Wikipedia scowiki https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.14 first-letter Media Special Collogue Uiser Uiser collogue Wikipedia Wikipedia collogue File File collogue MediaWiki MediaWiki collogue Template Template collogue Help Help collogue Category Category collogue Portal Portal talk Define Define talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 10928 920547 920542 2026-08-08T13:23:42Z PurpleDinosaur585 129975 stertit fixin Scots (the feck o't wis in English) 920547 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|10|S|76|W|display=title}} {{Infobox kintra |conventional_long_name = Republic o Peru |common_name = Peru |native_name = {{unbulleted list|item_style=font-size:88%; |{{native name|es|República del Perú}} |{{native name|qu|Piruw Republika}} |{{native name|ay|Piruw Suyu}} }} |image_flag = Flag of Peru.svg |image_coat = Escudo nacional del Perú.svg |other_symbol = <div style="padding:0.3em;">[[File:Gran Sello de la República del Perú.svg|100px|link=Great Seal of the State]]</div>{{native phrase|es|[[Coat o airms o Peru#Variants|Gran Sello del Estado]]|nolink=on}}<br />{{small|Great Cachet o the State}} |other_symbol_type = Naitional [[Seal (device)|Cachet]]: |national_motto = "Firme y feliz por la unión" <small>(Spainish)<br />"Steive and Blythe for the Union"</small> |national_anthem = {{native name|es|[[Naitional Anthem o Peru|Himno Nacional del Perú]]|nolink=on}}<br />{{small|''Naitional Anthem o Peru''}}<br />{{center|[[File:United States Navy Band - Marcha Nacional del Perú.ogg]]}} |image_map = Peru (orthographic projection).svg |capital = [[Lima]] |coordinates = {{Coord|12|2.6|S|77|1.7|W|type:city}} |largest_city = [[Lima]] |languages = {{unbulleted list | [[Peruvian Spainish|the Spainish]] | [[Quechuan leids|the Quechua]] | [[Aymara leid|the Aymara]] }} |languages_type = [[Offeecial leids]]^a |ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 45% [[Indigenous fowk in Peru|Amerindian]] | 37% [[Mestizo]] | 15% [[Peruvians wi European ruits|White]] | 3% others<ref name="CIA">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pe.html|title=Ethnic groups of Perú|publisher=CIA Factbook|accessdate=30 October 2013|archive-date=2020-05-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508223524/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pe.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> }} | ethnic_groups_year = 2013 |demonym = Peruvian |government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]] [[republic]]<ref name="Draft">{{cite journal |last=Shugart |first=Matthew Søberg |author-link= |date=September 2005 |title=Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive and Mixed Authority Patterns |url=http://dss.ucsd.edu/~mshugart/semi-presidentialism.pdf|journal=Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies |location=United States |publisher=University of California, San Diego |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819200307/http://dss.ucsd.edu/~mshugart/semi-presidentialism.pdf |archive-date=19 August 2008 |access-date=31 August 2017 |postscript=. |ref=harv }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819200307/http://dss.ucsd.edu/~mshugart/semi-presidentialism.pdf |date=2008-08-19 }}</ref><ref name="Dual">{{cite journal |last=Shugart |first=Matthew Søberg |author-link=Matthew Søberg Shugart |date=December 2005 |title=Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive And Mixed Authority Patterns |url=http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1057%2Fpalgrave.fp.8200087.pdf |journal=French Politics |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] UK |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=323–351 |issn=1476-3427 |oclc=6895745903 |doi=10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200087 |doi-access=free |access-date=31 August 2017 |quote=Only in Latin America have all new democracies retained a pure presidential form, except for Peru (president-parliamentary) and Bolivia (assembly-independent). |postscript=. |ref=harv }}</ref> |leader_title1 = [[:en:List of Presidents of Peru|Presidents]] |leader_name1 = [[:en:Keiko Fujimori|Keiko Fujimori]] |leader_title2 = [[:en:Vice President of Peru|Vice President]] |leader_name2 = [[:en:Luis Galarreta|Luis Galarreta]] |leader_title3 = [[:en:Prime Menister of Peru|Prime Meenister]] |leader_name3 = [[:en:Luis Galarreta|Luis Galarreta]] |leader_title4 = [[:en:Congress of the Republic of Peru|President o Congress]] | leader_name4 = [[:en:Miki Torres|Miki Torres]]/[[:en:Óscar de Jesús Reto Otero|Óscar de Jesús Reto Otero]] |legislature = [[:en:Congress of the Republic of Peru|Congress o the Republic]] |sovereignty_type = [[Peruvian War o Independence|Independence]] {{nobold|frae the [[History o Spain (1814-1873)|Kinrick o Spain]]}} |established_event1 = [[Peruvian War o Independence|Declared]] |established_date1 = 28 Julie 1821 |established_event2 = [[Stour o Ayacucho|Consolidat]] |established_date2 = 9 December 1824 |established_event3 = Recognised |established_date3 = 14 August 1879 |area_km2 = 1,285,216 |area_magnitude = 1 E12 |area_rank = 19t |area_sq_mi = 496,225 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> |percent_water = 0.41 <!-- CIA World Factbook --> |population_estimate = 34,294,231<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/principales_indicadores/libro_1.pdf|title=Perú: Estimaciones y Proyecciones de Población Total, por Años Calendario y Edades Simples, 1950–2050|trans-title=Peru: Estimates and Projections of Total Population, by Calendar Years and Simple Ages, 1950–2050|publisher=National Institute of Statistics and Informatics|date=September 2009|language=es|access-date=18 September 2018|archive-date=18 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918125613/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/principales_indicadores/libro_1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> | population_census = 31,237,385 | population_estimate_year = 2021 | population_estimate_rank = 44th | population_census_year = 2017 | population_density_km2 = 23 <!--UN World Population Prospects--> | population_density_sq_mi = 57 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 198th | GDP_PPP = {{decrease}} $385.719&nbsp;billion<ref name="imf2">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=31&pr.y=8&sy=2017&ey=2024&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=293&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=Peru|publisher=International Monetary Fund|access-date=18 January 2020|archive-date=17 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117125604/https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=31&pr.y=8&sy=2017&ey=2024&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=293&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|url-status=live}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2020 | GDP_PPP_rank = 47th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{decrease}} $11,516<ref name="imf2" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 103rd | GDP_nominal = {{decrease}} $195.761&nbsp;billion<ref name="imf2" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2020 | GDP_nominal_rank = 49th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{decrease}} $5,845<ref name="imf2" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 86th | Gini = 41.5 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2019 | Gini_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=PE |title=Gini Index |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=14 July 2021 |archive-date=7 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507153612/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=PE |url-status=live }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.777 <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = 2019 <!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year --> | HDI_change = increase <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = <ref>{{cite book|title=Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene|date=15 December 2020|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|isbn=978-92-1-126442-5|pages=343–346|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf|access-date=16 December 2020|archive-date=15 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215063955/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 79th | currency = [[Peruvian sol|Sol]] | currency_code = PEN | time_zone = [[Time in Peru|PET]] | utc_offset = −5 | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy ([[Common Era|CE]]) | drives_on = richt | calling_code = [[+51]] | iso3166code = PE | cctld = [[.pe]] | religion = {{unbulleted list |94.51% [[Releigion in Peru#Christianity|Christianity]]|—76.03% [[Catholic Kirk in Peru|Catholicism]]|—18.48% Ither [[List of Christian denominations|Christian]]|5.09% [[Irreleigion in Latin America|Nae releigion]]|0.40% Ither}} | religion_ref = <ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico |page=231 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |access-date=27 September 2018 |archive-date=11 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> | religion_year = 2017{{efn|name=c| The quistion anent releigion taen in the [[2017 Peru Census|2017 Naitional Census]] wis speirt at fowk 12 year auld and ower.}} | today = }} '''Peru''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Peru.ogg|p|ə|ˈ|r|uː}}; {{lang-es|link=no|Perú}} {{IPA-es|peˈɾu|}}; {{lang-qu|Piruw}} {{IPA-qu|pɪɾʊw|}};<ref>Quechua name used by government of Peru is ''Perú'' (see Quechua-language version of Peru Parliament [http://www.congreso.gob.pe/_quechua/index.htm website] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100730230845/http://www.congreso.gob.pe/_quechua/index.htm |date=30 July 2010 }} and Quechua-language version of Peru Constitution [https://web.archive.org/web/20110205010758/http://www.congreso.gob.pe/_quechua/Constitucion.pdf but common Quechua name is ''Piruw'']</ref> {{lang-ay|Piruw}} {{IPA-all|pɪɾʊw|}}), officially cried the '''Republic of Peru''' ({{Audio-es|República del Perú|ES-pe - República del Perú.ogg}}),<!-- {{IPA-es|reˈpuβlika ðel peˈɾu|}} --> is a kintra in wastern South Americae. It is mairched tae the north bi [[Ecuador]] and [[Colombia]], tae the aest bi [[Brazil]], tae the south-aest bi [[Bolivia]], tae the south bi [[Chile]], and tae the south and wast bi the [[Pacific Ocean]]. Peru is a [[megadiverse country|megadiverse kintra]] wi haibitats reengin frae the dry plains of the Pacific, coastal pairts tae the wast, tae the taps of the [[Andes mountains|Andes muntains]] raxin frae the north till the south-aestern pairts of the kintra, tae the tropical [[Amazon Basin]] rainforest, tae the aest wi the [[Amazon river]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sernanp.gob.pe/sernanp/archivos/imagenes/vida/Peru-%20Pais%20Megadiverso.pdf |title=Perú: País megadiverso |trans-title=Peru: Megadiverse country |publisher=Servicio Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622152015/http://www.sernanp.gob.pe/sernanp/archivos/imagenes/vida/Peru-%20Pais%20Megadiverso.pdf |archive-date=22 June 2014}}</ref> Peru haes a [[Demographics of Peru|population]] of 34 million, and its capital and mucklest city is [[Lima]]. At 1.28&nbsp;million km² (0.5&nbsp;million mi²), Peru is the [[List of countries and dependencies by area|19t mucklest kintra in the warld]], and the [[List of South American countries by area|third mucklest in South Americae]]. [[Lima]] is the capital ceety o the kintra. The President o Peru is [[Francisco Sagasti]]. [[Pre-Columbian Peru|Peruvian land]] wis hame tae a wheen [[Ancient Peru|auncient cultures]]. Reengin frae the [[Norte Chico civilization]] stertin in 3500 BCE, the auldest civilization in the Americaes and ane of the five [[cradles of civilization]], tae the [[Inca Empire]], the mucklest state in the [[pre-Columbian]] Americaes, the land nou takin in Peru haes ane of the langest histories of civilization of ony kintra, wi an heirskip that can be follaed back tae the 10th millennium BCE. The [[Spanish Empire|Spainish Empire]] conquessed Peru in the 16th century and [[Viceroyalty of Peru|estaiblished a vice-royalty]] that teuk in the maist of its South American territories, wi its capital in [[Lima]]. Heicher eddication stertit in the Americaes wi the official foondin of the [[National University of San Marcos|Naitional College of San Marcos]] in Lima in 1551. Peru formally made kent its independence in 1821, and follaein the foreign military campaigns of [[José de San Martín]] and [[Simón Bolívar]], and the decisive [[battle of Ayacucho|Stour of Ayacucho]], Peru [[Peruvian War of Independence|completed its independence in 1824]]. In the years that follaed, the kintra tae stert wi dree'd political on-siccerness ontil a time of affeirin[[Guano Era|economic and political siccerness]] begoud ower the heids of the ''Exploitation of Guano''. Efter a whilie, the [[War of the Pacific|Weir of the Pacific]] (1879–1884) wi Chile brocght Peru tae a state of crisis frae whilk the oligarchy teuk pouer throu the [[Civilista Party|Civilista Pairty]]. In the 20th century, the kintra dree'd coups, social wanrest, and [[Internal conflict in Peru|inbye stours]], as weel as whiles of siccerness and economic upswing. In the 1990s, the kintra implemented a [[neoliberalism|neoliberal economic model]] whilk is still gettin yaised the day. As the [[2000s commodities boom]] teuk place, Peru wis experiencin a while of constant economic growth and a doun-gang in [[poverty|puirtith]]. The [[sovereign state|independent state]] of Peru is a [[Representative democracy|representative democratic]] republic dividit intae [[Administrative divisions of Peru|25 pairts]]. Peru haes a heich level of [[Human development index|human development]],<ref name="UNDP">{{cite web|title= Peru|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/PER|website=Human Development Reports |publisher=United Nations|language=en|date=2016|access-date=7 January 2018|archive-date=28 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228165331/http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/PER|url-status=live}}</ref> wi an upper middle income level rankin 82nd on the [[Human Development Index]].<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic and Financial Surveys, World Economic Outlook October 2015 |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/02/pdf/text.pdf |website=www.imf.org |access-date=15 February 2018 |archive-date=13 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113211842/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/02/pdf/text.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> It is ane of the region's maist weel-daein economies wi an owerheid growth rate of 5.9%<ref name="WBoverview">{{cite web |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/peru/overview |title=Peru Overview |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=17 April 2017 |archive-date=5 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505064825/http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/peru/overview |url-status=live }}</ref> and it haes ane of the warld's faistest industrial growth rates at an owerheid of 9.6%.