwood |first2 = A. |title = Lions |year = 1993 |publisher = Wildlife Education |location = San Diego, USA |isbn = 978-0-937934-81-4 |page = ix |edition = Hardbound }}</ref> A wide variety o cheetah vocalisations hae been identified bi several terms, but maist o thir lack a detailed [[Acoustics|acoustic]] description, which maks it difficult tae assess reliably which term denotes which soond. In 2010 Robert Eklund (o the [[Varsity o Göteborg]], Swaden) an colleagues published a detailed report on the purrin o the cheetah an compared it wi that observed in ither felids.<ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Eklund |first1 = R. |last2 = Peters |first2 = G. |last3 = Dulthie |first3 = E.D. |last4 = Koenig |first4 = F.A. |title = An acoustic analysis of purring in the cheetah (''Acinonyx jubatus'') and in the domestic cat (''Felis catus'') |journal = Proceedings of FONETIK 2010 |year = 2010 |pages = 17–22 |url=http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:539494/FULLTEXT01.pdf}} {{open access}}</ref> The cheetah purrs when content, or tae greet kent individuals. A chairacteristic o purrin is that it is realised on baith [[Egressive soond|egressive]] an [[Ingressive sound|ingressive]] airstreams.<ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Eklund |first1 = R. |last2 = Peters |first2 = G. |last3 = Weise |first3 = F. |last4 = Munro |first4 = S. |title = A comparative acoustic analysis of purring in four cheetahs |journal = Proceedings of FONETIK 2012 |year = 2012 |pages = 41–4 |url = http://roberteklund.info/pdf/Eklund_et_al_2012_Cheetah_Purring.pdf |publisher = University of Gothenburg |access-date = 2016-09-02 |archive-date = 2017-01-28 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170128150932/http://roberteklund.info/pdf/Eklund_et_al_2012_Cheetah_Purring.pdf |url-status = dead }} {{open access}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Eklund |first1 = R. |last2 = Peters |first2 = G. |url = http://roberteklund.info/pdf/Eklund_Peters_2013_Cheetah_Purring.pdf |title = A comparative acoustic analysis of purring in juvenile, subadult and adult cheetahs |journal = Proceedings of FONETIK 2013 |year = 2013 |pages = 25–8 |access-date = 2016-09-02 |archive-date = 2020-08-20 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200820212524/http://roberteklund.info/pdf/Eklund_Peters_2013_Cheetah_Purring.pdf |url-status = dead }} {{open access}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1 = Eklund |first1 = R. |title = Robert Eklund’s Ingressive Phonation & Speech Page |url = http://ingressivespeech.info/ |website = Robert Eklund's website |accessdate = 17 February 2016 |archive-date = 2019-09-11 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190911194707/http://ingressivespeech.info/ |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1 = Eklund |first1 = R. |title = Robert Eklund's Wildlife Experience Page |url = http://roberteklund.info/Wildlife.htm |website = Robert Eklund's website |accessdate = 17 February 2016 |archive-date = 2017-07-05 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170705042429/http://roberteklund.info/Wildlife.htm |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1 = Eklund |first1 = R. |title = Devoted to felid purring |url = http://purring.org/ |publisher = Purring.org |accessdate = 17 February 2016 |archive-date = 2019-09-16 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190916090133/http://purring.org/ |url-status = dead }}</ref> Ither vocalisations Eklund identified include:<ref name=bare_url>{{cite journal |last1 = Eklund |first1 = R. |last2 = Peters |first2 = G. |last3 = Weise |first3 = F. |last4 = Munro |first4 = S. |title = An acoustic analysis of agonistic sounds in wild cheetahs |journal = Proceedings of FONETIK 2012 |year = 2012 |pages = 37–40 |url = http://www.ida.liu.se/~robek28/pdf/Eklund_et_al_2012_Cheetah_AgonisticVocalizations.pdf }} {{open access}}</ref> * Growlin: Eften accompanied bi hissin an spittin, the cheetah growls tae shaw its annoyance, or when faced wi danger. A study shawed that growls conseest o numerous short [[pulse]]s wi a combined duration o up tae five seiconts.<ref name="volodina">{{cite journal |last1 = Volodina |first1 = E.V. |title = Vocal repertoire of the cheetah ''Acinonyx jubatus'' (Carnivora, Felidae) in captivity: sound structure and their potential for estimating the state of adult animals |journal = Zoologicheskiĭ Zhurnal |year = 2000 |volume = 79 |issue = 7 |pages = 833–43 |url = http://www.bioacoustica.org/publ/papers/305_Volodina_2000_ZJ_eng.pdf }} {{open access}}</ref> * Moanin or yowlin: This is an escalatit version o growlin an is eften combined wi it. It is teepically displayed when the danger increases. A study foond that yowls coud last as lang as twa seconds.<ref name="volodina"/> * Agonistic vocalisations: Eklund uised this term as a reference tae a combination o growls, moans, an hisses that is follaeed bi spittin, a featur mair conspicuous in cheetah nor in ither cats. In addeetion tae spittin, the cheetah will hit the grund wi its front paws. ===Huntin an competitors=== The cheetah is a [[carnivore]] that prefers medium-sized prey wi a bouk mass rangin frae {{convert|23|tae|56|kg|lb|abbr=on}}. [[Blesbok]], [[duiker]], [[Grant's gazelle]], impala, [[reedbuck]], [[Springbok (antelope)|springbok]], an Thomson's gazelle are some o the common tairgets o the cheetah. Ither prey ainimals include the [[baukie-eared fox]], [[bushbuck]], [[kudu]], [[hartebeest]], [[nyala]], [[oribi]], [[roan antelope]], [[steenbok]], [[sable antelope]], an [[watterbuck]]; thay prey less frequently on [[African buffalo]], [[gemsbok]], [[giraffe]], [[ostrich]], [[warthog]], [[wildebeest]], an [[zebra]].<ref name=wcw/><ref name=hunterwcw/><ref name="Hayward06">{{cite journal |last1 = Hayward |first1 = M.W. |last2 = Hofmeyr |first2 = M. |last3 = O'Brien |first3 = J. |last4 = Kerley |first4 = G.I.H. |title = Prey preferences of the cheetah (''Acinonyx jubatus'') (Felidae: Carnivora): morphological limitations or the need to capture rapidly consumable prey before kleptoparasites arrive? |journal = [[Journal of Zoology]] |year = 2006 |volume = 270 |issue = 4 |pages = 615–27 |doi = 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00184.x }}</ref><ref name="hunt1">{{cite journal |last1 = Schaller |first1 = G.B. |authorlink = George Schaller |title = Hunting behaviour of the cheetah in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania |journal = [[African Journal of Ecology]] |year = 1968 |volume = 6 |issue = 1 |pages = 95–100 |doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2028.1968.tb00906.x }}</ref> A study shawed that a major proportion o the diet o Asiatic cheetahs conseests o livestock; local species sic as [[chinkara]], [[desert hare]], [[goitered gazelle]], [[ibex]], [[rodent]]s, an [[wild sheep]] are an aa huntit.<ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Farhadinia |first1 = M.S. |last2 = Hosseini-Zavarei |first2 = F. |last3 = Nezami |first3 = B. |last4 = Harati |first4 = H. |last5 = Absalan |first5 = H. |last6 = Fabiano |first6 = E. |last7 = Marker |first7 = L. |title = Feeding ecology of the Asiatic cheetah ''Acinonyx jubatus venaticus'' in low prey habitats in northeastern Iran: Implications for effective conservation |journal = [[Journal of Arid Environments]] |year = 2012 |volume = 87 |pages = 206–11 |doi = 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2012.05.002 |url = http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mohammad_Farhadinia2/publication/256941642_Feeding_ecology_of_the_Asiatic_cheetah_Acinonyx_jubatus_venaticus_in_low_prey_habitats_in_northeastern_Iran_Implications_for_effective_conservation/links/5518cb4f0cf2f7d80a3e31c5.pdf }} {{open access}}</ref> Generally, anly groups o cheetahs will attempt tae kill lairge ainimals sic as hartebeest,<ref name=Estes/><ref name=hunterwcw/> awtho mithers wi young cubs will attempt tae secure a lairge prey aw bi themsels.<ref name=caro1994/> Thare are na records o cheetah killin human beins.<ref name=hunterwcw/><ref name="hilde">{{cite book |last1 = Hunter |first1 = L. |last2 = Hinde |first2 = G. |title = Cats of Africa: Behaviour, Ecology, and Conservation |url = https://archive.org/details/catsafricabehavi00hunt |date = 2005 |publisher = Struik Publishers |location = Cape Town, South Africa |isbn = 978-1-77007-063-9 |pages = [https://archive.org/details/catsafricabehavi00hunt/page/1 1]–172 }}</ref> The diet o a cheetah depends on the aurie in which it lives. For ensaumple, on the [[East Africae|East Africa]]n plains, its preferred prey is the Thomson's gazelle, somewhit smawer than the cheetah. In contrast, in [[Kwa-Zulu Natal]] the preferred prey is the signeeficantly lairger nyala, males o which can weich up tae {{convert|130|kg|abbr=on}}.<ref name=hilde/> Thay dae, houever, opt for young an adolescent tairgets, which mak up aboot 50% o the cheetah diet despite constitutin anly a smaw portion o the prey population.<ref name=wcw/> === Speed an acceleration === The cheetah's bouk is specialised for speed,<ref name="gonyea">{{cite journal |last1 = Gonyea |first1 = W.J. |title = Functional implications of felid forelimb anatomy |journal = Acta Anatomica |year = 1978 |volume = 102 |issue = 2 |pages = 111–21 |pmid = 685643 |doi=10.1159/000145627}}</ref><ref name="hudson">{{cite journal |last1 = Hudson |first1 = P.E. |last2 = Corr |first2 = S.A. |last3 = Payne-Davis |first3 = R.C. |last4 = Clancy |first4 = S.N. |last5 = Lane |first5 = E. |last6 = Wilson |first6 = A.M. |title = Functional anatomy of the cheetah (''Acinonyx jubatus'') hindlimb |journal = Journal of Anatomy |year = 2011 |volume = 218 |issue = 4 |pages = 363–74 |doi = 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2010.01310.x }}</ref> an it is the [[Fastest ainimals|fastest]] laund ainimal.<ref name=carwardine08>{{cite book |last = Carwardine |first = M. |title = Animal Records |url = https://archive.org/details/animalrecords0000carw |year = 2008 |publisher = Sterling |location = New York, USA |isbn = 978-1-4027-5623-8 |page = [https://archive.org/details/animalrecords0000carw/page/43 43] }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last = Sears |first = E.S. |title = Running through the Ages |url = https://archive.org/details/runningthroughag0000sear |year = 2001 |publisher = McFarland |location = North Carolina, USA |isbn = 978-0-7864-0971-6 |page = [https://archive.org/details/runningthroughag0000sear/page/5 5] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/08/120802-cheetah-sarah-cincinnati-zoo-fastest-record-science-usain-bolt-olympics/ |title = Cheetah Breaks Speed Record–Beats Usain Bolt by Seconds |newspaper = National Geographic Daily News |publisher = [[National Geographic Society]] |last = Smith |first = R. |date = 2 August 2012 |accessdate = 17 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/collections/p00hldcc#p00715gc |title = Speed Sensation |work = Nature Video Collections |publisher = [[BBC]] Nature |accessdate = 17 May 2016 |archive-date = 2014-12-06 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141206171105/http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/collections/p00hldcc#p00715gc |url-status = dead }}</ref> In general, the speed o a huntin cheetah averages {{convert|64|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} during a chase,<ref name=Estes/> interspersed wi a few short bursts when the speed mey vary atween {{convert|104|and|120|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}; the maist reliable meisurment o the teepical speed during a short chase is {{convert|112|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}.<ref name=wcw/><ref name="Schaller1972"/><ref name="cbn">{{cite journal |title = Motions of cheetah and horse |last1 = Hildebrand |first1 = M. |year = 1959 |journal = [[Journal of Mammalogy]] |jstor = 1376265 |pages = 481–95 |volume = 40 |issue = 4 |doi=10.2307/1376265}}</ref><ref name="alexander">{{cite journal |last1 = Alexander |first1 = R.M. |title = Legs and locomotion of Carnivora |journal = Symposia of the Zoological Society of London |year = 1993 |volume = 65 |pages = 1–13 }}</ref> The value o the maximum speed is, houever, disputit.<ref name=wcw/> The speeds attained bi the cheetah are anly slichtly greater nor thir achieved bi the [[pronghorn]] {{convert|88.5|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Carwardine|first=Mark|title=Animal Records|url=https://archive.org/details/animalrecords0000carw|year=2008|publisher=Sterling|location=New York|isbn=9781402756238|page=[https://archive.org/details/animalrecords0000carw/page/11 11]}}</ref> an the springbok {{convert|88|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite book |last1 = Burton |first1 = M. |last2 = Burton |first2 = R. |title = International Wildlife Encyclopedia |url = https://archive.org/details/internationalwil22burt0 |year = 2002 |publisher = Marshall Cavendish |location = New York, USA |isbn = 978-0-7614-7266-7 |page = 226 |edition = 3rd }}</ref> Yet the cheetah haes a greater probability o succeedin in the chase due tae its exceptional acceleration{{snds}}it can attain a speed o {{convert|75|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} in juist twa seiconts.<ref name=wcw/> Ane stride or jump o a gallopin cheetah averages {{convert|6.7|m|ft}}.<ref name="Pappas">{{cite news |last1 = Pappas |first1 = S. |title = Wow! 11-year-old cheetah Breaks Land Speed Record |url = http://www.livescience.com/22080-cheetah-breaks-speed-record.html |accessdate = 24 March 2016 |work = [[LiveScience]] |date = 2 August 2012 }}</ref> Seemilarly, the ability tae rapidly chynge direction is pivotal in ensurin huntin success.<ref name="WilsonBiologyLetters">{{cite journal |last1 = Wilson |first1 = J.W. |last2 = Mills |first2 = M.G.L. |last3 = Wilson |first3 = R.P. |last4 = Peters |first4 = G. |last5 = Mills |first5 = M.E.J. |last6 = Speakman |first6 = J.R. |last7 = Durant |first7 = S.M. |last8 = Bennett |first8 = N.C. |last9 = Marks |first9 = N.J. |last10 = Scantlebury |first10 = M. |title = Cheetahs, ''Acinonyx jubatus'', balance turn capacity with pace when chasing prey |journal = [[Biology Letters]] |volume = 9 |issue = 5 |year = 2013 |page = 20130620 |doi = 10.1098/rsbl.2013.0620 |url = http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/9/5/20130620 |access-date = 2016-09-03 |archive-date = 2016-10-01 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161001045053/http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/9/5/20130620 |url-status = dead }} {{open access}}</ref><ref name = "BBC RVC report">{{Cite news |last = Ghosh |first = P. |date = 12 June 2013 |title = Cheetah tracking study reveals incredible acceleration |url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-22861142 |publisher = [[BBC]] |accessdate = 22 July 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author = RVC Press Office |year = 2013 |url = http://www.rvc.ac.uk/News/PressReleases/pr1306-Cheetah-speed.cfm |title = Groundbreaking RVC research shows wild cheetah reaching speeds of up to 58 mph during a hunt |publisher = [[Royal Veterinary College]], [[University of London]] |accessdate = 16 June 2013 |archive-date = 2013-07-19 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130719172831/http://www.rvc.ac.uk/News/PressReleases/pr1306-Cheetah-speed.cfm |url-status = dead }}</ref> Cheetahs teepically walk at {{convert|3|–|4|km/h|mph}}.<ref name=Schaller1972/> === Reproduction === [[File:A nice little cheetah.JPG|thumb|A cheetah cub. Note the lang, bluish grey hair on the nape, shouders an back.]] Cheetahs breed throuoot the year; thay are [[Induced ovulation (animals)|induced ovulators]]. Females acome [[sexually matur]] at 21 tae 22 month o age.<ref name=mammal>{{cite journal |last = Krausman |first = P.R. |last2 = Morales |first2 = S.M. |year = 2005 |title = ''Acinonyx jubatus'' |journal = [[Mammalian Species]] |volume = 771 |pages = 1–6 |url = http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/biology/VHAYSSEN/msi/pdf/i1545-1410-771-1-1.pdf |doi = 10.1644/1545-1410(2005)771[0001:aj]2.0.co;2 }} {{open access}}</ref> Females are [[Polyestrous|polyoestrus]]{{snds}}thay hae an oestrus ("heat") cycle every 12{{nbsp}}days (this can vary frae 10{{nbsp}}tae 20 days),<ref name="fcr">{{cite journal |last1 = Laurenson |first1 = M.K. |last2 = Caro |first2 = T.M. |last3 = Borner |first3 = M. |title = Female cheetah reproduction |journal = National Geographic Research and Exploration |year = 1992 |volume = 8 |issue = 1002 |pages = 64–75 |url = http://www.catsg.org/cheetah/05_library/5_3_publications/L/Laurenson_et_al_1992_Cheetah_reproduction.pdf |access-date = 2016-09-02 |archive-date = 2016-08-12 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160812015135/http://www.catsg.org/cheetah/05_library/5_3_publications/L/Laurenson_et_al_1992_Cheetah_reproduction.pdf |url-status = dead }} {{open access}}</ref> each oestrus lastin ane tae three days. A female can gie birth again efter 17 tae 20 month; houever, on the loss o a whole litter mithers can mate again.<ref name=nowak/> Gestation is nearly three month lang. The nummer o cubs born can vary frae ane tae aicht, tho the common nummer is three tae five. Birth taks place in a sheltered place sic as thick vegetation. Each cub weichs nearly {{convert|150|–|400|g|oz|abbr=on}} at birth; the een, shut at birth, open in 4{{nbsp}}tae 11 days. Newborn cubs can crawl an spit; thay can stairt walkin bi twa weeks. Thair nape, shouders an back are thickly covered wi lang bluish grey hair. This douny unnerlyin fur, cried a "mantle", gies them a [[Mohawk hairstyle|Mohawk-teep]] appearance; this fur is shed as the cheetah grows aulder.<ref name=caro1994/> A study notit that this mane gies a cheetah cub the appearance o the [[honey badger]]; this coud act as a camouflage in baith ainimals.<ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Eaton |first1 = R.L. |title = A possible case of mimicry in larger mammals |journal = [[Evolution (journal)|Evolution]] |year = 1976 |volume = 30 |issue = 4 |pages = 853–6 |jstor = 2407827 |url = http://www.catsg.org/cheetah/05_library/5_3_publications/E/Eaton_1976_A_Possible_Case_of_Mimicry_in_Larger_Mammals.pdf |doi = 10.2307/2407827 |access-date = 2016-09-02 |archive-date = 2016-09-24 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160924070215/http://www.catsg.org/cheetah/05_library/5_3_publications/E/Eaton_1976_A_Possible_Case_of_Mimicry_in_Larger_Mammals.pdf |url-status = dead }} {{open access}}</ref> Cheetah cubs are heichly vulnerable during the first few weeks o thair life; mithers keep thair cubs hidden in dense vegetation for the first month.<ref name=Estes/> The affspring mey stay wi the mither for 13 tae 20 month, associatin wi ane anither an feedin on kills thegither. Efter weanin, juveniles mey form mixed-sex herds; young females mey stay back wi thair mither, but thare is haurdly ony interaction atween the mither an dauchters. The females in the mixed-sex herd gradually muive oot as thay near sexual maturity.<ref name="Estes" /> In the Serengeti, average age o unthirldom o 70 observed litters wis 17.1 month. Young females haed thair first litters at the age o aboot 2.4 years an subsequent litters aboot 20 month later.<ref name="Kelly, M. J. 1998">{{cite journal |last1 = Kelly |first1 = M.J. |last2 = Laurenson |first2 = M.K. |last3 = FitzGibbon |first3 = C.D. |last4 = Collins |first4 = D.A. |last5 = Durant |first5 = S.M. |last6 = Frame |first6 = G.W. |last7 = Bertram |first7 = B.C. |last8 = Caro |first8 = T.M. |title = Demography of the Serengeti cheetah (''Acinonyx jubatus'') population: the first 25 years |journal = [[Journal of Zoology]] |year = 1998 |volume = 244 |issue = 4 |pages = 473–88 |doi = 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1998.tb00053.x |url = http://www.mjkelly.info/Publications/demography.pdf |access-date = 2016-09-02 |archive-date = 2011-04-01 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110401120639/http://www.mjkelly.info/Publications/demography.pdf |url-status = dead }} {{open access}}</ref> The lifespan o wild cheetahs is 14 tae 15 years for females; thair reproductive cycle teepically ends bi 12 years o age. Males generally live as lang as 10 years.<ref name=iucn/> ==Distribution an habitat== [[File:Kenia 2012 (89).JPG|thumb|left|Cheetahs indwall [[savanna]]hs.]] The cheetah indalls a variety o habitats; in Africae it haes been observed in dry forests, [[scrub forest]]s, an [[savanna]]hs.<ref name=caro1994/> Houever, the distribution o prey mey influence habitat preferences; in a study in the Kruger Naitional Pairk, female cheetahs war foond tae spend a signeeficant amoont o time in widlands, whaur impala occurred. It wis suggestit that tho the forestit aurie wis unsuitable for huntin, the females preferred widlands tae encoonter mair impala. Male coaleetions, on the ither haund, shunned dense habitats an spent maist o the time in open savannahs. An explanation gien for this wis that the coalitions prefer lairger prey than impala.<ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Broomhall |first1 = L.S. |last2 = Mills |first2 = M.G.L. |last3 = du Toit |first3 = J.T. |title = Home range and habitat use by cheetahs (''Acinonyx jubatus'') in the Kruger National Park |journal = [[Journal of Zoology]] |year = 2003 |volume = 261 |issue = 2 |pages = 119–28 |doi = 10.1017/S0952836903004059 |url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231912237_Home_range_and_habitat_use_by_cheetahs_in_the_Kruger_National_Park }} {{open access}}</ref> Tho thay dinna prefer [[montane]] regions, cheetahs can occur at elevations as heich as {{convert|4000|m|ft|abbr=on}}. An open aurie wi some kiver, sic as diffused bushes, is probably ideal for the cheetah acause it needs tae stalk an pursue its prey ower a distance, exploitin its speed. This an aa minimises the risk o encoonterin lairger carnivores. Complete lack o kiver, houever, can be a cause o prey loss an mortality.<ref name=caro1994/><ref name=myers>{{cite report |last1 = Myers |first1 = N. |title = The cheetah (''Acinonyx jubatus'') in Africa |year = 1975 |publisher = [[IUCN]] |pages = 1–43 |accessdate = 22 March 2016 |url = http://www.catsg.org/cheetah/05_library/5_3_publications/M/Myers_1975_Cheetah_in_Africa.pdf |archive-date = 2016-08-13 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160813213356/http://www.catsg.org/cheetah/05_library/5_3_publications/M/Myers_1975_Cheetah_in_Africa.pdf |url-status = dead }} {{open access}}</ref> In prehistoric times, the cheetah wis distributit throuoot Asie, Africae, Europe, an North Americae. Gradually, it vanished frae Europe an North Americae. Nearly 500 years ago, the cheetah wis still common throuoot Africae, tho it avoidit deserts an tropical forests. Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Palestine, Sirie, an the [[Ganga river|Ganga]] an [[Indus River Valley|Indus]] [[river valley]]s sheltered lairge nummers o cheetahs.<ref name=wcw/> Houever, the day the cheetah haes been exterminatit frae the majority o its earlier range. The IUCN estimates that the tot expanse o the range o the cheetah in earlier times wis approximately {{convert|25,344,648|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}; the range (as o 2015) haes syne then reduced tae {{convert|2,709,054|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}, a substantial decline o 89%.<ref name=iucn/> In Africae, the cheetah occurs mainly in eastren an soothren Africae; the range across the continent haes declined tae a mere 10% o the historic expanse. The range in eastren Africae haes reduced tae 6% o its oreeginal range, sae that presently it is distributit in an aurie o {{convert|310586|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}.<ref name=iucn/> In the [[Horn o Africae]], the cheetah occurs in Ethiopie, Kenyae, Sooth Sudan, Tanzanie, an Uganda.<ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Marker |first1 = L. |title = Current status of the cheetah (''Acinonyx jubatus'') |journal = Proceedings of a Symposium on Cheetahs as Game Ranch Animals: Onderstepoort, Republic of South Africa |year = 1998 |pages = 1–17 |url = http://cheetah.org/site/wp-content/uploads/1998/10/status_of_the_cheetah.pdf |access-date = 2016-09-02 |archive-date = 2016-09-24 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160924133238/http://cheetah.org/site/wp-content/uploads/1998/10/status_of_the_cheetah.pdf |url-status = dead }} {{open access}}</ref> The range haes nae reduced as much in the soothren pairt o the continent, whaur it occurs in an aurie o {{convert|1223388|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}, 22% o its oreeginal range. Tho cheetahs na langer occur in Malawi, signeeficant populations thrive in sooth-wastren Angolae, Botswana, sooth-wastren Mozambique, Namibie, northren Sooth Africae, soothren Zambie, an Zimbabwe. Very few isolated populations occur in the [[Sahara Desert (ecoregion)|Sahara]]; the population density in this region is as law as twa tae three individuals per {{convert|10000|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}. Thay occur in very law nummers in northren an wastren Africae. In the past, the cheetah ranged across vast stretches o Asie: frae the Mediterranean an the Arabian Peninsula in the wast tae the Indian subcontinent in the east, an as far north as the Caspian an Aral Seas.<ref name=iucn/> Houever, the cheetah haes disappeared frae the majority o its historic range, save for Iran an possibly a few auries in Afghanistan, the Indian subcontinent, an Turkmenistan.<ref name=farhadinia/> == Status and threats == The cheetah has been clessifee'd as [[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]] bi the IUCN; it is leetit unner Appendix{{nbsp}}I o the Convention on the Conservation o Migratory Species o Wild Ainimals ([[Convention on the Conservation o Migratory Species of Wild Ainimals|CMS]]) an Appendix{{nbsp}}I o [[CITES]] (Convention on Internaitional Tred in Endangered Species). The cheetah is threatened bi habitat loss throu agricultural an industrial expansion; however, the ainimal apparently requires a muckle aurie tae live in as indicatit bi its law population densities.<ref name=iucn/> The cheetah appears tae be less capable nor the leopard o coexeestin wi humans.<ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Laurenson |first1 = M.K. |last2 = Caro |first2 = T.M. |title = Monitoring the effects of non-trivial handling in free-living cheetahs |journal = [[Animal Behaviour (journal)|Animal Behaviour]] |year = 1994 |volume = 47 |issue = 3 |pages = 547–57 |doi = 10.1006/anbe.1994.1078 }}</ref> As sic, human interference can disturb the activities, sic as huntin an feedin, o cheetah.<ref name=nowak/> Wi 76% o thair range conseestin o unpertectit land, the cheetah are eften taitgetit bi farmers an pastoralists wha attempt tae pertect thair livestock. Houever, cheetahs teepically dae nae prefer livestock for prey.<ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Voigt |first1 = C.C. |last2 = Thalwitzer |first2 = S. |last3 = Melzheimer |first3 = J. |last4 = Blanc |first4 = A. |last5 = Jago |first5 = M. |last6 = Wachter |first6 = B. |last7 = Fenton |first7 = B. |title = The conflict between cheetahs and humans on Namibian farmland elucidated by stable isotope diet analysis |journal = [[PLOS ONE]] |year = 2014 |volume = 9 |issue = 8 |pages = e101917 |doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0101917 }} {{open access}}</ref> Gemme hunters mey an aa try tae hairm cheetah as thir carnivores can deprive them o valuable gemme. [[Roadkill]] can be anither threat, especially in auries whaur roads hae been constructit near the naitural habitat or pertectit auries. Cases o roadkill involvin cheetahs hae been reportit frae [[Kalmand, Iran|Kalmand]], [[Turan|Tūrān]], an [[Bafq]]. The threat is posed bi infectious diseases is minor, gien the law population densities an hence the minimal chance o infection.<ref name=iucn/> ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Freemit airtins== * {{eol|328680}} * [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/name/Acinonyx_jubatus Biodiversity Heritage Library bibliography] for ''Acinonyx jubatus'' * [http://www.cheetah.org/ Cheetah Conservation Fund] * [http://english.savechinastigers.org/node/487 Save Cheenae's Tigers tae Fund Wild Cat Conservation Warldwide] * [http://www.dewildt.org.za De Wildt Cheetah an Wildlife Trust] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205105919/http://www.dewildt.org.za/ |date=2007-02-05 }} * [http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/35612/on-the-chase-with-cheetahs On the Chase Wi Cheetahs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328142008/http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/35612/on-the-chase-with-cheetahs |date=2010-03-28 }} - slideshaw bi ''[[Life magazine]]'' * [http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=iarsmqA3dck 110km/h Cheetah attack gazelle] Video shawin cheetah's speed, runnin mechanics, an [[hyena]]s stealin a cheetah's prey. [[Category:Acinonyx]] [[Category:Ainimals descrived in 1775]] [[Category:Carnivorans o Africae]] [[Category:Fauna o the Sahara]] [[Category:Mammals o Africae]] [[Category:Mammals o Asie]] [[Category:Mammals o Wastren Sahara]] [[Category:Megafauna o Africae]] [[Category:Monotypic mammal genera]] 5pkm7bwa0nuy1rhc2uyjrp360dlof2r 0 54610 920007 787356 2026-07-25T00:32:05Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 920007 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox caesium}} '''Caesium''' or '''cesium'''{{#tag:ref|''Caesium'' is the spellin recommendit bi the [[Internaitional Union o Pure an Applee'd Chemistry]] (IUPAC).<ref>{{RedBook2005|pages=248–49}}.</ref> The [[American Chemical Society]] (ACS) haes uised the spellin ''cesium'' syne 1921,<ref>{{Cite book|editor1-first = Anne M.|editor1-last = Coghill|editor2-first = Lorrin R.|editor2-last = Garson|year = 2006|title = The ACS Style Guide: Effective Communication of Scientific Information|url = https://archive.org/details/acsstyleguideeff0000unse|edition = 3rd|publisher = American Chemical Society|location = Washington, D.C.|isbn = 0-8412-3999-1|page = [https://archive.org/details/acsstyleguideeff0000unse/page/127 127]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|journal=Pure Appl. Chem.|volume=70|issue=1|last1=Coplen|pages = 237–257|year = 1998|first1=T. B.|url = http://old.iupac.org/reports/1998/7001coplen/history.pdf|last2=Peiser|first2=H. S.|title = History of the recommended atomic-weight values from 1882 to 1997: a comparison of differences from current values to the estimated uncertainties of earlier values|doi = 10.1351/pac199870010237}}</ref> follaein ''Webster's New International Dictionary''. The element wis named efter the Latin word ''cæsius'', meanin "bluish gray".<ref>[http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/26023 OED entry for "caesium"]. Second edition, 1989; online version June 2012; accessed 07 September 2012. Earlier version first published in New English Dictionary, 1888.</ref> Hence, an alternative orthography is '''cæsium'''. Mair spellin explanation at [[American an Breetish Inglis spellin differences#ae an oe|ae/oe vs e]].|group=note}} is a [[chemical element]] wi seembol&nbsp;'''Cs''' an [[atomic nummer]]&nbsp;55. It is a saft, sillery-gowd alkali metal wi a meltin pynt o 28&nbsp;°C (82&nbsp;°F), which maks it ane o anly five elemental metals that are liquid at or near [[ruim temperatur]].{{#tag:ref|Alang wi [[rubidium]] (39&nbsp;°C [102&nbsp;°F]), [[francium]] (estimatit at 27&nbsp;°C [81&nbsp;°F]), [[mercur (element)|mercur]] (−39&nbsp;°C [−38&nbsp;°F]), an [[gallium]] (30&nbsp;°C [86&nbsp;°F]); bromine is an aa liquid at ruim temperatur (meltin at −7.2&nbsp;°C, 19&nbsp;°F) but it is a [[halogen]], nae a metal.|group=note}} Caesium is an [[alkali metal]] an haes pheesical an chemical properties seemilar tae those o [[rubidium]] an [[potassium]]. The metal is extremely reactive an [[pyrophoricity|pyrophoric]], reactin wi watter even at −116&nbsp;°C (−177&nbsp;°F). It is the least [[electronegativity|electronegative]] element havin a stable isotope, caesium-133. Caesium is mined maistly frae [[pollucite]], while the [[Radionuclide|radioisotopes]], especially [[caesium-137]], a [[fission product]], are extractit frae waste produced bi [[nuclear reactor technology|nuclear reactors]]. Twa German chemists, [[Robert Bunsen]] an [[Gustav Kirchhoff]], discovered caesium in 1860 bi the newly developed method o [[Atomic emission spectroscopy#Flame emission spectroscopy|flame spectroscopy]]. The first smaa-scale applications for caesium wur as a "[[getter]]" in [[vacuum tube]]s an in [[Solar cell|photoelectric cells]]. In 1967, a specific frequency frae the [[emission spectrum]] o caesium-133 wis chosen tae be uised in the definition o the [[seicont]] bi the [[Internaitional Seestem o Units]]. Syne then, caesium haes been widely uised in [[atomic clock]]s. Syne the 1990s, the lairgest [[#Applications|application o the element]] haes been as [[caesium formate]] for [[drilling fluid]]s. It haes a range o applications in the production o electricity, in electronics, an in chemistry. The radioactive isotope caesium-137 haes a [[hauf-life]] o aboot 30 year an is uised in medical applications, industrial gauges, an hydrology. Altho the element is anly mildly toxic, it is a hazardous material as a metal an its radioisotopes present a heich heal risk if released intae the environment. ==Notes== <references group="note"/> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/055.htm Caesium or Cesium] at ''[[The Periodic Table o Videos]]'' (Varsity o Nottingham) * [http://www.cs.rochester.edu/users/faculty/nelson/cesium/cesium_faq.html Humor steid dedicatit tae caesium] {{Periodic cairt}} [[Category:Chemical elements|Caesium]] [[Category:Alkali metals]] [[Category:Caesium|*]] [[Category:Reducin agents]] c6qm61h3ew9ntkzi8y3yrvvpdq8n0wp 0 57954 919959 886201 2026-07-24T23:48:27Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 919959 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=Dizember 2020}} {{Italic title}} {{Taxobox |name = ''Ceiba pentandra'' |image = Kapok_tree_Honolulu.jpg |image_caption = Kapok plantit in [[Honolulu]], [[Kinrick o Hawai'i|Hawai'i]] |regnum = [[Plant]]ae |unranked_divisio = [[Flouerin plant|Angiosperms]] |unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]] |unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]] |ordo = [[Malvales]] |familia = [[Malvaceae]] |genus = ''[[Ceiba]]'' |species = '''''C. pentandra''''' |binomial = ''Ceiba pentandra'' |binomial_authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Joseph Gaertner|Gaertn.]] |}} '''''Ceiba pentandra''''' is a tropical [[tree]] o the [[order (biology)|order]] [[Malvales]] an the [[faimily (biology)|faimily]] [[Malvaceae]] (previously separated in the faimily [[Bombacaceae]]), native tae [[Mexico]], [[Central Americae]] an the [[Caribbean]], northren [[Sooth Americae]], an (as the variety ''C. pentandra'' var. ''guineensis'') tae tropical wast [[Africae]]. '''Kapok''' is the maist uised common name for the tree an mey refer tae the [[cotton]] obtained frae its [[seed pod]]s an aw. The tree is forby kent as the [[Java]] cotton, Java kapok, Silk cotton or [[ceiba]]. ==Characteristics== The tree graws tae 60–70 m (200–230&nbsp;ft) taw an haes a verra substantial trunk up tae 3&nbsp;m (10&nbsp;ft) in diameter wi buttrages. The trunk an mony o the muckler branches are eften (but nae ayeweys) crowdit wi verra muckle, robust semple [[spine (botany)|thorns]]. The [[leaf|leaves]] are compoond o 5 tae 9 leaflets, ilka up tae 20&nbsp;cm (8&nbsp;in) an palm lik. Adult trees produce several hunder 15&nbsp;cm (6&nbsp;in) seed pods. The pods contain seeds surroondit bi a fluffy, yellaeish feebre that is a mix o [[lignin]] an [[cellulose]].<ref name=Gibbs>{{cite web |url=http://www.academia.edu/2565941/A_TAXONOMIC_REVISION_OF_THE_GENUS_CEIBA_MILL._BOMBACACEAE_ |title=A taxonomic revision of the genus ''Ceiba'' Mill. (Bombacaceae) |author=Gibbs, P. E.; Semir, J. Año |date=2003 |issn=0211-1322 |accessdate=2013-06-22 |archive-date=2013-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207021600/http://www.academia.edu/2565941/A_TAXONOMIC_REVISION_OF_THE_GENUS_CEIBA_MILL._BOMBACACEAE_ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Uises== [[Image:Kapok seeds I IMG 8004.jpg|thumb|left|Kapok seeds within fibres in [[Kolkata]], [[Wast Bengal]], [[Indie]].]] The feebre is licht, verra [[buoyancy|buoyant]], resilient, resistant tae [[watter]] but it is very [[SS Normandie#Fire an capsizin|flammable]]. The process o harvestin an separatin the feebre is labour-intensive an manual. It is difficult tae [[spinnin (textiles)|spin]] but is uised as an alternative tae [[doun feathers|doun]] as fillin in [[mattress]]es, [[pillow]]s, [[upholstery]], [[zafu]]s, an [[stuffed toy]]s sic as [[teddy bear]]s, an for [[thermal insulation|insulation]]. It wis previously much uised in [[personal flotation device|life jacket]]s an seemilar devices till synthetic materials lairgely replaced the feebre. The seeds produce an [[ile]] uised locally in [[saip]] an that can be uised as [[fertiliser]]. Native tribes alang the [[Amazon River]] hairst the kapok feebre tae wrap aroond thair [[blawgun]] dairts. The feebres creat a seal that allous the pressur tae force the dairt throu the tube. The commercial tree is maist hivily cultivatit in the rainforests o [[Asie]], notably in [[Java (island)|Java]] (hence its nicknames), [[Philippines]], [[Malaysie]], [[Hainan|Hainan Island]] in [[Cheenae]] as well as in [[Sooth Americae]]. The flouers are an important soorce o [[nectar]] an [[pollen]] for [[honeybees]]. ===Ethnomedical uises=== ''Ceiba pentandra'' bark [[decoction]] haes been uised as a [[diuretic]], [[aphrodisiac]], an tae treat headache, as weel as [[type II diabetes]]. It is uised as an additive tae some versions o the hallucinogenic drink [[Ayahuasca]]. ===Kapok seed ile=== A pressed [[vegetable ile|seed ile]] can be derived frae the seeds o the kapok tree. The ile haes a yellae colour an a pleasant, mild odour an taste.<ref name="Kapok">[http://www.tis-gdv.de/tis_e/ware/oele/kapok/kapok.htm Kapok seed oil] From the [http://www.tis-gdv.de/ German Transport Information Service]</ref> It haes seemilar characteristics tae [[cottonseed ile]]. It becomes rancid quickly whan exponed tae air. Kapok ile is produced in Indie, Indonesie an Malaysie. It haes an [[iodine nummer|iodine value]] o 85-100, that maks it a nondryin ile. This means that it disnae dry oot signeeficantly when exponed tae the air.<ref name="Kapok"/> Kapok ile haes some potential as a [[biofuel]] an in paint preparation. ==Seembolism== ''C. pentandra'' is the [[Naitional tree|naitional emblem]] o [[Guatemala]],<ref name="Hellmuth">{{cite journal |url=http://www.maya-archaeology.org/FLAAR_Reports_on_Mayan_archaeology_Iconography_publications_books_articles/23_Ceiba-pentandra-sacred-tree-for-Classic-Maya_Revue_Magazine-Mar-2011.pdf |first=Nicholas |last=Hellmuth |title=Ceiba pentandra |month=March |year=2011 |journal=Revue Magazine}}</ref> [[Puerto Rico]],<ref>{{cite book |first=Don |last=Philpott |title=Landmark Puerto Rico |url=https://archive.org/details/puertorico0000phil |publisher=Hunter Publishing, Inc |isbn=9781901522341 |year=2003 |page=14}}</ref> an [[Coat o airms o Equatorial Guinea|Equatorial Guinea]]. It appears on the latter's [[coat o airms]] an [[Flag o Equatorial Guinea|banner]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/gq.html |first=Bruce |last=Berry |title=Equatorial Guinea |publisher=CRW Flags |accessdate=2013-04-27}}</ref> ==Gallery== <gallery> Image:Kapok leaves I IMG 5949.jpg|Kapok leaves in [[Kolkata]], [[Wast Bengal]], [[Indie]] Image:Kapok Fruit I IMG 3839.jpg|Kapok Fruit in [[Kolkata]], [[Wast Bengal]], [[Indie]] Image:Kapok bark I IMG 2556.jpg|Kapok bairk in [[Kolkata]], [[Wast Bengal]], [[Indie]] Image:Ceiba_pentandra_MS4104.JPG|[[Buttrage ruit]]s Image:Ceiba_pentandra_fruit_out_hg.jpg|Fruit Image:Bombax LalBagh.JPG|Maist muckle kent Kapok specimen, [[Bangalore]], [[Indie]] Image:Ceiba_Nassau_1900.jpg|In [[Nassau, Bahamas]] photographed bi [[William Henry Jackson|William Jackson]] Image:Night view from Palm Beach Florida by Volkan Yuksel DSC09837.jpg| Nicht view o the Kapok Tree frae [[Palm Beach, Florida|Palm Beach]], [[Florida]] </gallery> ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Ceiba|pentandra]] [[Category:Plants descrived in 1791]] [[Category:Ayahuasca]] [[Category:Trees o Barbados]] [[Category:Trees o Belize]] [[Category:Trees o Brazil]] [[Category:Trees o Central Americae]] [[Category:Trees o Guyana]] [[Category:Trees o Hispaniola]] [[Category:Trees o Mexico]] [[Category:Trees o Puerto Rico]] [[Category:Flora o Senegal]] [[Category:Trees o Suriname]] [[Category:Trees o Trinidad an Tobago]] [[Category:Fiber plants]] [[Category:Malay wirds an phrases]] [[Category:Craps oreeginatin frae the Americas]] [[Category:Flora o Sierra Leone]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Equatorial Guinea]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Guatemala]] [[Category:Puerto Rico naitional seembols]] fonuq8f1u1ubf3kdb3e34qafw8d08iu 0 63534 919948 795795 2026-07-24T23:40:16Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 919948 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox airsenic}} '''Airsenic''' is a [[chemical element]] wi symbol&nbsp;'''As''' an [[atomic nummer]]&nbsp;33. Airsenic occurs in mony [[mineral]]s, uisually in conjunction wi [[sulfur]] an [[metal]]s, an an aa as a pure elemental crystal. It wis first documentit bi [[Albertus Magnus]] in 1250.<ref name="BuildingBlocks451-3">{{cite book |last=Emsley |first=John |title=Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements |url=https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl_b5w6 |year=2001 |isbn=0-19-850341-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl_b5w6/page/43 43], 513, 529 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford}}</ref> Airsenic is a [[metalloid]]. It can exist in sindry [[allotropy|allotropes]], altho anly the gray furm haes important uise in industry. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Periodic cairt}} [[Category:Metalloids]] [[Category:Pnictogens]] [[Category:Toxicology]] [[Category:Chemical elements]] [[Category:Endocrine disruptors]] [[Category:Airsenic| ]] [[Category:IARC Group 1 carcinogens]] [[Category:Biology an pharmacology o chemical elements]] [[Category:Trigonal minerals]] [[Category:Teratogens]] [[Category:Fetotoxins]] p7itw8fib6opgwpcpqsqp993uxzc0t1 0 64413 919983 883793 2026-07-25T00:10:18Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 919983 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | image = Streep san sebastian 2008 2.jpg | caption = Streep at the 56t [[San Sebastián Internaitional Film Festival]] in 2008 | birth_name = Mary Louise Streep | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1949|06|22}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Monitor|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_entertainment-weekly_2012-06-22_1212/page/24|newspaper=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|date=Jun 22, 2012|issue=1212|pages=24}}</ref> | birth_place = [[Summit, New Jersey|Summit]], [[New Jersey]], U.S. | alma_mater = [[Vassar College]]<br>[[Yale Schuil o Drama]] | title = Doctor o Fine Arts (honorary) o Princeton Varsity | spouse = {{marriage|[[Don Gummer]]|1978}} | children = [[Henry Wolfe Gummer]]<br>[[Mamie Gummer]]<br>[[Grace Gummer]]<br>Louisa Gummer | partner = [[John Cazale]]<br>(1976–1978, his death) | occupation = Actress | years_active = 1975–present }} '''Meryl Streep''' (born '''Mary Louise Streep'''; Juin 22, 1949)<ref name=RTEBirthday>{{cite news|url=http://www.rte.ie/ten/2011/0621/merylstreep.html|title=Happy Birthday, Meryl!|work=rte.ie|date=2011-06-21|accessdate=14 August 2011|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20121218183608/http://www.rte.ie/ten/2011/0621/merylstreep.html|archivedate=2012-12-18|url-status=live}}</ref> is an American actress o theater, telly, an film. She is widely regairdit as ane o the uncomaist film actresses o aw time.<ref>{{cite book |last=Santas |first=Constantine |title=Responding to Film |url=https://archive.org/details/respondingtofilm0000sant |year=2002 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield‏|isbn=0-8304-1580-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/respondingtofilm0000sant/page/187 187]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Hollinger |first=Karen |title=The Actress: Hollywood Acting and the Female Star |year=2006 |publisher=CRS Press |isbn=0-415-97792-4 |pages=94–95}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Middle East |year=2005 |publisher=Library Information and Research Service |page=204}}</ref> Seh wis in films lik Kramer agin Kramer, Deil weirs Prada an Intae the Wid. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Streep, Meryl}} [[Category:1949 births]] [[Category:Actresses frae New Jersey]] [[Category:American film actresses]] [[Category:American muisical theatre actresses]] [[Category:American fowk o Inglis strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o German strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Swiss-German strynd]] [[Category:American televeesion actresses]] [[Category:American vyce actresses]] [[Category:BAFTA winners (fowk)]] [[Category:Best Actress Academy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Best Supportin Actress Academy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Best Actress BAFTA Awaird winners]] [[Category:Best Drama Actress Gowden Globe (film) winners]] [[Category:Best Supportin Actress Gowden Globe (film) winners]] [[Category:Best Muisical or Comedy Actress Gowden Globe (film) winners]] [[Category:Best Miniseries or Televeesion Movie Actress Gowden Globe winners]] [[Category:César Awaird winners]] [[Category:Kennedy Center honourees]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Obie Award recipients]] [[Category:Ootstaundin Performance bi a Lead Actress in a Miniseries or Movie Primetime Emmy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Ootstaundin Performance bi a Female Actor in a Leadin Role Screen Actors Guild Awaird winners]] [[Category:Ootstaundin Performance bi a Female Actor in a Miniseries or Televeesion Movie Screen Actors Guild Awaird winners]] [[Category:Fowk frae Bernardsville, New Jersey]] [[Category:Fowk frae Summit, New Jersey]] [[Category:Vassar College alumni]] [[Category:Yale Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Unitit States Naitional Medal o Airts recipients]] [[Category:Fellaes o the American Academy o Airts an Sciences]] [[Category:Commandeurs o the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres]] [[Category:20t-century American actresses]] [[Category:21st-century American actresses]] [[Category:Siller Bear for Best Actress winners]] n7myt01jz80p8zp6arcjjmrz03hv0c8 0 65273 919967 919696 2026-07-24T23:55:18Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 919967 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}}{{Infobox film | name = Aladdin | image = Aladdinposter.jpg | caption = Theatrical release poster; airt bi [[John Alvin]] | director = [[Ron Clements]]<br />[[John Musker]] | producer = Ron Clements<br />John Musker | writer = Ron Clements<br />John Musker<br />[[Ted Elliott (screenwriter)|Ted Elliott]]<br />[[Terry Rossio]] | based on = [[Aladdin and the Magic Lamp]] frae ''[[One Thousand and One Nights]]'' | starring = {{plainlist| * [[Scott Weinger]] * [[Robin Williams]] * [[Linda Larkin]] * [[Jonathan Freeman (actor)|Jonathan Freeman]] * [[Frank Welker]] * [[Gilbert Gottfried]] * [[Douglas Seale]]}} | music = [[Alan Menken]] <!-- Do nae add Howard Ashman or Tim Rice, the credit asks for music, nae lyrics --> | editing = Mark A. Hester <br />H. Lee Peterson | studio = Walt Disney Pictures<br/>Walt Disney Feature Animation | distributor = Buena Vista Pictures | released = {{Film date|1992|11|25}}<!-- Do nae add the UK or Australian release date here, please; see WP:FILMRELEASE. --> | runtime = 90 minnets | kintra = Unitit States | leid = Inglis | budget = $28 milȝeoun<ref name="boxoffice">{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=aladdin.htm|title=Aladdin box office info|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=Mairch 17, 2009| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090215092824/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=aladdin.htm| archivedate= Februar 15, 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> | gross = $504.1 milȝeoun<ref name="boxoffice"/> }} '''''Aladdin''''' is a 1992 American animatit muisical [[fantasie film]] produced bi Walt Disney Feature Animation an released bi [[Walt Disney Pictures]]. ''Aladdin'' is the 31st Disney animatit featur film, an wis pairt o the Disney film era kent as the Disney Renaissance. The film wis directit bi John Musker an Ron Clements, an is based on the Arab [[Fairy tale|folktale]] ''Aladdin an the Magic Lamp'' frae ''[[Ane Thoosand an Ane Nichts]]''. The vyce cast featurs Scott Weinger, [[Robin Williams]], Linda Larkin, Jonathan Freeman, Frank Welker, [[Gilbert Gottfried]], an Douglas Seale. Lyricist Howard Ashman first pitched the idea, an the screenplay went throu three drafts afore then-Disney Studios preses [[Jeffrey Katzenberg]] greed tae it bein made. The animators based thair designs on the wark o caricaturist Al Hirschfeld, an computers war uised for baith finishin the artwork an creautin some animatit elements. The muisical score wis scrieved bi Alan Menken an featurs sax sangs wi lyrics scrieved bi baith Ashman an Tim Rice, wha teuk ower efter Ashman's daith. ''Aladdin'' wis released on November 25, 1992 an wis the maist successfu film o 1992, earnin ower $217&nbsp;milȝeoun in revenue in the [[Unitit States]], an ower $504&nbsp;milȝeoun warldwide. The film won mony awairds an aw, maist o them for its soundtrack. {{nobreak|''Aladdin''{{'}}s}} success led tae ither material inspired bi the film, includin twa direct-to-video sequels, ''The Return o Jafar'' an ''Aladdin an the King o Thieves'', an animatit telly series o the same name, toys, video gemmes, spin-affs, includin a live-action remake, a prequel anent the genie titled ''Genies,'' Disney merchandise, an a Broadway adaptation whilk stairted in 2014. ==Plot== Jafar, Ryal Vizier o the fictional toon o Agrabah, is plaiced nearlins the watters o Jordan. His taulkin papingoe, Iago, seeks oot a magyk lamp hidden amid the Cave o Wonders. Thay're tellt that ainly yin body is worthy tae put in. The 'diamant in the ruff', wham Jafar later identifees as Aladdin, an Agrabah wynd urchin. Princess Jasmine o Agrabah, pure upset that the law requires her tae mairie a prince insteid o the yin she luves, escapes the pailace an meets Aladdin an his pet monkey, Abu. The pailace guards capture Aladdin on Jafar's orders. Jasmine confronts Jafar tae demand Aladdin's release, bit he lies an says that Aladdin haes bin kilt. Disguised as an auldjin, Jafar frees Aladdin an Abu an brings thaim tae the cave, ordering thaim tae retrieve the lamp. Efter bein telt tae titch hee haw bit the lamp, Aladdin finds a magic cairpet ben an obtains the lamp. Forgetting the cave's ruil, Abu grabs a jewel. Aladdin, Abu, an the cairpet rush tae escape the cave at the doon fallin; Aladdin gies the lamp tae Jafar, wha throws baith Aladdin an Abu back intae the cave, tho nae afore Abu steals the lamp back. Trapped, Aladdin rubs the lamp an meets the genie wha bides ben it. The genie grants Aladdin three wishes. Aladdin tricks the genie intae freeing thaim aw fae the cave athoot usin a wish. He uses his foremaist wish tae assume the identity o a prince tae woo Jasmine, an promises tae uise his third wish tae free the genie fae servitude. At Iago's request, Jafar plots tae acome [[Sultan]] by marrying Jasmine. Aladdin, as "Prince Ali Ababwa", arrives in Agrabah wi a lairge host, bit Kasmine becomes crabbit whin he discusses her fate wi her faither the Sultan an Jafar athoot her. As a means o apology, Aladdin steals Jasmine on a hurl on the magic cairpet. Whin she deduces his true identitie, he convinces her that he ainlie dresses as a peasant tae escape the stresses o ryal lee. Efter Aladdin brocht Jasmine hame, the palace guards captur Aladdin on Jafar's behest an throw him intae the sea. The genie appears en saves him at the cost o his seicont wish. Aladdin returns tae the pailace an expones Jafar's evil plot. Jafar flees efter spotting the lamp an sicweys discoverin Aladdin's true identity. Fearing that he wull lose jasmine if the truth is revealed, Aladdin breaks his promise an refuses tae unthirl the genie. Iago steals the lamp, an Jafar becomes the genie's nou master. He uses his foremaist twa wishes tae acome Sultan an the world's maist powerful sorcerer. He then expones Aladdin's identity an exiles him, Abu, an the cairpet tae a frozen wasteland. Thay escape an return tae the palace. Jasmine tries tae hulp Aladdin steal the lamp back, bit Jafar notices an overpowers the heroes wi his magic. Aladdin taunts Jafar fur bein less powerful than the genie, tricking Jafar intae usin his lest wish tae acome an aw-powerful genie hissel. Noo bound tae his nou lamp, Jafar ends up trapped ben it, takkin Iago wi him. Wi Agrabah returned tae normal, the genie banishes Jafar's lamp an advises Aladdin uise his third wish tae regain his ryal title sae the law wull allou him tae bade wi jasmine. Aladdin decides insteid tae keep his promise an frees the genie. Realising Aladdin an Jasmine's luve, the Sultana changes the law tae allou Jasmine tae mairie wham she chooses. The genie leaves tae explore the world, while Aladdin and Jasmin stairt thair freish lee thegither. ==Cast== *Scott Weinger as Aladdin, a poor, but kynd-hearted Agrabah thief. Weinger sent in a hamemade audition tape wi his mither playin the Genie,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.scottweinger.net/article13.html|title=As Genie, mom helped grant son's wish for 'Aladdin' role|author=Abbott, Jim|date=January 5, 1993|work=[[St. Paul Pioneer Press]]|accessdate=May 26, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602043724/http://www.scottweinger.net/article13.html|archivedate=2009-06-02|deadurl=no|url-status=dead}}</ref> an efter several caw backs he foond sax month later that he haed the pairt.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.scottweinger.net/article15.html|title=Aladdin's Voice Speaks|author=Caporaso, Jenna|author2=Trucks, Leigh|author3=Pompa, Andrew|date=February 27, 1994|work=[[The Charlotte Observer]]|accessdate=May 26, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416063832/http://www.scottweinger.net/article15.html|archivedate=2009-04-16|deadurl=no|url-status=dead}}</ref> Aladdin's supervising animator wis bi Glen Keane. Brad Kane gies Aladdin his singin vyce.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e1RTP8thtR0C&pg=PA112|title=Disney Voice Actors: A Biographical Dictionary|first=Thomas S.|last=Hischak|publisher=McFarland|year=2011|isbn=978-0-7864-6271-1|page=112}}</ref> *[[Robin Williams]] as The Genie, a comedic [[genie]], wi nigh omnipotent pouer that can anly be exercised whan his master wishes it. The Genie's supervising animator wis Eric Goldberg. Clements an Musker wrate the pairt o the Genie for Robin Williams an, whan met wi resistance, creatit a reel o Williams' stand-up tae animation o the Genie. The directors asked Goldberg tae animate a Genie ower ane o Williams' auld stand-up comedy routines tae pitch the idea tae the actor. The resultin test, whaur Williams taukin anent [[schizophrenia]] wis translated intae Genie growin anither heid tae argue wi himsel, made Williams "laugh his ass aff" an convinced him tae sign on fur the role. Williams' appearance in ''Aladdin'' (despite his appearance alang wi Christian Slater an Tim Curry in the early 1992 animatit film ''FernGully'') marks the beginnin o a transition in animatit film tae celebrity vyce actors, rather than specifically trained vyce actors in animatit film.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2011/10/how-celebrities-took-over-cartoon-voice-acting/247481|title=How Celebrities Took Over Cartoon Voice Acting|author=Meslow, Scott|work=The Atlantic|date=October 28, 2011|accessdate=May 3, 2015}}</ref> Williams providit mony celebrity impressions during recording sessions, which war re-adapted intae the fabric o the character. Thir included Ed Sullivan, [[Jack Nicholson]], [[Robert De Niro]], [[Groucho Marx]], [[Rodney Dangerfield]], William F. Buckley, Peter Lorre, [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]], an Arsenio Hall.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ew.com/article/2014/08/12/robin-williams-aladdin-eric-goldberg|title=Robin Williams in 'Aladdin': Animator Eric Goldberg remembers drawing Genie|date=August 12, 2014|author=Labrecque, Jeff|work=Entertainment Weekly|accessdate=May 3, 2015|archive-date=2021-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731115124/https://ew.com/article/2014/08/12/robin-williams-aladdin-eric-goldberg/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Williams vyces the Peddler forby, a mysterious merchant wha appears at the beginnin o the film. Efter promoting feckless goods tae the audience, he reveals the magic lamp an begins the story o ''Aladdin''. The scene wis completely unscripted — the production left Williams a table wi props covered wi a sheet an asked him tae pull oot objects athoot lookin at them an describe them in-character. The dooble role originally led tae the Peddler revealin tae be the Genie disguised, but that idea wis dropped later in development.<ref name="ew" /> Bruce Adler supplies the singing vyce for the Peddler. *Jonathan Freeman as Jafar, the pouer-hungry Grand Vizier o Agrabah. Jafar wis originally envisioned as curnaptious, but the directors decidit that a calm villain wad be scarier.<ref name=popup/> Freeman wis the first actor cast an spent ane year an nine month recordin his dialogue. He later readjusted his vyce efter Weinger an Larkin war cast as he felt "Jafar had tae be seen as a real threat tae Aladdin an Jasmine".<ref>{{cite web|author=Hill, Jim|url=http://jimhillmedia.com/editor_in_chief1/b/jim_hill/archive/2011/06/13/jonathan-freeman-returns-as-jafar-in-new-stage-musical-version-of-disney-s-quot-aladdin-quot.aspx|title=Jonathan Freeman returns as Jafar in new stage musical version of Disney's "Aladdin"|publisher=Jim Hill Media|date=June 13, 2011|accessdate=December 26, 2011|archive-date=2019-08-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820184415/http://jimhillmedia.com/editor_in_chief1/b/jim_hill/archive/2011/06/13/jonathan-freeman-returns-as-jafar-in-new-stage-musical-version-of-disney-s-quot-aladdin-quot.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Jafar's supervising animator wis Andreas Deja, wha tried tae incorporate Freeman's facial expressions an gesturing intae the character,<ref name=diamond/> while Jafar's beggar an snake forms are animatit bi Kathy Zielinski.<ref name=comm1/> *Linda Larkin as Princess Jasmine: The princess o Agrabah, wha is tired o life in the ryal pailace. Larkin wis chose nine month efter her audeetion, an haed tae lawer her heich-pitched vyce tae reach the vyce the film-makars war leukin for in the character.<ref name=popup/> Jasmine's supervising animator wis Mark Henn. [[Lea Salonga]] gies Jasmine her singin vyce.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://d23.com/lea-salonga/|title=Disney Legends: Lea Salonga|publisher=Disney.com|accessdate=December 26, 2011}}</ref> *Frank Welker as Abu, Aladdin's kleptomaniac pet monkey wi a heich-pitched vyce. The animators filmed monkeys at the San Francisco Zoo tae study thair muivments for Abu's character.<ref name=popup/> In the three years it teuk tae record the film, Welker didnae meet Weinger or Williams.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allspark.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1&Itemid=3|title=The Allspark Interviews Legend Frank Welker|author=Kalidor|date=September 22, 2006|work=allspark.com|accessdate=May 26, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602082326/http://www.allspark.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1&Itemid=3|archivedate=June 2, 2009|deadurl=no}}</ref> Welker vyces Jasmine's tiger Rajah an the Cave o Wonders forby.<ref name=comm1/> Duncan Marjoribanks wis the supervising animator for Abu, while Rajah wis animated bi Aaron Blaise. *[[Gilbert Gottfried]] as Iago, Jafar's sarcastic, foul-mouthed parrot assistant. Much lik Robin Williams, Gottfried wis gien freedom tae improvise his lines.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinemablend.com/new/Why-Gilbert-Gottfried-Had-Keep-Recording-His-Aladdin-Lines-112457.html|title=Why Gilbert Gottfried Had To Keep Recording His Aladdin Lines |author=Libbey, Dirk|publisher=CinemaBlend|accessdate=December 26, 2011}}</ref> Iago's supervising animator Will Finn tried tae incorporate a wheen o aspects o Gottfried's appearance intae Iago's design, sic as his semi-closed een an the always-appearin teeth.<ref name=popup/> *Douglas Seale as The Sultan, the pompous, but kynd ruler o Agrabah, wha desperately tries tae find a suitor for his dochter Jasmine. Some aspects o the character war inspired bi the ''Wizard o Oz'', tae creaut a bumbling authority figure.<ref name=popup/> The Sultan's supervising animator wis David Pruiksma. *Jim Cummings as Razoul, the Captain o the Guard. He wis named efter layout supervisor Rasoul Azadani.<ref name=popup/> He an the ither guards war animated bi Phil Young an Chris Wahl. *Charlie Adler as Gazeem: A thief that Jafar sends intae the Cave o Wonders at the beginnin o the film but is trapped inside for bein unworthy. Gazeem wis animated bi T. Daniel Hofstedt. *Corey Burton as Prince Achmed, a snobbish prince wha is rejected bi Princess Jasmine as her suitor. ==Production== ===Script an development=== In 1988, lyricist Howard Ashman pitched the idea o an animated musical adaptation o Aladdin. Ashman haed written a 40-page film treatment remainin faithful tae the plot an characters o the original story, but envisioned as a campy 1930s-style musical wi a Cab Calloway/Fats Waller-lik Genie.<ref name="Rhodes">{{cite news| title=What Would Walt Say? : The credits read Disney, but 'Aladdin' is a brand-new 'toon, an irreverent high-stakes gamble that veers sharply from tradition | url=http://articles.latimes.com/1992-11-08/entertainment/ca-4_1_walt-disney-studios | last=Rhodes | first=Joe | newspaper=''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' | date=November 8, 1992 | accessdate=July 11, 2015}}</ref> Alangside pairtner Alan Menken, Ashman conceived several sangs an eikit Aladdin's friends named Babkak, Omar, an Kasim tae the story.<ref name="Mouseunderglass">{{cite book |last=Koeing |first=David |title=Mouse Under Glass: Secrets of Disney Animation & Theme Parks |url=https://archive.org/details/mouseunderglasss0000koen |location=[[Irvine, California]] |publisher=Bonadventure Press |pages=[https://archive.org/details/mouseunderglasss0000koen/page/216 216]–26 |isbn=978-0964060517 |date=January 28, 2001 }}<!--|accessdate=Julie 11, 2015--></ref><ref name="time" /> Hooanever, the studio wis dismissive o Ashman's treatment an removed the project frae development in which Ashman an Menken war later recruited tae compone songs for ''[[Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)|Beauty an the Beast]]''.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1992-11-25/features/1992330079_1_alan-menken-ashman-howard | title=Ashman's words were music to his ears | last=Hunter | first=Stephen | newspaper=''[[The Baltimore Sun]]'' | date=November 25, 1992 | accessdate=July 11, 2015 | archive-date=2017-08-01 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801234847/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1992-11-25/features/1992330079_1_alan-menken-ashman-howard | url-status=dead }}</ref> Linda Woolverton, wha haed worked on ''Beauty an the Beast'' an aw, uised thair treatment an developit a draft wi inspired elements frae ''The Thief o Bagdad'' sic as a villain named Jaf'far, an aged sidekick retired human thief named Abu, an a human handmaiden for the princess.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://howardashman.com/blog/john-musker-question-countdown-number-9/ | title=John Musker Question Countdown – Number 9 | date=February 21, 2012 | accessdate=July 11, 2015 | archive-date=2016-04-06 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406212441/http://howardashman.com/blog/john-musker-question-countdown-number-9/ | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://animatedviews.com/2005/aladdin-crew-reunion/|first=Christian|last=Ziebarth|title=Aladdin: Crew Reunion|publisher=Animated Views|date=April 23, 2005|accessdate=May 31, 2009}}</ref> Then, directors John Musker an Ron Clements jynt the production, picking ''Aladdin'' oot o three projects affered, which included an adaptation o ''[[Swan Lake]]'' an ''King o the Jungle'' – that eventually became ''[[The Lion King]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://animationpodcast.com/ronandjohn-part-three/|title=Show 009 – Ron and John, Part Three|publisher=The Animation Podcast|date=November 1, 2005|accessdate=May 31, 2009|archive-date=2010-03-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100309041355/http://animationpodcast.com/ronandjohn-part-three/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Afore Ashman's daith in Mairch 1991, Ashman an Menken haed componed "Prince Ali" an his last song, "Humiliate the Boy".<ref>{{cite news | title=Lyricist's life ended on poignant note | url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1991-11-22/entertainment/1991326070_1_alan-menken-ashman-song-we-wrote | work=Los Angeles Daily News | publisher=Baltimore Sun | date=November 22, 1991 | accessdate=July 11, 2015 | archive-date=2017-11-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107233721/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1991-11-22/entertainment/1991326070_1_alan-menken-ashman-song-we-wrote | url-status=dead }}</ref> Musker an Clements wrate a draft o the screenplay, an then delivered a storie reel tae studio chief [[Jeffrey Katzenberg]] in Apryle 1991.<ref name="time" /> Katzenberg thocht the script didnae engage, an on a day kent bi the staff as "Black Friday", demaunded that the entire storie be rewrate athoot reschedulin the film's November 25, 1992 release date.<ref>{{cite video | people = John Musker, Ron Clements, Eric Goldberg, Amy Pell, Ed Gombert, Terry Rossio, Ted Elliot | title = Reflections On Black Friday | medium = DVD | publisher = Walt Disney Home Video |date = 2004}}</ref> Amang the changes Katzenberg requested frae Clements an Musker war tae nae be dependent on Ashman's vision,<ref name="Mouseunderglass" /> an the remuival o Aladdin's mither, remarkin, "''eighty-six'' the mither. The maw's a zero."<ref>{{cite news| title=Retread country | last=Steyn | first=Mark | newspaper=[[The Spectator]] | url=http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/18th-october-1997/76/cinema | date=October 17, 1997 | accessdate=July 11, 2015}}</ref> Screenscreivin duo Ted Elliott an Terry Rossio war brocht in tae rewark the storie,<ref name="time" /> an the changes thay med included the remuival o Aladdin's mither, the strenthenin o the character o Princess Jasmine, an the deletion o a wheen o the Ashman-Menken songs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ew.com/article/1992/12/04/unsung-aladdin-songs|title=Unsung ''Aladdin'' songs | last=Daly | first=Steve | publisher=''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' | date=December 4, 1992 | accessdate=July 11, 2015}}</ref> Aladdin's personalitie wis rewritten tae be "a wee bit rucher, like a young [[Harrison Ford]],"<ref name="time" /><ref name="ultimate">{{cite web|url=http://www.dvdizzy.com/aladdin.html|title=Aladdin DVzsxD review|publisher=DVDizzy.com|accessdate=March 20, 2007 }}</ref> an the papingoe Iago, wha was originallie a stiff Inglis archetype, wis rewirked intae a comic rôle efter the filmmakars saw [[Gilbert Gottfried]] in ''Beverly Hills Cop II''. Gottfried wis cast tae gie Iago's his vyce.<ref>{{cite video | people = John Musker, Ron Clements | title = Aladdin: Platinum Edition (Disc 2) | medium = DVD | publisher = Walt Disney Home Video |date = 2004}}</ref> Bi October 1991, Katzenberg wis blythe wi the new version o ''Aladdin''.<ref name="Rhodes" /> As wi Woolverton's screenplay, a wheen o characters an plot elements are based on the 1940 version o ''The Thief o Bagdad'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fosteronfilm.com/fantasy/thiefbagdad.htm|title=Fantasy: The Thief of Bagdad|publisher=Foster On Film|accessdate=May 31, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Visions of the East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q2_E_gl9BbYC|author=Bernstein, Matthew |author2= Studlar, Gaylyn|publisher=I.B.Tauris|year=1997|isbn=978-1-86064-305-7}}</ref> the location o the film wis changed frae Baghdad, Iraq, tae the fictional [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabian]] citie o Agrabah.<ref>{{cite web|last=Johnson|first=Zach|title=Disney Myths Debunked by Ron Clements and John Musker, Directors of The Little Mermaid, Aladdin and Hercules|url=http://www.eonline.com/uk/news/706239/disney-myths-debunked-by-ron-clements-and-john-musker-directors-of-the-little-mermaid-aladdin-and-hercules|publisher=''Entertainment Weekly''|date=October 15, 2015|accessdate=December 19, 2015}}</ref> ===Design an animation=== Ane o the first issues that the animators faced durin production wis the depiction o Aladdin himsel.<ref name="thomas">Thomas, Bob: "Chapter 9: A New Tradition", pages 133–135. ''Disney's Art of Animation: From Mickey Mouse to Hercules'', 1997</ref> Director an producer John Musker explains: {{cquote|In early screenings, we played with him being a little bit younger, and he had a mother in the story. [...] In design he became more athletic-looking, more filled out, more of a young leading man, more of a teen-hunk version than before.<ref name=thomas />}} He wis first gaun tae be 13 year old, but later becam 18.<ref name="thomas" /> Aladdin wis ettled bi a team led bi supervisin animator Glen Keane, an wis original made tae resemmle actor Michael J. Fox. Durin production, it wis decidit that the design wis too laddish an wisna "appealing enouch", sae the character wis redrawn tae add airts derived frae actor [[Tom Cruise]] an Calvin Klein models.<ref name="ew" /> The design for maist characters wis based on the wark o caricaturist Al Hirschfeld,<ref name="diamond" /> whilk production designer Richard Vander Wende said wis appropriate tae the theme, due tae similarities tae the swooping lines o Persian miniatures an Arabic calligraphy.<ref name="making">{{cite book|title=Disney's Aladdin The Making Of An Animated Film|last=Culhane|first=John|date=August 15, 1993|publisher=Disney Editions|isbn=978-1-56282-757-1}}</ref> Jafar's design wis nae based on Hirschfeld's work acause Jafar's supervising animator, Andreas Deja, wanted the character tae be contrastin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tech.mit.edu/V112/N64/aladdin.64a.html|title=Aladdin animator used subtlety to design strong villain|date=November 20, 1992|publisher=[[The Tech (newspaper)|The Tech]]|access-date=2017-05-31|archive-date=2018-10-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005013140/http://tech.mit.edu/V112/N64/aladdin.64a.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Each character wis animated alone, wi the animators consulting ilk ither tae mak scenes wi interrelatin characters. Syne Aladdin's animator Glen Keane wis wirkin in the California branch o Walt Disney Feature Animation, an Jasmine's animator Mark Henn wis in the Florida ane at Disney-MGM Studios, thay haed tae frequently phone, fax or send designs an discs tae ilk ither.<ref name=makin/> Animator Randy Cartwright describit wirkin on the Magic Carpet as challengin, syne it is anly a rectangular shape, wha expresses himsel throu pantomime – "It's sort o like actin bi [[origami]]".<ref name=makin/> Cartwright kept foldin a piece o cloth while animatin tae see hou tae position the cairpet.<ref name=makin/> Efter the character animation wis done, the cairpet's surface design wis applee'd digital-like.<ref name=diamond/> Fur the scenery design, layoot supervisor Rasoul Azadani teuk mony pictures o his hametoon o [[Isfahan]], Iran for guidal.<ref name=popup/> Ither inspirations for design war Disney's animated films frae the 1940s an 50s an the 1940 film ''The Thief of Bagdad''.<ref name=makin/> The colouring wis done wi the Computer Animation Production System, an the colour motifs war chose accordin tae the personalitie – the protagonists uise licht colours sic as blue, the antagonists darker yins sic as reid an black, an Agrabah an its pailace uise the neutral colour yellae.<ref name=popup/><ref name=diamond/> Computer animation wis uised for some elements o the film, sic as the tiger entrance o the Cave o Wonders an the scene whaur Aladdin tries tae escape the collapsing cave.<ref name="diamond">{{cite video|location=''Aladdin'' Platinum Edition, Disc 2|title=Diamond in the Rough: The Making of Aladdin|medium=DVD|publisher=Walt Disney Home Video|date=2004}}</ref> Musker an Clements creatit the Genie wi Robin Williams in mind; even tho Katzenberg suggestit actors sic as John Candy, [[Steve Martin]], an [[Eddie Murphy]], Williams wis approached an eventually acceptit the role. Williams came for vyce recording sessions during breaks in the shooting o twa ither films he wis starring in at the time, ''Hook'' an ''Toys''. Unusual fur an animated film, a gey bit o Williams' dialogue wis mad up on the spot: for some scenes, Williams wis gien topics an diallog suggests, but alloued tae improvise his lines.<ref name="diamond" /> It wis estimatit thit Williams improvised 52 characters.<ref>{{cite video | people = James Lipton (host) |date = 2001 | title = Inside the Actors Studio: Robin Williams | medium = Documentary | publisher = Bravo}}</ref> Eric Goldberg, the supervisin animator for the Genie, then reviewed Williams' recorded diallog an selected the best gags an lines that his crew wad creaut character animation tae match.<ref name="diamond"/> The producers eikit mony in-jokes an references tae Disney's previous warks in the film, sic as a "cameo appearance" frae directors Clements an Musker an drawing some characters based on Disney workers.<ref name="comm1">[[Ron Clements]], [[John Musker]], Amy Pell.''Aladdin'' [[audio commentary]] – ''The Filmmaker's''</ref> Beast, Sebastian frae ''[[The Little Mermaid (1989 film)|The Little Mermaid]]'', an Pinocchio mak brief appearances,<ref name="popup">{{cite video|title=Pop Up Fun Facts|location=''Aladdin'' Platinum Edition Disc 1|medium=DVD|date=2004|publisher=Walt Disney Home Video}}</ref> an the wardrobe o the Genie at the end o the film—[[Goofy]] hat, Hawaiian sark, an sandals—are a reference tae a cutty film that Robin Williams did fur the Disney-MGM Studios tour in the late 1980s.<ref name="comm1"/> ===Robin Williams' conflichts wi the studio=== In gratitude for his success wi Touchstone Pictures' ''[[Good Morning, Vietnam]]'', Robin Williams voiced the Genie for [[Screen Actors Guild|SAG]] scale pey ($75,000) insteid o his asking fee o $8 milȝeoun, on condeetion that his name or image widna be uised for marketing, an his (supporting) character nae tak mair nor 25% o space on advertising artwork, syne Williams' film ''Toys'' wis scheduled for release ane month efter ''Aladdin''{{'}}s debut. For financial reasons, the studio went back on the deal on baith counts, especially in poster airt bi haein the Genie in 25% o the image, but haein ither major an supporting characters portrayed considerably smawer. The Disney Hyperion beuk ''Aladdin: The Making o an Animated Film'' listed baith o Williams' characters "The Peddler" an "The Genie" ahead o main characters, but wis forced tae refer tae him anly as "the actor signed tae play the Genie".<ref name="ew">{{cite news|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,312562,00.html |title=Disney's Got A Brand-New Baghdad 1 |work=Entertainment Weekly |date=September 4, 1992 |accessdate=March 16, 2007 |first=Steve |last=Daly |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806042954/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0%2C%2C312562%2C00.html |archivedate=August 6, 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,312562_2,00.html |title=Disney's Got A Brand-New Baghdad 2 |work=Entertainment Weekly |date=September 4, 1992 |accessdate=March 16, 2007 |first=Steve |last=Daly |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025122146/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0%2C%2C312562_2%2C00.html |archivedate=October 25, 2012 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,312562_3,00.html |title=Disney's Got A Brand-New Baghdad 3 |work=Entertainment Weekly |date=September 4, 1992 |accessdate=March 16, 2007 |first=Steve |last=Daly |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025122132/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0%2C%2C312562_3%2C00.html |archivedate=October 25, 2012 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> Disney, while nae uisin Williams’ name in commercials as per the contract, uised his vyce for the Genie in the commercials an uised the Genie character tae sell toys an fast fuid tie-ins, athoot haein tae pey Williams additional money; Williams unhappily quipped at the time “The anly reason Mickey Mouse haes three fingers is acause he can’t pick up a check.” Disney attempted tae assuage Williams bi sending him a [[Pablo Picasso]] pentin worth mair nor $1 milȝeoun at the time, but this muive failed tae repair the damaged relationship, as the pentin wis a self-portrait o the airtist as Vincent van Gogh which apparently really "clashed" wi the Williams' wilder hame decor.<ref>[http://www.businessinsider.com/robin-williams-disney-feud-picasso-gift-2014-11]</ref> Williams refused tae sign on for Aladdin 2, sae it wis [[Dan Castellaneta]] that voiced the Genie. When [[Jeffrey Katzenberg]] wis replaced bi Joe Roth as Walt Disney Studios chairman, Roth gied a public apology tae Williams.<ref>[http://www.cbr.com/movie-legends-revealed-robin-williams-split-with-disney-over-aladdin-poster/]</ref> ===Music=== Composer Alan Menken an songwriters Howard Ashman an Tim Rice war praised for creautin a soundtrack that is "consistently guid, rivaling the best o Disney's ither animated musicals from the '90s."<ref>{{cite web|url={{Allmusic|class=album|id=r110157|pure_url=yes}}|title=Aladdin soundtrack review|publisher=Allmusic|author=Phares, Heather|accessdate=Mairch 18, 2007}}</ref> Menken an Ashman began work on the film thegither, wi Rice takkin ower as lyricist efter Ashman died o AIDS-relatit complications in early 1991.<ref>{{Cite video|location=''Aladdin'' Platinum Edition, Disc 2|title=Alan Menken: Musical Renaissance Man|medium=DVD|date=2004|publisher=Walt Disney Home Video}}</ref> Awtho fourteen songs war written for ''Aladdin'', anly sax are featurt in the movie, three bi each lyricist.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,312563,00.html |title=Unsettled score |work=Entertainment Weekly |author=Daly, Steve |date=December 4, 1992 |accessdate=June 12, 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806042928/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0%2C%2C312563%2C00.html |archivedate=August 6, 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> The DVD Special Edition released in 2004 includes fower songs in early animations tests, an a music video o ane, "Proud o yer Boy", performed bi Clay Aiken,<ref name="ign">{{cite web|url=http://dvd.ign.com/articles/549/549036p1.html|title=Aladdin: Ultimate DVD review|publisher=IGN|date=September 17, 2004|accessdate=March 16, 2007| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070312234759/http://dvd.ign.com/articles/549/549036p1.html| archivedate= March 12, 2007 | deadurl= no}}</ref> which appears on the album ''DisneyMania 3'' an aw.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://disneymusic.disney.go.com/albums/disneymania3.html|title=DisneyMania 3|publisher=Disney|accessdate=May 25, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090519070127/http://disneymusic.disney.go.com/albums/disneymania3.html|archivedate=May 19, 2009|deadurl=no}} {{Cite web |url=http://disneymusic.disney.go.com/albums/disneymania3.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2022-09-13 |archive-date=2009-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090519070127/http://disneymusic.disney.go.com/albums/disneymania3.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> ==Themes== The filmmakers thocht the moral message o the original tale wis nae appropriate, an decidit tae "put a spin on it", bi makin the fulfillment o wishes seem lik a guid hing, but eventually acomin a problem.<ref name="making"/> Anither major theme wis avoiding an attempt tae be what the person is nae – baith Aladdin an Jasmine get intae trouble faking tae be different fowk,<ref name=popup/> an the Prince Ali persona fails tae impress Jasmine, wha anly faws for Aladdin whan she finds oot wha he truly is.<ref>{{cite book|title=[[Disney A to Z: The Official Encyclopedia]]|author=Smith, Dave | authorlink = Dave Smith (archivist) |publisher=Disney Editions|date=August 15, 1996|isbn=978-0-7868-6223-8}}</ref> Bein "imprisoned" is discussed, a fate that occurs tae maist o the characters – Aladdin an Jasmine are stuck tae thair lifestyles, Genie is attached tae his lamp an Jafar, tae the Sultan – an is represented visually bi the prison-lik walls an bars o the Agrabah pailace, an the scene involvin caged birds which Jasmine later frees.<ref name=popup/> Jasmine is depicted as a different Disney Princess, bein rebellious tae the ryal life an the social structur,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AKd6mZSGsVUC&pg=PA276&lpg=PA276|title=The Arabian Nights reader|first=Ulrich|last=Marzolph|publisher=Wayne State University Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-8143-3259-7}}</ref> an tryin tae mak her ain wey, unlik the princesses wha juist wait for rescue.<ref name=makin/> ==Release an reception== ===Theatrical run=== A lairge promotion campaign preceded ''Aladdin''{{'}}s debut in theaters, wi the film's trailer bein attached tae maist Disney VHS releases, an numerous tie-ins an licensees bein released.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,305817,00.html |title=Arabian Sheikdown |author=Daly, Steve |author2=Ascher-Walsh, Rebecca |work=Entertainment Weekly |date=March 12, 1993 |accessdate=August 30, 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091218052528/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0%2C%2C305817%2C00.html |archivedate=December 18, 2009 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> Efter a leemitit release on November 13, 1992,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/weekend/chart/?yr=1992&wknd=46&p=.htm|title=Weekend Box Office Results for November 13–15, 1992|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=May 26, 2009| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090603094552/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/weekend/chart/?yr=1992&wknd=46&p=.htm| archivedate= June 3, 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> ''Aladdin'' debuted in 1,131 theaters on November 25, 1992, grossing $19.2 milȝeoun in its openin weekend – nummer twa at the box affice, behind ''Home Alone 2: Lost in New York''.<ref name="Opening BOM">{{cite news|url=http://variety.com/1992/film/news/holiday-b-o-gobbles-up-big-bucks-101610/ |title=Holiday B.O. gobbles up big bucks|work=Variety |date=November 30, 1992|last=Natale|first=Richard|accessdate=June 12, 2009}}</ref> It teuk aicht weeks for the film tae reach nummer ane at the US box affice, breaking the record for the week atween Christmas an New Year's Eve wi $32.2 milȝeoun.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1993-01-26/entertainment/ca-2081_1_weekend-box-office|title='Aladdin' Finally Hits No. 1 and a Record in Sales Too|work=Los Angeles Times|last=Fox|first=David J.|date=January 26, 1993|accessdate=June 12, 2009}}</ref> The film held the tap spot five times during its 22-week run.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=weekend&id=aladdin.htm|title=Aladdin (1992) – Weekend Box Office Results|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=June 12, 2009}}</ref> ''Aladdin'' wis the maist successfu film o 1992 grossing $217 milȝeoun in the United States an ower $504 milȝeoun warldwide.<ref name="boxoffice"/> It wis the biggest gross for an animated film until ''[[The Lion King]]'' twa years later, an wis the first full-length animated film tae gross $200 milȝeoun in North Americae.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=lionking.htm|title=The Lion King (1994)|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=May 25, 2009| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090517125117/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=lionking.htm| archivedate= May 17, 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> As o Januar 2014, it is the thirtieth highest grossing animated film an the third highest grossing tradeetionally animated feature warldwide, behind ''[[The Lion King]]'' an ''The Simpsons Movie''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=simpsons.htm|title=The Simpsons Movie (2007)|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=May 25, 2009| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090617051954/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=simpsons.htm| archivedate= June 17, 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> It sauld an estimatit 52,442,300 tickets in the US.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=aladdin.htm&adjust_yr=1&p=.htm|title=Aladdin (1992)|publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=May 30, 2016}}</ref> ===Critical reception=== [[File:Chuck Jones2 (cropped).jpg|150px|thumb|Warner Bros. Cartoons animator Chuck Jones cried ''Aladdin'', "the funniest feature ever made."<ref name="time">{{cite news|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,158290,00.html|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|title=Aladdin's Magic| author = Richard Corliss |author2= Patrick E. Cole|author3= Martha Smilgis | authorlink = Richard Corliss | date=November 9, 1992|accessdate=March 16, 2007 | quote = Chuck Jones' verdict is judicious: Aladdin is "the funniest feature ever made." It's a movie for adults – if they can keep up with its careering pace – and, yes, you can take the kids. It juggles a '90s impudence with the old Disney swank and heart. }}</ref>]] The review aggregator wabsteid [[Rotten Tomatoes]] reportit that 94% o critics gae the film a guid review based on a sample o 68 reviews, wi an average score o 8.1/10.<ref name="RTfresh">{{cite web | url= http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1042582-aladdin/ | title=Aladdin at Rottentomatoes.com | publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] | accessdate=March 23, 2012 }}</ref> Most critics' praise went tae Robin Williams' performance as Genie,<ref name="RTfresh" /> wi Janet Maslin o ''[[The New York Times]]'' declaring that childer "needn't know precisely what Mr. Williams is evoking tae understand hou funny he is".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9E0CE7DC1138F932A25752C1A964958260|title=Disney Puts Its Magic Touch on 'Aladdin'|work=The New York Times|first=Janet|last=Maslin | authorlink = Janet Maslin | date=November 11, 1992|accessdate=June 12, 2009 }}</ref> Warner Bros. Cartoons director Chuck Jones even cried the film "the funniest feature ever made."<ref name="time"/> Furthermair, Inglis-Erse comedian Spike Milligan considered it tae be the greatest film o aw time.<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0589711/bio?ref_=nm_dyk_trv_sm#trivia | title = Spike Milligan - Biography - IMDb}}</ref> James Berardinelli gae it 3.5 oot o 4 stars, praising the "crisp visuals an wonderful song-and-dance numbers".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reelviews.net/reelviews/aladdin|title=Aladdin|author= Berardinelli, James | authorlink = James Berardinelli |publisher=Reelviews|year=1992|accessdate=May 26, 2009 }}</ref> Peter Travers o ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' said the comedy made the film accessible tae baith childer an adults,<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/movie/5947957/review/5947958/aladdin|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618163432/http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/movie/5947957/review/5947958/aladdin|archivedate=June 18, 2008|title=Aladdin|author=Travers, Peter|authorlink=Peter Travers|journal=[[Rolling Stone]]|issue=644|date=November 1992|accessdate=May 26, 2009}} {{Cite web |url=http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/movie/5947957/review/5947958/aladdin |title=Archived copy |access-date=2022-09-13 |archive-date=2008-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618163432/http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/movie/5947957/review/5947958/aladdin |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618163432/http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/movie/5947957/review/5947958/aladdin |date=2008-06-18 }}</ref> a vision shared wi Desson Howe o ''[[The Washington Post]]'', wha said "kids are still going tae be entranced bi the magic an adventure."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/aladdinghowe_a0af3c.htm|title='Aladdin'|first=Desson|last=Howe|work=The Washington Post|date=November 27, 1992|accessdate=May 26, 2009 }}</ref> Brian Lowry o ''Variety'' praised the cast o characters, describing the expressive magic cairpet as "its most remarkable accomplishment" an considered that "''Aladdin'' overcomes most story flaws thanks to sheer technical virtuosity".<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117900071.html?categoryid=31&cs=1 |title=Aladdin|work=Variety |first=Brian|last=Lowry |date=November 4, 1992 |accessdate=May 26, 2009 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090602052954/http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117900071.html?categoryid=31&cs=1| archivedate= June 2, 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> Some aspects o the film war criticised. Ed Gonzalez o ''Slant Magazine'' wrate a negative review, describing the film as racist, ridiculous, an a "narcissistic circus act" frae Robin Williams.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.slantmagazine.com/film/review/aladdin | title=Aladdin | work=[[Slant Magazine]] | date=September 23, 2004 | accessdate=June 16, 2015 | author=Gonzalez, Ed}}</ref> [[Roger Ebert]], wha generally praised the film in his review, considered the music inferior tae its predecessors ''The Little Mermaid'' an ''Beauty an the Beast'', an claimed Aladdin an Jasmine war "pale an routine." He criticised what he saw as the film's uise o ethnic stereotypes, writing: "Most of the Arab characters have exaggerated facial characteristics - hooked noses, glowering brows, thick lips - but Aladdin and the princess look like white American teenagers."<ref>{{cite news|author=Ebert, Roger | authorlink = Roger Ebert |url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/aladdin-1992| title=Aladdin review|date=November 25, 1992|accessdate=March 17, 2007 |work=Chicago Sun-Times }}</ref> ===Awairds=== ''Aladdin'' received mony award nominations, maistlins for its music. It won twa [[Academy Award]]s, Best Music, Original Score an Best Music, Original Song for "''A Whole New World''" an receiving nominations for Best Sang ("Friend Like Me"), Best Sound Editing (Mark A. Mangini), an Best Sound (Terry Porter, Mel Metcalfe, David J. Hudson an Doc Kane).<ref name="Oscars1993">{{Cite web|url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1993 |title=The 65th Academy Awards (1993) Nominees and Winners |accessdate=October 22, 2011|work=oscars.org}}</ref> At the Golden Globes, ''Aladdin'' won Best Original Song ("A Whole New World") an Best Original Score, as well as a Special Achievement Award for Robin Williams, wi a nomination for Best Motion Picture&nbsp;– Musical or Comedy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goldenglobes.org/browse/film/23558|title=SEARCH&nbsp;– Aladdin|publisher=[[Hollywood Foreign Press Association]]|accessdate=May 25, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100713032324/http://www.goldenglobes.org/browse/film/23558|archivedate=July 13, 2010}}</ref> Ither awairds included the Annie Award for Best Animated Feature,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://annieawards.org/21stwinners.html |title=Legacy: 21st Annual Annie Award Nominees and Winners (1993) |publisher=Annie Awards |accessdate=May 25, 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425215012/http://annieawards.org/21stwinners.html |archivedate=April 25, 2009 |deadurl=yes |df=mdy }}</ref> a MTV Movie Award for Best Comedic Performance tae Robin Williams,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/ontv/movieawards/1993/|title=1993 MTV Movie Awards|publisher=MTV|accessdate=May 25, 2008| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080423094756/http://www.mtv.com/ontv/movieawards/1993/| archivedate= April 23, 2008 | deadurl= no}}</ref> Saturn Awards fur Best Fantasy Film, Performance by a Young Actor tae Scott Weinger an Supporting Actor tae Robin Williams,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.saturnawards.org/past.html |title=Past Saturn Award Winners |publisher=Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films |accessdate=May 25, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511180136/http://www.saturnawards.org/past.html |archivedate=May 11, 2008 |deadurl=yes |df=mdy }} {{Cite web |url=http://www.saturnawards.org/past.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2022-09-13 |archive-date=2014-09-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906130320/http://www.saturnawards.org/past.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> the Best Animated Feature bi the Los Angeles Film Critics Association,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lafca.net/years/1992.html|title=18TH Annual Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards|publisher=LAFCA|accessdate=May 25, 2009|archive-date=2016-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316102754/http://www.lafca.net/years/1992.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> an fower [[Grammy Award]]s, Best Soundtrack Album, an Song of the Year, Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal an Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media for "''A Whole New World''".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/03/02/movies/top-grammy-to-houston-5-for-aladdin.html|title=Top Grammy to Houston; 5 for 'Aladdin'|first=Jon|last=Pareles|date=March 2, 1994|work=The New York Times|accessdate=May 25, 2009| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090602224016/http://www.nytimes.com/1994/03/02/movies/top-grammy-to-houston-5-for-aladdin.html| archivedate= June 2, 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> The film is recognised bi American Film Institute in thir lists: 2004: AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs: Friend like me - Nominated. A whole new world - Nominated. ===Hame media {{anchor|DVD}}=== The film wis first released in VHS on October 1, 1993, as pairt o the "Walt Disney Classics" line. In its first week, ''Aladdin'' sauld ower 10.6&nbsp;milȝeoun copies,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,308423,00.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425210651/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0%2C%2C308423%2C00.html |archivedate=April 25, 2009 |title=Arabian Might |work=Entertainment Weekly |date=October 15, 1993 |accessdate=May 25, 2009 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> an went on tae sell ower 25&nbsp;milȝeoun in tot (a record anly broken bi the later release o ''The Lion King'').<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movieweb.com/disney-rubs-aladdins-lamp/|title=Disney Rubs Aladdin's Lamp|publisher=Movie Web|accessdate=March 20, 2007}}</ref> This VHS edition entered moratorium on Apryle 30, 1994.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/20/arts/home-video-149802.html|title=Home Video|work=The New York Times|date=May 20, 1994|accessdate=March 20, 2007 | first=Peter M. | last=Nichols}}</ref> A THX-certified widescreen LaserDisc wis issued in Autumn 1994,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TAgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=RA1-PA60&lpg=RA1-PA60&dq=aladdin+laserdisc+1994&source=bl&ots=eHM4OjcTuG&sig=XU1XZH8-nv6gT6dfedeb2BmwoYY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjEtqfjoo7SAhUB34MKHWqHDkc4ChDoAQgeMAE#v=onepage&q=aladdin%20laserdisc%201994&f=false|title=Billboard|last=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|first=|date=1994-05-21|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=|language=en|quote=|via=}}</ref> an a Spaingie-dubbed VHS for the American mercat wis released on Apryle 14, 1995.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/HISTORIC+SPANISH-LANGUAGE+DEBUT;+DISNEY'S+'SNOW+WHITE'+AND+'ALADDIN'...-a016806752|title=HISTORIC SPANISH-LANGUAGE DEBUT; DISNEY'S 'SNOW WHITE' AND 'ALADDIN' PLUS FIVE ADDITIONAL HITS COME TO HOME VIDEO BEGINNING APRIL 14 - Free Online Library|website=www.thefreelibrary.com|access-date=2017-02-14}}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> On October 5, 2004, ''Aladdin'' wis released on DVD, as pairt o Disney's Platinum Edition line. The DVD release featurt retouched an cleaned-up animation, prepared fur ''Aladdin's'' planned but ultimately cancelled [[IMAX]] reissue in 2003,<ref>{{cite web|url= http://jimhillmedia.com/editor_in_chief1/b/jim_hill/archive/2004/10/12/478.aspx|title= "Aladdin" Platinum Edition sets the gold standard for Disney DVD|author= Hill, Jim|date= October 12, 2004|accessdate= April 5, 2007|archive-date= 2009-07-25|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090725154432/http://jimhillmedia.com/blogs/jim_hill/archive/2004/10/11/478.aspx|url-status= dead}}</ref> an a seicont disc wi bonus features. Accompanied bi a $19 milȝeoun marketing campaign,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/search/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1001011344 |title=Best sellers |first=Thomas K. |last=Arnold |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=August 9, 2005 |accessdate=May 27, 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602063539/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/search/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1001011344 |archivedate=June 2, 2009 |deadurl=no |df=mdy }}</ref> the DVD sauld aroon 3&nbsp;milȝeoun units in its first month, but it wis less nor the nummer o copies, sauld in that amount o time, bi ony ither ''Platinum Edition'' released aforehaund.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.homemediamagazine.com/news/dvd-player-penetration-drives-october-sales-growth-6917|title=DVD Player Penetration Drives October Sales Growth|author=McCourt, Judith |date=December 2, 2004|accessdate=September 19, 2007}}</ref> The film's soundtrack wis available in its original Dolby 5.1 track or in a new Disney Enhanced Home Theater Mix.<ref name="ign" /> The DVD went intae moratorium in Januar 2008, alang wi its sequels.<ref>{{cite web | work=DVDizzy.com | title=Out of Print Disney DVDs|url=http://www.dvdizzy.com/disneyvault.html| accessdate=September 24, 2006}}</ref> Accordin tae an insert in the ''Lady an the Tramp'' Diamond Edition release case, ''Aladdin'' wis gart tae be released on [[Blu-ray Disc]] as a Diamond Edition in Spring 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blu-ray.com/news/?id=8139|title=Disney Teases 2012 Blu-ray Slate|work=Blu-ray.com}}</ref> Insteid, ''[[Peter Pan (1953 film)|Peter Pan]]'' wis released on Blu-ray as a Diamond Edition on Februar 5, 2013 tae celebrate its 60t anniversar.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.insidethemagic.net/2013/02/review-peter-pan-diamond-edition-blu-ray-soars-with-outstanding-nine-old-men-bonus-feature-gorgeous-digital-restoration/ |title=Review: "Peter Pan" Diamond Edition Blu-ray soars with outstanding "Nine Old Men" bonus feature, gorgeous digital restoration |quote=Celebrating its 60th anniversary, Disney has released the timeless classic animated film “Peter Pan” onto Blu-ray for the first time with an impressive trip to Neverland given “Diamond Edition” treatment.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.blu-ray.com/movies/Peter-Pan-Blu-ray/55001/#Review |title=Peter Pan Blu-ray Review |quote=Pardon the nostalgic digression, but Walt Disney's fourteenth animated feature, now celebrating its 60th anniversary, has the look and whimsy of a much younger production.}}</ref> A non-Diamond Edition Blu-ray wis released in a few select European kintras in Mairch 2013. The Belgian edition (released athoot adverts) comes as a 1-disc version wi its extras pit ower frae the Platinum Edition DVD. The same disc wis released in the United Kinrick on Apryle 14, 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=Aladdin Blu-ray|url=http://www.blu-ray.com/movies/Aladdin-Blu-ray/37383/|accessdate=December 24, 2013}}</ref> Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released the film on a Diamond Edition Blu-ray on October 13, 2015. The film wis released on Digital HD on September 29, 2015.<ref>{{cite web|title=Disney's 'Aladdin' Never Looked Better Than in This 'Diamond Edition' Trailer (EXCLUSIVE)|url=http://news.moviefone.com/2015/02/05/disneys-aladdin-diamond-edition-blu-ray-digital/|accessdate=February 7, 2015|archive-date=2015-02-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207064049/http://news.moviefone.com/2015/02/05/disneys-aladdin-diamond-edition-blu-ray-digital|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Pre-Order Disney's ALADDIN Diamond Edition Blu-ray & DVD, Set To Be Released 10/13|url=http://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Pre-Order-Disneys-ALADDIN-Diamond-Edition-Blu-ray-DVD-Set-To-Be-Released-1013-20150608|accessdate=June 8, 2015|archive-date=2015-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150612020831/http://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Pre-Order-Disneys-ALADDIN-Diamond-Edition-Blu-ray-DVD-Set-To-Be-Released-1013-20150608|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title='Aladdin' Trailer Offers Peek at New Robin Williams Outtakes as Genie|url=https://www.yahoo.com/movies/aladdin-trailer-offers-peek-at-new-robin-129290396592.html|accessdate=September 29, 2015}}</ref> Upon its first week o release on hame media in the U.S., the film tapped the Blu-ray Disc sales chart an debuted at nummer 2 at the Nielsen VideoScan First Alert chart, which tracks oweraw disc sales behind the disaster film ''San Andreas''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://variety.com/2015/film/news/san-andreas-shakes-up-dvd-blu-ray-disc-sales-charts-1201623841/|title=‘San Andreas’ Shakes Up DVD, Blu-ray Disc Sales Charts|author=Thomas K. Arnold|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=October 22, 2015|accessdate=October 22, 2015}}</ref> ===Controversies=== Ane o the verses o the openin sang "Arabian Nichts" wis altered follaein protests frae the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee (ADC). The lyrics war changed in Julie 1993 frae ''"Where they cut aff yer ear if they dinnae like yer face,"'' in the original release tae ''"Where it's flat an immense an the heat is intense."'' The chynge first appeared on the 1993 video release.<ref name="adc">{{cite web|url=http://www.adc.org/index.php?id=283|title=Arab Stereotypes and American Educators|publisher=[[American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee]]|accessdate=March 16, 2007| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070405005650/http://www.adc.org/index.php?id=283| archivedate= April 5, 2007 | deadurl= no}}</ref> The original lyric wis intact on the initial CD soundtrack release, but the re-release uses the edited lyric. The rerecording haes the original vyce on aw ither lines an then a noticeably deeper vyce says the edited line. The Broadway adaptation uses the edited line.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://adamjacobs.net/aladdin-gets-big-changes-broadway-debut/|title=Aladdin gets big changes for Broadway debut|first=Gregory|last=Miller|publisher=New York Post|date=2014-03-09|accessdate=2016-05-08}}</ref> ''Entertainment Weekly'' ranked ''Aladdin'' in a leet o the maist controversial films in history, due tae this incident.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,1202224,00.html |title=The 25 Most Controversial Movies Ever |work=Entertainment Weekly |accessdate=March 16, 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314000859/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0%2C%2C1202224%2C00.html |archivedate=March 14, 2007 |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref> The ADC complained aboot the portrayal o the lead characters Aladdin an Jasmine. Thay criticised the characters' Englified an pail features, an Inglis-American accents, in contrast tae the ither characters in the film, which are dark-skinned, hae foreign accents an grotesque facial features, an appear villainous or greedy.<ref name="adc" /> Protests war raised tae anither scene. When Aladdin is attacked bi the tiger Rajah on the pailace balcony, Aladdin quietly says a line that some fowk reportit hearing as ''"guid teenagers, take aff yer clothes,"''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/disney/info/aladwsj.htm |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091001072715/http://www.snopes.com/disney/info/aladwsj.htm |dead-url=yes |archive-date=October 1, 2009 |title=Take Off Your Clothes! |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=October 25, 1995 |accessdate=April 2, 2013 |publisher=[[Snopes]] }}</ref> which thay considered a subliminal reference tae promiscuity. Hooanever, accordin tae the commentary track on the 2004 DVD, while Musker an Clements did admit Scott Weinger mad up on the spot during the scene, thay claimed "we did not record that, we would not record that," an said the line wis ''"guid tiger, take aff an gae..."'' an the wird "tiger" is owerlapped bi Rajah's snarl.<ref>Ron Clements and John Musker, "Filmmaker's Commentary". ''Aladdin: Platinum Edition'' DVD, Disc 1, Bonus Features, Backstage Disney, Walt Disney Home Entertainment.</ref> Efter the wird tiger, a seicont vyce can be heard which haes been suggestit wis accidentally grafted onto the soundtrack. Because o the controversy, Disney removed the line on the DVD release.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/disney/films/aladdin.asp|title=Disney (Take Off Your Clothes!)|publisher=[[Snopes]]|accessdate=March 24, 2007}}. The source compiles and cites four major newspaper references.</ref> Animation enthusiasts hae noticed similarities atween ''Aladdin'' an Richard Williams' unfinished film ''The Thief an the Cobbler'' (kent forby as ''Arabian Knicht'' unner Miramax Films an ''The Princess an the Cobbler'' unner Majestic Films Internaitional). Thir similarities include a seemilar plot, seemilar characters, scenes an background designs, an the antagonist Zig-Zag's resemblance in character design an mannerisms tae Genie an Jafar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dvdsnapshot.com/January07Review/ThiefAndCobbler.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141735/http://www.dvdsnapshot.com/January07Review/ThiefAndCobbler.html|archivedate=December 16, 2008 |title=The Thief and the Cobbler review|publisher=DVD snapshot|author=Savino, Cris}}</ref><ref name="nytimes">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/08/26/movies/film-review-a-late-finisher-about-old-araby.html|title= A Late Finisher About Old Araby |work=The New York Times|date=August 26, 1995 | first=Caryn | last=James}}</ref> Tho ''Aladdin'' wis released prior tae ''The Thief an the Cobbler'', ''The Thief an the Cobbler'' initially began production much earlier in the 1960s, an wis mired in difficulties includin financial problems, copyright issues, story revisions an late production times caused bi separate studios tryin tae finish the film efter Richard Williams wis fired frae the project for lack o finished work.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.tvguide.com/movie-news/Best-Animated-Movie-7953.aspx|title=The Best Animated Movie You've Never Heard Of|publisher=[[TV Guide]]|date=November 28, 2006|accessdate=March 17, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615171326/http://movies.tvguide.com/movie-news/Best-Animated-Movie-7953.aspx|archivedate=2012-06-15|url-status=dead}}</ref> The late release, coupled wi Miramax purchasing an re-editing the film, haes whiles resulted in ''The Thief an the Cobbler'' bein labeled a rip-aff o ''Aladdin''.<ref name="nytimes" /> ==Live-action adaptations== * On Julie 15, 2015, the studio stairtit developin a live-action comedy adventure prequel cried ''Genies''. The film is bein written bi Damian Shannon an Mark Swift, while [[Tripp Vinson]] is on buird tae produce via his Vinson Films banner. The film is intendit tae lead intae a live-action ''Aladdin'' movie.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/aladdin-live-action-prequel-works-808895|title='Aladdin' Live-Action Prequel in the Works at Disney (Exclusive)|publisher=The Hollywood Reporter|last=Kit|first=Borys|date=July 15, 2015}}</ref> On November 8, Disney revealed it haed originally planned tae uise Robin Williams' unused lines frae the 1991–92 recording sessions for the film, but his will prohibited the studio frae uisin his likeness for twinty-five years efter his daith.<ref>{{cite news|title=Robin Williams’ will prevents use of outtakes for ‘Aladdin’ sequel|last=Putnam|first=Lindsay|url=http://nypost.com/2015/11/08/robin-williams-will-prevents-use-of-outtakes-for-aladdin-sequel/|newspaper=[[The New York Post]]|date=November 8, 2015|accessdate=November 14, 2015}}</ref> *In October 2016, it wis reportit that Disney wis developin a live-action adaptation o ''Aladdin'' wi Guy Ritchie signed on tae direct the film. John August is writing the script, which will reportedly retain the musical elements o the original film, while Dan Lin is attached as producer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://deadline.com/2016/10/aladdin-guy-ritchie-disney-live-action-film-sherlock-holmes-1201834102/|last=Fleming Jr.|first=Mike|title=Guy Ritchie To Direct Live Action 'Aladdin' For Disney|publisher=[[Deadline.com]]|accessdate=October 10, 2016|date=October 10, 2016}}</ref> Lin revealed that thay are leukin for a diverse cast.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://collider.com/aladdin-live-action-movie-diverse-cast/|title=Disney’s Live-Action ‘Aladdin’ Won’t Be ‘Prince of Persia’, Says Producer; Promises Diverse Cast|publisher=[[Collider.com]]|accessdate=February 8, 2017|date=February 8, 2017}}</ref> In Apryle 2017, [[Will Smith]] entered talks tae play the Genie.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://deadline.com/2017/04/will-smith-genie-role-aladdin-disney-1202072355/|title=Will Smith In Talks For Genie Role In Disney’s Live-Action ‘Aladdin’|publisher=[[Deadline.com]]|accessdate=April 19, 2017|date=April 19, 2017}}</ref> In Mey 2017, [[Little Mix|Jade Thirlwall]] enterted talks tae portray the role o Jasmine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://metro.co.uk/2017/05/22/a-whole-new-world-for-jade-thirlwall-little-mix-star-in-talks-to-play-princess-jasmine-in-aladdin-6652776/|title=A Whole New World for Jade Thirlwall? Little Mix Star in ‘talks’ to play Princess Jasmine in Aladdin|publisher=[[Metro.co.uk]]|accessdate=May 22, 2017|date=May 22, 2017}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist|30em}} ==Freemit airtins== {{wikiquote|Aladdin}} * {{Offeecial wabsteid|http://movies.disney.com/aladdin}} * {{IMDb title|0103639|Aladdin}} * {{Allmovie title|1338|Aladdin}} * {{mojo title|aladdin|Aladdin}} * {{rotten-tomatoes|1042582-aladdin|Aladdin}} * {{bcdb|4-Aladdin|Aladdin}} * [http://toonopedia.com/aladdin.htm Aladdin] in folklore an popular cultur, at [[Don Markstein's Toonopedia]]. [http://www.webcitation.org/6bCRL7uUO?url=http://toonopedia.com/aladdin.htm Archived] frae the original on August 31, 2015. {{Walt Disney Animation Studios}} {{Ron Clements an John Musker}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Aladdin (1992 Disney film)}} [[Category:1992 animatit films]] [[Category:1990s adventur films]] [[Category:1990s American animatit films]] [[Category:1990s comedy films]] [[Category:1990s fantasie films]] [[Category:1990s muisical films]] [[Category:American animatit fantasie films]] [[Category:American buddy films]] [[Category:American bairns' animatit films]] [[Category:American bairns' fantasie films]] [[Category:American fantasie adventur films]] [[Category:American fantasie-comedy films]] [[Category:American muisical fantasy films]] [[Category:Animatit buddy films]] [[Category:Animatit comedy films]] [[Category:Animatit fantasie films]] [[Category:Animatit featur films]] [[Category:Animatit muisical films]] [[Category:Best Animatit Featur Annie Awaird winners]] [[Category:Cultural depictions o Arnold Schwarzenegger]] [[Category:Cultural depictions o The Marx Brothers]] [[Category:Disney's Aladdin| ]] [[Category:Disney Renaissance]] [[Category:Films aboot wish fulfillment]] [[Category:Films adaptit intae televeesion programmes]] [[Category:Films based on Ane Thoosand an Ane Nichts]] [[Category:Films directit bi John Musker]] [[Category:Films directit bi Ron Clements]] [[Category:Films featurin anthropomorphic chairacters]] [[Category:Films featurin hypnosis]] [[Category:Film scores bi Alan Menken]] [[Category:Films set in a fictional Asian kintra]] [[Category:Films set in the Middle East]] [[Category:Films that wan the Best Oreeginal Score Academy Awaird]] [[Category:Films that wan the Best Oreeginal Sang Academy Awaird]] [[Category:Walt Disney Animation Studios films]] [[Category:Walt Disney Pictures films]] lmc6la6l0pj7sww13tg9l1fbzi4qvk5 0 66748 919982 918726 2026-07-25T00:09:37Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 919982 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=Januar 2021}} '''Cisalpine Gaul''' (''Gallia Cisalpina''), cried ''Gallia Citerior'' or ''Gallia Togata'' an aw,<ref name=DCC>{{cite book|title=Geographie des Transalpinischen Galliens |url=https://archive.org/details/11265202bsb |first=Joseph |last=von Hefner |year=1837 |place=Munich}}</ref> wis the pairt o [[Northren Italy]] dominatit bi [[Celts]] ([[Gauls]]) during the 4t an 3rd centuries BC. Conquered bi the [[Roman Republic]] in the 220s BC, it wis a [[Roman province]] frae c. 81 BC till 42 BC, when it wis merged intae [[Italy (Roman Empire)|Roman Italy]].<ref name=DRR>{{cite book|title=Decline of the Roman republic: Volume 2 |url=https://archive.org/details/declineofromanre0002geor |first=George |last=Long |year=1866 |place=London}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Auncient Gaul]] [[Category:Provinces o Roman Gaul]] [[Category:Auncient Italian history]] {{stub}} ov2jsk7vhsxa20j3zy8e5m9h3f7y8s5 0 67419 919942 917739 2026-07-24T23:36:35Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 919942 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=Dizember 2020}} {{Galaxybox begin | name = [[Messier object|Messier]] 81<ref name="jensenetal2003"> {{cite journal | author=Jensen, Joseph B.; Tonry, John L.; Barris, Brian J.; Thompson, Rodger I.; Liu, Michael C.; Rieke, Marcia J.; Ajhar, Edward A.; Blakeslee, John P. | year=2003 | title=Measuring Distances and Probing the Unresolved Stellar Populations of Galaxies Using Infrared Surface Brightness Fluctuations | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_2003-02-01_583_2/page/712 | journal=[[Astrophysical Journal]] | volume=583 | issue=2 | pages=712–726 | bibcode=2003ApJ...583..712J | doi=10.1086/345430 |arxiv = astro-ph/0210129 }}</ref><ref name="karachentsevetal2006"> {{cite journal | author=I. D. Karachentsev, O. G. Kashibadze | year=2006 | title=Masses of the local group and of the M81 group estimated from distortions in the local velocity field | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysics_january-march-2006_49_1/page/3 | journal=[[Astrophysics (journal)|Astrophysics]] | volume=49 | issue=1 | pages=3–18 | bibcode=2006Ap.....49....3K | doi=10.1007/s10511-006-0002-6 }}</ref> }} {{Galaxybox image | image = [[Image:Messier 81 HST.jpg|250px]] | caption = A [[Hubble Space Telescope]] (HST) image <br>o Messier 81 }} {{Galaxybox observe | epoch = [[J2000]] | constell = [[Ursa Major]]<ref name="sinnott1988"> {{cite book | editor=R. W. Sinnott | title= The Complete New General Catalogue and Index Catalogue of Nebulae and Star Clusters by J. L. E. Dreyer | url=https://archive.org/details/ngc20000complete0000drey | year=1988 | publisher=[[Sky Publishing Corporation]] / [[Cambridge University Press]] | isbn=0-933346-51-4 }}</ref> | ra = {{RA|09|55|33.2}}<ref name="ned"> {{cite web | title=NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database | work=Results for NGC 3031 | url=http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/objsearch?objname=m81&extend=no&hconst=73&omegam=0.27&omegav=0.73&corr_z=1&out_csys=Equatorial&out_equinox=J2000.0&obj_sort=RA+or+Longitude&of=pre_text&zv_breaker=30000.0&list_limit=5&img_stamp=YES | accessdate=2006-11-10 }}</ref> | dec = {{DEC|+69|3|55}}<ref name="ned" /> | appdim_v = 26.9 × 14.1 [[Minute of arc|moa]]<ref name="ned" /> | appmag_v = 6.94<ref name="SIMBAD-M81"> {{cite web |title=SIMBAD-M81 |publisher=SIMBAD Astronomical Database |url=http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=M81 |accessdate=2009-11-28 }}</ref><ref name=GAXEL> {{cite journal |last=Armando |first=Gil de Paz |year=2007 |title=The GALEX Ultraviolet Atlas of Nearby Galaxies |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_2007-12_173_2/page/185 |journal=[[Astrophysical Journal]] |volume=173 |issue=2 |pages=185–255 |arxiv=astro-ph/0606440 |doi=10.1086/516636 |bibcode=2007ApJS..173..185G |author2=Boissier |author3=Madore |author4=Seibert |author5=Boselli |display-authors=5 |last6=Boselli |first6=Alessandro |last7=Wyder |first7=Ted K. |last8=Thilker |first8=David |last9=Bianchi |first9=Luciana }}</ref> }} {{Galaxybox character | g_type = SA(s)ab,<ref name="ned" /> [[LINER]]<ref name="ned" /> }} {{Galaxybox astrometry | h_radial_v = -34 | hrv_err = 4<ref name="ned" /> | z = -0.000113 | z_err = 0.000013<ref name="ned" /> | gal_v = 73 | gv_err = 6<ref name="ned" /> | g_dist = 11.8 | dist_err = 0.4 }} {{Galaxybox catalog | names = [[New General Catalogue|NGC]] 3031,<ref name="ned" /> [[Uppsala General Catalogue|UGC]] 5318,<ref name="ned" /> [[Principal Galaxies Catalogue|PGC]] 28630,<ref name="ned" /> Bode's Galaxy<ref name="simbad"> {{cite web | title=SIMBAD Astronomical Database | work=Results for NGC 3031 | url=http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/Simbad | accessdate=2006-11-10 }}</ref> }} {{Galaxybox end}} '''Messier 81''' (kent as '''NGC 3031''' or '''Bode's Galaxy''' an aw) is a [[spiral galaxy]] aboot [[1 E22 m|12 million]] [[licht-year]]s away in the [[constellation]] [[Ursa Major]]. Due tae its proximity tae [[Yird]], lairge size an [[active galactic nucleus]] (which harbors a 70 million [[solar mass|M_☉]]<ref name="devereuxetal2003"> {{cite journal | author=N. Devereux, H. Ford, Z. Tsvetanov, and J. Jocoby | year=2003 | title=STIS Spectroscopy of the Central 10 Parsecs of M81: Evidence for a Massive Black Hole | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astronomical-journal_2003-03_125_3/page/1226 | journal=[[Astronomical Journal]] | volume=125 | issue=3 | pages=1226–1235 | bibcode=2003AJ....125.1226D | doi=10.1086/367595 }}</ref> [[supermassive black hole]]), Messier 81 haes been studied extensively bi professional [[astronomers]]. The galaxy's lairge size an relatively heicj brightness mak it a popular target for [[amateur astronomy|amateur astronomers]] an aw.<ref name="omeara1998"> {{cite book | author=S. J. O'Meara | year=1998 | title=The Messier Objects | url=https://archive.org/details/messierobjectsfi00omea | publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] | isbn=0-521-55332-6 }}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Messier 081}} [[Category:Spiral galaxies]] [[Category:Unbarred spiral galaxies]] [[Category:M81 Group]] [[Category:Ursa Major (constellation)]] [[Category:Messier objects|081]] [[Category:NGC objects]] [[Category:UGC objects|05318]] [[Category:PGC objects|28630]] [[Category:Discoveries bi Johann Elert Bode]] {{stub}} rqbl2eqhb0jegflr7dl76tjxot6iwhf 0 69643 920005 918711 2026-07-25T00:31:21Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 920005 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fixscots}} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = [[The Right Honourable]] | name = Baroness Thatcher | honorific-suffix = [[Order of the Garter|LG]] [[Order of Merit|OM]] [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom|PC]] [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]] | image = Margaret Thatcher stock portrait (cropped).jpg | caption = Thatcher {{circa}} 1995–96 | office1 = [[Prime Meenister o the Unitit Kinrick]] | monarch1 = [[Elizabeth II]] | deputy1 = [[Geoffrey Howe]] (1989-90) | birth_date = {{birth date|1925|10|13|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Grantham]], [[Lincolnshire]], [[Ingland]] | death_date = {{death date and age|2013|4|8|1925|10|13|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Lunnon]], Ingland | term_start1 = 4 Mey 1979 | term_end1 = 28 November 1990 | predecessor1 = [[James Callaghan]] | successor1 = [[John Major]] | party = [[Conservative Pairty (UK)|Conservative]] | nationality = [[Unitit Kinrick|Breetish]] | spouse = Sir [[Denis Thatcher]], Bt.<br>(m. 1951-2003, his daith) | children = [[Mark Thatcher]], [[Carol Thatcher]] | relations = [[Alfred Roberts]]<br>(faither) }} '''Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|commas=true|size=100%|LG|OM|PC|FRS|FRIC}} ({{nee|'''Roberts'''}}; 13 October 1925 &ndash; 8 Apryle 2013) wis a Breetish stateswumman, wha sert as [[Prime Meenister o the Unitit Kinrick]] frae 1979 tae 1990 an as [[Leader o the Conservative Pairty (UK)|Leader]] o the [[Conservative Pairty (UK)|Conservative Pairty]] frae 1975 tae 1990. She wis the langest-serrin Breetish prime meenister o the 20t yearhunner, an the first wumman tae haud the office. A Soviet jurnalist cried her '''The Airn Leddy''', an eik-name that becam associatit wi her uncompromisin politics an leadership style. As Prime Meenister, she implementit policies that hae come tae be kent as [[Thatcherism]]. A resairch [[chemist]] afore becomin a [[barrister]], Thatcher wis [[Leet o MPs electit in the Unitit Kinrick general election, 1959|electit Memmer o Pairlament]] for [[Finchley (UK Pairlament constituency)|Finchley]] in [[Unitit Kinrick general election, 1959|1959]]. [[Edward Heath]] appyntit her [[Secretar o State for Eddication|Secretar o State for Eddication an Science]] in his [[Heath meenistry|1970 govrenment]]. In 1975, Thatcher defeatit Heath in the [[Conservative Pairty (UK) leadership election, 1975|Conservative Pairty leadership election]] tae become [[Leader o the Opposeetion (Unitit Kinrick)|Leader o the Opposeetion]] an acame the first wumman tae lead a major poleetical pairty in the Unitit Kinrick. She acame Prime Meenister efter winnin the [[Unitit Kinrick general election, 1979|1979 general election]]. On muivin intae {{nowrap|[[10 Downing Street]]}}, Thatcher introduced mony poleetical an economic initiatives intendit tae reverse heich unemployment an Breetain's struissles in the wauk o the [[Winter o Discontent]] an an ongangin recession.{{refn|In her forewird tae the [[Leet o Conservative Pairty (UK) general election manifestos|Conservative manifesto]] o 1979, Thatcher wrate o "a feeling of helplessness, that we are a once great nation that has somehow fallen behind".<ref>{{cite web |title=1979 Conservative Party General Election Manifesto |url=http://www.conservativemanifesto.com/1979/1979-conservative-manifesto.shtml |website=conservativemanifesto.com |accessdate=28 July 2009}}</ref>|group=nb}} Her poleetical filosofie an economic policies emphasised [[deregulation]] (parteecularly o the financial sector), flexible labour mercats, the privatisation o [[state-awned enterprise|state-awned companies]], an reducin the pouer an influence o tred unions. Thatcher's popularity in her first years in office waned amid recession an heich unemployment, till veectory in the 1982 [[Falklands War]] an the recoverin economy brocht a resurgence o support, resultin in her decisive [[Unitit Kinrick general election, 1983|re-election in 1983]]. She narraely escapit an [[Brighton hotel bombin|assassination attempt in 1984]]. Thatcher wis re-electit for a third term in [[Unitit Kinrick general election, 1987|1987]]. In this period her support for a [[Community Charge]] (referred tae as the "poll tax") wis widely unpopular, an her views on the [[European Economic Commonty|European Commonty]] war nae shared bi ithers in her Caibinet. She resigned as Prime Meenister an pairty leader in November 1990, efter [[Michael Heseltine]] lencht a [[Conservative Pairty (UK) leadership election, 1990|challenge tae her leadership]]. Efter reteerin frae the [[Hoose o Commons o the Unitit Kinrick|Commons]] in 1992, she wis gien a [[life peer]]age as Baroness Thatcher (o [[Kesteven]] in the Coonty o [[Lincolnshire]]) whilk enteetlt her tae sit in the [[Hoose o Lairds]]. Efter a nummer o wee straiks in 2002, she wis advised tae reteer frae public speakin. Nanetheless, she managed tae pre-record a eulogy tae [[Ronald Reagan]] afore his daith, whilk wis braidcast at [[Daith an state funeral o Ronald Reagan|his funeral]] in 2004. In 2013, [[Daith an funeral o Margaret Thatcher|she dee'd o anither straik]] in Lunnon, at the age o 87. Ayeweys a controversial feegur, she haes been laudit as [[Historical rankins o Prime Meenisters o the Unitit Kinrick|ane o the greatest]] an maist influential politeecians in Breetish historie, even as arguments ower Thatcherism perseest. ==Early life an eddication== Thatcher wis born Margaret Hilda Roberts on 13 October 1925, in [[Grantham, Lincolnshire]]. Her faither wis [[Alfred Roberts]], oreeginally frae Northamptonshire, an her mither wis Beatrice Ethel (née Stephenson) frae Lincolnshire.{{sfnp|Beckett|2006|p=1}} She spent her bairnheid in Grantham, whaur her faither awned twa grocery shaps. Margaret Roberts attendit Huntingtower Road Primary School an wan a bursary tae [[Kesteven and Grantham Girls' School]].{{sfnp|Beckett|2006|p=5}} Her schuil reports shawed haurd wark an continual impruivement; her extracurricular activities includit the piano, field hockey, poetry recitals, soummin an walkin.{{sfnp|Beckett|2006|p=6}}{{sfnp|Blundell|2008|pp=21–22}} In her [[saxt form|upper saxt year]] she applee'd for a bursary tae study chemistry at [[Somerville College, Oxford]], a weemen's college at the time, but she wis ineetially rejectit an wis offered a place anerly efter anither candidate widrew.{{sfnp|Beckett|2006|p=12}}{{sfnp|Blundell|2008|p=23}} Roberts arrived at Oxford in 1943 an graduatit in 1947 wi [[Breetish undergraduate degree classification|Seicont-Cless Honours]] in the fower-year Chemistry Bachelor o Science degree, specialisin in [[X-ray crystallography]] unner the superveesion o [[Dorothy Hodgkin]].{{sfnp|Blundell|2008|pp=25–27}}{{sfnp|Beckett|2006|p=16}} Roberts jyned the local Conservative Association an attendit the pairty conference at [[Llandudno]] in 1948, as a representative o the University Graduate Conservative Association.{{sfnp|Beckett|2006|p=22}} Meanwhile she acame a heich-rankin member o the [[Vermin Club]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Moore |first=Charles |authorlink=Charles Moore (journalist) |title=Golly: now we know what's truly offensive |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/columnists/charlesmoore/4520977/Golly-now-we-know-whats-truly-offensive.html |date=5 February 2009 |accessdate=29 April 2017 |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |author=J.C. |magazine=[[The Economist]] |title=Gaffe-ology: why Mitchell had to go |url=http://www.economist.com/blogs/blighty/2012/10/political-crises |date=21 October 2012 |accessdate=29 April 2017 |quote=In 1948 [[Aneurin Bevan]] called the Conservative Party "lower than vermin", a comment that lost Labour thousands of moderate votes at the following election. The Tories embraced the phrase; some formed the Vermin Club in response (Margaret Thatcher was a member).}}</ref> a group o gressruits Conservatives formed in response tae a derogatory remerk aboot the pairty. Ane o her Oxford friends wis an aa a friend o the Chair o the [[Dartford]] Conservative Association in [[Kent]], wha war leukin for candidates.{{sfnp|Beckett|2006|p=22}} Offeecials o the association war sae impressed bi her that thay askit her tae applee, even tho she wis nae on the Conservative Pairty's approved leet: she wis selectit in Januar 1951, aged 25, an addit tae the appruived leet ''[[:wikt:post ante|post ante]]''.{{sfnp|Blundell|2008|p=36}} At a dinner follaein her formal adoption as Conservative candidate for Dartford in Februar 1951 she met [[Denis Thatcher]], a successfu an walthy divorced businessman, wha drave her tae her Essex train.{{sfnp|Beckett|2006|p=22}}{{sfnp|Blundell|2008|p=36}} In preparation for the election Roberts muived tae Dartford, whaur she supportit hersel bi wirkin as a resairch chemist for [[J. Lyons and Co.]] in Hammersmith, pairt o a team developin [[emulsion|emulsifiers]] for [[ice cream]].{{sfnp|Beckett|2006|p=22}}<ref name="ns-rs">{{cite journal|title=Cream of the crop at Royal Society|url=https://books.google.com/?id=XRpdT3gc9KYC&pg=PA5&dq=Margaret+Thatcher+ice#v=onepage&q=Margaret+Thatcher+ice&f=false|journal=New Scientist|date=7 July 1983|page=5|accessdate=25 January 2011|volume=99|issue=1365|ref=harv|author1=Information|first1=Reed Business}}</ref> Shortly efter her mairiage, she an her husband begoud attendin [[Kirk o Ingland|Anglican]] services an wad later convert tae [[Anglicanism]].<ref name="Belz">{{Cite news |url=https://world.wng.org/2013/04/weather_maker |first=Mindy |last=Belz |title=Weather maker |agency=World Magazine |date=4 May 2013 |access-date=2017-06-07 |archive-date=2019-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203055950/https://world.wng.org/2013/04/weather_maker |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Filby">{{Cite news |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/margaret-thatcher/9992424/Margaret-Thatcher-her-unswerving-faith-shaped-by-her-father.html |first=Eliza |last=Filby |title=Margaret Thatcher: her unswerving faith shaped by her father |agency=The Telegraph |date=14 April 2013}}</ref> ==Early political career== In the [[Unitit Kinrick general election, 1950|1950]] an [[Unitit Kinrick general election, 1951|1951 general elections]], Roberts wis the Conservative candidate for the safe Labour seat o [[Dartford (UK Pairlament constituency)|Dartford]]. The local pairty selectit her as its candidate acause, tho nae a dynamic public speaker, Roberts wis well-prepared an fearless in her answers. She attractit media attention as the youngest an the anerly female candidate.{{sfnp|Beckett|2006|pp=23–24}}{{sfnp|Blundell|2008|p=37}} She lost on baith occasions tae [[Norman Dodds]], but reduced the Labour majority bi 6,000, an then a further 1,000.{{sfnp|Beckett|2006|pp=23–24}} During the campaigns, she wis supportit bi her parents an bi Denis Thatcher, wha she mairied in December 1951.{{sfnp|Beckett|2006|pp=23–24}}<ref name="Denis Thatcher">{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/politics-obituaries/1434154/Sir-Denis-Thatcher-Bt.html |accessdate=6 January 2012 |date=27 June 2003 |title=Sir Denis Thatcher, Bt |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph}}</ref> ===Member o Pairlament: 1959–1970=== In 1954, Thatcher wis defeatit whan she socht selection tae be the Conservative pairty candidate for the [[Orpington bi-election, 1955|Orpington bi-election]] o Januar 1955. She chuise nae tae staund as a candidate in the [[Unitit Kinrick general election, 1955|1955 general election]], in later years statin: "I really just felt the twins were&nbsp;... only two, I really felt that it was too soon. I couldn't do that."{{sfnp|Campbell|2000|p=100}} Efterwart, Thatcher begoud leukin for a Conservative [[sauf seat]] an wis selectit as the candidate for [[Finchley (UK Pairlament constituency)|Finchley]] in Apryle 1958 (narraely beatin [[Ian Fraser (Plymouth Sutton MP)|Ian Montagu Fraser]]). She wis electit as MP for the seat efter a haurd campaign in the [[Unitit Kinrick general election, 1959|1959 election]].{{sfnp|Beckett|2006|p=27}}<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=41842|page=6433|date=13 October 1959}}</ref> Benefitin frae her fortuinate result in a lottery for [[backbencher]]s tae propone new legislation,<ref name="runciman20130606">{{cite news|last=Runciman|first=David|url=http://www.lrb.co.uk/v35/n11/david-runciman/rat-a-tat-a-tat-a-tat-a-tat|title=Rat-a-tat-a-tat-a-tat-a-tat|work=London Review of Books|date=6 June 2013|accessdate=11 June 2013}}</ref> Thatcher's [[maiden speech]] wis in support o her [[private member's bill]] ([[Public Bodies (Admission to Meetings) Act 1960]]), requirin local authorities tae hauld thair cooncil meetins in public.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/101055 |title =HC S 2R [Public Bodies (Admission of the Press to Meetings) Bill] (Maiden Speech) |publisher=Margaret Thatcher Foundation |date=5 February 1960}}</ref> Thatcher's talent an drive caused her tae be mentioned as a futur Prime Meenister in her early 20s{{r|runciman20130606}} awtho she hersel wis mair pessimistic, statin as late as 1970: "There will not be a woman prime minister in my lifetime{{snd}}the male population is too prejudiced."<ref name="sandbrook20130409">{{cite news|last=Sandbrook|first=Dominic|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-22076886|title=Viewpoint: What if Margaret Thatcher had never been?|publisher=BBC|date=9 April 2013|accessdate=16 June 2013}}</ref> In October 1961 she wis promotit tae the [[frontbench]] as [[Pairlamentar Secretar tae the Meenister for Pensions|Pairlamentar Unnersecretar at the Meenistry o Pensions an Naitional Insurance]] bi [[Harold Macmillan]].{{sfnp|Reitan|2003|p=4}} Thatcher wis the youngest wumman in history tae receive sic a post, an amang the first [[Leet o MPs electit in the Unitit Kinrick general election, 1959|MPs electit in 1959]] tae be promotit.{{r|scottsmith2003}} Bi 1966, pairty leaders viewed Thatcher as a potential [[Offeecial Opposeetion Shaidae Cabinet (Unitit Kinrick)|Shaidae Cabinet member]]. [[James Prior]] suggestit her as a member efter the Conservatives' [[Unitit Kinrick general election, 1966|1966 defeat]], but pairty leader [[Edward Heath]] an [[Chief Whip]] [[Willie Whitelaw]] insteid chuise tae promote [[Mervyn Pike]] as the [[First Shaidae Cabinet o Edward Heath|Shaidae Cabinet]]'s anerly wumman member.{{r|scottsmith2003}} At the Conservative Pairty conference o 1966 she criticised the heich-tax policies o the Labour govrenment as bein steps "not only towards Socialism, but towards Communism", arguin that lawer taxes served as an incentive tae haurd wark.{{sfnp|Wapshott|2007|p=64}} Thatcher wis ane o the few Conservative MPs tae support [[Leo Abse]]'s Bill tae decriminalise male homosexuality.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1966/jul/05/sexual-offences-no-2|title=Sexual Offences (No. 2)|date=5 July 1966|journal=Hansard|volume=731|page=267|access-date=2017-06-07|archive-date=2020-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104201938/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1966/jul/05/sexual-offences-no-2|url-status=dead}}</ref> She an aa votit in favour o [[David Steel]]'s bill tae legalise abortion,{{sfnp|Thatcher|1995|p=150}}<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1966/jul/22/medical-termination-of-pregnancy-bill|title=Medical Termination of Pregnancy Bill|date=22 July 1966|journal=Hansard|volume=732|page=1165|ref=harv|access-date=2017-06-07|archive-date=2020-11-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102150407/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1966/jul/22/medical-termination-of-pregnancy-bill|url-status=dead}}</ref> Efter Pike's reteerment, Heath appyntit Thatcher tae the Shaidae Cabinet<ref name=scottsmith2003>{{cite journal|last=Scott-Smith |first=Giles |title="Her Rather Ambitious Washington Program": Margaret Thatcher's International Visitor Program Visit to the United States in 1967 |url=http://mountainrunner.us/library/publicdiplomacy/Scott-Smith%20(2003)-%20%E2%80%98Her%20Rather%20Ambitious%20Washington%20Program%E2%80%99%20Margaret%20Thatcher%E2%80%99s%20International%20Visitor%20Program%20Visit%20to%20the%20US%20in%201967.pdf|date=Winter 2003|journal=Contemporary British History|volume=17|issue=4|pages=65–86|publisher=Routledge&nbsp;– Taylor and Francis|issn=1743-7997|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126115302/http://mountainrunner.us/library/publicdiplomacy/Scott-Smith%20%282003%29-%20%E2%80%98Her%20Rather%20Ambitious%20Washington%20Program%E2%80%99%20Margaret%20Thatcher%E2%80%99s%20International%20Visitor%20Program%20Visit%20to%20the%20US%20in%201967.pdf|archivedate=26 November 2010 |ref=harv|doi=10.1080/13619460308565458}}</ref> as Fuel an Pouer spokesman.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/margaret-thatchers-timeline-from-grantham-to-the-house-of-lords-via-arthur-scargill-and-the-8564555.html|title=Margaret Thatcher's timeline: From Grantham to the House of Lords, via Arthur Scargill and the Falklands War|date=8 April 2013|work=Independent|accessdate=2 November 2016}}</ref> Shortly afore the [[Unitit Kinrick general election, 1970|1970 election]], she wis promotit tae Shadow Transport spokesman an later tae Eddication.{{sfnp|Wapshott|2007|p=65}} ===Eddication Secretar: 1970–1974=== The Conservative Pairty unner [[Edward Heath]] wan the [[Unitit Kinrick general election, 1970|1970 general election]], an Thatcher wis subsequently appyntit tae the [[Cabinet o the Unitit Kinrick|Cabinet]] as [[Secretar o State for Eddication|Secretar o State for Eddication an Science]]. In her first months in office she attractit public attention as a result o the govrenment's attempts ae cut spendin. She gae priority tae academic needs in schuils.{{sfnp|Reitan|2003|p=14}} She imponed public expenditur cuts on the state eddication seestem, resultin in the aboleetion o free milk for schuilchilder aged seiven tae eleiven.{{sfnp|Wapshott|2007|p=76}} She held that few childer wad thole if schuils war chairged for milk, but agreed tae provide younger childer wi a third o a pint daily, for nutreetional purposes.{{sfnp|Wapshott|2007|p=76}} Cabinet papers later revealed that she opponed the policy but haed been forced intae it bi the Thesaury.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/tories-move-swiftly-to-avoid-milksnatcher-tag-2047372.html|title=Tories move swiftly to avoid 'milk-snatcher' tag|last=Hickman|first=Martin|date=9 August 2010|newspaper=The Independent|accessdate=9 April 2013|archive-date=2015-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925172651/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/tories-move-swiftly-to-avoid-milksnatcher-tag-2047372.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Her deceesion provoked a storm o protest frae Labour an the press,{{sfnp|Reitan|2003|p=15}} leadin tae the moniker "Margaret Thatcher, Milk Snatcher".{{sfnp|Wapshott|2007|p=76}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Smith|first=Rebecca|title=How Margaret Thatcher became known as 'Milk Snatcher'|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/7932963/How-Margaret-Thatcher-became-known-as-Milk-Snatcher.html|accessdate=9 April 2013|newspaper=The Sunday Telegraph|date=8 August 2010}}</ref> She reportitly conseedered leavin politics in the eftermath an later wrate in her autobiografie: "I learned a valuable lesson {{bracket|from the experience}}. I had incurred the maximum of political odium for the minimum of political benefit."{{sfnp|Reitan|2003|p=15}}{{sfnp|Thatcher|1995|p=182}} ===Leader o the Opposeetion: 1975–1979=== [[File:Thatcher-loc.jpg|left|thumb|170px|Thatcher as Tory leader]] The Heath govrenment continued tae experience difficulties wi [[1973 ile creesis|ile embargoes]] an union demands for wage increases in 1973 an lost the [[Unitit Kinrick general election, Februar 1974|Februar 1974 general election]].{{sfnp|Reitan|2003|p=15}} Labour formed a minority govrenment an went on tae win a narrae majority in the [[Unitit Kinrick general election, October 1974|October 1974 general election]]. Heath's leadership o the Conservative Pairty leukit increasinly in dout. Thatcher wis nae ineetially the obvious replacement, but she eventually acame the main challenger, promisin a fresh stairt.{{sfnp|Reitan|2003|p=16}} Her main support came frae the Conservative [[1922 Committee]],{{sfnp|Reitan|2003|p=16}} but Thatcher's time in office gae her the reputation o a pragmatist instead o an ideologue.{{r|runciman20130606}} She [[Conservative Pairty (UK) leadership election, 1975|defeatit Heath]] on the first ballot an he resigned the leadership.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article545321.ece?token=null&offset=12&page=2|url-access=limited|title=Thatcher leads tributes to Sir Edward Heath|date=18 July 2005|accessdate=14 October 2008|work=The Times|first=Philippe|last=Naughton}}{{Dead link|date=October 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In the seicont ballot she defeatit Whitelaw, Heath's preferred successor. The vote polarised alang richt&ndash;left lines, wi the region, experience an eddication o the MP an aa haein thair effects. Thatcher's support wis stranger amang MPs on the richt, thae frae soothren Ingland, an thae wha haed nae attendit public schuils or [[Oxbridge]].<ref>Philip Cowley and Matthew Bailey, "Peasants' Uprising or Religious War? Re-Examining the 1975 Conservative Leadership Contest", ''British Journal of Political Science'' (2000) 30#4 pp.&nbsp;599–629</ref> Thatcher acame Conservative Pairty leader an [[Leader o the Opposeetion (Unitit Kinrick)|Leader o the Opposeetion]] on 11 Februar 1975;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.margaretthatcher.org/speeches/displaydocument.asp?docid=102452|title=Press Conference after winning Conservative leadership (Grand Committee Room)|publisher=Margaret Thatcher Foundation|accessdate=29 September 2007}}</ref> she appyntit Whitelaw as her [[Depute Leader o the Conservative Pairty (UK)|depute]]. Heath wis niver reconciled tae Thatcher's leadership.<ref>Moore, ''Thatcher'' 1:394–395, 430</ref> In addeetion tae opposeetion tae [[Keynesian ecenomics]], Thatcher wantit tae prevent the creaution o a Scots assembly. She tauld Conservative MPs tae vote against the Scotland and Wales Bill in December 1976, which wis defeatit, an then whan new Bills war proponed she supportit amendin the legislation tae allae the Inglis tae vote in the [[Scots devolution referendum, 1979|1979 referendum on devolution]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.scotsman.com/news/politics/top-stories/how-thatcher-tried-to-thwart-devolution-1-1165673|title=How Thatcher tried to thwart devolution|date=27 April 2008|accessdate=20 April 2013|newspaper=The Scotsman|archive-date=2015-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016012202/http://www.scotsman.com/news/politics/top-stories/how-thatcher-tried-to-thwart-devolution-1-1165673|url-status=dead}}</ref> Breetain's economy during the 1970s wis sae waik that Foreign Meenister [[James Callaghan]] wairned his fellae Labour Cabinet members in 1974 o the possibility o "a breakdown of democracy", tellin them: "If I were a young man, I would emigrate."{{sfnp|Beckett|2010|loc=chapter 7}} In mid-1978, the economy begoud tae impruive an opeenion polls shawed Labour in the lead, wi a general election bein expectit later that year an a Labour win a sairious possibility. Nou Prime Meenister, Callaghan surpreesed mony bi annooncin on 7 September that thare wad be na general election that year an he wad wait till 1979 afore gangin tae the polls. Thatcher reactit tae this bi buistin the Labour govrenment "chickens", an [[Leeberal Pairty (UK)|Leeberal Pairty]] leader [[David Steel]] jyned in, criticisin Labour for "running scared".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/7/newsid_2502000/2502781.stm|title=7 September 1978: Callaghan accused of running scared|work=On this day 1950–2005|publisher=BBC|accessdate=13 January 2012|year=2008}}</ref> The Conservatives attacked the Labour govrenment's unemployment record, uisin advertisin wi the slogan "[[Labour Isn't Working]]". A [[Unitit Kinrick general election, 1979|general election]] wis cried efter Callaghan's govrenment lost a [[1979 vote o na confidence in the govrenment o James Callaghan|motion o na confidence]] in early 1979. The Conservatives wan a 44-seat majority in the Hoose o Commons an Thatcher acame the first female Breetish prime meenister.<ref>David Butler and Dennis Kavanagh, ''The British general election of 1979'' (1980).</ref> ==Premiership o the Unitit Kinrick: 1979–1990== Thatcher acame Prime Meenister on 4 Mey 1979. Arrivin at Downing Street she said, paraphrasin the [[Prayer o Saunt Francis]]:{{poemquote| Where there is discord, may we bring harmony; Where there is error, may we bring truth; Where there is doubt, may we bring faith; And where there is despair, may we bring hope. |char=Margaret Thatcher |source=<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/104078 |title=Remarks on becoming Prime Minister (St Francis's prayer) |date=4 May 1979 |publisher=Margaret Thatcher Foundation |accessdate=21 March 2017}}</ref> |title=her remarks on becoming Prime Minister }} Thatcher remained in office ootthrou the next decade. For muckle o her premiership, she wis descrived as the maist pouerfu wumman in the warld.<ref>{{cite book |title=How to Work for a Woman Boss, Even If You'd Rather Not |url=https://archive.org/details/howtoworkforwoma00bern |last=Bern |first=Paula |publisher=[[Dodd Mead]] |edition=1st |isbn=978-0396088394 |date=February 1987 |page=[https://archive.org/details/howtoworkforwoma00bern/page/43 43]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Maggie: An Intimate Portrait of a Woman in Power |url=https://archive.org/details/maggieintimatepo00ogde |last=Ogden |first=Chris |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |edition=1st |isbn=978-0671667603 |year=1990 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/maggieintimatepo00ogde/page/9 9], 12}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Current Biography Yearbook |titlelink=Current Biography |publisher=[[H. W. Wilson Co.]] |edition=1989 |volume=50 |year=1990 |page=567}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title=Gail Sheehy on the most powerful woman in the world |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_vanity-fair_1989-07_52_7/page/102 |last=Sheehy |first=Gail |authorlink=Gail Sheehy |magazine=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]] |volume=52 |year=1989 |page=102}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title=The most powerful woman in the world |last=Eisner |first=Jane |authorlink=Jane Eisner |magazine=The Philadelphia Inquirer Magazine |asin=B006RKBPBK |date=7 June 1987 |page=1}}</ref> ===Domestic affairs=== Thatcher wis Leader o the Opposeetion an Prime Meenister at a time o increased racial tension in Breetain. Commentin on the [[Unitit Kinrick local elections, 1977|local elections o Mey 1977]], ''[[The Economist]]'' notit "The Tory tide swamped the smaller parties. That specifically includes the [[Naitional Front (UK)|National Front]], which suffered a clear decline from last year".<ref>{{cite news|work=The Economist|title=Votes go to Tories, and nobody else|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_economist_1977-05-14_263_6976/page/24|date=14 May 1977|volume=263|issue=6976|pages=24–28}}</ref><ref>[http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/93030FB632E147999D4BEB655587A134.pdf ''Conservative Party Campaign Guide Supplement 1978'']. Published by the Conservative and Unionist Central Office.</ref> Her staundin in the polls rose bi 11% efter a Januar 1978 interview for ''[[World in Action]]'' in which she said "the British character has done so much for democracy, for law and done so much throughout the world that if there is any fear that it might be swamped people are going to react and be rather hostile to those coming in", as well as "in many ways {{bracket|minorities}} add to the richness and variety of this country. The moment the minority threatens to become a big one, people get frightened".<ref>{{cite news|work=The Times|title=Mrs Thatcher fears people might become hostile if immigrant flow is not cut|date=31 January 1978}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=Time|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,920566-3,00.html|title=Britain: Facing a Multiracial Future|date=27 August 1979|accessdate=20 January 2011|archive-date=2013-07-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724082825/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,920566-3,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the 1979 general election, the Conservatives attracted voters frae the Naitional Front, whose support awmaist collapsed.{{sfnp|Reitan|2003|p=26}}<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=FtAiLTYSpA4C&pg=PA128&dq=thatcher+national+front#v=onepage&q=thatcher%20national%20front&f=false|title=Britishness since 1870|first=Paul|last=Ward|publisher=Routledge|accessdate=21 August 2011|isbn=978-0-415-22016-3|year=2004|page=128}}</ref> In a meetin in Julie 1979 wi [[Secretar o State for Foreign an Commonweel Affairs|Foreign Secretar]] [[Peter Carington, 6t Baron Carrington|Lord Carrington]] an [[Hame Secretar]] [[Willie Whitelaw]] she objectit tae the nummer o Asie immigrants, in the context o leemitin the tot o [[Vietnamese boat fowk]] allaed tae settle in the UK tae less nor 10,000.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/margaret-thatcher/6906503/Margaret-Thatcher-complained-about-Asian-immigration-to-Britain.html|title=Margaret Thatcher complained about Asian immigration to Britain|date=30 December 2009|accessdate=20 January 2011|first=Jon|last=Swaine|archive-date=2011-01-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110120061249/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/margaret-thatcher/6906503/Margaret-Thatcher-complained-about-Asian-immigration-to-Britain.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> As Prime Meenister, Thatcher met weekly wi [[Queen Elizabeth II]] tae discuss govrenment business, an thair relationship came unner close scrutiny.{{sfnp|Reitan|2003|p=28}}{{sfnp|Seward|2001|p=154}} Biografer [[John Campbell (biografer)|John Campbell]] says thair relations war "punctiliously correct but there was little love lost on either side". The Queen's press secretar leaked anonymous rumours o a rift, which war offeecially denee'd bi the Palace. Campbell concludes that Thatcher haed "an almost mystical reverence for the institution of the monarchy" despite "trying to modernise the country and sweep away many of the values and practices which the monarchy perpetuated".<ref>Campbell, ''Margaret Thatcher: The Iron Lady 2:464</ref> Thatcher later wrate: "I always found the Queen's attitude towards the work of the Government absolutely correct&nbsp;... stories of clashes between 'two powerful women' were just too good not to make up."{{sfnp|Thatcher|1993|p=18}} ====Economy an taxation==== Thatcher's economic policy wis influenced bi [[monetarism|monetarist]] thinkin an economists sic as [[Milton Friedman]] an [[Alan Walters]].{{sfnp|Childs|2006|p=185}} Thegither wi [[Chancellor o the Exchequer]] [[Geoffrey Howe]], she lawered direct taxes on income an increased indirect taxes.{{sfnp|Reitan|2003|p=30}} She increased interest rates tae slaw the growthe o the money supplee an tharebi lawer inflation,{{sfnp|Childs|2006|p=185}} introduced cash leemits on public spendin, an reduced expenditur on social services sic as eddication an hoosin.{{sfnp|Reitan|2003|p=30}} Her cuts in heicher eddication spendin resultit in her bein the first Oxford-eddicatit post-war Prime Meenister nae tae be awairdit an honorar doctorate bae the Varsity o Oxford, efter a 738 tae 319 vote o the govrenin assembly an a student peteetion.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/29/newsid_2506000/2506019.stm |title=29 January 1985: Thatcher snubbed by Oxford dons |accessdate=9 April 2007 |work=On this day 1950–2005 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> Some Heathite Conservatives in the Cabinet, the sae-cried "[[wets an drees|wets]]", expressed dout ower Thatcher's policies.<ref name="nft"/> The [[1981 Ingland riots]] resultit in the Breetish media discussin the need for a policy U-turn. At the 1980 Conservative Pairty conference, Thatcher addressed the issue directly, wi a speech written bi the playwricht [[Ronald Millar]]{{sfnp|Jones|Kavanagh|Moran|2007|p=224}} that included the lines: "You turn if you want to. [[The lady's not for turning]]!"<ref name="nft">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/10/newsid_2541000/2541071.stm|title=10 October 1980: Thatcher 'not for turning'|accessdate=21 December 2008|work=On this day 1950–2005|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> Thatcher's job appruival ratin fell tae 23% bi December 1980, lawer nor recordit for ony previous Prime Meenister.{{sfnp|Thornton|2006|p=18}} As the [[Early 1980s recession|recession o the early 1980s]] deepened she increased taxes,{{sfnp|Reitan|2003|p=31}} despite concerns expressed in a statement signed bi 364&nbsp;leadin economists issued taewart the end o Mairch 1981.<ref>{{cite news|title=An avalanche of economists|date=31 March 1981|url=http://infotrac.galegroup.com/itw/infomark/263/101/138526786w16/purl=rc1_TTDA_0_CS285575295&dyn=75!xrn_1_0_CS285575295&hst_1?sw_aep=mclib|url-access=limited|newspaper=The Times|page=17|accessdate=12 January 2011}}</ref> Bi 1982, the UK begoud tae experience signs o economic recovery;{{sfnp|Floud|Johnson|2004|p=392}} inflation wis doun tae 8.6% frae a heich o 18%, but unemployment wis ower 3&nbsp;million for the first time syne the 1930s.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/26/newsid_2506000/2506335.stm|title=26 January 1982: UK unemployment tops three million|accessdate=16 April 2010|work=On this day 1950–2005|publisher=BBC News|year=2008}}</ref> Bi 1983 oweraw economic growthe wis stranger an inflation an mortgage rates war at thair lawest levels syne 1970, awtho manufacturin employment as a share o tot employment fell tae juist ower 30%,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rowthorn |first1=Robert |authorlink1=Robert Rowthorn |last2=Wells |first2=John R. |title=De-Industrialization and Foreign Trade |url=https://archive.org/details/deindustrializat0000rowt |date=12 November 1987 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/deindustrializat0000rowt/page/234 234] |isbn=978-0521263603}}</ref> wi tot unemployment remeenin heich, peakin at 3.3&nbsp;million in 1984.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/unemployment-among-young-workers-hits-15-per-cent-1645728.html|title=Unemployment among young workers hits 15 per cent|newspaper=The Independent|date=16 March 2009|accessdate=21 November 2010|first=Sean|last=O'Grady|archive-date=2017-10-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020085549/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/unemployment-among-young-workers-hits-15-per-cent-1645728.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bi 1987, unemployment wis fawin, the economy wis stable an strang an inflation wis law. Opeenion polls shawed a comfortable Conservative lead, an [[Unitit Kinrick local elections, 1987|local cooncil election]] results haed an aa been successfu, promptin Thatcher tae cry a general election for 11 Juin that year, despite the deidline for an election still bein 12 month awey. The [[Unitit Kinrick general election, 1987|election]] saw Thatcher re-electit for a third successive term.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/special/politics97/background/pastelec/ge87.shtml|title=BBC Politics 97|publisher=BBC|date=11 June 1987|accessdate=14 November 2011}}</ref> ====Industrial relations==== Thatcher wis committit tae reducin the pouer o the [[tred union]]s, whase leadership she accused o unnerminin pairlamentar democracy an economic performance throu strick action.{{sfnp|Thatcher|1993|pp=97–98, 339–340}} Several unions lenched stricks in response tae legislation introduced tae crib thair pouer, but reseestance eventually collapsed.<ref name="thatcher-cw">{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/kbank/profiles/thatcher|title=Margaret Thatcher|accessdate=29 October 2008|publisher=CNN|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080703072749/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/kbank/profiles/thatcher|archivedate=3 July 2008}}</ref> Anerly 39% o union members votit for Labour in the 1983 general election.<ref>{{cite news |last=Revzin|first=Philip|title=British Labor Unions Begin to Toe the Line, Realizing That the Times Have Changed|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|date=23 November 1984}}</ref> The [[UK miners' strick (1984–85)|miners' strick o 1984–85]] wis the biggest confrontation atween the unions an the Thatcher govrenment. ====Privatisation==== The policy o [[privatisation]] haes been cried "a crucial ingredient o Thatcherism".{{sfnp|Seldon|Collings|2000|p=27}} Efter the 1983 election the sale o state utilities acceleratit;{{sfnp|Feigenbaum|Henig|Hamnett|1998|p=71}} maur than £29&nbsp;billion wis raised frae the sale o naitionalised industries, an anither £18&nbsp;billion frae the sale o cooncil hooses.{{sfnp|Marr|2007|p=428}} The process o privatisation, especially the preparation o naitionalised industries for privatisation, wis associatit wi merked impruivements in performance, pairteecularly in terms o [[wirkforce productivity|labour productivity]].<ref name=ParkerMartin>{{cite journal|last1=Parker|first1=David|last2=Martin|first2=Stephen|title=The impact of UK privatisation on labour and total factor productivity|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_scottish-journal-of-political-economy_1995-05_42_2/page/216|journal=Scottish Journal of Political Economy|volume=42|issue=2|date=May 1995|pages=216–217|ref=harv|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9485.1995.tb01154.x}}</ref> ====Northren Ireland==== In 1980 an 1981, [[Proveesional Erse Republican Airmy]] (IRA) an [[Erse Naitional Leeberation Airmy]] (INLA) preesoners in Northren Ireland's [[HM Prison Maze|Maze Prison]] cairied oot [[1981 Erse hunger strick|hunger stricks]] in an effort tae regain the status o poleetical preesoners that haed been remuived in 1976 bi the precedin Labour govrenment.<ref name="strike"/> [[Bobby Sands]] begoud the 1981 strick, sayin that he wad fest till daith unless preeson inmates wan concessions ower thair leevin condeetions.<ref name="strike">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/3/newsid_2451000/2451503.stm|title=3 October 1981: IRA Maze hunger strikes at an end|work=On this day 1950–2005|publisher=BBC|year=2008}}</ref> Thatcher refuised tae coontenance a return tae poleetical status for the preesoners, declarin "Crime is crime is crime; it is not political",<ref name="strike"/> but nivertheless the UK govrenment privately contactit republican leaders in a bid tae bring the hunger stricks tae an end.