Wikipedia scowiki https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.14 first-letter Media Special Collogue Uiser Uiser collogue Wikipedia Wikipedia collogue File File collogue MediaWiki MediaWiki collogue Template Template collogue Help Help collogue Category Category collogue Portal Portal talk Define Define talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 1690 920605 920581 2026-08-10T22:55:08Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 920605 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fix Scots|date=Januar 2021}} {{hatnote|For the landmass comprisin North an Sooth Americae, see [[America]]. For ither uisses, see [[America (disambiguation)]].}} {{Infobox kintra |conventional_long_name = Unitit States o Americae |common_name = Unitit States |native_name = {{lang-en|United States of America}}</br>{{lang-es|Estados Unidos de América|label=[[Spainish leid|Spainish]]}}</br>{{lang-chr|ᏌᏊᎢᏳᎾᎵᏍᏔᏅᏍᎦᏚᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎺᏰᏟ}}</br>{{lang-nv|Wááshindoon Bikéyah Ałhidadiidzooígíí}} |image_flag = Flag of the United States.svg |image_coat = Great Seal of the United States (obverse).svg |symbol_type = Great Seal |national_motto = <div style="padding-bottom:0.2em;">"[[In God we trust]]" {{small|(offeecial)}}<ref>{{USC|36|302}} ''National motto''</ref><ref>[[#Simonson|Simonson, 2010]]</ref><ref>[[#God|Dept. of Treasury, 2011]]</ref></div> <div style="line-height:1.15em;">{{native phrase|la|"[[E pluribus unum]]"|italics=off}} {{small|(tradeetional)}} <br />{{small|"Oot o mony, ane"}} </div> |national_anthem = "[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]"<br /><center>[[File:Star Spangled Banner instrumental.ogg]]</center> |image_map = USA orthographic.svg |alt_map = Projection o North Americae wi the Unitit States in green |map_width = 220px |capital = [[Washington, D.C.]] |coordinates = {{Coord|38|53|N|77|01|W|type:city}} |largest_city = [[New York Ceety]] |official_languages = {{nowrap|None at [[Federal govrenment o the Unitit States|federal level]]{{ref label|engoffbox|a|}}}} |languages_type = [[Naitional leid]] |languages = [[Inglis leid|Inglis]]{{ref label|engfactobox|b|}}<!---NOTE: Just English, don't add "American English"---> |official_religion = none |demonym = [[America]]n |government_type = [[Federalism|Federal]] [[Presidential seestem|presidential]] [[constitutional republic]] |leader_title1 = [[Preses o the Unitit States|Preses]] |leader_name1 = {{nowrap|[[Donald Trump]] ([[Republican Pairty (Unitit States)|R]])}} |leader_title2 = [[Vice Preses o the Unitit States|Vice Preses]] |leader_name2 = {{nowrap|[[J.D. Vance]] (R)}} |leader_title3 = {{nowrap|[[Speaker o the Unitit States Hoose o Representatives|Speaker o the Hoose]]}} |leader_name3 = {{nowrap|[[Mike Johnson]] (R)}} |leader_title4 = [[Chief Juistice o the Unitit States|Chief Juistice]] |leader_name4 = [[John Roberts]] |legislature = [[Unitit States Congress|Congress]] |upper_house = [[Senate (Unitit States)|Senate]] |lower_house = [[Hoose o Representatives (Unitit States)|Hoose o Representatives]] |sovereignty_type = [[American Revolution|Unthirldom]] |sovereignty_note = from [[Kinrick o Great Breetain|Great Breetain]] |established_event1 = [[Unitit States Declaration o Unthirldom|Declared]] |established_date1 = 4 Julie 1776 |established_event2 = [[Treaty o Paris (1783)|Recognized]] |established_date2 = 3 September 1783 |established_event3 = {{nowrap|[[Unitit States Constitution|Constitution]]}} |established_date3 = 21 Juin 1788 |area_magnitude = 1 E12 |area_sq_mi = 3794101 |area_km2 = 9826675 |area_rank = 3rd/4th |area_footnote = <ref name="WF">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html |title=United States |publisher=CIA |work=The World Factbook |date=September 30, 2009 |accessdate=January 5, 2010 (area given in square kilometers) |archive-date=2018-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135647/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{ref label|areabox|c|}} |percent_water = 6.76 | population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 331,449,281<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2021/2020-census-apportionment-results.htmlpid=2020CENSUS&src=pt |url-status=dead |title=Census Bureau's 2020 Population Count |work=[[United States Census]] |access-date=April 26, 2021}} The 2020 census is as of April 1, 2020.</ref> | population_census_year = 2020 | population_census_rank = 3rd | population_density_sq_mi = 87<!-- Figure uses (population/land + water area) as of July 2019. --> | population_density_rank = 146t | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} {{nowrap|$22.940 trillion}}<ref name="IMFWEOUS"/> | GDP_PPP_year = 2021 | GDP_PPP_rank = 2nt | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $69,375<ref name="IMFWEOUS">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/October/weo-report?c=111,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2021&ey=2021&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2021|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |access-date=October 13, 2021}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 8t | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} {{nowrap|$22.940 trillion}}<ref name="IMFWEOUS"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2021 | GDP_nominal_rank = 1st | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $69,375<ref name="IMFWEOUS"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 5t | Gini = 48.5<!-- Number only. --> | Gini_year = 2020 | Gini_change = increase | Gini_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/09/26/income-inequality-america-highest-its-been-since-census-started-tracking-it-data-show/ |title=Income inequality in America is the highest it's been since Census Bureau started tracking it, data shows |work=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=July 27, 2020}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.926<!-- Number only. --> | HDI_year = 2019<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year. --> | HDI_change = increase<!-- Increase/decrease/steady. --> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2020: The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=December 15, 2020|access-date=December 15, 2020}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 17t |EF_year = 2007 |EF = {{decrease}} 8.0 gha<ref name="EF">{{cite web |url=http://www.footprintnetwork.org/images/uploads/Ecological_Footprint_Atlas_2010.pdf |title=Ecological Footprint Atlas 2010 |publisher=Global Footprint Network |accessdate=July 11, 2011 |archive-date=2011-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709224423/http://www.footprintnetwork.org/images/uploads/Ecological_Footprint_Atlas_2010.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |EF_rank = 6t |currency = [[{{#property:p38}}]] ($) |currency_code = USD |country_code = USA |utc_offset = −5 to −10 |utc_offset_DST = −4 to −10{{ref label|UTCbox|e|}} |calling_code = [[North American Nummerin Plan|+1]] |iso3166code = US |drives_on = richt{{ref label|driving|g|}} |cctld = {{nowrap|[[.us]]{{nbsp|3}}[[.gov]]{{nbsp|3}}[[.mil]]{{nbsp|3}}[[.edu]]}} |footnote_a = {{note|engoffbox}} Inglish is the [[Offeecial leid o the Unitit States|offeecial leid]] o at least 28 states; some soorces gie heicher figurs, based on differin defineetions o "offeecial".{{big|<ref name=ILW>{{cite web |author=Feder, Jody |url= http://www.ilw.com/immigrationdaily/news/2007,0515-crs.pdf |title= English as the Official Language of the United States: Legal Background and Analysis of Legislation in the 110th Congress |date=January 25, 2007 |publisher= Ilw.com (Congressional Research Service) |accessdate= June 19, 2007}}</ref>}} Inglish an [[Hawaiian leid|Hawaiian]] are baith offeecial leids in the state o [[Hawaii]]. |footnote_b = {{note|engfactobox}} Inglis is the ''[[de facto]]'' leid o American govrenment an the sole leid spoken at home bi 80 percent o Americans aged five an aulder. [[Spainyie leid in the Unitit States|Spainyie is the seicont maist commonly spoken leid]]. |footnote_c = {{note|areabox}} Whether the Unitit States or [[Cheenae]] is lairger haes been [[Leet o kintras bi aurie|disputit]]. The figur gien is frae the U.S. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]'s ''[[The Warld Factbeuk]]''. Ither soorces gie smawer figurs. Aw authoritative calculations o the kintra's size include anly the 50 states an the Destrict o Columbia, nae the [[Territories o the Unitit States|territories]]. |footnote_d = {{note|popbox}} The population estimate is o fowk whose uisual residence is within the 50 states an the Destrict o Columbia, regardless o naitionality. It daes nae include those livin in the territories (ower 4&nbsp;million fowk, maistly in [[Puerto Rico]]). |footnote_e = {{note|UTCbox}} See [[Time in the Unitit States]] for details aboot laws govrenin time zones in the Unitit States. |footnote_f = {{note|ISO3166box}} Daes nae include [[insular aurie]]s an [[Unitit States Minor Ootlyin Islands]], which hae thair ain [[ISO 3166]] codes. |footnote_g = {{note|driving}} Except [[Unitit States Virgin Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]]. }} [[File:ReliefUSA map.gif|thumb|right|280px|A pictur o the lawer 48 states Americae.]] The '''Unitit States o Americae''' ({{lang-en|United States of America|link=yes}}, '''USA'''), commonly referred tae as the '''Unitit States''' ({{lang-en|United States|link=no}}, '''US''', '''U.S.''') or '''Americae''' ({{lang-en|America|link=no}}), is a [[Constitution|constitutional]] [[federal republic]] componed o 50 [[state o the Unitit States|federatit states]], the federal destrict [[Washington, D.C.|Washington D.C.]], five main sel-govrening territories, an ither possessions.{{refn|group=fn|The five major territories are [[American Samoa]], [[Guam]], the [[Northren Mariana Islands]], [[Puerto Rico]], an the [[Unitit States Virgin Islands]]. Thare are eleven smawer island auries withoot permanent populations: [[Baker Island]], [[Howland Island]], [[Jarvis Island]], [[Johnston Atoll]], [[Kingman Reef]], [[Midway Atoll]], an [[Palmyra Atoll]]. U.S. sovereignty ower [[Bajo Nuevo Bank]], [[Navassa Island]], [[Serranilla Bank]], an [[Wake Island]] is disputit.<ref>U.S. State Department, [http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm Common Core Document to U.N. Committee on Human Rights], December 30, 2011, Item 22, 27, 80.— an U.S. General Accounting Office Report, [http://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf U.S. Insular Areas: application of the U.S. Constitution] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229153648/https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |date=2020-02-29 }}, November 1997, p. 1, 6, 39n. Both viewed April 6, 2016.</ref>}} Forty-aicht o the fifty states an the federal destrict border each ither an locatit in [[North Americae]] atween [[Canadae]] an [[Mexico]]. The [[Alaska|state o Alaska]] is in the northwast neuk o North Americae, bordered bi Canadae tae the east an athort the [[Bering Strait]] frae [[Roushie]] tae the wast. The [[Hawaii|state o Hawaii]] is an [[airchipelago]] in the mid-[[Pacific Ocean]]. The U.S. territories are scattered aboot the Paceefic Ocean an the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Nine time zones are covered. The geografie, climate an wildlife o the kintra are extremely diverse.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nwf.org/wildlife.aspx|title=Wildlife Library|publisher=National Wildlife Federation|accessdate= December 23, 2014}}</ref> At 3.8&nbsp;million squerr miles (9.8&nbsp;million km²)<ref name="State and other areas">"[https://www.census.gov/geo/reference/state-area.html State and other areas]", U.S. Census Bureau, [https://web.archive.org/web/20120620155719/http://www.govcomm.harris.com/solutions/products/census/maf-tiger.asp MAF/TIGER] database as of August 2010, excluding the U.S. Minor Outlying Islands. viewed October 22, 2014.</ref> an wi ower 324 million fowk, the Unitit States is the warld's [[Leet o sovereign states an dependencies bi aurie|fowert-lairgest kintra bi tot aurie]] (an fowerth-mucklest bi laund aurie){{refn|group=fn|The follaein twa primary soorces (non-mirrored) represent the range (min./max.) o tot aurie for Cheenae an the Unitit States. Baith soorces ''exclude'' Taiwan frae the aurie o Cheenae. {{ordered list |1= The Encyclopædia Britannica lets Cheenae as warld's third-lairgest kintra (efter Roushie an Canadae) wi a tot aurie o 9,572,900 sq km,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/111803/China-quick-facts|title=China|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|accessdate=January 31, 2010}}</ref> an the Unitit States as fowert-lairgest at 9,526,468 sq km. The figur for the Unitit States is less nor in the CIA Factbook acause it ''excludes'' coastal an territorial watters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/616563/United-States-quick-facts|title=United States|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|accessdate=January 31, 2010}}</ref> |2= The CIA World Factbook leets the Unitit States as the third-lairgest kintra (efter Roushie an Canadae) wi tot aurie o 9,833,517 sq km,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html|title=United States|publisher=CIA|accessdate=June 10, 2016|archive-date=2018-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135647/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> an Cheenae as fowert-lairgest at 9,596,960 sq km.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html|title=China|publisher=CIA|accessdate=June 10, 2016|archive-date=2016-10-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013030611/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> This figur for the Unitit States is greater nor in the Encyclopædia Britannica acause it ''includes'' coastal an territorial watters.}}}} an the [[Leet o kintras an dependencies bi population|third-maist populous]]. It is ane o the warld's maist ethnically diverse an [[Multiculturalism|multicultural]] naitions, an is hame tae the warld's mucklest nummer o immigrant fowk.<ref name="DD">Adams, J.Q.; Strother-Adams, Pearlie (2001). ''Dealing with Diversity''. Chicago: Kendall/Hunt. ISBN 0-7872-8145-X.</ref> Urbanisation climbed tae oweer 80% in 2010 an leads tae growin megaregions. The kintra's caipital is [[Washington, D.C.]] an its mucklest ceety is [[New York Ceety]]; the ither major metropolitan auries, aw wi aroond five million or mair indwallers, are [[Los Angeles]], [[Chicago]], [[San Francisco]], [[Boston]], [[Dallas]], [[Philadelphia]], [[Houston]], [[Miami]], an [[Atlanta]]. Paleo-Indians migrated frae Asie tae the North American mainland at least 15,000 year ago.<ref name=earliest>{{cite news|title=Who was first? New info on North America's earliest residents|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2012/jul/12/science/la-sci-sn-paisley-caves-20120712|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|location=Los Angeles County, California|publisher=Los Angeles Times|date=July 12, 2012|first=Thomas H.|last=Maugh II|accessdate=February 25, 2015}}<br />{{cite web |url= http://anthropology.si.edu/HumanOrigins/faq/americas.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128083459/http://anthropology.si.edu/HumanOrigins/faq/americas.htm |archivedate=November 28, 2007 |ref=HumanOrigins |title=What is the earliest evidence of the peopling of North and South America? |publisher=Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History |date=June 2004 |accessdate=June 19, 2007}}<br />{{cite web |first=Nicolas |last=Kudeba |url=http://www.thehistoryofcanadapodcast.com/chapter-1-first-big-steppe/ |title=Chapter 1&nbsp;– The First Big Steppe&nbsp;– Aboriginal Canadian History |website=The History of Canada Podcast |date=February 28, 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301013552/http://www.thehistoryofcanadapodcast.com/chapter-1-first-big-steppe/ |archivedate=March 1, 2014 |deadurl=no}}<br />{{cite journal |author=Guy Gugliotta |title=When Did Humans Come to the Americas? |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/when-did-humans-come-to-the-americas-4209273/?all |journal=Smithsonian Magazine |location=Washington, DC |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |date=February 2013 |access-date=June 25, 2015 }}</ref> [[European colonisation o the Americas|European colonisation]] began in the 16t century. The Unitit States emerged frae [[Thirteen Colonies|13 Breetish colonies]] alang the [[East Coast o the Unitit States|East Coast]]. Mony disputes atween [[Kinrick o Great Breetain|Great Breetain]] an the colonies in the eftermath o the [[Seiven Years' War]] led tae the [[American Revolution]], whilk began in 1775. On Julie 4, 1776, as the colonies war fichtin Great Breetain in the [[American Revolutionary War]], delegates frae the 13 colonies unanimously adoptit the [[Unitit States Declaration o Unthirldom|Declaration o Unthirldom]]. The war endit in 1783 wi [[Treaty o Paris (1783)|recogneetion o the unthirldom o the Unitit States]] bi [[Kinrick o Great Breetain|Great Breetain]], an wis the first successfu war o unthirldom against a European colonial empire.<ref>Greene, Jack P.; Pole, J.R., eds. (2008). ''A Companion to the American Revolution''. pp. 352–361.<br />{{cite book |author=Bender, Thomas |title=A Nation Among Nations: America's Place in World History |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wQHlrIz4gpYC&pg=PA61 |year=2006 |publisher=Hill & Wang |location=New York |page=61 |isbn=978-0-8090-7235-4}}<br />{{cite web |url=http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/era.cfm?eraid=4&smtid=1 |title=Overview of the Early National Period |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=2014 |website=Digital History |publisher=University of Houston |access-date=February 25, 2015}}</ref> The [[Unitit States Constitution|current constitution]] wis adoptit in 1788, efter the [[Airticles o Confederation]], adoptit in 1781, war felt tae hae providit inadequate federal pouers. The first ten amendments, collectively named the [[Unitit States Bill o Richts|Bill o Richts]], war ratified in 1791 an designed tae guarantee mony fundamental ceevil liberties. The Unitit States gaed on a vigorous expansion athort North Americae throuoot the 19t century,<ref name="MD2007" /> displacin American Indian tribes, acquirin new territories, an gradually admittin new states till it spanned the continent in 1848.<ref name="MD2007">{{cite book |last=Carlisle |first=Rodney P. |first2=J. Geoffrey |last2=Golson |title=Manifest Destiny and the Expansion of America |series=Turning Points in History Series |url=https://books.google.com/?id=ka6LxulZaEwC&vq=annexation&dq=territorial+expansion+United+States+%22manifest+destiny%22 |year=2007 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-85109-833-0 |page=238}}</ref> During the seicont hauf o the 19t century, the [[American Ceevil War]] led tae the end o legal slavery in the kintra.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2967.html|title=The Civil War and emancipation 1861–1865 |work=Africans in America |publisher=WGBH Educational Foundation|location=Boston, Massachusetts|year=1999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19991012054217/http://pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2967.html |archivedate=October 12, 1999 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-first=Jeffrey H. |editor1-last=Wallenfeldt |author=Britannica Educational Publishing |series=America at War |title=The American Civil War and Reconstruction: People, Politics, and Power |url=https://books.google.com/?id=T_0TrXXiDbUC&dq=slavery+%22American+Civil+War%22 |year=2009 |publisher=Rosen Publishing Group |isbn=978-1-61530-045-7 |page=264}}</ref> Bi the end o that century, the Unitit States extendit intae the Pacific Ocean,<ref name="AmCentNYT">{{cite book |url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/w/white-century.html |title=The American Century |author=White, Donald W. |year=1996 |isbn=0-300-05721-0 |publisher=Yale University Press |chapter=1: The Frontiers |accessdate=March 26, 2013}}</ref> an its economy, driven in muckle pairt bi the [[Industrial Revolution]], began tae growe a lot.<ref>{{cite web|title=Work in the Late 19th Century|url=http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/riseind/work/|website=Library of Congress|accessdate=January 16, 2015}}</ref> The [[Spaingie–American War]] an {{nowrap|[[Warld War I]]}} confirmed the kintra's status as a global militar pouer. The Unitit States emerged frae {{nowrap|[[Warld War II]]}} as a global [[superpouer]], the first kintra tae develop nuclear wappens, the anly kintra tae [[Atomic bombins o Hiroshima an Nagasaki|uise them]] in warfare, an a permanent member o the [[Unitit Naitions Security Cooncil]]. It is a foondin member o the [[Organisation o American States]] (OAS) an various ither [[Pan-Americanism|Pan-American]] an internaitional organisations. The end o the [[Cauld War]] an the [[dissolution o the Soviet Union|end o the Soviet Union]] in 1991 left the Unitit States as the warld's sole superpouer.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Tony Judt|author2=Denis Lacorne|title=With Us Or Against Us: Studies in Global Anti-Americanism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nVDHAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA61|date=June 4, 2005|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-4039-8085-4|page=61}}<br />{{cite book|author=Richard J. Samuels|title=Encyclopedia of United States National Security|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K751AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT666|date=December 21, 2005|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-1-4522-6535-3|page=666}}<br />{{cite book|author=Paul R. Pillar|title=Terrorism and U.S. Foreign Policy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_GYklwy6booC&pg=PA57|date=January 1, 2001|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|isbn=0-8157-0004-0|page=57}}<br />{{cite book|author=Gabe T. Wang|title=China and the Taiwan Issue: Impending War at Taiwan Strait|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CbPJ7KZ9FvIC&pg=PA179|date=January 1, 2006|publisher=University Press of America|isbn=978-0-7618-3434-2|page=179}}<br />{{cite book|title=Understanding the "Victory Disease," From the Little Bighorn to Mogadishu and Beyond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qgdmiw4VUHsC&pg=PA1|publisher=DIANE Publishing|isbn=978-1-4289-1052-2|page=1}}<br />{{cite book|author1=Akis Kalaitzidis|author2=Gregory W. Streich|title=U.S. Foreign Policy: A Documentary and Reference Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tzwYzL9KcwEC&pg=PA313|year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-38375-5|page=313}}</ref> The Unitit States is a heichly developed kintra, wi the warld's mucklest [[Leet o kintras bi GDP (nominal)|economy bi nominal GDP]]. It ranks heichly in several meisurs o socioeconomic performance, includin average wage,<ref>{{cite web|title=Average annual wages, 2013 USD PPPs and 2013 constant prices|url=http://stats.oecd.org//Index.aspx?QueryId=64115|website=OECD|accessdate=April 30, 2016}}</ref> [[Human Development Index|human development]], per capita GDP, an productivity per person.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/2100-500395_162-3228735.html |title=U.S. Workers World's Most Productive |publisher=CBS News |date=February 11, 2009 |accessdate=April 23, 2013}}</ref> While the U.S. economy is considered post-industrial, chairacterised bi the dominance o [[Service (economics)|services]] an knawledge economy, the manufacturin sector remains the seicont-mucklest in the warld.<ref>{{cite web|title=Manufacturing, value added (current US$)|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD|website=World Bank Open Data|publisher=World Bank|accessdate=11 February 2017}}</ref> Tho its population is anly 4.3% o the warld tot,<ref>{{cite web|title=U.S. and World Population Clock|url=http://www.census.gov/popclock/|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=July 11, 2016}}</ref> the Unitit States accoonts for nearly a quarter o warld GDP<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=23&pr.y=9&sy=2014&ey=2014&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDPD&grp=0&a=|title = World Economic Outlook Database, April 2015|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = }}</ref> an ower a third o global militar spendin,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://books.sipri.org/product_info?c_product_id=476 |title=Trends in world military expenditure, 2013 |publisher=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute |date=April 2014 |accessdate=April 14, 2014 |archive-date=2015-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104033821/http://books.sipri.org/product_info?c_product_id=476 |url-status=dead }}</ref> makkin it the warld's foremaist economic an [[Unitit States Airmed Forces|militar]] pouer. The Unitit States is a prominent poleetical an cultural force internaitionally, an a leader in scienteefic resairch an technological innovations.<ref>[[#Cohen|Cohen, 2004: History and the Hyperpower]]<br />[[#BBC18may|BBC, April 2008: Country Profile: United States of America]]<br />{{cite web|url=http://www.researchtrends.com/issue8-november-2008/geographical-trends-of-research-output/|title=Geographical trends of research output|publisher=Research Trends|accessdate=March 16, 2014|archive-date=2014-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317092424/http://www.researchtrends.com/issue8-november-2008/geographical-trends-of-research-output/|url-status=dead}}<br />{{cite web|url=http://www.openaccessweek.org/profiles/blogs/the-top-20-countries-for-scientific-output|title=The top 20 countries for scientific output|publisher=Open Access Week|accessdate=March 16, 2014|archive-date=2014-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317105014/http://www.openaccessweek.org/profiles/blogs/the-top-20-countries-for-scientific-output|url-status=dead}}<br />{{cite web|url=http://www.epo.org/about-us/annual-reports-statistics/annual-report/2012/statistics-trends/granted-patents.html|title=Granted patents|publisher=European Patent Office|accessdate=March 16, 2014|archive-date=2017-06-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621011611/http://www.epo.org/about-us/annual-reports-statistics/annual-report/2012/statistics-trends/granted-patents.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> == History == Follaein the European colonisation o the Americaes, aw thirteen o [[Kinrick o Great Breetain|Great Breetain]]'s American colonies spleet frae the mither kintra an formit the Unitit States, the warld's first [[constitution]]al an [[democracy|democratic]] [[federation|federal]] [[republic]], efter thair [[American Declaration o Unthirldom|declaration o unthirldom]] in [[1776]] an the [[American Weir o Unthirldom|Weir o Unthirldom]] ([[1775]]–[[1783]]). Great Breetain made peace wi the rebols an wi the [[Treaty o Pairis (1783)|Treaty o Pairis]] in 1783. For tae mak a stoot colonol govrenment, the [[Philadelphia Convention]] wis foondit in 1787 an raitifeet a [[Constitution o the Unitit States|constitution]] in 1788, an the farst Unitit States Senate, Hoose o Representatives, an preses tak office in 1789. [[George Washington]] wis the first preses. Differences o opinion an social order atween northren an soothern states in early Unitit States society, pairteecularly regairdin Black sclavery, ultimately led tae the American Ceevil War.<ref>{{cite book|author=Stuart Murray|title=Atlas of American Military History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bJ_sy7mmmxQC&pg=PA76|year=2004|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-3025-5|page=76|accessdate=October 25, 2015}}<br />{{cite book|author=Harold T. Lewis|title=Christian Social Witness|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kr-xNru5vZkC&pg=PA53|date=January 1, 2001|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-56101-188-9|page=53}}</ref> Follaein the Union victory in 1865, three amendments war addit tae the U.S. Constitution: the [[Thirteent Amendment tae the Unitit States Constitution|Thirteent Amendment]] prohibitit sclavery, the [[Fowerteent Amendment tae the Unitit States Constitution|Fowerteent Amendment]] providit ceetizenship tae the nearly fower million [[African American]]s wha haed been sclaves,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1860a-02.pdf |title=1860 Census |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |accessdate=June 10, 2007}} Page 7 leets a tot sclave population o 3,953,760.