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2089.html#pe |title=Peru |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=8 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707010810/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2089.html#pe |archive-date=7 July 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Its main economic activities taks in minin, manufacturin, lawbourage and fishin; alang wi ither growin sectors siclike as telecommunications and siller. [[File:Peru - Regions and departments (labeled).svg|250px|right|thumb| Peru]] [[File:Peru Machu Picchu Sunrise.jpg|250px|right|thumb| [[Machu Picchu]] ]] == Notes == {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Peru| ]] [[Category:Andean Commonty o Naitions]] [[Category:Kintras borderin the Paceefic Ocean]] [[Category:Kintras in Sooth Americae]] [[Category:Umwhile Spaingie colonies]] [[Category:Leeberal democracies]] [[Category:Member states o the Union o Sooth American Naitions]] [[Category:Member states o the Unitit Naitions]] [[Category:Republics]] [[Category:Spaingie-speakin kintras an territories]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1821]] {{Stub/SoothAm}} 50yaofftt9lb36n5ymg0z649q1gyhyt 920548 920547 2026-08-08T13:26:08Z PurpleDinosaur585 129975 920548 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|10|S|76|W|display=title}} {{Infobox kintra |conventional_long_name = Republic o Peru |common_name = Peru |native_name = {{unbulleted list|item_style=font-size:88%; |{{native name|es|República del Perú}} |{{native name|qu|Piruw Republika}} |{{native name|ay|Piruw Suyu}} }} |image_flag = Flag of Peru.svg |image_coat = Escudo nacional del Perú.svg |other_symbol = <div style="padding:0.3em;">[[File:Gran Sello de la República del Perú.svg|100px|link=Great Seal of the State]]</div>{{native phrase|es|[[Coat o airms o Peru#Variants|Gran Sello del Estado]]|nolink=on}}<br />{{small|Great Cachet o the State}} |other_symbol_type = Naitional [[Seal (device)|Cachet]]: |national_motto = "Firme y feliz por la unión" <small>(Spainish)<br />"Steive and Blythe for the Union"</small> |national_anthem = {{native name|es|[[Naitional Anthem o Peru|Himno Nacional del Perú]]|nolink=on}}<br />{{small|''Naitional Anthem o Peru''}}<br />{{center|[[File:United States Navy Band - Marcha Nacional del Perú.ogg]]}} |image_map = Peru (orthographic projection).svg |capital = [[Lima]] |coordinates = {{Coord|12|2.6|S|77|1.7|W|type:city}} |largest_city = [[Lima]] |languages = {{unbulleted list | [[Peruvian Spainish|the Spainish]] | [[Quechuan leids|the Quechua]] | [[Aymara leid|the Aymara]] }} |languages_type = [[Offeecial leids]]^a |ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 45% [[Indigenous fowk in Peru|Amerindian]] | 37% [[Mestizo]] | 15% [[Peruvians wi European ruits|White]] | 3% others<ref name="CIA">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pe.html|title=Ethnic groups of Perú|publisher=CIA Factbook|accessdate=30 October 2013|archive-date=2020-05-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508223524/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pe.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> }} | ethnic_groups_year = 2013 |demonym = Peruvian |government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]] [[republic]]<ref name="Draft">{{cite journal |last=Shugart |first=Matthew Søberg |author-link= |date=September 2005 |title=Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive and Mixed Authority Patterns |url=http://dss.ucsd.edu/~mshugart/semi-presidentialism.pdf|journal=Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies |location=United States |publisher=University of California, San Diego |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819200307/http://dss.ucsd.edu/~mshugart/semi-presidentialism.pdf |archive-date=19 August 2008 |access-date=31 August 2017 |postscript=. |ref=harv }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819200307/http://dss.ucsd.edu/~mshugart/semi-presidentialism.pdf |date=2008-08-19 }}</ref><ref name="Dual">{{cite journal |last=Shugart |first=Matthew Søberg |author-link=Matthew Søberg Shugart |date=December 2005 |title=Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive And Mixed Authority Patterns |url=http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1057%2Fpalgrave.fp.8200087.pdf |journal=French Politics |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] UK |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=323–351 |issn=1476-3427 |oclc=6895745903 |doi=10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200087 |doi-access=free |access-date=31 August 2017 |quote=Only in Latin America have all new democracies retained a pure presidential form, except for Peru (president-parliamentary) and Bolivia (assembly-independent). |postscript=. |ref=harv }}</ref> |leader_title1 = [[:en:List of Presidents of Peru|Presidents]] |leader_name1 = [[:en:Keiko Fujimori|Keiko Fujimori]] |leader_title2 = [[:en:Vice President of Peru|Vice President]] |leader_name2 = [[:en:Luis Galarreta|Luis Galarreta]] |leader_title3 = [[:en:Prime Menister of Peru|Prime Meenister]] |leader_name3 = [[:en:Luis Galarreta|Luis Galarreta]] |leader_title4 = [[:en:Congress of the Republic of Peru|President o Congress]] | leader_name4 = [[:en:Miki Torres|Miki Torres]]/[[:en:Óscar de Jesús Reto Otero|Óscar de Jesús Reto Otero]] |legislature = [[:en:Congress of the Republic of Peru|Congress o the Republic]] |sovereignty_type = [[Peruvian War o Independence|Independence]] {{nobold|frae the [[History o Spain (1814-1873)|Kinrick o Spain]]}} |established_event1 = [[Peruvian War o Independence|Declared]] |established_date1 = 28 Julie 1821 |established_event2 = [[Stour o Ayacucho|Consolidat]] |established_date2 = 9 December 1824 |established_event3 = Recognised |established_date3 = 14 August 1879 |area_km2 = 1,285,216 |area_magnitude = 1 E12 |area_rank = 19t |area_sq_mi = 496,225 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> |percent_water = 0.41 <!-- CIA World Factbook --> |population_estimate = 34,294,231<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/principales_indicadores/libro_1.pdf|title=Perú: Estimaciones y Proyecciones de Población Total, por Años Calendario y Edades Simples, 1950–2050|trans-title=Peru: Estimates and Projections of Total Population, by Calendar Years and Simple Ages, 1950–2050|publisher=National Institute of Statistics and Informatics|date=September 2009|language=es|access-date=18 September 2018|archive-date=18 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918125613/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/principales_indicadores/libro_1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> | population_census = 31,237,385 | population_estimate_year = 2021 | population_estimate_rank = 44th | population_census_year = 2017 | population_density_km2 = 23 <!--UN World Population Prospects--> | population_density_sq_mi = 57 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 198th | GDP_PPP = {{decrease}} $385.719&nbsp;billion<ref name="imf2">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=31&pr.y=8&sy=2017&ey=2024&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=293&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=Peru|publisher=International Monetary Fund|access-date=18 January 2020|archive-date=17 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117125604/https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=31&pr.y=8&sy=2017&ey=2024&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=293&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|url-status=live}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2020 | GDP_PPP_rank = 47th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{decrease}} $11,516<ref name="imf2" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 103rd | GDP_nominal = {{decrease}} $195.761&nbsp;billion<ref name="imf2" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2020 | GDP_nominal_rank = 49th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{decrease}} $5,845<ref name="imf2" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 86th | Gini = 41.5 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2019 | Gini_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=PE |title=Gini Index |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=14 July 2021 |archive-date=7 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507153612/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=PE |url-status=live }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.777 <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = 2019 <!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year --> | HDI_change = increase <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = <ref>{{cite book|title=Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene|date=15 December 2020|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|isbn=978-92-1-126442-5|pages=343–346|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf|access-date=16 December 2020|archive-date=15 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215063955/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 79th | currency = [[Peruvian sol|Sol]] | currency_code = PEN | time_zone = [[Time in Peru|PET]] | utc_offset = −5 | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy ([[Common Era|CE]]) | drives_on = richt | calling_code = [[+51]] | iso3166code = PE | cctld = [[.pe]] | religion = {{unbulleted list |94.51% [[Releigion in Peru#Christianity|Christianity]]|—76.03% [[Catholic Kirk in Peru|Catholicism]]|—18.48% Ither [[List of Christian denominations|Christian]]|5.09% [[Irreleigion in Latin America|Nae releigion]]|0.40% Ither}} | religion_ref = <ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico |page=231 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |access-date=27 September 2018 |archive-date=11 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> | religion_year = 2017{{efn|name=c| The quistion anent releigion taen in the [[2017 Peru Census|2017 Naitional Census]] wis speirt at fowk 12 year auld and ower.}} | today = }} '''Peru''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Peru.ogg|p|ə|ˈ|r|uː}}; {{lang-es|link=no|Perú}} {{IPA-es|peˈɾu|}}; {{lang-qu|Piruw}} {{IPA-qu|pɪɾʊw|}};<ref>Quechua name used by government of Peru is ''Perú'' (see Quechua-language version of Peru Parliament [http://www.congreso.gob.pe/_quechua/index.htm website] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100730230845/http://www.congreso.gob.pe/_quechua/index.htm |date=30 July 2010 }} and Quechua-language version of Peru Constitution [https://web.archive.org/web/20110205010758/http://www.congreso.gob.pe/_quechua/Constitucion.pdf but common Quechua name is ''Piruw'']</ref> {{lang-ay|Piruw}} {{IPA-all|pɪɾʊw|}}), officially cried the '''Republic of Peru''' ({{Audio-es|República del Perú|ES-pe - República del Perú.ogg}}),<!-- {{IPA-es|reˈpuβlika ðel peˈɾu|}} --> is a kintra in wastern South Americae. It is mairched tae the north bi [[Ecuador]] and [[Colombia]], tae the aest bi [[Brazil]], tae the south-aest bi [[Bolivia]], tae the south bi [[Chile]], and tae the south and wast bi the [[Pacific Ocean]]. Peru is a [[megadiverse country|megadiverse kintra]] wi haibitats reengin frae the dry plains of the Pacific, coastal pairts tae the wast, tae the taps of the [[Andes mountains|Andes muntains]] raxin frae the north till the south-aestern pairts of the kintra, tae the tropical [[Amazon Basin]] rainforest, tae the aest wi the [[Amazon river]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sernanp.gob.pe/sernanp/archivos/imagenes/vida/Peru-%20Pais%20Megadiverso.pdf |title=Perú: País megadiverso |trans-title=Peru: Megadiverse country |publisher=Servicio Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622152015/http://www.sernanp.gob.pe/sernanp/archivos/imagenes/vida/Peru-%20Pais%20Megadiverso.pdf |archive-date=22 June 2014}}</ref> Peru haes a [[Demographics of Peru|population]] of 34 million, and its capital and mucklest city is [[Lima]]. At 1.28&nbsp;million km² (0.5&nbsp;million mi²), Peru is the [[List of countries and dependencies by area|19t mucklest kintra in the warld]], and the [[List of South American countries by area|third mucklest in South Americae]]. [[Lima]] is the capital ceety o the kintra. The President o Peru is [[Francisco Sagasti]]. [[Pre-Columbian Peru|Peruvian land]] wis hame tae a wheen [[Ancient Peru|auncient cultures]]. Reengin frae the [[Norte Chico civilization]] stertin in 3500 BCE, the auldest civilization in the Americaes and ane of the five [[cradles of civilization]], tae the [[Inca Empire]], the mucklest state in the [[pre-Columbian]] Americaes. The land that nou taks in Peru haes ane of the langest histories of civilization of ony kintra, wi an heirskip that can be follaed back tae the 10th millennium BCE. The [[Spanish Empire|Spainish Empire]] conquessed Peru in the 16th century and [[Viceroyalty of Peru|estaiblished a vice-royalty]] that teuk in the maist of its South American territories, wi its capital in [[Lima]]. Heicher eddication stertit in the Americaes wi the official foondin of the [[National University of San Marcos|Naitional College of San Marcos]] in Lima in 1551. Peru formally made kent its independence in 1821, and follaein the foreign military campaigns of [[José de San Martín]] and [[Simón Bolívar]], and the decisive [[battle of Ayacucho|Stour of Ayacucho]], Peru [[Peruvian War of Independence|completed its independence in 1824]]. In the years that follaed, the kintra tae stert wi dree'd political on-siccerness ontil a time of affeirin[[Guano Era|economic and political siccerness]] begoud ower the heids of the ''Exploitation of Guano''. Efter a whilie, the [[War of the Pacific|Weir of the Pacific]] (1879–1884) wi Chile brocght Peru tae a state of crisis frae whilk the oligarchy teuk pouer throu the [[Civilista Party|Civilista Pairty]]. In the 20th century, the kintra dree'd coups, social wanrest, and [[Internal conflict in Peru|inbye stours]], as weel as whiles of siccerness and economic upswing. In the 1990s, the kintra implemented a [[neoliberalism|neoliberal economic model]] whilk is still gettin yaised the day. As the [[2000s commodities boom]] teuk place, Peru wis experiencin a while of constant economic growth and a doun-gang in [[poverty|puirtith]]. The [[sovereign state|independent state]] of Peru is a [[Representative democracy|representative democratic]] republic dividit intae [[Administrative divisions of Peru|25 pairts]]. Peru haes a heich level of [[Human development index|human development]],<ref name="UNDP">{{cite web|title= Peru|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/PER|website=Human Development Reports |publisher=United Nations|language=en|date=2016|access-date=7 January 2018|archive-date=28 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228165331/http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/PER|url-status=live}}</ref> wi an upper middle income level rankin 82nd on the [[Human Development Index]].<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic and Financial Surveys, World Economic Outlook October 2015 |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/02/pdf/text.pdf |website=www.imf.org |access-date=15 February 2018 |archive-date=13 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113211842/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/02/pdf/text.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> It is ane of the region's maist weel-daein economies wi an owerheid growth rate of 5.9%<ref name="WBoverview">{{cite web |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/peru/overview |title=Peru Overview |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=17 April 2017 |archive-date=5 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505064825/http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/peru/overview |url-status=live }}</ref> and it haes ane of the warld's faistest industrial growth rates at an owerheid of 9.6%.