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/ireland/article6036723.ece|url-access=limited|title=Was Gerry Adams complicit over hunger strikers?|accessdate=20 April 2009|date=5 April 2009|newspaper=The Sunday Times|last=Clarke|first=Liam|archive-date=2011-03-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301124629/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/ireland/article6036723.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref> Efter the daiths o Sands an nine ithers, the strick endit. Some richts war restored tae paramilitar preesoners, but nae offeecial recogneetion o poleetical status.<ref name="CAIN-hs"/> Violence in Northren Ireland escalatit signeeficantly during the hunger stricks; in 1982 [[Sinn Féin]] politeecian [[Danny Morrison (Erse republican)|Danny Morrison]] descrived Thatcher as "the biggest bastard we have ever known".{{sfnp|English|2005|pp=207–208}} Thatcher narraely escaped injury in an IRA [[Brighton hotel bombin|assassination attempt]] at a Brighton hotel early in the mornin on 12 October 1984.<ref name="bbc-bomb">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/12/newsid_2531000/2531583.stm|accessdate=29 October 2008|title=12 October 1984: Tory Cabinet in Brighton bomb blast|work=On this day 1950–2005|publisher=BBC|year=2008}}</ref> Five fowk war killed, includin the wife o Cabinet Meenister [[John Wakeham]]. Thatcher wis stayin at the hotel tae attend the Conservative Pairty conference, which she inseestit shoud open as scheduled the follaein day.<ref name="bbc-bomb"/> She delivered her speech as planned,{{sfnp|Thatcher|1993|pp=379–383}} awbeit rewritten frae her oreeginal draft,<ref>{{cite news |last=Travis |first=Alan |title=Thatcher was to call Labour and miners 'enemy within' in abandoned speech |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/oct/03/thatcher-labour-miners-enemy-within-brighton-bomb |newspaper=The Guardian |date=3 October 2014 |accessdate=25 May 2017}}</ref> in a muive that wis widely supportit athort the poleetical spectrum an enhanced her popularity wi the public.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lanoue|first1=David J.|last2=Headrick|first2=Barbara|title=Short-Term Political Events and British Government Popularity: Direct and Indirect Effects|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_polity_spring-1998_30_3/page/423|journal=Polity|volume=30|issue=3|date=Spring 1998|pages=423, 427, 431, 432|ref=harv|doi=10.2307/3235208}}</ref> On 6 November 1981, Thatcher an Erse [[Taoiseach]] [[Garret FitzGerald]] haed established the Anglo-Erse Inter-Govrenmental Cooncil, a forum for meetins atween the twa govrenments.<ref name="CAIN-hs">{{cite web|url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/hstrike/chronology.htm|title=The Hunger Strike of 1981&nbsp;– A Chronology of Main Events|publisher=[[CAIN]], University of Ulster|accessdate=27 January 2011|archive-date=2007-05-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070531003915/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/hstrike/chronology.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 15 November 1985, Thatcher an FitzGerald signed the Hillsborough [[Anglo-Irish Agreement]], the first time a Breetish govrenment haed gien the Republic o Ireland an adveesory role in the govrenance o Northren Ireland. In protest the [[Ulster Says No]] muivement attractit 100,000 tae a rally in Belfast,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/aia/chron.htm |title=Anglo Irish Agreement Chronology |publisher=[[CAIN]], University of Ulster |accessdate=27 January 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206111841/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/aia/chron.htm |archivedate=6 December 2010 |df= }}</ref> [[Ian Gow]] resigned as [[Meenister o State]] in the [[HM Thesaury]],<ref>{{cite news|title=15 November 1985: Anglo-Irish agreement signed|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/15/newsid_2539000/2539849.stm |accessdate=4 May 2010 |work=On this day 1950–2005 |publisher=BBC |year=2008}}</ref>{{sfnp|Moloney|2002|p=336}} an aw fifteen Unionist MPs resigned thair pairlamentar seats; anerly ane wis nae returned in the subsequent [[Leet o Unitit Kinrick bi-elections (1979–2010)#1983–1987 Pairlament|bi-elections]] on 23 Januar 1986.{{sfnp|Cochrane|2001|p=143}} ===Environment=== Thatcher supported an active climate pertection policy an wis instrumental in the creaution o the [[Environmental Protection Act 1990]] an in foundin the [[Intergovrenmental Panel on Climate Chynge]] an the Breetish [[Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research]] in Exeter.<ref name=gw>{{cite web |last=Bell |first=Alice |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/blog/2013/apr/09/margaret-thatcher-green-hero |title=Greenwashing Thatcher's history does an injustice both to her and to science and technology policy |newspaper=The Guardian |date=9 April 2013 |accessdate=25 August 2014}}</ref> She helped tae put climate chynge, [[acid rain]] an general pollution in the Breetish mainstream in the early 1980s,<ref name=gw/> an gained distinction as the first warld leader tae wairn o [[global wairmin]].<ref name="Booker">{{cite web |last=Booker |first=Christopher |authorlink=Christopher Booker |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/columnists/christopherbooker/7823477/Was-Margaret-Thatcher-the-first-climate-sceptic.html |title=Was Margaret Thatcher the first climate sceptic? |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |date=12 June 2010 |accessdate=3 June 2017}}</ref> Her speeches includit ane tae the [[Ryal Society]] on 27 September 1988<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/107346|title=Margaret Thatcher Speech to the Royal Society|date=27 September 1988|accessdate=27 April 2016|publisher=Margaret Thatcher Foundation}}</ref> an tae the [[Unitit Naitions General Assembly|UN General Assembly]] in November 1989. Houever, upon her retirement as Prime Meenister in 1990, she missed the [[Earth Summit]] 1992 an acame sceptical aboot [[Politics o global wairmin|climate chynge policy]].<ref name=gw/><ref name="Booker" /> ===Foreign affairs=== Thatcher's first foreign policy creesis came wi the 1979 Soviet invasion o Afghanistan. She condemned the invasion, said it shawed the bankruptcy o a [[détente]] policy, an helped convince some Breetish athletes tae boycott the 1980 Moscow Olympics. She gae waik support tae US Preses [[Jimmy Carter]] wha tried tae punish the USSR wi economic sanctions. Breetain's economic situation wis precarious, an maist o NATO wis reluctant tae cut tred ties.<ref>Daniel James Lahey, "The Thatcher government's response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, 1979–1980," ''Cold War History'' (2013) 13#1 pp&nbsp;21–42.</ref> Thatcher acame closely aligned wi the [[Cauld War]] policies o US Preses [[Ronald Reagan]], based on thair shared distrust o Communism.<ref name="thatcher-cw"/> A disgreement came in 1983 when Reagan did nae consult wi her on the [[invasion o Grenada]].<ref>Gary Williams, "'A Matter of Regret': Britain, the 1983 Grenada Crisis, and the Special Relationship." ''Twentieth Century British History'' 12#2 (2001): 208–230.</ref> During her first year as Prime Meenister she supportit [[NATO]]'s deceesion tae deploy US nuclear [[BGM-109G Ground Launched Cruise Missile|cruise]] an [[Pershing II]] missiles in Wastren Europe<ref name="thatcher-cw"/> an permittit the US tae station mair nor 160&nbsp;cruise missiles at [[RAF Greenham Common]], stairtin on 14 November 1983 an triggerin mass protests bi the [[Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament]].<ref name="thatcher-cw"/> She bocht the [[Trident nuclear programme|Trident]] nuclear missile submarine seestem frae the US tae replace Polaris, triplin the UK's nuclear forces<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,922079,00.html|title=Trident is go|accessdate=16 January 2011|date=28 July 1980|magazine=Time|archive-date=2013-08-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826001043/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,922079,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> at an eventual cost o mair nor £12&nbsp;billion (at 1996–97 prices).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/nuke/guide/uk/slbm/vanguard.htm|title=Vanguard Class Ballistic Missile Submarine|accessdate=16 January 2011|date=5 November 1999|publisher=Federation of American Scientists|archive-date=2010-11-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123230232/http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/uk/slbm/vanguard.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 2 Apryle 1982 the rulin [[Naitional Reorganisation Process|militar junta in Argentinae]] ordered the invasion o the Breetish-controlled [[Falkland Islands]] an [[Sooth Georgie an the Sooth Sandwich Islands|Sooth Georgie]], triggerin the [[Falklands War]].{{sfnp|Smith|1989|p=21}} At the suggestion o [[Harold Macmillan]] an [[Robert Armstrong, Baron Armstrong o Ilminster|Robert Armstrong]],{{sfnp|Jackling|2005|p=230}} she set up an chaired a smaw [[War cabinet#Falklands War|War Cabinet]] (formally cried ODSA, Owerseas an Defence committee, Sooth Atlantic) tae tak chairge o the conduct o the war,{{sfnp|Hastings|Jenkins|1983|pp=80–81}} which bi 5–6 Apryle haed authorised an dispatched a [[Breetish naval forces in the Falklands War|naval task force]] tae retak the islands.{{sfnp|Hastings|Jenkins|1983|p=95}} Argentinae [[Argentine surrender in the Falklands War|surrendered on 14 Juin]] an the operation wis hailed a success, naewistaundin the daiths o 255&nbsp;Breetish servicemen an 3&nbsp;Falkland Islanders. The "[[Falklands factor]]", an economic recovery beginnin early in 1982, an a bitterly dividit opposeetion aw contreibutit tae Thatcher's seicont election veectory in [[Unitit Kinrick general election, 1983|1983]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sanders|first1=David|last2=Ward|first2=Hugh|last3=Marsh|first3=David|title=Government Popularity and the Falklands War: A Reassessment|journal=British Journal of Political Science|volume=17|date=July 1987 |pages=281–313|issue=3|doi=10.1017/s0007123400004762 |ref=harv}}</ref> In September 1982 she veesitit Cheenae tae discuss wi [[Deng Xiaoping]] the [[Transfer o sovereignty ower Hong Kong|sovereignty o Hong Kong]] efter 1997. Cheenae wis the first communist state Thatcher haed veesitit an she wis the first Breetish prime meenister tae veesit Cheenae. Efter the ta-year negotiations, Thatcher concedit tae the PRC govrenment an signed the [[Sino-British Joint Declaration]] in Beijing in 1984, greein tae haund ower Hong Kong's sovereignty in 1997.{{sfnp|Reitan|2003|p=116}} Awtho sayin that she wis in favour o "peaceful negotiations" tae end [[apartheid]],<ref>See Hansard HC Debs (25 February 1988) [http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1988/feb/25/engagements#S6CV0128P0_19880225_HOC_113 vol 128 col 437] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319104336/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1988/feb/25/engagements#S6CV0128P0_19880225_HOC_113 |date=2016-03-19 }} and Written Answers HC Deb (11 July 1988) [http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/written_answers/1988/jul/11/south-africa#S6CV0137P0_19880711_CWA_21 vol 137 cols 3-4W] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630103039/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/written_answers/1988/jul/11/south-africa#S6CV0137P0_19880711_CWA_21 |date=2017-06-30 }}</ref> Thatcher stuid against the sanctions imponed on Sooth Africae bi the [[Commonweel o Naitions|Commonweel]] an the [[European Economic Commonty|EC]].{{sfnp|Campbell|2011|p=322}} Thatcher dismissed the [[African Naitional Congress]] (ANC) in October 1987 as "a typical terrorist organisation".<ref>See Mr Winnick, Hansard HC Deb (13 November 1987) vol 122 [http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1987/nov/13/the-commonwealth-and-south-africa#S6CV0122P0_19871113_HOC_85 col 701] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304034325/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1987/nov/13/the-commonwealth-and-south-africa#S6CV0122P0_19871113_HOC_85 |date=2016-03-04 }}</ref>{{sfnp|Howe|1994|pp=477–478}} The Thatcher govrenment supportit the [[Khmer Rouge]] keepin thair seat in the UN efter thay war oostit frae pouer in Cambodie bi the [[Cambodian–Vietnamese War]]. Awtho Thatcher denied it at the time, it wis revealed in 1991 that frae 1983 the [[Special Air Service|SAS]] wis sent tae saicretly train the "non-Communist" members o the [[Coaleetion Govrenment o Democratic Kampuchea|CGDK]] tae fecht against the Vietnamese-backed [[Fowkrepublic o Kampuchea]] govrenment.<ref>{{cite Hansard|house=House of Commons|date=26 October 1990|column_start=655|column_end=667|title=Cambodia|url=http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm198990/cmhansrd/1990-10-26/Debate-3.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Observer|title=Butcher of Cambodia set to expose Thatcher's role|date=9 January 2000|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/jan/09/cambodia|accessdate=26 May 2011}}</ref><ref name=newst>{{cite news|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/politics/2014/04/how-thatcher-gave-pol-pot-hand|title=How Thatcher gave Pol Pot a hand|date=17 April 2000|first=John|last=Pilger|authorlink=John Pilger|work=[[New Statesman]]}}</ref> Thatcher an her pairty haed supportit Breetish membership o the EC in the [[Unitit Kinrick European Communities membership referendum, 1975|1975 naitional referendum]],<ref name="upi19750604">{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=M7QsAAAAIBAJ&sjid=lQoEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2825%2C608551|title=Conservatives favor remaining in market|work=Wilmington Morning Star|date=4 June 1975|agency=United Press International|accessdate=26 December 2011|page=5}}</ref> but she believed that the role o the organisation shoud be leemitit tae ensurin free tred an effective competeetion, an feared that the EC's approach wis at odds wi her views on smawer govrenment an deregulation.{{sfnp|Senden|2004|p=9}} Thatcher wis ane o the first Wastren leaders tae respond wairmly tae reformist Soviet leader [[Mikhail Gorbachev]]. Follaein Reagan–Gorbachev summit meetins an reforms enactit bi Gorbachev in the USSR, she declared in November 1988 that "We're not in a Cold War now", but raither in a "new relationship much wider than the Cold War ever was".<ref name="reforms1988">{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE2DC1738F93BA25752C1A96E948260 |title=Gorbachev Policy Has Ended The Cold War, Thatcher Says|date=18 November 1988|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=The New York Times|accessdate=30 October 2008}}</ref> ===Challenges tae leadership an resignation=== Thatcher wis challenged for the leadership o the Conservative Pairty bi the little-kent backbench MP [[Sir Anthony Meyer, 3rd Baronet|Sir Anthony Meyer]] in the 1989 leadership election.<ref name="89election">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/5/newsid_2528000/2528339.stm|accessdate=1 November 2008|title=5 December 1989: Thatcher beats off leadership rival|work=On this day 1950–2005|publisher=BBC|year=2008}}</ref> O the 374&nbsp;Conservative MPs eligible tae vote, 314 votit for Thatcher an 33 for Meyer.<ref name="89election"/> Her supporters in the pairty viewed the result as a success, an rejectit suggestions that thare wis discontent within the pairty.<ref name="89election"/> Opeenion polls in September 1990 reportit that Labour haed established a 14% lead ower the Conservatives,<ref name="howe"/> an bi November the Conservatives haed been trailin Labour for 18&nbsp;months.<ref name="ridley">{{cite news|last=Ridley|first=Matt|title=Et Tu, Heseltine?; Unpopularity Was a Grievous Fault, and Thatcher Hath Answered for It|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=25 November 1990|page=2}}</ref> Thir ratins, thegither wi Thatcher's combative personality an willinness tae owerride colleagues' opeenions, contreibuted tae discontent within her pairty.<ref name="resign-nyt"/> On 1 November 1990, [[Geoffrey Howe]], the last remeenin member o Thatcher's oreeginal 1979 cabinet, resigned frae his poseetion as [[Depute Prime Meenister o the Unitit Kinrick|Depute Prime Meenister]] ower her refuisal tae gree tae a timetable for Breetain tae jyn the [[European Exchange Rate Mechanism]].<ref name="howe">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/1/newsid_2513000/2513953.stm|accessdate=1 November 2008|title=1 November 1990: Howe resigns over Europe policy|work=On this day 1950–2005|publisher=BBC|year=2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Millership|first=Peter|title= Thatcher's Deputy Quits in Row over Europe |agency=Reuters News|date=1 November 1990}}</ref> His resignation pruived fatal tae Thatcher's premiership.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Walters|first1=Alan|title=Sir Geoffrey Howe's resignation was fatal blow in Mrs Thatcher's political assassination|newspaper=The Times|date=5 December 1990}}</ref> On 14 November, [[Michael Heseltine]] moontit a challenge for the leadership o the Conservative Pairty.{{sfnp|Marr|2007|p=473}} Opeenion polls haed indicatit that he wad gie the Conservatives a naitional lead ower Labour.<ref>{{cite news |first=David |last=Lipsey |title=Poll swing followed downturn by Tories; Conservative Party leadership |newspaper=The Times |date=21 November 1990}}</ref> Awtho Thatcher wan the first ballot wi 204 tae 152 votes an 16 abstentions, Heseltine haed attractit sufficient support tae force a seicont ballot. Unner pairty rules, Thatcher nae anerly needit tae win a majority, but her margin ower Heseltine haed tae be equivalent tae 15% o the 372 Conservative MPs in order tae win the leadership election ootricht; wi 54.8% against 40.9% for Heseltine, she came up fower votes short.<ref name="number-10">{{cite web|publisher=Government of the United Kingdom|url=http://www.number10.gov.uk/past-prime-ministers/margaret-thatcher|title=Margaret Thatcher profile|accessdate=6 August 2012}}</ref> Thatcher ineetially statit that she intendit to "fight on and fight to win" the seicont ballot, but consultation wi her Cabinet persuadit her tae widraw.<ref name="resign-nyt">{{cite news |url= https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE6DB1438F930A15752C1A966958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=1 |title=Change in Britain; Thatcher Says She'll Quit; 11½ Years as Prime Minister Ended by Party Challenge|accessdate=1 November 2008|date=23 November 1990|newspaper=The New York Times|last=Whitney|first=Craig R.}}</ref><ref name="resign-bbc">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/22/newsid_2549000/2549189.stm|title=22 November 1990: Thatcher quits as prime minister|accessdate=1 November 2008|work=On this day 1950–2005|publisher=BBC|year=2008}}</ref> Efter an audience wi the Queen, cryin ither warld leaders, an makkin ane feenal Commons speech,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/108256 |title=HC S: [Confidence in Her Majesty's Government] |date=22 November 1990 |publisher=Margaret Thatcher Foundation |accessdate=21 March 2017}}</ref> she left Downing Street in tears. She reportitly regairdit her oustin as a betrayal.{{sfnp|Marr|2007|p=474}} Her resignation surprised internaitional observers includin [[Henry Kissinger]] an [[Mikhail Gorbachev]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/dec/30/margaret-thatcher-resignation-shocked-us-ussr-files|title=Margaret Thatcher's resignation shocked politicians in US and USSR, files show|last=Travis|first=Alan|date=30 December 2016|work=The Guardian|accessdate=30 December 2016}}</ref> Thatcher wis replaced as Prime Meenister an pairty leader bi her Chancellor [[John Major]], wha prevailed ower Heseltine in the subsequent ballot. Major owersaw an upturn in Conservative support in the 17&nbsp;months leadin up tae the [[Unitit Kinrick general election, 1992|1992 general election]] an led the Conservatives tae thair fowert successive veectory on 9 Apryle 1992.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2005/apr/04/electionspast.past3|title=Pollsters taxed|work=The Guardian|date=4 April 2005|accessdate=23 January 2011|last=Kettle|first=Martin}}</ref> Thatcher haed favoured Major ower Heseltine in the leadership contest, but her support for him waikened in later years.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/463873.stm|title=Major attacks 'warrior' Thatcher|accessdate=1 November 2008|date=3 October 1999|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> ==Later life== Thatcher returned tae the [[backbenches]] as a constituency pairlamentarian efter leavin the premiership.{{sfnp|Reitan|2003|p=118}} Her domestic appruival ratin recovered efter her resignation; the balance o public opeenion wis that her govrenment haed been guid for the kintra.<ref name="Crewe">{{cite journal |last=Crewe |first=Ivor |authorlink=Ivor Crewe |title=Margaret Thatcher: As the British Saw Her |url=https://ropercenter.cornell.edu/public-perspective/ppscan/22/22015.pdf |journal=The Public Perspective |accessdate=1 March 2017 |date=January 1991 |pages=15, 16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Margaret Thatcher (1925&ndash;2013) |url=https://www.ipsos.com/ipsos-mori/en-uk/margaret-thatcher-1925-2013 |publisher=[[Ipsos MORI]] |date=8 April 2013 |accessdate=25 May 2017 |quote=At the time of her resignation in November 1990, 52% of the public said that they thought her government had been good for the country and 40% that it had been bad. |archive-date=2017-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722003205/https://www.ipsos.com/ipsos-mori/en-uk/margaret-thatcher-1925-2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Aged 66, she retired frae the Hoose at the 1992 general election, sayin that leavin the Commons wad allae her mair freedom tae speak her mynd.<ref name="lords">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/30/newsid_2523000/2523395.stm|title=30 June 1992: Thatcher takes her place in Lords|accessdate=1 November 2008|work=On this day 1950–2005|publisher=BBC|year=2008}}</ref> ===Post-Commons: 1992–2003=== Upon leavin the Hoose o Commons, Thatcher acame the first umwhile Prime Meenister tae set up a foondation;<ref>{{cite web|title=Thatcher Archive|url=http://www.margaretthatcher.org/archive/thatcher-archive.asp|publisher=Margaret Thatcher Foundation|accessdate=26 August 2013}}</ref> the Breetish weeng o the Margaret Thatcher Foundation wis dissolved in 2005 acause o financial difficulties.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/may/11/conservatives.politics|title=End of an era for Thatcher foundation|last=Barkham|first=Patrick|date=11 May 2005|work=The Guardian|accessdate=27 April 2013}}</ref> She wrote twa volumes o memoirs, ''[[The Downing Street Years]]'' (1993) an ''[[The Path to Power (Margaret Thatcher)|The Path to Power]]'' (1995). In 1991 she an her husband Denis muived tae a hoose in [[Chester Square]], a residential gairden square in central Lunnon's [[Belgravia]] destrict.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2013/apr/09/margaret-thatcher-estate-family-secret|title=Margaret Thatcher's estate still a family secret|date=9 April 2013|accessdate=14 April 2013|last=Taylor|first=Matthew|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Thatcher wis hired bi the tobaccae company [[Altria|Philip Morris]] as a "geopoleetical consultant" in Julie 1992, for $250,000 per year an an annual contreibution o $250,000 tae her foondation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tobacco Company Hires Margaret Thatcher as Consultant |url=http://articles.latimes.com/1992-07-19/news/mn-4763_1_margaret-thatcher |accessdate=25 May 2017 |agency=Associated Press |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=19 July 1992}}</ref> In August 1992 she cried for NATO tae stap the Serbie assault on [[Goražde]] an [[Sarajevo]] tae end [[ethnic cleansin]] during the [[Bosnie War]]. She made a series o speeches in the Lairds creeticisin the [[Maastricht Treaty]],<ref name="lords"/> describing it as "a treaty too far" an statit: "I could never have signed this treaty."<ref>{{cite web|title=House of Lords European Communities (Amendment) Bill Speech|date=7 June 1993|url=http://www.margaretthatcher.org/speeches/displaydocument.asp?docid=108314|publisher=Margaret Thatcher Foundation|accessdate=9 April 2007}}</ref> She citit [[A. V. Dicey]] when statin that as aw three main pairties war in favour o the treaty, the fowk shoud hae thair say in a referendum.<ref>{{cite web|title=House of Commons European Community debate|date=20 November 1991|url=http://www.margaretthatcher.org/speeches/displaydocument.asp?docid=108291|publisher=Margaret Thatcher Foundation|accessdate=9 April 2007}}</ref> Rfter [[Tony Blair]]'s [[Labour Pairty (UK) leadership election, 1994|election as Labour Pairty leader]] in 1994, Thatcher praised Blair as "probably the most formidable [[Leader o the Labour Pairty (UK)|Labour leader]] since [[Hugh Gaitskell]]", addin: "I see a lot of socialism behind their front bench, but not in Mr Blair. I think he genuinely has moved."<ref>{{cite news|last=Castle|first=Stephen|title=Thatcher praises 'formidable' Blair|newspaper=The Independent|date=28 May 1995}}</ref> Blair reciprocated in describing Thatcher as a "thoroughly determined person, and that is an admirable quality".<ref>{{cite news |last=Woodward |first=Robert |title=Thatcher seen closer to Blair than Major |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=gaZNAAAAIBAJ&sjid=s0MDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6603%2C5897694 |newspaper=[[The Nation (Thailand)|The Nation]] |date=15 March 1997 |accessdate=25 May 2017}}</ref> At the [[Unitit Kinrick general election, 2001|2001 general election]], Thatcher supportit the Conservative campaign, as she haed done in 1992 an 1997, an in the [[Conservative Pairty (UK) leadership election, 2001|Conservative leadership election]] follaein its defeat, she endorsed [[Iain Duncan Smith]] ower [[Kenneth Clarke]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Letter supporting Iain Duncan Smith for the Conservative leadership published in the ''Daily Telegraph''|date=21 August 2001|url=http://www.margaretthatcher.org/speeches/displaydocument.asp?docid=108390|publisher=Margaret Thatcher Foundation|accessdate=9 April 2007}}</ref> In 2002 she encouraged [[George W. Bush]] tae aggressively tackle the "unfinished business" o [[Ba'athist Iraq|Iraq unner Saddam Hussein]],<ref name="Thatcher NYT">{{cite news|last=Thatcher|first=Margaret|date=11 February 2002|title=Advice to a Superpower|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/11/opinion/11THAT.html|website=The New York Times|accessdate=11 October 2015 }}</ref> an praised Tony Blair for his "strong, bold leadership" in staundin wi Bush in the [[Iraq War]].<ref name="Thatcher Blair Iraq">{{cite web|last=Harnden|first=Toby|date=11 December 2002|title=Thatcher praises Blair for standing firm with US on Iraq|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iraq/1415788/Thatcher-praises-Blair-for-standing-firm-with-US-on-Iraq.html|website=The Daily Telegraph|accessdate=11 October 2015}}</ref> She broached the same subject in her ''[[Statecraft: Strategies for a Changing World]]'', which wis published in Apryle 2002 an dedicatit tae [[Ronald Reagan]], writin that thare wad be na peace in the Middle East till [[Saddam Hussein]] wis toppled. Her beuk an aa said that Israel must tred [[laund for peace]], an that the European Union (EU) wis "fundamentally unreformable", "a classic utopian project, a monument to the vanity of intellectuals, a programme whose inevitable destiny is failure".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Glover|first1=Peter C.|last2=Economides|first2=Michael J.|title=Energy and Climate Wars: How Naive Politicians, Green Ideologues, and Media Elites are Undermining the Truth about Energy and Climate|url=https://archive.org/details/energyclimatewar0000glov|date=16 September 2010|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=1-4411-5307-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/energyclimatewar0000glov/page/20 20]}}</ref> She argued that Breetain shoud renegotiate its terms o membership or ense [[Brexit|leave the EU]] an jyn the [[North American Free Trade Agreement|North American Free Trade Area]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2002/mar/18/uk.eu|title=Britain must quit EU, says Thatcher|last=Wintour|first=Patrick|date=18 March 2002|work=The Guardian|accessdate=8 May 2014}}</ref> Follaein several smaw strokes she wis advised bi her doctors nae tae engage in further public speakin.<ref>{{cite press release|title=Statement from the office of the Rt Hon Baroness Thatcher LG OM FRS|publisher=Margaret Thatcher Foundation|date=22 March 2002|url=http://www.margaretthatcher.org/speeches/displaydocument.asp?docid=109305|accessdate=9 November 2008}}</ref> On 23 Mairch 2002, she annoonced that on the advice o her doctors she wad cancel aw planned speakin engagements an accept na mair.{{sfnp|Campbell|2003|pp=796–798}} On 26 Juin 2003, Thatcher's husband [[Denis Thatcher|Sir Denis]] dee'd o [[pancreatic cancer]], an wis crematit on 3 Julie.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/3041546.stm|title=Lady Thatcher bids Denis farewell|accessdate=20 January 2011|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> ===Feenal years: 2003–2013=== On 11 Juin 2004, Thatcher, against doctor's orders, attendit the [[Daith an state funeral o Ronald Reagan|state funeral service for Ronald Reagan]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Thatcher: 'Reagan's life was providential'|publisher=CNN|accessdate=1 November 2008|date=11 June 2004|url=http://www.cnn.com/2004/ALLPOLITICS/06/11/thatcher.transcript|archive-date=2017-11-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109022946/http://www.cnn.com/2004/ALLPOLITICS/06/11/thatcher.transcript/|url-status=dead}}</ref> She delivered her eulogy via videotape; in view o her heal, the message haed been pre-recordit several months earlier.<ref>{{cite news|title=Thatcher's final visit to Reagan|accessdate=1 November 2008|date=10 June 2004|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/3793565.stm|publisher=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Russell|first1=Alec|last2=Sparrow|first2=Andrew|title=Thatcher's taped eulogy at Reagan funeral|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/1463874/Thatchers-taped-eulogy-at-Reagan-funeral.html|accessdate=18 July 2016|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|date=7 June 2004}}</ref> Thatcher flew tae [[Californie]] wi the Reagan entourage, an attendit the memorial service an interment ceremony for the preses at the [[Ronald Reagan Presidential Library]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3800315.stm|accessdate=1 November 2008|date=12 June 2004|title=Private burial for Ronald Reagan|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> In early 2005 Thatcher creeticised the wey the deceesion tae [[2003 invasion o Iraq|invade Iraq]] haed been made twa years previously. Awtho she still supportit the intervention tae topple Saddam Hussein, she said that as a scientist, she wad ayeweys leuk for "facts, evidence and proof", afore committin the airmed forces.<ref name="grice">{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/thatcher-reveals-her-doubts-over-basis-for-iraq-war-319542.html|title=Thatcher reveals her doubts over basis for Iraq war|last=Grice|first=Andrew|date=13 October 2005|work=[[The Independent]]|accessdate=22 September 2016|archive-date=2017-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731040334/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/thatcher-reveals-her-doubts-over-basis-for-iraq-war-319542.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Thatcher celebratit her 80t birthday at the [[Mandarin Oriental Hyde Park, Lunnon|Mandarin Oriental Hotel]] in [[Hyde Park, Lunnon|Hyde Park]], Lunnon, on 13 October 2005; guests includit the Queen, the [[Prince Philip, Duke o Edinburgh|Duke o Edinburgh]], [[Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy|Princess Alexandra]] an Tony Blair.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4329132.stm|title=Thatcher marks 80th with a speech|accessdate=1 November 2008|date=13 October 2005|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> [[Geoffrey Howe]], bi then Laird Howe o Aberavon, wis an aa present, an said o his umwhile leader: "Her real triumph was to have transformed not just one party but two, so that when Labour did eventually return, the great bulk of Thatcherism was accepted as irreversible."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4337404.stm|accessdate=1 November 2008|date=13 October 2005|title=Birthday tributes to Thatcher|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> Accordin tae a later airticle in ''The Daily Telegraph'', Thatcher's dauchter Carol first revealed that her mither haed [[dementia]] in 2005, sayin that "Mum doesn't read much any more because of her memory loss&nbsp;... It's pointless. She can't remember the beginning of a sentence by the time she reaches the end".<ref name=Langley>{{cite news|last=Langley|first=William|title=Carol Thatcher, daughter of the revolution|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/profiles/2652365/Profile-Carol-Thatcher-daughter-of-the-revolution.html|accessdate=11 February 2013|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|date=30 August 2008}}</ref> She later recoontit hou she wis first struck bi her mither's dementia when in conversation Thatcher confuised the Falklands an Yugoslav conflicts; she recried the pyne o needin tae tell her mither repeatitly that her husband Denis wis deid.<ref name="dem-cbs">{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/08/25/health/main4380977.shtml|title=Book Recounts Margaret Thatcher's Decline|accessdate=20 November 2008|date=25 August 2008|publisher=CBS|agency=Associated Press|last=Satter|first=Raphael G.}}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In 2006, Thatcher attendit the offeecial Washington, D.C. memorial service tae commemorate the fift anniversary o the [[September 11 attacks|11 September attacks]] on the US. She wis a guest o Vice Preses [[Dick Cheney]], an met Secretar o State [[Condoleezza Rice]] during her veesit.<ref>{{cite web|title=9/11 Remembrance Honors Victims from More Than 90 Countries|accessdate=1 November 2008|publisher=United States Department of State|date=11 September 2006|url=http://montevideo.usembassy.gov/usaweb/paginas/2006/06-334EN.shtml|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060922193936/http://montevideo.usembassy.gov/usaweb/paginas/2006/06-334EN.shtml|archivedate=22 September 2006}}</ref> In Februar 2007 Thatcher acame the first [[Leevin Prime Meenisters o the Unitit Kinrick|leevin Breetish prime meenister]] tae be honoured wi a [[Statue o Margaret Thatcher, Palace o Wastmeenster|statue in the Hooses o Pairlament]]. The bronze statue staunds opposite that o her poleetical hero, [[Statue o Winston Churchill, Palace o Wastmeenster|Sir Winston Churchill's]],<ref name="bronze"/> an wis unveiled on 21 Februar 2007 wi Thatcher in attendance; she made brief remerks in the [[Members' Lobby]] o the Commons: "I might have preferred iron{{snd}}but bronze will do&nbsp;... It won't rust."<ref name="bronze">{{cite news|date=21 February 2007|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6384029.stm|title=Iron Lady is honoured in bronze|accessdate=9 April 2007|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> ===Daith an funeral: 2013=== Baroness Thatcher dee'd on 8 Apryle 2013, at the age o 87, efter sufferin a stroke. She haed been stayin at a suite in [[The Ritz Hotel, London|the Ritz Hotel]] in Lunnon syne December 2012 efter haein difficulty wi stairs at her [[Chester Square]] hame in [[Belgravia]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Swinford|first=Steven|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/margaret-thatcher/9980269/Margaret-Thatcher-final-moments-in-hotel-without-her-family-by-her-bedside.html|title=Margaret Thatcher: final moments in hotel without her family by her bedside|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|date=8 April 2013}}</ref> Reactions tae the news o Thatcher's daith]] war mixed in the UK, rangin frae tributes laudin her as Breetain's greatest-ever peacetime Prime Meenister tae public celebrations o her daith an expressions o personalised vitriol.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Burns|first1=John F.|last2=Cowell|first2=Alan|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/11/world/europe/british-lawmakers-margaret-thatcher-legacy.html|url-access=limited|title=Parliament Debates Thatcher Legacy, as Vitriol Flows Online and in Streets|newspaper=The New York Times|date=10 April 2013|accessdate=25 April 2013}}</ref> Details o Thatcher's funeral haed been greed wi her in advance.<ref name="Independent, 12 April 2013">{{cite news|last=Wright|first=Oliver|title=Funeral will be a 'ceremonial' service in line with Baroness Thatcher's wishes|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/funeral-will-be-a-ceremonial-service-in-line-with-baroness-thatchers-wishes-8565093.html|accessdate=12 April 2013|newspaper=The Independent|date=8 April 2013}}</ref> She received a [[State funerals in the Unitit Kinrick|ceremonial funeral]], includin full militar honours, wi a kirk service at [[St Paul's Cathedral]] on 17 Apryle.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-22067155|title=Ex-Prime Minister Baroness Thatcher dies, aged 87|accessdate=8 April 2013|date=8 April 2013|publisher=BBC News}}</ref><ref name="BBC News, 9 April 2013">{{cite news|title=Margaret Thatcher funeral set for next week|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-22079749|accessdate=9 April 2013|publisher=BBC News|date=9 April 2013}}</ref> Queen Elizabeth II an the Duke o Edinburgh attendit her funeral,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-22177366|title=Margaret Thatcher: Queen leads mourners at funeral|publisher=BBC News|date=17 April 2013|accessdate=4 May 2013}}</ref> the seicont time in the Queen's reign that she haed attendit the funeral o ony o [[Leet o Prime Meenisters o Queen Elizabeth II|her umwhile Prime Meenisters]] (the first bein that o [[Winston Churchill]] in 1965).<ref>{{cite news|last=Davies|first=Caroline|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2013/apr/10/queen-decision-lady-thatcher-funeral|title=Queen made personal decision to attend Lady Thatcher's funeral|newspaper=The Guardian|date=10 April 2013|accessdate=3 May 2013}}</ref> Efter the service at St Paul's Cathedral, Thatcher's bouk wis crematit at [[Mortlake Crematorium]], whaur her husband haed been crematit. On 28 September a service for Thatcher wis held in the Aw Saunts Chapel o the [[Royal Hospital Chelsea]]'s Margaret Thatcher Infirmary. In a private ceremony Thatcher's ess war interred in the grunds o the hospital, next tae thae o her husband.<ref name=Telegraph-20130913>{{cite news|title=Baroness Thatcher's ashes laid to rest|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/margaret-thatcher/10341402/Baroness-Thatchers-ashes-laid-to-rest.html|accessdate=28 September 2013 |newspaper=The Telegraph|date=28 September 2013}}</ref><ref name=BBC-intere>{{cite news|title=Margaret Thatcher's ashes laid to rest at Royal Hospital Chelsea|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-24316701|accessdate=28 September 2013|publisher=BBC News|date=28 September 2013}}</ref> ==Notes== <references group="nb"/> ==See forby== * [[Sermon on the Mound]] ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ===Bibliografie=== {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book |title=Margaret Thatcher |url=https://archive.org/details/thatcher0000beck |first=Clare |last=Beckett |publisher=Haus Publishing |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-904950-71-4 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |title=Margaret Thatcher: A Portrait of the Iron Lady |url=https://archive.org/details/margaretthatcher0000blun |last=Blundell |first=John |publisher=Algora |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-87586-630-7 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |title=Margaret Thatcher; Volume One: The Grocer's Daughter |first=John |last=Campbell |publisher=Pimlico |year=2000 |isbn=0-7126-7418-7 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |title=The Thatcher Revolution: Margaret Thatcher, John Major, Tony Blair, and the Transformation of Modern Britain, 1979–2001|first=Earl Aaron|last=Reitan |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2003 |isbn=0-7425-2203-2 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |title=Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher: A Political Marriage |url=https://archive.org/details/ronaldreaganmarg00waps_0 |first=Nicholas |last=Wapshott |publisher=Sentinel |year=2007 |isbn=1-59523-047-5 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |title=The Path to Power |url=https://archive.org/details/pathtopower0000that |last=Thatcher |first=Margaret |publisher=HarperCollins |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-00-638753-4 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Beckett |first=Andy |title=When the Lights Went Out; Britain in the Seventies |url=https://archive.org/details/whenlightswentou0000andy |year=2010 |publisher=Faber & Faber |isbn=978-0-571-22137-0 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |title=The Queen and Di: The Untold Story |url=https://archive.org/details/queendiuntoldsto00sewa |first=Ingrid |last=Seward |publisher=Arcade Publishing |year=2001 |isbn=1-55970-561-2 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |title=The Downing Street Years |url=https://archive.org/details/downingstreetyea0000that_o3q4 |last=Thatcher |first=Margaret |publisher=HarperCollins |year=1993 |isbn=0-00-255354-6 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |title=Britain since 1945: a political history|url=https://archive.org/details/britainsince19450000chil_q6m6|first=David |last=Childs |edition=6th |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-415-39326-3 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |title=Politics UK |url=https://archive.org/details/politicsuk0000unse |last1=Jones |first1=Bill |last2=Kavanagh |first2=Dennis |last3=Moran |first3=Michael |publisher=Longman|edition=6 |chapter=Media organisations and the political process |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-4058-2411-8 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Thornton|first=Richard C. |title=The Reagan Revolution II: Rebuilding the Western Alliance |year=2006 |publisher=Trafford Publishing |isbn=978-1-4120-1356-7 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last1=Floud |first1=Roderick |last2=Johnson |first2=Paul |title=The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Britain, Volume 3 |year=2004 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-52738-5 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |title=Britain Under Thatcher |url=https://archive.org/details/britainunderthat0000seld |first1=Anthony |last1=Seldon |authorlink=Anthony Seldon |first2=Daniel |last2=Collings |publisher=Longman |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-582-31714-7 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last1=Feigenbaum |first1=Harvey |last2=Henig |first2=Jeffrey |last3=Hamnett |first3=Chris |title=Shrinking the State: The Political Underpinnings of Privatization |url=https://archive.org/details/shrinkingstatepo0000feig |year=1998 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-63918-7 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |title=[[A History of Modern Britain]] |first=Andrew |last=Marr |authorlink=Andrew Marr |publisher=Pan |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-330-43983-1 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |title=Armed Struggle: The History of the IRA |first=Richard |last=English|isbn=978-0-19-517753-4 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2005 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Moloney|first=Ed|title=A Secret History of the IRA|url=https://archive.org/details/secrethistoryofi00molo|year=2002|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |isbn=0-393-32502-4 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Cochrane |first=Feargal |title=Unionist Politics and the Politics of Unionism Since the Anglo-Irish Agreement |url=https://archive.org/details/unionistpolitics0000coch |year=2001 |publisher=Cork University Press |isbn=1-85918-259-3 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |title=Battles of the Falklands War |first=Gordon |last=Smith |publisher=I. Allan |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-7110-1792-4 |url=http://www.naval-history.net/NAVAL1982FALKLANDS.htm |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Jackling |first=Roger |contribution=The Impact of the Falklands Conflict on Defence Policy |authorlink=Roger Jackling |editor1-last=Badsey |editor1-first=Stephen |editor2-last=Grove |editor2-first=Mark |editor3-last=Havers |editor3-first=Rob |title=The Falklands Conflict Twenty Years On: Lessons for the Future (Sandhurst Conference Series) |year=2005 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-35030-3 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |title=Battle for the Falklands |url=https://archive.org/details/battleforfalklan0000hast |first1=Max |last1=Hastings |first2=Simon |last2=Jenkins |authorlink1=Max Hastings |authorlink2=Simon Jenkins |publisher=Norton |year=1983 |isbn=0-393-30198-2 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |title=Conflict of Loyalty |url=https://archive.org/details/conflictofloyalt0000howe |authorlink=Geoffrey Howe |first=Geoffrey |last=Howe |publisher=Macmillan |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-333-59283-0 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |title=Soft Law in European Community Law |url=https://archive.org/details/nlsiu.341.2422.sen.21081 |first=Linda |last=Senden |publisher=Hart Publishing |year=2004 |isbn=1-84113-432-5 |ref=harv}} {{refend}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Thatcher, Margaret}} [[Category:1925 births]] [[Category:2013 daiths]] [[Category:20t-century Inglis writers]] [[Category:20t-century weemen writers]] [[Category:21st-century weemen writers]] [[Category:Attemptit assassination survivors]] [[Category:Conservative Pairty (UK) MPs]] [[Category:Conservative Pairty (UK) life peers]] [[Category:Conservative Pairty Prime Meenisters o the Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:Inglis non-feection writers]] [[Category:Inglis weemen writers]] [[Category:Female heids o govrenment]] [[Category:Female members o the Cabinet o the Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:Female members o the Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick for Inglis constituencies]] [[Category:Leaders o the Conservative Pairty (UK)]] [[Category:Leaders o the Opposeetion (Unitit Kinrick)]] [[Category:Members o the Order o Meerit]] [[Category:Members o the Privy Cooncil o the Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:Preses o the European Cooncil]] [[Category:Prime Meenisters o the Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:Dames Grand Cross o the Ryal Order o Francesco I]] c91nxs9pnhjm04p95oraklkssm2h521 0 71751 919945 915880 2026-07-24T23:38:18Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 919945 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{Infobox person | name = Olivia de Havilland | honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|DBE}} | image = Olivia DeHavilland-2.JPG | caption = de Havilland in 1945 | birth_name = Olivia Mary de Havilland | birth_date = {{birth date|1916|07|01}} | birth_place = [[Tokyo]], Japan | death_date = {{Death date and age|2020|7|26|1916|7|1}} | death_place = [[Paris]], Fraunce | resting_place = [[Tokyo]] | other_names = Livvie | occupation = Actress | years_active = 1935{{ndash}}1989 | religion = [[Episcopal Kirk (Unitit States)|Episcopalian]] | spouse = {{Plainlist| * {{marriage|()=small|[[Marcus Goodrich]]|1946|1953|end=div}} * {{marriage|()=small|Pierre Galante|1955|1979|end=div}} }} | children = {{Plainlist| * Benjamin Goodrich {{small|(1949{{ndash}}91)}} * Gisèle Galante {{small|({{abbr|b.|born}} 1956)}} }} | parents = {{Plainlist| * [[Walter Augustus de Havilland]] {{small|(1872{{ndash}}1968)}} * [[Lillian Fontaine]] {{small|(1886{{ndash}}1975)}} }} | relatives = [[Joan Fontaine]] {{small|(sister, 1917{{ndash}}2013)}} | awards = [[Olivia de Havilland#Honours an awairds|See ablo]] | signature = Olivia de Havilland Signature.png }} '''Olivia Mary de Havilland''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|DBE}} (born Julie 1, 1916; deed Julie 26, 2020<ref>https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/people/2020/07/26/olivia-de-havilland-gone-with-the-wind-dies-at-104/975380001/</ref>) wis an Breetish-American actress whase career spanned frae 1935 tae 1988. She kythed in fowerty-nine featur films, an wis ane o the leadin film stars in the gowden age o Clessical Hollywood. She is best kent for her early screen performances in ''The Adventures of Robin Hood'' (1938) an ''[[Gone with the Wind (film)|Gone with the Wind]]'' (1939), an her later awaird-winnin performances in ''To Each His Own'' (1946), ''The Snake Pit'' (1948), an ''The Heiress'' (1949). Born in [[Tokyo]] tae Inglis parents, de{{nbsp}}Havilland an her younger sister, actress [[Joan Fontaine]], flittit tae Californie in 1919. Thay war raised bi thair mither Lilian, a umwhile stage actress wha taucht them dramatic airt, [[muisic]], an elocution. De Havilland made her actin debut in amateur theatre in ''Alice in Wonderland'' an later appeared in a local production o Shakespeare's ''[[A Midsummer Night's Dream]]'', that led tae her playin Hermia in Max Reinhardt's stage production o the same play an a movie contract wi [[Warner Bros.]] De{{nbsp}}Havilland made her screen debut in Reinhardt's ''A Midsummer Night's Dream'' in 1935. She began her career playin demure ingénues alang wi popular leadin men, includin [[Errol Flynn]], wi wham she made aicht films. Thay became ane o Hollywood's maist popular romantic on-screen pairins. She achieved her initial popularity in romantic comedy films, lik ''The Great Garrick'' (1937), an in [[Western (genre)|Westerns]], sic as ''Dodge City'' (1939). Her naitural beauty an primsie actin style made her parteecularly feckfu in historical period dramas, lik ''Anthony Adverse'' (1936), an romantic dramas, lik ''Hold Back the Dawn'' (1941). In her later career, she wis maist sonsie in drama films, lik ''Light in the Piazza'' (1962), an unglamorous roles in psychological dramas includin ''Hush… Hush, Sweet Charlotte'' (1964). As well as her film career, de{{nbsp}}Havilland continued her wirk in the theatre, appearin three times on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]], in ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]'' (1951), ''Candida'' (1952), an ''A Gift of Time'' (1962). She wirkit in telly an aw, appearin in the sonsie miniseries, ''Roots: The Next Generations'' (1979), an telly featur films, sic as ''Anastasia: The Mystery of Anna'', for whilk she received a [[Primetime Emmy Award]]. Outthrou her film career, de{{nbsp}}Havilland wan twa [[Academy Awards]], twa [[Gowden Globe Awaird]]s, twa New York Film Critics Circle Awairds, the National Board of Review Award for Best Actress, an the [[Venice Film Festival]] Volpi Cup. For her contreibutions tae the motion pictur industry, she received a starn on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]]. For her lifetime contreibution tae the arts, she received the [[Naitional Medal o Airts]] frae Preses [[George W. Bush]], an wis appyntit a ''Chevalier'' o the [[Legion o Honour|Légion d'honneur]] bi French Preses [[Nicolas Sarkozy]]. Efter romantic relationships wi [[Howard Hughes]], [[James Stewart]], an [[John Huston]], de{{nbsp}}Havilland mairit author [[Marcus Goodrich]], wi wham she haed a son, Benjamin. Follaein her divorce frae Goodrich in 1953, she flittit tae [[Paris]] an mairit Pierre Galante, an executive eeditor for the French jurnal ''Paris Match'', wi wham she haed a dauchter, Gisèle. In 1962 she published ''Every Frenchman Has One'', an accoont o her life in Fraunce. De{{nbsp}}Havilland an Joan Fontaine are the anly siblings tae hae wan Academy Awairds in a lead actin category. A lifelang rivalry atween the twa resultit in an estrangement that lestit ower three decade. She haes steyed in Paris syne 1956, an celebrate her 100t birthday on Julie 1, 2016.<ref name=Meseguer>{{cite news|last={{Smallcaps|Meseguer}}|first=Astrid|title=Olivia de Havilland: los 100 años de una leyenda del cine|url=http://www.lavanguardia.com/cine/20160629/402842217473/olivia-de-havilland-100-anos-leyenda-cine.html|accessdate=1 July 2016|publisher=[[La Vanguardia]]|date=1 July 2016|location=Barcelona|language=Spanish}}</ref> On 26 Julie 2020, it wis propaled that de Havilland haed deed the previous day at her hame in [[Paris]], aged 104. ==Early life== De{{nbsp}}Havilland wis born on Julie 1, 1916, in Tokyo, Japan, tae Inglis parents.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=20}} Her faither, Walter Augustus de Havilland (August 31, 1872{{snds}}Mey 23, 1968), serd as an Inglis professor at the [[Varsity o Tokyo|Imperial Varsity]] in Tokyo afore becomin a [[patent attorney]].{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=20}} Her mither, Lilian Augusta ({{née}} Ruse; Juin 11, 1886 – Februar 20, 1975),<ref name="peerage-olivia"/> wis educate at the [[Royal Academy of Dramatic Art]] in Lunnon an became a stage actress.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=20}} Lilian sang wi the [[Master of the Queen's Music|Master of the Keeng's Music]], Sir Walter Parratt an aa, an toured Ingland wi the composer [[Ralph Vaughan Williams]].{{sfn|Fontaine|1978|pp=16–17}} Olivia's paternal cousin wis [[Geoffrey de Havilland|Sir Geoffrey de{{nbsp}}Havilland]] (1882–1965),<ref name="french-observer"/> an aircraft designer an foonder o the [[de Havilland]] aircraft company.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=32}} Lilian an Walter met in Japan in 1913 an war mairit the follaein year.{{sfn|Fontaine|1978|p=16}} Thay flittit intae a lairge hoose in Tokyo, whaur Lilian gae informal sangin recitals for the European colony.{{sfn|Fontaine|1978|p=16}} The marriage wisnae a happy ane due in pairt tae Walter's infidelities.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=22}} Olivia's younger sister Joan{{nsmdns}}later kent as actress [[Joan Fontaine]]{{nsmdns}}wis born on October{{nbsp}}22, 1917.{{sfn|Fontaine|1978|p=18}} In Februar 1919 Lilian persuaded her guidman tae tak the faimily back tae Ingland tae a climate better suited for thair ailin dauchters.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=22}} Thay sailed abuird the SS{{nbsp}}''Siberia Maru'' tae [[San Francisco]],{{sfn|Fontaine|1978|p=18}} whaur the faimily stoppit tae treat Olivia's tonsillitis.{{sfnm|1a1=Thomas|1y=1983|1pp=22–23|2a1=Matzen|2y=2010|2p=2}} Efter Joan developed pneumonia, Lilian decidit tae remain wi her dauchters in Californie, whaur thay hinderly settled in the veelage o Saratoga, {{convert|50|mi|km}} sooth o San Francisco.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=23}}{{#tag:ref|Efter livin in an apairtment near [[Golden Gate Park]] while the sisters war bein treatit, the faimily muived tae [[San Jose, Californie|San Jose]] an stayed at the Hotel Vendome.{{sfn|Fontaine|1978|pp=18, 23}} Suin efter, thay flittit tae the fithills o the [[Santa Cruz Moontains]], whaur thay steyed at a buirdin hoose cried Lundblad's Lodge, a buirdin hoose on Oak Street ained bi a Swadish faimily.<ref name="academy-of-achievement"/>{{sfn|Fontaine|1978|p=25}}|group=Note}} Her faither abandoned the faimily an returned tae his Japanese hoosekeeper, that hinderly became his seicont wife.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=23}}<ref name="peerage-walter"/> Olivia wis raised tae appreciate the arts, beginnin wi ballet lessons at the age o fower, an piano lessons a year later.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=24}} She learned tae read afore she wis sax,{{sfn|Fontaine|1978|p=27}} an her mither, wha occasionally taucht dramatic airt, muisic, an elocution,{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=21–22}} haed her recitin passages frae [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]] tae strenthen her diction.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=24}}{{#tag:ref|Olivia wis named efter a [[Olivia (Twelfth Night)|chairacter]] in ''[[Twelfth Night]]''.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=17}}|group=Note}} In this period, her younger sister Joan first stairtit cawin her "Livvie"{{nsmdns}}a eikname that wad lest ootthrou her life.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=24}} De{{nbsp}}Havilland entered Saratoga Grammar School in 1922 an did weel in her studies.<ref name="academy-of-achievement"/> She enjoyed readin, writin poetry, an drawin, an ance representit her grammar schuil in a coonty spellin bee, comin in seicont place.<ref name="academy-of-achievement"/> In 1923 Lilian haed a new Tudor-style hoose biggit at 231{{nbsp}}La{{nbsp}}Paloma Avenue (nou 20250),<ref name="academy-of-achievement"/><ref name="saratoga-history"/> whaur the faimily bidit till the early 1930s.{{sfnm|1a1=Fontaine|1y=1978|1pp=23, 32|2a1=Thomas|2y=1983|2p=23}} In Aprile 1925, efter her divorce wis finalized, Lilian mairit George Milan Fontaine, a depairtment store manager for O.{{nbsp}}A.{{nbsp}}Hale & Co. in San Jose.{{sfn|Fontaine|1978|pp=23–24}} Fontaine wis a guid provider an respectable businessman, but his strict parentin style generated animosity an later rebellion in baith o his new stepdauchters.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=25}}{{#tag:ref|Lilian an George wis introduced tae ilk anither in 1920 bi fower-year-old Olivia wha noticed him sittin on a pairk bench an referred tae him in Japanese as "Daddy".{{sfnm|1a1=Fontaine|1y=1978|1p=23|2a1=Thomas|2y=1983|2p=25}}|group=Note}} [[File:Olivia De Haviland 1933.jpg|thumb|upright|left|alt=At the age of fifteen|Olivia de Havilland appearin in the stage play ''[[Alice in Wonderland]]'', 1933]] De{{nbsp}}Havilland continued her eddication at Los Gatos High School, near Saratoga.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=25}} Thare she excelled in oratory an field hockey an participated in schuil plays an the schuil drama club, eventually becomin the club's secretary.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=26}} Wi plans o becomin a Inglis an speech dominie,{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=25}} she an aa attendit Notre Dame Convent in Belmont.{{sfn|Jensen|1942|p=91}} In 1933 de{{nbsp}}Havilland made her debut in amateur theatre in ''[[Alice's Adventures in Wonderland|Alice in Wonderland]]'', a production o the Saratoga Community Players based on the novel bi [[Lewis Carroll]].{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=26}} She appeared in several schuil plays an aa, includin ''[[The Merchant of Venice]]'' an ''[[Hansel and Gretel]]''.{{sfn|Fontaine|1978|pp=47–48}} Her passion for drama eventually led tae a confrontation wi her stepfaither, wha forbade her frae pairteecipatin in further extracurricular activities.{{sfn|Fontaine|1978|p=48}} Whan he learned that she haed wan the lead role o Elizabeth Bennet in a schuil fund-raisin production o [[Jane Austen]]'s ''[[Pride and Prejudice]]'', he gae her an ultimatum tae aither stay hame or nae return hame.{{sfn|Fontaine|1978|p=48}} Nae wantin tae lat her schuil an clessmates doun, she left hame forever, flittin in wi a faimily friend.{{sfn|Fontaine|1978|p=48}} Efter graduatin frae heich schuil in 1934, de{{nbsp}}Havilland wis offered a scholarship tae Mills College in Oakland tae pursue her chosen career as an Inglis teacher.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=27}} She wis offered the role o [[Puck (A Midsummer Night's Dream)|Puck]] in the Saratoga Community Theater production o Shakespeare's ''A Midsummer Night's Dream'' an aa.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=26}} That simmer, Austrick director Max Reinhardt came tae Californie for a major new production o the same play tae premiere at the Hollywood Bowl.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=27}} Efter ane o Reinhardt's assistants saw her perform in Saratoga, he offered her the seicont unnerstudy poseetion for the role o Hermia.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=27}} Ane week afore the premiere, the unnerstudy Jean Rouverol an lead actress [[Gloria Stuart]] baith left the project, leavin echteen-year-auld de{{nbsp}}Havilland tae play Hermia.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=27}} Impressed wi her performance, Reinhardt offered her the pairt in the fower-week hairst tour that follaed.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=27}} While that tour wis on, Reinhardt received wird that he wad direct the [[Warner Bros.]] film version o his stage production, an he offered her the film role o Hermia. Wi her mind still set on becomin a teacher, de{{nbsp}}Havilland initially wavered, but eventually Reinhardt an executive producer Henry Blanke persuaded her tae sign a five-year contract wi Warner Bros. on November{{nbsp}}12, 1934, wi a stairtin salary o twa hunder dollars a week.{{sfnm|1a1=Thomas|1y=1983|1p=28|2a1=Matzen|2y=2010|2p=11}} ==Career== ===Early films, 1935–37=== De{{nbsp}}Havilland made her screen debut in Reinhardt's ''A Midsummer Night's Dream'',{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=28}} whilk wis filmed at Warner Bros. studios frae December{{nbsp}}19, 1934, tae March{{nbsp}}9, 1935.<ref name="tcm-midsummer-op"/> Throuch the production, de{{nbsp}}Havilland picked up film actin techniques frae the film's co-director William Dieterle, an camera techniques frae cinematographer Hal Mohr, wha wis impressed wi her quaistiens aboot his wirk.<ref name="tcm-midsummer-miller"/> Bi the end o filmin, she haed learned the effect o lichtin an camera angles on hou she appeared on screen an hou tae find her best lichtin.<ref name="tcm-midsummer-miller"/> Follaein premieres in New York an Beverly Hills, the film wis released on October{{nbsp}}30, 1935.<ref name="tcm-midsummer-op"/> In maugre o the publicity campaign, the film luntit little greeshoch wi audiences.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=28}} While the creetical response wis mixed, de{{nbsp}}Havilland's performance wis praised bi ''The San Francisco Examiner'' creetic.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=58}} In his review in the ''Brooklyn Daily Eagle'', Winston Burdett notit that de{{nbsp}}Havilland "acts couthie an daes greater juistice tae Shakespeare's leid nor onybody ense in the cast".<ref name="brooklyn-daily-burdett"/> Twa minor comedies follaed, ''Alibi Ike'' wi Joe E. Brown an ''The Irish in Us'' wi [[James Cagney]].{{sfnm|1a1=Thomas|1y=1983|1p=28|2a1=Brown|2y=1995|2p=125}} In baith films, she played the douce an winsome luve interest{{nsmdns}}a role intae whilk she wad later become typecast.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=22}} Efter the experience o bein a Reinhardt player, de{{nbsp}}Havilland felt disappyntit bein assigned thir routine heroine roles.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=28}}{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=24}} In Mairch, de{{nbsp}}Havilland an her mither flittit intae a flat at the Chateau des Fleurs at 6626 Franklin Avenue in Hollywood.{{sfn|Matzen|2010|p=13}} [[File:Olivia de Havilland Publicity Photo for Captain Blood 1935.jpg|thumb|right|upright|alt=Climbin a ladder wearin a pirate's outfit|Publicity photo, 1935]] In Julie 1935 Warner Bros. paired de{{nbsp}}Havilland wi an unkent [[Australie]] actor named [[Errol Flynn]] in the swashbuckler film ''Captain Blood'' (1935).{{sfn|Matzen|2010|p=19}} Accordin tae film historian Tony Thomas, baith actors haed "classic guid leuks, cultured speakin vyces, an a sense o distant aristocracy aboot them".{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=68}} Filmed atween August{{nbsp}}5 an October{{nbsp}}29, 1935,<ref name="tcm-cb-opi"/> ''Captain Blood'' gae de{{nbsp}}Havilland the opportunity tae appear in her first costumed historical romance an adventur epic{{nsmdns}}a genre tae whilk she wis weel suitit, gien her brawness an elegance.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=29}} In the film, she played Arabella Bishop, the dauchter o a Jamaica plantation ainer, wha coffs at auction an Erse pheesician wrang duimed tae servitude. The on-screen chemistry atween de{{nbsp}}Havilland an Flynn wis evident frae thair first scenes thegither,{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=29}} whaur clashes atween her chairacter's spiritit hauteur an his chairacter's playful braggadocio didna mask thair mutual attraction tae ilk anither.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=27}}{{#tag:ref|The on-screen attraction o the characters reflectit the actual feelins o the actors at the time.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=29}} De{{nbsp}}Havilland would later admit that she haed a crush on him throu the entire production, an he would later acknawledge the same.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=29}}|group=Note}} Unlik her twa previous roles, Arabella is a feisty young woman wha kens whit she wants an is willin tae fecht for it.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=72}} The banterin tone o thair exchanges in the film{{nsmdns}}the kneef gie-and-tak an mutual respect{{nsmdns}}became the basis for thair on-screen relationship in follaein films.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=27}} ''Captain Blood'' wis released on December{{nbsp}}28, 1935,<ref name="tcm-cb-opi" /> an received guid reviews an wide public appeal.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=71–72}} De{{nbsp}}Havilland's performance wis singled oot in ''[[The New York Times]]'' an ''Variety''.<ref name="nytimes-cb-sennwald"/><ref name="variety-cb"/> The film wis nominatit for fower Academy Awairds, includin Best Pictur.<ref name="tcm-cb-awards"/> The popular success o the film, as weel as the creetical response tae the on-screen couple, led tae seiven addeetional collaborations.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=29}} In 1936 de{{nbsp}}Havilland appeared in Mervyn LeRoy's historical period drama ''Anthony Adverse'' wi Fredric March.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=75}} Based on the popular novelle bi Hervey Allen, the film follaes the adventures o an orphan raised bi a Scottish merchant, whase pursuit o fortune separates him frae the innocent paisant lass he luves, mairries, an hinderly loses.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=75–76}} De{{nbsp}}Havilland played the paisant girl Angela wha, efter bein separatit frae her sclave trader guidman, becomes opera starn Mademoiselle Georges, the mistress o [[Napoleon]].{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=77–78}} The film earned sax Academy Awaird nominations, includin Best Picture.<ref name="tcm-aa-steinberg"/> It garnered de{{nbsp}}Havilland guid exposure an aa an the opportunity tae portray a chairacter as she develops ower time.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=78}} Howard Barnes o the ''New York Herald Tribune'' foond her later scenes as Mademoiselle Georges "not very credible",{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=43}} but Frank S. Nugent o ''The New York Times'' cried her "a winsome Angela".<ref name="nytimes-aa-nugent"/> That same year, she wis reunitit wi Flynn in Michael Curtiz's period action film ''[[The Charge of the Light Brigade (1936 film)|The Charge of the Light Brigade]]'', set during the [[Crimean War]]{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=81}}{{sfnm|1a1=Kass|1y=1976|1pp=27, 29|2a1=Thomas|2y=1983|2p=82}} whilk gied thrive at the box office.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=85}} While the film wis bein produced, de{{nbsp}}Havilland renegotiatit her contract wi Warner Bros. an signed a seiven-year contract on Aprile{{nbsp}}14, 1936, wi a stairtin weekly salary o five hunder dollar ({{Inflation|US|500|1936|fmt=eq|r=-2}}).{{sfn|Matzen|2010|p=33}}{{#tag:ref|De Havilland hired the Ivan Kahn Agency tae represent her in the contract negotiations wi Warner Bros.{{sfn|Matzen|2010|p=32}} The contract she signed providit for yearly increases in her weekly salary, stairtin at $500, an then increasin tae $750, $1000, $1250, $1500, $2000, an $2500 in her last year ({{Inflation|US|2500|1934|fmt=eq|r=-2}}).{{sfn|Matzen|2010|p=33}}|group=Note}} Toward the end o the year, twinty-year-auld de{{nbsp}}Havilland an her mither muived tae 2337 Nella Vista Avenue in the Los Feliz section o Los Angeles.{{sfn|Matzen|2010|p=50}} [[File:Olivia de Havilland in Call It a Day trailer.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Smiling|In ''Call It a Day'', 1937]] In 1937 de{{nbsp}}Havilland haed her first tap billin in Archie Mayo's comedy ''Call It a Day'',{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=30, 89}} aboot a middle cless Inglis faimily chauvin wi the romantic effects o ware fiver in the course o a single day.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=89}} De{{nbsp}}Havilland played dochter Catherine Hilton, wha faws in luve wi the eesome airtist hired tae paint her portrait.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=89}} The film didnae dae weel at the box office an did little tae advance her career.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=30}} She fared better in Mayo's screwball comedy ''It's Love I'm After'' wi [[Leslie Howard (actor)|Leslie Howard]] an [[Bette Davis]].{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=99}} De{{nbsp}}Havilland played Marcia West, a young debutante an theater fan enamored wi a Barrymore-lik matinee idol wha decides tae help the lass' fiancé bi pretendin tae be an abominable cad.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=99–100}} The film received guid reviews, wi ''Variety'' cryin it "fresh, clever, excellently directit an produced, an actit bi an ensemble that clicks frae stairt tae finish", an praisin de{{nbsp}}Havilland.<ref name="variety-ilia" /> That same year, de{{nbsp}}Havilland made twa mair period films, beginnin wi ''The Great Garrick'', a feectional romantic comedy aboot the echteent-century Inglis actor's encounter wi jealous players frae the [[Comédie-Française]] wha plot tae embarrass him on his wey tae Paris.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=93–94}} Wise tae thair pliskie, Garrick plays alang wi the whimple determined tae get the last lauch{{nsmdns}}even on a luesome young aristocrat, de{{nbsp}}Havilland's Germaine Dupont, wham he mistakenly believes tae be ane o the players.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=94}} With her refined demeanor an diction,{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=30}} de{{nbsp}}Havilland delivers a performance that is "lichthertit an thoroughly believable", accordin tae Judith Kass.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=45}} ''Variety'' praised the film, cryin it "a production o superlative wirkmanship".<ref name="variety-gg"/><ref name="tcm-gg-arnold"/> In maugre o the positive reviews, the film didna dae sae weel at the box office.<ref name="tcm-gg-arnold"/>{{#tag:ref|During the production, [[Brian Aherne]] foond de Havilland "young an entrancin" an organised her twenty-first birthday pairty on the set.<ref name="tcm-gg-arnold"/> Thay datit throuch the makkin o the picture an aa.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=96}} He later wrote, "I little thocht that I would ane day marry her younger sister, Joan Fontaine."<ref name="tcm-gg-arnold"/> Aherne an Fontaine married twa years later, on August 19, 1939.{{sfn|Fontaine|1978|p=104}}|group=Note}} Her final film that year wis Michael Curtiz's romantic drama ''Gold Is Where You Find It'',{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=103}} a film aboot the late nineteent century conflict in the Sacramento Valley atween gowd miners an thair hydraulic equipment an farmers whase land is bein fluidit.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=103–104}} De{{nbsp}}Havilland played the dauchter o a fermer, Serena Ferris, wha faws in luve wi the minin engineer responsible for the fluidin.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=104}} The film wis released in Februar 1938,<ref name="tcm-gold-opi" /> an wis her first appearance in three-strip [[Three-strip Technicolor|Technicolor]].{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=103}} ===Movie starndom, 1938–40=== In September 1937 de{{nbsp}}Havilland wis selectit bi Warner Bros. studio heid Jack L. Warner tae play [[Maid Marian]] opposite Errol Flynn in ''[[The Adventures of Robin Hood]]'' (1938).{{sfn|Matzen|2010|p=56}} The Technicolor production wis filmed on location atween September{{nbsp}}26, 1937, an Januar{{nbsp}}14, 1938, at Bidwell Park, Busch Gardens, an Lake Sherwood in Californie.<ref name="tcm-robinhood-opi"/> Directit bi William Keighley an Michael Curtiz, the film is aboot the legendary [[Robin Hood]], a Saxon knicht wha oppones the corrupt an brutal Prince John an his Norman lords while guid [[Richard I o Ingland|Keeng Richard]] is awa fechtin in the [[Third Crusade]].{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=110}} The Keeng's waird, Maid Marian, initially oppones Robin but later supports him efter learnin his true intentions o helpin his doun-hauden fowk.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=110, 112}} {{sfnm|1a1=Kass|1y=1976|1p=32|2a1=Thomas|2y=1983|2p=114|3a1=Matzen|3y=2010|3p=65}} Nae barelins staunin bi the events, Marian risks her life tae save Robin bi providin his men a plan for him tae win frae.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=109, 114}} As defined bi de{{nbsp}}Havilland, Marian is baith a beautifu fairy-tale heroine an a speerity, gleg woman "whase actions are govrened bi her mynd as well as her hert", accordin tae author Judith Kass.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=34}} ''The Adventures of Robin Hood'' wis released on Mey{{nbsp}}14, 1938,<ref name="tcm-robinhood-opi"/> an wis an immediate creetical an commercial success, earnin an Academy Awaird nomination for Best Pictur.<ref name="tcm-robinhood-nixon"/> It went on tae become ane o the maist popular adventur films o the Clessical Hollywood era.<ref name="tcm-robinhood-nixon"/>{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=109}} The popularity o ''The Adventures of Robin Hood'' brocht de{{nbsp}}Havilland a new level o fame as a film starn, but this new status wisnae reflectit in her subsequent film assignments at Warner Bros.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=30}} Her neist several roles war mair routine an less challengin.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=30}} In the romantic comedy ''Four's a Crowd'' (1938), de{{nbsp}}Havilland played Lorri Dillingwell, a [[wikt:dizzy|dizzy]] rich lass bein romanced bi a conneevin [[Public relations|PR]] man leukin tae land an accoont wi her eccentric grandfaither.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=117–118}} In Ray Enright's romantic comedy ''Hard to Get'' (1938), she played anither dizzy rich girl, Margaret Richards, whase desire tae exact revenge on a gas station attendant leads tae her ain comeuppance.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=121–122}} While de{{nbsp}}Havilland wis certainly capable o playin thir kinds o chairacters, her personality wis better suitit tae stranger an mair dramatic roles, accordin tae Judith Kass.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=56}} Bi this time, de{{nbsp}}Havilland haed serious doubts aboot her career at Warner Bros.<ref name="tcm-wn-landazuri" />{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=128}} Some film scholars conseider 1939 tae be the heich pynt o the gowden age o Clessical Hollywood,<ref name="latimes-mathews" /> producin classics in mony genres, includin the Western.<ref name="tcm-dc-steinberg"/>{{#tag:ref|Follaein the success o [[Cecil B. DeMille|Cecil B. DeMille's]] epic adventur ''[[The Plainsman]]'' (1937), studios began investin thair tap talent an budgets tae produce films lik ''[[Stagecoach (1939 film)|Stagecoach]]'', ''[[Union Pacific (film)|Union Pacific]]'', an ''[[Destry Rides Again]]''{{nsmdns}}aw released in 1939.<ref name="tcm-dc-steinberg"/>|group=Note}} Warner Bros. produced Michael Curtiz's sprawlin Technicolor adventur ''[[Dodge City (film)|Dodge City]]'', Flynn an de{{nbsp}}Havilland's first Western film.<ref name="tcm-dc-steinberg"/> Set in the [[American Ceevil War]], the film is aboot a Texas trailblazer wha witnesses the brutal lawlessness o Dodge City, Kansas, an becomes sheriff tae clean up the toun. De{{nbsp}}Havilland played Abbie Irving, whase ineetial hostility taewart Flynn's chairacter Wade Hatton is transformed bi events, an the twa faw in luve{{nsmdns}}bi nou a proven formula for thair on-screen relationships.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=36}} Curtiz's action sequences, Sol Polito's cinematografie, Max Steiner's expansive film score, an mibbes the "definitive saloon brawl in movie history"<ref name="tcm-dc-steinberg"/> aw contreibutit tae the film's sonse.{{sfnm|1a1=Kass|1y=1976|1p=34|2a1=Thomas|2y=1983|2p=132}} ''Variety'' describit the film as "a lusty western, packed wi action".<ref name="variety-dc"/> For de{{nbsp}}Havilland, playin yet ane mair supportin luve interest in a leemitit role, ''Dodge City'' representit the emotional law pynt o her career tae that pynt.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=131}} She later said, "I wis in such a depressed state that I could haurdly remember ma lines."{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=36}} [[File:Olivia de Havilland Publicity Photo for Gone with the Wind 1939.jpg|thumb|right|upright|alt=Wearin a flowin dress an bonnet|Studio publicity portrait for ''Gone with the Wind'', 1939]] In a letter tae a colleague datit November 18, 1938, film producer [[David O. Selznick]] wrote, "I would gie onything if we haed Olivia de{{nbsp}}Havilland unner contract tae us sae that we could cast her as Melanie."{{sfn|Selznick|1972|pp=171–172}} The film he wis preparin tae shuit wis ''[[Gone with the Wind (film)|Gone with the Wind]]'', an Jack L. Warner wis unwillin tae lend her oot for the project.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=138}} De{{nbsp}}Havilland haed read the novelle, an unlik maist ither actresses, wha wantit the Scarlett O'Hara role, she wantit tae play Melanie Hamilton{{nsmdns}}a chairacter whase quiet dignity an inner strenth she unnerstuid an felt she coud bring tae life on the screen.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=137}} De{{nbsp}}Havilland turned tae Warner's wife Anne for help.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=138}} Warner later myndit, "Olivia, wha haed a harn lik a computer concealed ahint thae fawn-lik ees, simply went tae the wife an thay jyned forces tae chynge ma mynd."{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=49}} Warner relentit, an de{{nbsp}}Havilland wis signed tae the project a few week afore the stairt o principal photografie on Januar{{nbsp}}26, 1939.<ref name="tcm-gwtw-notes"/> Set in the American Sooth in the nineteent century, the film is aboot the strang-willed dauchter o a Georgie plantation ainer in luve wi the guidman o her sister-in-law, Melanie, whase kyndness staunds in shairp contrast tae thaim that's aroond her. Accordin tae film historian Tony Thomas, de{{nbsp}}Havilland's skeelie an suttle performance feckfu presents this chairacter o selless luve an quiet strenth in a wey that keeps her vital an interestin ootthrou the film.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=144}} ''Gone with the Wind'' haed its warld premiere in Atlanta, Georgie, on December{{nbsp}}15, 1939, an wis weel received.<ref name="tcm-gwtw-notes"/> Frank S. Nugent o ''The Times'' wrote that de{{nbsp}}Havilland's Melanie "is a gracious, dignified, tender gem o chairacterisation",<ref name="nytimes-gwtw-nugent" /> an John C. Flinn, Sr., in ''Variety'' cried her "a staundoot".<ref name="variety-gwtw-flinn" /> The film wan ten Academy Awairds, includin Best Picture, an de{{nbsp}}Havilland received her first nomination for Best Supportin Actress.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=54}}<ref name="oscars-1940" /> {{Quote|quote=Melanie wis someone different. She haed very, deeply feminine qualities ... that I felt war very endangered at that time, an thay are frae generation tae generation, an that somehou thay should be kept alive, an ... that's why I wantit tae interpret her role. ... The main thing is that she wis always thinkin o the ither person, an the interestin thing tae me is that she wus a happy person ... luvin, compassionate.<ref name="academy-of-achievement"/>|source=Olivia de Havilland}} [[File:Santa Fe Trail 3.jpg|thumb|left|upright|alt=Wearin a siller dress an broach|Studio publicity portrait for ''Santa Fe Trail'', 1940]] Within days o completin her wirk in ''Gone with the Wind'' in Juin 1939, de{{nbsp}}Havilland returned tae Warner Bros. an began filmin Michael Curtiz's historical drama ''The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex'' wi [[Bette Davis]] an Errol Flynn.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=147}} She haed howpit her wirk on Selznick's prestige pictur wad lead tae first-rate roles at Warner Bros., but insteid she received third billin ablo the teetle as the Queen's lady-in-waitin.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=147, 149}} In early September, she wis lent oot tae Samuel Goldwyn Productions for Sam Wood's romantic caper film ''[[Raffles (1939 film)|Raffles]]'' wi [[David Niven]],<ref name="tcm-raf-miller"/> aboot a heich society [[cricket]]er an jewel thief.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=154–155}} De{{nbsp}}Havilland wad later complain, "I haed nothin tae dae wi that style o film."{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=63}} In early 1940 de{{nbsp}}Havilland refused tae appear in several films assigned tae her, initiatin the first o her suspensions at the studio.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=63}} She greed tae play in [[Curtis Bernhardt|Curtis Bernhardt's]] muisical comedy drama ''My Love Came Back'' wi Jeffrey Lynn an Eddie Albert, wha played a clessical muisic student turned swing jazz bandleader.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=63}} De{{nbsp}}Havilland played violinist Amelia Cornell, whase life becomes complicate bi the support o a wealthy sponsor.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=63}}{{#tag:ref|The performance sequences in ''[[My Love Came Back]]'' war accomplished bi placin a professional female violinist ahint de{{nbsp}}Havilland tae perform the complicatit left haund fingerin while the actress played the bow wi her richt haund.<ref name="tcm-mylove-notes"/>|group=Note}} In his review in ''The New York Times'', Bosley Crowther describit the film as "a featherlicht frolic, a rollickin roondelay o deliciously pyntit nonsense", notin that de{{nbsp}}Havilland "plays the pairt wi pace an wit".<ref name="nytimes-mylove-crowther"/> That same year, de{{nbsp}}Havilland wis reunitit wi Flynn in thair seivent film thegither, Michael Curtiz's Western adventur ''Santa Fe Trail'', set again the backdrop o aboleetionist John Brown's fanatical anti-slavery attacks in the days leadin up tae the American Ceevil War.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=161}} The maistly feectional story follaes West Pynt cadets J. E. B. Stuart, played bi Flynn, an George Armstrong Custer, played bi [[Ronald Reagan]], as thay mak thair wey wast{{nsmdns}}baith vyin for the affection o de{{nbsp}}Havilland's Kit Carson Hawiday.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=161}} Unalik some o her umwhile adventur film roles, Kit is a vital, interestin, an confident chairacter wha kens her mynd an plays a pivotal role in the story.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=163, 165}} Playin Kit in a provocative, tongue-in-cheek manner, de{{nbsp}}Havilland creates a chairacter o real substance an dimension, accordin tae Tony Thomas.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=165}} Follaein a warld premiere on December{{nbsp}}13, 1940, at the Lensic Theatre in Santa Fe, New Mexico{{nsmdns}}attendit bi cast members, reporters, the govrenor, an ower 60,000 fans{{sfn|Matzen|2010|p=147–149}}{{nsmdns}}''Santa Fe Trail'' gaed on tae become ane o the tap grossin films o 1940.<ref name="bigbend-sft-taylor" /> De{{nbsp}}Havilland, wha accompanied Flynn on the weel-publicized train ride tae Santa Fe, didnae attend the premiere, haein been diagnosed wi [[appendicitis]] that mornin an rushed intae surgery.{{sfn|Matzen|2010|p=147–149}} === War years, 1941–44 === Follaein her emergency surgery, de{{nbsp}}Havilland began a lang period o convalescence in a Los Angeles hospital in whilk time she rejectit several scripts offered tae her bi Warner Bros., leadin tae anither suspension.{{sfn|Matzen|2010|p=154}} In 1941 she appeared in three commercially sonsie films, beginnin wi Raoul Walsh's romantic comedy ''The Strawberry Blonde'' wi James Cagney.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=167}} Set in the Gay Nineties, the story involves a man wha mairries an ootspoken forspeaker for weemen's richts efter a rival steals his glamorous "straeberry blonde" lass, an later discovers he endit up wi a luvin an unnerstaundin wife.{{sfn|Kass|1976|pp=64–65}} De{{nbsp}}Havilland's performance revealed a growin confidence playin comedic roles, an a real talent for combinin the qualities o kyndness an luve wi a refined sense o coorseness, accordin tae film historian Tony Thomas.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=171}} The film wis a creetical an commercial success.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=171}} In Mitchell Leisen's romantic drama ''Hold Back the Dawn'' wi [[Charles Boyer]] for Paramount Pictures, de{{nbsp}}Havilland transitioned tae a different teep o role for her{{nsmdns}}an ordinary, decent smaw-toun teacher whase life an sexuality is awakened bi a sophisticatit European gigolo, whase ain life is positively affectit bi her luve.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=173}} Leisen's carefu direction an guidance appealed tae de{{nbsp}}Havilland{{nsmdns}} a fair feck mair nor the wirkmanlik approach o her Warner Bros. directors.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=175, 179}} Bosley Crowther o ''The New York Times'' writ, "Olivia de{{nbsp}}Havilland plays the schuil teacher as a woman wi romantic fancies whase honesty an pride are her ain{{nsmdns}}an the film's{{nsmdns}}chief support. Incidentally, she is excellent."<ref name="nytimes-hbtd-crowther" /> Her performance earned de{{nbsp}}Havilland her seicont Academy Awaird nomination{{nsmdns}}this time for Best Actress.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=67}} In Julie 1941 de{{nbsp}}Havilland wis reunitit wi Errol Flynn for thair aicht an final film thegither, Raoul Walsh's Western adventur epic ''They Died with Their Boots On''. The film is loosely based on the courtship an mairriage o George Armstrong Custer an Elizabeth "Libbie" Bacon.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=181}} Flynn an de{{nbsp}}Havilland haed a fawin oot the previous year{{nsmdns}}mainly ower the roles she wis bein gien{{nsmdns}}and she didnae intend tae wirk wi him again.{{sfn|Matzen|2010|p=143}} Even Flynn acknawledged, "She wis sick tae daith o playin 'the lass' an badly wantit a few guid roles tae shaw hersel an the warld that she wis a fine actress."{{sfn|Flynn|2002|p=211}} Efter she learned frae Warner that Flynn haed come tae his office sayin he needit her in the film, de{{nbsp}}Havilland acceptit.{{sfn|Matzen|2010|p=154}} Screenwriter Lenore Coffee wis brocht in fur tae add several romantic scenes, an impruive the oweraw dialogue.{{sfn|Matzen|2010|p=154}} The result is a film that includes some o thair finest wirk thegither.{{sfnm|1a1=Kass|1y=1976|1p=40|2a1=Thomas|2y=1983|2p=185}} Thair last appearance on screen is Custer's farewell tae his wife.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=185}} "Errol was quite sensitive," de{{nbsp}}Havilland wad later mind, "I think he knew it would be the last time we worked together."{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=185}} Flynn's final line in that scene wad hauld special meanin for her: "Walkin throu life wi you, ma'am, haes been a very gracious thing."{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=186}} ''They Died with Their Boots On'' wis released on November{{nbsp}}21, 1941, an while some reviewers creeticised the film's historical inaccuracies, maist applaudit the action sequences, cinematografie, an actin.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=184–185}} Thomas M. Pryor o ''The New York Times'' foond de{{nbsp}}Havilland "altogether captivating".<ref name="nytimes-tdwtbo-pryor" /> The film wad earn $2,550,000 ({{Inflation|US|2550000|1941|fmt=eq|r=-5}}), Warner Bros.'s seicont biggest money-makker o that year.<ref name="variety-tdwtbo-101"/> In 1942 de{{nbsp}}Havilland appeared in Elliott Nugent's romantic comedy ''The Male Animal'' wi [[Henry Fonda]], aboot an idealistic professor fechtin for academic freedom while tryin tae hauld ontae his job an his wife Ellen. While her role wisnae parteecularly challengin, de{{nbsp}}Havilland's delineation o an gleg, guid-naiturt woman tryin tae redd up the mismakfu circumstances o her life played a major pairt in the film's success, accordin tae Tony Thomas.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=189, 191}} The film wis a creetical an commercial success, wi Bosley Crowther o ''The Times'' notin that de{{nbsp}}Havilland "concocts a delichtfully pliant an saucy character as the wife".<ref name="nytimes-tma-crowther"/> That year, she appeared in [[John Huston]]'s drama ''In This Our Life'' wi Bette Davis an aa.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=193}} Based on the [[Pulitzer Prize for the Novelle|Pulitzer Prize]]-winnin novelle o the same name bi Ellen Glasgow, the story is aboot twa sisters whase lifes is connacht bi the anger an jealousy o ane o the sisters.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=193}} Crowther gae the film a negative review, but notit de{{nbsp}}Havilland's "wairm an easy performance".<ref name="nytimes-itol-crowther"/> Whan production wis on, de{{nbsp}}Havilland an Huston began a romantic relationship that wad last three years.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=195}} Accordin tae de{{nbsp}}Havilland, ane o the few truly satisfeein roles she played for Warner Bros. wis the teetle chairacter in Norman Krasna's romantic comedy ''Princess O'Rourke'' (1943) wi Robert Cummings.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=34}} Filmed in Julie an August 1942,<ref name="tcm-po-opi"/> the story is aboot a European princess in Washington, D.C., veesitin her diplomat uncle, wha is tryin tae find her an American husband. Intent on mairyin a man o her ain chuisin, she boards a plane heidin wast an ends up fawin in luve wi an American pilot wha is wanawaur o her true identity.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=199–200}}{{#tag:ref|The plot an several story devices{{nsmdns}}includin the princess wakin up in the bed o an honourable bachelor{{nsmdns}}would be resurrectit a decade later in ''[[Roman Holiday]]'' wi [[Audrey Hepburn]].{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=74}}|group=Note}}{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=199–200}} The film wis released on October{{nbsp}}23, 1943,<ref name="tcm-po-opi" /> an did weel at the box office.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=200}} Bosley Crowther cried it "a film which is in the best tradeetion o American screen comedy", an foond de{{nbsp}}Havilland's performance "charming".<ref name="nytimes-po-crowther"/> {{Quote|quote=I wantit tae dae complex roles, lik Melanie for example, an Jack Warner saw me as an ingénue. I wis really restless tae portray mair developed human beins. Jack niver unnerstuid this, an ... he would gie me roles that really haed no chairacter or quality in them. I knew I wouldna even be effective.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=77}} |source=Olivia de{{nbsp}}Havilland}} Efter fulfillin her seiven-year Warner Bros. contract in 1943, de{{nbsp}}Havilland wis informed that sax month haed been addit tae her contract for times she haed been on suspension.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=35}} The law then allaed studios tae suspend contract players for rejectin a role, an the period o suspension coud be addit tae the contract period.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=78}} Maist contract players acceptit this, but a few tried tae chynge the seestem, includin Bette Davis, wha muntit a wansonsie law-plea again Warner Bros. in the 1930s.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=37}} On August{{nbsp}}23, 1943, on the advice o her lawyer, Martin Gang, de{{nbsp}}Havilland teuk Warner Bros. tae court,{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=36}}<ref name="scholar-dehavilland-warner" /> citin an existin California labor law that forbade an employer frae enforcin a contract against an employee for langer than seiven year.{{sfnm|1a1=Kass|1y=1976|1p=78|2a1=Thomas|2y=1983|2p=36}} In November 1943 the Californie Superior Coort foond in de{{nbsp}}Havilland's favor, an Warner Bros. immediately appealed.{{sfn|McDonald|Carman|Hoyt|Drake|2015|p=215}} On December{{nbsp}}8, 1944, the Californie Coort o Appeals for the Seicont Destrict ruled in her favor.<ref name="scholar-dehavilland-warner" />{{#tag:ref|Twa months later, the [[Supreme Coort o Californie]] refused tae review the case.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=80}}|group=Note}} The deceesion wis ane o the maist significant an far-reakin legal rulins in Hollywood, reducin the pouer o the studios an stendin greater creative freedom tae performers.<ref name="reuters-belloni"/> Californie's resultin "seiven-year rule", forby kent as Labor Code Section 2855, is still kent the day as the ''De Havilland Law''.<ref name="reuters-belloni"/> Her legal victory, whilk cost her $13,000 ({{Inflation|US|13000|1944|fmt=eq|r=-4}}) in legal fees, wan de{{nbsp}}Havilland the respect an admiration o her peers, amang them her ain sister Joan Fontaine, wha later commentit, "Hollywood awes Olivia a great deal."{{sfn|Shipman|1970|p=153}} Warner Bros. reactit tae de{{nbsp}}Havilland's lawsuit bi circulatin a letter tae ither studios that haed the effect o a "virtual blacklistin".{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=36}} As a consequence, de{{nbsp}}Havilland didnae wirk at a film studio for naur twa year.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=36}} [[File:Olivia de Havilland at Naval Air Station Kodiak Alaska 20 March 1944.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Veesitin a woondit soldier in a hospital|At the Naval Air Station in [[Kodiak, Alaska]], Mairch{{nbsp}}20, 1944]] De Havilland became a naituralised ceetizen o the Unitit States on November{{nbsp}}28, 1941.<ref name="nytimes-citizen"/><ref name="cnn-facts"/> Throu the war years, she actively socht oot weys tae express her patriotism an contreibute tae the war effort. In Mey 1942 she jyned the Hollywood Victory Caravan, a three-week train tour o the kintra that raised money throu the sale o [[war bond]]s.<ref name="startrib-welter"/> Later that year, she began attendin events at the Hollywood Canteen, meetin an dancin wi the troops.{{sfn|Wallace|2002|p=179}} In December 1943 de{{nbsp}}Havilland jyned a Unitit Service Organisations tour that traivelt atouer the Unitit States, [[Alaska]], an the [[Oceania|Sooth Paceefic]], veesitin woondit soldiers in militar hospitals.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=78}}<ref name="academy-of-achievement"/> She earned the respect an admiration o the troops for veesitin the isolatit islands an battlefronts in the Pacific.<ref name="sas-walter"/> She survived flichts in damaged aircraft an a bout wi [[viral pneumonia]] requirin several days' stay in ane o the island barrack hospitals.<ref name="academy-of-achievement" /><ref name="sas-walter"/>{{#tag:ref|In 1957, in appreciation o her support o the truips in Warld War II an the Korean War, de Havilland wis made an honorar member o the 11t Airborne Diveesion an wis presentit wi a Unitit States Airmy jaiket bearin the 11t's patch on ane sleeve an the name patch "de Havilland" athort the kist.<ref name="sas-walter"/>|group=Note}} She wad later mind, "I loved daein the tours acause it wis a way I could serve ma kintra an contreibute tae the war effort."{{sfn|Bubbio|2001|p=63}} ===Vindication an recogneetion, 1945–52=== Efter the California Coort o Appeals rulin freed her frae her Warner Bros. contract, de{{nbsp}}Havilland signed a twa-pictur deal wi Paramount Pictures.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=204}} In Juin 1945 she began filmin Mitchell Leisen's drama ''To Each His Own'',{{sfn|Kass|1976|pp=80, 86}} aboot an unwed mither wha gies up her bairn for adoption an then spends the rest o her life tryin tae undae that deceesion.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=209}} De{{nbsp}}Havilland insistit on bringin in Leisen as director, trustin his ee for detail, his empathy for actors, an the wey he controlled sentiment in thair umwhile collaboration, ''Hold Back the Dawn''.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=209}} The role required de{{nbsp}}Havilland tae age near thirty year ower the course o the film{{nsmdns}}frae an innocent smaw toun lass tae a shrewd, ruthless businesswoman devotit tae her cosmetics company. While de{{nbsp}}Havilland never formally studied acting, she did read [[Konstantin Stanislavsky|Stanislavsky's]] autobiography ''[[My Life in Art]]'' an applee'd ane o his "methods" for this role.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=86}} Tae help her define her chairacter throuch the fower periods o the story, she uised a different perfume for ilka period.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=211}} She lawered the pitch o her vyce incrementally in ilka period till it became a matur wumman's vyce.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=211}} Her performance earned her the Academy Awaird for Best Actress in 1946{{nsmdns}}her first Oscar.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=89}} Accordin tae film historian Tony Thomas, the awaird representit a vindication o her lang taw wi Warner Bros. an confirmation o her abeelities as an actress.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=211}} [[File:Olivia de Havilland at the Academy Awards 1946.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Smilin saftly|Acceptin her first Academy Awaird for ''To Each His Own'', Mairch 13, 1947]] De Havilland's neist twa roles war challengin an aa. In Robert Siodmak's psychological thriller ''The Dark Mirror'' (1946), de{{nbsp}}Havilland played twin sisters Ruth an Terry Collins{{nsmdns}}ane luvin an normal, the ither psychotic.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=212}} In addeetion tae the technical problems o shawin her as twa chairacters interactin wi ilk anither on screen at the same time, de{{nbsp}}Havilland needit tae portray twa separate an psychologically conter fowk.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=90}} While the film wisna weel received bi creetics{{nsmdns}}''Variety'' said the film "gets lost in a maze o psychological gadgets an speculation"<ref name="variety-dm" />{{nsmdns}}de{{nbsp}}Havilland's performance wis praised bi Tony Thomas, wha cried her final scene in the film "an awmaist frichteningly convincin piece o actin".{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=213}} De{{nbsp}}Havilland wad later state that playin the evil sister hauntit her for years.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=213}} In his review in ''[[The Nation]]'', James Agee wrote that "her playin is thochtfu, quiet, detailed, an well sustained, an syne it is foondit, as some mair talentit playin is nae, in an unuisually healfu-seemin an likable temperament, it is an undividit pleisur tae see."<ref name="nation-agee" />{{sfn|Shipman|1970|p=151}} While appearin in a summer stock production o ''What Every Woman Knows'' in Westport, Connecticut{{nsmdns}}her seicont professional stage appearance{{nsmdns}}de{{nbsp}}Havilland began datin Marcus Goodrich, a Navy veteran, jurnalist, an author o the 1941 novelle ''Delilah''.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=38}} Thay war mairit on August{{nbsp}}26, 1946.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=38}} {{Quote|quote=I met a young woman wha wis very much lik Virginia, aboot the same age an pheesical description, as well as bein a schizophrenic wi guilt problems. ... Whit struck me maist o aw wis the fact that she wis rather likable an appealin. It hadna occurred tae me afore that a mental patient could be appealin, an it wis that that gae me the key tae the performance.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=218}}|source=Olivia de Havilland}} De Havilland wis widely praised for her performance as Virginia Cunningham in Anatole Litvak's drama ''The Snake Pit'' (1948), ane o the first films tae attemp a realistic portrayal o mental illness an an important exposé o the harsh conditions in state mental hospitals, accordin tae film creetic Philip French.<ref name="guardian-french" /> Based on a novelle bi Mary Jane Ward an produced bi Darryl F. Zanuck, the film is aboot a woman placed in a mental institution bi her guidman tae help her recover frae a nervous breakdown.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=214–215}} Virginia Cunningham wis ane o the maist difficult o aw her film roles, requirin significant preparation baith mentally an physically{{nsmdns}} she deliberately lost wecht tae help creaut her gaunt appearance on screen.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=214}} She consultit regular wi psychiatrists hired as consultants for the film, an veesitit Camarillo State Mental Hospital tae research her role an observe the patients.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=218}} The extreme physical discomfort o the hydrotherapy an simulatit electric shock therapy scenes war inspecially challengin for the slicht {{convert|5|ft|3|in|cm|adj=on}} actress.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=218}} In her performance, she conveyed her mental anguish bi pheesically transformin her face wi furrt brou, wild starnin een, an grimacin mooth.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=97}} Accordin tae author Judith Kass, de{{nbsp}}Havilland delivered a performance baith "restrained an electric", portrayin varied an extreme aspects o her chairacter{{nsmdns}}frae a blate young woman tae a tormentit an disorientit woman.{{sfn|Kass|1976|pp=96–97}} For her performance in ''The Snake Pit'', de{{nbsp}}Havilland received an Academy Awaird nomination for Best Actress, the New York Film Creetics Circle Awaird for Best Actress, an the [[Venice Film Festival]] Volpi Cup.<ref name="allmovie-olivia-awards" /> In 1949 de{{nbsp}}Havilland appeared in William Wyler's period drama ''The Heiress'' (1949) wi [[Montgomery Clift]]{{nsmdns}}the fowert in a string o creetically acclaimed performances.{{sfnm|1a1=Kass|1y=1976|1p=219|2a1=Matzen|2y=2010|2p=186}} Efter seein the play on Broadway, de{{nbsp}}Havilland cried Wyler an urged him tae flee tae New York tae see whit she felt wad be a perfect role for her. Wyler obleeged, luved the play, an wi de{{nbsp}}Havilland's help arranged for Paramount tae secur the film richts.{{sfn|Herman|1995|pp=306–307}} Adaptit for the screen bi Ruth an Augustus Goetz an based on the 1880 novelle ''[[Washington Square (novelle)|Washington Square]]'' bi [[Henry James]], the film is aboot a young naïve woman wha faws in luve wi a young man, ower the objections o her emotionally abusive faither wha suspecks the man o bein a gowd digger.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=97}} As she haed duin in ''Hold Back the Dawn'', de{{nbsp}}Havilland portrays a chairacter's transformation frae a blate trustin innocent tae a guardit matur woman ower a period o years.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=219}} Her delineation o Catherine Sloper is developed throu carefully craftit muivements, gesturs, an facial expressions that convey a patientfu an inhibitit young woman.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=97}} Her timid vyce, nervous haunds, douncast een, an carefu muivements aw communicate whit the chairacter is too shy tae verbalize.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=97}} Throughout the production, Wyler pressed de{{nbsp}}Havilland hard tae elicit the requisite visual pynts o the chairacter.{{sfn|Herman|1995|pp=310–311}} In the scene whaur Catherine returns hame efter bein jiltit, the director haed the actress cairy a suitcase filled wi hivy beuks up the stair tae convey the wecht o Catherine's trauma pheesically insteid o uisin a planned speech in the oreeginal script.{{sfn|Herman|1995|pp=310–311}} ''The Heiress'' wis released in October 1949 an wis well received bi creetics.<ref name="tcm-h-miller" /> For her performance, de{{nbsp}}Havilland received the New York Film Creetics Awaird, the Gowden Globe Awaird, an the Academy Awaird for Best Actress{{nsmdns}}her seicont Oscar.<ref name="tcm-h-miller" /> Efter giein birth tae her first bairn, Benjamin, on September{{nbsp}}27, 1949, de{{nbsp}}Havilland teuk time aff frae makin films tae be wi her infant.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=40}} She turned doun the role o [[Blanche DuBois]] in ''[[A Streetcar Named Desire (1951 film)|A Streetcar Named Desire]]'', later expleenin that becomin a mither wis a "transformin experience" an that she couldna relate tae the chairacter.<ref name="wsj-meroney" /> In 1950 her faimily flittit tae New York City, whaur she began rehearsals for a major new stage production o Shakespeare's ''[[Romeo an Juliet]]''; it wis her lifelang ambition tae play Juliet on the stage.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=40}} The play opened at the Broadhurst Theatre on March{{nbsp}}11, 1951, tae mixed reviews, wi some creetics believin the thirty-five year auld actress wis ower auld for the role.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=40}} The play closed efter forty-five performances.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=40}} Undaunted, de{{nbsp}}Havilland acceptit the teetle role in the stage production o [[George Bernard Shaw|George Bernard Shaw's]] comedy ''Candida'', whilk opened at the National Theatre on [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]] in Aprile 1952.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=40}} While reviews o the play war mixed, de{{nbsp}}Havilland's performance wis weel received, an follaein the scheduled thirty-twa performances, she gaed on tour wi the company an delivered 323 additional performances, mony tae selt-oot audiences.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=40}} While de{{nbsp}}Havilland achieved major accomplishments during this period o her career, her mairriage tae Goodrich{{nsmdns}}aichteen years her senior{{nsmdns}}haed grown strained due tae his crankie temperament.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=83}} In August 1952 de{{nbsp}}Havilland filed for divorce, that became final the follaein year.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=41}} ===New life in Paris, 1953–62=== {{Quote|quote=O coorse the thing that staggers ye when ye first come tae Fraunce is the fact that aw the French speak French{{nsmdns}}even the bairns. Mony Americans an Bretishers wha veesit the kintra niver quite adjust tae this, an the idea perseests that the natives speak the leid juist tae shaw off or be difficult.{{sfn|De Havilland|1962|p=31}}|source=Olivia de Havilland in ''Every Frenchman Has One''}} [[File:Olivia de Havilland and Pierre Galante with Child 1956.jpg|thumb|right|upright|alt=Smilin while hauldin her newborn bairn wi her husband|Wi Pierre Galante an dauvhter Gisèle, 1956]] In Aprile 1953, at the invitation o the French govrenment, de{{nbsp}}Havilland traivelt tae the [[Cannes Film Festival]], whaur she met Pierre Galante, an executive eeditor for the French jurnal ''Paris Match''.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=41–42}} Follaein a lang-distance courtship an the requisite nine-month residency requirement, de{{nbsp}}Havilland an Galante mairit on Aprile{{nbsp}}2, 1955, in the veelage o Yvoy-le-Marron, an settled thegither in a three-story hoose near [[Bois de Boulogne]] park in the ''Rive Droite'' section o Paris.<ref name="latimes-tartaglione"/>{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=42}} That same year, de{{nbsp}}Havilland returned tae the screen in Terence Young's period drama ''That Lady'' (1955), aboot a Spainyie princess an her unrequitit luve for [[Philip II o Spain|Keeng Philip II o Spain]], whase respect she earned in her youth efter losin an ee in a swuird fecht defendin his honour.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=225–226}} Accordin tae Tony Thomas, the film uises authentic Spainyie locations feckfu, but suffers frae a convolutit plot an excessive dialogue,{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=225–226}} an while de{{nbsp}}Havilland delivered a wairm an elegant performance as Ana de Mendoza, the film wis disappyntin.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=225–226}} Follaein her appearances in the romantic melodrama ''Not as a Stranger'' (1955){{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=227}} an ''The Ambassador's Daughter'' (1956){{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=229}}{{nsmdns}}neither o which war successfu at the box office{{nsmdns}}de{{nbsp}}Havilland gae birth tae her seicont bairn, Gisèle Galante, on Julie{{nbsp}}18, 1956.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=42}} De Havilland returned tae the screen in 1958 in Michael Curtiz's Western drama ''The Proud Rebel'',{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=231}} a film aboot a umwhile Confederate sodger whase wife wis killt in the war an whase son lost the ability tae speak efter witnessin the tragedy. De{{nbsp}}Havilland played Linnett Moore, a rochle yet feminine frontier woman wha cares for the boy an comes tae luve his faither.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=117}} The film wis filmed on location in Utah, whaur de{{nbsp}}Havilland learned tae hitch an drive a team o horse an haundle a gun for her role.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=232}} ''The Proud Rebel'' wis released Mey{{nbsp}}28, 1958, an wis well received bi audiences an creetics. In his review for ''The New York Times'', A.{{nbsp}}H. Weiler cried the film a "truly sensitive effort" an "hertwairmin drama", an praised de{{nbsp}}Havilland's ability tae convey the "wairmth, affection an sturdiness needit in the role".<ref name="nytimes-pr-weiler"/> Ane o de Havilland's best performances in this period wis in [[Guy Green (filmmakker)|Guy Green's]] romantic drama ''Light in the Piazza'' (1962) wi Rossano Brazzi.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=235}} Filmed in [[Florence]] an [[Roum]],{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=235}} an based on Elizabeth Spencer's novelle o the same name, the film is aboot a middle-cless American tourist on stendit vacation in Italy wi her beautifu twanty-sax-year-auld dauchter, wha is mentally disabled as a result o a bairnheid accident.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=235}} Faced wi the prospect o her dauchter fawin in luve wi a young Italian, the mither strauchles wi conflictin emotions aboot her dauchter's futur.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=235–236}} De{{nbsp}}Havilland projects a calm maternal lown outthrouch maist o the film, anly shawin glims o the fashin mither anxious for her bairn's happiness.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=124}} The film wis released on Februar{{nbsp}}9, 1961, an wis weel received, wi a ''Hollywood Reporter'' reviewer cawin it "an uncommon luve story ... tauld wi rare delicacy an force", an ''Variety'' notin that the film "achieves the rare an delicate balance o airteestic beauty, romantic substance, dramatic novelty an commercial appeal". ''Variety'' singled oot de{{nbsp}}Havilland’s performance as "ane o great consistency an subtle projection".<ref name="variety-piazza" /> In early 1962 de{{nbsp}}Havilland traivelt tae New York an began rehearsals for Garson Kanin's stage play ''A Gift of Time''. Adaptit frae the autobiographical book ''Death of a Man'' bi Lael Tucker Wertenbaker, the play explores the emotionally pynfu strauchle o a hoosewife forced tae deal wi the slaw daith o her guidman, played bi Henry Fonda. The play opened at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre on Broadway tae positive notices, wi de{{nbsp}}Havilland receivin her best reviews as a stage actress.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=42}} Theater creetic Walter Kerr praised her final scene, writin, "As darkness gathers, the actress gains in statur, takin on the simple an resolute willinness tae unnerstaund."{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=127}} The ''New York World Telegram and Sun'' reviewer concluded, "It is Miss de{{nbsp}}Havilland who gives the play its unbroken continuity. This distinguished actress reveals Lael as a special an admirable woman."{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=127}} She stayed wi the production for ninety performances.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=42}} The year 1962 saw the publication o de{{nbsp}}Havilland's first book, ''Every Frenchman Has One'', a lichthertit accoont o her aften amusin attempts tae unnerstaund an adapt tae French life, manners, an customs.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=42}} The beuk sauld oot its first prentin prior tae the publication date an wis later tae become a bestseller.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=120}}<ref name="latimes-tartaglione" /> ===Later films an televeesion, 1963–88=== In 1964 de Havilland appeared in her last twa leadin roles in featur films{{nsmdns}}baith psychological thrillers. In Walter Grauman's ''Lady in a Cage'' she played a walthy poet wha gets fankilt in her mansion's lift an faces the threat o three terrorisin hooligans in her ain hame.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=237}} This wis the anly controversial film in her career{{nsmdns}}it wis banned in England{{nsmdns}}an creetics respondit negatively tae the graphic veeolence an cruelty shawn on screen.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=127}} A.{{nbsp}}H. Weiler o ''The New York Times'' cried it a "sordid, if suspensefu, exercise in aimless brutality".<ref name="nytimes-cage-weiler" /> That same year, de{{nbsp}}Havilland appeared in Robert Aldrich's ''Hush… Hush, Sweet Charlotte'' wi her close friend Bette Davis.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=131}} Efter Joan Crawford left the pictur due tae illness, Davis haed Aldrich flee tae Swisserland tae persuade a reluctant de{{nbsp}}Havilland tae accept the role o Miriam Deering, a cruel, conneevin chairacter hidden ahint the chairmin façade o a polite an cultured lady.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=239–241}} De{{nbsp}}Havilland's quiet, restrained performance providit a counterbalance tae Davis's rantin chairacterization.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=241}} Film historian Tony Thomas descrivit her performance as "a subtle piece o actin" that wis "a vital contreibution tae the effectiveness o the film".{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=241}} The film wis weel received an earned seiven Academy Awaird nominations.<ref name="tcm-hush-lobianco"/> As film roles became mair difficult tae find{{nsmdns}}a common problem skared bi mony Hollywood veterans frae her era{{nsmdns}}de{{nbsp}}Havilland began wirkin in telly dramas, in maugre o her dislik o the networks' practice o breakin up story lines wi commercials.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=44}} Her first ventur intae the medium wis a teleplay directit bi [[Sam Peckinpah]] cried ''Noon Wine'' (1966) on ''ABC Stage 67'',{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=44}} a dark tragedy aboot a fermer's act o murther that leads tae his suicide.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=44}} The production an her performance as the fermer's wife Ellie war weel received.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=45}} In 1972 she starned in her first telly featur film, ''The Screaming Woman'', aboot a walthy woman recoverin frae a nervous breakdoun.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=45–46}} In 1979 she appeared in the ABC miniseries ''Roots: The Next Generations'' in the role o Mrs. Warner, the wife o a umwhile Confederate officer played bi Henry Fonda. The miniseries wis seen bi an estimatit 110 million fowk{{nsmdns}} near ane-third o American hames wi telly sets.<ref name="schenectady-gazette-roots" /> Outthrouch the 1970s, de{{nbsp}}Havilland's film wirk wis leemitit tae smawer supportin roles an cameo appearances.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=46–48}} Her last featur film wis ''The Fifth Musketeer'' (1979).{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=46–48}} In this period, de{{nbsp}}Havilland began daein speakin engagements in ceeties athort the Unitit States wi a tauk enteetled "From the City of the Stars to the City of Light", a programme o personal mindins anent her life an career.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=142}} She attendit tributes tae ''Gone with the Wind'' an aa.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=142}} In the 1980s, her telly wirk includit an [[Agatha Christie]] telly film ''Murder Is Easy'' (1982), the telly drama ''The Royal Romance of Charles and Diana'' (1982) in whilk she played [[Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother|The Queen Mother]], an the 1986 ABC miniseries ''North and South, Book II''.<ref name="tcm-filmography"/> Her maist notable performance o the decade wis in the telly film ''Anastasia: The Mystery of Anna'' (1986) as Dowager Empress Maria, whilk earned her a Gowden Globe Awaird for Best Supportin Actress in a Series, Miniseries or Televeesion Film.<ref name="tcm-bio"/> In 1988 de{{nbsp}}Havilland appeared in the HTV romantic telly drama ''The Woman He Loved''{{nsmdns}}it wis her final screen performance.<ref name="tcm-filmography"/> === Retirement an remembrance, 1989– === [[File:Olivia de Havilland National Medal of the Arts 2008.jpg|thumb|alt=Wi a glowin smile leukin up at the preses|Receivin the Naitional Medal o Airts frae Preses George W. Bush, 2008]] In retirement, de{{nbsp}}Havilland remained active in the film community. In 1998 she traivelt tae New York tae help promote a special shawin o ''Gone with the Wind''.<ref name="philly-rickey" /> In 2003 she appeared as a presenter at the 75t Academy Awairds.<ref name="tcm-bio" /> In 2004 Turner Classic Movies produced a retrospective piece cried ''Melanie Remembers'' in whilk she wis interviewed for the saxty-fift anniversary o the oreeginal release o ''Gone with the Wind''.{{sfn|Bartel|2014|p=135}} In Juin 2006, she made appearances at tributes commemoratin her 90t birthday at the Academy o Motion Pictur Airts an Sciences an the Los Angeles County Museum of Art.<ref name="wsj-meroney" /> On November 17, 2008, at the age o 92, de{{nbsp}}Havilland received the [[Naitional Medal o Airts]], the heichest honour conferred tae an individual airtist on behauf o the fowk o the Unitit States. The medal wis presentit tae her bi Preses [[George W. Bush]], wha commendit her "for her persuasive an compellin skeel as an actress in roles frae Shakespeare's Hermia tae Margaret Mitchell's Melanie. Her unthirldom, integrity, an grace wan creative freedom for hersel an her fellae film actors."<ref name="wh-archive"/><ref name="nytimes-itzkoff"/> The follaein year, de{{nbsp}}Havilland narratit the documentary ''I Remember Better When I Paint'' (2009),<ref name="huffpost-gitau"/> a film aboot the importance o airt in the treatment o [[Alzheimer's disease]].<ref name="huffpost-gitau"/> On September 9, 2010, de{{nbsp}}Havilland wis appyntit a ''Chevalier'' (knicht) o the [[Legion o Honour|Légion d'honneur]], the heichest decoration in Fraunce, awairdit bi French Preses [[Nicolas Sarkozy]], wha tauld the actress, "Ye honour Fraunce for haein chosen us."<ref name="ap-corbet"/> In Februar the follaein year she appeared at the [[César Awairds]] in Fraunce, whaur she wis hailsed wi a staundin ovation.{{#tag:ref|In Februar 2016 de{{nbsp}}Havilland wis named "Auldie o the Year" bi the satirical magazine ''[[The Oldie]]''. Unable tae traivel tae the ceremony in Lunnon, she recordit a message sayin she wis "utterly delichtit" the judges deemed thare wis "sufficient snap in ma celery" tae win the accolade.<ref name="bbc-oldie"/>|group=Note}} De{{nbsp}}Havilland celebratit her 100t birthday on Julie 1, 2016. ==Personal life== ===Relationships=== Awtho kent as ane o Hollywood's maist excitin on-screen couples,<ref name="tcm-bio"/> de{{nbsp}}Havilland an Errol Flynn war never involved in a romantic relationship.<ref name="telegraph-leach"/><ref name="daily-mail-andrews"/> Upon first meetin her at Warner Bros. in August 1935, Flynn wis drawn tae the nineteen-year-auld actress wi "warm brown eyes" an "extraordinary charm".{{sfn|Flynn|2002|p=208}} In turn, de{{nbsp}}Havilland fell in luve wi him,<ref name="telegraph-leach"/>{{#tag:ref|In a 2009 interview, de{{nbsp}}Havilland acknawledged, "Yes, we did faw in luve an I believe that this is evident in the screen chemistry atween us. But his circumstances at the time preventit the relationship gangin further. I hae nae tauked aboot it a great deal but the relationship wisna consummatit. Chemistry wis thare thou. It wis thare."<ref name="telegraph-leach"/>|group=Note}} but kept her feelins inside, later recawin, "He niver guessed I haed a crush on him ... it never occurred tae me that he wis smitten wi me, too."<ref name="daily-mail-andrews"/> Flynn wad later write, "Bi the time we made ''The Charge of the Light Brigade'', I wis sure that I wis in luve wi her."{{sfn|Flynn|2002|p=208}} Flynn finally professed his luve on Mairch{{nbsp}}12, 1937, at the Coronation Ball for Keeng [[George VI]] at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles, whaur thay slaw danced thegither tae "Sweet Leilani" at the hotel's Cocoanut Grove nightclub.{{sfn|Matzen|2010|pp=52–53}} "I wis deeply affectit bi him," she wad later remember, "It wis impossible for me nae tae be."{{sfn|Matzen|2010|p=55}} The evening endit on a soberin note, houiver, wi de{{nbsp}}Havilland inseestin that despite his separation frae his wife Lili Damita, he needit tae divorce her afore thair relationship coud proceed.{{sfn|Matzen|2010|p=55}} Flynn reunited wi his wife later that year,{{sfn|Matzen|2010|pp=65–66}} an de{{nbsp}}Havilland never acted on her feelins for Flynn.<ref name="telegraph-leach"/>{{#tag:ref|During the makkin o ''Robin Hood'' in November 1937, de Havilland playfully decidit tae tease Flynn wha wis bein watched closely on the set bi his wife. In a 2005 interview, de Havilland said, "An so we haed ane kissin scene, which I leuked forward tae wi great delicht. I remember I blew every take, at least sax in a row, maybe seiven, maybe aicht, an we haed tae kiss aw ower again. An Errol Flynn gat really rather uncomfortable, an he haed, if I mey say sae, a little trooble wi his tichts."{{sfn|Matzen|2010|p=72}}|group=Note}} In Julie 1938 de{{nbsp}}Havilland began datin business tycoon, aviator, an filmmakker [[Howard Hughes]],{{sfn|Matzen|2010|p=72}} wha haed juist completit his record-settin flicht aroond the warld in 91 oors.<ref name="academy-of-achievement"/> In addition tae escortin her aboot toun, he gae the actress her first fleein lessons.{{sfn|Matzen|2010|p=72}} She wad later remember, "He wis a rather shy man ... an yet, in a whole commonty where the men every day played heroes on the screen an didna dae onything heroic in life, here wis this man wha wis a real hero."<ref name="academy-of-achievement"/> In December 1939 de{{nbsp}}Havilland began a romantic relationship wi actor [[James Stewart]]. At the request o Irene Mayer Selznick, the actor's agent asked Stewart tae escort de{{nbsp}}Havilland tae the New York premiere o ''Gone with the Wind'' at the Astor Theater on December{{nbsp}}19, 1939.{{sfn|Fishgall|1997|p=137}} Ower the next few days, Stewart teuk her tae the theater several times an tae the 21 Club.{{sfn|Fishgall|1997|p=137}} Thay continued tae see ilk ither back in Los Angeles, where Stewart providit occasional fleein lessons an romance.{{sfn|Fishgall|1997|p=138}} Accordin tae de{{nbsp}}Havilland, Stewart proposed marriage tae her in 1940, but she felt that he wis nae ready tae settle doun.{{sfn|Fishgall|1997|p=138}} Thair relationship endit in late 1941 whan de{{nbsp}}Havilland began a romantic relationship wi film director John Huston while makin ''In This Our Life''.{{sfnm|1a1=Fishgall|1y=1997|1p=148|2a1=Meyers|2y=2011|2p=85}} "John wis a very great luve o mine", she wad later admit, "He wis a man I wantit tae mairy."{{sfn|Meyers|2011|p=87}}{{#tag:ref|On Aprile 29, 1945, at the hame o producer David O. Selznick, Huston, wha knew aboot de Havilland's three-year crush on Flynn, confrontit the Australie actor{{nsmdns}}wha suffered frae tuberculosis{{nsmdns}}aboot his nae serving in the militar during the war.{{sfn|Meyers|2011|p=89}} When Flynn respondit bi alludin tae his former "relationship" wi de Havilland, Huston initiatit an extendit fistfecht wi the expert amateur boxer which laundit them baith in the hospital.{{sfn|Meyers|2011|p=89}}|group=Note}} ===Mairiages an bairns=== [[File:Olivia de Havilland with son Benjamin c. 1952.jpg|thumb|right|upright|alt=Smilin while hauldin her son in her arms|Wi her son Benjamin, {{circa|1952}}]] On August{{nbsp}}26, 1946, she mairit Marcus Goodrich, a Navy veteran, jurnalist, an author o the 1941 novelle ''Delilah''.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=38}} The mairriage ended in divorce in 1953.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=41}} They haed ane bairn, Benjamin Goodrich, wha wis born on December{{nbsp}}1, 1949.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=40}} He wis diagnosed wi [[Hodgkin's lymphoma]] at the age o nineteen,<ref name="tcm-bio"/> but wis able tae graduate frae the University o Texas. He workit as a statistical analyst for Lockheed Missiles and Space Company in Sunnyvale, California, an as an internaitional baunkin representative for the Texas Commerce Bank in Houston.<ref name="tcm-bio"/> He died on October{{nbsp}}1, 1991, in Paris at the age o forty-ane o hert disease brocht on bi treatments for Hodgkin's disease, three weeks afore the daith o his faither.<ref name="nytimes-honan" /><ref name="reel-bio" /> On Aprile 2, 1955, de{{nbsp}}Havilland mairit Pierre Galante, an executive editor for the French jurnal ''Paris Match''.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=41–42}} Her marriage tae Galante prompted de{{nbsp}}Havilland tae muive tae Paris.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=42}} The couple separated in 1962 but continued tae stey in the same hoose for anither sax year tae raise thair childer thegither.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=42}}<ref name="philly-rickey" /><ref name="people-vespa"/> Galante muived athort the street an the twa remained close, even efter the finalisation o the divorce in 1979.<ref name="philly-rickey"/> She takkit tent o him throuch his final bout wi buff cancer afore his daith in 1998. They haed ane bairn, Gisèle Galante, wha wis born on Julie{{nbsp}}18, 1956.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=42}} After studyin law at the Université de Droit de Nanterre School o Law, she worked as a jurnalist in Fraunce an the United States.<ref name="tcm-bio"/> Syne 1956, de{{nbsp}}Havilland haes steyed in the same three-story hoose near Bois de Boulogne park in the ''Rive Droite'' section o Paris.<ref name="latimes-tartaglione"/> ===Releegion an politics=== De{{nbsp}}Havilland wis raised in the [[Episcopal Kirk (Unitit States)|Episcopal Kirk]] an haes remained an Episcopalian throughout her life.<ref name="anglicans-whalon"/>{{#tag:ref|In a 2015 interview, de Havilland statit that her releegious beliefs haed lapsed in her adult years, but that she regained her faith whan her son turned ill. Her renewed faith inspired her sister tae return tae the Episcopal Kirk.<ref name="variety-stadiem-notorious"/>|group=Note}} Efter flittin tae Fraunce, she became ane o the first weemen lectors at the American Cathedral in Paris, whaur she wis on the regular rota for Scriptur readins. As recently as 2012, she wis still daein readins on major feast days,<ref name="anglicans-whalon"/> includin Christmas an Easter. "It's a task I luve," she ance said.<ref name="wsj-meroney"/> In describing her preparation for her readings, de{{nbsp}}Havilland ance observed, "Ye hae tae convey the deep meanin, you see, an it haes tae stairt wi yer ain faith. But first I always pray. I pray afore I stairt tae prepare, as well. In fact, I would always say a prayer afore shuitin a scene, sae this isna sae different, in a way."<ref name="anglicans-whalon" /> De{{nbsp}}Havilland prefers tae uise the Revised Inglis Bible for its poetic style.<ref name="anglicans-whalon"/> She raised her son Benjamin in the Episcopal Kirk an her dauchter Gisèle in the [[Catholic Kirk|Roman Catholic Kirk]], the faith o the bairn's faither.{{sfn|De Havilland|1962|pp=103–104}} As a United States ceetizen,<ref name="cnn-facts"/> de{{nbsp}}Havilland became involved in politics as a wey o exercisin her ceevic responsibilities.<ref name="wsj-meroney"/> She campaigned for [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]'s re-election in 1944.<ref name="wsj-meroney"/> Efter the war, she jyned the Independent Citizens' Committee o the Arts, Sciences an Professions, a naitional public policy advocacy group that includit Bette Davis, Gregory Peck, an Humphrey Bogart in its Hollywood chapter.<ref name="wsj-meroney"/> In Juin 1946 she wis askit tae deliver speeches for the committee that reflectit the [[Communist Pairty USA|Communist Pairty]] line{{nsmdns}}the group wis later identified as a Communist front organisation.{{sfn|Billingsley|1998|pp=123–24}} Disturbed at seein a smaw group o [[Communism|Communist]] members manipulatin the committee, de{{nbsp}}Havilland remuived the pro-Communist material frae her speeches an rewrit thaim tae reflect [[Harry S. Truman]]'s anti-Communist platform. She later recalled, "I realised a nucleus o fowk wis controllin the organisation wioot a majority o the members o the buird bein aware o it. An I knew thay haed tae be Communists."<ref name="wsj-meroney"/> She organised a fecht tae regain control o the committee frae its pro-Soviet leadership, but her reform efforts failed. Her resignation frae the committee triggered a waw o resignations frae eleiven ither Hollywood figures, includin futur Preses Ronald Reagan.<ref name="wsj-meroney"/>{{#tag:ref|Reagan wis a relatively new buird member whan he wis invited tae jyn ten ither film industry colleagues, includin MGM studio heid [[Dore Schary]], for a meetin at de{{nbsp}}Havilland's hoose whaur he first learned that Communists war tryin to gain control o the committee.{{sfn|Reagan|1990|p=112}} In the meetin, he turned tae de{{nbsp}}Havilland, wha wis on the executive committee, an whispered, "Ye ken, Olivia, Ah always thocht ''ye'' micht be ane o them." Lauchin, she respondit, "That's funny. I thocht ''ye'' war ane o them." Reagan suggestit that thay propone a resolution at the neist meetin that includit leid reaffirmed the committee's "belief in free enterprise an the Democratic seestem" an repudiatit "Communism as desirable for the Unitit States"{{nsmdns}}the executive committee votit it doun the follaein week.{{sfn|Reagan|1990|pp=112–113}} Shortly afterwards, the committee disbaundit, anly tae resurface as a newly-named front organisation.{{sfn|Reagan|1990|p=112}} In maugre o organisin Hollywood reseestance tae Soviet influence, de{{nbsp}}Havilland wis denoonced later that year as a "[[Pinko|soummin-puil pink]]" in ''Time'' magazine for her involvement in the committee.{{sfn|Gottfried|2002|p=146}}|group=Note}} In 1958 she wis secretly cried afore the [[House Un-American Activities Committee]] an recoontit her experiences wi the Independent Citizens' Committee.<ref name="wsj-meroney"/> ===Sibling rivalry=== [[File:Joan Fontaine and Gary Cooper.jpg|thumb|upright|Joan Fontaine an [[Gary Cooper]] at the Academy Awairds, 1942]] De Havilland an her sister [[Joan Fontaine]] are the anly siblings tae hae wan Academy Awairds in a lead actin category.<ref name="time-berman" /> Accordin tae biografer [[Charles Higham (biographer)|Charles Higham]], the sisters ay haed an uneasy relationship, stairtin in early bairnhuid whan Olivia haed trouble acceptin the idea o haein a younger sister, an Joan resentin her mither's favoritism for her aulder sister.<ref name="independent-cornwell"/> This tension wis made waur bi Fontaine's frequent bairnheid illnesses, whilk led tae her mither's ower pertective expression, "Livvie can, Joan canna."{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=24}} O the twa sisters, de{{nbsp}}Havilland wis the first tae become an actress, an for several years Fontaine wis owershaidaed bi her accomplishments.{{sfn|Fontaine|1978|p=72}} Whan Mervyn LeRoy offered Fontaine a personal contract, her mither tauld her that Warner Bros. wis "Olivia's studio" an that she coud nae uise the name "de{{nbsp}}Havilland".{{sfn|Fontaine|1978|p=72}} In 1942 de{{nbsp}}Havilland an Fontaine war baith nominatit for an Academy Awaird for Best Actress{{nsmdns}}de{{nbsp}}Havilland for ''Hold Back the Dawn'', an Fontaine for ''Suspicion''. Whan Fontaine's name wis annoonced as winner, de{{nbsp}}Havilland reactit graciously sayin, "We'v gat it!"{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=69}} Accordin tae biografer Charles Higham, Fontaine rejectit de{{nbsp}}Havilland's attempts tae congratulate her, an de{{nbsp}}Havilland wis offendit an embarrassed.{{sfn|Higham|1984|p=257}} Thair relationship wis further raxt in 1946 whan Fontaine made negative comments tae an interviewer aboot de{{nbsp}}Havilland's new guidman. Whan she read her sister's remerks, de{{nbsp}}Havilland wis deeply hurt an waited for an apology that wis never offered.<ref name="hr-feinberg-feud"/> The follaein year efter acceptin her first Academy Awaird for ''To Each His Own'', de{{nbsp}}Havilland wis approached backstage bi Fontaine wha wantit tae congratulate her, de{{nbsp}}Havilland turned away frae her sister.<ref name="hr-feinberg-feud" /> They didnae speak tae ilk anither for the neist five year,{{#tag:ref|In 1957, in the anly interview till 2016 in whilk she ever commentit on her relationship wi her sister, de{{nbsp}}Havilland tauld the Associated Press, "Joan is very bricht an sharp an haes a wit that can be cuttin. She said some things aboot Marcus that hurt me deeply. She wis aware thare wis an estrangement atween us."<ref name="hr-feinberg-feud"/>|group=Note}} an thair silence mey hae caused the estrangement atween Fontaine an her ain dauchters, wha secretly mainteened a relationship wi de{{nbsp}}Havilland.{{sfn|Higham|1984|p=257}} Follaein her divorce frae Goodrich, de{{nbsp}}Havilland resumed contact wi her sister,<ref name="hr-feinberg-feud"/> comin tae her apairtment in New York an spendin Christmas thegither thare in 1961.<ref name="hr-feinberg-feud"/><ref name="getty-galella"/> The final break atween the sisters occurred in 1975 frae a disagreement ower thair mither's cancer treatment{{nsmdns}}de{{nbsp}}Havilland wantit tae consult ither doctors an supportit exploratory surgery; Fontaine disagreed.{{sfn|Fontaine|1978|p=298}} Fontaine claimed that de{{nbsp}}Havilland didnae notify her o thair mither's daith while she wis tourin wi a play{{nsmdns}}de{{nbsp}}Havilland in fact haed sent a telegram, whilk teuk twa week tae reak her sister.<ref name="independent-cornwell"/> The sibling feud endit wi Fontaine's daith on December{{nbsp}}15, 2013.<ref name="hr-feinberg-feud"/>{{#tag:ref|Fontaine ance remerked, "I married first, wan the Oscar afore Olivia did, an if I die first, she'll undoubtedly be livid acause Ah beat her tae it!"<ref name="wp-bernstein"/>|group=Note}} The follaein day, de{{nbsp}}Havilland released a statement sayin she wis "shocked an saddened" bi the news.<ref name="cbsnews-djansezian-shocked"/> ==Career assessment an legacy== [[File:Olivia de Havilland's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.jpg|thumb|Starn on the Hollywood Walk o Fame, at 6762 Hollywood Blvd.<ref name="hollywood-walk"/>]] De{{nbsp}}Havilland's career spanned fifty-three years, frae 1935 tae 1988.<ref name="tcm-filmography"/> In that time, she appeared in forty-nine featur films, an wis ane o the leadin movie starns in the gowden age o Clessical Hollywood. She began her career playin demure ingénues anent popular male stars, includin Errol Flynn, wi wham she made her breakout film ''Captain Blood'' in 1935.<ref name="tcm-bio"/> Thay wad gang on tae mak seiven mair featur films thegither, an became ane o Hollywood's maist popular romantic on-screen pairings.<ref name="tcm-bio"/> Her range o performances included roles in maist major movie genres. Follaein her film debut in the Shakespeare adaptation ''A Midsummer Night's Dream'', de{{nbsp}}Havilland achieved her initial popularity in romantic comedies, sic as ''The Great Garrick'' an ''Hard to Get'', an Western adventure films, sic as ''Dodge City'' an ''Santa Fe Trail''.<ref name="tcm-filmography"/> Her naitural beauty an primsie actin style made her parteecularly effective in historical period dramas, lik ''Anthony Adverse'', ''The Adventures of Robin Hood'', ''Gone with the Wind'', an ''The Heiress'', an romantic dramas, lik ''Hold Back the Dawn'' an ''To Each His Own''. In her later career, she wis maist sonsie in drama films, lik ''In This Our Life'' an ''Light in the Piazza'', an psychological dramas playin unglamorous chairacters in films lik ''The Dark Mirror'', ''The Snake Pit'', an ''Hush... Hush, Sweet Charlotte''.<ref name="tcm-bio" /> Outthrou her career, de{{nbsp}}Havilland wan twa Academy Awairds (''To Each His Own'' an ''The Heiress''), twa Gowden Globe Awairds (''The Heiress'' an ''Anastasia: The Mystery of Anna''), twa New York Film Creetics Circle Awairds (''The Snake Pit'' an ''The Heiress''), the National Buird o Review Awaird an the Venice Film Festival Volpi Cup (''The Snake Pit''), an a Primetime Emmy Awaird (''Anastasia: The Mystery of Anna'').<ref name="tcm-milestones"/> For her contreibutions tae the motion picture industry, de{{nbsp}}Havilland received a starn on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6762 Hollywood Boulevard on Februar 8, 1960.<ref name="hollywood-walk"/> Syne her retirement in 1988, her lifetime contreibution tae the arts haes been honored on twa continents. In 1998 she received an honorary doctorate frae the [[University of Hertfordshire]] in England.<ref name="tcm-notes"/> In 2006, she wis inductit intae the Online Film & Television Association Award Film Haw o Fame.<ref name="ofta-hall"/> On November{{nbsp}}17, 2008, Preses George W. Bush presented de{{nbsp}}Havilland the National Medal o Arts, the heichest honour gien for achievement in the arts conferred tae an individual airtist on behalf o the American fowk.<ref name="wh-archive"/> On September{{nbsp}}9, 2010, de{{nbsp}}Havilland wis appyntit a ''Chevalier'' (knight) o the Légion d'honneur, the heichest decoration in Fraunce, awairdit bi French Preses Nicolas Sarkozy.<ref name="ap-corbet"/> ==Honours an awairds== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" |- ! style="width:5%;"| Year ! style="width:30%;"| Awaird ! style="width:30%;"| Category ! style="width:25%;"| Film ! style="width:5%;"| Result ! style="width:5%;" class="unsortable"| {{Tooltip|Ref|Reference}} |- | 1939 | Academy Awaird | Best Actress in a Supportin Role | ''Gone with the Wind'' | {{nom}} | <ref name="tcm-milestones" /> |- | 1941 | Academy Awaird | Best Actress in a Leadin Role | ''Hold Back the Dawn'' | {{nom}} | <ref name="tcm-milestones" /> |- | 1946 | Academy Awaird | Best Actress in a Leadin Role | ''To Each His Own'' | {{won}} | <ref name="tcm-milestones" /> |- | 1948 | Academy Awaird | Best Actress in a Leadin Role | ''The Snake Pit'' | {{nom}} | <ref name="tcm-milestones" /> |- | 1948 | Naitional Buird o Review Awaird | Best Actress | ''The Snake Pit'' | {{won}} | <ref name="allmovie-olivia-awards" /> |- | 1948 | New York Film Creetics Circle Awaird | Best Actress | ''The Snake Pit'' | {{won}} | <ref name="allmovie-olivia-awards" /> |- | 1949 | Academy Awaird | Best Actress in a Leadin Role | ''The Heiress'' | {{won}} | <ref name="tcm-milestones" /> |- | 1949 | Gowden Globe Awaird | Best Motion Pictur Actress | ''The Heiress'' | {{won}} | <ref name="golden-globes-olivia" /> |- | 1949 | New York Film Creetics Circle Awaird | Best Actress | ''The Heiress'' | {{won}} | <ref name="allmovie-olivia-awards" /> |- | 1949 | Venice Film Festival Volpi Cup | Best Actress | ''The Snake Pit'' | {{won}} | <ref name="allmovie-olivia-awards" /> |- | 1952 | Grauman's Cheenese Theatre | Haund prents an fitprents | — | {{won|Honoured}} | <ref name="ap-graumans" /> |- | 1953 | Gowden Globe Awaird | Best Motion Pictur Actress | ''My Cousin Rachel'' | {{nom}} | <ref name="golden-globes-olivia" /> |- | 1960 | Hollywood Walk o Fame Star | Motion Pictur at 6762 Hollywood Blvd, Februar 8, 1960 | — | {{won|Honoured}} | <ref name="hollywood-walk" /> |- | 1986 | Gowden Globe Awaird | Best Performance bi an Actress in a Supportin Role | ''Anastasia: The Mystery of Anna'' | {{won}} | <ref name="golden-globes-olivia" /> |- | 1986 | Primetime Emmy Awaird | Ootstaundin Supportin Actress in a Miniseries | ''Anastasia: The Mystery of Anna'' | {{won}} | <ref name="tcm-milestones" /> |- | 1998 | Honorary Doctorate | [[Varsity o Hertfordshire]] | — | {{won|Honoured}} | <ref name="tcm-notes" /> |- | 2006 | Online Film & Telly Association | Film Haw o Fame | — | {{won|Honoured}} | <ref name="ofta-hall" /> |- | 2008 | Naitional Medal o Airts | — | — | {{won|Honored}} | <ref name="wh-archive" /> |- | 2010 | Chevalier o the Légion d'honneur | — | — | {{won|Honoured}} | <ref name="ap-corbet" /> |- | 2016 | Oldie o the Year | — | — | {{won|Honoured}} | <ref name="bbc-oldie" /> |} == Filmografie == {{Div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Alibi Ike]]'' (1935) * ''[[The Irish in Us]]'' (1935) * ''[[A Midsummer Night's Dream (1935 film)|A Midsummer Night's Dream]]'' (1935) * ''[[Captain Blood (1935 film)|Captain Blood]]'' (1935) * ''[[Anthony Adverse]]'' (1936) * ''[[The Charge of the Light Brigade (1936 film)|The Charge of the Light Brigade]]'' (1936) * ''[[Call It a Day]]'' (1937) * ''[[The Great Garrick]]'' (1937) * ''[[It's Love I'm After]]'' (1937) * ''[[Gold Is Where You Find It]]'' (1938) * ''[[The Adventures of Robin Hood]]'' (1938) * ''[[Four's a Crowd]]'' (1938) * ''[[Hard to Get (1938 film)|Hard to Get]]'' (1938) * ''[[Wings of the Navy]]'' (1939) * ''[[Dodge City (film)|Dodge City]]'' (1939) * ''[[The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex]]'' (1939) * ''[[Gone with the Wind (film)|Gone with the Wind]]'' (1939) * ''[[Raffles (1939 film)|Raffles]]'' (1939) * ''[[My Love Came Back]]'' (1940) * ''[[Santa Fe Trail (film)|Santa Fe Trail]]'' (1940) * ''[[The Strawberry Blonde]]'' (1941) * ''[[Hold Back the Dawn]]'' (1941) * ''[[They Died with Their Boots On]]'' (1941) * ''[[The Male Animal]]'' (1942) * ''[[In This Our Life]]'' (1942) * ''[[Thank Your Lucky Stars (film)|Thank Your Lucky Stars]]'' (1943) * ''[[Princess O'Rourke]]'' (1943) * ''[[Government Girl]]'' (1944) * ''[[To Each His Own (film)|To Each His Own]]'' (1946) * ''[[Devotion (1946 film)|Devotion]]'' (1946) * ''[[The Well-Groomed Bride]]'' (1946) * ''[[The Dark Mirror (film)|The Dark Mirror]]'' (1946) * ''[[The Snake Pit]]'' (1948) * ''[[The Heiress]]'' (1949) * ''[[My Cousin Rachel (film)|My Cousin Rachel]]'' (1952) * ''[[That Lady]]'' (1955) * ''[[Not as a Stranger]]'' (1955) * ''[[The Ambassador's Daughter (1956 film)|The Ambassador's Daughter]]'' (1956) * ''[[The Proud Rebel]]'' (1958) * ''[[Libel (film)|Libel]]'' (1959) * ''[[Light in the Piazza (film)|Light in the Piazza]]'' (1962) * ''[[Lady in a Cage]]'' (1964) * ''[[Hush… Hush, Sweet Charlotte]]'' (1964) * ''[[The Adventurers (1970 film)|The Adventurers]]'' (1970) * ''[[Pope Joan (1972 film)|Pope Joan]]'' (1972) * ''[[Airport '77]]'' (1977) * ''[[The Swarm (film)|The Swarm]]'' (1978) * ''[[The Fifth Musketeer]]'' (1979) {{Div col end}} == References == {{Reflist|20em|refs= <ref name="academy-of-achievement">{{cite web |title=Interview: Olivia de Havilland |publisher=American Academy of Achievement |date=October 5, 2006 |url=http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/printmember/deh0int-1 |accessdate=February 7, 2016 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303173549/http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/printmember/deh0int-1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="allmovie-olivia-awards">{{cite web|title=Olivia de Havilland: Awards |publisher=AllMovie |url=http://www.allmovie.com/artist/olivia-de-havilland-p17765/awards |accessdate=January 23, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="anglicans-whalon">{{cite web|last=Whalon |first=Pierre W. |title=Reading the Bible as a statement of faith |publisher=Anglicans Online |date=February 12, 2012 |url=http://anglicansonline.org/resources/essays/whalon/deHavilland.html |accessdate=April 11, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="ap-corbet">{{cite news |last=Corbet |first=Sylvie |title=Olivia de Havilland honored by French president |publisher=Associated Press Online |date=September 9, 2010 |url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1A1-36593d70f8324080ab3c5b267b79c3dc.html |accessdate=January 21, 2016 |archive-date=2013-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530173812/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1A1-36593d70f8324080ab3c5b267b79c3dc.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="ap-graumans">{{cite news|title=Olivia de Havilland at Grauman's Theater |publisher=Associated Press Images |url=http://www.apimages.com/metadata/Index/Creative-Copyright-Bettmann-Corbis-AP-Images-/911a1f2bba1349f8a3455f3e134a97a9 |accessdate=January 24, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="bbc-oldie">{{cite web|title=Olivia de Havilland wins Oldie accolade |publisher=BBC News |date=February 2, 2016 |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-35470633 |accessdate=February 3, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="bigbend-sft-taylor">{{cite web |last=Taylor |first=Lon |title=Getting History Wrong on the Silver Screen |publisher=Big Bend Now |date=February 26, 2015 |url=http://bigbendnow.com/2015/02/the-rambling-boy-62/ |accessdate=March 16, 2016 |archive-date=2015-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150307075949/http://bigbendnow.com/2015/02/the-rambling-boy-62/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="brooklyn-daily-burdett">{{cite news|last=Burdett |first=Winston |title=A Midsummer Night's Dream Returns |newspaper=Brooklyn Daily Eagle |page=6 |date=October 5, 1936 |url=http://bklyn.newspapers.com/image/52692348/?terms=Midsummer%2BNight's%2BDream |accessdate=February 23, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="cbsnews-djansezian-shocked">{{cite web|last=Djansezian |first=Kevork |title=Olivia de Havilland 'shocked and saddened' by sister Joan Fontaine's death |publisher=CBS News |date=December 16, 2013 |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/olivia-de-havilland-shocked-and-saddened-by-sister-joan-fontaines-death/ |accessdate=January 21, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="cnn-facts">{{cite news|title=Olivia de Havilland Fast Facts |publisher=CNN |url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/01/21/us/olivia-de-havilland-fast-facts |accessdate=January 21, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="daily-mail-andrews">{{cite news|last=Andrews |first=Emily |title=Errol Flynn? He never had his wicked way with me |newspaper=Daily Mail |date=June 17, 2009 |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1193489/Errol-Flynn-He-wicked-way-says-Gone-With-The-Wind-star-Olivia-Havilland.html |accessdate=January 21, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="french-observer">{{cite news|last=French |first=Philip |title=Screen Legends No.73 |newspaper=The Observer |year=2009}}</ref> <ref name="getty-galella">{{cite web |last=Galella |first=Ron |title=Marlene Dietrich's Opening Party |publisher=Getty Images |date=September 9, 1967 |url=http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/joan-fontaine-and-sister-olivia-de-havilland-during-marlene-news-photo/105274140/ |accessdate=January 21, 2016 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref name="golden-globes-olivia">{{cite web|title=Olivia de Havilland |publisher=Golden Globes |url=http://www.goldenglobes.com/person/olivia-de-havilland |accessdate=April 23, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="guardian-french">{{cite news|last=French |first=Philip |title=Philip French's screen legends No. 73: Olivia de Havilland |newspaper=The Guardian |date=October 31, 2009 |url=http://www.theguardian.com/film/2009/dec/22/olivia-de-havilland-screen-legend |accessdate=January 21, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="hollywood-walk">{{cite web|title=Olivia de Havilland |publisher=Hollywood Walk of Fame |url=http://www.walkoffame.com/olivia-de-havilland |accessdate=January 23, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="hr-feinberg-feud">{{cite web|last=Feinberg |first=Scott |title=Joan Fontaine-Olivia de Havilland Feud: New Details Revealed |work=The Hollywood Reporter |date=December 17, 2013 |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/race/joan-fontaine-olivia-de-havilland-666087?page=2 |accessdate=January 21, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="huffpost-gitau">{{cite web|last=Gitau |first=Rosalia |title=Art Therapy for Alzheimer’s: I Remember Better When I Paint |work=The Huffington Post |date=May 11, 2010 |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/rosalia-gitau/art-therapy-for-alzheimer_b_495914.html |accessdate=March 28, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="independent-cornwell">{{cite news|last=Cornwell |first=Rupert |title=Sibling rivalry: Hollywood's oldest feud |newspaper=The Independent |date=May 15, 2008 |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/sibling-rivalry-hollywoods-oldest-feud-828301.html |accessdate=January 21, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="latimes-mathews">{{cite news|last=Mathews |first=Jack |title=1939: It was the greatest year in Hollywood history |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=January 1, 1989 |url=http://articles.latimes.com/1989-01-01/entertainment/ca-223_1_greatest-year |accessdate=March 11, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="latimes-tartaglione">{{cite news|last=Tartaglione |first=Nancy |title=Olivia and Oscar |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=March 23, 2003 |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2003/mar/23/entertainment/ca-q-a23 |accessdate=April 9, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="nation-agee">{{cite journal|last=Agee |first=James |title=The Dark Mirror (1946) |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nation_1946-11-09_163_19/page/n23 |journal=The Nation |issue=19 |date=November 9, 1946 |page=536}}</ref> <ref name="nytimes-aa-nugent">{{cite news|last=Nugent |first=Frank S. |title=The Film Version of 'Anthony Adverse' Opens at the Strand |newspaper=The New York Times |date=August 27, 1936 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9906EFDF1F3FEE3BBC4F51DFBE66838D629EDE |accessdate=March 5, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="nytimes-cage-weiler">{{cite news|last=Weiler |first=A. H. |title=Aimless Brutality |newspaper=The New York Times |date=June 11, 1964 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9E0DE4D81F3AE13ABC4952DFB066838F679EDE |accessdate=April 13, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="nytimes-cb-sennwald">{{cite news|last=Sennwald |first=Andre |title=A Newcomer Named Errol Flynn in a Handsome Film Version of 'Captain Blood' |newspaper=The New York Times |date=December 27, 1935 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9403E6DD173AE13ABC4F51DFB467838E629EDE |accessdate=March 2, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="nytimes-citizen">{{cite news|title=Olivia de Havilland a Citizen |newspaper=The New York Times |date=November 29, 1941 |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D02E4DF173AE233A2575AC2A9679D946093D6CF |accessdate=January 21, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="nytimes-gwtw-nugent">{{cite news|last=Nugent |first=Frank S. |title=David Selznick's 'Gone With the Wind' Has Its Long-Awaited Premiere ... |newspaper=The New York Times |date=December 20, 1939 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9807E2DA153EE432A25753C2A9649D946894D6CF |accessdate=March 14, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="nytimes-hbtd-crowther">{{cite news|last=Crowther |first=Bosley |title=Hold Back the Dawn, a Poignant Romance, at the Paramount |newspaper=The New York Times |date=October 2, 1941 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9E06E3D8113FE13BBC4A53DFB667838A659EDE |accessdate=March 17, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="nytimes-honan">{{cite news|last=Honan |first=William H. |title=Marcus Aurelius Goodrich, 93, Writer Known for Naval Stories |newspaper=The New York Times |date=October 22, 1991 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/22/arts/marcus-aurelius-goodrich-93-writer-known-for-naval-stories.html |accessdate=January 21, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="nytimes-itol-crowther">{{cite news|last=Crowther |first=Bosley |title=In This Our Life, Film Version of Ellen Glasgow Prize Novel |newspaper=The New York Times |date=May 9, 1942 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9E00E6DA153CE33BBC4153DFB3668389659EDE |accessdate=March 25, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="nytimes-itzkoff">{{cite news|last=Itzkoff |first=Dave |title=Arts Medals Awarded |newspaper=The New York Times |date=November 18, 2008 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/18/arts/18arts-ARTSMEDALSAW_BRF.html?scp=1&sq=Olivia%20de%20Havilland%20national%20medal%20of%20arts&st=cse |accessdate=January 21, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="nytimes-mylove-crowther">{{cite news|last=Crowther |first=Bosley |title=My Love Came Back at Strand |newspaper=The New York Times |date=July 13, 1940 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9502E0D6123EE432A25750C1A9619C946193D6CF |accessdate=March 15, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="nytimes-po-crowther">{{cite news|last=Crowther |first=Bosley |title=Princess O'Rourke, 100 Percent American Comedy |newspaper=The New York Times |date=November 6, 1943 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=990CE1DF1538E33BBC4E53DFB7678388659EDE |accessdate=March 25, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="nytimes-pr-weiler">{{cite news|last=Weiler |first=A. H. |title=Moving Sentiment |newspaper=The New York Times |date=July 2, 1958 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9F00E5D91E31E73BBC4A53DFB1668383649EDE |accessdate=April 7, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="nytimes-tdwtbo-pryor">{{cite news|last=Pryor |first=Thomas M. |title=They Died With Their Boots On, At the Strand |newspaper=The New York Times |date=November 21, 1941 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9906EFD6163AE233A25752C2A9679D946093D6CF |accessdate=March 20, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="nytimes-tma-crowther">{{cite news|last=Crowther |first=Bosley |title=The Male Animal, With Henry Fonda, Olivia De Havilland, at Strand |newspaper=The New York Times |date=March 28, 1942 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9B04E0DA143CE33BBC4051DFB5668389659EDE |accessdate=March 25, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="ofta-hall">{{cite web |title=Film Hall of Fame Inductees: Actors |publisher=Online Film & Television Association |url=http://www.cinemasight.com/ofta/film-hall-of-fame-actors/ |accessdate=April 15, 2016 |archive-date=2016-07-02 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20160702102559/http://www.cinemasight.com/ofta/film-hall-of-fame-actors/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="oscars-1940">{{cite web|title=12th Academy Awards |publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences |url=https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1940 |accessdate=January 21, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="peerage-olivia">{{cite web|title=Olivia Mary de Havilland |publisher=The Peerage |url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p18366.htm |accessdate=January 21, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="peerage-walter">{{cite web|title=Walter Augustus de Havilland |publisher=The Peerage |url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p18365.htm#i183647 |accessdate=February 7, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="people-vespa">{{cite journal |last=Vespa |first=Mary |title=Olivia De Havilland Finds Solace Serving Her Church |journal=People |volume=11 |issue=9 |date=March 5, 1979 |url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20073074,00.html |accessdate=April 12, 2016 |archive-date=2016-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611204004/http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20073074,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="philly-rickey">{{cite web |last=Rickey |first=Carrie |title=Here with the Wind ... |work=Philadelphia Daily News |date=June 25, 1998 |url=http://articles.philly.com/1998-06-25/entertainment/25729957_1_gwtw-olivia-hattie-mcdaniel |accessdate=April 12, 2016 |archive-date=2016-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423023655/http://articles.philly.com/1998-06-25/entertainment/25729957_1_gwtw-olivia-hattie-mcdaniel |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="reel-bio">{{cite web |title=Olivia de Havilland: Biography |publisher=Reel Classics |url=http://www.reelclassics.com/Actresses/deHavilland/dehav-bio.htm |accessdate=January 21, 2016 |archive-date=2016-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207032307/http://www.reelclassics.com/Actresses/deHavilland/dehav-bio.