</ref> an the [[Fifteent Amendment tae the Unitit States Constitution|Fifteent Amendment]] ensured that thay haed the richt tae vote. The Unitit States remained neutral frae the ootbreak o [[Warld War I]], in 1914, till 1917 whan it jyned the war as an "associatit pouer", alangside the formal [[Allies o Warld War I]], helpin tae turn the tide against the [[Central Pouers]]. In 1920, the weemen's richts muivement wan passage o a constitutional amendment grantin weemen's suffrage.<ref name="voris">{{cite book |last1=Voris |first1=Jacqueline Van |title=Carrie Chapman Catt: A Public Life |url=https://archive.org/details/carriechapmancat0000vanv |series=Women and Peace Series |year=1996 |publisher=Feminist Press at CUNY |location=New York City |isbn=1-55861-139-8 |page=vii|quote=Carrie Chapmann Catt led an army of voteless women in 1919 to pressure Congress to pass the constitutional amendment giving them the right to vote and convinced state legislatures to ratify it in 1920.&nbsp;... Catt was one of the best-known women in the United States in the first half of the twentieth century and was on all lists of famous American women.}}</ref> The 1920s an 1930s saw the rise o [[radio]] for mass communication an the invention o early [[televeesion]].<ref>Winchester pp. 410–411</ref> The prosperity o the Roaring Twenties endit wi the [[Wall Street Crash o 1929]] an the onset o the [[Great Depression]]. Efter his election as preses in 1932, [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Franklin D. Roosevelt]] respondit wi the [[New Deal]], whit included the establishment o the [[Social Security (Unitit States)|Social Security]] seestem.<ref>{{cite book |title=Social Welfare: A History of the American Response to Need |url=https://archive.org/details/socialwelfarehis0000axin_i6r5 |first1=June |last1=Axinn |first2=Mark J. |last2=Stern |isbn=978-0-205-52215-6 |edition=7th |publisher=Allyn & Bacon |location=Boston |year=2007}}</ref> At first effectively neutral during [[Warld War II]] while Germany conquered much o continental Europe, the Unitit States began supplyin material tae the [[Allies o Warld War II|Allies]] in Mairch 1941 throu the Lend-Lease programme. On December 7, 1941, the [[Empire o Japan]] launched a surprise [[attack on Pearl Harbor]], promptin the Unitit States tae jyn the Allies against the [[Axis pouers]].<ref name="Pearl Harbor">{{cite web|last1=Yamasaki|first1=Mitch|title=Pearl Harbor and America's Entry into World War II: A Documentary History|url=http://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf|publisher=World War II Internment in Hawaii|accessdate=January 14, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213122046/http://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf|archivedate=December 13, 2014 }}</ref> The Unitit States developed the [[Manhattan Project|first nuclear wappens]] an uised them on Japan [[Atomic bombins o Hiroshima an Nagasaki|in the ceeties o Hiroshima an Nagasaki]]; causin the Japanese tae surrender on September 2, endin Warld War II.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2016/08/06/commentary/japan-surrender-world-war-ii/|title=Why did Japan surrender in World War II? {{!}} The Japan Times|newspaper=The Japan Times|access-date=2017-02-08|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>Pacific War Research Society (2006). ''Japan's Longest Day''. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 4-7700-2887-3.</ref> Efter Warld War II the Unitit States an the [[Soviet Union]] jockeyed for pouer during whit acame kent as the [[Cauld War]], driven bi an ideological divide atween [[caipitalism]] an [[communism]]<ref name="WaggAndrews2012">{{cite book|last1=Wagg|first1=Stephen|last2=Andrews|first2=David|title=East Plays West: Sport and the Cold War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qmjLR5YyUhEC&pg=PR11|date=September 10, 2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-24167-5|page=11}}</ref> an, accordin tae the schuil o [[geopolitics]], a divide atween the maritime Atlantic an the continental Eurasian camps. American truips focht communist [[Fowk's Liberation Airmy|Cheenese]] an [[North Korea]]n forces in the [[Korean War]] o 1950–53.<ref name="Proxy" /> The Soviet Union's 1957 launch o the [[Sputnik 1|first airtifeecial satellite]] an its 1961 launch o the [[Vostok 1|first manned spaceflicht]] ineetiatit a "[[Space Race]]" in whit the Unitit States acame the first naition tae [[Apollo 11|laund a man on the muin]] in 1969.<ref name="Proxy">{{cite book |last=Collins |first=Michael |authorlink=Michael Collins (astronaut) |title=Liftoff: The Story of America's Adventure in Space |url=https://archive.org/details/liftoff00coll |location=New York |publisher=Grove Press |year=1988}}</ref> A proxy war in Sootheast Asie eventually evolved intae full American pairteecipation, as the [[Vietnam War]]. At hame in the 1960s, the growin [[African-American Ceevil Richts Muivement (1954–68)|Ceevil Richts Muivement]] uised nonviolence tae confront segregation an discrimination, wi [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] acomin a prominent leader an figurheid. The late 1980s, unner the presidency o [[Ronald Reagan]], brocht a "thowe" in relations wi the USSR, an [[Dissolution o the Soviet Union|its collapse]] in 1991 finally endit the Cauld War.<ref>{{cite book |last=Howell |first=Buddy Wayne |title=The Rhetoric of Presidential Summit Diplomacy: Ronald Reagan and the U.S.-Soviet Summits, 1985–1988 |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Rhetoric_of_Presidential_Summit_Dipl.html?id=LctvjhxJ-bsC |year=2006 |publisher=Texas A&M University |isbn=978-0-549-41658-6 |page=352 |accessdate=October 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Kissinger |first=Henry |authorlink=Henry Kissinger |title=Diplomacy |url=https://books.google.com/?id=0IZboamhb5EC&lpg=PA731 |year=2011 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-1-4391-2631-8 |pages=781–784 |accessdate=October 25, 2015}}<br />{{cite book |last=Mann |first=James |title=The Rebellion of Ronald Reagan: A History of the End of the Cold War |url=https://books.google.com/?id=BgZyXNIrvB4C&pg=PT12|year=2009 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-1-4406-8639-9 |page=432}}<br /></ref><ref>[[#Hayes|Hayes, 2009]]</ref><ref>[[#ushistory13|US History.org, 2013]]</ref> On [[September 11 attacks|September 11, 2001]], [[Al-Qaeda]] terrorists struck the [[Warld Trade Center (1973–2001)|Warld Trade Center]] in New York Ceety an [[the Pentagon]] near Washington, D.C., killin nearly 3,000 fowk.<ref>{{cite AV media |date=September 9, 2011 |title=Flashback 9/11: As It Happened |url=http://video.foxnews.com/v/1151859712001/flashback-911-as-it-happened/ |accessdate=March 6, 2013 |publisher=Fox News}}<br />{{cite news |title=America remembers Sept. 11 attacks 11 years later |agency=Associated Press |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-201_162-57510234/america-remembers-sept-11-attacks-11-years-later/ |publisher=CBS News |date=September 11, 2012 |accessdate=March 6, 2013 |archive-date=2013-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017215138/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-201_162-57510234/america-remembers-sept-11-attacks-11-years-later/ |url-status=dead }}<br />{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/trade.center/multimedia.day.html |title=Day of Terror Video Archive |year=2005 |publisher=CNN |accessdate=March 6, 2013 }}</ref> In response, the Unitit States launched the [[War on Terror]], whilk included [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|war in Afghanistan]] an the 2003–11 [[Iraq War]].<ref>{{cite news |title=The 'War on Terror' Is Critical to President George W. Bush's Legacy |author=Walsh, Kenneth T. |url=http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2008/12/09/the-war-on-terror-is-critical-to-president-george-w-bushs-legacy |newspaper=U.S. News & World Report |date=December 9, 2008 |accessdate=March 6, 2013}}<br />{{cite book |last=Atkins |first=Stephen E. |title=The 9/11 Encyclopedia: Second Edition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PDDIgWRN_HQC&pg=PA210 |year=2011 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-921-9 |page=872 |accessdate=October 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Overview: The Iraq War |last=Wong |first=Edward |url=https://www.nytimes.com/ref/timestopics/topics_iraq.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=February 15, 2008 |accessdate=March 7, 2013 }}<br />{{cite book |last=Johnson |first=James Turner |title=The War to Oust Saddam Hussein: Just War and the New Face of Conflict |url=https://books.google.com/?id=SF7U27JsLC4C&dq=iraq+invasion+removes+hussein |year=2005 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-7425-4956-2 |page=159 |accessdate=October 25, 2015 }}<br />{{cite news |title=Timeline: Key moments in the Iraq War |author=Durando, Jessica |author2=Green, Shannon Rae |agency=Associated Press |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/story/2011-12-21/iraq-war-timeline/52147680/1 |newspaper=USA Today |date=December 21, 2011 |accessdate=March 7, 2013 |archive-date=2020-09-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200904084312/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/story/2011-12-21/iraq-war-timeline/52147680/1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Unner Preses [[Barack Obama]], American forces in Iraq war widrawn in muckle nummers in 2009 an 2010, an the war in the region wis declared formally ower in December 2011.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/16/world/middleeast/panetta-in-baghdad-for-iraq-military-handover-ceremony.html | work=The New York Times | first1=Thom | last1=Shanker | first2=Michael S. | last2=Schmidt | first3=Robert F. | last3=Worth | title=In Baghdad, Panetta Leads Uneasy Closure to Conflict | date=December 15, 2011}}</ref> The widrawal caused [[Iraqi insurgency (2011–13)|an escalation o sectarian insurgency]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-jrtn-movement-and-iraq%E2%80%99s-next-insurgency |title=The JRTN Movement and Iraq's Next Insurgency &#124; Combating Terrorism Center at West Point |publisher=[[United States Military Academy]] |accessdate=January 26, 2017 |archive-date=2011-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826043422/http://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-jrtn-movement-and-iraq%E2%80%99s-next-insurgency |url-status=dead }}</ref> leadin tae the rise o the [[Islamic State o Iraq an the Levant]], the successor o al-Qaeda in the region.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.state.gov/p/nea/rls/rm/221274.htm|title=Al-Qaeda's Resurgence in Iraq: A Threat to U.S. Interests|publisher=U.S Department of State|accessdate=November 26, 2010|date=January 26, 2017|archive-date=2018-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141714/https://www.state.gov/p/nea/rls/rm/221274.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Geografie, climate, an environs == The laund aurie o the [[contiguous Unitit States]] is {{convert|2959064|sqmi|km2|1}}. Alaska, separatit frae the contiguous Unitit States bi Canadae, is the mucklest state at {{convert|663268|sqmi|km2|1}}. [[Hawaii]], occupyin an airchipelago in the central [[Paceefic Ocean|Paceefic]], soothwast o North Americae, is {{convert|10931|sqmi|km2|0}} in aurie. The populatit territories o [[Puerto Rico]], [[American Samoa]], [[Guam]], [[Northren Mariana Islands]], an [[Unitit States Virgin Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]] thegither civer {{convert|9185|sqmi|km2|0}}.<ref name="Land Area of US and states">{{cite web|title=2010 Census Area|url=http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/cph-2-1.pdf|website=census.gov|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|page=41|accessdate=January 18, 2015}}</ref> The Unitit States, wi its muckle size an geografic variety, includes maist climate teepes. Tae the east o the 100t meridian, the climate ranges frae humid continental in the north tae humid subtropical in the sooth.<ref>{{cite web|last=Boyden|first=Jennifer|title=Climate Regions of the United States|url=http://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html|website=Travel Tips|publisher=USA Today|accessdate=December 24, 2014|archive-date=2014-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225073246/http://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Great Plains wast o the 100t meridian are semi-arid. Much o the Wastren moontains hae an alpine climate. The climate is arid in the Great Basin, desert in the Soothwast, [[Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean]] in coastal Californie, an [[oceanic climate|oceanic]] in coastal [[Oregon]] an [[Washington (state)|Washington]] an soothren Alaska. Maist o Alaska is subarctic or polar. Hawaii an the soothren tip o [[Florida]] are tropical, as are the populatit territories in the Caribbean an the Paceefic.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Map of Köppen−Geiger Climate Classification|url=http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf|accessdate=August 19, 2015}}</ref> === Wildlife === The U.S. ecology is megadiverse: aboot 17,000 species o [[vascular plant]]s occur in the contiguous Unitit States an Alaska, an ower 1,800 species o flouering plants are foond in Hawaii, few o whit occur on the mainland.<ref>{{cite web |author=Morin, Nancy |url=http://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724222726/http://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |title=Vascular Plants of the United States |publisher=National Biological Service |work=Plants |accessdate=October 27, 2008 |archivedate=July 24, 2013 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724222726/http://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |date=2013-07-24 }}</ref> The Unitit States is hame tae 428 mammal species, 784 bird species, 311 reptile species, an 295 amphibian species.<ref name="Current Results # of native species in the US">{{cite web|last1=Osborn|first1=Liz|title=Number of Native Species in United States|url=http://www.currentresults.com/Environment-Facts/Plants-Animals/number-of-native-species-in-united-states.php|publisher=Current Results Nexus|accessdate=January 15, 2015}}</ref> Aboot 91,000 insect species hae been describit.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.si.edu/Encyclopedia_SI/nmnh/buginfo/bugnos.htm |title=Numbers of Insects (Species and Individuals) |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |accessdate=January 20, 2009}}</ref> The [[bauld eagle]] is baith the naitional bird an naitional ainimal o the Unitit States, an is an endurin seembol o the kintra itsel.<ref name=j23>{{cite journal |last1=Lawrence |first1=E.A. |year=1990 |title=Symbol of a Nation: The Bald Eagle in American Culture |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-american-culture_spring-1990_13_1/page/63 |journal=The Journal of American Culture |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=63–69|doi=10.1111/j.1542-734X.1990.1301_63.x }}</ref> == Cultur == The Unitit States is hame tae [[Multiculturalism|mony culturs]] an a wide variety o ethnic groups, tradeetions, an values.<ref name="DD" /><ref name="Society in Focus">Thompson, William; Hickey, Joseph (2005). ''Society in Focus''. Boston: Pearson. ISBN 0-205-41365-X.</ref> Aside frae the [[Hamespun Americans in the Unitit States|Hamespun American]], [[Hamespun Hawaiians|Hamespun Hawaiian]], an [[Alaska Hamespuns|Hamespun Alaskan]] populations, nearly aw Americans or thair ancestors settled or emigratit within the past five centuries.<ref>Fiorina, Morris P.; Peterson, Paul E. (2000). ''The New American Democracy''. London: Longman, p. 97. ISBN 0-321-07058-5.</ref> Mainstream American cultur is a Wastren cultur mucklely derived frae the tradeetions o European emigrants wi influences frae mony ither soorces, sic as tradeetions brocht bi slaves frae Africae.<ref name="DD" /><ref>Holloway, Joseph E. (2005). ''Africanisms in American Culture'', 2d ed. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, pp. 18–38. ISBN 0-253-34479-4. Johnson, Fern L. (1999). ''Speaking Culturally: Language Diversity in the United States''. Thousand Oaks, Calif., London, and New Delhi: Sage, p. 116. ISBN 0-8039-5912-5.</ref> ===Cuisine=== Mainstream American cuisine is seemilar tae that in ither Wastren kintras. Chairactereestic dishes sic as aiple pie, fried chicken, pizza, hamburgers, an het dogs derive frae the recipes o various emigrants. French fries, [[Mexican cuisine|Mexican]] dishes sic as burritos an tacos, an pasta dishes freely adaptit frae Italian soorces are widely consumed.<ref name="IFT">{{cite web |url=http://www.newswise.com/articles/what-when-and-where-americans-eat-in-2003|author=Klapthor, James N. |title=What, When, and Where Americans Eat in 2003 |publisher=Newswise/Institute of Food Technologists |date=August 23, 2003|accessdate=June 19, 2007}}</ref> Americans drink three times as much coffee as tea.<ref name=coffeeandtea>{{cite news|last1=H|first1=D|title=The coffee insurgency|url=http://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2013/12/daily-chart-17|website=The Economist|accessdate=January 15, 2015}}</ref> Mercatin bi U.S. industries is mucklely responsible for makkin orange juice an milk ubiquitous breakfast beverages.<ref>[[#Smith2004|Smith, 2004]], pp. 131–132</ref><ref>[[#Levenstein|Levenstein, 2003]], pp. 154–55</ref> ===Airts=== In leeturatur, [[Edgar Allen Poe]], [[Emily Dickenson]], [[Mark Twain]], [[William Faulkner]], [[Ernest Hemingway]], [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]], [[Herman Melville]], an [[John Steinbeck]] are amang the maist weel kent Americans, while [[Jackson Pollock]], [[Georgia O'Keefe]], an [[Andy Warhol]] are some o the maist weel kent American painters. [[Hollywood]], a northren destrict o [[Los Angeles]], Californie, is ane o the leaders in motion pictur production.<ref>{{cite press release |url= http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=30707 |title=Nigeria surpasses Hollywood as world's second largest film producer |publisher=United Nations |date=May 5, 2009 |accessdate=February 17, 2013}}</ref> Syne the early 20t century, the U.S. film industry haes mucklely been based in an aroond Hollywood, awtho in the 21st century an increasin nummer o films are nae made thare, an film companies hae been subject tae the forces o globalisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/john-landis-rails-studios-theyre-659222|title=John Landis Rails Against Studios: 'They're Not in the Movie Business Anymore'|publisher=''The Hollywood Reporter''|accessdate=January 24, 2015}}</ref> Muisic in Americae haes been influenced bi [[African-American]] cultur, wi [[Duke Ellington]] an [[Louis Armstrong]] pioneerin the [[Jazz]] genre. [[Elvis Presley]] an [[Buddy Holly]] war leadin airtists in pioneerin popular muisic in the 1950s. Syne then, the Unitit States haes produced mony popular airtists, includin [[Michael Jackson]], [[Whitney Houston]], [[Madonna]], [[Katy Perry]], [[Taylor Swift]], an [[Beyoncé]], amang mony ithers. ==Sport== [[American fitba]] is the maist popular sport in the Unitit States.<ref>{{cite web |author=Krane, David K. |title=Professional Football Widens Its Lead Over Baseball as Nation's Favorite Sport |url=http://www.harrisinteractive.com/Insights/HarrisVault8482.aspx?PID=337 |publisher=Harris Interactive |date=October 30, 2002 |accessdate=September 14, 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709111448/http://www.harrisinteractive.com/Insights/HarrisVault8482.aspx?PID=337 |archivedate=July 9, 2010 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709111448/http://www.harrisinteractive.com/Insights/HarrisVault8482.aspx?PID=337 |date=2010-07-09 }} MacCambridge, Michael (2004). ''America's Game: The Epic Story of How Pro Football Captured a Nation''. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-375-50454-0.</ref> The [[National Football League]] (NFL) haes the heichest average attendance o ony sports league in the warld, an the [[Super Bowl]] is watched bi millions globally. [[Basebaw]] haes been regairdit as the U.S. [[naitional sport]] syne the late 19t century, wi [[Major League Baseball]] (MLB) bein the tap league. [[Basketbaw]] an [[ice hockey]] are the kintra's next twa [[Major professional sports leagues in the Unitit States an Canadae|leadin professional team sports]], wi the tap leagues bein the [[National Basketball Association]] (NBA) an the [[National Hockey League]] (NHL). Aight [[Olympic Gemmes]] hae taken place in the Unitit States. As o 2014, the Unitit States haes wan 2,400 medals at the [[Simmer Olympic Gemmes]], mair nor ony ither kintra, an 281 in the [[Winter Olympic Gemmes]], the seicont maist behind Norawa.<ref>{{cite news |title= The 10 most fascinating facts about the all-time Winter Olympics medal standings |first= Chris |last= Chase |date= February 7, 2014 |work= [[USA Today]] |url= http://ftw.usatoday.com/2014/02/winter-olympics-medal-count-sochi-all-time-facts/ |accessdate= February 28, 2014 |archive-date= 2019-12-15 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191215084716/https://ftw.usatoday.com/2014/02/winter-olympics-medal-count-sochi-all-time-facts |url-status= dead }} {{cite news |title= With Sochi Olympics approaching, a history of Winter Olympic medals |date= February 6, 2014 |first= Dan |last= Loumena |work= [[Los Angeles Times]] |url= http://articles.latimes.com/2014/feb/06/sports/la-sp-a-history-of-the-winter-olympic-medals-20140206 |accessdate= February 28, 2014 }}</ref> == States o the Unitit States == {{main|U.S. state}} {| border="0" |----- | valign="top" | * [[Alabama]] * [[Alaska]] * [[Arizona]] * [[Arkansas]] * [[Californie]] * [[Colorado]] * [[Connecticut]] * [[Delaware]] * [[Florida]] * [[Georgie (U.S. state)|Georgie]] | valign="top" | * [[Hawaii]] * [[Idaho]] * [[Illinois]] * [[Indiana]] * [[Iowa]] * [[Kansas]] * [[Kentucky]] * [[Louisiana]] * [[Maine]] * [[Maryland]] | valign="top" | * [[Massachusetts]] * [[Michigan]] * [[Minnesota]] * [[Mississippi]] * [[Missouri]] * [[Montana]] * [[Nebraska]] * [[Nevada]] * [[New Hampshire]] * [[New Jersey]] | valign="top" | * [[New Mexico]] * [[New York]] * [[North Carolina]] * [[North Dakota]] * [[Ohio]] * [[Oklahoma]] * [[Oregon]] * [[Pennsylvanie]] * [[Rhode Island]] * [[Sooth Carolina]] | valign="top" | * [[Sooth Dakota]] * [[Tennessee]] * [[Texas]] * [[Utah]] * [[Vermont]] * [[Wast Virginie]] * [[Virginie]] * [[Washington (state)|Washington]] * [[Wisconsin]] * [[Wyoming]] |} ==Notes== <references group="fn"/> ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ===Soorces=== {{Commonscat|United States}} * {{cite book |last=Simonson |first=Peter |title=Refiguring Mass Communication: A History |url=https://archive.org/details/refiguringmassco0000simo |ref=Simonson |year=2010 |publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]]|quote=He held high the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the nation's unofficial motto, ''e pluribus unum'', even as he was recoiling from the party system in which he had long participated. |location=Urbana |isbn=978-0-252-07705-0}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=N6lrAmPlbvIC&pg=PA79&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false Book] * {{cite web |url= http://www.treasury.gov/about/education/Pages/in-god-we-trust.aspx |title=History of "In God We Trust" |ref=God |publisher=U.S. Department of the Treasury |date=March 8, 2011 |accessdate=February 23, 2013}} * {{cite news |title=Looking back 20 years: Who deserves credit for ending the Cold War? |author=Nick Hayes |ref=Hayes |url=http://www.minnpost.com/politics-policy/2009/11/looking-back-20-years-who-deserves-credit-ending-cold-war |newspaper=MinnPost |date=November 6, 2009 |accessdate=March 11, 2013}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.ushistory.org/us/59e.asp |title=59e. The End of the Cold War |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |work=U.S. History.org |ref=ushistory13|publisher=Independence Hall Association |accessdate=March 10, 2013}} * {{cite book |last=Smith |first= Andrew F. |year=2004 |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America'' |ref=Smith2004 |publisher=New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 131–32. ISBN 0-19-515437-1}} * {{cite book |last=Levenstein |first=Harvey |title=Revolution at the Table: The Transformation of the American Diet |url=https://archive.org/details/revolutionattabl0000leve_d6o6 |ref=Levenstein |publisher=University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles |year=2003 |isbn=0-520-23439-1}} {{Unitit States topics}} [[Category:Unitit States| ]] [[Category:1776 establishments in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Umwhile Breetish colonies]] [[Category:Umwhile confederations]] [[Category:G8 naitions]] [[Category:G20 naitions]] [[Category:Leeberal democracies]] [[Category:Member states o NATO]] [[Category:Member states o the Unitit Naitions]] [[Category:Republics]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1776]] ocw2nf72qrqy2ja3gmcj7dwidhjggun 0 8709 920601 898659 2026-08-10T19:28:14Z Martin Macha 2111 73551 /* */ 920601 wikitext text/x-wiki {{aboot|kintra in Sooth Americae|ither uisses|Colombie (disambiguation)}} {{Coord|4|N|72|W|display=title}} {{Infobox country | coordinates = {{Coord|4|35|N|74|4|W|type:city}} | conventional_long_name = Republic o Colombie | native_name = {{native name|es|República de Colombia|fontsize=70%}} | image_flag = Flag of Colombia.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Colombia.svg | common_name = Colombie | national_motto = {{native phrase|es|"Libertad y Orden"|italics=off|nolink=yes}}<br />{{small|"Freedom an Order"}} | national_anthem = {{native phrase|es|[[Naitional Anthem o Colombie|¡Oh, Gloria Inmarcesible!]]|nolink=yes}}<br />{{small|''O unfadin glory!''}}<br />[[File:United States Navy Band - ¡Oh, gloria inmarcesible!.ogg|center]] | image_map = COL orthographic (San Andrés and Providencia special).svg |map_caption = {{map caption |location_color=dark green |region=[[Sooth Americae]] |region_color= grey }} | capital = [[Bogotá]] | largest_city = caipital | official_languages = [[Spaingie leid|Spaingie]]^a | recognized_regional_languages = 68 ethnic leids an dialects. [[Inglis leid|Inglis]] is an aa offeecial in the [[airchipelago o San Andrés, Providencia an Santa Catalina]]. | ethnic_groups = {{vunblist | 86% [[Mestizo Colombian|Mestizo]] an [[White Colombian|White]]; | 10.6% [[Afro-Colombian|Black]] | {{small|(includes [[Mulatto]])}}; | 3.4% [[Indigenous fowks in Colombie|Amerindian]] }} |ethnic_groups_year = 2005<ref name = "grupos étnicos">{{cite web|title= visibilización estadística de los grupos étnicos|url=http://www.dane.gov.co/files/censo2005/etnia/sys/visibilidad_estadistica_etnicos.pdf|work=Censo General 2005|publisher=Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadistica (DANE)|accessdate=15 June 2013 }} </ref><ref name="The Society and Its Environment">{{cite book|last1=Bushnell |first1=David |last2=Hudson |first2=Rex A. |year=2010 |title=The Society and Its Environment; Colombia: a country study |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/cs/pdf/CS_Colombia.pdf |pages=87, 92 |publisher=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, Washington D.C.