Wikipedia scowiki https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.14 first-letter Media Special Collogue Uiser Uiser collogue Wikipedia Wikipedia collogue File File collogue MediaWiki MediaWiki collogue Template Template collogue Help Help collogue Category Category collogue Portal Portal talk Define Define talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk Inglis leid 0 2 920568 920018 2026-08-09T21:21:11Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 impruived citation 920568 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name=Inglis |nativename= {{lang|en|English}} |pronunciation= |region=Oreeginally [[Ingland]]<br />nou warldwide |speakers=360{{ndash}}400{{nbsp}}million |date=2006 |ref={{sfn|Crystal|2006|pp=424–426}} |speakers2=[[Seicont leid|L2 speakers]]: 400{{nbsp}}million;{{brk}}as a [[foreign leid]]: 600–700&nbsp;million{{sfn|Crystal|2006|pp=424–426}} |familycolor =Indo-European |fam2=[[Germanic leids|Germanic]] |fam3=[[Wast Germanic leids|Wast Germanic]] |fam4=[[Anglo-Frisie leids|Anglo-Frisie]] |fam5=[[Anglic leids|Anglic]] |ancestor=[[Auld Inglis]] |ancestor2=[[Middle Inglis leid|Middle Inglis]] |ancestor3=[[Early Modren Inglis]] |script={{plainlist| * [[Laitin script]] ([[Inglis alphabet]]) * [[Inglis Braille]], [[Unified Inglis Braille]] }} |nation={{plainlist| * 67 kintras * 27 non-sovereign entities{{brk}} {{Collapsible list |titlestyle= font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left; |title= Various organisations| * [[Unitit Naitions]] * [[European Union]] * [[Commonweel o Naitions]] * [[Cooncil o Europe]] * [[Internaitional Criminal Court|ICC]] * [[Internaitional Olympic Committee|IOC]] * [[Internaitional Organisation for Staundartisation|ISO]] * [[NATO]] * [[WTO]] * [[North American Free Trade Agreement|NAFTA]] * [[Organisation o American States|OAS]] * [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation an Development|OECD]] * [[Organisation o Islamic Cooperation|OIC]] * [[OPEC]] * [[GUAM Organization for Democracy an Economic Development]]* [[Paceefic Islands Forum|PIF]] * [[UKUSA Agreement]] * [[Association o Sootheast Asian Naitions|ASEAN]] * [[ASEAN Economic Commonty]] * [[Sooth Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|SAARC]] * [[Turkic Cooncil]] * [[Economic Cooperation Organisation|ECO]] }} }} |iso1=en |iso2=eng |iso3=eng |lingua=52-ABA |map=Anglospeak.svg |mapcaption= {{legend|#0000ff|Kintras o the warld whaur Inglis is a majority native leid}} {{legend|#8ddada|Kintras whaur Inglis is offeecial but nae a majority native leid}} |notice=IPA |sign=[[Manually coded Inglis]]<br />(multiple seestems) |glotto=stan1293 |glottorefname=Standard English }} '''Inglis''' ({{lang-en|English}}) is a [[Wast Germanic leids|Wast Germanic leid]] that arose in the [[History o Anglo-Saxon Ingland|Anglo-Saxon]] kinricks o [[England]] an spread intae whit wis tae become sooth-east [[Scotland]] unner the influence o the [[Angles|Anglian]] medieval kinrick o [[Northumbrie]]. Follaein the economic, poleetical, military, scienteefic, cultural, an colonial influence o [[Kinrick o Great Breetain|Great Breetain]] an the Unitit Kinrick frae the 18t century, via the [[Breetish Empire]], an o the [[Unitit States]] syne the mid-20t century,<ref>[[#refAmmon2006|Ammon]], pp.&nbsp;2245–2247.</ref><ref>[[#refSchneider2007|Schneider]], p.&nbsp;1.</ref><ref>[[#refMazrui1998|Mazrui]], p.&nbsp;21.</ref><ref>[[#refHowatt2004|Howatt]], pp.&nbsp;127–133.</ref> it haes been [[Inglis-speakin warld|widely dispersed]] aroond the warld, become the [[Warld leid|leadin leid]] o internaitional discourse, an haes acquired uise as ''[[lingua franca]]'' in mony regions.<ref>[[#refCrystal1997|Crystal]], pp.&nbsp;87–89.</ref><ref>[[#refWardhaugh2006|Wardhaugh]], p.&nbsp;60.</ref> It is widely learnit as a [[seicont leid]] an uised as an [[offeecial leid]] o the [[European Union]] an mony [[Commonwealth o Naitions|Commonwealth]] kintras, as well as in mony warld organisations. It is the [[Leet o leids bi number o native speakers|third maist natively spoken]] leid in the warld, efter [[Mandarin Cheenese]] an [[Spaingie leid|Spaingie]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/statistics/size |title=Summary by language size |access-date=10 February 2015 |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |website=Ethnologue: Languages of the World |ref={{harvid|Ethnologue|2010}}}}</ref> Historically, Inglis originatit frae the fusion o leids an dialects, noo collectively kent as [[Auld Inglis]], whilk wur brocht tae the eastren coast o Great Breetain bi Germanic ([[Anglo-Saxon]]) settlers beginnin in the 5t century&nbsp;– wi the wird "Inglis" bein derived frae the name o the Angles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/English |title=English&nbsp;— Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary |publisher=Merriam-webster.com |date=2007-04-25 |access-date=2010-01-02}}</ref> A significant nummer o Inglis wirds are constructit based on roots frae [[Latin]], acause Latin in some form wis the ''[[lingua franca]]'' o the Christian Kirk an o European intellectual life.<ref name="Spiritus-temporis.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.spiritus-temporis.com/old-english-language/latin-influence.html |title=Old English language&nbsp;— Latin influence |publisher=Spiritus-temporis.com |date= |access-date=2010-01-02 |archive-date=2011-08-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831001952/http://www.spiritus-temporis.com/old-english-language/latin-influence.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The leid wis faur influenced bi the [[Auld Norse]] leid wi [[Danelaw|Viking invasions]] in the 8t an 9t centuries. The [[Norman conquest o Ingland]] in the 11t century gae rise tae hivy borrowins frae [[Norman leid|Norman-French]], an vocabulary an spelling conventions began tae gie the superficial appearance o a close relationship wi [[Romance leids]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ab13 |title=Words on the brain: from 1 million years ago? |author= |date= |work=History of language |publisher= |access-date=5 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.orbilat.com/Influences_of_Romance/English/RIFL-English-Latin-The_Inflluences_on_Old_English.html |title=Latin Influences on Old English |author=Albert C. Baugh & Thomas Cable |year=1978 |work=An excerpt from Foreign Influences on Old English |publisher= |access-date=5 September 2010 |archive-date=2010-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127073603/http://orbilat.com/Influences_of_Romance/English/RIFL-English-Latin-The_Inflluences_on_Old_English.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> tae whit haed nou become [[Middle Inglis]]. The [[Great Vowel Shift]] that began in the sooth o Ingland in the 15t century is ane o the historical events markin the separation o Middle an [[Modern Inglis]]. Awin tae the significant assimilation o various European leids throughoot historie, modren Inglis is aften seen as haein a gey muckle vocabulary. The ''[[Oxford Inglis Dictionary]]'' leets ower 250,000 distinct wirds, an daes nae include mony technical or [[slang]] terms, or wirds that belang tae multiple wird classes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/page/howmanywords |title=How many words are there in the English Language? |author= |date= |work= |publisher=Oxforddictionaries.com |access-date= |archive-date=2011-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111130011051/http://oxforddictionaries.com/page/howmanywords |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=World Language Statistics and Facts|url=https://www.vistawide.com/languages/language_statistics.htm|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-09|website=www.vistawide.com|language=en}}</ref> == Etymology == The name "Inglis" comes frae the pairt o [[Germany]] an [[Denmark]] cried "Angeln". The spellin ''Inglis'' is a leeterar archaism frae aulder Scots that enthusiasts is gey fond o. It wis sount {{IPA|[ɪŋ'lɪs]}} (cf. ''[[Scots leid|Scottis]]''), wi time the ''is'' wis cuttit tae ''s'' an the modren ootcome wis {{IPA|[ɪŋ'(ə)lz]}} that can be seen in the faimly name wi the mair mensefu modren spellin '''Ingles'''. Maist fowk the nou says {{IPA|['ɪŋlɪʃ]}}, ''English'', tho some fowk scrieves ''Inglish'' fir fear that fowk micht soond the foregaun wrang. Mony fowk soonds ''Inglis'' {{IPA|['ɪŋglɪs]}} efter the English soond-tae-letter spellin. == Significance == [[File:EN English Language Symbol ISO 639-1 IETF Language Tag Icon.svg|thumb|EN ([[ISO 639]]-1)]] Modern Inglis, sumtimes descrived as the first global [[lingua franca]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Global English: gift or curse? |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=92238D4607726060BCBD3DB70C472D0F.tomcat1?fromPage=online&aid=291932 |access-date=2005-04-04 |archive-date=2016-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205101401/http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=92238D4607726060BCBD3DB70C472D0F.tomcat1?fromPage=online&aid=291932 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Graddol" /> is the [[Linguistic imperialism|dominant leid]] or in some instances even the required [[internaitional auxiliary leid|internaitional leid]] o communications, science, information technology, business, aviation, entertainment, radio an diplomacy.<ref name="triumph">{{cite news |url=http://www.economist.com/world/europe/displayStory.cfm?Story_ID=883997 |title=The triumph o Inglish |access-date=2007-03-26 |date=2001-12-20 |publisher=The Economist}}{{subscription}}</ref> Its spread ayont the [[Breetish Isles]] began wi the growthe o the [[Breetish Empire]], an bi the late 19t century its reach wis truly global. Follaein the Breetish colonisation o North Americae, it acame the dominant leid in the Unitit States an in Canadae. The growin economic an cultural influence o the US an its status as a global [[superpouer]] syne Warld War II hae significantly acceleratit the leid's spread across the planet.<ref name="Graddol">{{cite web |url=http://www.britishcouncil.org/de/learning-elt-future.pdf |format=PDF |title=The Future of English? |access-date=2007-04-15 |year=1997 |last1=Graddol |first1=David |work=The British Council |archive-date=2014-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628012917/http://www.britishcouncil.org/de/learning-elt-future.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> A wirkin kennin o Inglis haes become a requirement in a number o fields, occupations an professions sic as medicine an computin; as a consequence ower a billion fowk speak Inglis tae at least a basic level (see [[Inglis leid learnin an teachin]]). It is ane o sax offeecial les o the [[Unitit Nations]]. Ane impact o the growthe o Inglis haes been tae reduce native [[Natural leid#Linguistic diversity|linguistic diversity]] in mony pairts o the warld, an its influence continues tae play an important role in [[leid attrition]].<ref name="Crystal-LanguageDeath">{{cite book |last=Crystal |first=David |authorlink=David Crystal |title=Language Death |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2002 |doi=10.2277/0521012716 |isbn=0-521-01271-6}}</ref> Conversely the naitural internal variety o Inglis alang wi [[Inglis-based creole leids|creoles]] an [[pidgin]]s hae the potential tae produce new distinct leids frae Inglis ower time.<ref name="Cheshire">{{cite book |last=Cheshire |first=Jenny |title=English Around The World: Sociolinguistic Perspectives |url=https://archive.org/details/englisharoundwor0000unse |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=1991 |doi=10.2277/0521395658 |isbn=0-521-39565-8}}</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} === Soorces === {{Commonscat|English language}} {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Crystal |first=David |chapter=Chapter 9: English worldwide |title=A History of the English Language |url=https://archive.org/details/historyenglishla00hogg |editor1-last=Denison |editor1-first=David |editor2-last=Hogg |editor2-first=Richard M. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2006 |isbn=978-0-511-16893-2 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyenglishla00hogg/page/420 420]–439 |ref=harv}} {{refend}} {{Germanic leids}} [[Category:Inglis leid| ]] [[Category:Inglis leids]] [[Category:Leids o American Samoa]] [[Category:Leids o Antigua an Barbuda]] [[Category:Leids o Australie]] [[Category:Leids o Bangladesh]] [[Category:Leids o Belize]] [[Category:Leids o Bermuda]] [[Category:Leids o Botswana]] [[Category:Leids o Cameroon]] [[Category:Leids o Canadae]] [[Category:Leids o Fiji]] [[Category:Leids o Ghana]] [[Category:Leids o Grenada]] [[Category:Leids o Guam]] [[Category:Leids o Guyana]] [[Category:Leids o Hong Kong]] [[Category:Leids o Indie]] [[Category:Leids o Ireland]] [[Category:Leids o Jamaica]] [[Category:Leids o Kenyae]] [[Category:Leids o Kiribati]] [[Category:Leids o Lesotho]] [[Category:Leids o Liberie]] [[Category:Leids o Macau]] [[Category:Leids o Madagascar]] [[Category:Leids o Malawi]] [[Category:Leids o Malaysie]] [[Category:Leids o Maltae]] [[Category:Leids o Mauritius]] [[Category:Leids o Namibie]] [[Category:Leids o Nauru]] [[Category:Leids o New Zealand]] [[Category:Leids o Nigerie]] [[Category:Leids o Niue]] [[Category:Leids o Pakistan]] [[Category:Leids o Palau]] [[Category:Leids o Papua New Guinea]] [[Category:Leids o Rwanda]] [[Category:Leids o Saunt Kitts an Nevis]] [[Category:Leids o Saunt Lucie]] [[Category:Leids o Saunt Vincent an the Grenadines]] [[Category:Leids o Samoa]] [[Category:Leids o Seychelles]] [[Category:Leids o Sierra Leone]] [[Category:Leids o Singapore]] [[Category:Leids o Sooth Africae]] [[Category:Leids o Sudan]] [[Category:Leids o Swaziland]] [[Category:Leids o the Bahamas]] [[Category:Leids o the Breetish Virgin Islands]] [[Category:Leids o the Cayman Islands]] [[Category:Leids o The Gambie]] [[Category:Leids o the Philippines]] [[Category:Leids o the Pitcairn Islands]] [[Category:Leids o the Solomon Islands]] [[Category:Leids o the Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:Leids o the Unitit States Virgin Islands]] [[Category:Leids o the Unitit States]] [[Category:Leids o Tokelau]] [[Category:Leids o Trinidad an Tobago]] [[Category:Leids o Uganda]] [[Category:Leids o Vanuatu]] [[Category:Leids o Zambie]] [[Category:Leids o Zimbabwe]] [[Category:SVO leids]] [[Category:Stress-timed leids]] bisbi1tcchq7i0gjacbbjg3gb3z2upz Unitit States 0 1690 920579 918727 2026-08-10T07:34:51Z PanielDrokhorenko 135478 920579 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fix Scots|date=Januar 2021}} {{hatnote|For the landmass comprisin North an Sooth Americae, see [[America]]. For ither uisses, see [[America (disambiguation)]].}} {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = Unitit States o Americae |common_name = Unitit States |native_name = {{lang-en|United States of America}}</br>{{lang-es|Estados Unidos de América|label=[[Spainish leid|Spainish]]}}</br>{{lang-chr|ᏌᏊᎢᏳᎾᎵᏍᏔᏅᏍᎦᏚᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎺᏰᏟ}}</br>{{lang-nv|Wááshindoon Bikéyah Ałhidadiidzooígíí}} |image_flag = Flag of the United States.svg |image_coat = Great Seal of the United States (obverse).svg |symbol_type = Great Seal |national_motto = <div style="padding-bottom:0.2em;">"[[In God we trust]]" {{small|(offeecial)}}<ref>{{USC|36|302}} ''National motto''</ref><ref>[[#Simonson|Simonson, 2010]]</ref><ref>[[#God|Dept. of Treasury, 2011]]</ref></div> <div style="line-height:1.15em;">{{native phrase|la|"[[E pluribus unum]]"|italics=off}} {{small|(tradeetional)}} <br />{{small|"Oot o mony, ane"}} </div> |national_anthem = "[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]"<br /><center>[[File:Star Spangled Banner instrumental.ogg]]</center> |image_map = USA orthographic.svg |alt_map = Projection o North Americae wi the Unitit States in green |map_width = 220px |capital = [[Washington, D.C.]] |coordinates = {{Coord|38|53|N|77|01|W|type:city}} |largest_city = [[New York Ceety]] |official_languages = {{nowrap|None at [[Federal govrenment o the Unitit States|federal level]]{{ref label|engoffbox|a|}}}} |languages_type = [[Naitional leid]] |languages = [[Inglis leid|Inglis]]{{ref label|engfactobox|b|}}<!---NOTE: Just English, don't add "American English"---> |official_religion = none |demonym = [[America]]n |government_type = [[Federalism|Federal]] [[Presidential seestem|presidential]] [[constitutional republic]] |leader_title1 = [[Preses o the Unitit States|Preses]] |leader_name1 = {{nowrap|[[Donald Trump]] ([[Republican Pairty (Unitit States)|R]])}} |leader_title2 = [[Vice Preses o the Unitit States|Vice Preses]] |leader_name2 = {{nowrap|[[J.D. Vance]] (R)}} |leader_title3 = {{nowrap|[[Speaker o the Unitit States Hoose o Representatives|Speaker o the Hoose]]}} |leader_name3 = {{nowrap|[[Mike Johnson]] (R)}} |leader_title4 = [[Chief Juistice o the Unitit States|Chief Juistice]] |leader_name4 = [[John Roberts]] |legislature = [[Unitit States Congress|Congress]] |upper_house = [[Senate (Unitit States)|Senate]] |lower_house = [[Hoose o Representatives (Unitit States)|Hoose o Representatives]] |sovereignty_type = [[American Revolution|Unthirldom]] |sovereignty_note = from [[Kinrick o Great Breetain|Great Breetain]] |established_event1 = [[Unitit States Declaration o Unthirldom|Declared]] |established_date1 = 4 Julie 1776 |established_event2 = [[Treaty o Paris (1783)|Recognized]] |established_date2 = 3 September 1783 |established_event3 = {{nowrap|[[Unitit States Constitution|Constitution]]}} |established_date3 = 21 Juin 1788 |area_magnitude = 1 E12 |area_sq_mi = 3794101 |area_km2 = 9826675 |area_rank = 3rd/4th |area_footnote = <ref name="WF">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html |title=United States |publisher=CIA |work=The World Factbook |date=September 30, 2009 |accessdate=January 5, 2010 (area given in square kilometers) |archive-date=2018-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135647/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{ref label|areabox|c|}} |percent_water = 6.76 | population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 331,449,281<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2021/2020-census-apportionment-results.htmlpid=2020CENSUS&src=pt |url-status=dead |title=Census Bureau's 2020 Population Count |work=[[United States Census]] |access-date=April 26, 2021}} The 2020 census is as of April 1, 2020.</ref> | population_census_year = 2020 | population_census_rank = 3rd | population_density_sq_mi = 87<!-- Figure uses (population/land + water area) as of July 2019. --> | population_density_rank = 146t | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} {{nowrap|$22.940 trillion}}<ref name="IMFWEOUS"/> | GDP_PPP_year = 2021 | GDP_PPP_rank = 2nt | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $69,375<ref name="IMFWEOUS">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/October/weo-report?c=111,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2021&ey=2021&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2021|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |access-date=October 13, 2021}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 8t | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} {{nowrap|$22.940 trillion}}<ref name="IMFWEOUS"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2021 | GDP_nominal_rank = 1st | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $69,375<ref name="IMFWEOUS"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 5t | Gini = 48.5<!-- Number only. --> | Gini_year = 2020 | Gini_change = increase | Gini_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/09/26/income-inequality-america-highest-its-been-since-census-started-tracking-it-data-show/ |title=Income inequality in America is the highest it's been since Census Bureau started tracking it, data shows |work=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=July 27, 2020}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.926<!-- Number only. --> | HDI_year = 2019<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year. --> | HDI_change = increase<!-- Increase/decrease/steady. --> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2020: The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=December 15, 2020|access-date=December 15, 2020}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 17t |EF_year = 2007 |EF = {{decrease}} 8.0 gha<ref name="EF">{{cite web |url=http://www.footprintnetwork.org/images/uploads/Ecological_Footprint_Atlas_2010.pdf |title=Ecological Footprint Atlas 2010 |publisher=Global Footprint Network |accessdate=July 11, 2011 |archive-date=2011-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709224423/http://www.footprintnetwork.org/images/uploads/Ecological_Footprint_Atlas_2010.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |EF_rank = 6t |currency = [[{{#property:p38}}]] ($) |currency_code = USD |country_code = USA |utc_offset = −5 to −10 |utc_offset_DST = −4 to −10{{ref label|UTCbox|e|}} |calling_code = [[North American Nummerin Plan|+1]] |iso3166code = US |drives_on = richt{{ref label|driving|g|}} |cctld = {{nowrap|[[.us]]{{nbsp|3}}[[.gov]]{{nbsp|3}}[[.mil]]{{nbsp|3}}[[.edu]]}} |footnote_a = {{note|engoffbox}} Inglish is the [[Offeecial leid o the Unitit States|offeecial leid]] o at least 28 states; some soorces gie heicher figurs, based on differin defineetions o "offeecial".{{big|<ref name=ILW>{{cite web |author=Feder, Jody |url= http://www.ilw.com/immigrationdaily/news/2007,0515-crs.pdf |title= English as the Official Language of the United States: Legal Background and Analysis of Legislation in the 110th Congress |date=January 25, 2007 |publisher= Ilw.com (Congressional Research Service) |accessdate= June 19, 2007}}</ref>}} Inglish an [[Hawaiian leid|Hawaiian]] are baith offeecial leids in the state o [[Hawaii]]. |footnote_b = {{note|engfactobox}} Inglis is the ''[[de facto]]'' leid o American govrenment an the sole leid spoken at home bi 80 percent o Americans aged five an aulder. [[Spainyie leid in the Unitit States|Spainyie is the seicont maist commonly spoken leid]]. |footnote_c = {{note|areabox}} Whether the Unitit States or [[Cheenae]] is lairger haes been [[Leet o kintras bi aurie|disputit]]. The figur gien is frae the U.S. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]'s ''[[The Warld Factbeuk]]''. Ither soorces gie smawer figurs. Aw authoritative calculations o the kintra's size include anly the 50 states an the Destrict o Columbia, nae the [[Territories o the Unitit States|territories]]. |footnote_d = {{note|popbox}} The population estimate is o fowk whose uisual residence is within the 50 states an the Destrict o Columbia, regardless o naitionality. It daes nae include those livin in the territories (ower 4&nbsp;million fowk, maistly in [[Puerto Rico]]). |footnote_e = {{note|UTCbox}} See [[Time in the Unitit States]] for details aboot laws govrenin time zones in the Unitit States. |footnote_f = {{note|ISO3166box}} Daes nae include [[insular aurie]]s an [[Unitit States Minor Ootlyin Islands]], which hae thair ain [[ISO 3166]] codes. |footnote_g = {{note|driving}} Except [[Unitit States Virgin Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]]. }} [[File:ReliefUSA map.gif|thumb|right|280px|A pictur o the lawer 48 states Americae.]] The '''Unitit States o Americae''' ({{lang-en|United States of America|link=yes}}, '''USA'''), commonly referred tae as the '''Unitit States''' ({{lang-en|United States|link=no}}, '''US''', '''U.S.''') or '''Americae''' ({{lang-en|America|link=no}}), is a [[Constitution|constitutional]] [[federal republic]] componed o 50 [[state o the Unitit States|federatit states]], the federal destrict [[Washington, D.C.|Washington D.C.]], five main sel-govrening territories, an ither possessions.{{refn|group=fn|The five major territories are [[American Samoa]], [[Guam]], the [[Northren Mariana Islands]], [[Puerto Rico]], an the [[Unitit States Virgin Islands]]. Thare are eleven smawer island auries withoot permanent populations: [[Baker Island]], [[Howland Island]], [[Jarvis Island]], [[Johnston Atoll]], [[Kingman Reef]], [[Midway Atoll]], an [[Palmyra Atoll]]. U.S. sovereignty ower [[Bajo Nuevo Bank]], [[Navassa Island]], [[Serranilla Bank]], an [[Wake Island]] is disputit.<ref>U.S. State Department, [http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm Common Core Document to U.N. Committee on Human Rights], December 30, 2011, Item 22, 27, 80.— an U.S. General Accounting Office Report, [http://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf U.S. Insular Areas: application of the U.S. Constitution] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229153648/https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |date=2020-02-29 }}, November 1997, p. 1, 6, 39n. Both viewed April 6, 2016.</ref>}} Forty-aicht o the fifty states an the federal destrict border each ither an locatit in [[North Americae]] atween [[Canadae]] an [[Mexico]]. The [[Alaska|state o Alaska]] is in the northwast neuk o North Americae, bordered bi Canadae tae the east an athort the [[Bering Strait]] frae [[Roushie]] tae the wast. The [[Hawaii|state o Hawaii]] is an [[airchipelago]] in the mid-[[Pacific Ocean]]. The U.S. territories are scattered aboot the Paceefic Ocean an the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Nine time zones are covered. The geografie, climate an wildlife o the kintra are extremely diverse.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nwf.org/wildlife.aspx|title=Wildlife Library|publisher=National Wildlife Federation|accessdate= December 23, 2014}}</ref> At 3.8&nbsp;million squerr miles (9.8&nbsp;million km<sup>2</sup>)<ref name="State and other areas">"[https://www.census.gov/geo/reference/state-area.html State and other areas]", U.S. Census Bureau, [https://web.archive.org/web/20120620155719/http://www.govcomm.harris.com/solutions/products/census/maf-tiger.asp MAF/TIGER] database as of August 2010, excluding the U.S. Minor Outlying Islands. viewed October 22, 2014.</ref> an wi ower 324 million fowk, the Unitit States is the warld's [[Leet o sovereign states an dependencies bi aurie|fowert-lairgest kintra bi tot aurie]] (an fowerth-mucklest bi laund aurie){{refn|group=fn|The follaein twa primary soorces (non-mirrored) represent the range (min./max.) o tot aurie for Cheenae an the Unitit States. Baith soorces ''exclude'' Taiwan frae the aurie o Cheenae. {{ordered list |1= The Encyclopædia Britannica lets Cheenae as warld's third-lairgest kintra (efter Roushie an Canadae) wi a tot aurie o 9,572,900 sq km,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/111803/China-quick-facts|title=China|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|accessdate=January 31, 2010}}</ref> an the Unitit States as fowert-lairgest at 9,526,468 sq km. The figur for the Unitit States is less nor in the CIA Factbook acause it ''excludes'' coastal an territorial watters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/616563/United-States-quick-facts|title=United States|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|accessdate=January 31, 2010}}</ref> |2= The CIA World Factbook leets the Unitit States as the third-lairgest kintra (efter Roushie an Canadae) wi tot aurie o 9,833,517 sq km,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html|title=United States|publisher=CIA|accessdate=June 10, 2016|archive-date=2018-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135647/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> an Cheenae as fowert-lairgest at 9,596,960 sq km.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html|title=China|publisher=CIA|accessdate=June 10, 2016|archive-date=2016-10-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013030611/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> This figur for the Unitit States is greater nor in the Encyclopædia Britannica acause it ''includes'' coastal an territorial watters.}}}} an the [[Leet o kintras an dependencies bi population|third-maist populous]]. It is ane o the warld's maist ethnically diverse an [[Multiculturalism|multicultural]] naitions, an is hame tae the warld's mucklest nummer o immigrant fowk.<ref name="DD">Adams, J.Q.; Strother-Adams, Pearlie (2001). ''Dealing with Diversity''. Chicago: Kendall/Hunt. ISBN 0-7872-8145-X.</ref> Urbanisation climbed tae oweer 80% in 2010 an leads tae growin megaregions. The kintra's caipital is [[Washington, D.C.]] an its mucklest ceety is [[New York Ceety]]; the ither major metropolitan auries, aw wi aroond five million or mair indwallers, are [[Los Angeles]], [[Chicago]], [[San Francisco]], [[Boston]], [[Dallas]], [[Philadelphia]], [[Houston]], [[Miami]], an [[Atlanta]]. Paleo-Indians migrated frae Asie tae the North American mainland at least 15,000 year ago.<ref name=earliest>{{cite news|title=Who was first? New info on North America's earliest residents|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2012/jul/12/science/la-sci-sn-paisley-caves-20120712|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|location=Los Angeles County, California|publisher=Los Angeles Times|date=July 12, 2012|first=Thomas H.|last=Maugh II|accessdate=February 25, 2015}}<br />{{cite web |url= http://anthropology.si.edu/HumanOrigins/faq/americas.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128083459/http://anthropology.si.edu/HumanOrigins/faq/americas.htm |archivedate=November 28, 2007 |ref=HumanOrigins |title=What is the earliest evidence of the peopling of North and South America? |publisher=Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History |date=June 2004 |accessdate=June 19, 2007}}<br />{{cite web |first=Nicolas |last=Kudeba |url=http://www.thehistoryofcanadapodcast.com/chapter-1-first-big-steppe/ |title=Chapter 1&nbsp;– The First Big Steppe&nbsp;– Aboriginal Canadian History |website=The History of Canada Podcast |date=February 28, 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301013552/http://www.thehistoryofcanadapodcast.com/chapter-1-first-big-steppe/ |archivedate=March 1, 2014 |deadurl=no}}<br />{{cite journal |author=Guy Gugliotta |title=When Did Humans Come to the Americas? |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/when-did-humans-come-to-the-americas-4209273/?all |journal=Smithsonian Magazine |location=Washington, DC |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |date=February 2013 |access-date=June 25, 2015 }}</ref> [[European colonisation o the Americas|European colonisation]] began in the 16t century. The Unitit States emerged frae [[Thirteen Colonies|13 Breetish colonies]] alang the [[East Coast o the Unitit States|East Coast]]. Mony disputes atween [[Kinrick o Great Breetain|Great Breetain]] an the colonies in the eftermath o the [[Seiven Years' War]] led tae the [[American Revolution]], whilk began in 1775. On Julie 4, 1776, as the colonies war fichtin Great Breetain in the [[American Revolutionary War]], delegates frae the 13 colonies unanimously adoptit the [[Unitit States Declaration o Unthirldom|Declaration o Unthirldom]]. The war endit in 1783 wi [[Treaty o Paris (1783)|recogneetion o the unthirldom o the Unitit States]] bi [[Kinrick o Great Breetain|Great Breetain]], an wis the first successfu war o unthirldom against a European colonial empire.<ref>Greene, Jack P.; Pole, J.R., eds. (2008). ''A Companion to the American Revolution''. pp. 352–361.<br />{{cite book |author=Bender, Thomas |title=A Nation Among Nations: America's Place in World History |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wQHlrIz4gpYC&pg=PA61 |year=2006 |publisher=Hill & Wang |location=New York |page=61 |isbn=978-0-8090-7235-4}}<br />{{cite web |url=http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/era.cfm?eraid=4&smtid=1 |title=Overview of the Early National Period |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=2014 |website=Digital History |publisher=University of Houston |access-date=February 25, 2015}}</ref> The [[Unitit States Constitution|current constitution]] wis adoptit in 1788, efter the [[Airticles o Confederation]], adoptit in 1781, war felt tae hae providit inadequate federal pouers. The first ten amendments, collectively named the [[Unitit States Bill o Richts|Bill o Richts]], war ratified in 1791 an designed tae guarantee mony fundamental ceevil liberties. The Unitit States gaed on a vigorous expansion athort North Americae throuoot the 19t century,<ref name="MD2007" /> displacin American Indian tribes, acquirin new territories, an gradually admittin new states till it spanned the continent in 1848.<ref name="MD2007">{{cite book |last=Carlisle |first=Rodney P. |first2=J. Geoffrey |last2=Golson |title=Manifest Destiny and the Expansion of America |series=Turning Points in History Series |url=https://books.google.com/?id=ka6LxulZaEwC&vq=annexation&dq=territorial+expansion+United+States+%22manifest+destiny%22 |year=2007 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-85109-833-0 |page=238}}</ref> During the seicont hauf o the 19t century, the [[American Ceevil War]] led tae the end o legal slavery in the kintra.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2967.html|title=The Civil War and emancipation 1861–1865 |work=Africans in America |publisher=WGBH Educational Foundation|location=Boston, Massachusetts|year=1999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19991012054217/http://pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2967.html |archivedate=October 12, 1999 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-first=Jeffrey H. |editor1-last=Wallenfeldt |author=Britannica Educational Publishing |series=America at War |title=The American Civil War and Reconstruction: People, Politics, and Power |url=https://books.google.com/?id=T_0TrXXiDbUC&dq=slavery+%22American+Civil+War%22 |year=2009 |publisher=Rosen Publishing Group |isbn=978-1-61530-045-7 |page=264}}</ref> Bi the end o that century, the Unitit States extendit intae the Pacific Ocean,<ref name="AmCentNYT">{{cite book |url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/w/white-century.html |title=The American Century |author=White, Donald W. |year=1996 |isbn=0-300-05721-0 |publisher=Yale University Press |chapter=1: The Frontiers |accessdate=March 26, 2013}}</ref> an its economy, driven in muckle pairt bi the [[Industrial Revolution]], began tae growe a lot.<ref>{{cite web|title=Work in the Late 19th Century|url=http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/riseind/work/|website=Library of Congress|accessdate=January 16, 2015}}</ref> The [[Spaingie–American War]] an {{nowrap|[[Warld War I]]}} confirmed the kintra's status as a global militar pouer. The Unitit States emerged frae {{nowrap|[[Warld War II]]}} as a global [[superpouer]], the first kintra tae develop nuclear wappens, the anly kintra tae [[Atomic bombins o Hiroshima an Nagasaki|uise them]] in warfare, an a permanent member o the [[Unitit Naitions Security Cooncil]]. It is a foondin member o the [[Organisation o American States]] (OAS) an various ither [[Pan-Americanism|Pan-American]] an internaitional organisations. The end o the [[Cauld War]] an the [[dissolution o the Soviet Union|end o the Soviet Union]] in 1991 left the Unitit States as the warld's sole superpouer.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Tony Judt|author2=Denis Lacorne|title=With Us Or Against Us: Studies in Global Anti-Americanism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nVDHAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA61|date=June 4, 2005|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-4039-8085-4|page=61}}<br />{{cite book|author=Richard J. Samuels|title=Encyclopedia of United States National Security|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K751AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT666|date=December 21, 2005|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-1-4522-6535-3|page=666}}<br />{{cite book|author=Paul R. Pillar|title=Terrorism and U.S. Foreign Policy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_GYklwy6booC&pg=PA57|date=January 1, 2001|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|isbn=0-8157-0004-0|page=57}}<br />{{cite book|author=Gabe T. Wang|title=China and the Taiwan Issue: Impending War at Taiwan Strait|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CbPJ7KZ9FvIC&pg=PA179|date=January 1, 2006|publisher=University Press of America|isbn=978-0-7618-3434-2|page=179}}<br />{{cite book|title=Understanding the "Victory Disease," From the Little Bighorn to Mogadishu and Beyond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qgdmiw4VUHsC&pg=PA1|publisher=DIANE Publishing|isbn=978-1-4289-1052-2|page=1}}<br />{{cite book|author1=Akis Kalaitzidis|author2=Gregory W. Streich|title=U.S. Foreign Policy: A Documentary and Reference Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tzwYzL9KcwEC&pg=PA313|year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-38375-5|page=313}}</ref> The Unitit States is a heichly developed kintra, wi the warld's mucklest [[Leet o kintras bi GDP (nominal)|economy bi nominal GDP]]. It ranks heichly in several meisurs o socioeconomic performance, includin average wage,<ref>{{cite web|title=Average annual wages, 2013 USD PPPs and 2013 constant prices|url=http://stats.oecd.org//Index.aspx?QueryId=64115|website=OECD|accessdate=April 30, 2016}}</ref> [[Human Development Index|human development]], per capita GDP, an productivity per person.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/2100-500395_162-3228735.html |title=U.S. Workers World's Most Productive |publisher=CBS News |date=February 11, 2009 |accessdate=April 23, 2013}}</ref> While the U.S. economy is considered post-industrial, chairacterised bi the dominance o [[Service (economics)|services]] an knawledge economy, the manufacturin sector remains the seicont-mucklest in the warld.<ref>{{cite web|title=Manufacturing, value added (current US$)|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD|website=World Bank Open Data|publisher=World Bank|accessdate=11 February 2017}}</ref> Tho its population is anly 4.3% o the warld tot,<ref>{{cite web|title=U.S. and World Population Clock|url=http://www.census.gov/popclock/|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=July 11, 2016}}</ref> the Unitit States accoonts for nearly a quarter o warld GDP<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=23&pr.y=9&sy=2014&ey=2014&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDPD&grp=0&a=|title = World Economic Outlook Database, April 2015|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = }}</ref> an ower a third o global militar spendin,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://books.sipri.org/product_info?c_product_id=476 |title=Trends in world military expenditure, 2013 |publisher=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute |date=April 2014 |accessdate=April 14, 2014 |archive-date=2015-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104033821/http://books.sipri.org/product_info?c_product_id=476 |url-status=dead }}</ref> makkin it the warld's foremaist economic an [[Unitit States Airmed Forces|militar]] pouer. The Unitit States is a prominent poleetical an cultural force internaitionally, an a leader in scienteefic resairch an technological innovations.<ref>[[#Cohen|Cohen, 2004: History and the Hyperpower]]<br />[[#BBC18may|BBC, April 2008: Country Profile: United States of America]]<br />{{cite web|url=http://www.researchtrends.com/issue8-november-2008/geographical-trends-of-research-output/|title=Geographical trends of research output|publisher=Research Trends|accessdate=March 16, 2014|archive-date=2014-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317092424/http://www.researchtrends.com/issue8-november-2008/geographical-trends-of-research-output/|url-status=dead}}<br />{{cite web|url=http://www.openaccessweek.org/profiles/blogs/the-top-20-countries-for-scientific-output|title=The top 20 countries for scientific output|publisher=Open Access Week|accessdate=March 16, 2014|archive-date=2014-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317105014/http://www.openaccessweek.org/profiles/blogs/the-top-20-countries-for-scientific-output|url-status=dead}}<br />{{cite web|url=http://www.epo.org/about-us/annual-reports-statistics/annual-report/2012/statistics-trends/granted-patents.html|title=Granted patents|publisher=European Patent Office|accessdate=March 16, 2014|archive-date=2017-06-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621011611/http://www.epo.org/about-us/annual-reports-statistics/annual-report/2012/statistics-trends/granted-patents.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> == History == Follaeinajyyrarszkygrsmudkysrkkwukyrkrrkky427pwkwabgwjt colonisation o the Americaes, aw thirteen o [[Kinrick o Great Breetain|Great Breetain]]'s American colonies spleet frae the mither kintra an formit the Unitit States, the warld's first [[constitution]]al an [[democracy|democratic]] [[federation|federal]] [[republic]], efter thair [[American Declaration o Unthirldom|declaration o unthirldom]] in [[1776]] an the [[American Weir o Unthirldom|Weir o Unthirldom]] ([[1775]]–[[1783]]). Great Breetain made peace wi the rebols an wi the [[Treaty o Pairis (1783)|Treaty o Pairis]] in 1783. For tae mak a stoot colonol govrenment, the [[Philadelphia Convention]] wis foondit in 1787 an raitifeet a [[Constitution o the Unitit States|constitution]] in 1788, an the farst Unitit States Senate, Hoose o Representatives, an preses tak office in 1789. [[George Washington]] wis the first preses. Differences o opinion an social order atween northren an soothern states in early Unitit States society, pairteecularly regairdin Black sclavery, ultimately led tae the American Ceevil War.<ref>{{cite book|author=Stuart Murray|title=Atlas of American Military History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bJ_sy7mmmxQC&pg=PA76|year=2004|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-3025-5|page=76|accessdate=October 25, 2015}}<br />{{cite book|author=Harold T. Lewis|title=Christian Social Witness|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kr-xNru5vZkC&pg=PA53|date=January 1, 2001|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-56101-188-9|page=53}}</ref> Follaein the Union victory in 1865, three amendments war addit tae the U.S. Constitution: the [[Thirteent Amendment tae the Unitit States Constitution|Thirteent Amendment]] prohibitit sclavery, the [[Fowerteent Amendment tae the Unitit States Constitution|Fowerteent Amendment]] providit ceetizenship tae the nearly fower million [[African American]]s wha haed been sclaves,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1860a-02.pdf |title=1860 Census |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |accessdate=June 10, 2007}} Page 7 leets a tot sclave population o 3,953,760.</ref> an the [[Fifteent Amendment tae the Unitit States Constitution|Fifteent Amendment]] ensured that thay haed the richt tae vote. The Unitit States remained neutral frae the ootbreak o [[Warld War I]], in 1914, till 1917 whan it jyned the war as an "associatit pouer", alangside the formal [[Allies o Warld War I]], helpin tae turn the tide against the [[Central Pouers]]. In 1920, the weemen's richts muivement wan passage o a constitutional amendment grantin weemen's suffrage.<ref name="voris">{{cite book |last1=Voris |first1=Jacqueline Van |title=Carrie Chapman Catt: A Public Life |url=https://archive.org/details/carriechapmancat0000vanv |series=Women and Peace Series |year=1996 |publisher=Feminist Press at CUNY |location=New York City |isbn=1-55861-139-8 |page=vii|quote=Carrie Chapmann Catt led an army of voteless women in 1919 to pressure Congress to pass the constitutional amendment giving them the right to vote and convinced state legislatures to ratify it in 1920.&nbsp;... Catt was one of the best-known women in the United States in the first half of the twentieth century and was on all lists of famous American women.}}</ref> The 1920s an 1930s saw the rise o [[radio]] for mass communication an the invention o early [[televeesion]].<ref>Winchester pp. 410–411</ref> The prosperity o the Roaring Twenties endit wi the [[Wall Street Crash o 1929]] an the onset o the [[Great Depression]]. Efter his election as preses in 1932, [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Franklin D. Roosevelt]] respondit wi the [[New Deal]], whit included the establishment o the [[Social Security (Unitit States)|Social Security]] seestem.<ref>{{cite book |title=Social Welfare: A History of the American Response to Need |url=https://archive.org/details/socialwelfarehis0000axin_i6r5 |first1=June |last1=Axinn |first2=Mark J. |last2=Stern |isbn=978-0-205-52215-6 |edition=7th |publisher=Allyn & Bacon |location=Boston |year=2007}}</ref> At first effectively neutral during [[Warld War II]] while Germany conquered much o continental Europe, the Unitit States began supplyin material tae the [[Allies o Warld War II|Allies]] in Mairch 1941 throu the Lend-Lease programme. On December 7, 1941, the [[Empire o Japan]] launched a surprise [[attack on Pearl Harbor]], promptin the Unitit States tae jyn the Allies against the [[Axis pouers]].<ref name="Pearl Harbor">{{cite web|last1=Yamasaki|first1=Mitch|title=Pearl Harbor and America's Entry into World War II: A Documentary History|url=http://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf|publisher=World War II Internment in Hawaii|accessdate=January 14, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213122046/http://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf|archivedate=December 13, 2014 }}</ref> The Unitit States developed the [[Manhattan Project|first nuclear wappens]] an uised them on Japan [[Atomic bombins o Hiroshima an Nagasaki|in the ceeties o Hiroshima an Nagasaki]]; causin the Japanese tae surrender on September 2, endin Warld War II.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2016/08/06/commentary/japan-surrender-world-war-ii/|title=Why did Japan surrender in World War II? {{!}} The Japan Times|newspaper=The Japan Times|access-date=2017-02-08|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>Pacific War Research Society (2006). ''Japan's Longest Day''. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 4-7700-2887-3.</ref> Efter Warld War II the Unitit States an the [[Soviet Union]] jockeyed for pouer during whit acame kent as the [[Cauld War]], driven bi an ideological divide atween [[caipitalism]] an [[communism]]<ref name="WaggAndrews2012">{{cite book|last1=Wagg|first1=Stephen|last2=Andrews|first2=David|title=East Plays West: Sport and the Cold War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qmjLR5YyUhEC&pg=PR11|date=September 10, 2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-24167-5|page=11}}</ref> an, accordin tae the schuil o [[geopolitics]], a divide atween the maritime Atlantic an the continental Eurasian camps. American truips focht communist [[Fowk's Liberation Airmy|Cheenese]] an [[North Korea]]n forces in the [[Korean War]] o 1950–53.<ref name="Proxy" /> The Soviet Union's 1957 launch o the [[Sputnik 1|first airtifeecial satellite]] an its 1961 launch o the [[Vostok 1|first manned spaceflicht]] ineetiatit a "[[Space Race]]" in whit the Unitit States acame the first naition tae [[Apollo 11|laund a man on the muin]] in 1969.<ref name="Proxy">{{cite book |last=Collins |first=Michael |authorlink=Michael Collins (astronaut) |title=Liftoff: The Story of America's Adventure in Space |url=https://archive.org/details/liftoff00coll |location=New York |publisher=Grove Press |year=1988}}</ref> A proxy war in Sootheast Asie eventually evolved intae full American pairteecipation, as the [[Vietnam War]]. At hame in the 1960s, the growin [[African-American Ceevil Richts Muivement (1954–68)|Ceevil Richts Muivement]] uised nonviolence tae confront segregation an discrimination, wi [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] acomin a prominent leader an figurheid. The late 1980s, unner the presidency o [[Ronald Reagan]], brocht a "thowe" in relations wi the USSR, an [[Dissolution o the Soviet Union|its collapse]] in 1991 finally endit the Cauld War.<ref>{{cite book |last=Howell |first=Buddy Wayne |title=The Rhetoric of Presidential Summit Diplomacy: Ronald Reagan and the U.S.-Soviet Summits, 1985–1988 |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Rhetoric_of_Presidential_Summit_Dipl.html?id=LctvjhxJ-bsC |year=2006 |publisher=Texas A&M University |isbn=978-0-549-41658-6 |page=352 |accessdate=October 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Kissinger |first=Henry |authorlink=Henry Kissinger |title=Diplomacy |url=https://books.google.com/?id=0IZboamhb5EC&lpg=PA731 |year=2011 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-1-4391-2631-8 |pages=781–784 |accessdate=October 25, 2015}}<br />{{cite book |last=Mann |first=James |title=The Rebellion of Ronald Reagan: A History of the End of the Cold War |url=https://books.google.com/?id=BgZyXNIrvB4C&pg=PT12|year=2009 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-1-4406-8639-9 |page=432}}<br /></ref><ref>[[#Hayes|Hayes, 2009]]</ref><ref>[[#ushistory13|US History.org, 2013]]</ref> On [[September 11 attacks|September 11, 2001]], [[Al-Qaeda]] terrorists struck the [[Warld Trade Center (1973–2001)|Warld Trade Center]] in New York Ceety an [[the Pentagon]] near Washington, D.C., killin nearly 3,000 fowk.<ref>{{cite AV media |date=September 9, 2011 |title=Flashback 9/11: As It Happened |url=http://video.foxnews.com/v/1151859712001/flashback-911-as-it-happened/ |accessdate=March 6, 2013 |publisher=Fox News}}<br />{{cite news |title=America remembers Sept. 11 attacks 11 years later |agency=Associated Press |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-201_162-57510234/america-remembers-sept-11-attacks-11-years-later/ |publisher=CBS News |date=September 11, 2012 |accessdate=March 6, 2013 |archive-date=2013-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017215138/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-201_162-57510234/america-remembers-sept-11-attacks-11-years-later/ |url-status=dead }}<br />{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/trade.center/multimedia.day.html |title=Day of Terror Video Archive |year=2005 |publisher=CNN |accessdate=March 6, 2013 }}</ref> In response, the Unitit States launched the [[War on Terror]], whilk included [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|war in Afghanistan]] an the 2003–11 [[Iraq War]].<ref>{{cite news |title=The 'War on Terror' Is Critical to President George W. Bush's Legacy |author=Walsh, Kenneth T. |url=http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2008/12/09/the-war-on-terror-is-critical-to-president-george-w-bushs-legacy |newspaper=U.S. News & World Report |date=December 9, 2008 |accessdate=March 6, 2013}}<br />{{cite book |last=Atkins |first=Stephen E. |title=The 9/11 Encyclopedia: Second Edition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PDDIgWRN_HQC&pg=PA210 |year=2011 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-921-9 |page=872 |accessdate=October 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Overview: The Iraq War |last=Wong |first=Edward |url=https://www.nytimes.com/ref/timestopics/topics_iraq.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=February 15, 2008 |accessdate=March 7, 2013 }}<br />{{cite book |last=Johnson |first=James Turner |title=The War to Oust Saddam Hussein: Just War and the New Face of Conflict |url=https://books.google.com/?id=SF7U27JsLC4C&dq=iraq+invasion+removes+hussein |year=2005 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-7425-4956-2 |page=159 |accessdate=October 25, 2015 }}<br />{{cite news |title=Timeline: Key moments in the Iraq War |author=Durando, Jessica |author2=Green, Shannon Rae |agency=Associated Press |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/story/2011-12-21/iraq-war-timeline/52147680/1 |newspaper=USA Today |date=December 21, 2011 |accessdate=March 7, 2013 |archive-date=2020-09-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200904084312/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/story/2011-12-21/iraq-war-timeline/52147680/1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Unner Preses [[Barack Obama]], American forces in Iraq war widrawn in muckle nummers in 2009 an 2010, an the war in the region wis declared formally ower in December 2011.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/16/world/middleeast/panetta-in-baghdad-for-iraq-military-handover-ceremony.html | work=The New York Times | first1=Thom | last1=Shanker | first2=Michael S. | last2=Schmidt | first3=Robert F. | last3=Worth | title=In Baghdad, Panetta Leads Uneasy Closure to Conflict | date=December 15, 2011}}</ref> The widrawal caused [[Iraqi insurgency (2011–13)|an escalation o sectarian insurgency]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-jrtn-movement-and-iraq%E2%80%99s-next-insurgency |title=The JRTN Movement and Iraq's Next Insurgency &#124; Combating Terrorism Center at West Point |publisher=[[United States Military Academy]] |accessdate=January 26, 2017 |archive-date=2011-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826043422/http://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-jrtn-movement-and-iraq%E2%80%99s-next-insurgency |url-status=dead }}</ref> leadin tae the rise o the [[Islamic State o Iraq an the Levant]], the successor o al-Qaeda in the region.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.state.gov/p/nea/rls/rm/221274.htm|title=Al-Qaeda's Resurgence in Iraq: A Threat to U.S. Interests|publisher=U.S Department of State|accessdate=November 26, 2010|date=January 26, 2017|archive-date=2018-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141714/https://www.state.gov/p/nea/rls/rm/221274.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Geografie, climate, an environs == The laund aurie o the [[contiguous Unitit States]] is {{convert|2959064|sqmi|km2|1}}. Alaska, separatit frae the contiguous Unitit States bi Canadae, is the mucklest state at {{convert|663268|sqmi|km2|1}}. [[Hawaii]], occupyin an airchipelago in the central [[Paceefic Ocean|Paceefic]], soothwast o North Americae, is {{convert|10931|sqmi|km2|0}} in aurie. The populatit territories o [[Puerto Rico]], [[American Samoa]], [[Guam]], [[Northren Mariana Islands]], an [[Unitit States Virgin Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]] thegither civer {{convert|9185|sqmi|km2|0}}.<ref name="Land Area of US and states">{{cite web|title=2010 Census Area|url=http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/cph-2-1.pdf|website=census.gov|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|page=41|accessdate=January 18, 2015}}</ref> The Unitit States, wi its muckle size an geografic variety, includes maist climate teepes. Tae the east o the 100t meridian, the climate ranges frae humid continental in the north tae humid subtropical in the sooth.<ref>{{cite web|last=Boyden|first=Jennifer|title=Climate Regions of the United States|url=http://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html|website=Travel Tips|publisher=USA Today|accessdate=December 24, 2014|archive-date=2014-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225073246/http://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Great Plains wast o the 100t meridian are semi-arid. Much o the Wastren moontains hae an alpine climate. The climate is arid in the Great Basin, desert in the Soothwast, [[Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean]] in coastal Californie, an [[oceanic climate|oceanic]] in coastal [[Oregon]] an [[Washington (state)|Washington]] an soothren Alaska. Maist o Alaska is subarctic or polar. Hawaii an the soothren tip o [[Florida]] are tropical, as are the populatit territories in the Caribbean an the Paceefic.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Map of Köppen−Geiger Climate Classification|url=http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf|accessdate=August 19, 2015}}</ref> === Wildlife === The U.S. ecology is megadiverse: aboot 17,000 species o [[vascular plant]]s occur in the contiguous Unitit States an Alaska, an ower 1,800 species o flouering plants are foond in Hawaii, few o whit occur on the mainland.<ref>{{cite web |author=Morin, Nancy |url=http://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724222726/http://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |title=Vascular Plants of the United States |publisher=National Biological Service |work=Plants |accessdate=October 27, 2008 |archivedate=July 24, 2013 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724222726/http://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |date=2013-07-24 }}</ref> The Unitit States is hame tae 428 mammal species, 784 bird species, 311 reptile species, an 295 amphibian species.<ref name="Current Results # of native species in the US">{{cite web|last1=Osborn|first1=Liz|title=Number of Native Species in United States|url=http://www.currentresults.com/Environment-Facts/Plants-Animals/number-of-native-species-in-united-states.php|publisher=Current Results Nexus|accessdate=January 15, 2015}}</ref> Aboot 91,000 insect species hae been describit.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.si.edu/Encyclopedia_SI/nmnh/buginfo/bugnos.htm |title=Numbers of Insects (Species and Individuals) |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |accessdate=January 20, 2009}}</ref> The [[bauld eagle]] is baith the naitional bird an naitional ainimal o the Unitit States, an is an endurin seembol o the kintra itsel.<ref name=j23>{{cite journal |last1=Lawrence |first1=E.A. |year=1990 |title=Symbol of a Nation: The Bald Eagle in American Culture |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-american-culture_spring-1990_13_1/page/63 |journal=The Journal of American Culture |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=63–69|doi=10.1111/j.1542-734X.1990.1301_63.x }}</ref> == Cultur == The Unitit States is hame tae [[Multiculturalism|mony culturs]] an a wide variety o ethnic groups, tradeetions, an values.<ref name="DD" /><ref name="Society in Focus">Thompson, William; Hickey, Joseph (2005). ''Society in Focus''. Boston: Pearson. ISBN 0-205-41365-X.</ref> Aside frae the [[Hamespun Americans in the Unitit States|Hamespun American]], [[Hamespun Hawaiians|Hamespun Hawaiian]], an [[Alaska Hamespuns|Hamespun Alaskan]] populations, nearly aw Americans or thair ancestors settled or emigratit within the past five centuries.<ref>Fiorina, Morris P.; Peterson, Paul E. (2000). ''The New American Democracy''. London: Longman, p. 97. ISBN 0-321-07058-5.</ref> Mainstream American cultur is a Wastren cultur mucklely derived frae the tradeetions o European emigrants wi influences frae mony ither soorces, sic as tradeetions brocht bi slaves frae Africae.<ref name="DD" /><ref>Holloway, Joseph E. (2005). ''Africanisms in American Culture'', 2d ed. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, pp. 18–38. ISBN 0-253-34479-4. Johnson, Fern L. (1999). ''Speaking Culturally: Language Diversity in the United States''. Thousand Oaks, Calif., London, and New Delhi: Sage, p. 116. ISBN 0-8039-5912-5.</ref> ===Cuisine=== Mainstream American cuisine is seemilar tae that in ither Wastren kintras. Chairactereestic dishes sic as aiple pie, fried chicken, pizza, hamburgers, an het dogs derive frae the recipes o various emigrants. French fries, [[Mexican cuisine|Mexican]] dishes sic as burritos an tacos, an pasta dishes freely adaptit frae Italian soorces are widely consumed.<ref name="IFT">{{cite web |url=http://www.newswise.com/articles/what-when-and-where-americans-eat-in-2003|author=Klapthor, James N. |title=What, When, and Where Americans Eat in 2003 |publisher=Newswise/Institute of Food Technologists |date=August 23, 2003|accessdate=June 19, 2007}}</ref> Americans drink three times as much coffee as tea.<ref name=coffeeandtea>{{cite news|last1=H|first1=D|title=The coffee insurgency|url=http://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2013/12/daily-chart-17|website=The Economist|accessdate=January 15, 2015}}</ref> Mercatin bi U.S. industries is mucklely responsible for makkin orange juice an milk ubiquitous breakfast beverages.<ref>[[#Smith2004|Smith, 2004]], pp. 131–132</ref><ref>[[#Levenstein|Levenstein, 2003]], pp. 154–55</ref> ===Airts=== In leeturatur, [[Edgar Allen Poe]], [[Emily Dickenson]], [[Mark Twain]], [[William Faulkner]], [[Ernest Hemingway]], [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]], [[Herman Melville]], an [[John Steinbeck]] are amang the maist weel kent Americans, while [[Jackson Pollock]], [[Georgia O'Keefe]], an [[Andy Warhol]] are some o the maist weel kent American painters. [[Hollywood]], a northren destrict o [[Los Angeles]], Californie, is ane o the leaders in motion pictur production.<ref>{{cite press release |url= http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=30707 |title=Nigeria surpasses Hollywood as world's second largest film producer |publisher=United Nations |date=May 5, 2009 |accessdate=February 17, 2013}}</ref> Syne the early 20t century, the U.S. film industry haes mucklely been based in an aroond Hollywood, awtho in the 21st century an increasin nummer o films are nae made thare, an film companies hae been subject tae the forces o globalisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/john-landis-rails-studios-theyre-659222|title=John Landis Rails Against Studios: 'They're Not in the Movie Business Anymore'|publisher=''The Hollywood Reporter''|accessdate=January 24, 2015}}</ref> Muisic in Americae haes been influenced bi [[African-American]] cultur, wi [[Duke Ellington]] an [[Louis Armstrong]] pioneerin the [[Jazz]] genre. [[Elvis Presley]] an [[Buddy Holly]] war leadin airtists in pioneerin popular muisic in the 1950s. Syne then, the Unitit States haes produced mony popular airtists, includin [[Michael Jackson]], [[Whitney Houston]], [[Madonna]], [[Katy Perry]], [[Taylor Swift]], an [[Beyoncé]], amang mony ithers. ==Sport== [[American fitba]] is the maist popular sport in the Unitit States.<ref>{{cite web |author=Krane, David K. |title=Professional Football Widens Its Lead Over Baseball as Nation's Favorite Sport |url=http://www.harrisinteractive.com/Insights/HarrisVault8482.aspx?PID=337 |publisher=Harris Interactive |date=October 30, 2002 |accessdate=September 14, 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709111448/http://www.harrisinteractive.com/Insights/HarrisVault8482.aspx?PID=337 |archivedate=July 9, 2010 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709111448/http://www.harrisinteractive.com/Insights/HarrisVault8482.aspx?PID=337 |date=2010-07-09 }} MacCambridge, Michael (2004). ''America's Game: The Epic Story of How Pro Football Captured a Nation''. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-375-50454-0.