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="reuters-belloni">{{cite news|last=Belloni |first=Matthew |title=De Havilland lawsuit resonates through Hollywood |publisher=Reuters |date=August 23, 2007 |url=http://mobile.reuters.com/article/idUSN2329585820070824 |accessdate=January 21, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="saratoga-history">{{cite web |title=Saratoga History |publisher=Saratoga Historical Foundation |url=http://www.saratogahistory.com/misc%20documents/2010-Saratoga-Historical-Bike-Ride.pdf |accessdate=February 7, 2016 |archive-date=2016-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202083740/http://www.saratogahistory.com/misc%20documents/2010-Saratoga-Historical-Bike-Ride.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="sas-walter">{{cite web|last=Walter |first=Don |title=Olivia de Havilland recalls wartime shows |publisher=Stars and Stripes |date=July 12, 1958 |url=http://www.stripes.com/olivia-de-havilland-recalls-wartime-shows-enjoys-making-similar-type-tours-now-1.187691 |accessdate=March 26, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="schenectady-gazette-roots">{{cite news|title=ABC Soars in Ratings with Roots Sequel |newspaper=Schenectady Gazette |date=February 28, 1979 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=MgwhAAAAIBAJ&sjid=UnIFAAAAIBAJ&dq=roots+the+next+generations+ratings&pg=1194,7147519&hl=en |accessdate=April 15, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="scholar-dehavilland-warner">{{cite journal|last=Shinn |first=J. |title=De Havilland v. Warner Bros. Pictures, Inc. 67 Cal. App. 2d 225, 153 P.2d 983 |publisher=Google Scholar |location=California |date=December 8, 1944 |url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?q=de+Havilland+v.+Warner&hl=en&as_sdt=20000006&case=12173665773310197515&scilh=0 |accessdate=January 29, 2015}}</ref> <ref name="startrib-welter">{{cite news |last=Welter |first=Ben |title=May 10, 1942: Hollywood Victory Caravan |newspaper=Star Tribune |date=April 6, 2011 |url=http://www.startribune.com/may-10-1942-hollywood-victory-caravan/118622314/ |accessdate=March 27, 2016 |archive-date=2016-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407073208/http://www.startribune.com/may-10-1942-hollywood-victory-caravan/118622314/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="tcm-aa-steinberg">{{cite web|last=Steinberg |first=Jay S. |title=Anthony Adverse (1936) |publisher=Turner Classic Movies |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/1857/Anthony-Adverse/articles.html |accessdate=March 5, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="tcm-bio">{{cite web|title=Olivia de Havilland |publisher=Turner Classic Movies |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/46170%7C190058/Olivia-De-Havilland/ |accessdate=January 21, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="tcm-cb-awards">{{cite web|title=Captain Blood (1935): Awards |publisher=Turner Classic Movies |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/2538/Captain-Blood/awards.html |accessdate=March 2, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="tcm-cb-opi">{{cite web|title=Captain Blood (1935): Original Print Information |publisher=Turner Classic Movies |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/2538/Captain-Blood/original-print-info.html |accessdate=March 2, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="tcm-dc-steinberg">{{cite web|last=Steinberg |first=Jay |title=Dodge City (1939) |publisher=Turner Classic Movies |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/1328/Dodge-City/articles.html |accessdate=March 11, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="tcm-filmography">{{cite web|title=Olivia de Havilland: Filmography |publisher=Turner Classic Movies |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/46170%7C190058/Olivia-De-Havilland/filmography.html |accessdate=April 15, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="tcm-gg-arnold">{{cite web|last=Arnold |first=Jeremy |title=The Great Garrick (1937) |publisher=Turner Classic Movies |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/625/The-Great-Garrick/articles.html |accessdate=March 6, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="tcm-gold-opi">{{cite web|title=Gold Is Where You Find It (1938): Original Print Information |publisher=Turner Classic Movies |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/1007/Gold-Is-Where-You-Find-It/original-print-info.html |accessdate=March 6, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="tcm-gwtw-notes">{{cite web|title=Gone with the Wind (1939): Notes |publisher=Turner Classic Movies |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/414427/Gone-With-the-Wind/notes.html |accessdate=March 14, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="tcm-h-miller">{{cite web|last=Miller |first=Frank |title=The Heiress (1949) |publisher=Turner Classic Movies |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/77655/The-Heiress/articles.html |accessdate=April 2, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="tcm-hush-lobianco">{{cite web|last=LoBianco |first= Lorraine |title=Hush...Hush, Sweet Charlotte (1964) |publisher=Turner Classic Movies |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/78739/Hush-Hush-Sweet-Charlotte/articles.html |accessdate=April 14, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="tcm-midsummer-miller">{{cite web|last=Miller |first=Frank |title=A Midsummer Night's Dream (1935) |publisher=Turner Classic Movis |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/1806/A-Midsummer-Night-s-Dream/articles.html |accessdate=February 21, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="tcm-midsummer-op">{{cite web|title=A Midsummer Night's Dream (1935): Original Print Information |publisher=Turner Classic Movis |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/1806/A-Midsummer-Night-s-Dream/original-print-info.html |accessdate=February 21, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="tcm-milestones">{{cite web|title=Olivia de Havilland: Milestones |publisher=Turner Classic Movies |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/46170%7C190058/Olivia-De-Havilland/milestones.html |accessdate=January 23, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="tcm-mylove-notes">{{cite web|title=My Love Came Back (1940): Notes |publisher=Turner Classic Movies |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/1695/My-Love-Came-Back/notes.html |accessdate=March 15, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="tcm-notes">{{cite web|title=Olivia de Havilland: Notes |publisher=Turner Classic Movies |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/46170%7C190058/Olivia-De-Havilland/notes.html |accessdate=January 23, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="tcm-po-opi">{{cite web|title=Princess O'Rourke (1943): Original Print Information |publisher=Turner Classic Movies |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/87158/Princess-O-Rourke/original-print-info.html |accessdate=March 25, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="tcm-raf-miller">{{cite web|last=Miller |first=Frank |title=Raffles (1939) |publisher=Turner Classic Movies |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/87567/Raffles/articles.html |accessdate=March 15, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="tcm-robinhood-nixon">{{cite web|last=Nixon |first=Rob |title=The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938) |publisher=Turner Classic Movies |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/738/The-Adventures-of-Robin-Hood/articles.html |accessdate=March 9, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="tcm-robinhood-opi">{{cite web|title=The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938): Original Print Information |publisher=Turner Classic Movies |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/738/The-Adventures-of-Robin-Hood/original-print-info.html |accessdate=March 9, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="tcm-wn-landazuri">{{cite web|last=Landazuri |first=Margarita |title=Wings of the Navy (1939) |publisher=Turner Classic Movies |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/2417/Wings-of-the-Navy/articles.html |accessdate=March 10, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="telegraph-leach">{{cite news|last=Leach |first=Ben |title=Gone with the Wind Star Confirms One of Hollywood's Most Talked-about Romances |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=June 17, 2009 |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/5557364/Gone-With-The-Wind-star-confirms-one-of-Hollywoods-most-talked-about-romances.html |accessdate=April 17, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="time-berman">{{cite journal |last=Berman |first=Eliza |title=Hollywood’s Most Famous Sibling Rivalry |journal=Time |date=April 10, 2015 |url=http://time.com/3768918/joan-fontaine-olivia-de-havilland/ |accessdate=April 18, 2016 |archive-date=2016-07-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704174836/http://time.com/3768918/joan-fontaine-olivia-de-havilland/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="variety-cb">{{cite web|title=Review: Captain Blood |work=Variety |date=December 31, 1935 |url=http://variety.com/1934/film/reviews/captain-blood-1200411083/ |accessdate=March 2, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="variety-dc">{{cite web|title=Dodge City is a lusty western, packed with action |work=Variety |date=December 31, 1938 |url=http://variety.com/1938/film/reviews/dodge-city-1200412081/ |accessdate=March 11, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="variety-dm">{{cite web|title=Review: The Dark Mirror |work=Variety |date=October 18, 1946 |url=http://variety.com/1945/film/reviews/the-dark-mirror-1200414684/ |accessdate=March 30, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="variety-gg">{{cite web|title=Review: The Great Garrick |work=Variety |date=October 30, 1937 |url=http://variety.com/1936/film/reviews/the-great-garrick-1200411333/ |accessdate=March 6, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="variety-gwtw-flinn">{{cite web|last=Flinn, Sr. |first=John C. |title=Review: 'Gone With the Wind' |work=Variety |date=December 19, 1939 |url=http://variety.com/1939/film/reviews/gone-with-the-wind-2-1200412649/ |accessdate=March 14, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="variety-ilia">{{cite news|title=Review: It's Love I'm After |work=Variety |date=November 11, 1937 |page=13 |url=http://variety.com/1936/film/reviews/it-s-love-i-m-after-1200411406/ |accessdate=March 6, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="variety-piazza">{{cite news|title=Review: Light in the Piazza |work=Variety |date=February 7, 1962 |url=http://variety.com/1961/film/reviews/light-in-the-piazza-1200420149/ |accessdate=April 9, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="variety-stadiem-notorious">{{cite news|last=Stadiem |first=William |title=Olivia de Havilland and the Most Notorious Sibling Rivalry in Hollywood |work=Variety |date=April 29, 2016 |url=http://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2016/04/olivia-de-havilland-joan-fontaine-sibling-rivalry |accessdate=July 1, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="variety-tdwtbo-101">{{cite news|title=101 Pix gross in Millions |work=Variety |date=January 6, 1943 |page=58 |url=https://archive.org/stream/variety149-1943-01#page/n57/mode/1up |accessdate=March 20, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="wh-archive">{{cite web|title=President and Mrs. Bush Attend Presentation of the 2008 National Medals of Arts |publisher=The White House Archives |date=November 17, 2008 |url=http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2008/11/20081117-2.html |accessdate=January 21, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="wp-bernstein">{{cite news|last=Bernstein |first=Adam |title=Joan Fontaine, Academy Award-winning actress from the 1940s, dies at 96 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=December 15, 2013 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/joan-fontaine-academy-award-winning-actress-from-the-1940s-dies-at-96/2013/12/15/807d78e4-c5da-11df-94e1-c5afa35a9e59_story.html |accessdate=January 21, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="wsj-meroney">{{cite news|last=Meroney |first=John |title=Olivia de Havilland Recalls Her Role – in the Cold War |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |date=September 7, 2006 |url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB115757993223555601 |accessdate=March 27, 2016}}</ref> }} === Bibliografie === {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book|last=Bartel |first=Pauline |title=The Complete Gone With the Wind Trivia Book |url=https://archive.org/details/completegonewith0000bart |edition=2nd |publisher=Taylor Trade Publishing |location=Lanham, MD |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-58979-820-5 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Billingsley |first=Lloyd |title=Hollywood Party: How Communism Seduced the American Film Industry ... |url=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodpartyho0000bill |publisher=University of Michigan Press |location=Ann Arbor |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-7615-1376-6 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Brown |first=Gene |title=Movie Time: A Chronology of Hollywood and the Movie Industry |url=https://archive.org/details/movietimechronol00brow |publisher=Macmillan |location=New York |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-02-860429-9 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Bubbio |first=Daniel |title=The Women of Warner Brothers |url=https://archive.org/details/womenofwarnerbro0000bubb |publisher=McFarland & Company |location=Jefferson |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-7864-1137-5 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Chierichetti |first=David |title=Mitchell Leisen: Hollywood Director |url=https://archive.org/details/mitchellleisenho0000chie |publisher=Photoventures Publishing |location=Los Angeles |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-929330-04-4 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=De Havilland |first=Olivia |title=Every Frenchman Has One |url=https://archive.org/details/everyfrenchmanha00deha |publisher=Random House |location=New York |year=1962 |isbn= |oclc=475546905 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Fishgall |first=James |title=Pieces of Time: The Life of James Stewart |url=https://archive.org/details/piecesoftimelife00fish |publisher=Scribner |location=New York |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-684-82454-3 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Flynn |first=Errol |title=My Wicked, Wicked Ways: The Autobiography of Errol Flynn |url=https://archive.org/details/mywickedwickedwa0000flyn |publisher=Cooper Square Press |location=New York |year=2002 |orig-year=1960 |isbn=978-0-8154-1250-2 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Fontaine |first=Joan |title=No Bed of Roses |url=https://archive.org/details/nobedofroses00font |publisher=Morrow |location=New York |year=1978 |isbn=978-0-688-03344-6 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Gottfried |first=Martin |title=Nobody's Fool: The Lives of Danny Kaye |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=New York |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-7432-4476-3 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Herman |first=Jan |title=A Talent for Trouble |url=https://archive.org/details/talentfortrouble00herm |publisher=G. P. Putnam's Sons |location=New York |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-399-14012-9 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Higham |first=Charles |title=Sisters: The Story of Olivia de Havilland and Joan Fontaine |url=https://archive.org/details/sistersstoryofol00high |publisher=Coward McCann |location=New York |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-698-11268-1 |ref=harv}} * {{cite journal|last=Jensen |first=Oliver O. |title=Sister Act |journal=Life |volume=12 |issue=18 |pages=88–94 |date=May 4, 1942 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ClAEAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |accessdate=February 16, 2016 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Kass |first=Judith M. |title=Olivia de Havilland |publisher=Pyramid Publications |location=New York |year=1976 |isbn=978-0-515-04175-0 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Matzen |first=Robert |title=Errol & Olivia: Ego & Obsession in Golden Era Hollywood |publisher=Paladin Communications |location=Pittsburgh |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-9711685-8-9 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|editor-first1=Paul |editor-last1=McDonald |editor-first2=Emily |editor-last2=Carman |editor-first3=Eric |editor-last3=Hoyt |editor-first4=Philip |editor-last4=Drake |title=Hollywood and the Law |publisher=British Film Institute |location=London |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-84457-478-0 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Meyers |first=Jeffrey |title=John Huston: Courage and Art |url=https://archive.org/details/johnhustoncourag0000meye |publisher=Crown Archetype |location=New York |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-307-59069-5 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Reagan |first=Ronald |title=Ronald Reagan: An American Life |url=https://archive.org/details/americanlife00reag |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=New York |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-671-69198-1 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Selznick |first=David O. |title=Memo from David O. Selznick |url=https://archive.org/details/memo0000unse |publisher=The Viking Press |location=New York |year=1972 |isbn=978-0-670-46766-2 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Shipman |first=David |title=The Great Movie Stars, The Golden Years |url=https://archive.org/details/greatmoviestarst0000unse |publisher=Bonanza Books |location=New York |year=1970 |isbn=978-0-316-78487-0 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Thomas |first=Tony |title=The Films of Olivia de Havilland |publisher=Citadel Press |location=New York |year=1983 |isbn=978-0-8065-0988-4 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Wallace |first=David |title=Lost Hollywood |url=https://archive.org/details/losthollywood0000wall_f6q5 |publisher=St. Martin's Griffin |location=New York |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-312-28863-1 |ref=harv}} {{Refend}} == Freemit airtins == {{Commons}} * {{AllRovi name|17765|Olivia de Havilland}} * {{IBDB name|id=67261|name=Olivia de Havilland}} * {{IMDb name|14|Olivia de Havilland}} * {{Tcmdb name|id=46170|name=Olivia de Havilland}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:De Havilland, Olivia}} [[Category:1916 births]] [[Category:2020 daiths]] [[Category:20t-century American actresses]] [[Category:20t-century Inglis actresses]] [[Category:Actresses frae the San Francisco Bay Area]] [[Category:American centenarians]] [[Category:American Episcopalians]] [[Category:American expatriates in Fraunce]] [[Category:American film actresses]] [[Category:American fowk o Guernsey strynd]] [[Category:American radio actresses]] [[Category:Best Actress Academy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Best Drama Actress Gowden Globe (film) winners]] [[Category:Best Supportin Actress Gowden Globe (televeesion) winners]] [[Category:Breetish emigrants tae the Unitit States]] [[Category:Californie Democrats]] [[Category:Centenarian actresses]] [[Category:Chevaliers o the Légion d'honneur]] [[Category:De Havilland|Olivia]] [[Category:Paramount Pictures contract players]] [[Category:Fowk frae Paris]] [[Category:Unitit States Naitional Medal o Airts recipients]] [[Category:Volpi Cup winners]] [[Category:Warner Bros. contract players]] [[Category:Western film actresses]] [[Category:Dames Commander o the Order o the Breetish Empire]] rexrbp2s0m8dl0nsj7o0z2velkdndze 0 72955 919920 917015 2026-07-24T12:45:05Z Martin Macha 2111 73551 /* */ 919920 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox national football team |Name = Germany | Badge = DFBEagle.svg | Badge_size = 200px |FIFA Trigramme = GER |Nickname = ''Nationalmannschaft'' (naitional team), ''Nationalelf'' (naitional eleven) or ''DFB-Elf'' (DFB eleven); ''Die Adler'' (The Eagles); <br> ''Die Mannschaft'' (The Team) is uised maistly bi non-German leid media |Association = [[German Fitbaa Association]]<br>(''Deutscher Fußball-Bund – DFB'') |Confederation = [[UEFA]] ([[Europe]]) | Coach = [[Jürgen Klopp]] | Captain = [[Joshua Kimmich]] | Most caps = [[Lothar Matthäus]] (150) |Top scorer = [[Miroslav Klose]] (71) | FIFA Rank = {{FIFA World Rankings|GER}} |FIFA max = 1<ref name="FIFA Rank">{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/associations/association=ger/ranking/gender=m/index.html |title=Germany: FIFA/Coca-Cola World Ranking |publisher=[[FIFA]] |accessdate=12 September 2013 |archive-date=2018-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915094915/https://www.fifa.com/associations/association=ger/ranking/gender=m/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |FIFA max date = December 1992, August 1993, December 1993, Februar 1994 – Mairch 1994, Juin 1994, Julie 2014&nbsp;– Juin 2015, Julie 2017, September 2017&nbsp;– Juin 2018 |FIFA min = 22<ref name="FIFA Rank" /> |FIFA min date = Mairch 2006 | Elo Rank = {{World Football Elo Ratings|Germany}} | Elo max = 1 | Elo max date = 1990–92, 1993–94, 1996–97, Julie 2014&nbsp;– Mey 2016, October 2017&nbsp;– November 2017 | Elo min = 17 | Elo min date = 1923 | pattern_la1 = _ger18home | pattern_b1 = _ger18home | pattern_ra1 = _ger18home | pattern_sh1 = _duit18h | pattern_so1 = _3_stripes_black | leftarm1 = FFFFFF | body1 = FFFFFF | rightarm1 = FFFFFF | shorts1 = 000000 | socks1 = FFFFFF | pattern_la2 = _ger18a_1 | pattern_b2 = _ger18a | pattern_ra2 = _ger18a_1 | pattern_sh2 = _ger18a_1 | pattern_so2 = _ger18a_1 | leftarm2 = 008B9F | body2 = 008B9F | rightarm2 = 008B9F | shorts2 = FFFFFF | socks2 = 008B9F |First game = {{fb|Switzerland}} 5–3 Germany {{flagicon image|Flag of the German Empire.svg}}<br>([[Basel]], [[Swisserland]]; 5 Aprile 1908)<ref name="First game">{{cite web |url=http://www.dfb.de/index.php?id=500395&no_cache=1&action=showMatchesByYear&lang=E&liga=Nationalmannschaft&year=1908&cHash=6854a10c202d81c907c2a45218db5c32 |title=All matches of The National Team in 1908 |publisher = [[German Football Association|DFB]] |accessdate=1 August 2008}}</ref> |Largest win = {{flagicon image|Flag of the German Empire.svg}} Germany 16–0 {{fb-rt|Russia}}<br>([[Stockholm]], [[Swaden]]; 1 Julie 1912)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dfb.de/index.php?id=500395&no_cache=1&action=showMatchesByYear&lang=E&liga=Nationalmannschaft&year=1912&cHash=f675778cce143a221a74a4982d7ef31d |title=All matches of The National Team in 1912 |publisher=DFB |accessdate=1 August 2008 |archive-date=2018-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225074714/https://www.dfb.de/index.php?id=500395&no_cache=1&action=showMatchesByYear&lang=E&liga=Nationalmannschaft&year=1912&cHash=f675778cce143a221a74a4982d7ef31d%20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |Largest loss = {{flagicon image|Flag of England.svg}} [[Ingland naitional amateur fitbaw team|Ingland Amateurs]] 9–0 Germany {{flagicon image|Flag of the German Empire.svg}}<br>([[Oxford]], [[Ingland]]; 13 Mairch 1909)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dfb.de/index.php?id=500395&action=showMatchesByYear&lang=E&liga=Nationalmannschaft&year=1909&cHash=a80eadb1fb |title=All matches of The National Team in 1909 |publisher=DFB |accessdate=1 August 2008}}</ref><ref>Note that this match is nae considered tae be a full internaitional bi the [[The Fitbaa Association|Inglis FA]], an daes nae appear in the records o the [[Ingland naitional fitbaw team|Ingland team]]</ref> |World cup apps = 21 |World cup first = 1934 |World cup best = Champions, [[1954 FIFA Warld Cup|1954]], [[1974 FIFA Warld Cup|1974]], [[1990 FIFA Warld Cup|1990]], [[2014 FIFA Warld Cup|2014]] |Regional name = [[UEFA European Fitbaa Championship|European Championship]] |Regional cup apps = 14 |Regional cup first = [[UEFA Euro 1972|1972]] |Regional cup best = Champions, [[UEFA Euro 1972|1972]], [[UEFA Euro 1980|1980]], [[UEFA Euro 1996|1996]] |Confederations cup apps = 2 |Confederations cup first = [[1999 FIFA Confederations Cup|1999]] |Confederations cup best = 3rd Place, [[2005 FIFA Confederations Cup|2005]] }} The '''Germany naitional fitbaw team''' ({{lang-de|Die deutsche Fußballnationalmannschaft}}) is the [[Association fitbaw|fitbaw]] team that haes representit [[Germany]] in internaitional competeetion syne 1908.<ref name="First game" /> It is govrened bi the [[German Fitbaa Association]] (''Deutscher Fußball-Bund''), foondit in 1900.<ref name="GermanyFIFA">{{cite web |url = http://www.fifa.com/associations/association=ger/index.html |title = Germany |publisher = FIFA |accessdate = 14 January 2012 |archive-date = 2018-11-06 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181106190245/https://www.fifa.com/associations/association=ger/index.html |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/association=ger/profile/index.html |title = Germany's strength in numbers |publisher = UEFA |accessdate = 14 January 2012 |archive-date = 2012-01-11 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120111092546/http://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/association=ger/profile/index.html |url-status = dead }}</ref> Ever syne the DFB wis reinauguratit in 1949 the team haes representit the [[Wast Germany|Federal Republic o Germany]]. Unner [[:en:Allied Occupation Zones in Germany|Allied occupation an diveesion]], twa ither separate naitional teams wur recognisit bi [[FIFA]] an aw: the [[Saarland national fitbaw team|Saarland team]] representin the [[Saarland]] (1950–1956) an the [[East Germany naitional fitbaw team|East German team]] representin the [[East Germany|German Democratic Republic]] (1952–1990). Baith hae been absorbit alang wi thair records<ref name="Most-capped players">{{cite web |url = http://www.dfb.de/index.php?id=500396 |title = Statistics – Most-capped players |publisher = DFB |accessdate = 11 October 2011 |archive-date = 2011-06-08 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110608152502/http://www.dfb.de/index.php?id=500396 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name="Top scorers">{{cite web |url=http://www.dfb.de/index.php?id=500398 |title=Statistics – Top scorers |publisher=DFB |accessdate=11 October 2011 |archive-date=2011-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608152526/http://www.dfb.de/index.php?id=500398 |url-status=dead }}</ref> bi the current naitional team. The offeecial name an code "Germany FR (FRG)" wis shortened tae "Germany (GER)" follaein the reunification in 1990. Germany is ane o the maist successfu naitional teams in internaitional competeetions, haein wan a tot o fower [[FIFA Warld Cup|Warld Cups]] ([[1954 FIFA Warld Cup|1954]], [[1974 FIFA Warld Cup|1974]], [[1990 FIFA Warld Cup|1990]], [[2014 FIFA Warld Cup|2014]]) an three [[UEFA European Championship|European Championships]] ([[UEFA Euro 1972|1972]], [[UEFA Euro 1980|1980]], [[UEFA Euro 1996|1996]]).<ref name="GermanyFIFA" /> Thay hae been runners-up three times in the European Championships, fower times in the Warld Cup, an hae wan a faur fower third places an aw.<ref name="GermanyFIFA" /> East Germany wan [[:en:Football at the Summer Olympics|Olympic]] Gowd in [[:en:Football at the 1976 Summer Olympics|1976]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/tournament=512/edition=197121/index.html |title=Olympic Football Tournament Montreal 1976 |publisher=FIFA |accessdate=28 December 2011 |archive-date=2012-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119231416/http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/tournament=512/edition=197121/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> At the end o the 2014 FIFA World Cup, Germany earned the heichest [[World Football Elo Ratings|Elo ratin]] o ony naitional fitbaw team in history, wi a record 2200 pynts.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Silver |first=Nate |url=http://fivethirtyeight.com/datalab/germany-may-be-the-best-national-soccer-team-ever/ |authorlink=Nate Silver |title=Germany May Be the Best National Soccer Team Ever |date=13 July 2014 |accessdate=15 July 2014 |newspaper=FiveThirtyEight |archive-date=2014-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019113109/http://fivethirtyeight.com/datalab/germany-may-be-the-best-national-soccer-team-ever/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Germany is the anerly naition tae hae won baith [[FIFA World Cup|the men's]] an [[FIFA Women's World Cup|women's World Cups]]. Germany is the anerly European naition that haes qualifee'd for ivery FIFA Warld Cup thay hae been permittit tae enter an aw. [[Brazil naitional fitbaw team|Brazil]] is the anerly ither side in the warld wi this distinction. == Players == === Current squad === The follaein players wur cawed up for the [[Exhibition game|friendly match]] against {{nft|Australie}} on 25 Mairch 2015 an the [[UEFA Euro 2016 qualifyin]] match against {{nft|Georgia}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Das Team|url=http://www.dfb.de/die-nationalmannschaft/team/?no_cache=1|publisher=[[German Football Association|DFB]]|accessdate=20 March 2015|archive-date=2015-03-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321043447/http://www.dfb.de/die-nationalmannschaft/team/?no_cache=1|url-status=dead}}</ref><br/> ''Caps an goals as o 5 October 2017 efter the match against [[Northren Ireland naitional fitbaw team|Northren Ireland]].''<ref>{{cite web|title=The "Mannschaft"|url=https://www.dfb.de/die-mannschaft/team/?no_cache=1|publisher=[[German Football Association|DFB]]|accessdate=17 May 2017}}</ref> {{nat fs g start|background=#000000|color=#ffffff}} {{nat fs g player|no=1|pos=GK|name=[[Kevin Trapp]]|age={{birth date and age|1990|7|8|df=y}}|caps=1|goals=0|club=[[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]]|clubnat=FRA}} {{nat fs g player|no=12|pos=GK|name=[[Bernd Leno]]|age={{Birth date and age|1992|3|4|df=y}}|caps=5|goals=0|club=[[Bayer 04 Leverkusen|Bayer Leverkusen]]|clubnat=GER}} {{nat fs g player|no=22|pos=GK|name=[[Marc-André ter Stegen]]|age={{Birth date and age|1992|4|30|df=y}}|caps=17|goals=0|club=[[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]|clubnat=ESP}} {{nat fs break|background=#000000}} {{nat fs g player|no=2|pos=DF|name=[[Shkodran Mustafi]]|age={{Birth date and age|1992|4|17|df=y}}|caps=19|goals=2|club=[[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]]|clubnat=ENG}} {{nat fs g player|no=3|pos=DF|name=[[Marvin Plattenhardt]]|age={{Birth date and age|1992|1|26|df=y}}|caps=4|goals=0|club=[[Hertha BSC]]|clubnat=GER}} {{nat fs g player|no=4|pos=DF|name=[[Matthias Ginter]]|age={{Birth date and age|1994|1|19|df=y}}|caps=15|goals=0|club=[[Borussia Mönchengladbach]]|clubnat=GER}} {{nat fs g player|no=5|pos=DF|name=[[Mats Hummels]]|age={{Birth date and age|1988|12|16|df=y}}|caps=60|goals=5|club=[[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]]|clubnat=GER}} {{nat fs g player|no=6|pos=DF|name=[[Niklas Süle]]|age={{Birth date and age|1995|9|3|df=y}}|caps=6|goals=0|club=[[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]]|clubnat=GER}} {{nat fs g player|no=16|pos=DF|name=[[Antonio Rüdiger]]|age={{Birth date and age|1993|3|3|df=y}}|caps=19|goals=0|club=[[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]]|clubnat=ENG}} {{nat fs g player|no=17|pos=DF|name=[[Jérôme Boateng]]|age={{Birth date and age|1988|9|3|df=y}}|caps=68|goals=1|club=[[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]]|clubnat=GER}} {{nat fs g player|no=18|pos=DF|name=[[Joshua Kimmich]]|age={{Birth date and age|1995|2|8|df=y}}|caps=23|goals=3|club=[[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]]|clubnat=GER}} {{nat fs break|background=#000000}} {{nat fs g player|no=7|pos=MF|name=[[Julian Draxler]]|age={{birth date and age|1993|9|20|df=y}}|caps=38|goals=6|club=[[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]]|clubnat=FRA}} {{nat fs g player|no=14|pos=MF|name=[[Emre Can]]|age={{Birth date and age|1994|1|12|df=y}}|caps=17|goals=0|club=[[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]]|clubnat=ENG}} {{nat fs g player|no=15|pos=MF|name=[[Amin Younes]]|age={{birth date and age|1993|8|6|df=y}}|caps=4|goals=2|club=[[AFC Ajax|Ajax]]|clubnat=NED}} {{nat fs g player|no=19|pos=MF|name=[[Leon Goretzka]]|age={{Birth date and age|1995|2|6|df=y}}|caps=11|goals=4|club=[[FC Schalke 04|Schalke 04]]|clubnat=GER}} {{nat fs g player|no=20|pos=MF|name=[[Julian Brandt]]|age={{birth date and age|1996|5|2|df=y}}|caps=11|goals=1|club=[[Bayer 04 Leverkusen|Bayer Leverkusen]]|clubnat=GER}} {{nat fs g player|no=21|pos=MF|name=[[Sebastian Rudy]]|age={{birth date and age|1990|2|28|df=y}}|caps=22|goals=1|club=[[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]]|clubnat=GER}} {{nat fs g player|no=23|pos=MF|name=[[Leroy Sané]]|age={{Birth date and age|1996|1|11|df=y}}|caps=7|goals=0|club=[[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]]|clubnat=ENG}} {{nat fs break|background=#000000}} {{nat fs g player|no=9|pos=FW|name=[[Sandro Wagner]]|age={{Birth date and age|1987|11|29|df=y}}|caps=4|goals=4|club=[[TSG 1899 Hoffenheim|1899 Hoffenheim]]|clubnat=GER}} {{nat fs g player|no=10|pos=FW|name=[[Lars Stindl]]|age={{Birth date and age|1988|8|26|df=y}}|caps=8|goals=3|club=[[Borussia Mönchengladbach]]|clubnat=GER}} {{nat fs g player|no=13|pos=FW|name=[[Thomas Müller]]|age={{Birth date and age|1989|9|13|df=y}}|caps=88|goals=37|club=[[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]]|clubnat=GER}} {{nat fs end|background=#000000}} === Recent caw-ups === The follaein players hae an aa been cawed up tae the Germany squad within the last 12 month an are still available for selection. <!-- Sorted by position, most recent call-up, caps, goals and last name. --> {{nat fs r start|background=#000000|color=#ffffff}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=GK|name=[[Manuel Neuer]]|other=[[Caiptain (association fitbaw)|Caiptain]]|age={{Birth date and age|1986|3|27|df=y}}|caps=74|goals=0|club=[[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]]|clubnat=GER|latest=v. {{fb|ENG}}, 22 Mairch 2017 ^INJ}} {{nat fs break|background=#000000}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Jonas Hector]]|age={{Birth date and age|1990|5|27|df=y}}|caps=35|goals=3|club=[[1. FC Köln]]|clubnat=GER|latest=v. {{fb|NOR}}, 4 September 2017}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Benjamin Henrichs]]|age={{Birth date and age|1997|2|23|df=y}}|caps=3|goals=0|club=[[Bayer 04 Leverkusen|Bayer Leverkusen]]|clubnat=GER|latest=v. {{fb|NOR}}, 4 September 2017}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Benedikt Höwedes]]|age={{Birth date and age|1988|2|29|df=y}}|caps=44|goals=2|club=[[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]]|clubnat=ITA|latest=v. {{fb|AZE}}, 26 Mairch 2017}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Jonathan Tah]]|age={{Birth date and age|1996|2|11|df=y}}|caps=3|goals=0|club=[[Bayer 04 Leverkusen|Bayer Leverkusen]]|clubnat=GER|latest=v. {{fb|ITA}}, 15 November 2016}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Yannick Gerhardt]]|age={{Birth date and age|1994|3|13|df=y}}|caps=1|goals=0|club=[[VfL Wolfsburg]]|clubnat=GER|latest=v. {{fb|ITA}}, 15 November 2016}} {{nat fs break|background=#000000}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Toni Kroos]]|age={{Birth date and age|1990|1|4|df=y}}|caps=79|goals=12|club=[[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]]|clubnat=ESP|latest=v. {{fb|NIR}}, 5 October 2017 ^INJ}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Mesut Özil]]|age={{birth date and age|1988|10|15|df=y}}|caps=86|goals=22|club=[[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]]|clubnat=ENG|latest=v. {{fb|NOR}}, 4 September 2017}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Sami Khedira]]|age={{Birth date and age|1987|4|4|df=y}}|caps=71|goals=7|club=[[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]]|clubnat=ITA|latest=v. {{fb|NOR}}, 4 September 2017}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Serge Gnabry]]|age={{Birth date and age|1995|7|14|df=y}}|caps=2|goals=3|club=[[TSG 1899 Hoffenheim|1899 Hoffenheim]]|clubnat=GER|latest=v. {{fb|CZE}}, 1 September 2017 ^PRE}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Kerem Demirbay]]|age={{birth date and age|1993|7|3|df=y}}|caps=2|goals=1|club=[[TSG 1899 Hoffenheim|1899 Hoffenheim]]|clubnat=GER|latest=[[2017 FIFA Confederations Cup]]}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Diego Demme]]|age={{birth date and age|1991|11|21|df=y}}|caps=1|goals=0|club=[[RB Leipzig]]|clubnat=GER|latest=[[2017 FIFA Confederations Cup]] ^PRE}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Julian Weigl]]|age={{Birth date and age|1995|9|8|df=y}}|caps=5|goals=0|club=[[Borussia Dortmund]]|clubnat=GER|latest=v. {{fb|AZE}}, 26 March 2017}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Mario Götze]]|age={{Birth date and age|1992|6|3|df=y}}|caps=62|goals=17|club=[[Borussia Dortmund]]|clubnat=GER|latest=v. {{fb|ITA}}, 15 November 2016}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[İlkay Gündoğan]]|age={{birth date and age|1990|10|24|df=y}}|caps=20|goals=4|club=[[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]]|clubnat=ENG|latest=v. {{fb|ITA}}, 15 November 2016}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Kevin Volland]]|age={{birth date and age|1992|7|30|df=y}}|caps=10|goals=1|club=[[Bayer 04 Leverkusen|Bayer Leverkusen]]|clubnat=GER|latest=v. {{fb|ITA}}, 15 November 2016}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Max Meyer (fitbawer)|Max Meyer]]|age={{Birth date and age|1995|9|18|df=y}}|caps=4|goals=1|club=[[FC Schalke 04|Schalke 04]]|clubnat=GER|latest=v. {{fb|ITA}}, 15 November 2016}} {{nat fs break|background=#000000}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Mario Gómez]]|age={{Birth date and age|1985|7|10|df=y}}|caps=71|goals=31|club=[[VfL Wolfsburg]]|clubnat=GER|latest=v. {{fb|NOR}}, 4 September 2017}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Timo Werner]]|age={{Birth date and age|1996|3|6|df=y}}|caps=8|goals=6|club=[[RB Leipzig]]|clubnat=GER|latest=v. {{fb|NOR}}, 4 September 2017}} {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[André Schürrle]]|age={{Birth date and age|1990|11|6|df=y}}|caps=57|goals=22|club=[[Borussia Dortmund]]|clubnat=GER|latest=v. {{fb|AZE}}, 26 Mairch 2017}} {{nat fs end|background=#000000}} == Trophies == {| class="wikitable" style="width:30%; font-size:90%; text-align:center;" |- !Competition !!{{gold1}} !!{{silver2}} !!{{bronze3}} !!Tot |- |align=left|[[FIFA Warld Cup|Warld Championship]] |4 || 4 || 4 || 12 |- |align=left|[[UEFA European Championship|European Championship]] |3 || 3 || 2 || 8 |- |align=left|[[FIFA Confederations Cup|Confederations Cup]] |0 || 0 || 1 || 1 |- |align=left|[[Fitbaa at the Simmer Olympics|Olympic Gemmes]] |0 || 0 || 1 || 1 |- ! Tot !! 7 !! 7 !! 8 !! 22 |} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Germany Naitional Fitbaa Team}} [[Category:Germany naitional fitbaw team| ]] [[Category:European naitional association fitbaw teams]] [[Category:FIFA Warld Cup-winnin kintras]] [[Category:UEFA European Championship-winnin kintras]] [[Category:Naitional sports teams o Germany|Fitbaa]] [[Category:Recipients o the Siller Laurel Leaf]] 638bfx21hvfsp592w4rf5uqrrlq8qyi 0 73529 920004 918953 2026-07-25T00:30:08Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 920004 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fixscots}} In [[biology]], a '''lipid''' is a substance o biological oreegin that is soluble in nonpolar solvents.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter=lipids|url=http://goldbook.iupac.org/html/L/L03571.html|title= Compendium of Chemical Terminology (the "Gold Book")|edition= 2nd |publisher=Blackwell Scientific Publications|editor1=McNaught, A. D.|editor2=Wilkinson, A.|place= Oxford |year=1997|isbn=0-9678550-9-8|doi=10.1351/goldbook}}</ref> It comprises a group o naiturally occurrin [[molecule]]s that include [[fat]]s, [[waux]]es, [[sterol]]s, fat-soluble [[vitamin]]s (sic as vitamins A, D, E, an K), [[monoglyceride]]s, [[diglyceride]]s, [[triglyceride]]s, an [[phospholipid]]s. The main biological functions o lipids include storin energy, [[lipid seegnalin|seegnalin]], an actin as structural components o [[cell membrane]]s.<ref name="Fahy 2009"/><ref name="Subramaniam 2011">{{cite journal | vauthors = Subramaniam S, Fahy E, Gupta S, Sud M, Byrnes RW, Cotter D, Dinasarapu AR, Maurya MR | title = Bioinformatics and systems biology of the lipidome | journal = Chemical Reviews | volume = 111 | issue = 10 | pages = 6452–90 | date = October 2011 | pmid = 21939287 | pmc = 3383319 | doi = 10.1021/cr200295k }}</ref> Lipids hae applications in the cosmetic an fuid [[industry sector|industries]] as weel as in [[nanotechnology]].<ref name="Mashaghi 2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mashaghi S, Jadidi T, Koenderink G, Mashaghi A | title = Lipid nanotechnology | journal = International Journal of Molecular Sciences | volume = 14 | issue = 2 | pages = 4242–82 | date = February 2013 | pmid = 23429269 | pmc = 3588097 | doi = 10.3390/ijms14024242 }} {{open access}}</ref> Scientists whiles broadly define lipids as [[Hydrophobe|hydrophobic]] or [[Amphiphile|amphiphilic]] smaw molecules; the amphiphilic naitur o some lipids allous them tae form structurs sic as [[vesicle (biology)|vesicles]], multilamellar/[[unilamellar liposome]]s, or membranes in an aqueous environment. Biological lipids originate entirely or in pairt frae twa distinct teeps o biochemical subunits or "biggin-blocks": ketoacyl an [[isoprene]] groups.<ref name="Fahy 2009"/> Uisin this approach, lipids mey be dividit intae aicht categories: [[fatty acid]]s, [[glycerolipid]]s, [[glycerophospholipid]]s, [[sphingolipid]]s, [[saccharolipid]]s, an [[polyketide]]s (derived frae condensation o ketoacyl subunits); an sterol lipids an prenol lipids (derived frae condensation o isoprene subunits).<ref name="Fahy 2009">{{cite journal | vauthors = Fahy E, Subramaniam S, Murphy RC, Nishijima M, Raetz CR, Shimizu T, Spener F, van Meer G, Wakelam MJ, Dennis EA | title = Update of the LIPID MAPS comprehensive classification system for lipids | journal = Journal of Lipid Research | volume = 50 Suppl | issue = S1 | pages = S9-14 | date = April 2009 | pmid = 19098281 | pmc = 2674711 | doi = 10.1194/jlr.R800095-JLR200 }}</ref> Awtho the term "lipid" is whiles uised as a synonym for [[fat]]s, fats are a subgroup o lipids cried [[triglyceride]]s. Lipids an aa encompass molecules sic as [[fatty acid]]s an thair derivatives (includin [[triglyceride|tri-]], [[diglyceride|di-]], [[monoglyceride]]s, an [[phospholipid]]s), as weel as ither [[sterol]]-conteenin [[metabolite]]s sic as [[cholesterol]].<ref name="Michelle 1993">{{cite book |vauthors=Michelle A, Hopkins J, McLaughlin CW, Johnson S, Warner MQ, LaHart D, Wright JD |title=Human Biology and Health |url=https://archive.org/details/humanbiologyheal00scho |publisher=Prentice Hall |year=1993 |location=Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA |isbn=978-0-13-981176-0}}</ref> Awtho humans an ither mammals uise various [[metabolism|biosynthetic pathwey]]s baith tae brak doun an tae synthesize lipids, some essential lipids canna be made this wey an maun be obtained frae the diet. ==History== In 1815, [[Henry Braconnot]] clessifee'd lipids (''graisses'') in twa categories, ''suifs'' (solit creashes or tauch) and ''huiles'' (fluid iles).<ref>Braconnot, H. Sur la nature des corps gras. ''Annales de chimie'', 31 Mars 1815, 2 Sér., t. XCIII, p. 225-277. [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6568590p/f229.item link].</ref> In 1823, [[Michel Eugène Chevreul]] developit a mair detailed clessification, includin iles, creashes, tauch, wauxes, rosets, balsams an volatile iles (or essential iles).<ref>Chevreul, M. E. ''Recherches sur les corps gras d'origine animale''. Levrault, Paris, 1823. [https://books.google.com/books?id=r46rnl27h70C link].</ref><ref name="leray_2012">Leray, C. (2012). ''Introduction to Lipidomics''. Boca Raton: CRC Press. [https://books.google.com/books?id=u710vE5IgrgC link].</ref><ref>Leray, C. 2015. Introduction, History and Evolution. In: ''Lipids. Nutrition and health''. Boca Raton: CRC Press. [https://books.google.com/books?id=lJXaBAAAQBAJ link].</ref> The wird "lipid", that stems etymologically frae the Greek ''lipos'' (fat), wis introduced in 1923 bi [[Gabriel Bertrand]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bertrand G | year = 1923 | title = Projet de reforme de la nomenclature de Chimie biologique | url = | journal = Bulletin de la Société de Chimie Biologique | volume = 5 | issue = | pages = 96–109 }}</ref> Bertrands includit in the concept nae anerly the tradeetional fats (glycerides), but an aw the "lipoids", wi a complex constitution.<ref name="leray_2012"/> ==Categories o lipids== ===Fatty acids=== [[File:Prostacyclin-2D-skeletal.png|thumb|[[Prostacyclin|I₂ - Prostacyclin]] (an ensaumple o a [[prostaglandin]], an eicosanoid fatty acid)]] [[Image:Leukotriene B4.svg|right|thumb|[[Leukotriene B4|LTB₄]] (an example o a [[leukotriene]], an eicosanoid fatty acid)]] [[Fatty acids]], or fatty acid residues whan thay are pairt o a lipid, are a diverse group o molecules synthesised bi cheen-elangation o an [[acetyl-CoA]] primer wi [[malonyl-CoA]] or [[methylmalonyl-CoA]] groups in a process cried [[fatty acid synthesis]].<ref name="Vance 2002"/><ref name="Brown 2007"/> Thay are made o a [[hydrocarbon chain]] that terminates wi a [[carboxylic acid]] group; this arrangement confers the molecule wi a [[chemical polarity|polar]], [[hydrophilic]] end, an a nonpolar, [[hydrophobic]] end that is [[solubility|insoluble]] in watter. The fatty acid structur is ane o the maist fundamental categories o biological lipids, an is commonly uised as a biggin-block o mair structurally complex lipids. The caurbon cheen, teepically atween fower an 24 caurbons lang,<ref name="Hunt 1995"/> mey be saturatit or [[unsaturatit compoond|unsaturatit]], an mey be attached tae [[functional group]]s conteenin [[oxygen]], [[halogen]]s, [[nitrogen]], an [[sulfur]]. ===Glycerolipids=== Glycerolipids are componed o mono-, di-, an tri-substitutit [[glycerol]]s,<ref name="Coleman 2004"/> the best-kent bein the fatty acid [[esters|triesters]] o glycerol, cried [[triglycerides]]. The wird "triacylglycerol" is whiles uised synonymously wi "triglyceride". In thir compoonds, the three hydroxyl groups o glycerol are ilk esterifee'd, teepically bi different fatty acids. Acause thay function as an energy store, thir lipids comprise the bouk o storage [[fat]] in ainimal tishies. The hydrolysis o the [[ester]] bonds o triglycerides an the release o glycerol an fatty acids frae [[adipose tishie]] are the ineetial steps in metabolisin fat.<ref>[[#Holde|van Holde and Mathews]], pp. 630–31.</ref> ===Glycerophospholipids=== [[File:Phosphatidyl-ethanolamine.svg|thumb|300px|[[Phosphatidylethanolamine]]]] Glycerophospholipids, uisually referred tae as [[phospholipid]]s (tho [[sphingomyelin]]s are an aw classified as phospholipids), are ubiquitous in naitur an are key components o the [[lipid bilayer]] o cells,<ref name="The Structure of a Membrane">{{cite web|title=The Structure of a Membrane|url=http://www.samuelfurse.com/2011/11/the-structure-of-a-membrane/|work=The Lipid Chronicles|accessdate=2011-12-31|archive-date=2016-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610000951/http://www.samuelfurse.com/2011/11/the-structure-of-a-membrane/|url-status=dead}}</ref> as weel as bein involved in [[metabolism]] an [[cell seegnalin]].<ref name="Berridge 1989"/> Neural tishie (includin the harn) conteens relatively heich amounts o glycerophospholipids, an alterations in thair composeetion haes been implicatit in various neurological disorders.<ref name="pmid10878232">{{cite journal | vauthors = Farooqui AA, Horrocks LA, Farooqui T | title = Glycerophospholipids in brain: their metabolism, incorporation into membranes, functions, and involvement in neurological disorders | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_chemistry-and-physics-of-lipids_2000-06_106_1/page/1 | journal = Chemistry and Physics of Lipids | volume = 106 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–29 | date = June 2000 | pmid = 10878232 | doi = 10.1016/S0009-3084(00)00128-6 }}</ref> Glycerophospholipids mey be subdividit intae distinct classes, based on the naiture f the polar headgroup at the ''sn''-3 poseetion o the glycerol backbone in [[eukaryote]]s an eubacteria, or the ''sn''-1 poseetion in the case o [[archaebacteria]].<ref name="Ivanova 2007"/> ===Sterol lipids=== Sterol lipids, sic as [[cholesterol]] an its derivatives, are an important component o membrane lipids,<ref name="Bach 2003"/> alang wi the glycerophospholipids an sphingomyelins. The [[steroid]]s, aw derived frae the same fused fower-raing core structur, hae different biological roles as [[hormone]]s an [[seegnalin molecules]]. The aichteen-caurbon (C18) steroids include the [[estrogen]] faimily whauras the C19 steroids comprise the [[androgen]]s sic as [[testosterone]] an [[androsterone]]. The C21 subcless includes the [[progestogens]] as well as the [[glucocorticoid]]s and [[mineralocorticoids]].<ref>[[#Stryer|Stryer ''et al.'']], p. 749.</ref> The [[secosteroid]]s, comprisin various forms o [[vitamin D]], are chairacterised bi cleavage o the B raing o the core structur.<ref name="Bouillon 2006"/> Ither ensaumples o [[sterol]]s are the [[bile acid]]s an thair conjugates,<ref name="Russell 2003"/> that in mammals are oxidised derivatives o cholesterol an are synthesised in the liver. The plant equivalents are the [[phytosterols]], sic as [[β-sitosterol]], [[stigmasterol]], an [[brassicasterol]]; the latter compoond is an aw uised as a [[biomerker]] for [[algae|algal]] growthe.<ref name="Villinski 2008"/> The predominant sterol in [[fungi|fungal]] cell membranes is [[ergosterol]].<ref name="Deacon 2005"/> ===Prenol lipids=== [[File:Geraniol structure.png|thumb|Prenol lipid (2E-geraniol)]] [[Prenol]] lipids are synthesised frae the five-caurbon-unit precursors [[isopentenyl diphosphate]] an [[dimethylallyl diphosphate]] that are produced mainly via the [[mevalonic acid]] (MVA) pathwey.<ref name="Kuzuyama 2003"/> The simple isoprenoids (linear alcohols, diphosphates, etc.) are formed bi the successive addeetion o C5 units, an are clessifee'd accordin tae nummer o thir [[terpene]] units. Structurs conteenin greater nor 40 caurbons are kent as polyterpenes. [[Carotenoid]]s are important semple isoprenoids that function as [[antioxidant]]s an as precursors o [[vitamin A]].<ref name="Rao 2007"/> Anither biologically important cless o molecules is ensaumplifee'd bi the [[quinone]]s and [[hydroquinone]]s, that conteen an isoprenoid tail attached tae a quinonoid core o nan-isoprenoid oreegin.<ref name="Brunmark 1989"/> [[Vitamin E]] and [[vitamin K]], as well as the [[ubiquinone]]s, are ensaumples o this class. Prokaryotes synthesize polyprenols (cried [[bactoprenol]]s) in that the terminal isoprenoid unit attached tae oxygen remains unsaturatit, whauras in ainimal polyprenols ([[dolichol]]s) the terminal isoprenoid is reduced.<ref name="Swiezewska 2005"/> ===Saccharolipids=== [[File:Kdo2-lipidA.png|thumb|right|300px|Structur o the saccharolipid Kdo₂-lipid A.<ref name="Raetz 2006"/> [[Glucosamine]] residues in blue, [[3-Deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid|Kdo]] residues in reid, [[acyl]] chains in reid an [[phosphate]] groups in green.]] [[Saccharolipid]]s descrive compounds in that fatty acids are airtit directly tae a succar backbane, formin structurs that are compatible wi membrane bilayers. In the saccharolipids, a [[monosaccharide]] substitutes for the glycerol backbane present in glycerolipids and glycerophospholipids. The maist familiar saccharolipids are the acylated [[glucosamine]] precursors o the [[lipid A|Lipid&nbsp;A]] component o the [[lipopolysaccharide]]s in [[Gram-negative bacteria]]. Teepical lipid&nbsp;A molecules are [[disaccharides]] o glucosamine, that are derivatised wi as many as seiven fatty-acyl chains. The meenimal lipopolysaccharide required for growthe in [[Escherichia coli|''E. coli'']] is Kdo₂-Lipid A, a hexa-acylatit disaccharide o glucosamine that is glycosylated wi two 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid (Kdo) residues.<ref name="Raetz 2006"/> ===Polyketides=== Polyketides are synthesised bi polymerisation o [[acetyl]] an [[Propionyl-CoA|propionyl]] subunits bi clessic enzymes as weel as iterative an multimodular enzymes that share mechanistic featurs wi the [[fatty acid synthase]]s. Thay comprise a lairge nummer o [[seicontar metabolite]]s an [[naitural products]] frae ainimal, plant, bacterial, fungal an marine soorces, an hae great structural diversity.<ref name="Walsh 2004"/><ref name="Caffrey 2008"/> Mony [[polyketide]]s are cyclic molecules that's backbanes are eften faur modifee'd bi [[glycosylation]], [[methylation]], [[hydroxylation]], [[oxidation]], or ither processes. Mony commonly uised [[anti-microbial]], [[anti-parasitic]], an [[anti-cancer]] agents are polyketides or polyketide derivatives, sic as [[erythromycin]]s, [[tetracycline antibiotics|tetracyclines]], [[avermectin]]s, an antitumor [[epothilone]]s.<ref name="Minto 2008"/> ==Metabolism== The major dietar lipids for humans an ither ainimals are ainimal an plant triglycerides, sterols, an membrane phospholipids. The process o lipid metabolism synthesizes an degrades the lipid stores an produces the structural an functional lipids chairactereestic o individual tishies. ===Biosynthesis=== In ainimals, whan thare is an owersupply o dietar carbohydrate, the excess carbohydrate is convertit tae triglycerides. This involves the synthesis o fatty acids frae acetyl-CoA an the esterification o fatty acids in the production o triglycerides, a process cried [[lipogenesis]].<ref>[[#Stryer|Stryer ''et al.'']], p. 634.</ref> Fatty acids are made bi [[fatty acid synthase]]s that polymerise an then reduce acetyl-CoA units. The acyl cheens in the fatty acids are extendit bi a cycle o reactions that add the acetyl group, reduce it tae an alcohol, [[dehydration reaction|dehydrate]] it tae an [[alkene]] group an then reduce it again tae an [[alkane]] group. The enzymes o fatty acid biosynthesis are dividit intae twa groups, in ainimals an fungi aw thir fatty acid synthase reactions are cairied oot bi a single multifunctional protein,<ref name="Chirala 2004"/> while in plant [[plastid]]s an bacteria separate enzymes perform ilk step in the pathwey.<ref name="White 2005"/><ref name="Ohlrogge 1997"/> The fatty acids mey be subsequently convertit tae triglycerides that are packaged in [[lipoproteins]] an secretit frae the liver. The synthesis o [[unsaturatit fatty acid]]s involves a [[desaturase|desaturation]] reaction, whaurbi a dooble bond is introduced intae the fatty acyl cheen. For example, in humans, the desaturation o [[stearic acid]] bi [[stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1]] produces [[oleic acid]]. The doobly unsaturatit fatty acid [[linoleic acid]] as weel as the treeply unsaturatit [[alpha-Linolenic acid|α-linolenic acid]] canna be synthesised in mammalian tishies, an are tharefore [[essential fatty acid]]s an maun be obteened frae the diet.<ref name="Stryer et al., p. 643">[[#Stryer|Stryer ''et al.'']], p. 643.</ref> Triglyceride synthesis taks place in the [[endoplasmic reticulum]] bi metabolic pathweys in that acyl groups in fatty acyl-CoAs are transferred tae the hydroxyl groups o glycerol-3-phosphate an diacylglycerol.<ref>[[#Stryer|Stryer ''et al.'']], pp. 733–739.</ref> [[Terpene]]s an [[terpenoid|isoprenoids]], includin the [[carotenoid]]s, are made bi the assemmly an modification o [[isoprene]] units donatit frae the reactive precursors [[isopentenyl pyrophosphate]] an [[dimethylallyl pyrophosphate]].<ref name="Kuzuyama 2003"/> Thir precursors can be made in different weys. In ainimals an [[archaea]], the [[mevalonate pathwey]] produces thir compoonds frae acetyl-CoA,<ref name="Grochowski 2006"/> while in plants an bacteria the [[non-mevalonate pathwey]] uises pyruvate an [[glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate]] as substrates.<ref name="Kuzuyama 2003"/><ref name="Lichtenthaler 1999"/> Ane important reaction that uises these activatit isoprene donors is [[steroid biosynthesis]]. Here, the isoprene units are jynt thegither tae mak [[squalene]] an then fauldit up an formed intae a set o raings tae mak [[lanosterol]].<ref name="Schroepfer 1981"/> Lanosterol can then be convertit intae ither steroids sic as [[cholesterol]] an [[ergosterol]].<ref name="Schroepfer 1981"/><ref name="Lees 1995"/> ===Degradation=== [[Beta oxidation]] is the metabolic process bi that fatty acids are braken doun in the [[mitochondria]] or in [[peroxisomes]] tae generate [[acetyl-CoA]]. For the maist pairt, fatty acids are oxidised bi a mechanism that is seemilar tae, but nae identical wi, a reversal o the process o fatty acid synthesis. That is, twa-caurbon fragments are remuived sequentially frae the carboxyl end o the acid after steps o [[dehydrogenation]], [[hydration reaction|hydration]], an [[oxidation]] tae form a [[keto acid|beta-keto acid]], that is split bi [[thiolysis]]. The acetyl-CoA is then ultimately convertit intae [[Adenosine triphosphate|ATP]], CO₂, an H₂O uising the [[citric acid cycle]] an the [[electron transport chain]]. Hence the citric acid cycle can start at acetyl-CoA whan fat is bein braken doun for energy if thare is little or na glucose available. The energy yield o the complete oxidation o the fatty acid palmitate is 106 ATP.<ref>[[#Stryer|Stryer ''et al.'']], pp. 625–626.</ref> Unsaturatit an odd-cheen fatty acids require addeetional enzymatic steps for degradation. ==References== {{Reflist|30em|refs= <ref name="Bach 2003">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bach D, Wachtel E | title = Phospholipid/cholesterol model membranes: formation of cholesterol crystallites | journal = Biochimica et Biophysica Acta | volume = 1610 | issue = 2 | pages = 187–97 | date = March 2003 | pmid = 12648773 | doi = 10.1016/S0005-2736(03)00017-8 }}</ref> <ref name="Berridge 1989">{{cite journal | vauthors = Berridge MJ, Irvine RF | title = Inositol phosphates and cell signalling | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1989-09-21_341_6239/page/n65 | journal = Nature | volume = 341 | issue = 6239 | pages = 197–205 | date = September 1989 | pmid = 2550825 | doi = 10.1038/341197a0 }}</ref> <ref name="Bouillon 2006">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bouillon R, Verstuyf A, Mathieu C, Van Cromphaut S, Masuyama R, Dehaes P, Carmeliet G | title = Vitamin D resistance | journal = Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism | volume = 20 | issue = 4 | pages = 627–45 | date = December 2006 | pmid = 17161336 | doi = 10.1016/j.beem.2006.09.008 }}</ref> <ref name="Brown 2007">{{cite book |editor=Brown HA |title=Lipodomics and Bioactive Lipids: Mass Spectrometry Based Lipid Analysis |series=Methods in Enzymology |volume=423 |publisher=Academic Press |location=Boston |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-12-373895-0}}</ref> <ref name="Brunmark 1989">{{cite journal | vauthors = Brunmark A, Cadenas E | title = Redox and addition chemistry of quinoid compounds and its biological implications | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_free-radical-biology-medicine_1989_7_4/page/435 | journal = Free Radical Biology & Medicine | volume = 7 | issue = 4 | pages = 435–77 | year = 1989 | pmid = 2691341 | doi = 10.1016/0891-5849(89)90126-3 }}</ref> <ref name="Caffrey 2008">{{cite journal | vauthors = Caffrey P, Aparicio JF, Malpartida F, Zotchev SB | title = Biosynthetic engineering of polyene macrolides towards generation of improved antifungal and antiparasitic agents | journal = Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry | volume = 8 | issue = 8 | pages = 639–53 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18473889 | doi = 10.2174/156802608784221479 }}</ref> <ref name="Chirala 2004">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chirala SS, Wakil SJ | title = Structure and function of animal fatty acid synthase | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_lipids_2004-11_39_11/page/1045 | journal = Lipids | volume = 39 | issue = 11 | pages = 1045–53 | date = November 2004 | pmid = 15726818 | doi = 10.1007/s11745-004-1329-9 }}</ref> <ref name="Coleman 2004">{{cite journal | vauthors = Coleman RA, Lee DP | title = Enzymes of triacylglycerol synthesis and their regulation | journal = Progress in Lipid Research | volume = 43 | issue = 2 | pages = 134–76 | date = March 2004 | pmid = 14654091 | doi = 10.1016/S0163-7827(03)00051-1 }}</ref> <ref name="Deacon 2005">{{cite book |author=Deacon J. |title=Fungal Biology |url=https://archive.org/details/fungalbiology0000deac |publisher=Blackwell Publishers |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |year=2005 |page=[https://archive.org/details/fungalbiology0000deac/page/342 342] |isbn=978-1-4051-3066-0}}</ref> <ref name="Fahy 2009">{{cite journal | vauthors = Fahy E, Subramaniam S, Murphy RC, Nishijima M, Raetz CR, Shimizu T, Spener F, van Meer G, Wakelam MJ, Dennis EA | title = Update of the LIPID MAPS comprehensive classification system for lipids | journal = Journal of Lipid Research | volume = 50 Suppl | issue = S1 | pages = S9-14 | date = April 2009 | pmid = 19098281 | pmc = 2674711 | doi = 10.1194/jlr.R800095-JLR200 }}</ref> <ref name="Grochowski 2006">{{cite journal | vauthors = Grochowski LL, Xu H, White RH | title = Methanocaldococcus jannaschii uses a modified mevalonate pathway for biosynthesis of isopentenyl diphosphate | journal = Journal of Bacteriology | volume = 188 | issue = 9 | pages = 3192–8 | date = May 2006 | pmid = 16621811 | pmc = 1447442 | doi = 10.1128/JB.188.9.3192-3198.2006 }}</ref> <ref name="Hunt 1995">{{cite book |vauthors=Hunt SM, Groff JL, Gropper SA |title=Advanced Nutrition and Human Metabolism |url=https://archive.org/details/advancednutritio00grof |publisher=West Pub. 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pathway of Saccharomyces cerevisiae--a review | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_lipids_1995-03_30_3/page/221 | journal = Lipids | volume = 30 | issue = 3 | pages = 221–6 | date = March 1995 | pmid = 7791529 | doi = 10.1007/BF02537824 }}</ref> <ref name="Lichtenthaler 1999">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lichtenthaler HK | title = The 1-dideoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis in plants | journal = Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology | volume = 50 | pages = 47–65 | date = June 1999 | pmid = 15012203 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.arplant.50.1.47 }}</ref> <ref name="Mashaghi 2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mashaghi S, Jadidi T, Koenderink G, Mashaghi A | title = Lipid nanotechnology | journal = International Journal of Molecular Sciences | volume = 14 | issue = 2 | pages = 4242–82 | date = February 2013 | pmid = 23429269 | pmc = 3588097 | doi = 10.3390/ijms14024242 }} {{open access}}</ref> <ref name="Michelle 1993">{{cite book |vauthors=Michelle A, Hopkins J, McLaughlin CW, Johnson S, Warner MQ, LaHart D, Wright JD |title=Human Biology and Health |url=https://archive.org/details/humanbiologyheal00scho |publisher=Prentice Hall |year=1993 |location=Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA |isbn=978-0-13-981176-0}}</ref> <ref name="Minto 2008">{{cite journal | vauthors = Minto RE, Blacklock BJ | title = Biosynthesis and function of polyacetylenes and allied natural products | journal = Progress in Lipid Research | volume = 47 | issue = 4 | pages = 233–306 | date = July 2008 | pmid = 18387369 | pmc = 2515280 | doi = 10.1016/j.plipres.2008.02.002 }}</ref> <ref name="Ohlrogge 1997">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ohlrogge JB, Jaworski JG | title = Regulation of fatty acid synthesis | journal = Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology | volume = 48 | pages = 109–136 | date = June 1997 | pmid = 15012259 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.arplant.48.1.109 }}</ref> <ref name="Raetz 2006">{{cite journal | vauthors = Raetz CR, Garrett TA, Reynolds CM, Shaw WA, Moore JD, Smith DC, Ribeiro AA, Murphy RC, Ulevitch RJ, Fearns C, Reichart D, Glass CK, Benner C, Subramaniam S, Harkewicz R, Bowers-Gentry RC, Buczynski MW, Cooper JA, Deems RA, Dennis EA | display-authors = 6 | title = Kdo2-Lipid A of Escherichia coli, a defined endotoxin that activates macrophages via TLR-4 | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-lipid-research_2006-05_47_5/page/1097 | journal = Journal of Lipid Research | volume = 47 | issue = 5 | pages = 1097–111 | date = May 2006 | pmid = 16479018 | doi = 10.1194/jlr.M600027-JLR200 }} {{open access}}</ref> <ref name="Rao 2007">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rao AV, Rao LG | title = Carotenoids and human health | journal = Pharmacological Research | volume = 55 | issue = 3 | pages = 207–16 | date = March 2007 | pmid = 17349800 | doi = 10.1016/j.phrs.2007.01.012 }}</ref> <ref name="Russell 2003">{{cite journal | vauthors = Russell DW | title = The enzymes, regulation, and genetics of bile acid synthesis | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-biochemistry_2003_72/page/137 | journal = Annual Review of Biochemistry | volume = 72 | pages = 137–74 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12543708 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.biochem.72.121801.161712 }}</ref> <ref name="Schroepfer 1981">{{cite journal | vauthors = Schroepfer GJ | title = Sterol biosynthesis | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-biochemistry_1981_50_annual/page/585 | journal = Annual Review of Biochemistry | volume = 50 | pages = 585–621 | year = 1981 | pmid = 7023367 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.bi.50.070181.003101 }}</ref> <ref name="Subramaniam 2011">{{cite journal | vauthors = Subramaniam S, Fahy E, Gupta S, Sud M, Byrnes RW, Cotter D, Dinasarapu AR, Maurya MR | title = Bioinformatics and systems biology of the lipidome | journal = Chemical Reviews | volume = 111 | issue = 10 | pages = 6452–90 | date = October 2011 | pmid = 21939287 | pmc = 3383319 | doi = 10.1021/cr200295k }}</ref> <ref name="Swiezewska 2005">{{cite journal | vauthors = Swiezewska E, Danikiewicz W | title = Polyisoprenoids: structure, biosynthesis and function | journal = Progress in Lipid Research | volume = 44 | issue = 4 | pages = 235–58 | date = July 2005 | pmid = 16019076 | doi = 10.1016/j.plipres.2005.05.002 }}</ref> <ref name="Vance 2002">{{cite book |vauthors=Vance JE, Vance DE |title=Biochemistry of Lipids, Lipoproteins and Membranes |url=https://archive.org/details/biochemistryofli0000unse_r4x9 |publisher=Elsevier |location=Amsterdam |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-444-51139-3}}</ref> <ref name="Villinski 2008">{{cite journal |vauthors=Villinski JC, Hayes JM, Brassell SC, Riggert VL, Dunbar R |title=Sedimentary sterols as biogeochemical indicators in the Southern Ocean |journal=Organic Geochemistry |year=2008 |volume=39 |issue=5 |pages=567–588 |doi=10.1016/j.orggeochem.2008.01.009}}</ref> <ref name="Walsh 2004">{{cite journal | vauthors = Walsh CT | title = Polyketide and nonribosomal peptide antibiotics: modularity and versatility | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2004-03-19_303_5665/page/1804 | journal = Science | volume = 303 | issue = 5665 | pages = 1805–10 | date = March 2004 | pmid = 15031493 | doi = 10.1126/science.1094318 }}</ref> <ref name="White 2005">{{cite journal | vauthors = White SW, Zheng J, Zhang YM | title = The structural biology of type II fatty acid biosynthesis | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-biochemistry_2005_74/page/791 | journal = Annual Review of Biochemistry | volume = 74 | pages = 791–831 | year = 2005 | pmid = 15952903 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.biochem.74.082803.133524 }}</ref> }} ===Bibliografie=== * {{cite book|ref=Bhagavan |author=Bhagavan NV|title=Medical Biochemistry |publisher=Harcourt/Academic Press |location=San Diego |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-12-095440-7 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=vT9YttFTPi0C&printsec=frontcover}} * {{cite book|ref=Devlin |author=Devlin TM|title=Textbook of Biochemistry: With Clinical Correlations |edition=4th |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |location=Chichester |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-471-17053-2}} * {{cite book|ref=Stryer |vauthors=Stryer L, Berg JM, Tymoczko JL |title=Biochemistry |url=https://archive.org/details/biochemistry0006berg |publisher=W.H. Freeman |location=San Francisco |edition=6th |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-7167-8724-2}} * {{cite book |ref=Holde |vauthors=van Holde KE, Mathews CK |title=Biochemistry |url=https://archive.org/details/biochemistry1996math |publisher=Benjamin/Cummings Pub. Co |location=Menlo Park, California |edition=2nd |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-8053-3931-4}} [[Category:Lipids|*]] [[Category:Unnerwatter divin pheesiology]] 62azsbxi10lpe4qaoydcq702qbmsqrw 0 81619 920012 876901 2026-07-25T00:35:35Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 920012 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=Februar 2021}} {{Taxobox | name = Giraffe<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Artiodactyla |id= 14200476 |page= 672 |heading= ''Giraffa camelopardalis''}}</ref> |status=VU |status_system=IUCN3.1 |status_ref=<ref name=iucn>{{IUCN2015.2|assessors=Muller, Z., Bercovitch, F., Fennessy, J., Brown, D., Brand, R., Brown, M., Bolger, D., Carter, K., Deacon, F., Doherty, J., Fennessy, S., Hussein, A.A., Lee, D., Marais, A., Strauss, M., Tutchings, A. & Wube, T.|year=2016|id=9194|title=Giraffa camelopardalis|downloaded=2016-12-08}}</ref> | image = Giraffe Mikumi National Park.jpg | image_caption = A [[Masai giraffe]] in [[Mikumi Naitional Pairk]], [[Tanzanie|Tanzania]] | image_width = | regnum = [[Animal]]ia | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Mammal]]ia | ordo = [[Artiodactyla]] | familia = [[Giraffidae]] | genus = ''[[Giraffa]]'' | range_map=Giraffa camelopardalis distribution.svg | range_map_caption=Range cairt o the giraffe dividit bi subspecies. | range_map_width = | species = '''''G. camelopardalis''''' | binomial = ''Giraffa camelopardalis'' | binomial_authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10t edeetion o Systema Naturae|1758]]) | subdivision_ranks = [[Subspecies]] | subdivision = 9, see [[#Subspecies|text]] }} The '''giraffe''' (''Giraffa camelopardalis'') is an African [[even-taed ungulate]] [[mammal]], the tawest livin terrestrial animal an the maist muckle ruminant. <!--It is forordinar considered to be one species with nine subspecies. However, the existence of up to eight livin giraffe species has been described, based upon research into the mitochondrial and nuclear DNA, as well as morphological measurements of Giraffa. Seven other species are extinct, prehistoric species known from fossils. The giraffe's chief distinguishing characteristics are its extremely lang neck and legs, its horn-like ossicones, and its distinctive coat patterns. It is classified under the family Giraffidae, along with its closest livin relative, the [[okapi]]. Its scattered range extends from Chad in the north to Sooth Africae in the south, and from Niger in the west to Somali in the east. Giraffes forordinar bide in savannahs and woodlands. Their food source is leaves, fruits and flouers o woody plants, primarily acacia species, which they browse at heights most other herbivores cannot reach. Giraffes may be preyed on by lions, leopards, [[spottit hyena]]s and [[African wild dug]]s. Giraffes live in herds of related females and their offspring, or bachelor herds of unrelated adult males, but are gregarious and may gather in large aggregations. Males establish social hierarchies through "necking", which are combat bouts where the neck is used as a weapon. Dominant males gain mating access to females, which bear the sole responsibility for raising the young. The giraffe has intrigued various cultures, both ancient and modern, for its peculiar appearance, and has often been featured in paintings, books, and cartoons. It is classified by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as vulnerable to extinction, and has been extirpated from many parts of its former range. Giraffes are still found in numerous national parks and game reserves but estimates as of 2016 indicate that there are approximately 97,500 members of Giraffa in the wild. More than 1,600 were kept in zoos in 2010. ==Etymology== The name "giraffe" has its earliest known origins in the [[Arabic leid|Arabic]] word {{transl|ar|zarāfah}} ({{lang|ar|زرافة}}),<ref name=OED/> perhaps borrowed from the animal's [[Somali leid|Somali]] name {{lang|so|geri}}.<ref>{{cite book|author=Peust, C.|contribution=Some Cushitic Etymologies|editor=Dolgopolʹskiĭ, A.|editor2=Takács, G.|editor3=Jungraithmayr, H.|year=2009|title=Semito-Hamitic Festschrift for A.B. Dolgopolsky and H. Jungraithmayr|url=https://archive.org/details/semitohamiticfes0000unse|publisher=Reimer|pages=[https://archive.org/details/semitohamiticfes0000unse/page/257 257]–60|isbn=978-3-496-02810-9}}</ref> The Arab name is translated as "fast-walker".<ref name=kingdon/> There were several [[Middle English]] spellings, such as {{lang|enm|jarraf}}, {{lang|enm|ziraph}}, and {{lang|enm|gerfauntz}}. The [[Italian language|Italian]] form {{lang|it|giraffa}} arose in the 1590s. The modern English form developed around 1600 from the [[French language|French]] {{lang|fr|girafe}}.<ref name=OED>{{cite dictionary|url=http://etymonline.com/?term=giraffe|title= Giraffe|dictionary= Online Etymology Dictionary|access-date= 1 November 2011}}</ref> "Camelopard" is an archaic English name for the giraffe deriving from the [[Ancient Greek]] for camel and leopard, referring to its [[camel]]-like shape and its [[leopard]]-like colouring.<ref>{{cite web|title=Definition of CAMELOPARD|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/camelopard|website=m-w.com|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica: Merriam-Webster|access-date=3 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Definition of camelopard|url=http://medieval_terms.enacademic.com/615/Camelopard|publisher=Dictionary of Medieval Terms and Phrases|access-date=3 September 2014}}</ref> --> ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Giraffes]] [[Category:Ainimals descrived in 1758]] [[Category:Fauna o East Africae]] [[Category:Fauna o Wast Africae]] [[Category:Fauna o Central Africae]] [[Category:Fauna o Soothren Africae]] [[Category:Yerbivorous ainimals]] [[Category:Mammals o Africae]] [[Category:Megafauna o Africae]] {{stub/Ainimal}} jmvfoqda4wvrgng9jv4cwqahkpehpj7 0 81717 919966 828698 2026-07-24T23:54:40Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 919966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- Basic info ----------------> |name = Milpa Alta |settlement_type = [[Burghs o Mexico Ceety|Delegación]] |image_seal = Milpa alta.jpg <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_map = Milpa Alta, México DF.svg |mapsize = 200px |map_caption = Milpa Alta athin the Federal Destrict <!-- Location -------------------> |subdivision_type = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]] |subdivision_name = [[Mexico]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Admeenistrative diveesions o Mexico|Federal entity]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Mexico Ceety|D.F.]] <!-- Smaller parts (e.g. boroughs of a city) and seat of government --> |seat = Av. México, esq. Constitución S/N Col. Villa Milpa Alta <!-- Politics -------------------> |leader_party = [[Democratic Revolution Pairty|PRD]] |leader_title = Jefe delegacional |leader_name = Francisco García Flores |established_title = Established |established_date = 1903 |named_for = Monastic commonty <!-- Area --------------------> |area_magnitude = 1 E+7 |area_total_km2 = 286.234 |area_footnotes = <!-- Population ---------------> |population_total = 130582 |population_density_km2 = auto |population_footnotes = 2010 <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mapserver.inegi.org.mx/mgn2k/?s=geo&c=1223 |title=2011 census tables: INEGI |access-date=2014-09-13 |archive-date=2018-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225034233/http://mapserver.inegi.org.mx/mgn2k/?s=geo&c=1223%20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <!-- General information --------> |timezone = [[North American Central Time Zone|Central Staundart Time]] |utc_offset = -6 |timezone_DST = [[North American Central Time Zone|Central Daylicht Time]] |utc_offset_DST = -5 <!-- Area/postal codes & others --> |postal_code_type = Postal codes |postal_code = 04000 &ndash; 04980 |area_code = 55 |website = http://www.milpa-alta.df.gob.mx/ }} '''Milpa Alta''' is ane o the 16 burghs intae which [[Mexico]]'s [[Mexico Ceety|Federal Destrict]] is dividit. It lees in the sootheast corner o the Distrito Federal, borderin the [[State o Mexico]] an [[Morelos]]. It is the seicont lairgest an maist landwart o aw the burghs wi the lawest population. It is ane o the maist tradeetional auries o the ceety an aw, wi ower 700 releegious an secular festivals durin the year an a economy based on agricultur an fuid processin, especially the production o [[opuntia|nopal cactus]], [[barbacoa]] an [[Mole (sauce)|mole sauce]]. ==References== {{reflist}} ==Bibliografie== * {{cite book |title= Culinary Art and Anthropology |url= https://archive.org/details/culinaryartanthr0000adap |first= Joy |last= Adapon |publisher= Berg Publishers |location= Oxford, GBR |year=2008 |isbn= 978-1847882127 }} {{Burghs o Mexico Ceety}} {{Coord|19|11|32|N|99|01|23|W|scale:100000_source:INEGI|display=title}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Burghs o Mexico Ceety]] 7t84ru5c6ix40rcltu6bol1fivvkltw 0 81894 919926 915838 2026-07-24T23:15:57Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 919926 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Geobox | River <!-- *** Heading *** --> | name = Columbia River | other_name = | category = | category_hide = 1 <!-- *** Image *** --> | image = Corps-engineers-archives bonneville dam looking east.jpg | image_size = 300 | image_caption = [[Bonneville Dam]], in the [[Columbia River Gorge]] | image_alt = Aerial view o a lairge river windin throu a moontainous gorge. It passes ower a dam stretchin in fower segments frae bank to bank athort three intervenin islands. Heichweys, passin by clusters o biggins here an there on baith banks, run parallel tae the river. Whitewatter an foam curl dounriver frae an o the central segments. <!-- *** Name *** --> | etymology = Captain Robert Gray's ship, ''[[Columbia Rediviva]]'' | nickname = Big River, the River o the Wast, River Oregon<ref>{{cite book|last=Holbrook|first=Stewart|title=The Columbia|url=https://archive.org/details/columbia0000holb|publisher=Comstock Editions|year=1956|location=San Francisco|pages=|isbn=978-0-89174-051-3}}</ref> <!-- *** Country etc. *** --> | country = Unitit States | country1 = Canadae | state = [[Washington (state)|Washington]] | state1 = [[Oregon]] | region = [[Breetish Columbie]] | region_type = Province <!-- *** Family *** --> | parent = | tributary_left = Spillimacheen River | tributary_left1 = [[Beaver River (Columbia River)|Beaver River]] | tributary_left2 = Illecillewaet River | tributary_left3 = Incomappleux River | tributary_left4 = Kootenay River | tributary_left5 = Pend Oreille River | tributary_left6 = Spokane River | tributary_left7 = Snake River | tributary_left8 = John Day River | tributary_left9 = [[Deschutes River (Oregon)|Deschutes River]] | tributary_left10 = Willamette River | tributary_right = Kicking Horse River | tributary_right1 = Blaeberry River | tributary_right2 = [[Canoe River (Breetish Columbie)|Canoe River]] | tributary_right3 = [[Kettle River (Columbia River)|Kettle River]] | tributary_right4 = Sanpoil River | tributary_right5 = Okanogan River | tributary_right6 = Entiat River | tributary_right7 = Wenatchee River | tributary_right8 = Yakima River | tributary_right9 = [[Lewis River (Washington)|Lewis River]] | tributary_right10 = Cowlitz River | city = [[Revelstoke, Breetish Columbie|Revelstoke, BC]] | city1 = [[Wenatchee, Washington|Wenatchee, WA]] | city2 = [[East Wenatchee, Washington|East Wenatchee, WA]] | city3 = [[Tri-Cities, Washington|Tri-Cities, WA]] | city4 = [[The Dalles, Oregon|The Dalles, OR]] | city5 = [[Hood River, Oregon|Hood River, OR]] | city6 = [[Portland, Oregon|Portland, OR]] | city7 = [[Vancouver, Washington|Vancouver, WA]] | city8 = [[Longview, Washington|Longview, WA]] | city9 = [[Astoria, Oregon|Astoria, OR]] | landmark = <!-- *** Locations *** --> | source = Columbia Lake | source_location = British Columbia | source_country = Canada | source_elevation_imperial = 2690 | source_elevation_note =<ref name="Canadian Encyclopedia">{{cite web|last=Marsh|first=James H.|title=Columbia River|work=The Canadian Encyclopedia|publisher=Historica Foundation|date=2013|url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/columbia-river/|access-date=September 30, 2015|archive-date=2015-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150922080957/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/columbia-river/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | source_coordinates = {{coord|50|13|35|N|115|51|05|W|display=inline}} | source_coordinates_note =<ref>{{cite web|title=Columbia Lake|work=Canadian Geographical Names Data Base|publisher=Natural Resources Canada|date=2015|url=http://www4.rncan.gc.ca/search-place-names/unique/JATIP|access-date=September 29, 2015}}</ref> | mouth = Paceefic Ocean, at [[Clatsop County, Oregon]] / [[Pacific County, Washington]] | mouth_elevation_imperial = 0 | capital_coordinates = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|46|14|39|N|124|3|29|W|display=inline,title}} | mouth_coordinates_note =<ref>{{cite web|title=Columbia River|work=[[Geographic Names Information System]]|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|date=November 28, 1980|url=https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:1140014|access-date=April 1, 2008|archive-date=2020-06-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622043440/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:1140014|url-status=dead}}</ref> <!-- *** Dimensions *** --> | length_imperial = 1243 | length_note =<ref>{{cite web|title=The Columbia River|publisher=Columbia River Keeper|date=2013|url=http://columbiariverkeeper.org/the-river/|access-date=December 5, 2013|archive-date=2019-01-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107035115/https://www.columbiariverkeeper.org/the-river/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | width_imperial = | depth_imperial = | watershed_imperial = 258000 | watershed_round = -3 | discharge_imperial = 265000 | discharge_round = -2 | discharge_note = <ref name="USGSrivers">{{cite web|first=J. C.|last=Kammerer|url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/ofr87-242/|title=Largest Rivers in the United States|publisher=United States Geological Survey|date=May 1990|access-date=April 1, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129040848/https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/ofr87-242/|archivedate=January 29, 2017|dead-url=no}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|last=Kimbrough|first=R. A.|author2=Ruppert, G. P.|author3=Wiggins, W. D.|author4=Smith, R. R.|author5=Kresch, D. L.|work=Water Resources Data-Washington Water Year 2005|title=Water Data Report WA-05-1: Klickitat and White Salmon River Basins and the Columbia River from Kennewick to Bonneville Dam|publisher=United States Geological Survey|date=2006|url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/2005/wdr-wa-05-1/pdf/wa00103ADR2005_Figure66.pdf|access-date=April 1, 2008|format=PDF}}</ref>{{sfn|Loy|Allan|Buckley|Meacham|2001|pp=164–65}} | discharge_location = [[river delta|mouth]] (average); max and min at [[The Dalles, Oregon]], {{convert|188.9|mi|km}} from the mouth | discharge_max_imperial = 1240000 | discharge_min_imperial = 12100 <!-- *** Free fields *** --> | free = <!-- *** Maps *** --> | map = Columbiarivermap.png | map_caption = Columbia River drainage basin | map_alt = Three-colour map o the Columbia River wattershed. The wattershed is shaped rouchlie like a funnel with its wide end tae the east and its narrow end along the border atween Washington and Oregon as it nears the Paceefic Ocean. The wattershed extends intae the westren US states o Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Nevada, Utah, Wyoming, an Montana, an the wastren Canadae province o Breetish Columbia as far east as its border with Alberta. The river itself makes a hairpin turn from north-wast tae sooth in Breetish Columbia, an another sharp turn from sooth to wast as it nears Oregon. | map_size = 300 | map_locator = <!-- *** Websites *** --> | commons = Columbia River | statistics = | website = <!-- *** Footnotes *** --> | footnotes = }} The '''Columbia River''' is the lairgest river in the [[Paceefic Northwast]] region o North Americae. ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Columbia River| ]] [[Category:Columbia River Gorge| ]] [[Category:Rivers o Breetish Columbie]] [[Category:Rivers o Oregon]] [[Category:Rivers o Washington (state)]] [[Category:Internaitional rivers o North Americae]] [[Category:Borders o Oregon]] [[Category:Borders o Washington (state)]] [[Category:Drainage basins o the Paceefic Ocean]] [[Category:Laundforms o Hood River Coonty, Oregon]] 3cmxmd5daklltdt2a179hjvgqsin53m 0 84155 919980 909821 2026-07-25T00:07:02Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 919980 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox planet |discovery=yes |physical_characteristics = yes |bgcolour=#99cccc |name=4 Vesta |symbol=[[File:Vesta symbol (bold).svg|24px|⚶]] |image=[[File:Vesta full mosaic.jpg|300px]] |caption = Composite greyscale image o Vesta taken bi the [[Dawn (spacecraft)|''Dawn'' spacecraft]]. |discoverer=[[Heinrich Wilhelm Olbers]] |discovered=29 March 1807 |pronounced = {{IPAc-en|ˈ|v|ɛ|s|t|ə}} |adjectives= Vestan, ''Vestian'' |named_after = [[Vesta (meethology)|Vesta]] |mp_category=[[Main belt]] ([[Vesta faimily]]) |orbit_ref =<ref name="jpldata">{{cite web |title=JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 4 Vesta |url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=4 |accessdate=1 June 2008}}</ref> |epoch=2010-Jul-23 ([[Julian date|JD]] {{val|2455400.5}}) |aphelion=2.571 [[Astronomical unit|AU]] (384.72 [[Giga|Gm]]) |perihelion={{val|2.1526|u=AU}} (321.82 Gm) |semimajor=2.362 AU (353.268 Gm) |eccentricity={{val|0.08862}} |period=3.63 [[Julian year (astronomy)|a]] ({{val|1325.85|u=d}}) |inclination=7.134° tae [[Ecliptic]]<br>5.56° tae [[Invariable plane]]<ref name=meanplane>{{cite web |date=3 April 2009 |title=The MeanPlane (Invariable plane) of the Solar System passing through the barycenter |url=http://home.surewest.net/kheider/astro/MeanPlane.gif |accessdate=10 April 2009 |archive-date=2009-05-14 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5glwILykY?url=http://home.comcast.net/~kpheider/MeanPlane.gif |url-status=dead }} (produced with [http://chemistry.unina.it/~alvitagl/solex/ Solex 10] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220235836/http://chemistry.unina.it/~alvitagl/solex/ |date=2008-12-20 }} written by Aldo Vitagliano; see also [[Invariable plane]])</ref> |asc_node=103.91° |arg_peri=149.84° |mean_anomaly=307.80° |avg_speed=19.34&nbsp;km/s | p_orbit_ref =<ref name=Vesta-POE>{{cite web |title=AstDyS-2 Vesta Synthetic Proper Orbital Elements |publisher=Department of Mathematics, University of Pisa, Italy |url=http://hamilton.dm.unipi.it/astdys/index.php?pc=1.1.6&n=4 |accessdate=1 October 2011}}</ref> | p_semimajor = {{val|2.3615126}} | p_eccentricity = {{val|0.0987580}} | p_inclination = {{val|6.3923416|u=°}} | p_mean_motion = 99.188833 | perihelion_rate = {{val|36.872897}} | node_rate = {{val|-39.597863}} | satellites = None | allsatellites=yes |dimensions= {{nowrap|(572.6&thinsp;×&thinsp;557.2&thinsp;×&thinsp;446.4)&thinsp;±&thinsp;0.2&nbsp;km}}<ref name="Russell2012">{{cite journal |author=Russell, C. T.; et al. |title=Dawn at Vesta: Testing the Protoplanetary Paradigm |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2012-05-11_336_6082/page/684 |journal=Science |volume=336 |issue=6082 |page=684 |year=2012 |doi=10.1126/science.1219381 |bibcode = 2012Sci...336..684R}}</ref><br>525.4±0.2&nbsp;km ([[Geometric mean|mean]]) |mass={{val|2.59076|0.00001|e=20|u=kg}}<!-- (1.30)E-10 solar masses --><ref name="Russell2012"/> |density=3.456 g/cm³<ref name="Russell2012"/> |surface_grav={{Gr|0.259|262.7|2}} [[Acceleration|m/s²]]<br>0.025 ''[[g-force|g]]'' |escape_velocity= {{V2|0.259|262.7|2}} &nbsp;km/s |rotation={{val|0.2226|u=d}} (5.342 h)<ref name="jpldata"/><ref name="lc">{{cite web |last=Harris |first=A. W. |author2=Warner, B. D.; Pravec, P.; (Eds.) |title=Asteroid Lightcurve Derived Data. EAR-A-5-DDR-DERIVED-LIGHTCURVE-V8.0. |publisher=[[Planetary Data System|NASA Planetary Data System]] |year=2006 |url=http://www.psi.edu/pds/resource/lc.html |accessdate=2013-12-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409225219/http://www.psi.edu/pds/resource/lc.html |archivedate=2009-04-09 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> |spectral_type=[[V-type asteroid]]<ref name="jpldata"/><ref name="tax">{{cite web |last=Neese |first=C. |author2=Ed. |title=Asteroid Taxonomy EAR-A-5-DDR-TAXONOMY-V5.0 |publisher=[[Planetary Data System|NASA Planetary Data System]] |year=2005 |url=http://www.psi.edu/pds/resource/taxonomy.html |accessdate=2013-12-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060905083536/http://www.psi.edu/pds/asteroid/EAR_A_5_DDR_TAXONOMY_V5_0/data/taxonomy05.tab |archivedate=2006-09-05 |url-status=live }}</ref> | magnitude = 5.1<ref name="Pasachoff1983">{{cite book |author=Menzel, Donald H.; and Pasachoff, Jay M. |year=1983 |title=A Field Guide to the Stars and Planets |url=https://archive.org/details/fieldguidetostar00menz_4 |edition=2nd |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |page=[https://archive.org/details/fieldguidetostar00menz_4/page/391 391] |location=Boston, MA |isbn=0-395-34835-8 }}</ref> to 8.48 | abs_magnitude=3.20<ref name="jpldata"/><ref name="iras">{{cite web |last = Tedesco |first = E. F. |author2 = Noah, P. V.; Noah, M.; Price, S. D. |title = Infra-Red Astronomy Satellite (IRAS) Minor Planet Survey. IRAS-A-FPA-3-RDR-IMPS-V6.0. |publisher = [[Planetary Data System|NASA Planetary Data System]] |year = 2004 |url = http://www.psi.edu/pds/resource/imps.html |accessdate = 15 March 2007 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070311123634/http://www.psi.edu/pds/resource/imps.html |archivedate = 2007-03-11 |url-status = live }}</ref> |albedo=0.423&nbsp;([[geometric albedo|geometric]])<ref name="iras"/> |angular_size = 0.70″<!-- Horizons 2047-Jun-14 --> tae 0.22″ |single_temperature=''min:'' 85 [[Kelvin|K]] (−188 °C)<br>''max:'' 270 K (−3 °C)<ref name="Mueller01">{{cite journal |url=http://www.esa.int/esapub/bulletin/bullet108/chapter4_bul108.pdf |author=Mueller, T. G. |author2=Metcalfe, L. |title=ISO and Asteroids |journal=European Space Agency (ESA) bulletin |volume=108 |page=38 |year=2001}}</ref> }} '''Vesta''', [[minor-planet designation]] '''4 Vesta''', is ane o the lairgest [[asteroid]]s in the [[Solar Seestem]], wi a mean [[diameter]] o {{convert|525|km}}.<ref name="Russell2012"/> ==References== {{reflist}} {{MinorPlanets Navigator|3 Juno|5 Astraea}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Vesta}} [[Category:Vesta|*]] [[Category:Main Belt asteroids]] [[Category:Asteroids named frae Roman meethology]] [[Category:V-type asteroids]] [[Category:Asteroids veesitit bi spacecraft]] [[Category:Possible dwarf planets]] [[Category:1800s in science]] [[Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 1807]] jzd4ad692y9f2k4gwmby5ul3gewnwkv 0 84161 919957 917724 2026-07-24T23:47:26Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 2 books for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 919957 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox planet | bgcolour = #FFFFC0 | name = Ceres | symbol= [[File:Ceres symbol (bold).svg|24px|⚳]] | image = [[File:Ceres - RC3 - Haulani Crater (22381131691) (cropped).jpg|250px]] | caption = A view o Ceres in naitural colour, picturt bi the ''[[Dawn (spacecraft)|Dawn]]'' spacecraft in Mey 2015.<ref group="lower-alpha">This image wis taken bi the ''Dawn'' spacecraft on 2 Mey 2015, during a "rotation chairacterisation" orbit, {{convert|13,642|km|mi}} abuin the surface o Ceres. Veesible at centre an centre richt are twa [[Bricht spots on Ceres|bricht spots]], a phenomenon common on Ceres, in Oxo an [[Haulani (crater)|Haulani]] craters respectively. [[Ahuna Mons]] is an aa veesible in the image as a noticeable, bluff hill, seen juist richt o bottom.</ref> | discovery = yes | discovery_ref =<ref>{{cite book |last=Schmadel |first=Lutz |authorlink=Lutz D. Schmadel |title=Dictionary of minor planet names |url=http://books.google.com/?id=KWrB1jPCa8AC&pg=PA15 |edition=5th |year=2003 |publisher=Springer |location=Germany |isbn=978-3-540-00238-3 |page=15 }}</ref> | discoverer = [[Giuseppe Piazzi]] | discovered = 1 Januar 1801 | designations = yes | mp_name = '''1 Ceres''' | pronounced = {{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɪər|iː|z}} {{respell|SEER|eez}} | named_after = [[Ceres (meethology)|Cerēs]] | alt_names = A899 OF; 1943 XB | adjectives = Cererian {{IPA|/sɨˈrɪəri.ən/}}<br>or Cererean {{IPA|/sɛrɨˈriːən/}}<ref name="Simpson1979">{{cite book |last=Simpson |first=D. P. |title=Cassell's Latin Dictionary |url=https://archive.org/details/cassellslatineng0000unse_w6a1 |publisher=Cassell Ltd |year=1979 |edition=5th |location=London |isbn=978-0-304-52257-6 |page=883 }}</ref> | mp_category = [[dwarf planet]]<br>[[main belt]] | orbit_ref =<ref name="jpl_sbdb">{{cite web |url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=Ceres |title=1 Ceres |publisher=JPL Small-Body Database Browser |accessdate=3 December 2013 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/69fuVB1N8?url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=Ceres |archivedate=2012-08-04 |deadurl=no |url-status=live }}</ref> | epoch = 2013-Nov-04<br>([[Julian day|JD]] {{val|2456600.5}}) | aphelion = {{val|445280000|u=km}} <br>({{val|2.9765|ul=AU}}) | perihelion = {{val|382520000|u=km}} <br>({{val|2.5570|u=AU}}) | semimajor = {{val|413910000|u=km}} <br>({{val|2.7668|u=AU}}) | eccentricity = {{val|0.075797}} | period = 4.60&nbsp;[[julian year (astronomy)|yr]]<br>1680.99&nbsp;d | synodic_period = 466.7&nbsp;[[Julian day|d]]<br>1.278&nbsp;[[julian year (astronomy)|yr]] | inclination = {{val|10.593|u=°}} tae [[Ecliptic]]<br>9.20° tae [[Invariable plane]]<ref name="meanplane">{{cite web |date=3 April 2009 |title=The MeanPlane (Invariable plane) of the Solar System passing through the barycenter |url=http://home.surewest.net/kheider/astro/MeanPlane.gif |accessdate=10 April 2009 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5glwILykY?url=http://home.comcast.net/~kpheider/MeanPlane.gif |archivedate=2009-05-14 |deadurl=no |url-status=live }} (produced with [http://chemistry.unina.it/~alvitagl/solex/ Solex 10] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080301111520/http://chemistry.unina.it/~alvitagl/solex/ |date=2008-03-01 }} written by Aldo Vitagliano; see also [[Invariable plane]])</ref> | arg_peri = {{val|72.2921|u=°}} | asc_node = {{val|80.3276|u=°}} | mean_anomaly = {{val|10.557|u=°}} | avg_speed = {{val|17.882|u=km/s}} | p_orbit_ref =<ref name="Ceres-POE">{{cite web |title=AstDyS-2 Ceres Synthetic Proper Orbital Elements |publisher=Department of Mathematics, University of Pisa, Italy |url=http://hamilton.dm.unipi.it/astdys/index.php?pc=1.1.6&n=1 |accessdate=1 October 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/62D4xP3TU?url=http://hamilton.dm.unipi.it/astdys/index.php?pc=1.1.6 |archivedate=2011-10-05 |deadurl=no |url-status=live }}</ref> | p_semimajor = {{val|2.7670962}} | p_eccentricity = {{val|0.1161977}} | p_inclination = {{val|9.6474122|u=°}} | p_mean_motion = 78.193318 | perihelion_rate = {{val|54.070272}} | node_rate = {{val|-59.170034}} | satellites = None | allsatellites=yes | physical_characteristics = yes | mean_radius = 476.2 ± ?? km<ref name="NASA.ceres">{{cite web |url=http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Dwa_Ceres&Display=Facts&System=Metric |title=Ceres |work=NASA fact sheet |publisher=NASA |date=2014-04-02 |accessdate=2014-05-04 |archive-date=2015-02-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208141426/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Dwa_Ceres&Display=Facts&System=Metric |url-status=dead }}</ref> | equatorial_radius = {{val|487.3|1.8|u=km}}<ref name="Thomas2005">{{cite journal |first1=P. C. |last1=Thomas |author2=Parker, J. Wm.; McFadden, L. A.; ''et al.'' |title=Differentiation of the asteroid Ceres as revealed by its shape |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2005-09-08_437_7056/page/224 |year=2005 |journal=Nature |volume=437 |pages=224–226 |doi=10.1038/nature03938 |bibcode=2005Natur.437..224T |pmid=16148926 |issue=7056 }}</ref> | equatorial_diameter = {{val|975.6|1.8|u=km}}<ref name="Thomas2005" /> | polar_radius = {{val|454.7|1.6|u=km}}<ref name="Thomas2005" /> | surface_area = {{val|2850000|u=km2}} | mass={{val|9.43|0.07|e=20|u=kg}},<ref name="Carry2008">{{cite journal |first1=Benoit |last1=Carry |author2=''et al.'' |title=Near-Infrared Mapping and Physical Properties of the Dwarf-Planet Ceres |year=2007 |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |volume=478 |issue=1 |pages=235–244 |url=http://www2.keck.hawaii.edu/inst/people/conrad/nsfGrantRef/2007-arXiv-Benoit.Carry.pdf |format=PDF |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20078166 |bibcode=2008A&A...478..235C |arxiv=0711.1152 |access-date=2014-11-07 |archive-date=2008-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530130946/http://www2.keck.hawaii.edu/inst/people/conrad/nsfGrantRef/2007-arXiv-Benoit.Carry.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> 9.47±??<ref name="NASA.ceres" /><br> {{val|0.00015|u=[[Yird mass|Yirds]]}}<br>0.0128 [[Muin]]s | density={{val|2.077|0.036|u=g/cm3}},<ref name="Thomas2005" /> 2.09±??<ref name="NASA.ceres" /> |surface_grav = 0.28 [[Acceleration|m/s²]]<ref name="NASA.ceres" /><br>0.029 [[g-force|''g'']] | escape_velocity={{V2|0.943|476.2|2}}&nbsp;km/s<ref name="fact2">Calculated based on the known parameters</ref> | sidereal_day = {{val|0.3781|u=d}}<br>{{val|9.074170|0.000002|u=h}}<ref name="Chamberlain2007">{{cite journal |last1=Chamberlain |first1=Matthew A. |author2=Sykes, Mark V.; Esquerdo, Gilbert A. |year=2007 |title=Ceres lightcurve analysis – Period determination |journal=Icarus |volume=188 |issue=2 |pages=451–456 |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2006.11.025 |bibcode=2007Icar..188..451C }}</ref> | right_asc_north_pole = {{RA|19|24}} <br>291°<ref name="Thomas2005" /> | declination = 59°<ref name="Thomas2005" /> | axial_tilt = ≈&thinsp;3°<ref name="Thomas2005" /> | albedo={{val|0.090|0.0033}} ([[geometric albedo|V-band geometric]])<ref name="Li2006" /> | temperatures = yes | temp_name1 = [[Kelvin]] | min_temp_1 = ? | mean_temp_1 = ≈&thinsp;168&nbsp;K<ref>{{cite book |author=Angelo, Joseph A., Jr |year=2006 |title=Encyclopedia of Space and Astronomy |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofsp0000ange |publisher=Infobase |location=New York |isbn=0-8160-5330-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofsp0000ange/page/122 122] }}</ref> | max_temp_1 = 235&nbsp;K<ref name="Saint-Pe1993">{{cite journal |last1=Saint-Pé |first1=O. |author2=Combes, N.; Rigaut F. |title=Ceres surface properties by high-resolution imaging from Earth |url=https://archive.org/details/icarus_1993-10_105_2/page/271 |year=1993 |volume=105 |issue=2 |pages=271–281 |journal=Icarus |doi=10.1006/icar.1993.1125 |bibcode=1993Icar..105..271S }}</ref> | spectral_type=[[C-type asteroid|C]]<ref name="Rivkin2006">{{cite journal |last1=Rivkin |first1=A. S. |author2=Volquardsen, E. L.; Clark, B. E. |title=The surface composition of Ceres:Discovery of carbonates and iron-rich clays |journal=Icarus |volume=185 |issue=2 |pages=563–567 |year=2006 |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2006.08.022 |url=http://irtfweb.ifa.hawaii.edu/~elv/icarus185.563.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=8 December 2007 |bibcode=2006Icar..185..563R }}</ref> | magnitude = 6.64<ref name="Pasachoff1983">{{cite book |author=Menzel, Donald H.; and Pasachoff, Jay M. |year=1983 |title=A Field Guide to the Stars and Planets |url=https://archive.org/details/fieldguidetostar00menz_4 |edition=2nd |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |location=Boston, MA |isbn=978-0-395-34835-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/fieldguidetostar00menz_4/page/391 391] }}</ref> tae 9.34<ref name="fact3">APmag and AngSize generated with [http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons.cgi?find_body=1&body_group=sb&sstr=1 Horizons](Ephemeris: Observer Table: Quantities = 9,13,20,29) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204223838/https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons.cgi?find_body=1 |date=2021-02-04 }}</ref> | abs_magnitude ={{val|3.36|0.02}}<ref name="Li2006">{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Jian-Yang |author2=McFadden, Lucy A.; Parker, Joel Wm. |title=Photometric analysis of 1 Ceres and surface mapping from HST observations |journal=Icarus |volume=182 |issue=1 |pages=143–160 |year=2006 |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2005.12.012 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103506000054 |accessdate=8 December 2007 |bibcode=2006Icar..182..143L }}</ref> | angular_size = 0.854″ <!-- Horizons 1636-Feb-11 --> to 0.339″ }} '''Ceres''' ([[minor-planet designation]] '''1 Ceres'''; seembol: [[File:Ceres symbol (bold).svg|16px|⚳]])<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/infographics/what-is-a-dwarf-planet |author= JPL/NASA |date= 2015-04-22 |website= Jet Propulsion Laboratory |title= What is a Dwarf Planet? |access-date= 2022-01-19}}</ref> {{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɪər|iː|z}} ({{respell|SEER|eez}})<ref>{{cite web |title=Ceres |work=Dictionary.com |publisher=Random House, Inc. |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/ceres |accessdate=26 September 2007 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/62D65VxlL?url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/ceres |archivedate=2011-10-05 |deadurl=no |url-status=live }}</ref> is the lairgest object in the [[asteroid belt]], which lies atween the orbits o [[Maurs]] an [[Jupiter]]. ==Notes== <references group="lower-alpha"/> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Minor planets navigator|PageName=1 Ceres||2 Pallas|state=autocollapse}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ceres (Dwarf Planet)}} [[Category:Asteroids named frae Roman meethology|Ceres]] [[Category:Asteroids tae be visitit bi spacecraft|Ceres]] [[Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 1801|18010101]] [[Category:Ceres (dwarf planet)| ]] [[Category:C-type asteroids|000001]] q8xxntenfur7ldn2vfrsg0kzi2v2vyc 0 85650 919950 490903 2026-07-24T23:41:48Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 919950 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Arrangement of cocci bacteria en.svg|thumb|300px]] '''Coccus''' (plural '''cocci''') can be used tae describe ony [[bacterium]] that haes a spherical, ovoid, or generally roond shape.<ref name="arrangement">{{cite book|last1=Pommerville|first1=J.C.|title=Fundamentals of Microbiology|url=https://archive.org/details/fundamentalsofmi0000jeff_t3s2|date=2013|publisher=Jones & Bartlett|location=Sudbury, MA|isbn=9781449647964|page=[https://archive.org/details/fundamentalsofmi0000jeff_t3s2/page/106 106]|edition=10th}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Bacteria]] kridxbqwvguijnkq4z8wq5wl73slk3z 0 85654 919997 892886 2026-07-25T00:23:38Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 919997 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{Taxobox | color = lightgray | image = E. coli Bacteria (7316101966).jpg | image_width = 250px | domain = [[Bacteria]] | phylum = [[Proteobacteria]] | classis = [[Gammaproteobacteria]] | ordo = [[Enterobacteriaceae|Enterobacteriales]] | familia = [[Enterobacteriaceae]] | genus = ''[[Escherichia]]'' | species = '''''E. coli''''' | binomial = ''Escherichia coli'' | binomial_authority = ([[Walter Migula|Migula]] 1895)<br />[[Castellani]] an [[Chalmers (surname)|Chalmers]] 1919 | synonyms = ''Bacillus coli communis'' <small>[[Theodor Escherich|Escherich]] 1885</small> }} '''''Escherichia coli''''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|ɛ|ʃ|i-|ˈ|r|ɪ|k|i|ə|_|ˈ|k|oʊ|l|aɪ}};<ref>{{OED|coli}}</ref> commonly abbreviatit '''''E. coli''''') is a [[Gram-negative]], [[Facultative anaerobic organism|facultatively anaerobic]], [[Bacillus (shape)|rod-shaped]] [[bacterium]] o the genus ''[[Escherichia]]'' that is commonly foond in the lawer [[gastrointestinal tract|thairm]] o [[warm-bluidit]] organisms (endotherms).<ref name=Singleton>{{cite book | author = Singleton P| title = Bacteria in Biology, Biotechnology and Medicine | url = https://archive.org/details/bacteriainbiolog0005sing| edition = 5th | publisher = Wiley | year = 1999 | pages= [https://archive.org/details/bacteriainbiolog0005sing/page/444 444]–454| isbn = 0-471-98880-4}}</ref> Maist ''E. coli'' [[Strain (biology)|strains]] are harmless, but some [[serotype]]s can cause serious [[Fuidborne illness|fuid pushionin]] in thair hosts, an are occasionally responsible for [[product recall]]s due tae [[fuid contamination]].<ref name=CDC>{{cite web | title=''Escherichia coli''| work=CDC National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases| url=http://www.cdc.gov/ecoli/index.html/ | accessdate=2012-10-02}}</ref><ref name=Vogt>{{cite journal | author = Vogt RL, Dippold L | title = ''Escherichia coli O157:H7'' outbreak associated with consumption of ground beef, June–July 2002 | journal = Public Health Rep | volume = 120 | issue = 2 | pages = 174–8 | year = 2005 | pmid = 15842119 | pmc = 1497708 }}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Escherichia coli| ]] [[Category:Bacteria wi sequenced genomes]] [[Category:Gut flora bacteria]] [[Category:Model organisms]] [[Category:Rabbit diseases]] o46lv75crpz55ei65gn7qyc5i2cpqgx 0 91326 919941 795432 2026-07-24T23:36:07Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 919941 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}}{{Infobox philosopher | name = Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel | image = Hegel portrait by Schlesinger 1831.jpg | image_size = 225px | caption = {{longitem|Portrait bi Jakob Schlesinger datit 1831, the<br/>year o Hegel's daith.}} | birth_date = August 27, 1770 | birth_place = [[Stuttgart]], [[Duchy o Württemberg|Württemberg]] | death_date = {{nowrap|{{death date and age|1831|11|14|1770|08|27}}}} | death_place = [[Berlin]], [[Kinrick o Proushie|Proushie]] | residence = Germany | nationality = German | era = [[19t-century philosophie]] | region = [[Wastren philosophie]] | school_tradition = {{ublist|class=nowrap |Foonder o [[Hegelianism]] |[[German idealism]] |[[Historicism]] |Precursor tae [[historism]]}} | main_interests = {{ublist|class=nowrap |[[philosophie o history]] |[[Poleetical philosophie]] |[[Logic]]{{int:dot-separator}}[[Aesthetics]]{{int:dot-separator}}[[Releegion]] |[[Metapheesics]]{{int:dot-separator}}[[Epistemology]]}} | notable_ideas = {{ublist|class=nowrap |[[Absolute idealism]] |[[Master–slave dialectic]] |[[Aufheben|"Sublation" (''Aufheben'')]] |[[Geist|''Geist'' ("mind-spirit")]]}} | influences = {{hlist <!--Chronological?:-->|[[Aristotle]] |[[Plato]] |[[Heraclitus]] |[[Neoplatonism]] |[[René Descartes|Descartes]] |[[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]] |[[Baruch Spinoza|Spinoza]] |[[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz|Leibniz]] |[[Jean-Jacques Rousseau|Rousseau]] |[[Jakob Böhme|Böhme]] |[[Immanuel Kant|Kant]] |[[Johann Gottlieb Fichte|Fichte]] |[[Friedrich Hölderlin|Hölderlin]] |[[Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling|Schelling]] |[[Adam Smith|Smith]] |[[Friedrich Schiller|Schiller]]}} | influenced = {{hlist <!--Too many/should be chronological?:-->|[[Theodor W. Adorno|Adorno]] |[[Karl Barth|Barth]] |[[Bruno Bauer|Bauer]] |[[Bernard Bosanquet (philosopher)|Bosanquet]] |[[F. H. Bradley|Bradley]] |[[Robert Brandom|Brandom]] |[[Simone de Beauvoir|Beauvoir]] |[[Judith Butler|Butler]]<ref>Butler, Judith, ''Subjects of desire: Hegelian reflections in twentieth-century France'' (New York: Columbia University Press, 1987)</ref> |[[Friedrich Wilhelm Carové|Carové]] |[[Benedetto Croce|Croce]] |[[Arthur C. Danto|Danto]] |[[Jacques Derrida|Derrida]] |[[Wilhelm Dilthey|Dilthey]] |[[James Doull|Doull]] |[[Friedrich Engels|Engels]] |[[Johann Eduard Erdmann|Erdmann]] |[[Emil Fackenheim|Fackenheim]] |[[Ludwig Feuerbach|Feuerbach]] |[[Kuno Fischer|Fischer]] |[[Francis Fukuyama|Fukuyama]] |[[Martin Heidegger|Heidegger]] |[[Eduard Gans|Gans]] |[[Giovanni Gentile|Gentile]] |[[Hermann Friedrich Wilhelm Hinrichs|Hinrichs]] |[[Heinrich Heine|Heine]] |[[Jean Hyppolite|Hyppolite]] |[[Walter Kaufmann (philosopher)|Kaufmann]] |[[Søren Kierkegaard|Kierkegaard]] |[[Alexandre Kojève|Kojève]] |[[Mário Ferreira dos Santos]] |[[Hans Küng|Küng]] |[[György Lukács|Lukács]] |[[Herbert Marcuse|Marcuse]] |[[Karl Marx|Marx]] |[[Karl Ludwig Michelet|Michelet]] |[[Nietzsche]] |[[Heinrich Bernhard Oppenheim|Oppenheim]] |[[Robert B. Pippin|Pippin]] |[[Gillian Rose|Rose]] |[[Johann Karl Friedrich Rosenkranz|Rosenkranz]] |[[John Russon|Russon]] |[[Jean-Paul Sartre|Sartre]] |[[Peter Singer|Singer]] |[[David Strauss|Strauss]] |[[Charles Taylor (philosopher)|Taylor]] |[[Eduard Zeller|Zeller]]|[[Slavoj Žižek|Žižek]]}} | signature = Hegel Unterschrift.svg }} '''Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel''' ({{IPA-de|ˈɡeɔɐ̯k ˈvɪlhɛlm ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈheːɡəl|lang}}; 27 August 1770&nbsp;– 14 November 1831) wis a [[Germany|German]] [[philosophie|philosopher]] that wis a major feegur in [[German idealism]]. He achieved wide recogneetion in his day an—while primarily influential within the [[Continental philosophie|continental]] tradeetion o philosophie—haes acome increasinly influential in the [[Analytic philosophie|analytic]] tradition as well.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2014/entries/hegel/|title=Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|first=Redding|last=Paul|authorlink=Paul Redding|date=13 February 1997|encyclopedia=[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]}}</ref> Although Hegel remains a divisive figure, his canonical stature within [[Western philosophy]] is universally recognized. Hegel's principal achievement wis his development o a distinctive airteeculation o [[idealism]], whiles termed ''[[absolute idealism]]'',<ref>This term is actually quite rare in Hegel's writins. It daes nae occur onywhaur in ''The Science o Logic'' (tho he comes close in a remerk on p. 124 of the [2010] di Giovanni translation, GW 21.142). In the ''Encyclopedia'' presentation o his logic it can be foond anerly at §45R. Greraets, Suchting an Harris note in the introduction tae thair translation o this later text that the term is mair strangly associated wi Inglis muivement in that later pairt o the 19th century (Hackett: 1991, xiii).</ref> in that the dualisms of, for instance, mynd an naitur an [[Subject (philosophie)|subject]] an [[Object (philosophie)|object]] are owercome. His philosophie o speerit conceptually integrates psychology, the state, history, airt, releegion an philosophie. His accoont o the [[master–sclave dialectic]] haes been heichly influential, especially in 20t-century Fraunce.<ref>Owerwhelmingly due tae [[Alexandre Kojève]]'s influential lecturs published as ''Introduction à la lecture de Hegel'' (Paris, 1947), selections translatit intae Inglis by James Nichols as ''Introduction to the Reading of Hegel'' (New York, 1969). See, for instance, Aimé Patri, "Dialectique du Maître et de l’Esclave", Le Contrat Social, V, No. a (July–August 196r), 234, citit in Editor's Introduction (vii) on the extent o their influence.</ref> O special importance is his concept o speerit (''[[Geist]]'', whiles an aw translatit as "mynd") as the historical manifestation o the logical concept an the [[Aufheben|"sublation"]] (''Aufhebung'', integration withoot [[Reduction (philosophie)|elimination or reduction]]) o seeminly contradictory or opposin factors: ensaumples include the apparent opposeetion atween necessity an [[Freedom o will|freedom]] an atween [[immanence]] an [[Transcendence (philosophie)|transcendence]]. Hegel haes been seen in the 20t century as the oreeginator o the [[thesis, antithesis, synthesis]] triad,<ref>[[Robert C. Solomon]], ''In the Spirit of Hegel'', Oxford University Press, p. 23.</ref> but as an expleecit phrase it oreeginatit wi [[Johann Gottlieb Fichte]].<ref name=Fichte>"Review of ''[[Aenesidemus (book)|Aenesidemus]]''" ([http://www.gleichsatz.de/b-u-t/trad/fichte/jgf-aenesidemus.html "Rezension des Aenesidemus"], ''{{Interlanguage link multi|Allgemeine Literatur-Zeitung|de}}'', February 11–12, 1794). Trans. Daniel Breazeale. In {{cite book| last1=Breazeale|first1=Daniel|last2=Fichte|first2=Johann|title=Fichte: Early Philosophical Writings| url=https://archive.org/details/fichteearlyphilo0000fich|date=1993|publisher=Cornell University Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/fichteearlyphilo0000fich/page/63 63]}}</ref> Hegel haes influenced mony thinkers an writers that's awn poseetions vary widely.<ref>"One of the few things on which the analysts, pragmatists, and existentialists agree with the dialectical theologians is that Hegel is to be repudiated: their attitude toward Kant, Aristotle, Plato, and the other great philosophers is not at all unanimous even within each movement; but opposition to Hegel is part of the platform of all four, and of the Marxists, too." [[Walter Kaufmann (philosopher)|Walter Kaufmann]], [http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/philosophy/works/us/kaufmann.htm "The Hegel Myth and Its Method"] in ''From Shakespeare to Existentialism: Studies in Poetry, Religion, and Philosophy'', Beacon Press, Boston, 1959 (pp.&nbsp;88–119).</ref> [[Karl Barth]] descrived Hegel as a "Protestant [[Thomas Aquinas|Aquinas]]"<ref>"Why did Hegel not become for the Protestant world something similar to what Thomas Aquinas was for Roman Catholicism?" (Karl Barth, ''Protestant Thought from Rousseau to Ritschl: Being the Translation Of Eleven Chapters of Die Protestantische Theologie im 19. Jahrhundert'', 268 Harper, 1959).</ref> while [[Maurice Merleau-Ponty]] wrote that "aw the great philosophical ideas o the past century—the philosophies o [[Karl Marx|Marx]] an [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]], [[phenomenology (philosophie)|phenomenology]], German [[existentialism]], an [[psychoanalysis]]—haed thair beginnins in Hegel."<ref>Maurice Merleau-Ponty (trans. Herbert L. and Patricia Allen Dreyfus), ''Sense and Nonsense'', Northwestern University Press, 1964, p. 63.</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich}} [[Category:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel| ]] [[Category:1770 births]] [[Category:1831 daiths]] [[Category:18t-century German writers]] [[Category:19t-century German writers]] [[Category:19t-century philosophers]] [[Category:Continental philosophers]] [[Category:Daith o God theologians]] [[Category:Daiths frae cholera]] [[Category:German historians o philosophie]] [[Category:German idealism]] [[Category:German philosophers]] [[Category:German poleetical theorists]] [[Category:Hegelian philosophers]] [[Category:Humboldt Varsity o Berlin faculty]] [[Category:Idealists]] [[Category:Infectious disease daiths in Germany]] [[Category:Logicians]] [[Category:Moral philosophers]] [[Category:Ontologists]] [[Category:Fowk frae Stuttgart]] [[Category:Fowk frae the Duchy o Württemberg]] [[Category:Philosophers o airt]] [[Category:Philosophers o eddication]] [[Category:Philosophers o law]] [[Category:Poleetical philosophers]] [[Category:Romanticism]] [[Category:Meestics]] [[Category:Social philosophers]] [[Category:Theories o history]] swioto4yuh1rjbdhcmi0hi1lj3y8fqw 0 91445 919958 919745 2026-07-24T23:48:13Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 919958 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox drog | Watchedfields = changed | verifiedrevid = 629722425 | IUPAC_name = (''RS'')-1-phenylpropan-2-amine<br />(''RS'')-1-phenyl-2-aminopropane | image = Racemic amphetamine 2.svg | alt = An image o the amphetamine compoond | image2 = D-Amphetamine-3D-balls.png | alt2 = A 3d image o the amphetamine compoond | imagename = 1 : 1 mixture (racemate) | drug_name = Amphetamine <!--Clinical data--> | tradename = | Drugs.com = {{Drugs.com|parent|amphetamine}} | pregnancy_US = C | legal_AU = Schedule 8 | legal_CA = Schedule I | legal_UK = [[Drogs controlled bi the UK Misuise o Drugs Act#Class B drogs|Class B]] | legal_US = Schedule II | legal_UN = Psychotropic Schedule II | licence_US = Adderall | legal_status = Rx-anly | dependency_liability = Pheesical: none<br />Psychological: moderate | addiction_liability = Moderate | routes_of_administration= Medical: [[Oral route|oral]], [[Nasal admeenistration|nasal inhalation]] <br />Recreational: [[Oral route|oral]], [[Nasal admeenistration|nasal inhalation]], [[Insufflation (medicine)|insufflation]], [[Suppository|rectal]], [[intravenous]] <!--Pharmacokinetic data--> | bioavailability = Rectal&nbsp;95–100%; {{nowrap|Oral 75–100%}}<ref name="Drugbank-dexamph">{{cite encyclopedia | title=Dextroamphetamine | section-url=http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01576#pharmacology | work=DrugBank | publisher=University of Alberta | accessdate=5 November 2013 | date=8 February 2013 | section=Pharmacology | archive-date=2019-08-06 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806163223/https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01576#pharmacology | url-status=dead }}</ref> | protein_bound = 15–40%<ref name="Drugbank-amph">{{cite encyclopedia | title=Amphetamine | section-url=http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00182#pharmacology | work=DrugBank | publisher=University of Alberta | accessdate=5 November 2013 | date=8 February 2013 | section=Pharmacology | archive-date=2013-10-12 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012061802/http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00182#pharmacology | url-status=dead }}</ref> | metabolism = [[CYP2D6]],<ref name="FDA Pharmacokinetics">{{cite web | title = Adderall XR Prescribing Information | url = http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/021303s026lbl.pdf | pages = 12–13 | publisher = Shire US Inc | work = United States Food and Drug Administration |date=December 2013 | accessdate = 30 December 2013 }}</ref> [[Dopamine β-hydroxylase|DBH]],<ref name="DBH ref">{{cite book | title=Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry | url=https://archive.org/details/foyesprincipleso0000unse | year=2013 | publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins | location=Philadelphia, USA | isbn= 9781609133450 | page=[https://archive.org/details/foyesprincipleso0000unse/page/648 648] | author=Lemke TL, Williams DA, Roche VF, Zito W|edition=7th | quote=Alternatively, direct oxidation of amphetamine by DA β-hydroxylase can afford norephedrine.}}</ref><ref name="DBH amph primary">{{cite journal | author = Taylor KB | title = Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase. Stereochemical course of the reaction | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 249 | issue = 2 | pages = 454–458 | date = January 1974 | pmid = 4809526 | accessdate = 6 November 2014 | url = http://www.jbc.org/content/249/2/454.full.pdf | quote = Dopamine-β-hydroxylase catalyzed the removal of the pro-R hydrogen atom and the production of 1-norephedrine, (2S,1R)-2-amino-1-hydroxyl-1-phenylpropane, from d-amphetamine. }}</ref><ref name="DBH 4-HA primary">{{cite journal | author = Horwitz D, Alexander RW, Lovenberg W, Keiser HR | title = Human serum dopamine-β-hydroxylase. Relationship to hypertension and sympathetic activity | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_circulation-research_1973-05_32_5/page/594 | journal = Circ. Res. | volume = 32 | issue = 5 | pages = 594–599 | date = May 1973 | pmid = 4713201 | doi = 10.1161/01.RES.32.5.594 | quote = Subjects with exceptionally low levels of serum dopamine-β-hydroxylase activity showed normal cardiovascular function and normal β-hydroxylation of an administered synthetic substrate, hydroxyamphetamine. }}</ref> [[Flavin-containing monooxygenase|FMO3]],<ref name="FMO">{{cite journal | author = Krueger SK, Williams DE | title = Mammalian flavin-containing monooxygenases: structure/function, genetic polymorphisms and role in drug metabolism | journal = Pharmacol. Ther. | volume = 106 | issue = 3 | pages = 357–387 |date=June 2005 | pmid = 15922018 | pmc = 1828602 | doi = 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.01.001 }}</ref><ref name="FMO3-Primary">{{cite journal | author = Cashman JR, Xiong YN, Xu L, Janowsky A | title = N-oxygenation of amphetamine and methamphetamine by the human flavin-containing monooxygenase (form 3): role in bioactivation and detoxication | journal = J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. | volume = 288 | issue = 3 | pages = 1251–1260 | date = March 1999 |pmid = 10027866 }}</ref> [[butyrate-CoA ligase|XM-ligase]],<ref name="Benzoic1">{{cite encyclopedia| title=butyrate-CoA ligase| section-url=http://www.brenda-enzymes.info/enzyme.php?ecno=6.2.1.2&Suchword=&organism%5B%5D=Homo+sapiens&show_tm=0 | work=BRENDA| publisher=Technische Universität Braunschweig.| accessdate=7 May 2014| section=Substrate/Product}}</ref> an [[glycine N-acyltransferase|ACGNAT]]<ref name="Benzoic2">{{cite encyclopedia | title=glycine N-acyltransferase| section-url=http://www.brenda-enzymes.info/enzyme.php?ecno=2.3.1.13&Suchword=&organism%5B%5D=Homo+sapiens&show_tm=0 | work=BRENDA| publisher=Technische Universität Braunschweig.| accessdate=7 May 2014| section=Substrate/Product}}</ref> | onset = Immediate | elimination_half-life = {{abbr|D-amph|Dextroamphetamine}}:9–11h;<ref name="FDA Pharmacokinetics" /><ref name="Adderall IR">{{cite web | title=Adderall IR Prescribing Information | url=http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2007/011522s040lbl.pdf | publisher = Barr Laboratories, Inc. | work = United States Food and Drug Administration |date=March 2007 | accessdate=2 November 2013 | pages=4–5}}</ref> {{nowrap|{{abbr|L-amph|Levoamphetamine}}:11–14h<ref name="FDA Pharmacokinetics" /><ref name="Adderall IR" />}} | excretion = [[Renal]]; [[pH]]-dependent {{nowrap|range: 1–75%}}<ref name="FDA Pharmacokinetics" /> <!--Identifiers--> | CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} | CAS_number = 300-62-9 | ATC_prefix = N06 | ATC_suffix = BA01 | ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} | ChEBI = 2679 | PDB_ligand = FRD | IUPHAR_ligand = 4804 | StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} | StdInChI = 1S/C9H13N/c1-8(10)7-9-5-3-2-4-6-9/h2-6,8H,7,10H2,1H3 | StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} | StdInChIKey = KWTSXDURSIMDCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N | PubChem = 3007 | DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}} | DrugBank = DB00182 | ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} | ChemSpiderID = 13852819 | NIAID_ChemDB = 018564 | UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} | UNII = CK833KGX7E | KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}} | KEGG = D07445 | ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} | ChEMBL = 405 | synonyms = α-methylphenethylamine <!--Chemical data--> | C=9 | H=13 | N=1 | molecular_weight = 135.2084&nbsp;g/mol | smiles = NC(CC1=CC=CC=C1)C | InChI = 1/C9H13N/c1-8(10)7-9-5-3-2-4-6-9/h2-6,8H,7,10H2,1H3 | density = 0.9±0.1 | boiling_point = 203 | boiling_notes = <ref name="Properties">{{cite encyclopedia | title=Amphetamine | section-url=http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=3007#section=Chemical-and-Physical-Properties | work=PubChem Compound | publisher = National Center for Biotechnology Information | accessdate=13 October 2013 | section=Chemical and Physical Properties }}</ref> | melting_point = 11.3 | melting_notes = <ref name="Chemspider">{{cite encyclopedia | section-url=http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.13852819.html | work=Chemspider | title=Amphetamine | accessdate=6 November 2013 | section=Properties: Predicted – EP{{pipe}}Suite }}</ref> }} '''Amphetamine''' ({{IPAc-en|pron|audio=En-us-amphetamine.ogg|æ|m|ˈ|f|ɛ|t|ə|m|iː|n}}; contractit frae {{nowrap|[[Alpha an beta carbon|alpha]]‑[[methylphenethylamine]]}}) is a potent [[central nervous seestem]] (CNS) [[stimulant]] o the [[substituted phenethylamine|phenethylamine class]] that is uised in the treatment o [[attention deficit hyperacteevity disorder]] (ADHD) an [[narcolepsy]]. ==References== {{Reflist}}{{Stub/Science}}{{authority control}} [[Category:Amphetamine| ]] [[Category:Anorectics]] [[Category:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]] [[Category:Drogs actin on the cardiovascular seestem]] [[Category:Drogs actin on the nervous seestem]] [[Category:Drogs in sport]] [[Category:Euphoriants]] [[Category:Excitatory amino acid reuptake inhibitors]] [[Category:German inventions]] [[Category:5-HT1A agonists]] [[Category:Nootropics]] [[Category:Norepinephrine-dopamine releasin agents]] [[Category:Phenethylamines]] [[Category:Stimulants]] [[Category:Substitutit amphetamines]] [[Category:TAAR1 agonists]] [[Category:Treatment an management o attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]] [[Category:VMAT inhibitors]] fsfx8731qn9nm3k6lgrpbeck058k0e4 0 94086 919949 917767 2026-07-24T23:40:59Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 919949 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=September 2020}} {{speciesbox | name = Raccoon | fossil_range = {{fossil range|Blancan|Recent|ref=<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://fossilworks.org/?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=50729 |title=Fossilworks: ''Procyon lotor'' |access-date=2019-07-13 |archive-date=2019-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124209/http://fossilworks.org/?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=50729 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite journal |last1=Timm |first1=R. |last2=Cuarón |first2=A.D. |last3=Reid |first3=F. |last4=Helgen |first4=K. |last5=González-Maya |first5=J.F. |title=''Procyon lotor'' |journal=[[IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] |volume=2016 |page=e.T41686A45216638 |year=2016 |url=http://oldredlist.iucnredlist.org/details/41686/0 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41686A45216638.en |accessdate=24 November 2016 |archive-date=2019-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413155653/http://oldredlist.iucnredlist.org/details/41686/0 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | image = Raccoon climbing in tree - Cropped and color corrected.jpg | image_caption = Californie raccoon (''P. l. psora''), [[Lawer Klamath Naitional Wildlife Refuge]] in [[Californie]] | genus = Procyon | species = lotor | authority = ([[Linnaeus, 1758]]) | range_map = Raccoon range.png | range_map_caption = Native range in reid, introduced range in blue | synonyms = ''Ursus lotor'' <small>Linnaeus,&nbsp;1758</small> }} The '''raccoon''' (''Procyon lotor'') is a middlin [[mammal]] hamelt tae North Americae. The raccoon is the maist muckle memmer o the [[procyonidae|procyonid]] [[Faimily (biology)|faimily]]; it ranges frae {{convert|40|to|70|cm|in|abbr=on}} lang an wechtin as {{convert|3.5|to|9|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}. Its grayish coat maistly consists o dense [[underfur]] that insulates again cauld wather. Twa o the raccoon's maist kenspeckle features is its extremely dexterous front [[paw]]s an its [[Domino mask|facial mask]]. Raccoons is kenspeckle for thair [[Animal cognition|intelligence]], wi studies shawin that thay can mynd the solution tae tasks for up tae three year.<ref name="h7172">Hohmann, pp. 71–72</ref> Raccoons is maistly nocturnal. Thay're omnivores; the diet o the raccoon consists o aboot 40% [[invertebrate]]s, 33% [[plant]] fuids, an 27% [[vertebrate]]s. They eat [[moose|mice]], [[ferret]]s, [[kinnen]]s, [[bird]]s, [[fish]], [[frog]]s, [[turtle]]s, [[lizard]]s, [[egg]]s, [[insect]]s, [[wirm]]s, [[fruit]] an [[nit]]s. Raccoons is eaten by [[tod]]s, [[wouf|wouves]], [[coyote]]s, [[beir]]s, [[eagle]]s, [[houlet]]s, [[cougar]]s, [[lynx]] an [[bobcat]]s. The oreeginal [[habitat]]s o the raccoon is [[deciduous]] an [[Temperate broadleaf an mixed forests|mixed wid]], but due tae thair adaptability thay hae stendit thair range tae mountainous auries, [[Salt marsh|coastal marshes]], an [[urban aurie]]s, whaur some homeowners consider them tae be [[Pest (organism)|pests]]. As a result o escapes an deliberate [[introduced species|introductions]] in the mid-20t century, raccoons is nou distributed athort mainlan [[Europe]], [[Caucasie]], an [[Japan]] an aa. Tho thocht aforehaun tae be solitary, thare is nou evidence that raccoons engage in gender-specific [[social behaviour]]. Related females aften share a common area, while unrelated males live thegither in groups o up tae fower ainimals tae maintain thair poseetions again ootlander males in the matein saison, an ither potential invaders. [[Hame range]] sizes vary anywhere frae 3 hectares (7 acres) for females in ceeties tae 50&nbsp;km² (20&nbsp;sq&nbsp;mi) for males in [[prairie]]s. Efter a [[gestation|gestation period]] o aboot 65 day, twa tae five young, kent as "kits", is born in spring. The kits is subsequently raised bi thair mither til dispersal in late hairst. Tho captive raccoons haes been kent tae live ower 20 year, thair life expectancy in the wild is anly 1.8 til 3.1&nbsp;year. In mony auries, [[huntin]] an vehicular wounds is the twa maist common causes o daith. ==Etymology== [[File:Raccoon (Procyon lotor) 2.jpg|thumb|The mask o a raccoon is aften interrupt bi a broun-black streak that stends frae forehead tae neb.<ref>MacClintock, p. 5</ref>]] The wird "raccoon" comes frae the [[Powhatan leid|Powhatan]] wird ''aroughcun''.<ref>Ither attestit colonial spellins o the Powhatan wird include: ''racone'', ''arrathcune'', ''arathcoon'', ''aroucoun'', ''arathkone'' an ''rahaughcun''. ''Journal o the Illinois State Historical Society'', Vol 55, p. 400.</ref> It haes been identified as a [[Proto-Algonquian]] ruit ''*ahrah-koon-em'' an aw, meanin "[the] body that rubs, scrubs an scarts wi its haunds".<ref>{{cite book|last=Holmgren|first=Virginia C.|title=Raccoons: In Folklore, History & Today's Backyards|url=https://archive.org/details/raccoonsinfolklo0000holm|year=1990|publisher=Capra Pres|page=[https://archive.org/details/raccoonsinfolklo0000holm/page/157 157]}}</ref> Seemilarly, Spainish colonists adoptit the [[Spainish leid|Spainish]] wird {{lang|es|mapache}} frae the [[Nahuatl leid|Nahuatl]] ''mapachitli'', meanin "[the] body that taks awthin in its haunds".<ref name="holmgren52">Holmgren, p. 52</ref> In mony leids, the raccoon is cried fur its characteristic dousin behaviour in conjunction wi that leid's wird for ''beir'', the likes o {{lang|de|Waschbär}} in German, {{lang|it|orsetto lavatore}} in Italien, {{lang|hu|mosómedve}} in [[Hungarian language|Hungarien]] an ''araiguma'' ({{lang|ja|アライグマ}}) in Japanee. In French an Portuguese (in Portugal), the washin behaviour is combined wi thir leids' term for ''ratton'', yieldin, respectively, {{lang|fr|raton laveur}} an ''ratão-lavadeiro''. The raccoon's scientific name, ''Procyon lotor'', is [[New Latin|neo-Latin]], meanin "afore-dug washer", wi ''lotor'' [[Latin]] for "washer" an ''Procyon'' Latinized [[Greek leid|Greek]] frae προ-, "afore" an κύων, "dug". ==Taxonomy== {{double image|right|Raccoons of North & Middle America (1950) Skins of subgenera procyon & euprocyon.png|65|Raccoons of North & Middle America (1950) P. lotor & P. cancrivorus.png|180|Skins o ''P. lotor'' an ''[[crab-eatin raccoon|P. cancrivorus]]''|Skulls o ''P. lotor'' an ''P. cancrivorus''}} In the first decades efter its diskivery bi the members o the expedeetion o [[Christopher Columbus]] (the first person tae leave a written record aboot the species), [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomists]] thocht the raccoon wis sib tae mony different species, includin [[Canidae|dugs]], [[Felidae|cats]], [[brock]]s an parteecularly [[beir]]s.<ref>Holmgren, pp. 47–67</ref> [[Carl Linnaeus]], the faither o modren taxonomy, placed the raccoon in the genus ''[[Ursus (genus)|Ursus]]'', first as ''Ursus cauda elongata'' ("long-tailed bear") in the seicont edeetion o his ''[[Systema Naturae]]'' (1740), then as ''Ursus Lotor'' ("washer bear") in the tenth edition (1758–59).<ref>Holmgren, pp. 64–67; Zeveloff, pp. 4–6</ref> In 1780, [[Gottlieb Conrad Christian Storr]] placed the raccoon in its ain genus ''[[Procyon (genus)|Procyon]]'', whilk can be owerset as aither "afore the dug" or "duglike".<ref>Holmgren, pp. 68–69; Zeveloff, p. 6</ref> It is possible that Storr haed its [[nocturnality|nocturnal]] lifestyle in mind an chuise the starn [[Procyon]] as eponym for the species.<ref>Hohmann, p. 44; Holmgren, p. 68</ref> ==Description== [[File:Raccoon skull Pengo.jpg|thumb|left|Skull wi dentition: 2/2 molars, 4/4 premolars, 1/1 canines, 3/3 incisors]] ===Physical characteristics=== [[File:Coonskeleton.jpg|thumb|Skeleton]] Heid tae hurdies, raccoons meisur atween {{convert|40|and|70|cm|in|0|abbr=on}}, nae includin the bushy tail that can meisur atween {{convert|20|and|40|cm|in|0|abbr=on}}, but isnae uisually hantle langer than {{convert|25|cm|in|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>Hohmann, p. 77; Lagoni-Hansen, p. 15; Zeveloff, p. 58</ref> The shouther hicht is atween {{convert|23|and|30|cm|in|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>Lagoni-Hansen, p. 16</ref> The body wecht o an adult raccoon varies considerably wi [[habitat]], makkin the raccoon ane o the maist variably sized mammals. It can range frae {{convert|2|to|14|kg|lb|sigfig=1}}, but is uisually atween {{convert|3.5|and|9|kg|lb|sigfig=1}}. The smaaest specimens is foond in Southren Florida, while thaim that is near the northren leemits o the raccoon's range tend tae be the maist muckle (see [[Bergmann's rule]]).<ref>Zeveloff, pp. 58–59</ref> Males is uisually 15 tae 20% heivier than females.<ref>Lagoni-Hansen, p. 18</ref> At the beginnin o winter, a raccoon can wee twice as hantle as in spring acause o fat storage.<ref>Hohmann, p.47–48; MacClintock, p. 44; Zeveloff, p. 108</ref> The maist muckle kent wild raccoon weed {{convert|28.4|kg|lb|1|abbr=on}} an meisurt {{convert|140|cm|in|abbr=on}} in tot lenth, bi far the maist muckle procyonid kent.<ref>MacClintock, p. 8; Zeveloff, p. 59</ref><ref>Boitani, Luigi, ''Simon & Schuster's Guide to Mammals''. Simon & Schuster/Touchstone Books (1984), ISBN 978-0-671-42805-1</ref> The maist characteristic physical featur o the raccoon is the aurie o black [[fur]] aroond the een, whilk contrasts shairply wi the surroondin white face colourin. This is reminiscent o a "[[Domino mask|bandit's mask]]" an haes enhanced the animal's reputation for mischief.<ref>Bartussek, p.6; Zeveloff, p. 61</ref> The slichtly roundit lugs is bund bi white fur an aa. Raccoons is assumed tae ken the facial expression an posture o ither members o thair species mair quickly acause o the conspicuous facial colouration an the alternatin licht an dark rings on the tail.<ref>Hohmann, pp. 65–66</ref><ref name="mc5-6z63" /> The dark mask mey reduce [[glare (vision)|glare]] an aa an enhance [[nicht vision]].<ref name="mc5-6z63">MacClintock, pp. 5–6; Zeveloff, p. 63</ref> On ither pairts o the body, the lang an stiff [[guard hair]]s, which shed moisture, are uisually coloured in shades o gray an, tae a lesser extent, broun.<ref name="z60">Zeveloff, p. 60</ref> Raccoons wi a vera dark coat is mair common in the German population acause individuals wi sic colourin wis amang thaim that wis initially released intae the wild.<ref name="stellungnahme">{{cite web|url=http://www.projekt-waschbaer.de/aktuelles/stellungnahme-oekologie/|title=Ökologische und ökonomische Bedeutung des Waschbären in Mitteleuropa – Eine Stellungnahme|accessdate=December 7, 2008|last=Michler|first=Frank-Uwe|author2=Köhnemann, Berit A.|date=May 2008|work="Projekt Waschbär"|language=German|archive-date=2012-05-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512144354/http://www.projekt-waschbaer.de/aktuelles/stellungnahme-oekologie/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The dense [[underfur]], whilk accounts for awmaist 90% o the coat, insulates again cauld wather an is componed o {{convert|2|to|3|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} lang hairs.<ref name="z60" /> [[File:Raccoonpenisbone.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Baculum]] or "penis bone"]] The raccoon, whase method o [[Terrestrial locomotion|locomotion]] is uisually considered tae be [[plantigrade]], can staund on its hind legs tae exaimine objects wi its front paws.<ref>Hohmann, p. 57; Zeveloff, p. 71–72</ref> As raccoons hae short legs compared tae thair compact torso, thay uisually can naither rin swith nor lowp muckle distances.<ref>Hohmann, p. 93; Zeveloff, p. 72</ref> Thair tap speed over short distances is {{convert|16|to|24|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>MacClintock, p. 28</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Saunders|first=Andrew D.|title=Adirondack Mammals|publisher=Syracuse University Press|location=Syracuse, New York|date=March 1989|isbn=978-0-8156-8115-1|page=256|chapter=Raccoon|chapterurl=http://www.esf.edu/aec/adks/mammals/raccoon.htm|access-date=2015-06-03|archive-date=2021-07-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730162539/https://www.esf.edu/aec/adks/mammals/raccoon.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Raccoons can soum wi an average speed o aboot {{convert|5|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} an can stay in the watter for several oors.<ref>MacClintock, p. 33; Zeveloff, p. 72</ref> For climmin doun a tree heidfirst — an unuisual ability for a mammal o its size — a raccoon rotates its hint feet sae thay are pynt backwart.<ref>MacClintock, p. 30; Zeveloff, p. 72</ref> Raccoons hae a dual cooling system tae [[Thermoregulation|regulate thair temperature]]; that is, thay can baith sweit an pech for heat dissipation.<ref>MacClintock, p. 29; Zeveloff, p. 73</ref> Raccoon skulls hae a short an wide facial region an a voluminous [[braincase]]. The [[Facial skelet|facial]] lenth o the skull is less nor the [[Neurocranium|cranial]], an thair [[nasal bane]]s is short an quite braid. The [[auditory bulla]]e is inflate in form, an the [[sagittal crest]] is waik developit.<ref name="s1375">{{Harvnb|Heptner|Sludskii|2002|pp=1375–1376}}</ref> The [[dentition]] — 40 teeth wi the [[dental formula]]:{{DentalFormula|upper=3.1.4.2|lower=3.1.4.2}} — is adapted tae thair [[omnivore|omnivorous]] diet: the [[carnassial]]s arenae as shairp an pyntit as thaim that a fou-time [[carnivore]] haes, but the [[molar (tooth)|molars]] arenae as wide as thaim that a [[herbivory|herbivore]] haes.<ref>Zeveloff, p. 64</ref> The [[baculum|penis bane]] o males is aboot {{convert|10|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} lang an strangly bent at the front end.<ref>Hohmann, p. 27; MacClintock, p. 84</ref> Seiven o the thirteen identified vocal calls is uised in [[Animal communication|communication]] atween the mither an her kits, ane o them bein the birdlike twitterin o newborns.<ref>Hohmann, p. 66; MacClintock, p. 92; Zeveloff, p. 73</ref> [[File:Mm Hand.jpg|thumb|left|Bottom side o the front paw wi visible [[vibrissae]] on the tips o the deegits]] ===Senses=== The maist important sense for the raccoon is its [[Somatosensory system|sense o touch]].<ref>Bartussek, p. 13; Hohmann, p. 55; Zeveloff, p. 70</ref> The "hyper sensitive"<ref>Hohmann, p. 55</ref> front paws is pertect bi a thin [[Stratum corneum|horny layer]] that becomes pliable whan weet.<ref>Hohmann, pp. 56–59; MacClintock, p. 15</ref> The five deegits o the paws hae no wabbin atween them, whilk is unuisual for a [[carnivoran]].<ref>Zeveloff, p. 69</ref> Awmaist twa-thirds o the aurie responsible for [[perception|sensory perception]] in the raccoon's [[cerebral cortex]] is specialised for the interpretation o tactile impulses, mair nor in ony ither studied animal.<ref>Hohmann, p. 56</ref> Thay can identify objects afore touchin them wi [[vibrissa]]e locatit abuin thair shairp, nonretractable [[claw]]s.<ref>Hohmann, p. 57; Zeveloff, p. 70</ref> The raccoon's paws lack an opposable [[thumb]]; it disnae hae the agility o the haunds o [[primate]]s.<ref>MacClintock, p. 15; Zeveloff, p. 70</ref> Thare is nae observed negative effect on tactile perception whan a raccoon staunds in watter ablo 10&nbsp;°C (50&nbsp;°F) for oors.<ref>Hohmann, pp. 60–62</ref> Raccoons is thocht tae be [[color blindness|color blind]] or at least that thay can puirly distinguish colour, tho thair een is weel-adapt for sensin green licht.<ref>Hohmann, p. 63; MacClintock, p. 18; Zeveloff, p. 66</ref> Awtho thair [[accommodation (eye)|accommodation]] o 11 [[dioptre]] is comparable tae that o humans an thay see weel in the gloamin acause o the [[tapetum lucidum]] ahint the [[retina]], [[visual perception]] is o subordinate importance tae raccoons acause o thair poor lang-distance vision.<ref>Hohmann, pp. 63–65; MacClintock, pp. 18–21; Zeveloff, pp. 66–67</ref> In addition tae bein uisefu for orientation in the dark, thair [[olfaction|sense o smell]] is important for intraspecific communication. Glandular [[secretion]]s (uisually frae thair [[anal glands]]), urine an feces is uised for merkin.<ref>Hohmann, pp. 67–70; MacClintock, p. 17; Zeveloff, pp. 68–69</ref> Wi thair braid [[hearin (sense)|auditory range]], thay can perceive tones up tae 50–85&nbsp;[[Hertz|kHz]] as weel as quiet noises, lik thaim produced bi [[earthworm]]s unner the grund.<ref>Hohmann, pp. 66, 72; Zeveloff, p. 68</ref> ===Intelligence=== Zoologist [[Clinton Hart Merriam]] descrivit raccoons as "cliver beists", an that "in certain directions their cunnin surpasses that o the tod." The animal's intelligence provokit the epithet "sleekit coon".<ref name="merriam1884">Merriam, C. H. (1884), ''[https://archive.org/stream/mammalsofadirond00merr#page/90/mode/2up The mammals o the Adirondack region, northeastern New York : with an introductory chapter treating o the location an boondaries o the region, its geological history, topography, climate, general features, botany, an faunal position]'', New York : Published by the author, pp. 91-95</ref> Anly a few studies hae been taen on haun tae determine the mental abilities o raccoons, maist o them based on the ainimal's sense o touch. In a study bi the [[ethology|ethologist]] H. B. Davis in 1908, raccoons coud open 11 o 13 complex locks in fewer than 10 ettles an haed nae problems repeatin the action whan the locks wis rereddit or wis pit tapsalteerie. Davis concludit thay unnerstuid the [[abstraction|abstract]] principles o the lockin mechanisms an thair [[learnin speed]] wis equivalent tae that o [[rhesus macaque]]s.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Davis|first=H. B.|date=October 1907|title=The Raccoon: A Study in Animal Intelligence|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-psychology_1907-10_18_4/page/447|journal=The American Journal of Psychology|volume=18|issue=4|pages=447–489|publisher=University of Illinois Press|location=Champaign, Illinois|doi=10.2307/1412576|jstor=1412576}}</ref> Studies in 1963, 1973, 1975 an 1992 concentrated on raccoon [[memory]] shawed thay can mind the solutions tae tasks for up tae three year.<ref name="h7172">Hohmann, pp. 71–72</ref> In a study bi B. Pohl in 1992, raccoons coud instantly differentiate atween identical an different seembols three year efter the short initial learin phase.<ref name="h7172"/> [[Stanislas Dehaene]] reports in his beuk ''The Number Sense'' raccoons can distinguish boxes conteenin twa or fower grapes frae thaim conteenin three.<ref>{{cite book|last= Dehaene|first= Stanislas|title= The number sense|url= https://archive.org/details/numbersensehowmi00deha_813|year=1997|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=0-19-511004-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/numbersensehowmi00deha_813/page/n24 12]}}</ref> ==Behaviour== ===Social behaviour=== [[File:Three raccoons in a tree.jpg|thumb|Eastern raccoons (''P. l. lotor'') in a tree: The raccoon's social structur is grouped intae whit [[Ulf Hohmann]] caws a "three class society".]] Studies in the 1990s bi the ethologists Stanley D. Gehrt an [[Ulf Hohmann]] indicate raccoons engage in gender-specific [[social behaviour]]s an arenae teepically solitary, as wis thocht aforehaun.<ref name="gehrt">{{cite journal|last=Gehrt|first=Stanley D.|title=Raccoon social organization in South Texas|year= 1994}} (Dissertation at the University of Missouri-Columbia)</ref><ref>Hohmann, pp. 133–155</ref> Related females eften live in a sae-cried "[[fission-fusion society]]", that is, thay share a common aurie an occasionally meet at feedin or restin grunds.<ref>Bartussek, pp. 10–12; Hohmann, pp. 141–142</ref> Males that isnae sib tae ilkane ither eften form loose male social groups tae mainteen thair poseetion again foreign males in the [[matein saison]] — or again ither potential invaders.<ref>Hohmann, pp. 152–154</ref> Sic a group disnae uisually conseest o mair nor fower individuals.<ref>Bartussek, p. 12; Hohmann, p. 140</ref> Syne some males shaw aggressive behaviour towart wansib kits, mithers will isolate themsels frae ither raccoons til thair kits is muckle eneuch tae defend thairsels.<ref>Hohmann, pp. 124–126, 155</ref> Wi respect tae thir three different modes o life prevalent amang raccoons, Hohmann cried thair [[social structur]] a "three class society".<ref>Hohmann, p. 133</ref> Samuel I. Zeveloff, professor o [[zoology]] at [[Weber State University]] an author o the beuk ''Raccoons: A Natural History'', is mair cautious in his interpretation an concludes at least the females is solitary maist o the time an, accordin tae Erik K. Fritzell's study in [[North Dakota]] in 1978, males in auries wi law population densities is solitary as weel.<ref>Zeveloff, pp. 137–139</ref> The shape an size o a raccoon's [[hame range]] varies dependin on age, sex, an habitat, wi adults claimin auries mair nor twice as lairge as juveniles.<ref>MacClintock, p. 61</ref> While the size o hame ranges in the inhospitable habitat o North Dakota's [[prairie]]s lee atween {{convert|7|and|50|km2|sqmi|sigfig=1|abbr=on}} for males an atween {{convert|2|and|16|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} for females, the average size in a [[marsh]] at [[Lake Erie]] wis {{convert|0.5|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}.<ref>MacClintock, pp. 60–61</ref> Irrespective o whether the hame ranges o adjacent groups owerlap, thay are likest eneuch nae actively defendit ootwi the matein saison gif fuid supplies is sufficient.<ref>Zeveloff, pp. 137–138</ref> Odor marks on prominent spots is assumed tae establish hame ranges an identify individuals.<ref>Zeveloff, pp. 68–69</ref> Urine an feces left at shared [[raccoon latrine]]s mey provide additional information aboot feedin grunds, syne raccoons war observed tae meet thare later for collective eatin, sleepin an playin.<ref>Hohmann, pp. 142–147</ref> Concernin the general behaviour patterns o raccoons, Gehrt pynts oot that "teeepically ye'll find 10 tae 15 percent that will dae the opposite"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chicagowildernessmag.org/issues/summer2002/raccoons.html|title=The City Raccoon and the Country Raccoon|accessdate=December 7, 2008|last=Riddell|first=Jill|year=2002|work=Chicago Wilderness Magazine|publisher=Chicago Wilderness Magazine}}</ref> o whot is expectit. [[File:Mm im Apfelbaum.jpg|left|thumb|On an [[aipple tree]]]] ===Diet=== Tho uisually nocturnal, the raccoon is whiles active in daylicht tae tak advantage o available food soorces.<ref name="b10z99">Bartussek, p. 10; Zeveloff, p. 99</ref> Its diet consists o aboot 40% [[invertebrate]]s, 33% [[plant]] material an 27% [[vertebrate]]s.<ref>Hohmann, p. 82</ref> Syne its diet consists o sic a variety o different fuids, Zeveloff argues the raccoon "mey weel be ane o the warld's maist omnivorous ainimals".<ref>Zeveloff, p. 102</ref> While its diet in ware an early simmer consists maistly o insects, worms, an ither ainimals awready available air in the year, it prefers fruits an nits, lik [[acorn]]s an wawnits, whilk emerge in late simmer an hairst, an represent a rich calorie soorce for buildin up fat needit for winter.<ref>Hohmann, pp. 85–88; MacClintock, pp. 44–45</ref> Contrar tae popular belief, raccoons eat active or lairge prey, lik [[bird]]s an [[mammal]]s, anly occasionally, acause thay prefer prey that is easier tae catch, specifically [[fish]], [[amphibian]]s an bird eggs.<ref>Hohmann, p. 83</ref> Whan fuid is plentifu, raccoons can develop strang individual preferences for specific foods.<ref>MacClintock, p. 44</ref> In the northren pairts o thair range, raccoons gang intae a [[winter rest]], reducin thair activity drastically as lang as a permanent snaw civer maks sairchin for fuid impossible.<ref>MacClintock, pp. 108–113</ref> ===Slockin=== [[File:Procyon lotor 7 - am Wasser.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Captive raccoons aften slock thair food afore eatin.]] Ane aspect o raccoon behaviour is sae weel kent that it gies the animal pairt o its scienteefic name, ''Procyon lotor''; "lotor" is neo-Latin for "washer". In the wild, raccoons aften daible for unnerwatter fuid naur the shore-line. Thay then aften pick up the fuid item wi thair front paws tae exaimine it an screenge the item, whiles tae remuive unwantit pairts. This gies the appearance o the raccoon "washin" the fuid. The tactile sensitivity o raccoons' paws is increased gif this screengin action is performed unnerwatter, for the watter softens the haurd layer kiverin the paws.<ref>Hohmann, p. 55; Zeveloff, p. 7</ref> Housomiver, the behaviour observed in captive raccoons in whilk thay cairy thair food tae watter tae "wash" or slock it afore eatin haes nae been observed in the wild.<ref>Lagoni-Hansen, p. 41; MacClintock, pp. 56–57</ref> [[Natural history|Naturalist]] [[Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon]], believed that raccoons disnae hae adequate [[salivary gland|saliva production]] tae moisten fuid tharebi necessitatin slockin, but this hypothesis is nou considert tae be incorrect.<ref>Holmgren, p. 70; Lagoni-Hansen, p. 41; MacClintock, p. 57; Zeveloff, p. 7</ref> Captive raccoons slock thair food mair aften whan a watterin hole wi a layout seemilar tae a burn isnae farther awa than {{convert|3|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="mc57">MacClintock, p. 57</ref> The widely acceptit theory is that slockin in captive raccoons is a [[fixed action pattern]] frae the daiblin behaviour performed whan foragin at shores for aquatic foods.<ref>Hohmann, pp. 44–45; Lagoni-Hansen, pp. 41–42; MacClintock, p. 57; Zeveloff, p. 7</ref> This is support bi the observation that aquatic fuids is slockit mair aften. Cleanin clarty fuid disnae seem tae be a raison for "washin".<ref name="mc57" /> Experts haes cast dout on the veracity o observations o wild raccoons slockin fuid.<ref>Holmgren, p. 22 (pro); Lagoni-Hansen, p. 41 (contra); MacClintock, p. 57 (contra)</ref> ===Reproduction=== Raccoons uisually [[mateing|mate]] in a period triggered bi increasin daylicht atween late Januar an mid-Mairch.<ref>Hohmann, p. 150; MacClintock, p. 81; Zeveloff, p. 122</ref> Housomiver, thare lairge regional differences whilk isnae completely explicable bi solar conditions. For insaumple, while raccoons in soothren states teepically mate later than average, the matein saison in [[Manitoba]] peaks later than uisual in Mairch an stends till Juin.<ref>Zeveloff, p. 122</ref> In the matein saison, males restlessly roam thair hame ranges in rake o females in an attempt tae coort them throu the three- tae fower- day period whan conception is possible. Thir encounters will aften occur at central meetin places.<ref>Hohmann, pp. 148–150; Lagoni-Hansen, p. 47; MacClintock, pp. 81–82</ref> [[Sexual intercourse|Copulation]], includin foreplay, can last over an oor an is repeated over several nights.<ref>Hohmann, pp. 150–151</ref> The waiker members o a ''male social group'' is assumed tae get the opportunity tae mate an aa, syne the stranger ones canna mate wi aw available females.<ref>Hohmann, pp. 153–154</ref> In a study in soothren Texas in the matein saisons frae 1990 tae 1992, aboot ae third o aw females matit wi mair nor ae male.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Gehrt|first=Stanley|author2=Fritzell, Erik K. |date=March 1999|title=Behavioural aspects o the raccoon matein seestem: determinants o consortship success|journal=Animal behaviour|volume=57|issue=3|pages=593–601|publisher=Elsevier|location=Amsterdam|issn=0003-3472|doi=10.1006/anbe.1998.1037|pmid=10196048}}</ref> Gif a female disnae acome [[pregnancy|pregnant]] or gif she loses her kits air, she will whiles acome fertile again 80 till 140&nbsp;day later.<ref>Hohmann, p. 125; Lagoni-Hansen, p. 45; Zeveloff, p. 125</ref> [[File:Common Raccoon (Procyon lotor) in Northwest Indiana.jpg|left|thumb|An Eastern raccoon (''P. l. lotor'') kit]] Efter uisually 63 till 65&nbsp;day o [[gestation]] (tho onywhaur frae 54 till 70&nbsp;day is possible), a [[bruid (ainimal)|bruid]] o teepically twa till five young is born.<ref>Hohmann, p. 131; Zeveloff, pp. 121, 126</ref> The average bruid size varies widely wi habitat, rangin frae 2.5 in [[Alabama]] tae 4.8 in [[North Dakota]].<ref>Lagoni-Hansen, p. 50; Zeveloff, p. 126</ref> Lairger bruids is mair common in auries wi a heich mortality rate, due, for insaumple, tae [[hunting]] or severe winters.<ref>Bartussek, p. 32; Zeveloff, p. 126</ref> While male yearlins uisually reak thair sexual maturity anly efter the main matein saison, female yearlins can compensate for heich mortality rates an mey be responsible for aboot 50% o aw young born in a year.<ref>Hohmann, p. 163; MacClintock, p. 82; Zeveloff, pp. 123–127</ref> Males hae nae pairt in raisin young.<ref>Bartussek, p. 12; Hohmann, p. 111; MacClintock, p. 83</ref> The kits (cried "cubs" an aa) is blin an deif at birth, but thair mask is awready visible again thair licht fur.<ref name="zp127">Hohmann, pp. 114, 117; Zeveloff, p. 127</ref> The birth wecht o the aboot {{convert|10|cm|in|0|abbr=on}}-lang kits is atween {{convert|60|and|75|g|oz|1|abbr=on}}.<ref>Zeveloff, p. 127</ref> Thair lug canals open efter aroond 18 tae 23&nbsp;days, a few days afore thair een open for the first time.<ref>Hohmann, p. 117</ref> Ance the kits wecht aboot {{convert|1|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}, thay begin tae explore ootwi the den, consumin solit food for the first time efter sax tae nine&nbsp;week.<ref>Hohmann, p. 119; MacClintock, pp. 94–95</ref> Efter this pyntin, thair mither [[Lactation|suckles]] them wi decreasing frequency; thay are uisually weaned bi 16&nbsp;weeks.<ref>Zeveloff, p. 129</ref> In the faw, efter thair mither haes shawn them dens an feedin grunds, the juvenile group splits up.<ref>Hohmann, pp. 126–127. Zeveloff, p. 130</ref> While mony females will stay close tae the home range o thair mither, males can whiles muive mair nor {{convert|20|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} away.<ref>Hohmann, p. 130; Zeveloff, pp. 132–133</ref> This is considered an [[instinct]]ive behaviour, preventin [[inbreedin]].<ref>Hohmann, p. 128; Zeveloff, p. 133</ref> Houiver, mither an affspring mey share a den in the first winter in cauld auries.<ref>Zeveloff, p. 130</ref> ===Life expectancy=== [[File:Racoon crossing road.JPG|right|thumb|Young Florida raccoon (''P. l. elucus'') crossing a road]] Captive raccoons haes been kent tae live for mair nor 20&nbsp;year.<ref>Bartussek, p. 6</ref> Housomiver, the species' life expectancy in the wild is anly 1.8 till 3.1&nbsp;year, dependin on the local conditions in terms o traffeck volume, huntin, an wather severity.<ref>Zeveloff, pp. 118–119</ref> It isnae unuisual for anly hauf o the young born in ae year tae survive a fou year.<ref>Hohmann, p. 163; Zeveloff, p. 119</ref> Efter this pyntin, the annual mortality rate drops tae atween 10% an 30%.<ref>Hohmann, p. 163</ref> Young raccoons is vulnerable tae losin thair mither tae starvation, parteecularly in lang an cauld winters.<ref>MacClintock, p. 73</ref> The maist frequent naitural cause o daith in the North American raccoon population is [[Canine distemper|distemper]], whilk can reak [[epidemic]] proportions an kill maist o a local raccoon population.<ref name="ergebnisse">{{cite web|url=http://www.projekt-waschbaer.de/erste-ergebnisse/|title=Erste Ergebnisse|accessdate=December 7, 2008|last=Michler|first=Frank-Uwe|author2=Köhnemann, Berit A.|date=June 2008|work="Projekt Waschbär"|language=German|archive-date=2009-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214202619/http://www.projekt-waschbaer.de/erste-ergebnisse|url-status=dead}}</ref> In auries wi hivy vehicular traffeck an extensive huntin, thir factors can accoont for up tae 90% o aw daiths o adult raccoons.<ref>Hohmann, p. 162</ref> The maist important naitural [[predation|predators]] o the raccoon is [[bobcat]]s, [[coyote]]s, an [[great hornit houlet]]s, the latter mainly preyin on young raccoons. In thair introduced range in the umwhile Soviet Union, thair main predators is [[wouf]]s, [[Eurasian lynx|lynxes]] an [[catogle]]s.<ref name="s1390">{{Harvnb|Heptner|Sludskii|2002|p=1390}}</ref> Housomiver, predation isnae a significant cause o daith, inspecially acause lairger predators haes been [[Holocene extinction event|exterminated]] in mony auries whaur raccoons is indwellin.<ref>Zeveloff, pp. 111–112</ref> ==Range== [[File:Raccoon in bayou.jpg|left|thumb|Mississippi Delta raccoon (''P. l. megaloudus'') searching for food on a lake shore]] ===Habitat=== Tho thay hae thrived in sparsely widit auries in the last decades, raccoons depend on vertical structures tae clim whan thay feel threatened.<ref>Hohmann, pp. 93–94; Zeveloff, p. 93</ref> Therefore, thay evit open terrain an auries wi heich concentrations o [[beech]] trees, as beech [[baurk]] is ower smooth tae clim.<ref>Hohmann, p. 94</ref> [[Tree howe]]s in auld [[aik]]s or ither trees an rock clifts is preferred bi raccoons as sleepin, winter an bruid bouries. Gif sic dens is unavailable or accessing them is inconvenient, raccoons uise [[burrow]]s dug bi ither mammals, dense [[undergrowth]] or tree crotches.<ref>Hohmann, pp. 97–101; Zeveloff, pp. 95–96</ref> In a study in the [[Solling]] range o hills in Germany, mair nor 60% o aw sleepin places war uised anly ance, but thaim uised at least ten times accountit for aboot 70% o aw uises.<ref>Hohmann, p. 98</ref> For amphibians, [[crustacean]]s, an ither ainimals foond aroond the shore o lochs an rivers is an important pairt o the raccoon's diet, lawland [[deciduous]] or [[Temperate broadleaf an mixed wids|mixed wids]] abundant wi watter an marshes susteen the heichest population densities.