}}</ref> | demonym = [[Colombians|Colombian]] | government_type = [[Unitar state|Unitar]] [[Presidential seestem|presidential]] [[constitutional]] [[republic]] | leader_title1 = [[Preses o Colombie|Preses]] | leader_name1 = [[Abelardo de la Espriella]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice Preses o Colombie|Vice Preses]] | leader_name2 = [[José Manuel Restrepo]] | leader_title3 = [[Preses o the Congress o Colombie|Preses o the Congress]] | leader_name3 = [[Honorio Henríquez]] | leader_title4 = [[Supreme Coort o Juistice o Colombie|Preses o the Supreme Coort]] | leader_name4 = [[Iván Mauricio Lenis Gómez]] | legislature = [[Congress o Colombie|Congress]] | upper_house = [[Senate o Colombie|Senate]] | lower_house = [[Chaumer o Representatives o Colombie|Chaumer o Representatives]] | established_event1 = [[Colombian Declaration o Unthirldom|Declared]] | sovereignty_type = Unthirldom {{nobold|frae [[Spain]]}} | established_event2 = Recognised | established_date1 = 20 July 1810 | established_event4 = {{nowrap|[[Colombie Constitution o 1991|Current constitution]]}} | established_date2 = 7 August 1819 | established_event3 = Last unitarisation | established_date4 = 4 Julie 1991 | established_date3 = 1886 | area_km2 = 1,141,748 | area_rank = 25t | area_sq_mi = 440,831 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = 8.8 (17t) | population_estimate = 49,587,941<ref name="DANE clock">{{cite web |url= http://www.dane.gov.co/reloj/ |title= Animated clock |publisher= Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE) |accessdate= 15 January 2018 |archive-date= 2018-01-16 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180116020433/http://www.dane.gov.co/reloj/ |url-status= dead }}</ref> | population_census = 42,888,592<ref name="DANE clock"/> | population_estimate_year = Januar 2018 | population_estimate_rank = 29t | population_census_year = 2005 | population_density_km2 = 40.74 | population_density_rank = 173rd | population_density_sq_mi = 105.72<!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | GDP_PPP = $747.024&nbsp;billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web |url= https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=68&pr.y=9&sy=2018&ey=2018&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=233&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=World Economic Outlook Database: Colombia |publisher=International Monetary Fund |date= October 2017|accessdate= 15 January 2018}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2018 | GDP_PPP_rank = 31st | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $14,992<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = $322.489&nbsp;billion<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2018 | GDP_nominal_rank = 32nt | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $6,472<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = | Gini = 51.7 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2016 | Gini_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="socio-economic policies">{{cite web |url= https://www.dane.gov.co/files/investigaciones/condiciones_vida/pobreza/bol_pobreza_16.pdf|title= socio-economic policies|publisher= dane.gov.co |accessdate= 24 March 2017}}</ref> | HDI = 0.727 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2015<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf |title=2016 Human Development Report|year=2016 |accessdate= 29 March 2017|publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 95t | currency = [[Colombie peso|Peso]] | currency_code = COP | time_zone = [[Time in Colombie|COT]] | utc_offset = −5^b | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | date_format = dd−mm−yyyy (CE) | drives_on = richt | calling_code = [[+57]] | cctld = [[.co]] | country_code = CO | footnote_a = Awtho the Colombian Constitution specifees Spaingie (''Castellano'') as the offeecial leid in aw Colombie territory, ither leids spoken in the kintra bi ethnic groups – approximately 68 leids – ilk is an aa offeecial in its awn territory.<ref> Colombian Constitution of 1991 (Title I – Concerning Fundamental Principles – Article 10)</ref> Inglis is an aa offeecial in the [[airchipelago o San Andrés, Providencia an Santa Catalina]].<ref name="LEY47DE1993"> {{cite web|url= http://www.alcaldiabogota.gov.co/sisjur/normas/Norma1.jsp?i=2780|title= LEY 47 DE 1993|publisher= alcaldiabogota.gov.co|language= Spanish|accessdate= 23 February 2014}}</ref>| footnote_b = The offeecial Colombie time<ref>{{cite web|url= http://horalegal.inm.gov.co/|title= The official Colombian time|publisher= horalegal.inm.gov.co|language= Spanish|accessdate= 23 February 2014|archive-date= 2014-02-09|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140209074753/http://horalegal.inm.gov.co/|url-status= dead}}</ref> is controlled an coordinatit bi the [[Naitional Institute o Metrology (Colombie)|Naitional Institute o Metrology]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.secretariasenado.gov.co/senado/basedoc/decreto_4175_2011.html|title= Decreto 4175 de 2011, artículo 6, numeral 14|publisher= Presidencia de la República de Colombia|language= Spanish|accessdate= 14 March 2016|archive-date= 2016-04-15|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160415083653/http://www.secretariasenado.gov.co/senado/basedoc/decreto_4175_2011.html|url-status= dead}}</ref> }} [[File:Mapa de Colombia (departamentos).svg|thumb|Departaments o Colombie]] '''Colombie''', offeecially the '''Republic o Colombie''' ({{lang-es|label=[[Spainish leid|Spainish]]|República de Colombia}}, {{IPA-esdia|reˈpuβlika ðe koˈlombja|pronoonced}}), is a kintra in north-wastren [[Sooth Americae]]. Colombie marches tae the east wi [[Venezuela]] an [[Brazil]]; tae the sooth wi [[Ecuador]] an [[Peru]]; tae the north wi the [[Caribbean Sea]]; tae the north wast wi [[Panama]]; an tae the wast wi the [[Paceefic Ocean]]. Colombie shares maritime marches wi [[Jamaica]], [[Haiti]], the [[Dominican Republic]], [[Honduras]], [[Nicaragua]] an [[Costa Rica]] an aw. Colombie is the 26t maistmuckle naition in the warld an the fowert maistmuckle in Sooth Americae (efter Brazil, Argentinae, an Peru), wi an area mair nor twa times that o Fraunce. It haes the 29t lairgest population in the warld an the seicont lairgest in Sooth Americae an aw, efter Brazil. Colombie haes the third maistmuckle Spainish-spikkin population in the warld efter [[Mexico]] an [[Spain]]. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat|Colombia}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Colombie| ]] [[Category:Andean Commonty]] [[Category:Kintras in Sooth Americae]] [[Category:Constitutional republics]] [[Category:Kintras in the Caribbean]] [[Category:Umwhile Spaingie colonies]] [[Category:Member states o the Union o Sooth American Naitions]] [[Category:Member states o the Unitit Naitions]] [[Category:Republics]] [[Category:Spaingie-speakin kintras an territories]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1810]] 5bbrg1rbmvtv8f7w5hetmjvqtdm5xrk 920602 920601 2026-08-10T19:34:07Z Martin Macha 2111 73551 /* */ 920602 wikitext text/x-wiki {{aboot|kintra in Sooth Americae|ither uisses|Colombie (disambiguation)}} {{Coord|4|N|72|W|display=title}} {{Infobox country | coordinates = {{Coord|4|35|N|74|4|W|type:city}} | conventional_long_name = Republic o Colombie | native_name = {{native name|es|República de Colombia|fontsize=70%}} | image_flag = Flag of Colombia.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Colombia.svg | common_name = Colombie | national_motto = {{native phrase|es|"Libertad y Orden"|italics=off|nolink=yes}}<br />{{small|"Freedom an Order"}} | national_anthem = {{native phrase|es|[[Naitional Anthem o Colombie|¡Oh, Gloria Inmarcesible!]]|nolink=yes}}<br />{{small|''O unfadin glory!''}}<br />[[File:United States Navy Band - ¡Oh, gloria inmarcesible!.ogg|center]] | image_map = COL orthographic (San Andrés and Providencia special).svg |map_caption = {{map caption |location_color=dark green |region=[[Sooth Americae]] |region_color= grey }} | capital = [[Bogotá]] | largest_city = caipital | official_languages = [[Spaingie leid|Spaingie]]^a | recognized_regional_languages = 68 ethnic leids an dialects. [[Inglis leid|Inglis]] is an aa offeecial in the [[airchipelago o San Andrés, Providencia an Santa Catalina]]. | ethnic_groups = {{vunblist | 86% [[Mestizo Colombian|Mestizo]] an [[White Colombian|White]]; | 10.6% [[Afro-Colombian|Black]] | {{small|(includes [[Mulatto]])}}; | 3.4% [[Indigenous fowks in Colombie|Amerindian]] }} |ethnic_groups_year = 2005<ref name = "grupos étnicos">{{cite web|title= visibilización estadística de los grupos étnicos|url=http://www.dane.gov.co/files/censo2005/etnia/sys/visibilidad_estadistica_etnicos.pdf|work=Censo General 2005|publisher=Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadistica (DANE)|accessdate=15 June 2013 }} </ref><ref name="The Society and Its Environment">{{cite book|last1=Bushnell |first1=David |last2=Hudson |first2=Rex A. |year=2010 |title=The Society and Its Environment; Colombia: a country study |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/cs/pdf/CS_Colombia.pdf |pages=87, 92 |publisher=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, Washington D.C.}}</ref> | demonym = [[Colombians|Colombian]] | government_type = [[Unitar state|Unitar]] [[Presidential seestem|presidential]] [[constitutional]] [[republic]] | leader_title1 = [[Preses o Colombie|Preses]] | leader_name1 = [[Abelardo de la Espriella]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice Preses o Colombie|Vice Preses]] | leader_name2 = [[José Manuel Restrepo]] | leader_title3 = [[Preses o the Congress o Colombie|Preses o the Congress]] | leader_name3 = [[Honorio Henríquez]] | leader_title4 = [[Supreme Coort o Juistice o Colombie|Preses o the Supreme Coort]] | leader_name4 = [[Iván Mauricio Lenis Gómez]] | legislature = [[Congress o Colombie|Congress]] | upper_house = [[Senate o Colombie|Senate]] | lower_house = [[Chaumer o Representatives o Colombie|Chaumer o Representatives]] | established_event1 = [[Colombian Declaration o Unthirldom|Declared]] | sovereignty_type = Unthirldom {{nobold|frae [[Spain]]}} | established_event2 = Recognised | established_date1 = 20 July 1810 | established_event4 = {{nowrap|[[Colombie Constitution o 1991|Current constitution]]}} | established_date2 = 7 August 1819 | established_event3 = Last unitarisation | established_date4 = 4 Julie 1991 | established_date3 = 1886 | area_km2 = 1,141,748 | area_rank = 25t | area_sq_mi = 440,831 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = 8.8 (17t) | population_estimate = 53,399,171<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dane.gov.co/index.php/estadisticas-por-tema/demografia-y-poblacion/proyecciones-de-poblacion |title=Proyecciones de Población DANE |access-date=10 August 2026}}</ref> | population_census = 42,888,592<ref name="DANE clock"/> | population_estimate_year = 2026 | population_estimate_rank = 26t | population_census_year = 2005 | population_density_km2 = 46.77 | population_density_rank = 173rd | population_density_sq_mi = 105.72<!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $1.259 trillion<ref name="IMFWEO.CO">{{cite web |url=https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0) |title=World Economic Outlook Database (April 2026 Edition) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=14 April 2026 |access-date=19 April 2026}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2026 | GDP_PPP_rank = 32nd | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $23,576<ref name="IMFWEO.CO" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 85th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $539.530 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.CO" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2026 | GDP_nominal_rank = 32nd | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $10,104<ref name="IMFWEO.CO" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 89th | Gini = 53.9 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2023 | Gini_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/colombia/#economy|title=Colombia - The World Factbook|access-date=2026-06-06|archive-date=2026-01-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260102141003/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/colombia/#economy|url-status=dead}}</ref> | HDI = 0.788 | HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 83rd | currency = [[Colombie peso|Peso]] | currency_code = COP | time_zone = [[Time in Colombie|COT]] | utc_offset = −5^b | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | date_format = dd−mm−yyyy (CE) | drives_on = richt | calling_code = [[+57]] | cctld = [[.co]] | country_code = CO | footnote_a = Awtho the Colombian Constitution specifees Spaingie (''Castellano'') as the offeecial leid in aw Colombie territory, ither leids spoken in the kintra bi ethnic groups – approximately 68 leids – ilk is an aa offeecial in its awn territory.<ref> Colombian Constitution of 1991 (Title I – Concerning Fundamental Principles – Article 10)</ref> Inglis is an aa offeecial in the [[airchipelago o San Andrés, Providencia an Santa Catalina]].<ref name="LEY47DE1993"> {{cite web|url= http://www.alcaldiabogota.gov.co/sisjur/normas/Norma1.jsp?i=2780|title= LEY 47 DE 1993|publisher= alcaldiabogota.gov.co|language= Spanish|accessdate= 23 February 2014}}</ref>| footnote_b = The offeecial Colombie time<ref>{{cite web|url= http://horalegal.inm.gov.co/|title= The official Colombian time|publisher= horalegal.inm.gov.co|language= Spanish|accessdate= 23 February 2014|archive-date= 2014-02-09|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140209074753/http://horalegal.inm.gov.co/|url-status= dead}}</ref> is controlled an coordinatit bi the [[Naitional Institute o Metrology (Colombie)|Naitional Institute o Metrology]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.secretariasenado.gov.co/senado/basedoc/decreto_4175_2011.html|title= Decreto 4175 de 2011, artículo 6, numeral 14|publisher= Presidencia de la República de Colombia|language= Spanish|accessdate= 14 March 2016|archive-date= 2016-04-15|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160415083653/http://www.secretariasenado.gov.co/senado/basedoc/decreto_4175_2011.html|url-status= dead}}</ref> }} [[File:Mapa de Colombia (departamentos).svg|thumb|Departaments o Colombie]] '''Colombie''', offeecially the '''Republic o Colombie''' ({{lang-es|label=[[Spainish leid|Spainish]]|República de Colombia}}, {{IPA-esdia|reˈpuβlika ðe koˈlombja|pronoonced}}), is a kintra in north-wastren [[Sooth Americae]]. Colombie marches tae the east wi [[Venezuela]] an [[Brazil]]; tae the sooth wi [[Ecuador]] an [[Peru]]; tae the north wi the [[Caribbean Sea]]; tae the north wast wi [[Panama]]; an tae the wast wi the [[Paceefic Ocean]]. Colombie shares maritime marches wi [[Jamaica]], [[Haiti]], the [[Dominican Republic]], [[Honduras]], [[Nicaragua]] an [[Costa Rica]] an aw. Colombie is the 26t maistmuckle naition in the warld an the fowert maistmuckle in Sooth Americae (efter Brazil, Argentinae, an Peru), wi an area mair nor twa times that o Fraunce. It haes the 29t lairgest population in the warld an the seicont lairgest in Sooth Americae an aw, efter Brazil. Colombie haes the third maistmuckle Spainish-spikkin population in the warld efter [[Mexico]] an [[Spain]]. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat|Colombia}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Colombie| ]] [[Category:Andean Commonty]] [[Category:Kintras in Sooth Americae]] [[Category:Constitutional republics]] [[Category:Kintras in the Caribbean]] [[Category:Umwhile Spaingie colonies]] [[Category:Member states o the Union o Sooth American Naitions]] [[Category:Member states o the Unitit Naitions]] [[Category:Republics]] [[Category:Spaingie-speakin kintras an territories]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1810]] 5jcbogxzvzksipw1vzkliowrw65nhgd 920604 920602 2026-08-10T22:54:47Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 920604 wikitext text/x-wiki {{aboot|kintra in Sooth Americae|ither uisses|Colombie (disambiguation)}} {{Coord|4|N|72|W|display=title}} {{Infobox kintra | coordinates = {{Coord|4|35|N|74|4|W|type:city}} | conventional_long_name = Republic o Colombie | native_name = {{native name|es|República de Colombia|fontsize=70%}} | image_flag = Flag of Colombia.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Colombia.svg | common_name = Colombie | national_motto = {{native phrase|es|"Libertad y Orden"|italics=off|nolink=yes}}<br />{{small|"Freedom an Order"}} | national_anthem = {{native phrase|es|[[Naitional Anthem o Colombie|¡Oh, Gloria Inmarcesible!]]|nolink=yes}}<br />{{small|''O unfadin glory!''}}<br />[[File:United States Navy Band - ¡Oh, gloria inmarcesible!.ogg|center]] | image_map = COL orthographic (San Andrés and Providencia special).svg |map_caption = {{map caption |location_color=dark green |region=[[Sooth Americae]] |region_color= grey }} | capital = [[Bogotá]] | largest_city = caipital | official_languages = [[Spaingie leid|Spaingie]]^a | recognized_regional_languages = 68 ethnic leids an dialects. [[Inglis leid|Inglis]] is an aa offeecial in the [[airchipelago o San Andrés, Providencia an Santa Catalina]]. | ethnic_groups = {{vunblist | 86% [[Mestizo Colombian|Mestizo]] an [[White Colombian|White]]; | 10.6% [[Afro-Colombian|Black]] | {{small|(includes [[Mulatto]])}}; | 3.4% [[Indigenous fowks in Colombie|Amerindian]] }} |ethnic_groups_year = 2005<ref name = "grupos étnicos">{{cite web|title= visibilización estadística de los grupos étnicos|url=http://www.dane.gov.co/files/censo2005/etnia/sys/visibilidad_estadistica_etnicos.pdf|work=Censo General 2005|publisher=Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadistica (DANE)|accessdate=15 June 2013 }} </ref><ref name="The Society and Its Environment">{{cite book|last1=Bushnell |first1=David |last2=Hudson |first2=Rex A. |year=2010 |title=The Society and Its Environment; Colombia: a country study |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/cs/pdf/CS_Colombia.pdf |pages=87, 92 |publisher=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, Washington D.C.}}</ref> | demonym = [[Colombians|Colombian]] | government_type = [[Unitar state|Unitar]] [[Presidential seestem|presidential]] [[constitutional]] [[republic]] | leader_title1 = [[Preses o Colombie|Preses]] | leader_name1 = [[Abelardo de la Espriella]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice Preses o Colombie|Vice Preses]] | leader_name2 = [[José Manuel Restrepo]] | leader_title3 = [[Preses o the Congress o Colombie|Preses o the Congress]] | leader_name3 = [[Honorio Henríquez]] | leader_title4 = [[Supreme Coort o Juistice o Colombie|Preses o the Supreme Coort]] | leader_name4 = [[Iván Mauricio Lenis Gómez]] | legislature = [[Congress o Colombie|Congress]] | upper_house = [[Senate o Colombie|Senate]] | lower_house = [[Chaumer o Representatives o Colombie|Chaumer o Representatives]] | established_event1 = [[Colombian Declaration o Unthirldom|Declared]] | sovereignty_type = Unthirldom {{nobold|frae [[Spain]]}} | established_event2 = Recognised | established_date1 = 20 July 1810 | established_event4 = {{nowrap|[[Colombie Constitution o 1991|Current constitution]]}} | established_date2 = 7 August 1819 | established_event3 = Last unitarisation | established_date4 = 4 Julie 1991 | established_date3 = 1886 | area_km2 = 1,141,748 | area_rank = 25t | area_sq_mi = 440,831 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = 8.8 (17t) | population_estimate = 53,399,171<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dane.gov.co/index.php/estadisticas-por-tema/demografia-y-poblacion/proyecciones-de-poblacion |title=Proyecciones de Población DANE |access-date=10 August 2026}}</ref> | population_census = 42,888,592<ref name="DANE clock"/> | population_estimate_year = 2026 | population_estimate_rank = 26t | population_census_year = 2005 | population_density_km2 = 46.77 | population_density_rank = 173rd | population_density_sq_mi = 105.72<!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $1.259 trillion<ref name="IMFWEO.CO">{{cite web |url=https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0) |title=World Economic Outlook Database (April 2026 Edition) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=14 April 2026 |access-date=19 April 2026}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2026 | GDP_PPP_rank = 32nd | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $23,576<ref name="IMFWEO.CO" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 85th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $539.530 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.CO" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2026 | GDP_nominal_rank = 32nd | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $10,104<ref name="IMFWEO.CO" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 89th | Gini = 53.9 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2023 | Gini_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/colombia/#economy|title=Colombia - The World Factbook|access-date=2026-06-06|archive-date=2026-01-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260102141003/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/colombia/#economy|url-status=dead}}</ref> | HDI = 0.788 | HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 83rd | currency = [[Colombie peso|Peso]] | currency_code = COP | time_zone = [[Time in Colombie|COT]] | utc_offset = −5^b | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | date_format = dd−mm−yyyy (CE) | drives_on = richt | calling_code = [[+57]] | cctld = [[.co]] | country_code = CO | footnote_a = Awtho the Colombian Constitution specifees Spaingie (''Castellano'') as the offeecial leid in aw Colombie territory, ither leids spoken in the kintra bi ethnic groups – approximately 68 leids – ilk is an aa offeecial in its awn territory.<ref> Colombian Constitution of 1991 (Title I – Concerning Fundamental Principles – Article 10)</ref> Inglis is an aa offeecial in the [[airchipelago o San Andrés, Providencia an Santa Catalina]].<ref name="LEY47DE1993"> {{cite web|url= http://www.alcaldiabogota.gov.co/sisjur/normas/Norma1.jsp?i=2780|title= LEY 47 DE 1993|publisher= alcaldiabogota.gov.co|language= Spanish|accessdate= 23 February 2014}}</ref>| footnote_b = The offeecial Colombie time<ref>{{cite web|url= http://horalegal.inm.gov.co/|title= The official Colombian time|publisher= horalegal.inm.gov.co|language= Spanish|accessdate= 23 February 2014|archive-date= 2014-02-09|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140209074753/http://horalegal.inm.gov.co/|url-status= dead}}</ref> is controlled an coordinatit bi the [[Naitional Institute o Metrology (Colombie)|Naitional Institute o Metrology]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.secretariasenado.gov.co/senado/basedoc/decreto_4175_2011.html|title= Decreto 4175 de 2011, artículo 6, numeral 14|publisher= Presidencia de la República de Colombia|language= Spanish|accessdate= 14 March 2016|archive-date= 2016-04-15|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160415083653/http://www.secretariasenado.gov.co/senado/basedoc/decreto_4175_2011.html|url-status= dead}}</ref> }} [[File:Mapa de Colombia (departamentos).svg|thumb|Departaments o Colombie]] '''Colombie''', offeecially the '''Republic o Colombie''' ({{lang-es|label=[[Spainish leid|Spainish]]|República de Colombia}}, {{IPA-esdia|reˈpuβlika ðe koˈlombja|pronoonced}}), is a kintra in north-wastren [[Sooth Americae]]. Colombie marches tae the east wi [[Venezuela]] an [[Brazil]]; tae the sooth wi [[Ecuador]] an [[Peru]]; tae the north wi the [[Caribbean Sea]]; tae the north wast wi [[Panama]]; an tae the wast wi the [[Paceefic Ocean]]. Colombie shares maritime marches wi [[Jamaica]], [[Haiti]], the [[Dominican Republic]], [[Honduras]], [[Nicaragua]] an [[Costa Rica]] an aw. Colombie is the 26t maistmuckle naition in the warld an the fowert maistmuckle in Sooth Americae (efter Brazil, Argentinae, an Peru), wi an area mair nor twa times that o Fraunce. It haes the 29t lairgest population in the warld an the seicont lairgest in Sooth Americae an aw, efter Brazil. Colombie haes the third maistmuckle Spainish-spikkin population in the warld efter [[Mexico]] an [[Spain]]. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat|Colombia}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Colombie| ]] [[Category:Andean Commonty]] [[Category:Kintras in Sooth Americae]] [[Category:Constitutional republics]] [[Category:Kintras in the Caribbean]] [[Category:Umwhile Spaingie colonies]] [[Category:Member states o the Union o Sooth American Naitions]] [[Category:Member states o the Unitit Naitions]] [[Category:Republics]] [[Category:Spaingie-speakin kintras an territories]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1810]] 1udvjgpdeidttobtzlnee1opj51cj2q 0 14400 920606 895007 2026-08-11T00:41:24Z ~2026-44077-57 135517 edited some missinfo and a lot of typos 920606 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Palestinian Authority municipality |name=Ramallah |image= {{Photomontage | photo1a = Ramallahskyline2.jpg | photo2a = Il centro di Ramallah.JPG | photo2b = Mausoleo Arafat (Muqata, Ramallah) 01.JPG | photo3a = Roman Grain mill - panoramio.jpg | photo3b = 2010-08 Ramallah 07.jpg | size = 300 | spacing = 1 | color = transparent | border = 0 }} tap:'''<br>Ramallah skyline an the central mosque, Arafat mausoleum, Oor Leddy o the Annunciation Kirk, Roman ruins, [[Al-Manara Square]] |emblem= |emblem_type=Municipal Seal of Ramallah |arname= (رام الله (البيرة |hebname={{lang|he|רמאללה}} |coordinates = {{coord|31|54|N|35|12|E|region:PS|display=inline,title}} |palgrid=168/145 |founded= |type=muna |typefrom=1995 |altOffSp= |altUnoSp= |governorate=rb |population=27,092<ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crName=State%20of%20Palestine|title=UNdata – country profile – State of Palestine|author=|date=|work=un.org|access-date=2018-06-01|archive-date=2017-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606131842/http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crName=State%20of%20Palestine|url-status=dead}}</ref> |population_footnotes=<ref name="2007 PCBS Census">[http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_Rainbow/Documents/ramallah.htm 2007 PCBS Population] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171121230035/http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_Rainbow/Documents/ramallah.htm |date=2017-11-21 }}. Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics. p.53. (Arabic)</ref> |popyear=100,000 as of 2026 |area=16,344 |areakm=16.3 |mayor=Issa Qassis |website=[http://www.ramallah.ps/ www.ramallah.ps] }}Ramallah ("hill of God")[1] is a Palestinian city in the central West Bank, located 15 kilometers (9 miles) north of Jerusalem, adjacent to al-Bireh. It currently serves as the administrative capital of Palestine. With a population of nearly 100,000,[2] Ramallah was historically a Christian town, but today Muslims form the majority of the population, with a strong Christian minority. == International relations == * all the countries that currently recognize Palestine ** Saudi Arabia ** Jordan ** Egypt ** Qatar ** Türkiye ** China ** Russia ** India ** South Africa ** Brazil ** Argentina ** Mexico ** Norway ** Spain ** Ireland ** Slovenia ** United Kingdom ** Canada ** Australia ** Portugal ** France ** Belgium ** Malta ** Luxembourg ** Monaco ** Andorra ** San Marino == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Ceeties in Palestine]] [[Category:Populatit places established in the 16t century]] bfqu91z6jdmjzb84b7gdve9n64wiypi 920607 920606 2026-08-11T00:42:11Z PieWriter 125294 Undid eedits bi [[Special:Contributions/~2026-44077-57|~2026-44077-57]] ([[User talk:~2026-44077-57|talk]]) tae last revision bi InternetArchiveBot: wrong language 920607 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Palestinian Authority municipality |name=Ramallah |image= {{Photomontage | photo1a = Ramallahskyline2.jpg | photo2a = Il centro di Ramallah.JPG | photo2b = Mausoleo Arafat (Muqata, Ramallah) 01.JPG | photo3a = Roman Grain mill - panoramio.jpg | photo3b = 2010-08 Ramallah 07.jpg | size = 300 | spacing = 1 | color = transparent | border = 0 }} tap:'''<br>Ramallah skyline an the central mosque, Arafat mausoleum, Oor Leddy o the Annunciation Kirk, Roman ruins, [[Al-Manara Square]] |emblem= |emblem_type=Municipal Seal o Ramallah |arname= (رام الله (البيرة |hebname={{lang|he|רמאללה}} |coordinates = {{coord|31|54|N|35|12|E|region:PS|display=inline,title}} |palgrid=168/145 |founded= |type=muna |typefrom=1995 |altOffSp= |altUnoSp= |governorate=rb |population=27,092<ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crName=State%20of%20Palestine|title=UNdata – country profile – State of Palestine|author=|date=|work=un.org|access-date=2018-06-01|archive-date=2017-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606131842/http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crName=State%20of%20Palestine|url-status=dead}}</ref> |population_footnotes=<ref name="2007 PCBS Census">[http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_Rainbow/Documents/ramallah.htm 2007 PCBS Population] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171121230035/http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_Rainbow/Documents/ramallah.htm |date=2017-11-21 }}. Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics. p.53. (Arabic)</ref> |popyear=2009 |area=16,344 |areakm=16.3 |mayor=Musa Hadid |website=[http://www.ramallah.ps/ www.ramallah.ps] }}Ramallah(literally "Height o [[God]]")<ref>[http://www.ramallah.ps/etemplate.aspx?id=81 Ramallah.ps] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105032756/http://www.ramallah.ps/etemplate.aspx?id=81 |date=2011-11-05 }}</ref> is a [[State o Palestine|Palestinian]] ceety in the central [[Wast Bank]] locatit 10 kilometers (6 mile) north o [[Jerusalem]], adjacent tae [[al-Bireh]]. It currently serves as the admeenistrative caipital o [[State o Palestine|Palestine]]. Wi a population o nearly 25,500,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/populati/pop07.aspx |title=Projected Mid -Year Population for Ramallah & Al Bireh Governorate by Locality 2004 - 2006 |accessdate=2008-02-22 |publisher=Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics}}</ref> Ramallah wis historically a Christian toun, but today Muslims form the majority o the population, wi a strang Christian minority. == Internaitional relations == {{See an aa|Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in the Palestine}} === Twin touns — Sister ceeties === Ramallah is [[Twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi: * {{Flagicon|Norway}} [[Trondheim]], [[Norawa]] <small>''(since 2004)''<ref name="Trondheim">[http://www.trondheim.com/content.ap?thisId=93081934 Trondheims offisielle nettsted - Vennskapsbyer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120221223208/http://www.trondheim.com/content.ap?thisId=93081934 |date=2012-02-21 }}</ref></small> * {{Flagicon|Brazil}} [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Brazil]] == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Ceeties in Palestine]] [[Category:Populatit places established in the 16t century]] a8t55df7b1y8ih9iis6vj94s5kc5qq9 920608 920607 2026-08-11T00:46:51Z ~2026-44077-57 135517 fixing info that i messed up sorry 920608 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Palestinian Authority municipality |name=Ramallah |image= {{Photomontage | photo1a = Ramallahskyline2.jpg | photo2a = Il centro di Ramallah.JPG | photo2b = Mausoleo Arafat (Muqata, Ramallah) 01.JPG | photo3a = Roman Grain mill - panoramio.jpg | photo3b = 2010-08 Ramallah 07.jpg | size = 300 | spacing = 1 | color = transparent | border = 0 }} tap:'''<br>Ramallah skyline an the central mosque, Arafat mausoleum, Oor Leddy o the Annunciation Kirk, Roman ruins, [[Al-Manara Square]] |emblem= |emblem_type=Municipal Seal o Ramallah |arname= (رام الله (البيرة |hebname={{lang|he|רמאללה}} |coordinates = {{coord|31|54|N|35|12|E|region:PS|display=inline,title}} |palgrid=168/145 |founded= |type=muna |typefrom=1995 |altOffSp= |altUnoSp= |governorate=rb |population=27,092<ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crName=State%20of%20Palestine|title=UNdata – country profile – State of Palestine|author=|date=|work=un.org|access-date=2018-06-01|archive-date=2017-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606131842/http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crName=State%20of%20Palestine|url-status=dead}}</ref> |population_footnotes=<ref name="2007 PCBS Census">[http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_Rainbow/Documents/ramallah.htm 2007 PCBS Population] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171121230035/http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_Rainbow/Documents/ramallah.htm |date=2017-11-21 }}. Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics. p.53. (Arabic)</ref> |popyear=2009 |area=16,344 |areakm=16.3 |mayor=Musa Hadid |website=[http://www.ramallah.ps/ www.ramallah.ps] }}Ramallah ("Hill o God")[1] is a Palestinian ceety in the central Wast Bank, locatit 15 kilometres (9 mile) north o Jerusalem, next tae al-Bireh. It serves as the admeenistrative caipital o Palestine. Wi a population o nearly 100,000,[2] Ramallah wis historically a Christian toun, but the day Muslims mak up the majority o the population, wi a strang Christian minority. == Recognition o Palestine == {{See an aa|The follaein is a leet o some o the countries that currently recognise the State o Palestine: Saudi Arabia Jordan Egypt Qatar Türkiye China Russia India Sooth Africa Brazil Argentina Mexico Norawa Spain Ireland Slovenia Unitit Kinrick Canada Australie Portugal Fraunce Belgium Malta Luxembourg Monaco Andorra San Marino}} * == Referencesff == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Ceeties in Palestine]] [[Category:Populatit places established in the 16t century]] im9ucrary464p39ev1sbnn5e5514a84 920611 920608 2026-08-11T02:12:11Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Revertit edit o ~2026-44077-57, chynged back tae last version bi PieWriter 920607 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Palestinian Authority municipality |name=Ramallah |image= {{Photomontage | photo1a = Ramallahskyline2.jpg | photo2a = Il centro di Ramallah.JPG | photo2b = Mausoleo Arafat (Muqata, Ramallah) 01.JPG | photo3a = Roman Grain mill - panoramio.jpg | photo3b = 2010-08 Ramallah 07.jpg | size = 300 | spacing = 1 | color = transparent | border = 0 }} tap:'''<br>Ramallah skyline an the central mosque, Arafat mausoleum, Oor Leddy o the Annunciation Kirk, Roman ruins, [[Al-Manara Square]] |emblem= |emblem_type=Municipal Seal o Ramallah |arname= (رام الله (البيرة |hebname={{lang|he|רמאללה}} |coordinates = {{coord|31|54|N|35|12|E|region:PS|display=inline,title}} |palgrid=168/145 |founded= |type=muna |typefrom=1995 |altOffSp= |altUnoSp= |governorate=rb |population=27,092<ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crName=State%20of%20Palestine|title=UNdata – country profile – State of Palestine|author=|date=|work=un.org|access-date=2018-06-01|archive-date=2017-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606131842/http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crName=State%20of%20Palestine|url-status=dead}}</ref> |population_footnotes=<ref name="2007 PCBS Census">[http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_Rainbow/Documents/ramallah.htm 2007 PCBS Population] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171121230035/http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_Rainbow/Documents/ramallah.htm |date=2017-11-21 }}. Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics. p.53. (Arabic)</ref> |popyear=2009 |area=16,344 |areakm=16.3 |mayor=Musa Hadid |website=[http://www.ramallah.ps/ www.ramallah.ps] }}Ramallah(literally "Height o [[God]]")<ref>[http://www.ramallah.ps/etemplate.aspx?id=81 Ramallah.ps] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105032756/http://www.ramallah.ps/etemplate.aspx?id=81 |date=2011-11-05 }}</ref> is a [[State o Palestine|Palestinian]] ceety in the central [[Wast Bank]] locatit 10 kilometers (6 mile) north o [[Jerusalem]], adjacent tae [[al-Bireh]]. It currently serves as the admeenistrative caipital o [[State o Palestine|Palestine]]. Wi a population o nearly 25,500,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/populati/pop07.aspx |title=Projected Mid -Year Population for Ramallah & Al Bireh Governorate by Locality 2004 - 2006 |accessdate=2008-02-22 |publisher=Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics}}</ref> Ramallah wis historically a Christian toun, but today Muslims form the majority o the population, wi a strang Christian minority. == Internaitional relations == {{See an aa|Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in the Palestine}} === Twin touns — Sister ceeties === Ramallah is [[Twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi: * {{Flagicon|Norway}} [[Trondheim]], [[Norawa]] <small>''(since 2004)''<ref name="Trondheim">[http://www.trondheim.com/content.ap?thisId=93081934 Trondheims offisielle nettsted - Vennskapsbyer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120221223208/http://www.trondheim.com/content.ap?thisId=93081934 |date=2012-02-21 }}</ref></small> * {{Flagicon|Brazil}} [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Brazil]] == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Ceeties in Palestine]] [[Category:Populatit places established in the 16t century]] a8t55df7b1y8ih9iis6vj94s5kc5qq9 920617 920611 2026-08-11T02:25:18Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 920617 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Palestine municipality |name=Ramallah |image= {{Photomontage | photo1a = Ramallahskyline2.jpg | photo2a = Il centro di Ramallah.JPG | photo2b = Mausoleo Arafat (Muqata, Ramallah) 01.JPG | photo3a = Roman Grain mill - panoramio.jpg | photo3b = 2010-08 Ramallah 07.jpg | size = 300 | spacing = 1 | color = transparent | border = 0 }} tap:'''<br>Ramallah skyline an the central mosque, Arafat mausoleum, Oor Leddy o the Annunciation Kirk, Roman ruins, [[Al-Manara Square]] |emblem= |emblem_type=Municipal Seal o Ramallah |arname= (رام الله (البيرة |hebname={{lang|he|רמאללה}} |coordinates = {{coord|31|54|N|35|12|E|region:PS|display=inline,title}} |palgrid=168/145 |founded= |type=muna |typefrom=1995 |altOffSp= |altUnoSp= |governorate=rb |population=27,092<ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crName=State%20of%20Palestine|title=UNdata – country profile – State of Palestine|author=|date=|work=un.org|access-date=2018-06-01|archive-date=2017-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606131842/http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crName=State%20of%20Palestine|url-status=dead}}</ref> |population_footnotes=<ref name="2007 PCBS Census">[http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_Rainbow/Documents/ramallah.htm 2007 PCBS Population] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171121230035/http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_Rainbow/Documents/ramallah.htm |date=2017-11-21 }}. Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics. p.53. (Arabic)</ref> |popyear=2009 |area=16,344 |areakm=16.3 |mayor=Musa Hadid |website=[http://www.ramallah.ps/ www.ramallah.ps] }}Ramallah(literally "Height o [[God]]")<ref>[http://www.ramallah.ps/etemplate.aspx?id=81 Ramallah.ps] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105032756/http://www.ramallah.ps/etemplate.aspx?id=81 |date=2011-11-05 }}</ref> is a [[State o Palestine|Palestinian]] ceety in the central [[Wast Bank]] locatit 10 kilometers (6 mile) north o [[Jerusalem]], adjacent tae [[al-Bireh]]. It currently serves as the admeenistrative caipital o [[State o Palestine|Palestine]]. Wi a population o nearly 25,500,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/populati/pop07.aspx |title=Projected Mid -Year Population for Ramallah & Al Bireh Governorate by Locality 2004 - 2006 |accessdate=2008-02-22 |publisher=Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics}}</ref> Ramallah wis historically a Christian toun, but today Muslims form the majority o the population, wi a strang Christian minority. == Internaitional relations == {{See an aa|Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in the Palestine}} === Twin touns — Sister ceeties === Ramallah is [[Twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi: * {{Flagicon|Norway}} [[Trondheim]], [[Norawa]] <small>''(since 2004)''<ref name="Trondheim">[http://www.trondheim.com/content.ap?thisId=93081934 Trondheims offisielle nettsted - Vennskapsbyer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120221223208/http://www.trondheim.com/content.ap?thisId=93081934 |date=2012-02-21 }}</ref></small> * {{Flagicon|Brazil}} [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Brazil]] == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Ceeties in Palestine]] [[Category:Populatit places established in the 16t century]] r9vl0zzhzqw5c6t7sp4oon2e3m768ih 920618 920617 2026-08-11T02:25:31Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 920618 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Palestine municipality |name=Ramallah |image= {{Photomontage | photo1a = Ramallahskyline2.jpg | photo2a = Il centro di Ramallah.JPG | photo2b = Mausoleo Arafat (Muqata, Ramallah) 01.JPG | photo3a = Roman Grain mill - panoramio.jpg | photo3b = 2010-08 Ramallah 07.jpg | size = 300 | spacing = 1 | color = transparent | border = 0 }} tap:'''<br>Ramallah skyline an the central mosque, Arafat mausoleum, Oor Leddy o the Annunciation Kirk, Roman ruins, [[Al-Manara Square]] |emblem= |emblem_type=Municipal Seal o Ramallah |arname= (رام الله (البيرة |hebname={{lang|he|רמאללה}} |coordinates = {{coord|31|54|N|35|12|E|region:PS|display=inline,title}} |palgrid=168/145 |founded= |type=muna |typefrom=1995 |altOffSp= |altUnoSp= |governorate=rb |population=27,092<ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crName=State%20of%20Palestine|title=UNdata – country profile – State of Palestine|author=|date=|work=un.org|access-date=2018-06-01|archive-date=2017-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606131842/http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crName=State%20of%20Palestine|url-status=dead}}</ref> |population_footnotes=<ref name="2007 PCBS Census">[http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_Rainbow/Documents/ramallah.htm 2007 PCBS Population] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171121230035/http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_Rainbow/Documents/ramallah.htm |date=2017-11-21 }}. Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics. p.53. (Arabic)</ref> |popyear=2009 |area=16,344 |areakm=16.3 |mayor=Musa Hadid |website=[http://www.ramallah.ps/ www.ramallah.ps] }}Ramallah (literally "Height o [[God]]")<ref>[http://www.ramallah.ps/etemplate.aspx?id=81 Ramallah.ps] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105032756/http://www.ramallah.ps/etemplate.aspx?id=81 |date=2011-11-05 }}</ref> is a [[State o Palestine|Palestinian]] ceety in the central [[Wast Bank]] locatit 10 kilometers (6 mile) north o [[Jerusalem]], adjacent tae [[al-Bireh]]. It currently serves as the admeenistrative caipital o [[State o Palestine|Palestine]]. Wi a population o nearly 25,500,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/populati/pop07.aspx |title=Projected Mid -Year Population for Ramallah & Al Bireh Governorate by Locality 2004 - 2006 |accessdate=2008-02-22 |publisher=Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics}}</ref> Ramallah wis historically a Christian toun, but today Muslims form the majority o the population, wi a strang Christian minority. == Internaitional relations == {{See an aa|Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in the Palestine}} === Twin touns — Sister ceeties === Ramallah is [[Twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi: * {{Flagicon|Norway}} [[Trondheim]], [[Norawa]] <small>''(since 2004)''<ref name="Trondheim">[http://www.trondheim.com/content.ap?thisId=93081934 Trondheims offisielle nettsted - Vennskapsbyer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120221223208/http://www.trondheim.com/content.ap?thisId=93081934 |date=2012-02-21 }}</ref></small> * {{Flagicon|Brazil}} [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Brazil]] == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Ceeties in Palestine]] [[Category:Populatit places established in the 16t century]] q5m6mzogou5qf0dj4lsu95e0bxdmbvx 920619 920618 2026-08-11T02:28:00Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 920619 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Palestine municipality |name= Ramallah |image= {{Photomontage | photo1a = Ramallahskyline2.jpg | photo2a = Il centro di Ramallah.JPG | photo2b = Mausoleo Arafat (Muqata, Ramallah) 01.JPG | photo3a = Roman Grain mill - panoramio.jpg | photo3b = 2010-08 Ramallah 07.jpg | size = 300 | spacing = 1 | color = transparent | border = 0 }} tap:'''<br>Ramallah skyline an the central mosque, Arafat mausoleum, Oor Leddy o the Annunciation Kirk, Roman ruins, [[Al-Manara Square]] |emblem_type= Municipal Seal o Ramallah |arname= (رام الله (البيرة |hebname= {{lang|he|רמאללה}} |coordinates = {{coord|31|54|N|35|12|E|region:PS|display=inline,title}} |palgrid= 168/145 |type= muna |typefrom= 1995 |governorate= rb |population= 27,092<ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crName=State%20of%20Palestine|title=UNdata – country profile – State of Palestine|author=|date=|work=un.org|access-date=2018-06-01|archive-date=2017-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606131842/http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crName=State%20of%20Palestine|url-status=dead}}</ref> |population_footnotes= <ref name="2007 PCBS Census">[http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_Rainbow/Documents/ramallah.htm 2007 PCBS Population] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171121230035/http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_Rainbow/Documents/ramallah.htm |date=2017-11-21 }}. Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics. p.53. (Arabic)</ref> |popyear= 2009 |area= 16,344 |areakm= 16.3 |mayor= Musa Hadid |website= [http://www.ramallah.ps/ www.ramallah.ps] }}Ramallah (literally "Height o [[God]]")<ref>[http://www.ramallah.ps/etemplate.aspx?id=81 Ramallah.ps] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105032756/http://www.ramallah.ps/etemplate.aspx?id=81 |date=2011-11-05 }}</ref> is a [[State o Palestine|Palestinian]] ceety in the central [[Wast Bank]] locatit 10 kilometers (6 mile) north o [[Jerusalem]], adjacent tae [[al-Bireh]]. It currently serves as the admeenistrative caipital o [[State o Palestine|Palestine]]. Wi a population o nearly 25,500,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/populati/pop07.aspx |title=Projected Mid -Year Population for Ramallah & Al Bireh Governorate by Locality 2004 - 2006 |accessdate=2008-02-22 |publisher=Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics}}</ref> Ramallah wis historically a Christian toun, but today Muslims form the majority o the population, wi a strang Christian minority. == Internaitional relations == {{See an aa|Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in the Palestine}} === Twin touns — Sister ceeties === Ramallah is [[Twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi: * {{Flagicon|Norway}} [[Trondheim]], [[Norawa]] <small>''(since 2004)''<ref name="Trondheim">[http://www.trondheim.com/content.ap?thisId=93081934 Trondheims offisielle nettsted - Vennskapsbyer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120221223208/http://www.trondheim.com/content.ap?thisId=93081934 |date=2012-02-21 }}</ref></small> * {{Flagicon|Brazil}} [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Brazil]] == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Ceeties in Palestine]] [[Category:Populatit places established in the 16t century]] hni6mx6d14fr6vnm6h9ulx6xl8uuxay 0 44924 920638 638697 2026-08-11T08:12:50Z ~2026-43895-10 135530 name 920638 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Russian town |en_name=Tarko-Sale |ru_name=Тарко-Сале |loc_name1= |loc_lang1= |image_skyline= |image_caption= |coordinates = {{coord|64|55|21|N|77|47|6|E|display=inline,title}} |map_label_position=bottom |image_coa= |coa_caption= |image_flag= |flag_caption= |anthem= |anthem_ref= |holiday= |holiday_ref= |federal_subject=[[Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug]] |federal_subject_ref= |adm_data_as_of= |adm_city_jur= |adm_city_jur_ref= |adm_ctr_of=[[Purovsky Destrict]] |adm_ctr_of_ref= |inhabloc_cat=Toun |inhabloc_cat_ref=<ref name="2010Census"/> |inhabloc_type= |inhabloc_type_ref= |mun_data_as_of= |mun_district_jur= |mun_district_jur_ref= |urban_settlement_jur= |urban_settlement_jur_ref= |mun_admctr_of1=Purovsky Municipal Destrict |mun_admctr_of1_ref= |mun_admctr_of2= |mun_admctr_of2_ref= |leader_title=Head |leader_title_ref= |leader_name= |leader_name_ref= |representative_body= |representative_body_ref= |area_of_what= |area_as_of= |area_km2= |area_km2_ref= |pop_2010census=20398 |pop_2010census_ref=<ref name="2010Census">{{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}}</ref> |pop_density= |pop_density_as_of= |pop_density_ref= |pop_latest= |pop_latest_date= |pop_latest_ref= |established_date= |established_title= |established_date_ref= |current_cat_date= |current_cat_date_ref= |prev_name1= |prev_name1_date= |prev_name1_ref= |postal_codes= |postal_codes_ref= |dialing_codes= |dialing_codes_ref= |website= |website_ref= |commonscat= |date=January 2013 }} '''Tarko-Sale''' ({{lang-ru|Та́рко-Сале́}}) is a [[teeps o inhabitit localities in Roushie|toun]] an the [[admeenistrative centre]] o [[Purovsky Destrict]] o [[Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug]], [[Roushie]], locatit on the [[Pyakupur River]] near its [[confluence]] wi the [[Ayvasedapur River|Ayvasedapur]], {{convert|560|km|sp=us}} southeast of [[Salekhard]]. Population: {{ru-census|p2014=21,151|p2002=18,517|p1989=17,400}} ==History== It wis foondit in 1932, grantit [[urban-teep dounset]] status in 1976, an toun status on 23 Mairch 2004. salat kreek in yakutian ==Economy an cultur== There is a museum o local lear in the toun. Roushie's lairgest unthirlt gas producer, [[Novatek]], is heidquairtered in Tarko-Sale. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug}} [[Category:Ceeties an touns in Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug]] o5ydyvytcrtnhz61rw736ae84i3741h 0 90490 920593 511390 2026-08-10T13:07:21Z PanielDrokhorenko 135478 920593 wikitext text/x-wiki I DON'T UNDERSTAND SCOTS I CAN'T SPEAK SCOTS hz6nowr3btbwos5rz057uqw6mz9sm4r 920594 920593 2026-08-10T13:08:51Z NDG 120996 Revertit edit o [[Special:Contributions/PanielDrokhorenko|PanielDrokhorenko]] ([[User talk:PanielDrokhorenko|tauk]]), chynged back tae last version bi 76.20.25.243:revertin vandalism 511390 wikitext text/x-wiki An '''economist''' is a professional in the [[social sciences|social science]] discipline o [[economics]]. [[Category:Economists| ]] [[Category:Economics terminology]] [[Category:Social science thrift]] dxhwd5tezhswqraqjwgft86uzzz0aks 0 137375 920591 920569 2026-08-10T12:06:17Z PurpleDinosaur585 129975 stertit mendin Scots 920591 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fix Scots}} {{Infobox UK place |official_name= Dumfries |country = Scotland |static_image_name=Dumfries looking east.jpg |static_image_caption= Dumfries leukin east |population= 33,280 |population_ref= <ref name=2012pop2a>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/files//statistics/population-estimates/special-area/mid-2012-settlements/2012-pop-est-sett-local-main-tab2a.pdf |title="Mid-2012 Populations Estimates for Settlements and Localities in Scotland, table 2a" National Records for Scotland. Access date = 27 October 2014 |access-date=2020-02-19 |archive-date=2019-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204064320/https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/files//statistics/population-estimates/special-area/mid-2012-settlements/2012-pop-est-sett-local-main-tab2a.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=2012pop3a>[http://gro-scotland.gov.uk/files//statistics/population-estimates/special-area/mid-2012-settlements/2012-pop-est-sett-local-main-tab3a.pdf "Mid-2012 Populations Estimates for Settlements and Localities in Scotland, table 3a" National Records for Scotland. Access date = 27 October 2014]{{Dead link|date=September 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |os_grid_reference= NX976762 |coordinates = {{coord|55.070|-3.603|display=inline,title}} |post_town= DUMFRIES |postcode_area= DG |postcode_district = DG1/2 |dial_code= 01387 |constituency_westminster=• [[Dumfries an Gallowa (UK Pairlament constituency)|Dumfries an Gallowa]]<br>([[Scots Conservatives|Con]] – [[Alister Jack]]) |gaelic_name= Dùn Phris<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.gaelicplacenames.org/databasedetails.php?id=413 | title=Gaelic Place-Names of Scotland database | publisher=[[Ainmean-Àite na h-Alba]] | accessdate=17 October 2013 | archive-date=2016-08-03 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803142610/http://www.gaelicplacenames.org/databasedetails.php?id=413 | url-status=dead }}</ref> |unitary_scotland= [[Dumfries an Gallowa]] |lieutenancy_scotland= [[Dumfriesshire|Dumfries]] |constituency_scottish_parliament=• [[Dumfriesshire (Scots Pairlament constituency)|Dumfriesshire]]<br>([[Scots Conservatives|Con]] – [[Oliver Mundell]])<br>• [[Gallowa an Wast Dumfries (Scots Pairlament constituency)|Gallowa an Wast Dumfries]]<br>([[Scots Conservatives|Con]] – [[Finlay Carson]]) }} '''Dumfries''' ({{IPA-en|dʌmˈfɹiːs|-|Dumfries.ogg}} {{respell|dum|FREESS|'}}; aiblins frae the {{lang-gd|Dùn Phris}}) is a mercat toun an umwhile [[ryal burgh]] athin the [[Dumfries an Gallowa]] cooncil area o [[Scotland]]. It is locate near the mooth o [[River Nith]] intil the [[Solway Firth]]. Dumfries is the tradeetional [[coonty toun]] o the [[Scots coonties|historic coonty]] o [[Dumfriesshire]].<ref>[http://maps.nls.uk/atlas/thomson/555.html John Thomson's Atlas of Scotland, 1832] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506195010/https://maps.nls.uk/atlas/thomson/555.html |date=2024-05-06 }} from ''National Library of Scotland'' retrieved 3 June 2013</ref> Dumfries is gien the eik-name ''Queen o the Sooth''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://qosfc.com/new_newsview.aspx?newsid=277 |title="Eva Mendes – the latest Queen of the South" 7th&nbsp;November&nbsp;2010 |publisher=Qosfc.com |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011 |archive-date=2015-02-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215171804/http://www.qosfc.com/new_newsview.aspx?newsid=277 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The eik-name is alsae the name o the toun's professional fitbaw team, [[Queen of the South F.C.]]. Fowk frae Dumfries are kent colloquially as ''Doonhamers''. ==Toponymy== There at least three theories on the etymology o the name. Ane is that the name ''Dumfries'' haes its foonds in the [[Scots Gaelic|Scottish Gaelic]] name ''Dùn Phris'', meanin "Fort o the Shaw".<ref>{{cite web |title=Parliament Scotland - Placenames - Gaelic - C-E |url=http://www.parliament.scot/Gaelic/placenamesC-E.pdf |access-date=2020-02-19 |archive-date=2020-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013215200/http://www.parliament.scot/Gaelic/placenamesC-E.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Anither ane is that it micht be sib wi Cumbric ''prēs,'' an element common in the Brythonic pairts sooth o the River Forth.<ref name="bliton">{{cite web |last1=James |first1=Alan |title=A Guide to the Place-Name Evidence |url=http://spns.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Alan_James_Brittonic_Language_in_the_Old_North_BLITON_Volume_II_Dictionary.pdf |website=SPNS - The Brittonic Language in the Old North |accessdate=25 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813011121/http://spns.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Alan_James_Brittonic_Language_in_the_Old_North_BLITON_Volume_II_Dictionary.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An as sic, Dumfries micht be the same place as ''Penprys'', the whilk is the capital o an unco land in Medievial Welsh literature, the whilk is mintioned in the ''awdl,'' "''Lament for Gwallawg''" bi [[Taliesin]].<ref name="bliton" /> This mints that the first element ''dum'' micht hae been ''pen'', meanin "summit-heid" (Welsh ''pen''). Frae the wittins o a third theory, the name is a corruption o twa [[Auld Inglis leid|Auld Inglis]] or [[Auld Norse]] wirds that mean "the freer's brae"; thaim that fauvours this idaia threaps the foondin o a religious hoose near the heid o whit is noo kent as the Friar's Vennel.