</ref> The [[National Football League]] (NFL) haes the heichest average attendance o ony sports league in the warld, an the [[Super Bowl]] is watched bi millions globally. [[Basebaw]] haes been regairdit as the U.S. [[naitional sport]] syne the late 19t century, wi [[Major League Baseball]] (MLB) bein the tap league. [[Basketbaw]] an [[ice hockey]] are the kintra's next twa [[Major professional sports leagues in the Unitit States an Canadae|leadin professional team sports]], wi the tap leagues bein the [[National Basketball Association]] (NBA) an the [[National Hockey League]] (NHL). Aight [[Olympic Gemmes]] hae taken place in the Unitit States. As o 2014, the Unitit States haes wan 2,400 medals at the [[Simmer Olympic Gemmes]], mair nor ony ither kintra, an 281 in the [[Winter Olympic Gemmes]], the seicont maist behind Norawa.<ref>{{cite news |title= The 10 most fascinating facts about the all-time Winter Olympics medal standings |first= Chris |last= Chase |date= February 7, 2014 |work= [[USA Today]] |url= http://ftw.usatoday.com/2014/02/winter-olympics-medal-count-sochi-all-time-facts/ |accessdate= February 28, 2014 |archive-date= 2019-12-15 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191215084716/https://ftw.usatoday.com/2014/02/winter-olympics-medal-count-sochi-all-time-facts |url-status= dead }} {{cite news |title= With Sochi Olympics approaching, a history of Winter Olympic medals |date= February 6, 2014 |first= Dan |last= Loumena |work= [[Los Angeles Times]] |url= http://articles.latimes.com/2014/feb/06/sports/la-sp-a-history-of-the-winter-olympic-medals-20140206 |accessdate= February 28, 2014 }}</ref> == States o the Unitit States == {{main|U.S. state}} {| border="0" |----- | valign="top" | * [[Alabama]] * [[Alaska]] * [[Arizona]] * [[Arkansas]] * [[Californie]] * [[Colorado]] * [[Connecticut]] * [[Delaware]] * [[Florida]] * [[Georgie (U.S. state)|Georgie]] | valign="top" | * [[Hawaii]] * [[Idaho]] * [[Illinois]] * [[Indiana]] * [[Iowa]] * [[Kansas]] * [[Kentucky]] * [[Louisiana]] * [[Maine]] * [[Maryland]] | valign="top" | * [[Massachusetts]] * [[Michigan]] * [[Minnesota]] * [[Mississippi]] * [[Missouri]] * [[Montana]] * [[Nebraska]] * [[Nevada]] * [[New Hampshire]] * [[New Jersey]] | valign="top" | * [[New Mexico]] * [[New York]] * [[North Carolina]] * [[North Dakota]] * [[Ohio]] * [[Oklahoma]] * [[Oregon]] * [[Pennsylvanie]] * [[Rhode Island]] * [[Sooth Carolina]] | valign="top" | * [[Sooth Dakota]] * [[Tennessee]] * [[Texas]] * [[Utah]] * [[Vermont]] * [[Wast Virginie]] * [[Virginie]] * [[Washington (state)|Washington]] * [[Wisconsin]] * [[Wyoming]] |} ==Notes== <references group="fn"/> ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ===Soorces=== {{Commonscat|United States}} * {{cite book |last=Simonson |first=Peter |title=Refiguring Mass Communication: A History |url=https://archive.org/details/refiguringmassco0000simo |ref=Simonson |year=2010 |publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]]|quote=He held high the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the nation's unofficial motto, ''e pluribus unum'', even as he was recoiling from the party system in which he had long participated. |location=Urbana |isbn=978-0-252-07705-0}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=N6lrAmPlbvIC&pg=PA79&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false Book] * {{cite web |url= http://www.treasury.gov/about/education/Pages/in-god-we-trust.aspx |title=History of "In God We Trust" |ref=God |publisher=U.S. Department of the Treasury |date=March 8, 2011 |accessdate=February 23, 2013}} * {{cite news |title=Looking back 20 years: Who deserves credit for ending the Cold War? |author=Nick Hayes |ref=Hayes |url=http://www.minnpost.com/politics-policy/2009/11/looking-back-20-years-who-deserves-credit-ending-cold-war |newspaper=MinnPost |date=November 6, 2009 |accessdate=March 11, 2013}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.ushistory.org/us/59e.asp |title=59e. The End of the Cold War |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |work=U.S. History.org |ref=ushistory13|publisher=Independence Hall Association |accessdate=March 10, 2013}} * {{cite book |last=Smith |first= Andrew F. |year=2004 |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America'' |ref=Smith2004 |publisher=New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 131–32. ISBN 0-19-515437-1}} * {{cite book |last=Levenstein |first=Harvey |title=Revolution at the Table: The Transformation of the American Diet |url=https://archive.org/details/revolutionattabl0000leve_d6o6 |ref=Levenstein |publisher=University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles |year=2003 |isbn=0-520-23439-1}} {{Unitit States topics}} [[Category:Unitit States| ]] [[Category:1776 establishments in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Umwhile Breetish colonies]] [[Category:Umwhile confederations]] [[Category:G8 naitions]] [[Category:G20 naitions]] [[Category:Leeberal democracies]] [[Category:Member states o NATO]] [[Category:Member states o the Unitit Naitions]] [[Category:Republics]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1776]] gi2bww7pvn4plzmnzt6aj4z39tss75t 920580 920579 2026-08-10T07:37:25Z PanielDrokhorenko 135478 ftw43w44w32qgyr5y665tiy78o79y 920580 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fix Scots|date=Januar 2021}} {{hatnote|For the landmass comprisin North an Sooth Americae, see [[America]]. For ither uisses, see [[America (disambiguation)]].}} {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = Unitit States o Americae |common_name = Unitit States |native_name = {{lang-en|United States of America}}</br>{{lang-es|Estados Unidos de América|label=[[Spainish leid|Spainish]]}}</br>{{lang-chr|ᏌᏊᎢᏳᎾᎵᏍᏔᏅᏍᎦᏚᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎺᏰᏟ}}</br>{{lang-nv|Wááshindoon Bikéyah Ałhidadiidzooígíí}} |image_flag = Flag of the United States.svg |image_coat = Great Seal of the United States (obverse).svg |symbol_type = Great Seal |national_motto = <div style="padding-bottom:0.2em;">"[[In God we trust]]" {{small|(offeecial)}}<ref>{{USC|36|302}} ''National motto''</ref><ref>[[#Simonson|Simonson, 2010]]</ref><ref>[[#God|Dept. of Treasury, 2011]]</ref></div> <div style="line-height:1.15em;">{{native phrase|la|"[[E pluribus unum]]"|italics=off}} {{small|(tradeetional)}} <br />{{small|"Oot o mony, ane"}} </div> |national_anthem = "[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]"<br /><center>[[File:Star Spangled Banner instrumental.ogg]]</center> |image_map = USA orthographic.svg |alt_map = Projection o North Americae wi the Unitit States in green |map_width = 220px |capital = [[Washington, D.C.]] |coordinates = {{Coord|38|53|N|77|01|W|type:city}} |largest_city = [[New York Ceety]] |official_languages = {{nowrap|None at [[Federal govrenment o the Unitit States|federal level]]{{ref label|engoffbox|a|}}}} |languages_type = [[Naitional leid]] |languages = [[Inglis leid|Inglis]]{{ref label|engfactobox|b|}}<!---NOTE: Just English, don't add "American English"---> |official_religion = none |demonym = [[America]]n |government_type = [[Federalism|Federal]] [[Presidential seestem|presidential]] [[constitutional republic]] |leader_title1 = [[Preses o the Unitit States|Preses]] |leader_name1 = {{nowrap|[[Donald Trump]] ([[Republican Pairty (Unitit States)|R]])}} |leader_title2 = [[Vice Preses o the Unitit States|Vice Preses]] |leader_name2 = {{nowrap|[[J.D. Vance]] (R)}} |leader_title3 = {{nowrap|[[Speaker o the Unitit States Hoose o Representatives|Speaker o the Hoose]]}} |leader_name3 = {{nowrap|[[Mike Johnson]] (R)}} |leader_title4 = [[Chief Juistice o the Unitit States|Chief Juistice]] |leader_name4 = [[John Roberts]] |legislature = [[Unitit States Congress|Congress]] |upper_house = [[Senate (Unitit States)|Senate]] |lower_house = [[Hoose o Representatives (Unitit States)|Hoose o Representatives]] |sovereignty_type = [[American Revolution|Unthirldom]] |sovereignty_note = from [[Kinrick o Great Breetain|Great Breetain]] |established_event1 = [[Unitit States Declaration o Unthirldom|Declared]] |established_date1 = 4 Julie 1776 |established_event2 = [[Treaty o Paris (1783)|Recognized]] |established_date2 = 3 September 1783 |established_event3 = {{nowrap|[[Unitit States Constitution|Constitution]]}} |established_date3 = 21 Juin 1788 |area_magnitude = 1 E12 |area_sq_mi = 3794101 |area_km2 = 9826675 |area_rank = 3rd/4th |area_footnote = <ref name="WF">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html |title=United States |publisher=CIA |work=The World Factbook |date=September 30, 2009 |accessdate=January 5, 2010 (area given in square kilometers) |archive-date=2018-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135647/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{ref label|areabox|c|}} |percent_water = 6.76 | population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 331,449,281<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2021/2020-census-apportionment-results.htmlpid=2020CENSUS&src=pt |url-status=dead |title=Census Bureau's 2020 Population Count |work=[[United States Census]] |access-date=April 26, 2021}} The 2020 census is as of April 1, 2020.</ref> | population_census_year = 2020 | population_census_rank = 3rd | population_density_sq_mi = 87<!-- Figure uses (population/land + water area) as of July 2019. --> | population_density_rank = 146t | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} {{nowrap|$22.940 trillion}}<ref name="IMFWEOUS"/> | GDP_PPP_year = 2021 | GDP_PPP_rank = 2nt | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $69,375<ref name="IMFWEOUS">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/October/weo-report?c=111,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2021&ey=2021&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2021|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |access-date=October 13, 2021}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 8t | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} {{nowrap|$22.940 trillion}}<ref name="IMFWEOUS"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2021 | GDP_nominal_rank = 1st | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $69,375<ref name="IMFWEOUS"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 5t | Gini = 48.5<!-- Number only. --> | Gini_year = 2020 | Gini_change = increase | Gini_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/09/26/income-inequality-america-highest-its-been-since-census-started-tracking-it-data-show/ |title=Income inequality in America is the highest it's been since Census Bureau started tracking it, data shows |work=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=July 27, 2020}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.926<!-- Number only. --> | HDI_year = 2019<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year. --> | HDI_change = increase<!-- Increase/decrease/steady. --> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2020: The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=December 15, 2020|access-date=December 15, 2020}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 17t |EF_year = 2007 |EF = {{decrease}} 8.0 gha<ref name="EF">{{cite web |url=http://www.footprintnetwork.org/images/uploads/Ecological_Footprint_Atlas_2010.pdf |title=Ecological Footprint Atlas 2010 |publisher=Global Footprint Network |accessdate=July 11, 2011 |archive-date=2011-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709224423/http://www.footprintnetwork.org/images/uploads/Ecological_Footprint_Atlas_2010.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |EF_rank = 6t |currency = [[{{#property:p38}}]] ($) |currency_code = USD |country_code = USA |utc_offset = −5 to −10 |utc_offset_DST = −4 to −10{{ref label|UTCbox|e|}} |calling_code = [[North American Nummerin Plan|+1]] |iso3166code = US |drives_on = richt{{ref label|driving|g|}} |cctld = {{nowrap|[[.us]]{{nbsp|3}}[[.gov]]{{nbsp|3}}[[.mil]]{{nbsp|3}}[[.edu]]}} |footnote_a = {{note|engoffbox}} Inglish is the [[Offeecial leid o the Unitit States|offeecial leid]] o at least 28 states; some soorces gie heicher figurs, based on differin defineetions o "offeecial".{{big|<ref name=ILW>{{cite web |author=Feder, Jody |url= http://www.ilw.com/immigrationdaily/news/2007,0515-crs.pdf |title= English as the Official Language of the United States: Legal Background and Analysis of Legislation in the 110th Congress |date=January 25, 2007 |publisher= Ilw.com (Congressional Research Service) |accessdate= June 19, 2007}}</ref>}} Inglish an [[Hawaiian leid|Hawaiian]] are baith offeecial leids in the state o [[Hawaii]]. |footnote_b = {{note|engfactobox}} Inglis is the ''[[de facto]]'' leid o American govrenment an the sole leid spoken at home bi 80 percent o Americans aged five an aulder. [[Spainyie leid in the Unitit States|Spainyie is the seicont maist commonly spoken leid]]. |footnote_c = {{note|areabox}} Whether the Unitit States or [[Cheenae]] is lairger haes been [[Leet o kintras bi aurie|disputit]]. The figur gien is frae the U.S. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]'s ''[[The Warld Factbeuk]]''. Ither soorces gie smawer figurs. Aw authoritative calculations o the kintra's size include anly the 50 states an the Destrict o Columbia, nae the [[Territories o the Unitit States|territories]]. |footnote_d = {{note|popbox}} The population estimate is o fowk whose uisual residence is within the 50 states an the Destrict o Columbia, regardless o naitionality. It daes nae include those livin in the territories (ower 4&nbsp;million fowk, maistly in [[Puerto Rico]]). |footnote_e = {{note|UTCbox}} See [[Time in the Unitit States]] for details aboot laws govrenin time zones in the Unitit States. |footnote_f = {{note|ISO3166box}} Daes nae include [[insular aurie]]s an [[Unitit States Minor Ootlyin Islands]], which hae thair ain [[ISO 3166]] codes. |footnote_g = {{note|driving}} Except [[Unitit States Virgin Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]]. }} [[File:ReliefUSA map.gif|thumb|right|280px|A pictur o the lawer 48 states Americae.]] The '''Unitit States o Americae''' ({{lang-en|United States of America|link=yes}}, '''USA'''), commonly referred tae as the '''Unitit States''' ({{lang-en|United States|link=no}}, '''US''', '''U.S.''') or '''Americae''' ({{lang-en|America|link=no}}), is a [[Constitution|constitutional]] [[federal republic]] componed o 50 [[state o the Unitit States|federatit states]], the federal destrict [[Washington, D.C.|Washington D.C.]], five main sel-govrening territories, an ither possessions.{{refn|group=fn|The five major territories are [[American Samoa]], [[Guam]], the [[Northren Mariana Islands]], [[Puerto Rico]], an the [[Unitit States Virgin Islands]]. Thare are eleven smawer island auries withoot permanent populations: [[Baker Island]], [[Howland Island]], [[Jarvis Island]], [[Johnston Atoll]], [[Kingman Reef]], [[Midway Atoll]], an [[Palmyra Atoll]]. U.S. sovereignty ower [[Bajo Nuevo Bank]], [[Navassa Island]], [[Serranilla Bank]], an [[Wake Island]] is disputit.<ref>U.S. State Department, [http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm Common Core Document to U.N. Committee on Human Rights], December 30, 2011, Item 22, 27, 80.— an U.S. General Accounting Office Report, [http://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf U.S. Insular Areas: application of the U.S. Constitution] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229153648/https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |date=2020-02-29 }}, November 1997, p. 1, 6, 39n. Both viewed April 6, 2016.</ref>}} Forty-aicht o the fifty states an the federal destrict border each ither an locatit in [[North Americae]] atween [[Canadae]] an [[Mexico]]. The [[Alaska|state o Alaska]] is in the northwast neuk o North Americae, bordered bi Canadae tae the east an athort the [[Bering Strait]] frae [[Roushie]] tae the wast. The [[Hawaii|state o Hawaii]] is an [[airchipelago]] in the mid-[[Pacific Ocean]]. The U.S. territories are scattered aboot the Paceefic Ocean an the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Nine time zones are covered. The geografie, climate an wildlife o the kintra are extremely diverse.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nwf.org/wildlife.aspx|title=Wildlife Library|publisher=National Wildlife Federation|accessdate= December 23, 2014}}</ref> At 3.8&nbsp;million squerr miles (9.8&nbsp;million km<sup>2</sup>)<ref name="State and other areas">"[https://www.census.gov/geo/reference/state-area.html State and other areas]", U.S. Census Bureau, [https://web.archive.org/web/20120620155719/http://www.govcomm.harris.com/solutions/products/census/maf-tiger.asp MAF/TIGER] database as of August 2010, excluding the U.S. Minor Outlying Islands. viewed October 22, 2014.</ref> an wi ower 324 million fowk, the Unitit States is the warld's [[Leet o sovereign states an dependencies bi aurie|fowert-lairgest kintra bi tot aurie]] (an fowerth-mucklest bi laund aurie){{refn|group=fn|The follaein twa primary soorces (non-mirrored) represent the range (min./max.) o tot aurie for Cheenae an the Unitit States. Baith soorces ''exclude'' Taiwan frae the aurie o Cheenae. {{ordered list |1= The Encyclopædia Britannica lets Cheenae as warld's third-lairgest kintra (efter Roushie an Canadae) wi a tot aurie o 9,572,900 sq km,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/111803/China-quick-facts|title=China|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|accessdate=January 31, 2010}}</ref> an the Unitit States as fowert-lairgest at 9,526,468 sq km. The figur for the Unitit States is less nor in the CIA Factbook acause it ''excludes'' coastal an territorial watters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/616563/United-States-quick-facts|title=United States|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|accessdate=January 31, 2010}}</ref> |2= The CIA World Factbook leets the Unitit States as the third-lairgest kintra (efter Roushie an Canadae) wi tot aurie o 9,833,517 sq km,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html|title=United States|publisher=CIA|accessdate=June 10, 2016|archive-date=2018-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135647/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> an Cheenae as fowert-lairgest at 9,596,960 sq km.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html|title=China|publisher=CIA|accessdate=June 10, 2016|archive-date=2016-10-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013030611/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> This figur for the Unitit States is greater nor in the Encyclopædia Britannica acause it ''includes'' coastal an territorial watters.}}}} an the [[Leet o kintras an dependencies bi population|third-maist populous]]. It is ane o the warld's maist ethnically diverse an [[Multiculturalism|multicultural]] naitions, an is hame tae the warld's mucklest nummer o immigrant fowk.<ref name="DD">Adams, J.Q.; Strother-Adams, Pearlie (2001). ''Dealing with Diversity''. Chicago: Kendall/Hunt. ISBN 0-7872-8145-X.</ref> Urbanisation climbed tae oweer 80% in 2010 an leads tae growin megaregions. The kintra's caipital is [[Washington, D.C.]] an its mucklest ceety is [[New York Ceety]]; the ither major metropolitan auries, aw wi aroond five million or mair indwallers, are [[Los Angeles]], [[Chicago]], [[San Francisco]], [[Boston]], [[Dallas]], [[Philadelphia]], [[Houston]], [[Miami]], an [[Atlanta]]. Paleo-Indians migrated frae Asie tae the North American mainland at least 15,000 year ago.<ref name=earliest>{{cite news|title=Who was first? New info on North America's earliest residents|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2012/jul/12/science/la-sci-sn-paisley-caves-20120712|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|location=Los Angeles County, California|publisher=Los Angeles Times|date=July 12, 2012|first=Thomas H.|last=Maugh II|accessdate=February 25, 2015}}<br />{{cite web |url= http://anthropology.si.edu/HumanOrigins/faq/americas.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128083459/http://anthropology.si.edu/HumanOrigins/faq/americas.htm |archivedate=November 28, 2007 |ref=HumanOrigins |title=What is the earliest evidence of the peopling of North and South America? |publisher=Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History |date=June 2004 |accessdate=June 19, 2007}}<br />{{cite web |first=Nicolas |last=Kudeba |url=http://www.thehistoryofcanadapodcast.com/chapter-1-first-big-steppe/ |title=Chapter 1&nbsp;– The First Big Steppe&nbsp;– Aboriginal Canadian History |website=The History of Canada Podcast |date=February 28, 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301013552/http://www.thehistoryofcanadapodcast.com/chapter-1-first-big-steppe/ |archivedate=March 1, 2014 |deadurl=no}}<br />{{cite journal |author=Guy Gugliotta |title=When Did Humans Come to the Americas? |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/when-did-humans-come-to-the-americas-4209273/?all |journal=Smithsonian Magazine |location=Washington, DC |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |date=February 2013 |access-date=June 25, 2015 }}</ref> [[European colonisation o the Americas|European colonisation]] began in the 16t century. The Unitit States emerged frae [[Thirteen Colonies|13 Breetish colonies]] alang the [[East Coast o the Unitit States|East Coast]]. Mony disputes atween [[Kinrick o Great Breetain|Great Breetain]] an the colonies in the eftermath o the [[Seiven Years' War]] led tae the [[American Revolution]], whilk began in 1775. On Julie 4, 1776, as the colonies war fichtin Great Breetain in the [[American Revolutionary War]], delegates frae the 13 colonies unanimously adoptit the [[Unitit States Declaration o Unthirldom|Declaration o Unthirldom]]. The war endit in 1783 wi [[Treaty o Paris (1783)|recogneetion o the unthirldom o the Unitit States]] bi [[Kinrick o Great Breetain|Great Breetain]], an wis the first successfu war o unthirldom against a European colonial empire.<ref>Greene, Jack P.; Pole, J.R., eds. (2008). ''A Companion to the American Revolution''. pp. 352–361.<br />{{cite book |author=Bender, Thomas |title=A Nation Among Nations: America's Place in World History |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wQHlrIz4gpYC&pg=PA61 |year=2006 |publisher=Hill & Wang |location=New York |page=61 |isbn=978-0-8090-7235-4}}<br />{{cite web |url=http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/era.cfm?eraid=4&smtid=1 |title=Overview of the Early National Period |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=2014 |website=Digital History |publisher=University of Houston |access-date=February 25, 2015}}</ref> The [[Unitit States Constitution|current constitution]] wis adoptit in 1788, efter the [[Airticles o Confederation]], adoptit in 1781, war felt tae hae providit inadequate federal pouers. The first ten amendments, collectively named the [[Unitit States Bill o Richts|Bill o Richts]], war ratified in 1791 an designed tae guarantee mony fundamental ceevil liberties. The Unitit States gaed on a vigorous expansion athort North Americae throuoot the 19t century,<ref name="MD2007" /> displacin American Indian tribes, acquirin new territories, an gradually admittin new states till it spanned the continent in 1848.<ref name="MD2007">{{cite book |last=Carlisle |first=Rodney P. |first2=J. Geoffrey |last2=Golson |title=Manifest Destiny and the Expansion of America |series=Turning Points in History Series |url=https://books.google.com/?id=ka6LxulZaEwC&vq=annexation&dq=territorial+expansion+United+States+%22manifest+destiny%22 |year=2007 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-85109-833-0 |page=238}}</ref> During the seicont hauf o the 19t century, the [[American Ceevil War]] led tae the end o legal slavery in the kintra.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2967.html|title=The Civil War and emancipation 1861–1865 |work=Africans in America |publisher=WGBH Educational Foundation|location=Boston, Massachusetts|year=1999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19991012054217/http://pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2967.html |archivedate=October 12, 1999 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-first=Jeffrey H. |editor1-last=Wallenfeldt |author=Britannica Educational Publishing |series=America at War |title=The American Civil War and Reconstruction: People, Politics, and Power |url=https://books.google.com/?id=T_0TrXXiDbUC&dq=slavery+%22American+Civil+War%22 |year=2009 |publisher=Rosen Publishing Group |isbn=978-1-61530-045-7 |page=264}}</ref> Bi the end o that century, the Unitit States extendit intae the Pacific Ocean,<ref name="AmCentNYT">{{cite book |url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/w/white-century.html |title=The American Century |author=White, Donald W. |year=1996 |isbn=0-300-05721-0 |publisher=Yale University Press |chapter=1: The Frontiers |accessdate=March 26, 2013}}</ref> an its economy, driven in muckle pairt bi the [[Industrial Revolution]], began tae growe a lot.<ref>{{cite web|title=Work in the Late 19th Century|url=http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/riseind/work/|website=Library of Congress|accessdate=January 16, 2015}}</ref> The [[Spaingie–American War]] an {{nowrap|[[Warld War I]]}} confirmed the kintra's status as a global militar pouer. The Unitit States emerged frae {{nowrap|[[Warld War II]]}} as a global [[superpouer]], the first kintra tae develop nuclear wappens, the anly kintra tae [[Atomic bombins o Hiroshima an Nagasaki|uise them]] in warfare, an a permanent member o the [[Unitit Naitions Security Cooncil]]. It is a foondin member o the [[Organisation o American States]] (OAS) an various ither [[Pan-Americanism|Pan-American]] an internaitional organisations. The end o the [[Cauld War]] an the [[dissolution o the Soviet Union|end o the Soviet Union]] in 1991 left the Unitit States as the warld's sole superpouer.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Tony Judt|author2=Denis Lacorne|title=With Us Or Against Us: Studies in Global Anti-Americanism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nVDHAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA61|date=June 4, 2005|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-4039-8085-4|page=61}}<br />{{cite book|author=Richard J. Samuels|title=Encyclopedia of United States National Security|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K751AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT666|date=December 21, 2005|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-1-4522-6535-3|page=666}}<br />{{cite book|author=Paul R. Pillar|title=Terrorism and U.S. Foreign Policy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_GYklwy6booC&pg=PA57|date=January 1, 2001|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|isbn=0-8157-0004-0|page=57}}<br />{{cite book|author=Gabe T. Wang|title=China and the Taiwan Issue: Impending War at Taiwan Strait|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CbPJ7KZ9FvIC&pg=PA179|date=January 1, 2006|publisher=University Press of America|isbn=978-0-7618-3434-2|page=179}}<br />{{cite book|title=Understanding the "Victory Disease," From the Little Bighorn to Mogadishu and Beyond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qgdmiw4VUHsC&pg=PA1|publisher=DIANE Publishing|isbn=978-1-4289-1052-2|page=1}}<br />{{cite book|author1=Akis Kalaitzidis|author2=Gregory W. Streich|title=U.S. Foreign Policy: A Documentary and Reference Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tzwYzL9KcwEC&pg=PA313|year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-38375-5|page=313}}</ref> The Unitit States is a heichly developed kintra, wi the warld's mucklest [[Leet o kintras bi GDP (nominal)|economy bi nominal GDP]]. It ranks heichly in several meisurs o socioeconomic performance, includin average wage,<ref>{{cite web|title=Average annual wages, 2013 USD PPPs and 2013 constant prices|url=http://stats.oecd.org//Index.aspx?QueryId=64115|website=OECD|accessdate=April 30, 2016}}</ref> [[Human Development Index|human development]], per capita GDP, an productivity per person.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/2100-500395_162-3228735.html |title=U.S. Workers World's Most Productive |publisher=CBS News |date=February 11, 2009 |accessdate=April 23, 2013}}</ref> While the U.S. economy is considered post-industrial, chairacterised bi the dominance o [[Service (economics)|services]] an knawledge economy, the manufacturin sector remains the seicont-mucklest in the warld.<ref>{{cite web|title=Manufacturing, value added (current US$)|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD|website=World Bank Open Data|publisher=World Bank|accessdate=11 February 2017}}</ref> Tho its population is anly 4.3% o the warld tot,<ref>{{cite web|title=U.S. and World Population Clock|url=http://www.census.gov/popclock/|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=July 11, 2016}}</ref> the Unitit States accoonts for nearly a quarter o warld GDP<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=23&pr.y=9&sy=2014&ey=2014&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDPD&grp=0&a=|title = World Economic Outlook Database, April 2015|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = }}</ref> an ower a third o global militar spendin,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://books.sipri.org/product_info?c_product_id=476 |title=Trends in world military expenditure, 2013 |publisher=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute |date=April 2014 |accessdate=April 14, 2014 |archive-date=2015-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104033821/http://books.sipri.org/product_info?c_product_id=476 |url-status=dead }}</ref> makkin it the warld's foremaist economic an [[Unitit States Airmed Forces|militar]] pouer. The Unitit States is a prominent poleetical an cultural force internaitionally, an a leader in scienteefic resairch an technological innovations.<ref>[[#Cohen|Cohen, 2004: History and the Hyperpower]]<br />[[#BBC18may|BBC, April 2008: Country Profile: United States of America]]<br />{{cite web|url=http://www.researchtrends.com/issue8-november-2008/geographical-trends-of-research-output/|title=Geographical trends of research output|publisher=Research Trends|accessdate=March 16, 2014|archive-date=2014-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317092424/http://www.researchtrends.com/issue8-november-2008/geographical-trends-of-research-output/|url-status=dead}}<br />{{cite web|url=http://www.openaccessweek.org/profiles/blogs/the-top-20-countries-for-scientific-output|title=The top 20 countries for scientific output|publisher=Open Access Week|accessdate=March 16, 2014|archive-date=2014-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317105014/http://www.openaccessweek.org/profiles/blogs/the-top-20-countries-for-scientific-output|url-status=dead}}<br />{{cite web|url=http://www.epo.org/about-us/annual-reports-statistics/annual-report/2012/statistics-trends/granted-patents.html|title=Granted patents|publisher=European Patent Office|accessdate=March 16, 2014|archive-date=2017-06-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621011611/http://www.epo.org/about-us/annual-reports-statistics/annual-report/2012/statistics-trends/granted-patents.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> == History == esetollaeinaftw43w44w32qgyr5y665tiy78o79yt colonisation o the Americaes, aw thirteen o [[Kinrick o Great Breetain|Great Breetain]]'s American colonies spleet frae the mither kintra an formit the Unitit States, the warld's first [[constitution]]al an [[democracy|democratic]] [[federation|federal]] [[republic]], efter thair [[American Declaration o Unthirldom|declaration o unthirldom]] in [[1776]] an the [[American Weir o Unthirldom|Weir o Unthirldom]] ([[1775]]–[[1783]]). Great Breetain made peace wi the rebols an wi the [[Treaty o Pairis (1783)|Treaty o Pairis]] in 1783. For tae mak a stoot colonol govrenment, the [[Philadelphia Convention]] wis foondit in 1787 an raitifeet a [[Constitution o the Unitit States|constitution]] in 1788, an the farst Unitit States Senate, Hoose o Representatives, an preses tak office in 1789. [[George Washington]] wis the first preses. egyw3gy Differences 0000000000000 opinion an social order atween nortwsf gye4t hren an soothern states in early Unitit States society, pairteecularly regairdin Black sclavery, ultimately led tyg3ae the American Ceevil War.<ref>{{cite book|author=Stuart Murray|title=Atlas of American Military yrdChristian Social 53ryt Amendment tae the Unitit States Constitution|Fowerteent Amendment]] providit ceetizenship tae the nearly fower million [[African American]]s wha haed been sclaves,<ref>{{cite web |url=httdate=June 10, 2007}} Page 7 leets a tot sclave population o 3,953,760.</ref> an the [[Fifteent Amendment tae the Unitit States e The Unitit States remained neutralety35formal [[Allies o Warld War I]], helpin tae turn the tide against the [[Central Pouers]]. In 1920, the wertgfirst1=Jacqueline Van |title=Carrie Chapman Catt: A Public Life |url=https://archive.org/details/carriechapmancat0000vanv |series=Women and Peace Series |year=1996 |publisher=Feminist Press at CUNY |location=New York City |isbn=1-55861-139-8 |page=vii|quote=Carrie Chapmann Catt led an army of voteless women in 1919 to pressure Congress to pass the constitutional amendment giving them the right to vote and convinced state legislatures to ratify it in 1920.&nbsp;... Catt was one of the best-known women in the United States in the first half of the twentieth century and was on all lists of famous American women.}}</ref> The 1920s an 1930s saw the rise o [[radio]] for mass communication an the invention o early [[televeesion]].<ref>Winchester pp. 410–411</ref> The prosperity o the Roaring Twenties endit wi the [[Wall Street Crash o 1929]] an the onset o the [[Great Depression]]. Efter his election as preses in 1932, [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Franklin D. Roosevelt]] respondit wi the [[New Deal]], whit included the establishment o the [[Social Security (Unitit States)|Social Security]] seestem.<ref>{{cite book |title=Social Welfare: A History of the American Response to Need |url=https://archive.org/details/socialwelfarehis0000axin_i6r5 |first1=June |last1=Axinn |first2=Mark J. |last2=Stern |isbn=978-0-205-52215-6 |edition=7th |publisher=Allyn & Bacon |location=Boston |year=2007}}</ref> At first effectively neutral during [[Warld War II]] while Germany conquered much o continental Europe, the Unitit States began supplyin material tae the [[Allies o Warld War II|Allies]] in Mairch 1941 throu the Lend-Lease programme. On December 7, 1941, the [[Empire o Japan]] launched a surprise [[attack on Pearl Harbor]], promptin the Unitit States tae jyn the Allies against the [[Axis pouers]].<ref name="Pearl Harbor">{{cite web|last1=Yamasaki|first1=Mitch|title=Pearl Harbor and America's Entry into World War II: A Documentary History|url=http://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf|publisher=World War II Internment in Hawaii|accessdate=January 14, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213122046/http://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf|archivedate=December 13, 2014 }}</ref> The Unitit States developed the [[Manhattan Project|first nuclear wappens]] an uised them on Japan [[Atomic bombins o Hiroshima an Nagasaki|in the ceeties o Hiroshima an Nagasaki]]; causin the Japanese tae surrender on September 2, endin Warld War II.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2016/08/06/commentary/japan-surrender-world-war-ii/|title=Why did Japan surrender in World War II? {{!}} The Japan Times|newspaper=The Japan Times|access-date=2017-02-08|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>Pacific War Research Society (2006). ''Japan's Longest Day''. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 4-7700-2887-3.</ref> Efter Warld War II the Unitit States an the [[Soviet Union]] jockeyed for pouer during whit acame kent as the [[Cauld War]], driven bi an ideological divide atween [[caipitalism]] an [[communism]]<ref name="WaggAndrews2012">{{cite book|last1=Wagg|first1=Stephen|last2=Andrews|first2=David|title=East Plays West: Sport and the Cold War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qmjLR5YyUhEC&pg=PR11|date=September 10, 2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-24167-5|page=11}}</ref> an, accordin tae the schuil o [[geopolitics]], a divide atween the maritime Atlantic an the continental Eurasian camps. American truips focht communist [[Fowk's Liberation Airmy|Cheenese]] an [[North Korea]]n forces in the [[Korean War]] o 1950–53.<ref name="Proxy" /> The Soviet Union's 1957 launch o the [[Sputnik 1|first airtifeecial satellite]] an its 1961 launch o the [[Vostok 1|first manned spaceflicht]] ineetiatit a "[[Space Race]]" in whit the Unitit States acame the first naition tae [[Apollo 11|laund a man on the muin]] in 1969.<ref name="Proxy">{{cite book |last=Collins |first=Michael |authorlink=Michael Collins (astronaut) |title=Liftoff: The Story of America's Adventure in Space |url=https://archive.org/details/liftoff00coll |location=New York |publisher=Grove Press |year=1988}}</ref> A proxy war in Sootheast Asie eventually evolved intae full American pairteecipation, as the [[Vietnam War]]. At hame in the 1960s, the growin [[African-American Ceevil Richts Muivement (1954–68)|Ceevil Richts Muivement]] uised nonviolence tae confront segregation an discrimination, wi [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] acomin a prominent leader an figurheid. The late 1980s, unner the presidency o [[Ronald Reagan]], brocht a "thowe" in relations wi the USSR, an [[Dissolution o the Soviet Union|its collapse]] in 1991 finally endit the Cauld War.<ref>{{cite book |last=Howell |first=Buddy Wayne |title=The Rhetoric of Presidential Summit Diplomacy: Ronald Reagan and the U.S.-Soviet Summits, 1985–1988 |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Rhetoric_of_Presidential_Summit_Dipl.html?id=LctvjhxJ-bsC |year=2006 |publisher=Texas A&M University |isbn=978-0-549-41658-6 |page=352 |accessdate=October 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Kissinger |first=Henry |authorlink=Henry Kissinger |title=Diplomacy |url=https://books.google.com/?id=0IZboamhb5EC&lpg=PA731 |year=2011 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-1-4391-2631-8 |pages=781–784 |accessdate=October 25, 2015}}<br />{{cite book |last=Mann |first=James |title=The Rebellion of Ronald Reagan: A History of the End of the Cold War |url=https://books.google.com/?id=BgZyXNIrvB4C&pg=PT12|year=2009 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-1-4406-8639-9 |page=432}}<br /></ref><ref>[[#Hayes|Hayes, 2009]]</ref><ref>[[#ushistory13|US History.org, 2013]]</ref> On [[September 11 attacks|September 11, 2001]], [[Al-Qaeda]] terrorists struck the [[Warld Trade Center (1973–2001)|Warld Trade Center]] in New York Ceety an [[the Pentagon]] near Washington, D.C., killin nearly 3,000 fowk.<ref>{{cite AV media |date=September 9, 2011 |title=Flashback 9/11: As It Happened |url=http://video.foxnews.com/v/1151859712001/flashback-911-as-it-happened/ |accessdate=March 6, 2013 |publisher=Fox News}}<br />{{cite news |title=America remembers Sept. 11 attacks 11 years later |agency=Associated Press |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-201_162-57510234/america-remembers-sept-11-attacks-11-years-later/ |publisher=CBS News |date=September 11, 2012 |accessdate=March 6, 2013 |archive-date=2013-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017215138/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-201_162-57510234/america-remembers-sept-11-attacks-11-years-later/ |url-status=dead }}<br />{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/trade.center/multimedia.day.html |title=Day of Terror Video Archive |year=2005 |publisher=CNN |accessdate=March 6, 2013 }}</ref> In response, the Unitit States launched the [[War on Terror]], whilk included [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|war in Afghanistan]] an the 2003–11 [[Iraq War]].<ref>{{cite news |title=The 'War on Terror' Is Critical to President George W. Bush's Legacy |author=Walsh, Kenneth T. |url=http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2008/12/09/the-war-on-terror-is-critical-to-president-george-w-bushs-legacy |newspaper=U.S. News & World Report |date=December 9, 2008 |accessdate=March 6, 2013}}<br />{{cite book |last=Atkins |first=Stephen E. |title=The 9/11 Encyclopedia: Second Edition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PDDIgWRN_HQC&pg=PA210 |year=2011 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-921-9 |page=872 |accessdate=October 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Overview: The Iraq War |last=Wong |first=Edward |url=https://www.nytimes.com/ref/timestopics/topics_iraq.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=February 15, 2008 |accessdate=March 7, 2013 }}<br />{{cite book |last=Johnson |first=James Turner |title=The War to Oust Saddam Hussein: Just War and the New Face of Conflict |url=https://books.google.com/?id=SF7U27JsLC4C&dq=iraq+invasion+removes+hussein |year=2005 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-7425-4956-2 |page=159 |accessdate=October 25, 2015 }}<br />{{cite news |title=Timeline: Key moments in the Iraq War |author=Durando, Jessica |author2=Green, Shannon Rae |agency=Associated Press |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/story/2011-12-21/iraq-war-timeline/52147680/1 |newspaper=USA Today |date=December 21, 2011 |accessdate=March 7, 2013 |archive-date=2020-09-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200904084312/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/story/2011-12-21/iraq-war-timeline/52147680/1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Unner Preses [[Barack Obama]], American forces in Iraq war widrawn in muckle nummers in 2009 an 2010, an the war in the region wis declared formally ower in December 2011.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/16/world/middleeast/panetta-in-baghdad-for-iraq-military-handover-ceremony.html | work=The New York Times | first1=Thom | last1=Shanker | first2=Michael S. | last2=Schmidt | first3=Robert F. | last3=Worth | title=In Baghdad, Panetta Leads Uneasy Closure to Conflict | date=December 15, 2011}}</ref> The widrawal caused [[Iraqi insurgency (2011–13)|an escalation o sectarian insurgency]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-jrtn-movement-and-iraq%E2%80%99s-next-insurgency |title=The JRTN Movement and Iraq's Next Insurgency &#124; Combating Terrorism Center at West Point |publisher=[[United States Military Academy]] |accessdate=January 26, 2017 |archive-date=2011-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826043422/http://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-jrtn-movement-and-iraq%E2%80%99s-next-insurgency |url-status=dead }}</ref> leadin tae the rise o the [[Islamic State o Iraq an the Levant]], the successor o al-Qaeda in the region.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.state.gov/p/nea/rls/rm/221274.htm|title=Al-Qaeda's Resurgence in Iraq: A Threat to U.S. Interests|publisher=U.S Department of State|accessdate=November 26, 2010|date=January 26, 2017|archive-date=2018-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141714/https://www.state.gov/p/nea/rls/rm/221274.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Geografie, climate, an environs == The laund aurie o the [[contiguous Unitit States]] is {{convert|2959064|sqmi|km2|1}}. Alaska, separatit frae the contiguous Unitit States bi Canadae, is the mucklest state at {{convert|663268|sqmi|km2|1}}. [[Hawaii]], occupyin an airchipelago in the central [[Paceefic Ocean|Paceefic]], soothwast o North Americae, is {{convert|10931|sqmi|km2|0}} in aurie. The populatit territories o [[Puerto Rico]], [[American Samoa]], [[Guam]], [[Northren Mariana Islands]], an [[Unitit States Virgin Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]] thegither civer {{convert|9185|sqmi|km2|0}}.<ref name="Land Area of US and states">{{cite web|title=2010 Census Area|url=http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/cph-2-1.pdf|website=census.gov|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|page=41|accessdate=January 18, 2015}}</ref> The Unitit States, wi its muckle size an geografic variety, includes maist climate teepes. Tae the east o the 100t meridian, the climate ranges frae humid continental in the north tae humid subtropical in the sooth.<ref>{{cite web|last=Boyden|first=Jennifer|title=Climate Regions of the United States|url=http://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html|website=Travel Tips|publisher=USA Today|accessdate=December 24, 2014|archive-date=2014-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225073246/http://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Great Plains wast o the 100t meridian are semi-arid. Much o the Wastren moontains hae an alpine climate. The climate is arid in the Great Basin, desert in the Soothwast, [[Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean]] in coastal Californie, an [[oceanic climate|oceanic]] in coastal [[Oregon]] an [[Washington (state)|Washington]] an soothren Alaska. Maist o Alaska is subarctic or polar. Hawaii an the soothren tip o [[Florida]] are tropical, as are the populatit territories in the Caribbean an the Paceefic.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Map of Köppen−Geiger Climate Classification|url=http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf|accessdate=August 19, 2015}}</ref> === Wildlife === The U.S. ecology is megadiverse: aboot 17,000 species o [[vascular plant]]s occur in the contiguous Unitit States an Alaska, an ower 1,800 species o flouering plants are foond in Hawaii, few o whit occur on the mainland.<ref>{{cite web |author=Morin, Nancy |url=http://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724222726/http://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |title=Vascular Plants of the United States |publisher=National Biological Service |work=Plants |accessdate=October 27, 2008 |archivedate=July 24, 2013 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724222726/http://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |date=2013-07-24 }}</ref> The Unitit States is hame tae 428 mammal species, 784 bird species, 311 reptile species, an 295 amphibian species.<ref name="Current Results # of native species in the US">{{cite web|last1=Osborn|first1=Liz|title=Number of Native Species in United States|url=http://www.currentresults.com/Environment-Facts/Plants-Animals/number-of-native-species-in-united-states.php|publisher=Current Results Nexus|accessdate=January 15, 2015}}</ref> Aboot 91,000 insect species hae been describit.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.si.edu/Encyclopedia_SI/nmnh/buginfo/bugnos.htm |title=Numbers of Insects (Species and Individuals) |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |accessdate=January 20, 2009}}</ref> The [[bauld eagle]] is baith the naitional bird an naitional ainimal o the Unitit States, an is an endurin seembol o the kintra itsel.<ref name=j23>{{cite journal |last1=Lawrence |first1=E.A. |year=1990 |title=Symbol of a Nation: The Bald Eagle in American Culture |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-american-culture_spring-1990_13_1/page/63 |journal=The Journal of American Culture |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=63–69|doi=10.1111/j.1542-734X.1990.1301_63.x }}</ref> == Cultur == The Unitit States is hame tae [[Multiculturalism|mony culturs]] an a wide variety o ethnic groups, tradeetions, an values.<ref name="DD" /><ref name="Society in Focus">Thompson, William; Hickey, Joseph (2005). ''Society in Focus''. Boston: Pearson. ISBN 0-205-41365-X.</ref> Aside frae the [[Hamespun Americans in the Unitit States|Hamespun American]], [[Hamespun Hawaiians|Hamespun Hawaiian]], an [[Alaska Hamespuns|Hamespun Alaskan]] populations, nearly aw Americans or thair ancestors settled or emigratit within the past five centuries.<ref>Fiorina, Morris P.; Peterson, Paul E. (2000). ''The New American Democracy''. London: Longman, p. 97. ISBN 0-321-07058-5.</ref> Mainstream American cultur is a Wastren cultur mucklely derived frae the tradeetions o European emigrants wi influences frae mony ither soorces, sic as tradeetions brocht bi slaves frae Africae.<ref name="DD" /><ref>Holloway, Joseph E. (2005). ''Africanisms in American Culture'', 2d ed. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, pp. 18–38. ISBN 0-253-34479-4. Johnson, Fern L. (1999). ''Speaking Culturally: Language Diversity in the United States''. Thousand Oaks, Calif., London, and New Delhi: Sage, p. 116. ISBN 0-8039-5912-5.</ref> ===Cuisine=== Mainstream American cuisine is seemilar tae that in ither Wastren kintras. Chairactereestic dishes sic as aiple pie, fried chicken, pizza, hamburgers, an het dogs derive frae the recipes o various emigrants. French fries, [[Mexican cuisine|Mexican]] dishes sic as burritos an tacos, an pasta dishes freely adaptit frae Italian soorces are widely consumed.<ref name="IFT">{{cite web |url=http://www.newswise.com/articles/what-when-and-where-americans-eat-in-2003|author=Klapthor, James N. |title=What, When, and Where Americans Eat in 2003 |publisher=Newswise/Institute of Food Technologists |date=August 23, 2003|accessdate=June 19, 2007}}</ref> Americans drink three times as much coffee as tea.<ref name=coffeeandtea>{{cite news|last1=H|first1=D|title=The coffee insurgency|url=http://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2013/12/daily-chart-17|website=The Economist|accessdate=January 15, 2015}}</ref> Mercatin bi U.S. industries is mucklely responsible for makkin orange juice an milk ubiquitous breakfast beverages.<ref>[[#Smith2004|Smith, 2004]], pp. 131–132</ref><ref>[[#Levenstein|Levenstein, 2003]], pp. 154–55</ref> ===Airts=== In leeturatur, [[Edgar Allen Poe]], [[Emily Dickenson]], [[Mark Twain]], [[William Faulkner]], [[Ernest Hemingway]], [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]], [[Herman Melville]], an [[John Steinbeck]] are amang the maist weel kent Americans, while [[Jackson Pollock]], [[Georgia O'Keefe]], an [[Andy Warhol]] are some o the maist weel kent American painters. [[Hollywood]], a northren destrict o [[Los Angeles]], Californie, is ane o the leaders in motion pictur production.<ref>{{cite press release |url= http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=30707 |title=Nigeria surpasses Hollywood as world's second largest film producer |publisher=United Nations |date=May 5, 2009 |accessdate=February 17, 2013}}</ref> Syne the early 20t century, the U.S. film industry haes mucklely been based in an aroond Hollywood, awtho in the 21st century an increasin nummer o films are nae made thare, an film companies hae been subject tae the forces o globalisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/john-landis-rails-studios-theyre-659222|title=John Landis Rails Against Studios: 'They're Not in the Movie Business Anymore'|publisher=''The Hollywood Reporter''|accessdate=January 24, 2015}}</ref> Muisic in Americae haes been influenced bi [[African-American]] cultur, wi [[Duke Ellington]] an [[Louis Armstrong]] pioneerin the [[Jazz]] genre. [[Elvis Presley]] an [[Buddy Holly]] war leadin airtists in pioneerin popular muisic in the 1950s. Syne then, the Unitit States haes produced mony popular airtists, includin [[Michael Jackson]], [[Whitney Houston]], [[Madonna]], [[Katy Perry]], [[Taylor Swift]], an [[Beyoncé]], amang mony ithers. ==Sport== [[American fitba]] is the maist popular sport in the Unitit States.<ref>{{cite web |author=Krane, David K. |title=Professional Football Widens Its Lead Over Baseball as Nation's Favorite Sport |url=http://www.harrisinteractive.com/Insights/HarrisVault8482.aspx?PID=337 |publisher=Harris Interactive |date=October 30, 2002 |accessdate=September 14, 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709111448/http://www.harrisinteractive.com/Insights/HarrisVault8482.aspx?PID=337 |archivedate=July 9, 2010 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709111448/http://www.harrisinteractive.com/Insights/HarrisVault8482.aspx?PID=337 |date=2010-07-09 }} MacCambridge, Michael (2004). ''America's Game: The Epic Story of How Pro Football Captured a Nation''. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-375-50454-0.</ref> The [[National Football League]] (NFL) haes the heichest average attendance o ony sports league in the warld, an the [[Super Bowl]] is watched bi millions globally. [[Basebaw]] haes been regairdit as the U.S. [[naitional sport]] syne the late 19t century, wi [[Major League Baseball]] (MLB) bein the tap league. [[Basketbaw]] an [[ice hockey]] are the kintra's next twa [[Major professional sports leagues in the Unitit States an Canadae|leadin professional team sports]], wi the tap leagues bein the [[National Basketball Association]] (NBA) an the [[National Hockey League]] (NHL). Aight [[Olympic Gemmes]] hae taken place in the Unitit States. As o 2014, the Unitit States haes wan 2,400 medals at the [[Simmer Olympic Gemmes]], mair nor ony ither kintra, an 281 in the [[Winter Olympic Gemmes]], the seicont maist behind Norawa.<ref>{{cite news |title= The 10 most fascinating facts about the all-time Winter Olympics medal standings |first= Chris |last= Chase |date= February 7, 2014 |work= [[USA Today]] |url= http://ftw.usatoday.com/2014/02/winter-olympics-medal-count-sochi-all-time-facts/ |accessdate= February 28, 2014 |archive-date= 2019-12-15 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191215084716/https://ftw.usatoday.com/2014/02/winter-olympics-medal-count-sochi-all-time-facts |url-status= dead }} {{cite news |title= With Sochi Olympics approaching, a history of Winter Olympic medals |date= February 6, 2014 |first= Dan |last= Loumena |work= [[Los Angeles Times]] |url= http://articles.latimes.com/2014/feb/06/sports/la-sp-a-history-of-the-winter-olympic-medals-20140206 |accessdate= February 28, 2014 }}</ref> == States o the Unitit States == {{main|U.S. state}} {| border="0" |----- | valign="top" | * [[Alabama]] * [[Alaska]] * [[Arizona]] * [[Arkansas]] * [[Californie]] * [[Colorado]] * [[Connecticut]] * [[Delaware]] * [[Florida]] * [[Georgie (U.S. state)|Georgie]] | valign="top" | * [[Hawaii]] * [[Idaho]] * [[Illinois]] * [[Indiana]] * [[Iowa]] * [[Kansas]] * [[Kentucky]] * [[Louisiana]] * [[Maine]] * [[Maryland]] | valign="top" | * [[Massachusetts]] * [[Michigan]] * [[Minnesota]] * [[Mississippi]] * [[Missouri]] * [[Montana]] * [[Nebraska]] * [[Nevada]] * [[New Hampshire]] * [[New Jersey]] | valign="top" | * [[New Mexico]] * [[New York]] * [[North Carolina]] * [[North Dakota]] * [[Ohio]] * [[Oklahoma]] * [[Oregon]] * [[Pennsylvanie]] * [[Rhode Island]] * [[Sooth Carolina]] | valign="top" | * [[Sooth Dakota]] * [[Tennessee]] * [[Texas]] * [[Utah]] * [[Vermont]] * [[Wast Virginie]] * [[Virginie]] * [[Washington (state)|Washington]] * [[Wisconsin]] * [[Wyoming]] |} ==Notes== <references group="fn"/> ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ===Soorces=== {{Commonscat|United States}} * {{cite book |last=Simonson |first=Peter |title=Refiguring Mass Communication: A History |url=https://archive.org/details/refiguringmassco0000simo |ref=Simonson |year=2010 |publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]]|quote=He held high the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the nation's unofficial motto, ''e pluribus unum'', even as he was recoiling from the party system in which he had long participated. |location=Urbana |isbn=978-0-252-07705-0}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=N6lrAmPlbvIC&pg=PA79&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false Book] * {{cite web |url= http://www.treasury.gov/about/education/Pages/in-god-we-trust.aspx |title=History of "In God We Trust" |ref=God |publisher=U.S. Department of the Treasury |date=March 8, 2011 |accessdate=February 23, 2013}} * {{cite news |title=Looking back 20 years: Who deserves credit for ending the Cold War? |author=Nick Hayes |ref=Hayes |url=http://www.minnpost.com/politics-policy/2009/11/looking-back-20-years-who-deserves-credit-ending-cold-war |newspaper=MinnPost |date=November 6, 2009 |accessdate=March 11, 2013}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.ushistory.org/us/59e.asp |title=59e. The End of the Cold War |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |work=U.S. History.org |ref=ushistory13|publisher=Independence Hall Association |accessdate=March 10, 2013}} * {{cite book |last=Smith |first= Andrew F. |year=2004 |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America'' |ref=Smith2004 |publisher=New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 131–32. ISBN 0-19-515437-1}} * {{cite book |last=Levenstein |first=Harvey |title=Revolution at the Table: The Transformation of the American Diet |url=https://archive.org/details/revolutionattabl0000leve_d6o6 |ref=Levenstein |publisher=University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles |year=2003 |isbn=0-520-23439-1}} {{Unitit States topics}} [[Category:Unitit States| ]] [[Category:1776 establishments in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Umwhile Breetish colonies]] [[Category:Umwhile confederations]] [[Category:G8 naitions]] [[Category:G20 naitions]] [[Category:Leeberal democracies]] [[Category:Member states o NATO]] [[Category:Member states o the Unitit Naitions]] [[Category:Republics]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1776]] k4lqqslfxc09gh9zavbfe3jfsqxc939 920581 920580 2026-08-10T07:41:53Z NDG 120996 Revertit edit o PanielDrokhorenko, chynged back tae last version bi InternetArchiveBot 918727 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fix Scots|date=Januar 2021}} {{hatnote|For the landmass comprisin North an Sooth Americae, see [[America]]. For ither uisses, see [[America (disambiguation)]].}} {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = Unitit States o Americae |common_name = Unitit States |native_name = {{lang-en|United States of America}}</br>{{lang-es|Estados Unidos de América|label=[[Spainish leid|Spainish]]}}</br>{{lang-chr|ᏌᏊᎢᏳᎾᎵᏍᏔᏅᏍᎦᏚᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎺᏰᏟ}}</br>{{lang-nv|Wááshindoon Bikéyah Ałhidadiidzooígíí}} |image_flag = Flag of the United States.svg |image_coat = Great Seal of the United States (obverse).svg |symbol_type = Great Seal |national_motto = <div style="padding-bottom:0.2em;">"[[In God we trust]]" {{small|(offeecial)}}<ref>{{USC|36|302}} ''National motto''</ref><ref>[[#Simonson|Simonson, 2010]]</ref><ref>[[#God|Dept. of Treasury, 2011]]</ref></div> <div style="line-height:1.15em;">{{native phrase|la|"[[E pluribus unum]]"|italics=off}} {{small|(tradeetional)}} <br />{{small|"Oot o mony, ane"}} </div> |national_anthem = "[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]"<br /><center>[[File:Star Spangled Banner instrumental.ogg]]</center> |image_map = USA orthographic.svg |alt_map = Projection o North Americae wi the Unitit States in green |map_width = 220px |capital = [[Washington, D.C.]] |coordinates = {{Coord|38|53|N|77|01|W|type:city}} |largest_city = [[New York Ceety]] |official_languages = {{nowrap|None at [[Federal govrenment o the Unitit States|federal level]]{{ref label|engoffbox|a|}}}} |languages_type = [[Naitional leid]] |languages = [[Inglis leid|Inglis]]{{ref label|engfactobox|b|}}<!---NOTE: Just English, don't add "American English"---> |official_religion = none |demonym = [[America]]n |government_type = [[Federalism|Federal]] [[Presidential seestem|presidential]] [[constitutional republic]] |leader_title1 = [[Preses o the Unitit States|Preses]] |leader_name1 = {{nowrap|[[Donald Trump]] ([[Republican Pairty (Unitit States)|R]])}} |leader_title2 = [[Vice Preses o the Unitit States|Vice Preses]] |leader_name2 = {{nowrap|[[J.D. Vance]] (R)}} |leader_title3 = {{nowrap|[[Speaker o the Unitit States Hoose o Representatives|Speaker o the Hoose]]}} |leader_name3 = {{nowrap|[[Mike Johnson]] (R)}} |leader_title4 = [[Chief Juistice o the Unitit States|Chief Juistice]] |leader_name4 = [[John Roberts]] |legislature = [[Unitit States Congress|Congress]] |upper_house = [[Senate (Unitit States)|Senate]] |lower_house = [[Hoose o Representatives (Unitit States)|Hoose o Representatives]] |sovereignty_type = [[American Revolution|Unthirldom]] |sovereignty_note = from [[Kinrick o Great Breetain|Great Breetain]] |established_event1 = [[Unitit States Declaration o Unthirldom|Declared]] |established_date1 = 4 Julie 1776 |established_event2 = [[Treaty o Paris (1783)|Recognized]] |established_date2 = 3 September 1783 |established_event3 = {{nowrap|[[Unitit States Constitution|Constitution]]}} |established_date3 = 21 Juin 1788 |area_magnitude = 1 E12 |area_sq_mi = 3794101 |area_km2 = 9826675 |area_rank = 3rd/4th |area_footnote = <ref name="WF">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html |title=United States |publisher=CIA |work=The World Factbook |date=September 30, 2009 |accessdate=January 5, 2010 (area given in square kilometers) |archive-date=2018-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135647/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{ref label|areabox|c|}} |percent_water = 6.76 | population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 331,449,281<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2021/2020-census-apportionment-results.htmlpid=2020CENSUS&src=pt |url-status=dead |title=Census Bureau's 2020 Population Count |work=[[United States Census]] |access-date=April 26, 2021}} The 2020 census is as of April 1, 2020.</ref> | population_census_year = 2020 | population_census_rank = 3rd | population_density_sq_mi = 87<!-- Figure uses (population/land + water area) as of July 2019. --> | population_density_rank = 146t | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} {{nowrap|$22.940 trillion}}<ref name="IMFWEOUS"/> | GDP_PPP_year = 2021 | GDP_PPP_rank = 2nt | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $69,375<ref name="IMFWEOUS">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/October/weo-report?c=111,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2021&ey=2021&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2021|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |access-date=October 13, 2021}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 8t | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} {{nowrap|$22.940 trillion}}<ref name="IMFWEOUS"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2021 | GDP_nominal_rank = 1st | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $69,375<ref name="IMFWEOUS"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 5t | Gini = 48.5<!-- Number only. --> | Gini_year = 2020 | Gini_change = increase | Gini_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/09/26/income-inequality-america-highest-its-been-since-census-started-tracking-it-data-show/ |title=Income inequality in America is the highest it's been since Census Bureau started tracking it, data shows |work=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=July 27, 2020}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.926<!-- Number only. --> | HDI_year = 2019<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year. --> | HDI_change = increase<!