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2089.html#pe |title=Peru |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=8 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707010810/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2089.html#pe |archive-date=7 July 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Its main economic activities taks in minin, manufacturin, lawbourage and fishin; alang wi ither growin sectors siclike as telecommunications and siller. [[File:Peru - Regions and departments (labeled).svg|250px|right|thumb| Peru]] [[File:Peru Machu Picchu Sunrise.jpg|250px|right|thumb| [[Machu Picchu]] ]] == Notes == {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Peru| ]] [[Category:Andean Commonty o Naitions]] [[Category:Kintras borderin the Paceefic Ocean]] [[Category:Kintras in Sooth Americae]] [[Category:Umwhile Spaingie colonies]] [[Category:Leeberal democracies]] [[Category:Member states o the Union o Sooth American Naitions]] [[Category:Member states o the Unitit Naitions]] [[Category:Republics]] [[Category:Spaingie-speakin kintras an territories]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1821]] {{Stub/SoothAm}} qgloxkqtc21oarajmohnx6k7whllgpk 920549 920548 2026-08-08T13:27:17Z PurpleDinosaur585 129975 920549 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|10|S|76|W|display=title}} {{Infobox kintra |conventional_long_name = Republic o Peru |common_name = Peru |native_name = {{unbulleted list|item_style=font-size:88%; |{{native name|es|República del Perú}} |{{native name|qu|Piruw Republika}} |{{native name|ay|Piruw Suyu}} }} |image_flag = Flag of Peru.svg |image_coat = Escudo nacional del Perú.svg |other_symbol = <div style="padding:0.3em;">[[File:Gran Sello de la República del Perú.svg|100px|link=Great Seal of the State]]</div>{{native phrase|es|[[Coat o airms o Peru#Variants|Gran Sello del Estado]]|nolink=on}}<br />{{small|Great Cachet o the State}} |other_symbol_type = Naitional [[Seal (device)|Cachet]]: |national_motto = "Firme y feliz por la unión" <small>(Spainish)<br />"Steive and Blythe for the Union"</small> |national_anthem = {{native name|es|[[Naitional Anthem o Peru|Himno Nacional del Perú]]|nolink=on}}<br />{{small|''Naitional Anthem o Peru''}}<br />{{center|[[File:United States Navy Band - Marcha Nacional del Perú.ogg]]}} |image_map = Peru (orthographic projection).svg |capital = [[Lima]] |coordinates = {{Coord|12|2.6|S|77|1.7|W|type:city}} |largest_city = [[Lima]] |languages = {{unbulleted list | [[Peruvian Spainish|the Spainish]] | [[Quechuan leids|the Quechua]] | [[Aymara leid|the Aymara]] }} |languages_type = [[Offeecial leids]]^a |ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 45% [[Indigenous fowk in Peru|Amerindian]] | 37% [[Mestizo]] | 15% [[Peruvians wi European ruits|White]] | 3% others<ref name="CIA">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pe.html|title=Ethnic groups of Perú|publisher=CIA Factbook|accessdate=30 October 2013|archive-date=2020-05-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508223524/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pe.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> }} | ethnic_groups_year = 2013 |demonym = Peruvian |government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]] [[republic]]<ref name="Draft">{{cite journal |last=Shugart |first=Matthew Søberg |author-link= |date=September 2005 |title=Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive and Mixed Authority Patterns |url=http://dss.ucsd.edu/~mshugart/semi-presidentialism.pdf|journal=Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies |location=United States |publisher=University of California, San Diego |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819200307/http://dss.ucsd.edu/~mshugart/semi-presidentialism.pdf |archive-date=19 August 2008 |access-date=31 August 2017 |postscript=. |ref=harv }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819200307/http://dss.ucsd.edu/~mshugart/semi-presidentialism.pdf |date=2008-08-19 }}</ref><ref name="Dual">{{cite journal |last=Shugart |first=Matthew Søberg |author-link=Matthew Søberg Shugart |date=December 2005 |title=Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive And Mixed Authority Patterns |url=http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1057%2Fpalgrave.fp.8200087.pdf |journal=French Politics |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] UK |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=323–351 |issn=1476-3427 |oclc=6895745903 |doi=10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200087 |doi-access=free |access-date=31 August 2017 |quote=Only in Latin America have all new democracies retained a pure presidential form, except for Peru (president-parliamentary) and Bolivia (assembly-independent). |postscript=. |ref=harv }}</ref> |leader_title1 = [[:en:List of Presidents of Peru|Presidents]] |leader_name1 = [[:en:Keiko Fujimori|Keiko Fujimori]] |leader_title2 = [[:en:Vice President of Peru|Vice President]] |leader_name2 = [[:en:Luis Galarreta|Luis Galarreta]] |leader_title3 = [[:en:Prime Menister of Peru|Prime Meenister]] |leader_name3 = [[:en:Luis Galarreta|Luis Galarreta]] |leader_title4 = [[:en:Congress of the Republic of Peru|President o Congress]] | leader_name4 = [[:en:Miki Torres|Miki Torres]]/[[:en:Óscar de Jesús Reto Otero|Óscar de Jesús Reto Otero]] |legislature = [[:en:Congress of the Republic of Peru|Congress o the Republic]] |sovereignty_type = [[Peruvian War o Independence|Independence]] {{nobold|frae the [[History o Spain (1814-1873)|Kinrick o Spain]]}} |established_event1 = [[Peruvian War o Independence|Declared]] |established_date1 = 28 Julie 1821 |established_event2 = [[Stour o Ayacucho|Consolidat]] |established_date2 = 9 December 1824 |established_event3 = Recognised |established_date3 = 14 August 1879 |area_km2 = 1,285,216 |area_magnitude = 1 E12 |area_rank = 19t |area_sq_mi = 496,225 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> |percent_water = 0.41 <!-- CIA World Factbook --> |population_estimate = 34,294,231<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/principales_indicadores/libro_1.pdf|title=Perú: Estimaciones y Proyecciones de Población Total, por Años Calendario y Edades Simples, 1950–2050|trans-title=Peru: Estimates and Projections of Total Population, by Calendar Years and Simple Ages, 1950–2050|publisher=National Institute of Statistics and Informatics|date=September 2009|language=es|access-date=18 September 2018|archive-date=18 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918125613/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/principales_indicadores/libro_1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> | population_census = 31,237,385 | population_estimate_year = 2021 | population_estimate_rank = 44th | population_census_year = 2017 | population_density_km2 = 23 <!--UN World Population Prospects--> | population_density_sq_mi = 57 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 198th | GDP_PPP = {{decrease}} $385.719&nbsp;billion<ref name="imf2">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=31&pr.y=8&sy=2017&ey=2024&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=293&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=Peru|publisher=International Monetary Fund|access-date=18 January 2020|archive-date=17 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117125604/https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=31&pr.y=8&sy=2017&ey=2024&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=293&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|url-status=live}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2020 | GDP_PPP_rank = 47th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{decrease}} $11,516<ref name="imf2" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 103rd | GDP_nominal = {{decrease}} $195.761&nbsp;billion<ref name="imf2" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2020 | GDP_nominal_rank = 49th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{decrease}} $5,845<ref name="imf2" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 86th | Gini = 41.5 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2019 | Gini_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=PE |title=Gini Index |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=14 July 2021 |archive-date=7 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507153612/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=PE |url-status=live }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.777 <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = 2019 <!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year --> | HDI_change = increase <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = <ref>{{cite book|title=Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene|date=15 December 2020|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|isbn=978-92-1-126442-5|pages=343–346|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf|access-date=16 December 2020|archive-date=15 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215063955/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 79th | currency = [[Peruvian sol|Sol]] | currency_code = PEN | time_zone = [[Time in Peru|PET]] | utc_offset = −5 | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy ([[Common Era|CE]]) | drives_on = richt | calling_code = [[+51]] | iso3166code = PE | cctld = [[.pe]] | religion = {{unbulleted list |94.51% [[Releigion in Peru#Christianity|Christianity]]|—76.03% [[Catholic Kirk in Peru|Catholicism]]|—18.48% Ither [[List of Christian denominations|Christian]]|5.09% [[Irreleigion in Latin America|Nae releigion]]|0.40% Ither}} | religion_ref = <ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico |page=231 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |access-date=27 September 2018 |archive-date=11 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> | religion_year = 2017{{efn|name=c| The quistion anent releigion taen in the [[2017 Peru Census|2017 Naitional Census]] wis speirt at fowk 12 year auld and ower.}} | today = }} '''Peru''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Peru.ogg|p|ə|ˈ|r|uː}}; {{lang-es|link=no|Perú}} {{IPA-es|peˈɾu|}}; {{lang-qu|Piruw}} {{IPA-qu|pɪɾʊw|}};<ref>Quechua name used by government of Peru is ''Perú'' (see Quechua-language version of Peru Parliament [http://www.congreso.gob.pe/_quechua/index.htm website] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100730230845/http://www.congreso.gob.pe/_quechua/index.htm |date=30 July 2010 }} and Quechua-language version of Peru Constitution [https://web.archive.org/web/20110205010758/http://www.congreso.gob.pe/_quechua/Constitucion.pdf but common Quechua name is ''Piruw'']</ref> {{lang-ay|Piruw}} {{IPA-all|pɪɾʊw|}}), officially cried the '''Republic of Peru''' ({{Audio-es|República del Perú|ES-pe - República del Perú.ogg}}),<!-- {{IPA-es|reˈpuβlika ðel peˈɾu|}} --> is a kintra in wastern South Americae. It is mairched tae the north bi [[Ecuador]] and [[Colombia]], tae the aest bi [[Brazil]], tae the south-aest bi [[Bolivia]], tae the south bi [[Chile]], and tae the south and wast bi the [[Pacific Ocean]]. Peru is a [[megadiverse country|megadiverse kintra]] wi haibitats reengin frae the dry plains of the Pacific, coastal pairts tae the wast, tae the taps of the [[Andes mountains|Andes muntains]] raxin frae the north till the south-aestern pairts of the kintra, tae the tropical [[Amazon Basin]] rainforest, tae the aest wi the [[Amazon river]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sernanp.gob.pe/sernanp/archivos/imagenes/vida/Peru-%20Pais%20Megadiverso.pdf |title=Perú: País megadiverso |trans-title=Peru: Megadiverse country |publisher=Servicio Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622152015/http://www.sernanp.gob.pe/sernanp/archivos/imagenes/vida/Peru-%20Pais%20Megadiverso.pdf |archive-date=22 June 2014}}</ref> Peru haes a [[Demographics of Peru|population]] of 34 million, and its capital and mucklest city is [[Lima]]. At 1.28&nbsp;million km² (0.5&nbsp;million mi²), Peru is the [[List of countries and dependencies by area|19t mucklest kintra in the warld]], and the [[List of South American countries by area|third mucklest in South Americae]]. [[Lima]] is the capital ceety o the kintra. The President o Peru is [[Francisco Sagasti]]. [[Pre-Columbian Peru|Peruvian land]] wis hame tae a wheen [[Ancient Peru|auncient cultures]]. Reengin frae the [[Norte Chico civilization]] stertin in 3500 BCE, the auldest civilization in the Americaes and ane of the five [[cradles of civilization]], tae the [[Inca Empire]], the mucklest state in the [[pre-Columbian]] Americaes. The land that nou taks in Peru haes ane of the langest histories of civilization of ony kintra, wi a heritage that can be follaed back tae the 10th millennium BCE. The [[Spanish Empire|Spainish Empire]] conquessed Peru in the 16th century and [[Viceroyalty of Peru|estaiblished a vice-royalty]] that teuk in the maist of its South American territories, wi its capital in [[Lima]]. Heicher eddication stertit in the Americaes wi the official foondin of the [[National University of San Marcos|Naitional College of San Marcos]] in Lima in 1551. Peru formally made kent its independence in 1821, and follaein the foreign military campaigns of [[José de San Martín]] and [[Simón Bolívar]], and the decisive [[battle of Ayacucho|Stour of Ayacucho]], Peru [[Peruvian War of Independence|completed its independence in 1824]]. In the years that follaed, the kintra tae stert wi dree'd political on-siccerness ontil a time of affeirin[[Guano Era|economic and political siccerness]] begoud ower the heids of the ''Exploitation of Guano''. Efter a whilie, the [[War of the Pacific|Weir of the Pacific]] (1879–1884) wi Chile brocght Peru tae a state of crisis frae whilk the oligarchy teuk pouer throu the [[Civilista Party|Civilista Pairty]]. In the 20th century, the kintra dree'd coups, social wanrest, and [[Internal conflict in Peru|inbye stours]], as weel as whiles of siccerness and economic upswing. In the 1990s, the kintra implemented a [[neoliberalism|neoliberal economic model]] whilk is still gettin yaised the day. As the [[2000s commodities boom]] teuk place, Peru wis experiencin a while of constant economic growth and a doun-gang in [[poverty|puirtith]]. The [[sovereign state|independent state]] of Peru is a [[Representative democracy|representative democratic]] republic dividit intae [[Administrative divisions of Peru|25 pairts]]. Peru haes a heich level of [[Human development index|human development]],<ref name="UNDP">{{cite web|title= Peru|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/PER|website=Human Development Reports |publisher=United Nations|language=en|date=2016|access-date=7 January 2018|archive-date=28 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228165331/http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/PER|url-status=live}}</ref> wi an upper middle income level rankin 82nd on the [[Human Development Index]].<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic and Financial Surveys, World Economic Outlook October 2015 |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/02/pdf/text.pdf |website=www.imf.org |access-date=15 February 2018 |archive-date=13 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113211842/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/02/pdf/text.