<ref name="autogeneratedhist" /> Gif the name wis taen frae English or Norse, housomever, the expeckit form wad hae the elements backside-foremaist. A Celtic ruit is therefore preferred. Mairatouer, the Brittonic element ''drum'',<ref name="bliton" /> meanin "rig" an the Gaelic elements ''druim''<ref name="bliton" /> (the whilk means the same), an ''dronn'',<ref name="bliton" /> "a hump", hae aw been proponed as an explanation o the first element.<ref name="bliton" /> There is baith ae ''Dùn'' an ae ''druim'' in the toun. ==History== ===Early history=== There is nae definite record anent the time an mainer o Dumfries's foondin.<ref name=autogeneratedhist>{{cite web|url=http://www.electricscotland.com/history/dumfries/history1.htm |title=History of the Burgh of Dumfries – Chapter I |publisher=Electricscotland.com |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> Some scrievers haud that Dumfries floorisht as a place o distinction durin the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] Occupeetion o North [[Great Breetain]]. The [[Selgovae]] bade in [[Nidsdale]] at the time and micht hae biggit some military warks o a defensive naitur on or near the site o Dumfries; an it is mair nor likely that a castle o some kynd formt the nucleus o the toun. This is inferred fae the etymology o the name, that, accordin tae ae theory, is resolvable intae twa Gaelic terms, signifyin a castle or fort in the shaw or scrogs. Dumfries wis ance athin the borders o the [[Kinrick o Northumbrie]]. The destrict aroond Dumfries wis for several centurys rule't ower an deemt o muckle importance bi the invadin Romans. Mony traces o Roman presence in Dumfriesshire is tae be fund yet; cuinyies, wappens, orrals o urns, military yirdwarks, an roads bein amang the relicts left ahint bi thair lenthent bidin in this pairt o Scotland. The Caledonian breed in the sooth o Scotland wis investit wi the same richts bi an edict o [[Antoninus Pius]]. The Romanised natives received freedom (the burraes, cairns, an orrals o stane temples tae be seen in the destrict yet tell o a time whan Druidism wis the prevailin releegion) as weel as civilisation fae thair conquerors. Late in the fowert century CE, the Romans bad fareweel til the kintra.<ref name=autogeneratedhist /> Accordin til anither theory, the name is a corruption o twa wirds that mean "The Freer's Hill"; thaim that fauvour this idea ledge that [[Saunt Ringan]], bi plantin a releegious hoose near the heid o whit is noo Friars Vennel, at the end o the fowert century, becam the the virtual foonder o the burgh; houiver Rangan, sae faur as is kenned, dinna oreeginate ony monastic estaiblishments onywhaur an wis semply a meesionar. In the list o Breetish touns gien bi auncient historian [[Nennius]], the name ''Caer Peris'', that some modren antiquarians suppose tae hae been transmutit, bi change o deealect, intae Dumfries.<ref name=autogeneratedhist /> Twal o [[King Arthur|King Arthur's]] battles wis recordit bi Nennius in his ''Historia Brittonum''. The Battle o Tribuit (the 10t battle) his been suggestit as havin been mebbe near Dumfries or near the mooth o the [[River Avon]] near [[Bo'ness]]. Efter the Roman depairtur the airt aroond Dumfries haed sindry forms o veesit bi [[Pechts]], [[Anglo-Saxons]], [[Scots fowk|Scots]], an [[Norsemen]] culminatin a decisive victory for [[Giric|Giric (Gregory), King o Scots]] at whit is noo [[Lochmaben]] ower the native [[Britons]] in 890.<ref name=autogeneratedhist /> ===Mediaeval speal=== Whan, in 1069, [[Malcolm III o Scotland|Malcolm Canmore]] an [[William the Conqueror]] haudit a conference regairdin the claims o [[Edgar the Ætheling]] til the English Croun, thay met at Abernithi - a term that in the auld Breetish lied means a port at the mooth o the [[River Nith]]. It his been argied, the toun sicweys chairacterized maun hae been Dumfries; an tharefore it maun hae existit as a port in the [[Kinrick o Strathclyde]], gin no in the Roman days. Houiver, again this arguement is that the toun is situatit aicht tae nine mile fae the sea,<ref name=autogeneratedhist /> awtho the River Nith is tidal an navigable aw the wey intil the toun itsel. [[File:Lincluden Collegiate Church.jpg|thumb|Lincluden Collegiate Kirk, kenned an aw as [[Lincluden Aibey]], c.1789]] Awtho at the time 1 mile upstream an on the conter baunk o the Nith fae Dumfries, [[Lincluden Aibey]] wis foondit circa 1160. The aibey ruins is on the site o the [[bailey]] o the verra early [[Lincluden Castle]], as is thae yins o the later [[Lincluden Tower]]. This releegious hoose wis uised for various purposes, until its abandonment aroond 1700. Lincluden Aibey an its grunds is noo within the Dumfries urban conurbation boond. [[William the Lion]] grantit the chairter tae raise Dumfries til the rank o a [[ryal burgh]] in 1186. Dumfries wis verra much on the mairch durin its first 50 year as a burgh an it growed verra swith as a mercat toun an port.<ref>{{cite book|title=History of the burgh of Dumfries: with notices of Nithsdale, Annandale, and the western border|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924028091357|first=William|last=M'Dowall|publisher=Adam and Charles Black|year=1867|page=[https://archive.org/details/cu31924028091357/page/144 144]}}</ref> [[Alexander III o Scotland|Alexander III]] veesitit Dumfries in 1264 tae plan an expedeetion again the [[Isle o Man]], afore Scots bit for 180 year subjectit til the croun o [[Norawa]]. Identified wi the conquest o Man, Dumfries skare't in the weel-bein o Scotland for the next 22 year until Alexander's accidental deith brang an Augustan era in the toun's history til a snippen end.<ref name=autogeneratedhist /> A ryal castle, that no langer exists, wis built in the 13t century on the site o the praisent Castledykes Park. In the latter pairt o that century [[William Wallace]] chase't a fleein force soothwart throu the Nith dale. The English fugies met the yetts o [[Dumfries Castle]] that remained closed firm in thair presence. Wi a menyie o the toun's fowk jynin Wallace an his follaein pursuers whan thay arrived, the fleein English met thair end at Cockpool on the [[Solway Coast]]. Efter restin at [[Caerlaverock Castle]] a few mile awa fae the bluidlattin, Wallace again passt throu Dumfries on the day efter as he retourt north tae [[Sanchar]]. In the invasion o 1300, [[Edward I o Ingland|Edward I o England]] ludged a wheen o days in Juin wi the Minorite Freers o the Vennel, afore, at the heid o the than-mucklemaist invasion force tae attack Scotland, he asieged Caerlaverock Castle. Efter Caerlaverock yieldit hinderly, Edward passt throu Dumfries again as he crosst the Nith so as tae tak the invasion tae [[Gallowa]]. Wi the Scots nobility haein requeestit assistance fae the [[Haly See]] for thair cause, Edward on his retour tae Caerlaverock wis praisentit wi a missive directit tae him bi [[Pape Boniface VIII]]. Edward haudit coort in Dumfries that he greed grudgin til a parley. On 30 October, the parley soleecitit bi Boniface wis adheebitit bi Edward at Dumfries. Letters fae Edward, datit at Dumfris, wis sent tae his subordinates ootthrou Scotland, orderin thaim tae gie effect tae the treaty. The peace wis tae last until Whitsunday in the follaein year.<ref name=autogeneratedhist /> Afore becomin [[Scots monarchs|Keeng o Scots]], [[Robert the Bruce]] slaw his rival the [[John III Comyn, Laird o Badenoch|Red Comyn]] at [[Greyfriar's Kirk]] in the toun on 10 Februar 1306. His switherin aboot the fatality o his stobbin caused yin o his follaers, [[Roger de Kirkpatrick]], tae mooth the famous "A mak siccar" an feenish the Red Comyn aff. Bruce wis excommunicatit subsequent as an upshot, less for the murther nor its location. Regairdless, for the Bruce the dice wis casten at the maument in Greyfriars an sae begoud his campaign bi force for the independence o Scotland. Swuirds wis drawn bi supporters o baith sides, the buirial grund o the Monastery becomin the theatre o battle. Bruce an his pairty than attackit Dumfries Castle. The English gairison surrendert an for the third time in the day Bruce wis victorious. He wis crount King o Scotland scrimp seiven week efter. Bruce later triumpht at the [[Battle o Bannockburn]] an led Scotland tae independence. Aince Edward hid received wird o the revolution that hid startit in Dumfries, he again raised an airmy an invadit Scotland. Dumfries wis again subjectit til the control o Bruce's enemys. [[Christopher Seton|Sir Christopher Seton]] (Bruce's guid-brither) hid been capturt at [[Loch Doon]] an wis hurrit tae Dumfries tae be tried for traison in general an mair speceefic for bein praisent at the Red Comyn's killin. In 1306 an alang wi twa companions, Seton wis condammt an executit bi [[hangin]] an than [[heidin (decaptitation)]] at the site o whit is noo St Mary's Kirk. [[File:Burns Statue and Greyfriars, Dumfries.JPG|thumb|left|upright|Greyfriars Kirk an Burns Statue|alt=]] In 1659 ten weemen wis accuised o sindry acts o witchcraft bi Dumfries Kirk Session awtho the Kirk Session meenits itsel records anely nine witches. The Justiciary Coort fand thaim guilty o the several airticles o witchcraft an on 13 Apryle atween 2 pm an 4 pm thay wis takken til the Whitesands, strangelt at stakes, an thair bouks burnt til ess.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dumfriesmuseum.demon.co.uk/dumfstory09.html |title=Dumfries Museum |publisher=Dumfriesmuseum.demon.co.uk |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011 |archive-date=2020-02-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218025748/http://www.dumfriesmuseum.demon.co.uk/dumfstory09.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===18t century=== Contra the funtain in Dumfries High Street, adjacent til the praisent [[Marks & Spencer]], wis the Commercial an later the County Hotel. Awtho the latter wis demolisht in 1984-5, the oreeginal facade o the biggin wis reteenit an incorporatit intae new retail premises.[https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/200362756-79-high-street-county-hotel-nith-ward] The biggin noo hooses a Waterstanes beukshap. Room No. 6 o the hottle wis kenned as [[Charles Edward Stuart|Bonnie Prince Charlie]]'s Room an wis cairpetit appropriate in the [[Ryal Stewart tartan]]. The timmer panellin o Prince Charlie's Room wis lairgely reinstatit an pentit complete wi the ile-pentit laundskips bi Robert Norie (1720-1766)[https://www.nationalgalleries.org/art-and-artists/artists/james-norie-senior] in the owermantels at baith ends o the room an can yet be seen up the stairs as a shawroom o the beukshap.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Norie Family|url=https://archive.org/details/noriefamily0000holl|last=Holloway|first=James|publisher=National Galleries of Scotland|year=1994|isbn=0903598442|location=Edinburgh|pages=[https://archive.org/details/noriefamily0000holl/page/27 27]}}</ref> The [[Charles Edward Stuart|Young Pertender]] hid his heidquarters here durin a 3-day stey in Dumfries taewart the end o 1745. £2,000 wis demandit bi the Prince, thegither wi 1,000 brogues for his kilted [[Jacobite risin o 1745|Jacobite]] rebel airmy, that wis campin in a field no 100 yaird awa. A clatter that the [[Duke o Cumberland]] wis approachin made Bonnie Prince Charlie decide tae leave wi his airmy, wi anely £1,000 an 255 pair o shuin haein been haundit ower.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.electricscotland.com/travel/burns1.htm |title=Walks in Burns Country – Town Centre |publisher=Electricscotland.com |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> [[Robert Burns]] flittit tae Dumfriesshire in 1788 an tae Dumfries itsel in 1791, bidin there until his deith on 21 Julie 1796. The day's [[Greyfriar's Kirk]] leuks ower the location o a Burns statue that wis designt bi [[Amelia Paton Hill]], sculptit in Carrara, Italy in 1892, an wis unveilt bi futur [[Prime meenister]], [[Archibald Primrose, 5t Yerl o Rosebery]] on 6 Apryle 1882.<ref name="burnsstatue">{{cite web|url=http://www.dumgal.gov.uk/index.aspx?articleid=12973 |title=Burns Statue, Dumfries with Tam O'Shanter and Souter Johnnie statues "on tour", c 1900 |publisher=National Burns Collection |accessdate=29 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826115946/http://www.dumgal.gov.uk/index.aspx?articleid=12973 |archivedate=26 August 2014 }}</ref> The day it featurs on the 2007 series o £5 paper notes issue't bi the [[Bank of Scotland]], alangside wi the [[Brig o Doon]].<ref name="scotbanks">{{cite web|url=http://www.scotbanks.org.uk/banknotes_current_bank_of_scotland.php|title=Current Banknotes: Bank of Scotland|publisher=The Committee of Scottish Clearing Bankers|accessdate=17 October 2008}}</ref> Efter wirkin wi [[Patrick Miller o Dalswinton|Patrick Miller o Dalswintoun]], inventor [[William Symington]] ettle't tae cairy a trial oot sae as tae shaw that an ingine wad wirk on a boat withoot the boat catchin fire. The trial teuk place hinderly on Dalswintoun Loch near Dumfries on 14 October 1788. The experiment demonstratit that a steam ingine wad wirk on a boat. Symington gaed on tae become the builder o the first practical steamboat. ===20t century an ayont=== [[File:New bridge 4.jpg|thumb|Buccleuch Street Brig, Dumfries]] The first ineetial hint that [[RAF Dumfries]] wis tae be built wis made in late 1938. The site chosen hid accomodatit licht aircraft syne aboot 1914. Wark oncam quickly, an on 17 Juin 1940, the [[18 Maintenance Unit]] wis appent at Dumfries. The role o the steid durin the war encompasst trainin an aw. RAF Dumfries hid a maument o danger on 25 Mairch 1943, whan a German [[Dornier Do 217]] aircraft shot the airfield baikon up, bit rattelt shortlins efterwart. The pilot, Oberleutnant Martin Piscke wis later buiried in [[Troqueer]] Cemetery in Dumfries toun, wi fu military honours. On the nicht o 3-4 August 1943 a [[Vickers Wellington]] bomber wi ingine problems divertit tae Dumfries bit rattelt 1.5 mile short of the runwey.<ref name="Dumfriesaviationmuseum.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.dumfriesaviationmuseum.com/ |title=Dumfries and Galloway Aviation Museum |publisher=Dumfriesaviationmuseum.com |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011 |archive-date=2020-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101000522/http://www.dumfriesaviationmuseum.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> In [[Warld War II]] the feck o the [[Norse Airmy]] durin thair years o exile in Breetain conseestit o a brigade o in Dumfries.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dumfries remembers role as home to Norwegian army |author=Giancarlo Rinaldi |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-south-scotland-11685262 |newspaper on 16 =[[BBC Scotland]] |date=4 November 2010 |accessdate=28 April 2013}}</ref> When the army High Command teuk ower, the war 70 officers and aboot 760 preevats in the camp. The camp wis estaiblisht in Juin 1940 an name't ''Norwegian Reception Camp'', conseestin o some 500 men an weemen, mainly Norse that hid volunteert for war duty in Norawa durin the [[Nazi occupeetion]] in early 1940. Throu the simmer the nummer wis accresst tae aroond 1,500 unner the commaund o General [[Carl Gustav Fleischer]]. Within a wheen o miles o Dumfries is the veelages o [[Tynwald, Dumfries an Gallowa|Tynwald]], [[Torthorwald]], an [[Moosal]], that aw wis sattle't bi [[Vikings]]. Dumfries his experience't twa Boxin Day [[yirdquauks]]. This anes wis in 1979 (measurin 4.7 {{mag|l}} centred near [[Langtoon]])<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://sjg.lyellcollection.org/content/38/2/113|title=The felt effects of the Carlisle earthquake of 26 December 1979|first1=R. M. W.|last1=Musson|first2=P. H. O.|last2=Henni|date=1 December 2002|publisher=|journal=Scottish Journal of Geology|volume=38|issue=2|pages=113–125|via=sjg.lyellcollection.org|doi=10.1144/sjg38020113}}</ref> an in 2006 (centred in the Dumfries destrict measuring 3.6 {{mag|l}}).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.earthquakes.bgs.ac.uk/macroseismics/dumfries_2006_macro.htm |title=Dumfries Earthquake 26 December 2006 |work=British Geological Survey |url-status=dead |accessdate=30 January 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110309214103/http://www.earthquakes.bgs.ac.uk/macroseismics/dumfries_2006_macro.htm |archivedate=9 March 2011 }}</ref> Thare wisna ony sairious consequences in baith yins. The war an aw a yirdquauk on 16 Februar 1984<ref>Redmayne D. W., 1984. £The Dumfries earthquake of 16 February 1984£. ''BGS; Global Seismology Report'' No. 241</ref> an anither yirdquauk on 7 Juin 2010.<ref>[http://www.earthquakes.bgs.ac.uk/recent_events/20100607173319.3.html]{{dead link|date=August 2011}}</ref> ==Demographics== The National Records for Scotland mid 2012 upcastit population o Dumfries wis reportit as 33,280.<ref name=2012pop2a>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/files//statistics/population-estimates/special-area/mid-2012-settlements/2012-pop-est-sett-local-main-tab2a.pdf |title="Mid-2012 Populations Estimates for Settlements and Localities in Scotland, table 2a" National Records for Scotland. Access date = 27 October 2014 |access-date=2020-02-19 |archive-date=2019-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204064320/https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/files//statistics/population-estimates/special-area/mid-2012-settlements/2012-pop-est-sett-local-main-tab2a.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=2012pop3a>[http://gro-scotland.gov.uk/files//statistics/population-estimates/special-area/mid-2012-settlements/2012-pop-est-sett-local-main-tab3a.pdf "Mid-2012 Populations Estimates for Settlements and Localities in Scotland, table 3a" National Records for Scotland. Access date = 27 October 2014]</ref> ==Namely fowk== {{For|a list o aw folk fae Dumfries wi a Wikipedia airticle|Category:Fowk frae Dumfries}} [[File:Robert Burns House, Dumfries.jpg|left|thumb|Robert Burns Hoose in Dumfries]] [[File:Plaque of Notable Students at Dumfries Academy.jpg|thumb|upright|Plaque o namely fowk fae Dumfries Academy]] A nummer o weel-kenned fowk wis eddicatit at [[Dumfries Academy]], amang thaim [[Henry Duncan (meenister)|Henry Duncan]], meenister and foonder o the warld's first commercial saufins baunk; Sir [[James Anderson]], that caiptaint the [[SS Great Eastern]] on the [[trans-Atlantic cable]] layin vaiges in 1865 an 1866; [[J. M. Barrie]], scriever o [[Peter Pan]]; [[John Law Hume]], muisicker in the orchestra on the [[RMS Titanic]]; [[Jane Haining]], missionar for the Kirk o Scotland in Hungary; [[Alexander Knox Helm]], diplomat; [[John Laurie]], actor (Private Fraser in ''[[Dad's Army]]''); [[Christian Jane Fergusson]], airtist; Sir [[Robin Philipson]], airtist; [[John Hanson (sanger)|John Hanson]], sangster; [[Alex Graham (cairtoonist)|Alex Graham]], cairtoonist best kenned for the [[Fred Basset]] series; an [[Jock Wishart]], that in 1998 set a new warld record for circumnavigatin the globe in a pouert veshel. [[Roger White (executive)|Roger White]], CEO of saft-drinks group [[A.G. Barr]], is a local lad that gaed tae the Dumfries Academy. Follaein [[William A. F. Browne]]'s 1838 appyntment as superintendant o the Crichton Hospital, his son, [[James Crichton-Browne]], psychiatrist, neurologist, an medical psychologist, wis eddicatit at the Academy. [[William Charles Wells]], predecessor tae [[Charles Darwin]] on the theory o [[Naitural selection]] wis anither yin that wis eddicatit in Dumfries. Geologist [[Robert Harkness]] wis eddicatit in Dumfries an bade consequent in the toun. Sir [[Frank Williams (Formula One)|Frank Williams]] o F1 motor-racin fame wis eddicatit at [[St Joseph's College, Dumfries]] as wis [[Charles Forte, Baron Forte]], foonder o the leisur an hottles conglomerate Forte Group. St Joseph's wis foondit bi [[Brither Wilfrid]], the foonder o [[Celtic F.C.]]. International chairt-tappin record producer [[Calvin Harris]] is fae Dumfries. Dumfries wis the hametoun of Harris until he left in 2008. [[Ray Wilson (musicker)|Ray Wilson]], lead sangster o [[Stiltskin]] an later [[Genesis (baund)|Genesis]] wis born in Dumfries as wis the musickers [[Geoffrey Kelly]], [[Ian Carr]], an [[Emma's Imagination]] sangster [[Emma Gillespie]] is fae Dumfries. Opera sangster [[Nicky Spence]] wis born in Dumfries as wis [[Britain's Got Talent]] sangster [[Andrew Johnston (singer)|Andrew Johnston]]. [[Nigel Sinclair CBE]] is a [[Hollywood]] pictur producer. [[Michael Carter (actor)|Michael Carter]]'s actin career his seen him appear in a variety o productions rangin fae ''[[Return o the Jedi]]'' tae ''[[Rebus (TV series)|Rebus]]''. Dumfries his produce't a steidy rin o professional [[fitbaw]]ers an manager. The best-kenned fitbawers o thair era tae come fae Dumfries is aiblins [[Dave Halliday]],<ref name=qosleg>{{cite web|url=http://www.qosfc.com/Legends |title="Queens legends" on the official Queen of the South FC website |publisher=Qosfc.com |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> [[Ian Dickson (fitbawer)|Ian Dickson]],<ref name=qosleg/> [[Bobby Ancell]], [[Billy Houliston]],<ref name=qosleg/> [[Jimmy McIntosh]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://qosfc.com/new_newsview.aspx?newsid=616|title=QosFC: Jimmy McIntosh|publisher=|access-date=2020-02-19|archive-date=2015-04-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407092446/http://qosfc.com/new_newsview.aspx?newsid=616|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Willie McNaught]], an [[Ted McMinn]].<ref name=qosleg/> Halliday, Dickson, Houliston, an McMinn played for the hame toun club [[Queen of the South F.C.|Queen o the Sooth FC]] durin thair careers. [[Dominic Matteo]]<ref name = "matteo">{{cite web|url=http://qosfc.com/new_newsview.aspx?newsid=1135|title=QosFC: Dominic Matteo autobiography review|publisher=|access-date=2020-02-19|archive-date=2015-04-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407145352/http://qosfc.com/new_newsview.aspx?newsid=1135|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=autogeneratedbarry>{{cite web|url=http://qosfc.com/new_newsview.aspx?newsid=615|title=QosFC: Barry Nicholson|publisher=|access-date=2020-02-19|archive-date=2015-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629140210/http://qosfc.com/new_newsview.aspx?newsid=615|url-status=dead}}</ref> wis born in Dumfries bit flittit tae England whan he wis a young boy.<ref name=autogeneratedbarry /> [[Barry Nicholson]] lost 4-3 tae Queens playin for [[Aberdeen F.C.]] in the 2008 [[Scots Cup]] semi-feenals in maugre o scorin<ref name=qoshist>{{cite web|url=http://qosfc.com/History |title=Queen of the South club history |publisher=Qosfc.com |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> again the team he supportit as a boy. Ancell, Houliston, McNaught, an Nicholson hae representit England at unner-21 level and wis jyned bi havin duin sae in saison 2010-11 bi [[Cammy Bell]] an [[Grant Hanley]]. Matteo gaint 6 fu kaips for Scotland<ref name=autogeneratedbarry /> efter haein representit England at unner-21 level. Halliday wis owerleukit bi Scotland in fauvour o [[Hughie Gallacher]].<ref name=qosleg/> Gallacher played for The Queens bit wisna fae Dumfries. It wis as a manager raither nor a player that [[Thomas Mitchell (football manager)|Thomas Mitchell]] made his name as a multiple [[FA Cup]] winner at [[Blackburn Rovers F.C.]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://qosfc.com/Legends |title=Connections between Dumfries and Blackburn Rovers in the Queen of the South profile on Jackie Oakes |publisher=Qosfc.com |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> afore jynin Woolwich Arsenal as [[Arsenal F.C.]] wis than name't. Dumfries is an aw the hametoun o three-times [[24 Oors o Le Mans]] winner [[Allan McNish]]<ref name = "mcnish">{{cite web|url=http://qosfc.com/new_newsview.aspx?newsid=638|title=QosFC: Allan McNish (part 2)|publisher=|access-date=2020-02-19|archive-date=2014-10-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021105352/http://qosfc.com/new_newsview.aspx?newsid=638|url-status=dead}}</ref> as it wis tae [[David Leslie (racing driver)|David Leslie]].<ref name = "mcnish" /><ref name = "mcnish" /> Scotland [[rugby union]] internationalists [[Duncan Hodge]], [[Nick De Luca]], [[Craig Hamilton]], an [[Alex Dunbar]] wis born in Dumfries as wis perfaisonal gowfers [[Andrew Coltart]]<ref name=autogeneratedcoltart>{{cite web|url=http://qosfc.com/new_newsview.aspx?newsid=649|title=QosFC: Andrew Coltart|publisher=|access-date=2020-02-19|archive-date=2015-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629133946/http://qosfc.com/new_newsview.aspx?newsid=649|url-status=dead}}</ref> an [[Robert Dinwiddie (golfer)|Robert Dinwiddie]]. [[Curlin]] warld kemps [[David Murdoch]], [[Euan Byers]], an [[Craig Wilson (curler)|Craig Wilson]] wis aw born in Dumfries. Umwhile [[Dairts]] kemp [[Rab Smith]] is anither ''Doonhamer''. [[BBC]] braidcaster [[Kirsty Wark]] wis born in the toun as wis fallae braidcaster [[Stephen Jardine]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://qosfc.com/new_newsview.aspx?newsid=634|title=QosFC: Stephen Jardine|publisher=|access-date=2020-02-19|archive-date=2015-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629155509/http://qosfc.com/new_newsview.aspx?newsid=634|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Neil Oliver]] (archaeologist, historian, scriever, an braidcaster growed up in [[Ayr]] an Dumfries. Scriever an earth scientist [[Dougal Dixon]] is fae Dumfries. [[Hunter Davies]] (scriever, jurnalist, an braidcaster) bade in Dumfries for 4 year as a boy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://qosfc.com/Legends |title=Hunter Davies memories of Dumfries in the profile on Billy Houliston |publisher=Qosfc.com |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> [[James Hannay (scriever)|James Hannay]], asides bein a scriever an jurnalist spent the last 5 year o his life as the Breetish consul in [[Barcelona]]. [[John Mayne (makar)|John Mayne]] wis born in Dumfries in 1759 an contreebutit in the field o poetry. [[Warld War I]] makar [[William Hamilton (Breetish Airmy officer)|William Hamilton]] wis anither wan born in Dumfries. [[Archibald Gracie]], shippin magnate an business tycoon in the USA, wis fae Dumfries. [[John McFarlane (Breetish businessman)|John McFarlane]], CEO of Australie an New Zealand Banking Group Limited ([[ANZ]])) oreeginates fae the toun, as dis [[William (Bill) Nelson (ADFP)]] that wis an aw wi ANZ (umwhile [[AXA]], [[AMP Limited]], and [[Westpac]]) an an aw faither o [[Alice Nelson]], noo CEO of Centurion Wealth Advisors. The airchitect [[George Corson]] that wirked mainly in [[Leeds]], England, wis born in Dumfries and article't tae [[Walter Newall]] in the toun. Politeecian [[David Mundell]] wis born in Dumfries as wis [[William Dickson (Upper Canada)|William Dickson]], [[William Pattison Telford Sr.]], an [[Ambrose Blacklock]], aw that made thair merk poleetical in [[Canadae]]. Malcolm H. Wright, faither o [[Sophie B. Wright]] - New Orleans eddicator an pioneer for weemen's and childer's richts. Suffragette an feminist campaigner [[Dora Marsden]] spent the last 25 year o her life being care't for in Dumfries efter her psychological foonder. [[Ian Gibson (politician)|Dr. Ian Gibson]] is anither tae leave his merk on politeecs. [[James Edward Tait]] wis a Dumfries-born recipient o the [[Victoria Cross]]. [[William Robertson (VC)|William Robertson]] an [[Edward Spence (VC)|Edward Spence]] are ither Victoria Cross recipients. [[Robert Jenkinson, 2nt Yerl o Liverpuil]], UK Prime meenister fae 1812 tae 1827, wis quartert in Dumfries in 1796 durin his military service. [[David Haggart]] wis a Scots thief an rogue that in 1820 in his escape fae Dumfries Gaol (the site is noo occupeed bi Thomson's the Jewellers) kilt a preeson officer. He wis hangit in Edinburgh in 1821. His deectatit memoir publisht as a chapbeuk<ref>{{Cite web|title=Life of David Haggart who was executed at Edinburgh, 18th July, 1821 for the murder of the Dumfries jailor|url=https://digital.nls.uk/chapbooks-printed-in-scotland/archive/104184943|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-09|website=digital.nls.uk|language=en}}</ref> becam the subject o the pictur ''Sinful Davey'' starnin [[John Hurt]]. A plaque on the waw on the site o the King's Airms Hottle, noo Boots the Chemist's, records the presence there in 1829 o William Burke o the notour [[Burke an Hare murthers]]. He wis traivelin tae Ireland efter the trial; his veesit caused a near royet.