-- Increase/decrease/steady. --> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2020: The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=December 15, 2020|access-date=December 15, 2020}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 17t |EF_year = 2007 |EF = {{decrease}} 8.0 gha<ref name="EF">{{cite web |url=http://www.footprintnetwork.org/images/uploads/Ecological_Footprint_Atlas_2010.pdf |title=Ecological Footprint Atlas 2010 |publisher=Global Footprint Network |accessdate=July 11, 2011 |archive-date=2011-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709224423/http://www.footprintnetwork.org/images/uploads/Ecological_Footprint_Atlas_2010.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |EF_rank = 6t |currency = [[{{#property:p38}}]] ($) |currency_code = USD |country_code = USA |utc_offset = −5 to −10 |utc_offset_DST = −4 to −10{{ref label|UTCbox|e|}} |calling_code = [[North American Nummerin Plan|+1]] |iso3166code = US |drives_on = richt{{ref label|driving|g|}} |cctld = {{nowrap|[[.us]]{{nbsp|3}}[[.gov]]{{nbsp|3}}[[.mil]]{{nbsp|3}}[[.edu]]}} |footnote_a = {{note|engoffbox}} Inglish is the [[Offeecial leid o the Unitit States|offeecial leid]] o at least 28 states; some soorces gie heicher figurs, based on differin defineetions o "offeecial".{{big|<ref name=ILW>{{cite web |author=Feder, Jody |url= http://www.ilw.com/immigrationdaily/news/2007,0515-crs.pdf |title= English as the Official Language of the United States: Legal Background and Analysis of Legislation in the 110th Congress |date=January 25, 2007 |publisher= Ilw.com (Congressional Research Service) |accessdate= June 19, 2007}}</ref>}} Inglish an [[Hawaiian leid|Hawaiian]] are baith offeecial leids in the state o [[Hawaii]]. |footnote_b = {{note|engfactobox}} Inglis is the ''[[de facto]]'' leid o American govrenment an the sole leid spoken at home bi 80 percent o Americans aged five an aulder. [[Spainyie leid in the Unitit States|Spainyie is the seicont maist commonly spoken leid]]. |footnote_c = {{note|areabox}} Whether the Unitit States or [[Cheenae]] is lairger haes been [[Leet o kintras bi aurie|disputit]]. The figur gien is frae the U.S. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]'s ''[[The Warld Factbeuk]]''. Ither soorces gie smawer figurs. Aw authoritative calculations o the kintra's size include anly the 50 states an the Destrict o Columbia, nae the [[Territories o the Unitit States|territories]]. |footnote_d = {{note|popbox}} The population estimate is o fowk whose uisual residence is within the 50 states an the Destrict o Columbia, regardless o naitionality. It daes nae include those livin in the territories (ower 4&nbsp;million fowk, maistly in [[Puerto Rico]]). |footnote_e = {{note|UTCbox}} See [[Time in the Unitit States]] for details aboot laws govrenin time zones in the Unitit States. |footnote_f = {{note|ISO3166box}} Daes nae include [[insular aurie]]s an [[Unitit States Minor Ootlyin Islands]], which hae thair ain [[ISO 3166]] codes. |footnote_g = {{note|driving}} Except [[Unitit States Virgin Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]]. }} [[File:ReliefUSA map.gif|thumb|right|280px|A pictur o the lawer 48 states Americae.]] The '''Unitit States o Americae''' ({{lang-en|United States of America|link=yes}}, '''USA'''), commonly referred tae as the '''Unitit States''' ({{lang-en|United States|link=no}}, '''US''', '''U.S.''') or '''Americae''' ({{lang-en|America|link=no}}), is a [[Constitution|constitutional]] [[federal republic]] componed o 50 [[state o the Unitit States|federatit states]], the federal destrict [[Washington, D.C.|Washington D.C.]], five main sel-govrening territories, an ither possessions.{{refn|group=fn|The five major territories are [[American Samoa]], [[Guam]], the [[Northren Mariana Islands]], [[Puerto Rico]], an the [[Unitit States Virgin Islands]]. Thare are eleven smawer island auries withoot permanent populations: [[Baker Island]], [[Howland Island]], [[Jarvis Island]], [[Johnston Atoll]], [[Kingman Reef]], [[Midway Atoll]], an [[Palmyra Atoll]]. U.S. sovereignty ower [[Bajo Nuevo Bank]], [[Navassa Island]], [[Serranilla Bank]], an [[Wake Island]] is disputit.<ref>U.S. State Department, [http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm Common Core Document to U.N. Committee on Human Rights], December 30, 2011, Item 22, 27, 80.— an U.S. General Accounting Office Report, [http://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf U.S. Insular Areas: application of the U.S. Constitution] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229153648/https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |date=2020-02-29 }}, November 1997, p. 1, 6, 39n. Both viewed April 6, 2016.</ref>}} Forty-aicht o the fifty states an the federal destrict border each ither an locatit in [[North Americae]] atween [[Canadae]] an [[Mexico]]. The [[Alaska|state o Alaska]] is in the northwast neuk o North Americae, bordered bi Canadae tae the east an athort the [[Bering Strait]] frae [[Roushie]] tae the wast. The [[Hawaii|state o Hawaii]] is an [[airchipelago]] in the mid-[[Pacific Ocean]]. The U.S. territories are scattered aboot the Paceefic Ocean an the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Nine time zones are covered. The geografie, climate an wildlife o the kintra are extremely diverse.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nwf.org/wildlife.aspx|title=Wildlife Library|publisher=National Wildlife Federation|accessdate= December 23, 2014}}</ref> At 3.8&nbsp;million squerr miles (9.8&nbsp;million km<sup>2</sup>)<ref name="State and other areas">"[https://www.census.gov/geo/reference/state-area.html State and other areas]", U.S. Census Bureau, [https://web.archive.org/web/20120620155719/http://www.govcomm.harris.com/solutions/products/census/maf-tiger.asp MAF/TIGER] database as of August 2010, excluding the U.S. Minor Outlying Islands. viewed October 22, 2014.</ref> an wi ower 324 million fowk, the Unitit States is the warld's [[Leet o sovereign states an dependencies bi aurie|fowert-lairgest kintra bi tot aurie]] (an fowerth-mucklest bi laund aurie){{refn|group=fn|The follaein twa primary soorces (non-mirrored) represent the range (min./max.) o tot aurie for Cheenae an the Unitit States. Baith soorces ''exclude'' Taiwan frae the aurie o Cheenae. {{ordered list |1= The Encyclopædia Britannica lets Cheenae as warld's third-lairgest kintra (efter Roushie an Canadae) wi a tot aurie o 9,572,900 sq km,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/111803/China-quick-facts|title=China|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|accessdate=January 31, 2010}}</ref> an the Unitit States as fowert-lairgest at 9,526,468 sq km. The figur for the Unitit States is less nor in the CIA Factbook acause it ''excludes'' coastal an territorial watters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/616563/United-States-quick-facts|title=United States|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|accessdate=January 31, 2010}}</ref> |2= The CIA World Factbook leets the Unitit States as the third-lairgest kintra (efter Roushie an Canadae) wi tot aurie o 9,833,517 sq km,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html|title=United States|publisher=CIA|accessdate=June 10, 2016|archive-date=2018-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135647/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> an Cheenae as fowert-lairgest at 9,596,960 sq km.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html|title=China|publisher=CIA|accessdate=June 10, 2016|archive-date=2016-10-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013030611/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> This figur for the Unitit States is greater nor in the Encyclopædia Britannica acause it ''includes'' coastal an territorial watters.}}}} an the [[Leet o kintras an dependencies bi population|third-maist populous]]. It is ane o the warld's maist ethnically diverse an [[Multiculturalism|multicultural]] naitions, an is hame tae the warld's mucklest nummer o immigrant fowk.<ref name="DD">Adams, J.Q.; Strother-Adams, Pearlie (2001). ''Dealing with Diversity''. Chicago: Kendall/Hunt. ISBN 0-7872-8145-X.</ref> Urbanisation climbed tae oweer 80% in 2010 an leads tae growin megaregions. The kintra's caipital is [[Washington, D.C.]] an its mucklest ceety is [[New York Ceety]]; the ither major metropolitan auries, aw wi aroond five million or mair indwallers, are [[Los Angeles]], [[Chicago]], [[San Francisco]], [[Boston]], [[Dallas]], [[Philadelphia]], [[Houston]], [[Miami]], an [[Atlanta]]. Paleo-Indians migrated frae Asie tae the North American mainland at least 15,000 year ago.<ref name=earliest>{{cite news|title=Who was first? New info on North America's earliest residents|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2012/jul/12/science/la-sci-sn-paisley-caves-20120712|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|location=Los Angeles County, California|publisher=Los Angeles Times|date=July 12, 2012|first=Thomas H.|last=Maugh II|accessdate=February 25, 2015}}<br />{{cite web |url= http://anthropology.si.edu/HumanOrigins/faq/americas.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128083459/http://anthropology.si.edu/HumanOrigins/faq/americas.htm |archivedate=November 28, 2007 |ref=HumanOrigins |title=What is the earliest evidence of the peopling of North and South America? |publisher=Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History |date=June 2004 |accessdate=June 19, 2007}}<br />{{cite web |first=Nicolas |last=Kudeba |url=http://www.thehistoryofcanadapodcast.com/chapter-1-first-big-steppe/ |title=Chapter 1&nbsp;– The First Big Steppe&nbsp;– Aboriginal Canadian History |website=The History of Canada Podcast |date=February 28, 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301013552/http://www.thehistoryofcanadapodcast.com/chapter-1-first-big-steppe/ |archivedate=March 1, 2014 |deadurl=no}}<br />{{cite journal |author=Guy Gugliotta |title=When Did Humans Come to the Americas? |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/when-did-humans-come-to-the-americas-4209273/?all |journal=Smithsonian Magazine |location=Washington, DC |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |date=February 2013 |access-date=June 25, 2015 }}</ref> [[European colonisation o the Americas|European colonisation]] began in the 16t century. The Unitit States emerged frae [[Thirteen Colonies|13 Breetish colonies]] alang the [[East Coast o the Unitit States|East Coast]]. Mony disputes atween [[Kinrick o Great Breetain|Great Breetain]] an the colonies in the eftermath o the [[Seiven Years' War]] led tae the [[American Revolution]], whilk began in 1775. On Julie 4, 1776, as the colonies war fichtin Great Breetain in the [[American Revolutionary War]], delegates frae the 13 colonies unanimously adoptit the [[Unitit States Declaration o Unthirldom|Declaration o Unthirldom]]. The war endit in 1783 wi [[Treaty o Paris (1783)|recogneetion o the unthirldom o the Unitit States]] bi [[Kinrick o Great Breetain|Great Breetain]], an wis the first successfu war o unthirldom against a European colonial empire.<ref>Greene, Jack P.; Pole, J.R., eds. (2008). ''A Companion to the American Revolution''. pp. 352–361.<br />{{cite book |author=Bender, Thomas |title=A Nation Among Nations: America's Place in World History |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wQHlrIz4gpYC&pg=PA61 |year=2006 |publisher=Hill & Wang |location=New York |page=61 |isbn=978-0-8090-7235-4}}<br />{{cite web |url=http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/era.cfm?eraid=4&smtid=1 |title=Overview of the Early National Period |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=2014 |website=Digital History |publisher=University of Houston |access-date=February 25, 2015}}</ref> The [[Unitit States Constitution|current constitution]] wis adoptit in 1788, efter the [[Airticles o Confederation]], adoptit in 1781, war felt tae hae providit inadequate federal pouers. The first ten amendments, collectively named the [[Unitit States Bill o Richts|Bill o Richts]], war ratified in 1791 an designed tae guarantee mony fundamental ceevil liberties. The Unitit States gaed on a vigorous expansion athort North Americae throuoot the 19t century,<ref name="MD2007" /> displacin American Indian tribes, acquirin new territories, an gradually admittin new states till it spanned the continent in 1848.<ref name="MD2007">{{cite book |last=Carlisle |first=Rodney P. |first2=J. Geoffrey |last2=Golson |title=Manifest Destiny and the Expansion of America |series=Turning Points in History Series |url=https://books.google.com/?id=ka6LxulZaEwC&vq=annexation&dq=territorial+expansion+United+States+%22manifest+destiny%22 |year=2007 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-85109-833-0 |page=238}}</ref> During the seicont hauf o the 19t century, the [[American Ceevil War]] led tae the end o legal slavery in the kintra.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2967.html|title=The Civil War and emancipation 1861–1865 |work=Africans in America |publisher=WGBH Educational Foundation|location=Boston, Massachusetts|year=1999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19991012054217/http://pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2967.html |archivedate=October 12, 1999 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-first=Jeffrey H. |editor1-last=Wallenfeldt |author=Britannica Educational Publishing |series=America at War |title=The American Civil War and Reconstruction: People, Politics, and Power |url=https://books.google.com/?id=T_0TrXXiDbUC&dq=slavery+%22American+Civil+War%22 |year=2009 |publisher=Rosen Publishing Group |isbn=978-1-61530-045-7 |page=264}}</ref> Bi the end o that century, the Unitit States extendit intae the Pacific Ocean,<ref name="AmCentNYT">{{cite book |url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/w/white-century.html |title=The American Century |author=White, Donald W. |year=1996 |isbn=0-300-05721-0 |publisher=Yale University Press |chapter=1: The Frontiers |accessdate=March 26, 2013}}</ref> an its economy, driven in muckle pairt bi the [[Industrial Revolution]], began tae growe a lot.<ref>{{cite web|title=Work in the Late 19th Century|url=http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/riseind/work/|website=Library of Congress|accessdate=January 16, 2015}}</ref> The [[Spaingie–American War]] an {{nowrap|[[Warld War I]]}} confirmed the kintra's status as a global militar pouer. The Unitit States emerged frae {{nowrap|[[Warld War II]]}} as a global [[superpouer]], the first kintra tae develop nuclear wappens, the anly kintra tae [[Atomic bombins o Hiroshima an Nagasaki|uise them]] in warfare, an a permanent member o the [[Unitit Naitions Security Cooncil]]. It is a foondin member o the [[Organisation o American States]] (OAS) an various ither [[Pan-Americanism|Pan-American]] an internaitional organisations. The end o the [[Cauld War]] an the [[dissolution o the Soviet Union|end o the Soviet Union]] in 1991 left the Unitit States as the warld's sole superpouer.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Tony Judt|author2=Denis Lacorne|title=With Us Or Against Us: Studies in Global Anti-Americanism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nVDHAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA61|date=June 4, 2005|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-4039-8085-4|page=61}}<br />{{cite book|author=Richard J. Samuels|title=Encyclopedia of United States National Security|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K751AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT666|date=December 21, 2005|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-1-4522-6535-3|page=666}}<br />{{cite book|author=Paul R. Pillar|title=Terrorism and U.S. Foreign Policy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_GYklwy6booC&pg=PA57|date=January 1, 2001|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|isbn=0-8157-0004-0|page=57}}<br />{{cite book|author=Gabe T. Wang|title=China and the Taiwan Issue: Impending War at Taiwan Strait|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CbPJ7KZ9FvIC&pg=PA179|date=January 1, 2006|publisher=University Press of America|isbn=978-0-7618-3434-2|page=179}}<br />{{cite book|title=Understanding the "Victory Disease," From the Little Bighorn to Mogadishu and Beyond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qgdmiw4VUHsC&pg=PA1|publisher=DIANE Publishing|isbn=978-1-4289-1052-2|page=1}}<br />{{cite book|author1=Akis Kalaitzidis|author2=Gregory W. Streich|title=U.S. Foreign Policy: A Documentary and Reference Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tzwYzL9KcwEC&pg=PA313|year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-38375-5|page=313}}</ref> The Unitit States is a heichly developed kintra, wi the warld's mucklest [[Leet o kintras bi GDP (nominal)|economy bi nominal GDP]]. It ranks heichly in several meisurs o socioeconomic performance, includin average wage,<ref>{{cite web|title=Average annual wages, 2013 USD PPPs and 2013 constant prices|url=http://stats.oecd.org//Index.aspx?QueryId=64115|website=OECD|accessdate=April 30, 2016}}</ref> [[Human Development Index|human development]], per capita GDP, an productivity per person.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/2100-500395_162-3228735.html |title=U.S. Workers World's Most Productive |publisher=CBS News |date=February 11, 2009 |accessdate=April 23, 2013}}</ref> While the U.S. economy is considered post-industrial, chairacterised bi the dominance o [[Service (economics)|services]] an knawledge economy, the manufacturin sector remains the seicont-mucklest in the warld.<ref>{{cite web|title=Manufacturing, value added (current US$)|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD|website=World Bank Open Data|publisher=World Bank|accessdate=11 February 2017}}</ref> Tho its population is anly 4.3% o the warld tot,<ref>{{cite web|title=U.S. and World Population Clock|url=http://www.census.gov/popclock/|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=July 11, 2016}}</ref> the Unitit States accoonts for nearly a quarter o warld GDP<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=23&pr.y=9&sy=2014&ey=2014&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDPD&grp=0&a=|title = World Economic Outlook Database, April 2015|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = }}</ref> an ower a third o global militar spendin,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://books.sipri.org/product_info?c_product_id=476 |title=Trends in world military expenditure, 2013 |publisher=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute |date=April 2014 |accessdate=April 14, 2014 |archive-date=2015-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104033821/http://books.sipri.org/product_info?c_product_id=476 |url-status=dead }}</ref> makkin it the warld's foremaist economic an [[Unitit States Airmed Forces|militar]] pouer. The Unitit States is a prominent poleetical an cultural force internaitionally, an a leader in scienteefic resairch an technological innovations.<ref>[[#Cohen|Cohen, 2004: History and the Hyperpower]]<br />[[#BBC18may|BBC, April 2008: Country Profile: United States of America]]<br />{{cite web|url=http://www.researchtrends.com/issue8-november-2008/geographical-trends-of-research-output/|title=Geographical trends of research output|publisher=Research Trends|accessdate=March 16, 2014|archive-date=2014-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317092424/http://www.researchtrends.com/issue8-november-2008/geographical-trends-of-research-output/|url-status=dead}}<br />{{cite web|url=http://www.openaccessweek.org/profiles/blogs/the-top-20-countries-for-scientific-output|title=The top 20 countries for scientific output|publisher=Open Access Week|accessdate=March 16, 2014|archive-date=2014-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317105014/http://www.openaccessweek.org/profiles/blogs/the-top-20-countries-for-scientific-output|url-status=dead}}<br />{{cite web|url=http://www.epo.org/about-us/annual-reports-statistics/annual-report/2012/statistics-trends/granted-patents.html|title=Granted patents|publisher=European Patent Office|accessdate=March 16, 2014|archive-date=2017-06-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621011611/http://www.epo.org/about-us/annual-reports-statistics/annual-report/2012/statistics-trends/granted-patents.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> == History == Follaein the European colonisation o the Americaes, aw thirteen o [[Kinrick o Great Breetain|Great Breetain]]'s American colonies spleet frae the mither kintra an formit the Unitit States, the warld's first [[constitution]]al an [[democracy|democratic]] [[federation|federal]] [[republic]], efter thair [[American Declaration o Unthirldom|declaration o unthirldom]] in [[1776]] an the [[American Weir o Unthirldom|Weir o Unthirldom]] ([[1775]]–[[1783]]). Great Breetain made peace wi the rebols an wi the [[Treaty o Pairis (1783)|Treaty o Pairis]] in 1783. For tae mak a stoot colonol govrenment, the [[Philadelphia Convention]] wis foondit in 1787 an raitifeet a [[Constitution o the Unitit States|constitution]] in 1788, an the farst Unitit States Senate, Hoose o Representatives, an preses tak office in 1789. [[George Washington]] wis the first preses. Differences o opinion an social order atween northren an soothern states in early Unitit States society, pairteecularly regairdin Black sclavery, ultimately led tae the American Ceevil War.<ref>{{cite book|author=Stuart Murray|title=Atlas of American Military History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bJ_sy7mmmxQC&pg=PA76|year=2004|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-3025-5|page=76|accessdate=October 25, 2015}}<br />{{cite book|author=Harold T. Lewis|title=Christian Social Witness|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kr-xNru5vZkC&pg=PA53|date=January 1, 2001|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-56101-188-9|page=53}}</ref> Follaein the Union victory in 1865, three amendments war addit tae the U.S. Constitution: the [[Thirteent Amendment tae the Unitit States Constitution|Thirteent Amendment]] prohibitit sclavery, the [[Fowerteent Amendment tae the Unitit States Constitution|Fowerteent Amendment]] providit ceetizenship tae the nearly fower million [[African American]]s wha haed been sclaves,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1860a-02.pdf |title=1860 Census |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |accessdate=June 10, 2007}} Page 7 leets a tot sclave population o 3,953,760.</ref> an the [[Fifteent Amendment tae the Unitit States Constitution|Fifteent Amendment]] ensured that thay haed the richt tae vote. The Unitit States remained neutral frae the ootbreak o [[Warld War I]], in 1914, till 1917 whan it jyned the war as an "associatit pouer", alangside the formal [[Allies o Warld War I]], helpin tae turn the tide against the [[Central Pouers]]. In 1920, the weemen's richts muivement wan passage o a constitutional amendment grantin weemen's suffrage.<ref name="voris">{{cite book |last1=Voris |first1=Jacqueline Van |title=Carrie Chapman Catt: A Public Life |url=https://archive.org/details/carriechapmancat0000vanv |series=Women and Peace Series |year=1996 |publisher=Feminist Press at CUNY |location=New York City |isbn=1-55861-139-8 |page=vii|quote=Carrie Chapmann Catt led an army of voteless women in 1919 to pressure Congress to pass the constitutional amendment giving them the right to vote and convinced state legislatures to ratify it in 1920.&nbsp;... Catt was one of the best-known women in the United States in the first half of the twentieth century and was on all lists of famous American women.}}</ref> The 1920s an 1930s saw the rise o [[radio]] for mass communication an the invention o early [[televeesion]].<ref>Winchester pp. 410–411</ref> The prosperity o the Roaring Twenties endit wi the [[Wall Street Crash o 1929]] an the onset o the [[Great Depression]]. Efter his election as preses in 1932, [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Franklin D. Roosevelt]] respondit wi the [[New Deal]], whit included the establishment o the [[Social Security (Unitit States)|Social Security]] seestem.<ref>{{cite book |title=Social Welfare: A History of the American Response to Need |url=https://archive.org/details/socialwelfarehis0000axin_i6r5 |first1=June |last1=Axinn |first2=Mark J. |last2=Stern |isbn=978-0-205-52215-6 |edition=7th |publisher=Allyn & Bacon |location=Boston |year=2007}}</ref> At first effectively neutral during [[Warld War II]] while Germany conquered much o continental Europe, the Unitit States began supplyin material tae the [[Allies o Warld War II|Allies]] in Mairch 1941 throu the Lend-Lease programme. On December 7, 1941, the [[Empire o Japan]] launched a surprise [[attack on Pearl Harbor]], promptin the Unitit States tae jyn the Allies against the [[Axis pouers]].<ref name="Pearl Harbor">{{cite web|last1=Yamasaki|first1=Mitch|title=Pearl Harbor and America's Entry into World War II: A Documentary History|url=http://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf|publisher=World War II Internment in Hawaii|accessdate=January 14, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213122046/http://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf|archivedate=December 13, 2014 }}</ref> The Unitit States developed the [[Manhattan Project|first nuclear wappens]] an uised them on Japan [[Atomic bombins o Hiroshima an Nagasaki|in the ceeties o Hiroshima an Nagasaki]]; causin the Japanese tae surrender on September 2, endin Warld War II.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2016/08/06/commentary/japan-surrender-world-war-ii/|title=Why did Japan surrender in World War II? {{!}} The Japan Times|newspaper=The Japan Times|access-date=2017-02-08|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>Pacific War Research Society (2006). ''Japan's Longest Day''. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 4-7700-2887-3.</ref> Efter Warld War II the Unitit States an the [[Soviet Union]] jockeyed for pouer during whit acame kent as the [[Cauld War]], driven bi an ideological divide atween [[caipitalism]] an [[communism]]<ref name="WaggAndrews2012">{{cite book|last1=Wagg|first1=Stephen|last2=Andrews|first2=David|title=East Plays West: Sport and the Cold War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qmjLR5YyUhEC&pg=PR11|date=September 10, 2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-24167-5|page=11}}</ref> an, accordin tae the schuil o [[geopolitics]], a divide atween the maritime Atlantic an the continental Eurasian camps. American truips focht communist [[Fowk's Liberation Airmy|Cheenese]] an [[North Korea]]n forces in the [[Korean War]] o 1950–53.<ref name="Proxy" /> The Soviet Union's 1957 launch o the [[Sputnik 1|first airtifeecial satellite]] an its 1961 launch o the [[Vostok 1|first manned spaceflicht]] ineetiatit a "[[Space Race]]" in whit the Unitit States acame the first naition tae [[Apollo 11|laund a man on the muin]] in 1969.<ref name="Proxy">{{cite book |last=Collins |first=Michael |authorlink=Michael Collins (astronaut) |title=Liftoff: The Story of America's Adventure in Space |url=https://archive.org/details/liftoff00coll |location=New York |publisher=Grove Press |year=1988}}</ref> A proxy war in Sootheast Asie eventually evolved intae full American pairteecipation, as the [[Vietnam War]]. At hame in the 1960s, the growin [[African-American Ceevil Richts Muivement (1954–68)|Ceevil Richts Muivement]] uised nonviolence tae confront segregation an discrimination, wi [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] acomin a prominent leader an figurheid. The late 1980s, unner the presidency o [[Ronald Reagan]], brocht a "thowe" in relations wi the USSR, an [[Dissolution o the Soviet Union|its collapse]] in 1991 finally endit the Cauld War.<ref>{{cite book |last=Howell |first=Buddy Wayne |title=The Rhetoric of Presidential Summit Diplomacy: Ronald Reagan and the U.S.-Soviet Summits, 1985–1988 |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Rhetoric_of_Presidential_Summit_Dipl.html?id=LctvjhxJ-bsC |year=2006 |publisher=Texas A&M University |isbn=978-0-549-41658-6 |page=352 |accessdate=October 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Kissinger |first=Henry |authorlink=Henry Kissinger |title=Diplomacy |url=https://books.google.com/?id=0IZboamhb5EC&lpg=PA731 |year=2011 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-1-4391-2631-8 |pages=781–784 |accessdate=October 25, 2015}}<br />{{cite book |last=Mann |first=James |title=The Rebellion of Ronald Reagan: A History of the End of the Cold War |url=https://books.google.com/?id=BgZyXNIrvB4C&pg=PT12|year=2009 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-1-4406-8639-9 |page=432}}<br /></ref><ref>[[#Hayes|Hayes, 2009]]</ref><ref>[[#ushistory13|US History.org, 2013]]</ref> On [[September 11 attacks|September 11, 2001]], [[Al-Qaeda]] terrorists struck the [[Warld Trade Center (1973–2001)|Warld Trade Center]] in New York Ceety an [[the Pentagon]] near Washington, D.C., killin nearly 3,000 fowk.<ref>{{cite AV media |date=September 9, 2011 |title=Flashback 9/11: As It Happened |url=http://video.foxnews.com/v/1151859712001/flashback-911-as-it-happened/ |accessdate=March 6, 2013 |publisher=Fox News}}<br />{{cite news |title=America remembers Sept. 11 attacks 11 years later |agency=Associated Press |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-201_162-57510234/america-remembers-sept-11-attacks-11-years-later/ |publisher=CBS News |date=September 11, 2012 |accessdate=March 6, 2013 |archive-date=2013-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017215138/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-201_162-57510234/america-remembers-sept-11-attacks-11-years-later/ |url-status=dead }}<br />{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/trade.center/multimedia.day.html |title=Day of Terror Video Archive |year=2005 |publisher=CNN |accessdate=March 6, 2013 }}</ref> In response, the Unitit States launched the [[War on Terror]], whilk included [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|war in Afghanistan]] an the 2003–11 [[Iraq War]].<ref>{{cite news |title=The 'War on Terror' Is Critical to President George W. Bush's Legacy |author=Walsh, Kenneth T. |url=http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2008/12/09/the-war-on-terror-is-critical-to-president-george-w-bushs-legacy |newspaper=U.S. News & World Report |date=December 9, 2008 |accessdate=March 6, 2013}}<br />{{cite book |last=Atkins |first=Stephen E. |title=The 9/11 Encyclopedia: Second Edition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PDDIgWRN_HQC&pg=PA210 |year=2011 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-921-9 |page=872 |accessdate=October 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Overview: The Iraq War |last=Wong |first=Edward |url=https://www.nytimes.com/ref/timestopics/topics_iraq.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=February 15, 2008 |accessdate=March 7, 2013 }}<br />{{cite book |last=Johnson |first=James Turner |title=The War to Oust Saddam Hussein: Just War and the New Face of Conflict |url=https://books.google.com/?id=SF7U27JsLC4C&dq=iraq+invasion+removes+hussein |year=2005 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-7425-4956-2 |page=159 |accessdate=October 25, 2015 }}<br />{{cite news |title=Timeline: Key moments in the Iraq War |author=Durando, Jessica |author2=Green, Shannon Rae |agency=Associated Press |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/story/2011-12-21/iraq-war-timeline/52147680/1 |newspaper=USA Today |date=December 21, 2011 |accessdate=March 7, 2013 |archive-date=2020-09-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200904084312/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/story/2011-12-21/iraq-war-timeline/52147680/1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Unner Preses [[Barack Obama]], American forces in Iraq war widrawn in muckle nummers in 2009 an 2010, an the war in the region wis declared formally ower in December 2011.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/16/world/middleeast/panetta-in-baghdad-for-iraq-military-handover-ceremony.html | work=The New York Times | first1=Thom | last1=Shanker | first2=Michael S. | last2=Schmidt | first3=Robert F. | last3=Worth | title=In Baghdad, Panetta Leads Uneasy Closure to Conflict | date=December 15, 2011}}</ref> The widrawal caused [[Iraqi insurgency (2011–13)|an escalation o sectarian insurgency]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-jrtn-movement-and-iraq%E2%80%99s-next-insurgency |title=The JRTN Movement and Iraq's Next Insurgency &#124; Combating Terrorism Center at West Point |publisher=[[United States Military Academy]] |accessdate=January 26, 2017 |archive-date=2011-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826043422/http://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-jrtn-movement-and-iraq%E2%80%99s-next-insurgency |url-status=dead }}</ref> leadin tae the rise o the [[Islamic State o Iraq an the Levant]], the successor o al-Qaeda in the region.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.state.gov/p/nea/rls/rm/221274.htm|title=Al-Qaeda's Resurgence in Iraq: A Threat to U.S. Interests|publisher=U.S Department of State|accessdate=November 26, 2010|date=January 26, 2017|archive-date=2018-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141714/https://www.state.gov/p/nea/rls/rm/221274.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Geografie, climate, an environs == The laund aurie o the [[contiguous Unitit States]] is {{convert|2959064|sqmi|km2|1}}. Alaska, separatit frae the contiguous Unitit States bi Canadae, is the mucklest state at {{convert|663268|sqmi|km2|1}}. [[Hawaii]], occupyin an airchipelago in the central [[Paceefic Ocean|Paceefic]], soothwast o North Americae, is {{convert|10931|sqmi|km2|0}} in aurie. The populatit territories o [[Puerto Rico]], [[American Samoa]], [[Guam]], [[Northren Mariana Islands]], an [[Unitit States Virgin Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]] thegither civer {{convert|9185|sqmi|km2|0}}.<ref name="Land Area of US and states">{{cite web|title=2010 Census Area|url=http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/cph-2-1.pdf|website=census.gov|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|page=41|accessdate=January 18, 2015}}</ref> The Unitit States, wi its muckle size an geografic variety, includes maist climate teepes. Tae the east o the 100t meridian, the climate ranges frae humid continental in the north tae humid subtropical in the sooth.<ref>{{cite web|last=Boyden|first=Jennifer|title=Climate Regions of the United States|url=http://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html|website=Travel Tips|publisher=USA Today|accessdate=December 24, 2014|archive-date=2014-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225073246/http://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Great Plains wast o the 100t meridian are semi-arid. Much o the Wastren moontains hae an alpine climate. The climate is arid in the Great Basin, desert in the Soothwast, [[Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean]] in coastal Californie, an [[oceanic climate|oceanic]] in coastal [[Oregon]] an [[Washington (state)|Washington]] an soothren Alaska. Maist o Alaska is subarctic or polar. Hawaii an the soothren tip o [[Florida]] are tropical, as are the populatit territories in the Caribbean an the Paceefic.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Map of Köppen−Geiger Climate Classification|url=http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf|accessdate=August 19, 2015}}</ref> === Wildlife === The U.S. ecology is megadiverse: aboot 17,000 species o [[vascular plant]]s occur in the contiguous Unitit States an Alaska, an ower 1,800 species o flouering plants are foond in Hawaii, few o whit occur on the mainland.<ref>{{cite web |author=Morin, Nancy |url=http://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724222726/http://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |title=Vascular Plants of the United States |publisher=National Biological Service |work=Plants |accessdate=October 27, 2008 |archivedate=July 24, 2013 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724222726/http://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |date=2013-07-24 }}</ref> The Unitit States is hame tae 428 mammal species, 784 bird species, 311 reptile species, an 295 amphibian species.<ref name="Current Results # of native species in the US">{{cite web|last1=Osborn|first1=Liz|title=Number of Native Species in United States|url=http://www.currentresults.com/Environment-Facts/Plants-Animals/number-of-native-species-in-united-states.php|publisher=Current Results Nexus|accessdate=January 15, 2015}}</ref> Aboot 91,000 insect species hae been describit.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.si.edu/Encyclopedia_SI/nmnh/buginfo/bugnos.htm |title=Numbers of Insects (Species and Individuals) |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |accessdate=January 20, 2009}}</ref> The [[bauld eagle]] is baith the naitional bird an naitional ainimal o the Unitit States, an is an endurin seembol o the kintra itsel.<ref name=j23>{{cite journal |last1=Lawrence |first1=E.A. |year=1990 |title=Symbol of a Nation: The Bald Eagle in American Culture |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-american-culture_spring-1990_13_1/page/63 |journal=The Journal of American Culture |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=63–69|doi=10.1111/j.1542-734X.1990.1301_63.x }}</ref> == Cultur == The Unitit States is hame tae [[Multiculturalism|mony culturs]] an a wide variety o ethnic groups, tradeetions, an values.<ref name="DD" /><ref name="Society in Focus">Thompson, William; Hickey, Joseph (2005). ''Society in Focus''. Boston: Pearson. ISBN 0-205-41365-X.</ref> Aside frae the [[Hamespun Americans in the Unitit States|Hamespun American]], [[Hamespun Hawaiians|Hamespun Hawaiian]], an [[Alaska Hamespuns|Hamespun Alaskan]] populations, nearly aw Americans or thair ancestors settled or emigratit within the past five centuries.<ref>Fiorina, Morris P.; Peterson, Paul E. (2000). ''The New American Democracy''. London: Longman, p. 97. ISBN 0-321-07058-5.</ref> Mainstream American cultur is a Wastren cultur mucklely derived frae the tradeetions o European emigrants wi influences frae mony ither soorces, sic as tradeetions brocht bi slaves frae Africae.<ref name="DD" /><ref>Holloway, Joseph E. (2005). ''Africanisms in American Culture'', 2d ed. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, pp. 18–38. ISBN 0-253-34479-4. Johnson, Fern L. (1999). ''Speaking Culturally: Language Diversity in the United States''. Thousand Oaks, Calif., London, and New Delhi: Sage, p. 116. ISBN 0-8039-5912-5.</ref> ===Cuisine=== Mainstream American cuisine is seemilar tae that in ither Wastren kintras. Chairactereestic dishes sic as aiple pie, fried chicken, pizza, hamburgers, an het dogs derive frae the recipes o various emigrants. French fries, [[Mexican cuisine|Mexican]] dishes sic as burritos an tacos, an pasta dishes freely adaptit frae Italian soorces are widely consumed.<ref name="IFT">{{cite web |url=http://www.newswise.com/articles/what-when-and-where-americans-eat-in-2003|author=Klapthor, James N. |title=What, When, and Where Americans Eat in 2003 |publisher=Newswise/Institute of Food Technologists |date=August 23, 2003|accessdate=June 19, 2007}}</ref> Americans drink three times as much coffee as tea.<ref name=coffeeandtea>{{cite news|last1=H|first1=D|title=The coffee insurgency|url=http://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2013/12/daily-chart-17|website=The Economist|accessdate=January 15, 2015}}</ref> Mercatin bi U.S. industries is mucklely responsible for makkin orange juice an milk ubiquitous breakfast beverages.<ref>[[#Smith2004|Smith, 2004]], pp. 131–132</ref><ref>[[#Levenstein|Levenstein, 2003]], pp. 154–55</ref> ===Airts=== In leeturatur, [[Edgar Allen Poe]], [[Emily Dickenson]], [[Mark Twain]], [[William Faulkner]], [[Ernest Hemingway]], [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]], [[Herman Melville]], an [[John Steinbeck]] are amang the maist weel kent Americans, while [[Jackson Pollock]], [[Georgia O'Keefe]], an [[Andy Warhol]] are some o the maist weel kent American painters. [[Hollywood]], a northren destrict o [[Los Angeles]], Californie, is ane o the leaders in motion pictur production.<ref>{{cite press release |url= http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=30707 |title=Nigeria surpasses Hollywood as world's second largest film producer |publisher=United Nations |date=May 5, 2009 |accessdate=February 17, 2013}}</ref> Syne the early 20t century, the U.S. film industry haes mucklely been based in an aroond Hollywood, awtho in the 21st century an increasin nummer o films are nae made thare, an film companies hae been subject tae the forces o globalisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/john-landis-rails-studios-theyre-659222|title=John Landis Rails Against Studios: 'They're Not in the Movie Business Anymore'|publisher=''The Hollywood Reporter''|accessdate=January 24, 2015}}</ref> Muisic in Americae haes been influenced bi [[African-American]] cultur, wi [[Duke Ellington]] an [[Louis Armstrong]] pioneerin the [[Jazz]] genre. [[Elvis Presley]] an [[Buddy Holly]] war leadin airtists in pioneerin popular muisic in the 1950s. Syne then, the Unitit States haes produced mony popular airtists, includin [[Michael Jackson]], [[Whitney Houston]], [[Madonna]], [[Katy Perry]], [[Taylor Swift]], an [[Beyoncé]], amang mony ithers. ==Sport== [[American fitba]] is the maist popular sport in the Unitit States.<ref>{{cite web |author=Krane, David K. |title=Professional Football Widens Its Lead Over Baseball as Nation's Favorite Sport |url=http://www.harrisinteractive.com/Insights/HarrisVault8482.aspx?PID=337 |publisher=Harris Interactive |date=October 30, 2002 |accessdate=September 14, 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709111448/http://www.harrisinteractive.com/Insights/HarrisVault8482.aspx?PID=337 |archivedate=July 9, 2010 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709111448/http://www.harrisinteractive.com/Insights/HarrisVault8482.aspx?PID=337 |date=2010-07-09 }} MacCambridge, Michael (2004). ''America's Game: The Epic Story of How Pro Football Captured a Nation''. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-375-50454-0.</ref> The [[National Football League]] (NFL) haes the heichest average attendance o ony sports league in the warld, an the [[Super Bowl]] is watched bi millions globally. [[Basebaw]] haes been regairdit as the U.S. [[naitional sport]] syne the late 19t century, wi [[Major League Baseball]] (MLB) bein the tap league. [[Basketbaw]] an [[ice hockey]] are the kintra's next twa [[Major professional sports leagues in the Unitit States an Canadae|leadin professional team sports]], wi the tap leagues bein the [[National Basketball Association]] (NBA) an the [[National Hockey League]] (NHL). Aight [[Olympic Gemmes]] hae taken place in the Unitit States. As o 2014, the Unitit States haes wan 2,400 medals at the [[Simmer Olympic Gemmes]], mair nor ony ither kintra, an 281 in the [[Winter Olympic Gemmes]], the seicont maist behind Norawa.<ref>{{cite news |title= The 10 most fascinating facts about the all-time Winter Olympics medal standings |first= Chris |last= Chase |date= February 7, 2014 |work= [[USA Today]] |url= http://ftw.usatoday.com/2014/02/winter-olympics-medal-count-sochi-all-time-facts/ |accessdate= February 28, 2014 |archive-date= 2019-12-15 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191215084716/https://ftw.usatoday.com/2014/02/winter-olympics-medal-count-sochi-all-time-facts |url-status= dead }} {{cite news |title= With Sochi Olympics approaching, a history of Winter Olympic medals |date= February 6, 2014 |first= Dan |last= Loumena |work= [[Los Angeles Times]] |url= http://articles.latimes.com/2014/feb/06/sports/la-sp-a-history-of-the-winter-olympic-medals-20140206 |accessdate= February 28, 2014 }}</ref> == States o the Unitit States == {{main|U.S. state}} {| border="0" |----- | valign="top" | * [[Alabama]] * [[Alaska]] * [[Arizona]] * [[Arkansas]] * [[Californie]] * [[Colorado]] * [[Connecticut]] * [[Delaware]] * [[Florida]] * [[Georgie (U.S. state)|Georgie]] | valign="top" | * [[Hawaii]] * [[Idaho]] * [[Illinois]] * [[Indiana]] * [[Iowa]] * [[Kansas]] * [[Kentucky]] * [[Louisiana]] * [[Maine]] * [[Maryland]] | valign="top" | * [[Massachusetts]] * [[Michigan]] * [[Minnesota]] * [[Mississippi]] * [[Missouri]] * [[Montana]] * [[Nebraska]] * [[Nevada]] * [[New Hampshire]] * [[New Jersey]] | valign="top" | * [[New Mexico]] * [[New York]] * [[North Carolina]] * [[North Dakota]] * [[Ohio]] * [[Oklahoma]] * [[Oregon]] * [[Pennsylvanie]] * [[Rhode Island]] * [[Sooth Carolina]] | valign="top" | * [[Sooth Dakota]] * [[Tennessee]] * [[Texas]] * [[Utah]] * [[Vermont]] * [[Wast Virginie]] * [[Virginie]] * [[Washington (state)|Washington]] * [[Wisconsin]] * [[Wyoming]] |} ==Notes== <references group="fn"/> ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ===Soorces=== {{Commonscat|United States}} * {{cite book |last=Simonson |first=Peter |title=Refiguring Mass Communication: A History |url=https://archive.org/details/refiguringmassco0000simo |ref=Simonson |year=2010 |publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]]|quote=He held high the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the nation's unofficial motto, ''e pluribus unum'', even as he was recoiling from the party system in which he had long participated. |location=Urbana |isbn=978-0-252-07705-0}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=N6lrAmPlbvIC&pg=PA79&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false Book] * {{cite web |url= http://www.treasury.gov/about/education/Pages/in-god-we-trust.aspx |title=History of "In God We Trust" |ref=God |publisher=U.S. Department of the Treasury |date=March 8, 2011 |accessdate=February 23, 2013}} * {{cite news |title=Looking back 20 years: Who deserves credit for ending the Cold War? |author=Nick Hayes |ref=Hayes |url=http://www.minnpost.com/politics-policy/2009/11/looking-back-20-years-who-deserves-credit-ending-cold-war |newspaper=MinnPost |date=November 6, 2009 |accessdate=March 11, 2013}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.ushistory.org/us/59e.asp |title=59e. The End of the Cold War |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |work=U.S. History.org |ref=ushistory13|publisher=Independence Hall Association |accessdate=March 10, 2013}} * {{cite book |last=Smith |first= Andrew F. |year=2004 |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America'' |ref=Smith2004 |publisher=New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 131–32. ISBN 0-19-515437-1}} * {{cite book |last=Levenstein |first=Harvey |title=Revolution at the Table: The Transformation of the American Diet |url=https://archive.org/details/revolutionattabl0000leve_d6o6 |ref=Levenstein |publisher=University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles |year=2003 |isbn=0-520-23439-1}} {{Unitit States topics}} [[Category:Unitit States| ]] [[Category:1776 establishments in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Umwhile Breetish colonies]] [[Category:Umwhile confederations]] [[Category:G8 naitions]] [[Category:G20 naitions]] [[Category:Leeberal democracies]] [[Category:Member states o NATO]] [[Category:Member states o the Unitit Naitions]] [[Category:Republics]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1776]] 830hth5geml66tiqr3vmwynvnyfropy Wikimedia Foondation 0 4593 920582 877066 2026-08-10T07:49:23Z PanielDrokhorenko 135478 Dichtin aa content frae page 920582 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 920588 920582 2026-08-10T11:23:12Z CiphriusKane 74958 Revertit edit o PanielDrokhorenko, chynged back tae last version bi CiphriusKane 729668 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Wikimedia Foundation Inc.''' is the paurent organisation o the [[Wikipaedia]], [[Wiktionar]], [[Wikiquote]], [[Wikibeuks]], [[Wikisoorce]], [[Wikimedia Commons]], [[Wikispecies]], [[Wikinews]] an [[MetaWiki]] projects. {{Commonscat|Wikimedia Foundation}} [[Category:Wikimedia Foondation| ]] [[Category:Non-profit organisations]] [[Category:2003 establishments]] [[Category:Crowdsoorcin]] [[Category:Eddicational foondations]] [[Category:Foondations based in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Internet companies o the Unitit States]] [[Category:Organisations based in San Francisco, Californie]] [[Category:St. Petersburg, Florida]] [[Category:Wiki commonties]] {{stub}} afklcleica0uw5vj38qqwarndkccjmj Muin 0 6726 920566 917747 2026-08-09T19:03:24Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 920566 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{Infobox planet | name = Muin | apsis = gee | symbol = [[file:Moon decrescent symbol (bold).svg|20px|☾]] | image = FullMoon2010.jpg | caption = [[Full muin]] as seen frae Yird's [[Northren Hemisphere]] | background = #ddd | adjectives = {{hlist |[[wikt:lunar|Lunar]] |[[wikt:selenic|selenic]]}} | periapsis = {{gaps |362 |600}}&nbsp;km<br />({{gaps |356 |400}}–{{gaps |370 |400}}&nbsp;km) | apoapsis = {{gaps |405 |400}}&nbsp;km<br />({{gaps |404 |000}}–{{gaps |406 |700}}&nbsp;km) | semimajor = {{val |384399 |u=km}}{{nbsp |2}}({{val |0.00257 |u=AU}})<ref name="W06"/> | eccentricity = {{val |0.0549}}<ref name="W06"/> | period = {{longitem |class=nowrap |{{val |27.321661 |ul=d}}<br />{{smaller |(27&thinsp;d 7&thinsp;h 43&thinsp;min 11.5&thinsp;s<ref name="W06"/>)}}}} | synodic_period = {{longitem |class=nowrap |{{val |29.530589 |u=d}}<br />{{smaller |(29&thinsp;d 12&thinsp;h 44&thinsp;min 2.9&thinsp;s)}}}} | avg_speed = {{val |1.022 |ul=km/s}} | inclination = {{nowrap |5.145° tae the [[ecliptic]]<ref name="Lang2011"/>{{efn|name=inclination}}}} | asc_node = {{longitem |Regressin bi ane [[orbit|revolution]] in 18.61&nbsp;years}} | arg_peri = {{longitem |Progressin bi ane revolution in 8.85&nbsp;years}} | satellite_of = [[Yird]]{{efn|name=near-Earth asteroids}}<ref name="Morais2002"/> | flattening = {{val |0.0012}}<ref name="NSSDC"/> | equatorial_radius = {{nowrap |{{val |1738.1 |u=km}}{{nbsp |2}}{{smaller |(0.273 o Yird's)}}<ref name="NSSDC"/>}} | polar_radius = {{nowrap |{{val |1736.0 |u=km}}{{nbsp |2}}{{smaller |(0.273 o Yird's)}}<ref name="NSSDC"/>}} | mean_radius = {{nowrap |{{val |1737.1 |u=km}}{{nbsp |2}}{{smaller |(0.273 o Yird's)}}<ref name="W06"/><ref name="NSSDC"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=David E. |last2=Zuber |first2=Maria T. |last3=Neumann |first3=Gregory A. |last4=Lemoine|first4=Frank G. |title=Topography of the Moon from the Clementine lidar |journal=[[Journal of Geophysical Research]] |date=1 January 1997 |volume=102 |issue=E1 |page=1601 |doi=10.1029/96JE02940 |bibcode=1997JGR...102.1591S}}</ref>}} | circumference = {{nowrap |{{val |10921 |u=km}}{{nbsp |2}}{{smaller |([[equator]]ial)}}}} | surface_area = {{nowrap |{{val |3.793 |e=7 |u=km2}}{{nbsp |2}}{{smaller |(0.074 o Yird's)}}}} | volume = {{nowrap |{{val |2.1958 |e=10 |u=km3}}{{nbsp |2}}{{smaller |(0.020 o Yird's)<ref name="NSSDC"/>}}}} | mass = {{nowrap |{{val |7.342 |e=22 |u=kg}}{{nbsp |2}}{{smaller |({{val |0.012300}} o Yird's)<ref name="W06"/><ref name="NSSDC"/>}}}} | density = {{val |3.344 |ul=g/cm3}}<ref name="W06"/><ref name="NSSDC"/><br /><small>{{val |0.606}} × Yird</small> | surface_grav = {{nowrap |{{val |1.62 |ul=m/s2}}{{nbsp |2}}{{smaller |({{val |0.1654 |u=[[G-force|g]]}})<ref name="NSSDC"/>}}}} | moment_of_inertia_factor = {{val |0.3929 |0.0009}}<ref name="Williams1996" /> | escape_velocity = {{val |2.38 |ul=km/s}} | sidereal_day = {{nowrap |{{val |27.321661 |u=d}}{{nbsp |2}}{{smaller |([[tidal lockin|synchronous]])}}}} <!-- Wieczorek et al. 2006 --> | rot_velocity = {{nowrap |4.627 m/s}} | axial_tilt = {{ublist |class=nowrap |1.5424° tae [[ecliptic]]<!--1.533° according to Conn 2007-->|6.687° tae [[Orbital plane (astronomy)|orbit plane]]<ref name="Lang2011"/><!--6.4° according to Grego;<ref name="Grego2005">Grego, Peter, [https://books.google.com/books?id=z6Pgt9xEW9gC&pg=PA48 ''The Moon and How to Observe It''], Springer, 2005</ref> 6.6783° according to Conn.<ref name="Conn2007">Conn, David (2007); ''Lednorf's Dilemma'', AuthorHouse, Bloomington (IN)</ref>-->}} | albedo = 0.136<ref name="Saari"/> | temp_name1 = Equator | min_temp_1 = 100 [[Kelvin|K]] | mean_temp_1 = 220 K | max_temp_1 = 390 K | temp_name2 = 85°N&nbsp; | min_temp_2 = | mean_temp_2 = 150 K | max_temp_2 = 230 K<ref name="Vasavada1999"/> | magnitude = {{ublist |class=nowrap |−2.5 tae −12.9{{efn |name=maxval}} |−12.74{{nbsp |2}}{{smaller |(mean [[full muin]])}}<ref name="NSSDC"/>}} | angular_size = {{nowrap |29.3 tae 34.1 [[meenit an seicont o arc|arcmeenits]]<ref name="NSSDC"/>{{efn |name=angular size}}}} | atmosphere = yes | atmosphere_ref = <ref name="L06"/> | surface_pressure = {{ublist |class=nowrap |10{{sup |−7}} [[Pascal (unit)|Pa]] (1 [[bar (unit)|picobar]]){{nbsp |2}}{{smaller |(day)}} |10{{sup |−10}} Pa (1 femtobar) {{nbsp |2}}{{smaller |(nicht)}}{{efn |name=pressure explanation}}}} | atmosphere_composition = {{hlist |[[Helium|He]] |[[Argon|Ar]] |[[Neon|Ne]] |[[Sodium|Na]] |[[Potassium|K]] |[[Hydrogen|H]] |[[Radon|Rn]]}} }} The '''Muin''' is an [[Astronomical object|astronomical bouk]] that [[orbit]]s [[planet]] [[Yird]], bein Yird's anerly permanent [[naitural satellite]]. It is [[Leet o Solar Seestem objects bi size#Leet o objects bi radius|the fift-lairgest]] naitural satellite in the [[Solar Seestem]], an the lairgest amang planetar satellites relative tae the size o the planet that it orbits (its [[Primar (astronomy)|primar]]). Follaein [[Jupiter]]'s satellite [[Io (muin)|Io]], the Muin is seicond-[[Density|densest]] satellite amang thae whase densities are kent. The Muin is thocht tae hae formed aboot 4.51 billion year ago, [[Age o the Yird|nae lang efter Yird]]. The maist widely acceptit explanation is that the Muin formed frae the debris left ower efter a [[giant impact hypothesis|giant impact]] atween Yird an a [[Maurs]]-sized bouk cried [[Theia (planet)|Theia]]. The Muin is in [[tidal lockin|synchronous rotation]] wi Yird, ayeweys shawin the same face, wi its [[near side o the Muin|near side]] merked bi daurk volcanic [[lunar mare|maria]] that fill the spaces atween the bricht auncient crustal hielands an the prominent [[impact crater]]s. As seen frae the Yird, it is the seicont-brichtest regularly veesible [[celestial object]] in Yird's sky, efter the Sun. Its surface is actually daurk, awtho compared tae the nicht sky it appears verra bricht, wi a [[reflectance]] juist slichtly heicher nor that o worn [[Asphalt concrete|asphalt]]. Its gravitational influence produces the [[tide|ocean tides]], [[Yird tide|bouk tides]], an the [[tidal acceleration|slicht lenthenin]] o the day. The Muin's current [[Lunar distance (astronomy)|orbital distance]] is {{convert|384400|km|abbr=on}},<ref>{{cite web |url=http://spaceplace.nasa.gov/moon-distance/en/ |title=How far away is the moon? :: NASA Space Place |publisher= |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006220531/http://spaceplace.nasa.gov/moon-distance/en/ |archivedate=6 October 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>Scott, Elaine. ''Our Moon: New Discoveries About Earth's Closest Companion''. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (2016) {{ISBN|9780544750586}}. page 7.</ref> or 1.28 licht-seiconts. This is aboot thirty times the diameter o Yird, wi its [[Angular diameter|apparent size]] in the sky awmaist the same as that o the Sun, resultin in the Muin coverin the Sun nearly precisely in tot [[solar eclipse]]. This matchin o apparent veesual size will nae conteena in the faur futur, acause the Muin's distance frae Yird is slawly increasin. The [[Soviet Union]]'s [[Luna programme]] wis the first tae reach the Muin wi [[unmanned spacecraft|uncrewed spacecraft]] in 1959; the Unitit States' [[NASA]] [[Apollo program]] achieved the anerly crewed missions tae date, beginnin wi the first crewed lunar orbitin mission bi [[Apollo 8]] in 1968, an sax crewed lunar laundins atween 1969 an 1972, wi the first bein [[Apollo 11]]. Thir missions returned [[Muin rock|lunar rocks]] that hae been uised tae develop a [[Geology o the Muin|geological]] unnerstaundin o the Muin's oreegin, [[internal structure o the Moon|internal structur]], an [[geology o the Muin|later history]]. Syne the [[Apollo 17]] mission in 1972, the Muin haes been veesitit anerly bi uncrewed spacecraft. Athin human cultur, baith the Muin's naitural prominence in the yirdly sky, an its regular cycle o [[lunar phases|phases]] as seen frae the Yird hae providit cultural references an influences for human societies an culturs syne time immemorial. Sic cultural influences can be foond in [[leid]], [[Lunar calendar|lunar based calendar seestems]], [[Muin in feection|airt]], an [[Lunar deity|meethologie]]. ==Pheesical chairactereestics== ===Internal structur=== [[File:Moon diagram.svg|thumb|left |Structur o the Muin]] {|class="wikitable floatright" style="margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Chemical composeetion o the lunar surface regolith (derived frae crustal rocks)<ref>{{cite book |author=Taylor, Stuart Ross |title=Lunar science: A post-Apollo view |date=1975 |page=64 |publisher=[[Pergamon Press]] |url=http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1975lspa.book.....T/0000064.000.html |access-date=2017-08-22 |archive-date=2021-02-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217153346/http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1975lspa.book.....T/0000064.000.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><!-- After Turkevich, A.L. (1973) PLC 4:1159; Moon. 8:365. --> ! rowspan="2" |Compoond ! rowspan="2" |Formula ! colspan="2" |Composeetion (wt %) |- ! style="font-size: smaller;" |Maria ! style="font-size: smaller;" |Hielands |- |style="text-align: left;" |[[Seelicon dioxide|seelicae]] |SiO<sub>2</sub> |45.4% |45.5% |- |style="text-align: left;" |[[Alumeenium oxide|alumina]] |Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> |14.9% |24.0% |- |style="text-align: left;" |[[Calcium oxide|lime]] |CaO |11.8% |15.9% |- |style="text-align: left;" |[[airn(II) oxide]] |FeO |14.1% |5.9% |- |style="text-align: left;" |[[Magnesium oxide|magnesia]] |MgO |9.2% |7.5% |- |style="text-align: left;" |[[titanium dioxide]] |TiO<sub>2</sub> |3.9% |0.6% |- |style="text-align: left;" |[[sodium oxide]] |Na<sub>2</sub>O |0.6% |0.6% |- ! colspan="2" |Tot ! 99.9% ! 100.0% |} The Muin is a [[planetar differentiation|differentiatit]] bouk: it haes a [[Geochemistry|geochemically]] distinct [[Crust (geology)|crust]], [[Mantle (geology)|mantle]], an [[Planetar core|core]]. The Muin haes a solit airn-rich inner core wi a radius o {{Convert |240 |km |abbr=on}} an a fluid ooter core primarily made o liquid iron wi a radius o aboot {{Convert |300 |km |abbr=on}}. Aroond the core is a pairtially mowten boondary layer wi a radius o aboot {{Convert |500 |km |abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|last1= Brown|first1= D.|last2= Anderson|first2= J.|website= NASA|url= http://www.nasa.gov/topics/moonmars/features/lunar_core.html|title= NASA Research Team Reveals Moon Has Earth-Like Core|publisher= [[NASA]] via Web Citation.org|date= 6 January 2011|access-date= 2017-08-22|archive-date= 2012-01-11|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120111112210/http://www.nasa.gov/topics/moonmars/features/lunar_core.html|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name="Weber2011">{{cite journal|last1= Weber|first1= R. C.|last2= Lin|first2= P.-Y.|last3= Garnero|first3= E. J.|last4= Williams|first4= Q.|last5= Lognonne|first5= P.|title= Seismic Detection of the Lunar Core|journal= Science|volume= 331|issue= 6015|date= 2011-01-21|pages= 309–312|url= http://www.earth.northwestern.edu/people/seth/351/lunarcore.2011.pdf|doi= 10.1126/science.1199375|pmid= 21212323|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20151015035756/http://www.earth.northwestern.edu/people/seth/351/lunarcore.2011.pdf|archivedate= 15 October 2015|df= dmy-all}}</ref> This structur is thocht tae hae developed throu the [[Fractional creestallisation (geology)|fractional creestallisation]] o a global [[lunar magma ocean|magma ocean]] shortly efter the Muin's formation 4.5&nbsp;billion year ago.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/ngeo417 |title=Timing of crystallization of the lunar magma ocean constrained by the oldest zircon |url=https://archive.org/details/nature-geoscience_2009-02_2_2/page/133 |date=2009 |last1=Nemchin |first1=A. |last2=Timms |first2=N. |last3=Pidgeon |first3=R. |last4=Geisler |first4=T. |last5=Reddy |first5=S. |last6=Meyer |first6=C. |journal=[[Nature Geoscience]] |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=133–136 |bibcode=2009NatGe...2..133N}}</ref> Creestallisation o this magma ocean wad hae creatit a [[mafic]] mantle frae the [[Precipitation (chemistry)|precipitation]] an sinkin o the minerals [[olivine]], [[clinopyroxene]], an [[orthopyroxene]]; efter aboot three-quarters o the magma ocean haed creestallised, lawer-density [[plagioclase]] meenerals coud form an fleet intae a crust atap.<ref name="S06" /> The feenal liquids tae crystallise wad hae been ineetially sandwiched atween the crust an mantle, wi a heich abundance o [[Compatibility (geochemistry)|incompatible]] an heat-producin elements.<ref name="W06" /> Conseestent wi this perspective, geochemical mappin made frae orbit suggests the crust o maistly [[anorthosite]].<ref name="L06" /> The [[Muin rock]] samples o the fluid lavas that erupted ontae the surface frae pairtial meltin in the mantle confirm the mafic mantle composeetion, that is mair airn rich nor that o Yird.<ref name="W06" /> The crust is on average aboot {{Convert|50 |km |abbr=on}} thick.<ref name="W06" /> The Muin is the seicont-densest satellite in the Solar Seestem, efter [[Io (muin)|Io]].<ref name="Schubert2004" /> Houiver, the inner core o the Muin is smaw, wi a radius o aboot {{Convert |350 |km |abbr=on}} or less,<ref name="W06" /> aroond 20% o the radius o the Muin. Its composeetion is nae well defined, but is probably metallic airn alloyed wi a smaw amoont o [[sulfur]] an nickel; analyses o the Muin's time-variable rotation suggest that it is at least pairtly mowten.