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> It is ane of the region's maist weel-daein economies wi an owerheid growth rate of 5.9%<ref name="WBoverview">{{cite web |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/peru/overview |title=Peru Overview |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=17 April 2017 |archive-date=5 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505064825/http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/peru/overview |url-status=live }}</ref> and it haes ane of the warld's faistest industrial growth rates at an owerheid of 9.6%.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2089.html#pe |title=Peru |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=8 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707010810/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2089.html#pe |archive-date=7 July 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Its main economic activities taks in minin, manufacturin, lawbourage and fishin; alang wi ither growin sectors siclike as telecommunications and siller. [[File:Peru - Regions and departments (labeled).svg|250px|right|thumb| Peru]] [[File:Peru Machu Picchu Sunrise.jpg|250px|right|thumb| [[Machu Picchu]] ]] == Notes == {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Peru| ]] [[Category:Andean Commonty o Naitions]] [[Category:Kintras borderin the Paceefic Ocean]] [[Category:Kintras in Sooth Americae]] [[Category:Umwhile Spaingie colonies]] [[Category:Leeberal democracies]] [[Category:Member states o the Union o Sooth American Naitions]] [[Category:Member states o the Unitit Naitions]] [[Category:Republics]] [[Category:Spaingie-speakin kintras an territories]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1821]] {{Stub/SoothAm}} d2gu1dzu06grj4veu7yq2g6s8ilz0bh 920553 920549 2026-08-08T15:03:02Z PurpleDinosaur585 129975 920553 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|10|S|76|W|display=title}} {{Infobox kintra |conventional_long_name = Republic o Peru |common_name = Peru |native_name = {{unbulleted list|item_style=font-size:88%; |{{native name|es|República del Perú}} |{{native name|qu|Piruw Republika}} |{{native name|ay|Piruw Suyu}} }} |image_flag = Flag of Peru.svg |image_coat = Escudo nacional del Perú.svg |other_symbol = <div style="padding:0.3em;">[[File:Gran Sello de la República del Perú.svg|100px|link=Great Seal of the State]]</div>{{native phrase|es|[[Coat o airms o Peru#Variants|Gran Sello del Estado]]|nolink=on}}<br />{{small|Great Cachet o the State}} |other_symbol_type = Naitional [[Seal (device)|Cachet]]: |national_motto = "Firme y feliz por la unión" <small>(Spainish)<br />"Steive and Blythe for the Union"</small> |national_anthem = {{native name|es|[[Naitional Anthem o Peru|Himno Nacional del Perú]]|nolink=on}}<br />{{small|''Naitional Anthem o Peru''}}<br />{{center|[[File:United States Navy Band - Marcha Nacional del Perú.ogg]]}} |image_map = Peru (orthographic projection).svg |capital = [[Lima]] |coordinates = {{Coord|12|2.6|S|77|1.7|W|type:city}} |largest_city = [[Lima]] |languages = {{unbulleted list | [[Peruvian Spainish|the Spainish]] | [[Quechuan leids|the Quechua]] | [[Aymara leid|the Aymara]] }} |languages_type = [[Offeecial leids]]^a |ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 45% [[Indigenous fowk in Peru|Amerindian]] | 37% [[Mestizo]] | 15% [[Peruvians wi European ruits|White]] | 3% others<ref name="CIA">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pe.html|title=Ethnic groups of Perú|publisher=CIA Factbook|accessdate=30 October 2013|archive-date=2020-05-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508223524/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pe.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> }} | ethnic_groups_year = 2013 |demonym = Peruvian |government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]] [[republic]]<ref name="Draft">{{cite journal |last=Shugart |first=Matthew Søberg |author-link= |date=September 2005 |title=Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive and Mixed Authority Patterns |url=http://dss.ucsd.edu/~mshugart/semi-presidentialism.pdf|journal=Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies |location=United States |publisher=University of California, San Diego |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819200307/http://dss.ucsd.edu/~mshugart/semi-presidentialism.pdf |archive-date=19 August 2008 |access-date=31 August 2017 |postscript=. |ref=harv }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819200307/http://dss.ucsd.edu/~mshugart/semi-presidentialism.pdf |date=2008-08-19 }}</ref><ref name="Dual">{{cite journal |last=Shugart |first=Matthew Søberg |author-link=Matthew Søberg Shugart |date=December 2005 |title=Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive And Mixed Authority Patterns |url=http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1057%2Fpalgrave.fp.8200087.pdf |journal=French Politics |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] UK |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=323–351 |issn=1476-3427 |oclc=6895745903 |doi=10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200087 |doi-access=free |access-date=31 August 2017 |quote=Only in Latin America have all new democracies retained a pure presidential form, except for Peru (president-parliamentary) and Bolivia (assembly-independent). |postscript=. |ref=harv }}</ref> |leader_title1 = [[:en:List of Presidents of Peru|Presidents]] |leader_name1 = [[:en:Keiko Fujimori|Keiko Fujimori]] |leader_title2 = [[:en:Vice President of Peru|Vice President]] |leader_name2 = [[:en:Luis Galarreta|Luis Galarreta]] |leader_title3 = [[:en:Prime Menister of Peru|Prime Meenister]] |leader_name3 = [[:en:Luis Galarreta|Luis Galarreta]] |leader_title4 = [[:en:Congress of the Republic of Peru|President o Congress]] | leader_name4 = [[:en:Miki Torres|Miki Torres]]/[[:en:Óscar de Jesús Reto Otero|Óscar de Jesús Reto Otero]] |legislature = [[:en:Congress of the Republic of Peru|Congress o the Republic]] |sovereignty_type = [[Peruvian War o Independence|Independence]] {{nobold|frae the [[History o Spain (1814-1873)|Kinrick o Spain]]}} |established_event1 = [[Peruvian War o Independence|Declared]] |established_date1 = 28 Julie 1821 |established_event2 = [[Stour o Ayacucho|Consolidat]] |established_date2 = 9 December 1824 |established_event3 = Recognised |established_date3 = 14 August 1879 |area_km2 = 1,285,216 |area_magnitude = 1 E12 |area_rank = 19t |area_sq_mi = 496,225 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> |percent_water = 0.41 <!-- CIA World Factbook --> |population_estimate = 34,294,231<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/principales_indicadores/libro_1.pdf|title=Perú: Estimaciones y Proyecciones de Población Total, por Años Calendario y Edades Simples, 1950–2050|trans-title=Peru: Estimates and Projections of Total Population, by Calendar Years and Simple Ages, 1950–2050|publisher=National Institute of Statistics and Informatics|date=September 2009|language=es|access-date=18 September 2018|archive-date=18 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918125613/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/principales_indicadores/libro_1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> | population_census = 31,237,385 | population_estimate_year = 2021 | population_estimate_rank = 44th | population_census_year = 2017 | population_density_km2 = 23 <!--UN World Population Prospects--> | population_density_sq_mi = 57 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 198th | GDP_PPP = {{decrease}} $385.719&nbsp;billion<ref name="imf2">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=31&pr.y=8&sy=2017&ey=2024&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=293&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=Peru|publisher=International Monetary Fund|access-date=18 January 2020|archive-date=17 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117125604/https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=31&pr.y=8&sy=2017&ey=2024&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=293&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|url-status=live}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2020 | GDP_PPP_rank = 47th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{decrease}} $11,516<ref name="imf2" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 103rd | GDP_nominal = {{decrease}} $195.761&nbsp;billion<ref name="imf2" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2020 | GDP_nominal_rank = 49th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{decrease}} $5,845<ref name="imf2" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 86th | Gini = 41.5 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2019 | Gini_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=PE |title=Gini Index |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=14 July 2021 |archive-date=7 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507153612/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=PE |url-status=live }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.777 <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = 2019 <!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year --> | HDI_change = increase <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = <ref>{{cite book|title=Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene|date=15 December 2020|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|isbn=978-92-1-126442-5|pages=343–346|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf|access-date=16 December 2020|archive-date=15 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215063955/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 79th | currency = [[Peruvian sol|Sol]] | currency_code = PEN | time_zone = [[Time in Peru|PET]] | utc_offset = −5 | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy ([[Common Era|CE]]) | drives_on = richt | calling_code = [[+51]] | iso3166code = PE | cctld = [[.pe]] | religion = {{unbulleted list |94.51% [[Releigion in Peru#Christianity|Christianity]]|—76.03% [[Catholic Kirk in Peru|Catholicism]]|—18.48% Ither [[List of Christian denominations|Christian]]|5.09% [[Irreleigion in Latin America|Nae releigion]]|0.40% Ither}} | religion_ref = <ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico |page=231 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |access-date=27 September 2018 |archive-date=11 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> | religion_year = 2017{{efn|name=c| The question anent releigion taen in the [[2017 Peru Census|2017 Naitional Census]] wis speirt at fowk that wir 12 year auld and up.}} | today = }} '''Peru''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Peru.ogg|p|ə|ˈ|r|uː}}; {{lang-es|link=no|Perú}} {{IPA-es|peˈɾu|}}; {{lang-qu|Piruw}} {{IPA-qu|pɪɾʊw|}};<ref>Quechua name used by government of Peru is ''Perú'' (see Quechua-language version of Peru Parliament [http://www.congreso.gob.pe/_quechua/index.htm website] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100730230845/http://www.congreso.gob.pe/_quechua/index.htm |date=30 July 2010 }} and Quechua-language version of Peru Constitution [https://web.archive.org/web/20110205010758/http://www.congreso.gob.pe/_quechua/Constitucion.pdf but common Quechua name is ''Piruw'']</ref> {{lang-ay|Piruw}} {{IPA-all|pɪɾʊw|}}), officially cried the '''Republic of Peru''' ({{Audio-es|República del Perú|ES-pe - República del Perú.ogg}}),<!-- {{IPA-es|reˈpuβlika ðel peˈɾu|}} --> is a kintra in wastern South Americae. It is mairched tae the north bi [[Ecuador]] and [[Colombia]], tae the aest bi [[Brazil]], tae the south-aest bi [[Bolivia]], tae the south bi [[Chile]], and tae the south and wast bi the [[Pacific Ocean]]. Peru is a [[megadiverse country|''megadiverse kintra'']] wi haibitats reengin frae the dry plains of the Pacific, coastal pairts tae the wast, tae the taps of the [[Andes mountains|Andes muntains]] raxin frae the north till the south-aestern pairts of the kintra, tae the tropical [[Amazon Basin]] rainforest, tae the aest wi the [[Amazon river]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sernanp.gob.pe/sernanp/archivos/imagenes/vida/Peru-%20Pais%20Megadiverso.pdf |title=Perú: País megadiverso |trans-title=Peru: Megadiverse country |publisher=Servicio Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622152015/http://www.sernanp.gob.pe/sernanp/archivos/imagenes/vida/Peru-%20Pais%20Megadiverso.pdf |archive-date=22 June 2014}}</ref> Peru haes a [[Demographics of Peru|population]] of 34 million, and its capital and mucklest city is [[Lima]]. At 1.28&nbsp;million km² (0.5&nbsp;million mi²), Peru is the [[List of countries and dependencies by area|19t mucklest kintra in the warld]], and the [[List of South American countries by area|third mucklest in South Americae]]. [[Lima]] is the capital ceety o the kintra. The President o Peru is [[Francisco Sagasti]]. [[Pre-Columbian Peru|Peruvian land]] wis hame tae a wheen [[Ancient Peru|auncient cultures]]. Reengin frae the [[Norte Chico civilization]] stertin in 3500 BCE, the auldest civilization in the Americaes and ane of the five [[cradles of civilization|''cradles of civilization'']], tae the [[Inca Empire]], the mucklest state in the [[pre-Columbian]] Americaes. The land that nou taks in Peru haes ane of the langest histories of civilization of ony kintra, wi a heritage that can be follaed back tae the 10th millennium BCE. The [[Spanish Empire|Spainish Empire]] conquessed Peru in the 16th century and [[Viceroyalty of Peru|estaiblished a ''vice-royalty'']] that teuk in the maist of its South American territories, wi its capital in [[Lima]]. Heicher eddication stertit in the Americaes wi the official foondin of the [[National University of San Marcos|Naitional College of San Marcos]] in Lima in 1551. Peru formally made kent its independence in 1821, and follaein the fremmit militar campaigns of [[José de San Martín]] and [[Simón Bolívar]], and the hindmaist [[battle of Ayacucho|Stour of Ayacucho]], Peru [[Peruvian War of Independence|completed its independence in 1824]]. In the years that follaed, the kintra, tae stert wi, dree'd political on-siccerness ontil a time of affeirin [[Guano Era|economic and political siccerness]] begoud ower the heids of the ''Exploitation of Guano''. Efter a while, the [[War of the Pacific|Weir of the Pacific]] (1879–1884) wi Chile brocht Peru tae a state of crisis frae whilk the oligarchy teuk pouer throu the [[Civilista Party|Civilista Pairty]]. In the 20th century, the kintra dree'd ettles tae whummle the pouers of state, social wanrest, and [[Internal conflict in Peru|inbye stours]], as weel as whiles of siccerness and economic upswing. In the 1990s, the kintra implemented a [[neoliberalism|neoliberal economic model]] whilk is still gettin yaised the day. As the [[2000s commodities boom]] teuk place, Peru wis experiencin a while of constant economic growth and a doun-gang in [[poverty|puirtith]]. The [[sovereign state|independent state]] of Peru is a [[Representative democracy|representative democratic]] republic dividit intae [[Administrative divisions of Peru|25 pairts]]. Peru haes a heich level of [[Human development index|human development]],<ref name="UNDP">{{cite web|title= Peru|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/PER|website=Human Development Reports |publisher=United Nations|language=en|date=2016|access-date=7 January 2018|archive-date=28 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228165331/http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/PER|url-status=live}}</ref> wi an upper middle income level rankin 82nd on the [[Human Development Index]].