<ref>Hohmann, p. 160; Zeveloff, p. 98</ref> While population densities range frae 0.5 tae 3.2 ainimals per square kilometer (1.3 tae 8.3 ainimals per square mile) in prairies an dae nae uisually exceed 6 ainimals per square kilometer (15.5 ainimals per square mile) in upland haurdwid wids, mair nor 20 raccoons per square kilometer (51.8 ainimals per square mile) can live in lawland wids an marshes.<ref>Hohmann, p. 160; Zeveloff, p. 97</ref> ===Distribution in North America=== [[File:Albino raccoon.png|thumb|An [[albino]] Florida raccoon (''P. l. elucus'') in [[Virginia Key]], Florida]] Raccoons is common atouer North Americae frae Canadae tae [[Panama]], whaur the subspecies ''Procyon lotor pumilus'' coexists wi the [[crab-eatin Raccoon]] (''Procyon cancrivorus'').<ref>Hohmann, pp. 12, 46; Zeveloff, pp. 75, 88</ref> The population on [[Hispaniola]] wis sterminate as air as 1513 bi Spainyie colonists wha huntit them for thair meat.<ref>Holmgren, p. 58</ref> Raccoons wis exterminate in [[Cuba]] an [[Jamaica]] an aa, whaur the last sichtins wis reportit in 1687.<ref>Holmgren, pp. 58–59</ref> Whan thay war still considered separate species, the Bahamas raccoon, Guadeloupe raccoon an Tres Marias raccoon wis classifee'd as [[Endangered species|endangered]] bi the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature|IUCN]] in 1996.<ref>Zeveloff, pp. 42–45</ref> Thare is evidence that in [[pre-Columbian]] times raccoons wis numerous anly alang rivers an in the widlands o the [[Sootheastren Unitit States]].<ref>Zeveloff, p. 77</ref> As raccoons wisnae mentioned in earlier reports o [[American pioneer|pioneers]] explorin the central an north-central pairts o the Unitit States,<ref>Zeveloff, p. 78</ref> thair initial spread mey hae begun a few decades afore the 20t century. Syne the 1950s, raccoons hae spandit thair range frae [[Vancouver Island]]—umwhile the northernmost leemit o thair range—far intae the northren portions o the fower sooth-central Canadian provinces.<ref>Zeveloff, p. 75</ref> New habitats whilk hae recently been occupied bi raccoons (apart frae urban auries) include moontain ranges, lik the [[Western Rocky Mountains]], prairies an [[Salt marsh|coastal marshes]].<ref>Zeveloff, p. 76</ref> Efter a population explosion stairtin in the 1940s, the estimate nummer o raccoons in North Americae in the late 1980s wis 15 tae 20&nbsp;times heicher than in the 1930s, whan raccoons wis comparatively rare.<ref>Zeveloff, pp. 75–76</ref> [[Urbanisation]], the waxin o [[agricultur]], deliberate introductions, an the stermination o naitural predators o the raccoon haes likely caused this increase in abundance an distribution.<ref>Zeveloff, pp. 76–78</ref> ===Distribution outside North America=== As a result o escapes an deliberate [[introduced species|introductions]] in the mid-20t century, the raccoon is nou distribute in several European an Asian countries. Sichtins haes occurred in aw the countries bund Germany, whilk hosts the lairgest population ootwi North Americae.<ref>Lagoni-Hansen, pp. 89–90</ref> Anither stable population exists in northren Fraunce, whaur several pet raccoons wis released bi members o the [[United States Air Force|U.S. Air Force]] near the [[Laon-Couvron Air Base]] in 1966.<ref>Hohmann, p. 13</ref> Mair atouer, raccoons haes been reportit in the aurie aroond [[Madrid]] syne the early 1970s. In 2013 the ceety authorised "the capture an daith o ony specimen" foond.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/22/madrid-raccoon-parrot-plague|title = Madrid declares war on plague of raccoon an parrot invaders|last = Burger|first = Stephen|date = July 22, 2013|work = |access-date = May 4, 2015|via = |newspaper = The Guardian}}</ref> Aboot 1,240 ainimals wis released in nine regions o the umwhile [[Soviet Union]] atween 1936 an 1958 for the purpose o establishin a population tae be huntit for thair fur. Twa o thir introductions wis sonsie — ane in the sooth o [[Belaroushie]] atween 1954 an 1958, an anither in [[Azerbaijan]] atween 1941 an 1957. Wi a seasonal hairst o atween 1,000 an 1,500&nbsp;ainimals, in 1974 the estimate size o the population distributit in the [[Caucasus]] region wis aroond 20,000&nbsp;ainimals an the density wis fower ainimals per square kilometer (10&nbsp;ainimals per square mile).<ref>Lagoni-Hansen, pp. 90–92</ref> ====Distribution in Japan==== In Japan, up tae 1,500&nbsp;raccoons wis importit as pets ilka year efter the success o the [[anime]] series ''[[Rascal the Raccoon]]'' (1977). In 2004, the descendants o discardit or escaped ainimals lived in 42 o 47&nbsp;[[Prefecturs o Japan|prefecturs]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20040916f1.html|title=Raccoons – new foreign menace?|accessdate=December 7, 2008|last=Yoshida|first=Reiji|date=September 16, 2004|work=The Japan Times Online|publisher=The Japan Times Ltd.|archive-date=2012-04-19|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6738lej3L?url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nn20040916f1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20080219a5.html|title=Raccoons take big bite out of crops|accessdate=December 7, 2008|date=February 19, 2008|work=The Japan Times Online|publisher=The Japan Times Ltd.|archive-date=2012-07-13|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120713154336/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nn20080219a5.html%23.UABCGKgo9Rw|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Tohru>{{cite journal|last=Ikeda|first=Tohru|last2=Asano|first2=Makoto|last3=Matoba|first3=Yohei, Abe, Go|year=2004|title=Present Status of Invasive Alien Raccoon and its Impact in Japan|journal=Global Environmental Research|volume=8|issue=2|pages=125–131|publisher=Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies|location=Tsukuba, Japan|issn=1343-8808|url=http://www.airies.or.jp/publication/ger/pdf/08-02-03.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=December 7, 2008|archive-date=2009-03-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326112531/http://www.airies.or.jp/publication/ger/pdf/08-02-03.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The population o raccoons in Japan grew frae 17 prefectures in 2000 tae aw 47 prefectures in 2008.<ref name="Ribaraki">{{Cite journal|author=山﨑晃司・佐伯緑・竹内正彦・及川ひろみ|year=2009|title=茨城県でのアライグマの生息動向と今後の管理課題について|journal=県自然博物館研究報告|volume=12|url=http://www.nat.pref.ibaraki.jp/publish/documents/study_report/kenkyu12_light.pdf|format=PDF|pages=41–49|accessdate=July 3, 2011|archive-date=2011-05-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110529201015/http://www.nat.pref.ibaraki.jp/publish/documents/study_report/kenkyu12_light.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Waschbaer-verbreitung.png|left|thumb|Distribution in Germany: Raccoons killed or foond dead bi hunters in the huntin years 2000-2001, 2001-2002 an 2002-2003 in the admeenistrative destricts o Germany]] ====Distribution in Germany==== In Germany — whaur the racoon is cried the ''Waschbär'' (literally, "wash-beir" or "washin beir") due tae its habit o "slockin" fuid in watter—twa pairs o pet raccoons wis released intae the German countryside at the [[Edersee]] reservoir in the north o [[Hesse]] in Aprile 1934 bi a forester upon request o thair ainer, a poutrie farmer.<ref>Hohmann, pp. 9–10</ref> He released them twa week afore receivin permission frae the [[Prussia]]n huntin office tae "enrich the [[fauna]]." <ref>Hohmann, p. 10</ref> Several prior attempts tae introduce raccoons in Germany wisnae sonsie.<ref>Hohmann, p. 11; Lagoni-Hansen, p. 84</ref> A seicont population wis established in eastren Germany in 1945 whan 25 raccoons escaped frae a [[fur fermin|fur ferm]] at Wolfshagen, east o Berlin, efter an air strike. The twa populations is parasitologically distinguishable: 70% o the raccoons o the Hessian population is infectit wi the [[Nematode|roundworm]] ''[[Baylisascaris procyonis]]'', but nane o the [[Brandenburg]]ian population haes the parasite.<ref name=autogenerated1>Hohmann, p. 182</ref> The estimatit nummer o raccoons wis 285 ainimals in the Hessian region in 1956, ower 20,000 ainimals in the Hessian region in 1970 an atween 200,000 an 400,000&nbsp;ainimals in the hale o Germany in 2008.<ref name="ergebnisse" /><ref>Hohmann, p. 11</ref> Bi 2012 it wis estimate that Germany nou haed mair nor a million raccoons.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/germany-overrun-by-raccoon-invasion-a-847847.html|title = Raccoon Invasion: Germany Overrun by Hordes of Masked Omnivores|last = Schulz|first = Matthias|date = August 3, 2012|work = |access-date = May 4, 2015|via = }}</ref> The raccoon wis a pertected species in Germany, but haes been declared a [[game (food)|game animal]] in 14 [[States o Germany|states]] syne 1954.<ref>Hohmann, pp. 18, 21</ref> Hunters an [[environmentalism|environmentalists]] argue the raccoon spreads uncontrollably, threatens pertectit bird species an supersedes domestic [[carnivora]]ns.<ref name="stellungnahme" /> This view is opposed bi the zoologist Frank-Uwe Michler, wha fins nae evidence a heich population density o raccoons haes negative effects on the [[biodiversity]] o an aurie.<ref name="stellungnahme" /> Hohmann argues that extensive huntin canna be juistifee'd bi the absence o naitural predators, acause predation isnae a significant cause o daith in the North American raccoon population.<ref>Hohmann, pp. 14–16</ref> ====Distribution in the former USSR==== Experiments in acclimatising raccoons intae the USSR began in 1936, an wis repeatit a faur 25 times til 1962. Oweraw, 1,222 individuals war released, 64 o whilk came frae zoos an fur farms (38 o them haein been imports frae wastren Europe). The remainder originatit frae a population established aforehaun in [[Transcaucasia]]. The range o Soviet raccoons wis never single or continuous, as thay war aften introduced tae different locations far frae ilkane ither. Aw introductions intae the [[Roushie Far East]] failed; melanistic raccoons wis released on Petrov Island near [[Vladivostok]] an some auries o soothren [[Primorsky Krai]], but dee'd. In [[Middle Asia]], raccoons wis released in [[Kyrgyzstan]]'s [[Jalal-Abad Province]], tho thay war later recorded as "practically absent" thare in Januar 1963. A lairge an stable raccoon population (yieldin 1000–1500 catches a year) wis established in [[Azerbaijan]] efter an introduction tae the area in 1937. Raccoons apparently survived an introduction near [[Terek River|Terek]], alang the [[Sulak River]] intae the [[Dagestan]]i lowlands. Attempts tae settle raccoons on the [[Kuban River]]'s left tributary an [[Kabardino-Balkarie]] wis wansonsie. A sonsie acclimatisation occurred in [[Belarus]], whaur three introductions (consistin o 52, 37 an 38 individuals in 1954 an 1958) teuk place. Bi Januar 1, 1963, 700 individuals wis recordit in the kintra.<ref name="s1380">{{Harvnb|Heptner|Sludskii|2002|pp=1380–1383}}</ref> ===Urban raccoons=== [[File:Waschbaer auf dem Dach.jpg|thumb|On the ruif o a hoose in Albertshausen, Germany]] Due tae its adaptability, the raccoon haes can uise [[urban area]]s as a habitat. The first sichtins wis recorded in a [[suburb]] o [[Cincinnati]] in the 1920s. Syne the 1950s, raccoons hae been present in [[metropolitan area]]s lik [[Washington, DC]], [[Chicago]], an [[Toronto]].<ref name="untersuchungen">{{cite journal|first=Frank-Uwe|last=Michler|title=Untersuchungen zur Raumnutzung des Waschbären (''Procyon lotor'', L. 1758) im urbanen Lebensraum am Beispiel der Stadt Kassel (Nordhessen)|page=7|date=June 25, 2003|url=http://www.projekt-waschbaer.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Diplomarbeit-Waschbaer-Michler.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=December 7, 2008 |language=German}} (Diploma thesis at the University of Halle-Wittenberg)</ref> Syne the 1960s, [[Kassel]] haes hosted Europe's first an densest population in a lairge urban area, wi aboot 50 tae 150&nbsp;ainimals per square kilometer (130 tae 390&nbsp;ainimals per square mile), a figure comparable tae thae o urban habitats in North Americae.<ref name="untersuchungen" /><ref>Hohmann, p. 108</ref> Hame range sizes o urban raccoons is anly 3 tae 40&nbsp;hectare (7.5 tae 100&nbsp;acre) for females an 8 tae 80&nbsp;hectare (20 tae 200&nbsp;acre) for males.<ref name="Stand der Wissenschaft">{{cite web|url=http://www.projekt-waschbaer.de/stand-der-wissenschaft/|title=Stand der Wissenschaft|accessdate=December 7, 2008|last=Michler|first=Frank-Uwe|author2=Köhnemann, Berit A.|work="Projekt Waschbär"|publisher=Gesellschaft für Wildökologie und Naturschutz e.V.|language=German|archive-date=2009-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090216055807/http://www.projekt-waschbaer.de/stand-der-wissenschaft/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In smaw touns an suburbs, mony raccoons sleep in a naurhaun wid efter foragin in the dounset aurie.<ref name="untersuchungen" /><ref>Bartussek, p. 20</ref> Fruit an insects in gairdens an leftowers in municipal waste is easy available fuid soorces.<ref>Bartussek, p. 21</ref> Mair atouer, a lairge nummer o addeetional sleepin auries exist in thir auries, likesuc as howes in auld gairden trees, cots, garages, abandoned houses, an attics. The percentage o urban raccoons sleepin in abandoned or occupied houses varies frae 15% in Washington, DC (1991) tae 43% in Kassel (2003).<ref>Bartussek, p. 20; Hohmann, p. 108</ref> ==Health== [[File:Baylisascaris larvae.jpg|left|upright|thumb|Raccoon roundworm ''[[Baylisascaris procyonis]]'' larvae]] Raccoons can cairry [[rabies]], a lethal disease caused bi the [[neurotropic virus|neurotropic]] rabies [[virus]] cairried in the [[slaver]] an transmittit bi bites. Its spread began in Florida an [[Georgie (U.S. state)|Georgie]] in the 1950s an wis facilitated bi the introduction o infectit individuals tae [[Virginie]] an North Dakota in the late 1970s.<ref name="z113">Zeveloff, p. 113</ref> O the 6,940&nbsp;documentit rabies cases reportit in the United States in 2006, 2,615 (37.7%) wis in raccoons.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Blanton|first=Jesse D.|author2=Hanlon, Cathleen A. |author3=Rupprecht, Charles E. |date=August 15, 2007|title=Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2006|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-veterinary-medical-association-journal_2007-08-15_231_4/page/540|journal=Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association|volume=231|issue=4|pages=540–556|publisher=American Veterinary Medical Association|location=Schaumburg, Illinois|issn=0003-1488|doi=10.2460/javma.231.4.540|pmid=17696853}}</ref> The [[Unitit States Depairtment o Agricultur|U.S. Depairtment o Agricultur]], as weel as local authorities in several U.S. states an Canadian provinces, haes developit oral [[vaccination]] programs tae fecht the spread o the disease in endangered populations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aphis.usda.gov/wildlife_damage/oral_rabies/index.shtml|title=National Rabies Management Program Overview|accessdate=December 28, 2010|date=September 25, 2009|work=Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service|publisher=United States Department of Agriculture|archive-date=2011-01-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110110043024/http://www.aphis.usda.gov/wildlife_damage/oral_rabies/index.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://health.state.tn.us/FactSheets/raccoon.htm|title=Raccoons and Rabies|accessdate=December 7, 2008|work=Official website of the State of Tennessee|publisher=Tennessee Department of Health|archive-date=2009-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115182910/https://health.state.tn.us/FactSheets/raccoon.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mrnf.gouv.qc.ca/english/press/press-release-detail.jsp?id=7091|publisher=Gouvernement du Québec|title=Major operation related to raccoon rabies – Close to one million vaccinated baits will be spread in the Estrie and Montérégie regions from August 18 to 23, 2008|accessdate=December 28, 2010|date=August 18, 2008|archive-date=2012-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324115342/http://www.mrnf.gouv.qc.ca/english/press/press-release-detail.jsp?id=7091|url-status=dead}}</ref> Anly ae human fatality haes been reportit efter transmission o the rabies virus strain commonly kent as "raccoon rabies".<ref>{{cite journal|last=Silverstein|first=M. A.|author2=Salgado, C. D. |author3=Bassin, S. |author4=Bleck, T. P. |author5=Lopes, M. B. |author6=Farr, B. M. |author7=Jenkins, S. R. |author8=Sockwell, D. C. |author9=Marr, J. S. |author10= Miller, G. B. |date=November 14, 2003|title=First Human Death Associated with Raccoon Rabies|journal=Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report|volume=52|issue=45|pages=1102–1103|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|location=Atlanta, Georgia|url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5245a4.htm|accessdate=December 7, 2008|pmid=14614408}}</ref> Amang the main symptoms for rabies in raccoons are a generally sickly appearance, impaired mobility, abnormal vocalisation, an [[aggression|aggressiveness]].<ref name="rabies">{{cite journal|last=Rosatte|first=Rick|last2=Sobey|first2=Kirk|last3=Donovan|first3=Dennis|last4=Bruce|first4=Laura|last5=Allan|first5=Mike|last6=Silver|first6=Andrew|last7=Bennett|first7=Kim|last8=Gibson|first8=Mark|last9=Simpson|first9=Holly|last10=; Davies|first10=Chris|last11=Wandeler|first11=Alex|last12=Muldoon|first12=Frances|date=July 1, 2006|title=Behavior, Movements, and Demographics of Rabid Raccoons in Ontario, Canada: Management Implications|journal=Journal of Wildlife Diseases|volume=42|issue=3|pages=589–605|publisher=The Wildlife Disease Association|location=USA|issn=0090-3558|url=http://www.jwildlifedis.org/cgi/content/full/42/3/589|accessdate=December 7, 2008|pmid=17092890|doi=10.7589/0090-3558-42.3.589|archive-date=2012-12-09|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121209072424/http://www.jwildlifedis.org/cgi/content/full/42/3/589|url-status=dead}}</ref> Thare mey be nae visible signs ava, housomiver, an maist individuals disnae shaw the aggressive behaviour seen in infectit canids; rabid raccoons will aften retire tae thair dens insteid.<ref name="stellungnahme" /><ref name=autogenerated1 /><ref name="rabies" /> Organisations lik the [[United States Forest Service|U.S. Forest Service]] encourage fowk tae stey awa frae ainimals wi unuisual behaviour or appearance, an tae notify the proper authorities, lik an [[animal control officer]] frae the local [[health department]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/misc/raccoon/raccoon.htm|title=The Raccoon—Friend or Foe?|accessdate=December 7, 2008|work=Northeastern Area State & Private Forestry – USDA Forest Service}}</ref><ref name="wdfw">{{cite web|url=http://wdfw.wa.gov/wlm/living/raccoons.htm|title=Raccoons|accessdate=December 7, 2008|last=Link|first=Russell|work=Living with Wildlife|publisher=Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080324192751/http://wdfw.wa.gov/wlm/living/raccoons.htm|archivedate=2008-03-24|url-status=dead}}{{Cite web |url=http://wdfw.wa.gov/wlm/living/raccoons.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-06-03 |archive-date=2008-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080324192751/http://wdfw.wa.gov/wlm/living/raccoons.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Syne healthy ainimals, especially nouricin mothers, will occasionally forage in the daytime, daylicht activity isnae a reliable indicator o ailin in raccoons.<ref name="b10z99" /> Unalik rabies an at least a dozen ither [[pathogen]]s cairried bi raccoons, [[Canine distemper|distemper]], an [[epizootic]] virus, disnae affect humans.<ref>MacClintock, p. 72; Zeveloff, p. 114</ref> This disease is the maist frequent naitural cause o daith in the North American raccoon population an affects individuals o aw age groups.<ref name="ergebnisse" /> For insaumple, 94 o 145 raccoons dee'd in an outbreak in [[Clifton, Ohio]], in 1968.<ref>Zeveloff, p. 112</ref> It mey occur alang wi a follaein inflammation o the harn ([[encephalitis]]), causin the ainimal tae display rabies-lik symptoms.<ref name="z113" /> In Germany, the first aicht cases o distemper war reportit in 2007.<ref name="ergebnisse" /> Some o the maist important [[bacteria]]l diseases whilk affect raccoons is [[leptospirosis]], [[listeriosis]], [[tetanus]], an [[tularemia]]. Tho internal [[parasitism|parasites]] waiken thair [[immune system]]s, weel-fed individuals can cairry a fair feck o roundworms in thair [[Gastrointestinal tract|digestive tracts]] wioot shawin symptoms.<ref>MacClintock, pp. 73–74; Zeveloff, p. 114</ref> The larvae o the ''[[Baylisascaris procyonis]]'' roundworm, whilk can be conteened in the feces an seldom causes a severe ailin in humans, can be ingestit whan cleanin [[raccoon latrine]]s wioot wearing breathing pertection.<ref>Hohmann, pp. 169, 182</ref> While nae endemic, the [[Trichinella]] worm daes infect racoons,<ref>[http://jwildlifedis.org/doi/pdf/10.7589/0090-3558-2.3.81 Winslow, Price, Heafie, Herman, "Trichinosis in Marayland Racoons," Bulletin Wildlife Disease Assn, Vol 2 July 1966 ]</ref> an unnercuiked racoon meat haes caused [[trichinosis]] in humans.<ref>[http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/trichinellosis/hunters.html CDC, Parasites--Trichinellosis (also known as Trichinosis)]</ref> ==Raccoons and humans== ===Conflicts=== [[File:Urban raccoon and skunk.JPG|thumb|A [[Striped skunk|skunk]] an a Californie raccoon (''P. s. psora'') share cat food morsels in a [[Hollywood]], [[Californie]], back yard]] The increasin nummer o raccoons in urban auries haes resultit in diverse reactions in humans, rangin frae outrage at thair presence tae deliberate feedin.<ref>Hohmann, pp. 103–106</ref> Some wildlife experts an maist public authorities caution against feedin wild ainimals acause thay micht acome increasingly obtrusive an dependent on humans as a fuid soorce.<ref>Bartussek, p. 34</ref> Ither experts challenge sic arguments an gie advice on feedin raccoons an ither wildlife in thair beuks.<ref>Holmgren, pp. 117–121</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Harris|first=Stephen|author2=Baker, Phil |title=Urban Foxes|publisher=Whittet Books|location=Suffolk|year=2001|isbn=978-1-873580-51-6|pages=78–79}}</ref> Raccoons wioot a fear o humans is a concern tae thaim that attribute this trait tae rabies, but scientists pyntin oot this behaviour is hantle liker eneuch tae be a behavioural adjustment tae steyin in habitats wi regular contact wi humans for mony generations.<ref>Bartussek, p. 24; Hohmann, p. 182</ref> Raccoons uisually disnae prey on domestic cats an dugs, but individual cases o killins haes been reportit.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seattlepi.com/local/282218_racoons23.html|title=Raccoons rampaging Olympia|accessdate=December 7, 2008|date=August 23, 2006| work=seattlepi.com|publisher=Seattle Post-Intelligencer}}</ref> [[File:Curious Raccoon.jpg|thumb|left|A Florida raccoon (''P. l. elucus'') in the [[Florida]] Everglades approaches a group o humans, hopin tae be fed.]] While owerturned waste conteeners an raided fruit trees is juist a nuisance tae hameawners, it can cost several thoosand dollars tae repair damage caused bi the uise o attic space as dens.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Michler|first=Frank-Uwe|title=Untersuchungen zur Raumnutzung des Waschbären (''Procyon lotor'', L. 1758) im urbanen Lebensraum am Beispiel der Stadt Kassel (Nordhessen) |page=108 |date=June 25, 2003 |url=http://www.projekt-waschbaer.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Diplomarbeit-Waschbaer-Michler.pdf |format=PDF|accessdate=December 7, 2008 |language=German}} (Diploma thesis at the University of Halle-Wittenberg)</ref> Relocatin or killin raccoons wioot a permit is forbidden in mony urban auries on grunds o [[animal welfare]]. Thir methods uisually anly solve problems wi parteecularly wild or aggressive individuals, acause adequate dens is aither kent tae several raccoons or will swith be rediskivert.<ref name="wdfw" /><ref>Bartussek, p. 32; Hohmann, pp. 142–144, 169</ref> Loud noises, flashin lichts an unpleasant odors haes pruiven parteecularly effective in drivin awa a mither an her kits afore thay wad normally leave the nestin place (whan the kits is aboot aicht week auld).<ref name="wdfw" /><ref>Bartussek, p. 40</ref> teepically, tho, anly precautionary measures tae restrict access tae fuid waste an den sites is effective in the lang term.<ref name="wdfw" /><ref>Bartussek, pp. 36–40; Hohmann, p. 169</ref> Amang aw fruits an craps cultivate in agricultural auries, [[sweet corn]] in its milk stage is parteecularly popular amang raccoons.<ref>Hohmann, pp. 87–88; MacClintock, p 49–50</ref> In a twa-year study bi [[Purdue University]] researchers, published in 2004, raccoons wis responsible for 87% o the damage tae corn plants.<ref>{{cite journal |last=MacGowan |first=Brian J. |author2=Humberg, Lee A. |author3=Beasley, James C. |author4=DeVault, Travis L. |author5=Retamosa, Monica I. |author6=Rhodes, Jr., Olin E. |title=Corn and Soybean Crop Depredation by Wildlife |page=6 |publisher=Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University |date=June 2006 |url=http://www.ces.purdue.edu/extmedia/FNR/FNR-265-W.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=December 17, 2008 |journal= |archive-date=2008-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216115857/http://www.ces.purdue.edu/extmedia/FNR/FNR-265-W.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lik ither predators, raccoons sairchin for fuid can break intae [[poutrie]] houses tae feed on chickens, ducks, thair eggs, or feed.<ref name="wdfw" /><ref>Hohmann, p. 82; MacClintock, pp. 47–48</ref> Acause raccoons in heich mortality auries hae a heicher rate o reproduction, extensive huntin mey nae solve problems wi raccoon populations. Aulder males claim lairger hame ranges nor younger ones an aa, resultin in a lawer population density. ===Meethology, airts, an entertainment=== [[File:S.E.C.C. hero twins 3 HRoe 2007.jpg|thumb|Stylised raccoon skin as depictit on the ''Raccoon Priests Gorget'' foond at [[Spiro Mounds]]]] {{See also|Leet o feectional raccoons}} In the [[meethology]] o the indigenous fowks o the Americas, the raccoon wis the subject o [[Folklore|folk tales]].<ref>Holmgren, pp. 25–46</ref> Stories lik "Hou raccoons catch sae mony [[crayfish]]" frae the [[Tuscarora (tribe)|Tuscarora]] centered on its skills at foragin.<ref>Holmgren, pp. 41–43</ref> In ither tales, the raccoon played the role o the [[trickster]] whilk outsmarts ither ainimals, lik coyotes an woufs.<ref>Holmgren, pp. 26–29, 38–40</ref> Amang ithers, the [[Dakota Sioux]] believe the raccoon haes naitural [[spirit pouer]]s, acause its mask resembled the facial pentins, twa-fingered swashes o black an white, uised in [[ritual]]s tae connect tae spirit beins.<ref>Holmgren, pp. 15–17</ref> The Aztecs linkit supernaitural abilities inspecially tae females, whase commitment tae thair young wis associate wi the role o wise weemen in thair society.<ref>Holmgren, pp. 17–18</ref> The raccoon appears in Native American airt athort a wide geographic range an aa. [[Petroglyph]]s wi engraved raccoon tracks wis foond in [[Lewis Canyon, Texas]];<ref>Pamela LeBlanc {{Wayback |date=20090321230011 |url=http://www.austin360.com/recreation/content/recreation/stories/2008/12/1214rockart.html |title=Pictographs, petroglyphs on rocks record beliefs o earliest Texans }}. American Statesman. December 13, 2008</ref> at the Crow Hollow petroglyph site in [[Grayson County, Kentucky]];<ref>Rock Art of Kentucky. Fred E. Coy, Thomas C. Fuller, Larry G. Meadows, James L. Swauger University Press of Kentucky, 2003 p. 60 and Fig. 65A</ref> an in river drainages near [[Tularosa]], New Mexico an [[San Francisco]], Californie.<ref>Schaafsma, P. Indian Rock Art of the Southwest Albuq., U.NM, 1992</ref> A true-tae-detail [[figurine]] made o [[quartz]], the ''Ohio Mound Builders' Stone Pipe'', wis foond near the [[Scioto River]]. The meanin an signeeficance o the ''Raccoon Priests Gorget'', whilk features a stylized cairvin o a raccoon an wis foond at the [[Spiro Mounds]], Oklahoma, remains unkent.<ref name="spiro mounds">{{cite book|url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=TxYyscZlOXoC |page=123 }} |title=The Arts of the North American |publisher= |date= September 25, 1986|accessdate=March 19, 2010|isbn=978-0-933920-56-9|author1=Wade, Edwin L}}</ref><ref>Holmgren, p. 45</ref> In Western cultur, several [[autobiography|autobiographical]] [[novel]]s aboot livin wi a raccoon hae been written, maistly for [[Children's literature|children]]. The best-kent is [[Sterling North]]'s ''[[Rascal (beuk)|Rascal]]'', whilk recounts hou he raised a kit in [[Warld War I]]. In recent years, [[anthropomorphism|anthropomorphic]] raccoons played main roles in the animatit televeesion series ''[[The Raccoons]]'', the computer-animatit film ''[[Over the Hedge (film)|Over the Hedge]]'', the live action film ''[[Guardians of the Galaxy (film)|Guardians of the Galaxy]]'' an the video gemme series ''[[Sly Cooper (series)|Sly Cooper]]''. [[File:Cap of American opossum with a raccoon tail (Davy Crockett style).jpg|thumb|upright|left|Coonskin cap]] ===Huntin an fur trade=== The fur o raccoons is uised for claedin, inspecially for [[Raccoon coat|coats]] an [[coonskin cap]]s. At present, it is the material uised for the inaccurately named "sealskin" cap worn bi the [[Royal Fusiliers]] o [[Great Breetain]].<ref>A Dictionary of Military Uniform: W.Y.Carman ISBN 0-684-15130-8</ref> Historically, [[Indigenous people of the Americas|Native American]] tribes nae anly uised the fur for winter claedin, but uised the tails for ornament an aa.<ref>Holmgren, p. 18</ref> The famous Sioux leader [[Spotted Tail]] teuk his name frae a raccoon skin hat wi the tail attached he acquired frae a fur trader. Syne the late 18t century, various teeps o [[scent hoond]]s, cried "[[coonhound]]s", whilk can chase ainimals up trees haes been bred in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.akc.org/breeds/black_tan_coonhound/history.cfm |title=Black and Tan Coonhound History|accessdate=December 11, 2008|work=American Kennel Club|publisher=American Kennel Club}}</ref> In the 19t century, whan coonskins occasionally even sert as means o payment, several thoosand raccoon wis killt ilka year in the United States.<ref>Holmgren, p. 74; Zeveloff, p. 160</ref> This nummer rose quick whan caur jaikets became popular efter the turn o the 20t century. In the 1920s, wearing a [[raccoon coat]] wis regarded as [[status symbol]] amang [[college student]]s.<ref>Holmgren, p. 77</ref> Attempts tae breed raccoons in fur farms in the 1920s an 1930s in North Americae an Europe turned oot nae tae be profitable, an fermin wis abandoned efter prices for lang-haired pelts drappit in the 1940s.<ref>Zeveloff, p. 161</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Schmidt|first=Fritz|title=Das Buch von den Pelztieren und Pelzen|year=1970|publisher=F. C. Mayer Verlag|location=Munich|language=German|pages=311–315}}</ref> Awtho raccoons haed acome rare in the 1930s, at least 388,000 war killed during the [[huntin saison]] o 1934/35.<ref>Holmgren, p. 77; Zeveloff, pp. 75, 160, 173</ref> [[File:Lanpher Furs Auto Coat Raccoon S71.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Automobile coat made oot o raccoon fur (1906, U.S.)]] Efter persistent population increases began in the 1940s, the seasonal hunt reached aboot ane million ainimals in 1946/47 an twa million in 1962/63.<ref>Zeveloff, pp. 75, 160</ref> The broadcast o three televeesion episode aboot the [[Frontier#American frontier|frontiersman]] [[Davy Crockett]] an the film ''[[Davy Crockett, King of the Wild Frontier]]'' in 1954 an 1955 led tae a heich demand for [[coonskin cap]]s in the United States, tho it isnae lik eneuch aither Crockett or the actor wha played him, [[Fess Parker]], actually wore a cap made frae raccoon fur.<ref>Zeveloff, p. 170</ref> The seasonal hunt reached an aw-time heich wi 5.2&nbsp;million ainimals in 1976/77 an ranged atween 3.2 an 4.7&nbsp;million for maist o the 1980s. In 1982, the average pelt price wis $20.<ref>The Red Panda, Olingos, Coatis, Raccoons, and Their Relatives: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan for Procyonids and Ailurids By A. R. Glatston, IUCN/SSC Mustelid, Viverrid & Procyonid Specialist Group Edition: illustrated Published by IUCN, 1994, p. 9 ISBN 2-8317-0046-9, ISBN 978-2-8317-0046-5</ref> As o 1987, the raccoon wis identified as the maist important wild furbearer in North Americae in terms o revenue.<ref>The Red Panda, Olingos, Coatis, Raccoons, and Their Relatives: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan for Procyonids and Ailurids By A. R. Glatston, IUCN/SSC Mustelid, Viverrid & Procyonid Specialist Group Published by IUCN, 1994, p. 9</ref> In the first hauf o the 1990s, the seasonal hunt dropped tae 0.9 frae 1.9&nbsp;million due tae decreasing pelt prices.<ref>Zeveloff, pp. 160–161</ref> While primarily huntit for thair fur, raccoons wis a soorce o fuid for Native Americans an early American settlers an aa.<ref>Holmgren, pp. 18–19, Zeveloff, p. 165</ref> Accordin tae [[Ernest Thompson Seton]], young specimens killt wioot a fecht is palatable, whauras auld raccoons caught efter a lenthy battle is inedible.<ref name="seton1028">{{Harvnb|Seton|1909|pp=1028}}</ref> Raccoon meat wis extensively etten in the early years o Californie, whaur it wis sellt in the San Francisco mercat for $1–3 apiece.<ref name="g14">{{Harvnb|Goldman|Jackson|1950|pp=14–17}}</ref> [[Slavery in the United States|American slaves]] occasionally ett raccoon at [[Christmas]], but it wisnae necessar a dish o the puir or rural. The first edition o ''[[The Joy of Cooking]]'', released in 1931, conteened a recipe for preparin raccoon, an US Preses [[Calvin Coolidge]]'s pet raccoon Rebecca wis oreeginally sent tae be sert at the [[White House]] [[Thanksgiving dinner|Thanksgiving Dinner]].<ref>Harriet Jacobs, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, Digireads.com Publishing, 2005, p.72.</ref><ref>San Diego's Hilarious History By Herbert Lockwood, William Carroll Published by Coda Publications, 2004, p. 46.</ref><ref>Jen O'Neill. [http://www.findingdulcinea.com/features/feature-articles/2008/november/Filling-the-Position-of-First-Pet.html White House Life: Filling the Position of First Pet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830010512/http://www.findingdulcinea.com/features/feature-articles/2008/november/Filling-the-Position-of-First-Pet.html |date=2017-08-30 }}. findingdulcinea.com. November 12, 2008. .</ref> Awtho the idea o eatin raccoons seems repulsive tae maist mainstream consumers acause thay see them as endearin, cute, an/or [[varmints]], several thoosand raccoon is still etten ilka year in the Unitit States.<ref>{{cite news|last=Twohey |first=Megan |url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/2008/jan/18/food/chi-raccoon_18_jan18 |title=Raccoon dinner: Who's game? Illinois, it turns out, has bountiful supply of the critters – and fans and foodies are gobbling them up – Chicago Tribune |publisher=Archives.chicagotribune.com |date=January 18, 2008 |accessdate=March 19, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Hill |first=Lee |url=http://www.mcclatchydc.com/251/story/59566.html |title=The other dark meat: Raccoon is making it to the table &#124; McClatchy |publisher=Mcclatchydc.com |date=January 13, 2009 |accessdate=March 19, 2010 |archive-date=2009-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090801233722/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/251/story/59566.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://mdc.mo.gov/nathis/mammals/raccoon/ |title=Mammals: Raccoon – (Procyon lotor) |publisher=Mdc.mo.gov |accessdate=March 19, 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080622145257/http://mdc.mo.gov/nathis/mammals/raccoon/ |archivedate=2008-06-22 |url-status=dead }}{{Cite web |url=http://mdc.mo.gov/nathis/mammals/raccoon/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-06-03 |archive-date=2008-06-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080622145257/http://mdc.mo.gov/nathis/mammals/raccoon/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ngpc.state.ne.us/wildlife/raccoon.asp|title=Raccoon|accessdate=December 7, 2008|work=Nebraska Wildlife Species Guide|publisher=Nebraska Game and Parks Commission|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081023082129/http://www.ngpc.state.ne.us/wildlife/raccoon.asp|archivedate=2008-10-23|url-status=dead}}{{Cite web |url=http://www.ngpc.state.ne.us/wildlife/raccoon.asp |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-06-03 |archive-date=2008-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081023082129/http://www.ngpc.state.ne.us/wildlife/raccoon.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[File:Mm Gehege 02.jpg|left|thumb|Pen wi climbin facilities, hidin places an a watterin hole (on the lawer left side)]] ===Pet raccoons=== Raccoons are whiles kept as [[pet]]s, whilk is discouraged bi mony experts acause the raccoon isnae a [[domestication|domesticatit]] species. Raccoons mey act unpredictable an aggressive an it is uisually impossible tae teach them tae obey commaunds.<ref>Bartussek, p. 44; Hohmann, pp. 173–174</ref> In places whaur keepin raccoons as pets isnae forbidden, lik in Wisconsin an ither U.S. states, an [[exotic pet]] permit mey be required.<ref>MacClintock, p. 129</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Bluett|first=Robert|author2=Craven, Scott|title=The Raccoon (''Procyon lotor'')|page=2|publisher=Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System|year=1999|url=http://learningstore.uwex.edu/pdf/G3304.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=December 7, 2008|journal=|archive-date=2008-10-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031124153/http://learningstore.uwex.edu/pdf/G3304.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Thair propensity for unruly behaviour exceeds that o [[Skunks as pets|captive skunks]], an is even less trustworthy whan alloued tae roam free. Acause o thair intelligence an nimble forelimbs, even inexperienced raccoons can easy unscrew jaurs, uncork bottles an open door latches, wi mair experienced specimens haein been recordit tae open duir knobs.<ref name="merriam1884"/> Sexually mature raccoons aften shaw aggressive naitural behaviours lik bitin in the matein saison.<ref>Bartussek, p. 44; Hohmann, pp. 185–186</ref> [[Neutering]] them at aroond five or sax month o age decreases the chances o aggressive behaviour developin.<ref>Hohmann, p. 186</ref> Raccoons can acome [[obesity|obese]] an suffer frae ither disorders due tae puir diet an lack o exercise.<ref>Hohmann, p. 185</ref> Whan fed wi [[cat food]] ower a lang time period, raccoons can develop [[goot]].<ref>Hohmann, p. 180</ref> Wi respect tae the research results regardin thair social behaviour, it is nou required bi law in Austria an Germany tae keep at least twa individuals tae prevent laneliness.<ref name="gutachten">{{cite book|title=Gutachten über Mindestanforderungen an die Haltung von Säugetieren|url=http://www.lotor.de/download/haltung_saeugetiere.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=January 31, 2009|date=June 10, 1996|publisher=Bundesministerium für Verbraucherschutz, Ernährung und Landwirtschaft|location=Bonn, Germany|language=German|pages=42–43|archive-date=2009-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225123327/http://www.lotor.de/download/haltung_saeugetiere.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="mindestanforderungen">{{cite book|title=Mindestanforderungen an die Haltung von Säugetieren |url=http://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokumente/BgblAuth/BGBLA_2004_II_486/COO_2026_100_2_155421.pdf |format=PDF|accessdate=August 21, 2010|date=December 17, 2004 |publisher=Bundesministerium für Gesundheit und Frauen|language=German|page=23}}</ref> Raccoons is uisually kept in a [[pen (enclosure)|pen]] (indoor or outdoor), a legal requirement in Austria an Germany an aa, raither than in the flat whaur thair naitural [[curiosity]] mey result in damage tae property.<ref name="gutachten" /><ref name="mindestanforderungen" /><ref>Bartussek, p. 44; Hohmann, pp. 184, 187; MacClintock, p. 130–131</ref> Whan orphant, kits can be [[wildlife rehabilitation|rehabilitate]] an [[Reintroduction|reintroduced]] intae the wild. Housomiver, it is uncertain whether thay readapt weel tae life in the wild.<ref>MacClintock, p. 130</ref> Feedin unweaned kits wi [[cou's milk]] raither than a kitten replacement milk or a seemilar product can be dangerous tae thair health.<ref>Bartussek, p. 44; Hohmann, pp. 175–176</ref> {{-}} ==Notes== {{Reflist|colwidth=25em}} ==References== * {{EB1911|wstitle=Raccoon}} * {{cite book|last=Bartussek|first=Ingo|title=Die Waschbären kommen|publisher=Cognitio|location=Niedenstein, Germany|year=2004|isbn=978-3-932583-10-0|language=de}} * {{Cite book|last1=Goldman|first1=Edward A.|last2=Jackson|first2=Hartley H. T.|url=https://archive.org/details/raccoonsofnorthm60gold|title=Raccoons of North and Middle America|publisher=North American Fauna: Number 60|year=1950|isbn=|ref=harv|postscript=<!--None-->}} * {{Cite book|last1=Heptner|first1=V. G.|last2=Sludskii|first2=A. A.|url=https://archive.org/stream/mammalsofsov212001gept#page/1372/mode/2up|title=Mammals of the Soviet Union. Vol. II, part 1b, Carnivores(Mustelidae & Procyonidae)|publisher=Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Libraries and National Science Foundation|year=2002|isbn=90-04-08876-8|ref=harv|postscript=<!--None-->}} * {{cite book|last=Hohmann|first=Ulf|author2=Bartussek, Ingo |author3=Böer, Bernhard |title=Der Waschbär|publisher=Oertel+Spörer|location=Reutlingen, Germany|year=2001|isbn=978-3-88627-301-0|language=de}} * {{cite book|last=Holmgren|first=Virginia C.|title=Raccoons in Folklore, History and Today's Backyards|url=https://archive.org/details/raccoonsinfolklo0000holm|publisher=Capra Press|location=Santa Barbara, California|year=1990|isbn=978-0-88496-312-7}} * {{cite book|last=Lagoni-Hansen|first=Anke|title=Der Waschbär|publisher=Verlag Dieter Hoffmann|location=Mainz, Germany|year=1981|isbn=3-87341-037-0|language=de}} * {{cite book|last=MacClintock|first=Dorcas|title=A Natural History of Raccoons|url=https://archive.org/details/naturalhistoryof0000macc_m2o2|publisher=The Blackburn Press|location=Caldwell, New Jersey|year=1981|isbn=978-1-930665-67-5}} * {{Cite book|last1=Seton|first1=Ernest Thompson|url=https://archive.org/stream/lifehistoriesofn02seto#page/1010/mode/2up|title=Life-histories of northern animals : an account of the mammals of Manitoba|publisher=New York City : Scribner|year=1909|isbn=|ref=harv|postscript=<!--None-->}} * {{cite book|last=Zeveloff|first=Samuel I.|title=Raccoons: A Natural History|url=https://archive.org/details/raccoonsnaturalh0000zeve|publisher=Smithsonian Books|location=Washington, D.C.|year=2002|isbn=978-1-58834-033-7}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Sister project links|commons=Procyon lotor|species=Procyon lotor|wikt=raccoon|b=no|q=no|s=no|n=no|v=no}} * [http://fohn.net/raccoon-pictures-facts/ Raccoon Tracks]—general information aboot raccoons * [http://wdfw.wa.gov/living/raccoons.html Raccoons - Living with Wildlife]—information aboot dealing wi urban raccoons frae the Washington Department o Fish an Wildlife * {{cite web| url= http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/episodes/raccoon-nation/introduction/7518/| title= Raccoon Nation | work= [[Nature (TV series)|''Nature'' (TV series)]] | publisher= [[PBS]] | year=2012}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q121439}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Ainimals descrived in 1758]] [[Category:Invasive mammal species]] [[Category:Mammals o Asie]] [[Category:Mammals o Central Americae]] [[Category:Mammals o Costa Rica]] [[Category:Mammals o Europe]] [[Category:Mammals o Guatemala]] [[Category:Mammals o North Americae]] [[Category:Procyonidae]] [[Category:Scaffengers]] [[Category:Urban ainimals]] o6dhqyzjzbe62sn5nlhb98kdgs19w2q 0 123625 919944 806614 2026-07-24T23:37:21Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 919944 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Greater Cape Town 12.02.2007 16-41-31.2007 16-41-33.JPG|thumb|260px|The [[Athlone Pouer Station]] in [[Cape Toun]], [[Sooth Africae]].]] A '''pouer station''' (referrt tae as a '''generatin station''', '''pouer plant''', '''pouerhoose''', or '''generatin plant''' an aw) is an industrial facility for the [[Electricity generation|generation]] o [[electric pouer]].<ref>{{cite book|author=British Electricity International|title=Modern Power Station Practice: incorporating modern power system practice |edition=3rd (12 volume set)|publisher=Pergamon|year=1991 |isbn=0-08-040510-X}}</ref><ref name=Babcock>{{cite book|author=Babcock & Wilcox Co.|title=Steam: Its Generation and Use|edition=41st|year=2005|isbn=0-9634570-0-4}}</ref><ref name=Elliott>{{cite book|author=Thomas C. Elliott, Kao Chen, Robert Swanekamp (coauthors)|title=Standard Handbook of Powerplant Engineering|url=https://archive.org/details/standardhandbook0000unse_t0h8|edition=2nd |publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional|year=1997|isbn=0-07-019435-1}}</ref> {{stub}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Pouer Station}} [[Category:Chemical process ingineerin]] [[Category:Pouer stations| ]] jb6v1fmxidv56e0kuch9yg68nlyvq9t 0 123918 920000 890844 2026-07-25T00:25:45Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 920000 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox pharaoh | Alt=Amosis, accordin tae [[Manetho]],<ref name="Gardiner 168">[[#Gardiner1964|Gardiner (1964)]] p. 168.</ref> also Amasis<ref name="Columbia Web">[[#Columbia2008|The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition (2008)]]</ref> | Name=Ahmose I | Image = AhmoseI-StatueHead_MetropolitanMuseum.png |Caption=A fragmentary statue o Ahmose I, [[Metropolitan Museum o Airt]]. |ImageSize=150 | NomenHiero= <hiero>iaH-ms-s</hiero> |Nomen=''Ahmose''<ref name="Clayton 100">[[#Clayton2006|Clayton (2006)]] p. 100.</ref> <br /> Born o [[Iah]] | PrenomenHiero= <hiero>ra:nb-F9:t*t:</hiero> |Prenomen=''Nebpehtire''<ref name="Clayton 100"/><br /> The Lord o Strenth is [[Ra|Re]] | Golden= ''Tjestawy''<ref name="Clayton 100"/><br />He who [[knot (hieroglyph)|Knot]]s Thegither the Twa Launds<ref name="Tempest Stela 3">[[#TempestStela1998|Wiener and Allen (1998)]] p. 3.</ref> | Nebty= ''Tutmesut''<ref name="Clayton 100"/><br />Perfect o Birth<ref name="Tempest Stela 3"/> | Horus= ''Aakheperu''<ref name="Clayton 100"/><br />Great o Developments<ref name="Tempest Stela 3"/> | GoldenHiero= <hiero>S24:O34-N17:N17</hiero> | NebtyHiero= <hiero>t:t-A53-F31-t-G43</hiero> | HorusHiero= <hiero>O29-L1-G43</hiero> | Reign=c. 1539–1514 BC ([[Conventional Egyptian chronology]]) ([[Ahmose I#Dates an lenth o reign|disputit]])<br />25 years in Manetho | Predecessor= [[Kamose]] ([[Upper Egyp]]), [[Khamudi]] ([[Lawer Egyp]]) | Successor= [[Amenhotep I]] | Spouse= [[Ahmose-Nefertari]], ''God's Wife o Amun'', [[Ahmose-Sitkamose]], [[Ahmose-Henuttamehu]] | Children= Princess [[Ahmose-Meritamon]]<br/>Princess [[Ahmose-Sitamun]]<br/> [[Siamun (son o Ahmose I)|Prince Siamun]]<br/>Prince [[Ahmose-ankh]]<br/> [[Amenhotep I]]<br/>[[Ramose (prince)|Prince Ramose]]<br/>possibly [[Mutnofret]] | Dynasty= [[Aichteenth dynasty o Egyp|18t&nbsp;Dynasty]] | Father= [[Seqenenre Tao]] | Mother= [[Ahhotep I]] | Died= c. 1525 BC | Burial= Mummy foond in [[Deir el-Bahri]] cache, but wis likely oreeginally buried in [[Abydos, Egyp|Abydos]] | Monuments= Palace at [[Avaris]], Temple o [[Amun]] at [[Karnak]], Temple o [[Montu]] at [[Hermonthis|Armant]] }} '''Ahmose I''' ([[Egyptian leid|Egyptian]]: [[Transleeteration o Auncient Egyptian#Unicode|{{Unicode|Jˁḥ ms(j.w)}}]], whiles written ''Amosis I'', "Amenes" an "Aahmes" an meanin ''Born o [[Iah]] <ref>[http://euler.slu.edu/~bart/egyptianhtml/kings%20and%20Queens/Queen_Sitiah.html The Egyptian lunar deity Iah - Deity of the Ahmosides] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304022921/http://euler.slu.edu/~bart/egyptianhtml/kings%20and%20Queens/Queen_Sitiah.html |date=2016-03-04 }} Accessed 7th December 2012</ref>'') wis a [[pharaoh]] o [[auncient Egyp]] an the foonder o the [[Aichteent dynasty o Egyp|Aichteent dynasty]]. ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Bibliografie== {{refbegin|35em}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Amasis1.html | title=Amasis I | accessdate=2010-08-13 | work=The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition | year=2008|ref=Columbia2008}} *{{cite book|last=Clayton|first=Peter|title=Chronicle of the Pharaohs|url=https://archive.org/details/chronicleofphara0000clay|year=2006|publisher=Thames and Hudson Ltd|isbn=0-500-28628-0|ref=Clayton2006}} *{{cite book|last=Gardiner|first=Alan|title=Egypt of the Pharaohs|url=https://archive.org/details/egyptofpharaohsa00gard|year=1964|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-500267-9|ref=Gardiner1964}} *{{cite journal|last1=Wiener|first1=Malcolm H.|last2=Allen|first2=James P.|year=1998 |title=Separate Lives: The Ahmose Tempest Stela and the Thera Eruption|journal=Journal of Near Eastern Studies|publisher=University of Chicago Press|volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=1–28 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-near-eastern-studies_1998-01_57_1/page/1|doi= 10.1086/468596|ref=TempestStela1998}} {{refend}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ahmose I}} [[Category:16t-century BC daiths]] [[Category:Pharaohs o the Aichteent Dynasty o Egyp]] [[Category:Auncient bairn rulers]] [[Category:Auncient Egyptian mummies]] [[Category:Year o birth unkent]] [[Category:Ahmose I| ]] ozpgzs5zqc479bh99eu6n0iiku8bo68 0 125178 919978 918725 2026-07-25T00:04:03Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 919978 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Former Country | native_name = الخلافة العباسية | native_name_lang = ar | conventional_long_name = Abbasid Caliphate | common_name = Abbasids | continent = Afro-Eurasie | region = Middle East | status = Empire | government_type = Caliphate | life_span = 750–1258<br />1261–1517<br /> {{small|(unner the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk Sultanate o Cairo]])}} | year_start = 750 | year_end = 1517 | image_flag = Abbassid banner.svg | flag_type = The Black Banner o the Abbasids.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Akhtar |first1=Muhammad Wajid |title=Ten Things You Didn’t Know About The Kaaba |url=http://muslimmatters.org/2012/11/15/ten-things-you-didnt-know-about-the-kaaba |website=MuslimMatters.org |publisher=Muslim Matters |access-date=1 August 2015}}</ref> | p1 = Umayyad Caliphate | flag_p1 = Umayyad Flag.svg | flag_p4 = | s1 = Mongol Empire | flag_s1 = | s2 = Fatimid Islamic Caliphate | flag_s2 = Rectangular green flag.svg | s3 = Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo) | flag_s3 = Mameluke Flag.svg | s4 = Saffarid dynasty | flag_s4 = | image_map = Abbasids850.png | image_map_caption = Abbasid Caliphate at its greatest extent, c. 850. | capital = [[Kufa]]<br />{{small|(750–762)}}<br />[[Baghdad]]<br />{{small|(762–796, 809–836, 892–1258)}}<br />[[Ar-Raqqah]]<br />{{small|(796–809)}}<br />[[Abbasid Samarra|Samarra]]<br />{{small|(836–892)}}<br />[[Cairo]]<br />{{small|(1261–1517)}} | common_languages = Offeecial leid:<br />[[Arabic leid|Arabic]]<br />Regional leids:<br />[[Turkic leids|Oghuz Turkic]]<br />[[Aramaic leid|Aramaic]], [[Armenie leid|Armenian]], [[Berber leids|Berber]], [[Coptic leid|Coptic]], [[Georgian leid|Georgian]], [[Greek leid|Greek]], [[Kurdish leid|Kurdish]], [[Middle Persie|Persie]], [[Prakrit leid|Prakrit]] | religion = [[Sunni Islam]] | currency = [[Gowd dinar|Dinar]] (gowd coin)<br />[[Dirham]] (siller coin)<br /> [[Fals]] (copper coin) | leader1 = [[As-Saffah]] {{small|(first)}} | year_leader1 = 750–754 | leader2 = [[Al-Musta'sim]] {{small|(last) (caliph in Baghdad)}} | year_leader2 = 1242–1258 | leader3 = [[al-Mutawakkil III]]{{small|(last) (caliph in cairo)}} | year_leader3 = 1508–1517 | title_leader = [[Caliph]] | today = {{Collapsible list|title=Kintras theday | {{flag |Afghanistan}}|{{flag|Algerie}}|{{flag |Andorrae}}|{{flag|Armenie}}|{{flag|Azerbaijan}}|{{flag |Cyprus}}|{{flag |Egyp}}|{{flag |Fraunce}}|{{flag |Georgie}}|{{flag|Indie}}|{{flag |Gibraltar}}|{{flag |Greece}}|{{flag|Iran}}|{{flag|Iraq}}|{{flag|Israel}}|{{flag|Italy}}|{{flag |Jordan}}|{{flag |Kazakhstan}}|{{flag |Kuwait}}|{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}|{{flag |Lebanon}}|{{flag |Libie}}|{{flag|Malta}}|{{flag|Oman}}|{{flag|Pakistan}}|{{flag|Palestinian Authority}}|{{flag |Portugal}}|{{flag |Qatar}}|{{flag|Roushie}}|{{flag |Saudi Arabie}}|{{flag |Spain}}|{{flag |Sirie}}|{{flag|Tajikistan}}|{{flag|Tunisie}}|{{flag|Turkey}}|{{flag |Turkmenistan}}|{{flag |Unitit Arab Emirates}}|{{flag|Uzbekistan}}|{{flag |Yemen}} }} | footnotes = }} The '''Abbasid Caliphate''' ({{lang-ar|الخلافة العباسية}} ''{{transl|ar|al-Khilāfah al-‘Abbāsīyah}}'') wis the third o the [[Islam]]ic [[caliphate]]s tae succeed the [[Prophets in Islam|Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]]. It wis foondit bi a dynasty descendit frae Muhammad's uncle, [[Abbas ibn Abdul-Muttalib]] (566–653 CE), frae that the dynasty taks its name.{{sfn|Hoiberg|2010|p=10}} Thay ruled as [[caliphs]] for maist o the caliphate frae thair caipital in [[Roond ceety o Baghdad|Baghdad]] in modren-day [[Iraq]], efter haein owerthrawn the [[Umayyad Caliphate]] in the [[Abbasid Revolution]] o 750 CE (132&nbsp;[[anno Hegirae|AH]]). The Abbasid Caliphate first centred its govrenment in [[Kufa]], modren-day Iraq, but in 762 the caliph [[Al-Mansur]] foondit the ceety o Baghdad, near the auncient [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian]] caipital ceety o [[Ctesiphon]]. The Abbasid period wis merkit bi reliance on [[Greater Iran|Persie]] [[bureaucrat]]s (notably the [[Barmakids|Barmakid]] faimily) for govrenin the territories as weel as an increasin inclusion o [[Mawla|non-Arab Muslims]] in the ''[[ummah]]'' (naitional commonty). [[Persianate customs]] war braidly adoptit bi the ruling elite, an thay begoud patronage o airtists an scholarts.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Canfield |first1=Robert L. |title=Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective |date=2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-52291-5 |page=5}}</ref> Baghdad becam a centre o science, cultur, filosofie an invention in whit becam kent as the [[Islamic Gowden Age|Gowden Age o Islam]]. Despite this ineetial cooperation, the Abbasids o the late 8t century haed alienated baith non-Arab ''[[mawali]]'' (clients)<ref>{{cite web |title=ABŪ MOSLEM ḴORĀSĀNĪ – Encyclopaedia Iranica |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/abu-moslem-abd-al-rahman-b |website=www.iranicaonline.org |access-date=2015-11-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122132055/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/abu-moslem-abd-al-rahman-b# |archive-date=22 November 2015 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all}}</ref> an Iranian bureaucrats.<ref>{{cite book |title=The History of Government from the Earliest Times: Volume II: The Intermediate Ages p.720 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AhEab85xHAMC |publisher=OUP Oxford |date=1999-01-01 |isbn=978-0-19-820790-0 |first=S. E. |last=Finer}}</ref> Thay war forced tae cede authority ower [[Al-Andalus]] an the [[Maghreb]] tae the [[Emirate o Córdoba|Umayyads]] in 756, [[Morocco]] tae the [[Idrisid dynasty]] in 788, [[Ifriqiya]] tae the [[Aghlabids]] in 800 an [[Egyp in the Middle Ages|Egyp]] tae the [[Isma'ili]]-[[Shia]] caliphate o the [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimids]] in 969. The poleetical pouer o the caliphs lairgely endit wi the rise o the Iranian [[Buyids]] an the [[Seljuk Empire|Seljuq Turks]], that ilk capturt Baghdad in 945 an 1055 respectively. Awtho Abbasid leadership ower the vast [[Islamic empire]] wis gradually reduced tae a ceremonial releegious function, the dynasty retained control ower its [[Mesopotamian]] domeen. The Abbasids' period o cultural frueetion endit in 1258 wi the [[Siege o Baghdad (1258)|sack o Baghdad]] bi the [[Mongol Empire|Mongols]] unner [[Hulagu Khan]]. The Abbasid line o rulers, an Muslim cultur in general, re-centred themsels in the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk]] caipital o [[Cairo]] in 1261. Tho lackin in poleetical pouer, the dynasty conteena'd tae claim releegious authority till efter the [[Ottoman dynasty|Ottoman]] [[Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–17)|conquest o Egyp]] in 1517.{{sfn|Holt|1984}} == History == === Abbasid Revolution (750–751) === {{main|Abbasid Revolution}} The Abbasid caliphs war [[Arab fowk|Arabs]] descendit frae [[Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib]], ane o the youngest uncles o Muhammad an o the same [[Banu Hashim]] clan. The Abbasids claimed tae be the true successors o Prophet Muhammad in replacin the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] descendants o [[Umayya ibn Abd Shams|Banu Umayya]] bi virtue o thair closer bluidline tae Muhammad. The Abbasids an aw distinguished themsels frae the Umayyads bi attackin thair moral chairacter an admeenistration in general. Accordin tae [[Ira Lapidus]], "The Abbasid revolt wis supportit lairgely bi Arabs, mainly the aggrieved settlers o [[Merv]] wi the addeetion o the Yemeni faction an thair [[Mawali]]".{{sfn|Lapidus|2002|p=54}} The Abbasids an aw appealed tae non-Arab Muslims, kent as ''mawali'', that remeened ootside the kinship-based society o the Arabs an war perceived as a lawer cless within the Umayyad empire. [[Mohammad ibn Ali Abbasi|Muhammad ibn 'Ali]], a great-grandson o Abbas, begoud tae campaign in [[Greater Persie|Persie]] for the return o pouer tae the faimily o Prophet Muhammad, the [[Hashimites]], in the ring o [[Umar II]]. In the ring o [[Marwan II]], this opposeetion culminatit in the rebellion o Ibrahim the Imam, the fowert in strynd frae Abbas. Supportit bi the province o [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]] (Eastren Persie), even tho the govrenor opponed them, an the Shia Arabs,{{sfn|Hoiberg|2010|p=10}}{{sfn|Dupuy|Dupuy|1986|p=233}} he achieved conseederable success, but wis capturt in the year 747 an dee'd, possibly assassinated, in preeson. On 9 Juin 747 (15 Ramadan AH 129), [[Abu Muslim]], risin frae Khorasan, successfully ineetiatit an appen revolt against Umayyad rule, that wis cairied oot unner the sign o the [[Black Staundart]]. Close tae 10,000 sodgers war unner Abu Muslim's command whan the hostilities offeecially begoud in [[Merv (East Sirie Ecclesiastical Province)|Merv]].{{sfn|Lewis|1995|p=102}} [[Qahtaba ibn Shabib al-Ta'i|General Qahtaba]] follaed the fleein govrenor [[Nasr ibn Sayyar]] wast defeatin the Umayyads at the Battle o Gorgan, the Battle o Nahāvand an feenally in the Battle o Karbala, aw in the year 748.{{sfn|Dupuy|Dupuy|1986|p=233}} [[File:Balami - Tarikhnama - Abu'l-'Abbas al-Saffah is proclaimed the first 'Abbasid Caliph (cropped).jpg|upright=1.2|thumb|Folio frae ''Tarikhnama'' o [[Muhammad Bal'ami|Bal'ami]] depictin [[As-Saffah|al-Saffah]] as he receives [[Bay'ah|pledges o allegiance]] in [[Kufa]]]] The quarry wis taken up bi Ibrahim's brither Abdallah, kent bi the name o [[As-Saffah|Abu al-'Abbas as-Saffah]], that defeatit the Umayyads in 750 in the [[Battle o the Zab|battle near the Great Zab]] an wis subsequently proclaimed [[caliph]].<ref name="EB1911">{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Abbasids|volume=1|page=10}}</ref> Efter this loss, Marwan fled tae Egyp, whaur he wis subsequently assassinatit. The remainder o his faimily, baurin ane male, war an aw eliminatit.{{sfn|Dupuy|Dupuy|1986|p=233}} Immediately efter thair veectory, As-Saffah sent his forces tae [[Central Asie]], whaur his forces fecht against [[Tang Dynasty|Tang]] expansion in the [[Battle o Talas]]. The noble Iranian faimily [[Barmakids]], that warinstrumental in biggin [[Roond ceety o Baghdad|Baghdad]], introduced the warld's first recordit [[paper mill]] in the ceety, sicweys beginnin a new era o intellectual rebirth in the Abbasid domain. As-Saffah focused on pittin doun numerous rebellions in Sirie an Mesopotamie. The [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]] conducted raids in these early distractions.{{sfn|Dupuy|Dupuy|1986|p=233}} === Pouer (752–775) === [[File:Baghdad 150 to 300 AH.png|thumb|upright=1.2|The ceety o [[Roond ceety o Baghdad|Baghdad]] atween 767 an 912 AD. The roond plan reflects pre-Islamic Persian urban design.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/baghdad-iranian-connection-1-pr-Mongol# |title=Archived copy |access-date=24 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117020537/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/baghdad-iranian-connection-1-pr-Mongol# |archive-date=17 November 2017 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all}}</ref>]] [[File:Battle of Talas.png|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Battle o Talas]], 751]] The first chynge the Abbasids, under [[Al-Mansur]], made wis tae muive the empire's caipital frae [[Damascus]], in Sirie, tae Baghdad in Iraq. This wis tae baith appease as weel tae be closer tae the Persie ''mawali'' support base that existit in this region mair influenced bi Persie history an cultur, an pairt o the Persie mawali demand for less Arab dominance in the empire. Baghdad wis established on the [[Tigris River]] in 762. A new poseetion, that of the [[vizier]], wis an aw established tae delegate central authority, an even greater authority wis delegatit tae local emirs.<ref name="AHGC">{{harvnb|Anon|2008}}</ref> This eventually meant that mony Abbasid caliphs war relegatit tae a mair ceremonial role than unner the Umayyads, as the viziers begoud tae exert greater influence, an the role o the auld Arab aristocracy wis slawly replaced bi a Persie bureaucracy.<ref name="AHGC">{{harvnb|Anon|2008}}</ref> In Al-Mansur's time control o [[Al-Andalus]] wis lost, an the Shia revoltit an war defeatit a year later at the [[Alid revolt o 762–763|Battle o Bakhamra]].{{sfn|Dupuy|Dupuy|1986|p=233}} The Abbasids haed dependit hivily on the support o Persies{{sfn|Hoiberg|2010|p=10}} in thair owerthraw o the Umayyads. Abu al-'Abbas' successor, [[Al-Mansur]] welcomed nan-Arab Muslims tae his coort. While this helped integrate Arab an Persie culturs, it alienatit mony o thair Arab supporters, pairteecularly the [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasanian]] Arabs that had supportit them in thair battles against the Umayyads. Thir fissurs in thair support led tae immediate problems. The Umayyads, while oot o pouer, war nae destroyed. The anerly survivin member o the Umayyad ryal faumily, that haed been aw but annihilatit, ultimately made his way tae Spain whaur he established himsel as an independent [[Emir]] ([[Abd ar-Rahman I]], 756). In 929, [[Abd ar-Rahman III]] assumed the teetle o Caliph, establishin [[Al Andalus]] frae [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]] as a rival tae Baghdad as the legitimate caipital o the Islamic Empire. In 756, the Abbasid Caliph [[Al-Mansur]] sent ower 4,000 Arab mercenaries tae assist the Cheenese [[Tang dynasty]] in the [[An Shi Rebellion]] against [[An Lushan]]. The Abbasides or "Black Banners," as thay war commonly cried, war kent in Tang dynasty chronicles as the ''hēiyī Dàshí'', "The Black-robed Tazi", ({{lang|zh|黑衣大食}}) ("Tazi" bein a borraein frae Persian ''[[wikt:تازی|Tāzī]]'', the wird for "Arab").{{refn|group=nb|Wade states "Tazi in Persie soorces referred tae a fowk in that laund, but wis later extendit tae kiver Arab launds. The Persie term wis adoptit bi Tang China (Dàshí :大食) tae refer tae the Arabs till the 12t century."<ref>{{harvnb|Wade|2012|p=138}}</ref>}}<ref>{{harvnb|Jenkins|1999|p=61}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Carné|1872|p=295}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Ghosh|1961|p=60}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Hermann|1912|p=77}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Anon|1928|p=1617}}</ref> After the war, these embassies remained in China <ref>{{harvnb|Chapuis|1995|p=92}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Kitagawa|1989|p=283}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Smith|Weng|1973|p=129}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Baker|1990|p=53}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Fitzgerald|1961|p=332}}</ref> wi Caliph [[Harun al-Rashid]] establishin an alliance wi Cheenae.<ref name="Dennis Bloodworth, Ching Ping Bloodworth 2004 214">{{harvnb|Bloodworth|Bloodworth|2004|p=214}}</ref> Several embassies frae the Abbasid Caliphs tae the Cheenese coort hae been recordit in the T'ang Annals, the maist important o thir bein thae o [[As-Saffah|Abul Abbas al-Saffah]], the first Abbasid caliph, his successor [[Al-Mansur|Abu Jafar]], an [[Harun al-Rashid]]. === Abbasid Gowden Age (775–861) === [[File:Harun-Charlemagne.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Harun al-Rashid]] receivin a delegation sent bi [[Charlemagne]] at his coort in Baghdad. Pentin bi German penter {{ill|Julius Köckert|fr}} (1827–1918), datit 1864. Ile on canvas.]] The Abbasid leadership haed tae wirk haurd in the last hauf o the 8t century (750–800), unner several competent caliphs an thair viziers tae owercome the poleetical challenges creatit bi the faur flung naitur o the empire, an the leemitit communication athort it an usher in the admeenistrative chynges needit tae keep order.<ref name="Brauer">{{harvnb|Brauer|1995}}</ref> It wus an aw in this early period o the dynasty, in pairteecular in the govrenance o [[al-Mansur]], [[Harun al-Rashid]], an [[al-Ma'mun]], that the reputation an pouer o the dynasty wis creatit.{{sfn|Hoiberg|2010|p=10}} Al-Mahdi [[Abbasid invasion o Asia Minor (782)|restairtit the fechtin]] wi the Byzantines an his sons conteena'd the conflict till [[Irene o Athens|Empress Irene]] pushed for peace.{{sfn|Dupuy|Dupuy|1986|p=233}} Efter several years o peace, [[Nikephoros I]] brak the treaty, then fendit aff multiple incursions in the first decade o the 9t century. Thir attacks pushed intae the [[Taurus Muntains]] culminatin wi a veectory at the [[Battle o Krasos]] an the [[Abbasid invasion o Asia Minor (806)|massive invasion o 806]], led bi Rashid himsel.<ref name=DD1>{{harvnb|Dupuy|Dupuy|1986|p=265}}</ref> Rashid's navy an aw pruived successfu as he teuk [[Cyprus]]. Eventually, the momentum turned an muckle o the laund gained wis lost. Rashid decidit tae focus on the rebellion o [[Rafi ibn al-Layth]] in Khorasan an dee'd while there.<ref name="DD1" /> While the [[Byzantine Empire]] wis fechtin Abbasid rule in Sirie an [[Anatolie]], militar operations in this period war meenimal, as the caliphate focused on internal maiters, its govrenors exertin greater autonomy an uisin thair increasin pouer tae mak thair poseetions hereditary.<ref name="AHGC" /> At the same time, the Abbasids faced challenges closer tae hame. Harun al-Rashid turned on the [[Barmakids]], a Persie faimily that haed grawn signeeficantly in pouer within the admeenistration o the state an killt maist o the faimily.<ref>{{harvnb|Meisami|1999}}</ref> In the same period, several factions begoud aither tae leave the empire for ither launds or tae tak control o distant pairts o the empire awey frae the Abbasids. The ring o al-Rashid an his sons war conseedert tae be the apex o the Abbasids.<ref name=mag>{{harvnb|Magnusson|Goring|1990|p=2}}</ref> [[File:Abbasid Dinar - Al Amin - 195 AH (811 AD).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Gowd dinar]] mintit in the ring o [[al-Amin]] (809–813)]] Efter Rashid's death, the empire wis split bi a [[Fowert Fitna|ceevil war]] atween the caliph [[al-Amin]] an his brither [[al-Ma'mun]] that had the support o Khorasan. This war endit wi a [[Siege o Baghdad (812–813)|twa-year siege]] o Baghdad an the eventual daith o al-Amin in 813.<ref name=DD1 /> Al-Ma'mun ruled for 20 years o relative caum interspersed wi a rebellion supportit bi the Byzantines in [[Iranian Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]] bi the [[Khurramites]]. Al-Ma'mun wis an aw responsible for the creaution o an autonomous Khorasan, an the conteena'd repulsin o Byzantine forays.<ref name=DD1 /> [[Al-Mu'tasim]] gained pouer in 833 an his rule merkit the end o the strang caliphs. He strenthened his personal airmy wi Turkis mercenaries an promptly restairtit the war wi the Byzantines. His militar excursions war generally successfu culminatin wi a resoondin veectory in the [[Sack o Amorium]]. His attempt at seizin [[Constantinople]] failed whan his fleet wis destroyed bi a storm.<ref>{{harvnb|Dupuy|dupuy|1986|pp=265–266}}</ref> The Byzantines restairtit the fechtin bi [[Sack o Damietta (853)|sackin Damietta]] in Egyp. [[Al-Mutawakkil]] respondit bi sendin his truips intae [[Anatolie]] again, sackin an maraudin till thay war [[Battle o Lalakaon|eventually annihilatit]] in 863.<ref name=DD3>{{harvnb|Dupuy|dupuy|1986|p=266}}</ref> == Fractur tae autonomous dynasties (861–945) == [[File:Abbasid Caliphate 891-892.png|thumb|upright=1.2|Map o the fragmentit Abbasid empire, wi auries still unner direct control o the Abbasid central govrenment (daurk green) an unner autonomous rulers (licht green) adherin tae nominal Abbasid suzerainty, {{circa|892}}]] Even bi 820, the [[Samanid]]s had begun the process o exercisin independent authority in [[Transoxiana]] an [[Greater Khorasan]], as haed the [[Twaler]]-Shia [[Hamdanid]]s in Northren Sirie, an the succeedin [[Tahirid]] an [[Saffarid]] dynasties o Iran. The Saffarids, frae Khorasan, nearly seized Baghdad in 876, an the [[Tulunid]]s teuk control o maist o Sirie. The trend o waikenin o the central pouer an strenthenin o the minor caliphates on the periphery conteena'd.<ref name=mag /> An exception wis the 10-year period o [[Al-Mu'tadid]]'s rule. He brocht pairts o Egyp, Sirie, an Khorasan back intae the Abbasid's control. Especially efter the "[[Anarchy at Samarra]]", the Abbasid central govrenment wis waikened an centrifugal tendencies becam mair prominent in the Caliphate's provinces. Bi the early 10t century, the Abbasids awmaist laist control o Iraq tae various [[amir]]s, an the caliph [[al-Radi]] wis forced tae acknawledge thair pouer bi creautin the position o "Prince o Princes" (''[[amir al-umara]]'').<ref name=mag /> [[Al-Mustakfi]] haed a short ring frae 944–946, an it wis in this period that the Persie faction kent as the [[Buyids]] frae [[Daylam]] swept intae pouer an assumed control ower the bureaucracy in Baghdad. Accordin tae the history o [[Miskawayh]], thay begoud distributin [[iqta]]s ([[fief]]s in the form o tax ferms) tae thair supporters. This period o localised secular control wis tae last nearly 100 years.{{sfn|Hoiberg|2010|p=10}} The loss o Abbasid pouer tae the Buyids wad shift as the Seljuks wad tak ower frae the Persies.<ref name=mag /> At the end o the aicht century the Abbasids foond thay coud na langer keep a huge polity lairger nor that o Roum thegither frae Baghdad. In 793 the [[Zaydi]]-Shia dynasty o [[Idrisids]] set up a state frae Fez in Morocco, while a faimily o govrenors unner the Abbasids becam increasinly independent till thay foondit the Aghlabid Emirate frae the 830s. Al-Mu'tasim stairtit the dounwart slide bi utilisin non-Muslim mercenaries in his personal airmy. An aw in this period officers stairtit assassinatin superiors wi that thay fawed oot wi, in pairteecular the caliphs.{{sfn|Hoiberg|2010|p=10}} Bi the 870s Egyp becam autonomous unner [[Ahmad ibn Tulun]]. In the East as weel, govrenors decreased thair ties tae the centre. The [[Saffarids]] o Herat an the [[Samanids]] o Bukhara haed braken awey frae the 870s, cultivatin a muckle mair [[Persianate cultur]] an statecraft. Bi this time anerly the central launds o Mesopotamie war unner direct Abbasid control, wi Palestine an the Hijaz eften managed bi the Tulunids. Byzantium, for its part, haed begun tae push Arab Muslims faur east in Anatolie. Bi the 920s, the situation haed chynged faur, as North Africae wis lost tae the Abbasids. A Shia sect anerly recognisin the first five Imams an tracin its ruits tae Muhammad's dochter Fatima teuk control o Idrisid an then Aghlabid domeens.<ref name=mag /> Cried the [[Fatimid dynasty]], thay had advanced tae Egyp in 969, establishin thair caipital near Fustat in Cairo, that thay biggit as a bastion o Shia learin an politics. Bi 1000 thay haed acome the chief poleetical an ideological challenge tae Sunni Islam in the form o the Abbasids. Bi this time the latter state had fragmentit intae several govrenorships that, while recognisin caliphal authority frae Baghdad, did maistly as thay wantit, fechtin wi ilk ither. The Caliph himsel wis unner 'pertection' o the Buyid Emirs that possessed aw o Iraq an wastren Iran, an war quietly Shia in thair sympathies. Ootside Iraq, aw the autonomous provinces slawly teuk on the chairactereestic o de facto states wi hereditary rulers, airmies, an revenues an operatit unner anerly nominal caliph suzerainty, that mey nae necessarily be reflectit bi ony contreibution tae the thesaury, sic as the [[Soomro]] [[Emir]]s that haed gained control o [[Sindh]] an ruled the entire province frae thair caipital o [[Mansura, Sindh|Mansura]].<ref name="Brauer" /> [[Mahmud o Ghazni]] teuk the teetle o sultan, as opponed tae the [[Emir|"amir"]] that haed been in mair common uissage, seegnifeein the [[Ghaznavids|Ghaznavid Empire]]'s unthirldom frae caliphal authority, despite Mahmud's ostentatious displays o Sunni orthodoxy an reetual submission tae the caliph. In the 11t century, the loss o respect for the caliphs conteena'd, as some Islamic rulers na langer mentioned the caliph's name in the Fryday [[khutba]], or struck it aff thair coinage.<ref name="Brauer" /> The [[Isma'ili]] [[Fatimid]] dynasty o Cairo contestit the Abbasids for even the teetular authority o the Islamic [[ummah]]. Thay commandit some support in the Shia sections o Baghdad (sic as [[Karkh]]), awtho Baghdad wis the ceety maist closely connectit tae the caliphate, even in the Buyid an Seljuq eras. The Fatimids' green banners contrastit wi Abbasids' black, an the challenge o the Fatimids anerly endit wi thair dounfaw in the 12t century. === Buyid an Seljuq control (945–1118) === Despite the pouer o the [[Buyids|Buyid]] amirs, the Abbasids reteened a heichly reetualised coort in Baghdad, as descrived bi the Buyid bureaucrat [[Hilal al-Sabi']], an thay retained a certain influence ower Baghdad as weel as releegious life. As Buyid pouer waned efter the daith o [[Baha' al-Daula]], the caliphate wis able tae regain some meisur o strenth. The caliph [[al-Qadir]], for example, led the ideological struggle against the Shia wi writins sic as the ''[[Baghdad Manifesto]]''. The caliphs kept order in Baghdad itsel, attemptin tae prevent the ootbreak o [[fitna (wird)|fitnas]] in the caipital, eften contendin wi the ''[[ayyarun]]'' Wi the Buyid dynasty on the dwyne, a vacuum wis creatit that wis eventually filled bi the dynasty o [[Oghuz Turks]] kent as the [[Seljuqs]]. Bi 1055, the Seljuqs haed wrestit control frae the Buyids an Abbasids, an teuk ony remeenin temporal pouer.{{sfn|Hoiberg|2010|p=10}} Whan the amir an umwhile sclave [[Basasiri]] teuk up the Shia [[Fatimid]] banner in Baghdad in, the caliph [[al-Qa'im (caliph)|al-Qa'im]] wis unable tae defeat him withoot ootside help. [[Toghril Beg]], the Seljuq sultan, restored Baghdad tae Sunni rule an teuk Iraq for his dynasty. Ance again, the Abbasids war forced tae deal wi a military pouer that thay coud nae match, tho the Abbasid caliph remeened the teetular heid o the Islamic commonty. The succeedin sultans [[Alp Arslan]] an [[Malikshah]], as weel as thair vizier [[Nizam al-Mulk]], teuk up residence in Persie, but held pouer ower the Abbasids in Baghdad. Whan the dynasty begoud tae waiken in the 12t century, the Abbasids gained greater unthirldom ance again. === Revival o militar strenth (1118–1258) === [[File:Abbasids Baghdad Iraq 1244.JPG|thumb|upright|220px|Coin o the Abbasids, Baghdad, 1244]] While the Caliph [[al-Mustarshid]] wis the first caliph tae big an airmy capable o meetin a Seljuk airmy in battle, he wis nanetheless defeatit in 1135 an assassinatit. The Caliph [[Al-Muqtafi (Abbasid Caliph)|al-Muqtafi]] wus the first Abbasid Caliph tae regain the full militar unthirldom o the Caliphate, wi the help o his vizier [[Awn ad-Din ibn Hubayra|Ibn Hubayra]]. Efter nearly 250 years o subjection tae furrin dynasties, he successfully defendit Baghdad against the Seljuqs in the [[siege o Baghdad (1157)]], sicweys siccarin Iraq for the Abbasids. The ring o [[al-Nasir]] (d. 1225) brocht the caliphate back intae pouer ootthrou Iraq, based in lairge part on the [[Sufi]] [[futuwwa]] organisations that the caliph heidit.<ref name=mag /> [[Al-Mustansir (caliph)|Al-Mustansir]] biggit the [[Mustansiriya Schuil]], in an attempt tae eclipse the Seljuq-era [[Al-Nizamiyya o Baghdad|Nizamiyya]] biggit bi [[Nizam al-Mulk]]. === Mongol invasion (1206–1258) === [[File:DiezAlbumsFallOfBaghdad a.jpg|thumb|upright|220px|[[Siege o Baghdad (1258)|Siege o Baghdad]] bi the Mongols led bi [[Hulagu Khan]] in 1258]] In 1206, [[Genghis Khan]] established a pouerfu dynasty amang the [[Mongol]]s o [[central Asie]]. In the 13t century, this [[Mongol Empire]] conquered maist o the Eurasie laund mass, includin baith Cheenae in the east an muckle o the auld Islamic caliphate (as weel as [[Kievan Rus']]) in the wast. [[Hulagu Khan]]'s [[Battle o Baghdad (1258)|destruction o Baghdad]] in 1258 is tradeetionally seen as the approximate end o the Golden Age.<ref>{{harvnb|Cooper|Yue|2008|p=215}}</ref> Mongols feared that a supernaitural disaster wad strick if the bluid o [[Al-Musta'sim]], a direct descendant o Muhammad's uncle [[Al-‘Abbas ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib]],<ref name=encyclopedia>{{harvnb|Glassé|Smith|2002}}</ref> an the last ringin Abbasid caliph in Baghdad, wis spilled. The Shia o [[Persia]] statit that na sic calamity haed happened efter the daith o [[Husayn ibn Ali]] in the [[Battle o Kerbala]]; nivertheless, as a precaution an in accordance wi a Mongol taboo that forbade spillin ryal bluid, Hulagu haed Al-Musta'sim wrapped in a cairpet an trampled tae daith bi horse on 20 Februar 1258. The Caliph's immediate faimily wis an aw executit, wi the lone exceptions o his youngest son that wis sent tae Mongolie, an a dochter that becam a sclave in the [[harem]] o Hulagu.<ref>{{harvnb|Frazier|2005}}</ref> === Abbasid Caliphate o Cairo (1261–1517) === In the 9t century, the Abbasids creatit an airmy leal anerly tae thair caliphate, componed o non-Arab oreegin fowk, kent as [[Mamluks]].<ref name="István Vásáry 2005">{{harvnb|Vásáry|2005}}</ref><ref name="Isichei 1997 192">{{harvnb|Isichei|1997|p=192}}</ref><ref name="T. Pavlidis 2011">{{harvnb|Pavlidis|2010}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Mikaberidze|2004}}</ref><ref name="bbs">{{harvnb|Visser|2005|p=19}}</ref> This force, creatit in the ring o [[al-Ma'mun]] (813–33) an his brither an successor [[al-Mu'tasim]] (833–42), preventit the forder disintegration o the empire. The Mamluk airmy, tho eften viewed negatively, baith helped an hurt the caliphate. Early on, it providit the govrenment wi a stable force tae address domestic an furrin problems. Houiver, creaution o this furrin airmy an al-Mu'tasim's transfer o the caipital frae Baghdad tae [[Abbasid Samarra|Samarra]] creatit a diveesion atween the caliphate an the fowks thay claimed tae rule. In addeetion, the pouer o the Mamluks steadily grew till [[al-Radi]] (934–41) wis constrained tae haund ower maist o the ryal functions tae [[Muhammad ibn Ra'iq]].<ref name="EB1911" /> == Culture == === Islamic Gowden Age === {{main|Islamic Gowden Age}} [[File:ManuscriptAbbasid.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Manuscript frae the Abbasid era]] The Abbasid historical period lastin tae the [[Siege o Baghdad (1258)|Mongol conquest o Baghdad]] in 1258 CE is conseedert the Islamic Gowden Age.<ref name="Tahir Abbas">{{harvnb|Abbas|2011|p=9}}</ref> The Islamic Gowden Age wis inauguratit bi the middle o the 8t century bi the ascension o the Abbasid [[Caliphate]] an the transfer o the caipital frae [[Damascus]] tae Baghdad.<ref name="Vartan">{{harvnb|Gregorian|2003}}</ref> The Abbassids war influenced bi the [[Qur'an]]ic injunctions an [[hadith]] sic as "the ink o a scholart is mair haly nor the bluid o a mairtyr" stressin the vailyie o knawledge. In this period the Muslim warld becam an intellectual centre for science, filosofie, medicine an eddication as <ref name="Vartan" /> the Abbasids championed the cause o knawledge an established the [[Hoose o Wicedom]] in Baghdad; whaur baith Muslim an nan-Muslim scholarts socht tae translate an gaither aw the warld's knawledge intae [[Arabic leid|Arabic]].<ref name="Vartan" /> Mony clessic warks o antiquity that wad itherwise hae been lost war translatit intae Arabic an Persie an later in turn translatit intae Turkis, Ebreu an Laitin.<ref name="Vartan" /> In this period the Muslim warld wis a caudron o culturs that collectit, synthesized an signeeficantly advanced the knawledge gained frae the auncient [[Auncient Roum|Roman]], Cheenese, [[History o Indie|Indie]], [[Sasanian Empire|Persie]], [[Auncient Egyp|Egyptian]], North African, [[Auncient Greece|Greek]] an [[Byzantine]] ceevilisations.<ref name="Vartan" /> "In virtually ivery field o endeavor—in astronomy, alchemy, mathematics, medicine, optics an so forth—the Caliphate's scientists war in the forefront o scienteefic advance."<ref>{{harvnb|Huff|2003|p=48}}</ref> === Science === [[File:Mustansiriya University CPT.jpg|thumb|220px|[[Mustansiriya Varsity]] in [[Baghdad]]]]The rings o [[Harun al-Rashid]] (786–809) an his successors fostered an age o great intellectual achievement. In lairge part, this wis the result o the schismatic forces that haed unnermined the Umayyad regime, that relied on the assertion o the superiority o [[Arab cultur]] as pairt o its claim tae legitimacy, an the Abbasids' welcomin o support frae nan-Arab Muslims. It is weel established that the Abbasid caliphs modeled thair admeenistration on that o the [[Sasanian Empire|Sassanids]].<ref>{{harvnb|Gibb|1982|p=66}}</ref> Harun al-Rashid's son, [[Al-Ma'mun]] (that's mither wis [[Persie fowk|Persie]]), is even quotit as sayin: {{quote |The Persies ruled for a thoosand years an did nae need us Arabs even for a day. We hae been rulin them for ane or twa centuries an canna dae withoot them for an oor.<ref>{{harvnb|Spuler|1960|p=29}}</ref>}} A nummer o medieval thinkers an scientists leevin unner Islamic rule played a role in transmittin [[Islamic science]] tae the Christian Wast. In addeetion, the period saw the rekivery o muckle o the [[Alexandria]]n mathematical, geometric an astronomical knawledge, sic as that o [[Euclid]] an Claudius [[Ptolemy]]. Thir rekivert mathematical methods war later enhanced an developit bi ither Islamic scholarts, notably bi [[Persie fowk|Persie]] scientists [[Al-Biruni]] an [[Abu Nasr Mansur]]. [[File:Al-Jaahith - African Arab Naturalist - Basra - al jahiz.jpg|thumb|220px|[[Jabir ibn Hayyan]], "the faither o [[Chemistry]]"<ref>{{harvnb|Derewenda|2007|p=247}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Vallely|2006}}</ref>|left]] [[Christians]] (pairteecularly [[Nestorianism|Nestorian]] Christians) contreibutit tae the Arab Islamic Ceevilisation in the [[Ummayads]] an the Abbasids bi translatin warks o [[Greek filosofers]] tae [[Syriac leid|Syriac]] an efterwart tae [[Arabic leid|Arabic]].<ref>{{harvnb|Hill|1993|p=4}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Brague|2009|p=164}}</ref> Nestorians played a prominent role in the formation o Arab cultur,<ref>{{harvnb|Hoiberg|2010a|p=612}}</ref> wi the [[Jundishapur]] schuil bein prominent in the late [[Sassanid]], [[Umayyad]] an early Abbasid periods.<ref>{{harvnb|Söylemez|2005|p=3}}</ref> Notably, aicht generations o the Nestorian [[Bukhtishu]] faimily served as preevat doctors tae caliphs an sultans atween the aicht an elevent centuries.<ref>{{harvnb|Bonner|Ener|Singer|2003|p=97}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Ruano|Burgos|1992|p=527}}</ref> [[Algebra]] wis signeeficantly developit bi Persie scientist [[Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī]] in this time in his laundmerk text, ''[[The Compendious Beuk on Calculation bi Completion an Balancin|Kitab al-Jabr wa-l-Muqabala]]'', frae that the term ''algebra'' is derived. He is sicweys conseedert tae be the faither o algebra bi some,<ref>{{harvnb|Eglash|1999|p=61}}</ref> awtho the Greek mathematician [[Diophantus]] haes an aw been gien this teetle. The terms [[algorism]] an [[algorithm]] are derived frae the name o al-Khwarizmi, that wis an aw responsible for introducin the [[Arabic numerals]] an [[Hindu-Arabic numeral system]] ayont the [[Indie subcontinent]]. [[File:Alhazen (122459248).jpg|thumb|220px|[[Alhazen|Ibn al-Haytham]], "the faither o [[Optics]].<ref>{{harvnb|Verma|1969}}{{full citation needed|date=May 2015}}</ref>]] [[Arab]] scientist [[Ibn al-Haytham]] (Alhazen) developed an early [[scienteefic method]] in his ''[[Beuk o Optics]]'' (1021). The maist important development o the scienteefic method wis the uise o experiments tae distinguish atween competin scienteefic theories set within a generally [[empiricism|empirical]] orientation, that begoud amang Muslim scientists. Ibn al-Haytham's [[empirical]] pruif o the intromission theory o licht (that is, that licht rays entered the een raither than bein [[emission theory (veesion)|emittit bi them]]) wis pairteecularly important. Alhazen wis signeeficant in the [[history o scienteefic method]], pairteecularly in his approach tae experimentation,<ref>{{harvnb|Toomer|1964}}</ref> and has been referred to as the "world’s first true scientist".<ref>{{harvnb|Al-Khalili|2009}}</ref> [[Medicine in medieval Islam]] wis an aurie o science that advanced pairteecularly in the Abbasids' ring. In the 9t century, Baghdad conteened ower 800 doctors, an great diskiveries in the unnerstaundin o anatomy an diseases war made. The clinical distinction atween [[maisles]] and [[smawpox]] wis descrived in this time. Famous Persie scientist [[Ibn Sina]] (kent tae the Wast as [[Avicenna]]) produced treatises an warks that summarised the vast amoont o knawledge that scientists haed accumulatit, an wis verra influential throu his encyclopaedias, ''[[The Canon o Medicine]]'' an ''[[The Beuk o Healin]]''. The wark o him an mony ithers directly influenced the resairch o European scientists in the [[Renaissance]]. [[Alchemy an chemistry in medieval Islam|Muslim alchemists]] influenced medieval European alchemists, pairteecularly the writins attributit tae [[Jābir ibn Hayyān]] (Geber). A nummer o [[chemical process]]es sic as [[distillation]] techniques ear developed in the Muslim warld an then spreid tae Europe. === Leeteratur === [[File:More tales from the Arabian nights-14566176968.jpg|right|thumb|Illustration frae ''Mair tales frae the Arabian nichts'' (1915)]] The best kent feection frae the Islamic warld is ''[[The Beuk o Ane Thoosand an Ane Nichts]]'', a collection o fantastical fowk tales, leegends an parables compiled primarily in the Abbassid era. The collection is recordit as haein oreeginatit frae an Arabic translation o a Sassanian era Persie prototeep, wi likely oreegins in Indie leeterar tradeetions. Stories frae [[Arabic leeteratur|Arabic]], [[Persie leeteratur|Persie]], [[Mesopotamie]], an [[Egyptian leeteratur|Egyptian]] fowklair an leeteratur war later incorporatit. The epic is believed tae hae taken shape in the 10t century an reached its feenal form bi the 14t century; the nummer an teep o tales hae varied frae ane manuscript tae anither.<ref name="arabianNights">{{Harvnb | Grant | Clute | 1999 | p = 51}}.</ref> Aw Arabian [[fantasie]] tales war eften cried "Arabian Nichts" whan translatit intae Inglis, regairdless o whether thay appeared in ''The Beuk o Ane Thoosand an Ane Nichts''.<ref name="arabianNights" /> This epic haes been influential in the Wast syne it wis translatit in the 18t century, first bi [[Antoine Galland]].<ref>{{harvnb|de Camp|1976|p=10}}</ref> Many imitations were written, especially in France.<ref name="arabianNights2">{{harvnb|Grant|Clute|1999|p=52}}</ref> Various chairacters frae this epic hae themsels acome cultural icons in Wastren cultur, sic as [[Aladdin]], [[Sinbad]] an [[Ali Baba]]. A famous example o Islamic poetry on [[romance (luve)|romance]] wis ''[[Layla an Majnun]]'', an oreeginally [[Arabic]] story that wis faur developed bi [[Iranian fowks|Iranian]], [[Azerbaijani fowk|Azerbaijani]] an ither poets in [[Persian leid|Persian]], [[Azerbaijani leid|Azerbaijani]], [[Turkis leid|Turkis]] leids.<ref>{{harvnb|Clinton|2000|pp=15–16}}</ref> It is a [[Tragedy|tragic]] story of undying love much like the later ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]''.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}} Arabic poetry reached its greatest hicht in the Abbasid era, especially afore the loss o central authority an the rise o the Persianate dynasties. Writers lik [[Abu Tammam]] an [[Abu Nuwas]] war closely connectit tae the caliphal coort in Baghdad in the early 9t century, while ithers such as [[al-Mutanabbi]] received thair patronage frae regional coorts. === Filosofie === Ane o the common defineetions for "Islamic filosofie" is "the style o filosofie produced within the framewark o Islamic cultur."<ref name="RoutledgeEoP">{{harvnb|Leaman|1998}}</ref> Islamic filosofie, in this defineetion is naither necessarily concerned wi releegious issues, nor is exclusively produced bi Muslims.<ref name="RoutledgeEoP" /> Thair warks on [[Aristotle]] wis a key step in the transmission o learnin frae auncient Greeks tae the Islamic warld an the Wast. Thay eften correctit the filosofer, encouragin a lively debate in the speerit o [[ijtihad]]. Three speculative thinkers, [[al-Kindi]], [[al-Farabi]], an [[Avicenna]], combined [[Aristotelianism]] an [[Neoplatonism]] wi ither ideas introduced throu Islam, an [[Avicennism]] wis later established as a result. Ither influential Abbasid filosofers include [[al-Jahiz]], an [[Ibn al-Haytham]] (Alhacen). === Airchitectur === [[File:Baghdad-Zumurrud-Khaton.jpg|thumb|[[Zumurrud Khatun Mosque|Zumurrud Khatun Tomb]] (1200 CE), in seemetry at [[Baghdad]]]] As the pouer shiftit frae the Umayyads tae the Abbasids, the airchitectur styles chynged an aw. The Christian styles evolved intae a style based mair on the [[Sasanian Empire]] utilisin mud bricks an baked bricks wi cairved stucco.<ref name=wil>{{harvnb|Wilber|1969|p=5}}</ref> Anither major development wis the creaution or vast enlairgement o ceeties as thay war turned intae the caipital o the empire. First, stairtin wi the creaution o Baghdad, stairtin in 762, that wis planned as a wawed ceety wi a mosque an pailace in the centre. The waws war tae hae fower gates tae exit the ceety. Al-Mansur, that wis responsible for the creaution o Baghdad, an aw planned the ceety o [[Raqqa]], alang the [[Euphrates]]. Feenally, in 836, al-Mu'tasim muived the caipital tae a new steid that he creatit alang the [[Tigris]], cried [[Abbasid Samarra|Samarra]]. This ceety saw 60 years o wark, wi race-coorses an gemme preserves tae add tae the atmosphere.<ref name=wil /> Due tae the dry remote naitur o the environment, some o the pailaces biggit in this era war isolatit havens. [[Al-Ukhaidir Fortress]] is a fine ensaumple o this teep o biggin that haes stables, leevin quarters, an a mosque, aw surroondin inner coortyairds.<ref name=wil /> Ither mosques o this era, sic as the [[Mosque o Ibn Tulun]], in [[Cairo]], an the [[Great Mosque o Kairouan]] in [[Tunisie]] while ultimately biggit in the Umayyad dynasty, it wis substantially renovatit in the 9t century. This renovation wis sae extensive as tae ostensibly be a rebig, wis in the faurest reaches o the Muslim warld, in an aurie that the [[Aghlabids]] controlled; houiver the styles utilized war mainly o the Abbasids.<ref>{{harvnb|Wilmer|1969|pp=5–6}}</ref> Mesopotamie anerly haes ane survivin [[mausoleum]] frae this era, in Samarra. This octagonal dome is the feenal restin place o [[al-Muntasir]].<ref name=wil2>{{harvnb|Wilber|1969|p=6}}</ref> Ither airchitectural innovations an styles war few, sic as the [[fower-centred airch|fower-centred arch]], an a dome erectit on [[squinch]]es. Unfortunately, muckle wis lost due tae the ephemeral naitur o the stucco an luster tiles.<ref name=wil2 /> === Technology === [[File:Wasseruhr Harun al Raschid.jpg|thumb|Illustration shawin a [[watter clock]] gien tae [[Charlemagne]] bi [[Harun al-Rashid]]]] In technology, the Abbasids adoptit [[papermakkin]] frae Cheenae.<ref name=Lucas>{{harvnb|Lucas|2005|p=10}}</ref> The uise o paper spreid frae Cheenae intae the caliphate in the 8t century CE, arrivin in [[al-Andalus]] (Islamic Spain) an then the rest o Europe in the 10t century. It wis easier tae manufactur nor [[pairchment]], less likely tae crack nor [[papyrus]], an coud resorb ink, makkin it ideal for makkin records an makkin copies o the Koran. "Islamic paper makkers devised assemmly-line methods o haund-copyin manuscripts tae turn oot edeetions faur lairger nor ony available in Europe for centuries."<ref>{{harvnb|Cotter|2001}}</ref> It wis frae the Abbasids that the rest o the warld learned tae mak paper frae linen.<ref>{{harvnb|Dunn|2003|p=166}}</ref> The knawledge o [[gunpouder]] wis an aw transmitted frae Cheenae via the caliphate, whaur the formulas for pure [[potassium nitrate]] an an [[explosive]] gunpouder effect war first developed.<ref>{{harvnb|al-Hassan|2002}}</ref> Advances war made in [[irrigation]] an fermin, uisin new technology sic as the [[windmill]]. Craps such as [[awmond]]s an [[citrus]] fruit war brocht tae Europe throu [[al-Andalus]], an succar cultivation wis gradually adoptit bi the Europeans. Apairt frae the [[Nile]], [[Tigris]] an [[Euphrates]], navigable rivers war uncommon, sae transport bi sea wis verra important. Navigational sciences war heichly developed, makkin uise o a rudimentary [[sextant]] (kent as a kamal). Whan combined wi detailed maps o the period, sailors war able tae sail athort oceans raither nor skirt alang the coast. Abbasid sailors war an aw responsible for reintroducin lairge three mastit merchant veshels tae the [[Mediterranean]]. The name [[caravel]] mey derive frae an earlier Arab ship kent as the ''qārib''.<ref>{{harvnb|Schwarz|2013}}</ref> Arab merchants dominatit tred in the Indie Ocean till the arrival o the Portuguese in the 16t century. [[Ormus|Hormuz]] wis an important centre for this tred. Thare wis an aw a dense netwark o tred routes in the [[Mediterranean]], alang that Muslim kintras treddit wi ilk ither an wi European pouers sic as [[Venice]] or [[Genoa]]. The [[Silk Road]] crossin Central Asie passed throu Abbasid caliphate atween Cheenae an Europe. == Notes == {{reflist|group=nb}} == References == {{reflist|30em}} == Bibliografie == {{refbegin|2}} * {{cite book |last=Abbas |first=Tahir |title=Islamic Radicalism and Multicultural Politics: The British Experience |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JdC90uc8PfQC&pg=PA9 |publisher=Routledge |location=London, UK |isbn=0-415-57225-8 |lccn=2009050163 |year=2011 |ref=harv }} * {{cite book |last=Al-Abbasi |first=A. M. M. |year=1986 |title=Nader al-Bayan fi Dhikr Ansab Baniabbassian |place=Doha |language=Persian |ref=harv}} * {{cite web |last=al-Hassan |first=Ahmad Y. |author-link=Ahmad Y Hassan |url=http://www.history-science-technology.com/articles/articles%202.html#_edn2 |title=Gunpowder Composition for Rockets and Cannon in Arabic Military Treatises in Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries: A Gap in the History of Gunpowder and Cannon |website=History of Science and Technology in Islam |access-date=3 May 2015 |archive-date=3 May 2015 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6YFEzyuzL?url=http://www.history-science-technology.com/articles/articles%202.html |year=2002 |deadurl=no |ref=harv |df=dmy }} * {{cite web |last=al-Hassan |first=Ahmad Y. |author-link=Ahmad Y Hassan |url=http://www.history-science-technology.com/articles/articles%2071.html |title=Transfer of Islamic Technology To The West: Part II: Transmission of Islamic Engineering |website=History of Science and Technology in Islam |access-date=3 May 2015 |archive-date=3 May 2015 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6YFG2aZCF?url=http://www.history-science-technology.com/articles/articles%2071.html |year=2002a |deadurl=no |ref=harv |df=dmy }} * {{cite web |last=al-Hassan |first=Ahmad Y. |author-link=Ahmad Y Hassan |url=http://www.history-science-technology.com/articles/articles%207.html |title=Transfer of Islamic Technology To The West: Part I: Avenues of Technology Transfer |website=History of Science and Technology in Islam |access-date=3 May 2015 |archive-date=3 May 2015 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6YFGHXcWB?url=http://www.history-science-technology.com/articles/articles%207.html |year=2002b |deadurl=no |ref=harv |df=dmy }} * {{cite book |last=Abbott |first=Nabia |title=Two queens of Baghdad: mother and wife of Hārūn al Rashīd |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1946 |ref=harv}} * {{cite news |last=Al-Khalili |first=Jim |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7810846.stm |title=The "First True Scientist" |publisher=BBC.co.uk |date=4 January 2009 |access-date=3 May 2015 |archive-date=3 May 2015 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6YFBZo7A9?url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7810846.stm |deadurl=no |ref=harv |df=dmy }} * {{cite web |publisher=Applied History Research Group, University of Calgary |url=https://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/fractured/ |title=The Islamic World to 1600 |access-date=30 October 2008 |year=2008 |ref=harv |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005003551/http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/fractured/ |archive-date=5 October 2008 }}{{Cite web |url=http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/fractured/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2019-01-03 |archive-date=2008-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005003551/http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/fractured/ |url-status=bot: unknown }} * {{cite journal |last=Anon |title=Deutsche Literaturzeitung für Kritik der Internationalen Wissenschaft |volume=49 |issue=27–52 |year=1928 |publisher=Weidmannsche Buchhandlung |language=de |trans-title=German Weekly Literary Journal for Criticism of the International Science |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Baker |first=Hugh D. 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B. |title=Islamic Pottery and Tiles |pages=211–216 |lccn=68026314 |ref=harv}} * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Dimand |first=Maurice S. |editor-last1=Myers |editor-first1=Bernard S. |editor-last2=Myers |editor-first2=Shirley D. |encyclopedia=McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Art |year=1969c |publisher=McGraw-Hill Book Company |location=New York, NY |volume=3: Greece to Master F. V. B. |title=Islamic Textiles |pages=216–220 |lccn=68026314 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Dunn |first=Kevin M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JOtJKgWkPuQC&pg=PA166 |title=Caveman Chemistry: 28 Projects, from the Creation of Fire to the Production of Plastics |publisher=Universal Publishers |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-58112-566-5 |ref=harv }} * {{cite book |last1=Dupuy |first1=R. Ernest |last2=Dupuy |first2=Trevor N. |year=1986 |title=The Encyclopedia of Military History from 3500 B.C. to the Present |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofmi0000dupu_k6k2 |edition=2nd |isbn=0-06-181235-8 |publisher=Harper & Row Publishers |location=New York, NY |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Eglash |first=Ron |year=1999 |title=African Fractals: Modern Computing and Indigenous Design |publisher=Rutgers University Press |isbn=978-0-8135-2614-0 |lccn=98026043 |location=New Brunswick, NJ |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=El-Hibri |first=Tayeb |editor-last=Robinson |editor-first=Chase F. |title=The New Cambridge History of Islam |volume=1: The Formation of the Islamic World: Sixth to Eleventh Centuries |chapter=The empire in Iraq: 763–861 |pages=269–304 |location=Cambridge, UK |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-521-83823-8 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Fitzgerald |first=Charles Patrick |title=China: A Short Cultural History |url=https://archive.org/details/chinashortcultur0000fitz |year=1961 |publisher=Praeger |orig-year=1950 |ref=harv }} * {{cite book |last=Floor |first=W. |year=2011 |title=The Persian Gulf: Bandar Abbas: The Natural Trade Gateway of Southeast Iran |url=https://archive.org/details/persiangulfrisef0000floo |isbn=1-933823-43-7}} * {{cite book |last=Floor |first=W. |year=2010 |title=The Persian Gulf: The Rise and Fall of Bandar-e Lengeh: The Distribution Center for the Arabian Coast: 1750–1930 |url=https://archive.org/details/persiangulfrisef0000floo |isbn=1-933823-39-9 |ref=harv }} * {{cite journal |last=Frazier |first=Ian |title=Invaders: Destroying Baghdad |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-new-yorker_2005-04-25_81_10/page/48 |journal=[[The New Yorker]] |date=25 April 2005 |volume=81 |issue=10 |pages=48–55 |issn=0028-792X |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Ghosh |first=Stanley |url=https://books.google.com/?id=QvtwAAAAMAAJ |title=Embers in Cathay |year=1961 |publisher=Doubleday |location=Garden City, NY |lccn=61010347 |ref=harv }} * {{cite book |last=Gibb |first=Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen |author-link=Hamilton Gibb |editor-last1=Shaw |editor-first1=Stanford J. |editor-last2=Polk |editor-first2=William R. |title=Studies on the Civilization of Islam |url=https://archive.org/details/studiesonciviliz0000gibb_m3g1 |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1982 |isbn=0-691-05354-5 |orig-year=1962 |ref=harv }} * {{cite book |last=Giles |first=Herbert Allen |title=Confucianism and its Rivals |url=https://archive.org/details/confucianismitsr00gileuoft |year=1915 |publisher=C. 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Lane, Craswford and Co. |location=Hong Kong |lccn=16016428 |ref=harv }} * {{cite book |last1=Glassé |first1=Cyril |last2=Smith |first2=Huston |year=2002 |title=The New Encyclopedia of Islam |isbn=0-7591-0190-6 |publisher=AltaMira Press |location=Walnut Creek, CA |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Gordon |first=Matthew |title=The breaking of a thousand swords: A History of the Turkish Military of Samarra: A.H. 200–275/815–889 C.E. |url=https://archive.org/details/breakingofthousa0000gord |publisher=State University of New York Press |location=Albany, NY |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-7914-4795-6 |ref=harv }} * {{cite book |last1=Grant |first1=John |last2=Clute |first2=John |chapter=The Encyclopedia of Fantasy |title=Arabian fantasy |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaoffa0000unse_i5q1 |year=1999 |isbn=0-312-19869-8 |lccn=96037472 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |location=New York, NY |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Gregorian |first=Vartan |title=Islam: A Mosaic, Not a Monolith |url=https://archive.org/details/islam00vart |publisher=Brookings Institution Press |year=2003 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/islam00vart/page/26 26]–38 |isbn=0-8157-3282-1 |lccn=2003006189 |location=Washington, DC |ref=harv }} * {{cite book |last=Hermann |first=Heinrich |title=Chinesische Geschichte |trans-title=Chinese History |year=1912 |publisher=D. 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J. |date=December 1964 |title=Book Review: Ibn al-Haythams Weg zur Physik by Matthias Schramm |journal=Isis |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=463–465 |doi=10.1086/349914 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago, IL |ref=harv}} * {{cite news |last=Vallely |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Vallely |url=http://news.independent.co.uk/world/science_technology/article350594.ece |title=How Islamic Inventors Changed the World |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |location=London, UK |date=11 March 2006 |archive-date=2008-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517013534/http://news.independent.co.uk/world/science_technology/article350594.ece |dead-url=yes |df=dmy |ref=harv |access-date=2019-01-03 |url-status=dead }} * {{cite book |last=Vásáry |first=István |year=2005 |title=Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans: 1185–1365 |url=https://archive.org/details/cumanstatarsorie0000vasa |isbn=0-521-83756-1 |lccn=2005296238 |location=Cambridge, UK |publisher=Cambridge University Press |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Verma |first=R. L. |year=1969 |title=Al-Hazen: Father of Modern Optics |ref=harv}}{{full citation needed|date=May 2015}} * {{cite book |last=Visser |first=Reidar |title=Basra, the Failed Gulf State: Separatism and Nationalism in Southern Iraq |url={{Google books|pCC4ffbOv_YC|page=19|Basra, the Failed Gulf State: Separatism and Nationalism in Southern Iraq | plainurl = yes}} |year=2005 |isbn=3-8258-8799-5 |publisher=Transaction Publisher |location=New Brunswick, NJ |ref=harv }} * {{cite book |last=Wade |first=Geoffrey |editor1-last=Wade |editor1-first=Geoff |editor2-last=Tana |editor2-first=Li |chapter=Southeast Asian Islam and Southern China in the Fourteenth Century |title=Anthony Reid and the Study of the Southeast Asian Past |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |place=Singapore |year=2012 |ref=harv}} * {{cite journal |last=Warren |first=John |year=2005 |title=War and the Cultural Heritage of Iraq: A Sadly Mismanaged Affair |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_third-world-quarterly_2005_26_4-5/page/815 |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=26 |issue=4-5 |pages=815–30 |doi=10.1080/01436590500128048 |ref=harv }} * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Wilber |first=Donald N. |editor-last1=Myers |editor-first1=Bernard S. |editor-last2=Myers |editor-first2=Shirley D. |encyclopedia=McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Art |year=1969 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Book Company |location=New York, NY |volume=1: Aa-Ceylon |title=Abbasid Architecture |lccn=68026314 |ref=harv}} {{refend}} [[Category:Abbasid Caliphate| ]] [[Category:Arab dynasties]] [[Category:History o Iran]] [[Category:Medieval Iraq]] [[Category:States in medieval Anatolie]] [[Category:States in medieval Azerbaijan]] [[Category:750 establishments]] [[Category:1510s disestablishments in Asie]] [[Category:16t-century disestablishments in the Abbasid Caliphate]] [[Category:Umwhile caliphates]] iievc4ttphh0eb8zq1t3lzzc4r4x302 0 125394 919986 906575 2026-07-25T00:14:43Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 919986 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox economist | name = Dani Rodrik | school_tradition = <!--schuil o economic thooght (only if supported bi reliable soorces)--> | color = lightsteelblue | image = Dani Rodrik AB 02.jpg | image_size = 250px | caption = Dani Rodrik | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1957|08|14}} | birth_place = [[Istanbul]], Turkey | death_date = | death_place = | nationality = Turkis | institution = [[Institute for Advanced Study]] | field = [[Internaitional economics]], [[economic development]], [[poleetical economy]] | alma_mater = [[Princeton Varsity]] ([[Doctor o Filosofie|PhD]], [[Master o Public Admeenistration|MPA]])<br>[[Harvard Varsity]] ([[Bachelor o Airts|AB]]) | influenced = | contributions = | awards = [[Global Development An Environment Institute|Leontief Prize for Advancin the Frontiers o Economic Thooght]] (2002) | signature = <!-- file name only --> | repec_prefix = e | repec_id = pro60 }} '''Dani Rodrik''' (born August 14, 1957) is a Turkis [[economist]] an Ford Foundation Professor o Internaitional Poleetical Economy at the [[John F. Kennedy Schuil o Govrenment]] at [[Harvard Varsity]]. He wis formerly the [[Albert O. Hirschman]] Professor o the Social Sciences at the [[Institute for Advanced Study]] in [[Princeton, New Jersey]]. He haes published widely in the auris o [[internaitional economics]], [[economic development]], an [[poleetical economy]]. The quaisten o whit constitutes guid economic policy an why some govrenments are mair successfu than ithers at adoptin it, is at the centre o his research. ==Biography== Descended frae a faimily o [[Sephardic Jews]],<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/30/business/worldbusiness/30trade.html?ex=1327813200&en=b09c1256f811eb09&ei=5088 NY Times Article] {{en icon}}</ref> he is affiliated wi the [[Naitional Bureau o Economic Research]], [[Center for Economic Policy Research]] (Lunnon), [[Center for Global Development]], [[Institute for Internaitional Economics]], an the [[Cooncil on Foreign Relations]], an is co-editor o the ''Review o Economics an Stateestics''. He haes been the recipient o research grants frae the [[Carnegie Corporation]], [[Ford Foundation]], an [[Rockefeller Foundation]]. Amang ither honors, he wis presented the [[Leontief]] Prize for Advancin the Frontiers o Economic Thooght in 2002 frae the [[Global Development an Environment Institute]]. Efter graduatin frae [[Robert College]] in [[Istanbul]],<ref name ="EE">[http://www.cosgel.uconn.edu/Publications/Turkishtime(5MB).pdf Turkishtime Article] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070719235032/http://www.cosgel.uconn.edu/Publications/Turkishtime%285MB%29.pdf |date=2007-07-19 }} {{tr icon}}</ref> he earned an [[Bachelor o Airts|A.B.]] ([[summa cum laude]]) frae [[Harvard College]], followed bi a [[Doctor o Filosofie|Ph.D.]] in economics for thesis titled ''Studies on the Welfare Theory o Trade an Exchynge-rate Policy'' an an [[Master o Public Admeenistration|MPA]] frae [[Princeton Varsity]]. He haes an aa been writin for the Turkis daily newspaper ''[[Radikal]]'' syne Julie 2009. He jynt the newly creatit [[Warld Economics Association]] as a member o the executive committee in 2011. He is mairit tae the dochter o Turkis retired General [[Çetin Doğan]] who wis sentenced tae aggravated life imprisonment, later reduced tae 20 years, for his involvement in the alleged Sledgehaimer coup plan. ==Wirk== His 1997 beuk ''Haes Globalization Gone Too Far?''' wis cried “ane o the maist important economics beuks o the decade” in [[Bloomberg Businessweek]]. In his article, he focused on three tensions atween the global mercat an social stability. Pointin oot that the sae-cried "globalization" haes a dilemma o promotin internaitional equality while exposin faut lines atween the naition states who hae the skills an caipitals tae success in global markets an those who dae nae hae thes advantage an sees sic free mercat seestem as a threat tae social stability an deeply domestic norms.<ref>{{cite book | author=Rodrik, Dani | title=The New Global Economy an Developin Kintras: Makin Openness Wirk | url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781565170278 | publisher=Overseas Development Cooncil | year=1999 | isbn=1-56517-027-X}} {{en icon}}</ref> Accordin tae his analysis, thare are three categories o reasons on why thir tensions arise. First, the tension is caused via [[globalization]] acause reduced barriers tae tred an foreign direct investments draw a vivid line atween naitions an groups that can tak advantage o sic cross-border relations an those who cannae. Here, Rodrik refers tae the first category o groups as heichly skilled wirkers, professionals, an those who are free tae tak thair resoorces whaur thay are maist in demand. The seicont category wad include unskilled wirkers an semiskilled wirkers who, unner globalization, becomes mair elastic an easily substitutife. Seicont soorce for tension comes acause globalization engenders conflicts within an atween naitions ower domestic norms an social institutions. Mair technology an cultur are bein standardized aroond the warld, different naitions wi different norms an value tend tae shaw repulsion toward sic collectife norms diffused internaitionally in sic standardized form. Lastly, the third threat o globalization arises acause it haes made it extremely difficult for naitional govrenments tae provide social insurance. ==Selected publications== * {{cite book | author=Rodrik, Dani | title=The Globalization Paradox| url=https://archive.org/details/globalizationpar00rodr_0 | publisher=Norton & Company, Inc| year=2011 | isbn=978-0-393-07161-0 }} {{en icon}} * {{cite book | author=Rodrik, Dani | title=One Economics, Mony Recipes | url=https://archive.org/details/oneeconomicsmany0000rodr | publisher=Princeton Varsity Press | year=2007 | isbn=0-691-12951-7 }} {{en icon}} * {{cite journal | author=McMillan, Margaret; Horn, Karen; an Rodrik, Dani | title=When Economic Reform Goes Wrang: Cashews in Mozambique | journal=Brookings Trade Forum 2003 | year=2004 | pages=97–165}} {{en icon}} * {{cite book | author=Rodrik, Dani (ed) | title=In Search o Prosperity: Analytic Narratives on Economic Growth | url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780691092690 | publisher=Princeton Varsity Press | year=2003 | isbn=0-691-09268-0 }} {{en icon}} * {{cite journal | last=Rodrik | first=Dani | title=The Global Governance o Trade As If Development Really Mattered | journal=Unitit Naitions Development Program | year=2001 | url=http://system2.net/ukpgh/wp-content/uploads/rodrikgovernance.PDF | access-date=2015-08-12 | archive-date=2019-12-26 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226060629/http://system2.net/ukpgh/wp-content/uploads/rodrikgovernance.PDF | url-status=dead }} {{en icon}} * {{cite book | author=Rodrik, Dani | title=The New Global Economy an Developin Kintras: Makin Openness Wirk | url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781565170278 | publisher=Overseas Development Cooncil | year=1999 | isbn=1-56517-027-X}} {{en icon}} * {{cite book | author=Rodrik, Dani | title=Haes Globalization Gone Too Far? | url=https://archive.org/details/hasglobalization00rodr | publisher=Institute for Internaitional Economics | year=1997 | isbn=0-88132-241-5 }} {{en icon}} ==References== {{reflist}} ==Fremmit airtins== {{commonscat}} {{wikiquote}} * [http://ksghome.harvard.edu/~drodrik/ Dani Rodrik's haem page] {{en icon}} * [http://ksghome.harvard.edu/~drodrik/papers.html Dani Rodrik's latest research] {{en icon}} * [http://rodrik.typepad.com/ Dani Rodrik's weblog] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219012516/https://rodrik.typepad.com/ |date=2019-12-19 }} {{en icon}} * [http://www.project-syndicate.org/series/roads_to_prosperity/description "Roads to Prosperity"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011073613/http://www.project-syndicate.org/series/roads_to_prosperity/description |date=2011-10-11 }} Dani Rodrik's op/ed column for Project Syndicate {{en icon}} * {{cite web |last=Roberts |first=Russ |title=Rodrik on Globalization, Development, an Employment |url=http://www.econtalk.org/archives/_featuring/dani_rodrik/ |work=EconTalk |publisher=Librar of Economics an Leeberty |date=Aprile 11, 2011}} {{en icon}} {{Authority control|VIAF=2538240}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rodrik, Dani}} [[Category:1957 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Anti-globalisation writers]] [[Category:École Normale Supérieure alumni]] [[Category:Harvard Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Princeton Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Institute for Advanced Study faculty]] [[Category:Robert College alumni]] [[Category:John F. Kennedy School of Government faculty]] [[Category:Tred economists]] [[Category:Turkis academics]] [[Category:Turkis economists]] [[Category:Turkis expatriates in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Turkis Jews]] [[Category:Fowk frae Istanbul]] [[Category:20t-century economists]] [[Category:21st-century economists]] no1phah5bql15w9eqfoe90od6ikvs15 0 125544 920013 852350 2026-07-25T00:35:50Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 920013 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox President | name = Suharto | native_name = ꦯꦸꦲꦂꦠ | native_name_lang = jav | nationality = Indonesian | image = President_Suharto,_1993.jpg | caption = Suharto in 1993 | order = [[Leet o Preses o Indonesie|2nt]] | office = Preses o Indonesie | term = 12 Mairch 1967 – 21 Mey 1998<br><small>Actin tae 27 Mairch 1968</small> | predecessor = [[Sukarno]] | successor = [[B. J. Habibie]] | order2 = 16t [[Non-Aligned Movement#Secretaries-General|Secretar General o Non-Aligned Movement]] | term_start2 = 7 September 1992 | term_end2 = 20 October 1995 | predecessor2 = [[Dobrica Ćosić]] | successor2 = [[Ernesto Samper Pizano]] | order3 = 4th [[Indonesian Armed Forces]] Commander | term_start3 = 1969 | term_end3 = 1973 | predecessor3 = [[Abdul Haris Nasution]] | successor3 = [[Maraden Panggabean]] | order4 = 8t [[Indonesian Aormy]] Chief o Staff | term_start4 = 1965 | term_end4 = 1967 | predecessor4 = [[Pranoto Reksosamudra]] | successor4 = [[Maraden Panggabean]] | order5 = 14t | office5=Meenister o Defense an Security o Indonesie | president5=[[Sukarno]]<br/>Suharto | term_start5 = Mairch 1966 | term_end5 = September 1971 | predecessor5 = M. Sarbini | successor5 = [[Maraden Panggabean]] | order6 = 1st Airmed Force an Strategic Reserve ([[KOSTRAD]]) Commander | term_start6 = 1961 | term_end6 = 1965 | predecessor6 = Poseetion creatit | successor6 = [[Umar Wirahadikusumah]] | birth_date = {{birth date|1921|6|8|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Kemusuk]], [[Dutch East Indies]] | death_date = {{death date and age|2008|1|27|1921|6|8|df=y}} | death_place = [[Jakarta]], Indonesie | religion = Islam | spouse = [[Siti Hartinah]] (m. 1947–1996; her daith) | children = [[Siti Hardiyanti Rukmana]]<ref>{{cite news | first = Marilyn | last = Berger | title = Suharto Dies at 86; Indonesian Dictator Brought Order and Bloodshed | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/28/world/asia/28suharto.html |work=The New York Times | date = 28 January 2008 | accessdate =30 January 2008}}</ref><br>Sigit Harjojudanto<br>Bambang Trihatmodjo<br>[[Titiek Suharto]]<br>[[Tommy Suharto]]<br>Siti Hutami Endang Adiningsih | party = [[Golkar]] | vicepresident = [[Hamengkubuwono IX]]<br>[[Adam Malik]]<br>[[Umar Wirahadikusumah]]<br>[[Sudharmono]]<br>[[Try Sutrisno]]<br>[[B. J. Habibie]] |allegiance = [[Indonesian Naitional Airmed Forces]] |branch = [[File:Insignia of the Indonesian Army.svg|30px]] [[Indonesian Airmy]] |serviceyears = |rank = [[File:Jenderal besar pdh ad.png#mw-jump-to-license|30px]] [[Militar o Indonesie|TNI]] [[General o the Airmy]] | signature = Suharto signature.svg }} '''Suharto''' ([[Javanese script|Javanese]]: {{Script|Java|ꦯꦸꦲꦂꦠ}};<ref name="Kamus Pepak Basa Jawa 2001">Kamus Pepak Basa Jawa, Sudaryanto/Pranowo, 2001, #1359</ref> [[Javanese leid|Gêdrìk]]: ''Suhartå''; [[O-Javanese spellin|O-Javanese]]: ''Suharta''; {{audio|Id-Suharto.ogg|pronunciation}}; 8 Juin 1921 – 27 Januar 2008) wis the seicont [[Preses o Indonesie]], hauldin the office for 31 years frae the oostin o [[Sukarno]] in 1967 till his resignation in 1998. Suharto wis born in a smaw veelage, [[Kemusuk]], in the Godean aurie near the ceety o [[Yogyakarta (ceety)|Yogyakarta]], in the [[Dutch East Indies|Dutch colonial]] era.<ref>{{cite book|authors=Soeharto, as related to G. Dwipayana and Ramadhan K.H.|date=1989|title=Soeharto: Pikiran, ucapan dan tindakan saya: otobiografi|url=https://archive.org/details/soehartomythough0000soeh|trans-title=Soeharto: My thoughts, words and deeds: an autobiography|publisher=PT Citra Lamtoro Gung Persada|place=Jakarta|ISBN=979-8085-01-9}}</ref> He grew up in hummle circumstances.<ref>See the details in Chapter 2, 'Akar saya dari desa' (My village roots), in Soeharto, op. cit.</ref> His [[Javanese fowk|Javanese]] Muslim paurents divorced nae lang efter his birth, an he leeved wi foster paurents for muckle o his bairnheid. In the [[Japanese occupation o Indonesie]], Suharto served in Japanese-organised Indonesie siccarity forces. [[Indonesie Naitional Revolution|Indonesie's unthirldom struggle]] saw his jynin the newly formed Indonesie airmy. Suharto rose tae the rank o major general follaein Indonesie unthirldom. [[30 September Muivement|An attemptit coup]] on 30 September 1965 allegedly backed bi the [[Indonesie Communist Pairty]] wis coontered bi Suharto-led truips.<ref>Friend (2003), pages 107–109; {{cite video | people =Chris Hilton (writer and director) | title =Shadowplay | medium =Television documentary | publisher =Vagabond Films and Hilton Cordell Productions |year=2001 }}; Ricklefs (1991), pages 280–283, 284, 287–290</ref> The airmy subsequently led an [[Indonesie killins o 1965–1966|anti-communist purge]] that the [[CIA]] descrived as "ane o the worst [[mass murthers]] o the 20t century"<ref>Mark Aarons (2007). "[https://books.google.com/books?id=dg0hWswKgTIC&lpg=PA80&pg=PA69#v=onepage&q&f=false Justice Betrayed: Post-1945 Responses to Genocide]." In David A. Blumenthal and Timothy L. H. McCormack (eds). ''[http://www.brill.com/legacy-nuremberg-civilising-influence-or-institutionalised-vengeance The Legacy of Nuremberg: Civilising Influence or Institutionalised Vengeance? (International Humanitarian Law).] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105053952/http://www.brill.com/legacy-nuremberg-civilising-influence-or-institutionalised-vengeance |date=2016-01-05 }}'' [[Martinus Nijhoff Publishers]]. {{ISBN|9004156917}} p.&nbsp;[https://books.google.com/books?id=dg0hWswKgTIC&pg=PA81 81].</ref> an [[Transeetion tae the New Order|Suharto wrestit pouer]] frae Indonesie's foondin preses, [[Sukarno]]. He wis appyntit [[acting president]] in [[1967]], replacin [[Sukarno]], an electit Preses the follaein year. He then muntit a social campaign kent as [[De-Soekarnoisation]] in an effort tae reduce the umwhile Preses' influence. Support for Suharto's presidency wis strang ootthrou the 1970s an 1980s. Bi the 1990s, the New Order's [[authoritarianism]] an widespreid corruption<ref>estimates o govrenment funds misappropriatit bi the Suharto faimily range frae US$1.5 billion an US,5 billion.({{cite news |last=Ignatius |first=Adi |url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1660967,00.html?iid=sphere-inline-sidebar |title=Mulls Indonesia Court Ruling |work=Time |date=11 September 2007 |accessdate=9 August 2009 |archive-date=2009-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090322050757/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1660967,00.html?iid=sphere-inline-sidebar |url-status=dead }}); Haskin, Colin, [https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/article663945.ece "Suharto dead at 86"]{{Dead link|date=June 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}, ''The Globe and Mail'', 27 Januar 2008</ref> war a soorce o discontent an, follaein a [[1997 Asie Financial Creesis#Indonesie|severe financial creesis]], led tae [[Mey 1998 riots o Indonesie|widespreid unrest]] an [[Faw o Suharto|his resignation in Mey 1998]]. Suharto dee'd in 2008 an wis gien a state funeral. The legacy o Suharto's 31-year rule is debated baith in Indonesie an abraid. Unner his "[[New Order (Indonesie)|New Order]]" admeenistration, Suharto constructit a strang, centralised an militar-dominatit gorvenment. An abeelity tae mainteen stabeelity ower a sprawlin an diverse Indonesie an an avowedly anti-Communist stance wan him the economic an diplomatic support o the Wast in the [[Cauld War]]. For maist o his presidency, Indonesie experienced signeeficant economic growthe an industrialisation,<ref> {{cite conference | last = Miguel | first = Edward |author2=Paul Gertler |author3=David I. Levine | title = Does Social Capital Promote Industrialization? Evidence from a Rapid Industrializer | booktitle = Econometrics Software Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley | date = January 2005 | url = }}</ref> dramatically improvin heal, eddication an leevin staundarts.<ref name="SMH_McDONALD"> {{cite news | last = McDonald | first = Hamish | author-link = Hamish McDonald | title = No End to Ambition | newspaper = Sydney Morning Herald | date = 28 January 2008 | url = http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/no-end-to-ambition/2008/01/27/1201368944638.html }}</ref> Plans tae awaird Naitional Hero status tae Suharto are bein conseedert bi the Indonesie govrenment an hae been debatit vigorously in Indonesie.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.triaspolitica.net/full-indonesia-lawyers-club-pro-kontra-soeharto-pahlawan-nasional/ | title=Pro Kontra Soeharto Pahlawan Nasional | publisher=Trias Politica | date=26 May 2016 | access-date=28 July 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923165121/http://www.triaspolitica.net/full-indonesia-lawyers-club-pro-kontra-soeharto-pahlawan-nasional/ | archive-date=23 September 2016 | dead-url=yes | df=dmy-all }} {{Cite web |url=http://www.triaspolitica.net/full-indonesia-lawyers-club-pro-kontra-soeharto-pahlawan-nasional/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2018-09-11 |archive-date=2016-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923165121/http://www.triaspolitica.net/full-indonesia-lawyers-club-pro-kontra-soeharto-pahlawan-nasional/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Accordin tae [[Transparency Internaitional]], Suharto is the maist corrupt leader in modren history, haein embezzled an alleged $15–35 billion in his rule.<ref name="BBC_20040325">{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3567745.stm | title=Suharto tops corruption rankings |publisher=BBC News | date= 25 March 2004 | accessdate=4 February 2006}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Suharto}} [[Category:1921 births]] [[Category:2008 daiths]] [[Category:Preses o Indonesie]] [[Category:Cauld War leaders]] [[Category:Cardiovascular disease daiths in Indonesie]] [[Category:Daiths frae buff disease]] [[Category:Daiths frae renal failur]] [[Category:Indonesie generals]] [[Category:Indonesie Sunni Muslims]] [[Category:Javanese fowk]] [[Category:Leaders that teuk pouer bi coup]] [[Category:New Order (Indonesie)]] [[Category:Fowk frae Yogyakarta]] [[Category:Suharto]] [[Category:Cendana faimily]] [[Category:Indonesie anti-communists]] [[Category:Honorar Knichts Grand Cross o the Order o the Bath]] [[Category:Grand Crosses Special Cless o the Order o Meerit o the Federal Republic o Germany]] [[Category:Golkar politeecians]] [[Category:Secretaries-General o the Non-Aligned Muivement]] [[Category:Members o Pembela Tanah Air]] bxwvltavus42oh7q622ab7svr8xvr39 0 126619 919990 902413 2026-07-25T00:18:07Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 919990 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Geobox|River <!-- *** Heading *** --> | name = Missouri River | native_name = | other_name = Pekitanoui<ref name="GNIS"/> | other_name1 = Big Muddy<ref name="Spotlight">{{cite web|url=http://www.mostreamteam.org/Documents/Fact%20Sheets/FactSheet2WWW.pdf|format=PDF|title=Spotlight on the Big Muddy|publisher=Missouri Stream Team|accessdate=2012-01-14|archive-date=2018-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225113757/http://www.mostreamteam.org/Documents/Fact%20Sheets/FactSheet2WWW.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | other_name2 = Mighty Mo | other_name3 = Wide Missouri | other_name4 = Kícpaarukstiʾ<ref>{{cite web | title = AISRI Dictionary Database Search--prototype version. "River", Southband Pawnee | work = American Indian Studies Research Institute | accessdate=2012-05-26 | url = http://zia.aisri.indiana.edu/~dictsearch/cgi-bin/testengltoxsrchNP.pl?host=zia&pass=&hasfont=0&srchlang=English&srchstring=river&database=south&srchtype=AND&sortlang=English&sndformat=ra&maxhits=200&find=Run_Search }}</ref> | other_name5=[[Lakota leid|Lakota]]: Mnišoše<ref>{{cite book|last1=Karolevitz|first1=Robert F.|last2=Hunhoff|first2=Bernie|title=Uniquely South Dakota|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=J1blPQAACAAJ|year=1988|publisher=Donning Company|isbn=978-0-89865-730-2|page=9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=New Lakota Dictionary |url=https://archive.org/details/newlakotadiction0000unse |edition=2nd |year=2011 |publisher=Lakota Language Consortium |editor-last=Ullrich |editor-first=Jan |location=Bloomington, IN |isbn=978-0-9761082-9-0 |lccn=2008922508 }}</ref> | category_hide = 1 <!-- *** Names **** --> | etymology = The [[Missouri]] tribe, whose name in turn meant "fowk wi widden canoes"<ref name="GNIS">{{cite gnis|id=756398|name=Missouri River|entrydate=1980-10-24|accessdate=2010-05-06}}</ref> | nicknames = <!-- *** Image *** --> | image = Lower Missouri River.jpg | image_caption = A relatively undeveloped reach o the river near [[Rocheport, Missouri]] | image_size = 300px | image_alt = A wide river flows atween dark forests an law bluffs <!-- *** Country *** --> | country = Unitit States | country_flag = | state = Montana | state1 = North Dakota | state2 = Sooth Dakota | state3 = Nebraska | state4 = Iowa | state5 = Kansas | state6 = Missouri | state_flag = | region = | district = | municipality = <!-- *** Family *** --> | parent = | tributary_left = [[Jefferson River|Jefferson]] | tributary_left1 = [[Dearborn River|Dearborn]] | tributary_left2 = [[Sun River|Sun]] | tributary_left3 = [[Marias River|Marias]] | tributary_left4 = [[Milk River (Montana-Alberta)|Milk]] | tributary_left5 = [[James River (Dakotas)|James]] | tributary_left6 = [[Big Sioux River|Big Sioux]] | tributary_left7 = [[Grand River (Missouri)|Grand]] | tributary_left8 = [[Chariton River|Chariton]] | tributary_right = [[Madison River|Madison]] | tributary_right1 = [[Gallatin River|Gallatin]] | tributary_right2 = [[Yellowstone River|Yellowstone]] | tributary_right3 = [[Little Missouri River (North Dakota)|Little Missouri]] | tributary_right4 = [[Cheyenne River|Cheyenne]] | tributary_right5 = [[White River (Missouri River)|White]] | tributary_right6 = [[Niobrara River|Niobrara]] | tributary_right7 = [[Platte River|Platte]] | tributary_right8 = [[Kansas River|Kansas]] | tributary_right9 = [[Osage River|Osage]] | tributary_right10 = [[Gasconade River|Gasconade]] | city = [[Great Falls, MT]] | city1 = [[Bismarck, ND]] | city2 = [[Pierre, SD]] | city3 = [[Sioux City, IA]] | city4 = [[Omaha, NE]] | city5 = [[Kansas City, KS]] | city6 = [[Kansas City, MO]] | city7 = [[St. Louis|St. Louis, MO]] | landmark = | river = <!-- *** River locations *** --> | source = Hell Roaring Creek, a tributary o the [[Jefferson River]] | source_location = near [[Brower's Spring]]| source_region =[[Montana]]| source_country = | source_elevation_imperial = 9100 | source_coordinates = {{coord|44|32|31|N|111|27|53|W|display=inline}} | source_coordinates_note =<ref>[http://www.topozone.com/map.asp?lat=44.5417&lon=-111.4677&s=25&size=m&u=4&datum=nad83&layer=DRG25] [[United States Geological Survey|USGS]] topographic map of the source</ref><ref name="headwaters">{{cite news |authors=Nell, Donald F.; Demetriades, Anthony |url=http://fwp.mt.gov/mtoutdoors/HTML/articles/2005/MissouriSource.htm |title=The True Utmost Reaches of the Missouri: Were Lewis and Clark wrong when they identified the source of this great river? |work=Montana Outdoors |issue=2005–07 to 08 |accessdate=2012-01-14 |archive-date=2012-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118010715/http://fwp.mt.gov/mtoutdoors/HTML/articles/2005/MissouriSource.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> | source1 = [[Firehole River]], a tributary o the [[Madison River]] | source1_location = Madison Lake| source1_region =[[Yellowstone Naitional Pairk]], [[Wyoming]]| source1_country = | source1_elevation_imperial = 8215 | source1_coordinates = {{coord|44|20|55|N|110|51|53|W|display=inline}} | source1_coordinates_note=<ref>{{cite gnis|id=1591162|name=Madison Lake|entrydate=1980-04-04|accessdate=2012-01-21}}</ref> | source_confluence = [[Missouri Headwaters State Park]] | source_confluence_location = [[Three Forks, Montana|Three Forks]]| source_confluence_region = [[Montana]]| source_confluence_country = | source_confluence_elevation_imperial = 4042 | source_confluence_coordinates = {{coord|45|55|39|N|111|20|39|W|display=inline}} | source_confluence_coordinates_note =<ref name="GNIS"/> | mouth = [[Mississippi River]] | mouth_location = [[Spanish Lake, Missouri|Spanish Lake]], near [[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis]] | mouth_region = Missouri| mouth_country = | mouth_elevation_imperial = 404 | mouth_elevation_note =<ref name="GNIS"/> | capital_coordinates = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|38|48|49|N|90|07|11|W|display=inline,title}} | mouth_coordinates_note =<ref name="GNIS"/> <!-- *** Dimensions *** --> | length_imperial = 2341| length_orientation = | length_note =<ref name="modifications">{{cite web |url=http://infolink.cr.usgs.gov/Science/MoREAP/moreap_brief.htm |title=Missouri River Environmental Assessment Program Summary |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey |accessdate=2010-10-08 |archive-date=2018-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225113750/https://infolink.cr.usgs.gov/Science/MoREAP/moreap_brief.htm%0A |url-status=dead }}</ref> | width_imperial = | width_orientation = | depth_imperial = | volume_imperial = | watershed_imperial = 529350 | watershed_note =<ref name="Story">{{cite web |url=http://infolink.cr.usgs.gov/The_River/MORstory.htm |title=The Missouri River Story |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey |work=Columbia Environmental Research Center |accessdate=2010-04-10 |archive-date=2010-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527124725/http://infolink.cr.usgs.gov/The_River/MORstory.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> | discharge_imperial = 87520 | discharge_note =<ref name="missouriflow">{{cite web|url=http://wdr.water.usgs.gov/wy2009/pdfs/06934500.2009.pdf|format=PDF|title=USGS Gage #06934500 on the Missouri River at Hermann, Missouri: Water-Data Report 2009|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey|work=National Water Information System|date=1897–2009|accessdate=2010-08-24|archive-date=2012-04-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402050034/http://wdr.water.usgs.gov/wy2009/pdfs/06934500.2009.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | discharge_location = [[Hermann, MO]]; [[river mile|RM]] 97.9 (RKM 157.6) | discharge_max_imperial = 750000 | discharge_max_note =<ref name="peaks">{{cite web|last1=Pinter|first1=Nicholas|last2=Heine|first2=Reuben A.|url=http://www.grha.net/site/programs/river-study/|title=Hydrologic History of the Lower Missouri River|publisher=Southern Illinois University, Carbondale|work=Geology Department|accessdate=2010-05-08|archive-date=2018-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225113753/http://www.grha.net/site/programs/river-study/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | discharge_min_imperial = 602 | discharge_min_note=<ref name="missouriflow"/> <!-- *** Free fields *** --> | free = | free_type = <!-- *** Maps *** --> | map = Missouri River basin map.png | map_caption = Map of the Missouri River and its tributaries in<br />North America | map_size = 280px | map_background = | map_locator = | map_locator_x = | map_locator_y = <!-- *** Website *** --> | website = | commons = <!-- *** Footnotes *** --> | footnotes = }} The '''Missouri River''' is the langest river in North Americae.<ref name="RiversWorld">{{cite web |author=Howard Perlman, USGS |url=http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/riversofworld.html |title=Lengths of major rivers, from USGS Water-Science School |publisher=Ga.water.usgs.gov |date=2012-10-31 |accessdate=2012-11-21 |archive-date=2009-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305045437/http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/riversofworld.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Missouri River| ]] [[Category:Tributaries o the Mississippi River]] [[Category:Borders o Iowa]] [[Category:Borders o Kansas]] [[Category:Borders o Missouri]] [[Category:Borders o Nebraska]] [[Category:Borders o Sooth Dakota]] [[Category:Geografie o Omaha, Nebraska]] [[Category:Laundforms o Yankton Coonty, Sooth Dakota]] [[Category:Laundforms o Gallatin Coonty, Montana]] [[Category:Laundforms o Broadwater Coonty, Montana]] [[Category:Laundforms o Lewis an Clark Coonty, Montana]] [[Category:Laundforms o Cascade Coonty, Montana]] [[Category:Laundforms o McCone Coonty, Montana]] [[Category:Laundforms o Roosevelt Coonty, Montana]] [[Category:Rivers o Iowa]] [[Category:Rivers o Kansas]] [[Category:Rivers o Missouri]] [[Category:Rivers o Montana]] [[Category:Rivers o Nebraska]] [[Category:Rivers o North Dakota]] [[Category:Rivers o Sooth Dakota]] [[Category:Watterways in Omaha, Nebraska]] f0x2mq88g5sbbrhk102es962mm5zrve 0 132140 919925 917483 2026-07-24T23:14:48Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 919925 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox political party | country = Germany | party_name = Free Democratic Pairty | native_name = Freie Demokratische Partei | party_logo = [[File:Logo der FDP 2026.svg|275px|FDP logo]] | colorcode = {{Free Democratic Pairty (Germany)/meta/color}} | abbreviation = FDP | chairman = [[Wolfgang Kubicki]] | picture_chairman = [[File:2020-10-30 Wolfgang Kubicki MdB FDP by OlafKosinsky 4377 (cropped).jpg|275px|Wolfgang Kubicki]] | general_secretary = [[Nicole Büttner]] | vice_chairman = [[Henning Höne]]<br />[[Svenja Hahn]]<br/>[[Linda Teuteberg]] | federal_manager = [[Maria Wandel]] | federal_treasurer = [[Hermann Otto Solms]] | honorary_chair = [[Walter Scheel]]<br />[[Hans-Dietrich Genscher]] | founded = 12 December 1948 | founding location = [[Heppenheim (Bergstraße)]] | youth_wing = [[Young Liberals (Germany)|Young Liberals]] | wing1_title = Foundation | wing1 = [[Friedrich Naumann Foundation]] | membership_year = 2024 | membership = 72,000 | ideology = [[Liberalism|Leeberalism]]<ref name="Nordsieck">{{cite web |author=Wolfram Nordsieck |url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/germany.html |title=Parties and Elections in Europe: The database about parliamentary elections and political parties in Europe, by Wolfram Nordsieck |publisher=Parties-and-elections.eu |accessdate=2013-09-23}}</ref><br>[[Clessical leeberalism]] | position = [[Centre-richt politics|Centre-richt]]<ref>{{Cite news|title=Merkel heading for new coalition |first=Johnny |last=Dymond |newspaper=BBC News |date=27 September 2009 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8277526.stm }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Germans take weeks over coalition pacts |first=Quentin |last=Peel |newspaper=[[Financial Times]] |date=9 May 2010 |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/d12ca9b2-5b91-11df-85a3-00144feab49a.html }}</ref> | international = [[Liberal Internaitional]] | european = [[Alliance o Liberals an Democrats for Europe Pairty|Alliance o Liberals an Democrats for Europe]] | europarl = [[Alliance o Liberals an Democrats for Europe Group|Alliance o Liberals an Democrats for Europe]] | colors = Yellow and blue | seats1_title = [[Bundestag]] | seats1 = {{Composition bar|90|733|hex=yellow}} | seats2_title = [[Composeetion o the German State Pairlaments|State Pairlaments]] | seats2 = {{Composition bar|66|1893|hex=yellow}} | seats3_title = [[European Pairlament election, 2014 (Germany)|European Pairlament]] | seats3 = {{Composition bar|5|96|hex=yellow}} | headquarters = Thomas-Dehler-Haus <br> Reinhardtstraße 14 <br> 10117 Berlin | website = {{url|http://www.fdp.de/}} }} The '''Free Democratic Pairty''' ({{lang-de|link=no|Freie Demokratische Partei}}, '''FDP''') is a [[Liberalism|liberal]]<ref name="BanchoffSmith1999">{{cite book|author1=Thomas Banchoff|author2=Mitchell Smith|title=Legitimacy and the European Union: The Contested Polity|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=GgvLEFPY8l4C&pg=PA123|accessdate=1 February 2013|year=1999|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-18188-4|page=123}}</ref><ref name="Breukers2007">{{cite book|author=Sylvia Breukers|title=Changing Institutional Landscapes for Implementing Wind Power: A Geographical Comparison of Institutional Capacity Building: the Netherlands, England and North Rhine-Westphalia|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Y_iPHvjI6vQC&pg=PA188|year=2007|publisher=Amsterdam University Press|isbn=978-90-5629-454-0|page=188}}</ref> an [[Clessical leeberalism|clessical liberal]]<ref name="Gunlicks2003">{{Cite book|author= Arthur B. Gunlicks|title=The Länder and German federalism|url= https://archive.org/details/landergermanfede0000gunl|year=2003|publisher=Manchester University Press|location=Manchester|isbn=978-0-7190-6533-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/landergermanfede0000gunl/page/268 268] }}</ref><ref name="Encyclopedia of the Cold War">{{Cite book|editor= Ruud van Dijk|title=Encyclopedia of the Cold War, Volume 1|url= https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofco0001unse_m9v6|year=2008|publisher=Taylor & Francis|location=London|isbn=978-0-415-97515-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofco0001unse_m9v6/page/541 541]}}</ref><ref name="ImmerfallSobisch1997">{{Cite book|author1=Stefan Immerfall|author2=Andreas Sobisch|chapter=Party System in Transition|editor= Matthias Zimmer|title=Germany: Phoenix in trouble?|url=https://archive.org/details/germanyphoenixtr00zimm|year=1997|publisher=University of Alberta|location=Edmonton|isbn=978-0-88864-305-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/germanyphoenixtr00zimm/page/n136 114]}}</ref> [[Leet o poleetical pairties in Germany|poleetical pairty in Germany]]. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Free Democratic Pairty (Germany)| ]] [[Category:Clessical liberal parties]] [[Category:Alliance o Liberals an Democrats for Europe Pairty member pairties]] [[Category:Liberal pairties in Germany]] [[Category:Poleetical pairties established in 1948]] [[Category:Pairties representit in the European Pairlament]] [[Category:1948 establishments in Germany]] sfyjkuhtkhxb3v6ig7siprdzfrwr1x7 0 133500 919987 793187 2026-07-25T00:15:57Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 919987 wikitext text/x-wiki A '''hormone''' (frae [[Greek leid|Greek]] {{lang|grc|ὁρμή}}, "impetus") is ony member o a cless o signalin molecules produced bi [[gland]]s in [[multicellular organism]]s that are transportit bi the [[circulatory system]] tae target distant organs tae regulate physiology and behaviour. Hormones hae diverse chemical structurs, mainly o 3 clesses: [[eicosanoid]]s, [[steroid]]s, an [[amino acid]]/[[protein]] derivatives ([[amine]]s, [[peptide]]s, an [[protein]]s). The glands that secrete hormones comprise the [[endocrine system|endocrine seegnalin system]]. The term hormone is whiles extendit tae include chemicals produced bi cells that affect the same cell ([[autocrine signaling|autocrine]] or [[intracrine|intracrine seegnallin]]) or nearbi cells ([[paracrine seegnallin]]). Hormones are uised tae communicate atween [[organ (anatomy)|organs]] an tishies for [[physiological]] regulation an [[behavioural]] activities, sic as digeestion, [[metabolism]], [[respiration (physiology)|respiration]], [[tishie (biology)|tishie]] function, [[sensory perception]], [[sleep]], [[excretion]], [[lactation]], [[Stress (physiology)|stress]], [[human development (biology)|growthe an development]], [[Motor coordination|muivement]], [[reproduction]], an [[muid (psychology)|muid]].<ref>{{cite book | author = Neave N | title = Hormones and behaviour: a psychological approach | url = https://archive.org/details/hormonesbehaviou0000neav | year =2008 | publisher = Cambridge Univ. Press | location = Cambridge | isbn = 978-0521692014 | laysummary = http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/pbm/summary/v053/53.1.gibson.html | laysource = Project Muse }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Hormones | url = https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hormones.html | work = MedlinePlus | publisher = U.S. National Library of Medicine }}</ref> Hormones affect distant cells bi bindin tae speceefic [[receptor (biochemistry)|receptor]] proteins in the target cell resultin in a chynge in cell function. Whan a hormone binds tae the receptor, it results in the activation o a [[seegnal transduction]] pathwey that teepically activates gene [[transcription (genetics)|transcription]] resultin in increased [[gene expression|expression]] o target proteins; non-genomic effects are mair rapid, an can be synergistic wi genomic effects.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ruhs|first=Stefanie|last2=Nolze|first2=Alexander|last3=Hübschmann|first3=Ralf|last4=Grossmann|first4=Claudia|date=July 2017|title=30 YEARS OF THE MINERALOCORTICOID RECEPTOR: Nongenomic effects via the mineralocorticoid receptor|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28348113|journal=The Journal of Endocrinology|volume=234|issue=1|pages=T107–T124|doi=10.1530/JOE-16-0659|issn=1479-6805|pmid=28348113}}</ref> Amino acid–based hormones ([[amines]] an [[peptide hormone|peptide or protein hormones]]) are watter-soluble an act on the surface o target cells via [[seicont messenger system|seicont messengers]]; [[steroid hormone]]s, bein lipid-soluble, muive throu the plasma membranes o target cells (baith [[cell membrane|cytoplasmic]] an [[nuclear membrane|nuclear]]) tae act within thair [[cell nucleus|nuclei]]. Hormone [[secretion]] mey occur in mony tishies. Endocrine glands are the cardinal example, but speicialised cells in various ither organs an aw secrete hormones. Hormone secretion occurs in response tae speceefic biochemical seegnals frae a wide range o regulatory systems. For instance, [[serum calcium]] concentration affects [[parathyroid hormone]] synthesis; [[bluid succar]] (serum glucose concentration) affects [[insulin]] synthesis; an acause the ootputs o the [[painch]] an exocrine [[pancreas]] (the amoonts o [[gastric juice]] an [[pancreatic juice]]) acome the input o the [[smaw thairm]], the smaw thairm secretes hormones tae stimulate or inhibit the painch an pancreas based on hou busy it is. Regulation o hormone synthesis o [[sex steroid|gonadal hormones]], [[adrenocortical hormone]]s, an [[thyroid hormone]]s is eften dependent on complex sets o direct influence an feedback interactions involvin the [[hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis|hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal]] (HPA), [[hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis|-gonadal]] (HPG), an [[hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis|-thyroid]] (HPT) aixes. Upon secretion, certaint hormones, includin protein hormones an catecholamines, are watter-soluble an are sicweys readily transportit throu the circulatory system. Ither hormones, includin steroid an thyroid hormones, are lipid-soluble; tae allou for their widespread distribution, thir hormones maun bond tae [[carrier plasma glycoprotein]]s (e.g., [[thyroxine-binding globulin]] (TBG)) tae form [[ligand (biochemistry)|ligand]]-protein complexes. Some hormones are completely active whan released intae the bluidstream (as is the case for insulin an growthe hormones), while ithers are [[prohormone]]s that maun be activatit in speceefic cells throu a series o activation steps that are commonly heichly regulatit. The [[endocrine system]] [[secrete]]s hormones directly intae the [[circulatory system|bluidstream]] teepically intae [[Capillary#Teeps|fenestratit capillaries]], whauras the [[exocrine system]] secretes its hormones indirectly uisin [[Duct (anatomy)|ducts]]. Hormones wi [[paracrine]] function diffuise throu the [[Interstitial fluid|interstitial space]]s tae nearbi target tishie. ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Hormones|*]] [[Category:Physiology]] [[Category:Endocrinology]] [[Category:Cell signalin]] [[Category:Signal transduction]] mzlvf8uaktm2opobs17n038dfe4ju9m 0 134067 919954 891589 2026-07-24T23:44:53Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 919954 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer | name = George Orwell | image = George Orwell press photo.jpg | caption = Orwell's [[press caird]] portrait, 1943 | pseudonym = George Orwell | birth_name = Eric Arthur Blair | birth_date = {{Birth date|1903|6|25|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Motihari]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[Breetish Indie]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|1950|1|21|1903|6|25|df=y}} | death_place = [[Varsity College Hospital]], [[Lunnon, Ingland, UK]] | resting_place = [[Sutton Courtenay]], Oxfordshire, Ingland | occupation = Novelist, poleetical writer an jurnalist | alma_mater = [[Eton College]] | years_active = 1928–50 | genre = [[Dystopia]], [[roman à clef]], satire | subject = [[Anti-fascism]] an [[anti-Stalinist left]], [[democratic socialism]], [[leeterary creeticism]], news, [[polemic]] | spouse = [[Eileen O'Shaughnessy]] (1935–45, her daith)<br>[[Sonia Brownell]] (1949–50, his daith) | signature = Orwell-Signature.svg|380px }} '''Eric Arthur Blair''' (25 Juin 1903 – 21 Januar 1950),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/Library/special-coll/orwell.shtml |title=George Orwell |accessdate=7 November 2008 |publisher=UCL Orwell Archives |archive-date=2009-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227083521/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/Library/special-coll/orwell.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> that uised the pen name '''George Orwell''', wis a Breetish novelist, essayist, jurnalist an creetic, that's wark is chairacterised bi lucid prose, awaurness o [[social injuistice]], opposeetion tae [[totalitarianism]], an ootspoken support o [[democratic socialism]].<ref>"Why I Write" in The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell Volume 1: An Age Like This 1945–1950 p. 23. (Penguin)</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Selected Writings |url=https://archive.org/details/georgeorwellsele0000orwe |last=Orwell |first=George |editor1-first=George |editor1-last=Bott |year=1968 |origyear=1958 |publisher=Heinemann |location=London |isbn=978-0435136758 |page=[https://archive.org/details/georgeorwellsele0000orwe/page/103 103] |quote=Every line of serious work that I have written since 1936 has been written, directly or indirectly, ''against'' totalitarianism and ''for'' democratic socialism, as I understand it. [italics in original]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gale |first1=Steven H. |title=Encyclopedia of British Humorists: Geoffrey Chaucer to John Cleese, Volume 1 |date=1996 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |page=823}}</ref> As a writer, Orwell produced [[leeterar creeticism]] an poetry, feection an [[polemic]]al jurnalism; an is best kent for the [[Allegory|allegorical]] novella ''[[Ainimal Ferm]]'' (1945) an the [[Utopian an dystopian feection|dystopian]] novelle ''[[Nineteen Aichty-Fower]]'' (1949). His non-feection warks, includin ''[[The Road tae Wigan Pier]]'' (1937), documentin his experience o wirkin-cless life in the north o Ingland, an ''[[Homage to Catalonia]]'' (1938), an accoont o his experiences sodgerin or the [[Republican faction (Spaingie Ceevil War)|Republican]] faction o the [[Spaingie Ceevil War]] (1936–1939), are as creetically respectit as his [[George Orwell bibliografie|essays]] on politics an leeteratur, leid an cultur. In 2008, ''[[The Times]]'' ranked George Orwell seicont amang "The 50 greatest Breetish writers syne 1945".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/arts/books/article2452094.ece|title=The 50 greatest British writers since 1945|date=5 January 2008|work=The Times |accessdate=7 January 2014}}</ref> Orwell's wark remeens influential in [[popular cultur]] an in [[political cultur]], an the adjective "[[Orwellian]]" – descrivin [[Totalitarianism|totalitarian]] an [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]] social practices – is pairt o the modren leid, lik mony o his [[neologism]]s, such as "[[Big Brither (Nineteen Aichty-Fower)|Big Brither]]", "[[Thocht Police]]", an "[[Hate week]]", "[[Room 101]]", the "[[memory hale]]", an "[[Newspeak]]", "[[dooblethink]]" an "[[Proles (Nineteen Aichty-Fower)|proles]]", "unperson" an "[[thochtcrime]]".<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/may/10/1984-george-orwell Robert McCrum], ''The Observer'', 10 May 2009</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oed.com/search?f_0=Quotation+Author&scope=QUOTATION&fq_entry=true&q_0=G.+Orwell|title=Home : Oxford English Dictionary|website=www.oed.com|accessdate=2 September 2017}}</ref> == See forby == * ''[[Notes on Nationalism]]'' -- an essay scrieved bi Orwell. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Orwell, George}} [[Category:George Orwell| ]] [[Category:1903 births]] [[Category:1950 daiths]] [[Category:20t-century Inglis novelists]] [[Category:20t-century Inglis poets]] [[Category:Admeenistrators in Breetish Burma]] [[Category:Breetish colonial polis officers]] [[Category:Breetish investigative jurnalists]] [[Category:Breetish fowk o colonial Indie]] [[Category:Breetish fowk o the Spainyie Ceevil War]] [[Category:Breetish shuiting survivors]] [[Category:Breetish war correspondents]] [[Category:Buirials in Oxfordshire]] [[Category:Creetics o releegions]] [[Category:Daiths frae tuberculosis]] [[Category:Democratic socialists]] [[Category:Inglis activists]] [[Category:Inglis Anglicans]] [[Category:Inglis anti-fascists]] [[Category:Inglis beuksellers]] [[Category:Inglis democracy activists]] [[Category:Inglis essayists]] [[Category:Inglis male jurnalists]] [[Category:Inglis memoirists]] [[Category:Inglis fowk o French strynd]] [[Category:Inglis reporters an correspondents]] [[Category:Inglis satirists]] [[Category:Inglis sceptics]] [[Category:Inglis socialists]] [[Category:French-leid writers]] [[Category:Historians o fascism]] [[Category:Smittle tribble daiths in Ingland]] [[Category:Constructit leid creators]] [[Category:Modrenist writers]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Eton College]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Wellington College, Berkshire]] [[Category:Fowk frae Bihar]] [[Category:Prometheus Awaird winners]] [[Category:Pseudonymous writers]] [[Category:Male essayists]] fb2rpw46vypp3p48dy9dorznfl5aqso 0 134077 919964 909049 2026-07-24T23:53:16Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 3 books for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 919964 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox philosopher |region = Wastren philosophie |era = [[19t-century philosophie]] |image = Schopenhauer by Jules Lunteschütz.jpg |image_size = | caption = Schopenhauer, 1855. |signature = Arthur Schopenhauer Signature.svg |name = Arthur Schopenhauer |birth_date = {{birth date|1788|02|22|df=y}} |birth_place = [[Gdańsk|Danzig]] (Gdańsk) |death_date = {{Death date and age|1860|9|21|1788|2|22|df=y}} |death_place = [[Frankfurt]], [[German Confederation]] | nationality = [[German fowk|German]] | residence = [[Germany|Danzig, Hamburg an finally German Confederation]] |work_institution = [[Varsity o Göttingen]], [[Varsity o Berlin]] |school_tradition = [[Post-Kantian philosophie]] |main_interests = [[Metapheesics]], [[aesthetics]], [[ethics]], [[phenomenology (philosophie)|phenomenology]], [[morality]], [[psychology]] |notable_ideas = [[Will (philosophie)|Will]], [[Fowerfauld ruit o the sufficient principle o raison|Fowerfauld ruit o raison]], [[Hedgehog's dilemma]], [[philosophical pessimism]] | influences = [[Buddhism]]{{·}}[[Immanuel Kant|Kant]]{{·}}[[Plato]]{{·}}[[Upanishads]] | influenced = [[Samuel Beckett|Beckett]]{{·}}[[Jorge Luis Borges|Borges]]{{·}}[[Joseph Campbell|Campbell]]{{·}}[[Albert Einstein|Einstein]]{{·}}[[Sigmund Freud|Freud]]{{·}}[[John Gray (philosopher)|Gray]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/john-gray-forget-everything-you-know-641878.html |title=John Gray: Forget everything you know&nbsp;— Profiles, People |publisher=The Independent |date=3 September 2002 |accessdate=12 March 2010 |location=London |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100409072731/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/john-gray-forget-everything-you-know-641878.html |archivedate=2010-04-09 |deadurl=no |url-status=live }}</ref>{{·}}[[Max Horkheimer|Horkheimer]]{{·}}[[Carl Jung|Jung]]{{·}}[[Karl Kraus (writer)|Kraus]]{{·}}[[Thomas Mann|Mann]]{{·}}[[Karl Eugen Neumann|Neumann]]{{·}}[[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]]{{·}}[[Gilbert Ryle|Ryle]]{{·}}[[George Santayana|Santayana]]{{·}}[[Erwin Schrödinger|Schrödinger]]{{·}}[[Leo Tolstoy|Tolstoy]]{{·}}[[Richard Wagner|Wagner]]{{·}}[[Otto Weininger|Weininger]]{{·}}[[Ludwig Wittgenstein|Wittgenstein]]{{·}}[[Peter Wessel Zapffe|Zapffe]]}} '''Arthur Schopenhauer''' ({{IPA-de|ˈaʁtʊʁ ˈʃɔpənˌhaʊ̯ɐ|lang}}; 22 Februar 1788&nbsp;– 21 September 1860) wis a [[Germans|German]] [[philosopher]]. He is best kent for his 1818 wark ''[[The Warld as Will an Representation]]'' (wauxt in 1844), whaurin he chairacterises the [[Phenomenon|phenomenal]] warld as the product o a blinnd an stainchless [[Schopenhauer#The warld as will|metapheesical will]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Essays and Aphorisms|url=https://archive.org/details/essaysaphorisms00scho|year=2004|publisher=Penguin Classics|isbn=978-0-14-044227-4|author=Arthur Schopenhauer|page=[https://archive.org/details/essaysaphorisms00scho/page/23 23]}}</ref><ref>The Oxford Encyclopedic English Dictionary. 'Schopenhauer': Oxford University Press. 1991. p. 1298. {{ISBN|978-0-19-861248-3}}.</ref> Proceedin frae the [[transcendental idealism]] o [[Immanuel Kant]], Schopenhauer developit an [[atheistic]] metapheesical an ethical seestem that haes been descrived as an exemplar kythin o [[philosophical pessimism]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Essays and Aphorisms|url=https://archive.org/details/essaysaphorisms00scho|year=2004|publisher=Penguin Classics|isbn=978-0-14-044227-4|author=Arthur Schopenhauer|pages=[https://archive.org/details/essaysaphorisms00scho/page/22 22]–36|quote= …but there has been none who tried with so great a show of learning to demonstrate that the pessimistic outlook is ''justified'', that life itself is really bad. It is to this end that Schopenhauer’s metaphysic of will and idea exists.}}</ref><ref>''[http://librivox.org/studies-in-pessimism-by-arthur-schopenhauer/ Studies in Pessimism]'' – audiobeuk frae [[LibriVox]].</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Psychology and Religion, Volume 2|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofps0000unse_a4h7|year=2009|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-387-71801-9|editor1=David A. Leeming |editor2=Kathryn Madden |editor3=Stanton Marlan |page=824|quote=A more accurate statement might be that for a German – rather than a French or British writer of that time – Schopenhauer was an honest and open atheist.}}<!--|accessdate=2 September 2012--></ref> rejectin the contemporaneous [[post-Kantian thocht|post-Kantian philosophies]] o [[German idealism]].<ref>Arthur Schopenhauer, The World as Will and Representation, Vol. 1, trans. E. Payne, (New York: Dover Publishing Inc., 1969), Vol. 2, Ch. 50.