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Broadside entitled 'Riot at Dumfries! Hares Arrival'|url=https://digital.nls.uk/broadsides/view/?id=15239|access-date=2026-08-09|website=digital.nls.uk|language=en}}</ref> [[John Richardson (naituralist)|John Richardson]], [[naituralist]], explorer, an naval surgeon wis born in Dumfries as wis [[John Craig (mathematician)|John Craig]], [[mathematician]], an [[James Crichton]], [[polymath]]. [[Benjamin Bell]] efter bein born in Dumfries gaed on tae become considert the first Scots scienteefic surgeon. His ieroe wis [[Joseph Bell]] that [[Arthur Conan Doyle]] his creeditit [[Sherlock Holmes]] as bein lowse sted on fae Bell's obversant mainer. Doyle's faither, airtist [[Charles Altamont Doyle]] deed in the [[The Crichton Ryal Institution]] an is buirit in the High Cemetery in Dumfries.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Charles Altamont Doyle - The Arthur Conan Doyle Encyclopedia|url=https://www.arthur-conan-doyle.com/wiki/Charles_Altamont_Doyle?title=Charles_Altamont_Doyle|access-date=2026-08-09|website=www.arthur-conan-doyle.com}}</ref> [[Thomas Peter Anderson Stuart]] left Dumfries tae gang on an foond the [[University of Sydney Medical School]]. [[John Allan Broun]]'s contreebution tae science wis his diskiverys aroond magnetism an meteorology. [[James Braid (surgeon)|James Braid]], surgeon an pioneer o [[hypnosis|hypnotism]] an [[hypnotherapy]], practice't in Dumfries fae 1825 tae 1828 in pairtnery wi William Maxwell. [[Ian Callum]] is kenspeckle't in the warld o motor ingineerin. A [[Kirk o Scotland]] meenister the Rev. John Ewart o [[Troqueer]] in [[Kirkcoubrieshire]] produce't eleiven childers that some hae made a namely merk. [[Peter Ewart]] wis an ingineer that wis influential in developin the technologys o [[turbines]] an theories o thermodynamics. His brither [[Joseph Ewart]] becam the Breetish ambassador tae [[Proushie]]. [[John Ewart]], a doctor, becam Chief Inspector o [[East Indie Company]] infirmarys in [[Indie]]. [[William Ewart]], faither of [[William Ewart (Breetish politeecian)|William Ewart]], politeecian, wis a business pairtner o Sir John Gladstones, faither o fower-times Prime meenister [[William Ewart Gladstone]]. Gladstone junior wis name't efter Ewart, his godfather. ==Climate== As wi the lave o the [[Breetish Isles]], Dumfries experiences a [[Oceanic climate|maritime climate]], wi cuil simmers an myld winters. It is yin o the no sae snawy locations in Scotland acause o its sheltert law-liein poseetion in the soothwast o the kintra. Fae 2 Julie 1908 the toun haudit the record for the heichest temperatur readin in Scotland, 32.8&nbsp;°C (91.0&nbsp;°F) until bein surpasst in [[Greycrook]], Borders, on 9 August 2003.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[UKMO]] |url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/ws/print.html |title=1908 temperature |accessdate=30 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103082750/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/ws/print.html |archivedate=3 November 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> {{Weather box |location = Dumfries 49m asl, 1961–1990, extremes 1951–1980 |metric first = Yes |single line = Yes |Jan record high C = 14.3 |Feb record high C = 13.3 |Mar record high C = 17.8 |Apr record high C = 19.3 |May record high C = 25.2 |Jun record high C = 28.3 |Jul record high C = 32.8 |Aug record high C = 28.6 |Sep record high C = 25.6 |Oct record high C = 22.8 |Nov record high C = 15.6 |Dec record high C = 13.9 |year record high C = 32.8 |Jan high C = 6.0 |Feb high C = 6.2 |Mar high C = 8.3 |Apr high C = 11.1 |May high C = 14.3 |Jun high C = 17.2 |Jul high C = 18.5 |Aug high C = 18.2 |Sep high C = 15.7 |Oct high C = 12.9 |Nov high C = 8.6 |Dec high C = 6.8 |year high C = 11.9 |Jan low C = 0.7 |Feb low C = 0.6 |Mar low C = 1.8 |Apr low C = 3.3 |May low C = 5.8 |Jun low C = 8.8 |Jul low C = 10.5 |Aug low C = 10.4 |Sep low C = 8.6 |Oct low C = 6.3 |Nov low C = 2.6 |Dec low C = 1.3 |year low C = 5.0 |Jan record low C = −13.9 |Feb record low C = −11.1 |Mar record low C = −12.2 |Apr record low C = −3.9 |May record low C = −2.2 |Jun record low C = 0.6 |Jul record low C = 2.8 |Aug record low C = 2.2 |Sep record low C = -1.1 |Oct record low C = -3.9 |Nov record low C = −9.0 |Dec record low C = −10.6 |year record low C = −13.9 |Jan precipitation mm = 110 |Feb precipitation mm = 76 |Mar precipitation mm = 81 |Apr precipitation mm = 53 |May precipitation mm = 72 |Jun precipitation mm = 63 |Jul precipitation mm = 71 |Aug precipitation mm = 93 |Sep precipitation mm = 104 |Oct precipitation mm = 117 |Nov precipitation mm = 100 |Dec precipitation mm = 107 |year precipitation mm = 1047 |Jan sun = 44.7 |Feb sun = 68.7 |Mar sun = 98.4 |Apr sun = 145.0 |May sun = 180.1 |Jun sun = 176.7 |Jul sun = 162.2 |Aug sun = 156.7 |Sep sun = 110.8 |Oct sun = 89.8 |Nov sun = 61.5 |Dec sun = 37.9 |year sun = 1333.5 |source 1 = [[Met Office]]<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/sites/10.html | archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20010210225728/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/sites/10.html | archivedate =10 February 2001 | title = Dumfries 1961-90 averages | accessdate = 5 November 2011 | publisher = [[Met Office]]}}</ref> |source 2 = [[ScotClim]]<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.weather.org.uk/climate/scotclim.html | title = Dumfries 1951-1980 extremes | accessdate = 5 November 2011 | publisher = [[ScotClim]]}}</ref> |date=November 2011 }} ==Geography== [[File:auld brig dumfries.jpg|thumb|Devorgilla Brig wi Auld Brig Hoose Museum at the end o the furthest span fae the camera]] [[File:Dumfries Suspension Bridge.jpg|thumb|Whitesands suspension footbridge ower the Nith]] [[File:Fountain and midsteeple.jpg|thumb|upright|The funtain an midsteeple on Dumfries High St]] [[File:1990dumfrieswhitesands.jpg|thumb|Whitesands, fae Buccleuch Street]] [[File:River Nith.jpg|thumb|River Nith]] Like the lave o [[Dumfries an Gallowa]], o Scotland's three major geographical areas Dumfries is locatit in the [[Soothren Uplands]]. The [[River Nith]] flowes throu Dumfries taewart the [[Solway Firth]] in a soothwart direction cleavin the toun intae East an Wast. At law tide, the sea recedes tae sic an extent on the shallae slopin sands o the Solway that the lenth o the Nith is stendit bi 8 mile to 70.7 mile at the maist. This maks the Nith Scotland's seivent langest river. The're several brigs crossin the river within the toun. Atween the [[Dervorguilla o Gallowa|Dervorguilla]] Brig (kenned as "The Auld Brig" an aw) an the suspension brig is a [[weir]] kenned colloquial as "The Caul". In wetter months o the year the Nith can fluid the surroondin streets. Dumfries his a thrang o suburbs includin [[Summerhill, Dumfries|Summerhill]], Summerville, [[Troqueer]], Georgetown, Cresswell, Larchfield, Calside, Lochside, Lincluden, [[Newbridge Drive, Dumfries|Newbridge Drive]], Sandside, Heathhall, [[Locharbriggs]], Noblehill, an Marchmount. [[Maxwelltoun]] tae the wast o the River Nith wis ae-time a burgh in its ain richt within the [[Kirkcoubrieshire|Stewarty o Kirkcoubrie]] until its incorporation intae Dumfries in 1938; Summerhill, [[Troqueer]], Lochside, Lincluden, and Sandside is amang ither suburbs locatit on the Maxwelltoun side o the river. [[Palmerston Park]], hame til the toun's senior fitbaw team [[Queen of the South F.C.|Queen o the Sooth F.C.]], is on Terregles Street, on the Maxwelltoun side o the river an aw. Queensberry Square an High Street is the central focal pynts o the toun an the area hosts mony o the historical, social, an commercial enterpreeses an events o Dumfries. Durin the 1990s, thir areas enjeyed various aesthetic acknawledgements fae organizations includin [[Britain in Bloom]]. ==Governance== Scots communitys grantit [[Ryal Burgh]] status bi the monarch gairdit jealous the honour an wi fushion. Ridin the Mairches maintains the tradeetion o an occasion that wis, in its day, o muckle importance. Dumfries his been a Ryal Burg syne 1186, its chairter bein grantit bi [[William the Lion|Keeng William the Lion]] in a muive that enshuirt the lealty o its ceetizens til the Monarch. Awtho faur fae the centre o pouer in Scotland, Dumfries hid obvious strategic significance sittin as it dis on the edge o [[Gallowa]] an bein the centre o control for the soothwast o Scotland. Wi the [[River Nith]] on twa sides an the Lochar Moss on anither, Dumfries wis a toun wi guid naitural defences. Consequently, it wis niver completely wawed. A carefu ee yet hit tae be keept on the clear define't boonds o the burgh, a task that hid tae be unnertakkin ilk year bi the [[Mayor|Provost]], [[bailies]], [[burgesses]], an ithers within the toun. Neebourin lairds micht try tae encroach on the toun boonds, or the Mairches as thay wis kenned, muivin thaim back 100 yaird or sae tae thair ain benefit. It hid tae be made clear tae onybody thinkin o or tryin tae encroach that they daurna dae sae. In retour for the Ryal status o the toun an the fauvour o the King, the provost an the cooncil, alang wi ither wirthy fowk hid tae be diligent in enshuirin the boonds wis strictly observed. Awtho steepit in history, Scotland's burghs remeent the fundament o the kintra's seestem o local government for centurys. Burgh status conferred on its ceetizens the richt tae elect thair ain toun cooncils, rin thair ain affairs, an raise thair ain local taxs or rates. In 1974 the burghs becam pairt o lairger destricts an regions. Thae boonds lost the significance thay wis grantit bi Ryal statute. Auncient titles like provost an bailie wis shauchelt aff or reteent anely for ceremonial purposes. Robes an cheens aften fand thair wey intae museums as a myndin o the past. Dumfries remeens a centre o government for a much muckler area nor juist the toun itsel. Bit its fowk, the Doonhamers yet reteen a pride in thair toun an distinctive identity. This is niver mair sae nor durin the week-lang Guid Nychburris Festival an its heichlicht the Ridin o the Mairches tat taks place on the third Seturday in Juin ilk year. ===Politics=== Dumfries is locatit in the [[Subdiveesions o Scotland|cooncil area]] o [[Dumfries an Gallowa]]. It is the seat o the local cooncil, whase heidquarters is locatit on the edge o the toun centre. Until 1995 Dumfries wis an aw hame til the cooncil for the local destrict o [[Nithsdale]]. Dumfries lens its name an aw til the [[Lieutenancy areas o Scotland|lieutenancy area]] o Dumfries, that is seemilar in boonds til the forgane [[Dumfriesshire]] coonty. Dumfries is situatit in the [[Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick|UK Pairlament]] constituency of [[Dumfries an Gallowa (UK Pairlament constituency)|Dumfries an Gallowa]] that is representit bi [[Alister Jack]] o the [[Scots Conservative Pairty]] For [[Scots Pairlament]] elections, Dumfries is in the [[Sooth Scotland]] electoral area an cleaved atween twa constituencys. The wastlin wairds o Abbey and North Wast Dumfries is in the constituency o [[Gallowa an Wast Dumfries (Scots Pairlament constituency)|Gallowa and Wast Dumfries]], and the eastlin wairds o Nith an Lochar is in the constituency o [[Dumfriesshire (Scots Pairlament constituency)|Dumfriesshire]]. The respecive MSPs is [[Finlay Carson]] an [[Oliver Mundell]], baith o the [[Scots Conservative Pairty]]. On the Dumfries an Gallowa cooncal, Dumfries is kivert bi fower 4-seat wairds: Abbey, Lochar, Nith, and North Wast Dumfries. North Wast Dumfries is the anely waird that alanerly kivers areas within the toun itsel, wi the tithers incorporating ootwith areas. In the 2017 cooncil election, thir wairds electit 6 [[Labour Pairty (UK)|Labour]], 5 [[Scots Conservative Pairty|Conservative]], and 4 [[Scots Naitional Pairty|SNP]] cooncillors. ==Economy== Dumfries his a lang history as a [[coonty toun]], an as the [[mercat toun]] o a surroondin rural hinterland. Dumfries is a relatively weel-aff community bit the toun centre his been exposed til the centrifugal forces that hae seen retail, business, eddicational, residential, an ither uisses gravitate taewart the toun's urban freenge.<ref>[http://www.dumgal.gov.uk/Dumgal/Documents.aspx?id=12338 DGC -Document: Dumfries Town Centre Urban Design Strategy – Part 1] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215015236/http://www.dumgal.gov.uk/Dumgal/Documents.aspx?id=12338 |date=15 February 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Dumfries & Galloway Council|date=2006-02-20|title=Document: Dumfries Town Centre Urban Design Strategy - Part 1|url=http://www.dumgal.gov.uk/Dumgal/Documents.aspx?id=12338|access-date=2026-08-09|website=www.dumgal.gov.uk|language=en}}</ref> This wis startit in the 1980s wi the biggin o the Dumfries bypass. The immediate effect o this wis as ettle't the diversion o transitin traffeck awa fae the toun centre. This brocht wi it an accompanyin reduction in economic inpit til the toun centre. The seicont effect o this his been mair pronoonce't. Sites near til the bypass hae attractit development tae utilize the bypass as a heich-speed urban hiewey withoot the bottlenecks o the toun centre and withoot the constreenin leemitit toun centre pairkin. Ina bid tae re-brisken up development in Dumfries toun centere, baith economically an in a social context, several strategys hae been propone't bi the controllin authoritys.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dumfriesregeneration.co.uk |title=MiniWeb: Regeneration & Europe – Dumfries Town Centre |publisher=Dumfriesregeneration.co.uk |date=15 August 2011 |accessdate=24 August 2011 }}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Cultur== Dumfries got its eik-name ''Queen o the Sooth'' fae David Dunbar, a local makar,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telinco.co.uk/RobertTemple/Hrkiv6.htm#t1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031105133946/http://www.telinco.co.uk/RobertTemple/Hrkiv6.htm#t1 |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 November 2003 |title=Robert Temple Bibliographical Archive |publisher=Telinco.co.uk |date=2 March 2008 |accessdate=24 August 2011 }}</ref> that in 1857 stuid in the general election. In yin o his addresses he cried Dumfries "Queen o the Sooth" and this becam synonymous wi the toun.<ref name=qoshist/><ref>{{cite web|last=Ritchie |first=Robert |url=http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/features/Best-town-nickname.5509952.jp |title="Best town nickname" The Scotsman 1st&nbsp;August&nbsp;2009 |publisher=Thescotsman.scotsman.com |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> The term ''doonhamer'' comes fae the wey that natives of Dumfries ower the years hae referred til the aera whan wirking away fae hame. The toun is aften reffered tae as "doon hame" (down home) in the [[Scots leid]]. The term ''doonhamer'' follaed, tae descrive thaim that origeenate fae Dumfries.<ref name=qoshist/> The Doonhamers is an aw the eik-name o [[Queen of the South F.C.]] that represent Dumfries an the surroondin area in the [[Scottish Football League]].<ref name=qoshist/> The creest conteens the wirds "A Lore Burne". In the history o Dumfries near to the toun wis the quaw that the Loreburn ran throu whase name becam the rallyin cry o the toun in times o attack - "A Lore Burne" meanin "til the lairie burn".<ref name=qoshist/><ref name=autogenerated3>{{cite web |url=http://www.dumfriesmuseum.demon.co.uk/frames.html |title=Dumfries and Galloway Museums and Galleries on-line |publisher=Dumfriesmuseum.demon.co.uk |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011 |archive-date=2020-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711222022/http://www.dumfriesmuseum.demon.co.uk/frames.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2017 Dumfries wis rankit the happiest place in Scotland bi [[Rightmove]].<ref name=happy>[http://www.itv.com/news/border/2017-10-11/dumfries-ranked-the-happiest-place-to-live-in-scotland/ "Dumfries ranked the happiest place to live in Scotland" www.itv.com 11 October 2017]</ref> ===Museums=== [[File:Camera Obscura, Dumfries.JPG|thumb|upright|left|[[Dumfries Museum]] an camera obscura]] Locatit on tap o a wee hill, [[Dumfries Museum]] is centre't on the 18t-century windmill that staunds abuin the toun. Includit is fossil fit-dunts left bi prehistoric reptiles, the wildlife of the Solway mosses, tuils an wappens o the earliest fowk o the region, an stane cairvins o Scotland's first Christians. On the tap fluir o the museum is a [[camera obscura]].<ref name=autogenerated3 /> sted in the control tour near Tinwald Downs, the aviation museum his an extensive indoor ootset o memorabilia that strives tae preserve [[aviation]] heritage, a hantle o it that his come via various rekivery acteevitys. Durin the Seicont Warld War, aerial navigation was taucht at Dumfries and [[Wigtoun]] an aw, an nearby [[Annan]] wis a fechter trainin unit. [[RAF Dumfries]] doobelt as an important maintenance unit an storange unit. The museum is run bi the [[Dumfries and Galloway Aviation Museum]] group an is the anely preevat avaiation museum in Scotland.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=http://www.dumfriesmuseum.demon.co.uk |title=Dumfries and Galloway Museums |publisher=Dumfriesmuseum.demon.co.uk |date=1 August 1999 |accessdate=24 August 2011 |archive-date=2020-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222132412/http://www.dumfriesmuseum.demon.co.uk/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The restore't control tour o the foregane Warld War II airfield is noo a leetit biggin. The museum is run bi volunteers an hooses a lairge and ever-expandin aircraft collection, aero ingines, and a display ootset o artefacts and personal histories relatin tae aviation, past an praisent. It is hame an aw til the Loch Doon [[Supermarine Spitfire|Spitfire]]. Baith ceevil aviation an military aviation is representit.<ref name="Dumfriesaviationmuseum.com"/> ===Theatre an Cinema=== [[File:Shakespeare St, Dumfries.jpg|thumb|The Theatre Royal in Dumfries. In the background can be seen the spire o the auld St Andrew's Cathedral: the lave of the biggin burnt doun in 1961<ref>[http://www.standrewsdumfries.org.uk/History_plus.htm St. Andrew's Catholic Church Dumfries website] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327015953/http://www.standrewsdumfries.org.uk/History_plus.htm |date=27 March 2014 }}</ref> and wis replace't wi a new kirk on the same site.]] The [[Theatre Royal, Dumfries]] wis built in 1792 an is the auldest wirkin theatre in Scotland.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.guildofplayers.co.uk/ |title=Guild of Players – Home |publisher=Guildofplayers.co.uk |date=June 2014 |accessdate=24 August 2011 |archive-date=2019-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219150241/http://www.guildofplayers.co.uk/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The theatre belangs til the Guild o Players that bocht in 1959, tharefore saufin it fae demoleetion, an is run ona volutary basis bi the members o the Guild o Players. It is fondit enteerly bi Guild membership stents and bi box-office quitances takkins. It disna praisently receive ony grant aid taewart runnin costs. In recent years the theatre his been reruift an the ootside refurbisht. It is the venue for the Guild o Players ain productions an for performances fae veesitin companies. Thir include: [[Scottish Opera]], [[TAG]], [[the Borderline]], and [[7:84]]. The [[Robert Burns Centre]] is an airt hoose cinema in Dumfries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rbcft.co.uk/ |title=Robert Burns Centre Film Theatre |publisher=Rbcft.co.uk |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> The Odeon Cinema, that shew mair mainstream picturs, closed its doors in mid-2018. ===Concert an Event Venues=== [[File:DG One, Dumfries, 2007-07-26.jpg|thumb|Construction o DG One centre in 2007]] The Loreburn Haw (whiles kenned colloquial as The Drill Haw)<ref name="culturalprofiles.org.uk">{{cite web|url=http://www.culturalprofiles.org.uk/scotland/Units/298.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-04-27 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606152912/http://www.culturalprofiles.org.uk/scotland/Units/298.html |archivedate=6 June 2011 |df=dmy }}</ref> his hostit concerts bi performers sic as [[Black Sabbath]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.black-sabbath.com/tourdates/1970.html |title=1970 Tour |publisher=Black-sabbath.com |accessdate=24 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611151759/http://www.black-sabbath.com/tourdates/1970.html |archivedate=11 June 2011 }}</ref> [[Big Country]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tour Dates 1990|url=http://www.geocities.com/SunsetStrip/Alley/2384/td-1990.html|access-date=2026-08-09|website=www.geocities.com}}</ref> [[The Proclaimers]], an [[Scottish Opera]].<ref name="culturalprofiles.org.uk"/> The haw his hostit sportin events sic as [[warstlin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wrestling101.com/101/newsitem/1154/ |title=wZw Present The 'Destruction Tour' |publisher=Wrestling101.com |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011 |archive-date=2020-02-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219085931/http://www.wrestling101.com/101/newsitem/1154/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The new DG One sport, fitness, an enterteenment centre becam the principle indoor event venue in Dumfries in 2007,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dgone.co.uk |title=MiniWeb |publisher=DG One |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011 |archive-date=2019-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101101632/http://dgone.co.uk/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> bit in October 2014, it closed acause o major defects diskivert in the biggin. Houiver, the refurbisht replenisht biggin reappent tae the public in the simmer o 2019.<ref>{{cite news|title=Dumfries leisure centre with 'unique' failings ready to reopen |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-south-scotland-48761099|accessdate=7 January 2020|work=BBC News|date=26 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The Theatre Royal his reappent an aw follaein renovation wark. ===Visual Airts=== Wi a collection o ower 400 Scots pentins, Gracefield Arts Centre hosts a changin programme o exheebeetions featurin regional, national, and internatonal airtists and craft-makkers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dumfriesmuseum.demon.co.uk/grace.html|title=Gracefield Arts centre|date=|publisher=Dumfriesmuseum.demon.co.uk|accessdate=24 August 2011|archive-date=2020-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222025418/http://www.dumfriesmuseum.demon.co.uk/grace.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dumfries Art Trail brings thegither airtists, makkers, gaileries, an craft shaps wi venues accessible aw year roond.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dumfries Art Trail|url=https://dumfriesarttrail.wordpress.com/|access-date=2026-08-09|website=Dumfries Art Trail|language=en-US}}</ref> ===Festivals=== The're a nummer o festivals that tak place ootthrou the year, maistly sted on tradeetional values. '''''Guid Nychburris''''' ([[Middle Scots leid|Middle Scots]], meanin 'guid neebours') is the main festival o the year, a ceremony that is lairgely sted on the theme o a positive community speerit. The ceremony on Guid Nychburris Day follaes a route an sequence o events laid doun in the mists o time. Formal proceedins start at 7.30 am wi the gaitherin o up tae 250 horses waitin for the courier tae arrive and annunce that the Pursuivant is on his wey, an at 8.00 am leave the Midsteeple an ride oot tae meet the Pursuivant. Thay then proceed to Ride the Mairches an Stob an Nog (merk the boond wi stabs an knags) afore retourin til the Midsteeple at 12.15 pm tae meet the Provost an then the Chairter is proclaimt tae the tounfowk o Dumfries. This is than follaed bi the crounin o the Queen o the Sooth.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.guidnychburris.co.uk |title=www.guidnychburris.co.uk |publisher=www.guidnychburris.co.uk |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822205037/http://www.guidnychburris.co.uk/ |archive-date=22 August 2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Syne 2013, Dumfries his seen the annual [[Nithraid]], a wee boat race up the Nith fae Carsethorn, celebratin the toun's historical relationship wi the river. The region is hame an aw tae a nummer o thrivin muisic festivals sic as the Eden Festival (at St Ann's near Moffat), Youthbeatz (Scotland's lairgest free youth muisic festival), the Moniave Folk Festival, Thornhill Music Festival, and Electric Fields at Drumlanrig Castle afore. [[File:Ewart Library entrance.jpg|thumb|Entrance tae the Ewart Library]] ===Leebrary=== The [[Ewart Library]] is a [[Carnegie library]], an wis appent in 1904. Carnegie donatit £10,000 taewart the buildin o the leebrary, an suggestit that it wis name't efter [[William Ewart]], forgane MP for the area, and wha wis key in the introduction o actis o Pairlament in baith England an Scotland relatit til the creaution o public leebrarys.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.scotcities.com/carnegie/renaiss.htm|title=Edwardian Renaissance Architecture in Scotland|website=www.scotcities.com|access-date=2019-07-27|archive-date=2019-09-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910163352/http://www.scotcities.com/carnegie/renaiss.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Sport== [[File:Scoreboard cropped.JPG|thumb|left|2008 Scottish Cup semi final result on the scoreboard at Hampden Park]] [[Queen of the South F.C.]] represent Dumfries an the surroondin area in the seicont level o the kintra's [[Scottish Professional Football League|perfaisonal fitbaw seestem]], the [[Scottish Championship]]. [[Palmerston Park]] on Terregles Street is the hame grund o the team. This is on the Maxwelltoun side o the River Nith. Thay raxt the 2008 Scottish Cup Final, losin 3-2 tae [[Rangers F.C.]]. [[Dumries Saints Rugby Club|Dumfries Saints Rugby Club]] is yin o Scotland's auldest rugby clubs having been admeetit til the [[Scots Rugby Union]] in 1876-7 as "Dumfries Rangers". Dumfries hame an aw tae a nummer of gowf coorses: * The Crichton Golf Club * The Dumfries and County Golf Club * The Dumfries and Galloway Golf Club O thae that wis listit anely the Dumfries and Galloway Golf Club is on the Maxwelltoun side of the River Nith. This course is clift intae twa haufs o 9 holes ilk bi the town's [[Castle Douglas]] Road. The club hoose an holes 1 tae 7 an 17 and 18 is on the side nearest tae Summerhill. Holes 8 tae 16 is on the side nearest tae Janefield. The appenin state of the [[2001 Tour o Breetain]] startit in [[Peebles]] and finisht 105.8 mile later in Dumfries. The stage wis wun bi sprent speicialist an ringin [[Tour de France]] green gansey kemp, [[Mark Cavendish]], wi his teammate leid-oot man, [[Mark Renshaw]] finishin seicont. Cavendish hid been schedule't tae be racin in the 2011 [[Vuelta a España]]. Houiver Cavendish wis yin o a nummer o riders tae reteer havin suffert in the searin Spaingie heat. This alloued Cavendish tae be a late addeetion tae the Tour o Breetain line-up in his preparation for whit wis tae be a successfu bid twa week later in the 2001 [[UCI Road World Championship]] - Men's Road Race . Cavendish in a smilin efter-race interview in Dumfries descrived the weet an windy race condeetions throu the Southern Scots stage as 'horrible'.