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Williams |first=J. G. |last2=Turyshev |first2=S. G. |last3=Boggs |first3=D. H. |last4=Ratcliff |first4=J. T. |title=Lunar laser ranging science: Gravitational physics and lunar interior and geodesy |journal=[[Advances in Space Research]] |date=2006 |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=67–71 |bibcode=2006AdSpR..37...67W |doi=10.1016/j.asr.2005.05.013 |arxiv=gr-qc/0412049}}</ref> ===Surface geology=== [[File:MoonTopoLOLA.png|thumb|alt=Topografie o the Moon meisurt frae the Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter on the mission [[Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter]], referenced tae a sphere o radius 1737.4&nbsp;km|Topografie o the Muin]] The [[topografie o the Muin]] haes been meisurt wi [[laser altimetry]] an [[stereoscopy|stereo eemage analysis]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Topography of the South Polar Region from Clementine Stereo Imaging |author1=Spudis, Paul D.|author2=Cook, A.|author3=Robinson, M.|author4=Bussey, B.|author5=Fessler, B. |bibcode=1998nvmi.conf...69S |journal=Workshop on New Views of the Moon: Integrated Remotely Sensed, Geophysical, and Sample Datasets |page=69 |date=January 1998}}</ref> Its maist veesible [[Leet o featurs on the Muin|topografic featur]] is the giant far-side [[Sooth Pole–Aitken basin]], some {{Convert|2240 |km |abbr=on}} in diameter, the lairgest crater on the Muin an the seicont-lairgest confirmed impact [[Leet o lairgest craters in the Solar Seestem|crater in the Solar Seestem]].<ref name="Spudis1994" /><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1029/97GL01718 |first1=C.M. |last1=Pieters |first2=S. |last2=Tompkins |first3=J.W. |last3=Head |first4=P.C. |last4=Hess |title=Mineralogy of the Mafic Anomaly in the South Pole‐Aitken Basin: Implications for excavation of the lunar mantle |journal=[[Geophysical Research Letters]] |volume=24 |issue=15 |pages=1903–1906 |date=1997 |bibcode=1997GeoRL..24.1903P}}</ref> At {{Convert |13 |km |abbr=on}} deep, its fluir is the lawest pynt on the surface o the Muin.<ref name="Spudis1994" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/July98/spa.html |title=The Biggest Hole in the Solar System |last=Taylor |first=G.J. |date=17 July 1998 |work=Planetary Science Research Discoveries |publisher=[[Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology]] |accessdate=12 April 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820042129/http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/July98/spa.html |archivedate=20 August 2007 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The heichest elevations o the Muin's surface are locatit directly tae the northeast, an it haes been suggestit micht hae been thickened bi the oblique formation impact o the Sooth Pole–Aitken basin.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Schultz |first=P. H. |date=March 1997 |page=1259 |volume=28 |title=Forming the south-pole Aitken basin – The extreme games |journal=Conference Paper, 28th Annual Lunar and Planetary Science Conference |bibcode=1997LPI....28.1259S}}</ref> Ither lairge impact basins, sic as [[Mare Imbrium|Imbrium]], [[Mare Serenitatis|Serenitatis]], [[Mare Crisium|Crisium]], [[Mare Smythii|Smythii]], an [[Mare Orientale|Orientale]], an aa possess regionally law elevations an elevatit rims.<ref name="Spudis1994" /> The faur side o the lunar surface is on average aboot {{Convert |1.9 |km |abbr=on}} heicher nor that o the near side.<ref name="W06" /> The discovery o [[faut scarp]] cliffs bi the [[Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter]] suggest that the Muin haes scrinkit athin the past billion year, bi aboot 90 metres (300&nbsp;ft).<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[NASA]]|title=NASA's LRO Reveals 'Incredible Shrinking Moon'|date=19 August 2010|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LRO/news/shrinking-moon.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821124252/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LRO/news/shrinking-moon.html|archivedate=21 August 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Seemilar scrinkage featurs exist on [[Mercur (planet)|Mercur]]. ====Volcanic featurs==== [[File:Moon names.svg|thumb |[[Near side of the Moon|Lunar nearside]] wi [[Lunar mare|major maria]] an [[Lunar craters|craters]] labeled |alt=Lunar nearside wi major maria an craters labeled]] The daurk an relatively featurless lunar plains, clearly seen wi the nakit ee, are cried ''[[lunar mare|maria]]'' ([[Laitin leid|Latiin]] for "seas"; seengular ''mare''), as thay war ance believed tae be filled wi watter;<ref>{{cite book |author=Wlasuk, Peter |title=Observing the Moon |url=https://books.google.com/?id=TWtLIOlPwS4C |date=2000 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |isbn=978-1-85233-193-1 |page=19}}</ref> thay are nou kent tae be vast solitifee'd puils o auncient [[basalt]]ic lava. Awtho seemilar tae terrestrial basalts, lunar basalts hae mair airn an no minerals altered bi watter.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/April04/lunarAnorthosites.html |title=The Oldest Moon Rocks |last=Norman |first=M. |work=Planetary Science Research Discoveries |publisher=[[Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology]] |date=21 April 2004 |accessdate=12 April 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070418152325/http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/April04/lunarAnorthosites.html |archivedate=18 April 2007 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Varricchio |first=L. |title=Inconstant Moon |date=2006 |publisher=[[Xlibris Books]] |isbn=978-1-59926-393-9}}</ref> The majority o thir lavas eruptit or flawed intae the depressions associatit wi [[impact crater|impact basins]]. Several [[geologic province]]s conteenin [[shield volcano]]es an volcanic [[lunar dome|domes]] are foond within the near side "maria".<ref>{{cite journal |last=Head |first=L.W.J.W. |title=Lunar Gruithuisen and Mairan domes: Rheology and mode of emplacement |journal=[[Journal of Geophysical Research]] |date=2003 |volume=108 |url=http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2003/2002JE001909.shtml |accessdate=12 April 2007 |issue=E2 |doi=10.1029/2002JE001909 |page=5012 |bibcode=2003JGRE..108.5012W |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312071105/http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2003/2002JE001909.shtml |archivedate=12 March 2007 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[File:14284-Moon-Maskelyne-LRO-20141012.jpg|thumb |150px |left |Evidence of [[Irregular mare patch|young lunar volcanism]]]] Awmaist aw maria are on the near side o the Muin, an civer 31% o the surface o the near side,<ref name="worldbook" /> compared wi 2% o the faur side.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gillis |first1=J.J. |last2=Spudis |first2=P.D. |title=The Composition and Geologic Setting of Lunar Far Side Maria |journal=[[Lunar and Planetary Science]] |date=1996 |volume=27 |pages=413 |bibcode=1996LPI....27..413G}}</ref> This is thocht tae be due tae a [[KREEP|concentration o heat-producin elements]] unner the crust on the near side, seen on geochemical maps obteened bi ''[[Lunar Prospector]]'''s gamma-ray spectrometer, that wad hae caused the unnerleein mantle tae heat up, pairtially melt, rise tae the surface an erupt.<ref name="S06" /><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/281/5382/1484 |title=Global Elemental Maps of the Moon: The Lunar Prospector Gamma-Ray Spectrometer |author=Lawrence |journal=[[Science (jurnal)|Science]] |volume=281 |issue=5382 |pages=1484–1489 |doi=10.1126/science.281.5382.1484 |date=11 August 1998 |accessdate=29 August 2009 |pmid=9727970 |bibcode=1998Sci...281.1484L |name-list-format=vanc |author2=D. J. |display-authors=2 |last3=Barraclough |first3=BL |last4=Binder |first4=AB |last5=Elphic |first5=RC |last6=Maurice |first6=S |last7=Thomsen |first7=DR|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090516065007/http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/281/5382/1484 |archivedate=16 May 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/Aug00/newMoon.html |title=A New Moon for the Twenty-First Century |last=Taylor |first=G.J. |work=Planetary Science Research Discoveries |publisher=[[Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology]] |date=31 August 2000 |accessdate=12 April 2007 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/66BdZ4zPb?url=http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/Aug00/newMoon.html |archivedate=2012-03-15 |df=dmy-all |url-status=live }}</ref> Maist o the Muin's [[lunar mare|mare basalts]] eruptit in the Imbrian period, 3.0–3.5&nbsp;billion year aby, awtho some radiometrically datit samples are as auld as 4.2&nbsp;billion year.<ref name="Papike" /> Till recently, the youngest eruptions, datit bi [[crater coontin]], appeared tae hae been anly 1.2&nbsp;billion year aby.<ref name="Hiesinger" /> In 2006, a study o [[Ina (crater)|Ina]], a tottie depression in [[Lacus Felicitatis]], foond jagged, relatively dust-free featurs that, due tae the lack o erosion bi infawin debris, appeared tae be anly 2 million year auld.<ref name=Berardelli>{{cite web |url=http://news.sciencemag.org/2006/11/long-live-moon |title=Long Live the Moon! |publisher=[[Science (jurnal)|Science]] |date=9 November 2006 |author=Phil Berardelli|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018153016/http://news.sciencemag.org/2006/11/long-live-moon |archivedate=18 October 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[Muinquake]]s an releases o gas an aa indicate some continued lunar acteevity.<ref name=Berardelli /> In 2014 NASA annoonced "widespread evidence o young lunar volcanism" at 70 [[irregular mare patch]]es identifee'd bi the [[Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter]], some less nor 50 million year auld. This raises the possibeelity o a muckle wairmer lunar mantle nor previously believed, at least on the near side whaur the deep crust is substantially waurmer due tae the greater concentration o radioactive elements.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.discovery.com/space/imps-reveal-volcanoes-erupted-recently-on-the-moon-141014.htm |title=Volcanoes Erupted 'Recently' on the Moon |publisher=[[Discovery News]] |date=14 October 2014 |author=Jason Major|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016190653/http://news.discovery.com/space/imps-reveal-volcanoes-erupted-recently-on-the-moon-141014.htm |archivedate=16 October 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/press/2014/october/nasa-mission-finds-widespread-evidence-of-young-lunar-volcanism/#.VDxNw0t3uxo |title=NASA Mission Finds Widespread Evidence of Young Lunar Volcanism |publisher=[[NASA]] |date=12 October 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103095208/http://www.nasa.gov/press/2014/october/nasa-mission-finds-widespread-evidence-of-young-lunar-volcanism/#.VDxNw0t3uxo |archivedate=3 January 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.sciencemag.org/space/2014/10/recent-volcanic-eruptions-moon |title=Recent volcanic eruptions on the moon |publisher=[[Science (jurnal)|Science]] |date=12 October 2014 |author=Eric Hand|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014092239/http://news.sciencemag.org/space/2014/10/recent-volcanic-eruptions-moon |archivedate=14 October 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| url = http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v7/n11/full/ngeo2252.html| title = Evidence for basaltic volcanism on the Moon within the past 100 million years| journal = [[Nature Geoscience]]| last1 = Braden| first1 = S. E.| last2 = Stopar| first2 = J. D.| last3 = Robinson| first3 = M. S.| last4 = Lawrence| first4 = S. J.| last5 = van der Bogert| first5 = C. H.| last6 = Hiesinger| first6 = H.doi=10.1038/ngeo2252| volume = 7| pages = 787–791| bibcode = 2014NatGe...7..787B| doi = 10.1038/ngeo2252| access-date = 2025-10-09| archive-date = 2014-11-05| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141105124314/http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v7/n11/full/ngeo2252.html| url-status = bot: unknown}}</ref> Juist prior tae this, evidence haes been presentit for 2–10 million years younger basaltic volcanism inside Lowell crater,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Srivastava |first1=N. |last2=Gupta |first2=R.P. |year=2013 |title=Young viscous flows in the Lowell crater of Orientale basin, Moon: Impact melts or volcanic eruptions? |url= |journal=[[Planetary and Space Science]] |volume=87 |issue= |pages=37–45 |doi=10.1016/j.pss.2013.09.001 |bibcode=2013P&SS...87...37S}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=R.P. |last2=Srivastava |first2=N. |last3=Tiwari |first3=R.K. |year=2014 |title=Evidences of relatively new volcanic flows on the Moon |url= |journal=[[Current Science]] |volume=107 |issue=3 |pages=454–460}}</ref> Orientale basin, locatit in the transeetion zone atween the near an faur sides o the Muin. An ineetially hetter mantle and/or local enrichment o heat-producin elements in the mantle coud be responsible for prolanged acteevities an aa on the faur side in the Orientale basin.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Whitten |first1=J. |display-authors=etal |year=2011 |title=Lunar mare deposits associated with the Orientale impact basin: New insights into mineralogy, history, mode of emplacement, and relation to Orientale Basin evolution from Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) data from Chandrayaan-1 |url= |journal=[[Journal of Geophysical Research]] |volume=116 |issue= |page=E00G09 |doi=10.1029/2010JE003736 |bibcode=2011JGRE..116.0G09W}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cho |first1=Y. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=Young mare volcanism in the Orientale region contemporary with the Procellarum KREEP Terrane (PKT) volcanism peak period 2 b. y. ago |url= |journal=[[Geophysical Research Letters]] |volume=39 |issue= |page=L11203}}</ref> The lichter-coloured regions o the Muin are cried ''terrae'', or mair commonly ''highlands'', acause thay are heicher nor maist maria. Thay hae been radiometrically datit tae haein formed 4.4&nbsp;billion year aby, an mey represent [[plagioclase]] [[Cumulate rock|cumulates]] o the [[lunar magma ocean]].<ref name="Papike" /><ref name="Hiesinger" /> In contrast tae Yird, na major lunar moontains are believed tae hae formed as a result o tectonic events.<ref>{{cite web|last=Munsell |first=K. |publisher=[[NASA]] |work=Solar System Exploration |title=Majestic Mountains |url=http://sse.jpl.nasa.gov/educ/themes/display.cfm?Item=mountains |date=4 December 2006 |accessdate=12 April 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917055643/http://sse.jpl.nasa.gov/educ/themes/display.cfm?Item=mountains |archivedate=17 September 2008 |df= }}</ref> The concentration o maria on the Near Side likely reflects the substantially thicker crust o the helands o the Faur Side, that mey hae formed in a slaw-velocity impact o a seicont muin o Yird a few tens o millions o years efter thair formation.<ref>{{cite web |author=Richard Lovett |url=http://www.nature.com/news/2011/110803/full/news.2011.456.html#B1 |title=Early Earth may have had two moons : Nature News |publisher=[[Nature (jurnal)|Nature]] |accessdate=1 November 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103145236/http://www.nature.com/news/2011/110803/full/news.2011.456.html#B1 |archivedate=3 November 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://theconversation.edu.au/was-our-two-faced-moon-in-a-small-collision-2659 |title=Was our two-faced moon in a small collision? |publisher=Theconversation.edu.au |accessdate=1 November 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130004522/http://theconversation.edu.au/was-our-two-faced-moon-in-a-small-collision-2659 |archivedate=30 January 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> ====Impact craters==== [[File:Moon-craters.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A gray, mony-ridged surface frae heich abuin. The lairgest featur is a circular rainged structur wi heich wawed sides an a lawer central peak: the entire surface oot tae the horizon is filled wi seemilar structurs that are smawer an owerlappin.|Lunar crater [[Daedalus (crater)|Daedalus]] on the [[Faur side o the Muin|Muin's faur side]]]] The ither major geologic process that haes affectit the Muin's surface is [[impact crater]]in,<ref>{{cite book|last=Melosh |first=H. J. |title=Impact cratering: A geologic process |url=https://archive.org/details/impactcrateringg0000melo |date=1989 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-504284-9}}</ref> wi craters formed whan asteroids an comets collide wi the lunar surface. Thare are estimatit tae be aboot 300,000 craters wider nor {{Convert |1 |km |4=1 |abbr=on}} on the Muin's near side alane.<ref>{{cite web |title=Moon Facts |url=http://planck.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=31412 |work=SMART-1 |publisher=[[European Space Agency]] |date=2010 |accessdate=12 May 2010}}</ref> The [[lunar geologic timescale]] is based on the maist prominent impact events, includin [[Nectarian|Nectaris]], [[Lower Imbrian|Imbrium]], an [[Mare Orientale|Orientale]], structurs chairacterised bi multiple raings o upliftit material, atween hunders an thoosands o kilometres in diameter an associatit wi a braid apron o ejecta deposits that form a regional [[stratigraphy|stratigraphic horizon]].<ref name="geologic" /> The lack o an atmosphere, wather an recent geological processes mean that mony o thir craters are well-preserved. Awtho anly a few multi-raing basins hae been definitively datit, thay are uisefu for assignin relative ages. Acause impact craters accumulate at a nearly constant rate, coontin the nummer o craters per unit area can be uised tae estimate the age o the surface.<ref name="geologic" /> The radiometric ages o impact-meltit rocks collectit in the [[Apollo missions]] cluster atween 3.8 an 4.1&nbsp;billion year auld: this haes been uised tae propone a [[Late Heavy Bombardment]] o impacts.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hartmann |first=William K. |last2=Quantin |first2=Cathy |last3=Mangold |first3=Nicolas |date=2007 |volume=186 |issue=1 |pages=11–23 |journal=[[Icarus (jurnal)|Icarus]] |title=Possible long-term decline in impact rates: 2. Lunar impact-melt data regarding impact history |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2006.09.009 |postscript=<!--None--> |bibcode=2007Icar..186...11H}}</ref> Blanketit on tap o the Muin's crust is a heichly [[Comminution|comminutit]] (breuken intae ever smawer particles) an [[impact gairdenin|impact gairdened]] surface layer cried [[regolith]], formed bi impact processes. The finer regolith, the [[lunar sile]] o [[seelicon dioxide]] gless, haes a textur resemblin snaw an a scent resemblin spent [[gunpouder]].<ref>{{cite web |date=30 January 2006 |accessdate=15 March 2010 |url=https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2006/30jan_smellofmoondust.htm |title=The Smell of Moondust |publisher=[[NASA]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308112332/http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2006/30jan_smellofmoondust.htm |archivedate=8 March 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The regolith o aulder surfaces is generally thicker than for younger surfaces: it varies in thickness frae {{Convert|10 |- |20 |km |abbr=on}} in the hielands an {{Convert |3 |- |5 |km |abbr=on}} in the maria.<ref>{{cite book |last=Heiken |first=G. |editor1-last=Vaniman |editor1-first=D. |editor2-last=French |editor2-first=B. |title=Lunar Sourcebook, a user's guide to the Moon |url=https://www.lpi.usra.edu/publications/books/lunar_sourcebook/|date=1991 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-521-33444-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/lunarsourcebooku00heik/page/n774 736]}}</ref> Beneath the finely comminuted regolith layer is the ''megaregolith'', a layer o heichly fractured bedrock mony kilometres thick.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Rasmussen |first=K.L. |author2=Warren, P.H. |title=Megaregolith thickness, heat flow, and the bulk composition of the Moon |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1985-01-10_313_5998/page/n53 |journal=[[Nature (jurnal)|Nature]] |date=1985 |volume=313 |issue=5998 |pages=121–124 |bibcode=1985Natur.313..121R |doi=10.1038/313121a0}}</ref> Comparison o heich-resolution eemages obteened bi the [[Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter]] haes shawn a contemporary crater-production rate signeeficantly heicher nor previously estimatit. A seicontar craterin process caused bi [[Ejecta blanket|distal ejecta]] is thocht tae churn the tap twa centimetres o regolith a hunder times mair quickly nor previous models suggestit{{ndash}}on a timescale o 81,000 year.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2108929-the-moon-has-hundreds-more-craters-than-we-thought/ |title=The moon has hundreds more craters than we thought |first=Rebecca |last=Boyle |publisher= |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013143743/https://www.newscientist.com/article/2108929-the-moon-has-hundreds-more-craters-than-we-thought/ |archivedate=13 October 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v538/n7624/full/nature19829.html |title=Quantifying crater production and regolith overturn on the Moon with temporal imaging |first1=Emerson J. |last1=Speyerer |first2=Reinhold Z. |last2=Povilaitis |first3=Mark S. |last3=Robinson |first4=Peter C. |last4=Thomas |first5=Robert V. |last5=Wagner |date=13 October 2016 |publisher= |journal=[[Nature (jurnal)|Nature]] |volume=538 |issue=7624 |pages=215–218 |via=www.nature.com |doi=10.1038/nature19829 |pmid=27734864}}</ref> [[File:Reiner-gamma-clem1.jpg|thumb|200px|Lunar swirls at [[Reiner Gamma]]]] ====Lunar swirls==== Lunar swirls are enigmatic featurs foond across the Muin's surface, which are chairacterised bi a heich albedo, appearin optically immatur (i.e. the optical chairactereestics o a relatively young regolith), an eften displayin a sinuous shape. Thair curvilinear shape is eften accentuated bi law albedo regions that wind atween the bricht swirls. ==== Albedo an true colour o the Moon ==== The sicht o the Moon is shapit bi its reflectin propertie an the composition o its surface. The Moon’s albedo is aboot 0.12<ref>{{Cite web|title=Moon Albedo|url=https://www.universetoday.com/articles/moon-albedo|access-date=2025-10-04|website=Universe Today|language=en}}</ref>, compairable tae worn asphalt. Sae, altho it appears bricht in the nicht sky, it is realie relativel dark. This low albedo comes fae the lunar regolith, a layer o fine rock fragments formit bi meteorite impacts. Licht scatterin bi the regolith maks the phenomenon kent as the opposition surge, makin the Moon appear muckle brichter at fu Moon than at quarter phases. The Moon’s true colour, wi nae atmospheric effects, is a mutit bruunish-gray<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sayyad|first=Nihal|date=2024-10-08|title=What Is The Colour Of The Moon?|url=https://www.wondersinspace.com/what-is-the-colour-of-the-moon/|access-date=2025-10-04|language=en-US}}</ref>. This comes fae silicate minerals in the regolith, wi darker basaltic plains (maria) an lighter feldspar-rich highlands. The maria, formit bi auld volcanic flows, hae mair iron an titanium, giein them a darker tone. Frae Earth, the Moon’s colour can be altert bi the atmosphere, appearin red durin lunar eclipses or occasionallie blue due tae volcanic particles. The Moon alsa shows retro-reflection, scatterin licht back til its source an creatin a uniform brichtness across its disc wi nae significant limb darkenin. Its apparent size an brichtness vary due tae its elliptical orbit, appearin up tae 30% brichter an 14% lairger at perigee compairit tae apogee, a phenomenon kent as a "Supermoon". At times, the Moon can appear red or blue. It may appear red durin a lunar eclipse, because o the red spectrum o the Sun's licht bein refracted on the Moon bi Earth’s atmosphere. Because o this red colour, lunar eclipses are soms ca’d blood moons. The Moon can alsa seem red whan it appears at low angles an thru a thick atmosphere. The Moon may appear blue dependin on the presence o certain particles in the air, sic as volcanic particles, in which case it is ca’d a blue moon. Sin the words "red moon" an "blue moon" can alsa be used tae refer tae specific fu moons o the year, they dae nae alwais refer tae the presence o red or blue moonlicht. ====Presence o watter==== Liquid watter canna persist on the lunar surface. Whan exposed tae solar radiation, watter quickly decompones throu a process kent as [[photodissociation]] an is lost tae space. Houiver, syne the 1960s, scientists hae hypothesized that watter ice mey be depositit bi impactin [[comets]] or possibly produced bi the reaction o oxygen-rich lunar rocks, an hydrogen frae [[solar wind]], leavin traces o watter that coud possibly survive in cauld, permanently shaidaed craters at aither pole on the Muin.<ref name="Margot1999" /><ref> {{cite journal |first=William R. |last=Ward |title=Past Orientation of the Lunar Spin Axis |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1975-08-01_189_4200/page/377 |journal=[[Science (jurnal)|Science]] |date=1 August 1975 |volume=189 |issue=4200 |pages=377–379 |doi=10.1126/science.189.4200.377 |pmid=17840827 |bibcode=1975Sci...189..377W}} </ref> Computer simulations suggest that up tae {{Convert |14000 |km2 |abbr=on}} o the surface mey be in permanent shaidae.<ref name="M03" /> The presence o uisable quantities o watter on the Muin is an important factor in renderin [[Colonisation o the Moon|lunar habitation]] as a cost-effective plan; the alternative o transportin watter frae Yird wad be prohibitively expensive.<ref name="seedhouse2009" /> In years syne, seegnaturs o watter hae been foond tae exeest on the lunar surface.<ref name="moonwater_18032010" /> In 1994, the [[Clementine mission#Bistatic Radar Experiment|bistatic radar experiment]] locatit on the ''[[Clementine (spacecraft)|Clementine]]'' spacecraft, indicatit the existence o smaw, frozen pockets o watter close tae the surface. Houiver, later radar observations bi [[Arecibo Observatory|Arecibo]], suggest thir findings mey rather be rocks ejectit frae young impact craters.<ref>{{cite web |last=Spudis |first=P. |title=Ice on the Moon |url=http://www.thespacereview.com/article/740/1 |publisher=[[The Space Review]] |date=6 November 2006 |accessdate=12 April 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070222083000/http://www.thespacereview.com/article/740/1 |archivedate=22 February 2007 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In 1998, the [[Lunar Prospector#Neutron Spectrometer (NS)|neutron spectrometer]] on the ''Lunar Prospector'' spacecraft shawed that heich concentrations o hydrogen are present in the first meter o deepth in the regolith near the polar regions.<ref name="Feldman1998" /> Volcanic lava beads, brocht back tae Yird abuird Apollo 15, shawed smaw amounts o watter in thair interior.<ref name="Saal2008" /> The 2008 ''[[Chandrayaan-1]]'' spacecraft haes syne confirmed the existence o surface watter ice, uisin the on-buird [[Moon Mineralogy Mapper]]. The spectrometer observed absorption lines common tae [[hydroxyl]], in reflected sunlicht, providin evidence o lairge quantities o watter ice, on the lunar surface. The spacecraft shawed that concentrations mey possibly be as heich as 1,000&nbsp;[[pairts per million|ppm]].<ref name="Pieters2009" /> In 2009, ''[[LCROSS]]'' sent a {{Convert|2300 |kg |abbr=on}} impactor intae a permanently shaidaed polar crater, an detectit at least {{Convert |100 |kg |abbr=on}} o watter in a plume o ejectit material.<ref name="Planetary" /><ref name="Colaprete" /> Anither examination o the LCROSS data shawed the amoont o detectit watter tae be closer tae {{Convert |155 |± |12 |kg |abbr=on}}.<ref name="Colaprete2010" /> In Mey 2011, 615–1410 ppm watter in [[melt inclusions]] in lunar saumple 74220 wis reportit,<ref name="hauri" /> the famous heich-titanium "orange gless sile" o volcanic oreegin collectit during the [[Apollo 17]] mission in 1972. The inclusions war formed in explosive eruptions on the Muin approximately 3.7 billion year aby. This concentration is comparable wi that o magma in Yird's [[upper mantle]]. Awtho o considerable selenological interest, this announcement affords little comfort tae wad-be lunar colonists—the sample oreeginatit mony kilometres ablo the surface, an the inclusions are sae difficult tae access that it teuk 39 year tae find them wi a state-o-the-airt ion microprobe instrument. ===Gravitational field=== The gravitational field o the Muin haes been meisurt throu trackin the [[Doppler effect|Doppler shift]] o radio signals emittit bi orbitin spacecraft. The main lunar gravity featurs are [[mass concentration (astronomy)|mascons]], lairge positive gravitational anomalies associatit wi some o the giant [[impact crater|impact basins]], partly caused bi the dense mare basaltic lava flaws that fill thae basins.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Muller |first=P. |author2=Sjogren, W. |title=Mascons: lunar mass concentrations |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1968-08-16_161_3842/page/680 |journal=[[Science (jurnal)|Science]] |volume=161 |pages=680–684 |date=1968 |doi=10.1126/science.161.3842.680 |pmid=17801458 |issue=3842 |bibcode=1968Sci...161..680M}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |journal=[[Science (jurnal)|Science]] |author=Richard A. Kerr |title=The Mystery of Our Moon's Gravitational Bumps Solved? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2013-04-12_340_6129/page/138 |volume=340 |pages=138–139 |date=12 April 2013 |doi=10.1126/science.340.6129.138-a |pmid=23580504}}</ref> The anomalies greatly influence the orbit o spacecraft aboot the Muin. Thare are some puzzles: lava flaws bi themsels canna expleen aw o the gravitational signatur, an some mascons exist that are nae linked tae mare volcanism.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Konopliv |first=A. |author2=Asmar, S. |author3=Carranza, E. |author4=Sjogren, W. |author5=Yuan, D. |title=Recent gravity models as a result of the Lunar Prospector mission |journal=[[Icarus (jurnal)|Icarus]] |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=1–18 |date=2001 |doi=10.1006/icar.2000.6573 |bibcode=2001Icar..150....1K}}</ref> ===Magnetic field=== The Muin haes a freemit [[magnetic field]] o aboot 1–100 [[Tesla (unit)|nanoteslas]], less nor ane-hundert [[Yird's magnetic field|that o Yird]]. It daes nae currently hae a global [[dipole|dipolar]] magnetic field an anly haes crustal magnetisation, probably acquired early in lunar history whan a dynamo wis still operatin.<ref name="GB2009" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://lunar.arc.nasa.gov/results/magelres.htm |publisher=[[Lunar Prospector]] (NASA) |title=Magnetometer / Electron Reflectometer Results |date=2001 |accessdate=17 March 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527121330/http://lunar.arc.nasa.gov/results/magelres.htm |archivedate=27 May 2010 |df= }}</ref> Alternatively, some o the remnant magnetization mey be frae transient magnetic fields generatit in lairge impact events throu the expansion o an impact-generatit plasma clood in the presence o an ambient magnetic field. This is supportit bi the apparent location o the lairgest crustal magnetisations near the [[antipodes]] o the giant impact basins.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hood |first=L.L. |author2=Huang, Z. |title=Formation of magnetic anomalies antipodal to lunar impact basins: Two-dimensional model calculations |journal=[[Journal of Geophysical Research]] |volume=96 |issue=B6 |pages=9837–9846 |date=1991 |doi=10.1029/91JB00308 |bibcode=1991JGR....96.9837H}}</ref> ===Atmosphere=== [[File:Apollo 17 twilight ray sketch.jpg|thumb|upright |Sketch bi the Apollo 17 astronauts. The lunar atmosphere wis later studied bi [[LADEE]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2005/07dec_moonstorms/ |title=Moon Storms |publisher=[[NASA]] |date=27 September 2013 |accessdate=3 October 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130912092057/http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2005/07dec_moonstorms/ |archivedate=12 September 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/ladee/main/#.VXCc0vBdiM8 |title=LADEE - Lunar Atmosphere Dust and Environment Explorer |first=Jessica |last=Culler |date=16 June 2015 |publisher= |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408015242/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/ladee/main/#.VXCc0vBdiM8 |archivedate=8 April 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>]] The Muin haes an atmosphere sae tenuous as tae be nearly [[vacuum]], wi a tot mass o less nor {{Convert|10 |MT}}.<ref>{{cite book |editor=Richard D. Johnson & Charles Holbrow |last=Globus |first=Ruth |title=Space Settlements: A Design Study |chapter=Chapter 5, Appendix J: Impact Upon Lunar Atmosphere |publisher=[[NASA]] |url=http://settlement.arc.nasa.gov/75SummerStudy/5appendJ.html |date=1977 |accessdate=17 March 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531205037/http://settlement.arc.nasa.gov/75SummerStudy/5appendJ.html |archivedate=31 May 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The surface pressur o this smaw mass is aroond 3 × 10<sup>−15</sup>&nbsp;[[Atmosphere (unit)|atm]] (0.3&nbsp;[[nanopascal|nPa]]); it varies wi the lunar day. Its soorces include [[ootgassin]] an [[sputterin]], a product o the bombardment o lunar sile bi [[solar wind]] ions.<ref name="L06" /><ref>{{cite journal |last=Crotts |first=Arlin P.S. |title=Lunar Outgassing, Transient Phenomena and The Return to The Moon, I: Existing Data |date=2008 |url=http://www.astro.columbia.edu/~arlin/TLP/paper1.pdf |bibcode=2008ApJ...687..692C |volume=687 |pages=692–705 |journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal]] |doi=10.1086/591634 |arxiv=0706.3949 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220081142/http://www.astro.columbia.edu/~arlin/TLP/paper1.pdf |archivedate=20 February 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Elements that hae been detectit include [[sodium]] an [[potassium]], produced bi sputterin (an aa foond in the atmospheres o [[Mercur (planet)|Mercur]] an [[Io (muin)|Io]]); [[helium-4]] an [[neon]]<ref name="NASA-20150817">{{cite web |last=Steigerwald |first=William |title=NASA's LADEE Spacecraft Finds Neon in Lunar Atmosphere |url=http://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/ladee-lunar-neon |date=17 August 2015 |work=[[NASA]] |accessdate=18 August 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150819035151/http://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/ladee-lunar-neon/ |archivedate=19 August 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> frae the solar wind; an [[Argon|argon-40]], [[Radon|radon-222]], an [[polonium-210]], ootgassed efter thair creaution bi [[radioactive decay]] within the crust an mantle.<ref name="Stern1999" /><ref>{{cite journal|last=Lawson |first=S. |author2=Feldman, W. |author3=Lawrence, D. |author4=Moore, K. |author5=Elphic, R. |author6=Belian, R. |title=Recent outgassing from the lunar surface: the Lunar Prospector alpha particle spectrometer |journal=[[Journal of Geophysical Research]] |volume=110 |issue=E9 |page=1029 |date=2005 |doi=10.1029/2005JE002433 |bibcode=2005JGRE..11009009L}}</ref> The absence o sic neutral species (atoms or molecules) as [[oxygen]], [[nitrogen]], [[carbon]], [[hydrogen]] an [[magnesium]], that are present in the [[regolith]], is nae unnerstuid.<ref name="Stern1999" /> Watter vapour haes been detectit bi ''[[Chandrayaan-1]]'' an foond tae vary wi latitude, wi a maximum at ~60–70&nbsp;degrees; it is possibly generatit frae the [[sublimation (chemistry)|sublimation]] o watter ice in the regolith.<ref name="Sridharan2010" /> Thir gases aither return intae the regolith due tae the Muin's gravity or are lost tae space, aither throu solar radiation pressur or, if thay are ionized, bi bein swept awey bi the solar wind's magnetic field.<ref name="Stern1999" /> ====Dist==== A permanent asymmetric [[muin dist]] clood exists aroond the Muin, creatit bi smaw particles frae [[comets]]. Estimates are 5 tons o comet pairticles strike the Muin's surface ilk 24 oors. The pairticles strike the Muin's surface ejectin muin dist abuin the Muin. The dist stays abuin the Muin approximately 10 meenits, takkin 5 minutes tae rise, an 5 minutes tae faw. On average, 120 kilogrammes o dist are present abuin the Muin, rising tae 100 kilometers abuin the surface. The dist meisurments war made bi [[Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer|LADEE]]'s Lunar Dust EXperiment (LDEX), atween 20 an 100 kilometres abuin the surface, in a sax-month period. LDEX detectit an average o ane 0.3 micrometer muin dist pairticle ilk meenit. Dist pairticle coonts peaked during the [[Geminids|Geminid]], [[Quadrantids|Quadrantid]], [[Taurids|Northren Taurid]], an [[Omicron Centaurids|Omicron Centaurid]] [[meteor shawer]]s, whan the Yird, an Muin, pass throu comet debris. The clood is asymmetric, mair dense near the boondary atween the Muin's dayside an nichtside.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lopsided Cloud of Dust Discovered Around the Moon |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/06/150617-moon-dust-cloud-comet-space |website=National Geographic News |accessdate=20 June 2015 |first=Nadia |last=Drake |first2=National Geographic PUBLISHED June |last2=17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619052915/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/06/150617-moon-dust-cloud-comet-space/ |archivedate=19 June 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=A permanent, asymmetric dust cloud around the Moon |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v522/n7556/full/nature14479.html |journal=[[Nature (jurnal)|Nature]] |date=18 June 2015 |pages=324–326 |volume=522 |issue=7556 |doi=10.1038/nature14479 |first=M. |last=Horányi |first2=J. R. |last2=Szalay |first3=S. |last3=Kempf |first4=J. |last4=Schmidt |first5=E. |last5=Grün |first6=R. |last6=Srama |first7=Z. |last7=Sternovsky |bibcode=2015Natur.522..324H |pmid=26085272}}</ref> ===Saisons=== The Muin's [[axial tilt]] wi respect tae the [[ecliptic]] is anly 1.5424°,<ref name="SolarViews" /> muckle less nor the 23.44° o Yird. Acause o this, the Muin's solar illumination varies muckle less wi saison, an topografical details play a crucial role in saisonal effects.<ref name="bbc" /> Frae eemages taken bi ''[[Clementine (spacecraft)|Clementine]]'' in 1994, it appears that fower moontainous regions on the rim o [[Peary (crater)|Peary Crater]] at the Muin's north pole mey remeen illuminatit for the entire [[lunar day]], creautin [[Peak o Eternal Licht|peaks o eternal licht]]. No sic regions exist at the sooth pole. Seemilarly, thare are places that remeen in permanent shaidae at the bottoms o mony polar craters,<ref name="M03" /> an thir dark craters are extremely cauld: ''[[Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter]]'' meisurt the lawest simmer temperaturs in craters at the soothren pole at {{Convert|35 |K |4=0 |abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|date=17 September 2009 |url=http://www.diviner.ucla.edu/blog/?p=123 |title=Diviner News |publisher=[[UCLA]] |accessdate=17 March 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100307031354/http://www.diviner.ucla.edu/blog/?p=123 |archivedate=7 March 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> an juist {{Convert |26 |K |4=0 |abbr=on}} close tae the winter solstice in north polar [[Hermite (crater)|Hermite Crater]]. This is the cauldest temperatur in the Solar Seestem iver meosurt bi a spacecraft, caulder oven than the surface o [[Pluto]].<ref name="bbc" /> Average temperaturs o the Muin's surface are reportit, but temperaturs o different areas will vary greatly dependin upon whether thay are in sunlicht or shaidae.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://planetfacts.org/temperature-on-the-moon/ |title=Temperature on the Moon – Surface Temperature of the Moon – PlanetFacts.org |first=Jake |last=Rocheleau |publisher= |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527194737/http://planetfacts.org/temperature-on-the-moon/ |archivedate=27 May 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> =={{anchor |Orbit an relationship tae Yird}} Relationship tae Yird== ===Orbit=== [[File:Earth-Moon.PNG|thumb|alt=Yird haes a pronoonced axial tilt; the Muin's orbit is nae perpendicular tae Yird's axis, but lees close tae Yird's orbital plane. |Yird–Muin seestem (schematic)]] [[File:Dscovrepicmoontransitfull.gif|thumb |[[DSCOVR|DSCOVR satellite]] sees the Muin passin in front o Yird]] The Muin maks a complete orbit aroond Yird wi respect tae the fixed starns aboot ance ivery 27.3&nbsp;days{{efn |name=orbpd}} (its [[sidereal period]]). Houiver, acause Yird is muivin in its orbit aroond the Sun at the same time, it takes slichtly langer for the Muin tae shaw the same [[lunar phase|phase]] tae Yird, which is aboot 29.5&nbsp;days{{efn |name=synpd}} (its [[synodic period]]).<ref name="worldbook"/> Unlik maist satellites o ither planets, the Muin orbits closer tae the [[ecliptic plane]] nor tae the planet's [[equatorial plane]]. The Muin's orbit is subtly [[perturbation (astronomy)|perturbed]] bi the Sun an Yird in mony smaw, complex an interactin weys. For ensaumple, the plane o the Muin's orbit [[lunar staundstill|gradually rotates]] ance ivery 18.61<ref>[http://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/en/publications/global-influences-of-the-1861-year-nodal-cycle-and-885-year-cycle-of-lunar-perigee-on-high-tidal-levels(54ec1689-b2b0-472f-a717-2019f2c6f2b9)/export.html Global influences of the 18.61 year nodal cycle and 8.85 year cycle of lunar perigee on high tidal levels, U. of Western Australia]</ref> years, that affects ither aspects o lunar motion. Thir follae-on effects are mathematically describit bi [[Cassini's Laws|Cassini's laws]].<ref name="Beletskii2" /> ===Relative size=== The Muin is exceptionally lairge relative tae Yird: a quarter its diameter an 1/81 its mass.<ref name="worldbook" /> It is the lairgest muin in the Solar Seestem relative tae the size o its planet,{{efn |Thare is no strang correlation atween the sizes o planets an the sizes o thair satellites. Lairger planets tend tae hae mair satellites, baith lairge an smaw, than smawer planets.}} tho [[Charon (muin)|Charon]] is lairger relative tae the dwarf planet [[Pluto]], at 1/9 Pluto's mass.{{efn|name=Moon vs. Charon}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.planetary.org/explore/topics/pluto/|title=Space Topics: Pluto and Charon|publisher=[[The Planetary Society]] via Web Citation.org|accessdate=6 April 2010|archive-date=2012-02-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218223842/http://www.planetary.org/explore/topics/pluto/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Yird an the Muin are nivertheless still conseederit a planet–satellite seestem, raither nor a [[dooble planet]], acause thair [[barycentre]], the common centre o mass, is locatit {{Convert|1700 |km |abbr=on}} (aboot a quarter o Yird's radius) aneath Yird's surface.<ref>{{cite web |title=Planet Definition Questions & Answers Sheet |publisher=[[International Astronomical Union]] |date=2006 |url=http://www.iau.org/static/archives/releases/doc/iau0601_q_answers.doc |format=DOC |accessdate=24 March 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429052436/http://www.iau.org/static/archives/releases/doc/iau0601_q_answers.doc |archivedate=29 April 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> ==={{anchor |Observation |Appearance frae Yird}} Appearance frae Yird=== [[File:Western Moon setting over the San Bernardino Mountains, High Desert, California.jpg|thumb |left |Muin settin in wastren sky ower the [[High Desert (Californie)|High Desert]] in Californie]] The Muin is in [[synchronous rotation]]: it rotates aboot its axis in aboot the same time it takes tae [[orbit]] Yird. This results in it ayeweys keepin nearly the same face turned taewart Yird. Houiver, due tae the effect o [[libration#Lunar libration|libration]], aboot 59% o the Muin's surface can actually be seen frae Yird. The Muin uised tae rotate at a fester rate, but early in its history, its rotation slawed an becam [[Tidal lockin|tidally locked]] in this orientation as a result o [[freection]]al effects associatit wi [[tidal force|tidal]] deformations caused bi Yird.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Alexander |first=M. E. |title=The Weak Friction Approximation and Tidal Evolution in Close Binary Systems |journal=[[Astrophysics and Space Science]] |date=1973 |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=459–508 |bibcode=1973Ap&SS..23..459A |doi=10.1007/BF00645172}}</ref> Wi time, the energy o rotation o the Muin on its axis wis dissipatit as heat, till thare wis no rotation o the Muin relative tae the Yird. The side o the Muin that faces Yird is cried the [[Near side o the Muin|near side]], an the opposite the [[Faur side o the Muin|faur side]]. The far side is eften inaccurately cried the "daurk side", but it is in fact illuminatit as eften as the near side: ance per lunar day, in the new muin phase we observe on Yird whan the near side is daurk.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dark Side of the Moon |author=[[Phil Plait]] |publisher=[[Bad Astronomy]]: Misconceptions |url=http://www.badastronomy.com/bad/misc/dark_side.html |accessdate=15 February 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100412192834/http://www.badastronomy.com/bad/misc/dark_side.html |archivedate=12 April 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In 2016, planetary scientists, uisin data collectit on the muckle earlier Nasa [[Lunar Prospector]] mission, foond twa hydrogen-rich areas on opposite sides o the Muin, probably in the form o watter ice. It is speculatit that thir patches war the poles o the Muin billions o years aby, afore it wis tidally locked tae Yird.<ref>{{cite web |title=Moon used to spin 'on different axis' |publisher=BBC |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-35883576 |accessdate=23 March 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323203442/http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-35883576 |archivedate=23 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The Muin haes an exceptionally law [[albedo]], giein it a reflectance that is slichtly brichter nor that o worn asphalt. Despite this, it is the brichtest object in the sky efter the [[Sun]].<ref name="worldbook" />{{efn|name=brightness}} This is pairtly due tae the brichtness enhancement o the [[opposeetion effect]]; at quarter phase, the Muin is anly ane-tent as bricht, raither nor hauf as bricht, as at full muin.<ref name="Moon" /> Addeetionally, [[colour constancy]] in the [[visual seestem]] recalibrates the relations atween the colours o an object an its surroondins, an acause the surroondin sky is comparatively daurk, the sunlit Muin is perceived as a bricht object. The edges o the full muin seem as bricht as the centre, wi no [[limm daurkenin]], due tae the [[Lambert's cosine law#Lambertian scatterers|reflective properties]] o [[lunar sile]], that reflects mair licht back taewart the Sun nor in ither directions. The Muin daes appear lairger whan close tae the horizon, but this is a purely psychological effect, kent as the [[Muin illusion]], first descrived in the 7t century BC.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hershenson |first=Maurice |title=The Moon illusion |date=1989 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-8058-0121-7 |page=5}}</ref> The full muin subtends an arc o aboot 0.52° (on average) in the sky, aboot the same apparent size as the Sun (see {{section link | |Eclipses}}). The heichest [[altitude (astronomy)|altitude]] o the Muin in the sky varies wi the lunar phase an the saison o the year. The full muin is heichest in winter. The 18.61-year [[lunar node|nodes cycle]] an aa haes an influence: whan the [[orbital node|ascendin node]] o the lunar orbit is in the [[vernal equinox]], the lunar [[declination]] can gae as far as 28° ilk month. This means the Muin can gang owerheid at latitudes up tae 28° frae the equator, insteid o anerly 18°. The orientation o the Muin's crescent an aa depends on the latitude o the observation steid: close tae the equator, an observer can see a smile-shaped crescent muin.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/our-solar-system/46-our-solar-system/the-moon/observing-the-moon/124-is-the-moon-seen-as-a-crescent-and-not-a-boat-all-over-the-world-is-the-same-phase-of-the-moon-visible-from-the-northern-and-southern-hemispheres-advanced |publisher=[[Curious About Astronomy]] |title=Is the Moon seen as a crescent (and not a "boat") all over the world? |date=18 October 2002 |first=K. |last=Spekkens |accessdate=28 September 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016011356/http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/our-solar-system/46-our-solar-system/the-moon/observing-the-moon/124-is-the-moon-seen-as-a-crescent-and-not-a-boat-all-over-the-world-is-the-same-phase-of-the-moon-visible-from-the-northern-and-southern-hemispheres-advanced |archivedate=16 October 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The Muin is veesible for twa weeks ivery 27.3 days at the [[North Pole|North]] an [[Sooth Pole]]. The Muin's licht is uised bi [[zooplankton]] in the Arctic whan the sun is ablo the horizon for months on end.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Moonlight helps plankton escape predators during Arctic winters |magazine=[[New Scientist]] |date=16 January 2016 |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22930562-500-moonlight-helps-plankton-escape-predators-during-arctic-winters/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130112225/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22930562-500-moonlight-helps-plankton-escape-predators-during-arctic-winters/ |archivedate=30 January 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[File:Supermoon Nov-14-2016-minneapolis.jpg|thumb|The 14 November 2016 [[supermuin]] wis {{convert|356511|km|mi}} awey<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sivertimes.com/super-moon-exceptional-brightest-moon-in-the-sky-of-normandy-Monday-November-14/1872|title="Super Moon" exceptional. Brightest moon in the sky of Normandy, Monday, November 14 - The Siver Times|publisher=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114232404/http://sivertimes.com/super-moon-exceptional-brightest-moon-in-the-sky-of-normandy-monday-november-14/1872|archivedate=14 November 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> frae the centre of Earth, the closest occurrence syne 26 Januar 1948. It will nae be closer until 25 November 2034.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://astrobob.areavoices.com/2016/11/10/moongazers-delight-biggest-supermoon-in-decades-looms-large-sunday-night/|title=Moongazers Delight — Biggest Supermoon In Decades Looms Large Sunday Night|date=10 November 2016|publisher=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114170208/http://astrobob.areavoices.com/2016/11/10/moongazers-delight-biggest-supermoon-in-decades-looms-large-sunday-night/|archivedate=14 November 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>]] The distance atween the Muin an Yird varies frae aroond {{convert |356,400 |km |mi |abbr=on}} tae {{convert |406,700 |km |mi |abbr=on}} at [[Apsis|perigees]] (closest) an apogees (faurthest), respectively. On 14 November 2016, it wis closer tae Yird whan at full phase than it haes been syne 1948, 14% closer than its faurthest poseetion in apogee.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.space.com/34515-supermoon-guide.html|title=Supermoon November 2016|date=13 November 2016|accessdate=14 November 2016|publisher=Space.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114220725/http://www.space.com/34515-supermoon-guide.html|archivedate=14 November 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Reportit as a "[[Supermoon|super muin]]", this closest pynt coincides within an oor o a [[full muin]], an it wis 30% mair luminous than whan at its greatest distance due tae its angular diameter bein 14% greater, acause <math>\scriptstyle1.14^2\approx1.30</math>.<ref> {{cite web |title=Super Full Moon |date=16 March 2011 |author=Tony Phillips |publisher=[[NASA]] |accessdate=19 March 2011 |url=https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2011/16mar_supermoon/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507035348/https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2011/16mar_supermoon/ |archivedate=7 May 2012 |df= }} </ref><ref> {{cite web|title=Full moon tonight is as close as it gets |date=18 March 2011 |author=Richard K. De Atley |publisher=[[The Press-Enterprise]] |accessdate=19 March 2011 |url=http://www.pe.com/localnews/stories/PE_News_Local_D_moon19.23a6364.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110322161600/http://www.pe.com/localnews/stories/PE_News_Local_D_moon19.23a6364.html |archivedate=22 March 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref> {{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2011/mar/19/super-moon-closest-point-years |title='Super moon' to reach closest point for almost 20 years |work=The Guardian |date=19 March 2011 |accessdate=19 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225175506/http://www.theguardian.com/science/2011/mar/19/super-moon-closest-point-years |archivedate=25 December 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> At lower levels, the human perception o reduced brightness as a percentage is providit bi the follaein formula:<ref> {{cite web |last=Georgia State University, Dept. of Physics (Astronomy) |title=Perceived Brightness |url=http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/vision/bright.html |work=Brightnes and Night/Day Sensitivity |publisher=[[Georgia State University]] |accessdate=25 January 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221094605/http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/vision/bright.html |archivedate=21 February 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref> {{cite web |last=Lutron |title=Measured light vs. perceived light |url=http://www.lutron.com/TechnicalDocumentLibrary/Measured_vs_Perceived.pdf |work=From IES Lighting Handbook 2000, 27-4 |publisher=[[Lutron]] |accessdate=25 January 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205204351/http://www.lutron.com/TechnicalDocumentLibrary/Measured_vs_Perceived.pdf |archivedate=5 February 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> <math>\text{perceived reduction}\%=100 \times \sqrt{\text{actual reduction}\% \over 100}</math> Whan the actual reduction is 1.00 / 1.30, or about 0.770, the perceived reduction is aboot 0.877, or 1.00 / 1.14. This gies a maximum perceived increase o 14% atween apogee an perigee muins o the same phase.<ref> {{cite web |last=Walker |first=John |title=Inconstant Moon |url=http://www.fourmilab.ch/earthview/moon_ap_per.html |work=Earth and Moon Viewer |publisher=[[Fourmilab]] |accessdate=23 January 2014 |location=Fourth paragraph of "How Bright the Moonlight" |date=May 1997 |quote=14% [...] due to the logarithmic response of the human eye. |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214123836/https://www.fourmilab.ch/earthview/moon_ap_per.html |archivedate=14 December 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Thare haes been historical controversy ower whether featurs on the Muin's surface chynge ower time. The day, mony o thir claims are thocht tae be illusory, resultin frae observation unner different lichtin condeetions, puir [[astronomical seein]], or inadequate drawins. Houiver, [[ootgassin]] daes occasionally occur, an coud be responsible for a minor percentage o the reportit [[transient lunar phenomenon|lunar transient phenomena]]. Recently, it haes been suggestit that aboot a {{Convert |3 |km |abbr=on}} diameter region o the lunar surface wis modified bi a gas release event aboot a million years aby.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/Nov06/MoonGas.html |last=Taylor |first=G.J. |title=Recent Gas Escape from the Moon |work=Planetary Science Research Discoveries |publisher=[[Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology]] |date=8 November 2006 |accessdate=4 April 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070304055515/http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/Nov06/MoonGas.html |archivedate=4 March 2007 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Schultz |first=P. H. |author2=Staid, M. I. |author3=Pieters, C. M. |date=2006 |title=Lunar activity from recent gas release |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2006-11-09_444_7116/page/184 |journal=[[Nature (jurnal)|Nature]] |volume=444 |pages=184–186 |doi=10.1038/nature05303 |pmid=17093445 |issue=7116 |bibcode=2006Natur.444..184S}}</ref> The Muin's appearance, lik that o the Sun, can be affectit bi Yird's atmosphere: common effects are a 22° [[Halo (optical phenomenon)|halo ring]] formed whan the Muin's licht is refractit throu the ice creestals o heich [[cirrostratus]] cloud, an smawer [[Corona (meteorology)|coronal rings]] whan the Muin is seen throu thin cloods.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/%28Gh%29/guides/mtr/opt/ice/halo/22.rxml |title=22 Degree Halo: a ring of light 22 degrees from the sun or moon |publisher=Department of Atmospheric Sciences, [[University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign]] |accessdate=13 April 2010 |archive-date=2010-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100405070654/http://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/(Gh)/guides/mtr/opt/ice/halo/22.rxml |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{wide image |Moon_phases_en.jpg |550px |The monthly cheenges o angle between the direction o illumination bi the Sun an viewin frae Yird, an the [[Lunar phase|phases o the Muin]] that result as viewed frae the northren hemisphere. Yird–Muin distance is nae tae scale.}} The illuminatit area o the veesible sphere (degree o illumination) is gien bi <math>(1-\cos e)/2=\sin^2(e/2)</math>, whaur <math>e</math> is the [[elongation (astronomy)|elongation]] (i.e., the angle atween Muin, the observer (on Yird) an the Sun). ===Tidal effects=== {{main article |Tide}} [[File:Lunar libration with phase Oct 2007 (continuous loop).gif|thumb |alt=Ower ane lunar month mair nor hauf o the Muin's surface can be seen frae Yird's surface. |The [[libration]] o the Muin ower a single lunar month. An aa veesible is the slicht variation in the Muin's veesual size frae Yird.]] The gravitational attraction that masses hae for ane anither decreases inversely wi the square o the distance o thae masses frae ilk ither. As a result, the slichtly greater attraction that the Muin haes for the side o Yird closest tae the Muin, as compared tae the pairt o the Yird opposite the Muin, results in [[tidal forces]]. Tidal forces affect baith the Yird's crust an oceans. The maist obvious effect o tidal forces is tae cause twa bulges in the Yird's oceans, ane on the side facin the Muin an the ither on the side opposite. This results in elevatit sea levels cried [[tide|ocean tides]].<ref name="Lambeck1977" /> As the Yird spins on its axis, ane o the ocean bulges (heich tide) is held in place "unner" the Muin, while anither sic tide is opposite. As a result, thare are twa heich tides, an twa law tides in aboot 24 oors.<ref name="Lambeck1977" /> Syne the Muin is orbitin the Yird in the same direction o the Yird's rotation, the heich tides occur aboot ivery 12 oors an 25 minutes; the 25 minutes is due tae the Muin's time tae orbit the Yird. The Sun haes the same tidal effect on the Yird, but its forces o attraction are anerly 40% that o the Muin's; the Sun's an Muin's interplay is responsible for [[Ware tide|ware an neap tides]].<ref name="Lambeck1977" /> If the Yird war a watter warld (ane wi no continents) it wad produce a tide o anly ane meter, an that tide wad be verra predictable, but the ocean tides are greatly modified bi ither effects: the freectional cooplin o watter tae Yird's rotation throu the ocean fluirs, the [[inertia]] o watter's muivement, ocean basins that graw shallaer near laund, the sloshin o watter atween different ocean basins.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Le Provost |first=C. |author2=Bennett, A. F. |author3=Cartwright, D. E. |date=1995 |title=Ocean Tides for and from TOPEX/POSEIDON |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1995-02-03_267_5198/page/638 |pages=639–42 |journal=[[Science (jurnal)|Science]] |pmid=17745840 |volume=267 |issue=5198 |bibcode=1995Sci...267..639L |doi=10.1126/science.267.5198.639}}</ref> As a result, the timing o the tides at maist pynts on the Yird is a product o observations that are explained, incidentally, bi theory. While gravitation causes acceleration an movement o the Yird's fluid oceans, gravitational cooplin atween the Muin an Yird's solit bouk is maistly elastic an plastic. The result is a forder tidal effect o the Muin on the Yird that causes a bulge o the solit portion o the Yird nearest the Muin that acts as a [[torque]] in opposeetion tae the Yird's rotation. This "drains" [[angular momentum]] an rotational [[kinetic energy]] frae Yird's spin, slowing the Yird's rotation.<ref name="Lambeck1977" /><ref name="touma1994" /> That angular momentum, lost frae the Yird, is transferred tae the Muin in a process (confusingly kent as [[tidal acceleration]]), that lifts the Muin intae a heicher orbit an results in its lawer orbital speed aboot the Yird. Sicweys the distance atween Yird an Muin is [[tidal acceleration|increasin]], an the Yird's spin is slawin in reaction.<ref name="touma1994" /> Measurements frae laser reflectors left in the Apollo missions ([[lunar laser rangin experiment|lunar rangin experiments]]) hae foond that the Muin's distance increases bi {{Convert |38 |mm |abbr=on}} per year<ref>{{cite journal |last=Chapront |first=J. |author2=Chapront-Touzé, M. |author3=Francou, G. |date=2002 |title=A new determination of lunar orbital parameters, precession constant and tidal acceleration from LLR measurements |journal=[[Astronomy and Astrophysics]] |volume=387 |issue=2 |pages=700–709 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20020420 |bibcode=2002A&A...387..700C}}</ref> (aboot the rate at that human fingernails growe).