</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Schopenhauer, Philosophy and the Arts|year=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-04406-6|editor=Dale Jacquette|page=162|quote=For Kant, the mathematical sublime, as seen for example in the starry heavens, suggests to imagination the infinite, which in turn leads by subtle turns of contemplation to the concept of God. Schopenhauer's atheism will have none of this, and he rightly observes that despite adopting Kant's distinction between the dynamical and mathematical sublime, his theory of the sublime, making reference to the struggles and sufferings of struggles and sufferings of Will, is unlike Kant's.}}<!--|accessdate=2 September 2012--></ref> Schopenhauer wis amang the first thinkers in [[Wastren philosophie]] tae skare an affirm signeeficant tenets o [[Eastren philosophie]] (e.g., [[asceticism]], the warld-as-[[appearance (philosophie)|appearance]]), haein ineetially arrived at seemilar conclusions as the eftercast o his ain philosophical wark.<ref>See the beuk-lenth study aboot oriental influences on the genesis o Schopenhauer's philosophie bi [[Urs App]]: ''Schopenhauer's Compass. An Introduction to Schopenhauer's Philosophy and its Origins''. Wil: UniversityMedia, 2014 ({{ISBN|978-3-906000-03-9}})</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=An Introduction to the History of Psychology|edition=6th|year=2009|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-495-50621-8|last=Hergenhahn |first=B. R.|page=216|quote=Although Schopenhauer was an atheist, he realized that his philosophy of denial had been part of several great religions; for example, Christianity, Hinduism, and Buddhism.}}<!--|accessdate=2 September 2012--></ref> Tho his wark failed tae get substantious attention in his ain life, Schopenhauer haes haed a posthumous impact athort various discipleenes, includin philosophie, leeteratur, an science. His writin on [[Schopenhauer's aesthetics|aesthetics]], [[morality]], an [[psychology]] influenced thinkers an airtists ootthrou the 19t an 20t centuries. Thaim that citit his influence includes [[Friedrich Nietzsche]],<ref name=SchopBR>Addressed in: Cate, Curtis. Friedrich Nietzsche. Chapter 7.</ref> [[Richard Wagner]], [[Leo Tolstoy]], [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]],<ref name="Culture & Value, p.24, 1933–4">Culture & Value, p. 24, 1933–34</ref> [[Erwin Schrödinger]], [[Otto Rank]], [[Gustav Mahler]], [[Joseph Campbell]], [[Albert Einstein]],<ref>Albert Einstein in [http://www.einstein-website.de/z_biography/credo.html Mein Glaubensbekenntnis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311035821/https://www.einstein-website.de/z_biography/credo.html |date=2022-03-11 }} (August 1932): "A dinnae believe in free will. Schopenhauer's wirds: 'Man can dae whit he wants, but he cannae will whit he wants,[Der Mensch kann wohl tun, was er will, aber er kann nicht wollen, was er will]' accompany me in aw situations ootthrough ma life and reconcile me wi the actions o ithers, even gif they are raither painfu tae me. This awaurness o the lack o free will keeps me frae takkin masel an ma fellae men ower serious as ackin an decidin individuals, an frae lossin ma temper." Schopenhauer's clearer, actual words wis: "Ye can dae whit ye will, but in ony gien moment o yer life ye can ''will'' anerly the ae definite thing an absolutely naething ither than that ae thing." [Du kannst ''tun'' was du ''willst'': aber du kannst in jedem gegebenen Augenblick deines Lebens nur ''ein'' Bestimmtes ''wollen'' und schlechterdings nichts anderes als dieses eine.] ''[[On the Freedom of the Will]]'', Ch. II.</ref> [[Anthony Ludovici]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.anthonymludovici.com/rbkerr.htm|title=Anthony M. Ludovici The prophet of anti-feminism|last=Kerr|first=R. B.|date=1932|website=www.anthonymludovici.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190610221654/http://www.anthonymludovici.com/rbkerr.htm|archive-date=2019-06-10|dead-url=|access-date=2019-05-05|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Carl Jung]], [[Thomas Mann]], [[Émile Zola]], [[George Bernard Shaw]],<ref>Frae the introduction tae ''[[Man and Superman]]'': "Bunyan, Blake, Hogarth and Turner (these four apart and above all the English Classics), Goethe, Shelley, Schopenhauer, Wagner, Ibsen, Morris, Tolstoy, and Nietzsche are among the writers whose peculiar sense of the world I recognize as more or less akin to my own."</ref> [[Jorge Luis Borges]] an [[Samuel Beckett]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2017/entries/schopenhauer/|title=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|first=Robert|last=Wicks|editor-first=Edward N.|editor-last=Zalta|date=21 September 2018|publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University|via=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Schopenhauer, Arthur}} [[Category:1788 births]] [[Category:1860 daiths]] [[Category:19t-century atheists]] [[Category:19t-century German writers]] [[Category:Anti-natalists]] [[Category:Aphorists]] [[Category:Atheist philosophers]] [[Category:Buirials at Frankfurt Main Seemetry]] [[Category:Continental philosophers]] [[Category:Creetical theorists]] [[Category:Creetics o Christianity]] [[Category:Cultural creetics]] [[Category:Epistemologists]] [[Category:Ethicists]] [[Category:Flautists]] [[Category:German atheists]] [[Category:Buddhist scholarts]] [[Category:German eugenicists]] [[Category:German flautists]] [[Category:German logicians]] [[Category:German monarchists]] [[Category:German fowk o Dutch strynd]] [[Category:German philologists]] [[Category:Humboldt Varsity o Berlin faculty]] [[Category:Idealists]] [[Category:Kantian philosophers]] [[Category:Logicians]] [[Category:Metaphysicians]] [[Category:Monism]] [[Category:Moral philosophers]] [[Category:Ontologists]] [[Category:Fowk frae Gdańsk]] [[Category:Phenomenologists]] [[Category:Philosophers o airt]] [[Category:Philosophers o eddication]] [[Category:Philosophers o leid]] [[Category:Philosophers o mynd]] [[Category:Philosophers o psychology]] [[Category:Philosophers o science]] [[Category:Poleetical philosophers]] [[Category:Social commentators]] [[Category:Social creetics]] [[Category:Social philosophers]] [[Category:Theorists on Wastren ceevilisation]] [[Category:Varsity o Göttingen alumni]] 67g431ncl77rlo6uw09uodlprlvs1ie 0 134189 919940 851164 2026-07-24T23:34:53Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 919940 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Glen_Cinema_Plaque_2.JPG|thumb|The plaque added bi Renfrewshire Cooncil]] [[File:Glen_Cinema_Plaque_1.JPG|thumb|The plaque added bi the Film Cooncil]] The '''Glen Picturs Mishanter''' wis caused bi a smeukin film mill in a [[picturs]] in [[Paisley|Paisley, Scotland]] on 31 [[December]] [[1929]]. The affcomin hysteria an brousle killt 69 bairns an bemangit 40; the feenal deith towl wis 71.<ref>{{Cite beuk|last1 = Gardiner|first1 = Juliet|title = The Thirties: An Intimate History|url = https://archive.org/details/thirtiesintimate0000gard|chapter = Prologue|publisher = Harper Press|year = 2010|location = London|pages = [https://archive.org/details/thirtiesintimate0000gard/page/n401 6]|isbn = 978-0-00-724076-0}}</ref> It is conseeder't ane o Scotland's warst human mishanters. == Events == The Glen picturs wis appent in [[1901]], than kent as ‘The Glen’ an ‘The Royal Animated Pictures’.<ref name="Glen Cinema - Paisley Scotland">{{Cite web|title = Glen Cinema - Paisley Scotland|url = http://www.paisley.org.uk/paisley-history/glen-cinema/|website = Paisley Scotland|publisher = https://plus.google.com/+PaisleyOrgUkScotland/|accessdate = 2015-12-03|language = en-GB}}</ref> (The Ryal Animatit Picturs)<div>On the efternoon o 31 [[December]] [[1929]], in a bairn's matinee, a fresh shawn film wis pit in its metal can, in the spool room, wheaur it begoud tae issue thick black smeuk. Nitrocellulose film, awhit wis whit wis uisit at this time, can birn on its ain wi-oot needin ony plenish o air. Whan an helpender film operator spattit the smeuk comin fra a film conteener, he ettled tae smoother the flammable film but the mill sprang appen an smeuk an fumes entered the haw.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Ceremony to mark cinema disaster|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/glasgow_and_west/8435104.stm|newspaper = BBC|date = 2009-12-31|access-date = 2015-12-03}}</ref> Suin the smeuk fillt the auditorium conteenin aboot ane thousan bairns.<ref>Gardiner p. 4-8</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/glasgow_and_west/8435104.stm|title = Children killed in Paisley cinema disaster remembered|date = 31 December 2009|work = BBC News|accessdate = 16 December 2014}}</ref> Hysteria set in. Bairns ran dounstairs sae fest an in sic nummers that thay piled up ahind the evite door whit led tae [[Dyers Wynd]]. The door couldna be apppent, as it was designed tae appen inwart an wis hingin-lockit. The follaeing day, Paisley wis donnert bi the news that seventy bairns haed deed in the brouslie in the warst picturs mishanter in Scots an [[Breetish]] history.</div> An inquiry wis haudit in [[Edinburgh]] on 29 [[Apryle|Aprile]] [[1930]] in whit it wis kythed that the picturs haed been leukit at an pronooncit sauf bi the [[Paisley]] fire brigade on the mornin of the fire. The awner, James Graham, haed, hounaiver, greed that thare werena eneuch exits, but claim't that he haed said ower tae the heid bummer, Charles Dorward, that the evite exits werena tae be shut while thare are matinee performances. The heid bummer yieldit that the exit gates haed bytimes been lockit to prevene bairns frae enterin the picturs wi-out peyin. A polisman that win at the scene juist efter the fire stairtit reportit that the gates wer hingin-lockit; hounaiver, anither witness confirmed that she haed seen Dorward unlock thaim. It remeen't unclear as taewhy the gates haed been hingin-lockit but thare was a suggestion that it haed been duin bi two lads. The conclusion o the inquiry wis that the fire haed been stairtit bi a [[:en:Short circuit|short circuit]] whan a metal box conteenin [[:en:Film stock|film stock]] haed been pit on tap o a battery in the projection room. The tragedy haed been made warse bi the leemitit nummer o exits, no eneuch servants an ower-croudin.<ref>http://www.strathclydefire.org/rea/press_archive/Glen%20Cinema%20Report%20Paisley%2031st%20Dec.%201929.pdf{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The neist day, the brakin news wis aboot the tragedy. Hounaiver, the irony wis thare wis nae actual or veesible fire.<ref name="Glen Cinema - Paisley Scotland"/> Interestin-ly, the biggin whit hoosit the Glen Picturs is still staundin an nou hooses a furniture fordel.<ref name="Glen Cinema">{{Cite web|title = Glen Cinema|url = http://paisleyonline.co.uk/html/glen_cinema.html|website = paisleyonline.co.uk|accessdate = 2015-12-03}}</ref> An alleviation fund for the bemangit bairns an twyned paurents raised £5,300: [[Paisley Toun Cooncil]] offer't thaim a week's haliday at the shore.<ref name="Gardiner p. 8">Gardiner p. 8</ref> On the 31st December [[2009]], tae merk the 80th anniversary o the tragedy, a memorial service wis conductit bi Philip Tartaglia an his collogues at the [[Cenotapy]]. Survivors forgaithert tae mynd the bairns that lost thair lives on 31st December 1929. The wreaths were lain bi ane o the survivors, Emily Brown, that wis 5 year auld on that day (31st December 1929). Syne than the memorial service haes become an annual event.<ref name="Glen Cinema"/> == Impact == The cinema haid bummer wis put on trial for wyte wirthy homicide but wis fund no guilty.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.scotsman.com/news/paisley-s-black-hogmanay-1-466318|title = Paisley's Black Hogmanay|date = 6 March 2006|work = The Scotsman|accessdate = 16 December 2014|archive-date = 2015-09-24|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924144846/http://www.scotsman.com/news/paisley-s-black-hogmanay-1-466318|url-status = dead}}</ref> Safety regulations were tichten in the wauk o the mishanter; mony [[:en:Municipal authorities|municipal authorities]] made inspections o picturs compulsitor. The [[:en:Cinematograph Act 1909|Cinematograph Act 1909]] was amendit tae mak siccar that picturs haed mair exits, that doors appened ootwird an that they were fittit wi push baurs. A leemitation wis placed on the seatin capacity o picturs an aw.<ref name="Gardiner p. 8"/> == Artefacts == A smaw ootset is at Paisley [[Museum]] whit haes some airticles on the mishanter, a receipt for a funeral, a pair o shaes, and a hat. Thare are letters sent to the Provost o Paisley frae ither ceevic leaders an aw, baith in the [[UK]], [[Europe]] an frae the [[USA]]. Some o the mair poignant letters are frae weemen that were no able tae keep thair ain bairns, offerin thaim tae the devastatit faimilies o Paisley. In [[2005]], a team o archaeologists airt oot the Glen Picturs burit ahind the waws o a furniture shop in Paisley's toun centre. == See an aw == * [[:en:List of disasters of the United Kingdom and preceding states|Leet o mishanters o the Unitit Kinrick an precedin states]] == References == {{Reflist}} == Freemit airtins == * [http://www.glencinema.co.uk/ Glen Cinema Wabsted (Inglis)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100907064301/http://www.glencinema.co.uk/ |date=2010-09-07 }} * [http://oreald.com/chapter385.html The Paisley Cinema Disaster (Inglis)] {{Coord|55.846|-4.423|region:GB_scale:5000|display = title}} [[Category:Fires in Scotland]] [[Category:Theatre fires]] b06ue42hc2soeq8uyo880pi84hnmwto 0 139914 919998 870422 2026-07-25T00:24:39Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 919998 wikitext text/x-wiki An '''ethnic group''' or '''ethnicity''' is a category o fowk wha [[Identity (social science)|identify]] wi ilk ither based on common leid, [[Auncestor|auncestral]], social, cultural, or naitional experiences.<ref>{{cite web |title=ethnicity: definition of ethnicity |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/ethnicity?q=ethnicity |work=Oxford Dictionaries |publisher=Oxford University Press |accessdate=28 December 2013 |archive-date=2016-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306102617/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/ethnicity?q=ethnicity |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Humanity: An Introduction to Cultural Anthropology |url=https://archive.org/details/humanityintroduc0008peop |last=People |first=James |first2=Garrick |last2=Bailey |year=2010 |edition=9th |page=[https://archive.org/details/humanityintroduc0008peop/page/389 389] |publisher=Wadsworth Cengage learning |quote="In essence, an ethnic group is a named social category of people based on perceptions of shared social experience or ancestry. Members of the ethnic group see themselves as sharing cultural traditions and history that distinguish them from other groups. Ethnic group identity has a strong psychological or emotional component that divides the people of the world into opposing categories of “us” and “them.” In contrast to social stratification, which divides and unifies people along a series of horizontal axes on the basis of socioeconomic factors, ethnic identities divide and unify people along a series of vertical axes. Thus, ethnic groups, at least theoretically, cut across socioeconomic class differences, drawing members from all strata of the population."}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ethnic Group}} [[Category:Ethnic groups| ]] [[Category:Ethnicity| ]] [[Category:Majority–minority relations]] [[Category:Multiracial affairs]] {{stub}} 1wbil1hb8k4zhpkdgq1q9uu5g4c1jh5 0 147349 919938 902711 2026-07-24T23:33:49Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 919938 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox order |title = Maist Distinguished Order o Saunt Michael an Saunt George |image = [[File:Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (Great Britain) - Memorial JK - Brasilia - DSC00425.JPG|280px]] |caption = Starn o a Knicht or Dame Grand Cross |awarded_by = <br/>[[File:Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom (St. Edward's Crown).svg|35px]]<br>[[Monarchy o the Unitit Kinrick|Sovereign o the Unitit Kinrick]] |type = [[Order (decoration)|Order]] |motto = ''Auspicium Melioris Ævi''<br>''Token of a Better Age'' |day = |eligibility = |for = At the monarch's pleasur |status = Currently constituted |head_title=Sovereign |head = [[Elizabeth II o the Unitit Kinrick|Queen Elizabeth II]] |chancellor = |commander = |grades = Knicht/Dame Grand Cross (GCMG)<br>Knicht/Dame Commander (KCMG/DCMG)<br>Companion (CMG) |former_grades = |date = 28 April 1818 |first_induction = |last_induction = |total = |recipients = |individual = |higher = [[Order o the Starn o Indie]] |lower = [[Order o the Indian Empire]] |image2 = [[File:UK Order St-Michael St-George ribbon.svg|90px]] |caption2 = Ribbon bar o the Order o St Michael an St George }} The '''Maist Distinguished Order o Saunt Michael an Saunt George''' is a Brrrtish [[order o chivalry]] foondit on 28 Aprile 1818 bi [[George IV o the Unitit Kinrick|George, Prince Regent]], later King George IV,<ref name="duckers">{{cite book |last=Duckers|first=Peter|title=British Orders and Decorations|url=https://archive.org/details/britishordersdec0000duck|origyear=2004|year=2009|pages=[https://archive.org/details/britishordersdec0000duck/page/26 26]–27|publisher=Shire Publications|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-7478-0580-9|oclc=55587484}}</ref><ref name="royalgov">{{cite web|author=The Royal Household |title=Order of St. Michael and St. George |work=The Official Website of the British Monarchy |url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/Honours/OrderofStMichaelandStGeorge.aspx |publisher=Crown Copyright |location=London |date=2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227015328/http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/Honours/OrderofStMichaelandStGeorge.aspx |archivedate=27 February 2009 |accessdate=25 April 2016}}</ref> while he wis actin as regent for his faither, [[George III o the Unitit Kinrick|Keeng George III]]. ==References== {{reflist}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Order O St Michael An St George}} [[Category:Order o St Michael an St George| ]] [[Category:1818 establishments in the Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:Orders o knichtheid awairdit tae heids o state, consorts an sovereign faimily members|Saunt Michael an Saunt George, Order O]] [[Category:Orders o knichtheid o the Unitit Kinrick]] 7x67f14yblwlrrsm278wi1gf8wavia7 0 150575 919965 630147 2026-07-24T23:53:28Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 919965 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | name = Richard Wright | image = Rickwright.jpg | caption = Wright performin live in [[Munich]],<br>Germany, in 2006 | background = solo_singer | birth_name = Richard William Wright | alias = Rick Wright | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1943|7|28}}{{sfn|Povey|2007|p=14}} | birth_place = [[Hatch End]], [[Middlesex]], Ingland, Unitit Kinrick{{sfn|Povey|2007|p=14}} | origin = [[Lunnon]], Ingland, Unitit Kinrick | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2008|9|15|1943|7|28}} | death_place = Lunnon, Ingland, Unitit Kinrick | genre = {{hlist|[[Progressive rock]]|[[psychedelic rock]]|[[experimental rock]]|[[electronic muisic|electronic]]|[[jazz]]|[[art rock]]}} | occupation = {{hlist|Muisicker|componer|sangster|sangwriter}} | instrument = {{hlist|Keybuirds|vocals}} | years_active = 1962{{sfn|Mason|2004|p=17}}–2008 | label = {{hlist|[[Capitol Records|Capitol]]|[[Columbia Records|Columbia]]|[[EMI]]|[[Harvest Records|Harvest]]}} | associated_acts = {{hlist|[[Pink Floyd]]|[[Zee (baund)|Zee]]|[[Syd Barrett]]|[[David Gilmour]]|[[Anthony Moore]]}} | notable_instruments = {{unbulleted list|[[Farfisa|Farfisa organ]]|[[Hammond organ]]|[[Kurzweil Music Systems|Kurzweil synthesizer]]}} }} '''Richard William "Rick" Wright''' (28 Julie 1943&nbsp;– 15 September 2008) wis an Inglis muisicker, componer, sangster an sangwriter. He wis a foondin member, keybuirdist an vocalist o the [[progressive rock]] baund [[Pink Floyd]]. ==References== '''Citations''' {{reflist}} '''Soorces''' {{refbegin}} * {{cite book|last=Mason|first=Nick|authorlink=Nick Mason|title=Inside Out : A personal history of Pink Floyd|publisher=Orion|year=2004|isbn=978-0-297-84387-0|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Povey|first=Glenn|title=Echoes : The Complete History of Pink Floyd|url=https://archive.org/details/echoescompletehi0000glen|publisher=3C Publishing|year=2007|isbn=978-0-95546-241-2|ref=harv}} {{refend}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Wright, Richard}} [[Category:Richard Wright (muisicker)| ]] [[Category:1943 births]] [[Category:2008 daiths]] [[Category:Alumni o the Varsity o Wastmeenster]] [[Category:Daiths frae cancer in Ingland]] [[Category:Inglis electronic muisickers]] [[Category:Inglis male sangsters]] [[Category:Inglis pianists]] [[Category:Inglis componers]] [[Category:Inglis rock keybuirdists]] [[Category:Inglis sangwriters]] [[Category:Inglis jazz pianists]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School]] [[Category:Fowk frae Pinner]] [[Category:Pink Floyd members]] [[Category:Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees]] [[Category:Harvest Records airtists]] [[Category:EMI Records airtists]] [[Category:Inglis sangster-sangwriters]] [[Category:Inglis organists]] [[Category:Inglis rock sangsters]] [[Category:Coontercultur o the 1960s]] qdsv2wr2w5tk0pr4tu2i6a9jp1p3mel 0 154046 920002 858939 2026-07-25T00:27:06Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 920002 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox philosopher | region = Wastren Filosofie | era = [[18t-century filosofie]] | image = Johann Gottlieb Fichte.jpg | caption = | name = Johann Gottlieb Fichte | birth_date = {{birth date|1762|5|19}} | birth_place = [[Rammenau]], [[Electorate o Saxony|Saxony]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|1814|1|27|1762|5|19}} | death_place = [[Berlin]], [[Kinrick o Proushie|Proushie]] | education = [[Schulpforta]] | alma_mater = [[Varsity o Jena]]<br>(1780; na degree)<br>[[Leipzig Varsity]]<br>(1781–1784; na degree) | institutions = [[Varsity o Jena]]<br>[[Varsity o Erlangen-Nuremberg|Varsity o Erlangen]]<br>[[Humboldt Varsity o Berlin|Varsity o Berlin]] | nationality = German | school_tradition = [[German idealism]]<br>[[Post-Kantian]] [[transcendental idealism]]<ref>Nectarios G. Limnatis, ''German Idealism and the Problem of Knowledge: Kant, Fichte, Schelling, and Hegel'', Springer, 2008, pp. 138, 177.</ref><br>[[Jena Romanticism]]<br>[[Romantic naitionalism]]<ref>Kerrigan, William Thomas (1997), ''"Young America": Romantic Nationalism in Literature and Politics, 1843–1861'', University of Michigan, 1997, p. 150.</ref> | main_interests = [[Sel-consciousness]] an [[sel-awareness]], [[moral filosofie]], [[poleetical filosofie]] | influences = [[Immanuel Kant]], [[Salomon Maimon]],<ref>Fichte wrote that his admiration for Maimon's talent "[k]nows no limit," an an aa that "Maimon has completely overturned the entire Kantian philosophy as it has been understood by everyone until now." (''Gesamtausgabe'' III/2: 275)</ref> [[Karl Leonhard Reinhold]],<ref>Breazeale 2013, p. 23.</ref> [[Gottlob Ernst Schulze]],<ref name=SEP/> [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]],<ref>Breazeale 2013, p. 2.</ref> [[Baruch Spinoza]],<ref>Breazeale 2013, p. 308.</ref> [[Ernst Platner]]<ref>Breazeale 2013, p. 94.</ref> | influenced = [[G. W. F. Hegel]], [[Dieter Henrich]], [[Johann Friedrich Herbart]], [[Novalis]], [[F. W. J. Schelling]], [[August Ludwig Hülsen]], [[Jules Lequier]], [[Karl August von Eschenmayer]],<ref>Maier, S. (2009). "[http://tobias-lib.uni-tuebingen.de/volltexte/2010/4531/pdf/Druckversion.pdf ''Der Einfluss der Fichteschen Philosophie in der Medizin bei Adolph Karl August Eschenmayer''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121223002854/http://tobias-lib.uni-tuebingen.de/volltexte/2010/4531/pdf/Druckversion.pdf |date=2012-12-23 }}. Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen: Medizinische Fakultät.</ref> [[Wilhelm von Humboldt]],<ref>Breazeale and Rockmore 2010: David Kenosian, "Fichtean Elements in Wilhelm von Humboldt's Philosophy of Language", esp. p. 357.</ref> [[Friedrich Schleiermacher]], [[Ludwig Tieck]], [[Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand Solger]] | notable_ideas = ''Das absolute Bewusstseyn''<!--[sic]--> (the absolute consciousness),<ref>"Fichte in Berlin to Schelling in Jena, May 31–August 7[8?], 1801," in: Michael Vater and David W. Wood (eds. and trs.), ''The Philosophical Rupture between Fichte and Schelling: Selected Texts and Correspondence (1800-1802)'', SUNY Press, 2012, p. 56.</ref> ''Thesis–Antithesis–Synthesis'' ([[Thesis, antithesis, synthesis|thesis–antithesis–synthesis]]),<ref name="Breazeale 63"/> ''[[:de:Nicht-Ich|Nicht-Ich]]'' (the not-I), ''das Streben'' (strivin), ''gegenseitig anerkennen'' (mutual recogneetion), ''[[Gnosology|Wissenschaftslehre]]'' (Doctrine o Science), ''der Satz der Wechselbestimmbarkeit'' (the Principle o Reciprocal Determination),<ref>The Principle o Reciprocal Determination is the principle that, accordin tae Fichte (''Wissenschaftslehre nova methodo'', "Halle Nachschrift," 1796/1797), expleecitly guides aw filosofical reflection; it is derived frae the reciprocally determinable relationship atween the finite I an its ither. In a similar way, Fichte haed derived in his ''[[Foondations o the Science o Knawledge]]'' (publ. 1794/1795, paras. 1–2) the logical laws o identity an non-contradiction frae the oreeginal positin an coonter-positin o the I. (See Breazeale 2013, pp. 54–5.)</ref> coinin the terms ''Real-Idealismus''<!--[sic]--> ("real-idealism") and''Ideal-Realismus''<!--[sic]--> ("ideal-realism") tae chairacterise ''Wissenschaftslehre'' (his ain version o [[transcendental idealism]]),<ref>''Grundlage der gesamten<!--[sic]--> Wissenschaftslehre'', 1794/1795, p. 274.</ref><ref>Breazeale 2013, pp. 305 and 308 n. 24.</ref> filosofie [[pragmatic history]] o the human spirit (''pragmatische Geschichte des menschlichen Geistes''),<ref>''Gesamtausgabe'' I/2: 364–65; Daniel Breazeale, "Fichte's Conception of Philosophy as a "Pragmatic History of the Human Mind" and the Contributions of Kant, Platner, and Maimon," ''Journal of the History of Ideas'', '''62'''(4), Oct. 2001, pp. 685–703; Zöller 1998, p. 130 n. 30; Sedgwick 2007, p. 144 n. 33; Breazeale and Rockmore 2010, p. 50 n. 27: "Α »history of the human mind« is a ''genetic'' account of the self-constitution of the I in the form of an ordered ''description'' of the various acts of thinking that are presupposed by the act of thinking the I"; Posesorski 2012, p. 81: "''Pragmatische Geschichte des menschlichen Geistes'' designates reason's timeless course of production of the different levels of the ''a priori'' system of all knowledge, which are exclusively uncovered and portrayed genetically by personal self-conscious reflection"; Breazeale 2013, p. 72.</ref> ''Anstoss'' (impulse), ''[[:de:Tathandlung (Philosophie)|Tathandlung]]'' (fact an/or act), ''Aufforderung'' (cryin, summons), [[intellectual]] [[Intueetion (knawledge)|intueetion]],<ref>''Gesamtausgabe'' II/3: 24–25; Breazeale 2013, p. 198.</ref> the primacy o [[practical raison|the practical]] (''Handeln''),<ref>Fichte, J. G., [http://www.gleichsatz.de/b-u-t/trad/fichte/jgf-WL2.html "Zweite Einleitung in die Wissenschaftslehre"] ("Second Introduction to the Wissenschaftslehre"; 1797); Rocío Zambrana, ''Hegel's Theory of Intelligibility'', University of Chicago Press, 2015, p. 151 n. 15.</ref><ref>''FTP'', p. 365; Waibel, Breazeale, Rockmore 2010, p. 157; Breazeale 2013, pp. 354 and 404–439.</ref><ref>Cf. ''[[Critique of Pure Reason|KpV]]'' A219.</ref><br>''Urtrieb'' (oreeginal drive),<br>"[[Fichte's oreeginal insicht]],"<ref name="Henrich">[[Dieter Henrich]], "Fichte's Original Insight", ''Contemporary German Philosophy'' 1 (1982[1966]), ed. bi Darrel E. Christensen ''et al.'', pp. 15–52 (translation o Henrich, Dieter (1966), "Fichtes ursprüngliche Einsicht", in: ''Subjektivität und Metaphysik. Festschrift für Wolfgang Cramer'' eedited bi D. Henrich und H. Wagner, Frankfurt/M., pp. 188–232). Henrich's airticle is an analysis o the follaein three presentations o the ''[[Gnosology|Wissenschaftslehre]]'': ''[[Foondations o the Science o Knawledge|Grundlage der gesamten<!--[sic]--> Wissenschaftslehre]]'' (''Foondations o the Science o Knawledge'', 1794/1795), ''Versuch einer neuen Darstellung der Wissenschaftslehre'' (''An Attempt a New Presentation o the Wissenschaftslehre'', 1797/1798), an ''Darstellung der Wissenschaftslehre'' (''Presentation o the Wissenschaftslehre'', 1801).</ref><br>the pouer o productive [[imaigination]] as an oreeginal pouer o the mynd<ref>Fichte's concept o productive imaigination is based on [[Immanuel Kant]]'s distinction atween productive imagination which explains the possibility o cogneetion o ''a priori'', an the reproductive imaigination that explains the synthesis o empirical laws (''[[Critique of Pure Reason|KrV]]'' B152).</ref><ref name=SEP>Breazeale, Dan, "Johann Gottlieb Fichte", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2012 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL: <http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2012/entries/johann-fichte/>.</ref> }} '''Johann Gottlieb Fichte''' ({{IPA-de|ˈjoːhan ˈɡɔtliːp ˈfɪçtə|lang}}; Mey 19, 1762 – Januar 27, 1814), a German filosofer, acame a foondin figur o the filosofical muivement kent as [[German idealism]], which developed frae the theoretical an ethical writins o [[Immanuel Kant]]. Recently, filosofers an scholars hae begun tae appreciate Fichte as an important filosofer in his ain richt due tae his oreeginal insichts into the naitur o [[sel-consciousness]] or [[sel-awareness]].<ref name="Henrich"/> Fichte wis an aa the oreeginator o [[Thesis, antithesis, synthesis|thesis–antithesis–synthesis]] (''Thesis–Antithesis–Synthesis''),<ref name="Breazeale 63">"Review o ''[[Aenesidemus (beuk)|Aenesidemus]]''" ([http://www.gleichsatz.de/b-u-t/trad/fichte/jgf-aenesidemus.html "Rezension des Aenesidemus"], ''{{ill|de|Allgemeine Literatur-Zeitung}}'', Februar 11–12, 1794). Trans. Daniel Breazeale. In {{cite book| last1=Breazeale|first1=Daniel|last2=Fichte|first2=Johann|title=Fichte: Early Philosophical Writings| url=https://archive.org/details/fichteearlyphilo0000fich|date=1993|publisher=Cornell University Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/fichteearlyphilo0000fich/page/63 63]}} (See an aa: ''FTP'', p. 46; Breazeale 1980–81, pp. 545–68; Breazeale and Rockmore 1994, p. 19; Breazeale 2013, pp. 36–37; Waibel, Breazeale, Rockmore 2010, p. 157: "Fichte believes that the I must be grasped as the ''unity'' of synthesis and analysis.")</ref> an idea that is eften erroneously attributit tae [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Hegel]].<ref>[[Robert C. Solomon]], ''In the Spirit of Hegel'', Oxford University Press, p. 23.</ref> Lik [[René Descartes|Descartes]] an Kant afore him, Fichte wis motivated bi the problem o [[subjectivity]] an [[consciousness]]. Fichte an aa wrote wirks o [[poleetical filosofie]]; he haes a reputation as ane o the faithers o [[German naitionalism]]. ==References== {{reflist}} '''Soorces''' * Daniel Breazeale. ''Thinking Through the Wissenschaftslehre: Themes from Fichte's Early Philosophy''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013. {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Fichte, Johann Gottlieb}} [[Category:1762 births]] [[Category:1814 daiths]] [[Category:18t-century German writers]] [[Category:18t-century philosophers]] [[Category:19t-century German writers]] [[Category:19t-century philosophers]] [[Category:Christian philosophers]] [[Category:Continental philosophers]] [[Category:Daiths frae typhus]] [[Category:German idealism]] [[Category:German Lutherans]] [[Category:German naitionalists]] [[Category:German philosophers]] [[Category:Idealists]] [[Category:Infectious disease daiths in Germany]] [[Category:Fowk frae Bautzen (destrict)]] [[Category:Fowk frae the Electorate o Saxony]] [[Category:Varsity o Erlangen-Nuremberg faculty]] [[Category:Varsity o Jena faculty]] [[Category:Humboldt Varsity o Berlin faculty]] [[Category:German male writers]] 0kwqqc7h4raltb8kytry24qy60dynt3 0 165212 919977 803275 2026-07-25T00:03:04Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 919977 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person |name = Wystan Hugh Auden |image = AudenVanVechten1939.jpg |image_size = |alt = |caption = Auden in 1939 (frae the [[Librar o Congress]]) |birth_name = Wystan Hugh Auden |birth_date = {{Birth date|1907|2|21|df=yes}} |birth_place = [[York]], Ingland |death_date = {{Death date and age|1973|9|29|1907|2|21|df=yes}} |death_place = [[Vienna]], Austrick |body_discovered = |death_cause = |resting_place = |resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> |residence = York, Birmingham, Oxford (UK); Berlin (Germany); Helensburgh, Colwall, Lunnon (UK); New York, Ann Arbor, Swarthmore (US); Ischia (Italy); Kirchstetten (Austrick); Oxford (UK) |nationality = |citizenship = Breetish frae birth, American frae 1946 |other_names = |known_for = |education = M.A. English language and literature |alma_mater = [[Christ Church, Oxford]] |employer = |occupation = Poet |years_active = |home_town = |salary = |networth = |height = |weight = |title = |term = |predecessor = |successor = |party = |opponents = |boards = |spouse = [[Erika Mann]] (unconsummated marriage, 1935, to provide her with a British passport) |partner = |children = |parents = |relations = [[George Augustus Auden]] (father), Constance Rosalie Bicknell Auden (mother), George Bernard Auden (brother), [[John Bicknell Auden]] (brother) |callsign = |awards = |signature = |signature_alt = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Wystan Hugh Auden'''<ref name="Wystan">The name Wystan derives frae the 9t-century [[Wigstan o Mercia|St Wystan]], wha wis murthert bi Beorhtfrith, the son o [[Beorhtwulf o Mercia|Beorhtwulf]], keeng o Mercia, efter Wystan objectit tae Beorhtfrith's plan tae marry Wystan's mither. His remeens war rebuiried at [[Repton]], Derbyshire, whaur thay acame the object o a cult; the [[St. Wystan's Church, Repton|pairish kirk o Repton]] is named St Wystan's. Auden's faither, [[George Augustus Auden]], wis eddicatit at [[Repton School]]. </ref> ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|w|ɪ|s|t|ən|_|ˈ|h|juː|_|ˈ|ɔː|d|ən}}; 21 Februar 1907&nbsp;– 29 September 1973) wis an Inglis poet, wha later acame an American ceetizen. He is best kent for luve poems such as "[[Funeral Blues]]," poems on poleetical an social themes such as "[[September 1, 1939]]" an "[[The Shield of Achilles]]," poems on cultural an psychological themes such as ''[[The Age of Anxiety]],'' an poems on releegious themes such as "[[For the Time Being]]" an "[[Horae Canonicae]]."<ref>{{cite book | last = Auden | first = W.&nbsp;H. | editor-first = Edward | editor-last = Mendelson | title = Prose, Volume II: 1939–1948 | publisher = [[Princeton University Press]] | location = Princeton | year = 2002 | page = 478 | isbn = 0-691-08935-3}} Auden uised the phrase "Anglo-American Poets" in 1943, impleecitly referring tae himsel an [[T. S. Eliot]].</ref><ref name="OEDdef">The first defineetion o "Anglo-American" in the ''OED'' (2008 reveesion) is: "Of, belonging to, or involving both England (or Britain) and America." {{cite web | title = Oxford English Dictionary (access by subscription) | url = http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50008500?single=1&query_type=word&queryword=Anglo-American&first=1&max_to_show=10 | accessdate = 25 May 2009 }} See also the definition "English in origin or birth, American by settlement or citizenship" in {{cite book | title = [[Chambers 20th Century Dictionary]] | year = 1983 | page = 45 }} See also the definition "an American, especially a citizen of the United States, of English origin or descent" in {{cite book | title = Merriam Webster's New International Dictionary, Second Edition | year = 1961 | page = 103 }} See an aa the defineetion "a native or descendant of a native of England who has settled in or become a citizen of America, esp. of the United States" frae ''The Random House Dictionary'', 2009, available online at {{cite web | title = Dictionary.com | url = http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Anglo-American | accessdate = 25 May 2009 }}</ref><ref name="Companion">{{cite book | last = Smith | first = Stan, ed. | title = The Cambridge Companion to W. H. Auden | url = https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani0000unse_a0j0 | year = 2004 | publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] | location = Cambridge | isbn = 0-521-82962-3}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}}{{Stub/Makar}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Auden, W. H.}} [[Category:1907 births]] [[Category:1973 daiths]] [[Category:Alumni o Christ Church, Oxford]] [[Category:Anglican poets]] [[Category:Anthologists]] [[Category:Breetish fowk o the Spaingie Ceevil War]] [[Category:Inglis dramatists an playwrichts]] [[Category:Inglis emigrants tae the Unitit States]] [[Category:Inglis leeterar creetics]] [[Category:Formalist poets]] [[Category:Gay writers]] [[Category:Guggenheim Fellaes]] [[Category:LGBT writers frae Ingland]] [[Category:Members o the American Academy o Airts an Letters]] [[Category:Modrenist theatre]] [[Category:National Book Award winners]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Gresham's School]] [[Category:Inglis opera librettists]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at St Edmund's School, Hindhead]] [[Category:Fowk frae York]] [[Category:Pulitzer Prize for Poetry winners]] [[Category:LGBT Christians]] [[Category:Bollingen Prize recipients]] [[Category:Struga Poetry Evenings Gowden Wreath laureates]] [[Category:LGBT dramatists an playwrichts]] [[Category:LGBT poets]] [[Category:Oxford Professors o Poetry]] [[Category:Benjamin Britten]] [[Category:20t-century American poets]] [[Category:20t-century Breetish dramatists an playwrichts]] [[Category:Varsity o Michigan faculty]] [[Category:20t-century Inglis poets]] [[Category:American male poets]] [[Category:Inglis male poets]] [[Category:Inglis male dramatists an playwrichts]] [[Category:Anglo-Catholic writers]] [[Category:Inglis Anglo-Catholics]] [[Category:American Anglo-Catholics]] [[Category:Fowk wi acquired American ceetizenship]] bq86mgihiv5jgke09s1q0yi1ia1uo8y 0 166746 920016 865594 2026-07-25T00:39:21Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 920016 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox | name = Gorillas<ref name=MSW3>{{MSW3 Groves|pages=181–182|id=12100787}}</ref> | image = Male gorilla in SF zoo.jpg | image_caption = [[Wastren gorilla]]<br />(''Gorilla gorilla'') | taxon = Gorilla | authority = [[Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|I. Geoffroy]], 1852 | type_species = ''[[Wastren gorilla|Gorilla gorilla]]'' | type_species_authority = [[Thomas S. Savage|Savage]], 1847 | subdivision_ranks = [[Species]] | subdivision = ''[[Western gorilla|Gorilla gorilla]]''<br /> ''[[Eastern gorilla|Gorilla beringei]]'' | range_map = ZL Gorilla (genus).png | range_map_caption = Distribution o gorillas | synonyms = *''Pseudogorilla'' <small>Elliot, 1913</small> }} '''Gorillas''' are ground-dwellin, predominantly [[herbivorous]] [[ape]]s that inhaibit the [[forest]]s o central [[Africae]]. The [[eponym]]ous genus ''Gorilla'' is dividit intae twa species: the [[eastren gorilla]]s an the [[wastren gorilla]]s (baith [[creetically endangered]]), an either fower or five [[subspecies]]. Thay are the lairgest [[extant taxon|livin]] [[primate]]s. The [[DNA]] o gorillas is heichly seemilar tae [[human evolutionary genetics|that o humans]], frae 95–99% dependin on what is coontit, an thay are the next closest livin relatives tae [[human]]s efter the [[chimpanzee]]s an [[bonobo]]s. Gorillas' naitural haibitats cover tropical or subtropical forests in [[Africae]]. Awtho thair range covers a smaw percentage o Africae, gorillas cover a wide range o elevations. The [[moontain gorilla]] inhaibits the [[Albertine Rift montane forests|Albertine Rift]] montane [[clood forest]]s o the [[Virunga Moontains|Virunga Volcanoes]], rangin in altitude frae {{convert|2200|-|4300|m|ft}}. Lawland gorillas live in dense forests an lawland swamps an mairshes as law as [[sea level]], wi [[wastren lawland gorilla]]s livin in Central Wast African kintras an [[eastren lawland gorilla]]s livin in the [[Democratic Republic o the Congo]] near its border wi [[Rwanda]].<ref name="Prince-Hughes66">{{Cite book|title= Songs of the Gorilla Nation|url= https://archive.org/details/songsofgorillana00prinrich|last= Prince-Hughes|first= Dawn|authorlink= Dawn Prince-Hughes|year= 1987|publisher= Harmony|isbn=1-4000-5058-8|page= [https://archive.org/details/songsofgorillana00prinrich/page/66 66]}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q36611}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Gorillas]] [[Category:Apes]] [[Category:Apes bi common name]] [[Category:Yerbivorous ainimals]] [[Category:Primates o Africae]] [[Category:Fauna o Central Africae]] [[Category:Megafauna o Africae]] [[Category:Primate genera]] [[Category:Taxa named bi Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire]] tpmcx1mlyl49ff452i4qzhkncupo3zq 0 167635 919952 913892 2026-07-24T23:43:25Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 919952 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fix Scots|date=September 2020}} {{Infobox ethnic group |group = Lezgins<br>Лезгияр<br>''Lezgiyar'' | pop = '''{{circa}} 800,000 - 1 200,000 |region1 = {{flag|Russia}} *{{flag|Dagestan}} |image = File:Lezgin map.png |pop1 = 800,000 (census, 2016)<br>600,000 (census, 2016) |ref1 = <ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/per-itog/tab5.xls |title= Национальный состав населения Российской Федерации согласно переписи аселения 2010 года |publisher= gks.ru |accessdate= 2011-02-04 |archive-date= 2021-12-23 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211223052305/http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/per-itog/tab5.xls |url-status= dead }}</ref> |region2 = {{flag|Azerbaijan}} |pop2 = c. 180.000 (2016, Azerbaijani government)<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cornell|first1=Svante|title=Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus|date=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1135796693|page=259|quote=Whereas officially the number of Lezgins registered as such in Azerbaijan is around 380,000, the Lezgins claim (...)}}</ref> |rels = [[Sunni Islam]], minority [[Shia Islam]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=nrcWAQAAIAAJ&q=lezgins+minority+shia&dq=lezgins+minority+shia&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=FH-SVPSBOITraJSEgqAM&ved=0CFoQ6AEwBw|title=The Role of Ethnic Minorities in Border Regions: Forms of their composition, problems of development and political rights|accessdate=18 December 2014|quote=Although the Lezgin are Sunni Muslims, there is a strong Shiite minority.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Friedrich|first1=Paul|title=Encyclopedia of World Cultures: Russia and Eurasia, China|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaworl06frie|date=1994|publisher=G.K. Hall|isbn=978-0816118106|page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaworl06frie/page/n291 243]|quote=Given the strong Azerbaijani influence on them, however, there is a sizable Shiite minority among the Lezgins}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Cole|first1=Jeffrey E.|title=Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781598843026|date=2016|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1598843033|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781598843026/page/237 237]|quote=The Lezgins are Muslims; the great majority are Sunni of the Shafi'i rite, with small numbers of Lezgins living near or inside Azerbaijan being Shiite.}}</ref> |langs = [[Lezgian leid|Lezgian]] |related = [[Tabasaran fowk|Tabasarans]], [[Aghul fowk|Aghuls]], [[Rutul fowk|Rutuls]], [[Budukh fowk|Budukhs]], [[Kryts fowk|Kryts]], [[Tsakhur fowk|Tsakhurs]], [[Archi fowk|Archi]], [[Shahdagh fowk|Shahdagh]] an [[Udi fowk|Udi]] an ither [[Northeast Caucasian leids|Northeast Caucasian fowks]] }} '''Lezgins''' ({{lang-lez|лезгияр}}, ''lezgiyar'', [[Roushie leid|Roushie]]: лезгины, ''lezginy''; cried ''Lezgins'', ''Lezgi'', ''Lezgis'', ''Lezgs'', ''Lezgin'' an aw) are a [[Lezgic leids|Lezgic]] ethnic group native predominantly tae soothren [[Dagestan]] an northeastren [[Azerbaijan]] an wha speak the [[Lezgian leid]]. ==References== {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lezgian Fowk}} [[Category:Lezgian fowk| ]] [[Category:Fowks o the Caucasus]] [[Category:Indigenous fowks o Europe]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Europe]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Azerbaijan]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Dagestan]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Roushie]] [[Category:Muslim commonties o Roushie]] {{Stub}} d2fviukixwoooglmf5tgi62jdb13v22 0 170945 919960 849860 2026-07-24T23:49:03Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 919960 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=Januar 2021}} {{Multiple image|direction=vertical|align=right|image1=Sudoku Puzzle by L2G-20050714 standardized layout.svg|image2=Sudoku Puzzle by L2G-20050714 solution standardized layout.svg|width=250|caption1=A typical Sudoku puzzle|caption2=An its solution|alt1=A teepical Sudoku puzzle, wi nine raws an nine columns that intersect at square spaces. Some o the cells are filled wi a nummer; ithers are blank cells tae be solved.|alt2=The previous puzzle, shawin its solution.}} {{nihongo|'''Sudoku'''|数独|sūdoku|digit-single|}} (oreeginally cried '''Nummer Place''')<ref name="time magazine">{{cite web|last=Grossman|first=Lev|title=The Answer Men|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2137423,00.html|publisher=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|accessdate=March 4, 2013|date=March 11, 2013|archive-date=2013-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130816024154/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2137423,00.html|url-status=dead}}{{registration required}}</ref> is a [[logic]]-based,<ref>{{cite news |last=Arnoldy |first=Ben|title=Sudoku Strategies|work=The Home Forum |publisher=The Christian Science Monitor}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Schaschek|first=Sarah|title=Sudoku champ's surprise victory|date=March 22, 2006|publisher=The Prague Post |url=http://www.praguepost.com/P03/2006/Art/0323/news5.php|accessdate=February 18, 2009 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060813145953/http://www.praguepost.com/P03/2006/Art/0323/news5.php|archivedate = August 13, 2006}}</ref> [[combinatorics|combinatorial]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lawler|first1=E. L. |authorlink1=Eugene Lawler|title=The Traveling Salesman Problem: A Guided Tour of Combinatorial Optimization|url=https://archive.org/details/travelingsalesma00lawl|location=West Sussex|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=1985|isbn=0-471-90413-9}}</ref> nummer-placement [[puzzle]]. The objective is tae fill a 9×9 grid wi deegits sae that each column, ilk raw, an each o the nine 3×3 subgrids that compone the grid (cried "boxes", "blocks", or "regions" an aw) conteens aw o the deegits frae 1 tae 9. ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Sudoku]] [[Category:Puzzles]] [[Category:Laitin squares]] [[Category:Logic puzzles]] [[Category:Gemme theory]] [[Category:NP-complete problems]] [[Category:Abstract strategy gemmes]] [[Category:Recreautional mathematics]] {{stub}} rrbn5ad4b2a5vxbkbl25cc5hnffwe4h 0 176195 919996 904299 2026-07-25T00:22:53Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 919996 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military conflict | conflict=Iran–Iraq War | partof=the [[Persie Gulf Conflict (disambiguation)|Persie Gulf Conflict]]s | image= File:Iran-Iraq war-gallery.png | image_size = 300px | caption=Pairticipation o child sodgers on Iranian front (tap left); Iranian sodger wearin a gas mask (tap richt); Port quarter view o {{USS|Stark}} listin tae port after [[USS Stark incident|bein mistakenly struck]] bi an Iraqi warplane (middle left); Pro-Iraq [[Fowk's Mujahedin o Iran|PMOI]] forces killed in [[Operation Mersad]] (middle richt); Iraqi preesoners o war after the [[Leeberation o Khorramshahr|re-captur o Khorramshahr]] bi Iranians (ablo left); [[ZU-23-2]] bein uised bi the Iranian Airmy (ablo richt). | date=22 September 1980&nbsp;– 20 August 1988<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=09|day1=22|year1=1980|month2=08|day2=20|year2=1988}}) | place= [[Iran]], [[Iraq]], [[Persie Gulf]] | territory="[[Status quo ante bellum]]"; observed bi [[Unitit Naitions Iran–Iraq Militar Observer Group]] based on [[Unitit Naitions Security Cooncil Resolution 619]] | result= Militar stalemate *Iraqi failyie tae annex territories on the east bank o the [[Shatt al-Arab]] an bolster [[Arab separatism in Khuzestan|Arab separatism in Khuzestan Province]] o Iran *Iranian failyie tae topple [[Saddam Hussein]] an destroy Iraqi militar pouer as well as inspire sectarian divide i Iraq *[[Unitit Naitions Security Cooncil Resolution 598]] | combatant1= '''{{flag|Iran}}'''<br> {{flagicon image|Former Flag of KDP.svg}} [[Kurdistan Democratic Pairty|KDP]]<br> {{flagicon image|Flag of PUK.png}} [[Patriotic Union o Kurdistan|PUK]]<br> {{flagicon image|ISCI flag.svg}} [[Islamic Supreme Cooncil o Iraq|ISCI]]<br> [[File:HazaristanFlagwebversion.jpg|25px]] [[Abuzar Brigade]]<ref name= "Farsnews">{{cite web|url=http://en.farsnews.ir/newstext.aspx?nn=13950519001076|title=IRGC Commander Praises Afghans for Fighting against ISIL in Syria|publisher=9 August 2016|accessdate=18 August 2017|archive-date=2017-08-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819020758/http://en.farsnews.ir/newstext.aspx?nn=13950519001076|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{Collapsible list | bullets = no | title = Support: | {{flagicon image|Islamic Dawa Party Flag.svg}} [[Islamic Dawa Pairty]] | {{flag|Sirie}}<ref name=primer>[http://iranprimer.usip.org/sites/iranprimer.usip.org/files/Iran%20and%20Syria.pdf Iran and Syria] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151014060357/http://iranprimer.usip.org/sites/iranprimer.usip.org/files/Iran%20and%20Syria.pdf |date=14 October 2015 }}| Jubin Goodarzi</ref>{{verify source|date=July 2017}} <!--|<small>(For ither forms o foreign support, see [[International aid to combatants in the Iran–Iraq War|here]])</small>--> }} | combatant2={{flagdeco|Iraq|1963}} '''[[Ba'athist Iraq|Iraq]]'''<br> {{flagicon image|Flag of the People's Mujahedin of Iran.svg}} [[Fowk's Mujahedin o Iran|PMOI]]<br> {{Collapsible list | bullets = no | title = Support: | {{flag|Soviet Union}}<ref>Metz, Helen Chapin, ed. (1988), [http://countrystudies.us/iraq/82.htm "The Soviet Union"], Iraq: a Country Study, [[Library of Congress Country Studies]]</ref><ref>Metz, Helen Chapin, ed. (1988), [http://countrystudies.us/iraq/98.htm "Arms from The Soviet Union"], Iraq: a Country Study, Library of Congress</ref> | {{flag|Fraunce}} <ref>Metz, Helen Chapin, ed. (1988), [http://countrystudies.us/iraq/99.htm "Arms from France"], Iraq: a Country Study, Library of Congress{{verify source|date=October 2013}}</ref><ref name=Timmermann>{{citation | title = Fanning the Flames: Guns, Greed & Geopolitics in the Gulf War | first = Kenneth R. | last = Timmerman | contribution = Chapter 7: Operation Staunch | url = http://www.iran.org/tib/krt/fanning_ch7.htm | journal = Iran Brief}}</ref> | {{flag|Unitit States|1960}}<ref>Friedman, Alan. Spider's Web: The Secret History of How the White House Illegally Armed Iraq, Bantam Books, 1993.</ref><ref name="Timmerman">{{cite book | url=http://www.kentimmerman.com/tdl.htm | title=The Death Lobby: How the West Armed Iraq | publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company | author=Timmerman, Kenneth R. | authorlink=Kenneth R. Timmerman | year=1991 | location=New York | isbn=0-395-59305-0}}</ref> | {{flag|Unitit Kinrick}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/52add2c4-30b4-11e1-9436-00144feabdc0,Authorised=false.html?siteedition=intl&_i_location=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2F52add2c4-30b4-11e1-9436-00144feabdc0.html%3Fsiteedition%3Dintl&_i_referer=&classification=conditional_standard&iab=barrier-app|title=UK secretly supplied Saddam|first=Michael|last=Stothard|date=30 December 2011|publisher=|via=Financial Times}}</ref>{{better source|date=July 2017}} | {{Flag|Saudi Arabie}}<ref name=vatanka12 >{{cite news|url=http://www.majalla.com/eng/2012/03/article55230108|last=Vatanka|first=Alex|date=22 March 2012|accessdate=7 November 2012|title=The Odd Couple|newspaper=[[The Majalla]]|publisher=[[Saudi Research and Publishing Company]]|archive-date=2014-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129025539/http://www.majalla.com/eng/2012/03/article55230108|url-status=dead}}</ref> | {{Flag|Kuwait}}<ref name=brittaenica-kuwait>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Kuwait|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/325644/Kuwait/93658/Iran-Iraq-War |last1=Anthony|first1=John Duke|last2=Ochsenwald|first2=William L.|author-link2=William L. Ochsenwald|last3=Crystal|first3=Jill Ann}}</ref><ref name=vatanka12 /> <!--|<small>(For ither forms o foreign support, see [[International aid to combatants in the Iran–Iraq War|here]])</small>--> }} | commander1= {{flagicon|Iran}} '''[[Ruhollah Khomeini]]'''<br /><small>([[Supreme Leader of Iran]])</small> {{Collapsible list | bullets = no | title = [[Leet o Iranian commanders in the Iran–Iraq War|Ithers]]: |'''[[Abulhassan Banisadr]]''' <br /><small>([[Preses o Iran]], ineetially the commander-in-chief, impeached an oustit in 1981)</small> |[[Mohammad-Ali Rajai]] <br /><small>(Preses o Iran, assassinatit in 1981)</small> |[[Ali Khamenei]] <br /><small>(Preses o Iran)</small><ref name=mearsheimer02>{{cite web|last1=Mearsheimer|first1=John J.|first2=Stephen M.|last2=Walt|url=http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/3114/can_saddam_be_contained_history_says_yes.html%7C|title=Can Saddam Be Contained? History Says Yes|publisher=Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs|date=12 November 2002|work=International Security}}{{Dead link|date=September 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |[[Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani]] <br /><small>(Chairman o the [[Islamic Consultative Assembly|Pairlament]]; "de facto" commander-in-chief)</small> |[[Mohammad-Javad Bahonar]] <br /><small>([[Prime Meenister o Iran]], assassinatit in 1981)</small> |[[Mir-Hossein Mousavi]] <br /><small>(Prime Meenister o Iran)</small> |[[Mostafa Chamran]] <br /><small>(Meenister o Defence, KIA in 1981)</small> |[[Valiollah Fallahi]], General <br /><small>(Chief o Staff, killed in plane crash in 1981)</small> |[[Qasem-Ali Zahirnejad]], General <br /><small>(Chief o Staff)</small> |[[Ali Sayyad Shirazi]], Colonel <br /><small>(Commander o Airmy)</small> |[[Javad Fakoori]], General <br /><small>(Commander o Air Force, killed in plane crash in 1981)</small> |[[Mohammad-Hossein Moeinpoor]], Colonel <br /><small>(Commander o Air Force)</small> |[[Bahram Afzali]], Rear Admiral <br /><small>(Commander o Navy, executit for alleged espionage in 1984)</small> |[[Mohammadhossein Malekzadegan]], Navy Captain <br /><small>(Commander o Navy)</small> |[[Mohsen Rezaee]] <br /><small>(Commander o IRGC)</small> |[[Chenar Faraj]] <br /><small>(Leader o the [[Peshmerga]])</small> |[[Massoud Barzani]] <br /><small>(Leader o the [[Kurdistan Democratic Pairty]])</small> |[[Jalal Talabani]] <br /><small>(Leader o the [[Patriotic Union o Kurdistan]])</small> |[[Nawshirwan Mustafa]] <br /><small>(Depute Secretar General o the Patriotic Union o Kurdistan)</small> |[[Mohammed Baqir al-Hakim]] <br /><small>(Leader o the Islamic Supreme Cooncil o Iraq)</small> |[[Abdul Aziz al-Hakim]] <br /><small>(Leader o the [[Badr Organisation|ISCI Militar Weeng]])</small> }} | commander2={{flagicon|Iraq|1963}} '''[[Saddam Hussein]]'''<br /><small>([[Preses o Iraq]])</small> {{Collapsible list | bullets = no | title = Others: |[[Ali Hassan al-Majid]]<br /><small>(General an Iraqi Intelligence Service heid)</small> |[[Taha Yassin Ramadan]]<br /><small>(General an Depute Pairty Secretar)</small> |[[Izzat Ibrahim ad-Douri]]<br /><small>(Depute chairman, Revolutionary Command Cooncil)</small> |[[Abid Hamid Mahmud]] <br /><small>(Lieutenant General)</small> |[[Salah Aboud Mahmoud]]<br /><small>(General)</small> |[[Tariq Aziz]]<br /><small>(Foreign Meenister an Revolutionary Command Cooncil member)</small> |[[Adnan Khairallah]]<br /><small>(Meenister o Defence)</small> |[[Saddam Kamel]]<br /><small>(Republican Gaird commander)</small> |[[Uday Hussein]]<br /><small>(Son o Saddam Hussein)</small> |[[Qusay Hussein]]<br /><small>(Son o Saddam Hussein)</small> |[[Maher Abd al-Rashid]]<br /><small>(General)</small> |[[Abdul Rahman Ghassemlou]]<br /><small>(Leader o the Democratic Pairty o Iranian Kurdistan)</small> |[[Massoud Rajavi]]<br /><small>(Preses o the [[Naitional Cooncil o Resistance o Iran]])</small> |[[Maryam Rajavi]]<br /><small>(Co-leader o the PMOI)</small> }} | units1 =see [[Order o battle in the Iran–Iraq War|order o battle]] | units2 =see [[Order o battle in the Iran–Iraq War|order o battle]] | strength1='''At the onset o the war:'''<ref>Pollack, p, 186</ref><br /> 110,000–150,000 sodgers,<br />1,700–2,100 tanks,<ref>Farrokh, Kaveh, 305 (2011)</ref> (500 operable)<ref>Pollack, p. 187</ref><br />1,000 armoured vehicles,<br />300 operable artillery pieces,<ref>Farrokh, Kaveh, 304 (2011)</ref><br />485 fechter-bombers (~100 operable),<br/>750 helicopters<br />'''Efter Iraq widrew frae Iran in 1982:'''<br /> 350,000 sodgers,<br />700 tanks,<br />2,700 airmoured vehicles,<br />400 artillery pieces,<br />350 aircraft,<br />700 helicopters<br />'''early 1988:'''<ref>Pollack, p. 232</ref><br /> 600,000 sodgers,<br />1,000 operable tanks,<br />800 airmoured vehicles,<br />600 hivy artillery pieces,<br />60–80 fechter-bombers,<br/>70–90 helicopters | strength2='''At the onset o the war:'''<ref>Pollack, p. 186</ref><br /> 200,000 sodgers,<br />2,800 tanks,<br />4,000 APCs,<br />1,400 artillery pieces,<br />380 fechter-bombers,<br />350 helicopters<br />'''Efter Iraq widrew frae Iran in 1982:'''<br /> 175,000 sodgers,<br />1,200 tanks,<br />2,300 airmoured vehicles,<br />400 artillery pieces,<br />450 aircraft,<br />180 helicopters<br />'''At the end o the war:'''<br /> 1,500,000 sodgers,<ref name="Pollack, p. 3">Pollack, p. 3</ref><br />~5,000 tanks,<br />8,500–10,000 APCs,<br />6,000–12,000 artillery pieces,<br />900 fechter-bombers,<br/>1,000 helicopters | casualties1= 123,220–160,000 [[killed in action|KIA]] an 60,711 [[missin in action|MIA]] (Iranian claim)<ref name="hiro205">{{cite book|last=Hiro|first=Dilip|authorlink=Dilip Hiro|title=The Longest War: The Iran–Iraq Military Conflict|url=https://archive.org/details/longestwariranir00hiro|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|year=1991|page=[https://archive.org/details/longestwariranir00hiro/page/205 205]|isbn=9780415904063|oclc=22347651}}</ref><ref name="Abrahamian2008">{{cite book|last=Abrahamian|first=Ervand|authorlink=Ervand Abrahamian|title=A History of Modern Iran|url=https://archive.org/details/historymodernira00abra|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|location=Cambridge, U.K.; New York|year=2008|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historymodernira00abra/page/171 171]–175, 212|isbn=9780521528917|oclc=171111098}}</ref><br />200,000–600,000 killed (ither estimates)<ref name="hiro205"/><ref name="Rajaee1997">{{cite book|last=Rajaee|first=Farhang|title=Iranian Perspectives on the Iran–Iraq War|publisher=University Press of Florida|location=Gainesville|year=1997|page=2|isbn=9780813014760|oclc=492125659}}</ref><ref name="Mikaberidze2011"/><ref>Hammond Atlas of the 20th Century (1999) P. 134-5</ref><ref name="Dunnigan 1991">Dunnigan, A Quick and Dirty Guide to War (1991)</ref><ref name="Twentieth Century World History 1997">Dictionary of Twentieth Century World History, by Jan Palmowski (Oxford, 1997)</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">Clodfelter, Michael, Warfare and Armed Conflict: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1618–1991</ref><ref name="Chirot, Daniel 1994">Chirot, Daniel: Modern Tyrants : the power and prevalence of evil in our age (1994)</ref><ref>"B&J:" Jacob Bercovitch and Richard Jackson, International Conflict : A Chronological Encyclopedia of Conflicts and Their Management 1945–1995 (1997) p. 195</ref><br />800,000 killed (Iraqi claim)<ref name="hiro205"/><br /> 320,000–500,000 [[Wounded in action|WIA]]<ref name="Mikaberidze2011">{{cite book|last=Mikaberidze|first=Alexander|title=Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia|url=https://archive.org/details/conflictconquest0000unse|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, California|year=2011|page=[https://archive.org/details/conflictconquest0000unse/page/418 418]|isbn=9781598843361|oclc=775759780}}</ref><ref name="PotterSick2006">{{cite book|last1=Potter|first1=Lawrence G.|last2=Sick|first2=Gary|title=Iran, Iraq and the Legacies of War|url=https://archive.org/details/iraniraqlegacies0000unse|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=Basingstoke|year=2006|page=[https://archive.org/details/iraniraqlegacies0000unse/page/8 8]|isbn=9781403976093|oclc=70230312}}</ref><ref name="Zargar2012">{{cite journal|last1=Zargar|first1=Moosa|last2=Araghizadeh|first2=Hassan|last3=Soroush|first3=Mohammad Reza|last4=Khaji|first4=Ali|title=Iranian casualties during the eight years of Iraq-Iran conflict|journal=Revista de Saúde Pública|volume=41|issue=6|publisher=Faculdade de Higiene e Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo|location=São Paulo|date=December 2012|pages=1065–1066|url=http://www.scielosp.org/pdf/rsp/v41n6/6852.pdf|issn=0034-8910|doi=10.1590/S0034-89102007000600025|oclc=4645489824|accessdate=2 November 2013|archive-date=2013-11-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105032846/http://www.scielosp.org/pdf/rsp/v41n6/6852.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><br /> 40,000–42,875 [[Preesoner o war|POW]]<ref name="PotterSick2006"/><ref name="Zargar2012"/><br /> 11,000–16,000 [[ceevilian casualties|ceevilian deid]]<ref name="hiro205"/><ref name="Abrahamian2008"/><br /> Economic loss of US$627&nbsp;billion<ref name="Rajaee1997"/><ref name="hiro251">{{cite book|last=Hiro|first=Dilip|authorlink=Dilip Hiro|title=The Longest War: The Iran–Iraq Military Conflict|url=https://archive.org/details/longestwariranir00hiro|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|year=1991|page=[https://archive.org/details/longestwariranir00hiro/page/251 251]|isbn=9780415904063|oclc=22347651}}</ref> | casualties2= 105,000–375,000 killed<ref name="PotterSick2006"/><ref name="hiro251"/><ref name="hawaii.edu">{{cite web|url=http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.TAB14.1C.GIF|title=Centi-Kilo Murdering States: Estimates, Sources, and Calculations|work=Power Kills|publisher=University of Hawai'i|author=Rumel, Rudolph}}</ref><ref name="Karsh2002"/><ref name="KochLong1997">{{cite book|last1=Koch|first1=Christian|last2=Long|first2=David E.|title=Gulf Security in the Twenty-First Century|url=https://archive.org/details/gulfsecurityintw0000unse|publisher=Emirates Center for Strategic Studies and Research|location=Abu Dhabi|year=1997|page=[https://archive.org/details/gulfsecurityintw0000unse/page/29 29]|isbn=9781860643163|oclc=39035954}}</ref><br />250,000–500,000 <small>(ither estimates)</small><ref name="remembrance">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/sep/23/iran-iraq-war-anniversary|title=Iran and Iraq remember war that cost more than a million lives|author=Ian Black|work=the Guardian}}</ref><br />400,000 [[Woundit in action|WIA]]<ref name="Karsh2002">{{cite book|last=Karsh|first=Efraim|authorlink=Efraim Karsh|title=The Iran–Iraq War, 1980–1988|url=https://archive.org/details/iraniraqwar00kars|publisher=Osprey Publishing|location=Oxford|year=2002|page=[https://archive.org/details/iraniraqwar00kars/page/89 89]|isbn=9781841763712|oclc=48783766}}</ref><br /> 70,000 [[Prisoner of War|POW]]<ref name="Mikaberidze2011"/><ref name="Karsh2002"/><br /> Economic loss of $561&nbsp;billion<ref name="Rajaee1997"/><ref name="hiro251"/> | casualties3= 100,000+ ceevilians killed on baith sides<ref name=hawaii.edu-D>{{cite web|url=http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.TAB15.1D.GIF|title=Lesser Murdering States, Quasi-States, and Groups: Estimates, Sources, and Calculations|work=Power Kills|publisher=University of Hawai'i|author=Rumel, Rudolph}}</ref><br />(nae includin 50,000–100,000 ceevilians killed in the [[Al-Anfal campaign]])<ref name="hang">{{cite news|newspaper=Tampa Bay Times|url=http://www.sptimes.com/2007/06/25/Worldandnation/Iraq_to_hang__Chemica.shtml|title= Iraq to hang 'Chemical Ali'|last=Sinan|first=Omar|agency=Associated Press|date=25 June 2007}}</ref> {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} | notes=&sup1; The exact nummer o Iraqi Shia that focht alangside Iran is unkent. The [[Islamic Supreme Cooncil o Iraq]] an [[Islamic Dawa Pairty]] supportit Iran in the war. Iran wad whiles organise diveesions o Iraqi POWs tae fecht against Iraq. }} The '''Iran–Iraq War''' wis an airmed conflict atween [[Iran]] an [[Ba'athist Iraq|Iraq]] lastin frae whan Iraq invadit Iran, tae August 1988. The war follaed a lang history o [[territorial dispute|mairch disputes]], an wis motivatit bi fears that the [[Iranian Revolution]] in 1979 wad inspire insurgency amang Iraq's [[Shia Islam|Shi'ite]] majority, as well as Iraq's desire tae replace Iran as the dominant [[Persie Gulf]] state. [[File:Iran Iraq War Start Attack on Tehran Airport 1980-09-22.jpg|250px|thumb|Iran–Iraq War -22 September [[1980]], [[Tehran]]]] ==References== {{reflist}} '''Soorces''' *{{cite book|last=Farrokh|first=Kaveh|authorlink=Kaveh Farrokh|title=Iran at War: 1500–1988|publisher=Osprey Publishing|location=Oxford|isbn=9781780962214}} *{{cite book|last=Pollack|first=Kenneth M.| authorlink =Kenneth M. Pollack|title=Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness, 1948–1991|year=2004|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|location=Lincoln|isbn=9780803287839|chapter=Iraq}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Iran-Iraq War}} [[Category:Iran–Iraq War| ]] [[Category:History o the Islamic Republic o Iran]] [[Category:Wars involvin Iran]] [[Category:Wars involvin Iraq]] [[Category:Wars involvin Kurdistan]] [[Category:Iran–Iraq relations]] [[Category:Invasions o Iran]] [[Category:Invasions bi Iraq]] [[Category:20t-century conflicts]] [[Category:1980s in Iraq]] [[Category:1980s in Iran]] [[Category:Conflicts in 1980]] [[Category:Conflicts in 1981]] [[Category:Conflicts in 1982]] [[Category:Conflicts in 1983]] [[Category:Conflicts in 1984]] [[Category:Conflicts in 1985]] [[Category:Conflicts in 1986]] [[Category:Conflicts in 1987]] [[Category:Conflicts in 1988]] [[Category:Conflicts involvin Fowk's Mujahedin o Iran]] dl5n4wb3meo5z4882h0rbt6s9ob3wap 0 177544 919984 908428 2026-07-25T00:10:49Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 919984 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dog breed |name=Beagle |image=Beagle 600.jpg |image_alt=Beagle eemage |image_caption=Tricolor Beagle |altname=Inglis Beagle |country=[[Ingland]] <!-----Traits-----> |weight = |maleweight = {{convert|22|-|25|lb|kg|abbr=on}} |femaleweight = {{convert|20|-|23|lb|kg|abbr=on}} |height = {{convert|13|-|16|in|cm|abbr=on}} |maleheight = |femaleheight = |coat = Short haired, haurd coat o medium lenth |color = Tricolour or white in combination wi black & tan/broun or broun/tan |life_span = 12–15 years <!-----Classification and standards-----> |fcigroup = [[FCI Scenthound Group|6]] |fcisection = 1.3 Scenthounds: Small |fcinum = 161 |fcistd = http://www.fci.be/Nomenclature/Standards/161g06-en.pdf |akcgroup = Hoond |akcstd = http://www.akc.org/dog-breeds/beagle/ |ankcgroup = Group 4 (Hoonds) |ankcstd = https://web.archive.org/web/20110316145613/http://www.ankc.org.au/Breed_Details.aspx?bid=107 |ckcgroup = Group 2 – Houonds |ckcstd = https://web.archive.org/web/20141205083201/http://www.ckc.ca/en/Files/Forms/Shows-Trials/Breed-Standards/Group-2-Hounds/BAL-Beagle |kcukgroup = Hoond |kcukstd = http://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/services/public/breed/standard.aspx?id=1005 |nzkcgroup = Hoond |nzkcstd = http://www.nzkc.org.nz/breed_info/br416.html |ukcgroup = Scenthoond |ukcstd = https://web.archive.org/web/20091015234641/http://www.ukcdogs.com/WebSite.nsf/Breeds/BeagleRevisedJuly12009 <!-----Notes-----> |note = }}<!-- End Infobox --> The '''Beagle''' is a breed o smaw [[Dug|dug.]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rice|first=Dan|title=The Beagle Handbook|url=https://archive.org/details/beaglehandbook00rice|publisher=Barron's|year=2000|isbn=0764114646|pages=[https://archive.org/details/beaglehandbook00rice/page/n158 147]}}</ref> It wis lang syne uised fir huntin, acause o its braw sense o smell, the heidmaist o ony breed o dug.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Fogle|first=Bruce|title=The dog's mind: understanding your dog's behaviour|url=https://archive.org/details/dogsmind00bruc|publisher=Howell Book House|year=1990|isbn=0876055137|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/dogsmind00bruc/page/40 40]}}</ref> The ''Oxford English Dictionary'', said the firstlins uise o ''beagle'' in Inglish leeteratur wis c. 1475 in ''The Squire of Low Degree''. The oreegin o the wird ''beagle'' is doutsome, bit mibbe cam frae the French wird ''begueule'' meanin "yett gowl" (en:gate throat). <ref>{{Citation|title=beagle, n.|date=2023-03-02|url=https://oed.com/dictionary/beagle_n|work=Oxford English Dictionary|edition=3|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/oed/4978005509.|access-date=2024-11-28}}</ref> [[File:Caynsham-beagles.jpg|left|thumb|Caynsham Beagle Foot Pack c 1885]] 1887, there war 18 beagle packs in Ingland.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kraeuter|first=Kristine|title=Training your Beagle|url=https://archive.org/details/trainingyourbeag0000krae|publisher=Barron's|year=2001|isbn=0764116487|pages=[https://archive.org/details/trainingyourbeag0000krae/page/n18 9]}}</ref> In 2002 (Scotland) an 2004 (Ingland) fox huntin wi packs o hounds an horses, wis in effect, banned an the law on ony huntin wi dogs wis furder discussed in pairlament in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Submission to Lord Burns' Committee of Inquiry into Hunting with Dogs from The Mammal Society|url=http://www.defra.gov.uk/rural/hunting/inquiry/evidence/mammalsoc.htm|url-status=dead|access-date=2024-11-28|website=webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk|archive-date=2008-08-18|archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20080818110407/http://www.defra.gov.uk/rural/hunting/inquiry/evidence/mammalsoc.htm}}</ref> Beagles are uised is sniffer dugs fir termite detection in Australie.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Termite Detection Dogs {{!}} The K9 Centre - Dog Training Australia|url=https://www.k9centre.com/termite-detection-dogs|url-status=live|access-date=2024-11-28|website=k9centre.com|language=en-US}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Dug breeds]] {{Stub/Ainimal}} 5xibg5rmg7yl53ujji19xilz99tftmp 0 188404 920003 907833 2026-07-25T00:28:55Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 920003 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Brian Laudrup | image = Brian-Laudrup-Darren-Laver-Lars-Hogh (cropped).jpg | image_size = 240px | fullname = Brian Laudrup | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1969|02|22|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Vienna]], Austrick | height = {{convert|1.86|m|ftin|0|abbr=on}} | position = [[Forrit (association fitbaw)|Forrit]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=McElroy|first1=Robert|last2=Ferrier|first2=Bob|date=2005|title=Rangers The Complete Record |url=https://archive.org/details/rangerscompleter0000ferr|publisher= Breedon Books |page=[https://archive.org/details/rangerscompleter0000ferr/page/320 320] |isbn=1-85983-481-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Palmer |first=Jon |date=1998 |title= Superstars of the World Cup |url=https://archive.org/details/superstarsofworl0000palm |publisher=Parragon|page=[https://archive.org/details/superstarsofworl0000palm/page/46 46]|isbn=0-7525-2418-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Halliday|first=Stephen|date=2002|title=The Essential History of Rangers|url=https://archive.org/details/essentialhistory0000step|publisher=Headline |page=[https://archive.org/details/essentialhistory0000step/page/186 186]|isbn=0-7553-1145-0}}</ref> <br/>[[Midfielder#Weenger|Weenger]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JMnWo0YHAMs|title=EURO Masters Brian Laudrup|first=|last=79fjm|date=25 August 2010|publisher=|via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>Rangers Classics: Wing Wizards DVD</ref> <br/> [[Midfielder]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Radnedge|first=Keir|date=1998|title=World Football Records|url=https://archive.org/details/worldfootballrec0000radn_o1z1|publisher=Carlton Books|page= |isbn=978-1-78097-568-9}}</ref> | youthyears1 = | youthclubs1 = [[Brøndby IF|Brøndby]] | years1 = 1986–1989 | clubs1 = [[Brøndby IF|Brøndby]] | caps1 = 49 | goals1 = 13 | years2 = 1989–1990 | clubs2 = [[KFC Uerdingen 05|Bayer Uerdingen]] | caps2 = 34 | goals2 = 6 | years3 = 1990–1992 | clubs3 = [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]] | caps3 = 53 | goals3 = 11 | years4 = 1992–1993 | clubs4 = [[ACF Fiorentina|Fiorentina]] | caps4 = 31 | goals4 = 5 | years5 = 1993–1994 | clubs5 = → [[A.C. Milan|Milan]] (loan) | caps5 = 9 | goals5 = 1 | years6 = 1994–1998 | clubs6 = [[Rangers F.C.|Rangers]] | caps6 = 116 | goals6 = 33 | years7 = 1998 | clubs7 = [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] | caps7 = 7 | goals7 = 0 | years8 = 1998–1999 | clubs8 = [[F.C. Copenhagen|Copenhagen]] | caps8 = 12 | goals8 = 2 | years9 = 1999–2000 | clubs9 = [[AFC Ajax|Ajax]] | caps9 = 31 | goals9 = 13 | totalcaps = 342 | totalgoals = 84 | nationalyears1 = 1984 | nationalteam1 = [[Denmark naitional unner-17 fitbaw team|Denmark U17]] | nationalcaps1 = 6 | nationalgoals1 = 0 | nationalyears2 = 1985–1987 | nationalteam2 = [[Denmark naitional unner-19 fitbaw team|Denmark U19]] | nationalcaps2 = 12 | nationalgoals2 = 6 | nationalyears3 = 1987–1988 | nationalteam3 = [[Denmark naitional unner-21 fitbaw team|Denmark U21]] | nationalcaps3 = 5 | nationalgoals3 = 0 | nationalyears4 = 1987–1998 | nationalteam4 = [[Denmark naitional fitbaw team|Denmark]] | nationalcaps4 = 82 | nationalgoals4 = 21 }} '''Brian Laudrup''' (born 22 Februar 1969) is a Dens umwhile [[Association fitbaw|fitbawer]] that played as a [[Forrit (association fitbaw)|forrit]] or as a [[midfielder]]. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Navboxes colour |bg=gold |fg=navy |title= Awairds |list1= {{FIFA 100}} {{Danish Football Hall of Fame}} {{Danish Football Player of the Year}} {{SPFA Players' Player of the Year}} {{SFWA Footballer of the Year}} {{UEFA Euro 1992 Team of the Tournament}} {{1998 FIFA World Cup Team of the Tournament}} {{Rangers F.C. Hall of Fame}} {{Scottish Football Hall of Fame}} }} {{Navboxes colour |title=Denmark squads |bg=#C8102E |fg=white |bordercolor=#DCDCDC |list1= {{Denmark squad UEFA Euro 1992}} {{Denmark squad 1995 King Fahd Cup}} {{Denmark squad UEFA Euro 1996}} {{Denmark squad 1998 FIFA World Cup}} }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Laudrup, Brian}} [[Category:Dens fitbawers]] [[Category:Brøndby IF players]] [[Category:KFC Uerdingen 05 players]] [[Category:FC Bayern Munich fitbawers]] [[Category:ACF Fiorentina players]] [[Category:A.C. Milan players]] [[Category:Rangers F.C. players]] [[Category:Chelsea F.C. players]] [[Category:F.C. Copenhagen players]] [[Category:AFC Ajax players]] [[Category:Dens Superliga players]] [[Category:Bundesliga players]] [[Category:Serie A players]] [[Category:Scottish Football Hall of Fame inductees]] [[Category:Scottish Football League players]] [[Category:Premier League players]] [[Category:Eredivisie players]] [[Category:Denmark internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:Denmark unner-21 internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:Denmark youth internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:UEFA Euro 1992 players]] [[Category:1995 King Fahd Cup players]] [[Category:UEFA Euro 1996 players]] [[Category:1998 FIFA Warld Cup players]] [[Category:FIFA Confederations Cup-winnin players]] [[Category:UEFA European Championship-winnin players]] [[Category:FIFA 100]] [[Category:Dens expatriate fitbawers]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Germany]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Italy]] [[Category:Dens expatriates in Italy]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Ingland]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in the Netherlands]] [[Category:Dens expatriates in the Netherlands]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Scotland]] [[Category:1969 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Dens expatriate sportsfowk in Germany]] [[Category:Dens expatriate sportsfowk in the Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:Dens expatriates in Ingland]] [[Category:Dens expatriates in Scotland]] [[Category:Association fitbaw forrits]] [[Category:Association fitbaw weengers]] [[Category:Danish Sports Hall of Fame inductees]] [[Category:UEFA Champions League winnin players]] 51pe4x1z76hi9esmxlv8amqkalcsr57 0 198376 920006 850684 2026-07-25T00:31:31Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 920006 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condeetion (new) | name = Dermatitis | synonyms = Eczema | image = Dermatitis2015.jpg | caption = A moderate case of dermatitis of the hands | field = [[Dermatology]] | symptoms = [[Itch]]iness, [[erythema|red skin]], rash<ref name="Ned2012" /> | complications = [[Skin infection]]<ref name=NIH2013/> | onset = Childhood<ref name=Ned2012/><ref name=NIH2013/> | duration = | causes = [[Atopic dermatitis]], [[allergic contact dermatitis]], [[irritant contact dermatitis]], [[stasis dermatitis]]<ref name=Ned2012/><ref name=NIH2013/> | risks = | diagnosis = Based on symptom<ref name=Ned2012/> | differential = [[Scabies]], [[psoriasis]], [[dermatitis herpetiformis]], [[lichen simplex chronicus]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ferri|first1=Fred F.|title=Ferri's differential diagnosis : a practical guide to the differential diagnosis of symptoms, signs, and clinical disorders|url=https://archive.org/details/ferrisdifferenti0000ferr|date=2010|publisher=Elsevier/Mosby|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0323076999|page=Chapter D|edition=2nd}}</ref> | prevention = | treatment = [[Moisturizers]], [[steroid]] creams, [[antihistamine]]s<ref name=NIH2013/><ref name=Mc2012/> | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = 245 million (2015)<ref name=GBD2015Pre>{{cite journal|last1=GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence|first1=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|pmid=27733282|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6|pmc=5055577}}</ref> | deaths = }} '''Dermatitis''', awso kent as '''eczema''', is a group o diseases that results in [[inflammation]] o the [[Human skin|skin]].<ref name="Ned2012">{{cite book|last1=Nedorost|first1=Susan T.|title=Generalized Dermatitis in Clinical Practice|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9781447128977|pages=1–3, 9, 13–14|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=egXPtnc4lssC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA1|date=2012|accessdate=29 July 2016|language=en|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815233710/https://books.google.ca/books?id=egXPtnc4lssC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA1|archivedate=15 August 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> These diseases are characterized bi [[Itch|itchiness]], [[Erythema|red skin]] an a rash. In cases o short duration, there mey be wee [[blisters]], while in lang-term cases the skin mey become [[Lichenification|thickened]]. The arie o skin involved can vary frae smaw tae the enteer body. == References == {{Reflist|refs= <ref name=NIH2013>{{cite web|title=Handout on Health: Atopic Dermatitis (A type of eczema)|url=http://www.niams.nih.gov/health_info/Atopic_Dermatitis/default.asp|website=NIAMS|accessdate=29 July 2016|date=May 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530092344/http://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Atopic_Dermatitis/default.asp|archivedate=30 May 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> <ref name=Mc2012>{{cite journal|last=McAleer|first=MA|author2=Flohr, C |author3=Irvine, AD |title=Management of difficult and severe eczema in childhood|journal=BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.)|date=23 July 2012|volume=345|pages=e4770|pmid=22826585|doi=10.1136/bmj.e4770|hdl=2262/75991}}</ref> }} [[Category:Autoimmune diseases]] okmzc3y8f9nutfj2zssl3gb2r4ajj17 0 203286 919927 842070 2026-07-24T23:16:42Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 919927 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox UK legislation}} [[File:Crofting_Township.jpg|left|thumb|''{{Lang|gd|Peighinn Choinnich}}'', crofting toun naur {{Lang|gd|Ùig}} in the [[Skye|Isle o Skye]] ]] The '''Crofters Holdings (Scotland) Act 1886''' ({{Lang-gd|Achd na Croitearachd 1886}}) is an [[Act o Pairlament|Act]] o the [[Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick]] that creatit legal defineetions o ''crofting parish'' an ''crofter'', grantit siccarity o [[land tenure]] tae crofters an produced the first [[Crofters Commission|Crofters Commeession]], a land coort whit ruled on disputes atween [[Landlord|landlairds]] an [[Croft (land)|crofters]]. The same coort ruled on whether [[Pairish|paorishes]] war or warn't croftin pairishes. In mony weys the Act wis modelled on the [[Irish Land Acts]] o [[Landlord and Tenant (Ireland) Act 1870|1870]] an [[Land Law (Ireland) Act 1881|1881]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Land, Faith and the Crofting Community: Christianity and Social Criticism in the Highlands of Scotland 1843–1893 |url=https://archive.org/details/landfaithcroftin00macc |last=MacColl |first=Allan W. |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7486-2674-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/landfaithcroftin00macc/page/n179 179]}}</ref> Bi grantin the crofters siccarity o tenure, the Act put an end tae the [[Hieland Clearances]].<ref>Thomson: ''The Companion to Gaelic Scotland.'' 1983, p. 237</ref> == See awso == * [[Hieland Clearances]] * [[Highland Potato Famine|Hieland Potato Famine]] * [[History o Scotland|Heestory o Scotland § Rural life]] == Citations == <references group="" responsive=""></references> == References == * {{cite book |first=Tom M. |last=Devine |authorlink=Tom Devine |title=Clanship to Crofters' War: The Social Transformation of the Scottish Highlands |url=https://archive.org/details/clanshiptocrofte0000devi |publisher=[[Manchester University Press]] |location=Manchester |date=1993}} * {{cite book |first=James |last=Hunter |title=The making of the crofting community (Revised edition 2000) |publisher=John Donald |location=Edinburgh |year=1976 |isbn=978-0-85976-537-4}} * {{cite book |first=Derick S. |last=Thomson |authorlink=Derick S. Thomson |title=The Companion to Gaelic Scotland |publisher=Basil Blackwater Publisher |location=[[Àth nan Damh]] |year=1983 |isbn= 978-0-631-12502-0}} * {{cite book |first=Andy |last=Wightman |authorlink=Andy Wightman |title=Scotland: Land and Power |url=https://archive.org/details/scotlandlandpowe0000wigh |publisher=Luath Press |location=Dùn Èideann |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-946487-70-7}} * {{cite journal |first=Ian |last=Bradley |url=http://www.historytoday.com/ian-bradley/having-and-holding-highland-land-war-1880s |title='Having and Holding': The Highland Land War of the 1880s |journal=[[History Today]] |date=December 1987 |volume=37 |issue=12 |pages=23–28}} [[Category:Hielands and Islands of Scotland]] [[Category:History o Shetland]] [[Category:Acts o the Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick concernin Scotland]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] {{stub/Law}} s2ik9nwp27dkqzcd8yluow1wdh5dxk3 0 203329 919992 789523 2026-07-25T00:20:00Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 919992 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Arturo Toscanini - de Augostini bw.jpg|thumb|upright|Arturo Toscanini, c.&nbsp;1900]] '''Arturo Toscanini''' ({{IPA-it|arˈtuːro toskaˈniːni|lang}}; 25 Mairch 1867 – 16 Januar 1957) wis an Italian [[conductin|conductor]]. He wis ane o the maist acclaimed muisickers o the late 19t an o the 20t century, renowned for his intensity, his perfectionism, his ear for orchestral detail an sonority, an his [[eidetic memory]].<ref>{{cite book | last=Sachs | first=Harvey | title=Toscanini | url=https://archive.org/details/toscanini0000sach | publisher=Da Capo Press | year=1978 | isbn=0-306-80137-X}}</ref> He wis at various times the muisic director o [[La Scala]] in Milan, the [[Metropolitan Opera]] in New York, an the [[New York Philharmonic]]. Later in his career he wis appyntit the first muisic director o the [[NBC Symphony Orchestra]] (1937–54), an this led tae his acomin a hopsehaud name (especially in the Unitit States) throu his radio an telly braidcasts an mony recordins o the operatic an symphonic repertoire. Toscanini haed [[absolute pitch]]. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Toscanini, Arturo}} [[Category:1867 births]] [[Category:1957 daiths]] [[Category:20t-century conductors (muisic)]] [[Category:Buirials at the Cimitero Monumentale di Milano]] [[Category:Conductors o the Metropolitan Opera]] [[Category:Grammy Lifetime Achievement Awaird winners]] [[Category:Honorary Members o the Ryal Philharmonic Society]] [[Category:Italian clessical cellists]] [[Category:Italian conductors (muisic)]] [[Category:Italian emigrants tae the Unitit States]] [[Category:Italian Life Senators]] [[Category:Muisic directors (opera)]] [[Category:Fowk frae Parma]] [[Category:Fowk frae Riverdale, Bronx]] [[Category:RCA Victor airtists]] [[Category:Ryal Philharmonic Society Gowd Medallists]] [[Category:Muisic directors o the New York Philharmonic]] [[Category:20t-century Italian muisickers]] h8cbve2x9trox79bo95xd06pbsnfkaq 0 204952 919985 911255 2026-07-25T00:12:11Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 919985 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} '''Holburn Street railwey statioun''' wis a railwey station in [[Aberdeen|Aiberdeen]], Scotland. Ee statioun wis pairt o ee Deeside railwey whilk ran atween Aiberdeen aun Banchory afore bein extendit tae Ballater. It wis a twa-platform statioun att sat oan ee east side o Holburn Street. Holburn Street Statioun served ee area o Aiberdeen near Allanvale Cemetery aun Duthie Pairk. Ee statioun hud nae guids facility aun wis accessed frae Holburn ee northside o ee railwey.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Georeferenced Maps viewer - Map images - National Library of Scotland|url=https://maps.nls.uk/geo/explore/#zoom=17.5&lat=57.13091&lon=-2.11604&layers=168&b=1&o=100|access-date=2025-03-24|website=maps.nls.uk|archive-date=2020-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006094833/https://maps.nls.uk/geo/explore/#zoom=17.5&lat=57.13091&lon=-2.11604&layers=168&b=1&o=100|url-status=dead}}</ref> == History == It wis opened oan 2 July 1894 by ee Great North o Scotlan Railwey (GNSR). Ee track wis oringinally a single track bit wis doublit in 1884.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Royal Deeside's Railway Aberdeen - Ballater|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_0902343092|publisher=Great North of Scotland Railway Association|year=1999|isbn=0 902343 09 2|editor-last=Jackson|editor-first=Dick|location=Perth|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_0902343092/page/n61 60] + 63}}</ref> It wis a pairt o a new Aiberdeen suburban service, aften kent as "Subbies".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Royal Deeside's Railway Aberdeen to Ballater|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_0902343092|publisher=Great North of Scotland Railway Association|year=1999|editor-last=Jackson|editor-first=Dick|location=Perth|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_0902343092/page/9 9]}}</ref> The station wis veesited bi [[Edward VII]] in 1906, fir ee openin o an extensioun tae Marischal College, Universitee o Aiberdeen. Ee King took a carriage tae ee college frae Holburn Street Statioun, escortit bi ee Royal Scots Greys,Fife shire aun Forfar shire Imperial Yeomanry aun mountit polis officers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Full record for 'ABERDEEN 1906' (0042) - Moving Image Archive catalogue|url=https://movingimage.nls.uk/film/0042|access-date=2025-03-24|website=movingimage.nls.uk}}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ee statioun wis shut doun in 1937 however ee line remained operatin tae Ballater til 1966 fir passengers aun 1967 fir freight. {| class="wikitable" id="8" style="margin: 0.5em auto; text-align: center;" ! id="11" |Preceding station ! colspan="3" id="13" |Disuised railweys ! id="15" |Followin station |- | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; border-left: 0px none; border-right: 1px #aaa solid; border-top: 1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:0px none;" |[[Aberdeen Joint railway station|Aberdeen Joint]] | style="background:#ffe02b; border-left: 0px none; border-right: 0px none; border-top:1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:0px none;" |  | rowspan="1" style="text-align: center; border-left: 1px #aaa solid; border-right: 1px #aaa solid; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; border-bottom:0px none;" |[[Great North of Scotland Railway]]<br /><br /><small>[[Deeside Railway]]</small> | style="background:#ffe02b; border-left: 0px none; border-right: 0px none; border-top:1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:0px none;" |  | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; border-left: 1px #aaa solid; border-right: 0px none; border-top: 1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:0px none;" |[[Ruthrieston railway station|Ruthrieston]]<br /><br /><small>Line an station closed</small> |} == Infrastructure == Ee statioun sat oan ee east side o Holburn Street wae access tae ee statioun bein at ee north o ee line. Thur wis a brig allowin ee line tae run ower ee road.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-11-17|title=In pictures: Aberdeen’s Royal Deeside Railway Line|url=https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/in-pictures-aberdeens-royal-deeside-railway-line-1489475|access-date=2025-03-24|website=The Scotsman|language=en}}</ref> Ee statioun consistit o twa platforms, wae a buildin aun canopy covering ee northern or eastbound platform. Ee southern or westbound platform hud a shelter aun ee twa platforms wur connectit bi a pedestrian brig. Oan ee 1900 OS map signals ur present however nae signalbox is indicatit oan ee map. Bi 1953 ee line wis taken doun tae yin track wae ee westbound (southern) line bein liftit. While ee line shut in 1966, ee tracks wurnae liftit until April 1970.<ref name=":0" /> Aw tracks frae iss line huv nou been liftit aun ee line hus been convertit intae a walkin aun cycle path runnin frae Duthie Pairk tae Ballater. Ee old platforms kin still be seen. Aw statioun buildins apart frae ee statioun master's hoose huv been demolished. {{stub}} == References == <references responsive=""></references> [[Category:Railwey stations]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] dkfj8kwostbns4dlyjvh3mur33kbl7w 0 210040 919961 909481 2026-07-24T23:50:43Z NoahGeo 129838 updatit 919961 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder |honorific-prefix = [[The Richt Honourable]] |name = Sir Keir Starmer |honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KCB|QC|MP}} |image = Prime Minister Sir Keir Starmer Official Portrait (cropped).jpg | office = [[Prime Meenister o the Unitit Kinrick]] | monarch = [[Charles III]] | deputy = [[Angela Rayner]] | predecessor = [[Rishi Sunak]] | successor =[[Andy Burnham]] | term_start = 5 Julie 2024 | term_end =20 Julie 2026 | office1 = [[Leader o the Opposeetion (Unitit Kinrick)|Leader o the Opposeetion]] | monarch1 = [[Elizabeth II]]<br>[[Charles III]] | deputy1 = [[Angela Rayner]] | predecessor1 = [[Jeremy Corbyn]] | successor1 = Rishi Sunak | primeminister1 = [[Boris Johnson]]<br>[[Liz Truss]]<br>Rishi Sunak | term_start1 = 4 Apryle 2020 | term_end1 = 5 Julie 2024 | office2 = [[Leader o the Labour Pairty (UK)|Leader o the Labour Pairty]] | term_start2 = 4 Apryle 2020 | term_end2 = | deputy2 = Angela Rayner | predecessor2 = Jeremy Corbyn | successor2 = | office3 = [[Shaidae Secretar o State for Exitin the European Union]] | leader3 = Jeremy Corbyn | term_start3 = 6 October 2016 | term_end3 = 4 Apryle 2020 | predecessor3 = [[Emily Thornberry]] | successor3 = Poseetion abolished | office4 = [[Member o Pairlament (Unitit Kinrick)|Member o Pairlament]]<br />for [[Holborn an St Pancras (UK Pairlament constituency)|Holborn an St Pancras]] | term_start4 = 7 Mey 2015 | term_end4 = | predecessor4 = [[Frank Dobson]] | majority4 = 11,572 (30.0%) | office5 = [[Director o Public Prosecutions (Ingland an Wales)|Director of Public Prosecutions]] | term_start5 = 1 November 2008 | term_end5 = 1 November 2013 | predecessor5 = [[Ken Macdonald]] | successor5 = [[Alison Saunders]] |birth_name = Keir Starmer<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=61961 |supp= |page=11776 |date=19 June 2017}}</ref> |birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1962|9|2}} |birth_place = [[Southwark]], [[Lunnon]], Ingland |death_date = |death_place = |party = [[Labour Pairty (UK)|Labour]] |spouse = {{marriage|Victoria Alexander|2007}} |children = 2 |alma_mater = [[Varsity o Leeds]] ([[LLB]])<br />[[St Edmund Hall, Oxford]] ([[Bachelor o Ceevil Law|BCL]]) |website = {{Official website|www.keirstarmer.com}} }} '''Sir Keir Rodney Starmer''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCB|QC}} (born 2 September 1962) is a Breetish politeecian an barrister wha servit as the [[Prime Meenister o the Unitit Kinrick]] fae 5 Julie 2024 tae 20 Julie 2026 an [[Leader o the Labour Party (UK)|Leader o the]] [[Labour Pairty (UK)|Labour Pairty]] syne [[2020 Labour Pairty leadership election|4 Aprile 2020]]. He is [[Member o Pairlament (Unitit Kinrick)|Member o Pairlament]] (MP) for [[Holborn an St Pancras (UK Pairlament constituency)|Holborn an St Pancras]] syne [[2015 Unitit Kinrick general election|2015]]. Starmer becam Prime Meenister efter Labour defeatit the Conservatives in the 2024 general election. ==References== {{reflist}}{{Stub/Politics}}{{Authority control}} {{Current G8 Leaders}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Starmer, Keir}} [[Category:1962 births]] [[Category:Alumni o St Edmund Hall, Oxford]] [[Category:Alumni o the Varsity o Leeds]] [[Category:Prime Meenisters o the Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:Directors o Public Prosecutions (Ingland an Wales)]] [[Category:Inglis barristers]] [[Category:Inglis Queen's Coonsel]] [[Category:Knichts Commander o the Order o the Bath]] [[Category:Lawers awairdit knichtheids]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Members o the Privy Cooncil o the Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Reigate Grammar School]] [[Category:Fowk frae Kentish Town]] [[Category:Fowk frae Reigate]] [[Category:Queen's Coonsel 2001–]] [[Category:UK MPs 2015–2017]] [[Category:UK MPs 2017–2019]] [[Category:UK MPs 2019–]] [[Category:Leaders o the Labour Pairty (UK)]] [[Category:Leaders o the Opposeetion (Unitit Kinrick)]] 9tbkt8szuewmc55gb4c2722bfcw0r5v 0 221631 919946 875719 2026-07-24T23:38:39Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 919946 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|open soorce MATLAB-like programmin leid for numerical analysis}} {{Infobox software | name = Scilab | screenshot = [[Image:Screenshot scilab 3.png|300px|A screenshot of Scilab running]] | caption = A screenshot o Scilab | developer = ESI Group | latest release version = 6.1.0 | latest release date = {{release date and age|2020|02|25|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.scilab.org/download/6.1.0 | title=Scilab 6.1.0 Release | date=Feb 25, 2020 | access-date=2020-08-01 | archive-date=2020-08-06 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806220134/https://www.scilab.org/download/6.1.0 | url-status=dead }}</ref> | programming language = Scilab, [[C (programmin leid)|C]], [[C++]], [[Java (programmin leid)|Java]], [[Fortran]] | operating system = [[BSD]]s (e.g., [[FreeBSD]]), [[Linux]], [[macOS]], [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] | language = [[English language|English]], [[German language|German]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[French leid|French]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Japanese language|Japanese]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese&nbsp;(Brazil)]], [[Russian language|Russian]], [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], [[Chinese language|Chinese]], [[Czech leid|Czech]], [[Polish language|Polish]] | genre = Technical computin | website = {{URL|http://www.scilab.org}} }} '''Scilab''' is an [[open soorce]] [[MATLAB]]-lik [[programmin leid]] for [[numerical analysis]]<ref name="free">Mora, Á., Galán, J. L., Aguilera, G., Fernández, Á., Mérida, E., & Rodríguez, P. (2010). Scilab and Maxima Environment: Towards Free Software in Numerical Analysis. International Journal for Technology in Mathematics Education, 17(2).</ref><ref name="comp">Bunks, C., Chancelier, J. P., Delebecque, F., Goursat, M., Nikoukhah, R., & Steer, S. (2012). Engineering and scientific computing with Scilab. Springer Science & Business Media.</ref>. == Syntax == Scilab [[syntax]] is largely basit on [[MATLAB]]. Hello Warld! in Scilab: <syntaxhighlight lang="scilab"> disp('Hello World'); </syntaxhighlight> == Toolboxes == * Scilab Image Processing Toolbox (SIP) an its variants (sic as SIVP). This is usit for image processin<ref>Fabbri, R., Bruno, O. M., & Costa, L. D. F. (2012). Scilab and SIP for image processing. arXiv preprint arXiv:1203.4009.</ref><ref>Thanki, R. M., & Kothari, A. M. (2019). Digital image processing using SCILAB. Springer International Publishing.</ref>. * Scilab Wavelet Toolbox: For wavelets Mair are available on ATOMS Portal or the Scilab forge. ==GNU Octave== [[GNU Octave]] is an aw MATLAB-lik. But it wis made bi different technical viewpoints<ref name="Herman2013">{{cite book|author=Russell L. Herman|title=A Course in Mathematical Methods for Physicists|url=https://archive.org/details/courseinmathemat0000herm|year=2013|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4665-8467-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/courseinmathemat0000herm/page/42 42]}}</ref><ref name="WouwerSaucez2014">{{cite book|author1=Alain Vande Wouwer|author2=Philippe Saucez|author3=Carlos Vilas|title=Simulation of ODE/PDE Models with MATLAB®, OCTAVE and SCILAB: Scientific and Engineering Applications|year=2014|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-06790-2|pages=114–115}}</ref>. ==Usage== The oreeginal purpose o Scilab wis [[numerical analysis]]<ref name="free"/><ref name="comp"/> (sic as [[numerical methods for ordinary differential equations]]<ref>Wouwer, A. V., Saucez, P., & Vilas, C. (2014). Simulation of Ode/Pde Models with MATLAB®, OCTAVE and SCILAB: Scientific and Engineering Applications. Springer.</ref>). The day, it is an aw usit in scienteefic [[eddication]]<ref>Sharma, N., & Gobbert, M. K. (2010). A comparative evaluation of Matlab, Octave, FreeMat, and Scilab for research and teaching. UMBC Faculty Collection.</ref><ref>Campos, D., Dias, N., Dias, A., & Ferreira, H. (2010). INTRODUCING NUMERICAL ANALYSIS TOOLS IN ENGINEERING. A SCILAB USER CASE IN ELECTRONICS COURSE. Proceedings of ICERI, 5178-5184.</ref><ref>Kouroussis, G., Fekih, L. B., Conti, C., & Verlinden, O. (2012, July). EasyMod: A MatLab/SciLab toolbox for teaching modal analysis. In Proceedings of the international congress on sound and vibration, Vilnius (pp. 9-12).</ref><ref>Liao, W., Dong, N., & Fan, T. (2009, September). Application of Scilab in teaching of engineering numerical computations. In 2009 IEEE International Workshop on Open-source Software for Scientific Computation (OSSC) (pp. 88-90). [[IEEE]].</ref>. ==Notes== {{reflist|2}} ==External links== {{Commons}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Scilab}} [[Category:Free saftware]] [[Category:Computer science]] [[Category:Computin]] [[Category:Linux saftware]] h9v6dj136afn6yekg9n2pzjpem7n5in 0 225386 919994 887486 2026-07-25T00:21:53Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 919994 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fix Scots|date=Mairch 2021}} The '''LGBT richts muivement''', forby cried the '''gay richts muivement''', or '''gay liberation muivement''', is a ceevil richts muivement that advocates equal richts fur [[gay]] men, [[lesbian]], [[bisexual]], an [[transgender]] fowk (the ''[[LGBT]] commonty''). It seeks tae get rid o sodomy laws baurin homosexual acts atween consentin adults an caws fur an end tae discrimination again LGBT fowk in employment, credit, housin, an ither areas o lyfe. == Afore the 20t yeirhunner == Releegious admonitions again sexual relations atween same-sex fowk (maistlins men) meant that sic behaviour wis lang tashed. Housomiver, maist legal codes in Europe war silent on the subjeck. The judicial systems o monie maistlie [[Muslim]] kintras invokit [[Islamic law]] in a wide range o contexts, an same-sex intimacy war criminalised in thon kintras wi severe dronach, includin execution. Beginnin in the 16th yeirhunner, law-makkers in Breetain began tae categorise homosexual behaviour as creeminal. In the 1530s, durand the raign o [[Henry VIII]], Inglan passt the Buggery Act 1533, whilk made sexual relations atween men a creeminal offense punishable bi deith. === The Enlichtenment === ''See forby: [[Age o Enlichtenment]], [[Scots Enlichtment]]'' 18t-yeirhunner author Thomas Cannon mebbe screived the erest furthset defens o [[homosexuality]] in [[Inglis leid|Ingels]], ''Ancient and Modern Pederasty Investigated and Exemplify'd'' (1749).<ref>{{cite book | title=Closeted writing and lesbian and gay literature: classical, early modern, eighteenth-century | first=David M. | last=Robinson | publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. | year=2006 | isbn=978-0-7546-5550-3 | page=38 }}</ref> Inglis social reformer [[Jeremy Bentham]] wrat the erest kent argument fur homosexual law reform in Inglan aroon 1785. His advocacy cam fae his utilitarian philosophie, in whilk the moralitie o an actioun is determined bi the net consequence o that actioun on human well-bein. He argued that homosexuality wis a victimless crime, an tharefor nae deservin o social approbation or creeminal charges. He saw popular attitudes again homosexuality as an irrational prejudice perpetuated bi [[releegion]]. Housomiver, he didnae furthset his views as he affeared reprisal; his essay wisnae furthset till 1978.<ref>[[Jeremy Bentham|Bentham, Jeremy]], ''Offences Against One's Self'', c1785 ([http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/eresources/exhibitions/sw25/bentham/index.html full text online]).</ref> === Atween Enlichtenment an Victorian eras === In 1822, [[August, Duke o Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg]] (an maternal grandfaither o [[Queen Victoria]]) scrieved ''Ein Jahr in Arcadia: Kyllenion'' (A Yeir in Arcadia: Kyllenion), yin o the erest [[Novelle|novelles]] anent same-sex luve.<ref name="GM 1822">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NUrvQ5oAZ4kC&pg=PA641|title=The Gentleman's Magazine (January—June 1822)|chapter=Obituary: The Duke of Saxe Gotha|date=1822|volume=92|issue=1|page=641|publisher=[[John Nichols and Son]]|location=London|accessdate=February 3, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Inquirer 1822">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=24EAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA285|title=The Inquirer (1822)|chapter=Obituary: The Duke of Saxe Gotha|date=1822|volume=1|page=285|publisher=[[Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown]]|location=London|accessdate=February 3, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Taggerty 612">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JwB5AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA612|title=Encyclopedia of Lesbian and Gay Histories and Cultures|editor1-first=George|editor1-last=Haggerty|editor2-first=Bonnie|editor2-last=Zimmerman|year=2000|chapter=German Literature|page=612|isbn=0-815-34055-9}}</ref> === Victorian era === In Breetain sodomie remainit a caipital offense punishable bi hangin till the Offences Against the Person Act 1861. Section 61 o the Act remuived the deith penaltie fur homosexuality, but male homosexual acts wur still illegal an punishable bi imprisonment.<ref>[https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/24-25/100/data.pdf "Offences Against the Person Act 1861" (PDF)]</ref> Twa decades efterhin, in 1885, Pairlament passt an amendment sponsorit bi Henry Du Pré Labouchere, whilk craftit the offense o ''gross indecency'' fur same-sex male sexual relations, enablin onie kynd o sexual behaviour atween men tae be prosecutit (sexual relations atween weemen werena subjeck tae the law). Siclike, in the [[German Empire|German Rik]] in the aerlie 1870s, whan the kintra wes integratin the ceevil codes o sinderie disparat kinricks, the hinnermaist German penal code includit Paragraph 175, whilk creeminalised same-sex male relations wi dronach includin prison an a dishort o ceevil richts. A saicret Brits societie cried the ''Order of Chaeronea'' campaignit fur the legalisation o homosexuality, an countit playwricht [[Oscar Wilde]] amang its memmers.<ref>McKenna, Neil (2003), "The Secret Life of Oscar Wilde: An Intimate Biography". (London: Century) {{ISBN|0-7126-6986-8}}</ref> Afore the end o the 19th yeirhunner thar wisnae monie muivements fur gay richts. Atweel, in his 1890s poem ''Twa Luves'', Laird Alfred Douglas, luver o [[Oscar Wilde]], declarit homosexuality, "the luve that darena speik its name". This wis popularised bi Wilde when he wis in coort on account o gross indecency, quharby he descrieved the luve that darena speik its name as "...sic a great affection o an elder fur a yunger man as there wes atween David an Jonathan, sic as [[Plato]] made the verra basis o his [[philosophie]], an sic as you find in the sonnets o [[Michelangelo]] an [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]]. ... It is byous, it is fine, it is the noblest kynd o affection. There is nocht unnaitural anent it. It is intellectual, an it aft exists atween an aulder an a yunger man, whan the aulder man haes intellect, an the yunger man haes aw the joy, hope an glamer o lyfe afore him."<ref>{{cite news|title=Then & Now: The name of love|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/then-now-the-name-of-love-1494168.html|work=The Independent|date=27 June 1993|language=en|quote='The Love that dare not speak its name' in this century is such a great affection of an elder for a younger man as there was between David and Jonathan, such as Plato made the very basis of his philosophy, and such as you find in the sonnets of Michaelangelo and Shakespeare. ... It is in this century misunderstood, so much misunderstood that it may be described as the 'Love that dare not speak its name', and on account of it I am placed where I am now. It is beautiful, it is fine, it is the noblest form of affection. There is nothing unnatural about it. It is intellectual, and it repeatedly exists between an elder and a younger man, when the elder man has intellect, and the younger man has all the joy, hope and glamour of life before him. ... The world mocks at it and sometimes puts one in the pillory for it.}}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> John Addington Symonds wus a bard an an aerlie advocate o male luve. In 1873, he wrat ''A Problem in Greek Ethics'', a wark o what woud later be cried pairt o gay historie.<ref>{{cite book|author=Katz|title=Love Stories|pages=243–244}}</ref> Altho the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' credits the medical scriever C.G. Chaddock for introducin the wird ''homosexual'' inta [[Inglis leid|Ingles]] in 1892, Symonds haed awready yaised the wird in ''A Problem in Greek Ethics''.<ref>DeJean, "Sex and Philology," p. 132, pointing to the phrase [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_FJETAAAAQAAJ/page/n11 <!-- pg=2 quote="homosexual relations" inauthor:symonds. --> "homosexual relations"] (here as it appears in the later 1908 edition).</ref> Symonds owerset classical poesy on homoerotic themes an aw, an scrieved poesy draeing on [[Auncient Greece|auncient Greek]] imagery and langage sic as ''Eudiades'', which haes been cryed "the maist kenspeckle o his homoerotic poems".<ref>{{cite book|author=Robert Aldrich|title=The Seduction of the Mediterranean: Writing, Art, and Homosexual Fantasy|url=https://archive.org/details/seductionofmedit0000aldr|url-access=registration|publisher=Routledge|year=1993|page=[https://archive.org/details/seductionofmedit0000aldr/page/78 78]}}</ref> The decoded autobiographies o Yorksher heritor Anne Lister are an earlier ensaumple in Ingles.<ref>{{cite web | last = Chafee | first = Ellen | title = Lister, Anne (1791–1840) | work = glbtq: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture | year = 2002 | url = http://www.glbtq.com/literature/lister_a.html | accessdate = 16 March 2007 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070311020637/http://www.glbtq.com/literature/lister_a.html| archivedate= 11 March 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref> Anither friend o Ives wis Ingles [[socialism|socialist]] bard Edward Carpenter. Carpenter thocht that homosexuality wis innate an naitural, an that it shoudna be seen as a [[sin]] or a criminal offence.<ref name="WWiH">[[Warren Allen Smith]]: ''Who's Who in Hell, A Handbook and International Directory for Humanists, Freethinkers, Naturalists, Rationalists, and Non-Theists'', Barricade Books, New York, 2000, p. 186; {{ISBN|978-1-56980-158-1}}.</ref> His 1908 beuk on the subject, ''The Intermediate Sex'', becam a foondational text of the LGBT muivements of the 20t yeirhunner.<ref>Flood, M. (2007) ''International Encyclopedia of Men and Masculinities'', Routledge: Abingdon, p. 315</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bremer |first1=John |title=C.S. Lewis, Poetry, and the Great War: 1914-1918 |url=https://archive.org/details/cslewispoetrygre0000brem |date=2012 |publisher=Lexington Books |location=Plymouth, UK |isbn=978-0-7391-7152-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/cslewispoetrygre0000brem/page/47 47]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Regeneration|last=Barker|first=Pat|publisher=Dutton|year=1992|isbn=0525934278|location=New York, United States|pages=[https://archive.org/details/regeneration00bark_1/page/53 53–4]|via=|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/regeneration00bark_1/page/53}}</ref> Scots [[anarchism|anarchist]] John Henry Mackay wrat in defens of same-sex luve, androgyny an pederasty.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/RichardStraussAndJohnHenryMackay "Richard Strauss and John Henry Mackay" by [[Hubert Kennedy]]. Thamyris 2.]</ref> Gay men an lesbians war gien a vyce in 1897 wi the foondin o the ''Wissenschaftlich-Humanitäres Komitee'' (Scientific-Humanitarian Committee; WHK) in [[Berlin]], on 15 Mey 1897 (fower days afore Wilde's release fae jyle) bi Magnus Hirschfeld in the [[Weimar Republic]]. == Inter-weir yeirs == Magnus Hirschfeld based the WKH in his ''Institut für Sexualwissenschaft'' (Institute fur [[Sexology|Sexual Science]]) syne the latter's openin in 1919. The Institute makkit the first pro-gay fillum in the warld, ''Anders als die Anderen'' (Divers fae the Ithers),<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last1=Lichti|first1=James Irvin|title=Houses on the Sand?: Pacifist Denominations in Nazi Germany|date=2008|publisher=Peter Lang|isbn=978-0-8204-6731-3|page=175|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SYbwl3ML4jIC&pg=PA175|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite book|last1=Baer|first1=Marc David|title=German, Jew, Muslim, Gay: The Life and Times of Hugo Marcus|date=2020|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-55178-6|page=41|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h2KvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT41|language=en}}</ref> tae gie a haund tae thair foremaist activity, a petition tae call fur the owerturn o Paragraph 175 (submittit 1898, 1922, an 1925). The Committee furthset emancipation [[leeteratur]], sponsorit rallies, an campaignit fur legal reform outthroch Alemanie an forby in the Netherlans an Austrick. Bi 1922 it haed developit some 25 local chaipters. Hirschfeld's Institute anticipatit bi decades ither scientific centres (sic as the Kinsey Institute the U.S.) that specialised in [[sexology]] an sex research.  He forby helpit sponsor the World League of Sexual Reform, whilk wes establishit in 1928 at a conference in [[Copenhagen]].  In the maugre o Paragraph 175 an the failure o the WHK tae win its repeal, homosexual men an women were gied a bit o freedom in Germany, parteecular durand [[Weimar Germany|the Weimar speel]] atween the end o the [[First Warld Weir]] an the [[Nazi]] seizure o pouer. In monie lairger German cities, gay nicht-lyfe becam tholed, an the nummer o gay publications increased; atweel, accordin tae some historians, the nummer o gay bars an periodicals in Berlin in the 1920s exceedit that in [[New York Ceety|New York Citie]] sax decades later. Housomiver, [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]]'s seizure o pouer in 1933 an the [[Nazi Germany|Nazi era]] endit this. Hitler orderit the re-enforcement o Paragraph 175, an on Mey 6, 1933, German students raidit an ransackt Hirschfeld's archives an burnit the institute's warks in public. ''Anders als die Anderen'' still exists in pairt due to Hirchfeld's attempts at rescuin the fillum.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Ootwi Germany, ither gruips war forby creatit. Fur ensample, in 1914 the British Society for the Study of Sex Psychology wes foundit bi Edward Wricht an Havelock Ellis fur baith promotional an eddicational purpose. In the Unitit States in 1924 Henry Geber, an Aleman immigrant, foundit the Society fur Human Richts, whilk wes charterit bi the state o [[Illinois]]. Maugre the formation o sic groups, politeical activitie bi gay fowk wes forordinar na verra visible. Atweel, gay fowk war aft harasst bi the polis wheriver thay congregatit. [[Warld Weir II]] an its eftermath began tae chynge 'at. The weir brocht monie yung fowk tae cities an broucht visibility tae the gay commonty. In the U.S, mair muckle visibility broucht stramash, parteecular fae the govrenment an polis; ceevil servants war aft fired, the militarie attemptit tae purge its ranks o gay soldiers (a policie enactit durand Warld Weir II), an polis vice squads aft raidit gay bars an arrestit thair patrons. Houever, there wes greater politeical activitie an aw, aimit in lairge meisur at decriminalisin sodomie. == 1945-1970s == The ''Cultuur en Ontspannings Centrum'' (Cultur an Recreation Centre) wes foondit in 1946 in [[Amsterdam]]. In the Unitit States the foremaist major male organisation, foundit in 1950–51 bi Harry Hay in [[Los Angeles]], wes the Mattachine Society, its name reputed derivit fae a mediæval Frainch societie o maskit players, the ''société mattachine'', tae represent the public maskin o homosexuality (''the closet''). The Dochters o Bilitis, foundit in 1955 bi Phyllis Lyon an Del Martin in [[San Francisco]], wes a heidmaist group fur women. Forby, the Unitit States saw the publication o a naitional gay periodical, ''ONE'', whilk in 1958 won a Supreme Coort rulin that enablit it tae mail the magazine throu the postal service. In Breetain a commission chairit bi Sir John Wolfenden issuit a gruindbreakin report in 1957, whilk recommendit that private homosexual liaisons atween consentin adults be removit fae creeminal law. === ''Gay liberation'' era (1960s-1970s) === The recommendation wes implementit in [[Ingland an Wales|Inglan an Wales]] bi Pairlament in the [[Sexual Offences Act 1967]], effectively decriminalisin homosexual relations fur men age 21 or aulder. Legislation in [[Scotland|Scotlan]] ([[Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 1980|in 1980]]) an [[Norlin Airlan]] ([[Homosexual Offences (Northern Ireland) Order 1982|in 1982]] follaein a legal case a yeir aforehaund) equalised the [[age o consent]] for gay and straicht fowk. Forder legislation louered the [[Age o consent|age o sexual consent]] foremaist tae 18 (in 1994) an then tae 16 (in 2000), the latter o whilk equalisit the age o consent fur same-sex an opposite-sex fowk. The gay richts muivement wes beginnin tae win victories fur legal reform, parteecular in [[Wastren Europe]], but mebbe the single definin event o gay activism occurrit in the Unitit States. In the aerlie mornin hours o Juin 28, 1969, the Stonewall Inn, a gay bar in New York Citie's Greenwich Veelage, wes raidit bi the polis. Nearlins 400 fowk jyned a riot that lastit 45 minutes an resumit on succeedin nichts. The Stonewall riots cam tae be commemoratit yeirlie in Juin wi gay pride athort the warld. Breetain's foremaist LGBT richts organisation wes the Scottish Minorities Group (later ''Outright Scotland''), formit in Glesca in 1969 bi Ian Dunn. The SMG campaignit fur law reform fur gay men, forby providin sauf auries fur LGBT fowk tae congregate. Dunn later co-foondit the Paedophile Information Exchange (a pro-[[Paedophilia|paedophile]] group argiein again [[age o consent]] laws) as a special interest group inower the SMG.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/library-set-up-tribute-to-paedophile-campaigner-ian-dunn-tnwmxz6gt|title=Library set up tribute to paedophile campaigner Ian Dunn|first=Marc|last=Horne|date=10 January 2019|work=[[The Times]]|access-date=11 August 2020}}</ref> Elsewhaur in Breetain, the first meetin o the Gay Liberation Front (GLF) wis in 1971.<ref>Lucas, Ian (1998), ''OutRage!: an oral history'', Cassell, ISBN 978-0-304-33358-5</ref> The same yeir, ''Gay News'' magazine (co-foondit bi Dunn<ref name="autogenerated3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/obituary-ian-dunn-1151494.html|title=Obituary: Ian Dunn|date=21 March 1998|website=The Independent}}</ref>) was first furthset, and ran till 1983 wi a circulation o 18,000 at its heicht.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Downing |first1=John D. H. |title=Encyclopedia of Social Movement Media |date=2011 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-0-7619-2688-7 |page=214 |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iwPX23VameIC&pg=PA214 |language=en}}</ref> Owerseas post tae the magazine wis afttimes intercepted bi HM Customs an Excise.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vincent |first1=John |title=LGBT People and the UK Cultural Sector: The Response of Libraries, Museums, Archives and Heritage since 1950 |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-10549-7 |page=35 |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ajkfDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA35 |language=en}}</ref> In 1974, Dunn alangst wi the lawyer Derek Ogg convenit the International Gay Rights Congress in [[Embro]], whilk wes the foremaist post-weir internaitional conference o gay richts muivments.<ref name="autogenerated3" /> The Congress led tae the foondin o the International Gay Association (IGA)<ref name="autogenerated3" /><!-- Name at foondin --> in 1978 in [[Coventry]], Inglan. Heidquarterit in [[Brussels]] the nou, it plays a signeeficant role in coordinatin internaitional efforts tae promuiv human richts an fecht discreemination again [[LGBT]] fowk. The foremaist openly gay govrenment officials in the Unitit States war Jerry Degrieck an Nancy Wechsler, in Ann Arbor, [[Michigan]]. Thay baith war electit in 1972 an cam out while servin on the citie cooncil; Wechsler wes replacit on the cooncil bi Kathy Kozachenko, wha ran openly as a [[lesbian]], in 1974—thus becomin the foremaist openly gay bodie tae win office efter comin oot. In 1977 American gay richts activist Harvey Milk wes electit tae the govrening bodie o [[San Francisco]], the Buird o Supervisors. Milk wes killt bi assassination the follaein yeir. == 1980s == The [[HIV/AIDS]] pandemic o the [[1980s]], at the time seen as a gay disease,<ref>Altman, Lawrence K (May 11, 1982). "[https://www.nytimes.com/1982/05/11/science/new-homosexual-disorder-worries-health-officials.html?pagewanted=all New Homosexual Disorder Worries Health Officials]". ''New York Times''. Retrieved May 11, 2017.</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Block|first1=Melissa|title=Remembering the Early Days of 'Gay Cancer' Interview with Joe Wright|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5391495|work=NPR. Retrieved May 11, 2017.|date=May 8, 2006}}<nowiki></ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2015/12/01/a-disturbing-new-glimpse-at-the-reagan-administrations-indifference-to-aids/|title=A disturbing new glimpse at the Reagan administration's indifference to AIDS|last=Gibson|first=Caitlin|date=December 1, 2015|website=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=February 16, 2017|quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eDTBbgRbcwYC&pg=PA10|first=Mirko D.|last=Grmek|authorlink=Mirko Grmek|title=History of AIDS: Emergence and Origin of a Modern Pandemic|publisher=Princeton University Press|date=21 Jun 1993|page=10|isbn=0691024774}}</ref><ref>VerMeulen, Michael (May 31, 1982) "The Gay Plague". ''New York Magazine'', pp. 52-78.</ref> wis yin o the maun important issues o gay richts the time; this includit promuivin disease prevention an fundin fur research. In the 80s, gay politeical organisations proliferated, parteecular in the Unitit States an Europe, an spread tae ither pairts o the Yird, tho thair relative size, strenth, success, and beirance bi authorities wis muckle varied. The Human Rights Campaign an ACT UP in the Unitit States, an monie siclike organisations in athort the warld, began agitatin fur legal an social chynge. In 1981, the fictional buik ''Jenny Lives with Eric and Martin'' (Jenny bides wi Eric an Martin) wis furthset bi Dens scriever Susanne Bösche; at the time, her buik was condemned bi the Brits press as ''homosexual propaganda'' an led tae the passin o [[Section 28|Section 28 o the Local Government Act 1988]], prohibitin the '''promotion of homosexuality''<nowiki/>' as pairt o a '<nowiki/>''pretended family relationship''<nowiki/>'.<ref>Mars‐Jones, Adam. [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/03064228808534518 "The book that launched clause 28."] ''Index on Censorship'' 17.8 (1988): 37-40.</ref> Follaein the passage o this act, the UK's maist kenspeckle LGBT richts organisation Stonewall wis co-foondit bi Sir [[Ian McKellen]] an 13 ithers.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Levine |first1=Nick |title=British Icon of the Week: Sir Ian McKellen, Beloved Actor and Tireless LGBTQ Activist |url=https://www.bbcamerica.com/anglophenia/2020/06/british-icon-of-the-week-sir-ian-mckellen-beloved-actor-and-tireless-lgbtq-activist |work=BBC America |date=June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Stonewall at 30: How the LGBT+ charity fought for equality in the UK |url=https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2019/05/23/stonewall-at-30-uk-lgbt-charity/ |access-date=11 October 2020 |work=PinkNews - Gay news, reviews and comment from the world's most read lesbian, gay, bisexual, and trans news service |date=23 May 2019}}</ref> In the Unitit States, gay activists won support fae the [[Democratic Pairty (Unitit States)|Democrats]] in 1980, whan the pairty eikit tae its platform nondiscrimination clause a plank includin sexual orientation. Thir support, alangst campaigns bi gay activists urgin gay men an women tae ''come oot o the closet'', encouragit gay men an women tae enter the politeical arena as candidates. In 1983 Gerry Studds, a sittin representative fae [[Massachusetts]], becam the foremaist member o the Unitit States congress tae announce his homosexuality. Barney Frank, forby a member o the U.S. Hoose o Representatives fae Massachusetts, forby cam oot while servin in Congress in the 1980s; Frank wes a pouerfu member o that body an inower the Democratic Pairty intil the 21st yeirhunner. National Coming Out Day began oan 11 October 1988 an is nou celebrated athort the warld. The issues that gay richts groups emphasised varyt syne the 1970s bi tyme an place, wi sindèrie naitional organisations promuivin policies specifically fur thair kintra's milieu. Fur ensample, quharas in some kintras, parteecular in [[Scandinavie]], antisodomy statutes never existit or war struck doun aerlie, in ither kintras the situation wes mair complex. In the Unitit States, wi its strong federal traddition, the battle fur the repeal o sodomie laws initially wes feucht at the state level. In 1986 the Supreme Coort uphaudit [[Georgie (U.S. state)|Georgie]]'s antisodomie law (''Bowers v. Hardwick''); 17 yeir efterhin the Supreme Coort reversit itssel (''Lawrence v. Texas''), overturnin the antisodomy law in [[Texas]] an in 12 ither states. == 1990s-the nou == In 10 Mey 1990, OutRage! was formed in the Unitit Kinrick follaein the murther o gay actor Michael Boothe.<ref name="Robinson2007">{{Cite book|last=Robinson|first=Lucy|year=2007|title=Gay men and the left in post-war Britain: how the personal got political|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-7434-9|url=https://books.google.com/?id=F_RmSjy3K0EC|page=175|ref=harv}}</ref> Tammy Baldwin, fae [[Wisconsin]], becam the foremaist openly gay politeican tae be electit tae baith the Hoose o Representatives (1998) an the Senate (2012). In 2009 [[Annise Parker]] wes electit mayor o houston, america’s fourth largest citie, makin it the mucklest U.S. citie tae elect an openlie gay politeician as mayor. Ootwith the Unitit States, openlie gay politeicans forby haed successes. In canada in 1998 Glen Murray acame the Mayor o [[Winnipeg]], [[Manitoba]]—the foremaist openlie gay politeican tae leid a lairge citie. Lairge cities in europe forby waur fertile groonds fur success fur openlie gay politeicans—fur ensample, Bertrain Delanoë in [[Pairis]] an Klaus Wowereit in Berlin, baith electit mayur in 2001. At the local an naitional levels, the nummer o openlie gay politeicans gey increasit durin the [[1990s]] an [[2000s (decade)|2000s]], an in 2009 [[Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir]] becam Prime Minister o [[Iceland]]—the warld's foremaist openly gay [[heid o govrenment]]. She wes followit bi [[Elio Di Rupo]], wha becam Prime Minister o [[Belgium]] in 2011. In [[Africa]], [[Asie]] an [[Laitin Americae]], openlie gay politeicians haed nae muckle success in winnin office; elections tae national legislatures wirdy o tent include Patria Jiménez Flores in [[Mexico]] (1997), Mike Waters in [[Sooth Africae]] (1999), an Clodovil Hernandez in [[Brazil]] (2006). Ither issues o primar importance fur the gay richts muivement include lobbyin govrenment fur nondiscriminatory policies in employment, housing, an ither aspecks o ceevil societie; endin the baurin on military service fur gay an lesbian fowk; expandin hate crimes legislation tae include protection fur LGBT fowk; an securin [[Same-sex mairage|mairage richts fur same-sex couples]]. In Januar 2000, Breetain owerturnt its ban on gay men servin in the militarie an airmed forces.<ref>{{cite news |title=Brigadier quits over gays in military |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/620178.stm |access-date=11 October 2020 |work=BBC News |date=27 January 2000 |language=en}}</ref> [[Same-sex mairiage]] is legal in all airts o the UK; it has been recognised and performed in [[Ingland an Wales|Inglan an Wales]] syne Mairch 2014,<ref name="Marriages Start ENG + W, BBC">{{cite news|title=Same-sex marriage now legal as first couples wed|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-26793127|accessdate=29 March 2014|work=[[BBC News]]|date=29 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308042939/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-26793127|archivedate=8 March 2016}}</ref> in Scotlan syne December 2014,<ref name="BBC News">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-29595701|title=Date set for first same-sex marriages in Scotland|publisher=BBC News|date=13 October 2014|accessdate=29 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107164402/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-29595701|archivedate=7 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.scotsman.com/news/same-sex-marriage-becomes-legal-in-scotland-1-3635305|title=Same-sex marriage becomes legal in Scotland|publisher=[[The Scotsman]]|first=Scott |last=Macnab|date=16 December 2014|accessdate=29 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102172416/http://www.scotsman.com/news/same-sex-marriage-becomes-legal-in-scotland-1-3635305|archivedate=2 January 2016}}</ref><ref name="BBC News2">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-30637608|title=First same-sex weddings take place in Scotland|publisher=BBC News|date=31 December 2014|accessdate=29 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070014/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-30637608|archivedate=4 March 2016}}</ref> and in [[Norlin Airlan]] syne January 2020.<ref name=legalrecognitionNI>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-51086276|title=Same-sex marriage now legal in Northern Ireland|work=BBC News|date=13 January 2020}}</ref><ref name=nifirstmarriage>{{Cite news|last=Media|first=P. A.|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/feb/11/first-same-sex-marriage-northern-ireland-belfast-robyn-peoples-sharni-edwards|title=First same-sex marriage takes place in Northern Ireland|date=2020-02-11|work=The Guardian|access-date=2020-02-11|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Same-sex mairiage was later legal in 9 of the 14 [[Breetish Owerseas Territories]] an aw the [[Croun dependencies]].<ref>[https://questions-statements.parliament.uk/written-questions/detail/2020-02-10/14718 British Overseas Territories: Civil Partnerships: Question for Foreign and Commonwealth Office]{{Dead link|date=May 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. UIN 14718, tabled on 10 February 2020. Answered oan 13 Februar 2020. (access via [[Hansard]])</ref> In 2015, [[Preses o the Unitit States]] [[Barack Obama]] signed legislation that repealit the U.S. military's ''Don't Ask, Don't Tell'' (Scots: ''Dinnae Speir, Dinnae Tell''; DADT), policie furthset bi umquhile U.S. Preses [[Bill Clinton]] in 1993. DADT alloued gay an lesbian individuals tae serve in the military gin thay didna disclose thair sexual orientation or engage in gay sexual activity; the repeal effectively endit the baurin o homosexuals fae the military. In 2013 the Supreme Coort recognised the richt o same-sex couples tae marry (''Obergefell v. Hodges''), an in 2020 the coort determinit that firin an employee fur bein gay, lesbian, or transgender wes a violation o Title VII o the Civil Rights Act (1964), whilk prohibitit discrimination on the basis o sex (''Bostock v. Clayton County, Georgia''). == References == [https://www.britannica.com/topic/gay-rights-movement "Gay Rights Movement"], ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''[[Encyclopædia Britannica|,]] unless specifieed itherwise ablow: {{reflist}} [[Category:Ceevil richts an liberties]] foy9f51cvakrgaiwkt2q9qowjw1ypkj 0 226246 920009 909461 2026-07-25T00:33:31Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 920009 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fix scots}} {{Infobox bodie |name=Elsie Maud Inglis |image=Elsie Inglis.jpg |image_size= |caption=Elsie Inglis |birth_date={{Birth date|df=yes|1864|08|16}} |birth_place=[[Naini Tal]], India |death_date={{Death date and age|df=yes|1917|11|26|1864|08|16}} |death_place=[[Newcastle upon Tyne]], Ingland |resting_place=(en) [[Dean cemetery]] |nationality=[[UK|British]] |other_names=(en) The Woman with the [[Flashlight|Torch]] |alma_mater=(en) [[University of Edinburgh]] |occupation=Doctor |known_for=[[Suffragist]]; [[World War I|First World War]] doctor; (en) campaigner for women and children's health |honours=[[Order of the White Eagle (Serbia) |Serbian Order of the White Eagle (First Class)]] }} '''Elsie Maud Inglis''' (16 August 1864 – 26 November 1917) wis ane o the Scots pioneer physicians an surgeons, inspirin teacher,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenational.scot/news/18426143.greatest-scot-many-talents-dr-elsie-inglis/ |title=Greatest Scot? The many talents of Dr. Elsie Inglis |last= |first= |date= |website= |url-status=live |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=}}</ref> an suffragist, that stairtit the [[Scottish Weemen's Hospitals]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/55cac7ac-6fff-46fe-9939-6269c26ef6d8 |title=Scrapbook [relating to the Scottish Women's Hospital] |last= |first= |date= |website= |url-status=live |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=}}</ref> and wis the first weeman gien the [[Serbian Order o the White Eagle]].<ref>"Serbian White Eagle: Scotswoman as the first woman recipient", Aberdeen Journal, 15 April 1916</ref> == Life == Inglis wis born Elsie (Eliza) Maud Inglis on 16 August 1864 in Naini Tal, [[Indie]] an dee'd 26 November 1917 in [[Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle]], [[Ingland]].<ref name=":0" />[[File:The-hospice.jpg|thumb|The Hospice Ryal Mile|left|246x246px]] == Career == [[File:Spomen-poprsje koje je izradio Ivan Meštrović.jpg|thumb]] Inglis wis amangst the furst group o weemen tae study medicine in Scotland an tae qualify. She wis, alangside [[Grace Cadell]], ane o the first entrants tae the Embro Schuill o Medicine fur Women, set up bi [[Sophia Jex-Blake]]. In 1982, efter passin the examins fur the 'Triple Qualification' o LRCPE ([[Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh]]), LRCSE ([[Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh]]) an LFPSG ([[Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow]]). This quality haed been set up wi the three Scots Medical Royal Colleges to allou fowk thit coudnae enter universitie tae dae exams alike tae the yins duin bi university students. This alloued her name tae git ontae the Medical Registrate an alloued her tae practise as a doctor. Weemen didnae graduate in medicine frae a Scots University until 1894, an she received her MBChM qualification in 1899, frae the [[Varsity o Edinburgh]].<ref name=":0">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict0000unse_m9p0|title=Inglis, Elsie Maude |last= |first= |work=The Biographical Dictionary of Scottish Women |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7486-3293-0 |editor-last=Ewan |editor-first=Elizabeth |location=Edinburgh |pages=[https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict0000unse_m9p0/page/177 177]–178 |quote= |editor-last2=Innes |editor-first2=Sue |editor-last3=Reynolds |editor-first3=Siân |editor-last4=Pipes |editor-first4=Rose |via=}}</ref> [[File:"The Chief" (Elsie Inglis) and some of her sisters - 1916.png|center|frame|" The Chief" (Elsie Inglis) and some o her sisters 1916]] In 1886, Inglis stairtit up the Medical Women's Club (Medical Weemen's Club), set up wi the prime aim tae stairt a hospital fur weemen, The Hospice, on the [[Ryal Mile]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://historycompany.co.uk/2014/02/06/the-legacy-of-elsie-inglis-edinburghs-shame/ |title=The Legacy of Elsie Inglis Edinburgh's Shame |last= |first= |date= |website= |url-status=live |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=}}</ref> wi her suffragist connections cud fund and set up the [[Scottish Women's Hospitals for Foreign Service]] in [[Warld War I|Warld War One]], treatin the injured o aw nations.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/Wscot.htm |title=Scottish Women's Hospital Unit |last= |first= |date= |website= |url-status=live |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=}}</ref> === Statue === In 2022, a croodfundin appeal led bi Thea Laurie an Fiona Garwood, gaithert £50,000 bi inrowin politeecians an groups an the scriever [[Sara Sheridan]] an tennis coach [[Judy Murray]], [[COVID-19_pandemic|Covid]] public health specialist [[Linda Bauld]], as weel as Edinburgh's [[Lord Provost]], Frank Ross an [[Jenni Minto]], MSP, gaint £50,000 in fundin. The organisers seyed '“Dr Inglis is the perfect representative for women in Edinburgh. Her achievements in philanthropy and her efforts during World War One are just exceptional. She was a woman who would not be told to sit still and know her place." This is anely the third statue to a wumman in Edinburgh.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Flockhart|first=Gary|date=9 May 2022|title=Elsie Inglis to have long-awaited statue placed on Royal Mile after £50k raised|url=https://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/heritage-and-retro/heritage/elsie-inglis-edinburghs-medical-trailblazer-elsie-inglis-to-have-long-awaited-statue-placed-on-royal-mile-after-ps50k-raised-3686899|access-date=2022-05-10|website=www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com|language=en}}</ref> The design o the statue wis oreeginally pit oot tae ae contest, but wis cancelled in favour o commissionin royal sculptor Alexander Stoddart. In October 2022, the statue wis pit on haud ower the cancellin.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Carrell |first1=Severin |title=Edinburgh suffragist statue put on hold after bitter row over sculptor |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/oct/21/edinburgh-suffragette-elsie-inglis-statue-put-on-hold-bitter-row-sculptor |access-date=5 February 2024 |work=The Guardian |date=21 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Charity apologises over feminist Elsie Inglis statue row |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-edinburgh-east-fife-63451578 |access-date=5 February 2024 |work=BBC News |date=31 October 2022}}</ref> In Januar 2023, ae statue designed bi Natasha Phoenix wis pit up in Surgeons' Halls Museums insteid.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Robertson |first1=Adam |title=New sculpture of 'beloved' Scot to go on display after controversy |url=https://www.thenational.scot/news/23289143.new-sculpture-greatest-scot-elsie-inglis-go-display/ |access-date=5 February 2024 |work=The National |date=1 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref> == Soorces == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Inglis, Elsie}} [[Category:1917 daiths]] [[Category:1864 births]] [[Category:Recipients o the Order o St. Sava]] [[Category:Buirials at the Dean Seemetry]] [[Category:Fowk frae Edinburgh]] [[Category:Alumni o the Varsity o Edinburgh]] [[Category:20t-century Scots medical doctors]] [[Category:19t-century Scots medical doctors]] rowzl9riapzw4ysabc2bkfg6oazdnh8 0 226912 919962 913913 2026-07-24T23:51:07Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 4 books for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 919962 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox poleetical pairty |name=Plaid Cymru – the Party of Wales |seats2_title=[[House of Lords]]<ref name="Lords">{{cite web | url=http://www.parliament.uk/mps-lords-and-offices/lords/composition-of-the-lords/ | title=Lords by party and type of peerage | publisher=UK Parliament | access-date=5 April 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150612122117/http://www.parliament.uk/mps-lords-and-offices/lords/composition-of-the-lords/ | archive-date=12 June 2015 | url-status=live }}</ref> |membership_year=2018 |membership={{increase}} 11,500<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://nation.cymru/news/plaid-cymru-see-25-membership-boost-following-adam-prices-leadership-victory/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=12 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013014442/https://nation.cymru/news/plaid-cymru-see-25-membership-boost-following-adam-prices-leadership-victory/ |archive-date=13 October 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> |position=[[Centre-left]]<ref name="Almeida2012">{{cite book|author=Dimitri Almeida|title=The Impact of European Integration on Political Parties: Beyond the Permissive Consensus|url=https://books.google.com/books?uid=oD7bKbo0FYEC&pg=PA89|year=2012|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-136-34039-0|page=89}}</ref><ref>[http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2017/04/wales-and-brexit-dilemma-will-radical-devolution-provide-escape Wales and the Brexit dilemma - will radical devolution provide an escape?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629032830/http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2017/04/wales-and-brexit-dilemma-will-radical-devolution-provide-escape |date=29 June 2017 }} ''New Statesman''. Published 13 April 2017. Retrieved 24 June 2017.</ref> to<br/>[[left-wing]]<ref>{{Cite document|first=Richard |last=Dunphy |title=Contesting capitalism?: Left parties and European integration |url=https://archive.org/details/contestingcapita0000dunp |publisher=Manchester University Press |year=2004 |page=[https://archive.org/details/contestingcapita0000dunp/page/157 157]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite document|first1=Nicola |last1=McEwen |first2=Richard |last2=Parry |title=Devolution and the preservation of the United Kingdom welfare state |work=The Territorial Politics of Welfare |publisher=Routledge |year=2005 |page=53}}</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-2015-wales-32084337 Election profile: Plaid Cymru] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023035258/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-2015-wales-32084337 |date=23 October 2018 }}. "Led by Leanne Wood, the first female leader in the party's history, Plaid Cymru sees itself as a '''left wing party''' aiming at increasing economic prosperity and social justice, and securing an independent Wales." [https://www.bbc.co.uk/ BBC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126190419/https://www.bbc.co.uk/ |date=26 January 2018 }}. Published 27 March 2015. Retrieved 25 November 2016.</ref>|european=[[European Free Alliance]] |seats1_title=[[List of MPs for constituencies in Wales (2019–present)|House of Commons (Welsh seats)]]|seats1={{Composition bar|3|40|hex=#008142}}|seats2={{Composition bar|{{HOL|PC}}|{{HOL|TOTAL}}|hex=#008142}}|wing1_title=LGBT wing|seats3_title=[[Senedd Cymru – Welsh Parliament]]|seats3={{Composition bar|10|60|hex=#008142}}|seats4_title=[[Local government in Wales]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.opencouncildata.co.uk/councils.php?model=W&y=|title=Open Council Data UK - compositions councillors parties wards elections|website=www.opencouncildata.co.uk|access-date=2019-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320191252/http://www.opencouncildata.co.uk/councils.php?model=W&y=|archive-date=20 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>|seats4={{Composition bar|202|1253|hex=#008142}}|seats5_title=[[Police and Crime Commissioner]] (Wales)|seats5={{Composition bar|2|4|hex=#008142}}|wing1=Plaid Pride|youth_wing=[[Plaid Ifanc]] |logo=Plaid Cymru Logo.New.png |leader1_title=Leader|colorcode={{Plaid Cymru/meta/color}} |foundation={{Start date and age|1925|08|05|df=yes}} |ideology={{Plainlist|class=nowrap}} *[[Welsh nationalism]]<ref>{{cite news |last= Zurcher |first= Anthony |date= 9 December 2019 |title= General election 2019: Does UK hold clues to Trump's fortunes? |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-50717536 |work= BBC News |access-date= 10 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= Mandhai |first= Shafik |date= 5 October 2016 |title= UK Conservative Party's migration comments prompt anger |url= https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/uk-conservative-party-migration-comments-prompt-anger-161005161540933.html |work= Al Jazeera |access-date= 10 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= Leftly |first= Mark |date= 18 January 2017 |title= British Lawmakers Worry About Donald Trump's Offer of a Trade Deal |url= https://time.com/4637347/brexit-theresa-may-donald-trump-britain-deal/ |work= [[Time (magazine)|Time]] |location= London |access-date= 10 September 2020 |archive-date= 2020-12-03 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201203042357/https://time.com/4637347/brexit-theresa-may-donald-trump-britain-deal/ |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= Sandle |first= Paul |date= 3 November 2019 |title= Brexit Party leader Nigel Farage will not run in UK election |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-election-farage-idUSKBN1XD05Y |work= Reuters |access-date= 10 September 2020}}</ref> *[[Social democracy]]<ref name="Schrijver">{{Cite document|first=Frans |last=Schrijver |title=Regionalism After Regionalisation: Spain, France and the United Kingdom |url=https://archive.org/details/regionalismafter0000schr |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |year=2006 |page=[https://archive.org/details/regionalismafter0000schr/page/330 330]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite document|first=Stephen |last=Driver |title=Understanding British Party Politics |url=https://archive.org/details/understandingbri0000driv |publisher=Polity Press |year=2011 |page=[https://archive.org/details/understandingbri0000driv/page/176 176]}}</ref><ref name="Nordsieck">{{cite web |url= http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/wales.html |first= Wolfram |last= Nordsieck |website= Parties and Elections in Europe |title= Wales/UK |year= 2016 |access-date= 7 October 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180914212053/http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/wales.html |archive-date= 14 September 2018 |url-status= live}}</ref> *[[Democratic socialism]]<ref name="Schrijver"/><ref>{{Cite document|first=Alan |last=Siaroff |title=Comparative European Party Systems: An Analysis of Parliamentary Elections Since 1945 |url=https://archive.org/details/comparativeeurop0000siar |publisher=Garland |year=2000 |page=[https://archive.org/details/comparativeeurop0000siar/page/467 467]}}</ref><ref name="Elias06">{{Cite document|first=Anwen |last=Elias |title=From 'full national status' to 'independence' in Europe: The case of Plaid Cymru — the Party of Wales |work=European Integration and the Nationalities Question |publisher=Routledge |year=2006 |page=194}}</ref> * [[Environmentalism]]<ref name="Hamilton">{{Cite document |first=Paul |last=Hamilton |title= Nationalism and Environmentalism |work=Nations and Nationalism: A Global Historical Overview |volume=3 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2008 |page=881}}</ref><ref name="Elias06"/> *[[Welsh unthirldom]]<ref name="Nordsieck"/><ref>[https://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/plaid2016/pages/710/attachments/original/1473669673/Programme_for_Opposition.pdf?1473669673 Programme for Opposition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831045508/https://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/plaid2016/pages/710/attachments/original/1473669673/Programme_for_Opposition.pdf?1473669673 |date=31 August 2017 }}. p. 4. Accessed via the official Plaid Cymru website. Accessed on 30 August 2017.</ref> * [[Civic nationalism]]<ref name="Hamilton"/> * [[Regionalism (politics)|Regionalism]]<ref name="Schrijver2006">{{cite book|author=Frans Schrijver|title=Regionalism After Regionalisation: Spain, France and the United Kingdom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u8gZklxHTMUC&pg=PA261|year=2006|publisher=Amsterdam University Press|isbn=978-90-5629-428-1|pages=261–290|access-date=25 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501212840/https://books.google.com/books?id=u8gZklxHTMUC&pg=PA261|archive-date=1 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>|headquarters={{lang|cy|Tŷ Gwynfor|italic=no}}<br/>Marine Chambers<br/>Anson Court<br/>Atlantic Wharf<br/>Cardiff<br/>CF10 4AL |website={{Official URL}} |country=Unitit Kinrick |leader1_name=[[Rhun ap Iorwerth]] |leader5_name=[[Dafydd Wigley|The Lord Wigley]] |leader2_title=Deputy Leader |leader2_name={{lang|cy|[[Delyth Jewell]] |italic=no}} |leader3_title={{nowrap|House of Commons}} <br/> Group Leader |leader3_name=[[Liz Saville Roberts]] |leader4_title=Chairman |leader4_name=[[Marc Jones]] |leader5_title=Honorary President|country2=Wales}} '''Plaid Cymru''' ({{IPAc-en|lang|ˌ|p|l|aɪ|d|_|ˈ|k|ʌ|m|ɹ|i}} {{Respell|PLYDE|_|KUM|ree}};<ref>{{Cite web|date=September 2014|title=Plaid Cymru, n.