<ref>Tour of Britain, ITV4, 7 pm Sun 11 September 2011</ref> DG One complex includes a national event-sized competeetion soumin puil. The David Keswick Athletic Centre is the principal faceelity in Dumfries for athletics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.runtrackdir.com/details.asp?track=dumfries |title=David Keswick Athletic Centre |publisher=Runtrackdir.com |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> Dumfries is hame tae [[Nithsale Amateur Rowin Club]]. The rowers skare thair clubhoose wi [[Dumfries Sub-Aqua Club]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Douglas A. Rathburn |url=http://www.oarspotter.com/blades/UK/Club/British_Club.html |title=Blades of the World: British Rowing Clubs |publisher=Oarspotter.com |date=14 July 2011 |accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dgstandard.co.uk/tags/rowing/ |title=rowing news and articles – Dumfries and Galloway Standard |publisher=Dgstandard.co.uk |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> The rowers share their clubhouse with [[Dumfries Sub-Aqua Club]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sub Aqau Club|url=http://website.lineone.net:80/~tkburnett/|access-date=2026-08-09|website=website.lineone.net}}</ref> The toun is hame an aw tae the [[Solway Sharks]] [[Ice hockey]] team. The team is praisently Northern Premier League winners. The team's hame rink is Dumfries Ice Bowl, that is kenned an aw as Scotland's anely center o ice hockey excellence, an trials for the Scottish Jr. national team is cairit oot at this venue. Dumfries Ice Bowl is hame an aw tae twa [[synchronized skeetin]] teams, [[Solway Stars]] and [[Solway Eclipse]]. In addeetion, Dumfries Ice Bowl is hame an aw tae several curliln teams, competeetions, an leagues. Junior curlin teams fae Dumfries, consistin o curlers unner the age o 21, compete raiglar in the Dutch Junion Open sted in Zoetermeer, the Netherlands. In 2007, 2008, an 2009 a Dumfries-sted team hae been the winners o the competeetion's Hogline Tropy. Dumfries hosts three outdoors [[bouls]] clubs:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bowlsclub.org/associations/lawn/GB/SBA17/247/ |title=SBA district 17 |publisher=BowlsClub.org |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011 |archive-date=2011-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812200844/http://bowlsclub.org/associations/lawn/GB/SBA17/247/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Dumfries Bowling Club]] * [[Marchmount Bowling Club]] * [[Maxwelltown Bowling Club]] Dumfries hosts cyclin organizations an cyclin vacances.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dumfriescc.org/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-05-01 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527161000/http://dumfriescc.org/ |archivedate=27 May 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dandgcycling.care4free.net/ |title=Dumfries and Galloway Cycling Group CTC Section Southwest Scotland, homepage |publisher=Dandgcycling.care4free.net |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visitdumfriesandgalloway.co.uk/cycling/ |title=Cycling holidays in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland |publisher=Visitdumfriesandgalloway.co.uk |date=30 September 2003 |accessdate=24 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819140424/http://www.visitdumfriesandgalloway.co.uk/cycling |archivedate=19 August 2011 }}</ref> ==Eddication== Dumfries haes several primary schuils, aboot yin per key destrict, and fower main seicontary schuils. Aw o thir institutions is governt bi Dumfries an Gallowa Cooncil. the seicontary schuils is; * [[Dumfries Academy]] * [[Dumfries High School]] * [[Maxwelltoun High School]] * [[St Joseph's College]] Dumfries Academy wis a [[grammar school]] until adoptin a comprehensive format in 1983. In 2013 plans for a 'super schuil' wis annunce't. Thir plans wis later dimitit in fauvour o renovatin existin schuils.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-south-scotland-25023668|title=The Dumfries 'super school' project that never took off|first=Giancarlo|last=Rinaldi|date=21 November 2013|publisher=|via=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> In 199 Scotland's first multi-institutional university campus wis estaiblisht in Dumfries, in the 85-acre Crichton estte. In order o campus presence it is host tae the [[University of the West o Scotland]] (UWS) (kenned as University o Paisley and Bell College afore), [[Dumfries and Galloway College]], and the [[Glesga Varsity|University of Glasgow]]. In its infancy yet, the campus offers a range o degree coorses in initial teacher eddication, business, computin, environmental studies, tourism, heritage, social wark, heal, social studies, nuiricin, liberal airts, an humanities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scotland.gov.uk/News/Releases/2007/08/20105300|title=Support for Crichton and South of Scotland|first=Scottish Government, St. Andrew's House, Regent Road, Edinburgh EH1 3DG Tel:0131 556 8400|last=ceu@scotland.gsi.gov.uk|date=20 August 2007|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://crichtoncampus.co.uk/ |title=Crichton University Campus Dumfries – Scotland UK |publisher=Crichtoncampus.co.uk |date=11 July 2006 |accessdate=24 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814021722/http://crichtoncampus.co.uk/ |archivedate=14 August 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In maugre o a short-leeved threit o closin tae the University o Glasgow pairt o the campus in 2006, a campaign bi students, academics, an local supporters enshuirt that the University of Glasgow remeent appen in Dumfries. The University of Glasgow, syne maintainin its proveesion in Dumfries, his lencht a new unnergraduate programme in primary teachin.<ref>{{Cite web|title=University of Glasgow :: Dumfries Campus :: Primary Education with Teaching Qualification|url=http://www.gla.ac.uk/departments/dumfriescampus/undergraduatestudy/primaryeducationwithteachingqualification/|access-date=2026-08-09|website=www.gla.ac.uk|language=en}}</ref> ==Healcare== [[Dumfries and Galloway Royal Infirmary]] is the principal seicontary care referral centre for Dumfries an Galloway region. It noo includes a maternity wing that replace't the auld Cresswell Maternity Hospital. The [[Crichton Royal Hospital]] is pairt o the Royal Infirmary complex an provides a regional psychiatric, psychological, an speicialist addictions service within Dumfries an Galloway. In 1838 [[Willam A. F Browne]] acceptit the poseetion o Physeecian Superintendant at the newly creatit Crichton. It is at the Chricton that [[Ursula Fleming]] gaint a hantle o her eddication an experience. ==Transport== [[File:Maxwelltown Railway Path, Dumfries (looking towards Hardthorn Road bridge).jpg|thumb|left|Maxwelltown Railwey Paith, Dumfries (leukin taewart Hardthorn Road brig)]] [[File:Dumfries Railway Station 2008-01-18.jpg|thumb|[[Dumfries railwey station]]]] Dumfries is linkit tae the norwart-gaun [[M74 motorwey]] at [[Beattock]] via the [[A701 road]]. The eastwart-gaun [[A75 road]] links Dumfries tae the soothwart-gaun A74 (M), leadin tae the [[M6 Motorwey]] an [[Cairl]]. The westlin-gaun A75 links Dumfries til the ferry port o [[Stranrawer]]. The [[A76 road]] connects tae [[Kilmarnock]] in [[Ayrshire]]. [[Dumfries railwey station]] is locatit on the [[Glasgow South Western Line]]. It wis awairdit Best Station Awards bi [[British Rail]] in 1986 an 1987. The train service is noo operatit bi [[Abellio ScotRail]] that provides services tae [[Glesga Central station]] an Cairl, an no sae aften services direct tae [[Newcastle upon Tyne]]. The nearest station tae Dumfries on the [[West Coast Main Line]] is 14 mile east alang the [[A709 road]] at [[Lockerbie]], an the nearest West Coast Main Line station linkin direct tae Dumfries bi rail is at Cairl. [[Maxwelltoun station]] in the Summerhill destrict o the toun wis closed alang wi the direct line tae Stranrawr via Castle Douglas as pairt o the [[Beeching cuts]] in 1965. Pairt o the disused railwey track in Dumfries wis later convertit til a cycle paith. ==Pairks== The maist significant o the pairks in Dumfries is aw within walkin distance o the toun centre: * Dock Park - locatit on the East baunk o the Nith juist til the sooth o St Michael's brig * Castledykes Park - as the name suggests on the site o a foregane castle * Mill Green (kenned an aw as Deer Park, awtho the deer that wis there hae syne been relocatit) - on the Wast baunk o the Nith conter Whitesands ==Braidcastin== Dumfries is hame tae yin o the 11 BBC studios in Scotland. [[West Sound (Dumfries an Gallowa)|West Sound FM]], pairt o the [[Bauer Media Group]], braidcasts fae Dumfries, an is an aw the main radio station for the area. Community radio station ''Alive 107.3'' braidcasts on 107.3 FM in Dumfries an online.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://media.info/radio/stations/alive-radio-1073|title=Alive Radio 107.3|publisher=|access-date=2020-02-19|archive-date=2019-10-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017190341/https://media.info/radio/stations/alive-radio-1073|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2018, Dumfries got a new radio station, ''Dumfries Community Radio''. Kenned an aw as DCR Online, it isna a tradeetional FM radio station, bit an online radio station. ==Local jurnalism== The twa local newspapers that kiver speceefic Dumfries an the surroondin area is: * ''[[Dumfries and Galloway Standard]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://icdumfries.icnetwork.co.uk/dumfriesgalloway/ |title=icDumfries – Dumfries & Galloway Standard News |publisher=Icdumfries.icnetwork.co.uk |date=11 August 2009 |accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> (estaiblisht 1843) publishin on Tysdays an Fridays * ''[[Dumfries Courier]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dumfriescourier.co.uk/ |title=Dumfries Courier – Regionwide news from your weekly newspaper |publisher=Dumfriescourier.co.uk |accessdate=24 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926073214/http://www.dumfriescourier.co.uk/ |archive-date=26 September 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> publishing on Fridays publishin on Fridays ==Airchitectural geology== [[File:Buccleuch St, Dumfries, 2007-07-26.jpg|thumb|saundstane biggins in Buccleuch Street]] The're mony biggins in Dumfries made fae saundstane o the local Locharbriggs [[Quarrel (minin)|quarrel]]. The quarrel is situatit aff the A701 on the north o Dumfries at Locharbriggs near til hte aggregates quarrel. This dimension stane quarrel is a lairge quarrel. Quarrel wirkin at Locharbriggs dates fae the 18t century, an the quarrel his been wirked continuous syne 1890.<ref name="autogeneratedquarry">{{cite web|url=http://www.stancliffe.com/uk-stone-types-and-colours/locharbriggs-red-sandstone|title=Locharbriggs Red Sandstone Suppliers|first=RJ Design|last=Associates|publisher=|access-date=2020-02-19|archive-date=2018-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306113531/http://www.stancliffe.com/uk-stone-types-and-colours/locharbriggs-red-sandstone|url-status=dead}}</ref> The're guid reserves o stane that can be howkit at several locations. On average the stane is available at deepths o 3 fit on bed awtho some lairger block are obtainable. The average lenth o a block is 4 fit bit 7 fit blocks can be obtaint. Locharbriggs is fae the New Red saundstane o the Permian age It is a middlin-graint stane rangin in colour fae dreich red tae pink. It is the saundstane uised in the [[Queen Alexandra Bridge]] in [[Sunderland]], the [[Manchester International Convention Centre]], an the base o the [[Statue o Leeberty]].<ref name=autogeneratedquarry /><gallery caption="Examples o sandstane carvins fund in Dumfries"> File:Dumfries Academy, Minerva Building, Academy St, Dumfries DG1 1DD, Detail.jpg|Minerva biggin, Dumfries Academy File:Grayfriars 1.jpg|Detail at Greyfriar's Kirk File:Grayfriars 4.jpg|Detail at Greyfriars Kirk File:Midsteeple 7.jpg|Detail at Midsteeple File:Queensberry Hotel, Dumfries 2.jpg|Detail at Queensberry hottle File:Queensberry monument dumfries 2.jpg|Ram's heid at Queensberry monument File:Greyfriars Dumfries town centre.jpg|Greyfriars Dumfries toun centre File:Carving of satyr, Dumfries.jpg|Carvin o Pan File:Dumfries Academy 2.jpg|Detail at Dumfries Academy </gallery> ==Surroondin places o interest== As the lairgest sattlement in Soothren Scotland, Dumfries is notit as a centre for veesitin surroonding places o interest.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scottishholidays.net/visit/scotland-tour-dumfries-dumfries.html |title=Dumfries Travel Guide |publisher=Scottishholidays.net |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011 |archive-date=2017-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013224911/http://www.scottishholidays.net/visit/scotland-tour-dumfries-dumfries.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The follaein is aw within easy reak: * [[Ae, Dumfries an Gallowa|Ae]] an [[Ae Forest]] * [[Caerlaverock Castle]]<ref name="autogenerated2" /> * [[Criffel]] - a hill on the Solway coast popular wi hill walkers for its views o the Soothren Scotland coastline an ootower the [[Solway Firth]] til the [[Lake District]] o [[Cumbria]]. * [[Drumlanrig Castle]]<ref name="autogenerated2" /> * [[Ecclefechan]] - birthplace o [[Thomas Carlyle]]. "The Arched House" is a tourist attraction an his been mainteent bi the [[National Trust for Scotland]] syne 1936.<ref name="autogenerated2" /> Ecclefechan is locatit at the fit o the lairge Roman fort, [[Burnswark]], that dominates the laundskip wi its flat tap. * [[Gretna Green]] an the [[Auld Smiddie]], famous for skirt-mairiages<ref name="autogenerated2" /> * [[John Paul Jones Cottage Museum]] - the tradeetional Scots cot what [[John Paul Jones]] in 1747 wis born in<ref>{{cite web |author=David Lockwood |url=http://www.jpj.demon.co.uk/jpjlife.htm |title=John Paul Jones a brief biography |publisher=Jpj.demon.co.uk |date=16 December 2010 |accessdate=24 August 2011 |archive-date=2013-06-25 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6HcxxyXwL?url=http://www.jpj.demon.co.uk/jpjlife.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Kagyu Samye Ling Monastery and Tibetan Centre]] wis the first [[Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan Buddhist]] centre tae hae been estaiblisht in the West. It is a centre within the [[Karma Kagyu]] tradeetion o Tibetan Buddhism. It is in the veelage o [[Eskdalemuir]] in the Scots Soothren Uplands<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.samyeling.org/ |title=Kagyu Samye Ling Monastery and Tibetan Centre |publisher=Samyeling.org |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> * [[Lochmaben]] wi its lochs popular wi boaters an an aw its history wi Robert the Bruce. * [[Mabie Forest]] - popular destinations for outdoor recreation suc as muntain biking an walkin * [[Moffat]] an the views nearby o the [[Devil's Beef Tub]], the [[Grey Mare's Tail]] watterfaw, an the [[A708 road]] fae Moffat past the Grey Mare's Tail tae [[St Mary's Loch]] * [[Minnyhive]] conservation veelage * [[New Abbey]] Corn Mill Museum an [[Sweetheart Abbey]]<ref name="autogenerated2" /> * [[Solway Coast]] * [[Threave Castle]] in [[Castle Douglas]], hame til the [[Clan Douglas|Douglas Clan]] o [[James Douglas, Laird o Douglas]] that fechtit wi [[Robert the Bruce]]<ref name="autogenerated2" /> * [[Twynholm]] an the [[David Coulthard]] Museum<ref name="autogenerated2" /> * [[Wanlockheid]] - Breetain's heichest veelage registert at 1,531 fit abuin sea level an the [[Lead Mining Museum]]<ref name="autogenerated2" /> ==Ither places name't Dumfries== ===Canadae=== * [[Dumfries, New Brunswick]] * [[South Dumfries Township, Ontario]] * [[North Dumfries, Ontario]] ===USA=== * [[Dumfries, Virginia]] in the US wis estaiblisht formal on land at the heid o the herbour o Quantico Creek, providit bi John Graham. He name't the toun efter his birthplace, Dumfries in Scotland * [[Dumfries, Minnesota]] * [[Dumfries, Iowa]] ===Ither=== * [[Dumfries, Bahamas|Dumfries]], [[Cat Island]], [[Bahamas]]<ref name=maphill1>{{Cite web |url=http://www.maphill.com/bahamas/cat-island/dumfries/ |title="Dumfries Maps" Maphill.com |access-date=2020-02-19 |archive-date=2020-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730051413/http://www.maphill.com/bahamas/cat-island/dumfries/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Dumfries, Grenada|Dumfries]], [[Carriacou]], [[Grenada]]<ref name="maphill2">{{Cite web |url=http://www.maphill.com/grenada/carriacou/dumfries/ |title="Dumfries Maps" maphillcom |access-date=2020-02-19 |archive-date=2020-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730035957/http://www.maphill.com/grenada/carriacou/dumfries/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Twin touns== {{flagicon|US}} &ndash; [[Annapolis, Maryland]],<ref name=moyer>{{Cite web |url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2007-07-06/news/0707060194_1_annapolis-city-council-moyer |title="Moyer to travel to Annapolis' sister cities in Europe" |access-date=2020-02-19 |archive-date=2017-08-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805222046/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2007-07-06/news/0707060194_1_annapolis-city-council-moyer |url-status=dead }}</ref> is hame til the [[United States Naval Academy]] whaur John Paul Jones lies in the crypt aneath the chaipel. {{flagicon|DE}} &ndash; [[Gifhorn]],<ref name=Gifhorn>[https://www.stadt-gifhorn.de/sv_gifhorn/Lebenswert/Partnerst%C3%A4dte/Dumfries/ "Stadt Giforn"]</ref> Germany {{flagicon|ITA}} &ndash; [[Cantù]], [[Italy]]. Dumfries an Galloway Cooncil hisna been involved in ony offeecial twinnin link atween the twa touns for some time. The bond his been mainteened throu the Freends o Cantu an the Nithsdale Twinnin Association.<ref name=cantu>[http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/local-news/italian-connection-to-dumfries-2609425 Italian connection to Dumfries]</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== {{Commons category|Dumfries}} * https://www.nationalgalleries.org/art-and-artists/artists/james-norie-senior James Norie Senior * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180514062633/http://www.dumgal.gov.uk/ Dumfries an Galloway Cooncil Wsbsteid] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091123153243/http://www.loreburne.co.uk/ www.loreburne.co.uk A Guide tae.....Dumfries] * [http://www.dumfriesmuseum.demon.co.uk/ Dumfries and Galloway Museums] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222132412/http://www.dumfriesmuseum.demon.co.uk/ |date=2020-02-22 }} * [http://ssa.nls.uk/search.cfm?search_sort_order=Film.dateRelease%2CFilm.name&search_sort_direction=ASC&search_term=dumfries&search_fields=2&search_join_type=AND&search_fuzzy=yes&videos_only=1&search_mode=Advanced&submit=Search+%3E%3E%3E National Leebrary o Scotland: Scots Screen Archaee]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}—selection of archaee picturs aboot Dumfries * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150924095611/http://www.scotlandsplaces.gov.uk/digital_volumes/book.php?book_id=555&place_id=10&p_name=Dumfriesshire Dumfries Ceevil Pairish Historical Tax Rolls in Dumfriesshire] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bBQjqwiCgNk&t=46s Video footage an history o Dumfries railwey station] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dUbEum2bCwM Video and history of the Burns Mausoleum, Dumfries.] * [https://www.visitscotland.com/destinations-maps/dumfries/see-do/ Things Tae See an Dae & Attractions in Dumfries] *[https://digital.nls.uk/chapbooks-printed-in-scotland/archive/104184943 https://digital.nls.uk/chapbooks-printed-in-scotland/archaee/104184943]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *https://www.arthur-conan-doyle.com/index.php?title=Charles_Altamont_Doyle *https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/200362756-79-high-street-county-hotel-nith-ward * {{en}} [https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Dumfries Dumfries at Wikivoyage] [[Category:Touns in Dumfries an Gallowa]] [[Category:Dumfries an Gallowa]] [[Category:Places o Scotland]] gdz3jbx4d8hfhkijow221qy6ktz84qp 920592 920591 2026-08-10T12:09:04Z PurpleDinosaur585 129975 Owerset taen frae [[:en:Dumfries]] 920592 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fix Scots}} {{Infobox UK place |official_name= Dumfries |country = Scotland |static_image_name=Dumfries looking east.jpg |static_image_caption= Dumfries leukin east |population= 33,280 |population_ref= <ref name=2012pop2a>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/files//statistics/population-estimates/special-area/mid-2012-settlements/2012-pop-est-sett-local-main-tab2a.pdf |title="Mid-2012 Populations Estimates for Settlements and Localities in Scotland, table 2a" National Records for Scotland. Access date = 27 October 2014 |access-date=2020-02-19 |archive-date=2019-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204064320/https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/files//statistics/population-estimates/special-area/mid-2012-settlements/2012-pop-est-sett-local-main-tab2a.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=2012pop3a>[http://gro-scotland.gov.uk/files//statistics/population-estimates/special-area/mid-2012-settlements/2012-pop-est-sett-local-main-tab3a.pdf "Mid-2012 Populations Estimates for Settlements and Localities in Scotland, table 3a" National Records for Scotland. Access date = 27 October 2014]{{Dead link|date=September 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |os_grid_reference= NX976762 |coordinates = {{coord|55.070|-3.603|display=inline,title}} |post_town= DUMFRIES |postcode_area= DG |postcode_district = DG1/2 |dial_code= 01387 |constituency_westminster=• [[Dumfries an Gallowa (UK Pairlament constituency)|Dumfries an Gallowa]]<br>([[Scots Conservatives|Con]] – [[Alister Jack]]) |gaelic_name= Dùn Phris<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.gaelicplacenames.org/databasedetails.php?id=413 | title=Gaelic Place-Names of Scotland database | publisher=[[Ainmean-Àite na h-Alba]] | accessdate=17 October 2013 | archive-date=2016-08-03 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803142610/http://www.gaelicplacenames.org/databasedetails.php?id=413 | url-status=dead }}</ref> |unitary_scotland= [[Dumfries an Gallowa]] |lieutenancy_scotland= [[Dumfriesshire|Dumfries]] |constituency_scottish_parliament=• [[Dumfriesshire (Scots Pairlament constituency)|Dumfriesshire]]<br>([[Scots Conservatives|Con]] – [[Oliver Mundell]])<br>• [[Gallowa an Wast Dumfries (Scots Pairlament constituency)|Gallowa an Wast Dumfries]]<br>([[Scots Conservatives|Con]] – [[Finlay Carson]]) }} '''Dumfries''' ({{IPA-en|dʌmˈfɹiːs|-|Dumfries.ogg}} {{respell|dum|FREESS|'}}; aiblins frae the {{lang-gd|Dùn Phris}}) is a mercat toun an umwhile [[ryal burgh]] athin the [[Dumfries an Gallowa]] cooncil area o [[Scotland]]. It is locate near the mooth o [[River Nith]] intil the [[Solway Firth]]. Dumfries is the tradeetional [[coonty toun]] o the [[Scots coonties|historic coonty]] o [[Dumfriesshire]].<ref>[http://maps.nls.uk/atlas/thomson/555.html John Thomson's Atlas of Scotland, 1832] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506195010/https://maps.nls.uk/atlas/thomson/555.html |date=2024-05-06 }} from ''National Library of Scotland'' retrieved 3 June 2013</ref> Dumfries is gien the eik-name ''Queen o the Sooth''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://qosfc.com/new_newsview.aspx?newsid=277 |title="Eva Mendes – the latest Queen of the South" 7th&nbsp;November&nbsp;2010 |publisher=Qosfc.com |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011 |archive-date=2015-02-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215171804/http://www.qosfc.com/new_newsview.aspx?newsid=277 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The eik-name is alsae the name o the toun's professional fitbaw team, [[Queen of the South F.C.]]. Fowk frae Dumfries are kent colloquially as ''Doonhamers''. ==Toponymy== There at least three theories on the etymology o the name. Ane is that the name ''Dumfries'' haes its foonds in the [[Scots Gaelic|Scottish Gaelic]] name ''Dùn Phris'', meanin "Fort o the Shaw".<ref>{{cite web |title=Parliament Scotland - Placenames - Gaelic - C-E |url=http://www.parliament.scot/Gaelic/placenamesC-E.pdf |access-date=2020-02-19 |archive-date=2020-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013215200/http://www.parliament.scot/Gaelic/placenamesC-E.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Anither ane is that it micht be sib wi Cumbric ''prēs,'' an element common in the Brythonic pairts sooth o the River Forth.<ref name="bliton">{{cite web |last1=James |first1=Alan |title=A Guide to the Place-Name Evidence |url=http://spns.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Alan_James_Brittonic_Language_in_the_Old_North_BLITON_Volume_II_Dictionary.pdf |website=SPNS - The Brittonic Language in the Old North |accessdate=25 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813011121/http://spns.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Alan_James_Brittonic_Language_in_the_Old_North_BLITON_Volume_II_Dictionary.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An as sic, Dumfries micht be the same place as ''Penprys'', the whilk is the capital o an unco land in Medievial Welsh literature, the whilk is mintioned in the ''awdl,'' "''Lament for Gwallawg''" bi [[Taliesin]].<ref name="bliton" /> This mints that the first element ''dum'' micht hae been ''pen'', meanin "summit-heid" (Welsh ''pen''). Frae the wittins o a third theory, the name is a corruption o twa [[Auld Inglis leid|Auld Inglis]] or [[Auld Norse]] wirds that mean "the freer's brae"; thaim that fauvours this idaia threaps the foondin o a religious hoose near the heid o whit is noo kent as the Friar's Vennel.<ref name="autogeneratedhist" /> Gif the name wis taen frae English or Norse, housomever, the expeckit form wad hae the elements backside-foremaist. A Celtic ruit is therefore preferred. Mairatouer, the Brittonic element ''drum'',<ref name="bliton" /> meanin "rig", an the Gaelic elements ''druim''<ref name="bliton" /> (the whilk means the same), an ''dronn'',<ref name="bliton" /> "a hump", hae aw been proponed as an explanation o the first element.<ref name="bliton" /> There is baith ae ''Dùn'' an ae ''druim'' in the toun. ==History== ===Early history=== There is nae definite record anent the time an mainer o Dumfries's foondin.<ref name=autogeneratedhist>{{cite web|url=http://www.electricscotland.com/history/dumfries/history1.htm |title=History of the Burgh of Dumfries – Chapter I |publisher=Electricscotland.com |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> Some scrievers haud that Dumfries floorisht as a place o distinction durin the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] Occupeetion o North [[Great Breetain]]. The [[Selgovae]] bade in [[Nidsdale]] at the time and micht hae biggit some military warks o a defensive naitur on or near the site o Dumfries; an it is mair nor likely that a castle o some kynd formt the nucleus o the toun. This is inferred fae the etymology o the name, that, accordin tae ae theory, is resolvable intae twa Gaelic terms, signifyin a castle or fort in the shaw or scrogs. Dumfries wis ance athin the borders o the [[Kinrick o Northumbrie]]. The destrict aroond Dumfries wis for several centurys rule't ower an deemt o muckle importance bi the invadin Romans. Mony traces o Roman presence in Dumfriesshire is tae be fund yet; cuinyies, wappens, orrals o urns, military yirdwarks, an roads bein amang the relicts left ahint bi thair lenthent bidin in this pairt o Scotland. The Caledonian breed in the sooth o Scotland wis investit wi the same richts bi an edict o [[Antoninus Pius]]. The Romanised natives received freedom (the burraes, cairns, an orrals o stane temples tae be seen in the destrict yet tell o a time whan Druidism wis the prevailin releegion) as weel as civilisation fae thair conquerors. Late in the fowert century CE, the Romans bad fareweel til the kintra.<ref name=autogeneratedhist /> Accordin til anither theory, the name is a corruption o twa wirds that mean "The Freer's Hill"; thaim that fauvour this idea ledge that [[Saunt Ringan]], bi plantin a releegious hoose near the heid o whit is noo Friars Vennel, at the end o the fowert century, becam the the virtual foonder o the burgh; houiver Rangan, sae faur as is kenned, dinna oreeginate ony monastic estaiblishments onywhaur an wis semply a meesionar. In the list o Breetish touns gien bi auncient historian [[Nennius]], the name ''Caer Peris'', that some modren antiquarians suppose tae hae been transmutit, bi change o deealect, intae Dumfries.