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-12311119 |title=Why the Moon is getting further away from Earth |work=BBC News |date=1 February 2011 |accessdate=18 September 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925185706/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-12311119 |archivedate=25 September 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[Atomic clock]]s an aa shaw that Yird's day lenthens bi aboot 15&nbsp;[[microseicont]]s ivery year,<ref>{{cite web |last=Ray |first=R. |date=15 May 2001 |url=http://bowie.gsfc.nasa.gov/ggfc/tides/intro.html |title=Ocean Tides and the Earth's Rotation |publisher=[[IERS Special Bureau for Tides]] |accessdate=17 March 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327084125/http://bowie.gsfc.nasa.gov/ggfc/tides/intro.html |archivedate=27 March 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> slawly increasin the rate at that [[Coordinatit Universal Time|UTC]] is adjuistit bi [[leap seicont]]s. Left tae run its coorse, this tidal drag wad continue till the spin o Yird an the orbital period o the Muin matched, creautin mutual tidal lockin atween the twa. As a result, the Muin wad be suspendit in the sky ower ane meridian, as is awreidy currently the case wi [[Pluto]] an its muin [[Charon (muin)|Charon]]. Houiver, the Sun will become a [[reid giant#The Sun as a reid giant|reid giant]] engulfin the Yird-Muin seestem lang afore this occurrence.<ref>{{cite book |author=Murray, C.D. |author2=Dermott, Stanley F. |title=Solar System Dynamics |date=1999 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-57295-8 |page=184}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Dickinson |first=Terence |authorlink=Terence Dickinson |title=From the Big Bang to Planet X |url=https://archive.org/details/frombigbangtopla00unse |date=1993 |publisher=[[Camden House]] |location=Camden East, Ontario |isbn=978-0-921820-71-0 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/frombigbangtopla00unse/page/79 79]–81}} </ref> In a lik manner, the lunar surface experiences tides o aroond {{Convert |10 |cm |4=0 |abbr=on}} amplitude ower 27&nbsp;days, wi twa components: a fixed ane due tae Yird, acause thay are in [[synchronous rotation]], an a varyin component frae the Sun.<ref name="touma1994"/> The Yird-induced component arises frae [[libration]], a result o the Muin's orbital eccentricity (if the Muin's orbit war perfectly circular, thare wad anerly be solar tides).<ref name="touma1994" /> Libration an aa cheenges the angle frae that the Muin is seen, allouin a tot o aboot 59% o its surface tae be seen frae Yird ower time.<ref name="worldbook" /> The cumulative effects o stress biggit up bi thir tidal forces produces [[muinquauks]]. Muinquakes are muckle less common an waiker nor are yirdquauks, awtho muin quauks can last for up tae an oor—a signeeficantly langer time than terrestrial quauks—acause o the absence o watter tae damp oot the seismic vibrations. The existence o muinquauks wis an unexpectit discovery frae [[seismometer]]s placed on the Muin bi [[Apollo program|Apollo]] [[astronaut]]s frae 1969 throu 1972.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Latham |first1=Gary |date=1972 |last2=Ewing |first2=Maurice |last3=Dorman |first3=James |last4=Lammlein |first4=David |last5=Press |first5=Frank |last6=Toksőz |first6=Naft |last7=Sutton |first7=George |last8=Duennebier |first8=Fred |last9=Nakamura |first9=Yosio |title=Moonquakes and lunar tectonism |journal=[[Earth, Moon, and Planets]] |volume=4 |issue=3–4 |pages=373–382 |doi=10.1007/BF00562004 |bibcode=1972Moon....4..373L}}</ref> ===Eclipses=== {{main article |Solar eclipse |Lunar eclipse}} {{multiple image |width1=152 |width2=150 |image1=Solar_eclipse_1999_4_NR.jpg |alt1=The fiercely bright disk o the Sun is completely obscured bi the exact fit o the disk o the daurk, non-illuminatit Moon, leavin anerly the radial, fuzzy, glawin coronal filaments o the Sun aroond the edge. |image2=STEREO-B solar eclipse.jpg |alt2=The bricht disk o the Sun, shawin mony coronal filaments, flares an grainy patches in the wavelenth o this eemage, is pairtly obscured bi a smaw dark disk: here, the Muin covers less than a fifteent o the Sun. |footer=Frae Yird, the Muin an the Sun appear the same size, as seen in the [[Solar eclipse o August 11, 1999|1999 solar eclipse]] (left), whauras frae the ''[[Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory|STEREO-B]]'' spacecraft in an Yird-trailin orbit, the Muin appears mukle smawer than the Sun (richt).<ref>{{cite web|author=Phillips, Tony |work=Science@NASA |title=Stereo Eclipse |date=12 March 2007 |accessdate=17 March 2010 |url=https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2007/12mar_stereoeclipse.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610082213/https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2007/12mar_stereoeclipse.htm |archivedate=10 June 2008 |df= }}</ref> }} Eclipses can anerly occur whan the Sun, Yird, an Muin are aw in a straucht line (termed "[[Syzygy (astronomy)|syzygy]]"). [[Solar eclipse]]s occur at [[new muin]], whan the Muin is atween the Sun an Yird. In contrast, [[lunar eclipse]]s occur at [[full muin]], whan Yird is atween the Sun an Muin. The apparent size o the Muin is aboot the same as that o the Sun, wi baith bein viewed at close tae ane-hauf a degree wide. The Sun is muckle lairger nor the Muin but it is the precise vastly greater distance that gies it the same apparent size as the muckle closer an much smawer Muin frae the perspective o Yird. The variations in apparent size, due tae the non-circular orbits, are nearly the same as well, tho occurrin in different cycles. This maks possible baith [[total eclipse|total]] (wi the Muin appearin lairger than the Sun) an [[annular eclipse|annular]] (wi the Muin appearin smawer than the Sun) solar eclipses.<ref>{{cite web |first=F. |last=Espenak |date=2000 |url=http://www.mreclipse.com/Special/SEprimer.html |title=Solar Eclipses for Beginners |publisher=MrEclip]] |accessdate=17 March 2010}}</ref> In a tot eclipse, the Muin completely covers the disc o the Sun an the solar [[corona]] becomes vrrsible tae the [[nakit ee]]. Acause the distance atween the Muin an Yird is verra slawly increasin ower time,<ref name="Lambeck1977" /> the angular diameter o the Muin is decreasin. An aa, as it evolves thewarts becomin a [[reid giant]], the size o the Sun, an its apparent diameter in the sky, are slawly increasin.{{efn|name=size changes}} The combination o thir twa cheenges means that hunders o millions o years ago, the Muin wad alyeweys completely civer the Sun on solar eclipses, an no annular eclipses war possible. Likwise, hunders o millions o years in the futur, the Muin will no langer civer the Sun completely, an tot solar eclipses will nae occur.<ref name=fourmilab>{{cite web |last=Walker |first=John |url=http://www.fourmilab.ch/images/peri_apo/ |title=Moon near Perigee, Earth near Aphelion |publisher=[[Fourmilab]] |date=10 July 2004 |accessdate=25 December 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208153430/http://www.fourmilab.ch/images/peri_apo/ |archivedate=8 December 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Acause the Muin's orbit aroond Yird is inclined bi aboot 5.145° (5° 9') tae the [[ecliptic|orbit o Yird aroond the Sun]], eclipses dae nae occur at ivery full an new muin. For an eclipse tae occur, the Muin must be near the intersection o the twa orbital planes.<ref name="eclipse" /> The periodicity an recurrence o eclipses o the Sun bi the Muin, an o the Muin bi Yird, is describit bi the [[Saros (astronomy)|saros]], that haes a period o approximately 18&nbsp;years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/SEsaros/SEsaros.html |last=Espenak |first=F. |title=Saros Cycle |publisher=[[NASA]] |accessdate=17 March 2010 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120524183445/sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/SEsaros/SEsaros.html |archivedate=24 May 2012 |df= }}</ref> Acause the Muin is continuously blockin oor view o a hauf-degree-wide circular area o the sky,{{efn |name=area}}<ref>{{cite magazine |title=The Square Degree as a Unit of Celestial Area |author=Guthrie, D.V. |date=1947 |magazine=[[Popular Astronomy (US magazine)|Popular Astronomy]] |volume=55 |pages=200–203 |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1947PA.....55..200G/abstract|bibcode=1947PA.....55..200G}}</ref> the relatit phenomenon o [[occultation]] occurs whan a bricht starn or planet passes ahint the Muin an is occultit: hidden frae view. In this wey, a solar eclipse is an occultation o the Sun. Because the Muin is comparatively close tae Yird, occultations o individual starns are nae veesible iverywhaur on the planet, nor at the same time. Acause o the [[precession]] o the lunar orbit, ilk year different stars are occulted.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://occsec.wellington.net.nz/total/totoccs.htm |title=Total Lunar Occultations |publisher=[[Royal Astronomical Society of New Zealand]] |accessdate=17 March 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100223022627/http://occsec.wellington.net.nz/total/totoccs.htm |archivedate=23 February 2010 |df= }}</ref> ==References== ===Notes=== {{notes |notes= {{efn |name=inclination |Atween 18.29° an 28.58° tae Yird's [[equator]].<ref name="W06"/> }} {{efn|name=maxval |The ''maximum vailyie'' is gien based on scalin o the brichtness frae the vailyie o −12.74 gien for an equator tae Muin-centre distance o 378&nbsp;000&nbsp;km in the NASA factsheet reference tae the meenimum Yird–Muin distance gien thare, efter the latter is correctit for Yird's equatorial radius o 6&nbsp;378&nbsp;km, giein 350&nbsp;600&nbsp;km. The ''meenimum vailyie'' (for a distant [[new muin]]) is based on a seemilar scalin uisin the maximum Yird–Muin distance o 407&nbsp;000&nbsp;km (gien in the factsheet) an bi calculatin the brichtness o the [[yirdshine]] ontae sic a new muin. The brichtness o the yirdshine is {{nowrap|[ Yird [[albedo]] ×}} {{nowrap|([[Yird radius]] /}} Radius o [[Orbit o the Muin|Muin's orbit]])<sup>2</sup>&nbsp;] relative tae the direct solar illumination that occurs for a full muin. ({{nowrap |Earth albedo {{=}} 0.367}}; {{nowrap |Yird radius {{=}} (polar}} radius&nbsp;× equatorial {{nowrap |radius)<sup>½</sup> {{=}} 6 367 km}}.) }} {{efn |name=angular size |The range o angular size vailyies gien are based on semple scalin o the follaein vailyies gien in the fact sheet reference: at an Yird-equator tae Muin-centre distance o 378&nbsp;000&nbsp;km, the [[Angular diameter|angular size]] is 1896&nbsp;[[arcseicont]]s. The same fact sheet gies extreme Yird–Muin distances o 407&nbsp;000&nbsp;km an 357&nbsp;000&nbsp;km. For the maximum angular size, the meenimum distance haes ae be correctit for Yird's equatorial radius o 6&nbsp;378&nbsp;km, giein 350&nbsp;600&nbsp;km. }} {{efn|name=pressure explanation |Lucey et al. (2006) gie {{nowrap |10<sup>7</sup> particles cm<sup>−3</sup>}} bi day an {{nowrap |10<sup>5</sup> pairticles cm<sup>−3</sup>}} bi nicht. Alang wi equatorial surface temperaturs o 390&nbsp;[[Kelvin|K]] bi day an 100&nbsp;K bi nicht, the [[ideal gas law]] yields the pressurs gien in the infobox (roondit tae the nearest [[order o magnitude]]): 10<sup>−7</sup>&nbsp;[[Pascal (unit)|Pa]] bi day an 10<sup>−10</sup>&nbsp;Pa bi nicht. }} {{efn |name=near-Earth asteroids |Thare are a nummer o [[near-Yird asteroid]]s, includin [[3753 Cruithne]], that are [[co-orbital]] wi Yird: thair orbits bring them close tae Yird for periods o time but then alter in the lang term (Morais et al, 2002). Thir are [[quasi-satellite]]s&nbsp;– thay are not muins as thay dae nae orbit Yird. For mair information, see [[Ither muins o Yird]]. }} {{efn|name=Moon vs. Charon |Wi 27% the diameter an 60% the density o Yird, the Muin haes 1.23% o the mass o Yird. The muin [[Charon (muin)|Charon]] is lairger relative tae its primar [[Pluto]], but Pluto is nou conseedert tae be a [[dwarf planet]]. }} {{efn |name=orbpd |Mair accurately, the Muin's mean sidereal period (fixed starn tae fixed starn) is 27.321661&nbsp;days {{nowrap |(27 d 07 o 43 meen 11.5 s)}}, an its mean tropical orbital period (frae equinox tae equinox) is 27.321582&nbsp;days {{nowrap |(27 d 07 o 43 meen 04.7 s)}} (''Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Ephemeris'', 1961, at p.107). }} {{efn |name=synpd |Mair accurately, the Muin's mean synodic period (atween mean solar conjunctions) is 29.530589&nbsp;days {{nowrap |(29 d 12 h 44 min 02.9 s)}} (''Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Ephemeris'', 1961, at p.107). }} {{efn |name=brightness |The Sun's [[apparent magnitude]] is −26.7, while the full muin's apparent magnitude is −12.7. }} {{efn|name=area |On average, the Muin covers an area o {{nowrap |0.21078 square degrees}} on the nicht sky. }} {{efn |name=size changes |See graph in [[Sun#Life phases]]. At present, the diameter o the Sun is increasin at a rate o aboot five percent per billion years. This is verra seemilar tae the rate at that the apparent angular diameter o the Muin is decreasin as it recedes frae Yird. }} }} ===Citations=== {{Reflist|30em |refs= <ref name="W06"> {{cite journal | last1 = Wieczorek| first1 = Mark A.| last2 = Jolliff| first2 = Bradley L.| last3 = Khan| first3 = Amir| last4 = Pritchard| first4 = Matthew E.| last5 = Weiss| first5 = Benjamin P.| last6 = Williams| first6 = James G.| last7 = Hood| first7 = Lon L.| last8 = Righter| first8 = Kevin| last9 = Neal| first9 = Clive R.| last10 = Shearer| first10 = Charles K.| last11 = McCallum| first11 = I. Stewart| last12 = Tompkins| first12 = Stephanie| last13 = Hawke| first13 = B. 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LUNAR IMPACT: A History of Project Ranger. |publisher=[[Scientific and Technical Information Office]], [[NASA]] |accessdate=13 April 2010 |location=Washington, D.C. |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100410085526/http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4210/pages/App_A.htm |archivedate=10 April 2010 |df=dmy-all }} </ref> <ref name="CNN"> {{cite news |last=Coren |first=M. |title='Giant leap' opens world of possibility |publisher=CNN |date=26 July 2004 |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2004/TECH/space/07/16/moon.landing/index.html |accessdate=16 March 2010|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/66CTOLNBW?url=http://edition.cnn.com/2004/TECH/space/07/16/moon.landing/index.html |archivedate=16 March 2012 |df=dmy-all }} </ref> <ref name="xinhua_20090301"> {{cite news |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2009-03/01/content_7523687.htm |title=China's first lunar probe ends mission |date=1 March 2009 |publisher=[[Xinhua]] |accessdate=29 March 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304124614/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2009-03/01/content_7523687.htm |archivedate=4 March 2009 |df=dmy-all }} </ref> <ref name="unoosa_q6"> {{cite web |url=http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/FAQ/splawfaq.html#Q6 |title=Can any State claim a part of outer space as its own? |publisher=[[United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs]] |accessdate=28 March 2010 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100421232450/http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/FAQ/splawfaq.html#Q6 |archivedate=21 April 2010 |df=dmy-all }} </ref> <ref name="unoosa_q4"> {{cite web |url=http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/FAQ/splawfaq.html#Q4 |title=How many States have signed and ratified the five international treaties governing outer space? |date=1 January 2006 |publisher=[[United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs]] |accessdate=28 March 2010 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100421232450/http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/FAQ/splawfaq.html#Q4 |archivedate=21 April 2010 |df=dmy-all }} </ref> <ref name="unoosa_q5"> {{cite web |url=http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/FAQ/splawfaq.html#Q5 |title=Do the five international treaties regulate military activities in outer space? |publisher=[[United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs]] |accessdate=28 March 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100421232450/http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/FAQ/splawfaq.html#Q5 |archivedate=21 April 2010 |df=dmy-all }} </ref> <ref name="unoosa_moon"> {{cite web |url=http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/SpaceLaw/moon.html |title=Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies |publisher=[[United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs]] |accessdate=28 March 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100809072447/http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/SpaceLaw/moon.html |archivedate=9 August 2010 |df=dmy-all }} </ref> <ref name="unoosa_q7"> {{cite web |url=http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/FAQ/splawfaq.html#Q7 |title=The treaties control space-related activities of States. What about non-governmental entities active in outer space, like companies and even individuals? |publisher=[[United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs]] |accessdate=28 March 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100421232450/http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/FAQ/splawfaq.html#Q7 |archivedate=21 April 2010 |df=dmy-all }} </ref> <ref name="iisl_2004"> {{cite web |url=http://www.iislweb.org/docs/IISL_Outer_Space_Treaty_Statement.pdf |title=Statement by the Board of Directors of the IISL On Claims to Property Rights Regarding The Moon and Other Celestial Bodies (2004) |date=2004 |publisher=[[International Institute of Space Law]] |accessdate=28 March 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091222021426/http://www.iislweb.org/docs/IISL_Outer_Space_Treaty_Statement.pdf |archivedate=22 December 2009 |df=dmy-all }} </ref> <ref name="iisl_2009"> {{cite web |url=http://www.iislweb.org/docs/Statement%20BoD.pdf |title=Further Statement by the Board of Directors of the IISL On Claims to Lunar Property Rights (2009) |date=22 March 2009 |publisher=[[International Institute of Space Law]] |accessdate=28 March 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091222022107/http://www.iislweb.org/docs/Statement%20BoD.pdf |archivedate=22 December 2009 |df=dmy-all }} </ref> <ref name="Marshack"> Marshack, Alexander (1991), ''The Roots of Civilization'', Colonial Hill, Mount Kisco, NY. </ref> <ref name="barnhart-and-germania"> For etymology, see {{cite book |last=Barnhart |first=Robert K. |title=The Barnhart Concise Dictionary of Etymology |url=https://archive.org/details/barnhartconcised0000unse |date=1995 |publisher=[[Harper Collins]] |isbn=978-0-06-270084-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/barnhartconcised0000unse/page/487 487]}}. For the lunar calendar of the Germanic peoples, see {{cite book |last=Birley |first=A. R. (Trans.) |title=Agricola and Germany |url=https://archive.org/details/agricolagermanyo00taci_678 |series=Oxford World's Classics |date=1999 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=USA |isbn=978-0-19-283300-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/agricolagermanyo00taci_678/page/n164 108]}} </ref> <ref name="spacetoday"> {{cite web |url=http://www.spacetoday.org/SolSys/Earth/OldStarCharts.html |title=Carved and Drawn Prehistoric Maps of the Cosmos |publisher=[[Space Today]] |date=2006 |accessdate=12 April 2007 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/66Bhc1WIC?url=http://www.spacetoday.org/SolSys/Earth/OldStarCharts.html |archivedate=15 March 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> <ref name="sciam"> {{cite web |title=Lunacy and the Full Moon |publisher=Scientific American |date=2009 |first1=Scott O. |last1=Lilienfeld |first2=Hal |last2=Arkowitz |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=lunacy-and-the-full-moon |accessdate=13 April 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016163312/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=lunacy-and-the-full-moon |archivedate=16 October 2009 |df=dmy-all }} </ref> --> <ref name="Williams1996">{{cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=James G. |last2=Newhall |first2=XX |last3=Dickey |first3=Jean O. |title=Lunar moments, tides, orientation, and coordinate frames |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_planetary-and-space-science_1996-10_44_10/page/1077 |journal=[[Planetary and Space Science]] |volume=44 |issue=10 |date=1996 |pages=1077–1080 |doi=10.1016/0032-0633(95)00154-9 |bibcode=1996P&SS...44.1077W}}</ref> <!-- <ref name="MartensKelly1988">{{cite journal |last1=Martens |first1=R. |last2=Kelly |first2=I. W. |last3=Saklofske |first3=D. H. |title=Lunar Phase and Birthrate: A 50-year Critical Review |url=https://archive.org/details/psychological-reports_1988-12_63_3/page/923 |journal=[[Psychological Reports]] |volume=63 |issue=3 |date=1988 |pages=923–934 |doi=10.2466/pr0.1988.63.3.923}}</ref> <ref name="RottonKelly1985">{{cite journal |last1=Rotton |first1=James |last2=Kelly |first2=I. W. |title=Much ado about the full moon: A meta-analysis of lunar-lunacy research. |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychological-bulletin_1985-03_97_2/page/286 |journal=[[Psychological Bulletin]] |volume=97 |issue=2 |date=1985 |pages=286–306 |doi=10.1037/0033-2909.97.2.286}}</ref> <ref name="FosterRoenneberg2008">{{cite journal |last1=Foster |first1=Russell G. |last2=Roenneberg |first2=Till |title=Human Responses to the Geophysical Daily, Annual and Lunar Cycles |journal=[[Current Biology]] |volume=18 |issue=17 |date=2008 |pages=R784–R794 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2008.07.003 |pmid=18786384}}</ref> <ref name="kelly">{{Citation |last=Kelly |first=Ivan |last2=Rotton |first2=James |last3=Culver |first3=Roger |date=1986 |title=The Moon Was Full and Nothing Happened: A Review of Studies on the Moon and Human Behavior |journal=[[Skeptical Inquirer]] |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=129–43 |url= }}. Reprinted in ''The Hundredth Monkey - and other paradigms of the paranormal'', edited by Kendrick Frazier, Prometheus Books. Revised and updated in ''The Outer Edge: Classic Investigations of the Paranormal'', edited by [[Joe Nickell]], [[Barry Karr]], and [[Tom Genoni]], 1996, [[CSICOP]].</ref> --> }}<!--(end {{notes}})--> ===Bibliography=== {{refbegin}} * {{anchor|CITEREFNeedham1986}}{{cite book |last=Needham |first=Joseph |title=Science and Civilization in China, Volume III: Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and Earth |url=https://books.google.com/?id=jfQ9E0u4pLAC |date=1986 |publisher=[[Caves Books]] |isbn=978-0-521-05801-8 |place=Taipei}} {{refend}} [[Category:Muin| ]] asohqobt8ggvrc11ffv0mn6gbpgjtgx Sister ceety 0 16135 920577 871576 2026-08-10T05:06:10Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 920577 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Neckarsulm PartnerStaedte.jpg|thumb|Sign denotin twin touns o [[Neckarsulm]], [[Germany]]]] '''Twin touns''' an '''sister ceeties''' are twa o mony terms uised tae describe the cooperative agreements atween a [[toun]], [[ceety|ceeties]] an even [[Coonty|coonties]] in geographically an poleetically distinct auries tae promote cultural an commercial ties. == Terminology == In the [[Unitit Kinrick]], the term ''twin towns'' is maist commonly uised, generally referrin tae ''toun-twinnin'' wi Europe, differentiating wi the term ''sister ceeties'', that is uised for agreements wi touns an ceeties in the Unitit States. In [[Europe]], a variety o terms are uised; maist commonly ''twin touns'', but ''pairtnership touns'', ''pairtner touns'' an ''friendship touns,'' are uised an aa. [[Germany]] uises ''Partnerstadt'' ''(Pairtner Toun/Ceety)'', [[Fraunce]] uises ''Ville Jumelée'' ''(Twinned Toun/Ceety)''. In the [[Netherlands]], the term ''Stedenband'' ''(Ceety bond)'' is uised. [[North Americae]], [[Sooth Americae]], [[Sooth Asie]], [[Australasie]] an [[Asie]] generally uise the term ''sister ceeties''. In the umwhile [[Eastren Bloc|Soviet Bloc kintras]] ''twin touns'' is uised, in addition tae the term ''brither ceeties'', that is uised on occasion.<ref name="Trend">{{cite news |url=http://en.trend.az/news/cis/georgia/1492690.html |title=Tbilisi, Vilnius become brother cities |publisher=[[Trend News Agency]] |accessdate=2009-10-12 |archive-date=2009-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091114113411/http://en.trend.az/news/cis/georgia/1492690.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Whiles, ither govrenment bodies enter intae a "twinnin" relationship, lik the agreement atween the [[province]]s o [[Hainan]] in [[Fowkrepublic o Cheenae|Cheenae]] an [[Jeju-do]] in the [[Republic o Korea]], or atween [[Washington, D.C.]], an [[Beijing]]. The [[Douzelage]] is a toun twinnin association wi ane toun frae ilk o the member states o the [[European Union]].<ref name="Douzelage">{{cite web |url=http://www.douzelage.org/ |title=Douzelage.org: Home |publisher=www.douzelage.org |accessdate=2009-10-21 |archive-date=2010-02-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100217044329/http://www.douzelage.org/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Ither meanins== Whiles, the phrase "sister ceeties" is uised tae refer tae ceeties athout a formal agreement that hae seemilar culturs an/or historical backgrounds, lik [[Galveston, Texas]] an [[New Orleans]], twa ceeties that war historically major Southern ports on the [[Gulf of Mexico|Gulf]] coast. ==Criticism== The concept o sister ceeties haes been criticized as an unnecessary an expensive endeavor for ceeties tae partak in wi nae or naur nae accoontability or obvious signs o economic development resultin frae the arrangement.<ref name=junket/> Politeecians are frequently accuised o uisin sister ceeties as an excuse tae tak a pleasure trip at public expense, commonly referred tae as a junket.<!-- DINNAE link tae [[junket]] – Thare naethin uisefu thare, jist a disambiguation page. --><ref name=junket>{{Cite news| last = Johnston| first = Matt| title = Lord Mayor Robert Doyle on a mission to Russia| newspaper = Herald Sun| location = Melbourne| publisher = Herald and Weekly Times| date = 2009-01-23| url = http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/victoria/lord-mayor-junks-junkets-ban/story-e6frf7kx-1111118641001| archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/5tXRRuayQ?url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/victoria/lord-mayor-junks-junkets-ban/story-e6frf7kx-1111118641001| archivedate = 2010-10-17| access-date = 2011-03-10| url-status = live}}</ref> ==See an aa== * [[Paradiplomacy]] * [[Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties]] * [[Cross-border toun namin]] * [[Partnership 2000]] * [[Warld Ceety]] ==References== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} == Faur readin == *{{cite journal|url=http://admin5.geniebuilder.com/users/ccre/bases/T_599_46_3524.pdf|title=Twinnings for The morra's Warld - A Practical Handbook|publisher=[[Council o European Municipalities an Regions|CEMR Council o European Municipalities an Regions]]|accessdate=11 January 2010|location=[[Brussels]]|ref=CEMR69|archive-date=2008-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513123252/http://admin5.geniebuilder.com/users/ccre/bases/T_599_46_3524.pdf|url-status=dead}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commons|Town twinning}} * [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2242/is_1644_282/ai_97228022/print Germany an the toun twinnin movement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060217040639/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2242/is_1644_282/ai_97228022/print |date=2006-02-17 }} * [http://www.ccre.org/champs_activites_liste_news_en.htm?ID=3115 Toun twinnin in Europe's municipalities, touns an regions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061222193012/http://www.ccre.org/champs_activites_liste_news_en.htm?ID=3115 |date=2006-12-22 }} * [http://www.southampton.ac.uk/geography/research/ess/twinning/index.html Toun twinnin in Breetain syne 1945] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100724111824/http://www.southampton.ac.uk/geography/research/ess/twinning/index.html |date=2010-07-24 }} * [http://www.twinning.org/ Twinnin in Europe] * [http://www.towntwinning.org.uk/ UK Toun Twinnin Portal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090517052627/http://www.towntwinning.org.uk/ |date=2009-05-17 }} {{Twin towns}} {{Commonscat|Town twinning}} [[Category:Internaitional relations]] otizzdnwwt5e8oxqd26iq1c8447fbvl Kampong Thom Province 0 35161 920564 744360 2026-08-09T15:40:07Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 920564 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Kampong Thom | native_name = កំពង់ធំ | native_name_lang = khm<!-- ISO 639-2 code --> | settlement_type = [[Admeenistrative diveesions o Cambodie|Province]] | image_skyline = Baray rice paddies.jpg | image_caption = Rice paddies in [[Baray Destrict|Baray]]. | image_flag = | image_seal = | image_shield = | nickname = | motto = | image_map = Cambodia Kampong Thom locator map.svg | map_caption = Map o Cambodie heichlichtin Kampong Thom | pushpin_map = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_caption = Location o Kampong Thom in Cambodie | coordinates = {{coord|12|42|N|104|53|E|type:adm1st_region:KH|display=inline}} | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]] | subdivision_name = {{flag|Cambodie}} | established_title = | established_date = | seat_type = Caipital<!-- Capital --> | seat = [[Kampong Thom]] | leader_party = [[Cambodian Fowkpairty|CPP]] | leader_title = Govrenor | leader_name = Hun Neng | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 13814 | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.stat.go.jp/english/info/meetings/cambodia/pdf/pre_rep1.pdf|title = General Population Census of Cambodia 2008 - Provisional population totals|publisher = National Institute of Statistics, Ministry of Planning|date = 3 September 2008|format = PDF}}</ref> | population_total = 708398 | population_as_of = 2009 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_note = | blank_name_sec1 = [[Destricts o Cambodie|Destricts]] | blank_info_sec1 = 8 | blank1_name_sec1 = <!-- Communes --> | blank1_info_sec1 = | blank2_name_sec1 = <!-- Villages --> | blank2_info_sec1 = | timezone1 = [[UTC+07]] | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code_type = Dialin code | area_code = +855 | iso_code = KH-6 | website = | footnotes = }} {{Contains Khmer text}} '''Kampong Thom''' ({{lang-km|កំពង់ធំ}}, {{IPA-km|kɑmpɔːŋ tʰom|IPA}} "Grand Port") is a [[provinces o Cambodie|province]] (''khaet'') o [[Cambodie]]. It borders the provinces o [[Siem Reap Province|Siem Reap]] tae the northwast, [[Preah Vihear Province|Preah Vihear]] tae the north, [[Stung Treng Province|Stung Treng]] tae the north east, [[Kratie Province|Kratie]] tae the east, [[Kampong Cham Province|Kampong Cham]] an [[Kampong Chhnang Province|Kampong Chhnang]] tae the sooth an the [[Tonle Sap]] tae the wast. Its caipital is [[Kampong Thom]], a picturesque toun on the banks o the [[Stung Sen River]]. Kampong Thom is Cambodie's seicont lairgest province bi aurie. Thare are a nummer o significant [[Angkorian]] steids in the aurie includin Prasat [[Sambor Prei Kuk]] an Prasat [[Andet]] temples. Kampong Thom is ane o the provinces that border the Tonle Sap Lake an is in Tonlé Sap Biosphere Reserve.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tsbr-ed.org/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-07-13 |archive-date=2008-09-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905070736/http://www.tsbr-ed.org/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Admeenistration == The province is subdividit intae 8 destricts. *0601 [[Baray Destrict|Baray]] *0602 [[Kampong Svay Destrict|Kampong Svay]] *0603 [[Stueng Saen|Stung Sen]] *0604 [[Prasat Balangk|Prasat Balang]] *0605 [[Prasat Sambour]] *0606 [[Sandaan|Sandan]] *0607 [[Santuk]] *0608 [[Stoung]] == History == Kampong Pous Thom ''(Port o the Great Snake)'' wis the oreeginal name o the present province cried Kampong Thom. Oreeginally lang time ago, at the dock o the Sen River next tae a lake, thare wis a big cave wi a pair o big snakes inside. The fowk livin aroond this aurie uisually saw thir big snakes ivery Buddhist holiday. Time efter that, the snakes disappeared, an the fowk o that aurie cried it Kampong Pous Thom. Then, anerlie short wirds, Kampong Thom came later. Durin the [[French colony]] in Cambodie, the French ruled an dividit Cambodie territory intae provinces, an named them accordin tae the spoken wirds o the fowk. Kampong Thom wis a pouerful caipital in sooth-east Asie durin the [[Kinrick o Funan|Funan]] period. Kampong Thom haes Prasat Sambor Prei Kuk that wis famous durin the Chenla Era. == Geography == Twa o the three core uries in [[Tonle Sap Biosphere Reserve]] are locatit in Kampong Thom. * [[Boeng Chhmar]] (14,560 hectares), an * Stung Saen (6,355 hectares).<ref>Save Cambodia's Wildlife. ''The Atlas of Cambodia: National Poverty & Environment Maps'', SWC, Phnom Penh, Cambodia, 2006, p. 72.</ref> == Economy == [[File:Cashew apples.jpg|thumb|200px|right|The province is ane o the lairgest producer o cashews in the kintra.]] Kampong Thom province is, rich in tourism potentials tae attract tourists wi its exotic lakes, rivers, forests, muntains an mair nor 200 auncient temples. Hintle o Kampong Thom is locatit on the floodplain o the [[Tonle Sap]] lake. In 2003-04 it wis a significant producer o wild fish (18,800 tons) an the fowert lairgest producer o fish throu [[aquacultur]] in Cambodie (1,800 tons). Maist fish-raisin is bi hame production, wi a growin segment devotit tae rice field aquacultur.<ref>Save Cambodia's Wildlife. ''The Atlas of Cambodia: National Poverty & Environment Maps'', SWC, Phnom Penh, Cambodia, 2006, pp. 78-81.</ref> Kampong Thom is ane o the lairgest producers o [[cashew nuts]] in Cambodie an aw, wi 6,371 hectares unner production in 2003-04.<ref>Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry & Fisheries, ''The Fruit Crops: Agricultural Statistics, 2003-04, Phnom Penh, 2004.''</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} == Freemit airtins == {{Commons category|Kampong Thom (province)}} {{Geographic location |Centre = Kampong Thom Province |North = [[Preah Vihear Province]] |Northeast = [[Stung Treng Province]] |East = [[Kratie Province]] |Southeast = [[Kampong Cham Province]] |South = [[Kampong Chhnang Province]] |Southwest = [[Pursat Province]] |West = [[Siem Reap Province]] |Northwest = [[Siem Reap Province]] }} {{KampongThomProvince}} {{Provinces o Cambodie}} [[Category:Provinces o Cambodie]] [[Category:Kampong Thom Province| ]] lqgcg65yje7rjydinusfq3hiq2fszq2 Preah Vihear Province 0 36760 920571 906814 2026-08-10T00:39:33Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 920571 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox province | name = Preah Vihear | native_name = ព្រះវិហារ | native_name_lang = khm<!-- ISO 639-2 code --> | settlement_type = [[Admeenistrative diveesions o Cambodie|Province]] | image_skyline = Preah-vihear.jpg | image_caption = Prasat Preah Vihear | image_flag = | image_seal = | image_shield = | nickname = | motto = | image_map =Cambodia Preah Vihear locator map.svg | map_caption = Map o Cambodie heichlichtin Preah Vihear | pushpin_map = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_caption = Location o Preah Vihear in Cambodie | coordinates = {{coord|13|47|N|104|58|E|type:adm1st_region:KH|display=inline}} | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]] | subdivision_name = {{flag|Cambodie}} | established_title = | established_date = | seat_type = Caipital | seat = [[Phnom Tbeng Meanchey]] | leader_party = [[Cambodie Fowkpairty|CPP]] | leader_title = Govrenor | leader_name = Preap Tan | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 13788 | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.stat.go.jp/english/info/meetings/cambodia/pdf/pre_rep1.pdf|title = General Population Census of Cambodia 2008 - Provisional population totals|publisher = National Institute of Statistics, Ministry of Planning|date = 3 September 2008|format = PDF}}</ref> | population_total = 170852 | population_as_of = 2008 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_note = | blank_name_sec1 = [[Destricts o Cambodie|Destricts]] | blank_info_sec1 = 7 | blank1_name_sec1 = <!-- Communes --> | blank1_info_sec1 = | blank2_name_sec1 = <!-- Villages --> | blank2_info_sec1 = | timezone1 = [[UTC+07]] | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code_type = Dialin code | area_code = +855 | iso_code = KH-13 | website = | footnotes = }} {{Contains Khmer text}} '''Preah Vihear''' ({{lang-km|ព្រះវិហារ}}, {{IPA-km|preə̯̆h ʋihiə|IPA}} "Sacred Sanctuary") is a [[provinces o Cambodie|province]] (''khaet'') o [[Cambodie]]. It mairches the provinces o [[Oddar Meanchey Province|Oddar Meanchey]] an [[Siem Reap Province|Siem Reap]] tae the east, [[Kampong Thom Province|Kampong Thom]] tae the sooth an [[Stung Treng Province|Stung Treng]] tae the wast. It's northren boondary forms pairt o Cambodie's internaitional mairch wi [[Thailand]] an [[Laos]]. The caipital is [[Phnom Tbeng Meanchey]] toun. ==Description== The province is namit efter the temple o [[Prasat Preah Vihear]]. The [[Dângrêk Muntains]] an the Cambodie/[[Thailand]] border are locatit in the north o Preah Vihear Province. Preah Vihear is ane o the nine provinces that is pairt o the [[Tonle Sap Biosphere Reserve]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tsbr-ed.org/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-08-21 |archive-date=2008-09-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905070736/http://www.tsbr-ed.org/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Several Wastren govrenments hae issued travel warnins tae their citizens advisin no tae travel tae this province due tae an [[Cambodie–Thai border dispute|ongoin border dispute]] atween Cambodie an [[Thailand]]. The Govrenment o Canadae haes advised "Armed forces from both countries are engaged in this ongoing dispute. There have been reports of exchanges of gunfire in the area. Tensions are extremely high and military hostilities could escalate without warning." <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.voyage.gc.ca/dest/report-en.asp?country=46000 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-08-21 |archive-date=2016-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120210211/http://voyage.gc.ca/dest/report-en.asp?country=46000 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Admeenistration== {{Multiple image | align = left | direction = vertical | width = 200 | image1 = Koh Ker temple(2007).jpg | caption1 = [[Koh Ker|Koh Ker Temple]] | image2 = Dongrakfrommawidaeng1.jpg | caption2 = [[Dângrêk Muntains]] | image3 = | caption3 = [[Jiuzhaigou Valley]] in [[Sichuan]]. }} The province is subdividit intae 7 destricts. * 1301 - [[Chey Saen Destrict|Chey Saen]] - {{lang|km|ជ័យស៊ាន}} * 1302 - [[Chhaeb Destrict|Chhaeb]] - {{lang|km|ឈ្នែប}} * 1303 - [[Choam Khsant Destrict|Chaom Khsant]] - {{lang|km|ជាំក្សាន្ត}} * 1304 - [[Kuleaen Destrict|Kulen]] - {{lang|km|គូលេន}} * 1305 - [[Rovieng Destrict|Rovieng]] - {{lang|km|រវៀង}} * 1306 - [[Sangkom Thmei Destrict|Sangkom Thmei]] - {{lang|km|សង្គមថ្មី}} * 1307 - [[Tbaeng Meanchey Destrict|Tbeng Meanchey]] - {{lang|km|ត្បែងមានជ័យ}} ==Steids== * [[Koh Ker]] complex: Koh Ker wis ance the caipital ceety o [[Khmer Empire]] * Bakan or [[Preah Khan Kompong Svay]] complex: 105 kilometres soothwast o the provincial toun, biggit unner the reign o King [[Suryavarman I]] (1002–1050) * [[Noreay Temples]]: five 7t century temples made o Sandstane, laterite an brick, 32 kilometres northeast o the toun. Biggit in the 7t century * [[Phnom Pralean]] temple: a temple biggit tae wirship [[Vedic Brahmanism|Brahmanism]], on top o a 180 metres hill * [[Neak Buos]] temple: 75 kilometres north o Tbaeng Meanchey * [[Krapum Chhouk]] temple: biggit in the 10t century in laterite an stane, 45 kilometres sooth o Tbaeng Meanchey * [[Kork Beng]] temple: a ruined laterite an sandstane temple biggit atween 936 an 951 bi a commander namit Kork on the order o King [[Jayavarman IV]] * [[Wat Peung Preah Ko]]: a place o wirship in bonnie natural surroondins believit tae possess strang supernatural pouers. * [[Preah Vihear Temple]]: biggit in the 12t century, locatit atween Thailand an Cambodie. It wis leetit as [[Warld Heritage Steid]] in 2008. ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.preah-vihear.com/ Preah-Vihear.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131116034402/http://www.preah-vihear.com/ |date=2013-11-16 }} - Preah Vihear Temple an the Thai's Misunnerstaundin o the Warld Court Judgment o 15 Juin 1962 * {{wikivoyage|Preah Vihear}} {{Geographic location |Centre = Preah Vihear Province |North = [[Ubon Ratchathani Province]], {{flag|Thailand}} |Northeast = [[Champasak Province]], {{flag|Laos}} |East = [[Stung Treng Province]] |Southeast = |South = [[Kampong Thom Province]] |Southwest = |West = [[Oddar Meanchey Province]]<br>[[Siem Reap Province]] |Northwest = [[Sisaket Province]], {{flag|Thailand}} }} {{Provinces o Cambodie}} {{PreahVihearProvince}} [[Category:Preah Vihear Province| ]] [[Category:Provinces o Cambodie]] kt6ig36rsob2n53lr2ajoch7z3zp7l3 Presidente Hayes Depairtment 0 36912 920572 878973 2026-08-10T00:41:37Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 920572 wikitext text/x-wiki {{for|the fitbaa club|Club Presidente Hayes}} {{Infobox department | name = Presidente Hayes | native_name = | native_name_lang = es<!-- ISO 639-2 code --> | type = [[Depairtments o Paraguay|Depairtment]] | image_skyline = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_flag = Flag of Presidente Hayes Department.svg | flag_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | nickname = | motto = | anthem = | image_map = | map_alt = | map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|23|46|S|58|37|W|region:PY_type:adm1st|display=inline}} | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]] | subdivision_name = {{flag|Paraguay}} | subdivision_type1 = Region | subdivision_name1 = | parts_type = Lairgest ceety | parts_style = para | p1 = | established_title = Established | established_date = | blank_name_sec1 = [[Destricts o Paraguay|Number o Destricts]] | blank_info_sec1 = 8 | founder = | named_for = | seat_type = [[Caipital ceety|Caipital]] | seat = [[Villa Hayes]] | government_footnotes = | leader_party = | leader_title = | leader_name = | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 72907 | area_rank = | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = | population_total = 81876 | population_as_of = 2002 | population_rank = | population_density_km2 = auto | population_note = | timezone1 = [[Atlantic Staundart Time Zone|AST]] | utc_offset1 = -04 | timezone1_DST = ADT | utc_offset1_DST = -03 | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code_type = | area_code = | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:PY|PY-15]] | website = | footnotes = }} '''Presidente Hayes''' is a [[Depairtment (subnaitional entity)|depairtment]] in [[Paraguay]]. The caipital is the ceety o [[Villa Hayes]]. The depairtment wis namit after [[U.S. Preses]] [[Rutherford B. Hayes]], who declared it Paraguayan as the arbitrator in a boondary dispute atween Paraguay an [[Argentinae]] efter the [[Paraguayan War]]. == Destricts == The depairtment is dividit intae 8 destricts: # [[Benjamín Aceval, Paraguay|Benjamín Aceval]] # [[General Bruguez|Gral. Bruguez]] # [[José Falcón, Paraguay|José Falcón]] # [[Nanawa (Puerto Elsa)]] # [[Puerto Pinasco, Paraguay|Puerto Pinasco]] # [[Teniente Esteban Martínez]] # [[Teniente Irala Fernández]] # [[Villa Hayes]] == Freemit airtins == * [http://www.senatur.gov.py/index.php?language=2 SENATUR] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112200418/http://www.senatur.gov.py/index.php?language=2 |date=2012-11-12 }} * [http://www.ventacamposparaguay.com/photos2.htm photos o ranches in Pde Hayes Province] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722193613/http://www.ventacamposparaguay.com/photos2.htm |date=2012-07-22 }} {{Depairtments o Paraguay}} [[Category:Depairtments o Paraguay]] [[Category:Presidente Hayes Depairtment]] [[Category:Rutherford B. Hayes]] s82zgeg0lxy02fbwqhfe1gpdra9zttq Ruhollah Khomeini 0 37460 920576 917468 2026-08-10T02:23:06Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 920576 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | image = Portrait of Ruhollah Khomeini By Ali Kaveh.jpg | honorific-prefix= <small>Grand Ayatollah</small><br /> | native_name = {{nastaliq| موسوی خمینی}} | birthname = Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini | birth_date = {{birth date|1902|9|22|df=y}}<ref name="birth1">{{harvnb|DeFronzo|2007|p=286}}. "born 22 September 1902..."</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.iranchamber.com/history/rkhomeini/ayatollah_khomeini.php |title=History Of Iran Ayatollah Khomeini - Iran Chamber Society |access-date=2012-09-08 |archive-date=2015-12-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151205182448/http://www.iranchamber.com/history/rkhomeini/ayatollah_khomeini.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="NYTimes books">{{Cite news |title=Khomeini Life of the Ayatollah By BAQER MOIN |work=The New York Times|url=http://www.nytimes.com/books/first/m/moin-khomeini.html |accessdate=19 January 2012}}</ref><ref name="site of Islamic Revolution Leader">{{cite web |url=http://www.imam-khomeini.com/ShowItem.aspx?id=11463&cat=11462&lang=fa |title=Imam Khomeini Website &#124; سایت امام خمینی |publisher=Imam-khomeini.com |date= |accessdate=9 March 2012 |archive-date=2011-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826145819/http://www.imam-khomeini.com/ShowItem.aspx?id=11463&cat=11462&lang=Fa |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Karsh|2007|p=220}}. "Born on 22 September 1902"</ref> | birth_place = [[Khomein]], [[Qajar dynasty|Persie]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|1989|6|3|1902|9|24|df=y}} | death_place = [[Tehran]], Iran | ethnicity = [[Persie fowk|Persie]] | spouse = [[Khadijeh Saqafi]]<small> (m.1926 – will.1989)</small> | children = Mostafa <br> [[Zahra Mostafavi|Zahra]] <br> Sadiqeh <br> [[Farideh Mostafavi|Farideh]] <br> [[Ahmad Khomeini|Ahmad]] | office = 1st [[Supreme Leader o Iran]] | term_start = 3 December 1979 | term_end = 3 Juin 1989 | deputy = [[Hussein-Ali Montazeri]] | president = [[Abolhassan Banisadr]]<br />[[Mohammad-Ali Rajai]]<br />[[Ali Khamenei]] | primeminister = [[Mehdi Bazargan]]<br />Mohammad-Ali Rajai<br />[[Mohammad-Javad Bahonar]]<br />[[Mohammad-Reza Mahdavi Kani|Mahdavi Kani]]<br />[[Mir-Hossein Mousavi]] | successor = [[Ali Khamenei]] | religion = [[Usuli]] [[Twaler]] [[Shia Islam]] |signature = }} [[Sayyed]] '''Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini''' ({{nastaliq|روح‌اللّه مصطفوی موسوی خمینی}}, {{IPA-fa|ruːholˈlɑːhe muːsæˈviːje xomeiˈniː}}, [[22 September]] 1902 – [[3 Juin]] 1989) wis an [[Iran]]ian releegious leader an politeecian, an leader o the 1979 [[Iranian Revolution]] which saw the owerthrow o [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]], the [[Pahlavi dynasty|Shah]] o Iran. Follaein the revolution, Khomeini became the kintra's [[Supreme Leader o Iran|Supreme Leader]], a position creatit in the [[Constitution o Islamic Republic o Iran|constitution]] as the heichest rankin poleetical an releegious authority o the naition, which he held till his daith. ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Bibliography== {{refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite book|last=Brumberg|first=Daniel|title=Reinventing Khomeini: The Struggle for Reform in Iran|url=https://archive.org/details/reinventingkhome0000brum|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=0-226-07758-6|year=2001|ref=harv|postscript=<!--None-->}} * {{Cite book|last=Daniel|first=Elton L.|title=The History of Iran|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofiran0000dani|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=0-313-30731-8|year=2001|ref=harv|postscript=<!--None-->}} * {{Cite book|last=DeFronzo|first=James|title=Revolutions And Revolutionary Movements|url=https://archive.org/details/revolutionsrevol0000defr_m6p2|publisher=Westview Press|isbn=0-8133-4354-2|year=2007|ref=harv|postscript=<!--None-->}} * {{Cite book|last=Karsh|first=Efraim|title=Islamic Imperialism: A History|url=https://archive.org/details/islamicimperiali0000kars|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0-300-12263-2|year=2007|ref=harv|postscript=<!--None-->}} * {{Cite book|last=Khomeini|first=Ruhollah|last2=Algar|first2=Hamid|title=Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist|publisher=Alhoda UK|isbn=964-335-499-7|year=2002|ref=harv|postscript=<!--None-->}} * {{Cite book|last=Keddie|first=Nikkie R.|title=Modern Iran: Roots and Results of Revolution|url=https://archive.org/details/moderniranrootsr0000kedd|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0-300-09856-1|year=2003|ref=harv|postscript=<!--None-->}} * {{Cite book|last=Milani|first=Mohsen M.|title=The Making of Iran's Islamic Revolution: From Monarchy to Islamic Republic|url=https://archive.org/details/makingofiransisl0000mila|publisher=Westview Press|isbn=0-8133-8476-1|year=1994|ref=harv|postscript=<!--None-->}} * {{Cite book|last=Moin|first=Baqer|title=Khomeini: Life of the Ayatollah|url=https://archive.org/details/khomeinilifeofay00moin|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=0-312-26490-9|year=2000|ref=harv|postscript=<!--None-->}} * {{Cite book|last=Rāhnamā|first='Ali|title=Pioneers of Islamic Revival|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=1-85649-254-0|year=1994|ref=harv|postscript=<!--None-->}} * {{Cite book|last=Reich|first=Bernard|title=Political Leaders of the Contemporary Middle East and North Africa: A Biographical Dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_0313262136|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=0-313-26213-6|year=1990|ref=harv|postscript=<!--None-->}} * [http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0823944654&id=4Qt-zJ7V0v8C&dq=intitle:%22khomeini%22 Willett, Edward C.; ''Ayatollah Khomeini'', 2004], Publisher: The Rosen Publishing Group, ISBN 0-8239-4465-4 * {{Cite book|author=Bakhash, Shaul|title=The Reign of the Ayatollahs : Iran and the Islamic Revolution |publisher=Basic Books |location=New York | year=1984 }} * {{Cite book|author=Harney, Desmond|title=The priest and the king : an eyewitness account of the Iranian revolution|url=https://archive.org/details/priestkingeyewit0000harn|publisher=I.B. Tauris|year=1998}} * {{Cite book|author=Khomeini, Ruhollah |editor=Algar, Hamid (translator and editor) |title=[[Islam and Revolution]]: Writing and Declarations of Imam Khomeini |publisher=Mizan Press |location=Berkeley | year=1981 }} * {{Cite book |author=Khomeini, Ruhollah |title=Sayings of the Ayatollah Khomeini : political, philosophical, social, and religious |url=https://archive.org/details/sayingsofayatoll00khom |publisher=Bantam |year=1980 }} * {{Cite book |author=Mackey, Sandra |title=The Iranians : Persia, Islam and the Soul of a Nation |url=https://archive.org/details/iranianspersiais0000mack_n9m7 |publisher=Dutton |year=1996 |isbn=0-525-94005-7 }} * {{Cite book|author=Molavi, Afshin |title=The Soul of Iran: a Nation's Journey to Freedom |url=https://archive.org/details/soulofirannation0000mola |publisher=Norton paperbacks|location=New York | year=2005 }} * {{Cite book |author=Schirazi, Asghar |title=The Constitution of Iran |url=https://archive.org/details/constitutionofir0000schi |publisher=Tauris |location=New York |year=1997 }} * {{Cite book|author=Taheri, Amir|title=The Spirit of Allah |publisher=Adler & Adler|year=1985}} * {{Cite book|author=Wright, Robin|title=In the Name of God : The Khomeini Decade|url=https://archive.org/details/innameofgodkhome00wrig|publisher=Simon & Schuster|location=New York|year=1989}} * {{Cite book|author=Wright, Robin|title=The Last Revolution |url=https://archive.org/details/lastgreatrevolut0000wrig|publisher=Knopf |location=New York | year=2000 }} * Ansari, Hamid, [http://www.ghadeer.org/english/imam/n_o_a/html/fehrest.html; ''The Narrative of Awakening''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150514145122/http://www.ghadeer.org/english/imam/n_o_a/html/fehrest.html; |date=2015-05-14 }}, The Institute for Compilation and publication of the work of Imam Khomeini * [http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0802224652&id=XgoNAAAAIAAJ&dq=intitle:%22khomeini%22&q=intitle:%22khomeini%22&pgis=1 Lee, James; ''The Final Word!: An American Refutes the Sayings of Ayatollah Khomeini'', 1984], Publisher: Philosophical Library, ISBN 0-8022-2465-2 * [http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN1412805163&id=sTFdNNQP4ewC&vq=Theologian&dq=intitle:%22Islamic+revolution%22 Dabashi, Hamid; ''Theology of Discontent: The Ideological Foundation of the Islamic Revolution in Iran'', 2006], Publisher: Transaction Publishers, ISBN 1-4128-0516-3 * [http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0275978583&id=bxJgsRRtDsoC&dq=intitle:%22Islamic+revolution%22 Hoveyda, Fereydoun; ''The Shah and the Ayatollah: Iranian Mythology and Islamic Revolution'', 2003], Publisher: Praeger/Greenwood, ISBN 0-275-97858-3 {{refend}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Khomeini, Ruhollah}} [[Category:1902 births]] [[Category:1989 daiths]] [[Category:Iranian fowk]] [[Category:Al-Moussawi family]] [[Category:Anti-imperialism]] [[Category:Cauld War leaders]] [[Category:Internaitional opponents o apartheid in Sooth Africae]] [[Category:Iranian anti-communists]] [[Category:Iranian exiles]] [[Category:Iranian grand ayatollahs]] [[Category:Iranian Muslims]] [[Category:Iranian poets]] [[Category:Iranian Revolution]] [[Category:Iranian Shia Muslims]] [[Category:Fowk frae Markazi Province]] [[Category:Ruhollah Khomeini|*]] [[Category:Supreme Leaders o Iran]] [[Category:20t-century imams]] [[Category:Buirials at Behesht-e Zahra]] [[Category:Muslim scholars]] 3t3tf4jsby4vouab54kown25boxze36 Veracruz, Veracruz 0 38541 920583 911600 2026-08-10T09:10:28Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 920583 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Aboot|the ceety|the state|Veracruz}} {{Itheruises|Veracruz (disambiguation)}} {{Infobox settlement |name = Veracruz |official_name = |other_name = Puerto de Veracruz |nickname = |settlement_type = [[Settlement classification in Mexico|Ceety an municipality]] |total_type = <!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --> |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = VeracruzCityCollage.jpg |imagesize = 250px |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = Escudo Vera Cruz Plus Ultra Ch.png |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Mexico |pushpin_label_position = <!-- position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> |pushpin_map_caption = |pushpin_mapsize = <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Mexico}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Poleetical diveesions o Mexico|State]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Veracruz]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Municipalities o Mexico|Municipality]] |subdivision_name2 = Veracruz |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title =[[Municipal Preses]] |leader_name = Carolina Gudiño Corro (PRI) |leader_title1 = |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = Established |established_date = 22 Aprile 1519<ref name="Stacy2002">{{cite book|last=Stacy|first=Lee|title=Mexico and the United States|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=DSzyMGh8pNwC&pg=PA845|accessdate=20 April 2012|date=1 October 2002|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|isbn=9780761474029|page=845}}</ref> |established_title1 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date1 = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = |established_date3 = |founder = |named_for = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = <!-- use only to set a special wikilink --> |unit_pref = <!--Enter: Imperial, to display imperial before metric--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields with measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox settlement for details on unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Elevation --------------------------> |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> tags--> |elevation_m = 10 |elevation_ft = |elevation_max_m = |elevation_max_ft = |elevation_min_m = |elevation_min_ft = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of =2010 |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total =552156 |population_density_km2 = <!--For automatic calculation, any density field may contain: auto --> |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = 702,394 (metro) |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = 520708 |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title = |population_blank1 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Location and timezone ---------------> |timezone = [[Central Standard Time|CST]] |utc_offset = −6 |timezone_DST = [[Central Daylight Time|CDT]] |utc_offset_DST = −5 |coordinates = {{coord|19|11|25|N|96|09|12|W|region:MX|display=inline}} |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |twin1 = |twin1_country = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = [http://www.veracruz-puerto.gob.mx/ www.veracruz-puerto.gob.mx/] |footnotes = }} '''Veracruz''', offeecially kent as '''Heroica Veracruz''', is a major port ceety an [[municipalities o Mexico|municipality]] on the [[Guwf o Mexico]] in the [[Mexico|Mexican]] [[Poleetical diveesions o Mexico|state]] o [[Veracruz]]. The ceety is locatit in the central pairt o the state.<ref name="encmuc">{{Cite web |url=http://www.inafed.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/veracruz/ |title=Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México Veracruz Ignacio de la Llave |publisher=INAFED |location=Mexico |language=Spanish |accessdate=29 October 2009 |archive-date=2012-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227140450/http://www.inafed.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/veracruz/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Locatit {{convert|90|km|mi|abbr=on}} alang [[Mexican Federal Heich-gate 140|Federal Heich-gate 140]] frae the state caipital [[Xalapa]], it is the state's maist muckle ceety. The ceety's population is greater than the municipality's population, syne pairt o the ceety extends intae neebourin [[Boca del Río, Veracruz|Boca del Río Municipality]]. At the 2010 census, the ceety haed 554,830 inhabitants, 428,323 in Veracruz Municipality an 126,507 in Boca del Río Municipality.<ref name="2010 census tables: INEGI">[http://mapserver.inegi.org.mx/mgn2k/?s=geo&c=1223 2010 census tables: INEGI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225034233/http://mapserver.inegi.org.mx/mgn2k/?s=geo&c=1223%20 |date=2018-12-25 }}</ref> Veracruz is Mexico’s auldest, lairgest, an historically maist significant port syne European colonization.<ref name="encmuc"/><ref name="alisau">{{Cite web |url=http://www.mexconnect.com/articles/1755-un-poco-de-gracia |title= Un poco de gracia |first=Patricia |last=Alisau Graber |publisher=MexConnect |accessdate=29 October 2009 }}</ref><ref name="Rueda">{{cite journal |last=Rueda |first=Marisol |date=August 2005 |title=Overdrive: Mexico's Port of Veracruz expands to move more goods—cars above all else |journal=Latin Trade |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0BEK/is_8_13/ai_n15341623/ |accessdate=29 October 2009 |archive-date=2006-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060210192049/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0BEK/is_8_13/ai_n15341623 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Sister ceeties== {| class="wikitable" !Flag !Ceety !Region !Kintra |- |{{flagicon|Mexico}} || [[San Francisco de Campeche|Campeche]] || [[Campeche]] || [[Mexico]] |- |{{flagicon|Mexico}} || [[Xalapa]] || [[Veracruz]] || [[Mexico]] |- |{{flagicon|Mexico}} || [[Ensenada, Baja California|Ensenada]] || [[Baja California]] || [[Mexico]] |- |{{flagicon|Mexico}} || [[Tijuana]] || [[Baja California]] || [[Mexico]] |- |{{flagicon|United States}} || [[Honolulu]] || [[Hawaii]] || [[Unitit States]] |- |{{flagicon|United States}} || [[Miami-Dade Coonty]] || [[Florida]] || [[Unitit States]] |- |{{flagicon|United States}} || [[San Jose, Californie|San Jose]] || [[Californie]] || [[Unitit States]] |- |{{flagicon|United States}} || [[Corpus Christi, Texas|Corpus Christi]] || [[Texas]] || [[United States]] |- |{{flagicon|United States}} || [[Mobile, Alabama|Mobile]] || [[Alabama]] || [[Unitit States]] |- |{{flagicon|United States}} || [[Galveston]] || [[Texas]] || [[Unitit States]] |- |{{flagicon|United States}} || [[Laredo, Texas|Laredo]] || [[Texas]] || [[Unitit States]] |- |{{flagicon|Spain}} || [[Valencia, Spain|Valencia]] || [[Valencie Commonty]] || [[Spain]] |- |{{flagicon|Spain}} || [[Almeria]] || [[Andalusie]] || [[Spain]] |- |{{flagicon|Spain}} || [[Oviedo]] || [[Asturias]] || [[Spain]] |- |{{flagicon|Spain}} || [[Cadiz]] || [[Andalusie]] || [[Spain]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.diariobahiadecadiz.com/detalle-noticia-2264|language=Spanish|publisher=Diario Bahía de Cádiz|title=México DF, otro hermano para Cádiz.|author=Redacción Cádiz|quote=Cádiz ha sumado en los últimos años diversos hermanamientos en el continente sudamericano: con Veracruz (México); Montevideo (Uruguay); San Pedro de Cholula y Puebla (México); Cartagena de Indias (Colombia); La Dorada (Colombia); y con Bogotá, Guaduas, Honda, Mariquita y Ambalema, ciudades todas colombianas integrantes de la Ruta Mutis, en homenaje al bicentenario del fallecimiento del botánico gaditano.|access-date=2012-09-28|archive-date=2019-10-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015023519/https://www.diariobahiadecadiz.com/detalle-noticia-2264|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |{{flagicon|Slovakia}} || [[Bratislava]] || [[Bratislava Region]] || [[Slovakie]] |- |{{flagicon|Chile}} || [[Valparaíso]] || [[Valparaíso Region]] || [[Chile]] |- | {{flagicon|Cuba}} || [[Havana]] || [[Havana|La Habana Province]] || [[Cuba]] |- | {{flagicon|Colombia}} || [[Cartagena de Indias]] || [[Bolívar Depairtment]] || [[Colombie]] |- | {{flagicon|England}} || [[Bristol]] || Bristol || [[Ingland]] |- |} ==Consulates== *[[Belgium]] *[[Cuba]] *[[Finland]] *[[Germany]] *[[Guatemala]] *[[Honduras]] *[[Italy]] *[[Netherlands]] *[[El Salvador]] *[[Swisserland]] ==References== {{Reflist}} == Freemit airtins == {{commons|Veracruz, Veracruz}} * [http://www.veracruz-puerto.gob.mx/ayuntamiento/index.asp?valor=1 Veracruz Ceety govrenment] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101015082107/http://www.veracruz-puerto.gob.mx/ayuntamiento/index.asp?valor=1 |date=2010-10-15 }} {{es icon}} * [http://www.amiweb.com.mx/mc Museum o Veracruz] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070913174921/http://www.amiweb.com.mx/mc/ |date=2007-09-13 }} {{es icon}} * [http://www.veracruzpuerto.gob.mx/ Offeecial link] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081125092748/http://www.veracruzpuerto.gob.mx/ |date=2008-11-25 }} {{es icon}} {{Hero Ceeties o Mexico}} [[Category:Municipalities o Veracruz]] [[Category:Populatit places in Veracruz]] [[Category:Port settlements in Mexico]] [[Category:Populatit places established in 1519]] [[Category:Ports o the Guwf o Mexico]] d27kkne4e0oohb4ay93zptkkrt24ztq Kampong Chhnang Province 0 46741 920563 827329 2026-08-09T15:40:05Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 920563 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Kampong Chhnang | native_name = ខេត្តកំពង់ឆ្នាំង | native_name_lang = khm<!