|url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/144970|access-date=30 November 2014|website=OED Online|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> {{IPA-cy|plaid ˈkəmri|lang}}; offeecially '''Plaid Cymru – the Party of Wales''', aften kent as jist '''Plaid''') is a Welsh nationalist political pairty in Wales. Ideologically, Plaid is poseitioned on the centre-left tae left-weing o the British political spectrum an caas for Welsh unthirldom frae the [[Unitit Kinrick]]. Plaid wis foondit in 1925 and won its first seat in the [[Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick|UK]] Pairlament in 1966. The party hauds three o 40 Welsh seats in the UK Pairlament, 10 o 60 seats in the Senedd Cymru, an 202 o 1,264 principal local authority cooncillors. It is a memmer of the European Free Alliance. == Platform == Plaid Cymru's goals as set oot in its constitution ar: # Tae promuive the constitutional advancement o Wales wi a view tae gainin unthirldom athin the [[European Union]]; # Tae ensure economic prosperity, social justice an the heal o the natural environment, based on decentralist [[socialism]]; # Tae big a national commonity based on equal citizenship, respect for different tradeitions an culturs an the equal worth o aa individuals, whitiver their race, nationality, gender, colour, creed, sexuality, age, ability or social background; # Tae create a bilingual society bi promuivin uiss o the [[Welsh leid]]; # To promuive Wales' contreibution tae the global commonity an tae attain memmership o the [[Unitit Naitions|Unitit Nations]]. ==References== {{reflist}} {{stub}} [[Category:Social democratic pairties in the Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:Plaid Cymru]] [[Category:Webarchive template wayback airtins]] [[Category:CS1 errors: missin periodical]] [[Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as teetle]] [[Category:Airticles conteenin Welsh-leid text]] q5oozik4gqzigtpcedh6tyo30101ds4 2 228642 919921 919353 2026-07-24T18:36:39Z ListeriaBot 30924 Wikidata list updated [V2] 919921 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wikidata list |sparql=SELECT ?item ?itemLabel ?article ?P31 ?P31Label where { hint:Query hint:optimizer "None". SERVICE wikibase:mwapi { bd:serviceParam wikibase:endpoint "sco.wikipedia.org"; wikibase:api "Generator"; mwapi:generator "categorymembers"; mwapi:gcmtitle "Category:Pages that wis written by a body that haesna a guid grip on the leid" ; # specifically here mwapi:gcmprop "ids|title|type"; mwapi:gcmlimit "max". # out ?article wikibase:apiOutput mwapi:title. # en-wikipedia article / category name ?item wikibase:apiOutputItem mwapi:item. # wikidata QId for the article } filter(bound(?item)) optional {?item wdt:P31 ?P31 . } SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language "[AUTO_LANGUAGE],en". } } |columns=?item,?itemLabel,?article,?P31,?P31Label |section=131 |min_section=3 |sort=label |links=text |thumb=128 |autolist=fallback |summary=itemnumber |wdedit=yes }} == Aiberdeenshire == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q1382485' | [[Auld Deer]] | Old Deer | Auld Deer | [[veelage]] | village |- class='wd_q1017537' | [[Innerurie]] | Inverurie | Innerurie | [[toun]]<br/>small burgh | town<br/>small burgh |- class='wd_q7296039' | [[Rattra, Aiberdeenshire|Rattra]] | Rattray | Rattra, Aiberdeenshire | [[veelage]] | village |- class='wd_q7337163' | [[River Bogie]] | River Bogie | River Bogie | [[river]]<br/>burn | river<br/>stream |- class='wd_q7337341' | [[River Deveron|River Deeveron]] | River Deveron | River Deveron | [[river]] | river |- class='wd_q387736' | [[River Don|River Don, Aiberdeenshire]] | River Don | River Don | [[river]] | river |- class='wd_q2473946' | [[River Ugie]] | River Ugie | River Ugie | [[river]] | river |- class='wd_q432066' | [[River Ury]] | River Urie | River Ury | [[river]] | river |- class='wd_q2601506' | [[River Ythan]] | River Ythan | River Ythan | [[river]] | river |} == Azerbaijan == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q269680' | [[Astara Rayon]] | Astara District | Astara Rayon | district of Azerbaijan | district of Azerbaijan |- class='wd_q457513' | [[Kalbajar Rayon]] | Kalbajar District | Kalbajar Rayon | district of Azerbaijan | district of Azerbaijan |- class='wd_q688626' | [[Lerik Rayon]] | Lerik District | Lerik Rayon | district of Azerbaijan | district of Azerbaijan |- class='wd_q593872' | [[Qabala Rayon]] | Qabala District | Qabala Rayon | district of Azerbaijan | district of Azerbaijan |} == Bangkok == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q534226' | [[Bang Bon Destrict]] | Bang Bon | Bang Bon Destrict | district of Bangkok | district of Bangkok |- class='wd_q806445' | [[Bang Kapi Destrict]] | Bang Kapi | Bang Kapi Destrict | district of Bangkok | district of Bangkok |- class='wd_q806443' | [[Bang Khen Destrict]] | Bang Khen | Bang Khen Destrict | district of Bangkok | district of Bangkok |- class='wd_q806446' | [[Bang Kho Laem Destrict]] | Bang Kho Laem | Bang Kho Laem Destrict | district of Bangkok | district of Bangkok |- class='wd_q806448' | [[Bang Na Destrict]] | Bang Na | Bang Na Destrict | district of Bangkok | district of Bangkok |- class='wd_q1001823' | [[Bueng Kum Destrict]] | Bueng Kum | Bueng Kum Destrict | district of Bangkok | district of Bangkok |- class='wd_q1019598' | [[Chom Thong Destrict, Bangkok|Chom Thong Destrict]] | Chom Thong | Chom Thong Destrict, Bangkok | district of Bangkok | district of Bangkok |- class='wd_q1975222' | [[Huai Khwang Destrict]] | Huai Khwang | Huai Khwang Destrict | district of Bangkok | district of Bangkok |- class='wd_q1019432' | [[Khan Na Yao Destrict]] | Khan Na Yao | Khan Na Yao Destrict | district of Bangkok | district of Bangkok |- class='wd_q1740651' | [[Khlong Sam Wa Destrict]] | Khlong Sam Wa | Khlong Sam Wa Destrict | district of Bangkok | district of Bangkok |- class='wd_q1403340' | [[Khlong Toei Destrict]] | Khlong Toei | Khlong Toei Destrict | district of Bangkok | district of Bangkok |- class='wd_q1008352' | [[Lak Si Destrict]] | Lak Si | Lak Si Destrict | district of Bangkok | district of Bangkok |- class='wd_q999094' | [[Lat Phrao Destrict]] | Lat Phrao | Lat Phrao Destrict | district of Bangkok | district of Bangkok |- class='wd_q1936178' | [[Min Buri Destrict]] | Min Buri | Min Buri Destrict | district of Bangkok | district of Bangkok |- class='wd_q1839285' | [[Nong Chok Destrict]] | Nong Chok | Nong Chok Destrict | district of Bangkok | district of Bangkok |- class='wd_q473316' | [[Phra Khanong Destrict]] | Phra Khanong | Phra Khanong Destrict | district of Bangkok | district of Bangkok |- class='wd_q1019626' | [[Prawet Destrict]] | Prawet | Prawet Destrict | district of Bangkok | district of Bangkok |- class='wd_q1019633' | [[Rat Burana Destrict]] | Rat Burana | Rat Burana Destrict | district of Bangkok | district of Bangkok |- class='wd_q1025969' | [[Sai Mai Destrict]] | Sai Mai | Sai Mai Destrict | district of Bangkok | district of Bangkok |- class='wd_q1019420' | [[Saphan Sung Destrict]] | Saphan Sung | Saphan Sung Destrict | district of Bangkok | district of Bangkok |- class='wd_q1019611' | [[Suan Luang Destrict]] | Suan Luang | Suan Luang Destrict | district of Bangkok | district of Bangkok |- class='wd_q1972732' | [[Thung Khru Destrict]] | Thung Khru | Thung Khru Destrict | district of Bangkok | district of Bangkok |- class='wd_q1019651' | [[Yan Nawa Destrict]] | Yan Nawa | Yan Nawa Destrict | district of Bangkok | district of Bangkok |} == Californie == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q104994' | [[Los Angeles Coonty]] | Los Angeles County | Los Angeles Coonty | charter county of California | charter county of California |- class='wd_q5925' | [[Orange Coonty, Californie|Orange Coonty]] | Orange County | Orange Coonty, Californie | charter county of California | charter county of California |- class='wd_q62' | [[San Francisco]] | San Francisco | San Francisco | ceety o the Unitit States<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>sanctuary city<br/>charter ceety an coonty (Californie) | city in the United States<br/>big city<br/>sanctuary city<br/>charter city and county |} == Ceety o Edinburgh == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q4979466' | [[Brunstane]] | Brunstane | Brunstane | suburb | suburb |- class='wd_q5211552' | [[Dalmeny]] | Dalmeny | Dalmeny | [[veelage]] | village |- class='wd_q1633842' | [[Naitional Museum o Scotland]] | National Museum of Scotland | Naitional Museum o Scotland | museum | museum |- class='wd_q1547466' | [[St Giles' Cathedral]] | St Giles' Cathedral | St Giles' Cathedral | [[cathedral]] | cathedral |- class='wd_q8038444' | [[Writers' Museum]] | Writers' Museum | Writers' Museum | museum<br/>local authority museum | museum<br/>local authority museum |} == Central District == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q331078' | [[Amol]] | Amol | Amol | ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>city of Iran | big city<br/>city of Iran |- class='wd_q158928' | [[Bushehr]] | Bushehr | Bushehr | ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>city of Iran | big city<br/>city of Iran |- class='wd_q180078' | [[Kermanshah]] | Kermanshah | Kermanshah | ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>city of Iran | big city<br/>city of Iran |- class='wd_q170573' | [[Qom]] | Qom | Qom | city of Iran | city of Iran |} == Dumfries an Gallowa == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q606739' | [[Clan Agnew]] | Clan Agnew | Clan Agnew | [[Faimily|faimlie]]<br/>[[Scots clan]] | family<br/>Scottish clan |- class='wd_q652035' | [[Dumfries]] | Dumfries | Dumfries | [[toun]]<br/>large burgh | town<br/>large burgh |- class='wd_q16893264' | [[Kenmure Castle]] | Kenmure Castle | Kenmure Castle | [[castle]] | castle |- class='wd_q1853868' | [[Mull o Gallowa]] | Mull of Galloway | Mull o Gallowa | headland | headland |- class='wd_q24639097' | [[Polharrow Burn]] | Polharrow Burn | Polharrow Burn | burn | stream |- class='wd_q7333403' | [[Rigg railwey station]] | Rigg railway station | Rigg railwey station | railway station | railway station |- class='wd_q7587694' | [[St Cuthbert Wanderers F.C.]] | St. Cuthbert Wanderers F.C. | St Cuthbert Wanderers F.C. | association fitbaa club | association football club |- class='wd_q67184386' | [[St Martin an' St Ninian Catholic Church, Whithorn, Wigtownshire]] | St Martin and St Ninian Catholic Church | St Martin an' St Ninian Catholic Church, Whithorn, Wigtownshire | [[kirk]] | church building |- class='wd_q2445404' | [[Whithorn Priory]] | Whithorn Priory | Whithorn Priory | priory | priory |} == Fife == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q1016877' | [[Buckhyne|Buckhynde]] | Buckhaven | Buckhyne | [[toun]] | town |- class='wd_q937842' | [[Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews]] | The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews | Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews | golf club | golf club |- class='wd_q1011984' | [[Stramiglae]] | Strathmiglo | Stramiglae | [[veelage]] | village |} == Glasgow City == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q13495014' | [[Crosshill|Croashull]] | Crosshill | Crosshill | destrict | district |- class='wd_q1966112' | [[Cruixtoun Castle]] | Crookston Castle | Cruixtoun Castle | tower house<br/>archaeological site<br/>ringwork castle | tower house<br/>archaeological site<br/>ringwork castle |- class='wd_q506290' | [[Glesga Subway]] | Glasgow Subway | Glesga Subway | [[Rapid transit|subterranean rapid transit]] | rapid transit |- class='wd_q5600557' | [[Greater Glesga]] | Greater Glasgow | Greater Glesga | [[Urban area|urban aurie]] | urban area |- class='wd_q183161' | [[River Kelvin|Kelvin]] | River Kelvin | River Kelvin | [[river]] | river |- class='wd_q3446028' | [[Royal Conservatoire of Scotland]] | Royal Conservatoire of Scotland | Royal Conservatoire of Scotland | nan-profit organisation<br/>college or varsity schuil o muisic<br/>open-access publisher | nonprofit organization<br/>conservatory<br/>open-access publisher |- class='wd_q7592311' | [[St Aloysius' College, Glesga]] | St Aloysius' College | St Aloysius' College, Glesga | seicontary schuil<br/>nan-profit organisation<br/>Catholic school | secondary school<br/>nonprofit organization<br/>Catholic school |- class='wd_q233283' | [[West Highland Line]] | West Highland Line | West Highland Line | railway line | railway line |} == Hieland == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q2423015' | [[Argye]] | Ardgay | Argye | [[Toun (disambiguation)|human settlement]] | human settlement |- class='wd_q1016920' | [[Dornach]] | Dornoch | Dornach | [[toun]]<br/>small burgh | town<br/>small burgh |- class='wd_q2464541' | [[Dunbeath]] | Dunbeath | Dunbeath | [[Toun (disambiguation)|human settlement]] | human settlement |- class='wd_q1232135' | [[Far North Line]] | Far North Line | Far North Line | railway line | railway line |- class='wd_q1426707' | [[Fort George, Hieland|Fort George]] | Fort George | Fort George, Hieland | barracks<br/>fort<br/>military museum | barracks<br/>fort<br/>military museum |- class='wd_q260405' | [[Glenelg]] | Glenelg | Glenelg | [[Toun (disambiguation)|human settlement]] | human settlement |- class='wd_q403657' | [[Great Glen]] | Great Glen | Great Glen | valley | valley |- class='wd_q160493' | [[Innerness]] | Inverness | Innerness | [[ceety]]<br/>large burgh | city<br/>large burgh |- class='wd_q939913' | [[Kyle o Lochalsh]] | Kyle of Lochalsh | Kyle o Lochalsh | [[veelage]] | village |- class='wd_q586470' | [[Kyle of Lochalsh line]] | Kyle of Lochalsh Line | Kyle of Lochalsh line | railway line<br/>ELR railway line section | railway line<br/>ELR railway line section |- class='wd_q1018747' | [[Lochinver]] | Lochinver | Lochinver | [[veelage]] | village |- class='wd_q3440681' | [[River Beauly]] | River Beauly | River Beauly | [[river]] | river |- class='wd_q7337648' | [[River Nairn]] | River Nairn | River Nairn | [[river]] | river |- class='wd_q679476' | [[Scraibster]] | Scrabster | Scraibster | [[Toun (disambiguation)|human settlement]] | human settlement |- class='wd_q944987' | [[Shieldaig]] | Shieldaig | Shieldaig | [[Toun (disambiguation)|human settlement]] | human settlement |- class='wd_q19720' | [[River Spey|Spey]] | River Spey | River Spey | [[river]] | river |- class='wd_q987766' | [[The Groats]] | John o' Groats | The Groats | [[Toun (disambiguation)|human settlement]] | human settlement |} == Japan == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q127864' | [[Chūgoku region]] | Chūgoku region | Chūgoku region | region of Japan<br/>stateestical region | region of Japan<br/>statistical territorial entity |- class='wd_q48326' | [[Iwate Prefectur]] | Iwate Prefecture | Iwate Prefectur | [[prefecturs o Japan]] | prefecture of Japan |- class='wd_q160420' | [[Saga Prefectur]] | Saga Prefecture | Saga Prefectur | [[prefecturs o Japan]] | prefecture of Japan |} == Jeollabuk-do == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q50246' | [[Buan]] | Buan County | Buan | coonty o Sooth Korea | county of South Korea |- class='wd_q42074' | [[Gunsan]] | Gunsan | Gunsan | ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>city of South Korea | big city<br/>city of South Korea |- class='wd_q50242' | [[Muju]] | Muju County | Muju | coonty o Sooth Korea | county of South Korea |} == Manhattan == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q6523155' | [[Malcolm X Boulevard]] | Malcolm X Boulevard | Malcolm X Boulevard | street<br/>north-south avenue in Manhattan | street<br/>north-south avenue in Manhattan |- class='wd_q11690' | [[Wall Street]] | Wall Street | Wall Street | street | street |- class='wd_q11235' | [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]] | World Trade Center | World Trade Center (1973–2001) | building complex<br/>destroyed building or structure | building complex<br/>destroyed building or structure |} == Maricopa County == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q51686' | [[Peoria, Arizona|Peoria]] | Peoria | Peoria, Arizona | ceety o the Unitit States<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | city in the United States<br/>big city |- class='wd_q16556' | [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]] | Phoenix | Phoenix, Arizona | coonty seat<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>city in Arizona | county seat<br/>big city<br/>city in Arizona |- class='wd_q51685' | [[Tempe, Arizona|Tempe]] | Tempe | Tempe, Arizona | ceety o the Unitit States<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | city in the United States<br/>big city |} == Montgomery County == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q328941' | [[Clarksville, Tennessee|Clarksville]] | Clarksville | Clarksville, Tennessee | ceety o the Unitit States<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | city in the United States<br/>big city |- class='wd_q755844' | [[Potomac, Maryland|Potomac]] | Potomac | Potomac, Maryland | [[census-designated place]]<br/>unincorporatit commonty | census-designated place in the United States<br/>unincorporated community |- class='wd_q754646' | [[South Kensington, Maryland|South Kensington]] | South Kensington | South Kensington, Maryland | [[census-designated place]] | census-designated place in the United States |} == Moray == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q1013606' | [[Burgheid]] | Burghead | Burgheid | [[toun]]<br/>small burgh | town<br/>small burgh |- class='wd_q5015800' | [[Cabrach]] | Cabrach | Cabrach | [[Toun (disambiguation)|human settlement]] | human settlement |- class='wd_q1969309' | [[Cullen, Moray|Cullen]] | Cullen | Cullen, Moray | [[veelage]]<br/>small burgh | village<br/>small burgh |- class='wd_q8313107' | [[River Aan]] | River Avon | River Aan | [[river]] | river |- class='wd_q7337598' | [[River Lossie]] | River Lossie | River Lossie | [[river]] | river |- class='wd_q7231712' | [[The Sloch]] | Portessie | The Sloch | [[veelage]] | village |} == New York Ceety == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q18419' | [[Brooklyn]] | Brooklyn | Brooklyn | borough o New York Ceety | borough of New York City |- class='wd_q18424' | [[Queens]] | Queens | Queens | borough o New York Ceety<br/>consolidatit ceety–coonty | borough of New York City<br/>consolidated city-county |- class='wd_q18426' | [[The Bronx]] | The Bronx | The Bronx | borough o New York Ceety<br/>consolidatit ceety–coonty | borough of New York City<br/>consolidated city-county |} == Perth an Kinross == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q5604307' | [[Greenloanin]] | Greenloaning | Greenloanin | [[veelage]] | village |- class='wd_q1773123' | [[Rannoch Muir]] | Rannoch Moor | Rannoch Muir | territory | territory |- class='wd_q1277544' | [[River Earn]] | River Earn | River Earn | [[river]] | river |- class='wd_q1259288' | [[River Tummel]] | River Tummel | River Tummel | [[river]] | river |} == Roushie == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q7730' | [[Jewish Autonomous Oblast]] | Jewish Autonomous Oblast | Jewish Autonomous Oblast | [[Federal subjects o Roushie|federal subject o Roushie]]<br/>[[Autonomous oblasts o Roushie]] | federal subject of Russia<br/>autonomous oblast of Russia |- class='wd_q649' | [[Moscow]] | Moscow | Moscow | [[Federal subjects o Roushie|federal subject o Roushie]]<br/>megacity<br/>[[Federal ceeties o Roushie]]<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>caipital o Roushie<br/>city or town<br/>largest city | federal subject of Russia<br/>megacity<br/>federal city of Russia<br/>big city<br/>capital of Russia<br/>city or town<br/>largest city |- class='wd_q6605' | [[Sakha Republic]] | Sakha | Sakha Republic | [[Republics o Roushie]]<br/>[[Federal subjects o Roushie|federal subject o Roushie]] | republic of Russia<br/>federal subject of Russia |} == Scotland == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q806432' | [[Banffshire]] | Banffshire | Banffshire | [[Lieutenancy areas o Scotland|Lieutenancy auries o Scotland]]<br/>[[Scots coonties]]<br/>registration county<br/>historic county of the United Kingdom | lieutenancy area of Scotland<br/>shire of Scotland<br/>registration county<br/>historic county of the United Kingdom |- class='wd_q627381' | [[Bank o Scotland|Bank of Scotland]] | Bank of Scotland | Bank o Scotland | [[bank]]<br/>private central bank | bank<br/>private central bank |- class='wd_q5566918' | [[Glasgow South Western Line]] | Glasgow South Western Line | Glasgow South Western Line | railway line | railway line |- class='wd_q2269514' | [[Gàidhealtachd]] | Gàidhealtachd | Gàidhealtachd | geographic region | region |- class='wd_q17582096' | [[Kirkcoubrieshire]] | Kirkcudbrightshire | Kirkcoubrieshire | [[Lieutenancy areas o Scotland|Lieutenancy auries o Scotland]]<br/>[[Scots coonties]]<br/>registration county<br/>historic county of the United Kingdom | lieutenancy area of Scotland<br/>shire of Scotland<br/>registration county<br/>historic county of the United Kingdom |- class='wd_q3007259' | [[Scots cultur]] | culture of Scotland | Scots cultur | culture of an area | culture of an area |} == Shetland == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q4936401' | [[Boddam, Shetland|Boddam]] | Boddam | Boddam, Shetland | [[veelage]] | village |- class='wd_q4979619' | [[Bruray]] | Bruray | Bruray | [[island]] | island |- class='wd_q1422297' | [[Ootsta|Out Stack]] | Out Stack | Ootsta | [[island]] | island |- class='wd_q1014090' | [[Scallowa]] | Scalloway | Scallowa | [[veelage]] | village |- class='wd_q782412' | [[Sullom Voe]] | Sullom Voe | Sullom Voe | inlet | inlet |} == Sooth Ayrshire == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q28970907' | [[Girvan Old railwey station]] | Girvan Old railway station | Girvan Old railwey station | railway station | railway station |- class='wd_q17265639' | [[Our Lady of the Assumption and St Meddan Catholic Church]] | Church of Our Lady of the Assumption and St Meddan | Our Lady of the Assumption and St Meddan Catholic Church | [[kirk]] | church building |- class='wd_q7337828' | [[River Stinchar]] | River Stinchar | River Stinchar | [[river]] | river |- class='wd_q7973560' | [[Watter o Girvan]] | Water of Girvan | Watter o Girvan | [[river]] | river |} == Unitit States == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q173' | [[Alabama]] | Alabama | Alabama | [[state o the Unitit States]] | U.S. state |- class='wd_q1384' | [[New York]] | New York | New York | [[state o the Unitit States]] | U.S. state |- class='wd_q1183' | [[Puerto Rico]] | Puerto Rico | Puerto Rico | Insular aurie<br/>commonwealth<br/>unincorporatit territory o the Unitit States<br/>poleetical diveesion<br/>territory o the Unitit States<br/>cultural region<br/>Provincial deputation in Spanish America | insular area of the United States<br/>commonwealth<br/>unincorporated territory of the United States<br/>political territorial entity<br/>territory of the United States<br/>cultural region<br/>Provincial deputation in Spanish America |- class='wd_q1456' | [[Sooth Carolina]] | South Carolina | Sooth Carolina | [[state o the Unitit States]] | U.S. state |} == Washington, D.C. == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q5303341' | [[Downtown, Washington, D.C.|Downtown]] | Downtown Washington | Downtown, Washington, D.C. | neighbourhuid<br/>central business district<br/>neighborhood of Washington, D.C. | neighborhood<br/>central business district<br/>neighborhood of Washington, D.C. |- class='wd_q1468648' | [[Georgetown (Washington, D.C.)|Georgetown]] | Georgetown | Georgetown (Washington, D.C.) | neighborhood of Washington, D.C. | neighborhood of Washington, D.C. |- class='wd_q8033060' | [[Woodley Park]] | Woodley Park | Woodley Park | neighborhood of Washington, D.C.<br/>historic district | neighborhood of Washington, D.C.<br/>historic district |} == Wast Lowden == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q810794' | [[Bathket]] | Bathgate | Bathket | [[toun]]<br/>small burgh | town<br/>small burgh |- class='wd_q1016707' | [[Blackburn, Wast Lowden|Blackburn]] | Blackburn | Blackburn, Wast Lowden | [[toun]] | town |- class='wd_q1009114' | [[Fauldhoose]] | Fauldhouse | Fauldhoose | [[veelage]] | village |} == Île-de-France == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q12543' | [[Hauts-de-Seine]] | Hauts-de-Seine | Hauts-de-Seine | [[Depairtments o Fraunce|depairtment o Fraunce]] | department of France |- class='wd_q12753' | [[Seine-et-Marne]] | Seine-et-Marne | Seine-et-Marne | [[Depairtments o Fraunce|depairtment o Fraunce]] | department of France |- class='wd_q12761' | [[Seine-Saint-Denis]] | Seine-Saint-Denis | Seine-Saint-Denis | [[Depairtments o Fraunce|depairtment o Fraunce]] | department of France |- class='wd_q12784' | [[Val-d'Oise]] | Val-d'Oise | Val-d'Oise | [[Depairtments o Fraunce|depairtment o Fraunce]] | department of France |} == Misc == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q8466' | [[1. FC Kaiserslautern]] | 1. FC Kaiserslautern | 1. FC Kaiserslautern | nan-profit organisation<br/>association fitbaa club | nonprofit organization<br/>association football club |- class='wd_q7584' | [[1832]] | 1832 | 1832 | leap year<br/>leap year starting on Sunday and ending on Monday<br/>calendar year | leap year<br/>leap year starting on Sunday and ending on Monday<br/>calendar year |- class='wd_q2083' | [[1914]] | 1914 | 1914 | common year starting and ending on Thursday<br/>calendar year | common year starting and ending on Thursday<br/>calendar year |- class='wd_q1769170' | [[1985 Warld Snooker Championship]] | 1985 World Snooker Championship | 1985 Warld Snooker Championship | snooker tournament | snooker tournament |- class='wd_q1990' | [[2012]] | 2012 | 2012 | leap year<br/>leap year starting on Sunday and ending on Monday<br/>calendar year | leap year<br/>leap year starting on Sunday and ending on Monday<br/>calendar year |- class='wd_q9177257' | [[2013 Warld Snooker Championship]] | 2013 World Snooker Championship | 2013 Warld Snooker Championship | world championship<br/>snooker tournament<br/>recurring sporting event edition | world championship<br/>snooker tournament<br/>recurring sporting event edition |- class='wd_q79859' | [[2014 FIFA Warld Cup]] | 2014 FIFA World Cup | 2014 FIFA Warld Cup | sports season | sports season |- class='wd_q23365300' | [[2016 Brussels bombins]] | 2016 Brussels bombings | 2016 Brussels bombins | [[mass murther]]<br/>terrorist attack<br/>suicide bombing | mass murder<br/>terrorist attack<br/>suicide bombing |- class='wd_q65069964' | [[2019 Champion o Champions]] | 2019 Champion of Champions | 2019 Champion o Champions | snooker tournament<br/>recurring sporting event edition | snooker tournament<br/>recurring sporting event edition |- class='wd_q64341987' | [[2019 Riga Masters]] | 2019 Riga Masters | 2019 Riga Masters | snooker tournament<br/>recurring sporting event edition | snooker tournament<br/>recurring sporting event edition |- class='wd_q60796047' | [[2019 UK Championship]] | 2019 UK Championship | 2019 UK Championship | snooker tournament<br/>recurring sporting event edition | snooker tournament<br/>recurring sporting event edition |- class='wd_q66424302' | [[2019 Warld Open]] | 2019 World Open | 2019 Warld Open | snooker tournament<br/>recurring sporting event edition | snooker tournament<br/>recurring sporting event edition |- class='wd_q98073118' | [[2020 Beirut explosions]] | 2020 Beirut explosions | 2020 Beirut explosions | explosion<br/>industrial fire<br/>industrial disaster | explosion<br/>industrial fire<br/>industrial disaster |- class='wd_q67123915' | [[2020 Breetish Grand Prix]] | 2020 British Grand Prix | 2020 Breetish Grand Prix | recurring sporting event edition | recurring sporting event edition |- class='wd_q95150550' | [[2020 Championship League]] | 2020 Championship League | 2020 Championship League | snooker tournament | snooker tournament |- class='wd_q60774824' | [[2020 Masters (snooker)]] | 2020 Masters | 2020 Masters (snooker) | snooker tournament<br/>recurring sporting event edition | snooker tournament<br/>recurring sporting event edition |- class='wd_q67123908' | [[2020 Spaingie Grand Prix]] | 2020 Spanish Grand Prix | 2020 Spaingie Grand Prix | sports season<br/>postponed sports event due to the coronavirus pandemic | sports season<br/>postponed sports event due to the coronavirus pandemic |- class='wd_q22923830' | [[2020 Unitit States presidential election]] | 2020 United States presidential election | 2020 Unitit States presidential election | Unitit States presidential election | United States presidential election |- class='wd_q106086340' | [[2022–23 UEFA Champions League]] | 2022–23 UEFA Champions League | 2022–23 UEFA Champions League | edition of the UEFA Champions League | edition of the UEFA Champions League |- class='wd_q2705' | [[24 December]] | December 24 | 24 December | point in time with respect to recurrent timeframe | point in time with respect to recurrent timeframe |- class='wd_q2820' | [[26 August]] | August 26 | 26 August | point in time with respect to recurrent timeframe | point in time with respect to recurrent timeframe |- class='wd_q2931' | [[3 October]] | October 3 | 3 October | point in time with respect to recurrent timeframe | point in time with respect to recurrent timeframe |- class='wd_q2622' | [[5 Juin]] | June 5 | 5 Juin | point in time with respect to recurrent timeframe | point in time with respect to recurrent timeframe |- class='wd_q638903' | [[5 October 1910 revolution]] | 5 October 1910 revolution | 5 October 1910 revolution | [[coup d'état]] | coup d'état |- class='wd_q96088886' | [[70t Anniversary Grand Prix]] | 70th Anniversary Grand Prix | 70t Anniversary Grand Prix | Formula One Grand Prix<br/>recurring sporting event edition | Formula One Grand Prix<br/>recurring sporting event edition |- class='wd_q278872' | [[A. L. Kennedy]] | A. L. Kennedy | A. L. Kennedy | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q9513' | [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] | A. P. J. Abdul Kalam | A. P. J. Abdul Kalam | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q170315' | [[Abbottabad]] | Abbottabad | Abbottabad | [[ceety]]<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>union council of Pakistan | city<br/>big city<br/>union council of Pakistan |- class='wd_q5111' | [[Abkhaz leid]] | Abkhaz | Abkhaz leid | natural language<br/>modern language | natural language<br/>modern language |- class='wd_q273866' | [[Abolhassan Banisadr]] | Abolhassan Banisadr | Abolhassan Banisadr | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q215833' | [[Abraham Joshua Heschel]] | Abraham Joshua Heschel | Abraham Joshua Heschel | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q23357' | [[Abraham Maslow]] | Abraham Maslow | Abraham Maslow | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q2821724' | [[Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi]] | Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi | Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q289168' | [[AC Cobra]] | AC Cobra | AC Cobra | car model | car model |- class='wd_q193481' | [[AC Sparta Prague]] | AC Sparta Prague | AC Sparta Prague | association fitbaa club<br/>[[Business|buisiness]]<br/>enterprise | association football club<br/>business<br/>enterprise |- class='wd_q130955' | [[Acanthodii]] | Acanthodii | Acanthodii | fossil taxon | fossil taxon |- class='wd_q25507' | [[Accept]] | Accept | Accept | muisic baund<br/>heavy metal band | musical group<br/>heavy metal band |- class='wd_q638202' | [[Accuracy International Arctic Warfare]] | Accuracy International Arctic Warfare | Accuracy International Arctic Warfare | firearm model | firearm model |- class='wd_q158785' | [[Acer campestre]] | Q158785 | Acer campestre | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q156944' | [[Acer pseudoplatanus]] | Q156944 | Acer pseudoplatanus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q481907' | [[Acinonyx]] | Acinonyx | Acinonyx | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q38545' | [[Adana]] | Adana | Adana | [[ceety]]<br/>metropolitan municipality in Turkey<br/>large city | city<br/>metropolitan municipality in Turkey<br/>large city |- class='wd_q190154' | [[addax]] | Addax nasomaculatus | Addax | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q877127' | [[Admeenistrative diveesions o Myanmar|Admeenistrative diveesions o Burma]] | administrative territorial entity of Republic of the Union of Myanmar | Admeenistrative diveesions o Myanmar | | |- class='wd_q203323' | [[admeenistrative diveesions o Ukraine]] | administrative territorial entity of Ukraine | Admeenistrative diveesions o Ukraine | | |- class='wd_q378988' | [[Adult contemporary]] | adult contemporary music | Adult contemporary | [[muisic genre]]<br/>radio format | music genre<br/>radio format |- class='wd_q379393' | [[Advanced bylin watter reactor]] | advanced boiling water reactor | Advanced bylin watter reactor | | |- class='wd_q379573' | [[Advanced Gas-cuiled Reactor]] | advanced gas-cooled reactor | Advanced Gas-cuiled Reactor | | |- class='wd_q53093' | [[Adventure Time]] | Adventure Time | Adventure Time | animated television series | animated television series |- class='wd_q21197880' | [[Adventures in Babysitting (2016 film)]] | Adventures in Babysitting | Adventures in Babysitting (2016 film) | television film | television film |- class='wd_q49085' | [[African Americans|African American]] | African Americans | African Americans | [[ethnic group]]<br/>ethnic community<br/>ethnic group by residency | ethnic group<br/>ethnic community<br/>ethnic group by residency |- class='wd_q160042' | [[African buffalo]] | African buffalo | African buffalo | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q36557' | [[African bush elephant]] | African bush elephant | African bush elephant | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q192231' | [[African gowden cat]] | Profelis aurata | African gowden cat | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q328082' | [[Afrosoricida]] | Afrosoricida | Afrosoricida | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q27399' | [[Afrotheria]] | Afrotheria | Afrotheria | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q2059513' | [[Agarak (clachan), Syunik|Agarak (veelage)]] | Agarak (village) | Agarak (clachan), Syunik | village in Armenia | village in Armenia |- class='wd_q390456' | [[Agaricus]] | Agaricus | Agaricus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q234529' | [[Agaricus campestris]] | Agaricus campestris | Agaricus campestris | [[taxon]]<br/>edible mushroom | taxon<br/>edible mushroom |- class='wd_q327538' | [[age o consent]] | age of consent | Age o consent | | |- class='wd_q133808' | [[Agustín de Iturbide]] | Agustín I of Mexico | Agustín de Iturbide | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q46798' | [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] | Ahmed Shahe Durrani | Ahmad Shah Durrani | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q2715844' | [[aikraw]] | Lobaria scrobiculata | Aikraw | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q4697039' | [[Aileen Paterson]] | Aileen Paterson | Aileen Paterson | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q264849' | [[Aileen Wuornos]] | Aileen Wuornos | Aileen Wuornos | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q6475' | [[Airbus A320 faimily]] | Airbus A320 family | Airbus A320 faimily | aircraft faimily | aircraft family |- class='wd_q6478' | [[Airbus A330]] | Airbus A330 | Airbus A330 | aircraft faimily | aircraft family |- class='wd_q23498' | [[airchaeology]] | archaeology | Airchaeology | academic major<br/>academic discipline | academic major<br/>academic discipline |- class='wd_q1063287' | [[Airmed Forces o Saudi Arabie]] | Saudi Arabian Armed Forces | Airmed Forces o Saudi Arabie | armed forces | armed forces |- class='wd_q47059' | [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan]] | Aishwarya Rai | Aishwarya Rai Bachchan | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q169527' | [[Ajax]] | Ajax | Ajax | Wikimedia disambiguation page | Wikimedia disambiguation page |- class='wd_q506658' | [[Ajloun Govrenorate]] | Ajloun Governorate | Ajloun Govrenorate | [[Govrenorates o Jordan]] | governorate of Jordan |- class='wd_q472753' | [[Akhal-Teke]] | Akhal-Teke | Akhal-Teke | horse breed | horse breed |- class='wd_q1872285' | [[Akita]] | Akita | Akita | Wikimedia disambiguation page | Wikimedia disambiguation page |- class='wd_q485056' | [[Akmola Region|Akmola Province]] | Akmola Region | Akmola Region | [[Regions o Kazakhstan]] | region of Kazakhstan |- class='wd_q1046645' | [[Al Asimah Govrenorate (Kuwait)|Al Asimah Govrenorate]] | Capital Governorate | Al Asimah Govrenorate (Kuwait) | [[govrenorates o Kuwait]] | governorate of Kuwait |- class='wd_q32841' | [[Al Jabal al Akhdar Destrict]] | Jabal al Akhdar | Al Jabal al Akhdar Destrict | [[Destricts o Libie]] | district of Libya |- class='wd_q559599' | [[Al Stewart]] | Al Stewart | Al Stewart | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q12192963' | [[Al-Aqsa Mosque]] | Al-Aqsa Mosque | Al-Aqsa Mosque | [[mosque]]<br/>musalla<br/>congregational mosque<br/>sacred place | mosque<br/>musalla<br/>congregational mosque<br/>sacred place |- class='wd_q311336' | [[Al-Awja]] | Al-Awja | Al-Awja | [[Toun (disambiguation)|human settlement]] | human settlement |- class='wd_q34490' | [[Al-Qaeda]] | Al-Qaeda | Al-Qaeda | terrorist organization<br/>armed organization | terrorist organization<br/>armed organization |- class='wd_q575774' | [[Al-Safira]] | Al-Safira | Al-Safira | [[ceety]]<br/>[[veelage]]<br/>populated place in Syria | city<br/>village<br/>populated place in Syria |- class='wd_q215518' | [[Aladdin (1992 Disney film)|Aladdin]] | Aladdin | Aladdin (1992 Disney film) | animatit film | animated film |- class='wd_q4707841' | [[Alan Stewart o Darnley]] | Alan Stewart of Darnley | Alan Stewart o Darnley | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q209496' | [[Alawites]] | Alawites | Alawites | sect<br/>religious group | sect<br/>religious group |- class='wd_q937' | [[Albert Einstein]] | Albert Einstein | Albert Einstein | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q35517' | [[Alces alces]] | Alces alces | Alces alces | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q205972' | [[alcohol intoxication]] | alcohol intoxication | Alcohol intoxication | | |- class='wd_q156' | [[Alcohol|alcohols]] | alcohols | Alcohol | structural class of chemical entities | structural class of chemical entities |- class='wd_q3610674' | [[Alex Gray]] | Alex Gray | Alex Gray | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q37064' | [[Alexander Fleming]] | Alexander Fleming | Alexander Fleming | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q34286' | [[Alexander Graham Bell]] | Q34286 | Alexander Graham Bell | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q207384' | [[Alexander I o Yugoslavie]] | Alexander I of Yugoslavia | Alexander I o Yugoslavie | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q4302000' | [[Alexander Montgomerie]] | Alexander Montgomerie | Alexander Montgomerie | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q620732' | [[Alexander Tarasov]] | Alexander Tarasov | Alexander Tarasov | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q38337' | [[Alexandre Dumas]] | Alexandre Dumas | Alexandre Dumas | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q188128' | [[Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov]] | Alexei Abrikosov | Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q183372' | [[Alfred North Whitehead]] | Alfred North Whitehead | Alfred North Whitehead | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q4723711' | [[Alfredo Baquerizo Moreno, Guayas|Alfredo Baquerizo Moreno]] | Alfredo Baquerizo Moreno | Alfredo Baquerizo Moreno, Guayas | [[ceety]] | city |- class='wd_q2466508' | [[Alfredo Baquerizo Moreno Canton]] | Alfredo Baquerizo Moreno Canton | Alfredo Baquerizo Moreno Canton | canton of Ecuador | canton of Ecuador |- class='wd_q2090350' | [[Ali Dilem]] | Ali Dilem | Ali Dilem | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q468523' | [[Ali Smith]] | Ali Smith | Ali Smith | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q257106' | [[alicreesh]] | liquorice | Alicreesh | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q4727053' | [[Alison Cockburn]] | Alison Cockburn | Alison Cockburn | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q19563' | [[Alkaline yird metal]] | alkaline earth metal | Alkaline yird metal | group<br/>main group | group<br/>main group |- class='wd_q162442' | [[Prayagraj|Allahabad]] | Prayagraj | Prayagraj | [[ceety]] | city |- class='wd_q81564' | [[alpaca]] | alpaca | Alpaca | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q58430' | [[Alternator]] | alternator | Alternator | | |- class='wd_q663' | [[Alumeenium|aluminium]] | aluminium | Alumeenium | [[Chemical element|element]]<br/>[[metal]]<br/>lithophile element | chemical element<br/>metal<br/>lithophile element |- class='wd_q11081' | [[Alzheimer's tribble|Alzheimer's disease]] | Alzheimer's disease | Alzheimer's tribble | type of disease | type of disease |- class='wd_q80563' | [[Amalfi]] | Amalfi | Amalfi | comune o Italy | comune of Italy |- class='wd_q454135' | [[Amanda Sandrelli]] | Amanda Sandrelli | Amanda Sandrelli | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q213938' | [[Amanita]] | Amanita | Amanita | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q574014' | [[Amaro Pargo]] | Amaro Rodríguez Felipe | Amaro Pargo | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q10732549' | [[Amealco de Bonfil]] | Amealco de Bonfil Municipality | Amealco de Bonfil | [[Municipalities o Mexico]] | municipality of Mexico |- class='wd_q82728' | [[American bison]] | American bison | American bison | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q122783' | [[American black beir]] | American black bear | American black beir | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q228002' | [[Ammonoidea]] | Ammonoidea | Ammonoidea | fossil taxon | fossil taxon |- class='wd_q161568' | [[Ammophila arenaria]] | Ammophila arenaria | Ammophila arenaria | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q239534' | [[Amoc]] | Amoc | Amoc | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q48403' | [[Amritsar]] | Amritsar | Amritsar | [[metropolis]] | metropolis |- class='wd_q36216' | [[An Nawfaliyah]] | Nofaliya | An Nawfaliyah | [[Toun (disambiguation)|human settlement]] | human settlement |- class='wd_q161153' | [[Anacamptis morio]] | Anacamptis morio | Anacamptis morio | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q214264' | [[Anas]] | Anas | Anas | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q489798' | [[Andalusie horse]] | Andalusian horse | Andalusie horse | horse breed | horse breed |- class='wd_q170598' | [[Andean condor]] | Andean Condor | Andean condor | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q4756563' | [[Andrew Carruthers]] | Andrew Carruthers | Andrew Carruthers | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q60969158' | [[Halloween Howls|Andrew Gold's Halloween Howls – Fun & Scary Music]] | Andrew Gold's Halloween Howls – Fun & Scary Music | Halloween Howls | [[album]] | album |- class='wd_q472725' | [[Andrew Moray]] | Andrew Moray | Andrew Moray | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q153330' | [[Andrew Mountbatten-Windsor]] | Andrew Mountbatten-Windsor | Andrew Mountbatten-Windsor | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q506425' | [[Andrew Murray (Scots sodger)|Andrew Murray]] | Sir Andrew Murray | Andrew Murray (Scots sodger) | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q318508' | [[Andrés Manuel López Obrador]] | Andrés Manuel López Obrador | Andrés Manuel López Obrador | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q10125' | [[Andy Murray]] | Andy Murray | Andy Murray | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q4761361' | [[Andy Stewart (muisicker)|Andy Stewart]] | Andy Stewart | Andy Stewart (muisicker) | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q769218' | [[Ang Mey]] | Ang Mey | Ang Mey | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q34351359' | [[Angela Haggerty]] | Angela Haggerty | Angela Haggerty | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q219666' | [[Angelica]] | Angelica | Angelica | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q23893984' | [[Angelique Rockas]] | Angelique Rockas | Angelique Rockas | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q916' | [[Angola|Angolae]] | Angola | Angola | [[kintra]]<br/>sovereign state | country<br/>sovereign state |- class='wd_q128685' | [[Eel|Anguilliformes]] | Anguilliformes | Eel | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q355392' | [[Angus Macfadyen]] | Angus Macfadyen | Angus Macfadyen | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q729' | [[Animals|animal]] | animal | Animals | [[taxon]]<br/>organisms known by a particular common name<br/>first-order class | taxon<br/>organisms known by a particular common name<br/>first-order class |- class='wd_q180439' | [[Ankh]] | ankh | Ankh | hieroglyph<br/>crosses in heraldry | hieroglyph<br/>crosses in heraldry |- class='wd_q25522' | [[Annelid]] | Annelida | Annelid | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q2851506' | [[Annette Crosbie]] | Annette Crosbie | Annette Crosbie | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q3736616' | [[Annobón Province]] | Annobón Province | Annobón Province | [[Provinces o Equatorial Guinea]] | province of Equatorial Guinea |- class='wd_q37395' | [[Anomalocaris]] | Anomalocaris | Anomalocaris | fossil taxon | fossil taxon |- class='wd_q573246' | [[Anthony Fauci]] | Anthony Fauci | Anthony Fauci | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q192718' | [[Anthony James Leggett]] | Anthony James Leggett | Anthony James Leggett | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q143313' | [[Anthus trivialis]] | Anthus trivialis | Anthus trivialis | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q5685' | [[Anton Chekhov]] | Anton Chekhov | Anton Chekhov | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q1429' | [[Antoninus Pius]] | Antoninus Pius | Antoninus Pius | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q4351768' | [[Antti Puhakka]] | Antti Puhakka | Antti Puhakka | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q497' | [[anus]] | anus | Anus | class of anatomical entity | class of anatomical entity |- class='wd_q615767' | [[Aokigahara]] | Aokigahara | Aokigahara | [[forest]] | forest |- class='wd_q173756' | [[Apocynaceae]] | Apocynaceae | Apocynaceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q25950' | [[Apodiformes]] | Apodiformes | Apodiformes | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q148929' | [[Aquilegia vulgaris]] | columbine | Aquilegia vulgaris | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q48227' | [[Araceae]] | Araceae | Araceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q2356261' | [[Aram Asatryan]] | Aram Asatryan | Aram Asatryan | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q12084' | [[Araneomorphae]] | Q12084 | Araneomorphae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q82738' | [[Arctic tod]] | Arctic fox | Arctic tod | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q15043775' | [[Arctiidae]] | Arctiidae | Arctiidae | [[taxon]]<br/>synonym | taxon<br/>synonym |- class='wd_q414' | [[Argenteinie]] | Argentina | Argenteinie | [[kintra]]<br/>nation<br/>sovereign state<br/>confessional state | country<br/>nation<br/>sovereign state<br/>confessional state |- class='wd_q496548' | [[Argentine Fitbaw Association|Argentine Fitbaa Association]] | Argentine Football Association | Argentine Fitbaw Association | nan-profit organisation<br/>association football federation<br/>national sports governing body | nonprofit organization<br/>association football federation<br/>national sports governing body |- class='wd_q151892' | [[Ariana Grande]] | Ariana Grande | Ariana Grande | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q4792148' | [[Arlene Foster]] | Arlene Foster | Arlene Foster | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q15771' | [[Armavir, Armenie|Armavir]] | Armavir | Armavir, Armenie | city or town in Armenia | city or town in Armenia |- class='wd_q68880' | [[Arminius]] | Arminius | Arminius | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q77078' | [[Arnold Sommerfeld]] | Arnold Sommerfeld | Arnold Sommerfeld | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q258528' | [[Arsames]] | Arsames | Arsames | Wikimedia disambiguation page | Wikimedia disambiguation page |- class='wd_q35610' | [[Arthur Conan Doyle]] | Arthur Conan Doyle | Arthur Conan Doyle | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q80596' | [[Arthur Miller]] | Arthur Miller | Arthur Miller | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q178182' | [[Asgard]] | Asgard | Asgard | Norse mythical location | Norse mythical location |- class='wd_q528983' | [[Ashley Williams]] | Ashley Williams | Ashley Williams | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q182347' | [[Asiatic lion]] | Asiatic lion | Asiatic lion | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q124410' | [[Aisien black beir|Asie black beir]] | Ursus thibetanus | Aisien black beir | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q648422' | [[Asio]] | Asio | Asio | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q25769' | [[Asio flammeus]] | Short-eared Owl | Asio flammeus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q26229' | [[Asparagales]] | Asparagales | Asparagales | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q28367' | [[Asparagus]] | Asparagus officinalis | Asparagus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q178450' | [[Aspartic acid]] | L-aspartic acid | Aspartic acid | type of chemical entity | type of chemical entity |- class='wd_q161790' | [[Asperger syndrome]] | Asperger syndrome | Asperger syndrome | disability<br/>type of disease | disability<br/>type of disease |- class='wd_q18216' | [[Aspirin]] | aspirin | Aspirin | type of chemical entity | type of chemical entity |- class='wd_q517130' | [[Aster (genus)|Aster]] | Aster | Aster (genus) | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q25400' | [[Asteraceae]] | Asteraceae | Asteraceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q21730' | [[Asterales]] | Q21730 | Asterales | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q747502' | [[Asterids]] | Q747502 | Asterids | clade | clade |- class='wd_q157184' | [[Astragalus]] | Astragalus | Astragalus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q203263' | [[Athens, Georgie|Athens]] | Athens | Athens, Georgie | coonty seat<br/>ceety o the Unitit States<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>consolidatit ceety–coonty<br/>municipality of Georgia | county seat<br/>city in the United States<br/>big city<br/>consolidated city-county<br/>municipality of Georgia |- class='wd_q9121' | [[atom]] | atom | Atom | | |- class='wd_q23809' | [[atomic nummer]] | atomic number | Atomic nummer | | |- class='wd_q758559' | [[Auburn Hills, Michigan|Auburn Hills]] | Auburn Hills | Auburn Hills, Michigan | ceety o the Unitit States | city in the United States |- class='wd_q8018' | [[Augustinus]] | Augustine of Hippo | Augustinus | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q1136674' | [[Auld San Juan]] | Old San Juan Historic District | Auld San Juan | neighbourhuid<br/>[[Auld Toun]]<br/>fortified town<br/>historic district | neighborhood<br/>old town<br/>fortified town<br/>historic district |- class='wd_q676050' | [[Auld Toun]] | old town | Auld Toun | | |- class='wd_q26864' | [[Aurelia aurita]] | Aurelia aurita | Aurelia aurita | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q168903' | [[aurochs]] | aurochs | Aurochs | extinct taxon | extinct taxon |- class='wd_q28513' | [[Austrick-Hungary]] | Austria–Hungary | Austrick-Hungary | historical state | historical country |- class='wd_q6229' | [[authoritarianism]] | authoritarianism | Authoritarianism | [[poleetical seestem]]<br/>form o rule<br/>poleetical ideology | political system<br/>form of government<br/>political ideology |- class='wd_q5386' | [[auto racin]] | auto racing | Auto racin | type o sport<br/>sports discipline | type of sport<br/>sports discipline |- class='wd_q41482' | [[autopsy]] | autopsy | Autopsy | | |- class='wd_q39837' | [[Averroes]] | Averroes | Averroes | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q37153' | [[Avocado]] | Persea americana | Avocado | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q43056' | [[Axis pouers|Axis]] | Axis Powers | Axis pouers | military alliance | military alliance |- class='wd_q22718' | [[axolotl]] | axolotl | Axolotl | [[taxon]]<br/>model organism | taxon<br/>model organism |- class='wd_q186778' | [[aye-aye]] | aye-aye | Aye-aye | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q221503' | [[Az Zawiyah]] | Zawiya | Az Zawiyah | [[Toun (disambiguation)|human settlement]]<br/>municipality of Libya | human settlement<br/>municipality of Libya |- class='wd_q3091454' | [[Azerbaijan Athletics Federation]] | Azerbaijan Athletics Federation | Azerbaijan Athletics Federation | sport govrenin body | sports governing body |- class='wd_q3741152' | [[Azerbaijan Basketbaw Federation]] | Azerbaijan Basketball Federation | Azerbaijan Basketbaw Federation | sport govrenin body | sports governing body |- class='wd_q211370' | [[Baabda Destrict]] | Baabda District | Baabda Destrict | [[Destricts o Lebanon]] | district of Lebanon |- class='wd_q10876' | [[bacteria]] | bacteria | Bacteria | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q15468' | [[Badalona]] | Badalona | Badalona | ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>municipality of Catalonia | big city<br/>municipality of Catalonia |- class='wd_q188130' | [[Baiji]] | baiji | Baiji | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q7569' | [[bairn]] | child | Bairn | population group<br/>class of human | population group<br/>class of human |- class='wd_q4412334' | [[Bakunawa]] | Bakunawa | Bakunawa | meethological serpent | mythological serpent |- class='wd_q39731' | [[Baltic states]] | Baltic states | Baltic states | geographic region<br/>triad | region<br/>triad |- class='wd_q5092' | [[Baltimore]] | Baltimore | Baltimore | independent ceety | independent city in the United States |- class='wd_q806273' | [[Bandarban Destrict]] | Bandarban District | Bandarban Destrict | district of Bangladesh | district of Bangladesh |- class='wd_q1355' | [[Bangalore]] | Bengaluru | Bangalore | [[ceety]]<br/>megacity<br/>[[metropolis]]<br/>[[global ceety]]<br/>state capital<br/>largest city | city<br/>megacity<br/>metropolis<br/>global city<br/>state capital<br/>largest city |- class='wd_q1861' | [[Bangkok]] | Bangkok | Bangkok | [[ceety]]<br/>megacity<br/>financial center<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>first-level admeenistrative diveesion<br/>special administrative area of Thailand<br/>largest city<br/>national capital | city<br/>megacity<br/>financial center<br/>big city<br/>first-level administrative division<br/>special administrative area of Thailand<br/>largest city<br/>national capital |- class='wd_q130774' | [[banner o Argentinae]] | flag of Argentina | Banner o Argentinae | national flag | national flag |- class='wd_q160872' | [[Banner o Chile]] | flag of Chile | Banner o Chile | national flag | national flag |- class='wd_q163008' | [[Banner o Cuba]] | flag of Cuba | Banner o Cuba | flag<br/>national flag | flag<br/>national flag |- class='wd_q30768' | [[Banner o East Timor]] | flag of East Timor | Banner o East Timor | national flag | national flag |- class='wd_q122482' | [[Banner o Europe]] | flag of Europe | Banner o Europe | flag design | flag design |- class='wd_q47891' | [[Banner o Finland]] | flag of Finland | Banner o Finland | national flag | national flag |- class='wd_q26491' | [[Banner o Georgie (kintra)|Banner o Georgie]] | flag of Georgia | Banner o Georgie (kintra) | national flag | national flag |- class='wd_q48160' | [[Banner o Germany]] | flag of Germany | Banner o Germany | national flag | national flag |- class='wd_q168935' | [[Banner o Malaysie]] | flag of Malaysia | Banner o Malaysie | flag<br/>national flag | flag<br/>national flag |- class='wd_q159865' | [[Banner o Morocco]] | flag of Morocco | Banner o Morocco | national flag | national flag |- class='wd_q5456793' | [[Banner o North Vietnam]] | flag of North Vietnam | Banner o North Vietnam | national flag | national flag |- class='wd_q81286' | [[Banner o Swaden]] | flag of Sweden | Banner o Swaden | national flag | national flag |- class='wd_q131204' | [[Banner o Vietnam]] | flag of Vietnam | Banner o Vietnam | national flag | national flag |- class='wd_q183035' | [[Banteng]] | Bos javanicus | Banteng | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q790949' | [[Bartholin's gland]] | Bartholin's gland | Bartholin's gland | class of anatomical entity | class of anatomical entity |- class='wd_q1172126' | [[Basil Spence]] | Basil Spence | Basil Spence | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q46185' | [[bass guitar]] | bass guitar | Bass guitar | type of musical instrument | type of musical instrument |- class='wd_q2575960' | [[Battle o Carham]] | Battle of Carham | Battle o Carham | [[battle]] | battle |- class='wd_q151340' | [[Battle o Fraunce]] | Battle of France | Battle o Fraunce | [[battle]] | battle |- class='wd_q179670' | [[Battle o Gaugamela]] | Battle of Gaugamela | Battle o Gaugamela | [[battle]] | battle |- class='wd_q4871281' | [[Battle o Innerurie (1308)|Battle o Innerurie]] | Battle of Inverurie | Battle o Innerurie (1308) | [[battle]] | battle |- class='wd_q127216' | [[Bauld eagle]] | Bald Eagle | Bauld eagle | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q45422' | [[baurm]] | yeast | Baurm | food ingredient<br/>organisms known by a particular common name | food ingredient<br/>organisms known by a particular common name |- class='wd_q104761' | [[Bayer 04 Leverkusen]] | Bayer 04 Leverkusen | Bayer 04 Leverkusen | association fitbaa club<br/>professional sports team | association football club<br/>professional sports team |- class='wd_q41890' | [[Bayswater]] | Bayswater | Bayswater | aurie o Lunnon | area of London |- class='wd_q179673' | [[Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)|Beauty and the Beast]] | Beauty and the Beast | Beauty and the Beast (1991 film) | animatit film | animated film |- class='wd_q81856' | [[Beaverton, Oregon|Beaverton]] | Beaverton | Beaverton, Oregon | city of Oregon | city of Oregon |- class='wd_q813884' | [[Bedford RL]] | Bedford RL | Bedford RL | truck model | truck model |- class='wd_q507235' | [[Bedford Vehicles]] | Bedford Vehicles | Bedford Vehicles | commercial vehicle manufacturer | commercial vehicle manufacturer |- class='wd_q217778' | [[Bishop's weed|beeshop's weed]] | Aegopodium podagraria | Bishop's weed | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q158617' | [[Begonia]] | Begonia | Begonia | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q956' | [[Beijing]] | Beijing | Beijing | [[ceety]]<br/>megacity<br/>[[metropolis]]<br/>[[global ceety]]<br/>national central city<br/>Direct-controlled municipality<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>national capital<br/>former national capital | city<br/>megacity<br/>metropolis<br/>global city<br/>national central city<br/>direct-administered municipality<br/>big city<br/>national capital<br/>former national capital |- class='wd_q11788' | [[beir]] | Ursidae | Beir | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q25376' | [[Beld-cuit|beld pout]] | Common Coot | Beld-cuit | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q896476' | [[Belgian horse]] | Belgian Draught | Belgian horse | horse breed | horse breed |- class='wd_q31' | [[Belgium]] | Belgium | Belgium | [[kintra]]<br/>sovereign state | country<br/>sovereign state |- class='wd_q2631905' | [[Ben & Holly's Little Kingdom]] | Ben and Holly's Little Kingdom | Ben & Holly's Little Kingdom | animated television series | animated television series |- class='wd_q342617' | [[Ben Whishaw]] | Ben Whishaw | Ben Whishaw | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q3329808' | [[Benedict Wong]] | Benedict Wong | Benedict Wong | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q80952' | [[Bengal teeger]] | Bengal tiger | Bengal teeger | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q48328' | [[Beowulf]] | Beowulf | Beowulf | epic poem | epic poem |- class='wd_q158563' | [[Berberis vulgaris]] | Berberis vulgaris | Berberis vulgaris | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q64' | [[Berlin]] | Berlin | Berlin | city-state<br/>[[metropolis]]<br/>federal caipital<br/>Hanseatic ceety<br/>[[States o Germany|state o Germany]]<br/>seat o govrenment<br/>Unitary municipality in Germany<br/>urban municipality in Germany<br/>largest city<br/>town divided by border<br/>independent city in Berlin | city-state<br/>metropolis<br/>federal capital<br/>Hanseatic city<br/>federated state of Germany<br/>seat of government<br/>Unitary municipality in Germany<br/>urban municipality in Germany<br/>largest city<br/>town divided by border<br/>independent city in Berlin |- class='wd_q961874' | [[Bernabé Ferreyra]] | Bernabé Ferreyra | Bernabé Ferreyra | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q16532287' | [[Betacoronavirus]] | Betacoronavirus | Betacoronavirus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q159532' | [[betel]] | betel | Betel | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q4164940' | [[Betta]] | Betta | Betta | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q190631' | [[Bette Midler]] | Bette Midler | Bette Midler | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q156895' | [[Betula pendula]] | Q156895 | Betula pendula | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q3707847' | [[Beukkeepin]] | bookkeeping | Beukkeepin | academic discipline | academic discipline |- class='wd_q172567' | [[Beşiktaş J.K.]] | Beşiktaş J.K. (Football) | Beşiktaş J.K. | association fitbaa club | association football club |- class='wd_q166788' | [[biathlon]] | biathlon | Biathlon | type o sport<br/>Olympic sport | type of sport<br/>Olympic sport |- class='wd_q25485' | [[big ox-ee]] | great tit | Big ox-ee | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q1124' | [[Bill Clinton]] | Bill Clinton | Bill Clinton | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q2619019' | [[Bill Nye]] | Bill Nye | Bill Nye | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q151113' | [[Billie Piper]] | Billie Piper | Billie Piper | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q5113' | [[Bird|birds]] | bird | Bird | [[taxon]]<br/>organisms known by a particular common name | taxon<br/>organisms known by a particular common name |- class='wd_q19444' | [[Birmingham City F.C.|Birmingham Ceety F.C.]] | Birmingham City F.C. | Birmingham City F.C. | association fitbaa club | association football club |- class='wd_q727096' | [[birth defect]] | congenital disorder | Birth defect | type of disease | type of disease |- class='wd_q18099' | [[bison]] | Bison | Bison | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q147096' | [[bitter oranger]] | Citrus × aurantium | Bitter oranger | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q25368' | [[Bivalvia]] | Q25368 | Bivalvia | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q147701' | [[Bixa orellana]] | Bixa orellana | Bixa orellana | [[taxon]]<br/>material | taxon<br/>material |- class='wd_q104506' | [[Björn Borg]] | Björn Borg | Björn Borg | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q879748' | [[Björn Strid]] | Björn Strid | Björn Strid | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q95036' | [[black rhinoceros]] | Diceros bicornis | Black rhinoceros | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q183339' | [[blackbuck]] | Antilope cervicapra | Blackbuck | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q6934' | [[Blagoveshchensk]] | Blagoveshchensk | Blagoveshchensk | city or town<br/>city/town in Russia | city or town<br/>city/town in Russia |- class='wd_q1290' | [[Blaise Pascal]] | Blaise Pascal | Blaise Pascal | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q217291' | [[Blanford's tod]] | Blanford's fox | Blanford's tod | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q25309' | [[Blattodea]] | Blattodea | Blattodea | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q23445' | [[Black|bleck]] | black | Black | primary colour<br/>HTML4 named color<br/>safest web colors | primary color<br/>HTML4 named color<br/>safest web colors |- class='wd_q199758' | [[Blue jay]] | Blue Jay | Blue jay | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q42196' | [[Blue whaul]] | Balaenoptera musculus | Blue whaul | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q205477' | [[blue-an-yellae macaw]] | Blue-and-yellow Macaw | Blue-an-yellae macaw | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q25404' | [[blue-bunnet]] | Eurasian blue tit | Blue-bunnet | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q27989' | [[bluebell]] | Campanula rotundifolia | Bluebell | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q853286' | [[Bluebird]] | Sialia | Bluebird | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q25709' | [[Bluiter]] | Eurasian Bittern | Bluiter | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q215388' | [[Boa constrictor]] | Boa constrictor | Boa constrictor | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q444752' | [[Boa Sr.]] | Boa Sr. | Boa Sr. | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q35872' | [[boat]] | boat | Boat | boat type<br/>wattercraft type | boat type<br/>watercraft type |- class='wd_q121615' | [[Bobby Sands]] | Bobby Sands | Bobby Sands | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q131907' | [[bobcat]] | bobcat | Bobcat | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q6394' | [[Boeing 707]] | Boeing 707 | Boeing 707 | aircraft faimily | aircraft family |- class='wd_q6387' | [[Boeing 737]] | Boeing 737 | Boeing 737 | aircraft faimily | aircraft family |- class='wd_q179' | [[Boeing 747]] | Boeing 747 | Boeing 747 | aircraft faimily | aircraft family |- class='wd_q6418' | [[Boeing 757]] | Boeing 757 | Boeing 757 | aircraft faimily | aircraft family |- class='wd_q6423' | [[Boeing 767]] | Boeing 767 | Boeing 767 | aircraft faimily | aircraft family |- class='wd_q26431' | [[bog gled]] | Western Marsh Harrier | Bog gled | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q181969' | [[Bohai Sea]] | Bohai Sea | Bohai Sea | marginal sea | marginal sea |- class='wd_q179172' | [[Bojan Krkić]] | Bojan Krkić | Bojan Krkić | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q134747' | [[Bombyx mori]] | Bombyx mori | Bombyx mori | [[taxon]]<br/>silkworm | taxon<br/>silkworm |- class='wd_q19537' | [[bonobo]] | Bonobo | Bonobo | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q207760' | [[Badock|Bonxie]] | Great Skua | Badock | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q147075' | [[borage]] | borage | Borage | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q26568' | [[Boraginaceae]] | Boraginaceae | Boraginaceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q500857' | [[Borassus flabellifer]] | Borassus flabellifer | Borassus flabellifer | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q5319' | [[borax]] | borax | Borax | type of chemical entity | type of chemical entity |- class='wd_q187045' | [[boric acid]] | orthoboric acid | Boric acid | type of chemical entity | type of chemical entity |- class='wd_q80958' | [[Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas]] | Botafogo F.R. | Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas | association fitbaa club<br/>sports club | association football club<br/>sports club |- class='wd_q184634' | [[Boudica]] | Boudica | Boudica | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q2167872' | [[Body hair|bouk hair]] | androgenic hair | Body hair | | |- class='wd_q25497' | [[bovid]] | Bovidae | Bovid | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q4979192' | [[Bovinae]] | Bovinae | Bovinae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q38496' | [[Boxer (dug)|Boxer]] | Boxer | Boxer (dug) | dog breed | dog breed |- class='wd_q205707' | [[Bradley Cooper]] | Bradley Cooper | Bradley Cooper | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q487367' | [[Braeburn]] | Braeburn | Braeburn | chance seedling<br/>apple cultivar | chance seedling<br/>apple cultivar |- class='wd_q58677' | [[Brassica]] | Brassica | Brassica | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q156888' | [[Brassicaceae]] | Brassicaceae | Brassicaceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q185086' | [[Croun dependencies|Breetish crown dependency]] | Crown Dependencies | Croun dependencies | territory | territory |- class='wd_q842438' | [[Breetish fowk]] | British | Breetish fowk | [[population]] | human population |- class='wd_q4869954' | [[Breetish monarchs]] | list of British monarchs | Breetish monarchs | Wikimedia leet airticle | Wikimedia list article |- class='wd_q39782' | [[Bress]] | brass | Bress | type of chemical entity | type of chemical entity |- class='wd_q3644573' | [[Brig o Dee (brig)|Brig o Dee]] | Bridge of Dee | Brig o Dee (brig) | road brig<br/>stone arch bridge | road bridge<br/>stone arch bridge |- class='wd_q4975727' | [[Brithers' Circle]] | Brothers’ Circle | Brithers' Circle | organized crime group | organized crime group |- class='wd_q4970755' | [[British Rail Class 22]] | British Rail Class 22 | British Rail Class 22 | locomotive class | locomotive class |- class='wd_q920223' | [[British Steel (1967–1999)|British Steel]] | British Steel | British Steel (1967–1999) | [[Business|buisiness]]<br/>enterprise | business<br/>enterprise |- class='wd_q4975856' | [[Brochtoun]] | Broughtown | Brochtoun | [[veelage]] | village |- class='wd_q156529' | [[Bromeliaceae]] | Bromeliaceae | Bromeliaceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q232278' | [[Brookesia micra]] | Brookesia micra | Brookesia micra | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q148134' | [[Bryozoa]] | Bryozoa | Bryozoa | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q13580495' | [[BTS (baund)|BTS]] | BTS | BTS (baund) | boy baund | boy band |- class='wd_q850563' | [[Bubble Guppies]] | Bubble Guppies | Bubble Guppies | animated television series | animated television series |- class='wd_q639022' | [[Bufo]] | Bufo | Bufo | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q146375' | [[Bufo bufo]] | common toad | Bufo bufo | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q193250' | [[Bulawayo]] | Bulawayo | Bulawayo | [[ceety]]<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | city<br/>big city |- class='wd_q134091' | [[Bulbophyllum]] | Bulbophyllum | Bulbophyllum | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q12495' | [[Burj Khalifa]] | Burj Khalifa | Burj Khalifa | skyscraper<br/>laundmark | skyscraper<br/>architectural landmark |- class='wd_q836' | [[Myanmar|Burma]] | Myanmar | Myanmar | [[kintra]]<br/>[[republic]]<br/>sovereign state | country<br/>republic<br/>sovereign state |- class='wd_q26691' | [[burrian]] | Red-throated Diver | Burrian | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q191737' | [[buss dug]] | Speothos venaticus | Buss dug | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q45024346' | [[Bute witches]] | Bute witches | Bute witches | group o humans | group of humans |- class='wd_q30325551' | [[Butterbean's Café]] | Butterbean's Café | Butterbean's Café | animated television series | animated television series |- class='wd_q173532' | [[Byblos]] | Byblos | Byblos | [[ceety]]<br/>city-state<br/>[[Toun (disambiguation)|human settlement]]<br/>archaeological site | city<br/>city-state<br/>human settlement<br/>archaeological site |- class='wd_q35051' | [[cabbitch]] | Brassica oleracea var. capitata | Cabbitch | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q5015361' | [[Caberfeidh]] | Caberfeidh | Caberfeidh | shinty team | shinty team |- class='wd_q4758' | [[Caecilian]] | Caecilian | Caecilian | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q91703' | [[Caenorhabditis elegans]] | Caenorhabditis elegans | Caenorhabditis elegans | [[taxon]]<br/>model organism | taxon<br/>model organism |- class='wd_q428145' | [[Caledonian Sleeper]] | Caledonian Sleeper | Caledonian Sleeper | night train<br/>named passenger train service | night train<br/>named passenger train service |- class='wd_q194314' | [[Californie condor]] | California condor | Californie condor | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q132895' | [[Callionymus lyra]] | Common dragonet | Callionymus lyra | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q147192' | [[Caltha palustris]] | Caltha palustris | Caltha palustris | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q138367' | [[Camden, New Jersey|Camden]] | Camden | Camden, New Jersey | coonty seat<br/>ceety in New Jersey | county seat<br/>city in New Jersey |- class='wd_q101815' | [[Camellia sinensis]] | Camellia sinensis | Camellia sinensis | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q155802' | [[Campanulaceae]] | Campanulaceae | Campanulaceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q13707' | [[camshaft]] | camshaft | Camshaft | | |- class='wd_q12078' | [[cancer]] | cancer | Cancer | type of disease | type of disease |- class='wd_q5031643' | [[Candelaria, Nevada|Candelaria]] | Candelaria | Candelaria, Nevada | [[Ghaist toun]] | ghost town |- class='wd_q558181' | [[CANDU reactor]] | CANDU reactor | CANDU reactor | Nuclear reactor | nuclear reactor |- class='wd_q25324' | [[Canidae]] | Canidae | Canidae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q2845' | [[Cannabis (drog)|cannabis]] | cannabis | Cannabis (drog) | [[drog]] | drug |- class='wd_q79817' | [[Cannabis]] | Cannabis | Cannabis | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q16572' | [[Guangzhou|Canton]] | Guangzhou | Guangzhou | megacity<br/>[[metropolis]]<br/>sub-province-level diveesion<br/>prefecture-level city<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | megacity<br/>metropolis<br/>sub-province-level division<br/>prefecture-level city<br/>big city |- class='wd_q12755' | [[Canton o Jura]] | Canton of Jura | Canton o Jura | canton o Swisserland<br/>constituent state | canton of Switzerland<br/>federated state |- class='wd_q272933' | [[Cape tod]] | Vulpes chama | Cape tod | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q129059' | [[Capercailzie]] | Western Capercaillie | Capercailzie | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q179544' | [[Capetian dynasty]] | Capetian dynasty | Capetian dynasty | dynasty<br/>noble faimily | dynasty<br/>noble family |- class='wd_q172923' | [[Capra (genus)|Capra]] | Capra | Capra (genus) | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q26125' | [[Caprimulgiformes]] | Caprimulgiformes | Caprimulgiformes | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q26717' | [[Caprimulgus europaeus]] | European Nightjar | Caprimulgus europaeus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q201959' | [[Capsicum]] | Capsicum | Capsicum | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q1380' | [[Capsicum annuum]] | Capsicum annuum | Capsicum annuum | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q30847' | [[Caracal]] | caracal | Caracal | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q623' | [[Caurbon|carbon]] | carbon | Caurbon | [[Chemical element|element]]<br/>atmophile element | chemical element<br/>atmophile element |- class='wd_q158501' | [[Carex]] | Carex | Carex | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q287793' | [[Carl Reiner]] | Carl Reiner | Carl Reiner | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q158874' | [[Carlos I o Portugal]] | Carlos I of Portugal | Carlos I o Portugal | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q170419' | [[Carlos Slim]] | Carlos Slim | Carlos Slim | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q204089' | [[Carlos Valderrama]] | Carlos Valderrama | Carlos Valderrama | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q25306' | [[Carnivora]] | Carnivora | Carnivora | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q237994' | [[Carol Ann Duffy]] | Carol Ann Duffy | Carol Ann Duffy | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q207739' | [[Carole Lombard]] | Carole Lombard | Carole Lombard | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q577227' | [[Caroline Nokes]] | Caroline Nokes | Caroline Nokes | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q81' | [[carrot]] | carrot | Carrot | food crop<br/>type of vegetable | food crop<br/>type of vegetable |- class='wd_q729304' | [[Carthage, Missouri|Carthage]] | Carthage | Carthage, Missouri | coonty seat<br/>ceety o the Unitit States | county seat<br/>city in the United States |- class='wd_q111840' | [[Carwyn Jones]] | Carwyn Jones | Carwyn Jones | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q25995' | [[Caryophyllaceae]] | Caryophyllaceae | Caryophyllaceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q1046446' | [[Casa Loma]] | Casa Loma | Casa Loma | villa<br/>historic house museum | villa<br/>historic house museum |- class='wd_q83124' | [[cassava]] | cassava | Cassava | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q1049507' | [[Castle Semple Loch]] | Castle Semple Loch | Castle Semple Loch | [[loch]] | lake |- class='wd_q146' | [[cat]] | cat | Cat | organisms known by a particular common name | organisms known by a particular common name |- class='wd_q3883' | [[Catanzaro]] | Catanzaro | Catanzaro | [[ceety]]<br/>comune o Italy | city<br/>comune of Italy |- class='wd_q9943415' | [[:Category:Fermstockin]] | Category:Livestock | Category:Fermstockin | [[Wikipedia:Categorisation|Wikimedia category]] | Wikimedia category |- class='wd_q7973620' | [[:Category:Urban-teep dounsets in Roushie]] | Category:Urban-type settlements in Russia | Category:Urban-teep dounsets in Roushie | [[Wikipedia:Categorisation|Wikimedia category]] | Wikimedia category |- class='wd_q105667' | [[Catherine Ashton]] | Catherine Ashton | Catherine Ashton | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q17149' | [[Catshairk]] | Scyliorhinidae | Catshairk | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q7537' | [[cauliflouer]] | Brassica oleracea var. botrytis | Cauliflouer | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q210516' | [[Leet o ceeties in Serbie|ceety in Serbie]] | list of cities in Serbia | Leet o ceeties in Serbie | Wikimedia leet airticle | Wikimedia list article |- class='wd_q23311' | [[Ceety o Lunnon]] | City of London | Ceety o Lunnon | [[ceety]]<br/>ceremonial county of England<br/>central business district<br/>financial center<br/>unparished area<br/>district of the United Kingdom<br/>district with city status | city<br/>ceremonial county of England<br/>central business district<br/>financial center<br/>unparished area<br/>district of the United Kingdom<br/>district with city status |- class='wd_q138617' | [[Ceiba pentandra]] | Ceiba pentandra | Ceiba pentandra | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q23012379' | [[Celery]] | celery | Celery | | |- class='wd_q6002' | [[Pro12|Celtic League]] | United Rugby Championship | Pro12 | professional sports league<br/>rugby union competition | professional sports league<br/>rugby union competition |- class='wd_q498162' | [[census-designated place]] | census-designated place in the United States | Census-designated place | admeenistrative diveesion<br/>type of place | administrative territorial entity<br/>type of place |- class='wd_q929' | [[Central African Republic]] | Central African Republic | Central African Republic | [[kintra]]<br/>[[republic]]<br/>landlockt kintra<br/>sovereign state | country<br/>republic<br/>landlocked country<br/>sovereign state |- class='wd_q152283' | [[Central Pouers]] | Central Powers | Central Pouers | military alliance | military alliance |- class='wd_q504320' | [[Centurion (tank)|Centurion]] | Centurion | Centurion (tank) | combat vehicle family | combat vehicle family |- class='wd_q123252' | [[Cephalochordate|Cephalochordata]] | Cephalochordata | Cephalochordate | monotypic taxon | monotypic taxon |- class='wd_q130902' | [[Ceratosaurus]] | Ceratosaurus | Ceratosaurus | fossil taxon | fossil taxon |- class='wd_q182968' | [[Auld Warld pug]] | Q182968 | Auld Warld pug | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q12117' | [[cereal]] | cereal | Cereal | group or class of agricultural products | group or class of agricultural products |- class='wd_q131340' | [[chamois]] | chamois | Chamois | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q2088394' | [[Chandi]] | Chandi | Chandi | Devi<br/>form of Parvati | Devi<br/>form of Parvati |- class='wd_q451727' | [[Charles Bell]] | Charles Bell | Charles Bell | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q5686' | [[Charles Dickens]] | Charles Dickens | Charles Dickens | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q333452' | [[Charles Grant, 1st Baron Glenelg]] | Charles Grant, 1st Baron Glenelg | Charles Grant, 1st Baron Glenelg | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q485508' | [[Charles Manson]] | Charles Manson | Charles Manson | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q80321126' | [[Charles W Gray]] | Charles W Gray | Charles W Gray | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q123026' | [[Charles Édouard Guillaume]] | Charles Édouard Guillaume | Charles Édouard Guillaume | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q37785' | [[Charlotte's Web (1973 film)|Charlotte's Web]] | Charlotte's Web | Charlotte's Web (1973 film) | animatit film | animated film |- class='wd_q45735' | [[Charlotte's Web]] | Charlotte's Web | Charlotte's Web | leeterary wirk | literary work |- class='wd_q213773' | [[Charlotte's Web (2006 film)|Charlotte's Web]] | Charlotte's Web | Charlotte's Web (2006 film) | [[film]] | film |- class='wd_q83161' | [[Charlotte's Web 2: Wilbur's Great Adventure]] | Charlotte's Web 2: Wilbur's Great Adventure | Charlotte's Web 2: Wilbur's Great Adventure | animatit film | animated film |- class='wd_q6604' | [[Charon (muin)|Charon]] | Charon | Charon (muin) | moon of Pluto | moon of Pluto |- class='wd_q38646266' | [[Chayote]] | Sicyos edulis | Chayote | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q902623' | [[ChEBI]] | ChEBI | ChEBI | ontology<br/>chemical database<br/>biological database<br/>OBO Foundry ontology<br/>ELIXIR Core Data Resource | ontology<br/>chemical database<br/>biological database<br/>OBO Foundry ontology<br/>ELIXIR Core Data Resource |- class='wd_q194422' | [[Chinee alligator|Cheenese alligator]] | Chinese alligator | Chinee alligator | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q8201' | [[Cheenese chairacter]] | Chinese characters | Cheenese chairacter | [[writin seestem]]<br/>logographic writing system<br/>natural writing system | writing system<br/>logographic writing system<br/>natural writing system |- class='wd_q10876842' | [[Cheenese cuisine]] | Chinese cuisine | Cheenese cuisine | national cuisine | national cuisine |- class='wd_q1074195' | [[Chinee goral|Cheenese goral]] | Chinese goral | Chinee goral | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q23907' | [[cheetah]] | cheetah | Cheetah | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q156807' | [[Chelidonium]] | Chelidonium majus | Chelidonium | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q1069352' | [[Chemin des Révoires]] | Chemin des Révoires | Chemin des Révoires | [[Moontain|muntain]]<br/>footpath<br/>path | mountain<br/>footpath<br/>path |- class='wd_q2795' | [[Chemnitz]] | Chemnitz | Chemnitz | major regional center<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>urban municipality in Germany<br/>urban district in Saxony | major regional center<br/>big city<br/>urban municipality in Germany<br/>urban district in Saxony |- class='wd_q181369' | [[Chen-Ning Yang]] | Chen-ning Yang | Chen-Ning Yang | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q12003' | [[Cher]] | Cher | Cher | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q192457' | [[Cherenkov radiation]] | Cherenkov radiation | Cherenkov radiation | phenomenon | phenomenon |- class='wd_q157053' | [[Chernihiv]] | Chernihiv | Chernihiv | city of regional significance of Ukraine | city of regional significance of Ukraine |- class='wd_q33273' | [[Chewa leid]] | Chewa | Chewa leid | natural language<br/>modern language | natural language<br/>modern language |- class='wd_q298' | [[Chile]] | Chile | Chile | [[kintra]]<br/>nation<br/>transcontinental country<br/>sovereign state<br/>democratic republic | country<br/>nation<br/>transcontinental country<br/>sovereign state<br/>democratic republic |- class='wd_q14081' | [[Chimborazo (volcano)|Chimborazo]] | Chimborazo | Chimborazo (volcano) | [[Moontain|muntain]]<br/>[[stratovolcano]] | mountain<br/>stratovolcano |- class='wd_q192930' | [[Chinchilla]] | Chinchilla | Chinchilla | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q5100937' | [[Chinese spirit possession]] | Chinese spirit possession | Chinese spirit possession | | |- class='wd_q10915' | [[Chordate|chordates]] | Q10915 | Chordate | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q54314' | [[Chris Hemsworth]] | Chris Hemsworth | Chris Hemsworth | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q641364' | [[Christenmas decorations]] | Christmas decoration | Christenmas decorations | | |- class='wd_q49762' | [[Christian Democratic Union (Germany)|Christian Democratic Union]] | Christian Democratic Union | Christian Democratic Union (Germany) | [[poleetical pairty]]<br/>political party in Germany<br/>fraternal party<br/>major party | political party<br/>political party in Germany<br/>fraternal party<br/>major party |- class='wd_q159694' | [[Christian Dior]] | Christian Dior | Christian Dior | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q184103' | [[Christina Ricci]] | Christina Ricci | Christina Ricci | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q5118436' | [[Chvrches]] | Chvrches | Chvrches | muisic baund | musical group |- class='wd_q130778' | [[Cicada|Cicadidae]] | Cicadidae | Cicada | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q3406' | [[Cichlid|Cichlidae]] | Cichlidae | Cichlid | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q21716' | [[Ciconiiformes]] | Ciconiiformes | Ciconiiformes | monotypic taxon | monotypic taxon |- class='wd_q43196' | [[Cincinnati]] | Cincinnati | Cincinnati | coonty seat<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>city of Ohio | county seat<br/>big city<br/>city of Ohio |- class='wd_q201831' | [[Cinclus cinclus]] | Cinclus cinclus | Cinclus cinclus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q191753' | [[Cinderella (1950 film)|Cinderella]] | Cinderella | Cinderella (1950 film) | animatit film | animated film |- class='wd_q27282' | [[Cinnamomum]] | Cinnamomum | Cinnamomum | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q163955' | [[Circaea lutetiana]] | Circaea lutetiana | Circaea lutetiana | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q341600' | [[Cirsium arvense]] | Cirsium arvense | Cirsium arvense | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q392283' | [[Cirsium dissectum]] | Cirsium dissectum | Cirsium dissectum | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q1446001' | [[Cirsium heterophyllum]] | Cirsium heterophyllum | Cirsium heterophyllum | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q21177' | [[Cirsium vulgare]] | Cirsium vulgare | Cirsium vulgare | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q199728' | [[Cisalpine Gaul]] | Cisalpine Gaul | Cisalpine Gaul | Roman province | Roman province |- class='wd_q36678' | [[Wast Bank|Cisjordan]] | West Bank | Wast Bank | geographic region | region |- class='wd_q1093495' | [[Citroën U23]] | Citroën U23 | Citroën U23 | truck model | truck model |- class='wd_q17507129' | [[Citrullus lanatus]] | watermelon | Citrullus lanatus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q81513' | [[Citrus]] | Citrus | Citrus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q26590' | [[Ciudad Juárez]] | Ciudad Juárez | Ciudad Juárez | border city<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>locality of Mexico | border city<br/>big city<br/>locality of Mexico |- class='wd_q11460' | [[Cleidin|claes]] | clothing | Cleidin | | |- class='wd_q404495' | [[Clan Broun]] | Clan Broun | Clan Broun | noble faimily | noble family |- class='wd_q1094925' | [[Clan Campbell]] | Clan Campbell | Clan Campbell | [[Scots clan]] | Scottish clan |- class='wd_q2167776' | [[Clan Douglas]] | Clan Douglas | Clan Douglas | noble faimily | noble family |- class='wd_q1094951' | [[Clan Gordon]] | Clan Gordon | Clan Gordon | [[Scots clan]] | Scottish clan |- class='wd_q247418' | [[Clan Hay]] | Clan Hay | Clan Hay | [[Scots clan]] | Scottish clan |- class='wd_q1094959' | [[Clan Lindsay]] | Clan Lindsay | Clan Lindsay | [[Scots clan]] | Scottish clan |- class='wd_q1651263' | [[Clan Stewart]] | Clan Stewart | Clan Stewart | [[Scots clan]] | Scottish clan |- class='wd_q5125614' | [[Clan Straiton]] | Clan Straiton | Clan Straiton | [[Scots clan]] | Scottish clan |- class='wd_q2978374' | [[Claude Érignac]] | Claude Érignac | Claude Érignac | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q228241' | [[Cleg]] | Tabanidae | Cleg | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q157634' | [[Clematis]] | Clematis | Clematis | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q160100' | [[Clematis vitalba]] | Clematis vitalba | Clematis vitalba | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q40003' | [[Cleopatra III o Egyp]] | Cleopatra III of Egypt | Cleopatra III o Egyp | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q635' | [[Cleopatra|Cleopatra VII]] | Cleopatra | Cleopatra | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q873072' | [[clitoris]] | clitoris | Clitoris | organ type<br/>class of anatomical entity | organ type<br/>class of anatomical entity |- class='wd_q25327' | [[Coccinellidae|Clock leddy]] | Q25327 | Coccinellidae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q36135' | [[cloodit leopard]] | clouded leopard | Cloodit leopard | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q5135110' | [[Clootie dumplin]] | clootie dumpling | Clootie dumplin | | |- class='wd_q483639' | [[Cloud computing|cloud will]] | cloud computing | Cloud computing | | |- class='wd_q211931' | [[Co-operative Pairty]] | Co-operative Party | Co-operative Pairty | [[poleetical pairty]] | political party |- class='wd_q188047' | [[Coat o airms o Lithuanie]] | Coat of arms of Lithuania | Coat o airms o Lithuanie | national coat of arms | national coat of arms |- class='wd_q159543' | [[Clock leddy|Coccinella septempunctata]] | Coccinella septempunctata | Clock leddy | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q183124' | [[Cochabamba]] | Cochabamba | Cochabamba | [[ceety]]<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | city<br/>big city |- class='wd_q159831' | [[Cochlearia anglica]] | Cochlearia anglica | Cochlearia anglica | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q855094' | [[Coenonympha pamphilus]] | Small Heath | Coenonympha pamphilus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q156354' | [[Coffea]] | Coffea | Coffea | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q8486' | [[coffee]] | coffee | Coffee | | |- class='wd_q9885' | [[Coimbatore]] | Coimbatore | Coimbatore | [[ceety]]<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | city<br/>big city |- class='wd_q17621225' | [[Colchagua (histerical province)]] | Colchagua Province | Colchagua (histerical province) | province of Chile | province of Chile |- class='wd_q388435' | [[College Park, Georgie|College Park]] | College Park | College Park, Georgie | ceety o the Unitit States<br/>municipality of Georgia | city in the United States<br/>municipality of Georgia |- class='wd_q10285' | [[Colosseum]] | Colosseum | Colosseum | stadium<br/>archaeological site<br/>Italian national museum<br/>Roman amphitheatre<br/>historical civil building museum<br/>archaeological artifact museum<br/>Museum of the Italian Ministry of Culture<br/>roman ruins | stadium<br/>archaeological site<br/>Italian national museum<br/>Roman amphitheatre<br/>historical civil building museum<br/>archaeological artifact museum<br/>Museum of the Italian Ministry of Culture<br/>roman ruins |- class='wd_q133696' | [[colour blindness]] | color blindness | Colour blindness | type of disease | type of disease |- class='wd_q182751' | [[Colubridae]] | Colubridae | Colubridae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q106922' | [[Columbus]] | Columbus | Columbus | Wikimedia disambiguation page | Wikimedia disambiguation page |- class='wd_q937876' | [[Comarques o Catalonie]] | comarca of Catalonia | Comarques o Catalonie | | |- class='wd_q909434' | [[Combustion chamber]] | combustion chamber | Combustion chamber | | |- class='wd_q860390' | [[Commer]] | Commer | Commer | automobile manufacturer<br/>[[Business|buisiness]] | automobile manufacturer<br/>business |- class='wd_q81110' | [[common cairp]] | Cyprinus carpio | Common cairp | [[taxon]]<br/>fractional spawner | taxon<br/>fractional spawner |- class='wd_q12125' | [[common cauld]] | common cold | Common cauld | type of disease<br/>symptom or sign | type of disease<br/>symptom or sign |- class='wd_q18845' | [[Common cuckoo|Common Cuckoo]] | Common Cuckoo | Common cuckoo | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q161416' | [[Common dugwid|Common Dugwid]] | Cornus sanguinea | Common dugwid | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q216815' | [[common eland]] | Common eland | Common eland | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q27465' | [[Common frog]] | Rana temporaria | Common frog | [[taxon]]<br/>model organism | taxon<br/>model organism |- class='wd_q911786' | [[Common garter snake|Common Garter Snake]] | common garter snake | Common garter snake | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q586594' | [[common stingray]] | common stingray | Common stingray | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q7779' | [[Commonweel o Independent States]] | Commonwealth of Independent States | Commonweel o Independent States | intergovrenmental organization<br/>international organization<br/>commonwealth<br/>nationality for sports | intergovernmental organization<br/>international organization<br/>commonwealth<br/>nationality for sports |- class='wd_q11024' | [[communication]] | communication | Communication | social behaviour<br/>social skill<br/>academic discipline<br/>type of process<br/>type of interaction | social behavior<br/>social skill<br/>academic discipline<br/>type of process<br/>type of interaction |- class='wd_q40591' | [[Communist Manifesto|Communist Manifesto seal]] | The Communist Manifesto | Communist Manifesto | manifesto<br/>leeterary wirk | manifesto<br/>literary work |- class='wd_q130880' | [[Compsognathus]] | Compsognathus | Compsognathus | fossil taxon | fossil taxon |- class='wd_q22657' | [[concrete]] | concrete | Concrete | | |- class='wd_q147298' | [[cone cell]] | cone cell | Cone cell | cell type<br/>retinal cell | cell type<br/>retinal cell |- class='wd_q81931' | [[Confederate States o Americae]] | Confederate States of America | Confederate States o Americae | historical unrecognized state | historical unrecognized state |- class='wd_q9626' | [[Tory an Unionist Pairty|Conservative Pairty]] | Conservative Party | Tory an Unionist Pairty | [[poleetical pairty]] | political party |- class='wd_q216980' | [[Constantine P. Cavafy]] | Konstantinos P. Cavafy | Constantine P. Cavafy | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q8413' | [[Constantine the Great]] | Constantine the Great | Constantine the Great | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q26718' | [[Continental Congress]] | Continental Congress | Continental Congress | unicameral legislature | unicameral legislature |- class='wd_q192299' | [[Coonties o Norawa]] | county of Norway | Coonties o Norawa | admeenistrative diveesion | administrative territorial entity |- class='wd_q171809' | [[Coonties o Ingland|coonty o Ingland]] | county of England | Coonties o Ingland | | |- class='wd_q753' | [[Capper|copper]] | copper | Capper | [[Chemical element|element]]<br/>chalcophile element<br/>simple substance | chemical element<br/>chalcophile element<br/>simple substance |- class='wd_q484131' | [[Coraciiformes]] | Coraciiformes | Coraciiformes | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q171446' | [[coral]] | coral | Coral | organisms known by a particular common name | organisms known by a particular common name |- class='wd_q169973' | [[Coriolis force]] | Coriolis force | Coriolis force | scientific theory | scientific theory |- class='wd_q347404' | [[Cork]] | Cork | Cork | Wikimedia disambiguation page | Wikimedia disambiguation page |- class='wd_q1134583' | [[Coronaviridae]] | Coronaviridae | Coronaviridae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q84263196' | [[COVID-19|coronavirus disease 2019]] | COVID-19 | COVID-19 | type of disease | type of disease |- class='wd_q187024' | [[corsac tod]] | corsac fox | Corsac tod | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q124969' | [[Corylus avellana]] | Corylus avellana | Corylus avellana | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q48544' | [[Cosimo de' Medici]] | Cosimo de' Medici | Cosimo de' Medici | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q45382' | [[coup d'état]] | coup d'état | Coup d'état | | |- class='wd_q44299' | [[coyote]] | coyote | Coyote | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q84149' | [[Craniate]] | Q84149 | Craniate | clade | clade |- class='wd_q155938' | [[Crassulaceae]] | Crassulaceae | Crassulaceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q126256' | [[craw-nebs]] | Anthyllis vulneraria | Craw-nebs | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q111059' | [[Creetical pynt (thermodynamics)|creetical pynt]] | critical point | Creetical pynt (thermodynamics) | | |- class='wd_q1840756' | [[Crested clagbird]] | Crested Bellbird | Crested clagbird | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q26017' | [[Crex crex]] | Corn Crake | Crex crex | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q5185548' | [[Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 1980]] | Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 1980 | Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 1980 | Public General Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom | Public General Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom |- class='wd_q33666' | [[Crinoid]] | Crinoidea | Crinoid | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q11571' | [[Cristiano Ronaldo]] | Cristiano Ronaldo | Cristiano Ronaldo | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q2658232' | [[Cristina Calderón]] | Cristina Calderón | Cristina Calderón | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q134479' | [[Croatie naitional fitbaw team|Croatie naitional fitbaa team]] | Croatia men's national football team | Croatie naitional fitbaw team | men's national association football team | men's national association football team |- class='wd_q25363' | [[Crocodilia]] | Crocodilia | Crocodilia | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q43169' | [[Crocodylidae]] | Crocodile | Crocodylidae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q15212096' | [[Cruachan Dam]] | Cruachan Power Station | Cruachan Dam | pumped-storage power station | pumped-storage power station |- class='wd_q1107181' | [[cruiner]] | grey gurnard | Cruiner | [[fish]]<br/>[[taxon]]<br/>organisms known by a particular common name | fish<br/>taxon<br/>organisms known by a particular common name |- class='wd_q46135' | [[Créteil]] | Créteil | Créteil | [[ceety]]<br/>commune o Fraunce | city<br/>commune of France |- class='wd_q183364' | [[Cuculiformes]] | Cuculiformes | Cuculiformes | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q23425' | [[Cucumber]] | Cucumis sativus | Cucumber | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q148758' | [[Cucumis]] | Cucumis | Cucumis | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q5339301' | [[Cucurbita]] | Cucurbita | Cucurbita | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q8314' | [[Cucurbitaceae]] | Cucurbitaceae | Cucurbitaceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q21875' | [[Cucurbitales]] | Cucurbitales | Cucurbitales | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q19707' | [[Cuddie]] | donkey | Cuddie | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q192914' | [[Cult o personality]] | cult of personality | Cult o personality | | |- class='wd_q28598' | [[Cultural anthropologie|Cultural Antropologie]] | cultural anthropology | Cultural anthropologie | academic discipline | academic discipline |- class='wd_q132624' | [[cumin]] | Cuminum cyminum | Cumin | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q25577567' | [[Cyanobacteria]] | Cyanobacteriota | Cyanobacteria | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q161517' | [[Cycas revoluta]] | Cycas revoluta | Cycas revoluta | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q152314' | [[Cyclone Nargis]] | Cyclone Nargis | Cyclone Nargis | [[cyclone]] | cyclone |- class='wd_q30066' | [[Cyclopterus lumpus]] | Cyclopterus lumpus | Cyclopterus lumpus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q43300' | [[Cydonia oblonga]] | Cydonia oblonga | Cydonia oblonga | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q953477' | [[Cylinder block]] | cylinder block | Cylinder block | physical technological component | physical technological component |- class='wd_q164270' | [[Cymbalaria muralis]] | Cymbalaria muralis | Cymbalaria muralis | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q381584' | [[Cynoglossum officinale]] | Cynoglossum officinale | Cynoglossum officinale | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q155843' | [[Cyperaceae]] | Cyperaceae | Cyperaceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q35047' | [[Cyprinidae]] | Cyprinidae | Cyprinidae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q177879' | [[Cypriniformes]] | Cypriniformes | Cypriniformes | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q8209' | [[Cyrillic script]] | Cyrillic script | Cyrillic script | [[writin seestem]] | writing system |- class='wd_q964233' | [[D. E. Stevenson]] | D. E. Stevenson | D. E. Stevenson | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q238593' | [[D.C. United]] | D.C. United | D.C. United | association fitbaa club<br/>[[Fitbaw team|fitbaa team]] | association football club<br/>association football team |- class='wd_q25282' | [[Da Nang]] | Da Nang | Da Nang | [[ceety]]<br/>Municipalities o Vietnam<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | city<br/>centrally-controlled city of Vietnam<br/>big city |- class='wd_q29099' | [[Dachshund]] | dachshund | Dachshund | dog breed | dog breed |- class='wd_q161735' | [[Dactylis glomerata]] | Dactylis glomerata | Dactylis glomerata | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q3011799' | [[Daemonologie]] | Daemonologie | Daemonologie | leeterary wirk | literary work |- class='wd_q494447' | [[Daewoo Espero]] | Daewoo Espero | Daewoo Espero | car model | car model |- class='wd_q494469' | [[Daewoo Magnus]] | Daewoo Magnus | Daewoo Magnus | car model | car model |- class='wd_q1151620' | [[DAF 600]] | DAF 600 | DAF 600 | car model | car model |- class='wd_q1157579' | [[Daihatsu Taft]] | Daihatsu Taft | Daihatsu Taft | car model | car model |- class='wd_q355388' | [[Dale Earnhardt, Jr.|Dale Earnhardt]] | Dale Earnhardt Jr. | Dale Earnhardt, Jr. | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q17504' | [[Dalmatian (dug)|Dalmatian]] | Dalmatian | Dalmatian (dug) | dog breed | dog breed |- class='wd_q328153' | [[Damanhur]] | Damanhur | Damanhur | [[ceety]]<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | city<br/>big city |- class='wd_q3766' | [[Damascus]] | Damascus | Damascus | [[ceety]]<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>auncient ceety<br/>populated place in Syria<br/>largest city<br/>national capital | city<br/>big city<br/>ancient city<br/>populated place in Syria<br/>largest city<br/>national capital |- class='wd_q189383' | [[Damietta]] | Damietta | Damietta | [[ceety]]<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | city<br/>big city |- class='wd_q1067' | [[Dante Alighieri]] | Dante Alighieri | Dante Alighieri | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q733120' | [[Darwin's rhea]] | Lesser Rhea | Darwin's rhea | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q5211618' | [[Darymple]] | Dalrymple | Darymple | [[veelage]] | village |- class='wd_q213333' | [[Dasyuromorphia]] | Dasyuromorphia | Dasyuromorphia | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q36760' | [[David IV o Georgie]] | David IV of Georgia | David IV o Georgie | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q188792' | [[David Schwimmer]] | David Schwimmer | David Schwimmer | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q430464' | [[Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn]] | Dearborn | Dearborn, Michigan | ceety o the Unitit States | city in the United States |- class='wd_q4610' | [[decapoda]] | Q4610 | Decapoda | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q191637' | [[decay product]] | decay product | Decay product | | |- class='wd_q169759' | [[Declaration o the Richts o Man an o the Ceetizen]] | Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen | Declaration o the Richts o Man an o the Ceetizen | [[document]]<br/>declaration | document<br/>declaration |- class='wd_q608613' | [[Decline o the Roman Empire]] | fall of the western Roman Empire | Decline o the Roman Empire | decadence<br/>dissolution of an administrative territorial entity | decadence<br/>dissolution of an administrative territorial entity |- class='wd_q14405' | [[Deinonychus]] | Deinonychus | Deinonychus | fossil taxon | fossil taxon |- class='wd_q215519' | [[Democratic Unionist Party|Democratic Unionist Pairty]] | Democratic Unionist Party | Democratic Unionist Party | [[poleetical pairty]] | political party |- class='wd_q130018' | [[Denali]] | Q130018 | Denali | [[Moontain|muntain]] | mountain |- class='wd_q16554' | [[Denver]] | Denver | Denver | ceety o the Unitit States<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>consolidatit ceety–coonty<br/>municipality of Colorado | city in the United States<br/>big city<br/>consolidated city-county<br/>municipality of Colorado |- class='wd_q734273' | [[Derek Riordan]] | Derek Riordan | Derek Riordan | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q1200131' | [[Derek Shulman]] | Derek Shulman | Derek Shulman | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q17278086' | [[Descendants (2015 film)|Descendants]] | Descendants | Descendants (2015 film) | television film | television film |- class='wd_q26154237' | [[Descendants 2]] | Descendants 2 | Descendants 2 | television film | television film |- class='wd_q216888' | [[Destricts o Luxembourg]] | district of Luxembourg | Destricts o Luxembourg | type of administrative division of Luxembourg | type of administrative division of Luxembourg |- class='wd_q177323' | [[developin kintra]] | developing country | Developin kintra | geographic region<br/>place | region<br/>geographic location |- class='wd_q1133406' | [[DevilDriver]] | DevilDriver | DevilDriver | muisic baund | musical group |- class='wd_q1156998' | [[Devourment]] | Devourment | Devourment | muisic baund | musical group |- class='wd_q1354' | [[Dhaka]] | Dhaka | Dhaka | admeenistrative diveesion<br/>megacity<br/>[[metropolis]]<br/>financial center<br/>largest city | administrative territorial entity<br/>megacity<br/>metropolis<br/>financial center<br/>largest city |- class='wd_q9685' | [[Diana, Princess o Wales]] | Diana, Princess of Wales | Diana, Princess o Wales | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q156099' | [[Dianthus]] | Dianthus | Dianthus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q162678' | [[Diatom|Diatomea]] | Diatomea | Diatom | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q189388' | [[didgeridoo]] | didgeridoo | Didgeridoo | type of musical instrument | type of musical instrument |- class='wd_q258115' | [[Diego Simeone]] | Diego Simeone | Diego Simeone | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q174174' | [[diesel ingine]] | diesel engine | Diesel ingine | | |- class='wd_q34336' | [[Diesel locomotive]] | diesel locomotive | Diesel locomotive | [[locomotive]] | locomotive |- class='wd_q25670' | [[Digital object identifier]] | digital object identifier | Digital object identifier | persistent identifier<br/>publication identifier | persistent identifier<br/>publication identifier |- class='wd_q157555' | [[Digitalis purpurea]] | Digitalis purpurea | Digitalis purpurea | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q216263' | [[dik-dik]] | Madoqua | Dik-dik | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q755714' | [[Dikarya]] | Dikarya | Dikarya | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q38584' | [[dingo]] | dingo | Dingo | [[taxon]]<br/>dog breed<br/>organisms known by a particular common name | taxon<br/>dog breed<br/>organisms known by a particular common name |- class='wd_q2740164' | [[Dinosauriformes]] | Dinosauriformes | Dinosauriformes | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q171241' | [[Diodorus Siculus]] | Diodorus Siculus | Diodorus Siculus | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q14330' | [[Diplodocus]] | Diplodocus | Diplodocus | fossil taxon | fossil taxon |- class='wd_q273071' | [[Dipodidae]] | Dipodidae | Dipodidae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q26332' | [[Diprotodontia|Diprotodont]] | Diprotodontia | Diprotodontia | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q21774' | [[Dipsacales]] | Dipsacales | Dipsacales | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q580593' | [[Dipterocarpaceae]] | Dipterocarpaceae | Dipterocarpaceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q456226' | [[Direct Rail Services]] | Direct Rail Services | Direct Rail Services | [[Business|buisiness]]<br/>Train operatin company | business<br/>train operating company |- class='wd_q2020424' | [[Dirleton]] | Dirleton | Dirleton | [[veelage]] | village |- class='wd_q12136' | [[Dishailth|disease]] | disease | Dishailth | first-order class<br/>type of condition | first-order class<br/>type of condition |- class='wd_q178837' | [[Disney Channel]] | Disney Channel | Disney Channel | specialty channel<br/>televeesion station<br/>cable channel<br/>production company | specialty channel<br/>television station<br/>cable channel<br/>production company |- class='wd_q1459069' | [[distributor]] | distributor | Distributor | device<br/>automotive part | device<br/>automotive part |- class='wd_q10244' | [[Diwali|Divali]] | Diwali | Diwali | festival<br/>[[haliday]] | festival<br/>holiday |- class='wd_q38358' | [[Doberman Pinscher]] | Dobermann | Doberman Pinscher | dog breed | dog breed |- class='wd_q202504' | [[doiterel]] | Eurasian Dotterel | Doiterel | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q58813' | [[Dokka Umarov]] | Omar Dokka | Dokka Umarov | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q14083' | [[Dollar (siller)|dollar]] | dollar | Dollar (siller) | economic term | economic term |- class='wd_q171433' | [[Dolly (sheep)|Dolly]] | Dolly the Sheep | Dolly (sheep) | ewe<br/>individual animal<br/>cloned mammal | ewe<br/>individual animal<br/>cloned mammal |- class='wd_q787' | [[Domestic pig]] | pig | Domestic pig | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q784' | [[Dominica]] | Dominica | Dominica | [[kintra]]<br/>island country<br/>sovereign state | country<br/>island country<br/>sovereign state |- class='wd_q131479' | [[Dominican Order]] | Dominican Order | Dominican Order | mendicant order<br/>organization<br/>first order | mendicant order<br/>organization<br/>first order |- class='wd_q80905' | [[Donald A. Glaser]] | Donald Arthur Glaser | Donald A. Glaser | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q22686' | [[Donald Trump]] | Donald Trump | Donald Trump | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q331031' | [[Dora the Explorer]] | Dora the Explorer | Dora the Explorer | animated television series | animated television series |- class='wd_q206405' | [[Douglas Osheroff]] | Douglas Osheroff | Douglas Osheroff | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q24039769' | [[Douglas Ross]] | Douglas Ross | Douglas Ross | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q13560423' | [[Dove Cameron]] | Dove Cameron | Dove Cameron | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q47715' | [[Down syndrome|Down's syndrome]] | Down syndrome | Down syndrome | disability<br/>type of disease | disability<br/>type of disease |- class='wd_q2215877' | [[Downtown Miami]] | Downtown Miami | Downtown Miami | neighbourhuid<br/>central business district | neighborhood<br/>central business district |- class='wd_q212715' | [[DragonForce]] | DragonForce | DragonForce | rock baund | rock band |- class='wd_q1629859' | [[Drax pouer station]] | Drax power station | Drax pouer station | biomass-fired power station | biomass-fired power station |- class='wd_q71516' | [[dromedary]] | Camelus dromedarius | Dromedary | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q156185' | [[Droseraceae]] | Droseraceae | Droseraceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q981816' | [[Dublin, Texas|Dublin]] | Dublin | Dublin, Texas | ceety o the Unitit States | city in the United States |- class='wd_q1722' | [[Dubrovnik]] | Dubrovnik | Dubrovnik | port ceety<br/>ceety o Croatie | port city<br/>town in Croatia |- class='wd_q129544' | [[Dugong]] | dugong | Dugong | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q4810109' | [[Dujail Massacre]] | Dujail Massacre | Dujail Massacre | event | occurrence |- class='wd_q91818' | [[dun]] | dun | Dun | | |- class='wd_q580502' | [[Duncan Shearer]] | Duncan Shearer | Duncan Shearer | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q867610' | [[Dundee cake]] | Dundee cake | Dundee cake | | |- class='wd_q1466274' | [[Dungeness Nuclear Pouer Station]] | Dungeness Nuclear Power Station | Dungeness Nuclear Pouer Station | set of physical objects | set of physical objects |- class='wd_q651981' | [[Dáil Éireann]] | Dáil Éireann | Dáil Éireann | lawer chamber<br/>elected legislative house | lower house<br/>elected legislative house |- class='wd_q111471' | [[Dál Riata]] | Dál Riata | Dál Riata | historical state | historical country |- class='wd_q704041' | [[Eason Chan]] | Eason Chan | Eason Chan | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q792143' | [[East African oryx]] | East African oryx | East African oryx | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q16957' | [[East Germany]] | German Democratic Republic | East Germany | historical state | historical country |- class='wd_q171323' | [[East Thrace]] | East Thrace | East Thrace | geographic region | region |- class='wd_q122563' | [[Eau Claire, Wisconsin|Eau Claire]] | Eau Claire | Eau Claire, Wisconsin | coonty seat<br/>ceety o the Unitit States<br/>seicont-class ceety | county seat<br/>city in the United States<br/>second-class city |- class='wd_q156669' | [[Ebenaceae]] | Ebenaceae | Ebenaceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q51993' | [[Ebola virus disease]] | Ebola hemorrhagic fever | Ebola virus disease | type of disease | type of disease |- class='wd_q239107' | [[Edfu]] | Edfu | Edfu | [[ceety]]<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | city<br/>big city |- class='wd_q16380756' | [[Edgar Housepian]] | Edgar Housepian | Edgar Housepian | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q76749' | [[Edith Stein]] | Edith Stein | Edith Stein | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q5236' | [[Edward II o Ingland]] | Edward II of England | Edward II o Ingland | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q728039' | [[Edwyn Collins]] | Edwyn Collins | Edwyn Collins | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q2994343' | [[Economic an Social Cooncil|Eeconomic an Social Cooncil (Côte d'Ivoire)]] | Economic and Social Council (Ivory Coast) | Economic an Social Cooncil | govrenment agency | government agency |- class='wd_q154934' | [[Egbert o Wessex]] | Ecgberht | Egbert o Wessex | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q1274604' | [[EGP-6]] | EGP-6 | EGP-6 | light water graphite reactor | light water graphite reactor |- class='wd_q4117865' | [[Egyp–Turkey relations]] | Egypt–Turkey relations | Egyp–Turkey relations | bilateral relation | bilateral relation |- class='wd_q134762' | [[Eilat]] | Eilat | Eilat | emporium<br/>city council | emporium<br/>city council |- class='wd_q1111' | [[Electric chairge|electric charge]] | electric charge | Electric chairge | | |- class='wd_q189511' | [[electronic cigarette]] | electronic cigarette | Electronic cigarette | | |- class='wd_q11344' | [[Chemical element|element]] | chemical element | Chemical element | group or class of chemical substances<br/>second-order class | group or class of chemical substances<br/>second-order class |- class='wd_q232680' | [[Elena Baltacha]] | Elena Baltacha | Elena Baltacha | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q173115' | [[Elio de Angelis]] | Elio de Angelis | Elio de Angelis | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q10633' | [[Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon]] | Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother | Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q1331219' | [[Elizabeth Hamilton (writer)|Elizabeth Hamilton]] | Elizabeth Hamilton | Elizabeth Hamilton (writer) | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q130752' | [[Elizabeth o Roushie]] | Elizabeth I of Russia | Elizabeth o Roushie | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q317521' | [[Elon Musk]] | Elon Musk | Elon Musk | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q5367589' | [[Elsie Inglis]] | Elsie Inglis | Elsie Inglis | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q852573' | [[Elvenking]] | Elvenking | Elvenking | muisic baund | musical group |- class='wd_q28486' | [[Emberizidae]] | Emberizidae | Emberizidae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q201128' | [[Emblem o Turkmenistan]] | emblem of Turkmenistan | Emblem o Turkmenistan | national coat of arms | national coat of arms |- class='wd_q1263' | [[Emilia-Romagna]] | Emilia-Romagna | Emilia-Romagna | [[regions o Italy]] | region of Italy |- class='wd_q188939' | [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] | Emilio Aguinaldo | Emilio Aguinaldo | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q238445' | [[Emirate o Granada]] | Emirate of Granada | Emirate o Granada | Emirate<br/>historical state<br/>sultanate | Emirate<br/>historical country<br/>sultanate |- class='wd_q39476' | [[Emma Watson]] | Emma Watson | Emma Watson | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q9722' | [[Emperor Ruizong o Tang]] | Emperor Ruizong of Tang | Emperor Ruizong o Tang | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q93208' | [[emu]] | Emu | Emu | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q26696' | [[ennet]] | Common Eider | Ennet | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q8753' | [[Enrico Fermi]] | Enrico Fermi | Enrico Fermi | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q1447266' | [[Envigado]] | Envigado | Envigado | [[Municipalities o Colombie]] | municipality of Colombia |- class='wd_q41571' | [[epilepsy]] | epilepsy | Epilepsy | type of disease | type of disease |- class='wd_q682443' | [[Episcopal Kirk (Unitit States)|Episcopal Kirk]] | Episcopal Church | Episcopal Kirk (Unitit States) | voluntary association<br/>nan-profit organisation<br/>Christian denomination<br/>Episcopal Church | voluntary association<br/>nonprofit organization<br/>Christian denomination<br/>Episcopal Church |- class='wd_q643657' | [[EPR (nuclear reactor)|EPR]] | European Pressurized Reactor | EPR (nuclear reactor) | [[Generation III reactor]] | Generation III reactor |- class='wd_q28114' | [[Equisetum]] | Equisetum | Equisetum | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q184674' | [[erectile dysfunction]] | erectile dysfunction | Erectile dysfunction | type of disease<br/>symptom or sign | type of disease<br/>symptom or sign |- class='wd_q3056695' | [[Erlend Haraldsson]] | Erlend Haraldsson | Erlend Haraldsson | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q9123' | [[Ernest Rutherford]] | Ernest Rutherford | Ernest Rutherford | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q121973' | [[Eros]] | Eros | Eros | personification<br/>Greek primordial deities<br/>fertility deity<br/>Greek deity | personification<br/>Greek primordial deity<br/>fertility deity<br/>Greek deity |- class='wd_q25419' | [[Escherichia coli]] | Escherichia coli | Escherichia coli | [[taxon]]<br/>model organism | taxon<br/>model organism |- class='wd_q3649072' | [[Eshera]] | Eshera | Eshera | [[Toun (disambiguation)|human settlement]] | human settlement |- class='wd_q10980893' | [[Esk]] | newt | Esk | organisms known by a particular common name | organisms known by a particular common name |- class='wd_q1015463' | [[Ettadhamen-Mnihla]] | Ettadhamen-Mnihla | Ettadhamen-Mnihla | municipality of Tunisia | municipality of Tunisia |- class='wd_q45669' | [[Eucalyptus]] | Eucalyptus | Eucalyptus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q8747' | [[Euclid]] | Euclid | Euclid | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q165468' | [[Eudicots]] | Q165468 | Eudicots | clade | clade |- class='wd_q188622' | [[Eunectes]] | Anaconda | Eunectes | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q2752642' | [[Euornithes]] | Euornithes | Euornithes | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q8919' | [[European Atomic Energy Commonty]] | European Atomic Energy Community | European Atomic Energy Commonty | organization<br/>international organization<br/>regional organization | organization<br/>international organization<br/>regional organization |- class='wd_q161549' | [[European Coal an Steel Commonty]] | European Coal and Steel Community | European Coal an Steel Commonty | regional organization | regional organization |- class='wd_q183191' | [[European Convention on Human Richts]] | European Convention on Human Rights | European Convention on Human Richts | international human rights instrument<br/>Council of Europe treaty | international human rights instrument<br/>Council of Europe treaty |- class='wd_q122880' | [[European Coort o Human Richts]] | European Court of Human Rights | European Coort o Human Richts | international court | international court |- class='wd_q26559' | [[European mink]] | Mustela lutreola | European mink | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q300955' | [[European sea sturgeon]] | European sea sturgeon | European sea sturgeon | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q612943' | [[European Tour 2012/2013 – Event 5]] | European Tour 2012/2013 – Event 5 | European Tour 2012/2013 – Event 5 | snooker tournament<br/>recurring sporting event edition | snooker tournament<br/>recurring sporting event edition |- class='wd_q458' | [[European Union]] | European Union | European Union | [[confederation]]<br/>supranational union<br/>regional organization<br/>political economic union | confederation<br/>supranational union<br/>regional organization<br/>political economic union |- class='wd_q42410' | [[Evo Morales]] | Evo Morales | Evo Morales | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q107411' | [[Eyster]] | oyster | Eyster | food ingredient<br/>organisms known by a particular common name<br/>paraphyletic group | food ingredient<br/>organisms known by a particular common name<br/>paraphyletic group |- class='wd_q21878' | [[Fabales]] | Q21878 | Fabales | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q21881' | [[Fagales]] | Fagales | Fagales | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q5430546' | [[Fairlie, North Ayrshire|Fairlie]] | Fairlie | Fairlie, North Ayrshire | [[veelage]] | village |- class='wd_q9648' | [[Fauklan Isles|falkland islands]] | Falkland Islands | Fauklan Isles | [[Breetish Owerseas Territories|Breetish owerseas territories]] | British Overseas Territories |- class='wd_q1233836' | [[Fallopian tube]] | fallopian tube | Fallopian tube | organ type<br/>class of anatomical entity | organ type<br/>class of anatomical entity |- class='wd_q59148' | [[Famagusta Destrict]] | Famagusta District | Famagusta Destrict | [[Destricts o Cyprus]] | district of Cyprus |- class='wd_q17459' | [[Fandom (wabsteid)|Fandom]] | Fandom | Fandom (wabsteid) | wiki hosting service<br/>web hosting service<br/>MediaWiki steid | wiki hosting service<br/>web hosting service<br/>MediaWiki wiki |- class='wd_q223179' | [[Faroese fowk]] | Faroese | Faroese fowk | [[population]] | human population |- class='wd_q127980' | [[fat]] | fat | Fat | nutrient group | nutrient group |- class='wd_q321061' | [[FC Sion]] | FC Sion | FC Sion | association fitbaa club<br/>sports club | association football club<br/>sports club |- class='wd_q1640582' | [[fecht-or-flicht response]] | acute stress response | Fecht-or-flicht response | concept | concept |- class='wd_q42602' | [[Felinae]] | Felinae | Felinae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q208373' | [[female genital mittlin]] | female genital mutilation | Female genital mittlin | ritual<br/>violence against women | ritual<br/>violence against women |- class='wd_q131564' | [[fennec tod]] | Vulpes zerda | Fennec tod | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q75780' | [[Ferdinand von Zeppelin]] | Ferdinand von Zeppelin | Ferdinand von Zeppelin | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q2576842' | [[Ferrari 166 Inter]] | Ferrari 166 Inter | Ferrari 166 Inter | car model | car model |- class='wd_q3405025' | [[Ffa Coffi Pawb]] | Ffa Coffi Pawb | Ffa Coffi Pawb | muisical ensemble | musical ensemble |- class='wd_q216517' | [[Fianna Fáil]] | Fianna Fáil | Fianna Fáil | [[poleetical pairty]] | political party |- class='wd_q59798' | [[Ficus]] | Ficus | Ficus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q185674' | [[Field (pheesics)|field]] | field | Field (pheesics) | concept in physics | concept in physics |- class='wd_q253414' | [[FIFA]] | FIFA | FIFA | nan-profit organisation<br/>association football federation<br/>international sport governing body<br/>metaorganization | nonprofit organization<br/>association football federation<br/>international sport governing body<br/>metaorganization |- class='wd_q125351662' | [[FIFA Men's World Ranking]] | FIFA Men's World Rankings | FIFA Men's World Ranking | ranking | ranking |- class='wd_q599301' | [[Financial District, San Francisco|Financial District]] | Financial District | Financial District, San Francisco | neighbourhuid<br/>central business district<br/>neighborhood in San Francisco | neighborhood<br/>central business district<br/>neighborhood in San Francisco |- class='wd_q5997' | [[fine-structur constant]] | fine-structure constant | Fine-structur constant | dimensionless quantity<br/>[[Physical constant|pheesical constant]]<br/>coupling constant | dimensionless quantity<br/>physical constant<br/>coupling constant |- class='wd_q5450695' | [[Finnan haddie]] | Finnan haddie | Finnan haddie | [[fuid]] | food |- class='wd_q33328' | [[Finnic leids]] | Finnic | Finnic leids | [[Leid faimly|leid faimily]] | language family |- class='wd_q1412' | [[Finnish leid|Finnish]] | Finnish | Finnish leid | natural language<br/>modern language | natural language<br/>modern language |- class='wd_q25519942' | [[Firmicutes]] | Bacillota | Firmicutes | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q29269' | [[First Chechen War]] | First Chechen War | First Chechen War | [[war]] | war |- class='wd_q7166256' | [[First Lady o the Unitit States]] | First Lady of the United States | First Lady o the Unitit States | title<br/>poseetion | title<br/>position |- class='wd_q152' | [[fish]] | fish | Fish | grade<br/>organisms known by a particular common name<br/>paraphyletic group | grade<br/>organisms known by a particular common name<br/>paraphyletic group |- class='wd_q2736' | [[Fitba|fitbaa]] | association football | Fitba | type o sport<br/>[[habby]]<br/>Olympic sport<br/>team sport<br/>spectator sport | type of sport<br/>hobby<br/>Olympic sport<br/>team sport<br/>spectator sport |- class='wd_q242115' | [[Five Dynasties an Ten Kinricks period]] | Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period | Five Dynasties an Ten Kinricks period | decad<br/>historical state<br/>historical period<br/>Chinese dynasty<br/>group<br/>pentad | decad<br/>historical country<br/>historical period<br/>Chinese dynasty<br/>group<br/>pentad |- class='wd_q59577' | [[flatfish]] | Pleuronectiformes | Flatfish | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q5401971' | [[fleein saucer]] | flying saucer | Fleein saucer | | |- class='wd_q776670' | [[Florida panther]] | Florida panther | Florida panther | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q25314' | [[flouerin plant]] | Q25314 | Flouerin plant | clade | clade |- class='wd_q318588' | [[FN P90]] | FN P90 | FN P90 | weapon model | weapon model |- class='wd_q27671' | [[FN SCAR]] | SCAR | FN SCAR | firearm family | firearm family |- class='wd_q107027' | [[Foraminifera]] | Foraminifera | Foraminifera | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q5467258' | [[Forbes Masson]] | Forbes Masson | Forbes Masson | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q1436754' | [[Ford Comète]] | Ford Comète | Ford Comète | car model | car model |- class='wd_q3866345' | [[Ford flatheid V8 ingine]] | Ford flathead V8 engine | Ford flatheid V8 ingine | ingine faimily | engine family |- class='wd_q52628184' | [[Ford V-8]] | Ford V-8 | Ford V-8 | | |- class='wd_q1437035' | [[Ford Vedette]] | Ford Vedette | Ford Vedette | car model | car model |- class='wd_q26896' | [[foumaw]] | Northern Fulmar | Foumaw | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q148' | [[Republic o the Fowk o Cheena|Fowkrepublic o Cheenae]] | People's Republic of China | Republic o the Fowk o Cheena | [[kintra]]<br/>sovereign state | country<br/>sovereign state |- class='wd_q208258' | [[France Gall]] | France Gall | France Gall | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q450675' | [[Pape Francis|Francis]] | Pope Francis | Pape Francis | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q3046878' | [[Free Kirk o Scotland (1843–1900)|Free Kirk o Scotland]] | Free Church of Scotland | Free Kirk o Scotland (1843–1900) | Christian Church | Christian Church |- class='wd_q49220' | [[Fremont, Californie|Fremont]] | Fremont | Fremont, Californie | ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>sanctuary city<br/>city of California | big city<br/>sanctuary city<br/>city of California |- class='wd_q30971' | [[French Polynesie]] | French Polynesia | French Polynesie | French owerseas collectivity | overseas collectivity of France |- class='wd_q70802' | [[French Thrid Republic|French Third Republic]] | French Third Republic | French Thrid Republic | historical state | historical country |- class='wd_q72292' | [[Fridtjof Nansen]] | Fridtjof Nansen | Fridtjof Nansen | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q22670' | [[Friedrich Schiller]] | Friedrich Schiller | Friedrich Schiller | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q128269' | [[Frisco, Texas|Frisco]] | Frisco | Frisco, Texas | ceety o the Unitit States<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | city in the United States<br/>big city |- class='wd_q192534' | [[Fuerteventura]] | Fuerteventura | Fuerteventura | [[island]] | island |- class='wd_q853718' | [[Fun and Fancy Free]] | Fun and Fancy Free | Fun and Fancy Free | [[film]] | film |- class='wd_q34750' | [[Fuxin]] | Fuxin | Fuxin | prefecture-level city<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | prefecture-level city<br/>big city |- class='wd_q991' | [[Fyodor Dostoyevsky|Fyodor Dostoevsky]] | Fyodor Dostoyevsky | Fyodor Dostoyevsky | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q40349' | [[Gagra Destrict]] | Gagra District | Gagra Destrict | district of Abkhazia | district of Abkhazia |- class='wd_q124946' | [[gairdenin]] | gardening | Gairdenin | [[habby]]<br/>branch of agriculture | hobby<br/>branch of agriculture |- class='wd_q9307' | [[Galicie leid|Galicie]] | Galician | Galicie leid | leid<br/>modern language | language<br/>modern language |- class='wd_q309467' | [[Gallimimus]] | Gallimimus | Gallimimus | fossil taxon | fossil taxon |- class='wd_q23572' | [[Game of Thrones]] | Game of Thrones | Game of Thrones | televeesion series | television series |- class='wd_q11523' | [[gamma ray]] | gamma ray | Gamma ray | [[electromagnetic radiation]] | electromagnetic radiation |- class='wd_q8010' | [[Ganger crossin]] | pedestrian crossing | Ganger crossin | | |- class='wd_q1366959' | [[Garda Síochána]] | Garda Síochána | Garda Síochána | [[polis]]<br/>national police | police<br/>national police |- class='wd_q184586' | [[Gareth Bale]] | Gareth Bale | Gareth Bale | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q643373' | [[garfish]] | Garfish | Garfish | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q5524423' | [[Gartnait, Yerl o Mar]] | Gartnait, Earl of Mar | Gartnait, Yerl o Mar | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q182333' | [[gas constant]] | molar gas constant | Gas constant | [[Physical constant|pheesical constant]] | physical constant |- class='wd_q193470' | [[gas turbine]] | gas turbine | Gas turbine | | |- class='wd_q187138' | [[Gasherbrum I]] | Gasherbrum | Gasherbrum I | [[Moontain|muntain]] | mountain |- class='wd_q186853' | [[Gasherbrum II]] | Gasherbrum II | Gasherbrum II | [[Moontain|muntain]] | mountain |- class='wd_q174296' | [[Gaur]] | Bos gaurus | Gaur | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q9441' | [[Gautama Buddha]] | The Buddha | Gautama Buddha | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q694025' | [[GAZ-M20 Pobeda]] | GAZ-M20 Pobeda | GAZ-M20 Pobeda | car model | car model |- class='wd_q190858' | [[Gazelle|Gazella]] | Gazella | Gazelle | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q775' | [[Gelderland]] | Gelderland | Gelderland | [[Provinces o the Netherlands]] | province of the Netherlands |- class='wd_q207043' | [[Gemsbok]] | Gemsbok | Gemsbok | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q81965' | [[General Motors]] | General Motors | General Motors | automobile manufacturer<br/>public company<br/>[[Business|buisiness]] | automobile manufacturer<br/>public company<br/>business |- class='wd_q213381' | [[generation]] | generation | Generation | | |- class='wd_q976748' | [[Generation III reactor]] | Generation III reactor | Generation III reactor | nuclear reactor generation | nuclear reactor generation |- class='wd_q71' | [[Geneva]] | Geneva | Geneva | municipality o Swisserland<br/>college toun<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>cantonal caipital o Swisserland<br/>city of Switzerland | municipality of Switzerland<br/>college town<br/>big city<br/>cantonal capital of Switzerland<br/>city of Switzerland |- class='wd_q680916' | [[Gentbrugge]] | Gentbrugge | Gentbrugge | municipality section | municipality section |- class='wd_q5683' | [[Geoffrey Chaucer]] | Geoffrey Chaucer | Geoffrey Chaucer | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q136736' | [[Geographic Names Information System]] | Geographic Names Information System | Geographic Names Information System | online database<br/>geographical names database | online database<br/>geographical names database |- class='wd_q653421' | [[Geordie]] | Geordie | Geordie | [[Byleid|dialect]] | dialect |- class='wd_q9235' | [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]] | Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel | Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q5535907' | [[George (dug)|George]] | George | George (dug) | [[dug]] | dog |- class='wd_q3078573' | [[George Campbell Hay]] | George Campbell Hay | George Campbell Hay | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q5540112' | [[George H. W. Bush bowkin incident]] | George H. W. Bush vomiting incident | George H. W. Bush bowkin incident | vomitin | vomiting |- class='wd_q368519' | [[George MacDonald]] | George MacDonald | George MacDonald | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q434118' | [[George Pell]] | George Pell | George Pell | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q181677' | [[George R. R. Martin]] | George R. R. Martin | George R. R. Martin | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q269412' | [[George V]] | George V | George V | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q296898' | [[George Washington Carver]] | George Washington Carver | George Washington Carver | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q208112' | [[gerenuk]] | gerenuk | Gerenuk | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q56039' | [[German reunification]] | German reunification | German reunification | poleetical union<br/>event<br/>reunion | political union<br/>occurrence<br/>reunion |- class='wd_q42884' | [[Germans]] | Germans | Germans | nation<br/>[[population]] | nation<br/>human population |- class='wd_q183' | [[Germany]] | Germany | Germany | [[kintra]]<br/>sovereign state | country<br/>sovereign state |- class='wd_q156844' | [[Getúlio Vargas]] | Getúlio Vargas | Getúlio Vargas | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q157407' | [[Geum urbanum]] | Geum urbanum | Geum urbanum | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q22169' | [[GNU Free Documentation License|GFDL]] | GNU Free Documentation License | GNU Free Documentation License | copyleft license | copyleft license |- class='wd_q45529' | [[ghaist]] | ghost | Ghaist | | |- class='wd_q17134' | [[gharial]] | Gharial | Gharial | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q180415' | [[Ghazni Province]] | Ghazni Province | Ghazni Province | [[Provinces o Afghanistan]] | province of Afghanistan |- class='wd_q1296' | [[Ghent]] | Ghent | Ghent | municipality o Belgium<br/>carfree city<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>Belgian municipality wi ceety privileges | municipality of Belgium<br/>carfree city<br/>big city<br/>Belgian municipality with the title of city |- class='wd_q65324805' | [[Gie wey sign]] | Q65324805 | Gie wey sign | | |- class='wd_q21997528' | [[Gilderoy]] | Gilderoy | Gilderoy | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q43284' | [[Ginkgo biloba|Ginkgo]] | Ginkgo biloba | Ginkgo biloba | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q15083' | [[giraffe]] | northern giraffe | Giraffe | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q50005' | [[Giulio Andreotti]] | Giulio Andreotti | Giulio Andreotti | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q192131' | [[Giuseppe Meazza]] | Giuseppe Meazza | Giuseppe Meazza | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q2920231' | [[Givat Washington]] | Givat Washington | Givat Washington | college<br/>[[Toun (disambiguation)|human settlement]] | college<br/>human settlement |- class='wd_q156207' | [[Gladiolus]] | Gladiolus | Gladiolus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q372311' | [[Glenn Close]] | Glenn Close | Glenn Close | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q2341962' | [[Glossary o rail transport terms]] | glossary of rail transport terms | Glossary o rail transport terms | Wikimedia leet airticle | Wikimedia list article |- class='wd_q40807' | [[God Save the King]] | God Save the King | God Save the King | [[Naitional anthem]]<br/>musical work/composition | national anthem<br/>musical work/composition |- class='wd_q2875' | [[Gone with the Wind (film)|Gone with the Wind]] | Gone with the Wind | Gone with the Wind (film) | [[film]] | film |- class='wd_q288138' | [[Gordy]] | Gordy | Gordy | [[film]] | film |- class='wd_q6025' | [[Gorno-Altaysk]] | Gorno-Altaysk | Gorno-Altaysk | city or town<br/>city/town in Russia | city or town<br/>city/town in Russia |- class='wd_q137474876' | [[Gos]] | Eurasian Goshawk | Gos | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q25287' | [[Gothenburg]] | Gothenburg | Gothenburg | ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>port ceety<br/>urban area in Sweden | big city<br/>port city<br/>urban area in Sweden |- class='wd_q7188' | [[govrenment]] | government | Govrenment | type of organization | type of organization |- class='wd_q320632' | [[Gowden taid|gowden toad]] | golden toad | Gowden taid | extinct taxon | extinct taxon |- class='wd_q123141' | [[gowdfish]] | goldfish | Gowdfish | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q5377' | [[Gowf]] | golf | Gowf | type o sport<br/>[[habby]]<br/>Olympic sport<br/>sport with racquet/stick/club | type of sport<br/>hobby<br/>Olympic sport<br/>sport with racquet/stick/club |- class='wd_q205648' | [[Granada, Nicaragua|Granada]] | Granada | Granada, Nicaragua | [[Municipalities o Nicaragua]]<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | municipality of Nicaragua<br/>big city |- class='wd_q215250' | [[gray tod]] | Gray fox | Gray tod | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q58715' | [[Great Leap Forward]] | Great Leap Forward | Great Leap Forward | campaign | campaign |- class='wd_q1768199' | [[Great Russian Encyclopedia]] | Great Russian Encyclopedia | Great Russian Encyclopedia | [[wabsteid]]<br/>national encyclopedia<br/>multi-volume work | website<br/>national encyclopedia<br/>multi-volume work |- class='wd_q199427' | [[Great white pelican|Great White Pelican]] | Great White Pelican | Great white pelican | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q179537' | [[Greek fire]] | Greek fire | Greek fire | weapon type | weapon type |- class='wd_q182062' | [[Greek War o Unthirldom]] | Greek War of Independence | Greek War o Unthirldom | war of national liberation<br/>historical period | war of national liberation<br/>historical period |- class='wd_q207347' | [[green anaconda]] | green anaconda | Green anaconda | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q420840' | [[Green bee-eater|Green Bee-eater]] | Asian Green Bee-eater | Green bee-eater | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q1544592' | [[Green Goddess]] | Q1544592 | Green Goddess | [[fire ingine]]<br/>truck model | fire engine<br/>truck model |- class='wd_q763080' | [[Greenville, Ohio|Greenville]] | Greenville | Greenville, Ohio | coonty seat<br/>ceety o the Unitit States | county seat<br/>city in the United States |- class='wd_q769' | [[Grenada]] | Grenada | Grenada | [[kintra]]<br/>island country<br/>Commonwealth realm<br/>sovereign state<br/>archipelagic state | country<br/>island country<br/>Commonwealth realm<br/>sovereign state<br/>archipelagic state |- class='wd_q6470210' | [[Lady Grizel Baillie|Grizel Baillie]] | Grizel Baillie | Lady Grizel Baillie | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q3388' | [[Grossglockner]] | Grossglockner | Grossglockner | [[Moontain|muntain]]<br/>highest point | mountain<br/>highest point |- class='wd_q219565' | [[Grévy's zebra]] | Grevy's zebra | Grévy's zebra | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q422071' | [[Guar gum]] | guar gum | Guar gum | group or class of chemical entities | group or class of chemical entities |- class='wd_q206032' | [[Gucci Mane]] | Gucci Mane | Gucci Mane | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q25230' | [[Guernsey]] | Guernsey | Guernsey | [[Croun dependencies|Breetish crown dependency]]<br/>bailiwick | Crown Dependencies<br/>bailiwick |- class='wd_q56428' | [[Guernésiais]] | Guernésiais | Guernésiais | [[Byleid|dialect]]<br/>natural language<br/>modern language | dialect<br/>natural language<br/>modern language |- class='wd_q56385' | [[Gulf Arabic]] | Gulf Arabic | Gulf Arabic | [[Byleid|dialect]]<br/>natural language<br/>modern language | dialect<br/>natural language<br/>modern language |- class='wd_q654010' | [[Gulf o Khambhat]] | Gulf of Khambhat | Gulf o Khambhat | bay | bay |- class='wd_q187274' | [[Gulf o Sidra]] | Gulf of Sidra | Gulf o Sidra | bay<br/>gulf | bay<br/>gulf |- class='wd_q386777' | [[Gulripsh Destrict]] | Gulripsh District | Gulripsh Destrict | district of Abkhazia | district of Abkhazia |- class='wd_q12861' | [[gunpouder]] | gunpowder | Gunpouder | explosive material<br/>mixtur | explosive chemicals<br/>mixture |- class='wd_q844844' | [[Guy Fawkes Nicht]] | Guy Fawkes Night | Guy Fawkes Nicht | [[haliday]] | holiday |- class='wd_q734' | [[Guyana]] | Guyana | Guyana | [[kintra]]<br/>sovereign state | country<br/>sovereign state |- class='wd_q60654' | [[Gypjak]] | Gypjak | Gypjak | [[Toun (disambiguation)|human settlement]] | human settlement |- class='wd_q202406' | [[haddock]] | haddock | Haddock | [[taxon]]<br/>food product | taxon<br/>food product |- class='wd_q609630' | [[Haflinger]] | Haflinger | Haflinger | horse breed | horse breed |- class='wd_q72818' | [[Hai Phong]] | Haiphong | Hai Phong | [[ceety]]<br/>Municipalities o Vietnam<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | city<br/>centrally-controlled city of Vietnam<br/>big city |- class='wd_q37707' | [[haiku]] | haiku | Haiku | poetic form<br/>poetry genre | poetic form<br/>poetry genre |- class='wd_q2840' | [[Haingles]] | influenza | Haingles | type of disease<br/>symptom or sign | type of disease<br/>symptom or sign |- class='wd_q2349386' | [[Hamish Henderson]] | Hamish Henderson | Hamish Henderson | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q391294' | [[Hamme]] | Hamme | Hamme | municipality o Belgium | municipality of Belgium |- class='wd_q7209' | [[Han dynasty]] | Han dynasty | Han dynasty | historical state<br/>historical period<br/>Chinese dynasty<br/>historical Chinese state | historical country<br/>historical period<br/>Chinese dynasty<br/>historical Chinese state |- class='wd_q82199' | [[Hande Yener]] | Hande Yener | Hande Yener | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q8222' | [[Hangul]] | Hangul | Hangul | syllabary<br/>phonetic transcription<br/>featural writing system<br/>constructed writing system<br/>alphabetic writing system<br/>unicase alphabet<br/>phonemic transcription | syllabary<br/>phonetic transcription<br/>featural writing system<br/>constructed writing system<br/>alphabetic writing system<br/>unicase alphabet<br/>phonemic transcription |- class='wd_q126631' | [[Hannah Montana]] | Hannah Montana | Hannah Montana | televeesion series | television series |- class='wd_q155794' | [[Hans Bethe]] | Hans Bethe | Hans Bethe | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q42908' | [[Hanseatic League]] | Hanseatic League | Hanseatic League | organization<br/>[[confederation]] | organization<br/>confederation |- class='wd_q130881' | [[Hanukkah]] | Hanukkah | Hanukkah | public holiday<br/>[[haliday]]<br/>annual event | public holiday<br/>holiday<br/>annual event |- class='wd_q82261' | [[Haplorhini|Haplorrhini]] | Q82261 | Haplorhini | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q2013262' | [[Harasta]] | Harasta | Harasta | [[ceety]]<br/>populated place in Syria | city<br/>populated place in Syria |- class='wd_q83270' | [[Haurd rock|Hard rock]] | hard rock | Haurd rock | [[muisic genre]] | music genre |- class='wd_q310260' | [[Harold Shipman]] | Harold Shipman | Harold Shipman | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q3458906' | [[Harrisburg, Oregon|Harrisburg]] | Harrisburg | Harrisburg, Oregon | city of Oregon | city of Oregon |- class='wd_q15485284' | [[Harry Stuart Goodhart-Rendel]] | Harry Stuart Goodhart-Rendel | Harry Stuart Goodhart-Rendel | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q214861' | [[Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta Internaitional Airport]] | Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport | Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta Internaitional Airport | internaitional airport<br/>airport<br/>commercial traffic aerodrome | international airport<br/>airport<br/>commercial traffic aerodrome |- class='wd_q13371' | [[Harvard Varsity]] | Harvard University | Harvard Varsity | private varsity<br/>Colonial Colleges<br/>research university<br/>private not-for-profit educational institution | private university<br/>Colonial Colleges<br/>research university<br/>private not-for-profit educational institution |- class='wd_q3128178' | [[Hassan-Taxi]] | Hassan Taxi | Hassan-Taxi | [[film]] | film |- class='wd_q8418' | [[haundbaw]] | handball | Haundbaw | type o sport<br/>Olympic sport | type of sport<br/>Olympic sport |- class='wd_q26198' | [[haver craw]] | Carrion Crow | Haver craw | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q754475' | [[Havre de Grace, Maryland|Havre de Grace]] | Havre de Grace | Havre de Grace, Maryland | ceety o the Unitit States | city in the United States |- class='wd_q16035842' | [[hearin loss]] | hearing loss | Hearin loss | heal problem | health problem |- class='wd_q4511497' | [[Heather Reid]] | Heather Reid | Heather Reid | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q155901' | [[Heckler & Koch MP5]] | Heckler & Koch MP5 | Heckler & Koch MP5 | firearm model | firearm model |- class='wd_q7064' | [[Hedonism]] | hedonism | Hedonism | [[warld view]] | world view |- class='wd_q349982' | [[Hegang]] | Hegang | Hegang | prefecture-level city<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | prefecture-level city<br/>big city |- class='wd_q48352' | [[heid o state]] | head of state | Heid o state | public offeecial<br/>type of position | public office<br/>type of position |- class='wd_q164061' | [[Helen o Troy]] | Helen of Troy | Helen o Troy | legendary progenitor<br/>mythological Greek character | legendary progenitor<br/>mythological Greek character |- class='wd_q26949' | [[Helianthus]] | Helianthus | Helianthus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q2042538' | [[Hellenic leids]] | Hellenic | Hellenic leids | [[Leid faimly|leid faimily]] | language family |- class='wd_q173821' | [[Helmand Province]] | Helmand Province | Helmand Province | [[Provinces o Afghanistan]] | province of Afghanistan |- class='wd_q41688' | [[Hendrik Lorentz]] | Hendrik Lorentz | Hendrik Lorentz | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q82445' | [[Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec]] | Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec | Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q103556' | [[Henry II, Haly Roman Emperor]] | Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor | Henry II, Haly Roman Emperor | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q60094' | [[Henry IV, Haly Roman Emperor|Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor]] | Henry IV | Henry IV, Haly Roman Emperor | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q20203290' | [[Henry John Dobson]] | Henry John Dobson | Henry John Dobson | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q187765' | [[Henry Miller]] | Henry Miller | Henry Miller | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q157661' | [[hepatitis A]] | hepatitis A | Hepatitis A | type of disease | type of disease |- class='wd_q6853' | [[hepatitis B]] | hepatitis B | Hepatitis B | type of disease | type of disease |- class='wd_q154869' | [[hepatitis C]] | hepatitis C | Hepatitis C | type of disease | type of disease |- class='wd_q71016' | [[Herbert Kroemer]] | Herbert Kroemer | Herbert Kroemer | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q152491' | [[Herzliya]] | Herzliya | Herzliya | [[ceety]] | city |- class='wd_q1588936' | [[Heysham nuclear pouer station]] | Heysham nuclear power stations | Heysham nuclear pouer station | place<br/>group | geographic location<br/>group |- class='wd_q878223' | [[Hieland]] | highland | Hieland | landscape<br/>terrain type | landscape<br/>terrain type |- class='wd_q644305' | [[Hillman Avenger]] | Hillman Avenger | Hillman Avenger | car model | car model |- class='wd_q188754' | [[Himeji Castle]] | Himeji Castle | Himeji Castle | Japanese castle<br/>hirayamajiro | Japanese castle<br/>hirayamajiro |- class='wd_q11051' | [[Hindustani leid|Hindustani]] | Hindustani | Hindustani leid | natural language<br/>modern language<br/>common language | natural language<br/>modern language<br/>common language |- class='wd_q1765322' | [[Hinkley Point A nuclear pouer station]] | Hinkley Point A nuclear power station | Hinkley Point A nuclear pouer station | [[Nuclear pouer station]] | nuclear power plant |- class='wd_q5767271' | [[Hinkley Point C nuclear pouer station]] | Hinkley Point C nuclear power station | Hinkley Point C nuclear pouer station | [[Nuclear pouer station]] | nuclear power plant |- class='wd_q11401' | [[Hip hop muisic|hip hop]] | hip-hop | Hip hop muisic | [[muisic genre]] | music genre |- class='wd_q213336' | [[Hippopotamidae]] | Hippopotamidae | Hippopotamidae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q5768716' | [[Hipódromo (Santurce)|Hipódromo]] | Hipódromo | Hipódromo (Santurce) | subbarrio of Puerto Rico | subbarrio of Puerto Rico |- class='wd_q48332' | [[Hiragana]] | hiragana | Hiragana | syllabary<br/>unicase alphabet<br/>natural writing system | syllabary<br/>unicase alphabet<br/>natural writing system |- class='wd_q309' | [[history]] | history | History | | |- class='wd_q188660' | [[hoatzin]] | Hoatzin | Hoatzin | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q130875' | [[Hohenstaufen]] | House of Hohenstaufen | Hohenstaufen | ryal hoose | royal house |- class='wd_q65324818' | [[Holborn Street railwey Station]] | Holborn Street railway station | Holborn Street railwey Station | former railway station | former railway station |- class='wd_q1624389' | [[Holden Statesman]] | Holden Caprice | Holden Statesman | car model | car model |- class='wd_q10259' | [[Holi]] | Holi | Holi | muisic festival<br/>spring festival | music festival<br/>spring festival |- class='wd_q1138378' | [[Hollywood Hills]] | Hollywood Hills | Hollywood Hills | district or neighborhood of Los Angeles | district or neighborhood of Los Angeles |- class='wd_q2763' | [[Holocaust]] | The Holocaust | Holocaust | racism<br/>genocide<br/>crime against humanity<br/>hate crime<br/>state crime<br/>key event<br/>ethnic violence | racism<br/>genocide<br/>crime against humanity<br/>hate crime<br/>state crime<br/>key event<br/>ethnic violence |- class='wd_q165058' | [[Holodomor]] | Holodomor | Holodomor | genocide<br/>faimin<br/>mass killings under communist regimes<br/>communist crime | genocide<br/>famine<br/>mass killings under communist regimes<br/>communist crime |- class='wd_q12548' | [[Halie Romane Rik|Holy Roman Empire]] | Holy Roman Empire | Halie Romane Rik | historical state | historical country |- class='wd_q16984765' | [[Homosexual Offences (Northern Ireland) Order 1982]] | The Homosexual Offences (Northern Ireland) Order 1982 | Homosexual Offences (Northern Ireland) Order 1982 | Order in Council<br/>UK Statutory Instrument | Order in Council<br/>UK Statutory Instrument |- class='wd_q9584' | [[Honda]] | Honda | Honda | automobile manufacturer<br/>public company<br/>motorcycle manufacturer | automobile manufacturer<br/>public company<br/>motorcycle manufacturer |- class='wd_q726' | [[Horse]] | horse | Horse | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q23558' | [[House (TV series)|House]] | House M.D. | House (TV series) | televeesion series | television series |- class='wd_q5927904' | [[Huchoun]] | Huchoun | Huchoun | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q981981' | [[Hugh MacDiarmid]] | Hugh MacDiarmid | Hugh MacDiarmid | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q25405' | [[Huidit craw|Huidit Craw]] | Hooded Crow | Huidit craw | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q38994' | [[Human Development Index]] | Human Development Index | Human Development Index | index number<br/>wellbeing index | index number<br/>wellbeing index |- class='wd_q16390' | [[Humphrey Bogart]] | Humphrey Bogart | Humphrey Bogart | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q30535' | [[huntin hawk]] | Peregrine Falcon | Huntin hawk | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q16422' | [[Hurricane Katrina]] | Hurricane Katrina | Hurricane Katrina | hurricane | hurricane |- class='wd_q2409' | [[hydrochloric acid]] | hydrochloric acid | Hydrochloric acid | aqueous solution | aqueous solution |- class='wd_q42046' | [[Hyena]] | Hyaenidae | Hyena | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q53099' | [[Hyrax]] | Hyracoidea | Hyrax | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q981993' | [[Ian Charleson]] | Ian Charleson | Ian Charleson | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q129727' | [[Ibeirien lynx|Iberie lynx]] | Iberian lynx | Ibeirien lynx | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q179503' | [[Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs]] | Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs | Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs | animatit film | animated film |- class='wd_q190910' | [[Ice Age: The Meltdown]] | Ice Age: The Meltdown | Ice Age: The Meltdown | animatit film | animated film |- class='wd_q1325808' | [[Ice creestals|ice creestal]] | ice crystal | Ice creestals | | |- class='wd_q194515' | [[Ichthyosaur|Ichthyosauria]] | Ichthyosauria | Ichthyosaur | fossil taxon | fossil taxon |- class='wd_q248339' | [[Ignition coil]] | ignition coil | Ignition coil | | |- class='wd_q221378' | [[Ile shale]] | oil shale | Ile shale | | |- class='wd_q276093' | [[IMI Galil]] | IWI Galil | IMI Galil | weapon model | weapon model |- class='wd_q132576' | [[Impala]] | impala | Impala | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q668' | [[Indie]] | India | Indie | [[kintra]]<br/>sovereign state | country<br/>sovereign state |- class='wd_q729553' | [[Indien leopard|Indie leopard]] | Indian leopard | Indien leopard | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q103817' | [[indigenous fowks]] | indigenous people | Indigenous fowks | | |- class='wd_q81096' | [[ingineer]] | engineer | Ingineer | [[profession]]<br/>[[academic degree]]<br/>poseetion | profession<br/>academic degree<br/>position |- class='wd_q81900' | [[ink-fish]] | Teuthida | Ink-fish | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q1735' | [[Innsbruck]] | Innsbruck | Innsbruck | [[ceety]]<br/>statutory city of Austria<br/>municipality o Austrick<br/>district of Austria<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>toun wi toun richts an privileges | city<br/>statutory city of Austria<br/>municipality of Austria<br/>district of Austria<br/>big city<br/>place with town rights and privileges |- class='wd_q1390' | [[Insect]] | insect | Insect | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q1869874' | [[insomnia]] | insomnia | Insomnia | type of disease<br/>symptom type | type of disease<br/>symptom type |- class='wd_q78928288' | [[Intellivision Amico]] | Intellivision Amico | Intellivision Amico | product model | product model |- class='wd_q182473' | [[Intercontinental Cup]] | Intercontinental Cup | Intercontinental Cup | international association football clubs cup<br/>defunct association football competition<br/>club world championship | international association football clubs cup<br/>defunct association football competition<br/>club world championship |- class='wd_q3476589' | [[Interrogation scene]] | interrogation scene | Interrogation scene | | |- class='wd_q6060054' | [[Inverclyde Line]] | Inverclyde Line | Inverclyde Line | railway line | railway line |- class='wd_q392110' | [[IONIS Education Group]] | IONIS Education Group | IONIS Education Group | joint-stock company | joint-stock company |- class='wd_q11135' | [[IP address]] | IP address | IP address | | |- class='wd_q114065797' | [[Iran's 2022-3 kintrawide protests|Iran's 2022 kintrawide protests]] | Mahsa Amini protests | Iran's 2022-3 kintrawide protests | rebellion<br/>demonstration<br/>[[protest]] | rebellion<br/>demonstration<br/>protest |- class='wd_q7170257' | [[Persie pop muisic|Iranian pop]] | Iranian pop | Persie pop muisic | [[muisic genre]]<br/>musical scene | music genre<br/>musical scene |- class='wd_q4165309' | [[Iraq Inquiry]] | Iraq Inquiry | Iraq Inquiry | public inquiry | public inquiry |- class='wd_q205047' | [[Iraqi Kurdistan]] | Kurdistan Region of Iraq | Iraqi Kurdistan | autonomous region<br/>Kurdish-inhabited area | autonomous region<br/>Kurdish-inhabited area |- class='wd_q273331' | [[Irrawaddy dowphin]] | Irrawaddy dolphin | Irrawaddy dowphin | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q83566' | [[Isabel Allende]] | Isabel Allende | Isabel Allende | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q45859' | [[Isabella I o Castile|Isabella o Castile]] | Isabella I of Castile | Isabella I o Castile | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q189387' | [[Ischia]] | Ischia | Ischia | volcanic island | volcanic island |- class='wd_q2429253' | [[Islamic State o Iraq an the Levant]] | Islamic State | Islamic State o Iraq an the Levant | [[caliphate]]<br/>Islamic state<br/>armed organization<br/>self-proclaimed state<br/>quasi-state | caliphate<br/>Islamic state<br/>armed organization<br/>self-proclaimed state<br/>quasi-state |- class='wd_q28065409' | [[Isle of Dogs (film)|Isle of Dogs]] | Isle of Dogs | Isle of Dogs (film) | animatit film | animated film |- class='wd_q25276' | [[isotope]] | isotope | Isotope | second-order class | second-order class |- class='wd_q42180' | [[Israel Kamakawiwoʻole]] | Israel Kamakawiwoʻole | Israel Kamakawiwoʻole | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q1674974' | [[Isuzu Piazza]] | Isuzu Piazza | Isuzu Piazza | car model | car model |- class='wd_q192786' | [[Italian cuisine]] | Italian cuisine | Italian cuisine | national cuisine | national cuisine |- class='wd_q50001' | [[Italians]] | Italians | Italians | [[population]]<br/>[[ethnic group]]<br/>[[fowk]] | human population<br/>ethnic group<br/>people |- class='wd_q174971' | [[Itō Hirobumi]] | Itō Hirobumi | Itō Hirobumi | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q49113' | [[Ivy League]] | Ivy League | Ivy League | college athletic conference | college athletic conference |- class='wd_q9773' | [[J]] | J/j | J | | |- class='wd_q1700920' | [[J. Michael Kosterlitz]] | J. Michael Kosterlitz | J. Michael Kosterlitz | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q167852' | [[Jabir ibn Hayyan]] | Jabir ibn Hayyan | Jabir ibn Hayyan | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q16568' | [[Jacksonville, Florida|Jacksonville]] | Jacksonville | Jacksonville, Florida | ceety o the Unitit States<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>consolidatit ceety–coonty | city in the United States<br/>big city<br/>consolidated city-county |- class='wd_q130631' | [[Jacques Derrida]] | Jacques Derrida | Jacques Derrida | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q37899' | [[Jagdterrier]] | Jagdterrier | Jagdterrier | dog breed | dog breed |- class='wd_q6122893' | [[Jaguar Land Rover]] | Jaguar Land Rover | Jaguar Land Rover | subsidiary company<br/>[[Business|buisiness]] | subsidiary company<br/>business |- class='wd_q182304' | [[Jaguarundi]] | Jaguarundi | Jaguarundi | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q9232' | [[Jainism]] | Jainism | Jainism | [[releegion]] | religion |- class='wd_q3630' | [[Jakarta]] | Jakarta | Jakarta | [[Provinces o Indonesie]]<br/>megacity<br/>[[metropolis]]<br/>[[global ceety]]<br/>Daerah Khusus<br/>largest city<br/>national capital | province of Indonesia<br/>megacity<br/>metropolis<br/>global city<br/>Daerah Khusus<br/>largest city<br/>national capital |- class='wd_q487640' | [[Jalal-Abad Region|Jalal-Abad Province]] | Jalal-Abad Region | Jalal-Abad Region | [[Regions o Kyrgyzstan]] | region of Kyrgyzstan |- class='wd_q33377' | [[Jalandhar]] | Jalandhar | Jalandhar | [[ceety]] | city |- class='wd_q277579' | [[James Dewar]] | James Dewar | James Dewar | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q648516' | [[James Douglas, Laird o Douglas]] | James Douglas, Lord of Douglas | James Douglas, Laird o Douglas | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q140393' | [[James Hunt]] | Q140393 | James Hunt | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q6882' | [[James Joyce]] | James Joyce | James Joyce | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q8962' | [[James Prescott Joule]] | James Prescott Joule | James Prescott Joule | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q184746' | [[Jane Goodall]] | Jane Goodall | Jane Goodall | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q131324' | [[Janet Jackson]] | Janet Jackson | Janet Jackson | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q213726' | [[Jankel Adler]] | Jankel Adler | Jankel Adler | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q1645980' | [[Jatt]] | Jats | Jatt | [[ethnic group]] | ethnic group |- class='wd_q229507' | [[Jayne Mansfield]] | Jayne Mansfield | Jayne Mansfield | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q246087' | [[Jbeil Destrict]] | Jbeil District | Jbeil Destrict | [[Destricts o Lebanon]] | district of Lebanon |- class='wd_q128543' | [[Jean Chrétien]] | Jean Chrétien | Jean Chrétien | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q45682' | [[Jean Sibelius]] | Jean Sibelius | Jean Sibelius | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q162708' | [[Jean-Bédel Bokassa]] | Jean-Bedel Bokassa | Jean-Bédel Bokassa | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q28180' | [[Jefferson City]] | Jefferson City | Jefferson City | [[Caipital|caipital ceety]]<br/>coonty seat<br/>ceety o the Unitit States | capital city<br/>county seat<br/>city in the United States |- class='wd_q189895' | [[Jennifer Jones (actress)|Jennifer Jones]] | Jennifer Jones | Jennifer Jones (actress) | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q291169' | [[Jeremy Corbyn]] | Jeremy Corbyn | Jeremy Corbyn | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q658527' | [[Jericho Govrenorate]] | Jericho Governorate | Jericho Govrenorate | [[Govrenorates o Palestine]] | governorate of the State of Palestine |- class='wd_q187822' | [[Jerome Isaac Friedman]] | Jerome Isaac Friedman | Jerome Isaac Friedman | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q6184230' | [[Jerry Parr]] | Jerry Parr | Jerry Parr | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q785' | [[Jersey]] | Jersey | Jersey | [[Croun dependencies|Breetish crown dependency]] | Crown Dependencies |- class='wd_q454251' | [[Jimmy Johnstone]] | Jimmy Johnstone | Jimmy Johnstone | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q165467' | [[Jimmy Page]] | Jimmy Page | Jimmy Page | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q181' | [[Jimmy Wales]] | Jimmy Wales | Jimmy Wales | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q6204319' | [[Jo Jorgensen]] | Jo Jorgensen | Jo Jorgensen | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q188793' | [[Joan Capdevila]] | Joan Capdevila | Joan Capdevila | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q4922257' | [[Joanne Missingham]] | Joanne Missingham | Joanne Missingham | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q10940' | [[jockstrap]] | jockstrap | Jockstrap | [[Cleidin|claes]] | clothing |- class='wd_q449402' | [[Jodie Whittaker]] | Jodie Whittaker | Jodie Whittaker | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q6279' | [[Joe Biden]] | Joe Biden | Joe Biden | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q5879' | [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] | Johann Wolfgang von Goethe | Johann Wolfgang von Goethe | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q324028' | [[John Crichton-Stuart, 3rd Marquess of Bute]] | John Crichton-Stuart, 3rd Marquess of Bute | John Crichton-Stuart, 3rd Marquess of Bute | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q298243' | [[John Hannah]] | John Hannah | John Hannah | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q918672' | [[John Kerr]] | John Kerr | John Kerr | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q6247276' | [[John Maxwell]] | John Maxwell | John Maxwell | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q1588306' | [[John Walker (naitural historian)|John Walker]] | John Walker | John Walker (naitural historian) | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q42775' | [[Johnny Cash]] | Johnny Cash | Johnny Cash | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q231318' | [[Johor Bahru]] | Johor Bahru | Johor Bahru | city of Malaysia | city of Malaysia |- class='wd_q855' | [[Joseph Stalin]] | Joseph Stalin | Joseph Stalin | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q213844' | [[Judith Malina]] | Judith Malina | Judith Malina | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q2986022' | [[Juistice Commandos o the Armenie Genocide]] | Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide | Juistice Commandos o the Armenie Genocide | armed organization | armed organization |- class='wd_q214028' | [[Julie Revolution]] | July Revolution | Julie Revolution | [[Revolution]] | revolution |- class='wd_q161333' | [[Juncus acutiflorus]] | Juncus acutiflorus | Juncus acutiflorus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q297838' | [[Jusepe de Ribera]] | Jusepe de Ribera | Jusepe de Ribera | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q185117' | [[Justin Mairtyr|Justin Martyr]] | Justin Martyr | Justin Mairtyr | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q951930' | [[Juviles]] | Juviles | Juviles | municipality of Spain | municipality of Spain |- class='wd_q56430' | [[Jèrriais]] | Jèrriais | Jèrriais | [[Byleid|dialect]]<br/>natural language<br/>modern language | dialect<br/>natural language<br/>modern language |- class='wd_q181227' | [[Jörmungandr]] | Jörmungandr | Jörmungandr | meethological serpent<br/>Norse meethical animal<br/>eschatological figure | mythological serpent<br/>Norse mythical animal<br/>eschatological figure |- class='wd_q29466' | [[Kaaba]] | Kaaba | Kaaba | sacred place | sacred place |- class='wd_q152659' | [[Kafr Qasim]] | Kafr