<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic and Financial Surveys, World Economic Outlook October 2015 |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/02/pdf/text.pdf |website=www.imf.org |access-date=15 February 2018 |archive-date=13 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113211842/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/02/pdf/text.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> It is ane of the region's maist weel-daein economies wi an owerheid growth rate of 5.9%<ref name="WBoverview">{{cite web |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/peru/overview |title=Peru Overview |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=17 April 2017 |archive-date=5 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505064825/http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/peru/overview |url-status=live }}</ref> and it haes ane of the warld's faistest industrial growth rates at an owerheid of 9.6%.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2089.html#pe |title=Peru |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=8 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707010810/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2089.html#pe |archive-date=7 July 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Its main economic activities taks in minin, manufacturin, lawbourage and fishin; alang wi ither growin sectors siclike as telecommunications and siller. [[File:Peru - Regions and departments (labeled).svg|250px|right|thumb| Peru]] [[File:Peru Machu Picchu Sunrise.jpg|250px|right|thumb| [[Machu Picchu]] ]] == Notes == {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Peru| ]] [[Category:Andean Commonty o Naitions]] [[Category:Kintras borderin the Paceefic Ocean]] [[Category:Kintras in Sooth Americae]] [[Category:Umwhile Spaingie colonies]] [[Category:Leeberal democracies]] [[Category:Member states o the Union o Sooth American Naitions]] [[Category:Member states o the Unitit Naitions]] [[Category:Republics]] [[Category:Spaingie-speakin kintras an territories]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1821]] {{Stub/SoothAm}} 1rkn278qk39qp9imbzo9pvy9vokdnjr 0 15229 920558 906791 2026-08-09T04:35:31Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 920558 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox company|logo_caption=Bugatti|image=Bugatti Veyron Hermes Automobilforum 2011 (6020819933).jpg|logo=Bugatti Logo.png}} '''Bugatti''' is an automobile brand that wis foondit in [[Molsheim]], Fraunce (Germany at that time) in 1909 as a [[automotive industry|manufacturer]] o [[hie performance vehicle|hie performance automobiles]] bi [[Ettore Bugatti]], an Italian-born ingineer, that wis describit as an eccentric genius. The company is kenspeckle for biggin mony o the maist exclusive an swith caurs in the warld. [[Warld War II]], and the daith o Ettore Bugatti's son, Jean, pit the company in financial bother. The last caur wis pit out in the 1950s and syne, the Bugatti company wis bocht for its airplane pairts business in the 1960s. The day the Bugatti name is awned bi [[Volkswagen Group]], that revived it as a bigger o limitit production exclusive [[sports caur]]s. ==Unner Ettore Bugatti== [[File:Bugatti Typ 35C Grand Prix Racer 1926.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Bugatti Type 35|Type 35C (1926)]], paintit in the blue [[Leet o internaitional auto racin colors|racin colour]] o Fraunce.]] Foonder [[Ettore Bugatti]] wis born in [[Milan]], Italy, an the automobile company that bears his name wis foundit in 1909 in the toun o [[Molsheim]] in the [[Alsace]]. The company wis kent baith for the level o detail o its ingineerin in its automobiles, an for their airtistic designs, gart frae the airtistic naitur o Ettore's faimily. Carlo Bugatti (1856–1940), Ettore's faither wis an important [[Art Nouveau]] furniture an jewelry designer. The company haed great success in early [[Grand Prix motor racin]], forbye, winnin the first iver [[Monaco Grand Prix]]. The company's success culminatit wi driver [[Jean-Pierre Wimille]] winnin the [[24 hours o Le Mans]] twice (in 1937 wi [[Robert Benoist]] an 1939 wi [[Pierre Veyron]]). ===Design=== Bugatti's caurs war thocht baith as warks o airt an mechanical creations. [[Ingine block]]s war haund scartit that the surfaces haedna mister for gaskets for sealin, mony o the exposed surfaces o the ingine compartment featurt [[Guilloché]] (ingine turnt) finishes on them, an safety wires threidit throu naurhaund ilka fastener in intricate-lacit pattrens. Raither nor bolt the springs tae the [[axle]]s sic as maist manufacturers duin, Bugatti's axles war forged sic that the spring passed thru a carefully sized openin in the axle, a guid wheen mair elegant solution that needit fewer pairts. He famously describit his arch competitor Bentley's caurs as "the world's fastest lorries" for focusin on durability. Accordin tae Bugatti, "weight was the enemy". ==Models== Anerlie a few examples o each o Ettore Bugatti's vehicles wur iver produced, the maist famous bein the [[Bugatti Type 35|Type 35 Grand Prix]] caurs, the "[[Bugatti Royale|Royale]]", the [[Bugatti Type 57|Type 57 "Atlantic"]] an the [[Bugatti Type 55|Type 55]] sports caur. On 2 Januar 2009, it wis revealed dick that a rare 1937 Bugatti Type 57S Atlantic haed been foond in the garage o a deceased surgeon in England. Anly 17 o this model war made, aw bi haund. On 10 Julie 2009, a 1925 Bugatti Brescia Type 22 which haed lain at the bottom o Lake Maggiore on the mairch o Swisserland an Italy for 75 years haes been liftit oot o the watter. The Mullin Museum in Oxnard, CA bought it at auction for $351,343 at Bonham's Retromobile sale in Paris in 2010. Throughoot the production run o approximately 7,900 caurs (o which aboot 2,000 still exist), each Bugatti model wis designatit wi the prefix T for Type, which referred tae the chassis an drive train. <gallery> File:RL 1938 Bugatti 57SC Atlantic 34 2.jpg|1938 [[Bugatti Type 57|Type 57SC Atlantic]] frae the [[Ralph Lauren]] collection File:1933 Bugatti Type 59 Grand Prix 34 rear.jpg|1933 [[Bugatti Type 59|Type 59]] [[Grand Prix motor racin|Grand Prix]] racer frae the [[Ralph Lauren]] collection <!-- Deleted image removed: File:JeanBugattiandRoyale2.jpg|[[Jean Bugatti]] an his 1932 "[[Bugatti Type 41|Royale]]" {{deletable image-caption|1={{Subst:#time:l, j F Y| + 7 days}}}} --> </gallery> {| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; width:99%;" |- ! style="width:33%; vertical-align:top;"| Prototypes ! style="width:33%; vertical-align:top;"| Racin Caurs ! style="width:33%; vertical-align:top;"| Road Caurs |- | valign=top | *1900–1901 [[Bugatti Type 2#Type 2|Type 2]] *1903 [[Bugatti Type 5#Type 5|Type 5]] *1908 [[Bugatti Type 10|Type 10]] « Petit Pur Sang » *1925 [[Bugatti Type 36|Type 36]] *1929 [[Bugatti Type 40|Type 40]] *1929 [[Bugatti Prototypes#Type 41|Type 41]] *1929–1930 [[Bugatti Type 45|Type 45/47]] *[[Bugatti Type 56|Type 56]] ([[electric caur]]) *1939 [[Bugatti Type 64|Type 64]] (coupe) *1943/1947 [[Bugatti Type 73|Type 73C]] | valign=top | *1910–1914 [[Bugatti Type 13#Type 13|Type 13]]/[[Bugatti Type 13#15|Type 15]]/[[Bugatti Type 17|17]]/[[Bugatti Type 22|22]] *1912 [[Bugatti Type 16#Type 16|Type 16]] « bébé » *1922–1926 [[Bugatti Type 30#Type 29|Type 29]] « Cigare » *1923 [[Bugatti Type 32|Type 32]] « Tank Bugatti » *1924–1930 [[Bugatti Type 35#Type 35|Type 35]]/[[Bugatti Type 35#Type 35A|35A]]/[[Bugatti Type 35#Type 35B|35B]]/[[Bugatti Type 35#Type 35T|35T]]/[[Bugatti Type 35#Type 35C|35C]]/[[Bugatti Type 37|37]]/[[Bugatti Type 39|39]] « Grand Prix » *1927–1930 [[Bugatti Type 52|Type 52]] ([[electric vehicle|electric racer]] for bains) *1936–1939 [[Bugatti Type 57#Type 57G|Type 57G "Tank"]] *1937–1939 [[Bugatti Type 50#Type 50 B|Type 50B]] *1931–1936 [[Bugatti Type 53|Type 53]] *1931–1936 [[Bugatti Type 51#Type 51/51A|Type 51/51A]]/[[Bugatti Type 51#Type 54 GP|54GP]]/[[Bugatti Type 59|59]] *1955–1956 [[Bugatti Type 251|Type 251]] | valign=top | *1910 [[Bugatti Type 13]]<ref>Georgano, G. N. ''Cars: Early and Vintage, 1886–1930''. (London: Grange-Universal, 1985)</ref> *1912–1914 [[Bugatti Type 18#Type 18|Type 18]] *1913–1914 [[Bugatti Type 23|Type 23]]/[[Bugatti Type 13#Type 23 Brescia Tourer|Brescia Tourer]] (roadster) *1922–1934 [[Bugatti Type 30#Type 30|Type 30]]/[[Bugatti Type 38|38]]/[[Bugatti Type 40|40]]/[[Bugatti Type 43|43]]/[[Bugatti Type 44|44]]/[[Bugatti Type 49#Type 49|49]] (tourin caur) *1927–1933 [[Bugatti Royale#Type 41|Type 41]] « Royale, Coupé Napoléon » *1929–1939 [[Bugatti Type 46#Type 46|Type 46]]/[[Bugatti Type 50|50]]/[[Bugatti Type 46#Type 50T|50T]] (tourin caur) *1932–1935 [[Bugatti Type 55#Type 55|Type 55]] (roadster) *1934–1940 [[Bugatti Type 57#Type 57|Type 57]]/[[Bugatti Type 57S|57S]]/[[Bugatti Type 57#Type 57SC|Type 57SC]] (tourin caur) *1951–1956 [[Bugatti Type 101|Type 101]] (coupe) *1957–1962 [[Bugatti Type 252|Type 252]] (2-seater sports convertible) |} Durin the war Bugatti wirked at [[Levallois]] in northwastren suburbs o Paris, on several new projects, includin the ''Type 73'' road caur, ''Type 73C'' single seater racin caur (5 biggit), an the ''Type 75''. Efter [[Warld War II]], a 375&nbsp;cc superchairged caur wis canceled when Ettore dee'd. ==Racin success== Bugatti caurs wur extremely successfu in racin, wi mony thoosans o victories in juist a few decades. The little [[Bugatti Type 10]] swept the tap fower poseetions at its first race. The 1924 [[Bugatti Type 35]] is probably the maist successfu racin caur o aw time, wi ower 2,000 wins. Bugattis swept tae victory in the [[Targa Florio]] for five years straight frae 1925 throu 1929. [[Louis Chiron]] held the maist podiums in Bugatti caurs, an the 21st century Bugatti company remembered him wi a [[Bugatti Chiron|concept caur]] named in his honour. But it wis the final racin success at [[24 hours o Le Mans|Le Mans]] that is maist remembered—[[Jean-Pierre Wimille]] an [[Pierre Veyron]] wan the 1939 race wi juist ane caur an meagre resoorces. {| class="wikitable" |- !Year !Race !Driver !Caur |- |1921 |[[Voiturettes Grand Prix]] |[[Ernest Friderich]] | |- |1925 |[[Targa Florio]] |[[Bartolomeo Costantini]] |[[Bugatti Type 35|Type 35]] |- |1926 |[[French Grand Prix]] |[[Jules Goux]] |[[Bugatti Type 39|Type 39 A]] |- |1926 |[[Italian Grand Prix]] |[[Louis Charavel]] | |- |1926 |[[Spainyie Grand Prix]] |[[Bartolomeo Costantini]] | |- |1926 |[[Targa Florio]] |[[Bartolomeo Costantini]] |[[Bugatti Type 35|Type 35 T]] |- |1927 |[[Targa Florio]] |[[Emilio Materassi]] |[[Bugatti Type 35|Type 35 C]] |- |1928 |[[French Grand Prix]] |[[William Grover-Williams]] |[[Bugatti Type 35|Type 35 C]] |- |1928 |[[Italian Grand Prix]] |[[Louis Chiron]] | |- |1928 |[[Spainyie Grand Prix]] |[[Louis Chiron]] | |- |1928 |[[Targa Florio]] |[[Albert Divo]] |[[Bugatti Type 35|Type 35 B]] |- |1929 |[[French Grand Prix]] |[[William Grover-Williams]] |[[Bugatti Type 35|Type 35 B]] |- |1929 |[[German Grand Prix]] |[[Louis Chiron]] | |- |1929 |[[Spainyie Grand Prix]] |[[Louis Chiron]] | |- |1929 |[[Monaco Grand Prix]] |[[William Grover-Williams]] | |- |1929 |[[Targa Florio]] |[[Albert Divo]] |[[Bugatti Type 35|Type 35 C]] |- |1930 |[[Belgian Grand Prix]] |[[Louis Chiron]] | |- |1930 |[[Czechoslovakian Grand Prix]] |[[Heinrich-Joachim von Morgen]] an [[Hermann zu Leiningen]] | |- |1930 |[[French Grand Prix]] |[[Philippe Étancelin]] |[[Bugatti Type 35|Type 35 C]] |- |1930 |[[Monaco Grand Prix]] |[[René Dreyfus]] | |- |1931 |[[Belgian Grand Prix]] |[[William Grover-Williams]] an [[Caberto Conelli]] | |- |1931 |[[Czechoslovakian Grand Prix]] |[[Louis Chiron]] | |- |1931 |[[French Grand Prix]] |[[Louis Chiron]] an [[Achille Varzi]] |[[Bugatti Type 51|Type 51]] |- |1931 |[[Monaco Grand Prix]] |[[Louis Chiron]] | |- |1932 |[[Czechoslovakian Grand Prix]] |[[Louis Chiron]] | |- |1933 |[[Czechoslovakian Grand Prix]] |[[Louis Chiron]] | |- |1933 |[[Monaco Grand Prix]] |[[Achille Varzi]] | |- |1934 |[[Belgian Grand Prix]] |[[René Dreyfus]] | |- |1936 |[[French Grand Prix]] |[[Jean-Pierre Wimille]] an [[Raymond Sommer]] |[[Bugatti Type 57|Type 57 G]] |- |1937 |[[24 hours o Le Mans]] |[[Jean-Pierre Wimille]] an [[Robert Benoist]] |[[Bugatti Type 57|Type 57 G]] |- |1939 |[[24 hours o Le Mans]] |[[Jean-Pierre Wimille]] an [[Pierre Veyron]] |[[Bugatti Type 57|Type 57 C]] |} ==Bugatti in Formula Ane== ([[:Template:F1 driver results legend 2|key]]) {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%;" |- ! Year ! Chassis ! Ingine(s) ! Tires ! Drivers ! 1 ! 2 ! 3 ! 4 ! 5 ! 6 ! 7 ! 8 ! Pynts ! WCC |- |rowspan="2"| {{F1|1956}} |rowspan="2"| [[Bugatti Type 251]] |rowspan="2"| Bugatti [[Straight-8]] |rowspan="2"| {{Dunlop}} || || [[1956 Argentine Grand Prix|ARG]] || [[1956 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]] || [[1956 Indianapolis 500|500]] || [[1956 Belgian Grand Prix|BEL]] || [[1956 French Grand Prix|FRA]] || [[1956 Breetish Grand Prix|GBR]] || [[1956 German Grand Prix|GER]] || [[1956 Italian Grand Prix|ITA]] |rowspan="2"|'''0*''' |rowspan="2"|'''-*''' |- | [[Maurice Trintignant]] | | | | | style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret | | | |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> The Warld Constructors' Championship wis no awardit afore 1958. ==Aviation== ===The Bugatti 100P=== In the 1930s, Ettore Bugatti got involved in the creation o a racer [[fixed-wing aircraft|airplane]], hopin tae beat the Germans in the [[Deutsch de la Meurthe prize]]. This wad be the Bugatti 100P,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://airventuremuseum.org/collection/aircraft/Bugatti%20Model%20100%20Racer.asp#TopOfPage|title=Bugatti Model 100 at the EAA Museum|accessdate=2009-01-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bugattiaircraft.com/plane.htm |title=Bugatti Aircraft Association - 100P Airplane |publisher=Bugattiaircraft.com |date= |accessdate=2010-12-31}}</ref> which never flew. It wis designed bi Belgian ingineer [[Louis de Monge]] who haed awready applee'd Bugatti Brescia ingines in his "Type 7.5" liftin body. ==The end== Ettore Bugatti an aa designed a successfu motorised railcaur, the ''[[Autorail]]''. His son, [[Jean Bugatti]], wis killed on 11 August 1939 at the age o 30, while testin a [[Bugatti Type 57#Type 57S Tank|Type 57 tank-bodied race caur]] near the [[Molsheim]] factory. Subsequently the company's fortunes began tae decline. Warld War II ruined the factory in Molsheim, an the company lost control o the property. Durin the war, Bugatti planned a new factory at Levallois in [[Paris]] an designed a series o new caurs. Ettore Bugatti dee'd on 21 August 1947. The company attemptit a comeback unner [[Roland Bugatti]] in the mid-1950s wi the [[mid-ingine design|mid-engined]] [[Bugatti Type 251|Type 251]] race caur. Designed wi help frae famed [[Alfa Romeo]], [[Ferrari]], an [[Maserati]] designer [[Gioacchino Colombo]], the caur failed tae perform tae expectations, an the company's attempts at automobile production wur haltit. In the 1960s, [[Virgil Exner]] designed a Bugatti as pairt o his "[[Exner Revival Cars|Revival Cars]]" project. A show version o this caur wis actually biggit bi [[Ghia]] uisin the last [[Bugatti Type 101]] chassis, an wis shawn at the 1965 [[Turin Motor Show]]. Finance wis no fortcomin, an Exner then turned his attention tae a revival o [[Stutz]]. Bugatti continued manufacturin airplane pairts an wis sauld tae [[Hispano-Suiza]] (anither auto maker turned aircraft supplier) in 1963. [[Snecma]] teuk ower in 1968, later acquirin [[Messier]]. The twa wur merged intae Messier-Bugatti in 1977. i no how tae spell ==Bugatti brand uised efterwards== ===Bugatti Automobili SpA=== [[File:2007-06-15 18 Bugatti EB 110 (bearb - kl).jpg|thumb|200px|[[Bugatti EB110]] (1996)]] Italian entrepreneur [[Romano Artioli]] acquired the famous Bugatti name in 1987, an establisht '''Bugatti Automobili SpA'''. The new company biggit a factory designed bi the architect Giampaolo Benedini in [[Campogalliano]], Italy, a toun near [[Modena]], hame tae ither performance-caur manufacturers [[De Tomaso]], [[Ferrari]], [[Pagani]] an [[Maserati]]. Bi 1989 the plans for the new Bugatti revival wur presentit bi Paolo Stanzani an [[Marcello Gandini]], famous designers o the [[Lamborghini Miura]] an [[Lamborghini Countach|Countach]]. The first completit cur wis labelled the [[Bugatti EB110]] GT, advertised as the maist technically advanced sports caur iver produced. Frae 1992 throu 1994 famed racin caur designer [[Mauro Forghieri]] wis technical director. On 27 August 1993, throu his hauldin company, ACBN Holdings S.A. o [[Luxembourg]], Romano Artioli purchased the [[Lotus Cars|Lotus]] caur company frae [[General Motors]]. The acquisition brocht thegither twa o the greatest historical names in automotive racin, an plans wur made for leetin the company's shares on internaitional stock exchynges. Bugatti an aa presentit in 1993 the prototype o a lairge saloon cried the EB112. Bi the time the EB110 came tae mercat the North American an European economies wur in recession, an operations ceased in September 1995. A model specific tae the Unitit States mercat cried the "Bugatti America" wis in the preparatory stages when the company closed. Bugatti's liquidators sauld Lotus tae [[Proton (caurmaker)|Proton]] o Malaysie. In 1997 German manufacturer [[Dauer Racing]] bought the EB110 license an remainin pairts stock tae Bugatti in order tae produce five mair EB110 SS units, awtho thay wur greatly refined bi Dauer. The factory wis later sauld tae a furniture-makin company, which an aa collapsed afore thay wur able tae muive in, leavin the biggin unoccupied.