-- ISO 639-2 code --> | settlement_type = [[Admeenistrative diveesions o Cambodie|Province]] | image_skyline = Cardamom sunset.jpg | image_caption = Cardamom sunset in Kampong Chhnang Province | image_flag = | image_seal = | image_shield = | nickname = | motto = | image_map = Cambodia Kampong Chhnang locator map.svg | map_caption = Map o Cambodie heichlictin Kampong Chhnang | pushpin_map = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_caption = Location o Kampong Chhnang in Cambodie | coordinates = {{coord|12|0|N|104|30|E|type:adm1st|display=inline}} | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]] | subdivision_name = {{flag|Cambodie}} | established_title = | established_date = | seat_type = Caipital | seat = [[Kampong Chhnang (toun)|Kampong Chhnang]] | leader_party = [[Cambodian Fowkpaurty|CPP]] | leader_title = Govrenor | leader_name = H.E. Touch Marim | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 5521 | area_note = | area_rank = [[Admeenistrative diveesions o Cambodie|Ranked 15t]] | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.stat.go.jp/english/info/meetings/cambodia/pdf/pre_rep1.pdf|title = General Population Census of Cambodia 2008 - Provisional population totals|publisher = National Institute of Statistics, Ministry of Planning|date = 3 September 2008|format = PDF}}</ref> | population_total = 471616 | population_as_of = 2008 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_rank = [[Admeenistrative diveesions o Cambodie|Ranked 13t]] | population_demonym = | population_note = | blank_name_sec1 = [[Destricts o Cambodie|Destricts]] | blank_info_sec1 = 8 | blank1_name_sec1 = <!-- Communes --> | blank1_info_sec1 = | blank2_name_sec1 = <!-- Villages --> | blank2_info_sec1 = | timezone1 = [[UTC+07]] | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code_type = Dialin code | area_code = +855 | iso_code = KH-4 | website = | footnotes = }} {{Contains Khmer text}} '''Kampong Chhnang''' ({{lang-km|ខេត្តកំពង់ឆ្នាំង}}, {{IPA-km|kɑmpɔːŋ cʰnaːŋ|IPA}} "Port o Pottery") is a [[provinces o Cambodie|province]] (''khaet'') o [[Cambodie]]. It borders the provinces o [[Kampong Thom Province|Kampong Thom]] tae the north, [[Kampong Cham Province|Kampong Cham]] tae the east, [[Kandal Province|Kandal]] an [[Kampong Speu Province|Kampong Speu]] tae the sooth, an [[Pursat Province|Pursat]] tae the west. Its caipital an lairgest ceety is [[Kampong Chhnang (toun)|Kampong Chhnang]]. Kampong Chhnang is the 15t lairgest province in Cambodia. Wi a population o 471,616, it ranks as the 13t lairgest in the naition. Kampong Chhnang is ane o the nine provinces that is pairt o the [[Tonle Sap Biosphere Reserve]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tsbr-ed.org/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-02-25 |archive-date=2008-09-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905070736/http://www.tsbr-ed.org/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The province is famous for its clay pots. ==Etymologie== Kampong Chhnang means "Port o Pottery" in [[Khmer leid|Khmer]]. "Kampong" means port, harbor, or bay. "Chhnang" means pot or [[pottery]]. This province heas a rich cultural history. [[File:Resident Bades' Stupa.jpg|thumb|250px|Resident Bades' Stupa in Rolear Bier destrict.]] ==Geografie== Kampong Chhnang is locatit at the hertland o Cambodie. Maist pairts o the province contain fertile soil reservoirs wi abundant fish an rice paddies. Thare are isolatit hills an aw, such as [[Phnom Kong Rei]] near the [[Tonle Sap River]]. In the soothwastren pairt o the province the landscape consists o hills an forests. The [[Cardamom Muntains|Krâvanh Muntains]] lee alang the provincial border wi [[Kampong Speu Province|Kampong Speu]]. ==Destricts== {| | Kampong Chhnang is subdividit intae a ceety an 7 destricts. *0401 [[Baribour Destrict|Baribour]] - ស្រុកបរិបូណ៌ *0402 [[Chol Kiri Destrict|Chol Kiri]] - ស្រុកជលគីរី *0403 [[Kampong Chhnang (toun)|Kampong Chhnang]] - ក្រុងកំពង់ឆ្នាំង *0404 [[Kampong Leaeng Destrict|Kampong Leng]] - ស្រុកកំពង់លែង *0405 [[Kampong Tralach Destrict|Kampong Tralach]] - ស្រុកកំពង់ត្រឡាច *0406 [[Rolea B'ier Destrict|Rolea Bier]] - ស្រុករលាប្អៀរ *0407 [[Sameakki Mean Chey Destrict|Samaki Meanchey]] - ស្រុកសាមគ្គីមានជ័យ *0408 [[Tuek Phos Destrict|Tuek Phos]] - ស្រុកទឹកផុស | |} ==See an aw== *[[Tramung Chrum]] a sma Cham veelage supportit bi the Harpswell Foondation ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.cambodia.gov.kh/unisql1/egov/english/province/kampong_chhnang.html Administration by the Cambodian government] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224050355/http://www.cambodia.gov.kh/unisql1/egov/english/province/kampong_chhnang.html |date=2008-12-24 }} {{Geographic location |Centre = Kampong Chhnang |North = [[Kampong Thom Province]] |Northeast = [[Kampong Thom Province]] |East = [[Kampong Cham Province]] |Southeast = [[Kandal Province]] |South = [[Kampong Speu Province]] |Southwest = [[Kampong Speu Province]] |West = [[Pursat Province]] |Northwest = [[Tonlé Sap]] }} {{KampongChhnangProvince}} {{Provinces o Cambodie}} [[Category:Kampong Chhnang Province| ]] [[Category:Provinces o Cambodie]] micr4g216kcbwswtr9ub1jbocoi8fq6 UY Scuti 0 61398 920584 838571 2026-08-10T09:14:58Z ~2026-43985-24 135482 /* */ changed the grammar 920584 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Starbox begin | name = UY&nbsp;Scuti}} {{Starbox observe | epoch =J2000 | equinox =J2000 | constell = [[Scutum]] | ra = {{RA|18|27|36.5334}}<ref name="SIMBAD">{{cite web | title=SIMBAD query result | work=Basic data for V* UY Sct | url=http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?protocol=html&Ident=uy+scuti&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id}}</ref> | dec = {{DEC|-12|27|58.866}}<ref name="SIMBAD" /> | appmag_v=9.0<ref name="SIMBAD" /> }} {{Starbox character | class= M4Ia C<ref name="SIMBAD" /> | b-v=2.6<ref name="SIMBAD" /> | variable=Semiregular<ref name="SIMBAD" /> }} {{Starbox astrometry | prop_mo_ra=1.3<ref name="SIMBAD" /> | prop_mo_dec=-1.6<ref name="SIMBAD" /> }} {{Starbox detail | mass=32 | radius=1,708 ±192 | luminosity=340,000 <ref name="Torres2013"> {{cite journal |title=The atmospheric structure and fundamental parameters of the red supergiants AH Scorpii, UY Scuti, and KW Sagittarii |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |author=Arroyo-Torres, B.; Wittkowski, M.; Marcaide, J. M.; Hauschildt, P. H. |volume=554 |issue=A76 |date=June 2013 |bibcode=2013A&A...554A..76A |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201220920 |arxiv = 1305.6179 }}</ref> }} {{Starbox catalog | names=V* UY Sct, BD-12&nbsp;5055, IRC&nbsp;-10422, RAFGL&nbsp;2162<ref name="SIMBAD" />}} {{Starbox reference | Simbad=UY+Sct}} {{Starbox end}} '''UY Scuti''' is a red [[supergiant]] star in the [[Scutum]] constellation. It is one of the [[Leet o lairgest kent starns|largest known stars]] bi radius at 1,708 ± 192 [[Solar radius|solar radii]], corresponding to the diameter o 2,375,828,000 [[Metre|kilometers]].<ref name=Torres2013/> If placed at the centre o the Solar system, UY Scuti can engulf half the planets all the way to [[Jupiter]], filling merely nor halfway through [[Saturn]]'s orbit. It has a volume of approximately 5 billion times that of the Sun. ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Variable starns]] [[Category:M-teep hypergiants]] 6fcvm9358cg4751uanv001h1m0webu5 920585 920584 2026-08-10T09:15:52Z ~2026-43985-24 135482 /* */ fixed one more grammar 920585 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Starbox begin | name = UY&nbsp;Scuti}} {{Starbox observe | epoch =J2000 | equinox =J2000 | constell = [[Scutum]] | ra = {{RA|18|27|36.5334}}<ref name="SIMBAD">{{cite web | title=SIMBAD query result | work=Basic data for V* UY Sct | url=http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?protocol=html&Ident=uy+scuti&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id}}</ref> | dec = {{DEC|-12|27|58.866}}<ref name="SIMBAD" /> | appmag_v=9.0<ref name="SIMBAD" /> }} {{Starbox character | class= M4Ia C<ref name="SIMBAD" /> | b-v=2.6<ref name="SIMBAD" /> | variable=Semiregular<ref name="SIMBAD" /> }} {{Starbox astrometry | prop_mo_ra=1.3<ref name="SIMBAD" /> | prop_mo_dec=-1.6<ref name="SIMBAD" /> }} {{Starbox detail | mass=32 | radius=1,708 ±192 | luminosity=340,000 <ref name="Torres2013"> {{cite journal |title=The atmospheric structure and fundamental parameters of the red supergiants AH Scorpii, UY Scuti, and KW Sagittarii |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |author=Arroyo-Torres, B.; Wittkowski, M.; Marcaide, J. M.; Hauschildt, P. H. |volume=554 |issue=A76 |date=June 2013 |bibcode=2013A&A...554A..76A |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201220920 |arxiv = 1305.6179 }}</ref> }} {{Starbox catalog | names=V* UY Sct, BD-12&nbsp;5055, IRC&nbsp;-10422, RAFGL&nbsp;2162<ref name="SIMBAD" />}} {{Starbox reference | Simbad=UY+Sct}} {{Starbox end}} '''UY Scuti''' is a red [[supergiant]] star in constellation [[Scutum]]. It is one of the [[Leet o lairgest kent starns|largest known stars]] bi radius at 1,708 ± 192 [[Solar radius|solar radii]], corresponding to the diameter o 2,375,828,000 [[Metre|kilometers]].<ref name=Torres2013/> If placed at the centre o the Solar system, UY Scuti can engulf half the planets all the way to [[Jupiter]], filling merely nor halfway through [[Saturn]]'s orbit. It has a volume of approximately 5 billion times that of the Sun. ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Variable starns]] [[Category:M-teep hypergiants]] i8xbt029ozi229ivlrv7h5bfd27est3 920586 920585 2026-08-10T09:16:43Z ~2026-43985-24 135482 /* */ last one 920586 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Starbox begin | name = UY&nbsp;Scuti}} {{Starbox observe | epoch =J2000 | equinox =J2000 | constell = [[Scutum]] | ra = {{RA|18|27|36.5334}}<ref name="SIMBAD">{{cite web | title=SIMBAD query result | work=Basic data for V* UY Sct | url=http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?protocol=html&Ident=uy+scuti&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id}}</ref> | dec = {{DEC|-12|27|58.866}}<ref name="SIMBAD" /> | appmag_v=9.0<ref name="SIMBAD" /> }} {{Starbox character | class= M4Ia C<ref name="SIMBAD" /> | b-v=2.6<ref name="SIMBAD" /> | variable=Semiregular<ref name="SIMBAD" /> }} {{Starbox astrometry | prop_mo_ra=1.3<ref name="SIMBAD" /> | prop_mo_dec=-1.6<ref name="SIMBAD" /> }} {{Starbox detail | mass=32 | radius=1,708 ±192 | luminosity=340,000 <ref name="Torres2013"> {{cite journal |title=The atmospheric structure and fundamental parameters of the red supergiants AH Scorpii, UY Scuti, and KW Sagittarii |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |author=Arroyo-Torres, B.; Wittkowski, M.; Marcaide, J. M.; Hauschildt, P. H. |volume=554 |issue=A76 |date=June 2013 |bibcode=2013A&A...554A..76A |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201220920 |arxiv = 1305.6179 }}</ref> }} {{Starbox catalog | names=V* UY Sct, BD-12&nbsp;5055, IRC&nbsp;-10422, RAFGL&nbsp;2162<ref name="SIMBAD" />}} {{Starbox reference | Simbad=UY+Sct}} {{Starbox end}} '''UY Scuti''' is a red [[supergiant]] star in constellation [[Scutum]]. It is one of the [[Leet o lairgest kent starns|largest known stars]] bi radius at 1,708 ± 192 [[Solar radius|solar radii]], corresponding to the diameter of 2,375,828,000 [[Metre|kilometers]].<ref name=Torres2013/> If placed at the centre of the Solar system, UY Scuti can engulf half the planets all the way to [[Jupiter]], filling merely nor halfway through [[Saturn]]'s orbit. It has a volume of approximately 5 billion times that of the Sun. ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Variable starns]] [[Category:M-teep hypergiants]] 7b1k9ec74fc6ni54xhs171bjw8w3517 920587 920586 2026-08-10T11:17:29Z CiphriusKane 74958 Revertit edit o ~2026-43985-24, chynged back tae last version bi Ferien 838571 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Starbox begin | name = UY&nbsp;Scuti}} {{Starbox observe | epoch =J2000 | equinox =J2000 | constell = [[Scutum]] | ra = {{RA|18|27|36.5334}}<ref name="SIMBAD">{{cite web | title=SIMBAD query result | work=Basic data for V* UY Sct | url=http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?protocol=html&Ident=uy+scuti&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id}}</ref> | dec = {{DEC|-12|27|58.866}}<ref name="SIMBAD" /> | appmag_v=9.0<ref name="SIMBAD" /> }} {{Starbox character | class= M4Ia C<ref name="SIMBAD" /> | b-v=2.6<ref name="SIMBAD" /> | variable=Semiregular<ref name="SIMBAD" /> }} {{Starbox astrometry | prop_mo_ra=1.3<ref name="SIMBAD" /> | prop_mo_dec=-1.6<ref name="SIMBAD" /> }} {{Starbox detail | mass=32 | radius=1,708 ±192 | luminosity=340,000 <ref name="Torres2013"> {{cite journal |title=The atmospheric structure and fundamental parameters of the red supergiants AH Scorpii, UY Scuti, and KW Sagittarii |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |author=Arroyo-Torres, B.; Wittkowski, M.; Marcaide, J. M.; Hauschildt, P. H. |volume=554 |issue=A76 |date=June 2013 |bibcode=2013A&A...554A..76A |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201220920 |arxiv = 1305.6179 }}</ref> }} {{Starbox catalog | names=V* UY Sct, BD-12&nbsp;5055, IRC&nbsp;-10422, RAFGL&nbsp;2162<ref name="SIMBAD" />}} {{Starbox reference | Simbad=UY+Sct}} {{Starbox end}} '''UY Scuti''' is a reid [[supergiant]] starn in the [[Scutum]] constellation. It is ane o the [[Leet o lairgest kent starns|lairgest kent starns]] bi radius at 1,708 ± 192 [[Solar radius|solar radii]], corresponding tae the diameter o 2,375,828,000 [[Metre|kilometers]].<ref name=Torres2013/> If placed at the centre o the Solar seestem, UY Scuti can engulf aw the planets aw the wey tae [[Jupiter]], filling mair nor halfway throu [[Saturn]]'s orbit. It haes a volume o approximately 5 billion times that o the Sun. ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Variable starns]] [[Category:M-teep hypergiants]] szi1icnzq1j4hekedet6np1suxpa5cn Tito Vilanova 0 73384 920578 897294 2026-08-10T07:28:57Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 920578 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Tito Vilanova | image = Tito Vilanova (2012).jpg | image_size = 200px | caption = Vilanova in 2012 | fullname = Francesc Vilanova i Bayó | birth_date = {{Birth date|1968|9|17|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Bellcaire d'Empordà]], Spain | death_date = {{Death date and age|2014|4|25|1968|9|17|df=y}} | death_place = [[Barcelona]], Spain | height = {{height|m=1.82}} | position = [[Midfielder#Central midfielder|Midfielder]] | currentclub = | youthyears1 = 1984–1988 | youthclubs1 = [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] | years1 = 1988–1990 | clubs1 = [[FC Barcelona B|Barcelona B]] | caps1 = 52 | goals1 = 6 | years2 = 1990–1992 | clubs2 = [[UE Figueres|Figueres]] | caps2 = 72 | goals2 = 6 | years3 = 1992–1995 | clubs3 = [[Celta de Vigo|Celta]] | caps3 = 26 | goals3 = 1 | years4 = 1995–1996 | clubs4 = [[CD Badajoz|Badajoz]] | caps4 = 33 | goals4 = 2 | years5 = 1996–1997 | clubs5 = [[RCD Mallorca|Mallorca]] | caps5 = 10 | goals5 = 0 | years6 = 1997–1998 | clubs6 = [[UE Lleida|Lleida]] | caps6 = 21 | goals6 = 3 | years7 = 1998–2000 | clubs7 = [[Elche CF|Elche]] | caps7 = 63 | goals7 = 6 | years8 = 2000–2001 | clubs8 = [[UDA Gramenet|Gramenet]] | caps8 = 28 | goals8 = 2 | totalcaps = 305 | totalgoals = 26 | manageryears1 = 2003–2004 | managerclubs1 = [[FC Palafrugell|Palafrugell]] | manageryears2 = 2007–2008 | managerclubs2 = [[FC Barcelona B|Barcelona B]] (assistant) | manageryears3 = 2008–2012 | managerclubs3 = [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] (assistant) | manageryears4 = 2012–2013 | managerclubs4 = [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] }} '''Francesc "Tito" Vilanova i Bayó''' (17 September 1968 – 25 Apryle 2014) wis a Spaingie [[Association fitbaw|fitbaw]] [[Midfielder#Central midfielder|central midfielder]] an manager. Efter a profeesional career which consistit o 26 [[La Liga]] gemmes in three saisons combined, aw wi [[Celta de Vigo|Celta]], he went on tae wirk wi [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] as a assistant coach unner [[Pep Guardiola]], bein pairt o the squads that wan 14 titles.<ref name=Barca>{{cite web|url=http://www.fcbarcelona.cat/web/english/noticies/futbol/temporada07-08/06/n080622104670.html|title=Guardiola's right-hand man|publisher=Barcelona's official website|first=Jaume|last=Marcet|date=22 June 2008|accessdate=29 December 2009|archive-date=2011-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920160738/http://www.fcbarcelona.cat/web/english/noticies/futbol/temporada07-08/06/n080622104670.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2012 Vilanova wis appointit first-team manager, [[2012–13 La Liga|winnin the naitional championship in his first season]]. He steppit doun in Julie 2013 due tae ill halth, an dee'd the follaein year frae cancer. ==Playin career== Born in [[Bellcaire d'Empordà]], [[Province o Girona|Girona]], [[Catalonie]], Vilanova emergit in the [[Cantera|youth ranks]] o local [[FC Barcelona]], but left the [[La Liga]] giants in 1990 unable tae break throu intae the first team.<ref name=Barca/> His next club wis in his native region an aw, [[UE Figueres]], wi the player helpin the team tae its best-iver [[Segunda División]] clessification in the [[:en:1991–92 Segunda División|1991–92 campaign]] (third place); the team wad eventually face [[Cádiz CF]] in the promotion play-affs, luisin 1–3 on aggregate. Subsequently Vilanova muivit tae the tap level wi [[Celta de Vigo]], but appeared rarely ower the course o three full saisons,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yojugueenelcelta.com/2009/08/tito-vilanova.html|title=Tito Vilanova|publisher=Yo Jugué en el Celta|language=Spanish|date=27 August 2009|accessdate=2 May 2014}}</ref> returnin tae diveesion twa in 1995 an representin [[CD Badajoz]], [[RCD Mallorca]] – contributin wi ten gemmes as the [[Balearic Islands]] side [[:en:1996–97 Segunda División|promoted tae the tap flicht]] – [[UE Lleida]] an [[Elche CF]], reteerin in Dizember 2001 wi lawly [[UDA Gramenet]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/europe/features/article_1521772.php/Guardiola-s-dilemma-should-I-stay-or-should-I-go-Feature|title=Guardiola's dilemma: should I stay or should I go?|publisher=Monsters and Critics|first=Duncan|last=Shaw|date=28 December 2008|accessdate=29 December 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://hemeroteca.mundodeportivo.com/preview/2001/12/21/pagina-29/469950/pdf.html|title=Xuts|trans_title=Kicks|newspaper=[[El Mundo Deportivo (newspaper)|El Mundo Deportivo]]|language=Catalan|first=Manuel|last=Ayala|location=Barcelona|date=21 December 2001|accessdate=2 December 2012|archive-date=2014-04-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426214751/http://hemeroteca.mundodeportivo.com/preview/2001/12/21/pagina-29/469950/pdf.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Durin his time at Lleida, in a 1998 [[Copa Catalunya]] gemme against Barcelona, coached bi [[José Mourinho]] who swappit responsibilities wi heid coach [[Louis van Gaal]] durin the toornament, Vilanova scored a goal, becomin the first player tae net against a team directit bi the Portuguese.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ara.cat/esports/barca/Tito_vilanova-Jose_Mourinho_0_694130681.html|title=Tito Vilanova, el primer a marcar un gol a Mourinho com a entrenador|trans_title=Tito Vilanova, first to score goal against Mourinho as a manager|publisher=ARA Barcelona|language=Catalan|date=4 May 2012|accessdate=4 May 2012}}</ref> ==Managerial career== [[File:Josep Guardiola - coach of Barça B.JPG|thumb|left|Vilanova (far richt) as a assistant manager o Barcelona B.]] Vilanova stairtit his [[Manager (association fitbaw)|coachin]] career in [[:en:2003–04 Tercera División|2003–04]], bein in chairge o [[Tercera División]] side [[FC Palafrugell]] an sufferin relegation tae [[Primera Catalana]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.elpuntavui.cat/noticia/article/8-esports/48-barca/535266-sempre-ho-ha-tingut-clar.html|title=Sempre ho ha tingut clar|trans_title=It has always been clear|newspaper=[[El Punt]]|language=Catalan|location=Girona|date=1 May 2012|accessdate=2 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.diaridegirona.cat/tema-dia/2012/04/28/palafrugell-al-camp-nou-10-anys/559451.html|title=De Palafrugell al Camp Nou en 10 anys|trans_title=From Palafrugell to the Camp Nou in 10 years|newspaper=[[Diari de Girona]]|language=Catalan|date=28 April 2012|accessdate=2 December 2012}}</ref> Efter wirkin as technical director at [[Terrassa FC]] he wis appointit assistant manager at [[FC Barcelona B]], unner manager [[Pep Guardiola]], wi the club in the fowert level.<ref name=Barca/> In the simmer o 2008, efter leadin the reserve side tae [[2007–08 Tercera División|promotion]] tae [[Segunda División B]], Vilanova an Guardiola wur assigned tae the Barcelona first team, replacin Dutch duo [[Frank Rijkaard]] an [[Johan Neeskens]].<ref name=Barca/> [[2008–09 La Liga|His first saison]] at the [[Camp Nou]] wis the maist successfu in Barcelona's history, wi the club winnin sax major trophies an becomin the first in Spain tae win the [[Copa del Rey]], league an [[UEFA Champions League]] titles ([[Treble (association fitbaw)|the treble]]) in the same saison.<ref name=Best>{{cite news|url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story?id=650250&cc=5739|title=Guardiola: Barca are the "best team in the world"|publisher=[[ESPN FC|ESPN Soccernet]]|date=27 May 2008|accessdate=29 December 2009|archive-date=2013-01-03|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103010652/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story?id=650250&cc=5739|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 27 Apryle 2012, at the press conference in which Barcelona confirmit Guardiola's depairtur, it wis annooncit that Vilanova wad be his successor.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story/_/id/1055344/pep-guardiola-confirms-barcelona-departure?cc=5901|title=Vilanova follows Guardiola|publisher=ESPN Soccernet|date=27 April 2012|accessdate=27 April 2012|archive-date=2012-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430183455/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story/_/id/1055344/pep-guardiola-confirms-barcelona-departure?cc=5901|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 15 Juin he signed a twa-year contract,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/18434182|title=Tito Vilanova to sign deal to become Barcelona manager|work=[[BBC Sport]]|date=14 June 2012|accessdate=14 June 2012}}</ref> an the team went on tae luise anerly aicht competitive gemmes durin [[:en:2012–13 FC Barcelona season|the saison]], winnin its 22nt domestic championship. ==Honours== ===Manager=== ;Barcelona *[[La Liga]]: [[2012–13 La Liga|2012–13]] ===Individual=== *[[Miguel Muñoz Trophy]]: [[2012–13 La Liga|2012–13]] ==Managerial record== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |- !rowspan="2"| Team !rowspan="2"| Frae !rowspan="2"| Tae !colspan="8"| Record<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/intligen/spanien/liga-bbva/2012-13/fc-barcelona/vereinstermine.html|title=FC Barcelona|publisher=[[Kicker (sports magazine)|kicker]]|language=German|accessdate=25 April 2014}}</ref> |- !{{Tooltip|G|Games managed}} !{{Tooltip|W|Games won}} !{{Tooltip|D|Games drawn}} !{{Tooltip|L|Games lost}} !{{Tooltip|GF|Goals for}} !{{Tooltip|GA|Goals against}} !{{Tooltip|GD|Goal difference}} !{{Tooltip|Win %|Winning percentage}} |- | [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] | 1 Julie 2012<ref name=Best/> | 18 Dizember 2012<ref name=FCB>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldfootball.net/teams/fc-barcelona/9/|title=FC Barcelona » Manager history|publisher=WorldFootball|accessdate=25 April 2014}}</ref> {{WDL|27|23|2|2|for=77|against=28|diff=yes}} |- | Barcelona | 6 Januar 2013<ref name=FCB/> | 23 Januar 2013<ref name=FCB/> {{WDL|5|3|1|1|for=16|against=6|diff=yes}} |- | Barcelona | 1 Apryle 2013<ref name=FCB/> | 19 Julie 2013<ref name="Steps down">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/23376453|title=Tito Vilanova: Barcelona manager steps down through ill health|work=BBC Sport|date=19 July 2013|accessdate=19 July 2013}}</ref> {{WDL|13|8|3|2|for=28|against=17|diff=yes}} |- ! colspan="3"| Tot {{WDLtot|45|34|6|5|for=121|against=51|diff=yes}} |} ==Health issues an daith== On 19 Dizember 2012, Barcelona annooncit that Vilanova wis sufferin frae [[parotid gland]] cancer for the seicont time.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://futbol.as.com/futbol/2012/12/19/primera/1355911766_399172.html| title=Tito recae en su enfermedad|trans_title=Tito relapses in illness|newspaper=[[Diario AS]]|language=Spanish|date=19 December 2012|accessdate=19 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mundodeportivo.com/20121219/fc-barcelona/tito-vilanova-cancer-enfermedad_54356484815.html|title=Tito Vilanova recae de su enfermedad|trans_title=Tito relapses in illness|newspaper=El Mundo Deportivo|language=Spanish|date=19 December 2012|accessdate=19 December 2012}}</ref> He wis first diagnosit on 22 November o the previous year.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lavanguardia.com/deportes/20111122/54239182912/tito-vilanova-operado-de-un-tumor-en-barcelona.html|title=Tito Vilanova, operado de un tumor en Barcelona|trans_title=Tito Vilanova, tumor surgery in Barcelona|newspaper=[[La Vanguardia]]|language=Spanish|date=22 November 2011|accessdate=19 December 2012|archive-date=2014-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108135203/http://www.lavanguardia.com/deportes/20111122/54239182912/tito-vilanova-operado-de-un-tumor-en-barcelona.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Vilanova unnerwent surgery on 20 Dizember, subsequently bein in chemotherapy an radiotherapy treatment for aroond sax weeks.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.fcbarcelona.es/futbol/primer-equipo/detalle/noticia/tito-vilanova-sera-operat-aquest-dijous|title=Tito Vilanova será operado este jueves|trans_title=Tito Vilanova to be operated Thursday|publisher=Barcelona's official website|language=Spanish|date=19 December 2012|accessdate=19 December 2012}}</ref> Assistant [[Jordi Roura]] teuk ower as heid coach, wi the heid manager returnin tae the bench in late Mairch 2013.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.marca.com/2013/03/22/futbol/equipos/barcelona/1363954962.html|title=Roura viaja con el billete para Vilanova|trans_title=Roura travels with ticket to Vilanova|newspaper=[[Marca (newspaper)|Marca]]|language=Spanish|date=22 March 2013|accessdate=2 May 2014}}</ref> On 19 Julie 2013 Vilanova resigned as Barcelona manager as he relapsit frae his condeetion, statin that the relatit treatment wis no compatible wi the status o a profeesional manager.<ref name="Steps down"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundodeporte/2013/07/19/futbol/1374249466.html|title=Tito Vilanova deja el Barça|trans_title=Tito Vilanova leaves Barça|work=El Mundo Deportivo|language=Spanish|date=19 July 2013|accessdate=22 July 2013}}</ref> He dee'd on 25 Apryle 2014, due tae complications frae the cancer, at the age o 45 efter sufferin a relapse the previous week.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mundodeportivo.com/20140425/fc-barcelona/muere-tito-vilanova_54406213750.html|title=Muere Tito Vilanova|trans_title=Tito Vilanova dies|newspaper=El Mundo Deportivo|language=Spanish|date=25 April 2014|accessdate=25 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/article-2615203/Barcelona-players-attend-memorial-Tito-Vilanova-say-farewell-former-boss.html|title=Lionel Messi, Andres Iniesta and Carles Puyol attend memorial for Tito Vilanova as Barcelona players say farewell to former boss|work=[[Daily Mail]]|date=24 April 2014|accessdate=29 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/27159955|title=Ex-Barcelona coach loses cancer battle aged 45|work=BBC Sport|date=25 April 2014|accessdate=29 April 2014}}</ref> ==Personal life== Vilanova wis marriet tae Montse Chaure.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://fabwags.com/?p=3516|title=Montse Chaure/ Montse Vilanova: FC Barcelona coach Tito Vilanova’s wife|publisher=Fabwags|date=2 April 2013|accessdate=25 April 2014}}</ref> The couple haed twa childer, dochter Carlota an son Adrià, wi the latter bein shapit in Barcelona's youth seestem an aw.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://futbol.as.com/futbol/2013/09/26/primera/1380216536_760812.html|title=Adrià Vilanova, hijo de Tito, se entrena con el Barcelona|trans_title=Adrià Vilanova, son of Tito, trains with Barcelona|newspaper=Diario AS|language=Spanish|date=26 September 2013|accessdate=2 May 2014}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist|2}} {{FC Barcelona managers}} {{Miguel Muñoz Trophy}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Vilanova, Tito}} [[Category:1968 births]] [[Category:2014 daiths]] [[Category:Fowk frae Baix Empordà]] [[Category:Spaingie fitbawers]] [[Category:Catalan fitbawers]] [[Category:Association fitbaw midfielders]] [[Category:La Liga players]] [[Category:Segunda División players]] [[Category:Segunda División B players]] [[Category:FC Barcelona B players]] [[Category:UE Figueres fitbawers]] [[Category:Celta de Vigo players]] [[Category:CD Badajoz players]] [[Category:RCD Mallorca players]] [[Category:UE Lleida fitbawers]] [[Category:Elche CF players]] [[Category:UDA Gramenet fitbawers]] [[Category:Spaingie fitbaw managers]] [[Category:La Liga managers]] [[Category:FC Barcelona managers]] [[Category:Daiths frae cancer in Spain]] 8o4hxgpzj24pu5amt0ragllw7a25vnf Polymer 0 73525 920565 918710 2026-08-09T19:00:37Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Bluelink 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260809sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 920565 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Single Polymer Chains AFM.jpg|thumb|175px|Linear polymer cheens as recordit bi an [[atomic force microscope]] on a surface, unner liquid medium. Cheen [[contour lenth]] for this polymer is ~204&nbsp;nm; thickness is ~0.4&nbsp;nm.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Y.|last1=Roiter |first2=S.|last2=Minko|doi=10.1021/ja0558239|title= AFM Single Molecule Experiments at the Solid-Liquid Interface: In Situ Conformation of Adsorbed Flexible Polyelectrolyte Chains|url=https://archive.org/details/american-chemical-society-journal_2005-11-16_127_45/page/15688|journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society|volume=127|issue=45|pages=15688–15689|year=2005|pmid=16277495}}</ref>]] A '''polymer''' (Greek ''[[wikt:poly-|poly-]]'', "mony" + ''[[wikt:-mer|-mer]]'', "pairts") is a lairge [[molecule]], or [[macromolecule]], componed o mony repeatit subunits. Acause o thair braid range o properties,<ref name="PC1">{{Cite book | last1 = Painter | first1 = Paul C. | last2 = Coleman | first2 = Michael M. | title = Fundamentals of polymer science : an introductory text | url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_2901566765595 | year = 1997 | publisher = Technomic Pub. Co. | location = Lancaster, Pa. | isbn = 1-56676-559-5 | page = [https://archive.org/details/isbn_2901566765595/page/1 1] }}</ref> baith synthetic an naitural polymers play essential an ubiquitous roles in iveryday life.<ref name="MBB1">{{Cite book | last1 = McCrum | first1 = N. G. | last2 = Buckley | first2 = C. P. | last3 = Bucknall | first3 = C. B. | title = Principles of polymer engineering | url = https://archive.org/details/principlesofpoly0000mccr_2edi | year = 1997 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford ; New York | isbn = 0-19-856526-7 | page = [https://archive.org/details/principlesofpoly0000mccr_2edi/page/1 1] }}</ref> Polymers range frae fameeliar [[synthetic plastic]]s sic as [[polystyrene]] tae naitural [[biopolymer]]s sic as [[DNA]] an [[protein]]s that are fundamental tae biological structur an function. Polymers, baith naitural an synthetic, are creatit via [[polymerisation]] o mony smaw molecules, kent as [[monomer]]s. Thair consequently lairge [[molecular mass]] relative tae [[smaw molecule]] [[Compoond (chemistry)|compoonds]] produces unique pheesical properties, includin [[teuchness]], [[viscoelasticity]], an a tendency tae form [[gless]]es an [[Creestallization o polymers|semicreestalline]] structurs raither nor [[creestal]]s. The term "polymer" derives frae the auncient Greek wird πολύς (''polus'', meanin "mony, muckle") an μέρος (''meros'', meanin "pairts"), an refers tae a [[molecule]] that's structur is componed o multiple repeatin units, frae that oreeginates a chairactereestic o heich [[relative molecular mass]] an attendant properties.<ref>http://goldbook.iupac.org/M03667.html; accessed 7 October 2012. Per the IUPAC Gold Book an PAC soorces referenced tharein, "In many cases, especially for synthetic polymers, a molecule can be regarded as having a high relative molecular mass if the addition or removal of one or a few of the units has a negligible effect on the molecular properties." Houever, thay note that the "statement fails in the case of certain macromolecules for which the properties may be critically dependent on fine details of the molecular structure."</ref> The units componin polymers derive, actually or conceptually, frae molecules o law relative molecular mass.<ref>{{GoldBookRef | title = macromolecule (polymer molecule) | file = M03667}}</ref> The term wis made in 1833 bi [[Jöns Jacob Berzelius]], tho [[Jöns Jacob Berzelius#New chemical terms|wi a definition]] distinct frae the modren [[IUPAC]] defineetion.<ref>If twa substances haed empirical formulae that war integer multiples o ilk ither – e.g., acetylene (C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub>) an benzene (C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub>) – Berzelius cried them "polymeric". See: Jöns Jakob Berzelius (1833) "''Isomerie'', Unterscheidung von damit analogen Verhältnissen" (''Isomeric'', distinction frae relations analogous tae it), ''Jahres-Bericht über die Fortschitte der physischen Wissenschaften …'', '''12''' : 63–67. [https://books.google.com/books?id=1vs4AAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA64 From page 64]: "Um diese Art von Gleichheit in der Zusammensetzung, bei Ungleichheit in den Eigenschaften, bezeichnen zu können, möchte ich für diese Körper die Benennung ''polymerische'' (von ''πολυς'' mehrere) vorschlagen." (In order tae be able tae denote this teep o seemilarity in composeetion [that is accompanied] bi differences in properties, A wad lik tae propone the designation "polymeric" (frae ''πολυς'', several) for thir substances.)<br>Oreeginally published in 1832 in Swadish as: Jöns Jacob Berzelius (1832) "Isomeri, dess distinktion från dermed analoga förhållanden," ''Årsberättelse om Framstegen i Fysik och Kemi'', pages 65–70 ; the wird "polymeriska" appears on [https://books.google.com/books?id=PZUHAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA66 page 66].</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Jensen, William B.|year=2008|title=Ask the Historian: The origin of the polymer concept|journal=Journal of Chemical Education|volume=85|pages=624–625|doi=10.1021/ed085p624|url=http://www.che.uc.edu/jensen/W.%20B.%20Jensen/Reprints/141.%20Polymer.pdf|bibcode=2008JChEd..85..624J|access-date=2018-02-25|archive-date=2018-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618125718/http://www.che.uc.edu/jensen/W.%20B.%20Jensen/Reprints/141.%20Polymer.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The modren concept o polymers as covalently bondit macromolecular structurs wis proponed in 1920 bi [[Hermann Staudinger]],<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Staudinger | first1 = H | year = 1920 | title = [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3481298;view=1up;seq=1283 "Über Polymerisation"] (On polymerization) | url = | journal = Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft | volume = 53 | issue = 6| pages = 1073–1085 | doi=10.1002/cber.19200530627}}</ref> that spent the next decade findin experimental evidence for this hypothesis.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Allcock|first1=Harry R.|last2=Lampe|first2=Frederick W.|last3=Mark|first3=James E.|title=Contemporary Polymer Chemistry|publisher=Pearson Education|edition=3|year=2003|page=21|isbn=0-13-065056-0}}</ref> Polymers are studied in the fields o [[biophysics]] an [[macromolecule|macromolecular science]], an [[polymer science]] (that includes [[polymer chemistry]] an [[polymer pheesics]]). Historically, products arisin frae the linkage o repeatin units bi [[covalent]] [[chemical bond]]s hae been the primar focus o [[polymer science]]; emergin important auries o the science nou focus on non-covalent links. [[Polyisoprene]] o [[latex]] [[rubber]] is an example o a naitural/biological polymer, an the [[polystyrene]] o [[styrofoam]] is an emsaumple o a synthetic polymer. In biological contexts, essentially aw biological [[macromolecule]]s—i.e., [[protein]]s (polyamides), [[nucleic acids]] (polynucleotides), an polysaccharides—are purely polymeric, or are componed in lairge pairt o polymeric components—e.g., isoprenylated/lipid-modified glycoproteins, whaur smaw lipidic molecules an oligosaccharide modifications occur on the polyamide backbane o the protein.<ref>{{cite journal | author1 = Ten Feizi | author2 = Wengang Chai | title = Oligosaccharide microarrays to decipher the glyco code | journal = Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology | volume = 5 | pages = 582–588 | year = 2004 | doi = 10.1038/nrm1428 | pmid = 15232576 | issue = 7}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Polymers| ]] 0bf3qo4dls9vr6rapngkz2bd2mwo2d0 Mary Marquis 0 85570 920567 872420 2026-08-09T19:47:32Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 920567 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mary Elizabeth Marquis''' [[Member o the Order o the Breetish Empire|MBE]] is a Scots telly [[news presenter]], nou retired. She wis a leadin interviewer an presenter on [[BBC Scotland]] frae the mid-1960s, an became the face o the netwirk's fore-nicht news programme ''[[Reporting Scotland]]'' till 1988, notably includin the whole o the 1970s ''[[Nationwide (TV series)|Nationwide]]'' era when input frae BBC broadcasters based at the corporation's ither studios aroond the UK contributit tae a naitional programme. ==Early life== Born in [[Glesga]] an a anerly bairn, her faimily muivit tae [[Kirn, Argyll an Bute|Kirn]] athort the watter in Argyll when she wis vera young, tae run a smaw hotel, efter her faither haed suffered a hert attack. As a bairn she suffered an attack o [[tuberculosis]] an uised a wheelchair for a time, which kindled a dream o becomin a actress. At the age o 17 she wan a place tae [[RADA]], but insteid trained in Glesga, nearer tae her faimily. ==Career== Suin efter the daith o her faither she jyned [[Border TV]] as a onscreen continuity annooncer, initially thinkin she wad anerly dae it "for a month", but it became her career for the next twinty-seiven years.<ref name="mail1998" /> She wis the first body seen on screen at Border, openin the station's transmission wi the wirds "Good Evening and welcome to Border Television" when it went on air at 5:45 on 1 September 1961.<ref>Mary Scott Parker (1999), ''Border Television: A History''. Carlisle: Bookcase</ref><ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OOKBLC0xnj4 Border Television ITV50 part 1], via YouTube, at 1:20 (original sound only)</ref> Twa years later she muivit tae BBC Scotland, travellin aw ower Scotland tae interview fowk for ''A Quick Look Round'' (an later for her awn series ''First Person Singular'' form 1970 – 75), afore becomin ane o the three leadin presenters o ''Reporting Scotland'' at its inception in 1968, an subsequently the programme's main anchor for the next twinty years.<ref name="mail1998" /><ref name="herald2007">Rebecca McQuillan, [http://www.heraldscotland.com/here-is-the-news-50-years-on-1.865384 Here is the news ... 50 years on], ''[[Glasgow Herald]]'', 18 September 2007</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/player/nol/newsid_6990000/newsid_6995000/6995040.stm?bw=bb&mp=wm&news=1&nol_storyid=6995040&bbcws=1 Reported Scotland: 50 Years of BBC TV News], BBC Scotland, shown 30 September 2007. ([http://news.bbc.co.uk/player/nol/newsid_7010000/newsid_7018700/7018722.stm?bw=bb&mp=rm&news=1 programme trail], [http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2007/09_september/06/scotland_kr.shtml#news publicity]); in particular 5:50 to 7:45 and 10:45 to 11:00</ref> Wi the stairt o ''Nationwide'' in 1969, she became a frequent face on telly athort the whole o the UK, an several times covered for its regular presenters in Lunnon for twa or three weeks.<ref name="mail1998" /> In the 1970s she wis heid-huntit bi [[Independent Television News|ITN]] tae become their first female newscaster. But Mary Marquis preferred tae stay in Glesga whaur she coud leuk efter her mither an faimily, an the job insteid went tae [[Anna Ford]] in 1978.<ref name="mail1998" /> Follaein the daith o her mither, an a chynge o management at the BBC, she steppit doun frae ''Reporting Scotland'' in 1988.<ref name="mail1998" /> She haes subsequently been involvit wi various airts, medical an academic organisations, an did a series o live interviews at the [[Edinburgh Festival]] an aw.<ref name="record2002">[http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Something+for+the+Weekend:+Where+are+they+now%3F%3B+Mary+Marquis-a090451131 Where are they now? Mary Marquis], ''[[Daily Record (Scotland)|Daily Record]]'', 17 August 2002</ref><ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/news-articles/evening-news-edinburgh-scotland/mi_7832/is_2000_Sept_2/news-terry-wogan/ai_n32825165/?tag=content;col1 Has she got news for Terry Wogan]{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''[[Edinburgh Evening News]]'', 2 September 2000</ref><ref>Michael Kelly, [http://findarticles.com/p/news-articles/scotsman-edinburgh-scotland-the/mi_7951/is_2001_Jan_6/glasgow-diary/ai_n33003496/?tag=rel.res1 Glasgow Diary]{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''[[The Scotsman]]'', 6 January 2001</ref><ref>[http://www.tenovus-scotland.org.uk/OfficeBearers.html Office bearers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100123182029/http://www.tenovus-scotland.org.uk/OfficeBearers.html |date=2010-01-23 }}, [[Tenovus]] Scotland, 2009 (national committee).</ref><ref>[http://www.royalblind.org/img/document/iSite001.pdf iSite] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727223908/http://www.royalblind.org/img/document/iSite001.pdf |date=2011-07-27 }}, [[Royal Blind School]], December 2006; page 3, picture top right</ref> She wis appointit [[Member o the Order o the Breetish Empire]] in the 1983 [[New Year Honours]] leet,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=49212|supp=yes|startpage=15|date=30 December 1982}}</ref> an honoured wi a special awaird for 'Special Contribution to Scottish Broadcasting' at the 2007 Scottis [[BAFTA]] awairds.<ref>[http://www.baftascotland.co.uk/archive/scotland-awards-2007/nominations-winners The Lloyds-TSB Bafta Scotland Awards 2007]{{Dead link|date=December 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, BAFTA Scotland, November 2007. ([http://www.wireimage.com/GalleryListing.asp?nbc1=1&navtyp=CAL====296482&ym=200711 Images] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605033439/http://www.wireimage.com/GalleryListing.asp?nbc1=1&navtyp=CAL====296482&ym=200711 |date=2011-06-05 }})</ref> Marquis returned tae BBC Scotland tae mark its muive intae new state-o-the-airt heidquairters at Pacific Quay an wis interviewed for the programme.<ref name="mail1998">[http://findarticles.com/p/news-articles/daily-mail-london-england-the/mi_8002/is_1998_March_14/bbc-scotland-marks-75th-birthday/ai_n35935415/ As BBC Scotland marks its 75th birthday, Mary Marquis looks back]{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''[[Daily Mail]]'', 14 March 1998</ref> frae the auld studios in Queen Margaret Drive. [[RSAMD]] awairds a annual Mary Marquis prize for student performance in telly, commemoratin her time thare.<ref>[http://www.rsamd.ac.uk/export/sites/default/common/documents/FOI/docs/scholarships_and_prizes.pdf Scholarships and Prizes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717183337/http://www.rsamd.ac.uk/export/sites/default/common/documents/FOI/docs/scholarships_and_prizes.pdf |date=2011-07-17 }}, [[Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama]]</ref> <!-- Original name: Margaret McGachy ?? [http://www.amazon.co.uk/review/R2GD1LVEK7ITSU] --> <!-- Said to be credited as Mary Caughie in rep in Aberdeen in 1955 [http://www.scribd.com/doc/7530648/Carradale-Antler-194-November-2008]; later at the Citz, 1956 [http://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/sta/search/detaile.cfm?EID=13974] --> == Personal life == In 1962 she marriet Jack Anderson, a Glaega (subsequently an aw Canada an Lunnon<!-- ? Bickerdike Allen partners; Professor; chairman, Building Regulations Advisory Committee 1991-99; CBE 1999; worked on the Royal School of Music-->)-based airchitect an lecturer, an a son David wis born twa years later. Awtho expectin tae be dismissed, she continued tae appear on screen amaist till the birth (includin ane interview conductit on a ruif), an wis back in the studio efterwairds athin sax weeks.<ref name="mail1998" /><ref>''[http://news.bbc.co.uk/media/avdb/news/scotland/video/119000/bb/119294_16x9_bb.asx Reported Scotland]'' at 6:15 to 7:00</ref> <!-- Currently registered address is in Bearsden, G61 2SL, according to the Register of Directors--> ==References== {{reflist|2}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Marquis, Mary}} [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:BBC newsreaders an jurnalists]] [[Category:BBC Scotland newsreaders an jurnalists]] [[Category:Members o the Order o the Breetish Empire]] [[Category:Fowk frae Glesga]] [[Category:Scots-leid activists]] [[Category:Scots televeesion presenters]] [[Category:Year o birth missin (livin fowk)]] 3vwvd23j5wk802pg379bezy4w9jsrh9 Dumfries 0 137375 920569 918752 2026-08-09T21:34:39Z Grilledcheeseisgreat 135002 impruived citations 920569 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fix Scots}} {{Infobox UK place |official_name= Dumfries |country = Scotland |static_image_name=Dumfries looking east.jpg |static_image_caption= Dumfries leukin east |population= 33,280 |population_ref= <ref name=2012pop2a>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/files//statistics/population-estimates/special-area/mid-2012-settlements/2012-pop-est-sett-local-main-tab2a.pdf |title="Mid-2012 Populations Estimates for Settlements and Localities in Scotland, table 2a" National Records for Scotland. Access date = 27 October 2014 |access-date=2020-02-19 |archive-date=2019-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204064320/https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/files//statistics/population-estimates/special-area/mid-2012-settlements/2012-pop-est-sett-local-main-tab2a.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=2012pop3a>[http://gro-scotland.gov.uk/files//statistics/population-estimates/special-area/mid-2012-settlements/2012-pop-est-sett-local-main-tab3a.pdf "Mid-2012 Populations Estimates for Settlements and Localities in Scotland, table 3a" National Records for Scotland. Access date = 27 October 2014]{{Dead link|date=September 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |os_grid_reference= NX976762 |coordinates = {{coord|55.070|-3.603|display=inline,title}} |post_town= DUMFRIES |postcode_area= DG |postcode_district = DG1/2 |dial_code= 01387 |constituency_westminster=• [[Dumfries an Gallowa (UK Pairlament constituency)|Dumfries an Gallowa]]<br>([[Scots Conservatives|Con]] – [[Alister Jack]]) |gaelic_name= Dùn Phris<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.gaelicplacenames.org/databasedetails.php?id=413 | title=Gaelic Place-Names of Scotland database | publisher=[[Ainmean-Àite na h-Alba]] | accessdate=17 October 2013 | archive-date=2016-08-03 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803142610/http://www.gaelicplacenames.org/databasedetails.php?id=413 | url-status=dead }}</ref> |unitary_scotland= [[Dumfries an Gallowa]] |lieutenancy_scotland= [[Dumfriesshire|Dumfries]] |constituency_scottish_parliament=• [[Dumfriesshire (Scots Pairlament constituency)|Dumfriesshire]]<br>([[Scots Conservatives|Con]] – [[Oliver Mundell]])<br>• [[Gallowa an Wast Dumfries (Scots Pairlament constituency)|Gallowa an Wast Dumfries]]<br>([[Scots Conservatives|Con]] – [[Finlay Carson]]) }} '''Dumfries''' ({{IPA-en|dʌmˈfɹiːs|-|Dumfries.ogg}} {{respell|dum|FREESS|'}}; aiblins fae {{lang-gd|Dùn Phris}}) is a mercat toun an foregane [[ryal burgh]] within the [[Dumfries an Gallowa]] cooncil area o [[Scotland]]. It is locatit near the mooth o [[River Nith]] intil the [[Solway Firth]]. Dumfries is the tradeetional [[coonty toun]] o the [[Scots coonties|historic coonty]] o [[Dumfriesshire]].<ref>[http://maps.nls.uk/atlas/thomson/555.html John Thomson's Atlas of Scotland, 1832] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506195010/https://maps.nls.uk/atlas/thomson/555.html |date=2024-05-06 }} from ''National Library of Scotland'' retrieved 3 June 2013</ref> Dumfries is eik-name't ''Queen o the Sooth''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://qosfc.com/new_newsview.aspx?newsid=277 |title="Eva Mendes – the latest Queen of the South" 7th&nbsp;November&nbsp;2010 |publisher=Qosfc.com |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011 |archive-date=2015-02-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215171804/http://www.qosfc.com/new_newsview.aspx?newsid=277 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The eik-name wis gien name til the toun's professional fitbaw team, [[Queen of the South F.C.]]. Fowk fae Dumfries is kenned colloquial as ''Doonhamers''. ==Toponymy== The're at least three theorys on the etymology o the name. Yin is that the name ''Dumfries'' oreeginates fae the [[Scots Gaelic]] name ''Dùn Phris'' that means "Fort o the rone".<ref>{{cite web |title=Parliament Scotland - Placenames - Gaelic - C-E |url=http://www.parliament.scot/Gaelic/placenamesC-E.pdf |access-date=2020-02-19 |archive-date=2020-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013215200/http://www.parliament.scot/Gaelic/placenamesC-E.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Anither is that it comes fae a Brittonic cognate o the ledged Gaelic derivation ([[Welsh leid|Welsh]] ''Dyn Prys'').<ref name="bliton">{{cite web |last1=James |first1=Alan |title=A Guide to the Place-Name Evidence |url=http://spns.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Alan_James_Brittonic_Language_in_the_Old_North_BLITON_Volume_II_Dictionary.pdf |website=SPNS - The Brittonic Language in the Old North |accessdate=25 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813011121/http://spns.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Alan_James_Brittonic_Language_in_the_Old_North_BLITON_Volume_II_Dictionary.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Dumfries micht be the same place as ''Penprys'' that is mentiont in an awdl (a lang poem) bi [[Taliesin]],<ref name="bliton" /> an suggests that the first element micht hae been ''pen'', "summit-heid" (Welsh ''pen''). Accordin tae a third theory, the name is a corruption o twa [[Auld Inglis leid|Auld Inglis]] or [[Auld Norse]] wirds that mean "the freer's hill"; thaim that fauvour this idea ledge the formation o a religious hoose near the heid o whit is noo the Friar's Vennel.<ref name=autogeneratedhist /> If the name wis English or Norse, houiver, the expectit form wad hae the elements in reversed orientation. A Celtic derivation is tharefore preferred. Mairower, the Brittonic element ''drum'',<ref name="bliton" /> meanin "rig" an the Gaelic elements ''druim''<ref name="bliton" /> that means the same, an ''dronn'',<ref name="bliton" /> "a hump", hae aw been suggestit as an explanation o the first element.<ref name="bliton" /> Thaer is baith ane ''Dùn'' an ane ''druim'' in the toun. ==History== ===Early history=== There is nae definite record anent the time an mainer o Dumfries's foondin.<ref name=autogeneratedhist>{{cite web|url=http://www.electricscotland.com/history/dumfries/history1.htm |title=History of the Burgh of Dumfries – Chapter I |publisher=Electricscotland.com |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> Some scrievers haud that Dumfries floorisht as a place o distinction durin the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] Occupeetion o North [[Great Breetain]]. The [[Selgovae]] bade in [[Nidsdale]] at the time and micht hae biggit some military warks o a defensive naitur on or near the site o Dumfries; an it is mair nor likely that a castle o some kynd formt the nucleus o the toun. This is inferred fae the etymology o the name, that, accordin tae ae theory, is resolvable intae twa Gaelic terms, signifyin a castle or fort in the shaw or scrogs. Dumfries wis ance athin the borders o the [[Kinrick o Northumbrie]]. The destrict aroond Dumfries wis for several centurys rule't ower an deemt o muckle importance bi the invadin Romans. Mony traces o Roman presence in Dumfriesshire is tae be fund yet; cuinyies, wappens, orrals o urns, military yirdwarks, an roads bein amang the relicts left ahint bi thair lenthent bidin in this pairt o Scotland. The Caledonian breed in the sooth o Scotland wis investit wi the same richts bi an edict o [[Antoninus Pius]]. The Romanised natives received freedom (the burraes, cairns, an orrals o stane temples tae be seen in the destrict yet tell o a time whan Druidism wis the prevailin releegion) as weel as civilisation fae thair conquerors. Late in the fowert century CE, the Romans bad fareweel til the kintra.<ref name=autogeneratedhist /> Accordin til anither theory, the name is a corruption o twa wirds that mean "The Freer's Hill"; thaim that fauvour this idea ledge that [[Saunt Ringan]], bi plantin a releegious hoose near the heid o whit is noo Friars Vennel, at the end o the fowert century, becam the the virtual foonder o the burgh; houiver Rangan, sae faur as is kenned, dinna oreeginate ony monastic estaiblishments onywhaur an wis semply a meesionar. In the list o Breetish touns gien bi auncient historian [[Nennius]], the name ''Caer Peris'', that some modren antiquarians suppose tae hae been transmutit, bi change o deealect, intae Dumfries.<ref name=autogeneratedhist /> Twal o [[King Arthur|King Arthur's]] battles wis recordit bi Nennius in his ''Historia Brittonum''. The Battle o Tribuit (the 10t battle) his been suggestit as havin been mebbe near Dumfries or near the mooth o the [[River Avon]] near [[Bo'ness]]. Efter the Roman depairtur the airt aroond Dumfries haed sindry forms o veesit bi [[Pechts]], [[Anglo-Saxons]], [[Scots fowk|Scots]], an [[Norsemen]] culminatin a decisive victory for [[Giric|Giric (Gregory), King o Scots]] at whit is noo [[Lochmaben]] ower the native [[Britons]] in 890.<ref name=autogeneratedhist /> ===Mediaeval speal=== Whan, in 1069, [[Malcolm III o Scotland|Malcolm Canmore]] an [[William the Conqueror]] haudit a conference regairdin the claims o [[Edgar the Ætheling]] til the English Croun, thay met at Abernithi - a term that in the auld Breetish lied means a port at the mooth o the [[River Nith]]. It his been argied, the toun sicweys chairacterized maun hae been Dumfries; an tharefore it maun hae existit as a port in the [[Kinrick o Strathclyde]], gin no in the Roman days. Houiver, again this arguement is that the toun is situatit aicht tae nine mile fae the sea,<ref name=autogeneratedhist /> awtho the River Nith is tidal an navigable aw the wey intil the toun itsel. [[File:Lincluden Collegiate Church.jpg|thumb|Lincluden Collegiate Kirk, kenned an aw as [[Lincluden Aibey]], c.1789]] Awtho at the time 1 mile upstream an on the conter baunk o the Nith fae Dumfries, [[Lincluden Aibey]] wis foondit circa 1160. The aibey ruins is on the site o the [[bailey]] o the verra early [[Lincluden Castle]], as is thae yins o the later [[Lincluden Tower]]. This releegious hoose wis uised for various purposes, until its abandonment aroond 1700. Lincluden Aibey an its grunds is noo within the Dumfries urban conurbation boond. [[William the Lion]] grantit the chairter tae raise Dumfries til the rank o a [[ryal burgh]] in 1186. Dumfries wis verra much on the mairch durin its first 50 year as a burgh an it growed verra swith as a mercat toun an port.<ref>{{cite book|title=History of the burgh of Dumfries: with notices of Nithsdale, Annandale, and the western border|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924028091357|first=William|last=M'Dowall|publisher=Adam and Charles Black|year=1867|page=[https://archive.org/details/cu31924028091357/page/144 144]}}</ref> [[Alexander III o Scotland|Alexander III]] veesitit Dumfries in 1264 tae plan an expedeetion again the [[Isle o Man]], afore Scots bit for 180 year subjectit til the croun o [[Norawa]]. Identified wi the conquest o Man, Dumfries skare't in the weel-bein o Scotland for the next 22 year until Alexander's accidental deith brang an Augustan era in the toun's history til a snippen end.<ref name=autogeneratedhist /> A ryal castle, that no langer exists, wis built in the 13t century on the site o the praisent Castledykes Park. In the latter pairt o that century [[William Wallace]] chase't a fleein force soothwart throu the Nith dale. The English fugies met the yetts o [[Dumfries Castle]] that remained closed firm in thair presence. Wi a menyie o the toun's fowk jynin Wallace an his follaein pursuers whan thay arrived, the fleein English met thair end at Cockpool on the [[Solway Coast]]. Efter restin at [[Caerlaverock Castle]] a few mile awa fae the bluidlattin, Wallace again passt throu Dumfries on the day efter as he retourt north tae [[Sanchar]]. In the invasion o 1300, [[Edward I o Ingland|Edward I o England]] ludged a wheen o days in Juin wi the Minorite Freers o the Vennel, afore, at the heid o the than-mucklemaist invasion force tae attack Scotland, he asieged Caerlaverock Castle. Efter Caerlaverock yieldit hinderly, Edward passt throu Dumfries again as he crosst the Nith so as tae tak the invasion tae [[Gallowa]]. Wi the Scots nobility haein requeestit assistance fae the [[Haly See]] for thair cause, Edward on his retour tae Caerlaverock wis praisentit wi a missive directit tae him bi [[Pape Boniface VIII]]. Edward haudit coort in Dumfries that he greed grudgin til a parley. On 30 October, the parley soleecitit bi Boniface wis adheebitit bi Edward at Dumfries. Letters fae Edward, datit at Dumfris, wis sent tae his subordinates ootthrou Scotland, orderin thaim tae gie effect tae the treaty. The peace wis tae last until Whitsunday in the follaein year.<ref name=autogeneratedhist /> Afore becomin [[Scots monarchs|Keeng o Scots]], [[Robert the Bruce]] slaw his rival the [[John III Comyn, Laird o Badenoch|Red Comyn]] at [[Greyfriar's Kirk]] in the toun on 10 Februar 1306. His switherin aboot the fatality o his stobbin caused yin o his follaers, [[Roger de Kirkpatrick]], tae mooth the famous "A mak siccar" an feenish the Red Comyn aff. Bruce wis excommunicatit subsequent as an upshot, less for the murther nor its location. Regairdless, for the Bruce the dice wis casten at the maument in Greyfriars an sae begoud his campaign bi force for the independence o Scotland. Swuirds wis drawn bi supporters o baith sides, the buirial grund o the Monastery becomin the theatre o battle. Bruce an his pairty than attackit Dumfries Castle. The English gairison surrendert an for the third time in the day Bruce wis victorious. He wis crount King o Scotland scrimp seiven week efter. Bruce later triumpht at the [[Battle o Bannockburn]] an led Scotland tae independence. Aince Edward hid received wird o the revolution that hid startit in Dumfries, he again raised an airmy an invadit Scotland. Dumfries wis again subjectit til the control o Bruce's enemys. [[Christopher Seton|Sir Christopher Seton]] (Bruce's guid-brither) hid been capturt at [[Loch Doon]] an wis hurrit tae Dumfries tae be tried for traison in general an mair speceefic for bein praisent at the Red Comyn's killin. In 1306 an alang wi twa companions, Seton wis condammt an executit bi [[hangin]] an than [[heidin (decaptitation)]] at the site o whit is noo St Mary's Kirk. [[File:Burns Statue and Greyfriars, Dumfries.JPG|thumb|left|upright|Greyfriars Kirk an Burns Statue|alt=]] In 1659 ten weemen wis accuised o sindry acts o witchcraft bi Dumfries Kirk Session awtho the Kirk Session meenits itsel records anely nine witches. The Justiciary Coort fand thaim guilty o the several airticles o witchcraft an on 13 Apryle atween 2 pm an 4 pm thay wis takken til the Whitesands, strangelt at stakes, an thair bouks burnt til ess.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dumfriesmuseum.demon.co.uk/dumfstory09.html |title=Dumfries Museum |publisher=Dumfriesmuseum.demon.co.uk |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011 |archive-date=2020-02-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218025748/http://www.dumfriesmuseum.demon.co.uk/dumfstory09.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===18t century=== Contra the funtain in Dumfries High Street, adjacent til the praisent [[Marks & Spencer]], wis the Commercial an later the County Hotel. Awtho the latter wis demolisht in 1984-5, the oreeginal facade o the biggin wis reteenit an incorporatit intae new retail premises.[https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/200362756-79-high-street-county-hotel-nith-ward] The biggin noo hooses a Waterstanes beukshap. Room No. 6 o the hottle wis kenned as [[Charles Edward Stuart|Bonnie Prince Charlie]]'s Room an wis cairpetit appropriate in the [[Ryal Stewart tartan]]. The timmer panellin o Prince Charlie's Room wis lairgely reinstatit an pentit complete wi the ile-pentit laundskips bi Robert Norie (1720-1766)[https://www.nationalgalleries.org/art-and-artists/artists/james-norie-senior] in the owermantels at baith ends o the room an can yet be seen up the stairs as a shawroom o the beukshap.