Qasim | Kafr Qasim | [[ceety]]<br/>city council | city<br/>city council |- class='wd_q179570' | [[Kairouan]] | Kairouan | Kairouan | municipality of Tunisia | municipality of Tunisia |- class='wd_q179959' | [[kakapo]] | Kakapo | Kakapo | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q10853588' | [[Kamala Harris]] | Kamala Harris | Kamala Harris | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q605160' | [[Kamëz]] | Kamëz | Kamëz | [[ceety]]<br/>average city | city<br/>average city |- class='wd_q5070208' | [[kangaroo]] | kangaroo | Kangaroo | organisms known by a particular common name | organisms known by a particular common name |- class='wd_q181557' | [[Kaohsiung]] | Kaohsiung | Kaohsiung | special municipality | special municipality |- class='wd_q36121' | [[Kapampangan leid]] | Kapampangan | Kapampangan leid | leid | language |- class='wd_q192273' | [[Karelie]] | Karelia | Karelie | historical region<br/>cultural region | historical region<br/>cultural region |- class='wd_q3037' | [[Kathmandu]] | Kathmandu | Kathmandu | [[ceety]]<br/>[[municipality]]<br/>federal caipital<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>largest city | city<br/>municipality<br/>federal capital<br/>big city<br/>largest city |- class='wd_q134301' | [[Katyn massacre]] | Katyn massacre | Katyn massacre | war crime<br/>[[mass murther]]<br/>mass killings under communist regimes<br/>massacre | war crime<br/>mass murder<br/>mass killings under communist regimes<br/>massacre |- class='wd_q46702' | [[Kavajë]] | Kavajë | Kavajë | [[ceety]]<br/>[[Toun (disambiguation)|human settlement]]<br/>small city | city<br/>human settlement<br/>small city |- class='wd_q20064322' | [[Kavurma]] | kavurma | Kavurma | cold cut | cold cut |- class='wd_q6379727' | [[Kawasaki 454 LTD]] | Kawasaki 454 LTD | Kawasaki 454 LTD | motorcycle model | motorcycle model |- class='wd_q239928' | [[Kay Bailey Hutchison]] | Kay Bailey Hutchison | Kay Bailey Hutchison | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q181598' | [[Keeng Lear]] | King Lear | Keeng Lear | dramatic work | dramatic work |- class='wd_q31747665' | [[King o Ingland|Keeng o Ingland]] | Q31747665 | King o Ingland | | |- class='wd_q378560' | [[Leest o pechtish kings|Keeng o the Pechts]] | list of kings of the Picts | Leest o pechtish kings | poseetion<br/>Wikimedia information list | position<br/>Wikimedia information list |- class='wd_q182209' | [[keeng penguin]] | King Penguin | Keeng penguin | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q564288' | [[Keeng Wu o Qin]] | King Wu of Qin | Keeng Wu o Qin | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q470072' | [[Keeng Zhou o Shang]] | King Zhou of Shang | Keeng Zhou o Shang | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q79915' | [[keeng's fisher]] | Common Kingfisher | Keeng's fisher | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q547122' | [[Keith O'Brien]] | Keith O'Brien | Keith O'Brien | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q387278' | [[Kellas cat]] | Kellas cat | Kellas cat | hybrid | hybrid |- class='wd_q294436' | [[Kelso]] | Kelso | Kelso | Wikimedia disambiguation page | Wikimedia disambiguation page |- class='wd_q868654' | [[Kelso, Washington|Kelso]] | Kelso | Kelso, Washington | ceety o the Unitit States | city in the United States |- class='wd_q3194941' | [[Kelso RFC]] | Kelso RFC | Kelso RFC | rugby union team | rugby union team |- class='wd_q298263' | [[Kenneth MacAlpin]] | Kenneth MacAlpin | Kenneth MacAlpin | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q1740370' | [[Kezia Dugdale]] | Kezia Dugdale | Kezia Dugdale | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q42034' | [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid]] | Khadija bint Khuwaylid | Khadija bint Khuwaylid | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q1429685' | [[Khagrachari Destrict]] | Khagrachari District | Khagrachari Destrict | district of Bangladesh | district of Bangladesh |- class='wd_q696241' | [[Khanate o Kokand]] | Khanate of Kokand | Khanate o Kokand | khanate<br/>historical state | khanate<br/>historical country |- class='wd_q6320' | [[Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug]] | Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug | Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug | [[Federal subjects o Roushie|federal subject o Roushie]]<br/>[[autonomous okrugs o Roushie]] | federal subject of Russia<br/>autonomous okrug of Russia |- class='wd_q310114' | [[Khartoum North]] | Khartoum North | Khartoum North | [[ceety]]<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | city<br/>big city |- class='wd_q33614' | [[Khoisan leids]] | Khoisan | Khoisan leids | [[Leid faimly|leid faimily]] | language family |- class='wd_q109092' | [[Kilkenny]] | Kilkenny | Kilkenny | [[ceety]]<br/>[[toun]]<br/>Ceremonial cities of the Republic of Ireland<br/>town council in the Republic of Ireland | city<br/>town<br/>Ceremonial cities of the Republic of Ireland<br/>town council in the Republic of Ireland |- class='wd_q329477' | [[kilometre zero]] | kilometre zero | Kilometre zero | | |- class='wd_q254630' | [[Kinkajou]] | kinkajou | Kinkajou | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q107299' | [[Kinrick o Northumbrie]] | Kingdom of Northumbria | Kinrick o Northumbrie | historical state | historical country |- class='wd_q45670' | [[Kinrick o Portugal]] | Kingdom of Portugal | Kinrick o Portugal | kingdom<br/>historical state<br/>province of the Spanish Empire<br/>colonial power | kingdom<br/>historical country<br/>province of the Spanish Empire<br/>colonial power |- class='wd_q833607' | [[Kirk's dik-dik]] | Kirk's dik-dik | Kirk's dik-dik | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q208329' | [[Kirkwaa]] | Kirkwall | Kirkwaa | [[toun]]<br/>small burgh | town<br/>small burgh |- class='wd_q83232' | [[Kiruna]] | Kiruna | Kiruna | [[Toun (disambiguation)|human settlement]]<br/>urban area in Sweden | human settlement<br/>urban area in Sweden |- class='wd_q33583' | [[Kirundi]] | Kirundi | Kirundi | natural language<br/>modern language | natural language<br/>modern language |- class='wd_q501543' | [[Kiryat Malakhi]] | Kiryat Malachi | Kiryat Malakhi | [[ceety]] | city |- class='wd_q745751' | [[kit tod]] | kit fox | Kit tod | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q107061' | [[Kite (geometry)|kite]] | kite | Kite (geometry) | | |- class='wd_q80357904' | [[Klepetan an Malena]] | Klepetan and Malena | Klepetan an Malena | individual animal<br/>dyad<br/>animal duo | individual animal<br/>dyad<br/>animal duo |- class='wd_q36101' | [[koala]] | koala | Koala | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q211042' | [[kodkod]] | kodkod | Kodkod | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q378846' | [[koi]] | koi | Koi | organisms known by a particular common name | organisms known by a particular common name |- class='wd_q779745' | [[Koinobori]] | koinobori | Koinobori | banner | banner |- class='wd_q4504' | [[Komodo draigon]] | Komodo dragon | Komodo draigon | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q48472' | [[Konye-Urgench]] | Konye-Urgench | Konye-Urgench | [[ceety]]<br/>archaeological site | city<br/>archaeological site |- class='wd_q1579864' | [[Korowai fowk]] | Korowai people | Korowai fowk | ethnic groups in Indonesia<br/>native Indonesians | ethnic groups in Indonesia<br/>native Indonesians |- class='wd_q659042' | [[Korydallos]] | Korydallos | Korydallos | [[ceety]] | city |- class='wd_q116341' | [[Korçë]] | Korçë | Korçë | [[ceety]]<br/>[[toun]]<br/>[[Toun (disambiguation)|human settlement]] | city<br/>town<br/>human settlement |- class='wd_q28729' | [[Kozhikode]] | Kozhikode | Kozhikode | [[ceety]]<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | city<br/>big city |- class='wd_q925042' | [[Krampus]] | Krampus | Krampus | figure used in threatening children<br/>Popanz<br/>meethical character<br/>folklore character | figure used in threatening children<br/>Q2104078<br/>mythical character<br/>folklore character |- class='wd_q152220' | [[Kurdistan Wirkers' Pairty]] | Kurdistan Workers' Party | Kurdistan Wirkers' Pairty | terrorist organization<br/>armed organization | terrorist organization<br/>armed organization |- class='wd_q1768091' | [[Kuressaare Castle]] | Kuressaare Castle | Kuressaare Castle | [[castle]] | castle |- class='wd_q15470' | [[L'Hospitalet de Llobregat]] | L'Hospitalet de Llobregat | L'Hospitalet de Llobregat | ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>municipality of Catalonia | big city<br/>municipality of Catalonia |- class='wd_q1038912' | [[La Costa Partido]] | La Costa Partido | La Costa Partido | [[municipality]]<br/>partido of Buenos Aires Province | municipality<br/>partido of Buenos Aires Province |- class='wd_q549267' | [[Laacher See]] | Laacher See | Laacher See | volcanic crater lake | volcanic crater lake |- class='wd_q9630' | [[Labour Pairty (UK)|Labour Pairty]] | Labour Party | Labour Pairty (UK) | [[poleetical pairty]] | political party |- class='wd_q36196' | [[Judaeo-Spaingie|Ladino leid]] | Judaeo-Spanish | Judaeo-Spaingie | dialect family | dialect family |- class='wd_q172284' | [[Lady and the Tramp]] | Lady and the Tramp | Lady and the Tramp | animatit film | animated film |- class='wd_q162356' | [[Lady Jane Grey]] | Lady Jane Grey | Lady Jane Grey | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q53662' | [[Laika]] | Laika | Laika | [[dug]]<br/>Soviet space dog<br/>individual animal | dog<br/>Soviet space dog<br/>individual animal |- class='wd_q12585' | [[Laitin Americae]] | Latin America | Laitin Americae | cultural region<br/>transcontinental region | cultural region<br/>transcontinental region |- class='wd_q15523' | [[Loch Como|Lake Como]] | Lake Como | Loch Como | glacial lake | glacial lake |- class='wd_q462804' | [[Lakewood, Colorado|Lakewood]] | Lakewood | Lakewood, Colorado | ceety o the Unitit States<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | city in the United States<br/>big city |- class='wd_q21742' | [[Lamiales]] | Lamiales | Lamiales | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q48780586' | [[Larry Dean (comedian)|Larry Dean]] | Larry Dean | Larry Dean (comedian) | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q185' | [[Larry Sanger]] | Q185 | Larry Sanger | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q3241535' | [[Latino Moderne]] | Latino moderne | Latino Moderne | [[constructit leid]] | constructed language |- class='wd_q697175' | [[launch vehicle]] | launch vehicle | Launch vehicle | | |- class='wd_q26538' | [[Lauraceae]] | Lauraceae | Lauraceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q171892' | [[Lavandula]] | Lavandula | Lavandula | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q164321' | [[law o cosines]] | law of cosines | Law o cosines | theorem | theorem |- class='wd_q42497' | [[Lawer Austrick]] | Lower Austria | Lawer Austrick | federal state of Austria<br/>historical region | federal state of Austria<br/>historical region |- class='wd_q294144' | [[Lea Salonga]] | Lea Salonga | Lea Salonga | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q9624' | [[Leeberal Democrats (UK)|Leeberal Democrats]] | Liberal Democrats | Leeberal Democrats (UK) | [[poleetical pairty]] | political party |- class='wd_q6216' | [[leeberalism]] | liberalism | Leeberalism | [[Poleetical philosophy|poleetical filosofie]]<br/>social philosophy<br/>poleetical ideology | political philosophy<br/>social philosophy<br/>political ideology |- class='wd_q1023630' | [[leet o current heids o state an govrenment]] | List of current heads of state and government | Leet o current heids o state an govrenment | Wikimedia leet airticle | Wikimedia list article |- class='wd_q11750' | [[Leet o kintras]] | list of sovereign states | Leet o kintras | Wikimedia leet airticle | Wikimedia list article |- class='wd_q260023' | [[Leet o sovereign states an dependencies bi area|leet o sovereign states an dependencies bi aurie]] | list of countries and dependencies by area | Leet o sovereign states an dependencies bi area | Wikimedia ranked list | Wikimedia ranked list |- class='wd_q182162' | [[Leet o Swadish monarchs]] | list of Swedish monarchs | Leet o Swadish monarchs | Wikimedia leet airticle | Wikimedia list article |- class='wd_q2364801' | [[Leet o Warld Heritage Steids in Turkey]] | list of World Heritage Sites in Turkey | Leet o Warld Heritage Steids in Turkey | Wikimedia leet airticle | Wikimedia list article |- class='wd_q789447' | [[Caurie-fistit|left-haundit]] | left-handedness | Caurie-fistit | handedness | handedness |- class='wd_q186462' | [[Lemuridae]] | Lemuridae | Lemuridae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q1817577' | [[Leng Tch'e]] | Leng Tch'e | Leng Tch'e | muisic baund | musical group |- class='wd_q7243' | [[Leo Tolstoy]] | Leo Tolstoy | Leo Tolstoy | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q1728820' | [[Leo Varadkar]] | Leo Varadkar | Leo Varadkar | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q192695' | [[Leon M. Lederman]] | Leon M. Lederman | Leon M. Lederman | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q42627' | [[leopard cat]] | leopard cat | Leopard cat | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q93259' | [[Lesser Antilles]] | Lesser Antilles | Lesser Antilles | airchipelago | archipelago |- class='wd_q83193' | [[lettuce]] | Lactuca sativa | Lettuce | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q363778' | [[Lewis an Harris]] | Lewis and Harris | Lewis an Harris | [[island]] | island |- class='wd_q38082' | [[Lewis Carroll]] | Lewis Carroll | Lewis Carroll | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q19875108' | [[Leyland 4-tonne truck]] | Leyland 4-tonne truck | Leyland 4-tonne truck | truck model<br/>military vehicle model | truck model<br/>military vehicle model |- class='wd_q31746' | [[Lezgian leid]] | Lezgian | Lezgian leid | natural language<br/>modern language | natural language<br/>modern language |- class='wd_q1129737' | [[Lezgins]] | Lezgins | Lezgins | [[ethnic group]] | ethnic group |- class='wd_q4612907' | [[LGBT richts muivement]] | LGBTQ movements | LGBT richts muivement | social movement | social movement |- class='wd_q202435' | [[Lieutenancy areas o Scotland|Lieutenancy auries o Scotland]] | lieutenancy area of Scotland | Lieutenancy areas o Scotland | | |- class='wd_q747404' | [[Limescale]] | limescale | Limescale | | |- class='wd_q165838' | [[limnologie]] | limnology | Limnologie | special field<br/>academic major<br/>academic discipline | field of study<br/>academic major<br/>academic discipline |- class='wd_q80839' | [[lingua franca]] | lingua franca | Lingua franca | type of language | type of language |- class='wd_q8162' | [[lingueestics]] | linguistics | Lingueestics | special field<br/>field o study<br/>academic major<br/>academic discipline | field of study<br/>academic major<br/>academic discipline |- class='wd_q157896' | [[Linum catharticum]] | Linum catharticum | Linum catharticum | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q388' | [[Linux]] | Q388 | Linux | | |- class='wd_q140' | [[lion]] | lion | Lion | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q287975' | [[Liopleurodon]] | Liopleurodon | Liopleurodon | fossil taxon | fossil taxon |- class='wd_q3490' | [[Lipetsk]] | Lipetsk | Lipetsk | city or town<br/>city/town in Russia | city or town<br/>city/town in Russia |- class='wd_q11367' | [[lipid]] | lipid | Lipid | imprecise class of chemical entities | imprecise class of chemical entities |- class='wd_q18858' | [[Little whaup]] | Eurasian Whimbrel | Little whaup | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q8172269' | [[Liv and Maddie]] | Liv and Maddie | Liv and Maddie | televeesion series | television series |- class='wd_q6660222' | [[Liz Lochhead]] | Liz Lochhead | Liz Lochhead | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q203137' | [[Loch Inari]] | Lake Inari | Loch Inari | [[loch]]<br/>reservoir<br/>lake or pond | lake<br/>reservoir<br/>lake or pond |- class='wd_q7240' | [[Lockheed Martin]] | Lockheed Martin | Lockheed Martin | public company<br/>defense contractor | public company<br/>defense contractor |- class='wd_q207540' | [[Lod]] | Lod | Lod | [[ceety]]<br/>depopulated Palestinian village | city<br/>depopulated Palestinian village |- class='wd_q230493' | [[Long Beach]] | Long Beach | Long Beach | Wikimedia disambiguation page | Wikimedia disambiguation page |- class='wd_q23393' | [[Lord's Prayer]] | Lord's Prayer | Lord's Prayer | excerpt<br/>logion<br/>Christian prayer<br/>prayer in the New Testament | excerpt<br/>logion<br/>Christian prayer<br/>prayer in the New Testament |- class='wd_q177854' | [[Lorenzo de' Medici]] | Lorenzo de' Medici | Lorenzo de' Medici | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q65' | [[Los Angeles]] | Los Angeles | Los Angeles | charter ceety | charter city |- class='wd_q152463' | [[Louis the German]] | Louis the German | Louis the German | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q43668' | [[Louisville, Kentucky|Louisville]] | Louisville | Louisville, Kentucky | coonty seat<br/>ceety o the Unitit States<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>consolidatit ceety–coonty | county seat<br/>city in the United States<br/>big city<br/>consolidated city-county |- class='wd_q1358865' | [[Lucenzo]] | Lucenzo | Lucenzo | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q41805' | [[Lucia de Berk]] | Lucia de Berk | Lucia de Berk | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q47916' | [[Lucknow]] | Lucknow | Lucknow | ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>state capital<br/>largest city | big city<br/>state capital<br/>largest city |- class='wd_q9325' | [[Lufthansa]] | Lufthansa | Lufthansa | airline<br/>public company | airline<br/>public company |- class='wd_q134279' | [[Luhansk]] | Luhansk | Luhansk | city or town<br/>city in Ukraine | city or town<br/>city in Ukraine |- class='wd_q26901' | [[Luis Antonio Tagle]] | Luis Antonio Tagle | Luis Antonio Tagle | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q191634' | [[Luiz Felipe Scolari]] | Luiz Felipe Scolari | Luiz Felipe Scolari | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q1159913' | [[Luna 1]] | Luna 1 | Luna 1 | artificial satellite of the Sun<br/>artificial planet | artificial satellite of the Sun<br/>artificial planet |- class='wd_q84' | [[Lunnon]] | London | Lunnon | [[ceety]]<br/>megacity<br/>[[metropolis]]<br/>[[global ceety]]<br/>poleetical diveesion<br/>financial center<br/>largest city<br/>national capital | city<br/>megacity<br/>metropolis<br/>global city<br/>political territorial entity<br/>financial center<br/>largest city<br/>national capital |- class='wd_q187136' | [[Luoyang]] | Luoyang | Luoyang | prefecture-level city<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>former capital | prefecture-level city<br/>big city<br/>former capital |- class='wd_q212725' | [[Lupang Hinirang]] | Lupang Hinirang | Lupang Hinirang | [[Naitional anthem]] | national anthem |- class='wd_q937595' | [[Lusitano]] | Lusitano | Lusitano | horse breed | horse breed |- class='wd_q164193' | [[Lviv Oblast]] | Lviv Oblast | Lviv Oblast | oblast o Ukraine | oblast of Ukraine |- class='wd_q132687' | [[Lycalopex]] | South American fox | Lycalopex | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q173651' | [[African wild dug|Lycaon pictus]] | African wild dog | African wild dug | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q13182' | [[lychee]] | Litchi chinensis | Lychee | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q201989' | [[Lyme disease]] | Lyme disease | Lyme disease | type of disease | type of disease |- class='wd_q677014' | [[Lynx]] | Q677014 | Lynx | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q131680' | [[Lystrosaurus]] | Lystrosaurus | Lystrosaurus | fossil taxon | fossil taxon |- class='wd_q484675' | [[Léon: The Professional]] | Léon: The Professional | Léon: The Professional | [[film]] | film |- class='wd_q3920' | [[Lüneburg]] | Lüneburg | Lüneburg | destrict caipital<br/>major regional center<br/>Hanseatic ceety<br/>college toun<br/>large independent city of Lower Saxony<br/>urban municipality in Germany<br/>Einheitsgemeinde of Lower Saxony | district capital<br/>major regional center<br/>Hanseatic city<br/>college town<br/>large independent city of Lower Saxony<br/>urban municipality in Germany<br/>Einheitsgemeinde of Lower Saxony |- class='wd_q878309' | [[Lý dynasty]] | Ly dynasty | Lý dynasty | dynasty<br/>historical state | dynasty<br/>historical country |- class='wd_q246154' | [[M (James Bond)|M]] | M | M (James Bond) | feectional human<br/>film character | fictional human<br/>film character |- class='wd_q170318' | [[M16 rifle|M16]] | M16 | M16 rifle | firearm model | firearm model |- class='wd_q310041' | [[Macadamia]] | Macadamia | Macadamia | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q405487' | [[Macanese fowk]] | Macanese | Macanese fowk | [[ethnic group]] | ethnic group |- class='wd_q360317' | [[Mackem]] | Mackem | Mackem | nickname | nickname |- class='wd_q23193' | [[Macropodidae]] | Macropodidae | Macropodidae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q174322' | [[Macropus]] | Macropus | Macropus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q188965' | [[Madame de Pompadour]] | Madame de Pompadour | Madame de Pompadour | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q3276756' | [[Magenta]] | magenta | Magenta | [[colour]]<br/>primary colour | color<br/>primary color |- class='wd_q16727932' | [[Maggie Chapman]] | Maggie Chapman | Maggie Chapman | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q172653' | [[Maggie Smith]] | Maggie Smith | Maggie Smith | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q12519' | [[Magna Carta]] | Magna Carta | Magna Carta | charter | charter |- class='wd_q1307177' | [[Magneto]] | magneto | Magneto | | |- class='wd_q120228' | [[Magnoliaceae]] | Magnoliaceae | Magnoliaceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q1137750' | [[Magnox]] | Magnox | Magnox | Generation I reactor | Generation I reactor |- class='wd_q106807' | [[Magnus Carlsen]] | Magnus Carlsen | Magnus Carlsen | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q522317' | [[Magnus Erlendsson, Yerl o Orkney]] | Magnus Erlendsson, Earl of Orkney | Magnus Erlendsson, Yerl o Orkney | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q3277252' | [[Magnus II, Yerl o Orkney]] | Magnus II, Earl of Orkney | Magnus II, Yerl o Orkney | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q1191' | [[Maharashtra]] | Maharashtra | Maharashtra | state of India | state of India |- class='wd_q26055' | [[Mairtin (bird)|mairtin]] | Common House Martin | Mairtin (bird) | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q192710' | [[Malayan tapir]] | Malayan tapir | Malayan tapir | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q833' | [[Malaysie]] | Malaysia | Malaysie | [[kintra]]<br/>member states of ASEAN<br/>sovereign state | country<br/>member states of ASEAN<br/>sovereign state |- class='wd_q15944677' | [[Malaysie–Turkey relations]] | Malaysia–Turkey relations | Malaysie–Turkey relations | bilateral relation | bilateral relation |- class='wd_q156551' | [[Malvaceae]] | Q156551 | Malvaceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q9347' | [[Malé]] | Malé | Malé | [[ceety]]<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>first-level admeenistrative diveesion<br/>largest city<br/>national capital | city<br/>big city<br/>first-level administrative division<br/>largest city<br/>national capital |- class='wd_q131038' | [[Mamenchisaurus]] | Mamenchisaurus | Mamenchisaurus | fossil taxon | fossil taxon |- class='wd_q132676' | [[Mamoudzou]] | Mamoudzou | Mamoudzou | commune o Fraunce | commune of France |- class='wd_q170070' | [[Manaslu]] | Manaslu | Manaslu | [[Moontain|muntain]] | mountain |- class='wd_q502269' | [[Manassas Park, Virginie|Manassas Park]] | Manassas Park | Manassas Park, Virginie | independent ceety | independent city in the United States |- class='wd_q40236' | [[Manaus]] | Manaus | Manaus | ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>municipality o Brazil | big city<br/>municipality of Brazil |- class='wd_q145665' | [[Manchu fowk]] | Manchu | Manchu fowk | [[ethnic group]] | ethnic group |- class='wd_q125337' | [[Mandarin oranger]] | Citrus reticulata | Mandarin oranger | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q223587' | [[Mansoura]] | Mansoura | Mansoura | [[ceety]]<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | city<br/>big city |- class='wd_q1208529' | [[manual transmission]] | manual transmission | Manual transmission | | |- class='wd_q5816' | [[Mao Zedong]] | Mao Zedong | Mao Zedong | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q167651' | [[Maoism]] | Maoism | Maoism | poleetical ideology | political ideology |- class='wd_q42292' | [[maple]] | maple | Maple | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q3289612' | [[Marcelline Akinocho]] | Marcelline Akinocho | Marcelline Akinocho | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q22951255' | [[Marcus Rashford]] | Marcus Rashford | Marcus Rashford | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q202342' | [[Margaret Court]] | Margaret Court | Margaret Court | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q2415217' | [[Margaret Oliphant]] | Margaret Oliphant | Margaret Oliphant | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q7416' | [[Margaret Thatcher]] | Margaret Thatcher | Margaret Thatcher | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q192421' | [[margay]] | margay | Margay | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q11666' | [[Maria Sharapova]] | Maria Sharapova | Maria Sharapova | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q131706' | [[Maria Theresa]] | Maria Theresa of Austria | Maria Theresa | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q107041' | [[Marianne Beuchert]] | Marianne Beuchert | Marianne Beuchert | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q467538' | [[Marisol Valles Garcia]] | Marisol Valles Garcia | Marisol Valles Garcia | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q22694' | [[marjoram]] | marjoram | Marjoram | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q6766286' | [[Marjorie Housepian Dobkin]] | Marjorie Housepian Dobkin | Marjorie Housepian Dobkin | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q187927' | [[Markhor]] | Markhor | Markhor | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q25336' | [[marsupial]] | marsupial | Marsupial | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q57689' | [[Martin McGuinness]] | Martin McGuinness | Martin McGuinness | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q11820' | [[Martin Van Buren]] | Martin Van Buren | Martin Van Buren | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q642878' | [[Marvel Cinematic Universe]] | Marvel Cinematic Universe | Marvel Cinematic Universe | media franchise<br/>shared universe<br/>film franchise | media franchise<br/>shared universe<br/>film franchise |- class='wd_q3296149' | [[Mary Brunton]] | Mary Brunton | Mary Brunton | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q174662' | [[Mary McAleese]] | Mary McAleese | Mary McAleese | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q41342' | [[Mary Tyler Moore]] | Mary Tyler Moore | Mary Tyler Moore | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q11423' | [[mass]] | mass | Mass | ISQ base quantity<br/>kind of quantity | ISQ base quantity<br/>kind of quantity |- class='wd_q5676' | [[Matsuo Bashō|Matsuo Basho]] | Matsuo Bashō | Matsuo Bashō | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q131230' | [[Mauna Kea]] | Mauna Kea | Mauna Kea | [[Volcanae]]<br/>[[Moontain|muntain]] | volcano<br/>mountain |- class='wd_q159762' | [[Mauna Loa]] | Mauna Loa | Mauna Loa | shield volcano<br/>volcanic landform | shield volcano<br/>volcanic landform |- class='wd_q49747' | [[Maurice Maeterlinck]] | Maurice Maeterlinck | Maurice Maeterlinck | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q111' | [[Maurs]] | Mars | Maurs | superior planet<br/>inner planet of the Solar System | superior planet<br/>inner planet of the Solar System |- class='wd_q9021' | [[Max Planck]] | Max Planck | Max Planck | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q44319' | [[Maximilian I Joseph o Bavarie]] | Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria | Maximilian I Joseph o Bavarie | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q150726' | [[Maximilian I, Haly Roman Emperor]] | Maximilian I | Maximilian I, Haly Roman Emperor | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q25814075' | [[First May meenistry|May meenistry]] | First May ministry | First May meenistry | Cabinet of the United Kingdom | Cabinet of the United Kingdom |- class='wd_q1484' | [[Mayon Volcano]] | Mayon Volcano | Mayon Volcano | [[Moontain|muntain]]<br/>[[stratovolcano]]<br/>summit | mountain<br/>stratovolcano<br/>summit |- class='wd_q308864' | [[Mazandaran Province]] | Mazandaran Province | Mazandaran Province | [[Provinces o Iran]] | province of Iran |- class='wd_q3235204' | [[Mazda Lantis]] | Mazda Lantis | Mazda Lantis | car model | car model |- class='wd_q5253543' | [[Mazda Navajo]] | Mazda Navajo | Mazda Navajo | car model | car model |- class='wd_q482988' | [[Mazurek Dąbrowskiego]] | Poland Is Not Yet Lost | Mazurek Dąbrowskiego | [[Naitional anthem]]<br/>musical work/composition | national anthem<br/>musical work/composition |- class='wd_q201815' | [[McDonnell Douglas]] | McDonnell Douglas | McDonnell Douglas | aerospace manufacturer<br/>defense contractor<br/>umwhile entity | aerospace manufacturer<br/>defense contractor<br/>former entity |- class='wd_q151432' | [[McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II]] | McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II | McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II | aircraft faimily | aircraft family |- class='wd_q62161' | [[McDonnell Douglas MD-11]] | McDonnell Douglas MD-11 | McDonnell Douglas MD-11 | aircraft faimily | aircraft family |- class='wd_q51697' | [[McKinney, Texas|McKinney]] | McKinney | McKinney, Texas | coonty seat<br/>ceety o the Unitit States<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | county seat<br/>city in the United States<br/>big city |- class='wd_q69488' | [[MDMA]] | MDMA | MDMA | pharmaceutical product<br/>group of stereoisomers | pharmaceutical product<br/>group of stereoisomers |- class='wd_q42229' | [[Mel Gibson]] | Mel Gibson | Mel Gibson | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q432473' | [[Melania Trump]] | Melania Trump | Melania Trump | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q33349' | [[Melitopol]] | Melitopol | Melitopol | city of regional significance of Ukraine | city of regional significance of Ukraine |- class='wd_q253918' | [[Melodic daith metal]] | melodic death metal | Melodic daith metal | [[muisic genre]] | music genre |- class='wd_q47859' | [[Mentha]] | Mentha | Mentha | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q156153' | [[Menyanthes|Menyanthes trifoliata]] | Menyanthes trifoliata | Menyanthes | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q178197' | [[Mercenar|Mercenary]] | mercenary | Mercenar | [[profession]] | profession |- class='wd_q1747363' | [[Meriden, Wast Midlands|Meriden]] | Meriden | Meriden, Wast Midlands | [[veelage]]<br/>[[Ceevil pairish|ceevil parish]] | village<br/>civil parish |- class='wd_q81102410' | [[Messier 81]] | Messier 81 | Messier 81 | active galactic nucleus<br/>astronomical radio source<br/>astrophysical X-ray source<br/>infrared source<br/>Seyfert 2 galaxy | active galactic nucleus<br/>astronomical radio source<br/>astrophysical X-ray source<br/>infrared source<br/>Seyfert 2 galaxy |- class='wd_q14026' | [[Messier 82]] | Messier 82 | Messier 82 | irregular galaxy<br/>interacting galaxy<br/>starburst galaxy<br/>edge-on galaxy<br/>luminous infrared galaxy<br/>astronomical radio source<br/>interacting galaxies | irregular galaxy<br/>interacting galaxy<br/>starburst galaxy<br/>edge-on galaxy<br/>luminous infrared galaxy<br/>astronomical radio source<br/>interacting galaxies |- class='wd_q380' | [[Meta Platforms]] | Meta | Meta Platforms | public company<br/>online service provider<br/>[[Business|buisiness]]<br/>technology company | public company<br/>online service provider<br/>business<br/>technology company |- class='wd_q283789' | [[Metal rectifier]] | metal rectifier | Metal rectifier | | |- class='wd_q15920' | [[Metallica]] | Metallica | Metallica | muisic baund | musical group |- class='wd_q14982' | [[methanol]] | methanol | Methanol | type of chemical entity | type of chemical entity |- class='wd_q179200' | [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]] | Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer | Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer | film production company<br/>[[Business|buisiness]] | film production company<br/>business |- class='wd_q16665897' | [[Metropolis o Lyon]] | Metropolis of Lyon | Metropolis o Lyon | [[metropolis]]<br/>territorial collectivity of France with special status | metropolis<br/>territorial collectivity of France with special status |- class='wd_q475678' | [[Mexican Drog War]] | Mexican drug war | Mexican Drog War | asymmetric warfare<br/>irregular warfare<br/>drug war | asymmetric warfare<br/>irregular warfare<br/>drug war |- class='wd_q174273' | [[meyflee]] | Ephemeroptera | Meyflee | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q13357' | [[Meänkieli leid]] | Meänkieli | Meänkieli leid | [[Byleid|dialect]]<br/>leid<br/>minority language<br/>modern language | dialect<br/>language<br/>minority language<br/>modern language |- class='wd_q2831' | [[Michael Jackson]] | Michael Jackson | Michael Jackson | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q128933' | [[Michaëlle Jean]] | Michaëlle Jean | Michaëlle Jean | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q10731' | [[Mick Foley]] | Mick Foley | Mick Foley | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q6838600' | [[Mickey Cobras]] | Mickey Cobras | Mickey Cobras | gang | gang |- class='wd_q188443' | [[Micronaition|Micronation]] | micronation | Micronaition | former or current state | former or current state |- class='wd_q46384' | [[microphone]] | microphone | Microphone | | |- class='wd_q7204' | [[Middle East]] | Middle East | Middle East | cultural region<br/>transcontinental region | cultural region<br/>transcontinental region |- class='wd_q18661' | [[Middlesbrough F.C.]] | Middlesbrough F.C. | Middlesbrough F.C. | association fitbaa club | association football club |- class='wd_q54238' | [[Middlesex Coonty, Connecticut|Middlesex Coonty]] | Middlesex County | Middlesex Coonty, Connecticut | county of Connecticut | county of Connecticut |- class='wd_q355382' | [[Midge Ure]] | Midge Ure | Midge Ure | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q24313' | [[Mike Pence]] | Mike Pence | Mike Pence | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q185572' | [[Mikel Arteta]] | Mikel Arteta | Mikel Arteta | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q30487' | [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] | Mikhail Gorbachev | Mikhail Gorbachev | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q37836' | [[Milwaukee]] | Milwaukee | Milwaukee | coonty seat<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>first-class city | county seat<br/>big city<br/>first-class city |- class='wd_q3352' | [[Miranda (muin)|Miranda]] | Miranda | Miranda (muin) | moon of Uranus<br/>regular moon | moon of Uranus<br/>regular moon |- class='wd_q5104' | [[Miranda Cosgrove]] | Miranda Cosgrove | Miranda Cosgrove | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q3818116' | [[Misao Okawa]] | Misao Okawa | Misao Okawa | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q178665' | [[Mitanni]] | Mitanni | Mitanni | kingdom<br/>historical state | kingdom<br/>historical country |- class='wd_q185126' | [[Mithridates VI o Pontus]] | Mithridates VI of Pontus | Mithridates VI o Pontus | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q183275' | [[Mitsubishi]] | Mitsubishi | Mitsubishi | corporate group<br/>conglomerate<br/>umbrella brand<br/>privately held company<br/>[[Business|buisiness]] | corporate group<br/>conglomerate<br/>umbrella brand<br/>privately held company<br/>business |- class='wd_q1939855' | [[Mitsubishi Freeca]] | Mitsubishi Freeca | Mitsubishi Freeca | car model | car model |- class='wd_q12244224' | [[Moez Kamoun]] | Moez Kamoun | Moez Kamoun | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q6892571' | [[Mohammad bin Salman]] | Mohammed bin Salman Al Saud | Mohammad bin Salman | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q310592' | [[Mohammad-Ali Rajai]] | Mohammad-Ali Rajai | Mohammad-Ali Rajai | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q11369' | [[molecule]] | molecule | Molecule | group or class of chemical entities | group or class of chemical entities |- class='wd_q3074303' | [[Momoko Kōchi]] | Momoko Kōchi | Momoko Kōchi | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q116' | [[monarch]] | monarch | Monarch | ryal or noble rank<br/>poseetion | noble title<br/>position |- class='wd_q158049' | [[Moneses]] | Moneses uniflora | Moneses | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q33750' | [[Mongolic leids]] | Mongolic | Mongolic leids | [[Leid faimly|leid faimily]] | language family |- class='wd_q9246' | [[Mongolien leid|Mongolie leid]] | Mongolian | Mongolien leid | natural language<br/>macrolanguage<br/>modern language | natural language<br/>macrolanguage<br/>modern language |- class='wd_q78961' | [[Monocotyledon|monocots]] | Q78961 | Monocotyledon | clade | clade |- class='wd_q6901674' | [[Monolit]] | Monolit | Monolit | muisic baund | musical group |- class='wd_q179678' | [[monosodium glutamate]] | monosodium L-glutamate | Monosodium glutamate | type of chemical entity | type of chemical entity |- class='wd_q21790' | [[Monotreme]] | monotreme | Monotreme | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q72303' | [[Moont Ararat]] | Mount Ararat | Moont Ararat | [[Volcanae]]<br/>[[Moontain|muntain]]<br/>[[stratovolcano]] | volcano<br/>mountain<br/>stratovolcano |- class='wd_q215471' | [[Moont Hermon]] | Mount Hermon | Moont Hermon | [[Moontain|muntain]]<br/>highest point<br/>biblical place | mountain<br/>highest point<br/>biblical place |- class='wd_q172070' | [[Moont Kenyae]] | Mount Kenya | Moont Kenyae | [[Moontain|muntain]] | mountain |- class='wd_q60967' | [[Moont Kinabalu]] | Mount Kinabalu | Moont Kinabalu | [[Moontain|muntain]]<br/>WWF ecoregion | mountain<br/>WWF ecoregion |- class='wd_q120306' | [[Moont Logan]] | Mount Logan | Moont Logan | [[Moontain|muntain]] | mountain |- class='wd_q4777' | [[Moont Roraima]] | Mount Roraima | Moont Roraima | [[Moontain|muntain]]<br/>tepui | mountain<br/>tepui |- class='wd_q18391151' | [[Moorside Nuclear Pouer Station]] | Moorside Nuclear Project | Moorside Nuclear Pouer Station | [[pouer station]] | power station |- class='wd_q1020416' | [[Morazán, El Progreso|Morazán]] | Morazán | Morazán, El Progreso | municipality of Guatemala | municipality of Guatemala |- class='wd_q3901' | [[Moroni, Comoros]] | Moroni | Moroni, Comoros | [[ceety]]<br/>federal caipital<br/>[[Toun (disambiguation)|human settlement]]<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | city<br/>federal capital<br/>human settlement<br/>big city |- class='wd_q312131' | [[Mosasaurus]] | Mosasaurus | Mosasaurus | fossil taxon | fossil taxon |- class='wd_q20511863' | [[Moses Housepian]] | Moses Housepian | Moses Housepian | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q175117' | [[Moskva River]] | Moskva River | Moskva River | [[river]] | river |- class='wd_q188982' | [[Mount Erebus]] | Mount Erebus | Mount Erebus | [[Volcanae]]<br/>[[Moontain|muntain]] | volcano<br/>mountain |- class='wd_q405' | [[Muin]] | Moon | Muin | regular moon<br/>planetary-mass moon<br/>planetary moon | regular moon<br/>planetary-mass moon<br/>planetary moon |- class='wd_q1438673' | [[Mulguy]] | Milngavie | Mulguy | [[toun]]<br/>small burgh | town<br/>small burgh |- class='wd_q111444' | [[Mull]] | Isle of Mull | Mull | [[island]] | island |- class='wd_q612229' | [[Municipalities o Estonie]] | municipality of Estonia | Municipalities o Estonie | | |- class='wd_q3500564' | [[Municipalities o Nuevo León]] | Municipalities of Nuevo León | Municipalities o Nuevo León | Dayana | Dayana |- class='wd_q819825' | [[muntain bluebird]] | Sialia currucoides | Muntain bluebird | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q233956' | [[Muriel Spark]] | Muriel Spark | Muriel Spark | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q209341' | [[Musala]] | Musala | Musala | [[Moontain|muntain]]<br/>two-thousander<br/>ultra-prominent peak<br/>highest point<br/>main peak | mountain<br/>two-thousander<br/>ultra-prominent peak<br/>highest point<br/>main peak |- class='wd_q211848' | [[mustang]] | mustang | Mustang | horse breed | horse breed |- class='wd_q5415' | [[My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic]] | My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic | My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic | animated television series | animated television series |- class='wd_q210975' | [[Mycoplasma]] | Mycoplasma | Mycoplasma | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q41572' | [[Mykolaiv]] | Mykolaiv | Mykolaiv | city in Ukraine | city in Ukraine |- class='wd_q843892' | [[Myricaceae]] | Myricaceae | Myricaceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q839805' | [[Myrtle Beach, Sooth Carolina|Myrtle Beach]] | Myrtle Beach | Myrtle Beach, Sooth Carolina | ceety o the Unitit States | city in the United States |- class='wd_q849822' | [[Mägo de Oz]] | Mägo de Oz | Mägo de Oz | muisic baund | musical group |- class='wd_q3334874' | [[Nadia Kounda]] | Nadia Kounda | Nadia Kounda | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q932791' | [[Nae true Scotsman]] | no true Scotsman | Nae true Scotsman | | |- class='wd_q168193' | [[Najaf]] | Najaf | Najaf | [[ceety]]<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | city<br/>big city |- class='wd_q517' | [[Napoleon|Napoleon I]] | Napoleon | Napoleon | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q9174561' | [[Nardus]] | Nardus | Nardus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q217096' | [[Naruhito]] | Naruhito | Naruhito | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q159426' | [[narwhal]] | narwhal | Narwhal | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q23197' | [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]] | Nashville | Nashville, Tennessee | coonty seat<br/>ceety o the Unitit States<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>consolidatit ceety–coonty | county seat<br/>city in the United States<br/>big city<br/>consolidated city-county |- class='wd_q26334' | [[National Rail]] | National Rail | National Rail | transport network<br/>brand name | transport network<br/>brand name |- class='wd_q7184' | [[NATO]] | NATO | NATO | intergovrenmental organization<br/>international organization<br/>military alliance<br/>multinational military coalition | intergovernmental organization<br/>international organization<br/>military alliance<br/>multinational military coalition |- class='wd_q4508' | [[Navy]] | navy | Navy | militar branch | military branch |- class='wd_q37400' | [[Naypyidaw]] | Naypyidaw | Naypyidaw | [[ceety]]<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>planned national capital<br/>town in Myanmar | city<br/>big city<br/>planned national capital<br/>town in Myanmar |- class='wd_q4796' | [[Naypyidaw Union Territory]] | Naypyidaw Union Territory | Naypyidaw Union Territory | union territory of Myanmar | union territory of Myanmar |- class='wd_q683695' | [[Nazareth (baund)|Nazareth]] | Nazareth | Nazareth (baund) | rock baund | rock band |- class='wd_q75818970' | [[Neale Hanvey]] | Neale Hanvey | Neale Hanvey | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q181843' | [[necrophilia]] | necrophilia | Necrophilia | psychosexual disorder | psychosexual disorder |- class='wd_q6988888' | [[Neil M. Gunn]] | Neil M. Gunn | Neil M. Gunn | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q16528' | [[Nelumbo nucifera]] | Nelumbo nucifera | Nelumbo nucifera | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q5185' | [[nematode]] | Nematoda | Nematode | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q5186' | [[Nematomorpha]] | Nematomorpha | Nematomorpha | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q185631' | [[Nemertea]] | Nemertea | Nemertea | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q185747' | [[Nemesis (meethologie)|Nemesis]] | Nemesis | Nemesis (meethologie) | [[Oceanid|Okeanid]]<br/>Greek deity | Oceanids<br/>Greek deity |- class='wd_q153996' | [[Nena]] | Nena | Nena | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q217530' | [[Nepenthes]] | Nepenthes | Nepenthes | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q7408434' | [[Nevada City, Nevada|Nevada City]] | Nevada City | Nevada City, Nevada | [[Ghaist toun]] | ghost town |- class='wd_q207794' | [[Nevis]] | Nevis | Nevis | [[island]]<br/>constituent state<br/>first-level admeenistrative diveesion | island<br/>federated state<br/>first-level administrative division |- class='wd_q34404' | [[New Orleans]] | New Orleans | New Orleans | ceety o the Unitit States<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>consolidatit ceety–coonty | city in the United States<br/>big city<br/>consolidated city-county |- class='wd_q131364' | [[New York Knicks]] | New York Knicks | New York Knicks | basketball team | basketball team |- class='wd_q142794' | [[Neymar]] | Neymar | Neymar | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q154958' | [[Nickelodeon]] | Nickelodeon | Nickelodeon | specialty channel<br/>televeesion station<br/>cable channel | specialty channel<br/>television station<br/>cable channel |- class='wd_q30302391' | [[Nicolas van Beveren]] | Nicolas van Beveren | Nicolas van Beveren | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q80968' | [[nihilism]] | nihilism | Nihilism | doctrine | doctrine |- class='wd_q813935' | [[Nihon Shoki]] | Nihon Shoki | Nihon Shoki | historical non-fiction work | historical non-fiction work |- class='wd_q152218' | [[Nine Years' War]] | Nine Years' War | Nine Years' War | [[war]] | war |- class='wd_q50825725' | [[Ninja (streamer)|Ninja]] | Ninja | Ninja (streamer) | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q19610114' | [[Nintendo Switch]] | Q19610114 | Nintendo Switch | product model | product model |- class='wd_q83320' | [[nitric acid]] | nitric acid | Nitric acid | type of chemical entity | type of chemical entity |- class='wd_q162867' | [[nitroglycerin]] | nitroglycerin | Nitroglycerin | type of chemical entity | type of chemical entity |- class='wd_q35637' | [[Nobel Peace Prize]] | Nobel Peace Prize | Nobel Peace Prize | peace award | peace award |- class='wd_q7047857' | [[Nokhur]] | Nohur | Nokhur | [[Toun (disambiguation)|human settlement]] | human settlement |- class='wd_q34708' | [[Norfolk (disambiguation)|Norfolk]] | Norfolk | Norfolk (disambiguation) | Wikimedia disambiguation page | Wikimedia disambiguation page |- class='wd_q40347' | [[Norman, Oklahoma|Norman]] | Norman | Norman, Oklahoma | coonty seat<br/>ceety o the Unitit States<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | county seat<br/>city in the United States<br/>big city |- class='wd_q1999640' | [[Norman Lloyd]] | Norman Lloyd | Norman Lloyd | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q160318' | [[Norodom Sihanouk]] | Norodom Sihanouk | Norodom Sihanouk | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q188779' | [[Norse fowk]] | Norwegians | Norse fowk | nation<br/>[[population]] | nation<br/>human population |- class='wd_q23086' | [[North Yorkshire]] | North Yorkshire | North Yorkshire | ceremonial county of England | ceremonial county of England |- class='wd_q190978' | [[Norlin Airlan natiounal fitba team|Northren Ireland naitional fitbaa team]] | Northern Ireland men's national association football team | Norlin Airlan natiounal fitba team | men's national association football team | men's national association football team |- class='wd_q23079' | [[Northumberland]] | Northumberland | Northumberland | ceremonial county of England<br/>non-metropolitan county<br/>unitary authority area | ceremonial county of England<br/>non-metropolitan county<br/>unitary authority area |- class='wd_q1552306' | [[Eastren esk|Notophthalmus viridescens]] | Notophthalmus viridescens | Eastren esk | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q6458' | [[Nova]] | nova | Nova | astronomical phenomenon<br/>astronomical object type | astronomical phenomenon<br/>astronomical object type |- class='wd_q11429' | [[nuclear fission]] | nuclear fission | Nuclear fission | nuclear reaction | nuclear reaction |- class='wd_q134447' | [[Nuclear pouer station]] | nuclear power plant | Nuclear pouer station | | |- class='wd_q19921' | [[nuclear winter]] | nuclear winter | Nuclear winter | scientific hypothesis | scientific hypothesis |- class='wd_q489898' | [[Nukus]] | Nukus | Nukus | [[ceety]]<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | city<br/>big city |- class='wd_q242419' | [[numbat]] | numbat | Numbat | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q2004891' | [[numerical linear algebra]] | numerical linear algebra | Numerical linear algebra | aurie o mathematics | branch of mathematics |- class='wd_q541182' | [[numerical methods for ordinary differential equations]] | numerical method for ordinary differential equations | Numerical methods for ordinary differential equations | | |- class='wd_q147030' | [[Nymphaea alba]] | Nymphaea alba | Nymphaea alba | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q375095' | [[Obligado]] | Obligado | Obligado | municipality of Paraguay | municipality of Paraguay |- class='wd_q131012' | [[Occam's razor]] | Occam's razor | Occam's razor | aphorism<br/>philosophical razor<br/>heuristic argument<br/>epigrammatic law | aphorism<br/>philosophical razor<br/>heuristic argument<br/>epigrammatic law |- class='wd_q182090' | [[oceanic climate]] | oceanic climate | Oceanic climate | category in the Köppen climate classification systems | category in the Köppen climate classification systems |- class='wd_q33261' | [[ocelot]] | ocelot | Ocelot | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q25331' | [[Odense]] | Odense | Odense | ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | big city |- class='wd_q35160' | [[Odyssey]] | Odyssey | Odyssey | leeterary wirk | literary work |- class='wd_q82037' | [[okapi]] | Okapia johnstoni | Okapi | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q34863' | [[Oklahoma City]] | Oklahoma City | Oklahoma City | coonty seat<br/>ceety o the Unitit States<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | county seat<br/>city in the United States<br/>big city |- class='wd_q1271501' | [[Old Blind Dogs]] | Old Blind Dogs | Old Blind Dogs | muisic baund | musical group |- class='wd_q183529' | [[Olimpiyskiy Naitional Sports Complex]] | Olimpiyskiy National Sports Complex | Olimpiyskiy Naitional Sports Complex | multi-purpose sports venue | multi-purpose sports venue |- class='wd_q51053' | [[Olivar]] | Olivar | Olivar | commune o Chile | commune of Chile |- class='wd_q208561' | [[olive baboon]] | olive baboon | Olive baboon | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q282385' | [[Olive ridley sea turtle]] | Lepidochelys olivacea | Olive ridley sea turtle | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q216929' | [[Oliver & Company]] | Oliver & Company | Oliver & Company | animatit film | animated film |- class='wd_q95068' | [[Olivia de Havilland]] | Olivia de Havilland | Olivia de Havilland | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q82765' | [[Olsztyn]] | Olsztyn | Olsztyn | [[ceety]]<br/>ceety wi powiat richts<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | city<br/>city with powiat rights in Poland<br/>big city |- class='wd_q19628' | [[Olympiacos F.C.]] | Olympiacos F.C. | Olympiacos F.C. | men's association football team | men's association football team |- class='wd_q2221316' | [[Ommatoiulus sabulosus]] | Ommatoiulus sabulosus | Ommatoiulus sabulosus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q5191' | [[Onychophora]] | Onychophora | Onychophora | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q4169' | [[Ooter space]] | outer space | Ooter space | geographic region | region |- class='wd_q21834' | [[opossum]] | Didelphidae | Opossum | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q2028096' | [[Orange]] | Orange | Orange | Wikimedia disambiguation page | Wikimedia disambiguation page |- class='wd_q1345321' | [[Orange Order]] | Orange Order | Orange Order | fraternal organization<br/>releegious organization | fraternal organization<br/>religious organization |- class='wd_q14420' | [[Order o the Breetish Empire|Order of the British Empire]] | Order of the British Empire | Order o the Breetish Empire | awaird<br/>chivalric order<br/>title o honor | award<br/>order of chivalry<br/>title of honor |- class='wd_q1642345' | [[Orkneyinga saga]] | Orkneyinga saga | Orkneyinga saga | leeterary wirk | literary work |- class='wd_q33864' | [[Oromo leid]] | Oromo | Oromo leid | leid<br/>macrolanguage<br/>modern language | language<br/>macrolanguage<br/>modern language |- class='wd_q1327535' | [[orpie]] | Hylotelephium telephium | Orpie | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q57751738' | [[Coronavirus|Orthocoronavirinae]] | Coronavirus | Coronavirus | [[taxon]]<br/>organisms known by a particular common name | taxon<br/>organisms known by a particular common name |- class='wd_q3333484' | [[Orthodox Christianity]] | Eastern Orthodoxy | Orthodox Christianity | Christian denomination<br/>Christian denominational family | Christian denomination<br/>Christian denominational family |- class='wd_q19497' | [[Oscar (fitbawer, born 1991)|Oscar]] | Oscar | Oscar (fitbawer, born 1991) | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q46491' | [[Osiris]] | Osiris | Osiris | Ancient Egyptian deity<br/>dying-and-rising deity<br/>naitur deity | Ancient Egyptian deity<br/>dying-and-rising deity<br/>nature deity |- class='wd_q1930' | [[Ottawa]] | Ottawa | Ottawa | federal caipital<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>single-tier municipality<br/>census subdivision in Canada<br/>census division of Canada | federal capital<br/>big city<br/>single-tier municipality<br/>census subdivision in Canada<br/>census division of Canada |- class='wd_q57065' | [[Otto Hahn]] | Otto Hahn | Otto Hahn | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q157106' | [[Ottonian dynasty]] | Ottonian dynasty | Ottonian dynasty | dynasty | dynasty |- class='wd_q209338' | [[Oxnard, Californie|Oxnard]] | Oxnard | Oxnard, Californie | ceety o the Unitit States<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | city in the United States<br/>big city |- class='wd_q107635' | [[Paektu Muntain]] | Baekdu Mountain | Paektu Muntain | [[Moontain|muntain]]<br/>[[stratovolcano]]<br/>territory<br/>sacred mountain | mountain<br/>stratovolcano<br/>territory<br/>sacred mountain |- class='wd_q11010' | [[Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick]] | Parliament of the United Kingdom | Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick | parliament<br/>bicameral legislature | parliament<br/>bicameral legislature |- class='wd_q166794' | [[Pallas's cat]] | Pallas's cat | Pallas's cat | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q4126704' | [[Common chimpanzee|Pan troglodytes]] | chimpanzee | Common chimpanzee | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q204888' | [[PAOK FC]] | PAOK FC | PAOK FC | men's association football team | men's association football team |- class='wd_q146391' | [[Papaver]] | Papaver | Papaver | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q178799' | [[Pape Benedict IX]] | Benedict IX | Pape Benedict IX | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q118081' | [[Pape Celestine V]] | Celestine V | Pape Celestine V | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q42887' | [[Pape Clement I]] | Clement I | Pape Clement I | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q170863' | [[Pape Clement VI]] | Clement VI | Pape Clement VI | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q227694' | [[Pape Gregory XII]] | Gregory XII | Pape Gregory XII | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q179702' | [[Pape John XVIII]] | John XVIII | Pape John XVIII | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q104798' | [[Pape Lando]] | Lando | Pape Lando | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q43954' | [[Pape Leo I]] | Leo I | Pape Leo I | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q132113' | [[Pape Pontian]] | Pontian | Pape Pontian | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q1317905' | [[Papilio polymnestor]] | Papilio polymnestor | Papilio polymnestor | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q274388' | [[Paracel Islands]] | Paracel Islands | Paracel Islands | airchipelago<br/>disputed territory | archipelago<br/>disputed territory |- class='wd_q733' | [[Paraguay]] | Paraguay | Paraguay | [[kintra]]<br/>sovereign state | country<br/>sovereign state |- class='wd_q663181' | [[Pararge aegeria]] | Speckled Wood | Pararge aegeria | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q205716' | [[Parazoa]] | Parazoa | Parazoa | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q167646' | [[Paris (meethologie)|Paris]] | Paris | Paris (meethologie) | mythological Greek character | mythological Greek character |- class='wd_q794866' | [[Paris in the 20th Century]] | Paris in the Twentieth Century | Paris in the 20th Century | leeterary wirk | literary work |- class='wd_q715935' | [[Park (Korean surname)|Park]] | Park | Park (Korean surname) | faimily name | family name |- class='wd_q31431' | [[Paurit|parrot]] | parrot | Paurit | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q188614' | [[parsnip]] | Pastinaca sativa | Parsnip | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q58680' | [[Pashto leid]] | Pashto | Pashto leid | natural language<br/>macrolanguage<br/>modern language | natural language<br/>macrolanguage<br/>modern language |- class='wd_q28753' | [[Passer]] | Passer | Passer | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q288419' | [[Pau FC]] | Pau Football Club | Pau FC | association fitbaa club | association football club |- class='wd_q3372291' | [[Paul an Erlend Thorfinnsson]] | Paul and Erlend Thorfinnsson | Paul an Erlend Thorfinnsson | brother duo | brother duo |- class='wd_q128529' | [[Paul Martin]] | Paul Martin | Paul Martin | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q25237' | [[pease]] | Pisum sativum | Pease | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q184624' | [[peat]] | peat | Peat | | |- class='wd_q939' | [[Pedro I o Brazil|Pedro I]] | Pedro I of Brazil | Pedro I o Brazil | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q156774' | [[Pedro II o Brazil]] | Pedro II of Brazil | Pedro II o Brazil | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q9147' | [[penguin]] | penguin | Penguin | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q58' | [[Pintle|Penis]] | penis | Pintle | [[Organ (anatomy)|organ]] | organ |- class='wd_q702220' | [[Pennsylvanie Dutch]] | Pennsylvania Dutch | Pennsylvanie Dutch | ethnographic group | ethnographic group |- class='wd_q7163723' | [[Pennsylvanie Dutch Inglis]] | Pennsylvania Dutch English | Pennsylvanie Dutch Inglis | leid | language |- class='wd_q7165456' | [[People's Alliance Pairty (Albainie)]] | People's Alliance Party | People's Alliance Pairty (Albainie) | [[poleetical pairty]] | political party |- class='wd_q1232528' | [[Percheron]] | Percheron | Percheron | horse breed | horse breed |- class='wd_q127595' | [[Perciformes]] | Q127595 | Perciformes | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q469706' | [[Percy Montgomery]] | Percy Montgomery | Percy Montgomery | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q172118' | [[Percy Williams Bridgman]] | Percy Williams Bridgman | Percy Williams Bridgman | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q45967' | [[Persephone]] | Persephone | Persephone | Greek deity | Greek deity |- class='wd_q189762' | [[Peter Carl Fabergé]] | Peter Carl Fabergé | Peter Carl Fabergé | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q2074518' | [[Peter Deuflhard]] | Peter Deuflhard | Peter Deuflhard | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q825781' | [[Peugeot 405]] | Peugeot 405 | Peugeot 405 | car model | car model |- class='wd_q13423853' | [[PewDiePie]] | PewDiePie | PewDiePie | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q104837' | [[Phase (maiter)|phase]] | phase | Phase (maiter) | | |- class='wd_q173227' | [[Physical constant|pheesical constant]] | physical constant | Physical constant | | |- class='wd_q130336' | [[phenol]] | phenol | Phenol | type of chemical entity | type of chemical entity |- class='wd_q34417' | [[Philip II o Spain]] | Philip II of Spain | Philip II o Spain | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q1817' | [[Philip the Arab]] | Philip the Arab | Philip the Arab | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q155004' | [[Philippe o Belgium]] | Philippe of Belgium | Philippe o Belgium | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q185213' | [[Philippine eagle]] | Philippine Eagle | Philippine eagle | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q652973' | [[Buford, Wyoming|PhinDeli Town Buford]] | Buford | Buford, Wyoming | unincorporatit commonty | unincorporated community |- class='wd_q217679' | [[Phineas and Ferb]] | Phineas and Ferb | Phineas and Ferb | animated television series | animated television series |- class='wd_q26913' | [[Phoca vitulina]] | Phoca vitulina | Phoca vitulina | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q164177' | [[Phoenix Suns]] | Phoenix Suns | Phoenix Suns | basketball team | basketball team |- class='wd_q23513' | [[Phong Nha-Ke Bang]] | Phong Nha–Ke Bang National Park | Phong Nha-Ke Bang | national park of Vietnam | national park of Vietnam |- class='wd_q238147' | [[Pico de Orizaba]] | Citlaltepetl | Pico de Orizaba | [[Moontain|muntain]] | mountain |- class='wd_q26764' | [[Pieris brassicae]] | Pieris brassicae | Pieris brassicae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q1064335' | [[Pig War (1859)|Pig War]] | Pig War | Pig War (1859) | [[war]]<br/>territorial dispute | war<br/>territorial dispute |- class='wd_q2756715' | [[Pimpa]] | Pimpa | Pimpa | comics character<br/>fictional dog | comics character<br/>fictional dog |- class='wd_q404116' | [[Pingdingshan]] | Pingdingshan | Pingdingshan | prefecture-level city<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | prefecture-level city<br/>big city |- class='wd_q132825' | [[Pinophyta]] | conifer | Pinophyta | [[taxon]]<br/>monotypic taxon | taxon<br/>monotypic taxon |- class='wd_q12024' | [[Pine|Pinus]] | Pinus | Pine | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q14371' | [[Pinwheel Galaxy]] | Pinwheel Galaxy | Pinwheel Galaxy | interacting galaxy | interacting galaxy |- class='wd_q156522' | [[Piperaceae]] | Piperaceae | Piperaceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q25634' | [[pirr-maw]] | Black-headed Gull | Pirr-maw | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q36071' | [[pistachio]] | Pistacia vera | Pistachio | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q45227' | [[Piston]] | piston | Piston | | |- class='wd_q1212935' | [[Efterbirth|placenta]] | placenta | Efterbirth | [[Organ (anatomy)|organ]]<br/>class of anatomical entity | organ<br/>class of anatomical entity |- class='wd_q25833' | [[Placentalia]] | Q25833 | Placentalia | clade | clade |- class='wd_q131040' | [[Placozoa]] | Placozoa | Placozoa | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q27098' | [[plaice]] | Pleuronectes platessa | Plaice | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q245305' | [[plains zebra]] | Equus quagga | Plains zebra | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q10251' | [[Plasma (pheesics)|plasma]] | plasma | Plasma (pheesics) | fundamental state o the matter<br/>classical state of matter | fundamental state of matter<br/>classical state of matter |- class='wd_q130948' | [[Plasmodium]] | Q130948 | Plasmodium | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q15343' | [[platypus]] | platypus | Platypus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q63184502' | [[PlayStation 5]] | PlayStation 5 | PlayStation 5 | product model | product model |- class='wd_q1290516' | [[Plymouth Breeze]] | Plymouth Breeze | Plymouth Breeze | car model | car model |- class='wd_q19520' | [[Podolsk]] | Podolsk | Podolsk | city or town<br/>city/town in Russia | city or town<br/>city/town in Russia |- class='wd_q33609' | [[polar beir]] | Ursus maritimus | Polar beir | [[taxon]]<br/>apex predator | taxon<br/>apex predator |- class='wd_q35535' | [[polis]] | police | Polis | | |- class='wd_q933402' | [[Polis box]] | police box | Polis box | | |- class='wd_q7228412' | [[Pontypool and Blaenavon Railway]] | Pontypool and Blaenavon Railway | Pontypool and Blaenavon Railway | Heritage railwey | heritage railway |- class='wd_q25356' | [[Populus]] | Populus | Populus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q125434' | [[Port Elizabeth]] | Gqeberha | Port Elizabeth | [[ceety]]<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>port ceety | city<br/>big city<br/>port city |- class='wd_q935482' | [[Port Orchard, Washington|Port Orchard]] | Port Orchard | Port Orchard, Washington | coonty seat<br/>ceety o the Unitit States | county seat<br/>city in the United States |- class='wd_q986325' | [[Port Safaga]] | Safaga | Port Safaga | [[ceety]]<br/>resort town<br/>port ceety | city<br/>resort town<br/>port city |- class='wd_q6106' | [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]] | Portland | Portland, Oregon | coonty seat<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>city of Oregon | county seat<br/>big city<br/>city of Oregon |- class='wd_q36433' | [[Porto]] | Porto | Porto | ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>municipality o Portugal | big city<br/>municipality of Portugal |- class='wd_q3799' | [[Porto-Novo]] | Porto-Novo | Porto-Novo | [[ceety]] | city |- class='wd_q200464' | [[Portuguese Empire]] | Portuguese Empire | Portuguese Empire | historical state | historical country |- class='wd_q21648810' | [[Power Rangers (film)|Pouer Rangers]] | Power Rangers | Power Rangers (film) | [[film]] | film |- class='wd_q11696' | [[Preses o the Unitit States|Preses o the Unitit States o Americae]] | President of the United States | Preses o the Unitit States | elective office | elective office |- class='wd_q377968' | [[Pressurized watter reactor]] | pressurized water reactor | Pressurized watter reactor | | |- class='wd_q951376' | [[Preston, Georgie|Preston]] | Preston | Preston, Georgie | unincorporatit commonty | unincorporated community |- class='wd_q319145' | [[Prime Meenister o Australie]] | Prime Minister of Australia | Prime Meenister o Australie | public offeecial | public office |- class='wd_q157115' | [[Primulaceae]] | Primulaceae | Primulaceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q152316' | [[Prince Harry, Duke o Sussex|Prince Harry o Wales]] | Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex | Prince Harry, Duke o Sussex | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q26337' | [[Blue shairk|Prionace glauca]] | Prionace glauca | Blue shairk | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q212405' | [[Procter & Gamble]] | Procter & Gamble | Procter & Gamble | industrial manufacturing<br/>public company<br/>[[Business|buisiness]]<br/>enterprise | industrial manufacturing<br/>public company<br/>business<br/>enterprise |- class='wd_q484344' | [[Progressive metal]] | progressive metal | Progressive metal | [[muisic genre]] | music genre |- class='wd_q273120' | [[protest]] | protest | Protest | form of event | form of event |- class='wd_q7251617' | [[Protestant Religion and Presbyterian Church Act 1707]] | Protestant Religion and Presbyterian Church Act 1707 | Protestant Religion and Presbyterian Church Act 1707 | Act of the Parliament of Scotland | Act of the Parliament of Scotland |- class='wd_q2294' | [[proton]] | proton | Proton | type of quantum particle | type of quantum particle |- class='wd_q5171' | [[Protostome|Protostomia]] | protostome | Protostome | [[taxon]]<br/>clade | taxon<br/>clade |- class='wd_q504628' | [[PIRA (Provos)|Proveesional Irish Republican Airmy]] | Provisional Irish Republican Army | PIRA (Provos) | paramilitary organization<br/>poleetical organisation | paramilitary organization<br/>political organization |- class='wd_q15119' | [[Province o Roum]] | Province of Rome | Province o Roum | former province of Italy | former province of Italy |- class='wd_q5098' | [[Provinces o Indonesie]] | province of Indonesia | Provinces o Indonesie | designation for an administrative territorial entity of a single country | designation for an administrative territorial entity of a single country |- class='wd_q841753' | [[Provinces o Iraq]] | governorate of Iraq | Provinces o Iraq | | |- class='wd_q50399' | [[Provinces o Mongolie]] | province of Mongolia | Provinces o Mongolie | | |- class='wd_q191093' | [[Provinces o Sooth Africae]] | province of South Africa | Provinces o Sooth Africae | type o admeenistrative diveesions | administrative territorial entity type |- class='wd_q134390' | [[Provinces o the Netherlands]] | province of the Netherlands | Provinces o the Netherlands | | |- class='wd_q190545' | [[Prunus]] | Prunus | Prunus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q37453' | [[Prunus armeniaca]] | Prunus armeniaca | Prunus armeniaca | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q19119' | [[pseudoscorpion]] | pseudoscorpion | Pseudoscorpion | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q166843' | [[Psidium guajava]] | Psidium guajava | Psidium guajava | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q366886' | [[psychopathy]] | psychopathy | Psychopathy | personality disorder<br/>personality type<br/>personality trait | personality disorder<br/>personality type<br/>personality trait |- class='wd_q904250' | [[Psychotria]] | Psychotria | Psychotria | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q245060' | [[Pteranodon]] | Pteranodon | Pteranodon | fossil taxon | fossil taxon |- class='wd_q848656' | [[pudú]] | Pudú | Pudú | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q270748' | [[Puma (genus)|Puma]] | Puma | Puma (genus) | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q1045888' | [[Puncak Jaya]] | Puncak Jaya | Puncak Jaya | [[Moontain|muntain]] | mountain |- class='wd_q1538' | [[Pune]] | Pune | Pune | [[ceety]] | city |- class='wd_q1797' | [[Pupienus]] | Pupienus | Pupienus | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q50415393' | [[Pushionin o Sergei an Yulia Skripal]] | poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal | Pushionin o Sergei an Yulia Skripal | attempted murder<br/>poisoning<br/>international incident | attempted murder<br/>poisoning<br/>international incident |- class='wd_q1627100' | [[Putting Pants on Philip]] | Putting Pants on Philip | Putting Pants on Philip | short film | short film |- class='wd_q18808' | [[Pyongyang]] | Pyongyang | Pyongyang | [[ceety]]<br/>direct-controlled municipality<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>first-level admeenistrative diveesion<br/>largest city | city<br/>direct-controlled municipality<br/>big city<br/>first-level administrative division<br/>largest city |- class='wd_q25307' | [[Pyot]] | Eurasian Magpie | Pyot | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q244236' | [[Qabala]] | Qabala | Qabala | [[ceety]] | city |- class='wd_q170208' | [[Quaiker|Quaker]] | Quakers | Quaiker | [[releegion]]<br/>worldview<br/>Christian denominational family | religion<br/>worldview<br/>Christian denominational family |- class='wd_q944' | [[quantum mechanics]] | quantum mechanics | Quantum mechanics | physical theory<br/>branch of mechanics | physical theory<br/>branch of mechanics |- class='wd_q2145' | [[Quebec Ceety]] | Quebec City | Quebec Ceety | ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>city or town of Quebec<br/>territory outside RCM in Quebec | big city<br/>city or town of Quebec<br/>territory outside RCM in Quebec |- class='wd_q5218' | [[Quechuan leids]] | Quechua | Quechuan leids | [[Leid faimly|leid faimily]]<br/>natural language<br/>macrolanguage<br/>modern language<br/>human language | language family<br/>natural language<br/>macrolanguage<br/>modern language<br/>human language |- class='wd_q9439' | [[Queen Victoria]] | Victoria | Queen Victoria | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q18723' | [[Queens Park Rangers F.C.|Queens Pairk Rangers F.C.]] | Queens Park Rangers F.C. | Queens Park Rangers F.C. | association fitbaa club | association football club |- class='wd_q131186' | [[queir]] | choir | Queir | type of musical group | type of musical group |- class='wd_q2900' | [[Quito]] | Quito | Quito | [[ceety]] | city |- class='wd_q742082' | [[R. R. McIan]] | R. R. McIan | R. R. McIan | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q121439' | [[raccoon]] | raccoon | Raccoon | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q570611' | [[Radegast (god)|Radegast]] | Radogost | Radegast (god) | Slavic deity | Slavic deity |- class='wd_q3332922' | [[radioactive decay]] | radioactive decay | Radioactive decay | | |- class='wd_q10132' | [[Rafael Nadal]] | Rafael Nadal | Rafael Nadal | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q388201' | [[Railwey electrification seestem]] | railway electrification system | Railwey electrification seestem | | |- class='wd_q1523' | [[Ramesses II]] | Ramesses II | Ramesses II | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q174461' | [[Ranchi]] | Ranchi | Ranchi | ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>state capital | big city<br/>state capital |- class='wd_q213356' | [[Ranunculus repens]] | Ranunculus repens | Ranunculus repens | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q190444' | [[Rare-earth element]] | rare earth element | Rare-earth element | | |- class='wd_q840849' | [[ratite]] | Struthioniformes | Ratite | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q27102' | [[Couter neb|Razorbill]] | Razorbill | Couter neb | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q9510' | [[Reality]] | reality | Reality | concept<br/>psychology concept | concept<br/>psychology concept |- class='wd_q174102' | [[refractive index]] | refractive index | Refractive index | | |- class='wd_q9794' | [[reggae]] | reggae | Reggae | [[muisic genre]] | music genre |- class='wd_q207350' | [[Rehovot]] | Rehovot | Rehovot | [[ceety]] | city |- class='wd_q79794' | [[reid deer]] | red deer | Reid deer | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q53462' | [[reid kangaroo]] | Macropus rufus | Reid kangaroo | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q41960' | [[reid panda]] | Red Panda | Reid panda | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q8332' | [[reid tod]] | red fox | Reid tod | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q232906' | [[reid-crouned crane]] | Red-crowned Crane | Reid-crouned crane | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q26545' | [[reidcoll]] | Armoracia rusticana | Reidcoll | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q27631' | [[Remembrance Day]] | Remembrance Day | Remembrance Day | public holiday | public holiday |- class='wd_q28113354' | [[Renewable Heat Incentive scandal]] | Renewable Heat Incentive scandal | Renewable Heat Incentive scandal | political scandal | political scandal |- class='wd_q9191' | [[René Descartes]] | René Descartes | René Descartes | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q3427179' | [[Renée Simonot]] | Renée Simonot | Renée Simonot | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q971' | [[Republic o the Congo]] | Republic of the Congo | Republic o the Congo | [[kintra]]<br/>sovereign state | country<br/>sovereign state |- class='wd_q181803' | [[Return o the Jedi]] | Star Wars: Episode VI – Return of the Jedi | Return o the Jedi | [[film]] | film |- class='wd_q748139' | [[Reversi]] | Othello | Reversi | solved game<br/>mind sport<br/>game on cell board | solved game<br/>mind sport<br/>game on cell board |- class='wd_q157649' | [[Sumac|Rhus]] | Rhus | Sumac | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q22691' | [[Ribes]] | Ribes | Ribes | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q42244' | [[ribosome]] | ribosome | Ribosome | cellular component | cellular component |- class='wd_q44546' | [[Ric Flair]] | Ric Flair | Ric Flair | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q151973' | [[Richard Burton]] | Richard Burton | Richard Burton | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q7326502' | [[Richard Holland]] | Richard Holland | Richard Holland | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q128799' | [[Ricky Martin]] | Q128799 | Ricky Martin | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q1771398' | [[Riffa]] | Riffa | Riffa | [[ceety]]<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | city<br/>big city |- class='wd_q185385' | [[ring-tailed lemur]] | ring-tailed lemur | Ring-tailed lemur | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q224557' | [[Rio]] | Rio | Rio | Wikimedia disambiguation page | Wikimedia disambiguation page |- class='wd_q2155445' | [[River City]] | River City | River City | televeesion series | television series |- class='wd_q19724' | [[River Mersey]] | River Mersey | River Mersey | main stem | main stem |- class='wd_q2304466' | [[River Sooth Esk]] | River South Esk | River Sooth Esk | [[river]] | river |- class='wd_q1249255' | [[Riyadh Region|Riyadh Province]] | Riyadh Province | Riyadh Region | province of Saudi Arabia | province of Saudi Arabia |- class='wd_q7339733' | [[Roamin' in the gloamin]] | Roamin' In The Gloamin' | Roamin' in the gloamin | musical work/composition | musical work/composition |- class='wd_q83338' | [[Robin Williams]] | Robin Williams | Robin Williams | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q1631437' | [[Rock-a-Doodle]] | Rock-a-Doodle | Rock-a-Doodle | [[film]] | film |- class='wd_q94893' | [[Rockstar North]] | Q94893 | Rockstar North | [[video gemme developer]] | video game developer |- class='wd_q457786' | [[Rodrigo Duterte]] | Rodrigo Duterte | Rodrigo Duterte | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q218' | [[Roumainie|Romanie]] | Romania | Roumainie | [[kintra]]<br/>sovereign state | country<br/>sovereign state |- class='wd_q250049' | [[Romanie mafia]] | Romanian mafia | Romanie mafia | | |- class='wd_q9960' | [[Ronald Reagan]] | Ronald Reagan | Ronald Reagan | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q7365246' | [[Ronald Ross]] | Ronald Ross | Ronald Ross | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q1525' | [[roondaboot]] | roundabout | Roondaboot | | |- class='wd_q1754320' | [[Rootes Group]] | Rootes Group | Rootes Group | brand<br/>automobile manufacturer<br/>auto racing team | brand<br/>automobile manufacturer<br/>auto racing team |- class='wd_q46299' | [[Rosaceae]] | Q46299 | Rosaceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q21895' | [[Rosales]] | Q21895 | Rosales | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q3442214' | [[Rosalie Lamorlière]] | Rosalie Lamorlière | Rosalie Lamorlière | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q7474' | [[Rosalind Franklin]] | Rosalind Franklin | Rosalind Franklin | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q208060' | [[Rose-ringed parakeet|Rose-ringed Parakeet]] | Rose-ringed Parakeet | Rose-ringed parakeet | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q295212' | [[Rosen Plevneliev]] | Rosen Plevneliev | Rosen Plevneliev | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q338878' | [[rosids]] | Rosids | Rosids | clade | clade |- class='wd_q2624680' | [[Roushie Federal State Stateestics Service]] | Federal State Statistics Service | Roushie Federal State Stateestics Service | statistical service<br/>Federal service (Russian Federation) | statistical service<br/>Federal service (Russian Federation) |- class='wd_q4120572' | [[Rowland Allanson-Winn, 5t Baron Headley]] | Rowland Allanson-Winn, 5th Baron Headley | Rowland Allanson-Winn, 5t Baron Headley | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q602740' | [[Rubus]] | Rubus | Rubus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q5849' | [[Rugby union]] | rugby union | Rugby union | type o sport<br/>team sport | type of sport<br/>team sport |- class='wd_q304290' | [[Rugrats]] | Rugrats | Rugrats | animated television series | animated television series |- class='wd_q151993' | [[Ruhr]] | Ruhr | Ruhr | conurbation<br/>[[Metropolitan area|metropolitan aurie]]<br/>functional urban area | conurbation<br/>metropolitan area<br/>functional urban area |- class='wd_q160173' | [[Ruse, Bulgarie|Ruse]] | Ruse | Ruse, Bulgarie | border city<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>municipality seat<br/>oblast seat<br/>city in Bulgaria | border city<br/>big city<br/>municipality seat<br/>oblast seat<br/>city in Bulgaria |- class='wd_q146030' | [[Rutaceae]] | Rutaceae | Rutaceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q11116' | [[Ruth Bader Ginsburg]] | Ruth Bader Ginsburg | Ruth Bader Ginsburg | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q232260' | [[Ruth Rendell]] | Ruth Rendell | Ruth Rendell | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q2727336' | [[Ryal Staundart o Scotland]] | Royal Standard of Scotland | Ryal Staundart o Scotland | royal standard | royal standard |- class='wd_q192682' | [[Ryan Reynolds]] | Ryan Reynolds | Ryan Reynolds | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q2746' | [[Ryazan]] | Ryazan | Ryazan | admeenistrative-territorial entity o Roushie<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>city or town | administrative divisions of Russia<br/>big city<br/>city or town |- class='wd_q658065' | [[Rydberg constant]] | Rydberg constant | Rydberg constant | [[Physical constant|pheesical constant]] | physical constant |- class='wd_q240051' | [[Ryoko Tani]] | Ryoko Tani | Ryoko Tani | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q29272' | [[Ryugyong Hottle|Ryugyong Hotel]] | Ryugyong Hotel | Ryugyong Hottle | skyscraper<br/>hottle<br/>mixed-use development | skyscraper<br/>hotel<br/>mixed-use development |- class='wd_q6897416' | [[Ryukyu Isles]] | Ryukyu Islands | Ryukyu Isles | island group | island group |- class='wd_q2109400' | [[Rögnvald Kali Kolsson]] | Rögnvald Kali Kolsson | Rögnvald Kali Kolsson | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q295994' | [[Rüppell's tod]] | Rüppell's fox | Rüppell's tod | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q76338' | [[Sabine Lisicki]] | Sabine Lisicki | Sabine Lisicki | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q18013' | [[Sacramento, Californie|Sacramento]] | Sacramento | Sacramento, Californie | coonty seat<br/>ceety o the Unitit States<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>charter ceety | county seat<br/>city in the United States<br/>big city<br/>charter city |- class='wd_q16049782' | [[Sadaf Taherian]] | Sadaf Taherian | Sadaf Taherian | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q188336' | [[Safed]] | Safed | Safed | [[ceety]] | city |- class='wd_q147538' | [[Define:Saft drink|saft drink]] | soft drink | Define:Saft drink | type of food or dish<br/>type of drink | type of food or dish<br/>type of drink |- class='wd_q677952' | [[Saint-Florent]] | Saint-Florent | Saint-Florent | [[veelage]]<br/>commune o Fraunce | village<br/>commune of France |- class='wd_q589980' | [[Saint-Pierre, Martinique|Saint-Pierre]] | Saint-Pierre | Saint-Pierre, Martinique | commune o Fraunce | commune of France |- class='wd_q134635' | [[Saitama]] | Saitama | Saitama | [[Ceeties o Japan|ceety o Japan]]<br/>satellite city<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>city designated by government ordinance<br/>city for international conferences and tourism<br/>educational town<br/>prefectural capital of Japan<br/>de facto national capital | city of Japan<br/>satellite city<br/>big city<br/>city designated by government ordinance<br/>city for international conferences and tourism<br/>educational town<br/>prefectural capital of Japan<br/>de facto national capital |- class='wd_q76833058' | [[Salaam Kivu International Film Festival]] | Salaam Kivu International Film Festival | Salaam Kivu International Film Festival | film festival | film festival |- class='wd_q610524' | [[Salamina, Caldas|Salamina]] | Salamina | Salamina, Caldas | [[Municipalities o Colombie]] | municipality of Colombia |- class='wd_q36050' | [[Willae|Salix]] | Salix | Willae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q23337' | [[Salt Lake City|Salt Lake Ceety]] | Salt Lake City | Salt Lake City | coonty seat<br/>ceety o the Unitit States | county seat<br/>city in the United States |- class='wd_q623222' | [[Sam & Cat]] | Sam & Cat | Sam & Cat | televeesion series | television series |- class='wd_q12150341' | [[Samanid Empire]] | Samanid Empire | Samanid Empire | historical state | historical country |- class='wd_q17422' | [[Same-sex mairiage|Same-sex mairage]] | same-sex marriage | Same-sex mairiage | legal relationship | legal relationship |- class='wd_q56463' | [[Sami leids]] | Sámi | Sami leids | [[Leid faimly|leid faimily]] | language family |- class='wd_q16193885' | [[Samia Suluhu Hassan]] | Samia Suluhu Hassan | Samia Suluhu Hassan | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q7410064' | [[Samoé]] | Samoé | Samoé | subprefecture of Guinea | subprefecture of Guinea |- class='wd_q1132747' | [[Samue]] | samue | Samue | | |- class='wd_q50139' | [[San Benedetto dei Marsi]] | San Benedetto dei Marsi | San Benedetto dei Marsi | comune o Italy | comune of Italy |- class='wd_q16553' | [[San Jose, Californie|San Jose]] | San Jose | San Jose, Californie | coonty seat<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>charter ceety | county seat<br/>big city<br/>charter city |- class='wd_q173718' | [[San José]] | San José | San José | Wikimedia disambiguation page | Wikimedia disambiguation page |- class='wd_q21010219' | [[San Juan, Nevada|San Juan]] | San Juan | San Juan, Nevada | [[Ghaist toun]] | ghost town |- class='wd_q41211' | [[San Juan, Puerto Rico]] | San Juan | San Juan, Puerto Rico | municipality of Puerto Rico<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | municipality of Puerto Rico<br/>big city |- class='wd_q2067282' | [[San Julián de los Prados]] | San Julián de los Prados | San Julián de los Prados | [[kirk]]<br/>basilica<br/>Monument (Spain) | church building<br/>basilica<br/>Monument (Spain) |- class='wd_q78980' | [[San Luis Potosí]] | San Luis Potosí | San Luis Potosí | state of Mexico | state of Mexico |- class='wd_q40791' | [[Sandra Bullock]] | Sandra Bullock | Sandra Bullock | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q12354937' | [[Santa Inés Yatzeche]] | Santa Inés Yatzeche Municipality | Santa Inés Yatzeche | [[Municipalities o Mexico]] | municipality of Mexico |- class='wd_q59669' | [[Sao Vang Airport]] | Tho Xuan Airport | Sao Vang Airport | airport<br/>commercial traffic aerodrome | airport<br/>commercial traffic aerodrome |- class='wd_q26316' | [[Sapindales]] | Q26316 | Sapindales | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q158981' | [[Sapotaceae]] | Sapotaceae | Sapotaceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q270878' | [[Sarah McLeod]] | Sarah McLeod | Sarah McLeod | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q83891' | [[Sasanian Empire]] | Sasanian Empire | Sasanian Empire | historical state | historical country |- class='wd_q131532' | [[Sassafras]] | Sassafras | Sassafras | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q2107439' | [[Satellite Beach, Florida|Satellite Beach]] | Satellite Beach | Satellite Beach, Florida | ceety o the Unitit States | city in the United States |- class='wd_q44269' | [[Saunt Nicholas]] | Saint Nicholas | Saunt Nicholas | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q11254' | [[saut]] | table salt | Saut | mixtur<br/>ingredient | mixture<br/>ingredient |- class='wd_q1135526' | [[sautie]] | common dab | Sautie | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q182599' | [[sautwatter crocodile]] | Crocodylus porosus | Sautwatter crocodile | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q7428063' | [[Save Ulster from Sodomy]] | Save Ulster from Sodomy | Save Ulster from Sodomy | political campaign | political campaign |- class='wd_q838665' | [[Saxicola rubicola]] | European Stonechat | Saxicola rubicola | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q156146' | [[Saxifraga]] | Saxifraga | Saxifraga | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q2543932' | [[Saxifragaceae]] | Saxifragaceae | Saxifragaceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q21855' | [[Saxifragales]] | Saxifragales | Saxifragales | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q1167098' | [[Scalpay, Ooter Hebrides|Scalpay]] | Scalpay | Scalpay, Ooter Hebrides | [[island]] | island |- class='wd_q2300959' | [[Scarsdale]] | Scarsdale | Scarsdale | toun o the Unitit States<br/>village of New York<br/>town of New York<br/>coterminous town-village of New York | town in the United States<br/>village of New York<br/>town of New York<br/>coterminous town-village of New York |- class='wd_q483941' | [[Schindler's List]] | Schindler's List | Schindler's List | [[film]] | film |- class='wd_q13430975' | [[Scotch ale]] | Scotch ale | Scotch ale | beer style | beer style |- class='wd_q7435638' | [[Scotland Forever!]] | Scotland Forever! | Scotland Forever! | paintin | painting |- class='wd_q18356161' | [[ScotRail]] | ScotRail | ScotRail | railway company<br/>brand | railway company<br/>brand |- class='wd_q3915671' | [[Scots Cant]] | Scottish Cant | Scots Cant | mixed language<br/>leid<br/>modern language<br/>thieves' cant | mixed language<br/>language<br/>modern language<br/>thieves' cant |- class='wd_q181634' | [[Scots fowk]] | Scottish people | Scots fowk | [[ethnic group]] | ethnic group |- class='wd_q24083592' | [[Scots Leebertarian Pairty]] | Scottish Libertarian Party | Scots Leebertarian Pairty | [[poleetical pairty]] | political party |- class='wd_q10658' | [[Scots National Pairty]] | Scottish National Party | Scots National Pairty | [[poleetical pairty]] | political party |- class='wd_q683800' | [[Scots Pairlament election, 2003|Scots pairlamentary walin]] | 2003 Scottish Parliament general election | Scots Pairlament election, 2003 | Scottish Parliament election | Scottish Parliament election |- class='wd_q7438105' | [[Scots place names in Canadae]] | Scottish place names in Canada | Scots place names in Canadae | Wikimedia leet airticle | Wikimedia list article |- class='wd_q39035' | [[Scots Tarrie]] | Scottish Terrier | Scots Tarrie | dog breed | dog breed |- class='wd_q7437788' | [[Scottish Industrial Railway Centre]] | Scottish Industrial Railway Centre | Scottish Industrial Railway Centre | Heritage railwey | heritage railway |- class='wd_q267380' | [[Scottish Oils]] | Anglo-Persian Oil Company | Scottish Oils | company<br/>[[Business|buisiness]]<br/>oil company | company<br/>business<br/>oil company |- class='wd_q37260' | [[scrievin]] | writing | Scrievin | [[habby]]<br/>skill | hobby<br/>skill |- class='wd_q159115' | [[Scrophularia nodosa]] | Scrophularia nodosa | Scrophularia nodosa | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q163865' | [[scruibie]] | scurvy | Scruibie | type of disease | type of disease |- class='wd_q35367' | [[Sea o Marmara]] | Sea of Marmara | Sea o Marmara | inland sea | adjacent sea |- class='wd_q19106' | [[sea speeder]] | Pycnogonida | Sea speeder | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q25928' | [[sea-pyot]] | Eurasian Oystercatcher | Sea-pyot | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q4573' | [[Sean Connery]] | Sean Connery | Sean Connery | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q1127591' | [[Seanad Éireann]] | Seanad Éireann | Seanad Éireann | senate<br/>elected legislative house | senate<br/>elected legislative house |- class='wd_q5083' | [[Seattle]] | Seattle | Seattle | coonty seat<br/>ceety o the Unitit States<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | county seat<br/>city in the United States<br/>big city |- class='wd_q1098925' | [[Section 28]] | Section 28 | Section 28 | section | section |- class='wd_q1063567' | [[Sellafield]] | Sellafield | Sellafield | nuclear facility<br/>[[Business|buisiness]] | nuclear facility<br/>business |- class='wd_q1939117' | [[Semanteec chynge]] | semantic change | Semanteec chynge | | |- class='wd_q9715' | [[semen]] | semen | Semen | body fluid<br/>class of anatomical entity | body fluid<br/>class of anatomical entity |- class='wd_q911008' | [[Sepang]] | Sepang District | Sepang | district of Malaysia | district of Malaysia |- class='wd_q102251' | [[Sephardi Jews]] | Sephardi Jews | Sephardi Jews | [[ethnic group]] | ethnic group |- class='wd_q1442' | [[Septimius Severus]] | Septimius Severus | Septimius Severus | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q9299' | [[Serbie leid]] | Serbian | Serbie leid | leid<br/>pluricentric language variant<br/>standard variety | language<br/>pluricentric language variant<br/>standard variety |- class='wd_q9301' | [[Serbo-Croatie|Serbo-Croatian]] | Serbo-Croatian | Serbo-Croatie | natural language<br/>macrolanguage<br/>pluricentric language<br/>modern language | natural language<br/>macrolanguage<br/>pluricentric language<br/>modern language |- class='wd_q127885' | [[Serbs]] | Serbs | Serbs | nation<br/>[[ethnic group]] | nation<br/>ethnic group |- class='wd_q7454994' | [[Sermon on the Mound]] | Sermon on the Mound | Sermon on the Mound | oration | oration |- class='wd_q51640' | [[Sermon on the Mount|Sermon on the Munt]] | Sermon on the Mount | Sermon on the Mount | sermon | sermon |- class='wd_q42699' | [[Serval]] | serval | Serval | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q2763698' | [[sesame]] | Sesamum indicum | Sesame | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q290' | [[sex]] | biological sex | Sex | medical attribute | medical attribute |- class='wd_q12198' | [[Sexually transmit tribble|sexually transmittit disease]] | sexually transmitted infection | Sexually transmit tribble | mode of transmission | mode of transmission |- class='wd_q18700' | [[shaebill]] | Shoebill | Shaebill | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q83672' | [[Shah Jahan]] | Shah Jahan | Shah Jahan | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q9535' | [[Shah Rukh Khan]] | Shah Rukh Khan | Shah Rukh Khan | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q59100' | [[Shantou]] | Shantou | Shantou | prefecture-level city<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | prefecture-level city<br/>big city |- class='wd_q191455' | [[Shapur I]] | Shapur I | Shapur I | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q234860' | [[Shapur II]] | Shapur II | Shapur II | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q482752' | [[sharia]] | sharia | Sharia | legal order<br/>form o rule<br/>academic discipline<br/>Islamic term | legal system<br/>form of government<br/>academic discipline<br/>Islamic term |- class='wd_q7368' | [[sheep]] | sheep | Sheep | organisms known by a particular common name | organisms known by a particular common name |- class='wd_q235478' | [[Shelley Duvall]] | Shelley Duvall | Shelley Duvall | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q39357' | [[Shih Tzu]] | Shih Tzu | Shih Tzu | dog breed | dog breed |- class='wd_q715710' | [[Shikra]] | Accipiter badius | Shikra | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q57410' | [[Shimon Peres]] | Shimon Peres | Shimon Peres | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q105124' | [[Shishapangma]] | Shishapangma | Shishapangma | [[Moontain|muntain]] | mountain |- class='wd_q239505' | [[Shivaji]] | Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj | Shivaji | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q131375' | [[shogi]] | shogi | Shogi | chess variant | chess variant |- class='wd_q652695' | [[shortbreid]] | shortbread | Shortbreid | | |- class='wd_q131136' | [[Shot starn]] | meteor | Shot starn | meteor shower | meteor shower |- class='wd_q549' | [[Siamese fechtin fish|Siamese fichtin fish]] | Siamese fighting fish | Siamese fechtin fish | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q1928719' | [[Side-valve ingine]] | flathead engine | Side-valve ingine | engine configuration | engine configuration |- class='wd_q190516' | [[Sika deer]] | sika deer | Sika deer | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q116209' | [[Silene]] | Silene | Silene | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q116269' | [[silicon dioxide]] | silicon dioxide | Silicon dioxide | type of chemical entity | type of chemical entity |- class='wd_q2166799' | [[Simon Mann]] | Simon Mann | Simon Mann | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q483312' | [[Singmogil]] | Singmogil | Singmogil | national day<br/>public holiday<br/>Korean anniversary days | national day<br/>public holiday<br/>Korean anniversary days |- class='wd_q191114' | [[Sita]] | Sita | Sita | Hindu deity<br/>human whose existence is disputed | Hindu deity<br/>human whose existence is disputed |- class='wd_q234597' | [[sitatunga]] | sitatunga | Sitatunga | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q55063313' | [[Sizewell C nuclear pouer station]] | Sizewell C nuclear power station | Sizewell C nuclear pouer station | [[Nuclear pouer station]] | nuclear power plant |- class='wd_q1074' | [[skin]] | skin | Skin | organ type<br/>class of anatomical entity | organ type<br/>class of anatomical entity |- class='wd_q8102' | [[slang]] | slang | Slang | register<br/>usage | register<br/>usage |- class='wd_q589187' | [[Sliders (TV series)]] | Sliders | Sliders (TV series) | televeesion series | television series |- class='wd_q25421' | [[smaw douker]] | Little Grebe | Smaw douker | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q30197' | [[snaw leopard]] | snow leopard | Snaw leopard | [[taxon]]<br/>apex predator<br/>flagship species | taxon<br/>apex predator<br/>flagship species |- class='wd_q170177' | [[White oul|snawy oul]] | Snowy Owl | White oul | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q190570' | [[sniper rifle]] | sniper rifle | Sniper rifle | weapon type | weapon type |- class='wd_q134430' | [[Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)|Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs]] | Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs | Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film) | animatit film | animated film |- class='wd_q34396' | [[Saip|soap]] | soap | Saip | cleaning product<br/>personal hygiene item | cleaning product<br/>personal hygiene item |- class='wd_q146313' | [[Sobek]] | Sobek | Sobek | Ancient Egyptian deity<br/>deity<br/>watter deity | Ancient Egyptian deity<br/>deity<br/>water deity |- class='wd_q39420' | [[Sochi]] | Sochi | Sochi | city or town<br/>city/town in Russia | city or town<br/>city/town in Russia |- class='wd_q36380' | [[Society o Jesus]] | Society of Jesus | Society o Jesus | organization<br/>Catholic order<br/>group o humans | organization<br/>Catholic order<br/>group of humans |- class='wd_q190227' | [[sodium carbonate]] | sodium carbonate | Sodium carbonate | type of chemical entity | type of chemical entity |- class='wd_q2314' | [[sodium chloride]] | sodium chloride | Sodium chloride | type of chemical entity | type of chemical entity |- class='wd_q102769' | [[sodium hydroxide]] | sodium hydroxide | Sodium hydroxide | type of chemical entity | type of chemical entity |- class='wd_q388108' | [[Sohag]] | Sohag | Sohag | [[ceety]]<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | city<br/>big city |- class='wd_q26675' | [[solan guiss]] | Northern Gannet | Solan guiss | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q21723' | [[Solanales]] | Solanales | Solanales | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q146555' | [[Solanum]] | Solanum | Solanum | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q147707' | [[Solanum dulcamara]] | Solanum dulcamara | Solanum dulcamara | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q48440' | [[Solar radius]] | solar radius | Solar radius | unit of length | unit of length |- class='wd_q170731' | [[solubility]] | solubility | Solubility | | |- class='wd_q47539' | [[Sooth Atlantic Peace an Cooperation Zone]] | South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone | Sooth Atlantic Peace an Cooperation Zone | organization | organization |- class='wd_q475449' | [[Soothren hairy-nebbit wombat]] | southern hairy-nosed wombat | Soothren hairy-nebbit wombat | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q7354' | [[Soothren Ocean]] | Southern Ocean | Soothren Ocean | [[ocean]] | ocean |- class='wd_q157964' | [[Sorbus]] | Sorbus | Sorbus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q76593978' | [[Sores of Emmanuel]] | Sores of Emmanuel | Sores of Emmanuel | [[film]] | film |- class='wd_q12111' | [[Sorghum]] | Sorghum | Sorghum | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q105060' | [[Sosnowiec]] | Sosnowiec | Sosnowiec | [[ceety]]<br/>ceety wi powiat richts<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>urban gmina | city<br/>city with powiat rights in Poland<br/>big city<br/>urban municipality of Poland |- class='wd_q1415615' | [[Sounds of a Playground Fading]] | Sounds of a Playground Fading | Sounds of a Playground Fading | [[album]] | album |- class='wd_q62372' | [[South Jamaica, Queens|South Jamaica]] | South Jamaica | South Jamaica, Queens | neighbourhuid | neighborhood |- class='wd_q1045096' | [[South Kensington]] | South Kensington | South Kensington | aurie o Lunnon | area of London |- class='wd_q15180' | [[Soviet Union]] | Soviet Union | Soviet Union | historical state | historical country |- class='wd_q5916' | [[spaceflicht]] | spaceflight | Spaceflicht | | |- class='wd_q10859' | [[Spainish Ceevil War|Spaingie Ceevil War]] | Spanish Civil War | Spainish Ceevil War | civil war | civil war |- class='wd_q1321' | [[Spainish leid|Spainish]] | Spanish | Spainish leid | natural language<br/>leid<br/>modern language<br/>human language | natural language<br/>language<br/>modern language<br/>human language |- class='wd_q928333' | [[Spaingie immigration tae Mexico|Spainyie immigration tae Mexico]] | Spaniards in Mexico | Spaingie immigration tae Mexico | [[ethnic group]] | ethnic group |- class='wd_q193340' | [[Spark plug]] | spark plug | Spark plug | | |- class='wd_q28922' | [[sparrae]] | Passeridae | Sparrae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q160114' | [[spearimint]] | Mentha spicata | Spearimint | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q25439' | [[specht]] | Q25439 | Specht | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q11455' | [[special relativity]] | special relativity | Special relativity | [[Physical law|pheesical law]]<br/>scientific theory | physical law<br/>scientific theory |- class='wd_q158767' | [[spelt]] | Triticum spelta | Spelt | [[taxon]]<br/>grain crop | taxon<br/>grain crop |- class='wd_q25814' | [[Spermatophyte]] | Q25814 | Spermatophyte | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q21162' | [[Spitsbergen]] | Spitsbergen | Spitsbergen | [[island]] | island |- class='wd_q2913554' | [[Frasers Group|Sports Direct]] | Frasers Group | Frasers Group | brick and mortar<br/>public company<br/>[[Business|buisiness]] | brick and mortar<br/>public company<br/>business |- class='wd_q49158' | [[Springfield, Massachusetts|Springfield]] | Springfield | Springfield, Massachusetts | coonty seat<br/>ceety o the Unitit States<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | county seat<br/>city in the United States<br/>big city |- class='wd_q25380' | [[Spur-hawk]] | Eurasian Sparrowhawk | Spur-hawk | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q170334' | [[Srebrenica massacre|Srebrenica genocide]] | Srebrenica genocide | Srebrenica massacre | genocide<br/>war crime<br/>crime against humanity<br/>massacre | genocide<br/>war crime<br/>crime against humanity<br/>massacre |- class='wd_q41963' | [[Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte]] | Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte | Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte | de jure national capital | de jure national capital |- class='wd_q3581844' | [[St James's Kirk, Liège]] | St James's Church | St James's Kirk, Liège | [[kirk]]<br/>abbey<br/>religious building | church building<br/>abbey<br/>religious building |- class='wd_q941325' | [[Stamford, New York|Stamford]] | Stamford | Stamford, New York | toun o the Unitit States<br/>town of New York | town in the United States<br/>town of New York |- class='wd_q756442' | [[Stane o Scuin]] | Stone of Scone | Stane o Scuin | stane | stone |- class='wd_q18847' | [[stank-hen]] | Common Moorhen | Stank-hen | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q250429' | [[Stap sign]] | stop sign | Stap sign | | |- class='wd_q149116' | [[Staphylococcaceae]] | Staphylococcaceae | Staphylococcaceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q462' | [[Star Wars]] | Star Wars | Star Wars | media franchise<br/>brand<br/>film franchise | media franchise<br/>brand<br/>film franchise |- class='wd_q35657' | [[state o the Unitit States]] | U.S. state | State o the Unitit States | designation for an administrative territorial entity of a single country<br/>Pentacontad | designation for an administrative territorial entity of a single country<br/>Pentacontad |- class='wd_q12483' | [[Stateestics]] | statistics | Stateestics | academic major | academic major |- class='wd_q14388' | [[Stegosaurus]] | Stegosaurus | Stegosaurus | fossil taxon | fossil taxon |- class='wd_q206' | [[Stephen Harper]] | Stephen Harper | Stephen Harper | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q76366' | [[Sterna]] | Sterna | Sterna | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q25882' | [[Stibble guiss]] | Greylag Goose | Stibble guiss | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q186212' | [[Stirling ingine]] | Stirling engine | Stirling ingine | | |- class='wd_q2232618' | [[Stirrup cup]] | stirrup cup | Stirrup cup | parting tradition | parting tradition |- class='wd_q292265' | [[Stoja|Stoja Novaković]] | Stoja Novaković | Stoja | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q2404900' | [[Stoke Dry]] | Stoke Dry | Stoke Dry | [[veelage]]<br/>[[Ceevil pairish|ceevil parish]] | village<br/>civil parish |- class='wd_q178942' | [[storm cock]] | Mistle Thrush | Storm cock | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q13158' | [[straeberry]] | strawberry | Straeberry | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q48365' | [[Strait o Magellan]] | Strait of Magellan | Strait o Magellan | strait | strait |- class='wd_q169358' | [[stratovolcano]] | stratovolcano | Stratovolcano | | |- class='wd_q140018' | [[Streptococcaceae]] | Streptococcaceae | Streptococcaceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q2746295' | [[Stuart Murdoch (muisicker)|Stuart Murdoch]] | Stuart Murdoch | Stuart Murdoch (muisicker) | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q1022' | [[Stuttgart]] | Stuttgart | Stuttgart | major regional center<br/>financial center<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>circle ceety<br/>state capital in Germany<br/>urban municipality in Germany<br/>Option municipality | major regional center<br/>financial center<br/>big city<br/>City district in Baden-Württemberg<br/>state capital in Germany<br/>urban municipality in Germany<br/>Option municipality |- class='wd_q172741' | [[Subaru]] | Subaru | Subaru | division<br/>automobile manufacturer | division<br/>automobile manufacturer |- class='wd_q11002' | [[succar]] | sugar | Succar | commodity<br/>excipient<br/>sweetener<br/>group or class of chemical substances | commodity<br/>excipient<br/>sweetener<br/>group or class of chemical substances |- class='wd_q44914' | [[Sudoku]] | sudoku | Sudoku | [[Guddock|Güdic]]<br/>[[habby]]<br/>mind sport<br/>logic puzzle | riddle<br/>hobby<br/>mind sport<br/>logic puzzle |- class='wd_q49101' | [[Suez Creesis|Suez Crisis]] | Suez Crisis | Suez Creesis | military expedition | military expedition |- class='wd_q380764' | [[Sukhothai Province]] | Sukhothai | Sukhothai Province | [[Provinces o Thailand]] | province of Thailand |- class='wd_q40811' | [[Sukhumi]] | Sokhumi | Sukhumi | [[ceety]] | city |- class='wd_q525' | [[Sun]] | Sun | Sun | G-type main-sequence starn | G-type main-sequence star |- class='wd_q275163' | [[Sunda cloodit leopard]] | Sunda clouded leopard | Sunda cloodit leopard | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q269728' | [[Sunda pangolin]] | Sunda pangolin | Sunda pangolin | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q183259' | [[Super Nintendo Entertainment System]] | Super Nintendo Entertainment System | Super Nintendo Entertainment System | electronic device model | electronic device model |- class='wd_q1065079' | [[Supporters' Shield]] | Supporters' Shield | Supporters' Shield | association football trophy or award | association football trophy or award |- class='wd_q10798' | [[Pig|Sus]] | Sus | Pig | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q3551021' | [[Sussan Taunton]] | Sussan Taunton | Sussan Taunton | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q26629' | [[Swart-back]] | Great Black-backed Gull | Swart-back | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q165141' | [[Swisserland naitional fitbaw team|Swisserland naitional fitbaa team]] | Switzerland men's national football team | Swisserland naitional fitbaw team | men's national association football team | men's national association football team |- class='wd_q7659945' | [[Sydney Goodsir Smith]] | Sydney Goodsir Smith | Sydney Goodsir Smith | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q2573367' | [[Sydney Roosters]] | Sydney Roosters | Sydney Roosters | rugby league team | rugby league team |- class='wd_q188446' | [[Sylvia atricapilla]] | Sylvia atricapilla | Sylvia atricapilla | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q207592' | [[Sylvia Kristel]] | Sylvia Kristel | Sylvia Kristel | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q212676' | [[Symon Petliura]] | Symon Petliura | Symon Petliura | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q1141086' | [[Synagogue o Besançon]] | Synagogue of Besançon | Synagogue o Besançon | [[synagogue]] | synagogue |- class='wd_q37437' | [[syntax]] | syntax | Syntax | language subsystem<br/>branch of linguistics | language subsystem<br/>branch of linguistics |- class='wd_q26736' | [[Clove|Syzygium aromaticum]] | clove | Clove | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q174' | [[São Paulo]] | São Paulo | São Paulo | [[ceety]]<br/>megacity<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>municipality o Brazil<br/>largest city | city<br/>megacity<br/>big city<br/>municipality of Brazil<br/>largest city |- class='wd_q6512' | [[Søren Kierkegaard]] | Søren Kierkegaard | Søren Kierkegaard | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q155658' | [[T-72]] | T-72 | T-72 | combat vehicle family | combat vehicle family |- class='wd_q170596' | [[T. E. Lawrence]] | T. E. Lawrence | T. E. Lawrence | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q2161' | [[Tacitus]] | Tacitus | Tacitus | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q750259' | [[Tafilah Govrenorate]] | Tafilah Governorate | Tafilah Govrenorate | [[Govrenorates o Jordan]] | governorate of Jordan |- class='wd_q7676492' | [[Taito Phillip Field]] | Taito Phillip Field | Taito Phillip Field | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q865' | [[Taiwan (kintra)|Taiwan]] | Taiwan | Taiwan (kintra) | island country<br/>sovereign state<br/>democratic republic | island country<br/>sovereign state<br/>democratic republic |- class='wd_q22502' | [[Taiwan]] | Taiwan Island | Taiwan | [[island]] | island |- class='wd_q72778' | [[Taiyuan]] | Taiyuan | Taiyuan | prefecture-level city<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | prefecture-level city<br/>big city |- class='wd_q132956' | [[Taklamakan Desert]] | Taklamakan | Taklamakan Desert | desert | desert |- class='wd_q205792' | [[Tamanrasset]] | Tamanrasset | Tamanrasset | [[ceety]]<br/>commune of Algeria | city<br/>commune of Algeria |- class='wd_q3036410' | [[Tammy Duckworth]] | Tammy Duckworth | Tammy Duckworth | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q83367' | [[Tanakh]] | Tanakh | Tanakh | biblical canon<br/>[[Haly beuk]]<br/>miscellany<br/>series | biblical canon<br/>religious text<br/>miscellany<br/>series of creative works |- class='wd_q271771' | [[Tanta]] | Tanta | Tanta | [[ceety]]<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | city<br/>big city |- class='wd_q191827' | [[Taoiseach]] | Taoiseach | Taoiseach | public offeecial | public office |- class='wd_q1642670' | [[Tarhuna]] | Tarhuna | Tarhuna | [[ceety]]<br/>municipality of Libya | city<br/>municipality of Libya |- class='wd_q233608' | [[Tarpan]] | Equus ferus ferus | Tarpan | extinct taxon | extinct taxon |- class='wd_q155814' | [[tarragon]] | tarragon | Tarragon | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q174916' | [[Tartus]] | Tartus | Tartus | [[ceety]]<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>populated place in Syria | city<br/>big city<br/>populated place in Syria |- class='wd_q134964' | [[Tasmainien deil|Tasmanie deil]] | Tasmanian devil | Tasmainien deil | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q27355' | [[Taxus]] | Taxus | Taxus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q428606' | [[TE10]] | Soviet Railways ТЭ10 | TE10 | locomotive class | locomotive class |- class='wd_q37226' | [[teacher]] | teacher | Teacher | [[profession]]<br/>poseetion<br/>occupation | profession<br/>position<br/>occupation |- class='wd_q38954' | [[Teide]] | Teide | Teide | [[Volcanae]]<br/>active volcano<br/>laundmark | volcano<br/>active volcano<br/>architectural landmark |- class='wd_q848096' | [[telephone nummers in the Unitit Kinrick]] | telephone numbers in the United Kingdom | Telephone nummers in the Unitit Kinrick | Wikimedia leet airticle | Wikimedia list article |- class='wd_q41403' | [[Teletubbies]] | Teletubbies | Teletubbies | televeesion series | television series |- class='wd_q15416' | [[Telly programme|televeesion programme]] | television program | Telly programme | type of television program | type of television program |- class='wd_q6666976' | [[Template:Abkhazia-note]] | Template:Abkhazia note | Template:Abkhazia-note | Wikimedia template | Wikimedia template |- class='wd_q76280' | [[tench]] | tench | Tench | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q13695' | [[Tenochtitlan]] | Tenochtitlan | Tenochtitlan | city-state<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>altepetl | city-state<br/>big city<br/>altepetl |- class='wd_q36656' | [[Ter Sami leid]] | Ter Sami | Ter Sami leid | leid<br/>modern language | language<br/>modern language |- class='wd_q9384' | [[testicle]] | testicle | Testicle | organ type<br/>class of anatomical entity | organ type<br/>class of anatomical entity |- class='wd_q201701' | [[Tetraodontidae]] | Tetraodontidae | Tetraodontidae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q19159' | [[tetrapod]] | Q19159 | Tetrapod | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q25392' | [[teuchit]] | Northern Lapwing | Teuchit | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q172691' | [[Thar Desert]] | Thar Desert | Thar Desert | desert<br/>WWF ecoregion | desert<br/>WWF ecoregion |- class='wd_q113700' | [[The Avengers (TV series)|The Avengers]] | The Avengers | The Avengers (TV series) | televeesion series | television series |- class='wd_q45354' | [[The Doors]] | The Doors | The Doors | muisic baund | musical group |- class='wd_q180089' | [[The Economist]] | The Economist | The Economist | magazine | magazine |- class='wd_q40302' | [[The Fox and the Hound]] | The Fox and the Hound | The Fox and the Hound | animatit film | animated film |- class='wd_q7739604' | [[The High Life (1994 TV series)|The High Life]] | The High Life | The High Life (1994 TV series) | televeesion series | television series |- class='wd_q7744143' | [[The Kerry Recruit]] | The Kerry Recruit | The Kerry Recruit | musical work/composition | musical work/composition |- class='wd_q27950674' | [[The Last of Us Part II]] | Q27950674 | The Last of Us Part II | [[video gemme]] | video game |- class='wd_q36479' | [[The Lion King]] | The Lion King | The Lion King | animatit film | animated film |- class='wd_q190135' | [[The Little Mermaid (1989 film)|The Little Mermaid]] | The Little Mermaid | The Little Mermaid (1989 film) | animatit film | animated film |- class='wd_q26220165' | [[The Parsonage Garden at Nuenen]] | The Parsonage Garden at Nuenen | The Parsonage Garden at Nuenen | paintin | painting |- class='wd_q2089577' | [[The Pebble and the Penguin]] | The Pebble and the Penguin | The Pebble and the Penguin | animatit film | animated film |- class='wd_q18536' | [[The Shard]] | The Shard | The Shard | skyscraper<br/>office biggin | skyscraper<br/>office building |- class='wd_q232737' | [[The Walking Dead (TV series)|The Walking Dead]] | The Walking Dead | The Walking Dead (TV series) | televeesion series | television series |- class='wd_q1140649' | [[The Wicker Man]] | The Wicker Man | The Wicker Man | [[film]] | film |- class='wd_q21997690' | [[The Wigtown Martyrs]] | Wigton Martyrs | The Wigtown Martyrs | | |- class='wd_q156574' | [[Theaceae]] | Theaceae | Theaceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q184232' | [[Theia]] | Theia | Theia | [[Titan (meethologie)|Titan]] | titan |- class='wd_q44003' | [[Theodor Herzl]] | Theodor Herzl | Theodor Herzl | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q13195257' | [[Cauld Kail in Aberdeen|There's Ca'd Kail in Aberdeen]] | Q13195257 | Cauld Kail in Aberdeen | | |- class='wd_q264766' | [[Theresa May]] | Theresa May | Theresa May | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q9270' | [[Thimphu]] | Thimphu | Thimphu | [[ceety]]<br/>admeenistrative diveesion<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | city<br/>administrative territorial entity<br/>big city |- class='wd_q9438' | [[Thomas Aquinas]] | Thomas Aquinas | Thomas Aquinas | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q269593' | [[Thompson submachine gun]] | Thompson submachine gun | Thompson submachine gun | weapon model | weapon model |- class='wd_q42952' | [[Thor]] | Thor | Thor | thunder deity<br/>Norse deity | thunder deity<br/>Norse deity |- class='wd_q942508' | [[Thorax (insect anatomy)|thorax]] | thorax | Thorax (insect anatomy) | | |- class='wd_q719528' | [[Thorfinn the Michty]] | Thorfinn the Mighty | Thorfinn the Michty | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q1412119' | [[Threads (1984 film)]] | Threads | Threads (1984 film) | television film | television film |- class='wd_q34124' | [[Tigrinya leid|Tigrinya]] | Tigrinya | Tigrinya leid | leid<br/>modern language | language<br/>modern language |- class='wd_q124739' | [[Tijuana]] | Tijuana | Tijuana | [[ceety]]<br/>locality of Mexico<br/>city in Mexico | city<br/>locality of Mexico<br/>city in Mexico |- class='wd_q127849' | [[Tilia]] | Tilia | Tilia | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q179257' | [[Timbaland]] | Timbaland | Timbaland | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q11471' | [[time]] | time | Time | scalar pheesical quantity<br/>independent variable<br/>spatio-temporal entity | scalar quantity<br/>independent variable<br/>spatio-temporal entity |- class='wd_q132572' | [[Tiraspol]] | Tiraspol | Tiraspol | ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>municipality of Moldova<br/>city or town | big city<br/>municipality of Moldova<br/>city or town |- class='wd_q26956' | [[Titlin]] | Anthus pratensis | Titlin | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q376038' | [[Toco toucan|Toco Toucan]] | Toco Toucan | Toco toucan | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q8331' | [[Tod]] | fox | Tod | organisms known by a particular common name | organisms known by a particular common name |- class='wd_q205662' | [[Tokugawa shogunate]] | Tokugawa shogunate | Tokugawa shogunate | govrenment agency<br/>shogunate<br/>historical state | government agency<br/>shogunate<br/>historical country |- class='wd_q287657' | [[Tokugawa Yoshinobu]] | Tokugawa Yoshinobu | Tokugawa Yoshinobu | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q90561312' | [[Captain Tom|Tom Moore]] | Tom Moore | Captain Tom | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q263802' | [[Tom Watson (Labour politeecian)|Tom Watson]] | Tom Watson | Tom Watson (Labour politeecian) | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q41057' | [[Topeka]] | Topeka | Topeka | coonty seat<br/>ceety o the Unitit States<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | county seat<br/>city in the United States<br/>big city |- class='wd_q142349' | [[Toronto Argonauts]] | Toronto Argonauts | Toronto Argonauts | Canadian football team | Canadian football team |- class='wd_q38991' | [[Tosa (dug)]] | Tosa | Tosa (dug) | dog breed | dog breed |- class='wd_q187278' | [[Toy Story 3]] | Toy Story 3 | Toy Story 3 | animatit film | animated film |- class='wd_q243543' | [[Toyota Corolla]] | Toyota Corolla | Toyota Corolla | automobile model series | automobile model series |- class='wd_q153681' | [[Trabant]] | Trabant | Trabant | automobile model series | automobile model series |- class='wd_q351303' | [[track]] | Track | Track | Wikimedia disambiguation page | Wikimedia disambiguation page |- class='wd_q39495' | [[Tractor]] | tractor | Tractor | type of vehicle | type of vehicle |- class='wd_q7831651' | [[Tractor vapourisin ile]] | tractor vaporising oil | Tractor vapourisin ile | | |- class='wd_q907112' | [[Transnistrie]] | Transnistria | Transnistrie | landlockt kintra<br/>unitary state<br/>military occupation<br/>social state<br/>secular state<br/>occupied territory<br/>state wi leemitit recogneetion | landlocked country<br/>unitary state<br/>military occupation<br/>social state<br/>secular state<br/>occupied territory<br/>state with limited recognition |- class='wd_q1237' | [[Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol]] | Trentino-South Tyrol | Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol | autonomous region with special statute | autonomous region with special statute |- class='wd_q327362' | [[triiodothyronine]] | triiodothyronine | Triiodothyronine | type of chemical entity | type of chemical entity |- class='wd_q4140065' | [[Trinidad James]] | Trinidad James | Trinidad James | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q1568779' | [[Tripoli (disambiguation)|Tripoli]] | Tripoli | Tripoli (disambiguation) | Wikimedia disambiguation page | Wikimedia disambiguation page |- class='wd_q1363' | [[Tripura]] | Tripura | Tripura | state of India | state of India |- class='wd_q2006725' | [[Triumph Acclaim]] | Triumph Acclaim | Triumph Acclaim | car model | car model |- class='wd_q1798248' | [[Triumph TR4A]] | Triumph TR4A | Triumph TR4A | car model | car model |- class='wd_q5639' | [[trolleybus]] | trolleybus | Trolleybus | bus type | bus type |- class='wd_q408352' | [[Trump]] | Trump | Trump | Wikimedia disambiguation page | Wikimedia disambiguation page |- class='wd_q186096' | [[Tsardom o Roushie]] | Tsardom of Russia | Tsardom o Roushie | historical state | historical country |- class='wd_q462843' | [[Tu Youyou]] | Tu Youyou | Tu Youyou | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q44989' | [[Tulsa]] | Tulsa | Tulsa | coonty seat<br/>ceety o the Unitit States<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | county seat<br/>city in the United States<br/>big city |- class='wd_q165118' | [[Tunicate]] | Tunicata | Tunicate | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q3572' | [[Tunis]] | Tunis | Tunis | ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>municipality of Tunisia | big city<br/>municipality of Tunisia |- class='wd_q213827' | [[Turaco]] | Turaco | Turaco | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q212798' | [[Turbellaria]] | Turbellaria | Turbellaria | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q256' | [[Turkis leid|Turkis]] | Turkish | Turkis leid | natural language<br/>modern language | natural language<br/>modern language |- class='wd_q43022' | [[Turkis coffee]] | Turkish coffee | Turkis coffee | | |- class='wd_q874' | [[Turkmenistan]] | Turkmenistan | Turkmenistan | [[kintra]]<br/>landlockt kintra<br/>sovereign state | country<br/>landlocked country<br/>sovereign state |- class='wd_q147520' | [[Typha latifolia]] | Typha latifolia | Typha latifolia | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q27112' | [[Tytonidae]] | Tytonidae | Tytonidae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q2670398' | [[Tzoran-Kadima]] | Tzoran-Kadima | Tzoran-Kadima | [[Toun (disambiguation)|human settlement]] | human settlement |- class='wd_q203312' | [[Uccle]] | Uccle | Uccle | municipality o Belgium | municipality of Belgium |- class='wd_q7876900' | [[Udal law]] | Udal law | Udal law | legal system | legal system |- class='wd_q10647' | [[UK Unthirldom Pairty]] | UK Independence Party | UK Unthirldom Pairty | [[poleetical pairty]] | political party |- class='wd_q52933' | [[Ulrika Eleonora, Queen o Swaden]] | Ulrika Eleonora I of Sweden | Ulrika Eleonora, Queen o Swaden | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q6511' | [[Ulysses (novelle)|Ulysses]] | Ulysses | Ulysses (novelle) | leeterary wirk | literary work |- class='wd_q27138' | [[Unaizah]] | Unaizah | Unaizah | [[Toun (disambiguation)|human settlement]]<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | human settlement<br/>big city |- class='wd_q208650' | [[Uniformitarianism]] | uniformitarianism | Uniformitarianism | principle<br/>philosophical theory | principle<br/>philosophical theory |- class='wd_q588834' | [[Union City, New Jersey|Union City]] | Union City | Union City, New Jersey | ceety in New Jersey | city in New Jersey |- class='wd_q1622507' | [[Unitarian Universalism]] | Unitarian Universalism | Unitarian Universalism | [[releegion]] | religion |- class='wd_q42183' | [[United States Whig Party]] | Whig Party | United States Whig Party | [[poleetical pairty]] | political party |- class='wd_q216996' | [[Unitit Naitions Convention on the Law o the Sea]] | United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea | Unitit Naitions Convention on the Law o the Sea | United Nations treaty<br/>multilateral treaty | United Nations treaty<br/>multilateral treaty |- class='wd_q30' | [[Unitit States]] | United States | Unitit States | [[kintra]]<br/>sovereign state | country<br/>sovereign state |- class='wd_q139718826' | [[Unitit States UAP files]] | United States UFO files | Unitit States UAP files | release | release |- class='wd_q168383' | [[Universal Studios]] | Universal Pictures | Universal Studios | film studio<br/>film production company | film studio<br/>film production company |- class='wd_q34113' | [[Uralic leids]] | Uralic | Uralic leids | [[Leid faimly|leid faimily]] | language family |- class='wd_q9382' | [[urinary bladder]] | urinary bladder | Urinary bladder | organ type<br/>class of anatomical entity | organ type<br/>class of anatomical entity |- class='wd_q105650' | [[urology]] | urology | Urology | medical specialty<br/>academic discipline | medical specialty<br/>academic discipline |- class='wd_q151179' | [[Ustaše]] | Ustaše | Ustaše | poleetical organisation<br/>terrorist organization | political organization<br/>terrorist organization |- class='wd_q6940' | [[UTC+07:00]] | UTC+07:00 | UTC+07:00 | time zone named for a UTC offset | time zone named for a UTC offset |- class='wd_q155644' | [[Uzi]] | Uzi | Uzi | weapon family | weapon family |- class='wd_q724736' | [[V ingine]] | V engine | V ingine | engine configuration | engine configuration |- class='wd_q134808' | [[vaccine]] | vaccine | Vaccine | remedy | remedy |- class='wd_q5079636' | [[Vaccinium]] | Vaccinium | Vaccinium | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q37587' | [[Valentine's Day]] | Valentine's Day | Valentine's Day | [[haliday]] | holiday |- class='wd_q157819' | [[Valeriana officinalis]] | Valeriana officinalis | Valeriana officinalis | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q23800' | [[Valletta]] | Valletta | Valletta | [[ceety]]<br/>local council of Malta | city<br/>local council of Malta |- class='wd_q166879' | [[Van der Waals radius]] | van der Waals radius | Van der Waals radius | physical phenomenon | physical phenomenon |- class='wd_q725493' | [[Vaquita]] | Vaquita | Vaquita | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q79980' | [[Varanasi]] | Varanasi | Varanasi | [[ceety]]<br/>holy city | city<br/>holy city |- class='wd_q192334' | [[Varsity o North Carolina at Chapel Hill]] | University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill | Varsity o North Carolina at Chapel Hill | public educational institution of the United States<br/>public research university | public educational institution of the United States<br/>public research university |- class='wd_q735505' | [[vas deferens]] | vas deferens | Vas deferens | organ type<br/>class of anatomical entity | organ type<br/>class of anatomical entity |- class='wd_q275787' | [[Vatican euro cunyies]] | Vatican euro coin | Vatican euro cunyies | coin type | coin type |- class='wd_q179734' | [[Vatnajökull]] | Vatnajökull | Vatnajökull | ice cap | ice cap |- class='wd_q181138' | [[veganism]] | veganism | Veganism | [[ideology]]<br/>lifestyle<br/>social movement<br/>epistemological viewpoint<br/>dietary restriction | ideology<br/>lifestyle<br/>social movement<br/>epistemological viewpoint<br/>dietary restriction |- class='wd_q251368' | [[Venom]] | Venom | Venom | Wikimedia disambiguation page | Wikimedia disambiguation page |- class='wd_q11699' | [[Vice Preses o the Unitit States]] | Vice President of the United States | Vice Preses o the Unitit States | vice preses<br/>president of the senate<br/>elective office | vice president<br/>president of the senate<br/>elective office |- class='wd_q119069' | [[Vicente Fernández]] | Vicente Fernández | Vicente Fernández | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q156390' | [[Victoria, Croun Princess o Swaden|Victoria, Croun Princess o Sweden]] | Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden | Victoria, Croun Princess o Swaden | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q4533' | [[Victorious]] | Victorious | Victorious | televeesion series | television series |- class='wd_q167797' | [[vicuña]] | vicuña | Vicuña | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q8740' | [[Vietnam War]] | Vietnam War | Vietnam War | proxy war | proxy war |- class='wd_q9199' | [[Vietnamese leid|Vietnamese]] | Vietnamese | Vietnamese leid | natural language<br/>modern language | natural language<br/>modern language |- class='wd_q216151' | [[Vietnamese fowk]] | Vietnamese people | Vietnamese fowk | [[ethnic group]] | ethnic group |- class='wd_q157144' | [[Vinnytsia]] | Vinnytsia | Vinnytsia | ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>city of regional significance of Ukraine<br/>city or town<br/>centre of oblast | big city<br/>city of regional significance of Ukraine<br/>city or town<br/>centre of oblast |- class='wd_q164447' | [[Viola lutea]] | Viola lutea | Viola lutea | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q156060' | [[Violaceae]] | Violaceae | Violaceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q543788' | [[Violet Jacob]] | Violet Jacob | Violet Jacob | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q163656' | [[Viperidae]] | viper | Viperidae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q147267' | [[Virginie opossum]] | Didelphis virginiana | Virginie opossum | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q11380' | [[Vishnu]] | Vishnu | Vishnu | Hindu deity<br/>legendar figur | Hindu deity<br/>legendary figure |- class='wd_q34956' | [[vitamin]] | vitamin | Vitamin | group of chemical entities<br/>nutrient group | group of chemical entities<br/>nutrient group |- class='wd_q102217' | [[Vitebsk]] | Vitebsk | Vitebsk | ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>city of oblast subordinance | big city<br/>city of oblast subordinance |- class='wd_q191019' | [[Vitis]] | Vitis | Vitis | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q14318' | [[Vitoria-Gasteiz]] | Vitoria-Gasteiz | Vitoria-Gasteiz | municipality of Spain | municipality of Spain |- class='wd_q185864' | [[Viverridae]] | Viverridae | Viverridae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q129429' | [[Vivien Leigh]] | Vivien Leigh | Vivien Leigh | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q380330' | [[Vlad II Dracul]] | Vlad II Dracul | Vlad II Dracul | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q83546' | [[Vladimir-Suzdal]] | Grand Principality of Vladimir | Vladimir-Suzdal | vassal state<br/>historical state | vassal state<br/>historical country |- class='wd_q10952397' | [[Vole]] | vole | Vole | organisms known by a particular common name | organisms known by a particular common name |- class='wd_q56402691' | [[Volkswagen Taos]] | Volkswagen Taos | Volkswagen Taos | car model | car model |- class='wd_q185194' | [[Vulpes]] | Vulpes | Vulpes | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q501499' | [[Vyatskoye, Khabarovsk Krai]] | Vyatskoye | Vyatskoye, Khabarovsk Krai | [[veelage]] | village |- class='wd_q623169' | [[Wallaby]] | wallaby | Wallaby | organisms known by a particular common name | organisms known by a particular common name |- class='wd_q8704' | [[Walt Disney]] | Walt Disney | Walt Disney | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q7965336' | [[Walter Kennedy]] | Walter Kennedy | Walter Kennedy | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q311237' | [[Walther PP]] | Walther PP | Walther PP | weapon model | weapon model |- class='wd_q182865' | [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)]] | War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) | War in Afghanistan (2001–present) | [[war]] | war |- class='wd_q185729' | [[War on Terror]] | War on Terrorism | War on Terror | [[war]] | war |- class='wd_q362' | [[Warld War II]] | World War II | Warld War II | world war<br/>historical period | world war<br/>historical period |- class='wd_q1201263' | [[Warlord Era]] | Warlord Era | Warlord Era | historical period | historical period |- class='wd_q2028786' | [[Warne, North Carolina|Warne]] | Warne | Warne, North Carolina | unincorporatit commonty | unincorporated community |- class='wd_q126399' | [[Warner Bros.]] | Warner Bros. Entertainment | Warner Bros. | film production company<br/>entertainment company | film production company<br/>entertainment company |- class='wd_q42486' | [[Warstlin]] | wrestling | Warstlin | type o sport | type of sport |- class='wd_q3566734' | [[Watsonian RFC]] | Watsonian FC | Watsonian RFC | rugby union team | rugby union team |- class='wd_q81041' | [[watter cycle]] | water cycle | Watter cycle | | |- class='wd_q1024911' | [[Welshpool]] | Welshpool | Welshpool | [[toun]]<br/>community | town<br/>community |- class='wd_q846421' | [[West Hollywood]] | West Hollywood | West Hollywood | gay village<br/>ceety o the Unitit States | gay village<br/>city in the United States |- class='wd_q3567454' | [[West of Scotland F.C.]] | West of Scotland FC | West of Scotland F.C. | rugby union club | rugby union club |- class='wd_q7986162' | [[West Park, New York|West Park]] | West Park | West Park, New York | unincorporatit commonty | unincorporated community |- class='wd_q6592290' | [[Westfield Megabusa]] | Westfield Megabusa | Westfield Megabusa | car model | car model |- class='wd_q6592255' | [[Westfield SEight]] | Westfield SEight | Westfield SEight | car model | car model |- class='wd_q7988934' | [[Westinghouse Air Brake Company General Office Building]] | Westinghouse Air Brake Company General Office Building | Westinghouse Air Brake Company General Office Building | office biggin | office building |- class='wd_q18854' | [[whaup]] | Eurasian Curlew | Whaup | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q1371617' | [[whiff]] | megrim | Whiff | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q28106837' | [[Whistlin deuk]] | Eurasian Wigeon | Whistlin deuk | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q212552' | [[white eel]] | European conger | White eel | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q25438' | [[White-tailed eagle|White-tailed Eagle]] | White-tailed Eagle | White-tailed eagle | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q171' | [[Wiki]] | wiki | Wiki | type of website | type of website |- class='wd_q4656249' | [[Wikipedia:Five pillars]] | Wikipedia:Five pillars | Wikipedia:Five pillars | Wikimedia project namespace | Wikimedia project page |- class='wd_q3125700' | [[Wild haggis]] | wild haggis | Wild haggis | animal frae a wirk o feection | fictional species of animal |- class='wd_q169950' | [[Wildfire]] | wildfire | Wildfire | fire incident type | fire incident type |- class='wd_q866755' | [[Willa Muir]] | Willa Muir | Willa Muir | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q105825' | [[William Hurt]] | William Hurt | William Hurt | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q150652' | [[William I, German Emperor]] | Wilhelm I | William I, German Emperor | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q163415' | [[William Shockley]] | William Shockley | William Shockley | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q8018623' | [[William Soutar]] | William Soutar | William Soutar | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q8018838' | [[William Stewart (makar)|William Stewart]] | William Stewart | William Stewart (makar) | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q37594' | [[William the Conqueror]] | William the Conqueror | William the Conqueror | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q382601' | [[William Wilton]] | William Wilton | William Wilton | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q2581473' | [[Willie Rennie]] | Willie Rennie | Willie Rennie | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q25399' | [[Willie-wagtail]] | Motacilla alba | Willie-wagtail | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q146661' | [[wineberry]] | Ribes rubrum | Wineberry | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q47253' | [[wirm]] | worm | Wirm | grade<br/>organisms known by a particular common name | grade<br/>organisms known by a particular common name |- class='wd_q754668' | [[witchie]] | Maniola jurtina | Witchie | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q76462' | [[Wolfgang Ketterle]] | Wolfgang Ketterle | Wolfgang Ketterle | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q211764' | [[Woluwe-Saint-Lambert]] | Woluwe-Saint-Lambert | Woluwe-Saint-Lambert | municipality o Belgium | municipality of Belgium |- class='wd_q23175' | [[wombat]] | Vombatidae | Wombat | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q11838775' | [[Xenaroswelliana deltaquadrant]] | Xenaroswelliana deltaquadrant | Xenaroswelliana deltaquadrant | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q129165' | [[Xerxes I]] | Xerxes I | Xerxes I | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q158888' | [[Yamaha Motor Company]] | Yamaha Motor Company | Yamaha Motor Company | public company<br/>motorcycle manufacturer | public company<br/>motorcycle manufacturer |- class='wd_q37995' | [[Yangon]] | Yangon | Yangon | [[ceety]]<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>state capital<br/>largest city<br/>town in Myanmar | city<br/>big city<br/>state capital<br/>largest city<br/>town in Myanmar |- class='wd_q377' | [[Yanka Kupala]] | Yanka Kupala | Yanka Kupala | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q8050101' | [[Yasushi Yamaguchi]] | Yasushi Yamaguchi | Yasushi Yamaguchi | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q577' | [[year]] | year | Year | unit o time | unit of time |- class='wd_q267584' | [[Yemen Arab Republic]] | Yemen Arab Republic | Yemen Arab Republic | historical state | historical country |- class='wd_q50422' | [[Yeonje-gu]] | Yeonje District | Yeonje-gu | district of Busan | district of Busan |- class='wd_q1277359' | [[Yerl o Mar]] | Earl of Mar | Yerl o Mar | ryal or noble rank | noble title |- class='wd_q1010108' | [[Yerlston]] | Earlston | Yerlston | [[toun]]<br/>parish | town<br/>parish |- class='wd_q188120' | [[Yoichiro Nambu]] | Yoichiro Nambu | Yoichiro Nambu | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q5449' | [[Yoshkar-Ola]] | Yoshkar-Ola | Yoshkar-Ola | ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>city or town | big city<br/>city or town |- class='wd_q866' | [[YouTube]] | Q866 | YouTube | [[wabsteid]]<br/>online video platform<br/>online community<br/>video streaming service<br/>live streaming service<br/>user-generated content platform | website<br/>online video platform<br/>online community<br/>video streaming service<br/>live streaming service<br/>user-generated content platform |- class='wd_q10305' | [[Zaragoza]] | Zaragoza | Zaragoza | municipality of Spain | municipality of Spain |- class='wd_q319896' | [[Ze'ev Jabotinsky]] | Ze'ev Jabotinsky | Ze'ev Jabotinsky | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q34201' | [[Zeus]] | Zeus | Zeus | thunder deity<br/>King of the Gods<br/>Greek deity<br/>Olympian god | thunder deity<br/>King of the Gods<br/>Greek deity<br/>Olympian god |- class='wd_q197471' | [[Zhao Wei]] | Zhao Wei | Zhao Wei | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q835435' | [[Zhou dynasty (690–705)]] | Zhou dynasty (690–705) | Zhou dynasty (690–705) | historical state<br/>Chinese dynasty | historical country<br/>Chinese dynasty |- class='wd_q2392142' | [[Zifta]] | Zefta | Zifta | [[ceety]] | city |- class='wd_q890120' | [[Zimbabwe Rhodesie]] | Zimbabwe Rhodesia | Zimbabwe Rhodesie | historical unrecognized state | historical unrecognized state |- class='wd_q190077' | [[zinc oxide]] | zinc oxide | Zinc oxide | type of chemical entity | type of chemical entity |- class='wd_q43501' | [[zoo]] | zoo | Zoo | type of park | type of park |- class='wd_q35811' | [[Zoroaster]] | Zoroaster | Zoroaster | [[bodie]]<br/>religious character | human<br/>religious character |- class='wd_q210207' | [[Árpád]] | Árpád | Árpád | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q83259' | [[École Normale Supérieure]] | École Normale Supérieure | École Normale Supérieure | organization<br/>École normale supérieure | organization<br/>école normale supérieure |- class='wd_q273604' | [[École normale supérieure de Cachan]] | École normale supérieure Paris-Saclay | École normale supérieure de Cachan | heicher eddication organization<br/>eddicational institution | higher education institution<br/>educational institution |- class='wd_q293928' | [[Öckerö Municipality]] | Öckerö Municipality | Öckerö Municipality | [[Municipalities o Swaden|municipality o Swaden]] | municipality of Sweden |- class='wd_q171291' | [[Ötzi]] | Ötzi | Ötzi | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q54158' | [[Łódź Voivodeship]] | Łódź Voivodeship | Łódź Voivodeship | [[Voivodeships o Poland]] | voivodeship of Poland |- class='wd_q133118' | [[Şanlıurfa]] | Şanlıurfa | Şanlıurfa | [[ceety]]<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>metropolitan municipality in Turkey | city<br/>big city<br/>metropolitan municipality in Turkey |} ---- &sum; 2309 items. {{Wikidata list end}} c3guula6w83vmu1nik05sh5z9bivc4o 0 230969 919943 884753 2026-07-24T23:37:10Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 919943 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Infobox academic||name=Carme Junyent|image=Carme Junyent (Dani Blancoren argazkia, 2020ko otsailekoa)-04.jpg|caption=Carme Junyent i the [[Basque Kintra (greater region)|Basque Kintra]] i 2020.|birth_name=Maria Carme Junyent i Figueras|birth_date={{Birth date|1955|02|04|df=y}}|birth_place=[[Masquefa]], [[Catalonie]], [[Francoist Spainie|Spainie]]|death_date={{Death date and age|2023|09|03|1955|02|04|df=y}}|death_place=|alma_mater=[[University of Barcelona]]<br>[[University of Marburg]]<br>[[University of Cologne]]<br>[[University of California]]|thesis_title="La classificació de les llengües d'Àfrica: el bantu i una hipòtesi (més) sobre la seva expansió"|thesis_url=|thesis_year=1991|occupation={{hlist|Linguist|Language activist|University professor}}|children=2}} '''Maria Carme Junyent i Figueras''' (4t Febiveer 1955 – 3t Septemmer 2023) commonly kent as '''Carme Junyent''', wis a Catalan linguist. Merkit in her speeshalty, in parteecular fur her fendin o the [[Catalan leid|Catalan l]]<nowiki/>eid an resairch anent endangert leids, she wis a professor o linguistics at the Varsity o Barcelona.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Maresma Matas|first=Assumpció|title=S’ha mort Carme Junyent, la dona sàvia que no es va rendir mai|url=https://www.vilaweb.cat/noticies/mor-carme-junyent/|access-date=2023-09-03|website=[[VilaWeb]]|language=ca}}</ref> She specialised i African leids an [[Sociolingueestics|sociolinguistics]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Prácticas y políticas lingüísticas: nuevas variedades, normas, actitudes y perspectivas|url=https://archive.org/details/practicasypoliti0000unse|date=2014|publisher=Iberoamericana|isbn=978-84-8489-797-2|editor-last=Zimmermann|editor-first=Klaus|series=Nuevos hispanismos|location=Madrid|pages=[https://archive.org/details/practicasypoliti0000unse/page/384 384]|language=es|editor-last2=Amorós Negre|editor-first2=Carla|editor-last3=Cifuentes|editor-first3=Bárbara|editor-last4=Escobar|editor-first4=Anna María}}</ref> == Personal life and death == Junyent deed acause o pancreatic cancer on the 3t Septemmer 2023, at the age o 68.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Solé Ingla|first=Alba|date=2023-09-03|title=Carme Junyent, renowned Catalan linguist, dies|url=https://www.elnacional.cat/en/news/carme-junyent-renowned-catalan-linguist-dies_1086942_102.html|access-date=2023-09-03|website=El Nacional|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Camps|first=Magí|date=3 September 2023|title=Fallece Carme Junyent, referente de la lengua catalana|url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/cultura/20230903/9201973/muere-carme-junyent-lingueista-referente-catalan.html|access-date=5 September 2023|website=[[La Vanguardia]]|language=es}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Daiths frae pancreatic cancer]] [[Category:Varsity o Californie alumni]] [[Category:Varsity o Marburg alumni]] [[Category:Fowk frae Anoia]] [[Category:2023 daiths]] [[Category:1955 births]] [[Category:Linguists]] [[Category:Catalan fowk]] 3sml8rpx13kqz6e304iz59t1zf7goso 0 231704 919937 911030 2026-07-24T23:33:04Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 919937 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Needs Mair Soorces|date=April 2021}}{{Infobox fitbaw club|clubname=Yokohama FC<br />横浜FC|image=Yokohama FC logo.svg|upright=0.75|alt=Logo|fullname=Yokohama Football Club|nickname=''Fulie''|founded={{Start date and age|25 December 1998}}|ground=[[Mitsuzawa Stadium]]<br/>[[Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama]]|capacity=15,046|owner=|chairman=Yuji Onodera|manager=[[Shuhei Yomoda]] |league=[[J2 League]]|season=[[2025 J1 League|2025]]|position=18th, [[J1 League]] |website=http://www.yokohamafc.com/|pattern_la1=_YOKOHAMA FC 2023 HOME FP|pattern_b1=_YOKOHAMA FC 2023 HOME FP|pattern_ra1=_YOKOHAMA FC 2023 HOME FP|pattern_sh1=_YOKOHAMA FC 2023 HOME FP|pattern_so1=_YOKOHAMA FC 2023 HOME FP|leftarm1=00CCFF|body1=00CCFF|rightarm1=00CCFF|shorts1=003586|socks1=003586|pattern_la2=_YOKOHAMA FC 2023 AWAY FP|pattern_b2=_YOKOHAMA FC 2023 AWAY FP|pattern_ra2=_YOKOHAMA FC 2023 AWAY FP|pattern_sh2=_YOKOHAMA FC 2023 AWAY FP|pattern_so2=_YOKOHAMA FC 2023 AWAY FP|leftarm2=FFFFFF|body2=FFFFFF|rightarm2=FFFFFF|shorts2=FFFFFF|socks2=FFFFFF}} {{Nihongo|'''Yokohama Fitba Club'''|横浜FC|Yokohama Efushī}} is a Japanese professional [[fitba]] club based in [[Yokohama]], [[Kanagawa Prefectur|Kanagawa Prefecture]], pairt o the [[Greater Tokyo Area]]. The club wis formed by fans o [[Yokohama Flügels]] as a protest against Flügels' merger wi [[Yokohama F. Marinos|Yokohama Marinos]] in 1999, becomin the first supporter-owned professional sports team in Japan.<ref name="Hirose">{{Cite book|last=Ichiro Hirose|date=2014|publisher=[[Toyo Keizai]]|isbn=978-4492502600|page=123|language=ja|script-title=ja:スポーツ・マネジメント入門|trans-title=Introduction to Sport Management}}</ref> They are set tae play in the [[J2 League]] fae 2024, the second tier o fitba in the country, efter relegation fae [[J1 League]] in [[2023 J1 League|2023]]. Since gainin J.League memburship in 2001, Yokohama FC spent considerable time in the second tier o the Japanese football league system. The club gained promotion tae J.League Division 1 fir the 2007 season efter winnin the Division 2 title. However, YFC wir immediatly relegated in the followin season. Efter 12 years in the J2 League, they returned tae Japan's tap tier, noo cawed J1 League, fir the 2020 season. History repeated itself, as they wir relegatit tae J2 efter finishin the season as J1's last-place team. The club wis promotit again tae J1 in 2022, thir third stint in the first division, enly tae be relegatit again tae the second tier in 2024. == Crest == Yokohama FC's crest features a phoenix, symbolisin the rise o Yokohama FC fae the ashes o the Yokohama Flugels. The blue ribbin oan the tap represents the Blue Ribbon Movement, a movement that began at the end o the 1998 J.League season tae keep the Flugels alive. == History == [[File:Timeline_of_Yokohama_Football_Clubs.png|left|thumb|350x350px|Graphical timeline of Yokohama fitbaw clubs]] Yokohama FC wis formed oan 25 December 1998 followin the merger o Yokohama's two J.League clubs, the Flügels an the Marinos.<ref>{{Cite web|title=クラブ概要|url=https://yokohamafc.com/club/club-information/|access-date=25 December 2022|website=yokohamafc.com|publisher=Yokohama FC}}</ref> Flügels supporturs felt that thir club hud essentially binn dissolved rather than merged wi, so rejectit the suggestion that they shid start supportin Marinos – who hud bin thir crosstoon rivals. Instead, wi money raised through donations fae the general public an an affiliation wi talent management company IMG, the former Flügels supporters foonded the Yokohama Fulie Sports Club.<ref>{{Cite book|last=John Horne, Wolfram Manzenreiter|title=Japan, Korea and the 2002 World Cup|url=https://archive.org/details/japankorea2002wo0000unse|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0415275637|page=[https://archive.org/details/japankorea2002wo0000unse/page/101 101]}}</ref> Followin the ''socio'' model used by [[FC Barcelona]], the Fulie Sports Club creatit Yokohama FC, the first professional sports team in Japan owned and operated by its supporters.<ref name="Hirose"/> Fir its first season in 1999, Yokohama FC hired former [[Germany naitional fitbaw team|Germany national team]] an [[FIFA Warld Cup|World Cup]] star Pierre Littbarski tae be the manager an Yasuhiko Okudera, the first Japanese fitbawler tae play professionally in Europe, tae be the chairman.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kumi Kinohara|date=27 July 2000|title=Yokohama FC struggling to survive despite JFL success|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/sports/2000/07/27/soccer/j-league/yokohama-fc-struggling-to-survive-despite-jfl-success/|access-date=26 February 2016|publisher=[[Japan Times]]}}</ref> The club attemptit tae gain entry directly intae the professional J.League, bit the Japan Football Association enly permitit entry tae the amateur Japan Football League (JFL), at the time the third level o the Japanese football league system, an ruled that the club widnae be eligible fir promotion intae J.League Division 2 at the end o its first season. So, despite finishin as JFL champion in 1999, Yokohama FC finished as JFL champion again in 2000 befare bein promotit tae J.League Division 2.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012|title=Interview with Tomio Tsujino|url=http://www.city.yokohama.lg.jp/seisaku/seisaku/chousa/kihou/143/kihou143-044-045.pdf|access-date=26 February 2016|publisher=[[Yokohama City]]|language=ja|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304103522/http://www.city.yokohama.lg.jp/seisaku/seisaku/chousa/kihou/143/kihou143-044-045.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The club spent the next 6 seasons in J.League Division 2 befare finishin as champions in 2006 an gainin promotion tae J.League Division 1. In 2007, jist the ninth year o its existince, Yokohama FC played its first season in the tap flight o Japanese fitba. Efter a poor season, the team wir consigned tae relegation wi five games o the season still remainin. Despite thir early relegation, Yokohama FC nevertheless decidit the final ootcome at the opposite end o the table; by defeatin title contenders Urawa Red Diamonds oan the last day o the season, Kashima Antlers sicured the J.League Division 1 title.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Andrew Mckirdy|date=2 December 2007|title=Inspired Antlers squad captures J.League title|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/sports/2007/12/02/soccer/j-league/inspired-antlers-squad-captures-j-league-title/|access-date=26 February 2016|publisher=[[Japan Times]]}}</ref> In 2018, Yokohama FC narrowly missed oot oan automatic promotion by goal difference. The team made it tae the J2 promotion final, losin tae Tokyo Verdy oan a stoppage time winner. In 2019, Yokohama finished second in J2 an gained automatic promotion tae J1. Efter finishin in last place in 2021, Yokohama FC wid be relegatit back tae J2 fir the 2022 season. Oan 2 December 2023, Yokohama FC wit relegatit fae J1 tae J2 in 2024 efter the club defeatit Kashima Antlers by a score o 2–1 in final match day an return tae the second tier efter a year absence. == Fight fir promotion in 2005 an 2006 == Although they hud a dire season in 2005, endin 11th oot o 12, they wir in the tap hauf o the table throughoot the 2006 season. Oan 26 November they finished in the tap spot o the J2 League, an hence wir finally promotit tae the J. League 1. This success story wis so dramatic as tae make people somewhit excitit in Japan. Yokohama FC's financial sitiation wis so poor that they didnae iven awn ther awn fitba groond or a club hoose. Players did everyhing thumselves includin cairrying the goal posts an washin the jerseys. Wan of thir players, Kazuyoshi Miura, last played fir the team at the age o 53, an a former player, Atsuhiro Miura (wan o thir main players befare his 2010 retirement) wis 36 when he last played fir the club. These players wance played fir the [[Japan naitional fitbaw team|Japan national team]]. They lost aw thir pre-season matches, even against college students, then also the first official match o the year. Efter this, they suddenly chynged the player-manager tae a freshman wi little experience named Takuya Takagi, who wis 38. At the beginnin o the season few expected them tae become champions. == Record as J.League member == {| class="wikitable" | bgcolor="gold" |<small>Champions</small> | bgcolor="silver" |<small>Runners-up</small> | bgcolor="ff6600" |<small>Third place</small> | bgcolor="palegreen" |<small>Promoted</small> | bgcolor="pink" |<small>Relegated</small> |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! colspan="13" |League ! rowspan="2" |J.League<nowiki><br id="mwcA"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>Cup ! rowspan="2" |Emperor's<nowiki><br id="mwcw"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>Cup |- !Season !Div. !Teams !Pos. !P !W <small>(OTW)</small> !D !L <small>(OTL)</small> !F !A !GD !Pts !Attendance/G |- |2001 | rowspan="6" |J2 |12 |'''9th''' |44 |12 <small>(3)</small> |1 |25 <small>(3)</small> |58 |81 | -23 |43 |3,007 |2nd round |Round of 16 |- |2002 |12 |'''12th''' |44 |8 |11 |25 |43 |81 | -38 |35 |3,477 | rowspan="5" |– |3rd round |- |2003 |12 |'''11th''' |44 |10 |12 |22 |49 |88 | -39 |42 |3,743 |3rd round |- |2004 |12 |'''8th''' |44 |10 |22 |12 |42 |50 | -8 |52 |4,219 |Round of 16 |- |2005 |12 |'''11th''' |44 |10 |15 |19 |48 |64 | -16 |45 |5,938 |4th round |- |2006 |13 | bgcolor="gold" |'''1st''' |48 |26 |15 |7 |61 |32 | -29 |93 |5,119 |3rd round |- |2007 |J1 |18 | bgcolor="pink" |'''18th''' |34 |4 |4 |26 |19 |66 | -47 |16 |14,039 |Group stage |Round of 16 |- |2008 | rowspan="12" |J2 |15 |'''10th''' |42 |11 |17 |14 |51 |56 | -5 |50 |6,793 | rowspan="12" |– |Round of 16 |- |2009 |18 |'''16th''' |51 |11 |11 |29 |43 |70 | -27 |44 |3,535 |3rd round |- |2010 |19 |'''6th''' |36 |16 |6 |14 |54 |47 |7 |54 |5,791 |3rd round |- |2011 |20 |'''18th''' |38 |11 |8 |19 |40 |54 | -14 |41 |5,770 |2nd round |- |2012 |22 |'''4th''' |42 |22 |7 |13 |62 |45 |17 |73 |6,039 |3rd round |- |2013 |22 |'''11th''' |42 |15 |13 |14 |49 |46 |3 |58 |6,064 |2nd round |- |2014 |22 |'''11th''' |42 |14 |13 |15 |49 |47 |2 |55 |5,146 |2nd round |- |2015 |22 |'''15th''' |42 |13 |13 |16 |33 |58 | -25 |52 |5,113 |2nd round |- |2016 |22 |'''8th''' |42 |16 |11 |15 |50 |51 | -1 |59 |4,892 |Round of 16 |- |2017 |22 |'''10th''' |42 |17 |12 |13 |60 |49 |11 |63 |5,967 |2nd round |- |2018 |22 | bgcolor="ff6600" |'''3rd''' |42 |21 |13 |8 |63 |44 |19 |76 |6,141 |3rd round |- |2019 |22 | bgcolor="silver" |'''2nd''' |42 |23 |10 |9 |66 |40 |26 |79 |7,061 |3rd round |- |2020 '''†''' | rowspan="2" |J1 |18 |'''15th''' |34 |9 |6 |19 |38 |60 | -22 |33 |3,559 |Group stage |Did not qualify |- |2021 '''†''' |20 | bgcolor="pink" |'''20th''' |38 |6 |9 |23 |32 |77 | -45 |27 |4,511 |Group stage |2nd round |- |2022 |J2 |22 | bgcolor="silver" |'''2nd''' |42 |23 |11 |8 |66 |49 |17 |80 |5,088 |– |3rd round |- |2023 |J1 |18 | bgcolor="pink" |'''18th''' |34 |7 |8 |19 |31 |58 | -27 |29 |9.128 |Group stage |3rd round |- |2024 |J2 |20 |'''TBD''' |38 | | | | | | | | |TBC |TBC |} ; Key {{Smalldiv|1=*'''Pos'''. = Position in league; '''P''' = Games played; '''W''' = Games won; '''D''' = Games drawn; '''L''' = Games lost; '''F''' = Goals scored; '''A''' = Goals conceded; '''GD''' = Goals difference; '''Pts''' = Points gained *'''Attendance/G''' = Average home league attendance * '''†''' 2020 & 2021 season's attendances reduced by [[COVID-19 pandemic in Japan|COVID-19]] worldwide pandemic. *Source: [http://data.j-league.or.jp/SFRT01/ J. League Data Site]}} == Honours == * '''Japan Football League''' ** Champions (2): 1999, 2000 * '''J.League Division 2''' ** Champions (1): 2006 ** Runners-up (2): 2019, 2022 == Current players == {{Updatit|25 March 2024.}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.yokohamafc.com/team/playerstaff/ |title=選手・スタッフ |publisher=Yokohama FC |access-date=4 February 2022 |language=ja}}</ref>  === Oot oan loan ===   === Yokohama FC Youth === {{Updatit|5 May 2023.}}The U-18 team o Yokohama FC currently plays in the Prince Takamado U-18 Premier League, the tap-flight league fir U-18 clubs in the country. Enly the registered players fir the competition will be displayed.