<ref>{{cite web |author=Copyright. Est February 2003. |url=http://www.trade-247.com/80.html |title=Bugatti on TradeTwentyfourSeven website |publisher=Trade-247.com |date= |accessdate=2010-12-31 |archive-date=2012-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323151700/http://www.trade-247.com/80.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Aiblins the maist famous Bugatti EB110 awner wis the German racin driver [[Michael Schumacher]], seiven-time [[Formula Ane Warld Champion]], who bought the EB110 in 1994 while racin for the Benetton team. In 2003 Schumacher sauld the caur&mdash;which haed been repaired efter a severe crash the year he bought it&mdash;tae Modena Motorsport, a Ferrari service an race preparation garage in Germany. ===Bugatti Automobiles SAS=== [[File:Bugatti veyron in Tokyo.jpg|thumb|[[Bugatti Veyron|Veyron 16.4]].]] {{main|Bugatti Automobiles SAS}} [[Volkswagen AG]] purchased the richts tae produce caurs unner the Bugatti marque in 1998. Thay commissioned [[ItalDesign]] tae produce the [[Bugatti EB118]] concept, a tourin [[sedan (automobile)|saloon (sedan)]], which featurt a (555 PS; 547&nbsp;bhp), an the first [[W ingine|W-configuration]] [[W16 ingine|16-cylinder ingine]] in ony passenger vehicle, at the [[Paris Auto Show]]. In 1999, the [[Bugatti EB 218]] concept wis introduced at the [[Geneva Auto Show]]; later that year the [[Bugatti 18/3 Chiron]] wis introduced at the [[Frankfurt Motor Show]] (IAA). At the [[Tokyo Motor Show]], the EB 218 reappeared, an the [[Bugatti Veyron|Bugatti EB 16.4 Veyron]] wis presentit as the first incarnation o wha wis tae be a production road caur. ==See an aw== * [[Musée National de l'Automobile de Mulhouse]], hame o the Schlumpf Collection o Bugatti caurs * [[Bugatti Type 8]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commons|Bugatti vehicles}} *[http://www.Bugatti.com Bugatti Automobiles S.A.S.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080324133507/http://www.bugatti.com/ |date=2008-03-24 }} *[http://www.octagonfox.com/biblio.html Bugatti bibliography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080412172359/http://www.octagonfox.com/biblio.html |date=2008-04-12 }} *[http://www.bugatti-trust.co.uk/ The Bugatti Trust] *[http://www.les24heures.fr/index.php/1937/129-1937-voitures/483-1937-1-2-bugatti-t57g Bugatti at LeMans] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911234314/http://www.les24heures.fr/index.php/1937/129-1937-voitures/483-1937-1-2-bugatti-t57g |date=2015-09-11 }} {{Template group |list = {{Volkswagen Group brands}} {{Bugatti road caur timeline}} {{Formula Ane constructors|state=collapsed}} }} {{Commonscat|Bugatti vehicles}} [[Category:Bugatti| ]] [[Category:Caur manufacturers o Fraunce]] [[Category:Motor vehicle manufacturers o Fraunce]] [[Category:Luxury motor vehicle manufacturers]] [[Category:Sports caur manufacturers]] [[Category:Formula Ane constructors]] [[Category:Formula Ane entrants]] [[Category:Grand Prix teams]] [[Category:French auto racin teams]] [[Category:French racecaur constructors]] [[Category:Companies established in 1909]] [[Category:Luxury buists]] [[Category:Defunct aircraft ingine manufacturers o Fraunce]] [[Category:Luxury vehicles]] [[Category:Volkswagen Group]] 0lz56czx292zatf7xfzqowdhnb9xmbd 0 35159 920557 831111 2026-08-09T03:05:41Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 920557 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Banteay Meanchey | native_name = ខេត្តបន្ទាយមានជ័យ |other_name = | native_name_lang = khm<!-- ISO 639-2 code --> | settlement_type = [[Provinces o Cambodie|Province]] | image_skyline = Khmerwood.JPG | image_caption = | image_flag = | image_seal = | image_shield = | nickname = | motto = | image_map = Cambodia Banteay Meanchey locator map.svg | map_caption = Map o Cambodie heichlichtin Banteay Meanchey | pushpin_map = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_caption = Location o Banteay Meanchey in Cambodie | coordinates = {{coord|13|45|N|103|00|E|region:KH_type:adm1st_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline}} | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]] | subdivision_name = {{flag|Cambodie}} | established_title = | established_date = | seat_type = Caipital<!-- Capital --> | seat = [[Sisophon|Serei Saophoan]] | leader_party = [[Cambodian Fowkpairty|CPP]] | leader_title = Govrenor | leader_name = H.E. Ong Oeun | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 6679 | area_note = | area_rank = [[Admeenistrative diveesions o Cambodie|Rankit 13t]] | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.stat.go.jp/english/info/meetings/cambodia/pdf/pre_rep1.pdf|title = General Population Census of Cambodia 2008 - Provisional population totals|publisher = National Institute of Statistics, Ministry of Planning|date = 3 September 2008|format = PDF}}</ref> | population_total = 678033 | population_as_of = 2008 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_rank = [[Admeenistrative diveevions o Cambodie|Rankit 10t]] | population_demonym = | population_note = | blank_name_sec1 = [[Destricts o Cambodie|Destricts]] | blank_info_sec1 = 8 | blank1_name_sec1 = Communes<!-- Communes --> | blank1_info_sec1 = 64 | blank2_name_sec1 = Veelages<!-- Villages --> | blank2_info_sec1 = 624 | timezone1 = [[UTC+07]] | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code_type = Dialin code | area_code = +855 | iso_code = KH-1 | website = | footnotes = }} {{Contains Khmer text}} '''Banteay Meanchey''' ({{lang-km|ខេត្តបន្ទាយមានជ័យ}}, {{IPA-km|ɓɑntiəj miən cɨj|IPA}} "Fortress o Victory") is a [[provinces o Cambodie|province]] (''khaet'') o [[Cambodie]] locatit in the far northwast. It borders the provinces o [[Oddar Meanchey Province|Oddar Meanchey]] an [[Siem Reap Province|Siem Reap]] tae the east, [[Battambang Province|Battambang]] tae the sooth, an shares an internaitional border wi [[Thailand]] tae the wast. Its caipital an lairgest ceety is [[Sisophon|Serei Saophoan]]. Banteay Meanchey is the 13t lairgest province in [[Cambodie]]. Wi a population o 678,033, it ranks as the 10t lairgest in the naition. The toun o [[Poipet]] in the wastren pairt o the province is an internaitional border crossin intae Thailand. Banteay Meanchey is ane o the nine provinces that is pairt o the [[Tonle Sap Biosphere Reserve]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tsbr-ed.org/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-07-13 |archive-date=2008-09-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905070736/http://www.tsbr-ed.org/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Etymology== Banteay Meanchey means "Fortress o Victory" in [[Khmer leid|Khmer]]. The ''Chey'' pairt o its name is derivit frae the [[Sanskrit]] wird ''Jaya'' (जय) meanin ''Victory'', an Banteay meanin ''Fortress''. ==History== The aurie wis pairt o the extensive [[Khmer Empire]]. Its maist notable remains is the [[Banteay Chhmar]] temple in the north o the province, built in 12t century towards the 13t century. Ither lesser kent temples are the [[Banteay Neang]] an [[Banteay Torp]] temples. In the 17t century [[Rattanakosin Kinrick|Siam]] teuk control ower Cambodie, an made the area o the modren province pairt o [[Phra Tabong Province|Serei Saophoan Province]]. In 1907 Siam haed tae cede control tae the French, an it wis then includit intae Battambang Province. In 1988 the province Banteay Meanchey wis split aff frae Battambang, oreeginally consistin o the five destricts Mongkol Borei, Thmar Puok, Serei Saophoan, Preah Net Preah an Phnom Srok.<ref>{{cite web|title=Background of Battambang In the past and the present|url=http://www.battambang-town.gov.kh/city_info/anzeige/redaktionssystem/main/show.cfm?region_id=27&lang_id=3&id=253&modul_id=5|publisher=Battambang town|access-date=2012-07-13|archive-date=2012-03-13|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/668m6m7N4?url=http://www.battambang-town.gov.kh/city_info/anzeige/redaktionssystem/main/show.cfm?region_id=27|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Geography== Banteay Meanchey is maistly covered bi extensive lawlands, wi a few uplands tae the north an east. The main rivers are the [[Mongkol Borei River|Mongkol Borei]] an the [[Sisophon River|Sisophon]] Rivers. ==Admeenistration== {| | The province is subdividit intae 8 destricts (''[[srok]]''), which are further subdividit in 64 communes (''[[khum]]'') an 634 veelages (''[[phum]]'').<ref>[http://www.cambodia.gov.kh/unisql1/egov/english/province/banteay_meanchey.html Royal Government of Cambodia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224051055/http://www.cambodia.gov.kh/unisql1/egov/english/province/banteay_meanchey.html |date=2008-12-24 }}</ref> *0102 [[Mongkol Borei Destrict|Mongkol Borei]] (មង្គលបុរី) *0103 [[Phnom Srok]] (ភ្នំស្រុក) *0104 [[Preah Netr Preah Destrict|Preah Net Preah]] (ព្រះនេត្រព្រះ) *0105 [[Ou Chrov]] (អូរជ្រៅ) *0106 [[Serei Saophoan]] (សិរីសោភ័ណ) *0107 [[Thma Puok|Thmar Puok]] (ថ្មពួក) *0108 [[Svay Chek]] (ស្វាយចេក) *0109 [[Malai Destrict|Malai]] (ម៉ាល័យ) | [[File:Small Lake in Serei Saophoan District Banteay Meanchey.jpg|thumb|250px|Sma lake in [[Serei Saophoan]]]] |} Geocodes are from the National Institute of Statistics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stats.nis.gov.kh/areaname/dist_pro01.htm|publisher=National Institute of Statistics, Cambodia|title=Districts of Banteay Meanchey}}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.cambodia.gov.kh/unisql1/egov/english/province/banteay_meanchey.html Banteay Meanchey at Royal Government of Cambodia website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224051055/http://www.cambodia.gov.kh/unisql1/egov/english/province/banteay_meanchey.html |date=2008-12-24 }} *[http://www.moc.gov.kh/national_data_resource/Provincial%20Resources/Banteay%20Meanchey/Banteay%20Meanchey%20Provincial%20Resources.htm Banteay Meanchey at Ministry of Commerce website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929125638/http://www.moc.gov.kh/national_data_resource/Provincial%20Resources/Banteay%20Meanchey/Banteay%20Meanchey%20Provincial%20Resources.htm |date=2007-09-29 }} {{Geographic location |Centre = Banteay Meanchey |North = {{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Buriram Province]], [[Thailand]] |Northeast = [[Oddar Meanchey Province]] |East = [[Siem Reap Province]] |Southeast = [[Battambang Province]] |South = [[Battambang Province]] |Southwest = {{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Sa Kaeo Province]], [[Thailand]] |West = {{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Sa Kaeo Province]], [[Thailand]] |Northwest = {{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Sa Kaeo Province]], [[Thailand]] }} {{Banteay Meanchey Province}} {{Provinces o Cambodie}} [[Category:Provinces o Cambodie]] [[Category:Banteay Meanchey Province| ]] cxmwjwxky9lq4wb1oodn2et3au2bjys 0 66341 920556 908562 2026-08-09T01:32:42Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 920556 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Italian comune | name = Ardea | official_name = Comune di Ardea | native_name = | image_skyline = Ardea11.JPG | imagesize = | image_alt = | image_caption = The kirk o St. Peter. | image_shield = | shield_alt = | image_map = | map_alt = | map_caption = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | coordinates = {{coord|41|37|N|12|33|E|display=inline}} | coordinates_footnotes = | region = [[Lazio]] | province = [[Province o Roum|Roum]] | frazioni = Banditella, Nuova Florida, Castagnetta, Castagnola, Centro Regina, Nuova California, Colle Romito, Lido dei Pini, Marina di Ardea, Rio Verde, Tor San Lorenzo, Tor San Lorenzo Lido, Montagnano. | mayor_party = [[The Fowk o Freedom|PdL]] | mayor = [[Luca Di Fiori]] | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 50 | population_footnotes = | population_total = 40010 | population_as_of = February 26, 2007 | pop_density_footnotes = | population_demonym = Ardeatini | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 37 | twin1 = | twin1_country = | saint = [[Saunt Peter]] the Apostle | day = June 29 | postal_code = 00040 | area_code = 06 | website = {{official website|http://www.comune.ardea.rm.it/}} | footnotes = }} '''Ardea''' is a auncient toun an ''[[comune]] ''in the [[province o Roum]], {{convert|35|km|0|abbr=off}} sooth o [[Roum]] an aboot {{convert|4|km|0|abbr=off}} frae the day's [[Mediterranean]] coast. The economy is maistly based on agricultur, awtho, stairtin frae the 1970s, industry haes haed a increasingly important role. [[File:Ardea16.JPG|left|200px|thumb|Ceety gate o Ardea]] ==History== Ardea is ane o the maist auncient touns in wastren Europe, foondit aboot in the 8t century BC wis the caipital o the [[Rutuli]], mentioned in the ''[[Aeneid]]''. Efter the Roman conquest, Ardea wis maist aften mentioned in connection wi the [[Via Ardeatina]], ane o the [[Roman road|consular roads]], tae which it gae its name. [[Columella]] awned a ferm thare. In 509 BC [[Lucius Tarquinius Superbus]], the [[keeng o Roum]] socht unsuccessfully tae tak the toun bi storm, an then commencit a siege o the toun.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unrv.com/bio/lucius-tarquinius-superbus.php |title=Lucius Tarquinius Superbus |publisher=Unrv.com |date=2007-02-01 |accessdate=2013-03-25 |archive-date=2024-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912063852/https://www.unrv.com/bio/lucius-tarquinius-superbus.