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Norie Family|url=https://archive.org/details/noriefamily0000holl|last=Holloway|first=James|publisher=National Galleries of Scotland|year=1994|isbn=0903598442|location=Edinburgh|pages=[https://archive.org/details/noriefamily0000holl/page/27 27]}}</ref> The [[Charles Edward Stuart|Young Pertender]] hid his heidquarters here durin a 3-day stey in Dumfries taewart the end o 1745. £2,000 wis demandit bi the Prince, thegither wi 1,000 brogues for his kilted [[Jacobite risin o 1745|Jacobite]] rebel airmy, that wis campin in a field no 100 yaird awa. A clatter that the [[Duke o Cumberland]] wis approachin made Bonnie Prince Charlie decide tae leave wi his airmy, wi anely £1,000 an 255 pair o shuin haein been haundit ower.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.electricscotland.com/travel/burns1.htm |title=Walks in Burns Country – Town Centre |publisher=Electricscotland.com |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> [[Robert Burns]] flittit tae Dumfriesshire in 1788 an tae Dumfries itsel in 1791, bidin there until his deith on 21 Julie 1796. The day's [[Greyfriar's Kirk]] leuks ower the location o a Burns statue that wis designt bi [[Amelia Paton Hill]], sculptit in Carrara, Italy in 1892, an wis unveilt bi futur [[Prime meenister]], [[Archibald Primrose, 5t Yerl o Rosebery]] on 6 Apryle 1882.<ref name="burnsstatue">{{cite web|url=http://www.dumgal.gov.uk/index.aspx?articleid=12973 |title=Burns Statue, Dumfries with Tam O'Shanter and Souter Johnnie statues "on tour", c 1900 |publisher=National Burns Collection |accessdate=29 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826115946/http://www.dumgal.gov.uk/index.aspx?articleid=12973 |archivedate=26 August 2014 }}</ref> The day it featurs on the 2007 series o £5 paper notes issue't bi the [[Bank of Scotland]], alangside wi the [[Brig o Doon]].<ref name="scotbanks">{{cite web|url=http://www.scotbanks.org.uk/banknotes_current_bank_of_scotland.php|title=Current Banknotes: Bank of Scotland|publisher=The Committee of Scottish Clearing Bankers|accessdate=17 October 2008}}</ref> Efter wirkin wi [[Patrick Miller o Dalswinton|Patrick Miller o Dalswintoun]], inventor [[William Symington]] ettle't tae cairy a trial oot sae as tae shaw that an ingine wad wirk on a boat withoot the boat catchin fire. The trial teuk place hinderly on Dalswintoun Loch near Dumfries on 14 October 1788. The experiment demonstratit that a steam ingine wad wirk on a boat. Symington gaed on tae become the builder o the first practical steamboat. ===20t century an ayont=== [[File:New bridge 4.jpg|thumb|Buccleuch Street Brig, Dumfries]] The first ineetial hint that [[RAF Dumfries]] wis tae be built wis made in late 1938. The site chosen hid accomodatit licht aircraft syne aboot 1914. Wark oncam quickly, an on 17 Juin 1940, the [[18 Maintenance Unit]] wis appent at Dumfries. The role o the steid durin the war encompasst trainin an aw. RAF Dumfries hid a maument o danger on 25 Mairch 1943, whan a German [[Dornier Do 217]] aircraft shot the airfield baikon up, bit rattelt shortlins efterwart. The pilot, Oberleutnant Martin Piscke wis later buiried in [[Troqueer]] Cemetery in Dumfries toun, wi fu military honours. On the nicht o 3-4 August 1943 a [[Vickers Wellington]] bomber wi ingine problems divertit tae Dumfries bit rattelt 1.5 mile short of the runwey.<ref name="Dumfriesaviationmuseum.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.dumfriesaviationmuseum.com/ |title=Dumfries and Galloway Aviation Museum |publisher=Dumfriesaviationmuseum.com |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011 |archive-date=2020-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101000522/http://www.dumfriesaviationmuseum.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> In [[Warld War II]] the feck o the [[Norse Airmy]] durin thair years o exile in Breetain conseestit o a brigade o in Dumfries.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dumfries remembers role as home to Norwegian army |author=Giancarlo Rinaldi |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-south-scotland-11685262 |newspaper on 16 =[[BBC Scotland]] |date=4 November 2010 |accessdate=28 April 2013}}</ref> When the army High Command teuk ower, the war 70 officers and aboot 760 preevats in the camp. The camp wis estaiblisht in Juin 1940 an name't ''Norwegian Reception Camp'', conseestin o some 500 men an weemen, mainly Norse that hid volunteert for war duty in Norawa durin the [[Nazi occupeetion]] in early 1940. Throu the simmer the nummer wis accresst tae aroond 1,500 unner the commaund o General [[Carl Gustav Fleischer]]. Within a wheen o miles o Dumfries is the veelages o [[Tynwald, Dumfries an Gallowa|Tynwald]], [[Torthorwald]], an [[Moosal]], that aw wis sattle't bi [[Vikings]]. Dumfries his experience't twa Boxin Day [[yirdquauks]]. This anes wis in 1979 (measurin 4.7 {{mag|l}} centred near [[Langtoon]])<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://sjg.lyellcollection.org/content/38/2/113|title=The felt effects of the Carlisle earthquake of 26 December 1979|first1=R. M. W.|last1=Musson|first2=P. H. O.|last2=Henni|date=1 December 2002|publisher=|journal=Scottish Journal of Geology|volume=38|issue=2|pages=113–125|via=sjg.lyellcollection.org|doi=10.1144/sjg38020113}}</ref> an in 2006 (centred in the Dumfries destrict measuring 3.6 {{mag|l}}).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.earthquakes.bgs.ac.uk/macroseismics/dumfries_2006_macro.htm |title=Dumfries Earthquake 26 December 2006 |work=British Geological Survey |url-status=dead |accessdate=30 January 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110309214103/http://www.earthquakes.bgs.ac.uk/macroseismics/dumfries_2006_macro.htm |archivedate=9 March 2011 }}</ref> Thare wisna ony sairious consequences in baith yins. The war an aw a yirdquauk on 16 Februar 1984<ref>Redmayne D. W., 1984. £The Dumfries earthquake of 16 February 1984£. ''BGS; Global Seismology Report'' No. 241</ref> an anither yirdquauk on 7 Juin 2010.<ref>[http://www.earthquakes.bgs.ac.uk/recent_events/20100607173319.3.html]{{dead link|date=August 2011}}</ref> ==Demographics== The National Records for Scotland mid 2012 upcastit population o Dumfries wis reportit as 33,280.<ref name=2012pop2a>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/files//statistics/population-estimates/special-area/mid-2012-settlements/2012-pop-est-sett-local-main-tab2a.pdf |title="Mid-2012 Populations Estimates for Settlements and Localities in Scotland, table 2a" National Records for Scotland. Access date = 27 October 2014 |access-date=2020-02-19 |archive-date=2019-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204064320/https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/files//statistics/population-estimates/special-area/mid-2012-settlements/2012-pop-est-sett-local-main-tab2a.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=2012pop3a>[http://gro-scotland.gov.uk/files//statistics/population-estimates/special-area/mid-2012-settlements/2012-pop-est-sett-local-main-tab3a.pdf "Mid-2012 Populations Estimates for Settlements and Localities in Scotland, table 3a" National Records for Scotland. Access date = 27 October 2014]</ref> ==Namely fowk== {{For|a list o aw folk fae Dumfries wi a Wikipedia airticle|Category:Fowk frae Dumfries}} [[File:Robert Burns House, Dumfries.jpg|left|thumb|Robert Burns Hoose in Dumfries]] [[File:Plaque of Notable Students at Dumfries Academy.jpg|thumb|upright|Plaque o namely fowk fae Dumfries Academy]] A nummer o weel-kenned fowk wis eddicatit at [[Dumfries Academy]], amang thaim [[Henry Duncan (meenister)|Henry Duncan]], meenister and foonder o the warld's first commercial saufins baunk; Sir [[James Anderson]], that caiptaint the [[SS Great Eastern]] on the [[trans-Atlantic cable]] layin vaiges in 1865 an 1866; [[J. M. Barrie]], scriever o [[Peter Pan]]; [[John Law Hume]], muisicker in the orchestra on the [[RMS Titanic]]; [[Jane Haining]], missionar for the Kirk o Scotland in Hungary; [[Alexander Knox Helm]], diplomat; [[John Laurie]], actor (Private Fraser in ''[[Dad's Army]]''); [[Christian Jane Fergusson]], airtist; Sir [[Robin Philipson]], airtist; [[John Hanson (sanger)|John Hanson]], sangster; [[Alex Graham (cairtoonist)|Alex Graham]], cairtoonist best kenned for the [[Fred Basset]] series; an [[Jock Wishart]], that in 1998 set a new warld record for circumnavigatin the globe in a pouert veshel. [[Roger White (executive)|Roger White]], CEO of saft-drinks group [[A.G. Barr]], is a local lad that gaed tae the Dumfries Academy. Follaein [[William A. F. Browne]]'s 1838 appyntment as superintendant o the Crichton Hospital, his son, [[James Crichton-Browne]], psychiatrist, neurologist, an medical psychologist, wis eddicatit at the Academy. [[William Charles Wells]], predecessor tae [[Charles Darwin]] on the theory o [[Naitural selection]] wis anither yin that wis eddicatit in Dumfries. Geologist [[Robert Harkness]] wis eddicatit in Dumfries an bade consequent in the toun. Sir [[Frank Williams (Formula One)|Frank Williams]] o F1 motor-racin fame wis eddicatit at [[St Joseph's College, Dumfries]] as wis [[Charles Forte, Baron Forte]], foonder o the leisur an hottles conglomerate Forte Group. St Joseph's wis foondit bi [[Brither Wilfrid]], the foonder o [[Celtic F.C.]]. International chairt-tappin record producer [[Calvin Harris]] is fae Dumfries. Dumfries wis the hametoun of Harris until he left in 2008. [[Ray Wilson (musicker)|Ray Wilson]], lead sangster o [[Stiltskin]] an later [[Genesis (baund)|Genesis]] wis born in Dumfries as wis the musickers [[Geoffrey Kelly]], [[Ian Carr]], an [[Emma's Imagination]] sangster [[Emma Gillespie]] is fae Dumfries. Opera sangster [[Nicky Spence]] wis born in Dumfries as wis [[Britain's Got Talent]] sangster [[Andrew Johnston (singer)|Andrew Johnston]]. [[Nigel Sinclair CBE]] is a [[Hollywood]] pictur producer. [[Michael Carter (actor)|Michael Carter]]'s actin career his seen him appear in a variety o productions rangin fae ''[[Return o the Jedi]]'' tae ''[[Rebus (TV series)|Rebus]]''. Dumfries his produce't a steidy rin o professional [[fitbaw]]ers an manager. The best-kenned fitbawers o thair era tae come fae Dumfries is aiblins [[Dave Halliday]],<ref name=qosleg>{{cite web|url=http://www.qosfc.com/Legends |title="Queens legends" on the official Queen of the South FC website |publisher=Qosfc.com |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> [[Ian Dickson (fitbawer)|Ian Dickson]],<ref name=qosleg/> [[Bobby Ancell]], [[Billy Houliston]],<ref name=qosleg/> [[Jimmy McIntosh]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://qosfc.com/new_newsview.aspx?newsid=616|title=QosFC: Jimmy McIntosh|publisher=|access-date=2020-02-19|archive-date=2015-04-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407092446/http://qosfc.com/new_newsview.aspx?newsid=616|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Willie McNaught]], an [[Ted McMinn]].<ref name=qosleg/> Halliday, Dickson, Houliston, an McMinn played for the hame toun club [[Queen of the South F.C.|Queen o the Sooth FC]] durin thair careers. [[Dominic Matteo]]<ref name = "matteo">{{cite web|url=http://qosfc.com/new_newsview.aspx?newsid=1135|title=QosFC: Dominic Matteo autobiography review|publisher=|access-date=2020-02-19|archive-date=2015-04-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407145352/http://qosfc.com/new_newsview.aspx?newsid=1135|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=autogeneratedbarry>{{cite web|url=http://qosfc.com/new_newsview.aspx?newsid=615|title=QosFC: Barry Nicholson|publisher=|access-date=2020-02-19|archive-date=2015-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629140210/http://qosfc.com/new_newsview.aspx?newsid=615|url-status=dead}}</ref> wis born in Dumfries bit flittit tae England whan he wis a young boy.<ref name=autogeneratedbarry /> [[Barry Nicholson]] lost 4-3 tae Queens playin for [[Aberdeen F.C.]] in the 2008 [[Scots Cup]] semi-feenals in maugre o scorin<ref name=qoshist>{{cite web|url=http://qosfc.com/History |title=Queen of the South club history |publisher=Qosfc.com |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> again the team he supportit as a boy. Ancell, Houliston, McNaught, an Nicholson hae representit England at unner-21 level and wis jyned bi havin duin sae in saison 2010-11 bi [[Cammy Bell]] an [[Grant Hanley]]. Matteo gaint 6 fu kaips for Scotland<ref name=autogeneratedbarry /> efter haein representit England at unner-21 level. Halliday wis owerleukit bi Scotland in fauvour o [[Hughie Gallacher]].<ref name=qosleg/> Gallacher played for The Queens bit wisna fae Dumfries. It wis as a manager raither nor a player that [[Thomas Mitchell (football manager)|Thomas Mitchell]] made his name as a multiple [[FA Cup]] winner at [[Blackburn Rovers F.C.]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://qosfc.com/Legends |title=Connections between Dumfries and Blackburn Rovers in the Queen of the South profile on Jackie Oakes |publisher=Qosfc.com |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> afore jynin Woolwich Arsenal as [[Arsenal F.C.]] wis than name't. Dumfries is an aw the hametoun o three-times [[24 Oors o Le Mans]] winner [[Allan McNish]]<ref name = "mcnish">{{cite web|url=http://qosfc.com/new_newsview.aspx?newsid=638|title=QosFC: Allan McNish (part 2)|publisher=|access-date=2020-02-19|archive-date=2014-10-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021105352/http://qosfc.com/new_newsview.aspx?newsid=638|url-status=dead}}</ref> as it wis tae [[David Leslie (racing driver)|David Leslie]].<ref name = "mcnish" /><ref name = "mcnish" /> Scotland [[rugby union]] internationalists [[Duncan Hodge]], [[Nick De Luca]], [[Craig Hamilton]], an [[Alex Dunbar]] wis born in Dumfries as wis perfaisonal gowfers [[Andrew Coltart]]<ref name=autogeneratedcoltart>{{cite web|url=http://qosfc.com/new_newsview.aspx?newsid=649|title=QosFC: Andrew Coltart|publisher=|access-date=2020-02-19|archive-date=2015-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629133946/http://qosfc.com/new_newsview.aspx?newsid=649|url-status=dead}}</ref> an [[Robert Dinwiddie (golfer)|Robert Dinwiddie]]. [[Curlin]] warld kemps [[David Murdoch]], [[Euan Byers]], an [[Craig Wilson (curler)|Craig Wilson]] wis aw born in Dumfries. Umwhile [[Dairts]] kemp [[Rab Smith]] is anither ''Doonhamer''. [[BBC]] braidcaster [[Kirsty Wark]] wis born in the toun as wis fallae braidcaster [[Stephen Jardine]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://qosfc.com/new_newsview.aspx?newsid=634|title=QosFC: Stephen Jardine|publisher=|access-date=2020-02-19|archive-date=2015-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629155509/http://qosfc.com/new_newsview.aspx?newsid=634|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Neil Oliver]] (archaeologist, historian, scriever, an braidcaster growed up in [[Ayr]] an Dumfries. Scriever an earth scientist [[Dougal Dixon]] is fae Dumfries. [[Hunter Davies]] (scriever, jurnalist, an braidcaster) bade in Dumfries for 4 year as a boy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://qosfc.com/Legends |title=Hunter Davies memories of Dumfries in the profile on Billy Houliston |publisher=Qosfc.com |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> [[James Hannay (scriever)|James Hannay]], asides bein a scriever an jurnalist spent the last 5 year o his life as the Breetish consul in [[Barcelona]]. [[John Mayne (makar)|John Mayne]] wis born in Dumfries in 1759 an contreebutit in the field o poetry. [[Warld War I]] makar [[William Hamilton (Breetish Airmy officer)|William Hamilton]] wis anither wan born in Dumfries. [[Archibald Gracie]], shippin magnate an business tycoon in the USA, wis fae Dumfries. [[John McFarlane (Breetish businessman)|John McFarlane]], CEO of Australie an New Zealand Banking Group Limited ([[ANZ]])) oreeginates fae the toun, as dis [[William (Bill) Nelson (ADFP)]] that wis an aw wi ANZ (umwhile [[AXA]], [[AMP Limited]], and [[Westpac]]) an an aw faither o [[Alice Nelson]], noo CEO of Centurion Wealth Advisors. The airchitect [[George Corson]] that wirked mainly in [[Leeds]], England, wis born in Dumfries and article't tae [[Walter Newall]] in the toun. Politeecian [[David Mundell]] wis born in Dumfries as wis [[William Dickson (Upper Canada)|William Dickson]], [[William Pattison Telford Sr.]], an [[Ambrose Blacklock]], aw that made thair merk poleetical in [[Canadae]]. Malcolm H. Wright, faither o [[Sophie B. Wright]] - New Orleans eddicator an pioneer for weemen's and childer's richts. Suffragette an feminist campaigner [[Dora Marsden]] spent the last 25 year o her life being care't for in Dumfries efter her psychological foonder. [[Ian Gibson (politician)|Dr. Ian Gibson]] is anither tae leave his merk on politeecs. [[James Edward Tait]] wis a Dumfries-born recipient o the [[Victoria Cross]]. [[William Robertson (VC)|William Robertson]] an [[Edward Spence (VC)|Edward Spence]] are ither Victoria Cross recipients. [[Robert Jenkinson, 2nt Yerl o Liverpuil]], UK Prime meenister fae 1812 tae 1827, wis quartert in Dumfries in 1796 durin his military service. [[David Haggart]] wis a Scots thief an rogue that in 1820 in his escape fae Dumfries Gaol (the site is noo occupeed bi Thomson's the Jewellers) kilt a preeson officer. He wis hangit in Edinburgh in 1821. His deectatit memoir publisht as a chapbeuk<ref>{{Cite web|title=Life of David Haggart who was executed at Edinburgh, 18th July, 1821 for the murder of the Dumfries jailor|url=https://digital.nls.uk/chapbooks-printed-in-scotland/archive/104184943|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-09|website=digital.nls.uk|language=en}}</ref> becam the subject o the pictur ''Sinful Davey'' starnin [[John Hurt]]. A plaque on the waw on the site o the King's Airms Hottle, noo Boots the Chemist's, records the presence there in 1829 o William Burke o the notour [[Burke an Hare murthers]]. He wis traivelin tae Ireland efter the trial; his veesit caused a near royet.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Broadside entitled 'Riot at Dumfries! Hares Arrival'|url=https://digital.nls.uk/broadsides/view/?id=15239|access-date=2026-08-09|website=digital.nls.uk|language=en}}</ref> [[John Richardson (naituralist)|John Richardson]], [[naituralist]], explorer, an naval surgeon wis born in Dumfries as wis [[John Craig (mathematician)|John Craig]], [[mathematician]], an [[James Crichton]], [[polymath]]. [[Benjamin Bell]] efter bein born in Dumfries gaed on tae become considert the first Scots scienteefic surgeon. His ieroe wis [[Joseph Bell]] that [[Arthur Conan Doyle]] his creeditit [[Sherlock Holmes]] as bein lowse sted on fae Bell's obversant mainer. Doyle's faither, airtist [[Charles Altamont Doyle]] deed in the [[The Crichton Ryal Institution]] an is buirit in the High Cemetery in Dumfries.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Charles Altamont Doyle - The Arthur Conan Doyle Encyclopedia|url=https://www.arthur-conan-doyle.com/wiki/Charles_Altamont_Doyle?title=Charles_Altamont_Doyle|access-date=2026-08-09|website=www.arthur-conan-doyle.com}}</ref> [[Thomas Peter Anderson Stuart]] left Dumfries tae gang on an foond the [[University of Sydney Medical School]]. [[John Allan Broun]]'s contreebution tae science wis his diskiverys aroond magnetism an meteorology. [[James Braid (surgeon)|James Braid]], surgeon an pioneer o [[hypnosis|hypnotism]] an [[hypnotherapy]], practice't in Dumfries fae 1825 tae 1828 in pairtnery wi William Maxwell. [[Ian Callum]] is kenspeckle't in the warld o motor ingineerin. A [[Kirk o Scotland]] meenister the Rev. John Ewart o [[Troqueer]] in [[Kirkcoubrieshire]] produce't eleiven childers that some hae made a namely merk. [[Peter Ewart]] wis an ingineer that wis influential in developin the technologys o [[turbines]] an theories o thermodynamics. His brither [[Joseph Ewart]] becam the Breetish ambassador tae [[Proushie]]. [[John Ewart]], a doctor, becam Chief Inspector o [[East Indie Company]] infirmarys in [[Indie]]. [[William Ewart]], faither of [[William Ewart (Breetish politeecian)|William Ewart]], politeecian, wis a business pairtner o Sir John Gladstones, faither o fower-times Prime meenister [[William Ewart Gladstone]]. Gladstone junior wis name't efter Ewart, his godfather. ==Climate== As wi the lave o the [[Breetish Isles]], Dumfries experiences a [[Oceanic climate|maritime climate]], wi cuil simmers an myld winters. It is yin o the no sae snawy locations in Scotland acause o its sheltert law-liein poseetion in the soothwast o the kintra. Fae 2 Julie 1908 the toun haudit the record for the heichest temperatur readin in Scotland, 32.8&nbsp;°C (91.0&nbsp;°F) until bein surpasst in [[Greycrook]], Borders, on 9 August 2003.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[UKMO]] |url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/ws/print.html |title=1908 temperature |accessdate=30 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103082750/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/ws/print.html |archivedate=3 November 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> {{Weather box |location = Dumfries 49m asl, 1961–1990, extremes 1951–1980 |metric first = Yes |single line = Yes |Jan record high C = 14.3 |Feb record high C = 13.3 |Mar record high C = 17.8 |Apr record high C = 19.3 |May record high C = 25.2 |Jun record high C = 28.3 |Jul record high C = 32.8 |Aug record high C = 28.6 |Sep record high C = 25.6 |Oct record high C = 22.8 |Nov record high C = 15.6 |Dec record high C = 13.9 |year record high C = 32.8 |Jan high C = 6.0 |Feb high C = 6.2 |Mar high C = 8.3 |Apr high C = 11.1 |May high C = 14.3 |Jun high C = 17.2 |Jul high C = 18.5 |Aug high C = 18.2 |Sep high C = 15.7 |Oct high C = 12.9 |Nov high C = 8.6 |Dec high C = 6.8 |year high C = 11.9 |Jan low C = 0.7 |Feb low C = 0.6 |Mar low C = 1.8 |Apr low C = 3.3 |May low C = 5.8 |Jun low C = 8.8 |Jul low C = 10.5 |Aug low C = 10.4 |Sep low C = 8.6 |Oct low C = 6.3 |Nov low C = 2.6 |Dec low C = 1.3 |year low C = 5.0 |Jan record low C = −13.9 |Feb record low C = −11.1 |Mar record low C = −12.2 |Apr record low C = −3.9 |May record low C = −2.2 |Jun record low C = 0.6 |Jul record low C = 2.8 |Aug record low C = 2.2 |Sep record low C = -1.1 |Oct record low C = -3.9 |Nov record low C = −9.0 |Dec record low C = −10.6 |year record low C = −13.9 |Jan precipitation mm = 110 |Feb precipitation mm = 76 |Mar precipitation mm = 81 |Apr precipitation mm = 53 |May precipitation mm = 72 |Jun precipitation mm = 63 |Jul precipitation mm = 71 |Aug precipitation mm = 93 |Sep precipitation mm = 104 |Oct precipitation mm = 117 |Nov precipitation mm = 100 |Dec precipitation mm = 107 |year precipitation mm = 1047 |Jan sun = 44.7 |Feb sun = 68.7 |Mar sun = 98.4 |Apr sun = 145.0 |May sun = 180.1 |Jun sun = 176.7 |Jul sun = 162.2 |Aug sun = 156.7 |Sep sun = 110.8 |Oct sun = 89.8 |Nov sun = 61.5 |Dec sun = 37.9 |year sun = 1333.5 |source 1 = [[Met Office]]<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/sites/10.html | archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20010210225728/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/sites/10.html | archivedate =10 February 2001 | title = Dumfries 1961-90 averages | accessdate = 5 November 2011 | publisher = [[Met Office]]}}</ref> |source 2 = [[ScotClim]]<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.weather.org.uk/climate/scotclim.html | title = Dumfries 1951-1980 extremes | accessdate = 5 November 2011 | publisher = [[ScotClim]]}}</ref> |date=November 2011 }} ==Geography== [[File:auld brig dumfries.jpg|thumb|Devorgilla Brig wi Auld Brig Hoose Museum at the end o the furthest span fae the camera]] [[File:Dumfries Suspension Bridge.jpg|thumb|Whitesands suspension footbridge ower the Nith]] [[File:Fountain and midsteeple.jpg|thumb|upright|The funtain an midsteeple on Dumfries High St]] [[File:1990dumfrieswhitesands.jpg|thumb|Whitesands, fae Buccleuch Street]] [[File:River Nith.jpg|thumb|River Nith]] Like the lave o [[Dumfries an Gallowa]], o Scotland's three major geographical areas Dumfries is locatit in the [[Soothren Uplands]]. The [[River Nith]] flowes throu Dumfries taewart the [[Solway Firth]] in a soothwart direction cleavin the toun intae East an Wast. At law tide, the sea recedes tae sic an extent on the shallae slopin sands o the Solway that the lenth o the Nith is stendit bi 8 mile to 70.7 mile at the maist. This maks the Nith Scotland's seivent langest river. The're several brigs crossin the river within the toun. Atween the [[Dervorguilla o Gallowa|Dervorguilla]] Brig (kenned as "The Auld Brig" an aw) an the suspension brig is a [[weir]] kenned colloquial as "The Caul". In wetter months o the year the Nith can fluid the surroondin streets. Dumfries his a thrang o suburbs includin [[Summerhill, Dumfries|Summerhill]], Summerville, [[Troqueer]], Georgetown, Cresswell, Larchfield, Calside, Lochside, Lincluden, [[Newbridge Drive, Dumfries|Newbridge Drive]], Sandside, Heathhall, [[Locharbriggs]], Noblehill, an Marchmount. [[Maxwelltoun]] tae the wast o the River Nith wis ae-time a burgh in its ain richt within the [[Kirkcoubrieshire|Stewarty o Kirkcoubrie]] until its incorporation intae Dumfries in 1938; Summerhill, [[Troqueer]], Lochside, Lincluden, and Sandside is amang ither suburbs locatit on the Maxwelltoun side o the river. [[Palmerston Park]], hame til the toun's senior fitbaw team [[Queen of the South F.C.|Queen o the Sooth F.C.]], is on Terregles Street, on the Maxwelltoun side o the river an aw. Queensberry Square an High Street is the central focal pynts o the toun an the area hosts mony o the historical, social, an commercial enterpreeses an events o Dumfries. Durin the 1990s, thir areas enjeyed various aesthetic acknawledgements fae organizations includin [[Britain in Bloom]]. ==Governance== Scots communitys grantit [[Ryal Burgh]] status bi the monarch gairdit jealous the honour an wi fushion. Ridin the Mairches maintains the tradeetion o an occasion that wis, in its day, o muckle importance. Dumfries his been a Ryal Burg syne 1186, its chairter bein grantit bi [[William the Lion|Keeng William the Lion]] in a muive that enshuirt the lealty o its ceetizens til the Monarch. Awtho faur fae the centre o pouer in Scotland, Dumfries hid obvious strategic significance sittin as it dis on the edge o [[Gallowa]] an bein the centre o control for the soothwast o Scotland. Wi the [[River Nith]] on twa sides an the Lochar Moss on anither, Dumfries wis a toun wi guid naitural defences. Consequently, it wis niver completely wawed. A carefu ee yet hit tae be keept on the clear define't boonds o the burgh, a task that hid tae be unnertakkin ilk year bi the [[Mayor|Provost]], [[bailies]], [[burgesses]], an ithers within the toun. Neebourin lairds micht try tae encroach on the toun boonds, or the Mairches as thay wis kenned, muivin thaim back 100 yaird or sae tae thair ain benefit. It hid tae be made clear tae onybody thinkin o or tryin tae encroach that they daurna dae sae. In retour for the Ryal status o the toun an the fauvour o the King, the provost an the cooncil, alang wi ither wirthy fowk hid tae be diligent in enshuirin the boonds wis strictly observed. Awtho steepit in history, Scotland's burghs remeent the fundament o the kintra's seestem o local government for centurys. Burgh status conferred on its ceetizens the richt tae elect thair ain toun cooncils, rin thair ain affairs, an raise thair ain local taxs or rates. In 1974 the burghs becam pairt o lairger destricts an regions. Thae boonds lost the significance thay wis grantit bi Ryal statute. Auncient titles like provost an bailie wis shauchelt aff or reteent anely for ceremonial purposes. Robes an cheens aften fand thair wey intae museums as a myndin o the past. Dumfries remeens a centre o government for a much muckler area nor juist the toun itsel. Bit its fowk, the Doonhamers yet reteen a pride in thair toun an distinctive identity. This is niver mair sae nor durin the week-lang Guid Nychburris Festival an its heichlicht the Ridin o the Mairches tat taks place on the third Seturday in Juin ilk year. ===Politics=== Dumfries is locatit in the [[Subdiveesions o Scotland|cooncil area]] o [[Dumfries an Gallowa]]. It is the seat o the local cooncil, whase heidquarters is locatit on the edge o the toun centre. Until 1995 Dumfries wis an aw hame til the cooncil for the local destrict o [[Nithsdale]]. Dumfries lens its name an aw til the [[Lieutenancy areas o Scotland|lieutenancy area]] o Dumfries, that is seemilar in boonds til the forgane [[Dumfriesshire]] coonty. Dumfries is situatit in the [[Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick|UK Pairlament]] constituency of [[Dumfries an Gallowa (UK Pairlament constituency)|Dumfries an Gallowa]] that is representit bi [[Alister Jack]] o the [[Scots Conservative Pairty]] For [[Scots Pairlament]] elections, Dumfries is in the [[Sooth Scotland]] electoral area an cleaved atween twa constituencys. The wastlin wairds o Abbey and North Wast Dumfries is in the constituency o [[Gallowa an Wast Dumfries (Scots Pairlament constituency)|Gallowa and Wast Dumfries]], and the eastlin wairds o Nith an Lochar is in the constituency o [[Dumfriesshire (Scots Pairlament constituency)|Dumfriesshire]]. The respecive MSPs is [[Finlay Carson]] an [[Oliver Mundell]], baith o the [[Scots Conservative Pairty]]. On the Dumfries an Gallowa cooncal, Dumfries is kivert bi fower 4-seat wairds: Abbey, Lochar, Nith, and North Wast Dumfries. North Wast Dumfries is the anely waird that alanerly kivers areas within the toun itsel, wi the tithers incorporating ootwith areas. In the 2017 cooncil election, thir wairds electit 6 [[Labour Pairty (UK)|Labour]], 5 [[Scots Conservative Pairty|Conservative]], and 4 [[Scots Naitional Pairty|SNP]] cooncillors. ==Economy== Dumfries his a lang history as a [[coonty toun]], an as the [[mercat toun]] o a surroondin rural hinterland. Dumfries is a relatively weel-aff community bit the toun centre his been exposed til the centrifugal forces that hae seen retail, business, eddicational, residential, an ither uisses gravitate taewart the toun's urban freenge.<ref>[http://www.dumgal.gov.uk/Dumgal/Documents.aspx?id=12338 DGC -Document: Dumfries Town Centre Urban Design Strategy – Part 1] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215015236/http://www.dumgal.gov.uk/Dumgal/Documents.aspx?id=12338 |date=15 February 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Dumfries & Galloway Council|date=2006-02-20|title=Document: Dumfries Town Centre Urban Design Strategy - Part 1|url=http://www.dumgal.gov.uk/Dumgal/Documents.aspx?id=12338|access-date=2026-08-09|website=www.dumgal.gov.uk|language=en}}</ref> This wis startit in the 1980s wi the biggin o the Dumfries bypass. The immediate effect o this wis as ettle't the diversion o transitin traffeck awa fae the toun centre. This brocht wi it an accompanyin reduction in economic inpit til the toun centre. The seicont effect o this his been mair pronoonce't. Sites near til the bypass hae attractit development tae utilize the bypass as a heich-speed urban hiewey withoot the bottlenecks o the toun centre and withoot the constreenin leemitit toun centre pairkin. Ina bid tae re-brisken up development in Dumfries toun centere, baith economically an in a social context, several strategys hae been propone't bi the controllin authoritys.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dumfriesregeneration.co.uk |title=MiniWeb: Regeneration & Europe – Dumfries Town Centre |publisher=Dumfriesregeneration.co.uk |date=15 August 2011 |accessdate=24 August 2011 }}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Cultur== Dumfries got its eik-name ''Queen o the Sooth'' fae David Dunbar, a local makar,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telinco.co.uk/RobertTemple/Hrkiv6.htm#t1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031105133946/http://www.telinco.co.uk/RobertTemple/Hrkiv6.htm#t1 |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 November 2003 |title=Robert Temple Bibliographical Archive |publisher=Telinco.co.uk |date=2 March 2008 |accessdate=24 August 2011 }}</ref> that in 1857 stuid in the general election. In yin o his addresses he cried Dumfries "Queen o the Sooth" and this becam synonymous wi the toun.<ref name=qoshist/><ref>{{cite web|last=Ritchie |first=Robert |url=http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/features/Best-town-nickname.5509952.jp |title="Best town nickname" The Scotsman 1st&nbsp;August&nbsp;2009 |publisher=Thescotsman.scotsman.com |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> The term ''doonhamer'' comes fae the wey that natives of Dumfries ower the years hae referred til the aera whan wirking away fae hame. The toun is aften reffered tae as "doon hame" (down home) in the [[Scots leid]]. The term ''doonhamer'' follaed, tae descrive thaim that origeenate fae Dumfries.<ref name=qoshist/> The Doonhamers is an aw the eik-name o [[Queen of the South F.C.]] that represent Dumfries an the surroondin area in the [[Scottish Football League]].<ref name=qoshist/> The creest conteens the wirds "A Lore Burne". In the history o Dumfries near to the toun wis the quaw that the Loreburn ran throu whase name becam the rallyin cry o the toun in times o attack - "A Lore Burne" meanin "til the lairie burn".<ref name=qoshist/><ref name=autogenerated3>{{cite web |url=http://www.dumfriesmuseum.demon.co.uk/frames.html |title=Dumfries and Galloway Museums and Galleries on-line |publisher=Dumfriesmuseum.demon.co.uk |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011 |archive-date=2020-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711222022/http://www.dumfriesmuseum.demon.co.uk/frames.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2017 Dumfries wis rankit the happiest place in Scotland bi [[Rightmove]].<ref name=happy>[http://www.itv.com/news/border/2017-10-11/dumfries-ranked-the-happiest-place-to-live-in-scotland/ "Dumfries ranked the happiest place to live in Scotland" www.itv.com 11 October 2017]</ref> ===Museums=== [[File:Camera Obscura, Dumfries.JPG|thumb|upright|left|[[Dumfries Museum]] an camera obscura]] Locatit on tap o a wee hill, [[Dumfries Museum]] is centre't on the 18t-century windmill that staunds abuin the toun. Includit is fossil fit-dunts left bi prehistoric reptiles, the wildlife of the Solway mosses, tuils an wappens o the earliest fowk o the region, an stane cairvins o Scotland's first Christians. On the tap fluir o the museum is a [[camera obscura]].<ref name=autogenerated3 /> sted in the control tour near Tinwald Downs, the aviation museum his an extensive indoor ootset o memorabilia that strives tae preserve [[aviation]] heritage, a hantle o it that his come via various rekivery acteevitys. Durin the Seicont Warld War, aerial navigation was taucht at Dumfries and [[Wigtoun]] an aw, an nearby [[Annan]] wis a fechter trainin unit. [[RAF Dumfries]] doobelt as an important maintenance unit an storange unit. The museum is run bi the [[Dumfries and Galloway Aviation Museum]] group an is the anely preevat avaiation museum in Scotland.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=http://www.dumfriesmuseum.demon.co.uk |title=Dumfries and Galloway Museums |publisher=Dumfriesmuseum.demon.co.uk |date=1 August 1999 |accessdate=24 August 2011 |archive-date=2020-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222132412/http://www.dumfriesmuseum.demon.co.uk/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The restore't control tour o the foregane Warld War II airfield is noo a leetit biggin. The museum is run bi volunteers an hooses a lairge and ever-expandin aircraft collection, aero ingines, and a display ootset o artefacts and personal histories relatin tae aviation, past an praisent. It is hame an aw til the Loch Doon [[Supermarine Spitfire|Spitfire]]. Baith ceevil aviation an military aviation is representit.<ref name="Dumfriesaviationmuseum.com"/> ===Theatre an Cinema=== [[File:Shakespeare St, Dumfries.jpg|thumb|The Theatre Royal in Dumfries. In the background can be seen the spire o the auld St Andrew's Cathedral: the lave of the biggin burnt doun in 1961<ref>[http://www.standrewsdumfries.org.uk/History_plus.htm St. Andrew's Catholic Church Dumfries website] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327015953/http://www.standrewsdumfries.org.uk/History_plus.htm |date=27 March 2014 }}</ref> and wis replace't wi a new kirk on the same site.]] The [[Theatre Royal, Dumfries]] wis built in 1792 an is the auldest wirkin theatre in Scotland.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.guildofplayers.co.uk/ |title=Guild of Players – Home |publisher=Guildofplayers.co.uk |date=June 2014 |accessdate=24 August 2011 |archive-date=2019-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219150241/http://www.guildofplayers.co.uk/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The theatre belangs til the Guild o Players that bocht in 1959, tharefore saufin it fae demoleetion, an is run ona volutary basis bi the members o the Guild o Players. It is fondit enteerly bi Guild membership stents and bi box-office quitances takkins. It disna praisently receive ony grant aid taewart runnin costs. In recent years the theatre his been reruift an the ootside refurbisht. It is the venue for the Guild o Players ain productions an for performances fae veesitin companies. Thir include: [[Scottish Opera]], [[TAG]], [[the Borderline]], and [[7:84]]. The [[Robert Burns Centre]] is an airt hoose cinema in Dumfries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rbcft.co.uk/ |title=Robert Burns Centre Film Theatre |publisher=Rbcft.co.uk |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> The Odeon Cinema, that shew mair mainstream picturs, closed its doors in mid-2018. ===Concert an Event Venues=== [[File:DG One, Dumfries, 2007-07-26.jpg|thumb|Construction o DG One centre in 2007]] The Loreburn Haw (whiles kenned colloquial as The Drill Haw)<ref name="culturalprofiles.org.uk">{{cite web|url=http://www.culturalprofiles.org.uk/scotland/Units/298.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-04-27 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606152912/http://www.culturalprofiles.org.uk/scotland/Units/298.html |archivedate=6 June 2011 |df=dmy }}</ref> his hostit concerts bi performers sic as [[Black Sabbath]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.black-sabbath.com/tourdates/1970.html |title=1970 Tour |publisher=Black-sabbath.com |accessdate=24 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611151759/http://www.black-sabbath.com/tourdates/1970.html |archivedate=11 June 2011 }}</ref> [[Big Country]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tour Dates 1990|url=http://www.geocities.com/SunsetStrip/Alley/2384/td-1990.html|access-date=2026-08-09|website=www.geocities.com}}</ref> [[The Proclaimers]], an [[Scottish Opera]].<ref name="culturalprofiles.org.uk"/> The haw his hostit sportin events sic as [[warstlin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wrestling101.com/101/newsitem/1154/ |title=wZw Present The 'Destruction Tour' |publisher=Wrestling101.com |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011 |archive-date=2020-02-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219085931/http://www.wrestling101.com/101/newsitem/1154/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The new DG One sport, fitness, an enterteenment centre becam the principle indoor event venue in Dumfries in 2007,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dgone.co.uk |title=MiniWeb |publisher=DG One |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011 |archive-date=2019-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101101632/http://dgone.co.uk/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> bit in October 2014, it closed acause o major defects diskivert in the biggin. Houiver, the refurbisht replenisht biggin reappent tae the public in the simmer o 2019.<ref>{{cite news|title=Dumfries leisure centre with 'unique' failings ready to reopen |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-south-scotland-48761099|accessdate=7 January 2020|work=BBC News|date=26 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The Theatre Royal his reappent an aw follaein renovation wark. ===Visual Airts=== Wi a collection o ower 400 Scots pentins, Gracefield Arts Centre hosts a changin programme o exheebeetions featurin regional, national, and internatonal airtists and craft-makkers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dumfriesmuseum.demon.co.uk/grace.html|title=Gracefield Arts centre|date=|publisher=Dumfriesmuseum.demon.co.uk|accessdate=24 August 2011|archive-date=2020-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222025418/http://www.dumfriesmuseum.demon.co.uk/grace.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dumfries Art Trail brings thegither airtists, makkers, gaileries, an craft shaps wi venues accessible aw year roond.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dumfries Art Trail|url=https://dumfriesarttrail.wordpress.com/|access-date=2026-08-09|website=Dumfries Art Trail|language=en-US}}</ref> ===Festivals=== The're a nummer o festivals that tak place ootthrou the year, maistly sted on tradeetional values. '''''Guid Nychburris''''' ([[Middle Scots leid|Middle Scots]], meanin 'guid neebours') is the main festival o the year, a ceremony that is lairgely sted on the theme o a positive community speerit. The ceremony on Guid Nychburris Day follaes a route an sequence o events laid doun in the mists o time. Formal proceedins start at 7.30 am wi the gaitherin o up tae 250 horses waitin for the courier tae arrive and annunce that the Pursuivant is on his wey, an at 8.00 am leave the Midsteeple an ride oot tae meet the Pursuivant. Thay then proceed to Ride the Mairches an Stob an Nog (merk the boond wi stabs an knags) afore retourin til the Midsteeple at 12.15 pm tae meet the Provost an then the Chairter is proclaimt tae the tounfowk o Dumfries. This is than follaed bi the crounin o the Queen o the Sooth.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.guidnychburris.co.uk |title=www.guidnychburris.co.uk |publisher=www.guidnychburris.co.uk |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822205037/http://www.guidnychburris.co.uk/ |archive-date=22 August 2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Syne 2013, Dumfries his seen the annual [[Nithraid]], a wee boat race up the Nith fae Carsethorn, celebratin the toun's historical relationship wi the river. The region is hame an aw tae a nummer o thrivin muisic festivals sic as the Eden Festival (at St Ann's near Moffat), Youthbeatz (Scotland's lairgest free youth muisic festival), the Moniave Folk Festival, Thornhill Music Festival, and Electric Fields at Drumlanrig Castle afore. [[File:Ewart Library entrance.jpg|thumb|Entrance tae the Ewart Library]] ===Leebrary=== The [[Ewart Library]] is a [[Carnegie library]], an wis appent in 1904. Carnegie donatit £10,000 taewart the buildin o the leebrary, an suggestit that it wis name't efter [[William Ewart]], forgane MP for the area, and wha wis key in the introduction o actis o Pairlament in baith England an Scotland relatit til the creaution o public leebrarys.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.scotcities.com/carnegie/renaiss.htm|title=Edwardian Renaissance Architecture in Scotland|website=www.scotcities.com|access-date=2019-07-27|archive-date=2019-09-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910163352/http://www.scotcities.com/carnegie/renaiss.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Sport== [[File:Scoreboard cropped.JPG|thumb|left|2008 Scottish Cup semi final result on the scoreboard at Hampden Park]] [[Queen of the South F.C.]] represent Dumfries an the surroondin area in the seicont level o the kintra's [[Scottish Professional Football League|perfaisonal fitbaw seestem]], the [[Scottish Championship]]. [[Palmerston Park]] on Terregles Street is the hame grund o the team. This is on the Maxwelltoun side o the River Nith. Thay raxt the 2008 Scottish Cup Final, losin 3-2 tae [[Rangers F.C.]]. [[Dumries Saints Rugby Club|Dumfries Saints Rugby Club]] is yin o Scotland's auldest rugby clubs having been admeetit til the [[Scots Rugby Union]] in 1876-7 as "Dumfries Rangers". Dumfries hame an aw tae a nummer of gowf coorses: * The Crichton Golf Club * The Dumfries and County Golf Club * The Dumfries and Galloway Golf Club O thae that wis listit anely the Dumfries and Galloway Golf Club is on the Maxwelltoun side of the River Nith. This course is clift intae twa haufs o 9 holes ilk bi the town's [[Castle Douglas]] Road. The club hoose an holes 1 tae 7 an 17 and 18 is on the side nearest tae Summerhill. Holes 8 tae 16 is on the side nearest tae Janefield. The appenin state of the [[2001 Tour o Breetain]] startit in [[Peebles]] and finisht 105.8 mile later in Dumfries. The stage wis wun bi sprent speicialist an ringin [[Tour de France]] green gansey kemp, [[Mark Cavendish]], wi his teammate leid-oot man, [[Mark Renshaw]] finishin seicont. Cavendish hid been schedule't tae be racin in the 2011 [[Vuelta a España]]. Houiver Cavendish wis yin o a nummer o riders tae reteer havin suffert in the searin Spaingie heat. This alloued Cavendish tae be a late addeetion tae the Tour o Breetain line-up in his preparation for whit wis tae be a successfu bid twa week later in the 2001 [[UCI Road World Championship]] - Men's Road Race . Cavendish in a smilin efter-race interview in Dumfries descrived the weet an windy race condeetions throu the Southern Scots stage as 'horrible'.<ref>Tour of Britain, ITV4, 7 pm Sun 11 September 2011</ref> DG One complex includes a national event-sized competeetion soumin puil. The David Keswick Athletic Centre is the principal faceelity in Dumfries for athletics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.runtrackdir.com/details.asp?track=dumfries |title=David Keswick Athletic Centre |publisher=Runtrackdir.com |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> Dumfries is hame tae [[Nithsale Amateur Rowin Club]]. The rowers skare thair clubhoose wi [[Dumfries Sub-Aqua Club]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Douglas A. Rathburn |url=http://www.oarspotter.com/blades/UK/Club/British_Club.html |title=Blades of the World: British Rowing Clubs |publisher=Oarspotter.com |date=14 July 2011 |accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dgstandard.co.uk/tags/rowing/ |title=rowing news and articles – Dumfries and Galloway Standard |publisher=Dgstandard.co.uk |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> The rowers share their clubhouse with [[Dumfries Sub-Aqua Club]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sub Aqau Club|url=http://website.lineone.net:80/~tkburnett/|access-date=2026-08-09|website=website.lineone.net}}</ref> The toun is hame an aw tae the [[Solway Sharks]] [[Ice hockey]] team. The team is praisently Northern Premier League winners. The team's hame rink is Dumfries Ice Bowl, that is kenned an aw as Scotland's anely center o ice hockey excellence, an trials for the Scottish Jr. national team is cairit oot at this venue. Dumfries Ice Bowl is hame an aw tae twa [[synchronized skeetin]] teams, [[Solway Stars]] and [[Solway Eclipse]]. In addeetion, Dumfries Ice Bowl is hame an aw tae several curliln teams, competeetions, an leagues. Junior curlin teams fae Dumfries, consistin o curlers unner the age o 21, compete raiglar in the Dutch Junion Open sted in Zoetermeer, the Netherlands. In 2007, 2008, an 2009 a Dumfries-sted team hae been the winners o the competeetion's Hogline Tropy. Dumfries hosts three outdoors [[bouls]] clubs:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bowlsclub.org/associations/lawn/GB/SBA17/247/ |title=SBA district 17 |publisher=BowlsClub.org |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011 |archive-date=2011-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812200844/http://bowlsclub.org/associations/lawn/GB/SBA17/247/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Dumfries Bowling Club]] * [[Marchmount Bowling Club]] * [[Maxwelltown Bowling Club]] Dumfries hosts cyclin organizations an cyclin vacances.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dumfriescc.org/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-05-01 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527161000/http://dumfriescc.org/ |archivedate=27 May 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dandgcycling.care4free.net/ |title=Dumfries and Galloway Cycling Group CTC Section Southwest Scotland, homepage |publisher=Dandgcycling.care4free.net |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visitdumfriesandgalloway.co.uk/cycling/ |title=Cycling holidays in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland |publisher=Visitdumfriesandgalloway.co.uk |date=30 September 2003 |accessdate=24 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819140424/http://www.visitdumfriesandgalloway.co.uk/cycling |archivedate=19 August 2011 }}</ref> ==Eddication== Dumfries haes several primary schuils, aboot yin per key destrict, and fower main seicontary schuils. Aw o thir institutions is governt bi Dumfries an Gallowa Cooncil. the seicontary schuils is; * [[Dumfries Academy]] * [[Dumfries High School]] * [[Maxwelltoun High School]] * [[St Joseph's College]] Dumfries Academy wis a [[grammar school]] until adoptin a comprehensive format in 1983. In 2013 plans for a 'super schuil' wis annunce't. Thir plans wis later dimitit in fauvour o renovatin existin schuils.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-south-scotland-25023668|title=The Dumfries 'super school' project that never took off|first=Giancarlo|last=Rinaldi|date=21 November 2013|publisher=|via=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> In 199 Scotland's first multi-institutional university campus wis estaiblisht in Dumfries, in the 85-acre Crichton estte. In order o campus presence it is host tae the [[University of the West o Scotland]] (UWS) (kenned as University o Paisley and Bell College afore), [[Dumfries and Galloway College]], and the [[Glesga Varsity|University of Glasgow]]. In its infancy yet, the campus offers a range o degree coorses in initial teacher eddication, business, computin, environmental studies, tourism, heritage, social wark, heal, social studies, nuiricin, liberal airts, an humanities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scotland.gov.uk/News/Releases/2007/08/20105300|title=Support for Crichton and South of Scotland|first=Scottish Government, St. Andrew's House, Regent Road, Edinburgh EH1 3DG Tel:0131 556 8400|last=ceu@scotland.gsi.gov.uk|date=20 August 2007|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://crichtoncampus.co.uk/ |title=Crichton University Campus Dumfries – Scotland UK |publisher=Crichtoncampus.co.uk |date=11 July 2006 |accessdate=24 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814021722/http://crichtoncampus.co.uk/ |archivedate=14 August 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In maugre o a short-leeved threit o closin tae the University o Glasgow pairt o the campus in 2006, a campaign bi students, academics, an local supporters enshuirt that the University of Glasgow remeent appen in Dumfries. The University of Glasgow, syne maintainin its proveesion in Dumfries, his lencht a new unnergraduate programme in primary teachin.<ref>{{Cite web|title=University of Glasgow :: Dumfries Campus :: Primary Education with Teaching Qualification|url=http://www.gla.ac.uk/departments/dumfriescampus/undergraduatestudy/primaryeducationwithteachingqualification/|access-date=2026-08-09|website=www.gla.ac.uk|language=en}}</ref> ==Healcare== [[Dumfries and Galloway Royal Infirmary]] is the principal seicontary care referral centre for Dumfries an Galloway region. It noo includes a maternity wing that replace't the auld Cresswell Maternity Hospital. The [[Crichton Royal Hospital]] is pairt o the Royal Infirmary complex an provides a regional psychiatric, psychological, an speicialist addictions service within Dumfries an Galloway. In 1838 [[Willam A. F Browne]] acceptit the poseetion o Physeecian Superintendant at the newly creatit Crichton. It is at the Chricton that [[Ursula Fleming]] gaint a hantle o her eddication an experience. ==Transport== [[File:Maxwelltown Railway Path, Dumfries (looking towards Hardthorn Road bridge).jpg|thumb|left|Maxwelltown Railwey Paith, Dumfries (leukin taewart Hardthorn Road brig)]] [[File:Dumfries Railway Station 2008-01-18.jpg|thumb|[[Dumfries railwey station]]]] Dumfries is linkit tae the norwart-gaun [[M74 motorwey]] at [[Beattock]] via the [[A701 road]]. The eastwart-gaun [[A75 road]] links Dumfries tae the soothwart-gaun A74 (M), leadin tae the [[M6 Motorwey]] an [[Cairl]]. The westlin-gaun A75 links Dumfries til the ferry port o [[Stranrawer]]. The [[A76 road]] connects tae [[Kilmarnock]] in [[Ayrshire]]. [[Dumfries railwey station]] is locatit on the [[Glasgow South Western Line]]. It wis awairdit Best Station Awards bi [[British Rail]] in 1986 an 1987. The train service is noo operatit bi [[Abellio ScotRail]] that provides services tae [[Glesga Central station]] an Cairl, an no sae aften services direct tae [[Newcastle upon Tyne]]. The nearest station tae Dumfries on the [[West Coast Main Line]] is 14 mile east alang the [[A709 road]] at [[Lockerbie]], an the nearest West Coast Main Line station linkin direct tae Dumfries bi rail is at Cairl. [[Maxwelltoun station]] in the Summerhill destrict o the toun wis closed alang wi the direct line tae Stranrawr via Castle Douglas as pairt o the [[Beeching cuts]] in 1965. Pairt o the disused railwey track in Dumfries wis later convertit til a cycle paith. ==Pairks== The maist significant o the pairks in Dumfries is aw within walkin distance o the toun centre: * Dock Park - locatit on the East baunk o the Nith juist til the sooth o St Michael's brig * Castledykes Park - as the name suggests on the site o a foregane castle * Mill Green (kenned an aw as Deer Park, awtho the deer that wis there hae syne been relocatit) - on the Wast baunk o the Nith conter Whitesands ==Braidcastin== Dumfries is hame tae yin o the 11 BBC studios in Scotland. [[West Sound (Dumfries an Gallowa)|West Sound FM]], pairt o the [[Bauer Media Group]], braidcasts fae Dumfries, an is an aw the main radio station for the area. Community radio station ''Alive 107.3'' braidcasts on 107.3 FM in Dumfries an online.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://media.info/radio/stations/alive-radio-1073|title=Alive Radio 107.3|publisher=|access-date=2020-02-19|archive-date=2019-10-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017190341/https://media.info/radio/stations/alive-radio-1073|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2018, Dumfries got a new radio station, ''Dumfries Community Radio''. Kenned an aw as DCR Online, it isna a tradeetional FM radio station, bit an online radio station. ==Local jurnalism== The twa local newspapers that kiver speceefic Dumfries an the surroondin area is: * ''[[Dumfries and Galloway Standard]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://icdumfries.icnetwork.co.uk/dumfriesgalloway/ |title=icDumfries – Dumfries & Galloway Standard News |publisher=Icdumfries.icnetwork.co.uk |date=11 August 2009 |accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> (estaiblisht 1843) publishin on Tysdays an Fridays * ''[[Dumfries Courier]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dumfriescourier.co.uk/ |title=Dumfries Courier – Regionwide news from your weekly newspaper |publisher=Dumfriescourier.co.uk |accessdate=24 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926073214/http://www.dumfriescourier.co.uk/ |archive-date=26 September 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> publishing on Fridays publishin on Fridays ==Airchitectural geology== [[File:Buccleuch St, Dumfries, 2007-07-26.jpg|thumb|saundstane biggins in Buccleuch Street]] The're mony biggins in Dumfries made fae saundstane o the local Locharbriggs [[Quarrel (minin)|quarrel]]. The quarrel is situatit aff the A701 on the north o Dumfries at Locharbriggs near til hte aggregates quarrel. This dimension stane quarrel is a lairge quarrel. Quarrel wirkin at Locharbriggs dates fae the 18t century, an the quarrel his been wirked continuous syne 1890.<ref name="autogeneratedquarry">{{cite web|url=http://www.stancliffe.com/uk-stone-types-and-colours/locharbriggs-red-sandstone|title=Locharbriggs Red Sandstone Suppliers|first=RJ Design|last=Associates|publisher=|access-date=2020-02-19|archive-date=2018-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306113531/http://www.stancliffe.com/uk-stone-types-and-colours/locharbriggs-red-sandstone|url-status=dead}}</ref> The're guid reserves o stane that can be howkit at several locations. On average the stane is available at deepths o 3 fit on bed awtho some lairger block are obtainable. The average lenth o a block is 4 fit bit 7 fit blocks can be obtaint. Locharbriggs is fae the New Red saundstane o the Permian age It is a middlin-graint stane rangin in colour fae dreich red tae pink. It is the saundstane uised in the [[Queen Alexandra Bridge]] in [[Sunderland]], the [[Manchester International Convention Centre]], an the base o the [[Statue o Leeberty]].<ref name=autogeneratedquarry /><gallery caption="Examples o sandstane carvins fund in Dumfries"> File:Dumfries Academy, Minerva Building, Academy St, Dumfries DG1 1DD, Detail.jpg|Minerva biggin, Dumfries Academy File:Grayfriars 1.jpg|Detail at Greyfriar's Kirk File:Grayfriars 4.jpg|Detail at Greyfriars Kirk File:Midsteeple 7.jpg|Detail at Midsteeple File:Queensberry Hotel, Dumfries 2.jpg|Detail at Queensberry hottle File:Queensberry monument dumfries 2.jpg|Ram's heid at Queensberry monument File:Greyfriars Dumfries town centre.jpg|Greyfriars Dumfries toun centre File:Carving of satyr, Dumfries.jpg|Carvin o Pan File:Dumfries Academy 2.jpg|Detail at Dumfries Academy </gallery> ==Surroondin places o interest== As the lairgest sattlement in Soothren Scotland, Dumfries is notit as a centre for veesitin surroonding places o interest.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scottishholidays.net/visit/scotland-tour-dumfries-dumfries.html |title=Dumfries Travel Guide |publisher=Scottishholidays.net |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011 |archive-date=2017-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013224911/http://www.scottishholidays.net/visit/scotland-tour-dumfries-dumfries.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The follaein is aw within easy reak: * [[Ae, Dumfries an Gallowa|Ae]] an [[Ae Forest]] * [[Caerlaverock Castle]]<ref name="autogenerated2" /> * [[Criffel]] - a hill on the Solway coast popular wi hill walkers for its views o the Soothren Scotland coastline an ootower the [[Solway Firth]] til the [[Lake District]] o [[Cumbria]]. * [[Drumlanrig Castle]]<ref name="autogenerated2" /> * [[Ecclefechan]] - birthplace o [[Thomas Carlyle]]. "The Arched House" is a tourist attraction an his been mainteent bi the [[National Trust for Scotland]] syne 1936.<ref name="autogenerated2" /> Ecclefechan is locatit at the fit o the lairge Roman fort, [[Burnswark]], that dominates the laundskip wi its flat tap. * [[Gretna Green]] an the [[Auld Smiddie]], famous for skirt-mairiages<ref name="autogenerated2" /> * [[John Paul Jones Cottage Museum]] - the tradeetional Scots cot what [[John Paul Jones]] in 1747 wis born in<ref>{{cite web |author=David Lockwood |url=http://www.jpj.demon.co.uk/jpjlife.htm |title=John Paul Jones a brief biography |publisher=Jpj.demon.co.uk |date=16 December 2010 |accessdate=24 August 2011 |archive-date=2013-06-25 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6HcxxyXwL?url=http://www.jpj.demon.co.uk/jpjlife.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Kagyu Samye Ling Monastery and Tibetan Centre]] wis the first [[Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan Buddhist]] centre tae hae been estaiblisht in the West. It is a centre within the [[Karma Kagyu]] tradeetion o Tibetan Buddhism. It is in the veelage o [[Eskdalemuir]] in the Scots Soothren Uplands<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.samyeling.org/ |title=Kagyu Samye Ling Monastery and Tibetan Centre |publisher=Samyeling.org |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> * [[Lochmaben]] wi its lochs popular wi boaters an an aw its history wi Robert the Bruce. * [[Mabie Forest]] - popular destinations for outdoor recreation suc as muntain biking an walkin * [[Moffat]] an the views nearby o the [[Devil's Beef Tub]], the [[Grey Mare's Tail]] watterfaw, an the [[A708 road]] fae Moffat past the Grey Mare's Tail tae [[St Mary's Loch]] * [[Minnyhive]] conservation veelage * [[New Abbey]] Corn Mill Museum an [[Sweetheart Abbey]]<ref name="autogenerated2" /> * [[Solway Coast]] * [[Threave Castle]] in [[Castle Douglas]], hame til the [[Clan Douglas|Douglas Clan]] o [[James Douglas, Laird o Douglas]] that fechtit wi [[Robert the Bruce]]<ref name="autogenerated2" /> * [[Twynholm]] an the [[David Coulthard]] Museum<ref name="autogenerated2" /> * [[Wanlockheid]] - Breetain's heichest veelage registert at 1,531 fit abuin sea level an the [[Lead Mining Museum]]<ref name="autogenerated2" /> ==Ither places name't Dumfries== ===Canadae=== * [[Dumfries, New Brunswick]] * [[South Dumfries Township, Ontario]] * [[North Dumfries, Ontario]] ===USA=== * [[Dumfries, Virginia]] in the US wis estaiblisht formal on land at the heid o the herbour o Quantico Creek, providit bi John Graham. He name't the toun efter his birthplace, Dumfries in Scotland * [[Dumfries, Minnesota]] * [[Dumfries, Iowa]] ===Ither=== * [[Dumfries, Bahamas|Dumfries]], [[Cat Island]], [[Bahamas]]<ref name=maphill1>{{Cite web |url=http://www.maphill.com/bahamas/cat-island/dumfries/ |title="Dumfries Maps" Maphill.com |access-date=2020-02-19 |archive-date=2020-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730051413/http://www.maphill.com/bahamas/cat-island/dumfries/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Dumfries, Grenada|Dumfries]], [[Carriacou]], [[Grenada]]<ref name="maphill2">{{Cite web |url=http://www.maphill.com/grenada/carriacou/dumfries/ |title="Dumfries Maps" maphillcom |access-date=2020-02-19 |archive-date=2020-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730035957/http://www.maphill.com/grenada/carriacou/dumfries/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Twin touns== {{flagicon|US}} &ndash; [[Annapolis, Maryland]],<ref name=moyer>{{Cite web |url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2007-07-06/news/0707060194_1_annapolis-city-council-moyer |title="Moyer to travel to Annapolis' sister cities in Europe" |access-date=2020-02-19 |archive-date=2017-08-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805222046/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2007-07-06/news/0707060194_1_annapolis-city-council-moyer |url-status=dead }}</ref> is hame til the [[United States Naval Academy]] whaur John Paul Jones lies in the crypt aneath the chaipel. {{flagicon|DE}} &ndash; [[Gifhorn]],<ref name=Gifhorn>[https://www.stadt-gifhorn.de/sv_gifhorn/Lebenswert/Partnerst%C3%A4dte/Dumfries/ "Stadt Giforn"]</ref> Germany {{flagicon|ITA}} &ndash; [[Cantù]], [[Italy]]. Dumfries an Galloway Cooncil hisna been involved in ony offeecial twinnin link atween the twa touns for some time. The bond his been mainteened throu the Freends o Cantu an the Nithsdale Twinnin Association.