<ref>{{Cite web|title=選手プロフィール|url=https://www.yokohamafc.com/academy/profile-youth/|access-date=6 September 2022}}</ref>   == Colours == As they cid not adopt directly Flügels' white and blue strip given its similarity tae that o Marinos, Yokohama FC decided tae adopt an all-cyan kit, efter NKK SC, a former company club which hid closed in 1994. NKK SC wis based in [[Kawasaki, Kanagawa|Kawasaki]] an played maist matches at Todoroki Athletics Stadium, bit used Mitsuzawa Stadium oan days when the other Kawasaki clubs at the time (Verdy Kawasaki, Toshiba and Fujitsu) used it. == Kit evolution == {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:65%; border:double #013588; box-shadow: 4px 4px 4px #00bfff;" ! colspan="5" |FP 1st |- |{{Football kit}} |{{Football kit}} |{{Football kit}} |{{Football kit}} |{{Football kit}} |- |{{Football kit}} |{{Football kit}} |{{Football kit}} |{{Football kit}} |{{Football kit}} |- |{{Football kit}} |{{Football kit}} |{{Football kit}} |{{Football kit}} |{{Football kit}} |- |{{Football kit}} |{{Football kit}} |{{Football kit}} |- | | | | | |} {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:65%; border:double #013588; box-shadow: 4px 4px 4px #00bfff;" ! colspan="5" |FP 2nd |- |{{Football kit}} |{{Football kit}} |{{Football kit}} |{{Football kit}} |{{Football kit}} |- |{{Football kit}} |{{Football kit}} |{{Football kit}} |{{Football kit}} |{{Football kit}} |- |{{Football kit}} |{{Football kit}} |{{Football kit}} |{{Football kit}} |{{Football kit}} |- |{{Football kit}} |{{Football kit}} |{{Football kit}} |- | | | | | |} == Management staff == Fir the 2023 season. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left" !Role !Nat. !Name |- |'''Manager''' |{{Flagicon|Japan}} |Shuhei Yomoda |- |'''Assistant manager''' |{{Flagicon|Australia}} <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|Japan}} |John Hutchinson <br /><br /> Shunsuke Nakamura |- |'''First-team coach''' |{{Flagicon|Japan}} <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|Japan}} |Seiya Takeuchi <br /><br /> Keiji Kuraishi |- |'''Goalkeeper coach''' |{{Flagicon|}} |Vacant |- |'''Assistant goalkeeper coach''' |{{Flagicon|Japan}} |Taiki Murai |- |'''Analyst''' |{{Flagicon|Ireland}} <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|Japan}} |Gerry Peyton <br /><br /> Tatsuro Takenaka |- |'''Physical coach''' |{{Flagicon|Japan}} |Takeshi Ikoma |- |'''Conditioning coach''' |{{Flagicon|Japan}} |Akihiro Tanaka |- |'''Chief trainer''' |{{Flagicon|Japan}} |Masahiro Watanabe |- |'''Trainer''' |{{Flagicon|Japan}} <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|Japan}} <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|Japan}} <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|Japan}} <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|Japan}} <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|Brazil}} |Kodai Takahashi <br /><br /> Hiroki Naito <br /><br /> Yuki Katase <br /><br /> Shin Fukushi <br /><br /> Hiromi Murata <br /><br /> Hudson |- |'''Interpreter''' |{{Flagicon|Japan}} <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|Japan}} <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|Japan}} <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|Japan}} |Ryohei Ikeda <br /><br /> Yuki Masuda <br /><br /> Takayoshi Fujii <br /><br /> Koji Kurosu |- |'''Kit Manager''' |{{Flagicon|Japan}} <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|Japan}} <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|Japan}} |Takaya Amimori <br /><br /> Yuto Nakahata <br /><br /> Yuta Nakashima |} == Managerial history == == Mascot == The Yokohama FC's mascoat is named Fulie-maru, an alien-bird like figure. He is, supposedly, a tribute tae Yokohama Flugels' mascot, Tobimaru, a flyin squirrel.<ref>{{Citation|title=A brief history of J.League mascots {{!}} Mascot madness in Japanese football|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1iiQfid1XCw|language=en|access-date=2022-04-07}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} == External links == * {{Offeecial wabsteid|http://www.yokohamafc.com/}} {{In lang|ja}} [[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in 1998]] [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Japan]] [[Category:Airticles conteenin Japanese-leid text]] f7rv998opm5vm2tb8aez0db18bz1wbi 4 232103 919928 918793 2026-07-24T23:20:22Z MABot 35091 Bot: Archivin 1 thread fae [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross]] 919928 wikitext text/x-wiki == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Vote now to fill vacancies of the first U4C</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – voting opens|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – voting opens}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Dear all, I am writing to you to let you know the voting period for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is open now through '''August 10, 2024'''. Read the information on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election|voting page on Meta-wiki]] to learn more about voting and voter eligibility. The Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. Community members were invited to submit their applications for the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well. In cooperation with the U4C,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 02:48, 27 Julie 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26989444 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Reminder! Vote closing soon to fill vacancies of the first U4C</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – reminder to vote|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – reminder to vote}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Dear all, The voting period for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is closing soon. It is open through 10 August 2024. Read the information on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2024_Special_Election#Voting|the voting page on Meta-wiki to learn more about voting and voter eligibility]]. If you are eligible to vote and have not voted in this special election, it is important that you vote now. '''Why should you vote?''' The U4C is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. Community input into the committee membership is critical to the success of the UCoC. Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well. In cooperation with the U4C,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 15:31, 6 August 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Coming soon: A new sub-referencing feature – try it!</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="Sub-referencing"/> [[File:Sub-referencing reuse visual.png|{{#ifeq:{{#dir}}|ltr|right|left}}|400px]] Hello. For many years, community members have requested an easy way to re-use references with different details. Now, a MediaWiki solution is coming: The new sub-referencing feature will work for wikitext and Visual Editor and will enhance the existing reference system. You can continue to use different ways of referencing, but you will probably encounter sub-references in articles written by other users. More information on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|the project page]]. '''We want your feedback''' to make sure this feature works well for you: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Test|Please try]] the current state of development on beta wiki and [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|let us know what you think]]. * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/Sign-up|Sign up here]] to get updates and/or invites to participate in user research activities. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland]]’s [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes]] team is planning to bring this feature to Wikimedia wikis later this year. We will reach out to creators/maintainers of tools and templates related to references beforehand. Please help us spread the message. --[[m:User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|Johannes Richter (WMDE)]] ([[m:User talk:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|talk]]) 10:36, 19 August 2024 (UTC) <section end="Sub-referencing"/> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johannes_Richter_(WMDE)/Sub-referencing/massmessage_list&oldid=27309345 --> == Sign up for the language community meeting on August 30th, 15:00 UTC == Hi all, The next language community meeting is scheduled in a few weeks—on August 30th at 15:00 UTC. If you're interested in joining, you can [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community_meetings#30_August_2024 sign up on this wiki page]. This participant-driven meeting will focus on sharing language-specific updates related to various projects, discussing technical issues related to language wikis, and working together to find possible solutions. For example, in the last meeting, topics included the Language Converter, the state of language research, updates on the Incubator conversations, and technical challenges around external links not working with special characters on Bengali sites. Do you have any ideas for topics to share technical updates or discuss challenges? Please add agenda items to the document [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org/p/language-community-meeting-aug-2024 here] and reach out to ssethi(__AT__)wikimedia.org. We look forward to your participation! [[Uiser:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Uiser collogue:MediaWiki message delivery|tauk]]) 23:19, 22 August 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:SSethi (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Announcing the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/board-elections@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/OKCCN2CANIH2K7DXJOL2GPVDFWL27R7C/ Original message at wikimedia-l]. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement - results|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement - results}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Hello all, The scrutineers have finished reviewing the vote and the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Elections Committee|Elections Committee]] have certified the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Results|results]] for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) special election]]. I am pleased to announce the following individual as regional members of the U4C, who will fulfill a term until 15 June 2026: * North America (USA and Canada) ** Ajraddatz The following seats were not filled during this special election: * Latin America and Caribbean * Central and East Europe (CEE) * Sub-Saharan Africa * South Asia * The four remaining Community-At-Large seats Thank you again to everyone who participated in this process and much appreciation to the candidates for your leadership and dedication to the Wikimedia movement and community. Over the next few weeks, the U4C will begin meeting and planning the 2024-25 year in supporting the implementation and review of the UCoC and Enforcement Guidelines. You can follow their work on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Meta-Wiki]]. On behalf of the U4C and the Elections Committee,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 14:06, 2 September 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Have your say: Vote for the 2024 Board of Trustees!</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Hello all, The voting period for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024|2024 Board of Trustees election]] is now open. There are twelve (12) candidates running for four (4) seats on the Board. Learn more about the candidates by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Candidates|reading their statements]] and their [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2024/Questions_for_candidates|answers to community questions]]. When you are ready, go to the [[Special:SecurePoll/vote/400|SecurePoll]] voting page to vote. '''The vote is open from September 3rd at 00:00 UTC to September 17th at 23:59 UTC'''. To check your voter eligibility, please visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2024/Voter_eligibility_guidelines|voter eligibility page]]. Best regards, The Elections Committee and Board Selection Working Group<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[Uiser:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Uiser collogue:MediaWiki message delivery|tauk]]) 12:14, 3 September 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == Celtic Knot Conference, 25–27 September: programme announcement == Hello everyone, On behalf of the Celtic Knot organising team, I'm excited to announce that the programme is now [[:meta:Celtic Knot Conference 2024/Program|available to view on Meta-Wiki]]. Explore the diverse range of sessions, workshops, and cultural events that will bring together language enthusiasts, Wikimedians, and community leaders from around the world. Whether you're interested in language preservation, digital tools for minority languages, or simply connecting with like-minded individuals, there's something for everyone. And there will be more programme updates including satellite events. We have some additional sessions in store that you won't want to miss. [[:meta:Celtic Knot Conference 2024/Program|Check out the program now and start planning your conference experience]]. As a reminder, if you plan to join the conference onsite or online, don't forget to [https://www.eventbrite.ie/e/2024-celtic-knot-wikimedia-language-conference-25-27-september-tickets-920884589597?aff=oddtdtcreator register on Eventbrite]. [[Uiser:Richard Nevell (WMUK)|Richard Nevell (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Richard Nevell (WMUK)|tauk]]) 14:16, 10 September 2024 (UTC) == Yer wiki will be in raed-anerly suin == <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Raed iss message in anither leid]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedie Foondation]] will be switchin the traffec atween its data centres. Iss will mak shuir that Wikipaedia an the ither Wikimedie wiki kin stey onwab e'en efter a muckle mishanterin. Aw traffec will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2024-09-25|sco}}'''. The test will stert at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2024-09-25T15:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2024-09-25T15:00}}]'''. Unfortunate, acause o some leemits in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MedieWiki]], aw editin maun stap whiles the switch is makit. We apologise fur iss disruption, an we ar wirkin tae minimise it in futur. Ae banner will be shawn on aw wikis 30 meenits afore iss operation happens. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation.</span> '''Ye will be able tae raed, but nae edit, aa wikis fur ae smaa period o time.''' *Ye willnae be able tae edit fur up til ae oor on {{#time:l j xg Y|2024-09-25|sco}}. *If ye try tae edit or hain durin thir times, ye will be gien ae error message. We howp that nae edits will gang astray durin the meenits but we canna mak shuir o'it. Gin ye see the error message, then please wait til athing is back tae normal. Then ye sud be able tae mak hain o yer edit. But, we recommend that ye mak a copy o yer chynges aforehaund, juist in case. ''Ither effecks'': *Backgroond tasks will be slaw an some micht drap. Reid airtins minna be updatit as quick as normal. Gin ye mak ae airticle that is awreidy airtint elsewyes, the airtin will remain reid fur langer nor uisual. Some lang-rinnin scripts will hae tae stap. * We expect the code deployments tae happen as wi ony ither week. Houaniver, some case-by-case code freezes cud happen gin the operation needs thaim efterwarts. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] willnae be available fur aboot 90 meenits. Iss projeck micht be pit aff gin needit. Ye kin [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Ony chynges will be annoonced in the schedule. '''Please share iss information wi yer commonity.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> [[User:Trizek_(WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]], 09:37, 20 September 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=27248326 --> == 'Wikidata item' link is moving. Find out where... == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><i>Apologies for cross-posting in English. Please consider translating this message.</i>{{tracked|T66315}} Hello everyone, a small change will soon be coming to the user-interface of your Wikimedia project. The [[d:Q16222597|Wikidata item]] [[w:|sitelink]] currently found under the <span style="color: #54595d;"><u>''General''</u></span> section of the '''Tools''' sidebar menu will move into the <span style="color: #54595d;"><u>''In Other Projects''</u></span> section. We would like the Wiki communities feedback so please let us know or ask questions on the [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|Discussion page]] before we enable the change which can take place October 4 2024, circa 15:00 UTC+2. More information can be found on [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|the project page]].<br><br>We welcome your feedback and questions.<br> [[Uiser:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Uiser collogue:MediaWiki message delivery|tauk]]) 18:56, 27 September 2024 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&oldid=27524260 --> == Invitation to Participate in Wiki Loves Ramadan Community Engagement Survey == Dear all, Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. We are excited to announce the upcoming [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan|Wiki Loves Ramadan]] event, a global initiative aimed at celebrating Ramadan by enriching Wikipedia and its sister projects with content related to this significant time of year. As we plan to organize this event globally, your insights and experiences are crucial in shaping the best possible participation experience for the community. To ensure that Wiki Loves Ramadan is engaging, inclusive, and impactful, we kindly invite you to participate in our community engagement survey. Your feedback will help us understand the needs of the community, set the event's focus, and guide our strategies for organizing this global event. Survey link: https://forms.gle/f66MuzjcPpwzVymu5 Please take a few minutes to share your thoughts. Your input will make a difference! Thank you for being a part of our journey to make Wiki Loves Ramadan a success. Warm regards, User:ZI Jony 03:20, 6 October 2024 (UTC) Wiki Loves Ramadan Organizing Team <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=27510935 --> == Deployment of Dark mode in Scots Wikipedia == Hello Scots Wikipedians, Apologies as this message is not written in your native language, {{Int:please-translate}}. We are happy to announce that the [[mediawikiwiki:Reading/Web|Wikimedia Foundation Web team]] have deployed [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading|dark mode]] here on Scots Wikipedia! This was possible because pages on your wiki have passed our checks for accessibility and other quality checks. Congratulations! This was only possible due to the diligent work of editors and other technical contributors in your community who have made sure that templates, gadgets, and other parts of pages can be accessible in dark mode. Thank you all for making dark mode available for everybody! For context, we would like to add that the Web team's work on dark mode has concluded. If on some wikis, the option is not yet available for logged-out users, this is likely because many pages do not yet display well in dark mode. As communities make progress on this work, we enable this feature on additional wikis once per month. If you notice any issues after enabling dark mode, please create this page: <code>Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Reporting/sco.wikipedia.org</code> in MediaWiki ([[mediawikiwiki:Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading/Reporting|like these pages]]), and report the issue in the created page. Thank you! On behalf of the [[mediawikiwiki:Reading/Web|Wikimedia Foundation Web team]] [[Uiser:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Uiser collogue:UOzurumba (WMF)|tauk]]) 01:42, 9 October 2024 (UTC) == Wikimedian of the Year Awards - Call for Nominations Now Open == Hello everyone, We are excited to announce that nominations are open for the 2024 UK Wikimedian of the Year Awards. We are asking you to nominate individuals and organisations that have been involved with Wikimedia UK's efforts to advance open knowledge in 2023/24. The categories for this year are: * UK Wikimedian of the Year (Individual) * Partnership of the Year (Organisation) * Up and Coming Wikimedian (Individual) We are looking for people and partnerships within the Wikimedia UK community who have really impressed you with their open knowledge work, in 2023/24. We are particularly keen to hear about people and organisations who delivered projects addressing our strategic themes of Knowledge Equity, Information Literacy, and Climate and Environment. Nominations will be judged by members of the Community Development Committee and winners will be announced at the Community Celebration on Saturday 23rd November 2024. [https://wikimedia.org.uk/2024/10/wikimedian-of-the-year-awards-2024-nominations-open/ Read more and nominate] 13:48, 10 October 2024 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Preliminary results of the 2024 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees elections</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Hello all, Thank you to everyone who participated in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024|2024 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees election]]. Close to 6000 community members from more than 180 wiki projects have voted. The following four candidates were the most voted: # [[User:Kritzolina|Christel Steigenberger]] # [[User:Nadzik|Maciej Artur Nadzikiewicz]] # [[User:Victoria|Victoria Doronina]] # [[User:Laurentius|Lorenzo Losa]] While these candidates have been ranked through the vote, they still need to be appointed to the Board of Trustees. They need to pass a successful background check and meet the qualifications outlined in the Bylaws. New trustees will be appointed at the next Board meeting in December 2024. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2024/Results|Learn more about the results on Meta-Wiki.]] Best regards, The Elections Committee and Board Selection Working Group <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:MPossoupe_(WMF)|MPossoupe_(WMF)]] 08:25, 14 October 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:MPossoupe (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Seeking volunteers to join several of the movement’s committees</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Each year, typically from October through December, several of the movement’s committees seek new volunteers. Read more about the committees on their Meta-wiki pages: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee (AffCom)]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ombuds_commission|Ombuds commission (OC)]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Community Resilience and Sustainability/Trust and Safety/Case Review Committee|Case Review Committee (CRC)]] Applications for the committees open on 16 October 2024. Applications for the Affiliations Committee close on 18 November 2024, and applications for the Ombuds commission and the Case Review Committee close on 2 December 2024. Learn how to apply by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation/Legal/Committee_appointments|visiting the appointment page on Meta-wiki]]. Post to the talk page or email [mailto:cst@wikimedia.org cst@wikimedia.org] with any questions you may have. For the Committee Support team, <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 23:08, 16 October 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27601062 --> == 'Wikidata item' link is moving, finally. == Hello everyone, I previously wrote on the 27th September to advise that the ''Wikidata item'' sitelink will change places in the sidebar menu, moving from the '''General''' section into the '''In Other Projects''' section. The scheduled rollout date of 04.10.2024 was delayed due to a necessary request for Mobile/MinervaNeue skin. I am happy to inform that the global rollout can now proceed and will occur later today, 22.10.2024 at 15:00 UTC-2. [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|Please let us know]] if you notice any problems or bugs after this change. There should be no need for null-edits or purging cache for the changes to occur. Kind regards, -[[m:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 11:28, 22 October 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&oldid=27535421 --> == Proposal to enable the "Contribute" entry point in Scots Wikipedia == {{Int:Hello}} Scots Wikipedians, Apologies as this message is not in your language. {{Int:please-translate}}. The [[mediawikiwiki:Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization|WMF Language and Product Localization]] team proposes enabling an entry point called "Contribute" to your Wikipedia. The [[:bn:বিশেষ:Contribute|Contribute]] entry point is based on collaborative work with other product teams in the Wikimedia Foundation on [[mediawikiwiki:Edit_Discovery|Edit discovery]], which validated the entry point as a persistent and constant path that contributors took to discover ways to contribute content in Wikipedia. Therefore, enabling this entry point in your Wikipedia will help contributors quickly discover available tools and immediately click to start using them. This entry point is designed to be a central point for discovering contribution tools in Scots Wikipedia. '''Who can access it''' Once it is enabled in your Wikipedia, newcomers can access the entry point automatically by just logging into their account, click on the User drop-down menu and choose the "Contribute" icon, which takes you to another menu where you will find a self-guided description of what you can do to contribute content, as shown in the image below. An option to "view contributions" is also available to access the list of your contributions. [[File:Mobile_Contribute_Page.png|link=https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:Mobile_Contribute_Page.png|Mobile Contribute Page]] [[File:Mobile_contribute_menu_(detailed).png|link=https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:Mobile_contribute_menu_(detailed).png|Mobile contribute menu (detailed)]] For experienced contributors, the Contribute icon is not automatically shown in their User drop-down menu. They will still see the "Contributions" option unless they change it to the "Contribute" manually. This feature is available in four Wikipedia (Albanian, Malayalam, Mongolian, and Tagalog). We have gotten valuable feedback that helped us improve its discoverability. Now, it is ready to be enabled in other Wikis. One major improvement was to [[phab:T369041|make the entry point optional for experienced contributors]] who still want to have the "Contributions" entry point as default.           We plan to enable it '''on mobile''' for Wikis, where the Section translation tool is enabled. In this way, we will provide a main entry point to the mobile translation dashboard, and the exposure can still be limited by targeting only the mobile platform for now. If there are no objections to having the entry point for mobile users from your community, we will enable it by 9th November 2024. We welcome your feedback and questions in this thread on our proposal to enable it here. Suppose there are no objections, we will deploy the "Contribute" entry point in your Wikipedia. We look forward to your response soon. Thank you! On behalf of the WMF Language and Product Localization team. [[Uiser:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Uiser collogue:UOzurumba (WMF)|tauk]]) 02:17, 24 October 2024 (UTC) == Final Reminder: Join us in Making Wiki Loves Ramadan Success == Dear all, We’re thrilled to announce the Wiki Loves Ramadan event, a global initiative to celebrate Ramadan by enhancing Wikipedia and its sister projects with valuable content related to this special time of year. As we organize this event globally, we need your valuable input to make it a memorable experience for the community. Last Call to Participate in Our Survey: To ensure that Wiki Loves Ramadan is inclusive and impactful, we kindly request you to complete our community engagement survey. Your feedback will shape the event’s focus and guide our organizing strategies to better meet community needs. * Survey Link: [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSffN4prPtR5DRSq9nH-t1z8hG3jZFBbySrv32YoxV8KbTwxig/viewform?usp=sf_link Complete the Survey] * Deadline: November 10, 2024 Please take a few minutes to share your thoughts. Your input will truly make a difference! '''Volunteer Opportunity''': Join the Wiki Loves Ramadan Team! We’re seeking dedicated volunteers for key team roles essential to the success of this initiative. If you’re interested in volunteer roles, we invite you to apply. * Application Link: [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfXiox_eEDH4yJ0gxVBgtL7jPe41TINAWYtpNp1JHSk8zhdgw/viewform?usp=sf_link Apply Here] * Application Deadline: October 31, 2024 Explore Open Positions: For a detailed list of roles and their responsibilities, please refer to the position descriptions here: [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1oy0_tilC6kow5GGf6cEuFvdFpekcubCqJlaxkxh-jT4/ Position Descriptions] Thank you for being part of this journey. We look forward to working together to make Wiki Loves Ramadan a success! Warm regards,<br> The Wiki Loves Ramadan Organizing Team 05:12, 29 October 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=27568454 --> == Winter 2024 Writin Drive == Jyne us in sortin oot an impruivin the Wiki! 25 Nov - 1 Dec, Zoom sessions 25 & 28 Nov. The theme is Scots & Irish Social Venues & Events. [[Wikipedia:Winter 2024 Writin Drive|Mair info here.]] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 11:01, 18 November 2024 (UTC) == Sign up for the language community meeting on November 29th, 16:00 UTC == Hello everyone, The next language community meeting is coming up next week, on November 29th, at 16:00 UTC (Zonestamp! For your timezone <https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1732896000>). If you're interested in joining, you can sign up on this wiki page: <https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community_meetings#29_November_2024>. This participant-driven meeting will be organized by the Wikimedia Foundation’s Language Product Localization team and the Language Diversity Hub. There will be presentations on topics like developing language keyboards, the creation of the Moore Wikipedia, and the language support track at Wiki Indaba. We will also have members from the Wayuunaiki community joining us to share their experiences with the Incubator and as a new community within our movement. This meeting will have a Spanish interpretation. Looking forward to seeing you at the language community meeting! Cheers, [[User:SSethi (WMF)|Srishti]] 19:54, 21 November 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:SSethi (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27746256 --> == Featurt Pictur == Am wantin tae gie a haun wi pittin on the featurt pictur fur the front page. Are thare ony guidelines a hiv tae abide bi an whaur coud a fun eemages tae pit on? Is thare a candidate leet? -[[Uiser:Cobra 3000|Cobra!]] ([[Uiser collogue:Cobra 3000|tauk]]) 20:00, 25 November 2024 (UTC) :Jist summat aat ye hink leuks gweed. A'd ask aat ye pick summat aat haes ae hauf decent airticle on here, wid raither nae hae reid airtins on the front page (he seys, ignorin the twa reid templates on the front page). Anither hing, we kin prolly dae awa wi the OTD section. Naebidy wints ti maintain it an it's mair ae hudower fae blindly copyin enwiki [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 20:09, 25 November 2024 (UTC) ::A’d comment it oot until we kin fun someb'dy thit is willin tae wirk on it. -[[Uiser:Cobra 3000|Cobra!]] ([[Uiser collogue:Cobra 3000|tauk]]) 02:31, 26 November 2024 (UTC) ::One way to make "on this day" easier is to use the day of the year pages, and the <nowiki><onlyinclude></nowiki> tag. I've done this quickly for 14 December. I could potentially do all the days of the year, maybe includin just those entries which have no red links apart from years. [[Uiser:Rich Farmbrough|Rich Farmbrough]] ([[Uiser collogue:Rich Farmbrough|tauk]]) == My Sincerest Thanks == I apologize for not writing this in the commonly used dialect, but I find I am incapable of it. That's besides my point. I am (or at least consider myself to be) a rookie Voice Actor, and have to learn a variety of accents to accommodate different voices. The way this site is written has helped me greatly by visualizing the pronunciation of the Scottish accent, and has actually landed me a potential job. Thanks, - [[Uiser:Shovel Shenanigans|Shovel Shenanigans]] ([[Uiser collogue:Shovel Shenanigans|tauk]]) 01:50, 15 December 2024 (UTC) == Launching! Join Us for Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025! == Dear All, We’re happy to announce the launch of [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025|Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025]], an annual international campaign dedicated to celebrating and preserving Islamic cultures and history through the power of Wikipedia. As an active contributor to the Local Wikipedia, you are specially invited to participate in the launch. This year’s campaign will be launched for you to join us write, edit, and improve articles that showcase the richness and diversity of Islamic traditions, history, and culture. * Topic: [[m:Event:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 Campaign Launch|Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 Campaign Launch]] * When: Jan 19, 2025 * Time: 16:00 Universal Time UTC and runs throughout Ramadan (starting February 25, 2025). * Join Zoom Meeting: https://us02web.zoom.us/j/88420056597?pwd=NdrpqIhrwAVPeWB8FNb258n7qngqqo.1 * Zoom meeting hosted by [[m:Wikimedia Bangladesh|Wikimedia Bangladesh]] To get started, visit the [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025|campaign page]] for details, resources, and guidelines: Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025. Add [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Participant|your community here]], and organized Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 in your local language. Whether you’re a first-time editor or an experienced Wikipedian, your contributions matter. Together, we can ensure Islamic cultures and traditions are well-represented and accessible to all. Feel free to invite your community and friends too. Kindly reach out if you have any questions or need support as you prepare to participate. Let’s make Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 a success! For the [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Team|International Team]] 12:08, 16 Januar 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=27568454 --> == Universal Code of Conduct annual review: provide your comments on the UCoC and Enforcement Guidelines == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> My apologies for writing in English. {{Int:Please-translate}}. I am writing to you to let you know the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines is open now. You can make suggestions for changes through 3 February 2025. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]]. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 01:11, 24 Januar 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27746256 --> == Februar writin drive - 3-9 Februar == {{en}} Afternoon folks, a wee reminder that the next Writin Drive takes place next week (3-9th), with Zoom sessions taking place Monday 3 & Thursday 6. Edit any time during the week and sign up for the Dashboard to log your edits! We're focussing again on articles with the "Fix Scots" tab. [[Wikipedia:Februar 2025 Writin Drive||Mair info & sign up here.]] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 13:57, 27 Januar 2025 (UTC) == Feminism and Folklore 2025 starts soon == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2025 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]] ::<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <center>''{{int:please-translate}}''</center> Dear Wiki Community, You are humbly invited to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025|Feminism and Folklore 2025]]''' writing competition from February 1, 2025, to March 31, 2025 on your local Wikipedia. This year, Feminism and Folklore will focus on feminism, women's issues, and gender-focused topics for the project, with a [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025|Wiki Loves Folklore]] gender gap focus and a folk culture theme on Wikipedia. You can help Wikipedia's coverage of folklore from your area by writing or improving articles about things like folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, women and queer folklore figures, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklore, witches and witch hunting, fairy tales, and more. Users can help create new articles, expand or translate from a generated list of suggested articles. Organisers are requested to work on the following action items to sign up their communities for the project: # Create a page for the contest on the local wiki. # Set up a campaign on '''CampWiz''' tool. # Create the local list and mention the timeline and local and international prizes. # Request local admins for site notice. # Link the local page and the CampWiz link on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025/Project Page|meta project page]]. This year, the Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced two new tools to enhance support for the campaign. These tools include the '''Article List Generator by Topic''' and '''CampWiz'''. The Article List Generator by Topic enables users to identify articles on the English Wikipedia that are not present in their native language Wikipedia. Users can customize their selection criteria, and the tool will present a table showcasing the missing articles along with suggested titles. Additionally, users have the option to download the list in both CSV and wikitable formats. Notably, the CampWiz tool will be employed for the project for the first time, empowering users to effectively host the project with a jury. Both tools are now available for use in the campaign. [https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ '''Click here to access these tools'''] Learn more about the contest and prizes on our [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025|project page]]. Feel free to contact us on our [[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2025/Project Page|meta talk page]] or by email us if you need any assistance. We look forward to your immense coordination. Thank you and Best wishes, '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025|Feminism and Folklore 2025 International Team]]''' ::::Stay connected [[File:B&W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&nbsp; [[File:B&W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]] </div></div> --[[Uiser:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Uiser collogue:MediaWiki message delivery|tauk]]) 02:36, 29 Januar 2025 (UTC) == Wiki Loves Folklore is back! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{int:please-translate}} [[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]] Dear Wiki Community, You are humbly invited to participate in the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025|Wiki Loves Folklore 2025]]''' an international media contest organized on Wikimedia Commons to document folklore and intangible cultural heritage from different regions, including, folk creative activities and many more. It is held every year from the '''1st till the 31st''' of March. You can help in enriching the folklore documentation on Commons from your region by taking photos, audios, videos, and [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UploadWizard&campaign=wlf_2025 submitting] them in this commons contest. You can also [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025/Organize|organize a local contest]] in your country and support us in translating the [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025/Translations|project pages]] to help us spread the word in your native language. Feel free to contact us on our [[:c:Commons talk:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025|project Talk page]] if you need any assistance. '''Kind regards,''' '''Wiki loves Folklore International Team''' --[[Uiser:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Uiser collogue:MediaWiki message delivery|tauk]]) 02:36, 29 Januar 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=26503019 --> == Reminder: first part of the annual UCoC review closes soon == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> My apologies for writing in English. {{Int:Please-translate}}. This is a reminder that the first phase of the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines will be closing soon. You can make suggestions for changes through [[d:Q614092|the end of day]], 3 February 2025. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]]. After review of the feedback, proposals for updated text will be published on Meta in March for another round of community review. Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 00:48, 3 Februar 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28198931 --> == Temporar adminship fur Pigsonthewing == A'm requestin aat [[Uiser:Pigsonthewing]] be gien temporar (1 month) adminship here. Pigsonthewing is ae admin on Wikispecies sae haes experience wi the tuils an haes been helpin wi coontervandalism here durin ma absence (taggin spam an makkin uiss o rowback tuils), an haein the fu reeng o tuils wid help them deal wi spam an vandalism an mak siccart aat scowiki disna gang unner whiles a'm gane [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 02:58, 4 Februar 2025 (UTC) '''Comment''' - A'm pittin iss here insteid ae at [[WP:RFA]] as iss is meant as a temporar caretakkin meisur raither nor ae lang term prospeck [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 02:58, 4 Februar 2025 (UTC) :'''Aye''' (en) I know @[[Uiser:Pigsonthewing|Pigsonthewing]] through my paid work wearing my @[[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] hat; supporting as a volunteer. [[Uiser:Lirazelf|Lirazelf]] ([[Uiser collogue:Lirazelf|tauk]]) 10:08, 4 Februar 2025 (UTC) : Thank you. Confirming I'm happy to serve in this role. [[Uiser:Pigsonthewing|Pigsonthewing]] ([[Uiser collogue:Pigsonthewing|tauk]]) 10:22, 4 Februar 2025 (UTC) : '''Support''' [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 20:29, 4 Februar 2025 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr"> Upcoming Language Community Meeting (Feb 28th, 14:00 UTC) and Newsletter</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="message"/> Hello everyone! [[File:WP20Symbols WIKI INCUBATOR.svg|right|frameless|150x150px|alt=An image symbolising multiple languages]] We’re excited to announce that the next '''Language Community Meeting''' is happening soon, '''February 28th at 14:00 UTC'''! If you’d like to join, simply sign up on the '''[[mw:Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community_meetings#28_February_2025|wiki page]]'''. This is a participant-driven meeting where we share updates on language-related projects, discuss technical challenges in language wikis, and collaborate on solutions. In our last meeting, we covered topics like developing language keyboards, creating the Moore Wikipedia, and updates from the language support track at Wiki Indaba. '''Got a topic to share?''' Whether it’s a technical update from your project, a challenge you need help with, or a request for interpretation support, we’d love to hear from you! Feel free to '''reply to this message''' or add agenda items to the document '''[[etherpad:p/language-community-meeting-feb-2025|here]]'''. Also, we wanted to highlight that the sixth edition of the Language & Internationalization newsletter (January 2025) is available here: [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/January|Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/January]]. This newsletter provides updates from the October–December 2024 quarter on new feature development, improvements in various language-related technical projects and support efforts, details about community meetings, and ideas for contributing to projects. To stay updated, you can subscribe to the newsletter on its wiki page: [[:mw:Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter|Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter]]. We look forward to your ideas and participation at the language community meeting, see you there! <section end="message"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 08:29, 22 Februar 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:SSethi (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28217779 --> == Mairch Writin Drive - 24-30 Mairch == Jyne us in sortin oot an impruivin the Wiki, 24-30 Mairch! Fur this event, we'll be sortin oot the airticles wi the fix_scots template. Zooms - 24 & 27 Mairch, 6-8pm UTC. Mair info [[Wikipedia:Mairch 2025 Writin Drive|here.]] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 15:23, 25 Februar 2025 (UTC) == Universal Code of Conduct annual review: proposed changes are available for comment == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> My apologies for writing in English. {{Int:Please-translate}}. I am writing to you to let you know that [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/Proposed_Changes|proposed changes]] to the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC) Enforcement Guidelines]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) Charter]] are open for review. '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/Proposed_Changes|You can provide feedback on suggested changes]]''' through the [[d:Q614092|end of day]] on Tuesday, 18 March 2025. This is the second step in the annual review process, the final step will be community voting on the proposed changes. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find relevant links about the process on the UCoC annual review page on Meta]]. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] 18:51, 7 Mairch 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28307738 --> == An improved dashboard for the Content Translation tool == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{Int:hello}} Wikipedians, Apologies as this message is not in your language, {{Int:please-translate}}. The [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization|Language and Product Localization team]] has improved the [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en&to=es Content Translation dashboard] to create a consistent experience for all contributors using mobile and desktop devices. The improved translation dashboard allows all logged-in users of the tool to enjoy a consistent experience regardless of their type of device. With a harmonized experience, logged-in desktop users now have access to the capabilities shown in the image below. [[file:Content_Translation_new-dashboard.png|alt=|center|thumb|576x576px|Notice that in this screenshot, the new dashboard allows: Users to adjust suggestions with the "For you" and "...More" buttons to select general topics or community-created collections (like the example of Climate topic).  Also, users can use translation to create new articles (as before) and expand existing articles section by section. You can see how suggestions are provided in the new dashboard  in two groups ("Create new pages" and "Expand with new sections")-one for each activity.]] [[File:Content_Translation_dashboard_on_desktop.png|alt=|center|thumb|577x577px|In the current dashboard, you will notice that you can't adjust suggestions to select topics or community-created collections. Also, you can't expand on existing articles by translating new sections.]] We will implement [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation#Improved translation experience|this improvement]] on your wiki '''on Monday, March 17th, 2025''' and remove the current dashboard '''by May 2025'''. Please reach out with any questions concerning the dashboard in this thread. Thank you! On behalf of the Language and Product Localization team. </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> 02:56, 13 Mairch 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/sandbox_CX_Unified_dashboard_announcement_list_1&oldid=28382282 --> == Yer wiki will be in raed-anerly suin == <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Raed iss message in anither leid]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedie Foondation]] will be switchin the traffec atween its data centres. Iss will mak shuir that Wikipaedia an the ither Wikimedie wiki kin stey onwab e'en efter a muckle mishanterin. Aw traffec will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2025-03-19|sco}}'''. The test will stert at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2025-03-19T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2025-03-19T14:00}}]'''. Unfortunate, acause o some leemits in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MedieWiki]], aw editin maun stap whiles the switch is makit. We apologise fur iss disruption, an we ar wirkin tae minimise it in futur. Ae banner will be shawn on aw wikis 30 meenits afore iss operation happens. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation.</span> '''Ye will be able tae raed, but nae edit, aa wikis fur ae smaa period o time.''' *Ye willnae be able tae edit fur up til ae oor on {{#time:l j xg Y|2025-03-19|sco}}. *If ye try tae edit or hain durin thir times, ye will be gien ae error message. We howp that nae edits will gang astray durin the meenits but we canna mak shuir o'it. Gin ye see the error message, then please wait til athing is back tae normal. Then ye sud be able tae mak hain o yer edit. But, we recommend that ye mak a copy o yer chynges aforehaund, juist in case. ''Ither effecks'': *Backgroond tasks will be slaw an some micht drap. Reid airtins minna be updatit as quick as normal. Gin ye mak ae airticle that is awreidy airtint elsewyes, the airtin will remain reid fur langer nor uisual. Some lang-rinnin scripts will hae tae stap. * We expect the code deployments tae happen as wi ony ither week. Houaniver, some case-by-case code freezes cud happen gin the operation needs thaim efterwarts. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] willnae be available fur aboot 90 meenits. Iss projeck micht be pit aff gin needit. Ye kin [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Ony chynges will be annoonced in the schedule. '''Please share iss information wi yer commonity.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:14, 14 Mairch 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=28307742 --> == Final proposed modifications to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter now posted == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> The proposed modifications to the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines]] and the U4C Charter [[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/2025/Proposed_Changes|are now on Meta-wiki for community notice]] in advance of the voting period. This final draft was developed from the previous two rounds of community review. Community members will be able to vote on these modifications starting on 17 April 2025. The vote will close on 1 May 2025, and results will be announced no later than 12 May 2025. The U4C election period, starting with a call for candidates, will open immediately following the announcement of the review results. More information will be posted on [[m:Special:MyLanguage//Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election|the wiki page for the election]] soon. Please be advised that this process will require more messages to be sent here over the next two months. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 02:04, 4 Apryle 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28469465 --> == Mey-Juin Writin Drive - 26 Mey - 1 Juin == Jyne us in sortin oot an impruivin the Wiki, 26 Mey - 1 Juin! Fur this event, we'll be sortin oot the airticles wi the fix_scots template. Zooms - 27 & 29 Mey, 6-8pm UTC+1 (BST) [[Wikipedia:Mey-Juin 2025 Writin Drive|Mair info here.]] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 12:34, 15 Apryle 2025 (UTC) == Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025: Invitation == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:UCDM 2025 general.png|180px|right]] {{int:please-translate}} Hello, dear Wikipedians!<br/> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the fifth edition of writing challenge "'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''", which lasts from '''14th April''' until '''16th May 2025'''. The campaign is dedicated to famous Ukrainian artists of cinema, music, literature, architecture, design, and cultural phenomena of Ukraine that are now part of world heritage. We accept contributions in every language! The most active contesters will receive prizes. If you are interested in coordinating long-term community engagement for the campaign and becoming a local ambassador, we would love to hear from you! Please let us know your interest. <br/> We invite you to take part and help us improve the coverage of Ukrainian culture on Wikipedia in your language! Also, we plan to set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in such a challenge! [[:m:User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|talk]]) </div> 16:11, 16 Apryle 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Hide on Rosé@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:OlesiaLukaniuk_(WMUA)/list_of_wikis&oldid=28552112 --> == Vote now on the revised UCoC Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> The voting period for the revisions to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines ("UCoC EG") and the UCoC's Coordinating Committee Charter is open now through the end of 1 May (UTC) ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746162000 find in your time zone]). [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/2025/Voter_information|Read the information on how to participate and read over the proposal before voting]] on the UCoC page on Meta-wiki. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review of the EG and Charter was planned and implemented by the U4C. Further information will be provided in the coming months about the review of the UCoC itself. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well. In cooperation with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 00:34, 17 Apryle 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28469465 --> == Sub-referencing: User testing == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Sub-referencing reuse visual.png|400px|right]] <small>''Apologies for writing in English, please help us by providing a translation below''</small> Hi I’m Johannes from [[:m:Wikimedia Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland]]'s [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes team]]. We are making great strides with the new [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-referencing feature]] and we’d love to invite you to take part in two activities to help us move this work further: #'''Try it out and share your feedback''' #:[[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing# Test the prototype|Please try]] the updated ''wikitext'' feature [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Sub-referencing on the beta wiki] and let us know what you think, either [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|on our talk page]] or by [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/talktotechwish booking a call] with our UX researcher. #'''Get a sneak peak and help shape the ''Visual Editor'' user designs''' #:Help us test the new design prototypes by participating in user sessions – [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/gxk0taud/apply sign up here to receive an invite]. We're especially hoping to speak with people from underrepresented and diverse groups. If that's you, please consider signing up! No prior or extensive editing experience is required. User sessions will start ''May 14th''. We plan to bring this feature to Wikimedia wikis later this year. We’ll reach out to wikis for piloting in time for deployments. Creators and maintainers of reference-related tools and templates will be contacted beforehand as well. Thank you very much for your support and encouragement so far in helping bring this feature to life! </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|Johannes Richter (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|talk]])</bdi> 15:03, 28 Apryle 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johannes_Richter_(WMDE)/Sub-referencing/massmessage_list&oldid=28628657 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Vote on proposed modifications to the UCoC Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> The voting period for the revisions to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter closes on 1 May 2025 at 23:59 UTC ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746162000 find in your time zone]). [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2025/Voter information|Read the information on how to participate and read over the proposal before voting]] on the UCoC page on Meta-wiki. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this message with members of your community in your language, as appropriate, so they can participate as well. In cooperation with the U4C -- <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 03:41, 29 Apryle 2025 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28618011 --> == Celtic Knot 2025 survey == {{en}} Sorry not to be able to send this in Scots - message below in Welsh and English. (Gweler isod ar gyfer y Gymraeg) We are planning an online community meeting later this year for [[metawiki:Celtic_Knot_Conference_2024|Celtic Knot]] (a conference celebrating minority languages). We would love to hear from you what you would like to see. We have created a small questionnaire to find out what was successful at Celtic Knot 2024 and what you would like to see this year. The survey is open to people who attended the conference last year and people who are interested in coming to an online community meeting this year. To participate, go to https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdBlgi-0XNjjgh9HCQsy7KQWJo4qhfJmCGtQjwFI4WWYipaMA/viewform?usp=dialog. The survey is also available in [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSccsyMDUDFYush1oBasvulH4Vsjp0hubrKS_9u_73LCVtbJ0Q/viewform?usp=dialog Welsh] or [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScN6IBXfAUowjhQ4Uc6-_SZXUMJ9Mtp-iUgX5thg8bPHOGA-A/viewform?usp=dialog Irish]. (See above for English) Rydym gynllunio ar gyfer cyfarfod cymunedol ar-lein yn ddiweddarach eleni ar gyfer [[metawiki:Celtic_Knot_Conference_2024/cy|Celtic Knot]] (cynhadledd sy’n dathlu ieithoedd lleiafrifol). Byddem wrth ein bodd yn dysgu oddi wrthych beth hoffech chi ei weld. Rydym wedi creu holiadur bach i ddysgu beth roedd yn llwyddiannus yn Celtic Knot 2024 a beth hoffech chi weld eleni. Mae’r arolwg yn agor i bobol sydd wedi mynychu’r gynhadledd llynedd a phobl gyda diddordeb am ddod i gyfarfod cymunedol ar-lein eleni. I gymryd rhan, ewch i https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSccsyMDUDFYush1oBasvulH4Vsjp0hubrKS_9u_73LCVtbJ0Q/viewform?usp=dialog [[Uiser:Gemma Coleman (WMUK)|Gemma Coleman (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Gemma Coleman (WMUK)|tauk]]) 08:56, 17 Apryle 2025 (UTC) :The above survey will close on the '''15th May.''' The survey is available in [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdBlgi-0XNjjgh9HCQsy7KQWJo4qhfJmCGtQjwFI4WWYipaMA/viewform?usp=dialog English], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1BXYa7c6-9R4ZAeJFltPQSGw0OcnZbbz-b080wKpFAlI/edit Welsh] and [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1pyqryilEEymj7TpqEHQXEMHKZgCPRmDnH77oPCekqwQ/edit Irish] however if for any reason the survey isn't accessible for you, you are very welcome to email me (gemma.coleman@wikimedia.org.uk) to share your thoughts or discuss more accessible ways to have your say. :Mae'r holiadur uchod yn cau ar y 15fed Mai. Mae'r holiadur yn ar gael yn [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdBlgi-0XNjjgh9HCQsy7KQWJo4qhfJmCGtQjwFI4WWYipaMA/viewform?usp=dialog Saesneg], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1BXYa7c6-9R4ZAeJFltPQSGw0OcnZbbz-b080wKpFAlI/edit Cymraeg] a [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1pyqryilEEymj7TpqEHQXEMHKZgCPRmDnH77oPCekqwQ/edit Gwyddelig] ond os mae'r holiadur ddim yn hygyrch amdanoch chi am unrhyw reswm, mae croeso mawr i chi anfon e-bost i fi (gemma.coleman@wikimedia.org.uk) i rannu eich barn neu drafod am ffyrdd well i chi cael eich dweud. [[Uiser:Gemma Coleman (WMUK)|Gemma Coleman (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Gemma Coleman (WMUK)|tauk]]) 10:13, 6 Mey 2025 (UTC) == We will be enabling the new Charts extension on your wiki soon! == ''(Apologies for posting in English)'' Hi all! We have good news to share regarding the ongoing problem with graphs and charts affecting all wikis that use them. As you probably know, the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|old Graph extension]] was disabled in 2023 [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EWL4AGBEZEDMNNFTM4FRD4MHOU3CVESO/|due to security reasons]]. We’ve worked in these two years to find a solution that could replace the old extension, and provide a safer and better solution to users who wanted to showcase graphs and charts in their articles. We therefore developed the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Charts extension]], which will be replacing the old Graph extension and potentially also the [[:mw:Extension:EasyTimeline|EasyTimeline extension]]. After successfully deploying the extension on Italian, Swedish, and Hebrew Wikipedia, as well as on MediaWiki.org, as part of a pilot phase, we are now happy to announce that we are moving forward with the next phase of deployment, which will also include your wiki. The deployment will happen in batches, and will start from '''May 6'''. Please, consult [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project#Deployment Timeline|our page on MediaWiki.org]] to discover when the new Charts extension will be deployed on your wiki. You can also [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|consult the documentation]] about the extension on MediaWiki.org. If you have questions, need clarifications, or just want to express your opinion about it, please refer to the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension_talk:Chart/Project|project’s talk page on Mediawiki.org]], or ping me directly under this thread. If you encounter issues using Charts once it gets enabled on your wiki, please report it on the [[:mw:Extension_talk:Chart/Project|talk page]] or at [[phab:tag/charts|Phabricator]]. Thank you in advance! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:07, 6 Mey 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Sannita_(WMF)/Mass_sending_test&oldid=28663781 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Call for Candidates for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> The results of voting on the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) Charter is [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2025#Results|available on Meta-wiki]]. You may now [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025/Candidates|submit your candidacy to serve on the U4C]] through 29 May 2025 at 12:00 UTC. Information about [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025|eligibility, process, and the timeline are on Meta-wiki]]. Voting on candidates will open on 1 June 2025 and run for two weeks, closing on 15 June 2025 at 12:00 UTC. If you have any questions, you can ask on [[m:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025|the discussion page for the election]]. -- in cooperation with the U4C, </div><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|Collogue]])</bdi> 22:07, 15 Mey 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28618011 --> == Mey-Juin 2025 Writin Drive == Jyne us in sortin oot an impruivin the Wiki! 26 Mey - 1 Juin - mair info - [[Wikipedia:Mey-Juin 2025 Writin Drive|Mey-Juin 2025 Writin Drive]] Thare ur '''2450''' articles on the wiki thit are still tagged as needin thair Scots sortit, an '''1480''' (25 Mairch 2025) o'aim ur stubs. Mony o thaim are juist a coople o lines lang, so we'v got a really guid opportunity here tae dae a big dent in that nummer! [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 14:41, 21 Mey 2025 (UTC) == RfC ongoing regarding Abstract Wikipedia (and your project) == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> ''(Apologies for posting in English, if this is not your first language)'' Hello all! We opened a discussion on Meta about a very delicate issue for the development of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia|Abstract Wikipedia]]: where to store the abstract content that will be developed through functions from Wikifunctions and data from Wikidata. Since some of the hypothesis involve your project, we wanted to hear your thoughts too. We want to make the decision process clear: we do not yet know which option we want to use, which is why we are consulting here. We will take the arguments from the Wikimedia communities into account, and we want to consult with the different communities and hear arguments that will help us with the decision. The decision will be made and communicated after the consultation period by the Foundation. You can read the various hypothesis and have your say at [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content|Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content]]. Thank you in advance! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|<span class="signature-talk">{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}</span>]]) 15:27, 22 Mey 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Sannita_(WMF)/Mass_sending_test&oldid=28768453 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees 2025 Selection & Call for Questions</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Selection announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Selection announcement}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Dear all, This year, the term of 2 (two) Community- and Affiliate-selected Trustees on the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees will come to an end [1]. The Board invites the whole movement to participate in this year’s selection process and vote to fill those seats. The Elections Committee will oversee this process with support from Foundation staff [2]. The Governance Committee, composed of trustees who are not candidates in the 2025 community-and-affiliate-selected trustee selection process (Raju Narisetti, Shani Evenstein Sigalov, Lorenzo Losa, Kathy Collins, Victoria Doronina and Esra’a Al Shafei) [3], is tasked with providing Board oversight for the 2025 trustee selection process and for keeping the Board informed. More details on the roles of the Elections Committee, Board, and staff are here [4]. Here are the key planned dates: * May 22 – June 5: Announcement (this communication) and call for questions period [6] * June 17 – July 1, 2025: Call for candidates * July 2025: If needed, affiliates vote to shortlist candidates if more than 10 apply [5] * August 2025: Campaign period * August – September 2025: Two-week community voting period * October – November 2025: Background check of selected candidates * Board’s Meeting in December 2025: New trustees seated Learn more about the 2025 selection process - including the detailed timeline, the candidacy process, the campaign rules, and the voter eligibility criteria - on this Meta-wiki page [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025|[link]]]. '''Call for Questions''' In each selection process, the community has the opportunity to submit questions for the Board of Trustees candidates to answer. The Election Committee selects questions from the list developed by the community for the candidates to answer. Candidates must answer all the required questions in the application in order to be eligible; otherwise their application will be disqualified. This year, the Election Committee will select 5 questions for the candidates to answer. The selected questions may be a combination of what’s been submitted from the community, if they’re alike or related. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Questions_for_candidates|[link]]] '''Election Volunteers''' Another way to be involved with the 2025 selection process is to be an Election Volunteer. Election Volunteers are a bridge between the Elections Committee and their respective community. They help ensure their community is represented and mobilize them to vote. Learn more about the program and how to join on this Meta-wiki page [[m:Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Election_volunteers|[link].]] Thank you! [1] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Results [2] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Committee:Elections_Committee_Charter [3] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Resolution:Committee_Membership,_December_2024 [4] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections_committee/Roles [5] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/FAQ [6] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Questions_for_candidates Best regards, Victoria Doronina Board Liaison to the Elections Committee Governance Committee<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[Uiser:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Uiser collogue:MediaWiki message delivery|tauk]]) 03:08, 28 Mey 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28618011 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr"> Upcoming Deployment of the CampaignEvents Extension</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="message"/> Hello everyone, ''(Apologies for posting in English if English is not your first language. Please help translate to your language.)'' The Campaigns Product Team is planning a global deployment of the '''[[:mw:Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]]''' to all Wikipedias, including this wiki, during the '''week of June 23rd'''. This extension is designed to help organizers plan and manage events, WikiProjects, and other on-wiki collaborations - and to make these efforts more discoverable. The three main features of this extension are: * '''[[:m:Event_Center/Registration|Event Registration]]''': A simple way to sign up for events on the wiki. * '''[[:m:CampaignEvents/Collaboration_list|Collaboration List]]''': A global list of events and a local list of WikiProjects, accessible at '''[[:m:Special:AllEvents|Special:AllEvents]]'''. * '''[[:m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Invitation_list|Invitation Lists]]''': A tool to help organizers find editors who might want to join, based on their past contributions. '''Note''': The extension comes with a new user right called '''"Event Organizer"''', which will be managed by administrators on this wiki. Organizer tools like Event Registration and Invitation Lists will only work if someone is granted this right. The Collaboration List is available to everyone immediately after deployment. The extension is already live on several wikis, including '''Meta, Wikidata, English Wikipedia''', and more ( [[m:CampaignEvents/Deployment_status#Current_Deployment_Status_for_CampaignEvents_extension| See the full deployment list]]) If you have any questions, concerns, or feedback, please feel free to share them on the [[m:Talk:CampaignEvents| extension talkpage]]. We’d love to hear from you before the rollout. Thank you! <section end="message"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:Udehb-WMF|Udehb-WMF]] ([[User talk:Udehb-WMF|Collogue]]) 16:47, 29 Mey 2025 (UTC)</bdi> <!-- Message sent by User:Udehb-WMF@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Udehb-WMF/sandbox/deployment_audience&oldid=28803829 --> == Vote now in the 2025 U4C Election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Apologies for writing in English. {{Int:Please-translate}} Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2025 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2025|2025 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 17 June 2025 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1750161600 12:00 UTC]. Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 1 July 2025. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 23:01, 13 Juin 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28848819 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees 2025 - Call for Candidates</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Call for candidates|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Call for candidates}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div> Hello all, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025|call for candidates for the 2025 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees selection is now open]] from June 17, 2025 – July 2, 2025 at 11:59 UTC [1]. The Board of Trustees oversees the Wikimedia Foundation's work, and each Trustee serves a three-year term [2]. This is a volunteer position. This year, the Wikimedia community will vote in late August through September 2025 to fill two (2) seats on the Foundation Board. Could you – or someone you know – be a good fit to join the Wikimedia Foundation's Board of Trustees? [3] Learn more about what it takes to stand for these leadership positions and how to submit your candidacy on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Candidate application|this Meta-wiki page]] or encourage someone else to run in this year's election. Best regards, Abhishek Suryawanshi<br /> Chair of the Elections Committee On behalf of the Elections Committee and Governance Committee [1] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Call_for_candidates [2] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Bylaws#(B)_Term. [3] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Resources_for_candidates<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[Uiser:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Uiser collogue:MediaWiki message delivery|tauk]]) 17:44, 17 Juin 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28866958 --> == Adminship votin open == {{en}} Wee note to say that there's an RfA (request for adminship) now open here: [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship]]. [[Uiser:Lirazelf|Lirazelf]] ([[Uiser collogue:Lirazelf|tauk]]) 09:57, 25 Juin 2025 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Sister Projects Task Force reviews Wikispore and Wikinews</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="message"/> Dear Wikimedia Community, The [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee|Community Affairs Committee (CAC)]] of the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees assigned [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Sister Projects Task Force|the Sister Projects Task Force (SPTF)]] to update and implement a procedure for assessing the lifecycle of Sister Projects – wiki [[m:Wikimedia projects|projects supported by Wikimedia Foundation (WMF)]]. A vision of relevant, accessible, and impactful free knowledge has always guided the Wikimedia Movement. As the ecosystem of Wikimedia projects continues to evolve, it is crucial that we periodically review existing projects to ensure they still align with our goals and community capacity. Despite their noble intent, some projects may no longer effectively serve their original purpose. '''Reviewing such projects is not about giving up – it's about responsible stewardship of shared resources'''. Volunteer time, staff support, infrastructure, and community attention are finite, and the non-technical costs tend to grow significantly as our ecosystem has entered a different age of the internet than the one we were founded in. Supporting inactive projects or projects that didn't meet our ambitions can unintentionally divert these resources from areas with more potential impact. Moreover, maintaining projects that no longer reflect the quality and reliability of the Wikimedia name stands for, involves a reputational risk. An abandoned or less reliable project affects trust in the Wikimedia movement. Lastly, '''failing to sunset or reimagine projects that are no longer working can make it much harder to start new ones'''. When the community feels bound to every past decision – no matter how outdated – we risk stagnation. A healthy ecosystem must allow for evolution, adaptation, and, when necessary, letting go. If we create the expectation that every project must exist indefinitely, we limit our ability to experiment and innovate. Because of this, SPTF reviewed two requests concerning the lifecycle of the Sister Projects to work through and demonstrate the review process. We chose Wikispore as a case study for a possible new Sister Project opening and Wikinews as a case study for a review of an existing project. Preliminary findings were discussed with the CAC, and a community consultation on both proposals was recommended. === Wikispore === The [[m:Wikispore|application to consider Wikispore]] was submitted in 2019. SPTF decided to review this request in more depth because rather than being concentrated on a specific topic, as most of the proposals for the new Sister Projects are, Wikispore has the potential to nurture multiple start-up Sister Projects. After careful consideration, the SPTF has decided '''not to recommend''' Wikispore as a Wikimedia Sister Project. Considering the current activity level, the current arrangement allows '''better flexibility''' and experimentation while WMF provides core infrastructural support. We acknowledge the initiative's potential and seek community input on what would constitute a sufficient level of activity and engagement to reconsider its status in the future. As part of the process, we shared the decision with the Wikispore community and invited one of its leaders, Pharos, to an SPTF meeting. Currently, we especially invite feedback on measurable criteria indicating the project's readiness, such as contributor numbers, content volume, and sustained community support. This would clarify the criteria sufficient for opening a new Sister Project, including possible future Wikispore re-application. However, the numbers will always be a guide because any number can be gamed. === Wikinews === We chose to review Wikinews among existing Sister Projects because it is the one for which we have observed the highest level of concern in multiple ways. Since the SPTF was convened in 2023, its members have asked for the community's opinions during conferences and community calls about Sister Projects that did not fulfil their promise in the Wikimedia movement.[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:WCNA_2024._Sister_Projects_-_opening%3F_closing%3F_merging%3F_splitting%3F.pdf <nowiki>[1]</nowiki>][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Community_Affairs_Committee/Sister_Projects_Task_Force#Wikimania_2023_session_%22Sister_Projects:_past,_present_and_the_glorious_future%22 <nowiki>[2]</nowiki>][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiConvention_francophone/2024/Programme/Quelle_proc%C3%A9dure_pour_ouvrir_ou_fermer_un_projet_%3F <nowiki>[3]</nowiki>] Wikinews was the leading candidate for an evaluation because people from multiple language communities proposed it. Additionally, by most measures, it is the least active Sister Project, with the greatest drop in activity over the years. While the Language Committee routinely opens and closes language versions of the Sister Projects in small languages, there has never been a valid proposal to close Wikipedia in major languages or any project in English. This is not true for Wikinews, where there was a proposal to close English Wikinews, which gained some traction but did not result in any action[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Proposals_for_closing_projects/Closure_of_English_Wikinews <nowiki>[4]</nowiki>][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiConvention_francophone/2024/Programme/Quelle_proc%C3%A9dure_pour_ouvrir_ou_fermer_un_projet_%3F <nowiki>[5]</nowiki>, see section 5] as well as a draft proposal to close all languages of Wikinews[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:Proposals_for_closing_projects/Archive_2#Close_Wikinews_completely,_all_languages? <nowiki>[6]</nowiki>]. [[:c:File:Sister Projects Taskforce Wikinews review 2024.pdf|Initial metrics]] compiled by WMF staff also support the community's concerns about Wikinews. Based on this report, SPTF recommends a community reevaluation of Wikinews. We conclude that its current structure and activity levels are the lowest among the existing sister projects. SPTF also recommends pausing the opening of new language editions while the consultation runs. SPTF brings this analysis to a discussion and welcomes discussions of alternative outcomes, including potential restructuring efforts or integration with other Wikimedia initiatives. '''Options''' mentioned so far (which might be applied to just low-activity languages or all languages) include but are not limited to: *Restructure how Wikinews works and is linked to other current events efforts on the projects, *Merge the content of Wikinews into the relevant language Wikipedias, possibly in a new namespace, *Merge content into compatibly licensed external projects, *Archive Wikinews projects. Your insights and perspectives are invaluable in shaping the future of these projects. We encourage all interested community members to share their thoughts on the relevant discussion pages or through other designated feedback channels. === Feedback and next steps === We'd be grateful if you want to take part in a conversation on the future of these projects and the review process. We are setting up two different project pages: [[m:Public consultation about Wikispore|Public consultation about Wikispore]] and [[m:Public consultation about Wikinews|Public consultation about Wikinews]]. Please participate between 27 June 2025 and 27 July 2025, after which we will summarize the discussion to move forward. You can write in your own language. I will also host a community conversation 16th July Wednesday 11.00 UTC and 17th July Thursday 17.00 UTC (call links to follow shortly) and will be around at Wikimania for more discussions. <section end="message"/> </div> -- [[User:Victoria|Victoria]] on behalf of the Sister Project Task Force, 20:57, 27 Juin 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Sister_project_MassMassage_on_behalf_of_Victoria/Target_list&oldid=28911188 --> == Wikidata Item and Property labels soon displayed in Wiki Watchlist/Recent Changes == ''(Apologies for posting in English, you can help by translating into your language)'' Hello everyone, the [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Resolve_Labels|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] team is excited to announce an upcoming change in how Wikidata edit changelogs are displayed in your [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlists]] and [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent Changes]] lists. If an edit is made on Wikidata that affects a page in another Wikimedia Project, the changelog will contain some information about the nature of the edit. This can include a QID (or Q-number), a PID (or P-number) and a value (which can be text, numbers, dates, or also QID or PID’s). Confused by these terms? See the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Glossary|Wikidata:Glossary]] for further explanations. The upcoming change is scheduled for '''17.07.2025''', between '''1300 - 1500 UTC'''. The change will display the label (item name) alongside any QID or PIDs, as seen in the image below: [[File:Apr10 edit summary on Wikidata.png|An edit sum entry on Wikidata, labels display alongside their P- and Q-no.'s]] These changes will only be visible if you have Wikidata edits enabled in your User Preferences for Watchlists and Recent Changes, or have the active filter ‘Wikidata edits’ checkbox toggled on, directly on the Watchlist and Recent Changes pages. Your bot and gadget may be affected! There are thousands of bots, gadgets and user-scripts and whilst we have researched potential effects to many of them, we cannot guarantee there won’t be some that are broken or affected by this change. Further information and context about this change, including how your bot may be affected can be found on this [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Resolve_Labels|project task page]]. We welcome your questions and feedback, please write to us on this dedicated [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Resolve_Labels|Talk page]]. Thank you, - [[m:User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] on behalf of the Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects Team. [[Uiser:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Uiser collogue:MediaWiki message delivery|tauk]]) 12:45, 14 Julie 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&oldid=28981877 --> == (en) Wiki Loves Monuments help needed.. == Hey folks, Sara here. Turns out that we could offer a Scots interface for the new Wiki Loves Monuments app if we can offer the translations - I'd LOVE for us to be able to do this, but I know fine well that I don't have the skills to do it myself. Wondering if anyone here might be interested in helping out? There's 142 items, ranging from single words to longer sentences, with a lot being short phrases (2-6 ish words long). Hoping that maybe if a few folks pitch in, that it wouldn't be too big a job...? If folks are interested, please do drop me a wee email and I could share the spreadsheet - sara.thomas@wikimedia.org.uk. [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 10:41, 14 August 2025 (UTC) == (en) Wikimedia UK Sandbox Sessions == Just a wee note to let folks know about some events we've got coming up that might be of interest - [https://wikimedia.org.uk/2025/08/community-sandbox-events/ Wikimedia UK Sandbox Sessions."] They're volunteer-led events supported by Wikimedia UK - the first is on using a Wikidata tool called Duplicity, to create missing Wikidata items from Wikipedia, and the next is on How to edit calmly in controversial areas. There's one more announced at the moment, and two still to come! Should be good - hope to see some folks there :) [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 14:13, 14 August 2025 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Temporary accounts will be rolled out soon</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="body"/> Hello, we are the Wikimedia Foundation [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity|Product Safety and Integrity]] team. We would like to announce that '''we plan to enable [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] for this wiki in the week of September 1'''. Temporary accounts are successfully live on 30 wikis, including many large ones like German, Japanese, and French. The change they bring is especially relevant to logged-out editors, who this feature is designed to protect. But it is also relevant to community members like mentors, patrollers, and admins – anyone who reverts edits, blocks users, or otherwise interacts with logged-out editors as part of keeping the wikis safe and accurate. '''Why we are building temporary accounts''' Our wikis should be safer to edit by default for logged-out editors. Temporary accounts allow people to continue editing the wikis without creating an account, while avoiding publicly tying their edits to their IP address. We believe this is in the best interest of our logged-out editors, who make valuable contributions to the wikis and who may later create accounts and grow our community of editors, admins, and other roles. Even though the wikis do warn logged-out editors that their IP address will be associated with their edit, many people may not understand what an IP address is, or that it could be used to connect them to other information about them in ways they might not expect. Additionally, our moderation software and tools rely too heavily on network origin (IP addresses) to identify users and patterns of activity, especially as IP addresses themselves are becoming less stable as identifiers. Temporary accounts allow for more precise interactions with logged-out editors, including more precise blocks, and can help limit how often we unintentionally end up blocking good-faith users who use the same IP addresses as bad-faith users. '''How temporary accounts work''' [[File:Temporary account banner and empty talk page.png|thumb]] Any time a logged-out user publishes an edit on this wiki, a cookie will be set in this user's browser, and a temporary account tied with this cookie will be automatically created. This account's name will follow the pattern: <code dir=ltr>~2025-12345-67</code> (a tilde, current year, a number). On pages like Recent Changes or page history, this name will be displayed. The cookie will expire 90 days after its creation. As long as it exists, all edits made from this device will be attributed to this temporary account. It will be the same account even if the IP address changes, unless the user clears their cookies or uses a different device or web browser. A record of the IP address used at the time of each edit will be stored for 90 days after the edit. However, only some logged-in users will be able to see it. '''What does this mean for different groups of users?''' '''For logged-out editors''' * This increases privacy: currently, if you do not use a registered account to edit, then everybody can see the IP address for the edits you made, even after 90 days. That will no longer be possible on this wiki. * If you use a temporary account to edit from different locations in the last 90 days (for example at home and at a coffee shop), the edit history and the IP addresses for all those locations will now be recorded together, for the same temporary account. Users who [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Access_to_temporary_account_IP_addresses|meet the relevant requirements]] will be able to view this data. If this creates any personal security concerns for you, please contact talktohumanrights at wikimedia.org for advice. '''For community members interacting with logged-out editors''' * A temporary account is uniquely linked to a device. In comparison, an IP address can be shared with different devices and people (for example, different people at school or at work might have the same IP address). * Compared to the current situation, it will be safer to assume that a temporary user's talk page belongs to only one person, and messages left there will be read by them. As you can see in the screenshot, temporary account users will receive notifications. It will also be possible to thank them for their edits, ping them in discussions, and invite them to get more involved in the community. '''For users who use IP address data to moderate and maintain the wiki''' * '''For patrollers''' who track persistent abusers, investigate violations of policies, etc.: Users who [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Access_to_temporary_account_IP_addresses|meet the requirements]] will be able to reveal temporary users' IP addresses and all contributions made by temporary accounts from a specific IP address or range ([[Special:IPContributions]]). They will also have access to useful information about the IP addresses thanks to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/IP Info|IP Info]] feature. Many other pieces of software have been built or adjusted to work with temporary accounts, including AbuseFilter, global blocks, Global User Contributions, and more. (For information for volunteer developers on how to update the code of your tools – see the last part of the message.) * '''For admins blocking logged-out editors''': ** It will be possible to block many abusers by just blocking their temporary accounts. A blocked person won't be able to create new temporary accounts quickly if the admin selects the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Autoblock|autoblock]] option. ** It will still be possible to block an IP address or IP range. * Temporary accounts will not be retroactively applied to contributions made before the deployment. On Special:Contributions, you will be able to see existing IP user contributions, but not new contributions made by temporary accounts on that IP address. Instead, you should use Special:IPContributions for this. '''Our requests for you, and next steps''' * If you know of any tools, bots, gadgets etc. using data about IP addresses or being available for logged-out users, you may want to test if they work on [[testwiki:Main_Page|testwiki]] or [[test2wiki:Main_Page|test2wiki]]. If you are a volunteer developer, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|read our documentation for developers]], and in particular, the section on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers#How should I update my code?|how your code might need to be updated]]. * If you want to test the temporary account experience, for example just to check what it feels like, go to testwiki or test2wiki and edit without logging in. * Tell us if you know of any difficulties that need to be addressed. We will try to help, and if we are not able, we will consider the available options. * Look at our [[m:Meta:Babel#Temporary_Accounts:_access_to_IP_addresses_and_next_steps|previous message]] about requirements for users without extended rights who may need access to IP addresses. To learn more about the project, check out [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/FAQ|our FAQ]] – you will find many useful answers there. You may also [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|look at the updates]] (we have just posted one) and [[mw:Newsletter:Product Safety and Integrity|subscribe to our new newsletter]]. If you'd like to talk to me (Szymon) off-wiki, you will find me on Discord and Telegram. Thank you!<section end="body" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:user:NKohli (WMF)|NKohli (WMF)]], [[m:user:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]]</bdi> 21:36, 26 August 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Quiddity_(WMF)/sandbox6&oldid=29181713 --> == (en) Celtic Knot Online Gathering this September == {{en}} Hi, I'd just like to let you know about the "Celtic Knot" online gathering that's happening on the 23rd September 2025. The gathering is an opportunity for editors who edit in different languages, especially Celtic and minoritised languages, to connect and learn from each other. More information and registration is [[metawiki:Celtic_Knot_Conference_2025/Programme|here]]. [[Uiser:Gemma Coleman (WMUK)|Gemma Coleman (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Gemma Coleman (WMUK)|tauk]]) 11:02, 28 August 2025 (UTC) == Volunteer role: Scots Wiki community support == {{en}} Since 2020, Wikimedia UK has been supporting the Scots Wiki community with a series of editathons / writing drives. We’re currently looking for a new volunteer to help add some capacity in this area of work, as the existing volunteer is stepping down, after five years of greatly-appreciated work. Ideally this person would be a Scots speaker / writer who’s got some Wiki skills, but we’re aware that that’s a small group of people! If you’re a Scots speaker / writer, we’re very happy to teach Wiki skills, and we’re open to exploring how this might work if you’ve got the requisite Wiki skills, and are interested in learning more about the Scots language. We estimate that this role would take around 1-2 hours per week, plus time spent in Zoom sessions (up to now, 2 x 2 hour sessions per writing drive).  Writing Drives take place around every 2 months and are currently attended by a small but regular group of editors.  You can see the progress we’ve made over the years on the [[wmfdashboard:campaigns/scots_wiki/programs|Dashboards here.]] You’d be working mainly with [[user:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas]], (Programme Manager at Wikimedia UK), and so duties can be divided, but this role would/could involve: * Creating & updating on-wiki event pages [[Wikipedia:Julie-August 2025 Writin Drive|like this]] ** Deciding on themes ** Creating worklists (manually, or using [https://petscan.wmcloud.org/ PetScan] or Wikidata) ** Using the Event Registration tool to [[metawiki:Event:Scots_Wiki_Writin_Drive_Julie_29.07.25|create registration pages like this]] * Updating [[Wikipedia:WikiProject The Big Wiki Rewrite|the project page]] with events & outputs * Creating Event [[wmfdashboard:|Dashboards]] * Advertising the events ** On-wiki posts ** Off-wiki locations like Facebook, Discord, and the WMUK Scotwiki mailing list ** Researching & reaching out to other places in which to advertise * Hosting or co-hosting the regular zoom sessions which form part of the Writing Drives ** Wikimedia UK Zoom can be used! * Contributing to / leading on new ideas for events & campaigns '''What we can offer:''' As well as training in Wiki-skills should you not already have these, and support and regular contact with the Wikimedia UK team, we are also interested in offering a scholarship to a relevant conference to present about the work and to help support future work.   '''How to apply:''' Please contact [mailto:sara.thomas@wikimedia.org.uk sara.thomas@wikimedia.org.uk] outlining your relevant skills and experience, and we’ll set up a chat. Cheers! :) [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 13:46, 9 September 2025 (UTC) == Yer wiki will be in raed-anerly suin == <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Raed iss message in anither leid]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedie Foondation]] will be switchin the traffec atween its data centres. Iss will mak shuir that Wikipaedia an the ither Wikimedie wiki kin stey onwab e'en efter a muckle mishanterin. Aw traffec will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2025-09-24|sco}}'''. The test will stert at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2025-09-24T15:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2025-09-24T15:00}}]'''. Unfortunate, acause o some leemits in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MedieWiki]], aw editin maun stap whiles the switch is makit. We apologise fur iss disruption, an we ar wirkin tae minimise it in futur. Ae banner will be shawn on aw wikis 30 meenits afore iss operation happens. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can contribute to the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=Centralnotice-tgroup-read_only_banner&task=view&language=&filter=&action=translate translation or proofreading] of this banner text.</span> '''Ye will be able tae raed, but nae edit, aa wikis fur ae smaa period o time.''' *Ye willnae be able tae edit fur up til ae oor on {{#time:l j xg Y|2025-09-24|sco}}. *If ye try tae edit or hain durin thir times, ye will be gien ae error message. We howp that nae edits will gang astray durin the meenits but we canna mak shuir o'it. Gin ye see the error message, then please wait til athing is back tae normal. Then ye sud be able tae mak hain o yer edit. But, we recommend that ye mak a copy o yer chynges aforehaund, juist in case. ''Ither effecks'': *Backgroond tasks will be slaw an some micht drap. Reid airtins minna be updatit as quick as normal. Gin ye mak ae airticle that is awreidy airtint elsewyes, the airtin will remain reid fur langer nor uisual. Some lang-rinnin scripts will hae tae stap. * We expect the code deployments tae happen as wi ony ither week. Houaniver, some case-by-case code freezes cud happen gin the operation needs thaim efterwarts. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] willnae be available fur aboot 90 meenits. Iss projeck micht be pit aff gin needit. Ye kin [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Ony chynges will be annoonced in the schedule. '''Please share iss information wi yer commonity.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> <span dir=ltr>[[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Trizek (WMF)|{{int:talk}}]])</span> 15:41, 18 September 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=29170715 --> == Campaign Events extension == {{en}} Hi folks. Posting here with my WMUK staff hat on, but I also do editing with my volunteer account [[user:lirazelf]]. I'm using my staff account for this as it would be mostly in my staff capacity that I'd be using this extension, so seemed best for transparency. I'd like to propose that the community consider enabling the Campaign Events extension for the wiki - details here: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents. I'm currently using the deployment on meta for events for Scots wiki - (example [[m:Event:Scots Wiki Writin Drive Mey 29.05.25|here]], linking to pages like [[Wikipedia:Mey-Juin 2025 Writin Drive]]. The extension lets you create Event Registration pages on the wiki (so no need to use Eventbrite or other off-wiki tool), message participants through their email (good for sending zoom links, updates etc), which is really useful! There's also other features like the collaboration list, which I reckon could be positive for developing community here, but that could only happen if the extension is enabled on this wiki. As well as metawiki, I use the tool on en.wiki and wikidata, for community training events, and international collaboration events, and I'm a fan - I hope that others would be able to use it here too. First step to enabling the extension (it's available for all Wikipedias) is to gather consensus (as per this page: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Deployment_status) - so starting that off :) [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 16:16, 9 September 2025 (UTC) * '''Ay''' - dinna see ony skaith in pittin iss ti eese [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 08:23, 16 September 2025 (UTC) *:{{en}} Update to this - there's a plan to make the right to use this automatic for autoconfirmed users for small & medium wikis which have the extension enabled.[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/CampaignEvents/Proposal_to_grant_autoconfirmed_users_on_small_and_medium_wikis_the_organizer_access_to_the_event_registration_tool see here for more info.] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 12:12, 22 September 2025 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Migration to Parsoid</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> <em>[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Parsoid Read Views/Read View Announcement|Read this in another language]]</em> Hello everyone! I am glad to inform you that as the next step in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parser Unification]] project, Parsoid will soon be turned on as the default article renderer on your wiki. We are gradually increasing the number of wikis using Parsoid, with the intention of making it the default wikitext parser for MediaWiki's next long-term support release. This will make our wikis more reliable and consistent for editors, readers, and tools to use, as well as making the development of future wikitext features easier. If this disrupts your workflow, don’t worry! You can still opt out through a user preference or turn Parsoid off on the current page using the Tools submenu, as described in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|Extension:ParserMigration]] documentation. There is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Confidence_Framework|more information about our roll-out strategy]] available, including the testing done before we turn on Parsoid for a new wiki. To report bugs and issues, please look at our [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Known Issues|known issues]] documentation and if you found a new bug please create a phab ticket and tag the [[phab:project/view/5846|Content Transform Team in Phabricator]]. <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[mw:User:ABreault (WMF)|Content Transform Team]]</bdi> 19:49, 2 October 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:ABreault (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_Foundation/Product_and_Technology/Parsoid_Read_Views/2025-10-06_Wikipedias&oldid=29381387 --> == {{en}} WMUK Wikimedian of the Year Awards 2025 == Hi folks! We are excited to announce that '''nominations are open for the 2025 UK Wikimedian of the Year Awards.''' We are asking you to nominate individuals and organisations that have contributed toward advancing open knowledge in 2024/25. The categories for this year are: * UK Wikimedian of the Year (Individual) * Partnership of the Year (Organisation) * Up and Coming Wikimedian (Individual) We are looking for people and partnerships within the Wikimedia UK community who have really impressed you with their open knowledge work, in 2024/25. We are particularly keen to hear about people and organisations who delivered projects addressing our strategic themes of Knowledge Equity, Information Literacy, and Climate and Environment.   Nominations will be judged by members of the Community Development Committee and winners will be announced at the '''Community Celebration on Saturday 15th November 2025''' (Save the date, we'd love to see you there!). You can read about [https://wikimedia.org.uk/2024/12/2024-uk-wikimedian-year-awards/ last year's winners here.] You can submit two nominations per category. Use [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScVy7AmH0qRRZmQ-QHtYKKCBZY0O40JZN9MWl8Xu7-oqK1-fg/viewform this Google Form] to submit your nominations. Nominations close on '''22nd October.''' [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 15:30, 6 October 2025 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Have your say: vote for the 2025 Board of Trustees</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Hello all, The voting period for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025|2025 Board of Trustees election]] is now open. Candidates are running for two (2) seats on the Board. To check your voter eligibility, please visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Voter eligibility guidelines|voter eligibility page]]. Learn more about them by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Candidates|reading their application statements and watch their candidacy videos]]. When you are ready, go to the [[m:Special:SecurePoll/vote/405|SecurePoll voting page to vote]]. '''The vote is open from October 8 at 00:00 UTC to October 22 at 23:59 UTC.''' Best regards, Abhishek Suryawanshi<br />Chair, Elections Committee<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[Uiser:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Uiser collogue:MediaWiki message delivery|tauk]]) 04:48, 9 October 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29360896 --> == {{en}} Join Us for Wikimedia UK’s Online Community Celebration – 15 November 2025 == We’re delighted to invite you to '''Wikimedia UK’s Online Community Celebration''', taking place on '''Saturday 15 November, from 11am to 1pm'''. This online gathering will celebrate the achievements of our incredible community over the past year, recognise outstanding contributions through the '''UK Wikimedian of the Year Awards''', and showcase inspiring projects from across the UK through a series of '''lightning talks'''. Over the past month, we’ve reached out to community members for talk proposals, and we’re thrilled with the lineup we now have! So much remarkable work happens behind the scenes in our movement, and this event is a chance to shine a light on those efforts and celebrate them together. Following the lightning talks, we’ll present the '''annual UK Wikimedian of the Year Awards'''. You can find out more about the awards [https://wikimedia.org.uk/2025/10/wikimedian-of-the-year-awards-call-for-nominations/ here]. Nominations are open until '''22 October.''' This celebration is '''open to everyone''', both Wikimedia UK members and anyone interested in learning more about Wikimedia’s work in the UK and getting involved. Tickets are free, the event will be held on Zoom, and you can reserve your tickets now through [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/online-wikimedia-uk-2025-community-celebration-tickets-1775880058059?aff=oddtdtcreator&_gl=1%2Ap0azzm%2A_up%2AMQ..%2A_ga%2ANDA4MzAyNzQ0LjE3NTk3NDk4NTQ.%2A_ga_TQVES5V6SH%2AczE3NTk3NDk4NTMkbzEkZzAkdDE3NTk3NDk4NTMkajYwJGwwJGgw#search Eventbrite.] We can’t wait to celebrate with you! [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 09:53, 20 October 2025 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Help us decide the name of the new Abstract Wikipedia project</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="function1"/> {{int:Hello}}. Please help pick a name for the new Abstract Wikipedia wiki project. This project will be a wiki that will enable users to combine functions from [[:f:|Wikifunctions]] and data from Wikidata in order to generate natural language sentences in any supported languages. These sentences can then be used by any Wikipedia (or elsewhere). There will be two rounds of voting, each followed by legal review of candidates, with votes beginning on 20 October and 17 November 2025. Our goal is to have a final project name selected on mid-December 2025. If you would like to participate, then '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|please learn more and vote now]]''' at meta-wiki. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} <section end="function1"/> </div> -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:43, 20 October 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29432175 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Seeking volunteers to join several of the movement’s committees</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Each year, typically from October through December, several of the movement’s committees seek new volunteers. Read more about the committees on their Meta-wiki pages: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee|Affiliations Committee (AffCom)]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ombuds commission|Ombuds commission (OC)]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Community Resilience and Sustainability/Trust and Safety/Case Review Committee|Case Review Committee (CRC)]] Applications for the committees open on October 30, 2025. Applications for the Affiliations Committee, Ombuds commission and the Case Review Committee close on December 11, 2025. Learn how to apply by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Committee appointments|visiting the appointment page on Meta-wiki]]. Post to the talk page or email cst[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org with any questions you may have. For the Committee Support team, <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> -[[m:User:MKaur (WMF)| MKaur (WMF)]] 14:13, 30 October 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:MKaur (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29517125 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Reminder: Help us decide the name of the new Abstract Wikipedia project</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="function2"/> {{int:Hello}}. Reminder: Please help to choose name for the new Abstract Wikipedia wiki project. The finalist vote starts today. The finalists for the name are: <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Abstract Wikipedia, Multilingual Wikipedia, Wikiabstracts, Wikigenerator, Proto-Wiki</span>. If you would like to participate, then '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|please learn more and vote now]]''' at meta-wiki. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} <section end="function2"/> </div> -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:22, 20 November 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29583860 --> == (in Inglis) Wikidata event looking for Scots speakers to take part == Apologies for the English language post. On the '''6th December''' there is an online “Revitalising UK history (Series 2)” event which we would like to make sure Scots speakers are aware of. The event builds on the success of [[metawiki:Event:Revitalizing_UK_History|''Revitalizing UK History (Series 1)'']], which enriched Wikidata entries about underrepresented UK historical figures. For series 2, the aim is to improve multilingual accessibility by adding labels and descriptions to Wikidata items in a variety of languages and we would love for the different UK languages to be represented. There is an online training event on '''Saturday 6th December 3pm - 5pm.''' More information and registration can be found at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event:Revitalizing_UK_History_2 [[Uiser:Gemma Coleman (WMUK)|Gemma Coleman (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Gemma Coleman (WMUK)|tauk]]) 09:57, 26 November 2025 (UTC) == (in Inglis) Update - Wikidata event looking for Scots speakers to take part == Apologies for the English language post. Before Christmas I posted about an online [[metawiki:Event:Revitalizing_UK_History 2|''Revitalizing UK History (Series 2)'']] event which we were hoping to get some Scots presence at. Unfortunately a tech issue meant we had to postpone and the event has now been scheduled for '''Saturday 17th January (3pm to 5pm online)''' instead. We'd LOVE to get some Wikidata items labelled in Scots as well as a range of other languages. For more information and registration head to https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event:Revitalizing_UK_History_2[[Uiser:Gemma Coleman (WMUK)|Gemma Coleman (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Gemma Coleman (WMUK)|tauk]]) 15:15, 7 Januar 2026 (UTC) == Scottish Book Trust vacancy: Vacancy: Scots Language Ootreach Co-ordinator == No aboot Wiki but.... Scottish Book Trust "are lookin for a gallus, eident Scots speaker for the role o Scots Language Ootreach Co-ordinator." [Mair info here https://www.scottishbooktrust.com/about/vacancies/scots-language-ootreach-co-ordinator]... [[Uiser:Lirazelf|Lirazelf]] ([[Uiser collogue:Lirazelf|tauk]]) 11:33, 14 Januar 2026 (UTC) == Thank You for Last Year – Join Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 == Dear Wikimedia communities, We hope you are doing well, and we wish you a happy New Year. ''Last year, we captured light. This year, we’ll capture legacy.'' In 2025, communities around the world shared the glow of Ramadan nights and the warmth of collective iftars. In 2026, ''Wiki Loves Ramadan'' is expanding, bringing more stories, more cultures, and deeper global connections across Wikimedia projects. We invite you to explore the ''Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026'' [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Meta page]] to learn how you can participate and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026/Participating communities|sign up]] your community. 📷 ''Photo campaign on '' [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Wikimedia Commons]] If you have questions about the project, please refer to the FAQs: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan/FAQ/|Meta-Wiki]] * [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Ramadan/FAQ|Wikimedia Commons]] ''Early registration for updates is now open via the '''[[m:Special:RegisterForEvent/2710|Event page]]''''' ''Stay connected and receive updates:'' * [https://t.me/WikiLovesRamadan Telegram channel] * [https://lists.wikimedia.org/postorius/lists/wikilovesramadan.lists.wikimedia.org/ Mailing list] We look forward to collaborating with you and your community. '''The Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 Organizing Team''' 19:45, 16 Januar 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=29879549 --> == Feminism and Folklore 2026 starts soon == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;"> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]] ::<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style="text-align: center; width: 100%;">''{{int:please-translate}}''</div> ;Invitation to Organize Feminism and Folklore 2026 Dear Wiki Community, We are pleased to invite Wikimedia communities, affiliates, and independent contributors to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026]]''' writing competition on your local Wikipedia. The international campaign will run from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and aims to improve coverage of feminism, women’s histories, gender-related topics, and folk culture across Wikipedia projects. ;About the Campaign '''Feminism and Folklore''' is a global writing initiative that complements the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2026|Wiki Loves Folklore]]''' photography competition. While Wiki Loves Folklore focuses on visual documentation, this writing campaign addresses the '''gender gap on Wikipedia''' by improving encyclopedic content related to folk culture and marginalized voices. ;What Can Participants Write About? Communities can contribute by creating, expanding, or translating articles related to: * Folk festivals, rituals, and celebrations * Folk dances, music, and traditional performances * Women and queer figures in folklore * Women in mythology and oral traditions * Women warriors, witches, and witch-hunting narratives * Fairy tales, folk stories, and legends * Folk games, sports, and cultural practices Participants may work from curated article lists or generate new article suggestions using campaign tools. ;How to Sign Up as an Organizer Organizers are requested to complete the following steps to register their community: # Create a local project page on your wiki [[:m:Feminism and Folklore/Sample|(see sample)]] # Set up the campaign using the '''CampWiz''' tool # Prepare a local article list and clearly mention: #* Campaign timeline #* Local and international prizes # Request a site notice from local administrators [[:mr:Template:SN-FNF|(see sample)]] # Add your local project page and CampWiz link to the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta project page]]''' ;Campaign Tools The Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced tools to support organizers and participants: * '''Article List Generator by Topic''' – Helps identify articles available on English Wikipedia but missing in your local language Wikipedia. The tool allows customized filters and provides downloadable article lists in CSV and wikitable formats. * '''CampWiz''' – Enables communities to manage writing campaigns effectively, including jury-based evaluation. This will be the third year CampWiz is officially used for Feminism and Folklore. Both tools are now available for use in the campaign. '''[https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ Click here to access the tools]''' ;Learn More & Get Support For detailed information about rules, timelines, and prizes, please visit the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 project page]]'''. If you have any questions or need assistance, feel free to reach out via: * '''[[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta talk page]]''' * Email us using details on the contact page. ;Join Us We look forward to your collaboration and coordination in making Feminism and Folklore 2026 a meaningful and impactful campaign for closing gender gaps and enriching folk culture content on Wikipedia. Thank you and best wishes, '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 International Team]]''' ---- ''Stay connected:'' [[File:B&W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&nbsp; [[File:B&W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]] </div></div> == Invitation to Host Wiki Loves Folklore 2026 in Your Country == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style="text-align: center; width: 100%;">''{{int:please-translate}}''</div> [[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]] Hello everyone, We are delighted to invite Wikimedia affiliates, user groups, and community organizations worldwide to participate in '''Wiki Loves Folklore 2026''', an international initiative dedicated to documenting and celebrating folk culture across the globe. ;About Wiki Loves Folklore '''Wiki Loves Folklore''' is an annual international photography competition hosted on Wikimedia Commons. The campaign runs from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and encourages photographers, cultural enthusiasts, and community members to contribute photographs that highlight: * Folk traditions and rituals * Cultural festivals and celebrations * Traditional attire and crafts * Performing arts, music, and dance * Everyday practices rooted in folk heritage Through this campaign, we aim to preserve and promote diverse folk cultures and make them freely accessible to the world. [[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026|Project page on Wikimedia Commons]] ; Host a Local Edition As we celebrate the '''eight edition''' of Wiki Loves Folklore, we warmly invite communities to organize a local edition in their country or region. Hosting a local campaign is a great opportunity to: * Increase visibility of your region’s folk culture * Engage new contributors in your community * Enrich Wikimedia Commons with high-quality cultural content '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026/Organize|Sign up to organize]]:''' If your team prefers to organize the competition in ''either February or March only'', please feel free to let us know. If you are unable to organize, we encourage you to share this opportunity with other interested groups or organizations in your region. ;Get in Touch If you have any questions, need support, or would like to explore collaboration opportunities, please feel free to contact us via: * The project Talk pages * Email: '''support@wikilovesfolklore.org''' We are also happy to connect via an online meeting if your team would like to discuss planning or coordination in more detail. Warm regards, '''The Wiki Loves Folklore International Team''' </div> [[Uiser:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Uiser collogue:MediaWiki message delivery|tauk]]) 13:21, 18 Januar 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=29228188 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Annual review of the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> I am writing to you to let you know the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines is open now. You can make suggestions for changes through 9 February 2026. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2026|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]]. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]])<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> 21:01, 19 Januar 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29905753 --> == Bot flag == Hallo! A first noticed the Scots Wikipedia aboot a year ago, while A wis in Scotland. Recently, A've stertit editin on scowiki an gettin better acquaint wi hou the wiki works. While daein thae edits, A noticed a wheen recurring maintenance issues that could be handled mair easily wi simple automation. Tae help wi thae routine, low-risk tasks, A'm proponin BZPN bot. The full description o whit the bot daes (an disnae dae), alang wi its limits an configuration, is set oot at [[User:BZPN/Bot]]. For transparency, the bot's source code is publicly available [https://github.com/BZPN/BZPN.bot/tree/master here]. I'm happy tae adapt the bot’s behaviour based on community feedback. Thanks for yer time. ''Pingin @[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] here for visibility, as the maist active admin on sco.wiki recently.'' [[Uiser:BZPN|BZPN]] ([[Uiser collogue:BZPN|tauk]]) 21:58, 30 Januar 2026 (UTC) :Fit is the soorce fur the "lexical analysis"? Pairt o the issue wi the wiki wis fur ower a tenyeir fowks wis eesin bots ti dae leiteral owersettins aat hid nae regaird fur Scots grammar, an fae the editin o yers aat a'v seen ye'v shawn the same signs an the first twa dynamic tasks leuk awfa lik it'd be daein the same hing. As fur the walcomin an non-Scots wairnin, fit een taks priority? We'r nae aafa keen ti be walcomin vandals an fowks jist here ti "correct grammar" [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 09:55, 31 Januar 2026 (UTC) ::Aye, cheers for raisin thae concerns - they're quite fair. A'll switch tae English for clarity on the technical bits. About "lexical analysis": there is no AI, no machine learning, and no automatic translation involved '''at all'''. The "lexical analysis" is strictly dictionary-based: the bot compares tokens against a static wordlist (e.g. ''dictionary.txt''), which is part of the [https://github.com/BZPN/BZPN.bot public source code] (which I will update soon because I am constantly improving it). Based on these wordlists, the bot assesses whether the article is en-only, en-heavy or Scots. Anyone is free to inspect it, suggest changes, or improve it. If the dictionary is wrong, the bot is wrong - nothing is hidden or heuristic. Regarding dynamic tasks, I'm very aware of problems with literal grammar/typo ("Scotsification") bots. That's exactly why my bot does '''not''' generate Scots, does '''not''' rewrite sentences, and it does '''not''' apply replacements unless they are explicitly and manually approved. All word and header replacements live in [[User:BZPN/Whitelist.json]] and ''only'' run if the entry is explicitly listed, the match conditions are exact and the community has agreed to add it. No whitelist entry = no change. Welcomes on the other hand are only triggered after a first constructive content edit. The bot detects whether a user's first edit is a vandalism (e.g. has vulgarisms, blanking, special characters, etc.), and based on this, either welcomes the user or ignores them (because the BZPN bot is not an anti-vandal bot, so it doesn't revert edits). If the first edit is in English, the bot assumes GF and inserts both a welcome and a warning. In short: the bot is deliberately conservative, transparent, and designed to avoid repeating the mistakes of earlier bots. If there are specific safeguards you’d want added, I’m happy to discuss and adjust them. Ta again for the questions. [[Uiser:BZPN|BZPN]] ([[Uiser collogue:BZPN|tauk]]) 13:35, 31 Januar 2026 (UTC) :::An fit's the soorce o the initial whitelist? Is it the DSL, the OSD, the Luath Learner? Nae ivery dictionair oot there is o the same quality [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 07:35, 2 Februar 2026 (UTC) ::::Aye, A think there's still a wee bit o confusion here, sae A'll spell it oot as plainly as a can. The dictionary an the whitelist are twa completely separate things. Dictionary ([https://github.com/BZPN/BZPN.bot/blob/master/dictionary.txt dictionary.txt]) is a static, read-only wordlist that the bot uses '''only''' for classification. It disnae replace words, disnae rewrite text, disnae touch grammar. It simply checks if tokens in an article exists in the Scots wordlist, tae judge whether the text is en-only, en-heavy, or Scots. That's it. Example: <code>fowk = people</code>. ::::The dictionary wis originally built by me manually, by readin an checkin existin articles on scowiki, an collectin words actually used thair. It's no tied tae ony single published dictionary. It is fully configurable, an can be adapted tae ony variety or orthography o Scots that the community decides it want tae reflect. If a word isnae in the dictionary, the bot just treats it as non-Scots. Nae substitution ''ever'' happens here. Whitelist on the other hand is a separate, optional mechanism for explicitly approved replacements only. If an entry isnae on the whitelist, the bot will '''never''' mak a change. The dictionary is not consulted at aw for whitelist actions. The goal o the whitelist is simple: standardisation, '''not translation'''. It exists tae ensure consistent, agreed-upon terminology for technical an structural elements o the wiki - no for content text. For example, the whitelist micht include fixed headers like ''"<nowiki>==See also==</nowiki>" → "<nowiki>==See forbye==</nowiki>"''. This isnae aboot stylistic preference or inventin Scots; it's aboot avoidin a mix o English an Scots in standard interface-like headers. Thae replacements are predictable, limited in scope, an identical every time. Nae whitelist entry = nae change. Nae community agreement = nae entry. The whitelist disnae interact wi the dictionary at aw, an it disnae apply tae article prose. It's a controlled tool for consistency, nae mair. Sae tae be absolutely clear: '''the bot never automatically converts English tae Scots'''. As for sources: baith the dictionary an the whitelist are open, public, an editable via the GitHub repository. Onybody is welcome tae review, challenge, improve, or propose changes. If the dictionary is wrang, the bot’s wrang - an that's precisely why it is transparent. [[Uiser:BZPN|BZPN]] ([[Uiser collogue:BZPN|tauk]]) 08:20, 2 Februar 2026 (UTC) :::::Okay, sae it's biggit manually, aat wis aa a wis wintin ti ken. Wid the bot be able ti check/compare page history as weel gif it fins a airticle aat's maistlins Inglis? Gif it canna aat's fair eneuch, kin aye dae it manually insteid. A leukit inti haein a bot ti coonterack the constant Inglifyin o airticles fur a while sae a'm nae oppont ti iss [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 08:53, 2 Februar 2026 (UTC) ::::::Aye, that's the kind o thing a meant. The bot could be extended tae generate reports only - listin airticles that are maistly English based on the existin dictionary check, limited tae e.g. ae report per day wi aboot 50 pages, an excluding ony that already hae <code><nowiki>{{Fix Scots}}</nowiki></code> or <code><nowiki>{{No Scots}}</nowiki></code>; gif that soonds useful, gie me till the end o the week an A'll prototype it sae ye can see exactly hou it behaves, an gif no, that's fair eneuch an it can be left at that. Thank ye. [[Uiser:BZPN|BZPN]] ([[Uiser collogue:BZPN|tauk]]) 10:13, 2 Februar 2026 (UTC) :@[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]]: the bot is ready fur initial testin. A've implemented the report feature tae [[Uiser:BZPN/Language report|list airticles]] that are maistly English. It's worth mentionin that the bot can make mistakes, but only errors would be due tae missing words in the dictionary or airticles wi irregular header names/wikitext issues. [[Uiser:BZPN|BZPN]] ([[Uiser collogue:BZPN|tauk]]) 13:42, 7 Februar 2026 (UTC) ::A'v seen the testin an the latest roond o reports wis mair accurate nor it wis at furst an fand a heap ae historical vandalism as weel, sae a'm happy fur it ti keep makkin the reports. Nae seein ony issue wi lettin the bot dae a trial rin fur the ither tasks as weel [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 11:32, 8 Februar 2026 (UTC) @[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]]: thanks for the feedback an for monitorin the reports. The bot has nou completed a [[Uiser:ScotsBot/Trial results|4-day supervised test period]]. A'm pleased tae say the behaviour wis stable an predictable. There were nae significant mistakes during the test period. Based on observations from recent chynges (i.e. vandalism), A've slightly refined the detection filters tae reduce false positives. The recent reports hae already been used by the bot for maintenance taggin. As clarified earlier, ony classification errors can only stem frae missing entries in the static dictionary or irregular wikitext/header structures. Unless there are objections, A intend tae request a permanent bot flag on Meta based on this test period. Of course, A remain happy tae adjust thresholds or safeguards if the community feels it necessary. [[Uiser:BZPN|BZPN]] ([[Uiser collogue:BZPN|tauk]]) 11:14, 12 Februar 2026 (UTC) :{{ping|BZPN}} A thocht ye seyed it widna be daein owersettins, sae foo come a'm seein bot-lik owersettins in recent changes? [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 23:51, 13 Februar 2026 (UTC) ::Aye, thae edits are '''nae''' connected tae the bot at aw. They come fae ma personal on-wiki gadget: [[Uiser:BZPN/ScotsCheck]], which A put thegither yestreen for ma workflow. It isnae a bot task, an it disnae rin automatically. It disnae translate onything. It simply gies me a popup interface tae apply manual whitelist entries, instead o typin or copyin them by haund in the code. Ye're welcome tae read the '''[[Uiser:BZPN/ScotsCheck|description]]''' an test it yersel if ye like :). Also, the bot itsel has been inactive for twa days nou, waitin for the flag. [[Uiser:BZPN|BZPN]] ([[Uiser collogue:BZPN|tauk]]) 23:59, 13 Februar 2026 (UTC) :::Except the whitelist isna appruived yet an seems gey seemlir ti fit fowks wis daein last tenyeir. Fir exemple it seys aat "ay" means "always", except iss is wrang, an seys aat the Scots fur based is "basit", excep basit means summat else entirely, amang ither hings. An kin ye explain the block on enwiki? A shid hae chackit aat afore giein appruival [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 00:08, 14 Februar 2026 (UTC) '''Nae duin''' - BZPN his decidit ti lea the wiki [https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uiser_collogue:CiphriusKane&diff=prev&oldid=913598 ] [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 18:01, 14 Februar 2026 (UTC) == {{en}} Wiki Loves Folklore running until 31st March == {{en}} Apologies for the English message. If there are keen photographers here, I just wanted to let you know about [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026_in_Scotland Wiki Loves Folklore]. Wiki Loves Folklore is a photographic competition that celebrates our intangible cultural heritage. So if you have photos of a festival, a dance, a traditional food or anything else relating to Scotland's cultural heritage, you can upload them through the link above. All 4 nations of the UK are taking part so if you have pics from [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026_in_Wales Wales], [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026_in_England England] or [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026_in_Ireland Northern Ireland] (organised by Wikimedia Community Ireland), we'd love those too! You can upload them through the relevant nation pages (follow the links from the name above) [[Uiser:Gemma Coleman (WMUK)|Gemma Coleman (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Gemma Coleman (WMUK)|tauk]]) 09:07, 25 Februar 2026 (UTC) == Join the sixth Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia 2026.png|right|250px|thumb|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ukraine%27s_Cultural_Diplomacy_Month_2026|Join our campaign!]] {{int:please-translate}} Dear Wikipedians! [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the sixth edition of writing challenge "'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''", which lasts from '''1st April''' until '''30th April 2026'''. The initiative aims to promote knowledge about Ukrainian culture abroad by creating and improving Wikipedia articles in multiple languages. This year marks the sixth edition of the campaign, which will focus on contemporary culture, making today’s artistic voices and practices more visible to international audiences. 🧩'''How to participate?''' Choose an article from the suggested list → Write an article in your language, or improve an existing one according to the rules → Add your contribution to the contest page and calculate your points → Win prizes and receive a certificate of participation → Become a promoter of truthful knowledge about Ukraine. 🧩'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Check our main page for more information]]'''. '''If you are interested in coordinating long-term community engagement for the campaign and becoming a local ambassador, we would love to hear from you! Please let us know your interest.''' If not, then we encourage you to translate the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|landing page of the contest]] and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MessageGroupStats?group=Centralnotice-tgroup-UCDM2026banner&messages=&language=en&x=D banner] into your own language. Also, we set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in this challenge! [[:m:User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|talk]]) 04:35, 1 April 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:OlesiaLukaniuk_(WMUA)/list_of_wikis&oldid=28552112 --> == Action Required: Update templates/modules for electoral maps (Migrating from P1846 to P14226) == Hello everyone, This is a notice regarding an ongoing data migration on Wikidata that may affect your election-related templates and Lua modules (such as <code>Module:Itemgroup/list</code>). '''The Change:'''<br /> Currently, many templates pull electoral maps from Wikidata using the property [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]], combined with the qualifier [[:d:Property:P180|P180]]: [[:d:Q19571328|Q19571328]]. We are migrating this data (across roughly 4,000 items) to a newly created, dedicated property: '''[[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]]'''. '''What You Need To Do:'''<br /> To ensure your templates and infoboxes do not break or lose their maps, please update your local code to fetch data from [[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]] instead of the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] + [[:d:Property:P180|P180]] structure. A [[m:Wikidata/Property Migration: P1846 to P14226/List|list of pages]] was generated using Wikimedia Global Search. '''Deadline:'''<br /> We are temporarily retaining the old data on [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] to allow for a smooth transition. However, to complete the data cleanup on Wikidata, the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] statements will be removed after '''May 1, 2026'''. Please update your modules and templates before this date to prevent any disruption to your wiki's election articles. Let us know if you have any questions or need assistance with the query logic. Thank you for your help! [[User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] using [[Uiser:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Uiser collogue:MediaWiki message delivery|tauk]]) 17:11, 3 Apryle 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=29941252 --> == Request for comment (global AI policy) == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Apologies for writing in English. {{int:Please-translate}} A [[:m:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy|request for comment]] is currently being held to decide on a global AI policy. {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[Uiser:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Uiser collogue:MediaWiki message delivery|tauk]]) 00:58, 26 Apryle 2026 (UTC) </bdi> <!-- Message sent by User:Codename Noreste@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30424282 --> == Wiki Loves Earth! == {{en}} Hi folks - Just a wee note to let you know that '''Wiki Loves Earth''' is currently ongoing, running from 1 May - 30 June this year. It's an international photo competition that looks to capture images of protected natural areas across the world, including their flora and fauna. You can find out more about the competition, and how to take part, [[:Commons:Commons:Wiki Loves Earth 2026 in Scotland|over on Commmons.]] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 10:49, 19 Mey 2026 (UTC) n6g3uzvyd8vybf59fgysz52sinymnse 0 233476 919991 917718 2026-07-25T00:19:33Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260724)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 919991 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition (new) | name = Developmental coordination ail | synonyms = Developmental motor coordination ail, dyspraxia | field = [[Psychiatry]], [[neurology]] | symptoms = Motor skeels deficit an informational processin difficulties | complications = Learnin difficulties, low sel-esteem, wee tae nae engagement in pheesical activities lik sports, leadin tae [[obesity]] | onset = syne birth | duration = Lifelang | treatment = Pheesical therapy, occupational therapy | frequency = 5–6% (o aw age groups) | differential = Motor impairments owin tae anither medical condeetion, [[autism]], [[attention deficit hyperactivity ail]], [[dysgraphia]], [[jynt hypermobility syndrome]], [[hypotonia]], [[fetal alcohol spectrum ail]] | image = File:Black Chuck Taylors.jpg | alt = Shaes wi unduin laces | caption = Mony fowk wi dyspraxia hae difficulty wi tyin shaelaces, writin, an performin tasks that require coordination. }} '''Developmental coordination''' '''ail''' ('''DCA'''), forby kent as '''developmental motor coordination''' '''ail''', '''developmental dyspraxia''', or simply '''dyspraxia''' (frae Auncient Greek ''praxis'' 'activity'), is a motor ail chairacterised bi impairt coordination o pheesical muivements as a result o harn messages nae bein accurately transmittit tae the bouk. Deficits in fine or gross motor skeels muivements interfere wi activities o daily livin. It is aften descrieved as ail in skeel acquisition, whaur the learnin an execution o coordinatit motor skeels is substantially belaw that expectit gien the individual's chronological age. Difficulties mey present as clumsiness, slawness an inaccuracy o performance o motor skeels (e.g., catchin objecks, uisin cutlery, haundwritin, ridin a bike, uise o tuils or pairteecipatin in team sports or soummin). It is aften accompanee'd bi difficulty wi organisation an/or problems wi attention, wirkin memory an time management. A diagnosis o DCD is reached anly in the absence o ither neurological impairments sic as cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, or Parkinson's dishailth. The condeetion is lifelang an its onset is in early bairnheid. It is thoucht tae affeck aboot 5% o the population. Occupational therapy can help fowk wi dyspraxia tae develop thair coordination an achieve things that thay micht itherwise find extremely challengin tae accomplish. Dyspraxia haes naething tae dae wi intelligence but fowk wi dyspraxia mey struggle wi sel-esteem acause thair peers can easily dae things thay struggle wi on a daily basis. Dyspraxia is nae aften kent as a disabeelity in the general public. == Signs an symptoms == The Warld Heal Organisation (WHO) recognises DCA as a condeetion an hae published thair defineetion in the Internaitional Clessification o Dishailths. The American Psychiatric Association (APA)'s Diagnostic an Stateestical Manual, DSM-5 clessifies Developmental Coordination Ail (DCA) as a discrete motor ail unner the broader heidin o neurodevelopmental ails. It is aften descrieved as a ail in skeel acquisition or motor learnin, whaur the learnin an execution o coordinatit motor skeels is substantially belaw that expectit gien the individual's chronological age. Mony areas o development can be affeckit bi DCA an thir mey persist intae adultheid. In bairn, DCA mey exhibit as delays in early development o sittin, crawlin, walkin; peer abeelity or difficulties wi bairnheid activities sic as rinnin, jumpin, happin, catchin, sports an soummin; slawness; frequent trippin an bruisin; peer haundwritin skeels; difficulties wi sel care; difficulties wi skeels sic as uisin cutlery or tyin shaelaces; peer spatial unnerstaundin; difficulty follaein instructions; peer time management; an aften losin objecks. In adultheid, in addeetion tae a bairnheid history as abuin, the condeetion mey manifest as a difficulty learnin new motor skeels or applyin skeels in a different or busy environment, peer organisation an time management skeels, missed deidlines an lateness fur appyntments (or earliness as a copin strategy), an awkward pauses afore answerin in conversation. Thare is aften a history o unnerachievement in eddication or the wirkplace. Awthou skeels can be acquired, sic as neat haundwritin, haundwritin speed will then be muckle lower nor expectit. Evidence frae resairch an clinical practice indicates that DCA is nae juist a pheesical ail, an thare mey be deficits in executive functions, behavioural organisation an emotional regulation that extend furth the motor impairments an that are independent o diagnoses o co-morbidities. In addeetion tae the pheesical or motor impairments, developmental coordination ail is associatit wi problems wi memory, inspecially wirkin memory. This teepically results in difficulty myndin instructions, difficulty organisin ane's time an myndin deidlines, increased propensity tae lose things or problems carryin oot tasks that require myndin seevral steps in sequence (sic as cuikin). Whilst maist o the general population experience thir problems tae some extent, thay hae a muckle mair signeeficant impact on the lives o dyspraxic fowk. Houiver, mony dyspraxics hae excellent lang-term memories, in maugre o peer short-term memory. Mony dyspraxic fowk benefit frae wirkin in a structured environment, as repeatin the same routine minimises difficulty wi time-management an allous thaim tae commit procedurs tae lang-term memory. Fowk wi developmental coordination ail whiles hae difficulty moderatin the amoont o sensory information that thair bouk is constantly sendin thaim, sae as a result thir dyspraxic fowk mey be prone tae sensory owerload an panic attacks. Moderate tae extreme difficulty daein pheesical tasks is experienced bi some fowk wi dyspraxia, an fatigue is common acause sae muckle energy is expendit tryin tae execute pheesical muivements correctly. Some dyspraxic fowk hae hypotonia, low muscle tone, that can detrimentally affeck balance an aa. === Gross motor control === Hale bouk muivement an motor coordination issues mean that major developmental targets includin walkin, rinnin, climbin an jumpin can be affeckit. The difficulties vary frae person tae person an can include the follaein: * Peer timin. * Peer balance (whiles even fawin ower in mid-step). Trippin ower ane's awn feet is common an aa. * Difficulty combinin muivements intae a controlled sequence. * Difficulty myndin the nixt muivement in a sequence. * Problems wi spatial awareness, or proprioception. * Trouble pickin up an hauldin ontae simple objecks sic as pincils, owin tae peer muscle tone or proprioception. * Clumsiness tae the pynt o knockin things ower, causin minor injuries tae anesel an bumpin intae fowk accidentally. * Difficulty in determinin left frae richt. * Cross-laterality, ambidexterity, an a shift in the preferred haund are common in fowk wi developmental coordination ail an aa. * Problems wi chewin fuids. === Fine motor control === Fine-motor problems can cause difficulty wi a wide variety o ither tasks sic as uisin a knife an fork, fastenin buttons an shaelaces, cuikin, brushin tuith, stylin hair, shavin, applyin cosmetics, appenin jars an packets, lackin an unlackin duirs, an daein hoosewirk. Difficulties wi fine motor co-ordination lead tae problems wi haundwritin, Problems associatit wi this area mey include: * Learnin basic muivement patterns. * Developin a desired writin speed. * Establishin the correct pincil grip. * Haundwritin that is difficult tae read an mey miss wirds in sentences or place wirds in the incorrect order * Acquirin graphemes, e.g. the letters o the Laitin alphabet, as weel as nummers. === Developmental verbal dyspraxia === Developmental verbal dyspraxia (DVD) is a teep o ideational dyspraxia, causin speech an leid impairments. This is the favoured term in the UK; houiver, it is whiles referred tae as airticulatory dyspraxia an aa, an in the Unitit States the uisual term is bairnheid apraxia o speech (BAS). Key problems include: * Difficulties controllin the speech organs. * Difficulties makin speech soonds. * Difficulty sequencin soonds athin a wird. * Difficulty sequencin soonds formin wirds intae sentences. * Difficulty controllin breithin, suppressin salivation an phonation whan taukin or singin wi leerics. * Slaw leid development. === Associatit ails an secondary consequences === DCA is kent tae co-occur wi ither neurodevelopmental ails. Maist common is attention deficit hyperactivity ail (ADHA), wi an estimatit 50% o fowk wi ADHA haein DCA an aa, an vice versa. Ither co-occurrin condeetions are autism, developmental leid ail, prosopagnosia an developmental learnin ail. Fowk wha hae developmental coordination ail mey hae ane or mair o thir ither co-morbid condeetions: * Fetal alcohol spectrum ail * Dyscalculia (difficulty wi nummers) * Dysgraphia (an inabeelity tae write neatly or draw) * Dyslexia (difficulty wi readin an spellin) * Hypermobility * Hypotonia (low muscle tone) * Nonverbal learnin ail * Sensory processin ail * Veesual perception deficits Houiver, a person wi DCA is unlikely tae hae aw o thir condeetions. The pattern o difficulty varies widely frae person tae person; an area o major weakness fur ane dyspraxic person can be an area o strenth or gift fur anither. Fur ensaumple, whiles some dyspraxic fowk hae difficulty wi readin an spellin owin tae dyslexia, or wi numeracy owin tae dyscalculia, ithers mey hae brilliant readin an spellin or mathematical abeelities. Co-morbidity atween ADHA an DCA is pairticulairly heich. ==== Sensory processin ail ==== Sensory processin ail (SPA) concerns haein owersensitivity or unnersensitivity tae pheesical stimuli, sic as touch, licht, soond, an smell. This mey manifest itsel as an inabeelity tae tolerate certain texturs sic as saundpaper or certain fabrics sic as wool, oral intolerance o excessively textured fuid (commonly kent as picky eatin), bein touched bi anither individual (in the case o touch owersensitivity) or it mey require the consistent uise o sunglesses ootduirs syne sunlicht mey be intense eneuch tae cause discomfort tae a dyspraxic person (in the case o licht owersensitivity). An aversion tae lood muisic an naiturally lood environments (sic as clubs an bars) is teepical behaviour o individuals wi dyspraxia wha hae auditory owersensitivity, whiles anly bein comfortable in unuisually wairm or cauld environments is teepical o a dyspraxic person wi temperatur owersensitivity. Unnersensitivity tae stimuli mey cause problems an aa, as individuals dae nae receive the sensory inpit thay need tae unnerstaund whaur thair bouks are in space. This can mak it even mair challengin tae complete tasks. Dyspraxic fowk wha are unnersensitive tae pain mey injur thaimsels wioot realisin it. Some dyspraxic fowk mey be owersensitive tae some stimuli an unnersensitive tae ithers. ==== Developmental leid ail ==== Developmental leid ail (DLA) resairch haes foond that students wi developmental coordination ail an normal leid skeels aye experience learnin difficulties maugre o relative strenths in leid. This means that, fur students wi developmental coordination ail, thair wirkin memory abeelities determine thair learnin difficulties. Ony strenth in leid that thay hae is nae able tae sufficiently support thair learnin. Students wi developmental coordination ail struggle maist in veesual-spatial memory. Whan compared tae thair peers wioot motor difficulties, students wi developmental coordination ail are seiven times mair likely nor teepically developin students tae achieve vera peer scores in veesual-spatial memory. As a result o this wirkin memory impairment, students wi developmental coordination ail hae learnin deficits as weel. '''Pheesical consequences''' Dyspraxic individuals face a heicher prevalence o negative ootcomes, includin peer cardiovascular heal, challenges wi pheesical heal an sel-care. ==== Psychological an social consequences ==== '''Psychological domain:''' Bairn wi DCA mey struggle wi lower sel-efficacy an lower sel-perceived competence in peer an social relations. Some demonstrate muckler aggressiveness an hyperactivity. '''Social domain:''' Bairn mey be mair vulnerable tae social rejection an bullyin, possibly resultin in heicher levels o laneliness. '''Support domain:''' In the Unitit Kinrick, dyspraxic adults are less likely tae be awairdit disabeelity support fur heicher eddication nor thair dyslexic peers or thaim wi co-occurrin neurodivergence. Consequently, misinterpretations an inadequate support in thir settins are mair likely tae occur an are less likely tae be includit an supportit. ==In popular cultur== [[File:Daniel Radcliffe SDCC 2014.jpg|thumb|Daniel Radcliffe, actor, haes dyspraxia.]] === Feectional chairacters === * Helen Burns, a chairacter frae [[Charlotte Brontë]]'s ''[[Jane Eyre]]'', is allegit tae hae been based on the author's dyspraxic elder sister Maria Brontë. * [[Ryan Sinclair]], a chairacter in the [[BBC]] [[Science feection on televeesion|science feection telly]] programme ''[[Doctor Who]]''. ===Public feegurs=== Fowk wha hae publicly statit thay hae been diagnosed wi developmental coordination ail include: * [[David Bailey (photographer)|David Bailey]], photographer * [[TotalBiscuit|John "TotalBiscuit" Bain]], gemmes creetic * [[Cara Delevingne]], model * [[Ellis Genge]], Rugby Union pleyer * [[Gage Golightly]], actress * [[Olive Gray]], actor * [[Tom Hunt (poleetician)|Tom Hunt]], poleetician * [[Harriet Kemsley]], comedian * [[Emma Lewell-Buck]], poleetician * [[Mel B]], sangster * [[Will Poulter]], actor * [[Daniel Radcliffe]], actor * [[Holly Smale]], author * [[Florence Welch]], sangster * [[Toyah Willcox]], muisicker == See an aw == {{div col|colwidth=22em}} * [[Agin muivement control]] * [[Apraxia]] * [[Autism]] * [[Deficits in attention, motor control an perception]] * [[Fetal alcohol spectrum ail]] * [[Global developmental delay]] * [[Hypermobility (jynts)|Hypermobility]] * [[KE faimily]] * [[Leets o leid ails]] * [[Motor control]] * [[Motor coordination]] * [[Multisensory integration]] * [[Nonverbal learnin ail]] * [[Sensory-motor couplin]] * [[Workin memory]] {{div col end}} == References == {{Reflist|4}} === Soorces === {{refbegin|2}} * <!-- To cite the DSM-5-TR ebook, use{{sfn|DSM-5-TR}} -->{{cite book |title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) |pages=74–77 |location=Arlington, VA |publisher=American Psychiatric Association 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https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-occupational-therapy_1995-09_49_8/page/787 | journal = The American Journal of Occupational Therapy | volume = 49 | issue = 8 | pages = 787–94 | date = September 1995 | pmid = 8526224 | doi = 10.5014/ajot.49.8.787 |ref={{harvid|Willoughby & Polatajko 1995}} }} * <!-- to cite use{{sfn|Wilson & McKenzie 1998}} -->{{cite journal | vauthors = Wilson PH, McKenzie BE | title = Information processing deficits associated with developmental coordination disorder: a meta-analysis of research findings | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-child-psychology-and-psychiatry_1998-09_39_6/page/829 | journal = Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines | volume = 39 | issue = 6 | pages = 829–40 | date = September 1998 | pmid = 9758192 | doi = 10.1111/1469-7610.00384 |ref={{harvid|Wilson & McKenzie 1998}} }} * <!-- to cite use{{sfn|Wright & Sugden 1996}} -->{{cite journal | vauthors = Wright HC, Sugden DA | title = A two-step procedure for the identification of children with developmental co-ordination disorder in Singapore | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_developmental-medicine-and-child-neurology_1996-12_38_12/page/1099 | journal = Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology | volume = 38 | issue = 12 | pages = 1099–105 | date = December 1996 | pmid = 8973295 | doi = 10.1111/j.1469-8749.1996.tb15073.x |ref={{harvid|Wright & Sugden 1996}} }} <!-- Z --> * <!-- to cite use{{sfn|Zwicker 2012}} -->{{cite journal | vauthors = Zwicker JG, Missiuna C, Harris SR, Boyd LA | title = Developmental coordination disorder: a review and update | journal = European Journal of Paediatric Neurology | volume = 16 | issue = 6 | pages = 573–81 | date = November 2012 | pmid = 22705270 | doi = 10.1016/j.ejpn.2012.05.005 |ref={{harvid|Zwicker 2012}} }} * <!-- to cite use{{sfn|Zwicker, Harris & Klassen 2013}} -->{{cite journal | vauthors = Zwicker JG, Harris SR, Klassen AF | title = Quality of life domains affected in children with developmental coordination disorder: a systematic review | journal = Child: Care, Health and Development | volume = 39 | pages = 562–580 | date = 2012-04-20 | issue = 4 | pmid = 22515477 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2214.2012.01379.x | doi-access = free |ref={{harvid|Zwicker, Harris & Klassen 2013}} }} {{refend}} === Further readin === * {{cite journal|author1-link=Helene Polatajko | vauthors = Polatajko H, Fox M, Missiuna C | title=An International Consensus on Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_canadian-journal-of-occupational-therapy_1995-04_62_1/page/3 |journal=Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy|volume=62| issue=1|year=1995|pages=3–6 |doi=10.1177/000841749506200101}} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Mandich A, Polatajko HJ | title = Developmental coordination disorder: mechanisms, measurement and management | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_human-movement-science_2003-11_22_4/page/407 | journal = Human Movement Science | volume = 22 | issue = 4–5 | pages = 407–11 | date = November 2003 | pmid = 14624825 | doi = 10.1016/j.humov.2003.09.001 }} * {{cite book | vauthors = Talukdar, A | title = Dyspraxia/DCD pocketbook | series = Teachers' Pocketbooks | publisher = Management Pocketbooks | year = 2012 | location = Hampshire; UK | isbn = 978-1-906610-38-8 |oclc = 1162296987 | url=http://www.teacherspocketbooks.co.uk/media_tp/preview/9781906610388(Preview).pdf }} * {{cite book |chapter=6A04 Developmental motor coordination disorder |pages=139–142 |title=Clinical descriptions and diagnostic requirements for ICD-11 mental, behavioural and neurodevelopmental disorders |date=2024 |publisher=World Health Organization |isbn=978-92-4-007726-3 |hdl=10665/375767 |hdl-access=free }} * {{cite web |last1=Sutton Hamilton |first1=S |title=Developmental coordination disorder: Management and outcome |url=https://www.uptodate.com/contents/developmental-coordination-disorder-management-and-outcome |work=UpToDate }} ==Fremmit airtins== {{sister project links|d=Q1269351|q=no|c=category:Dyspraxia|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|wikt=no|s=no|species=no}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Motor control]] [[Category:Neurological ails]] [[Category:Speceefic developmental ails]] hsvy12zpl5jtm4bjp7sepdxowv0g0ar 0 233787 919969 2026-07-24T23:55:55Z NoahGeo 129838 basic information 919969 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|office=[[Prime Meenister o the Unitit Kinrick]]|term_start=20 Julie 2026|monarch=[[Charles III]]|preceding=[[Keir Starmer]]|name=Andy Burnham|image=Official portrait of Andy Burnham MP 2026 (cropped 3x4) 2.jpg}} '''Andrew Murray Burnham''' (born 7 January 1970) is Breetish politeecian wha has served as the prime meenister o the unitit kinrick an leader o the Labour Pairty syne 20 Julie 2026.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prime Minister - GOV.UK|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/prime-minister|access-date=2026-07-24|website=www.gov.uk|language=en}}</ref> Afore becomin' prime meenister, he wis the Mayor o Manchester fae 8 Mey 2017 tae 19 Juin 2026. hv3e9ogk5n4nro93g17l9dizmjfgff0