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> Housomeivver the siege wis interrupted bi the [[:en:Overthrow of the Roman monarchy|revolution]] which resultit in the owerthrow o the king an the establishment o the [[Roman Republic]]. Ane o the leaders o the revolution, [[Lucius Junius Brutus]], came tae the camp of the Roman airmy at Ardea an wan the airmy's support for the revolution. In 443 BC the [[Volscians]] laid siege tae Ardea. The siege wis suin breuken bi Roman troops unner the leadership o [[Marcus Geganius Macerinus]]. Durin the [[Seicont Punic War]], it wis ane o the few ceeties that refused militar support tae Roum, an, efter the Roman victory, wis deprivit o its autonomy. In the 3rd-2nt centuries BC it decayed till, in the Imperial Age, it wis scarcely populatit at aw. The 1st century agricultural writer [[Columella]] possessed estates thare.<ref name=Millar>{{cite book|last=Lucius Junius Moderatus Columella|title=L. Junius Moderatus Columella of Husbandry, in Twelve Books: and his book, concerning Trees. Translated into English, with illustrations from Pliny, Cato, Varro, Palladius and other ancient and modern authors|year=1745|publisher=A. Millar|location=London|page=130|url= http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qcNbAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> [[File:Ardea12.JPG|left|200px|thumb|A view o the auncient ''agger'']] Efter the faw o the Roman Empire, in the Medieval age, Ardea wis abandoned. It returned tae growthe anerly efter the 9t century AD. Its castle in 1118 hoosit [[Pape Gelasius II]] an wis later contendit amang various feudal barons o the aurie. In 1419 [[Pape Martin V]] assigned it tae his kinsmen, the [[Colonna faimily]], who sauld it in 1564 tae the Cesarini. In 1816 it became a ''[[frazione]]'' o [[Genzano di Roma|Genzano]]. Stairtin frae 1932, the surroondin aurie wis drained an Ardea began tae flourish again, becomin a ''[[frazione]]'' o [[Pomezia]] stairtin frae its foondation aroond 1948 an a unthirlt municipality in 1970. ==Main sichts== Remains o the auncient ceety include the auld defensive ''[[Agger (auncient Roum)|agger]]'', datin tae the 7t century BC an later (4t century BC) updatit tae lairger waws. Airchaeological excavations hae brocht tae licht fower temples, o unkent dedication. Pairt o the pavement o a [[basilica]] (c. 100 BC) hae been foond in the aurie o the auncient Forum an aw. Ither sichts include: *The [[:it:Chiesa di Santa Marina (Ardea)|Kirk o Santa Marina]], erectit in 1191 bi Cencio Savelli, the futur [[Pape Honorius II]]. The interior, on a single nave, wis oreeginally entirely frescoed. *[[Romanesque airchitectur|Romanesque]] [[:it:Chiesa di San Pietro Apostolo (Ardea)|Kirk o San Pietro Apostolo]] (12t century), which wis a possession o the monks o [[San Paolo Fuori le Mura]] o Roum. It incorporates a umwhile watchtouer uised tae coonter [[Saracen]] attacks, nou turned intae a bell touer. It haes 15t-century frescoes an a 16t-century firthen crucifix. *The [[Giardini della Landriana]],<ref>{{cite web |author=il michele |url=http://www.aldobrandini.it/sito/giardi/storia.shtml |title=Stefanina Aldobrandini Ricevimenti |publisher=Aldobrandini.it |date= |accessdate=2013-03-25 |archive-date=2013-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328104947/http://www.aldobrandini.it/sito/giardi/storia.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> designed bi [[Russell Page]]. *[[Giacomo Manzù]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.museomanzu.beniculturali.it/index.php?en%2F1%2Fhome |title=Home - Raccolta Manzù |publisher=Museomanzu.beniculturali.it |date= |accessdate=2013-03-25 |archive-date=2013-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306031921/http://www.museomanzu.beniculturali.it/index.php?en%2F1%2Fhome |url-status=dead }}</ref> Museum, hoosin some 400 wirks o the airtist. *[[Tor San Lorenzo (Ardea)|Tor San Lorenzo]], a touer in the eponymous seaside ''[[frazione]]''. It wis rebuilt in 1570 efter a design bi [[Michelangelo]], in the aurie o a umwhile Palaeo-Christian kirk devotit tae [[St. Lawrence]]. {{commons category|Ardea, Italy}} ==Internaitional relations== {{See also|Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in Italy}} ===Twin touns — Sister ceeties=== Ardea is [[Twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi: *{{flagicon|GRE}} [[Argos]], [[Greece]] *{{flagicon|GER}} [[Rielasingen-Worblingen]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.comuni-italiani.it/12/gemellaggi.html |title=Italy - Lazio: Towns Twinning |publisher=En.comuni-italiani.it |date=1998-04-26 |accessdate=2013-03-25}}</ref> [[Germany]] ==References== {{reflist}} *[[Livy]],'' [[Ab Urbe Condita]]'' 4.9 ==External links== *http://www.comune.ardea.rm.it/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070816160535/http://www.comune.ardea.rm.it/ |date=2007-08-16 }} (offeecial steid) *{{cite web |url=http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/422843 |title=Places: 422843 (Ardea) |author=Quilici, L., S. Quilici Gigli, R. Talbert, T. Elliott, S. Gillies |accessdate=March 8, 2012<!-- 10:45 am -->|publisher=Pleiades}} <br> {{Province o Roum}} rihw32qb0gtcwjike76w7tc9daif6t9 0 79742 920555 852643 2026-08-08T23:36:01Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 920555 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''1992 UEFA Super Cup''' wis played atween [[FC Barcelona]] an [[SV Werder Bremen|Werder Bremen]], wi Barcelona winnin 3–2 on aggregate.<ref>{{Cite web| url = http://en.archive.uefa.com/competitions/supercup/history/season=1992/intro.html| publisher = [[UEFA]]| accessdate = 2008-03-14| title = Dutch double lifts Milan| archive-date = 2010-08-31| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100831071210/http://en.archive.uefa.com/competitions/supercup/history/season%3D1992/intro.html| url-status = dead}}</ref> ==Match details== ===First leg=== {{footballbox |date = 10 Februar 1993 |team1 = [[SV Werder Bremen|Werder Bremen]] {{flagicon|GER}} |score = 1–1 |report= |team2 = {{flagicon|ESP}} [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] |goals1 = [[Klaus Allofs|Allofs]] {{goal|88}} |goals2 = [[Julio Salinas|Salinas]] {{goal|38}} |stadium = [[Weserstadion]], [[Bremen]] |attendance = |referee=}} {| width="100%" |valign="top" width="50%"| {| style="font-size:90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" |colspan=4| |- !width=25| !!width=25| |- !width=25| !!width=25| |- |GK ||'''1''' ||{{flagicon|GER}} [[Oliver Reck]] |- |RWB&nbsp;||'''2''' ||{{flagicon|GER}} [[Manfred Bockenfeld]] || {{yel|36}} |- |LWB ||'''3''' ||{{flagicon|GER}} [[Thorsten Legat]] |- |SW ||'''4''' ||{{flagicon|NOR}} [[Rune Bratseth]] |- |AM ||'''5''' ||{{flagicon|GER}} [[Marco Bode]] || || {{suboff|69}} |- |CB ||'''6''' ||{{flagicon|GER}} [[Ulrich Borowka]] |- |CB ||'''7''' ||{{flagicon|GER}} [[Dieter Eilts]] |- |CM ||'''8''' ||{{flagicon|GER}} [[Mirko Votava]] |- |CF ||'''9''' ||{{flagicon|GER}} [[Bernd Hobsch]] || || {{suboff|77}} |- |CM ||'''10'''||{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Andreas Herzog]] |- |CF ||'''11'''||{{flagicon|GER}} [[Frank Neubarth]] |- |colspan=2|'''Substitutes:''' |- |GK ||'''12''' ||{{flagicon|GER}} [[Hans-Jürgen Gundelach]] |- |FW ||'''13''' ||{{flagicon|GER}} [[Stefan Kohn]] || || {{subon|69}} |- |MF ||'''14''' ||{{flagicon|GER}} [[Uwe Harttgen]] |- |DF ||'''15''' ||{{flagicon|GER}} [[Thomas Schaaf]] |- |FW ||'''16''' ||{{flagicon|GER}} [[Klaus Allofs]] || || {{subon|77}} |- |colspan=3|'''Manager:''' |- |colspan=4|{{flagicon|GER}} [[Otto Rehhagel]] <br />'''Man o the Match:''' '''Assistant referees:''' |} |valign="top" width="50%"| {| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align=center |colspan="4"| |- !width=25| !!width=25| |- |GK ||'''1''' ||{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Andoni Zubizarreta]] |- |RB ||'''2''' ||{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Albert Ferrer]] |- |CM ||'''3''' ||{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Guillermo Amor]] ||{{yel|54}} |- |SW ||'''4''' ||{{flagicon|NED}} [[Ronald Koeman]] ||{{yel|73}} |- |CB ||'''5''' ||{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Miguel Ángel Nadal]] |- |CM ||'''6''' ||{{flagicon|ESP}} [[José Mari Bakero]] || {{yel|61}} ||{{suboff|67}} |- |RF ||'''7''' ||{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Ion Andoni Goikoetxea]] |- |LF ||'''8''' ||{{flagicon|BUL}} [[Hristo Stoichkov]] |- |CF ||'''9''' ||{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Julio Salinas]] || ||{{suboff|83}} |- |LB ||'''10''' ||{{flagicon|NED}} [[Richard Witschge]] |- |AM ||'''11''' ||{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Eusebio Sacristán]] |- |colspan=3|'''Substitutes:''' |- |DF ||'''12''' ||{{flagicon|ESP}} [[José Ramón Alexanko]] |- |GK ||'''13''' ||{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Carles Busquets]] |- |FW ||'''14''' ||{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Txiki Begiristain]] || ||{{subon|67}} |- |DF ||'''15''' ||{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Pablo Alfaro Armengot|Pablo Alfaro]] |- |FW ||'''16''' ||{{flagicon|DEN}}{{flagicon|ESP}}[[Thomas Christiansen]] || ||{{subon|83}} |- |colspan=3|'''Manager:''' |- |colspan=4|{{flagicon|NED}} [[Johan Cruyff]] |} |} ===Seicont leg=== {{footballbox |date = 10 Mairch 1993 |team1 = [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] {{flagicon|ESP}} |score = 2–1 |report= |team2 = {{flagicon|GER}} [[SV Werder Bremen|Werder Bremen]] |goals1 = [[Hristo Stoichkov|Stoichkov]] {{goal|32}}<br/>[[Ion Andoni Goikoetxea|Goikoetxea]] {{goal|48}} |goals2 = [[Wynton Rufer|Rufer]] {{goal|41|pen.}} |stadium = [[Camp Nou]], Barcelona |attendance = |referee=}} {| width="100%" |valign="top" width="50%"| {| style="font-size:90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" |colspan=4| |- !width=25| !!width=25| |- !width=25| !!width=25| |- |GK ||'''1''' ||{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Andoni Zubizarreta]] |- |RB ||'''2''' ||{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Albert Ferrer]] |- |LB ||'''3''' ||{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Josep Guardiola]] || ||{{suboff|79}} |- |SW ||'''4''' ||{{flagicon|NED}} [[Ronald Koeman]] |- |CB ||'''5''' ||{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Miguel Ángel Nadal]] |- |CM ||'''6''' ||{{flagicon|ESP}} [[José Mari Bakero]] || || {{suboff|50}} |- |RF ||'''7''' ||{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Ion Andoni Goikoetxea]] |- |CF ||'''8''' ||{{flagicon|BUL}} [[Hristo Stoichkov]] ||{{yel|75}} |- |AM ||'''9''' ||{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Michael Laudrup]] |- |CM ||'''10''' ||{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Guillermo Amor]] |- |LF ||'''11''' ||{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Eusebio Sacristán]] |- |colspan=3|'''Substitutes:''' |- |DF ||'''12''' ||{{flagicon|ESP}} [[José Ramón Alexanko]] |- |GK ||'''13''' ||{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Carles Busquets]] |- |FW ||'''14''' ||{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Txiki Begiristain]] || ||{{subon|50}} |- |DF ||'''15''' ||{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Pablo Alfaro Armengot|Pablo Alfaro]] |- |FW ||'''16''' ||{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Julio Salinas]] || ||{{subon|79}} |- |colspan=3|'''Manager:''' |- |colspan=4|{{flagicon|NED}} [[Johan Cruyff]] <br />'''Man o the Match:''' '''Assistant referees:''' |} |valign="top" width="50%"| {| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align=center |colspan="4"| |- !width=25| !!width=25| |- |GK ||'''1''' ||{{flagicon|GER}} [[Oliver Reck]] || {{sent off|0|30}} |- |CB ||'''2''' ||{{flagicon|GER}} [[Thomas Schaaf]] || ||{{suboff|30}} |- |LWB&nbsp;||'''3''' ||{{flagicon|GER}} [[Thorsten Legat]] || ||{{suboff|77}} |- |SW ||'''4''' ||{{flagicon|NOR}} [[Rune Bratseth]] |- |RWB&nbsp;||'''5''' ||{{flagicon|GER}} [[Thomas Wolter]] |- |CB ||'''6''' ||{{flagicon|GER}} [[Ulrich Borowka]] |- |CM ||'''7''' ||{{flagicon|GER}} [[Dieter Eilts]] |- |CF ||'''8''' ||{{flagicon|NZL}} [[Wynton Rufer]] |- |CF ||'''9''' ||{{flagicon|GER}} [[Bernd Hobsch]] |- |CM ||'''10'''||{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Andreas Herzog]] |- |AM ||'''11'''||{{flagicon|GER}} [[Marco Bode]] |- |colspan=2|'''Substitutes:''' |- |GK ||'''12''' ||{{flagicon|GER}} [[Hans-Jürgen Gundelach]] || ||{{subon|30}} |- |FW ||'''13''' ||{{flagicon|GER}} [[Stefan Kohn]] |- |FW ||'''14''' ||{{flagicon|GER}} [[Klaus Allofs]] || {{yel|88}}||{{subon|77}} |- |DF ||'''15''' ||{{flagicon|GER}} [[Dietmar Beiersdorfer]] |- |MF ||'''16''' ||{{flagicon|GER}} [[Uwe Harttgen]] |- |colspan=3|'''Manager:''' |- |colspan=4|{{flagicon|GER}} [[Otto Rehhagel]] |} |} ==References== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.uefa.com/competitions/supercup/index.html UEFA Super Cup] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050830105005/http://www.uefa.com/competitions/supercup/index.html |date=2005-08-30 }} *[http://hemeroteca.elmundodeportivo.es/preview/1993/02/11/pagina-2/1275596/pdf.html 1 games] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200316040915/http://hemeroteca.elmundodeportivo.es/preview/1993/02/11/pagina-2/1275596/pdf.html |date=2020-03-16 }} and [http://hemeroteca.elmundodeportivo.es/preview/1993/03/11/pagina-2/1264787/pdf.html 2 games] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200316040918/http://hemeroteca.elmundodeportivo.es/preview/1993/03/11/pagina-2/1264787/pdf.html |date=2020-03-16 }} – articles from newspapers "El Mundo Deportivo" [[Category:1992–93 in European fitbaa|Super Cup]] [[Category:UEFA Super Cup|1992]] [[Category:FC Barcelona spiels|Super Cup 1992]] [[Category:SV Werder Bremen spiels|Super Cup 1992]] [[Category:Internaitional club association fitbaa competeetions hostit bi Germany]] [[Category:Interniational club association fitbaa competeetions hostit bi Spain]] [[Category:1992–93 in Spainyie fitbaa|Supercup]] [[Category:1992–93 in German fitbaa|Sup]] 505wn12cg0zyzwq1maa2ki7v9w6b2cb 0 82571 920559 910161 2026-08-09T05:56:12Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 920559 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{taxobox |image = Various grains.jpg |image_width=250px |image caption = Various cereals an thair products |regnum = [[Plantae]] |unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]] |unranked_classis = [[Monocots]] |unranked_ordo = [[Commelinids]] |ordo = [[Poales]] |familia = [[Poaceae]] }} A '''cereal''' is a [[Poaceae|gress]], a member o the [[Monocotyledon|monocot]] faimily [[Poaceae]], cultivatit for the edible components o its grain (botanically, a teep o [[fruit]] cried a caryopsis), componed o the endosperm, germ, an bran.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cereals {{!}} Knowledge for policy|url=https://knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu/glossary-item/cereals_en|access-date=2025-11-13|website=knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu|archive-date=2021-07-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722191649/https://knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu/glossary-item/cereals_en|url-status=dead}}</ref> The seeds o several ither plants, such as buckwheat, are an aa used in the same manner as grains, but syne thay are nae grasses, thay cannae strictly be cried such.