<ref name=cantu>[http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/local-news/italian-connection-to-dumfries-2609425 Italian connection to Dumfries]</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== {{Commons category|Dumfries}} * https://www.nationalgalleries.org/art-and-artists/artists/james-norie-senior James Norie Senior * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180514062633/http://www.dumgal.gov.uk/ Dumfries an Galloway Cooncil Wsbsteid] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091123153243/http://www.loreburne.co.uk/ www.loreburne.co.uk A Guide tae.....Dumfries] * [http://www.dumfriesmuseum.demon.co.uk/ Dumfries and Galloway Museums] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222132412/http://www.dumfriesmuseum.demon.co.uk/ |date=2020-02-22 }} * [http://ssa.nls.uk/search.cfm?search_sort_order=Film.dateRelease%2CFilm.name&search_sort_direction=ASC&search_term=dumfries&search_fields=2&search_join_type=AND&search_fuzzy=yes&videos_only=1&search_mode=Advanced&submit=Search+%3E%3E%3E National Leebrary o Scotland: Scots Screen Archaee]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}—selection of archaee picturs aboot Dumfries * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150924095611/http://www.scotlandsplaces.gov.uk/digital_volumes/book.php?book_id=555&place_id=10&p_name=Dumfriesshire Dumfries Ceevil Pairish Historical Tax Rolls in Dumfriesshire] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bBQjqwiCgNk&t=46s Video footage an history o Dumfries railwey station] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dUbEum2bCwM Video and history of the Burns Mausoleum, Dumfries.] * [https://www.visitscotland.com/destinations-maps/dumfries/see-do/ Things Tae See an Dae & Attractions in Dumfries] *[https://digital.nls.uk/chapbooks-printed-in-scotland/archive/104184943 https://digital.nls.uk/chapbooks-printed-in-scotland/archaee/104184943]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *https://www.arthur-conan-doyle.com/index.php?title=Charles_Altamont_Doyle *https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/200362756-79-high-street-county-hotel-nith-ward * {{en}} [https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Dumfries Dumfries at Wikivoyage] [[Category:Touns in Dumfries an Gallowa]] [[Category:Dumfries an Gallowa]] [[Category:Places o Scotland]] 8akvno35yar7ci87zltfbzkgyg4ug84 Hideo Kojima 0 179052 920562 873978 2026-08-09T13:06:56Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 920562 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Hideo Kojima | image = Hideo Kojima 20100702 Japan Expo 1.jpg | caption = Kojima at the 2010 [[Japan Expo]] | native_name = 小島 秀夫 | native_name_lang = ja | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1963|08|24}} | birth_place = [[Setagaya]], [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]] | nationality = Japanese | occupation = [[Video gemme designer]], [[Video gemme writer|writer]], [[gemme director|director]], [[Video gemme producer|producer]] | years_active = 1986–present | notable_works = ''[[Metal Gear]]'' series<br />''[[Snatcher (video game)|Snatcher]]''<br />''[[Policenauts]]''<br />''[[Zone of the Enders]]'' series |awards =[[Game Developers Conference|Game Developers Conference Lifetime Achievement Award]] (2009)<ref name="gdc_2009">{{cite web|url=http://ps3.ign.com/articles/954/954588p1.html|title=GDC 09: Kojima To Receive Lifetime Achievement Award|accessdate=2009-06-02|date=2009-02-17|archive-date=2009-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221151915/http://ps3.ign.com/articles/954/954588p1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><br>[[The Game Awards|The Game Awards Industry Icon Award]] (2016)<ref>{{cite web |last=Paget |first=Mat |date=November 17, 2016 |url=http://www.gamespot.com/articles/blocked-from-attending-last-year-hideo-kojima-to-r/1100-6445534/ |title=Blocked From Attending Last Year, Hideo Kojima to Receive Award Next Month |publisher=[[GameSpot]] |accessdate=November 17, 2016}}</ref><br>[[Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences#Hall of Fame|AIAS]] Hall of Fame Award (2016)<ref>{{cite web|title=D.I.C.E Special Awards|url=http://www.interactive.org/special_awards/details.asp?idSpecialAwards=35|accessdate=22 January 2017}}</ref> |signature = [[File:Hideo Kojima Signature.png|100px]] }} {{Nihongo|'''Hideo Kojima'''|小島 秀夫|Kojima Hideo|born August 24, 1963}} is a Japanese [[video gemme design]]er, screenwriter, director, an [[Gemme producer|producer]]. Regairdit as an [[auteur]] o video gemmes,<ref>{{cite web|title=Hideo Kojima - video gaming's first auteur - Screen Robot|url=http://screenrobot.com/hideo-kojima-video-gamings-first-auteur/|website=Screen Robot|accessdate=7 April 2016|language=en-US|archive-date=2016-04-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418015014/http://screenrobot.com/hideo-kojima-video-gamings-first-auteur/|url-status=dead}}</ref> he is the director o [[Kojima Productions]], that he foondit in 2005,<ref name="konami_pr">{{cite web|url=http://www.konami-digital-entertainment.co.jp/en/news/release/2009/0317/index.html|title=Announcement of Personnel Changes (March 17, 2009)|accessdate=2009-08-11|date=2009-03-17|publisher=Konami|archive-date=2009-05-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090506061857/http://www.konami-digital-entertainment.co.jp/en/news/release/2009/0317/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> an a umwhile vice preses o [[Konami Digital Entertainment]].<ref name="promo_2011">{{cite web|url=http://www.joystiq.com/2011/03/30/hideo-kojima-becomes-vp-of-konami-digital-entertainment/|title=Hideo Kojima becomes VP of Konami Digital Entertainment|accessdate=2011-03-30|date=2011-03-30}}</ref><ref name="ign_bio">{{cite web|url=http://stars.ign.com/objects/963/963391_biography.html|title=IGN: Hideo Kojima Biography|accessdate=2008-03-12|archive-date=2007-11-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071116080116/http://stars.ign.com/objects/963/963391_biography.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==External links== * [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0463620/ Hideo Kojima IMDb] * [http://www.kojimaproductions.jp/ Kojima Productions] * [https://rawg.io/creators/hideo-kojima Hideo Kojima RAWG] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906195317/https://rawg.io/creators/hideo-kojima |date=2019-09-06 }} * [https://www.mobygames.com/developer/sheet/view/developerId,50433/ Hideo Kojima Mobygames] ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kojima, Hideo}} [[Category:Hideo Kojima| ]] [[Category:1963 births]] [[Category:Konami fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Setagaya]] [[Category:Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences Hall of Fame]] [[Category:Japanese video gemme designers]] [[Category:Japanese video gemme directors]] [[Category:Japanese video gemme producers]] [[Category:Video gemme developers]] [[Category:Video gemme writers]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] 7827ujx704no5tzcd5xx9bn0v9d7uv7 Wikipedia:Leet o editathon themes/MSPs wi nae airticles 4 223455 920570 920500 2026-08-09T22:38:45Z ListeriaBot 30924 Wikidata list updated [V2] 920570 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wikidata list |sparql=SELECT DISTINCT ?item WHERE { ?position wdt:P279 wd:Q1711695 . ?item p:P39 ?ps . ?ps ps:P39 ?position . ?item wdt:P31 wd:Q5 . } |links=red_only |thumb=100 |columns=number,label:Name,,P18,P569,P570,P19 }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! number ! Name ! ! eemage ! date o birth ! date o daith ! place o birth |- | style='text-align:right'| 1 | [[Wendy Alexander]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Baroness Alexander of Cleveden crop 2, 2025.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963-06-27 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 2 | [[Andy Kerr]] | | [[File:Andy Kerr.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-03-17 | | [[East Kilbride]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 3 | [[Tommy Sheridan]] | | [[File:TommySheridan2007.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1964" | 1964-03-07 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 4 | [[Rhona Brankin]] | | [[File:Rhona Brankin.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950-01-19 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 5 | [[Sarah Boyack]] | | [[File:Sarah Boyack MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961-05-16 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 6 | [[Angus MacKay]] | | [[File:Angus MacKay.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1964" | 1964-01 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 7 | [[Johann Lamont]] | | [[File:Johann Lamont 2019.png|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957-07-11 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 8 | [[Cathie Craigie]] | | [[File:Cathy Craigie.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-04-14 | | [[Stirlin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 9 | [[Jackie Baillie]] | | [[File:Official Portrait of Jackie Baillie (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1964" | 1964-01-15 | | [[Hong Kong]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 10 | [[Annabel Goldie]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Baroness Goldie crop 2, 2024.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950-02-27 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 11 | [[Susan Deacon]] | | [[File:Susan Deacon.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1964" | 1964-02-02 | | [[Musselburrae]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 12 | [[Fergus Ewing]] | | [[File:Cabinet Secretary for the Rural Economy and Connectivity, Fergus Ewing.png|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957-09-23 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 13 | [[Alex Fergusson]] | | [[File:AlexFergussonMSP20110511.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949-04-08 | data-sort-value="2018" | 2018-07-31 | [[Leswalt]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 14 | [[Stewart Stevenson]] | | [[File:StewartStevensonMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946-10-15 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 15 | [[Alasdair Morgan]] | | | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945-04-21 | | [[Aiberfeldy]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 16 | [[Cathy Jamieson]] | | [[File:Cathy Jamieson.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-11-03 | | [[Kilmaurnock]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 17 | [[Ian Jenkins]] | | | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-03-18 | data-sort-value="2025" | 2025-07-29 | [[Rossay]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 18 | [[Rhoda Grant]] | | [[File:RhodaGrantMSP20110511.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963-06-26 | | [[Stornowa]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 19 | [[Janis Hughes]] | | | data-sort-value="1958" | 1958-05-01 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 20 | [[Bill Aitken]] | | | data-sort-value="1947" | 1947-04-15 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 21 | [[Bill Butler]] | | [[File:Bb3-billbutler.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-03-30 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 22 | [[Brian Fitzpatrick]] | | | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 23 | [[Scott Barrie]] | | | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-03-10 | | [[St Aundraes]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 24 | [[Brian Monteith]] | | [[File:Brian Monteith MEP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1958" | 1958-01-08 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 25 | [[Bristow Muldoon]] | | [[File:Bristow Muldoon - 2014-10-30 - Andy Mabbett.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1964" | 1964-03-19 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 26 | [[John Young]] | | | data-sort-value="1930" | 1930-12-21 | data-sort-value="2011" | 2011-11-03 | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 27 | [[George Lyon]] | | [[File:George Lyon MEP at Bournemouth 2009.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-07-16 | | [[Rossay]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 28 | [[Campbell Martin]] | | | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960-03-10 | | [[Irvin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 29 | [[Cathy Peattie]] | | [[File:Cathey Peattie (Scottish politician).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1951" | 1951-11-24 | | [[Grangemooth]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 30 | [[Charlie Gordon]] | | | data-sort-value="1951" | 1951-10-28 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 31 | [[Chris Ballance]] | | [[File:Chris Ballance (13338189044).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-07-07 | | [[Worcester]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 32 | [[Christine May]] | | | data-sort-value="1948" | 1948-03-23 | | [[Dublin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 33 | [[Shiona Baird]] | | | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946-09-14 | | [[Hereford]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 34 | [[David Davidson]] | | | data-sort-value="1943" | 1943-01-25 | data-sort-value="2024" | 2024-06-14 | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 35 | [[David McLetchie]] | | [[File:DavidMcLetchieMSP20110509.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-08-06 | data-sort-value="2013" | 2013-08-12 | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 36 | [[Dave Petrie]] | | | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946-12-10 | data-sort-value="2011" | 2011-08-31 | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 37 | [[Dennis Canavan]] | | [[File:EET Scotland’s Economic Future Post-2014.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-08-08 | | [[Coudenbeith]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 38 | [[Derek Brownlee]] | | | data-sort-value="1974" | 1974-08-10 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 39 | [[Des McNulty]] | | [[File:Des McNulty.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-07-28 | | [[Stockport]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 40 | [[John Farquhar Munro]] | | [[File:Iain Fearchar Rothach aig SMO.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1934" | 1934-08-26 | data-sort-value="2014" | 2014-01-26 | [[Glen Shiel]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 41 | [[Duncan McNeil]] | | [[File:DuncanMcNeilMSP20110511.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950-09-07 | | [[Greenock]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 42 | [[Mary Mulligan]] | | [[File:MaryMulligan.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960-02-12 | | [[Liverpuil]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 43 | [[Marilyn Livingstone]] | | | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-09-30 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 44 | [[Marlyn Glen]] | | [[File:Marlyn-Glen.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1951" | 1951-09-30 | | [[Dundee]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 45 | [[Maureen Macmillan]] | | | data-sort-value="1943" | 1943-02-09 | | [[Oban]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 46 | [[Elaine Murray]] | | [[File:ElaineMurrayMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-12-22 | | [[Hitchin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 47 | [[Tavish Scott]] | | [[File:Tavish Scott MSP at Bournemouth.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1966" | 1966-05-06 | | [[Innerness]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 48 | [[Karen Whitefield]] | | [[File:KarenWhitefield.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970-01-08 | | [[Bellshill]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 49 | [[Euan Robson]] | | [[File:Euan Robson.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-02-17 | | [[Northren Ingland]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 50 | [[Helen Eadie]] | | [[File:HelenEadieMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1947" | 1947-03-07 | data-sort-value="2013" | 2013-11-09 | [[Stanehoosemuir|Stennie]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 51 | [[Mike Rumbles]] | | [[File:Mike Rumbles.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-06-10 | | [[South Shields]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 52 | [[Gordon Jackson]] | | [[File:GJ losing.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1948" | 1948-08-05 | | [[Ardrussan]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 53 | [[Rosemary Byrne]] | | | data-sort-value="1948" | 1948-03-03 | | [[Irvin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 54 | [[Frank McAveety]] | | [[File:Frank McAveety MSP (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-07-27 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 55 | [[Mark Ballard]] | | [[File:Mark B smart smile.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1971" | 1971-06-27 | | [[Leeds]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 56 | [[Iain Smith]] | | [[File:Iain smith.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960-05-01 | | [[Gateside]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 57 | [[Alasdair Morrison]] | | | data-sort-value="1968" | 1968-11-18 | | [[Stornowa]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 58 | [[Irene Oldfather]] | | [[File:Irene Oldfather 2016 (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 59 | [[Jamie McGrigor]] | | [[File:JamieMcGrigorMSP20110509.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949-10-19 | data-sort-value="2025" | 2025-07-20 | [[Lunnon]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 60 | [[Jean Turner]] | | | data-sort-value="1939" | 1939-12-23 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 61 | [[Jeremy Purvis]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Lord Purvis of Tweed crop 2.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1974" | 1974-01-15 | | [[Berrick|Berik]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 62 | [[John Home Robertson]] | | [[File:Johnhomerobertson.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1948" | 1948-12-05 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 63 | [[John Scott]] | | [[File:JohnScottMSP20110509.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1951" | 1951-06-07 | | [[Ayr]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 64 | [[Karen Gillon]] | | [[File:KarenGillon.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1967" | 1967-08-18 | | [[Jethart]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 65 | [[Kate Maclean]] | | | data-sort-value="1958" | 1958-02-16 | | [[Dundee]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 66 | [[Keith Raffan]] | | | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949-06-21 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 67 | [[Lewis Macdonald]] | | [[File:LewisMacdonaldMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957-01-01 | | [[Stornowa]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 68 | [[Malcolm Chisholm]] | | [[File:Malcolm Chisholm.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949-03-07 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 69 | [[Margaret Jamieson]] | | | data-sort-value="1953" | 1953 | | [[Kilmaurnock]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 70 | [[Margaret Mitchell]] | | [[File:MargaretMitchellMSP20120529.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-11-15 | | [[Coatbrig]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 71 | [[Margaret Smith]] | | [[File:Margaret-SmithMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961-02-18 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 72 | [[Mark Ruskell]] | | [[File:MarkRuskellMSP-May2016.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1972" | 1972-05-14 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 73 | [[Mary Scanlon]] | | [[File:MaryScanlonMSP20110509.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1947" | 1947-05-25 | | [[Dundee]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 74 | [[Mike Watson, Baron Watson of Invergowrie]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Lord Watson of Invergowrie crop 2, 2020.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949-05-01 | | [[Cammuslang]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 75 | [[Mike Pringle]] | | | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945-12-25 | | [[Northern Rhodesia]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 76 | [[Murdo Fraser]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Murdo Fraser MSP (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965-09-05 | | [[Innerness]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 77 | [[Murray Tosh]] | | | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950-09-01 | | [[Ayr]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 78 | [[Hugh Henry]] | | [[File:HughHenryMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-02-12 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 79 | [[Tom McCabe]] | | [[File:Tom McCabe.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-04-28 | data-sort-value="2015" | 2015-04-19 | [[Hamiltoun]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 80 | [[Margaret Burgess]] | | [[File:Margaret Burgess.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949-12-07 | | [[Ayrshire]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 81 | [[Elaine Smith]] | | [[File:ElaineSmithMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963-05-07 | | [[Coatbrig]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 82 | [[James Dornan]] | | [[File:JamesDornanMSP20110507.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1953" | 1953-03-17 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 83 | [[Joan McAlpine]] | | [[File:JoanMcAlpineMSP20120529.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-01-28 | | [[Gourock]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 84 | [[Angus MacDonald]] | | [[File:AngusMacDonaldMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963-10-11 | | [[Stornowa]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 85 | [[Rob Gibson]] | | [[File:RobGibsonMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945-10-10 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 86 | [[Anne McTaggart]] | | [[File:AnneMcTaggartMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970-01-30 | | [[Coatbrig]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 87 | [[Liz Smith]] | | [[File:ElizabethSmithMSP20110508.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960-02-27 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 88 | [[Claire Baker]] | | [[File:ClaireBakerMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1971" | 1971-03-04 | | [[Dunfaurlin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 89 | [[Bill Kidd]] | | [[File:BillKiddMSP20070509.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-07-24 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 90 | [[Bill Walker]] | | [[File:BillWalkerMSP20110720.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-03-31 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 91 | [[Bob Doris]] | | [[File:BobDorisMSP20110507.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1973" | 1973-05-11 | | [[Vale of Leven]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 92 | [[Neil Findlay]] | | [[File:NeilFindlayMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1969" | 1969-03-06 | | [[Brocksburn]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 93 | [[Roderick Campbell]] | | [[File:RoderickCampbellMSP20110511.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1953" | 1953-06-15 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 94 | [[Claudia Beamish]] | | [[File:ClaudiaBeamishMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-08-09 | | [[Lunnon]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 95 | [[Colin Beattie]] | | [[File:Colin Beattie.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1951" | 1951-10-17 | | [[Farfar]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 96 | [[David Stewart]] | | [[File:DaveStewartMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-05-05 | | [[Innerness]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 97 | [[Graeme Dey]] | | [[File:GraemeDeyMSP20110507.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-10-29 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 98 | [[Iain Gray]] | | [[File:IainGrayMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957-06-07 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 99 | [[James Kelly]] | | [[File:JamesKellyMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963-10-23 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 100 | [[Gordon MacDonald]] | | [[File:GordonMacDonaldMSP20120529.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960-01-02 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 101 | [[Neil Bibby]] | | [[File:Neil Bibby.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1983" | 1983-09-06 | | [[Paisley]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 102 | [[Jenny Marra]] | | [[File:Jenny Marra MSP.png|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1977" | 1977-11-06 | | [[Dundee]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 103 | [[John Lamont]] | | [[File:Official portrait of John Lamont MP crop 2, 2024.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1976" | 1976-04-15 | | [[Kilwinnin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 104 | [[Mark Griffin]] | | [[File:Mark-Griffin-MSP-closeup.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1985" | 1985-10-19 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 105 | [[Mary Fee]] | | [[File:MaryFeeMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-03-23 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 106 | [[Michael Russell]] | | [[File:Mike Russell SNP Conference.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1953" | 1953-08-09 | | [[Bromley]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 107 | [[Colin Keir]] | | [[File:ColinKeirMSP20110507.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1959" | 1959-12-09 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 108 | [[Jayne Baxter]] | | [[File:JayneBaxterMSP20121211.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1955" | 1955-11-05 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 109 | [[Nanette Milne]] | | [[File:NanetteMilneMSP20110509.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-27 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 110 | [[Alex Rowley]] | | [[File:AlexRowleyMSP.png|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963-11-30 | | [[Dunfaurlin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 111 | [[Nigel Don]] | | [[File:NigelDonMSP20110507.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-04-16 | | [[London Borough of Sutton]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 112 | [[Ian McKee]] | | | data-sort-value="1940" | 1940-04-02 | | [[South Shields]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 113 | [[Margaret Curran]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Baroness Curran crop 2, 2025.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1958" | 1958-11-24 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 114 | [[Nicol Stephen]] | | [[File:Nicol Stephen.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960-03-23 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 115 | [[Andrew Welsh]] | | | data-sort-value="1944" | 1944-04-19 | data-sort-value="2021" | 2021-06-17 | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 116 | [[Gavin Brown]] | | [[File:Gavin Brown.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1975" | 1975-06-04 | | [[Kirkcaldy|Kircaudy]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 117 | [[George Foulkes, Baron Foulkes of Cumnock]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Lord Foulkes of Cumnock crop 2, 2019.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-21 | | [[Oswestry]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 118 | [[Hugh O'Donnell]] | | | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-05-01 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 119 | [[Jim Hume]] | | [[File:JimHumeMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-11-04 | | [[Peebles]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 120 | [[John Park]] | | [[File:John-Park-MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1973" | 1973-09-14 | | [[Dunfaurlin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 121 | [[John Wilson]] | | [[File:JohnWilsonMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-11-28 | | [[Fawkirk]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 122 | [[Patricia Ferguson]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Patricia Ferguson MP crop 2.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1958" | 1958-09-24 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 123 | [[Trish Godman]] | | | data-sort-value="1939" | 1939-10-31 | data-sort-value="2019" | 2019-07-21 | [[Gouan]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 124 | [[Paul Martin]] | | [[File:PaulMartinMSP20110511.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1967" | 1967-03-17 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 125 | [[Pauline McNeill]] | | [[File:Pauline McNeill.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-09-12 | | [[Paisley]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 126 | [[Peter Peacock]] | | [[File:Peter Peacock.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-05-27 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 127 | [[Richard Baker]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Richard Baker MP crop 2.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1974" | 1974-05-29 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 128 | [[Richard Simpson]] | | [[File:RichardSimpsonMSP20110511.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-10-22 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 129 | [[Robert Brown]] | | [[File:Robert Brown (Scottish Government).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1947" | 1947-12-25 | | [[Newcastle upon Tyne]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 130 | [[Ross Finnie]] | | [[File:Ross Finnie.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1947" | 1947-02-11 | | [[Greenock]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 131 | [[Stefan Tymkewycz]] | | | data-sort-value="1959" | 1959-09-18 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 132 | [[Ted Brocklebank]] | | | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-09-24 | | [[St Aundraes]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 133 | [[Michael McMahon]] | | [[File:MichaelMcMahon5715448629 0404153e04 o.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961-09-18 | | [[Bellshill]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 134 | [[Alex Johnstone]] | | [[File:AlexJohnstoneMSP20110509.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961-07-31 | data-sort-value="2016" | 2016-12-07 | [[Steenhive|Stanehyve]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 135 | [[Alison McInnes]] | | [[File:AlisonMcInnesMSP20110511.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957-07-17 | | [[Irvin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 136 | [[James Douglas-Hamilton, Baron Selkirk of Douglas]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Lord Selkirk of Douglas crop 2.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-07-31 | data-sort-value="2023" | 2023-11-28 | [[Sooth Lanrikshire]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 137 | [[Phil Gallie]] | | | data-sort-value="1939" | 1939-06-03 | data-sort-value="2011" | 2011-01-24 | [[Portsmouth]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 138 | [[Jim Wallace, Baron Wallace of Tankerness]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Lord Wallace of Tankerness crop 2, 2019.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-08-25 | data-sort-value="2026" | 2026-01-29 | [[Annan, Dumfries an Gallowa|Annan]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 139 | [[Donald Gorrie]] | | | data-sort-value="1933" | 1933-04-02 | data-sort-value="2012" | 2012-08-25 | [[Breetish Raj]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 140 | [[George Reid]] | | [[File:George Reid MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1939" | 1939-06-04 | data-sort-value="2025" | 2025-08-12 | [[Tullibody]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 141 | [[Andrew Arbuckle]] | | | data-sort-value="1944" | 1944-04-12 | data-sort-value="2025" | 2025-12-25 | [[Fife]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 142 | [[Eleanor Scott]] | | [[File:Eleanor scott (13338173734).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1951" | 1951-07-23 | | [[Innerness]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 143 | [[John Swinburne]] | | | data-sort-value="1930" | 1930-07-04 | data-sort-value="2017" | 2017-10-01 | [[Pennsylvanie|Pennsylvania]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 144 | [[Bruce McFee]] | | | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961-05-18 | data-sort-value="2021" | 2021-09-09 | [[Johnstoun]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 145 | [[Christopher Harvie]] | | | data-sort-value="1944" | 1944-09-21 | | [[Motherwal]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 146 | [[Dave Thompson]] | | [[File:DaveThompsonMSP20120629.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949-09-20 | | [[Lossiemooth]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 147 | [[David Whitton]] | | | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-04-22 | | [[Farfar]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 148 | [[Jim Tolson]] | | [[File:Jim Tolson.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965-05-26 | | [[Kirkcaldy|Kircaudy]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 149 | [[Nora Radcliffe]] | | | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946-03-04 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 150 | [[Sylvia Jackson]] | | | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946-12-03 | data-sort-value="2022" | 2022-07-27 | [[Lincolnshire]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 151 | [[Allan Wilson]] | | [[File:Allan Wilson.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-08-05 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 152 | [[Bashir Ahmad]] | | | data-sort-value="1940" | 1940-02-12 | data-sort-value="2009" | 2009-02-06 | [[Amritsar]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 153 | [[Bill Wilson]] | | | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963-12-11 | | [[Paisley]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 154 | [[Chic Brodie]] | | [[File:Chic Brodie.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1944" | 1944-05-08 | data-sort-value="2022" | 2022-09-24 | [[Dundee]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 155 | [[Dennis Robertson]] | | [[File:DennisRobertson20120627.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-08-14 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 156 | [[Drew Smith]] | | [[File:DrewSmithMSP20110614.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1950" | 20th century | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 157 | [[Fiona McLeod]] | | [[File:FionaMcLeodMSP20110507.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957-12-03 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 158 | [[Graeme Pearson]] | | [[File:GraemePearsonMSP20110508.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950-04-01 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 159 | [[Hanzala Malik]] | | [[File:HanzalaMalikMSP20110601.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-11-26 | data-sort-value="2023" | 2023-12-14 | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 160 | [[Margaret McCulloch]] | | [[File:Margaret McCulloch.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-05-09 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 161 | [[Jean Urquhart]] | | [[File:JeanUrquhartMSP20110510.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949-05-17 | | [[Wast Lowden]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 162 | [[Jim Eadie]] | | [[File:JimEadieMSP20110509.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1968" | 1968-02-10 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 163 | [[John Pentland]] | | [[File:JohnPentlandMSP20110508.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946-12-24 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 164 | [[Siobhan McMahon]] | | [[File:SiobhanMcMahonMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1984" | 1984-07-04 | | [[Bellshill]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 165 | [[Marco Biagi]] | | [[File:Marco Biagi.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1982" | 1982-07-31 | | [[The Vale]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 166 | [[Margaret McDougall]] | | [[File:MargaretMcDougallMSPPortrait.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1949" | 1949-01-23 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 167 | [[Mike MacKenzie]] | | [[File:MikeMacKenzieMSP20110509.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1958" | 1958-11-18 | | [[Oban]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 168 | [[Paul Wheelhouse]] | | [[File:PaulWheelhouseMSP20110507.JPG|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970-06-22 | | [[Bilfawst|Belfast]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 169 | [[Alison Johnstone]] | | [[File:Alison Johnstone 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965-10-11 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 170 | [[Cara Hilton]] | | [[File:Cara Hilton.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1975" | 1975 | | [[Grangemooth]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 171 | [[Cameron Buchanan]] | | [[File:CameronBuchananMSP20140129.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946-09 | data-sort-value="2023" | 2023-06-24 | [[Woking]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 172 | [[Lesley Brennan]] | | [[File:Lesley Brennan.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1972" | 1972 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 173 | [[Brian Whittle]] | | [[File:BrianWhittleMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1964" | 1964-04-26 | | [[Ayr]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 174 | [[Rachael Hamilton]] | | [[File:Rachel Hamilton MSP.png|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970-09 | | [[Herefordshire]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 175 | [[Oliver Mundell]] | | [[File:Oliver Mundell 2016.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1989" | 1989-12-01 | | [[Irvin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 176 | [[Finlay Carson]] | | [[File:FinlayCarsonMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1967" | 1967-10-18 | | [[Twynham, Dumfries an Gallowa|Twynham]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 177 | [[Gordon Lindhurst]] | | [[File:Gordon Lindhurst MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1967" | 1967-07-02 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 178 | [[Ross Greer]] | | [[File:Ross Greer, October 2022.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1994" | 1994-06-01 | | [[Easter Kirkpatrick|Bearsden]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 179 | [[Alexander Burnett]] | | [[File:Alexander Burnett.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1973" | 1973-07-30 | | [[Banchry]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 180 | [[Ross Thomson]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Ross Thomson crop 2.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1987" | 1987-09-21 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 181 | [[Colin Smyth]] | | [[File:Colin Smyth MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1972" | 1972 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 182 | [[Kate Forbes]] | | [[File:Deputy First Minister - designate and Cabinet Secretary for Economy and Gaelic - designate, Kate Forbes (53707856301) (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1990" | 1990-04-06 | | [[Dingwal]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 183 | [[Edward Mountain]] | | [[File:Official Portrait of Edward Mountain MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961-03-19 | | [[Moray]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 184 | [[Jamie Greene]] | | [[File:JamieGreeneMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1980" | 1980-03-19 | | [[Greenock]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 185 | [[Maurice Golden]] | | [[File:MauriceGoldenMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1980" | 1980-01-12 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 186 | [[Maurice Corry]] | | [[File:MauriceCorryMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950-06 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 187 | [[Monica Lennon]] | | [[File:MonicaLennonMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1981" | 1981-01 | | [[Bellshill]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 188 | [[Alison Harris]] | | [[File:AlisonHarrisMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965-07-23 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 189 | [[Graham Simpson]] | | [[File:Harry Cavanagh meeting Graham Simpson MSP, 2025 (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1972" | 1972-05 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 190 | [[Alex Cole-Hamilton]] | | [[File:AlexCole-HamiltonMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1977" | 1977-07-22 | | [[Hertfordshire]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 191 | [[Ash Regan]] | | [[File:Ash Denham MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1974" | 1974-03-08 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 192 | [[Ben Macpherson]] | | [[File:BenMacphersonMSP-May2016.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1985" | 1980s | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 193 | [[Ivan McKee]] | | [[File:Ivan McKee MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963-09 | | [[Milligs Mill]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 194 | [[Annie Wells]] | | [[File:AnnieWellsMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1972" | 1972-02-24 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 195 | [[Daniel Johnson]] | | [[File:David Johnson MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1977" | 1977-09-03 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 196 | [[Peter Chapman]] | | [[File:Peter Chapman.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950-05-13 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 197 | [[Miles Briggs]] | | [[File:Miles Briggs.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1983" | 1983-03-30 | | [[Preston]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 198 | [[Donald Cameron]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Lord Cameron of Lochiel crop 2, 2024.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1976" | 1976-11-26 | | [[St Mary's Hospital]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 199 | [[Liam Kerr]] | | [[File:Liam Kerr MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1975" | 1975-01-23 | | [[Chester]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 200 | [[Jeremy Balfour]] | | [[File:Jeremy Balfour MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1967" | 1967-03-11 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 201 | [[Bill Bowman]] | | | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950-05-30 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 202 | [[Michelle Ballantyne]] | | [[File:MichelleBallantyneMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-11-28 | | [[Ashton-under-Lyne]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 203 | [[Jamie Halcro Johnston]] | | [[File:JamieHalcroJohnstonMSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1975" | 1975-10-08 | | [[Oxford]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 204 | [[Tom Mason]] | | [[File:Tom Mason MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-12-31 | | [[Bishop's Stortford]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 205 | [[Beatrice Wishart]] | | [[File:Beatrice Wishart MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1955" | 1955 | | [[Lerook]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 206 | [[Jackie Dunbar]] | | [[File:Jackie Dunbar MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | | | [[Peterheid]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 207 | [[Marie McNair]] | | [[File:Marie McNair 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1975" | 1975<br/>1976 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 208 | [[Paul McLennan]] | | [[File:Minister for Housing Paul McLennan (52781732883) (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1966" | 1966 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 209 | [[Collette Stevenson]] | | [[File:Collette Stevenson 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1969" | 1969-03-15 | | [[East Kilbride]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 210 | [[Evelyn Tweed]] | | [[File:Official Portrait of Evelyn Tweed MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1967" | 1967 | | [[Ayr]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 211 | [[Natalie Don]] | | [[File:Natalie Don MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1989" | 1989-02-12 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 212 | [[Ben Wallace]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Rt Hon Ben Wallace MP crop 2.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970-05-15 | | [[Farnborough]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 213 | [[Henry McLeish]] | | [[File:Official Portrait of Henry McLeish, 2000.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1948" | 1948-06-15 | | [[Methul]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 214 | [[Colin Campbell]] | | | data-sort-value="1938" | 1938-08-31 | | [[Paisley]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 215 | [[Dorothy-Grace Elder]] | | | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-08-11 | | [[Dundee]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 216 | [[Duncan Hamilton]] | | | data-sort-value="1973" | 1973 | | [[Irvin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 217 | [[Elaine Thomson]] | | | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957 | | [[Innerness]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 218 | [[John McAllion]] | | | data-sort-value="1948" | 1948-02-13 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 219 | [[Lyndsay McIntosh]] | | | data-sort-value="1955" | 1955 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 220 | [[Ian Welsh]] | | | data-sort-value="1953" | 1953-11-23 | | [[Preswick]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 221 | [[Lloyd Quinan]] | | | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 222 | [[Irene McGugan]] | | | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952 | | [[Angus]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 223 | [[Kay Ullrich]] | | [[File:Kay Ullrich.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1943" | 1943-05-05 | data-sort-value="2021" | 2021-01-04 | [[Preswick]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 224 | [[Keith Harding]] | | | data-sort-value="1938" | 1938-11-21 | data-sort-value="2021" | 2021-11-15 | [[Chipping Norton]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 225 | [[Nick Johnston]] | | | data-sort-value="1948" | 1948-01-05 | | [[Filey]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 226 | [[Sam Galbraith]] | | [[File:Sam Galbraith MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945-10-18 | data-sort-value="2014" | 2014-08-18 | [[Clitheroe]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 227 | [[Andrew Wilson]] | | | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970 | | [[Lanrik]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 228 | [[Katy Clark]] | | [[File:Katy Clark MP.jpeg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1967" | 1967-07-03 | | [[Kilwinnin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 229 | [[Foysol Choudhury]] | | [[File:Foysol Choudhury MBE.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1969" | 1969-01-05 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 230 | [[Michelle Thomson]] | | [[File:Michelle Thomson 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965-03-11 | | [[Easter Kirkpatrick|Bearsden]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 231 | [[Martin Whitfield]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Martin Whitfield crop 2.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965 | | [[Newcastle upon Tyne]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 232 | [[Jenni Minto]] | | [[File:Jenni Minto 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1968" | 1968-11 | | [[Elgin, Moray|Elgin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 233 | [[Audrey Nicoll]] | | [[File:Audrey Nicoll MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 234 | [[Jim Fairlie]] | | [[File:Minister for Agriculture and Connectivity - Jim Fairlie.jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 235 | [[Stephanie Callaghan]] | | [[File:Stephanie Callaghan MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1971" | 1971 | | [[Hamiltoun]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 236 | [[Elena Whitham]] | | [[File:Official 2023 government portrait of Elena Whitham.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1974" | 1974 | | [[Kilmaurnock]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 237 | [[Kaukab Stewart]] | | [[File:Kaukab Stewart 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1967" | 1967<br/>1968 | | [[Pakistan]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 238 | [[Emma Roddick]] | | [[File:Emma Roddick 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1997" | 1997-07-30 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 239 | [[Sandesh Gulhane]] | | | data-sort-value="1982" | 1982-01-22 | | [[Lunnon]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 240 | [[Mercedes Villalba]] | | [[File:Mercedes Villalba 2026 (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1989" | 1989 | | [[Bristol]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 241 | [[Sue Webber]] | | [[File:Sue Webber 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 242 | [[Michael Marra]] | | [[File:Michael Marra 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-02-17 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 243 | [[Paul O'Kane]] | | [[File:Paul O'Kane 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1988" | 1988-03-21 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 244 | [[Karen Adam]] | | [[File:Karen Adam MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1975" | 1975-06-07 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 245 | [[Sharon Dowey]] | | [[File:Sharon Dowey MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1969" | 1969<br/>1970 | | [[Girvan]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 246 | [[Davy Russell]] | | [[File:Davy Russell at the Scottish Parliament (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960s<br/>1962 | | [[Quarter]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 247 | [[Alex Kerr]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 248 | [[Gillian Mackay]] | | [[File:Gillian Mackay 2026 (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1991" | 1991 | | [[Fawkirk]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 249 | [[Laura Mitchell]] | | | data-sort-value="1982" | 1982-05 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 250 | [[Ariane Burgess]] | | [[File:Ariane Burgess MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965-11-20 | | [[Edinburgh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 251 | [[Kate Nevens]] | | [[File:Kate Nevens, Official MSP Portrait.png|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1982" | 1982 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 252 | [[Meghan Gallacher]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Meghan Gallacher MSP (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1992" | 1992-01-17 | | [[Bellshill]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 253 | [[Roz McCall]] | | [[File:Roz Mccall In Dunfermline.jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 254 | [[Pam Duncan-Glancy]] | | [[File:Pam Duncan-Glancy MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1981" | 1981-11-02 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 255 | [[Craig Hoy]] | | [[File:Craig Hoy 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1975" | 1975 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 256 | [[Douglas Lumsden]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Douglas Lumsden MP (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1971" | 1971-08 | | [[Aiberdeen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 257 | [[Pam Gosal]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Pam Gosal MSP (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1972" | 1972 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 258 | [[Tess White]] | | [[File:Tess White 2021.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965-02-18 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 259 | [[Thomas Kerr]] | | [[File:Thomas Kerr Official MSP portrait 2026 (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 260 | [[Carol Mochan]] | | [[File:Carol Mochan MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 261 | [[Màiri McAllan]] | | [[File:Official portrait of net zero secretary Màiri McAllan (cropped 1).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1993" | 1993-02-14 | | [[Glesga]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 262 | [[Mark Simpson]] | | | data-sort-value="1988" | 1988-11-30 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 263 | [[Laura Moodie]] | | | data-sort-value="1978" | 1978 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 264 | [[Colm Merrick]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 265 | [[Julie MacDougall]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 266 | [[Katherine Sangster]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 267 | [[Tim Eagle]] | | [[File:Tim eagle 24.jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 268 | [[David Kirkwood]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 269 | [[Holly Bruce]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 270 | [[Irshad Ahmed]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Irshad Ahmed MSP (cropped).png|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 271 | [[Michelle Campbell]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Michelle Campbell (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 272 | [[Adam Harley]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 273 | [[Simita Kumar]] | | [[File:Equalities & International Development Minister - 55282125442.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1987" | 1987 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 274 | [[Iris Duane]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Iris Duane MSP (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 275 | [[Duncan Dunlop]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 276 | [[Cara McKee]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 277 | [[Helen McDade]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 278 | [[David Smith]] | | | | | [[Cardiff–South Wales Valleys metropolitan area]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 279 | [[Q Manivannan]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Q Manivannan MSP (cropped).png|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996<br/>1997 | | [[Tamil Nadu]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 280 | [[Katie Hagmann]] | | [[File:Katie Hagmann, Official MSP Portrait (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1979" | 1979-04 | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 281 | [[Jack Middleton]] | | [[File:Jack Middleton, Official MSP Portrait (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 282 | [[Zen Ghani]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 283 | [[Sanne Dijkstra-Downie]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Sanne Dijkstra-Downie (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 284 | [[Duncan Massey]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 285 | [[Yi-pei Chou Turvey]] | | | data-sort-value="1981" | 1981 | | [[Taiwan (kintra)|Taiwan]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 286 | [[Kayleigh Kinross-O'Neill]] | | [[File:Kayleigh Kinross-O'Neill, Official MSP Portrait.png|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1999" | 1999-03-01 | | [[Motherwal]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 287 | [[Angela Ross]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Angela Ross MSP (cropped).png|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 288 | [[Amanda Bland]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Amanda Bland (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 289 | [[Hannah Mary Goodlad]] | | [[File:Hannah Mary Goodlad Scottish Parliament Portrait 2026.jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 290 | [[Jamie Langan]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 291 | [[Kim Schmulian]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 292 | [[Lloyd Melville]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 293 | [[Senga Beresford]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Senga Beresford (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 294 | [[Mandy Lindsay]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 295 | [[Max Bannerman]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Max Bannerman MSP (cropped).png|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 296 | [[Kristopher Leask]] | | [[File:Kristopher Leask, Official MSP Portrait.png|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 297 | [[Vic Currie]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 298 | [[Morven-May MacCallum]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 299 | [[Dawn Black]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 300 | [[Kate Campbell]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 301 | [[David Barratt]] | | [[File:Official portrait of David Barratt MSP 2026 (cropped).jpg|center|100px]] | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 302 | [[Gary Bouse]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 303 | [[Andrew Baxter]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 304 | [[Donald MacKinnon]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 305 | [[Joe Fagan]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 306 | [[David Green]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 307 | [[Joe Long]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 308 | [[Pauline Stafford]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 309 | [[Jenny Young]] | | | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 310 | [[Calum Kerr]] | | | data-sort-value="1972" | 1972-04-05 | | [[Gallae]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 311 | [[Heather Anderson]] | | [[File:Heather Anderson official portrait as an MEP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1959" | 1959-01-31 | | [[Dundee]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 312 | [[Malcolm Offord]] | | [[File:Official portrait of Lord Offord of Garvel crop 2, 2025.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1964" | 1964-09-05 | | [[Greenock]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 313 | [[James Adams]] | | [[File:Official portrait of James Adams MSP.jpg|center|100px]] | data-sort-value="1992" | 1992 | | [[Fraserburgh]] |} {{Wikidata list end}} bzn046s88wsvv93oxysq6fclrqth9xm Uiser collogue:~2026-43872-88 3 233845 920575 2026-08-10T01:25:17Z PieWriter 125294 sendin wairnin (level 1) 920575 wikitext text/x-wiki == Wairnin == [[Image:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, a'm [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]]. A noticed that ye recently remuived some content frae [[:Jeffrey Dahmer]]&nbsp;wioot giein a raison whit wye. In the futur, it wid be helpfu tae ithers gin ye descrieve yer chynges tae Wikipaedia wi an [[Help:Edit summary|edit summary]]. Gin this wis a mistak, dinnae fash: A pit the remuived content back in. Gin ye wid lik tae experiment, ye can uise the [[WP:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Gin ye hink a made a mistak, or gin ye hae ony quaisten, ye can lea me a message on [[User_talk:PieWriter|ma talk page]]. Thanks!<!-- Template:uw-delete1 --> [[Uiser:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[Uiser collogue:PieWriter|tauk]]) 01:25, 10 August 2026 (UTC) ilk1ov2q50k33lh0hynjwj9doi5iki7 Uiser collogue:PanielDrokhorenko 3 233846 920589 2026-08-10T11:24:58Z CiphriusKane 74958 /* August 2026 */ new section 920589 wikitext text/x-wiki == August 2026 == [[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, A'm [[User:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]]. 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I wanted to let you know that I undid one or more of [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-43985-24|your recent contributions]] because you changed [[:en:Scots language|Scots]] material to the [[:en:English language|English language]] or added English material to articles. This is the Scots Wikipedia, not the [[:en:Main Page|English one]], and the language of this project is [[Scots leid|Scots]]. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on [[User_talk:CiphriusKane|my talk page]]. Thanks! [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 11:25, 10 August 2026 (UTC) qeia3uagz69egacqrxa8jtn9dzk2san