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-01|title=Grain of the month: Buckwheat|url=https://www.health.harvard.edu/heart-health/grain-of-the-month-buckwheat|access-date=2025-11-13|website=Harvard Health|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-10|title=Buckwheat 101: Nutrition Facts and Health Benefits|url=https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/foods/buckwheat|access-date=2025-11-13|website=Healthline|language=en}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Cereals| ]] [[Category:Craps]] {{Stub/Plaunt}} {{Stub/Fuid}} kgznuwg99xayhhhlrwkcr5ruubzx2jm 0 170781 920560 842543 2026-08-09T09:50:17Z Magnefl 17187 photo 920560 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox | image = Anguidae.jpg | image_width = 250px | taxon = Anguis fragilis | authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10t edeetion o Systema Naturae|1758]] }} The '''''Anguis fragilis''''', or '''slae''', is a limmless [[lizard]] hamelt in [[Euraisie]]. [[File:Anguis fragilis-m.jpg|thumb|♂]] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Anguis Fragilis}} [[Category:Anguids]] [[Category:Reptiles o Europe]] [[Category:Reptiles o Roushie]] [[Category:Reptiles o Iran]] [[Category:Reptiles o Pakistan]] [[Category:Reptiles o Turkey]] [[Category:Ainimals descrived in 1758]] [[Category:Endangered species o the Breetish Isles]] [[Category:Taxa named bi Carl Linnaeus]] {{stub/Reptile}} jbjdpifvunnws9izqnlawnbzazo7d48 4 228727 920551 920138 2026-08-08T14:40:45Z Cobra 3000 28371 Sortit dashboard airtin text tae be consistent wi the ithers 920551 wikitext text/x-wiki {{:Wikipedia:WikiProject The Big Wiki Rewrite/Tab header}} We host an editathon ivery month or twa, uisually themed aroond a certain topic. These events tak place ower ae week whaur we hiv onwab meetins whaur we dae collaborative chyngin, drap in sessions whaur fowk kin speir fur a haund wi an airticle thay'r sortin oot, an hiv tawks fae notable Scots personalities. The nixt editathon will tak place in August, mair info on the [[Wikipedia:August 2026 Writin Drive|on-wiki event page.]] {{en}} The next editathon will take place in August, more info on the [[Wikipedia:August 2026 Writin Drive|on-wiki event page.]] You can see all the progress we've made since August 2020 [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/campaigns/scots_wiki/programs on the Dashboard campaign here.] ; Past events This whit we'v duin in past events sae faur. {| class="wikitable" |+ Past Editathons ! Editathon page !! Dashboard page |- | [[Wikipedia:August 2026 Writin Drive|August 2026]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_Writin_Drive_August_2026_(17_-_23_August_2026)?enroll=qzasjmup August 2026 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:November 2025 Writin Drive|November 2025]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_Writin_Drive_November_2025 November 2025 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:Julie-August 2025 Writin Drive|Julie/August 2025]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_Writin_Drive_Julie_-_August_2025 Julie/August 2025 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:Mey-Juin 2025 Writin Drive|Mey/Juin 2025]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_Writin_Drive_Mey_2025_(26_Mey_-_1_Juin_2025) Mey/Juin 2025 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:Mairch 2025 Writin Drive|Mairch 2025]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_Writin_Drive_Mairch_2025 Mairch 2025 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:Februar 2025 Writin Drive|Februar 2025]] ||[https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_Writin_Drive_Februar_2025_(3-9_Februar_2025) Februar 2025 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:Winter 2024 Writin Drive|Winter 2024]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_Winter_2024_Writin_Drive_(25_November_-_1_December_2024) Winter 2024 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:September 2024 Writin Drive|September 2024]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_September_2024_Writin_Drive_(16-22_September_2024) September 2024 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:Juin 2024 Writin Drive|Juin 2024]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_Juin_2024_Writin_Drive_(24-30_Juin_2024) Juin 2024 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:Apryle 2024 Writin Drive|Apryle 2024]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_April_2024_Writin_Drive_(15-21_April_2024) Apryle 2024 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:Januar 2024 Writin Drive|Januar 2024]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_January_2024_Writin_Drive_(22_-_28_January_2024) Januar 2024 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:October 2023 Writin Drive|October 2023]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_October_2023_Writin_Drive_(16-22_October_2023) October 2023 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:September 2023 Writin Drive|September 2023]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_September_2023_Writin_Drive_(4-10_September_2023) September 2023 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:Julie 2023 Writin Drive|Julie 2023]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_Julie_2023_Writin_Drive_(24_-_30_July_2023) Julie 2023 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:Mey 2023 Writin Drive|Mey 2023]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_Mey_2023_Writin_Drive_(15-21_May_2023) Mey 2023 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:Mairch 2023 Writin Drive|Mairch 2023]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_Mairch_2023_Writin_Drive_(20-26_Mairch_2023) Mairch 2023 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:Januar 2023 Writin Drive|Januar 2023]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_Januar_2023_Writin_Drive_(23-29_Januar_2023) Januar 2023 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:September 2022 Writin Drive|September 2022]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_September_2022_Writing_Drive_(Monday_5th_Sept_-_Sunday_11th_Sept) September 2022 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:November 2022 Writin Drive|November 2022]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_November_2022_Writing_Drive_(14-20_November_2022) November 2022 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:September 2022 Writin Drive|September 2022]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_September_2022_Writing_Drive_(Monday_5th_Sept_-_Sunday_11th_Sept) September 2022 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:Julie 2022 Writin Drive|Julie 2022]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_July_2022_Writing_Drive_(18_July_2022_-_24_July_2022) Julie 2022 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:Mey 2022 Writin Drive|Mey 2022]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_May_2022_Writing_Drive_(9th_-_15th_May_2022) Mey 2022 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:Mairch 2022 Writin Drive|Mairch 2022]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_March_2022_Writing_Drive_(21_-_27_March_2022) Mairch 2022 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:Januar 2022 Writin Drive|Januar 2022]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_January_2022_Writing_Drive Januar 2022 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Juin 2021|Juin 2021]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/E_Scots_Leid,_WMUK/Scots_Wiki_Editathon_5-6_Juin_2021_(5-6_June_2021) Juin 2021 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Election Mini Editathon|Mey 2021]] || |- | [[Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Mairch 2021|Mairch 2021]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/E_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_Editathon_20-21_Mairch_(Sat_20_-_Sun_21_Mairch) Mairch 2021 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Januar 2021|Januar 2021]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/E_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_Editathon_30-31_Januar_(30-31_Januar_2021) Januar 2021 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon Dizember 2020 |Dizember 2020]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/E_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_Editathon_12-13_December_(Sat_12th_and_Sun_13th_December_2020) Dizember 2020 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon November 2020 |November 2020]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/E_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_Editathon_14-15_November_(Sat_14_-_Sun_15_November_2020) November 2020 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon September 2020 |September 2020]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/E_Scots_Leed/Scots_Wiki_Editathon_29_and_30_Sept_(29_and_30_Sept_2020) September 2020 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:E Scots Leed Editathon August 2020|August 2020]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/E_Scots_Leed/Scots_Wiki_Editathon_30_and_31_August August 2020 Dashboard] |} ; Ither Airtins * [[Wikipedia:Leet o editathon themes|Leet o editathon themes]] {{The Big Wiki Rewrite navbox}} fa0biu2boqu8trmmioezinmhfh272cv 0 233358 920561 915478 2026-08-09T10:46:51Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 920561 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox magazine | logo = Gala Zeitschrift Logo 04.2023.svg | editor = Juliette Serfati | editor_title = Editor-in-chief | category = [[Wummen's magazine]] <br/> Celebrity magazine | frequency = Weekly | circulation = 158,817 (2020) | publisher = Groupe Figaro |circulation_year = 2020 | founded = {{Start date and age|1993}} | company = {{ubl|[[Groupe Figaro]] {{smaller|(2023–present)}}}} | country = Fraunce | based = Paris | language = {{ubl|[[French leid|French]]|[[German leid|German]]|[[Pols leid|Pols]]|[[Roushie leid|Roushie]]}} | website = [http://www.gala.fr/ ''Gala''] }} '''''Gala''''' is a [[French leid]] weekly celebrity an [[Leet o wummen's magazines|wummen's magazine]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Marnette|first=Sophie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lyCufkCSi-IC&pg=PA288|title=Speech and Thought Presentation in French: Concepts and Strategies|date=2005-01-01|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing|isbn=978-90-272-5376-7|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Dakhlia|first=Jamil|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0i5U6VE59F0C&pg=PA37|title=Politique people|last2=Dakhlia|first2=Jocelyne|date=2008|publisher=Editions Bréal|isbn=978-2-7495-0521-3|language=fr}}</ref> published in Paris, Fraunce. The magazine haes internaitional editions in mony leids an aa. On 21 November 2023, the magazine wis selt tae [[Groupe Figaro]] as pairt o [[Vivendi]]'s efforts tae obteen approval frae the [[European Commeession]] fur the purchase o a controllin stake in [[Lagardère Group]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Staff|first=e4m|date=2023-11-22|title=Vivendi completes acquisition of Lagardère - Exchange4media|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-others-news/vivendi-completes-acqusition-of-lagardere-131076.html|access-date=2026-04-21|website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media|language=en}}</ref> == History an profile == ''Gala'' wis furst published in 1993.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=GALA – G+J International Brands and Licenses|url=http://guj-international-brands.com/brands/gala|access-date=2026-04-21|website=guj-international-brands.com|language=en-US|archive-date=2012-07-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120701082410/http://guj-international-brands.com/brands/gala|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Stars : toute l'actu des stars|url=https://www.gala.fr/|access-date=2026-04-21|website=Gala|language=fr}}</ref> The magazine is published bi Groupe Figaro on a weekly basis.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=GALA (FRANCE) - Factsheet {{!}} www.publicitas.com Publishing|url=http://www.publicitas.com/publishingasia/media-solutions/factsheet/mediadata/gala-france/?PARAM1=PP2GP3#.VQ2ikTSsXRA|access-date=2026-04-21|website=www.publicitas.com|language=en-GB}}</ref> The heidquarters o the weekly is in Paris.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=FashionModelDirectory.com|first=The FMD-|title=Gala France - Magazine {{!}} Magazines {{!}} The FMD|url=https://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/magazines/gala-france/|access-date=2026-04-21|website=The FMD - FashionModelDirectory.com}}</ref> [[The editor-in-chief]] is Juliette Serfati.<ref name=":2" /> The magazine provides news on signeeficant figures frae [[entertainment]], [[fashion]] an [[society]] an targets wummen. ''Gala'' haed a circulation o 264,000 unit in Fraunce in 2010. In the period o 2013–2014 the circulation o the magazine wis 234,175 unit. As o Januar 2021, ''Gala'' wis published in fower kintras: Fraunce, Germany, Poland an Roushie, an ower the years lowsed special editions o the magazine: ''Gala Men'', ''Gala Style'' an ''Gala Wedding''.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=GALA – G+J International Brands and Licenses|url=http://guj-international-brands.com/brands/gala|access-date=2026-04-21|website=guj-international-brands.com|archive-date=2012-07-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120701082410/http://guj-international-brands.com/brands/gala|url-status=dead}}</ref> The German edition o the magazine wis established in 1994 an is published weekly.<ref name=":0" /> In Poland, ''Gala'' wis furst published in 2001 an ceased its publication efter 20 years in August 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Polska|first=Grupa Wirtualna|date=2021-07-30|title=Koniec magazynu „Gala”. „Nie udało się stworzyć mediów społecznościowych wokół tytułu"|url=https://www.wirtualnemedia.pl/koniec-magazynu-gala-ostatni-numer,7170146440173697a|access-date=2026-04-21|website=Media, Reklama, Internet, PR, Telewizja, Radio - najnowsze wiadomości tylko na WirtualneMedia.pl|language=pl}}</ref> Ither discontinued editions o the magazine include: Kuwait, Lebanon, Lithuanie an Syrie.<ref name=":3" /> == Awairds == The Pols edition o ''Gala'' organisit an annual awairds ceremony cried "Róże Gali" ([[Pols leid|Pols]]: Gala's Roses) syne 2003.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2006-11-13|title=Róże Gali wręczone pięknym Polakom|language=pl-PL|work=[[Onet.pl]]|url=https://kultura.onet.pl/film/wiadomosci/roze-gali-wreczone-pieknym-polakom/e6pjt6m|url-status=live|access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Fremmit airtins== {{sister project links|d=Q3094449|q=no|c=no|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|wikt=no|s=no|species=no}} *{{Offeecial wabsteid|http://www.gala.fr/}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:1993 establishments in Fraunce]] [[Category:Arabic-leid magazines]] [[Category:Celebrity magazines]] [[Category:French-leid magazines]] [[Category:Weekly magazines published in Fraunce]] [[Category:Wummen's magazines published in Fraunce]] [[Category:German-leid magazines]] [[Category:Magazines established in 1993]] [[Category:Magazines published in Paris]] [[Category:Roushie-leid magazines]] jlgfdb26446ren7tzg042p5re20pkeq 10 233843 920552 2026-08-08T14:49:14Z CiphriusKane 74958 Reguidin tae [[Template:Featurt airticle/August 2020]] 920552 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Template:Featurt airticle/August 2020]] bxenii3g21c19iohgqg247ecjhrt6bo