<ref name=autogeneratedhist /> Twal o [[King Arthur|King Arthur's]] battles wis recordit bi Nennius in his ''Historia Brittonum''. The Battle o Tribuit (the 10t battle) his been suggestit as havin been mebbe near Dumfries or near the mooth o the [[River Avon]] near [[Bo'ness]]. Efter the Roman depairtur the airt aroond Dumfries haed sindry forms o veesit bi [[Pechts]], [[Anglo-Saxons]], [[Scots fowk|Scots]], an [[Norsemen]] culminatin a decisive victory for [[Giric|Giric (Gregory), King o Scots]] at whit is noo [[Lochmaben]] ower the native [[Britons]] in 890.<ref name=autogeneratedhist /> ===Mediaeval speal=== Whan, in 1069, [[Malcolm III o Scotland|Malcolm Canmore]] an [[William the Conqueror]] haudit a conference regairdin the claims o [[Edgar the Ætheling]] til the English Croun, thay met at Abernithi - a term that in the auld Breetish lied means a port at the mooth o the [[River Nith]]. It his been argied, the toun sicweys chairacterized maun hae been Dumfries; an tharefore it maun hae existit as a port in the [[Kinrick o Strathclyde]], gin no in the Roman days. Houiver, again this arguement is that the toun is situatit aicht tae nine mile fae the sea,<ref name=autogeneratedhist /> awtho the River Nith is tidal an navigable aw the wey intil the toun itsel. [[File:Lincluden Collegiate Church.jpg|thumb|Lincluden Collegiate Kirk, kenned an aw as [[Lincluden Aibey]], c.1789]] Awtho at the time 1 mile upstream an on the conter baunk o the Nith fae Dumfries, [[Lincluden Aibey]] wis foondit circa 1160. The aibey ruins is on the site o the [[bailey]] o the verra early [[Lincluden Castle]], as is thae yins o the later [[Lincluden Tower]]. This releegious hoose wis uised for various purposes, until its abandonment aroond 1700. Lincluden Aibey an its grunds is noo within the Dumfries urban conurbation boond. [[William the Lion]] grantit the chairter tae raise Dumfries til the rank o a [[ryal burgh]] in 1186. Dumfries wis verra much on the mairch durin its first 50 year as a burgh an it growed verra swith as a mercat toun an port.<ref>{{cite book|title=History of the burgh of Dumfries: with notices of Nithsdale, Annandale, and the western border|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924028091357|first=William|last=M'Dowall|publisher=Adam and Charles Black|year=1867|page=[https://archive.org/details/cu31924028091357/page/144 144]}}</ref> [[Alexander III o Scotland|Alexander III]] veesitit Dumfries in 1264 tae plan an expedeetion again the [[Isle o Man]], afore Scots bit for 180 year subjectit til the croun o [[Norawa]]. Identified wi the conquest o Man, Dumfries skare't in the weel-bein o Scotland for the next 22 year until Alexander's accidental deith brang an Augustan era in the toun's history til a snippen end.<ref name=autogeneratedhist /> A ryal castle, that no langer exists, wis built in the 13t century on the site o the praisent Castledykes Park. In the latter pairt o that century [[William Wallace]] chase't a fleein force soothwart throu the Nith dale. The English fugies met the yetts o [[Dumfries Castle]] that remained closed firm in thair presence. Wi a menyie o the toun's fowk jynin Wallace an his follaein pursuers whan thay arrived, the fleein English met thair end at Cockpool on the [[Solway Coast]]. Efter restin at [[Caerlaverock Castle]] a few mile awa fae the bluidlattin, Wallace again passt throu Dumfries on the day efter as he retourt north tae [[Sanchar]]. In the invasion o 1300, [[Edward I o Ingland|Edward I o England]] ludged a wheen o days in Juin wi the Minorite Freers o the Vennel, afore, at the heid o the than-mucklemaist invasion force tae attack Scotland, he asieged Caerlaverock Castle. Efter Caerlaverock yieldit hinderly, Edward passt throu Dumfries again as he crosst the Nith so as tae tak the invasion tae [[Gallowa]]. Wi the Scots nobility haein requeestit assistance fae the [[Haly See]] for thair cause, Edward on his retour tae Caerlaverock wis praisentit wi a missive directit tae him bi [[Pape Boniface VIII]]. Edward haudit coort in Dumfries that he greed grudgin til a parley. On 30 October, the parley soleecitit bi Boniface wis adheebitit bi Edward at Dumfries. Letters fae Edward, datit at Dumfris, wis sent tae his subordinates ootthrou Scotland, orderin thaim tae gie effect tae the treaty. The peace wis tae last until Whitsunday in the follaein year.<ref name=autogeneratedhist /> Afore becomin [[Scots monarchs|Keeng o Scots]], [[Robert the Bruce]] slaw his rival the [[John III Comyn, Laird o Badenoch|Red Comyn]] at [[Greyfriar's Kirk]] in the toun on 10 Februar 1306. His switherin aboot the fatality o his stobbin caused yin o his follaers, [[Roger de Kirkpatrick]], tae mooth the famous "A mak siccar" an feenish the Red Comyn aff. Bruce wis excommunicatit subsequent as an upshot, less for the murther nor its location. Regairdless, for the Bruce the dice wis casten at the maument in Greyfriars an sae begoud his campaign bi force for the independence o Scotland. Swuirds wis drawn bi supporters o baith sides, the buirial grund o the Monastery becomin the theatre o battle. Bruce an his pairty than attackit Dumfries Castle. The English gairison surrendert an for the third time in the day Bruce wis victorious. He wis crount King o Scotland scrimp seiven week efter. Bruce later triumpht at the [[Battle o Bannockburn]] an led Scotland tae independence. Aince Edward hid received wird o the revolution that hid startit in Dumfries, he again raised an airmy an invadit Scotland. Dumfries wis again subjectit til the control o Bruce's enemys. [[Christopher Seton|Sir Christopher Seton]] (Bruce's guid-brither) hid been capturt at [[Loch Doon]] an wis hurrit tae Dumfries tae be tried for traison in general an mair speceefic for bein praisent at the Red Comyn's killin. In 1306 an alang wi twa companions, Seton wis condammt an executit bi [[hangin]] an than [[heidin (decaptitation)]] at the site o whit is noo St Mary's Kirk. [[File:Burns Statue and Greyfriars, Dumfries.JPG|thumb|left|upright|Greyfriars Kirk an Burns Statue|alt=]] In 1659 ten weemen wis accuised o sindry acts o witchcraft bi Dumfries Kirk Session awtho the Kirk Session meenits itsel records anely nine witches. The Justiciary Coort fand thaim guilty o the several airticles o witchcraft an on 13 Apryle atween 2 pm an 4 pm thay wis takken til the Whitesands, strangelt at stakes, an thair bouks burnt til ess.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dumfriesmuseum.demon.co.uk/dumfstory09.html |title=Dumfries Museum |publisher=Dumfriesmuseum.demon.co.uk |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011 |archive-date=2020-02-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218025748/http://www.dumfriesmuseum.demon.co.uk/dumfstory09.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===18t century=== Contra the funtain in Dumfries High Street, adjacent til the praisent [[Marks & Spencer]], wis the Commercial an later the County Hotel. Awtho the latter wis demolisht in 1984-5, the oreeginal facade o the biggin wis reteenit an incorporatit intae new retail premises.[https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/200362756-79-high-street-county-hotel-nith-ward] The biggin noo hooses a Waterstanes beukshap. Room No. 6 o the hottle wis kenned as [[Charles Edward Stuart|Bonnie Prince Charlie]]'s Room an wis cairpetit appropriate in the [[Ryal Stewart tartan]]. The timmer panellin o Prince Charlie's Room wis lairgely reinstatit an pentit complete wi the ile-pentit laundskips bi Robert Norie (1720-1766)[https://www.nationalgalleries.org/art-and-artists/artists/james-norie-senior] in the owermantels at baith ends o the room an can yet be seen up the stairs as a shawroom o the beukshap.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Norie Family|url=https://archive.org/details/noriefamily0000holl|last=Holloway|first=James|publisher=National Galleries of Scotland|year=1994|isbn=0903598442|location=Edinburgh|pages=[https://archive.org/details/noriefamily0000holl/page/27 27]}}</ref> The [[Charles Edward Stuart|Young Pertender]] hid his heidquarters here durin a 3-day stey in Dumfries taewart the end o 1745. £2,000 wis demandit bi the Prince, thegither wi 1,000 brogues for his kilted [[Jacobite risin o 1745|Jacobite]] rebel airmy, that wis campin in a field no 100 yaird awa. A clatter that the [[Duke o Cumberland]] wis approachin made Bonnie Prince Charlie decide tae leave wi his airmy, wi anely £1,000 an 255 pair o shuin haein been haundit ower.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.electricscotland.com/travel/burns1.htm |title=Walks in Burns Country – Town Centre |publisher=Electricscotland.com |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> [[Robert Burns]] flittit tae Dumfriesshire in 1788 an tae Dumfries itsel in 1791, bidin there until his deith on 21 Julie 1796. The day's [[Greyfriar's Kirk]] leuks ower the location o a Burns statue that wis designt bi [[Amelia Paton Hill]], sculptit in Carrara, Italy in 1892, an wis unveilt bi futur [[Prime meenister]], [[Archibald Primrose, 5t Yerl o Rosebery]] on 6 Apryle 1882.<ref name="burnsstatue">{{cite web|url=http://www.dumgal.gov.uk/index.aspx?articleid=12973 |title=Burns Statue, Dumfries with Tam O'Shanter and Souter Johnnie statues "on tour", c 1900 |publisher=National Burns Collection |accessdate=29 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826115946/http://www.dumgal.gov.uk/index.aspx?articleid=12973 |archivedate=26 August 2014 }}</ref> The day it featurs on the 2007 series o £5 paper notes issue't bi the [[Bank of Scotland]], alangside wi the [[Brig o Doon]].<ref name="scotbanks">{{cite web|url=http://www.scotbanks.org.uk/banknotes_current_bank_of_scotland.php|title=Current Banknotes: Bank of Scotland|publisher=The Committee of Scottish Clearing Bankers|accessdate=17 October 2008}}</ref> Efter wirkin wi [[Patrick Miller o Dalswinton|Patrick Miller o Dalswintoun]], inventor [[William Symington]] ettle't tae cairy a trial oot sae as tae shaw that an ingine wad wirk on a boat withoot the boat catchin fire. The trial teuk place hinderly on Dalswintoun Loch near Dumfries on 14 October 1788. The experiment demonstratit that a steam ingine wad wirk on a boat. Symington gaed on tae become the builder o the first practical steamboat. ===20t century an ayont=== [[File:New bridge 4.jpg|thumb|Buccleuch Street Brig, Dumfries]] The first ineetial hint that [[RAF Dumfries]] wis tae be built wis made in late 1938. The site chosen hid accomodatit licht aircraft syne aboot 1914. Wark oncam quickly, an on 17 Juin 1940, the [[18 Maintenance Unit]] wis appent at Dumfries. The role o the steid durin the war encompasst trainin an aw. RAF Dumfries hid a maument o danger on 25 Mairch 1943, whan a German [[Dornier Do 217]] aircraft shot the airfield baikon up, bit rattelt shortlins efterwart. The pilot, Oberleutnant Martin Piscke wis later buiried in [[Troqueer]] Cemetery in Dumfries toun, wi fu military honours. On the nicht o 3-4 August 1943 a [[Vickers Wellington]] bomber wi ingine problems divertit tae Dumfries bit rattelt 1.5 mile short of the runwey.<ref name="Dumfriesaviationmuseum.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.dumfriesaviationmuseum.com/ |title=Dumfries and Galloway Aviation Museum |publisher=Dumfriesaviationmuseum.com |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011 |archive-date=2020-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101000522/http://www.dumfriesaviationmuseum.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> In [[Warld War II]] the feck o the [[Norse Airmy]] durin thair years o exile in Breetain conseestit o a brigade o in Dumfries.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dumfries remembers role as home to Norwegian army |author=Giancarlo Rinaldi |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-south-scotland-11685262 |newspaper on 16 =[[BBC Scotland]] |date=4 November 2010 |accessdate=28 April 2013}}</ref> When the army High Command teuk ower, the war 70 officers and aboot 760 preevats in the camp. The camp wis estaiblisht in Juin 1940 an name't ''Norwegian Reception Camp'', conseestin o some 500 men an weemen, mainly Norse that hid volunteert for war duty in Norawa durin the [[Nazi occupeetion]] in early 1940. Throu the simmer the nummer wis accresst tae aroond 1,500 unner the commaund o General [[Carl Gustav Fleischer]]. Within a wheen o miles o Dumfries is the veelages o [[Tynwald, Dumfries an Gallowa|Tynwald]], [[Torthorwald]], an [[Moosal]], that aw wis sattle't bi [[Vikings]]. Dumfries his experience't twa Boxin Day [[yirdquauks]]. This anes wis in 1979 (measurin 4.7 {{mag|l}} centred near [[Langtoon]])<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://sjg.lyellcollection.org/content/38/2/113|title=The felt effects of the Carlisle earthquake of 26 December 1979|first1=R. M. W.|last1=Musson|first2=P. H. O.|last2=Henni|date=1 December 2002|publisher=|journal=Scottish Journal of Geology|volume=38|issue=2|pages=113–125|via=sjg.lyellcollection.org|doi=10.1144/sjg38020113}}</ref> an in 2006 (centred in the Dumfries destrict measuring 3.6 {{mag|l}}).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.earthquakes.bgs.ac.uk/macroseismics/dumfries_2006_macro.htm |title=Dumfries Earthquake 26 December 2006 |work=British Geological Survey |url-status=dead |accessdate=30 January 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110309214103/http://www.earthquakes.bgs.ac.uk/macroseismics/dumfries_2006_macro.htm |archivedate=9 March 2011 }}</ref> Thare wisna ony sairious consequences in baith yins. The war an aw a yirdquauk on 16 Februar 1984<ref>Redmayne D. W., 1984. £The Dumfries earthquake of 16 February 1984£. ''BGS; Global Seismology Report'' No. 241</ref> an anither yirdquauk on 7 Juin 2010.<ref>[http://www.earthquakes.bgs.ac.uk/recent_events/20100607173319.3.html]{{dead link|date=August 2011}}</ref> ==Demographics== The National Records for Scotland mid 2012 upcastit population o Dumfries wis reportit as 33,280.<ref name=2012pop2a>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/files//statistics/population-estimates/special-area/mid-2012-settlements/2012-pop-est-sett-local-main-tab2a.pdf |title="Mid-2012 Populations Estimates for Settlements and Localities in Scotland, table 2a" National Records for Scotland. Access date = 27 October 2014 |access-date=2020-02-19 |archive-date=2019-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204064320/https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/files//statistics/population-estimates/special-area/mid-2012-settlements/2012-pop-est-sett-local-main-tab2a.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=2012pop3a>[http://gro-scotland.gov.uk/files//statistics/population-estimates/special-area/mid-2012-settlements/2012-pop-est-sett-local-main-tab3a.pdf "Mid-2012 Populations Estimates for Settlements and Localities in Scotland, table 3a" National Records for Scotland. Access date = 27 October 2014]</ref> ==Namely fowk== {{For|a list o aw folk fae Dumfries wi a Wikipedia airticle|Category:Fowk frae Dumfries}} [[File:Robert Burns House, Dumfries.jpg|left|thumb|Robert Burns Hoose in Dumfries]] [[File:Plaque of Notable Students at Dumfries Academy.jpg|thumb|upright|Plaque o namely fowk fae Dumfries Academy]] A nummer o weel-kenned fowk wis eddicatit at [[Dumfries Academy]], amang thaim [[Henry Duncan (meenister)|Henry Duncan]], meenister and foonder o the warld's first commercial saufins baunk; Sir [[James Anderson]], that caiptaint the [[SS Great Eastern]] on the [[trans-Atlantic cable]] layin vaiges in 1865 an 1866; [[J. M. Barrie]], scriever o [[Peter Pan]]; [[John Law Hume]], muisicker in the orchestra on the [[RMS Titanic]]; [[Jane Haining]], missionar for the Kirk o Scotland in Hungary; [[Alexander Knox Helm]], diplomat; [[John Laurie]], actor (Private Fraser in ''[[Dad's Army]]''); [[Christian Jane Fergusson]], airtist; Sir [[Robin Philipson]], airtist; [[John Hanson (sanger)|John Hanson]], sangster; [[Alex Graham (cairtoonist)|Alex Graham]], cairtoonist best kenned for the [[Fred Basset]] series; an [[Jock Wishart]], that in 1998 set a new warld record for circumnavigatin the globe in a pouert veshel. [[Roger White (executive)|Roger White]], CEO of saft-drinks group [[A.G. Barr]], is a local lad that gaed tae the Dumfries Academy. Follaein [[William A. F. Browne]]'s 1838 appyntment as superintendant o the Crichton Hospital, his son, [[James Crichton-Browne]], psychiatrist, neurologist, an medical psychologist, wis eddicatit at the Academy. [[William Charles Wells]], predecessor tae [[Charles Darwin]] on the theory o [[Naitural selection]] wis anither yin that wis eddicatit in Dumfries. Geologist [[Robert Harkness]] wis eddicatit in Dumfries an bade consequent in the toun. Sir [[Frank Williams (Formula One)|Frank Williams]] o F1 motor-racin fame wis eddicatit at [[St Joseph's College, Dumfries]] as wis [[Charles Forte, Baron Forte]], foonder o the leisur an hottles conglomerate Forte Group. St Joseph's wis foondit bi [[Brither Wilfrid]], the foonder o [[Celtic F.C.]]. International chairt-tappin record producer [[Calvin Harris]] is fae Dumfries. Dumfries wis the hametoun of Harris until he left in 2008. [[Ray Wilson (musicker)|Ray Wilson]], lead sangster o [[Stiltskin]] an later [[Genesis (baund)|Genesis]] wis born in Dumfries as wis the musickers [[Geoffrey Kelly]], [[Ian Carr]], an [[Emma's Imagination]] sangster [[Emma Gillespie]] is fae Dumfries. Opera sangster [[Nicky Spence]] wis born in Dumfries as wis [[Britain's Got Talent]] sangster [[Andrew Johnston (singer)|Andrew Johnston]]. [[Nigel Sinclair CBE]] is a [[Hollywood]] pictur producer. [[Michael Carter (actor)|Michael Carter]]'s actin career his seen him appear in a variety o productions rangin fae ''[[Return o the Jedi]]'' tae ''[[Rebus (TV series)|Rebus]]''. Dumfries his produce't a steidy rin o professional [[fitbaw]]ers an manager. The best-kenned fitbawers o thair era tae come fae Dumfries is aiblins [[Dave Halliday]],<ref name=qosleg>{{cite web|url=http://www.qosfc.com/Legends |title="Queens legends" on the official Queen of the South FC website |publisher=Qosfc.com |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> [[Ian Dickson (fitbawer)|Ian Dickson]],<ref name=qosleg/> [[Bobby Ancell]], [[Billy Houliston]],<ref name=qosleg/> [[Jimmy McIntosh]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://qosfc.com/new_newsview.aspx?newsid=616|title=QosFC: Jimmy McIntosh|publisher=|access-date=2020-02-19|archive-date=2015-04-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407092446/http://qosfc.com/new_newsview.aspx?newsid=616|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Willie McNaught]], an [[Ted McMinn]].<ref name=qosleg/> Halliday, Dickson, Houliston, an McMinn played for the hame toun club [[Queen of the South F.C.|Queen o the Sooth FC]] durin thair careers. [[Dominic Matteo]]<ref name = "matteo">{{cite web|url=http://qosfc.com/new_newsview.aspx?newsid=1135|title=QosFC: Dominic Matteo autobiography review|publisher=|access-date=2020-02-19|archive-date=2015-04-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407145352/http://qosfc.com/new_newsview.aspx?newsid=1135|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=autogeneratedbarry>{{cite web|url=http://qosfc.com/new_newsview.aspx?newsid=615|title=QosFC: Barry Nicholson|publisher=|access-date=2020-02-19|archive-date=2015-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629140210/http://qosfc.com/new_newsview.aspx?newsid=615|url-status=dead}}</ref> wis born in Dumfries bit flittit tae England whan he wis a young boy.<ref name=autogeneratedbarry /> [[Barry Nicholson]] lost 4-3 tae Queens playin for [[Aberdeen F.C.]] in the 2008 [[Scots Cup]] semi-feenals in maugre o scorin<ref name=qoshist>{{cite web|url=http://qosfc.com/History |title=Queen of the South club history |publisher=Qosfc.com |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> again the team he supportit as a boy. Ancell, Houliston, McNaught, an Nicholson hae representit England at unner-21 level and wis jyned bi havin duin sae in saison 2010-11 bi [[Cammy Bell]] an [[Grant Hanley]]. Matteo gaint 6 fu kaips for Scotland<ref name=autogeneratedbarry /> efter haein representit England at unner-21 level. Halliday wis owerleukit bi Scotland in fauvour o [[Hughie Gallacher]].<ref name=qosleg/> Gallacher played for The Queens bit wisna fae Dumfries. It wis as a manager raither nor a player that [[Thomas Mitchell (football manager)|Thomas Mitchell]] made his name as a multiple [[FA Cup]] winner at [[Blackburn Rovers F.C.]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://qosfc.com/Legends |title=Connections between Dumfries and Blackburn Rovers in the Queen of the South profile on Jackie Oakes |publisher=Qosfc.com |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> afore jynin Woolwich Arsenal as [[Arsenal F.C.]] wis than name't. Dumfries is an aw the hametoun o three-times [[24 Oors o Le Mans]] winner [[Allan McNish]]<ref name = "mcnish">{{cite web|url=http://qosfc.com/new_newsview.aspx?newsid=638|title=QosFC: Allan McNish (part 2)|publisher=|access-date=2020-02-19|archive-date=2014-10-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021105352/http://qosfc.com/new_newsview.aspx?newsid=638|url-status=dead}}</ref> as it wis tae [[David Leslie (racing driver)|David Leslie]].<ref name = "mcnish" /><ref name = "mcnish" /> Scotland [[rugby union]] internationalists [[Duncan Hodge]], [[Nick De Luca]], [[Craig Hamilton]], an [[Alex Dunbar]] wis born in Dumfries as wis perfaisonal gowfers [[Andrew Coltart]]<ref name=autogeneratedcoltart>{{cite web|url=http://qosfc.com/new_newsview.aspx?newsid=649|title=QosFC: Andrew Coltart|publisher=|access-date=2020-02-19|archive-date=2015-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629133946/http://qosfc.com/new_newsview.aspx?newsid=649|url-status=dead}}</ref> an [[Robert Dinwiddie (golfer)|Robert Dinwiddie]]. [[Curlin]] warld kemps [[David Murdoch]], [[Euan Byers]], an [[Craig Wilson (curler)|Craig Wilson]] wis aw born in Dumfries. Umwhile [[Dairts]] kemp [[Rab Smith]] is anither ''Doonhamer''. [[BBC]] braidcaster [[Kirsty Wark]] wis born in the toun as wis fallae braidcaster [[Stephen Jardine]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://qosfc.com/new_newsview.aspx?newsid=634|title=QosFC: Stephen Jardine|publisher=|access-date=2020-02-19|archive-date=2015-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629155509/http://qosfc.com/new_newsview.aspx?newsid=634|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Neil Oliver]] (archaeologist, historian, scriever, an braidcaster growed up in [[Ayr]] an Dumfries. Scriever an earth scientist [[Dougal Dixon]] is fae Dumfries. [[Hunter Davies]] (scriever, jurnalist, an braidcaster) bade in Dumfries for 4 year as a boy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://qosfc.com/Legends |title=Hunter Davies memories of Dumfries in the profile on Billy Houliston |publisher=Qosfc.com |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> [[James Hannay (scriever)|James Hannay]], asides bein a scriever an jurnalist spent the last 5 year o his life as the Breetish consul in [[Barcelona]]. [[John Mayne (makar)|John Mayne]] wis born in Dumfries in 1759 an contreebutit in the field o poetry. [[Warld War I]] makar [[William Hamilton (Breetish Airmy officer)|William Hamilton]] wis anither wan born in Dumfries. [[Archibald Gracie]], shippin magnate an business tycoon in the USA, wis fae Dumfries. [[John McFarlane (Breetish businessman)|John McFarlane]], CEO of Australie an New Zealand Banking Group Limited ([[ANZ]])) oreeginates fae the toun, as dis [[William (Bill) Nelson (ADFP)]] that wis an aw wi ANZ (umwhile [[AXA]], [[AMP Limited]], and [[Westpac]]) an an aw faither o [[Alice Nelson]], noo CEO of Centurion Wealth Advisors. The airchitect [[George Corson]] that wirked mainly in [[Leeds]], England, wis born in Dumfries and article't tae [[Walter Newall]] in the toun. Politeecian [[David Mundell]] wis born in Dumfries as wis [[William Dickson (Upper Canada)|William Dickson]], [[William Pattison Telford Sr.]], an [[Ambrose Blacklock]], aw that made thair merk poleetical in [[Canadae]]. Malcolm H. Wright, faither o [[Sophie B. Wright]] - New Orleans eddicator an pioneer for weemen's and childer's richts. Suffragette an feminist campaigner [[Dora Marsden]] spent the last 25 year o her life being care't for in Dumfries efter her psychological foonder. [[Ian Gibson (politician)|Dr. Ian Gibson]] is anither tae leave his merk on politeecs. [[James Edward Tait]] wis a Dumfries-born recipient o the [[Victoria Cross]]. [[William Robertson (VC)|William Robertson]] an [[Edward Spence (VC)|Edward Spence]] are ither Victoria Cross recipients. [[Robert Jenkinson, 2nt Yerl o Liverpuil]], UK Prime meenister fae 1812 tae 1827, wis quartert in Dumfries in 1796 durin his military service. [[David Haggart]] wis a Scots thief an rogue that in 1820 in his escape fae Dumfries Gaol (the site is noo occupeed bi Thomson's the Jewellers) kilt a preeson officer. He wis hangit in Edinburgh in 1821. His deectatit memoir publisht as a chapbeuk<ref>{{Cite web|title=Life of David Haggart who was executed at Edinburgh, 18th July, 1821 for the murder of the Dumfries jailor|url=https://digital.nls.uk/chapbooks-printed-in-scotland/archive/104184943|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-09|website=digital.nls.uk|language=en}}</ref> becam the subject o the pictur ''Sinful Davey'' starnin [[John Hurt]]. A plaque on the waw on the site o the King's Airms Hottle, noo Boots the Chemist's, records the presence there in 1829 o William Burke o the notour [[Burke an Hare murthers]]. He wis traivelin tae Ireland efter the trial; his veesit caused a near royet.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Broadside entitled 'Riot at Dumfries! Hares Arrival'|url=https://digital.nls.uk/broadsides/view/?id=15239|access-date=2026-08-09|website=digital.nls.uk|language=en}}</ref> [[John Richardson (naituralist)|John Richardson]], [[naituralist]], explorer, an naval surgeon wis born in Dumfries as wis [[John Craig (mathematician)|John Craig]], [[mathematician]], an [[James Crichton]], [[polymath]]. [[Benjamin Bell]] efter bein born in Dumfries gaed on tae become considert the first Scots scienteefic surgeon. His ieroe wis [[Joseph Bell]] that [[Arthur Conan Doyle]] his creeditit [[Sherlock Holmes]] as bein lowse sted on fae Bell's obversant mainer. Doyle's faither, airtist [[Charles Altamont Doyle]] deed in the [[The Crichton Ryal Institution]] an is buirit in the High Cemetery in Dumfries.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Charles Altamont Doyle - The Arthur Conan Doyle Encyclopedia|url=https://www.arthur-conan-doyle.com/wiki/Charles_Altamont_Doyle?title=Charles_Altamont_Doyle|access-date=2026-08-09|website=www.arthur-conan-doyle.com}}</ref> [[Thomas Peter Anderson Stuart]] left Dumfries tae gang on an foond the [[University of Sydney Medical School]]. [[John Allan Broun]]'s contreebution tae science wis his diskiverys aroond magnetism an meteorology. [[James Braid (surgeon)|James Braid]], surgeon an pioneer o [[hypnosis|hypnotism]] an [[hypnotherapy]], practice't in Dumfries fae 1825 tae 1828 in pairtnery wi William Maxwell. [[Ian Callum]] is kenspeckle't in the warld o motor ingineerin. A [[Kirk o Scotland]] meenister the Rev. John Ewart o [[Troqueer]] in [[Kirkcoubrieshire]] produce't eleiven childers that some hae made a namely merk. [[Peter Ewart]] wis an ingineer that wis influential in developin the technologys o [[turbines]] an theories o thermodynamics. His brither [[Joseph Ewart]] becam the Breetish ambassador tae [[Proushie]]. [[John Ewart]], a doctor, becam Chief Inspector o [[East Indie Company]] infirmarys in [[Indie]]. [[William Ewart]], faither of [[William Ewart (Breetish politeecian)|William Ewart]], politeecian, wis a business pairtner o Sir John Gladstones, faither o fower-times Prime meenister [[William Ewart Gladstone]]. Gladstone junior wis name't efter Ewart, his godfather. ==Climate== As wi the lave o the [[Breetish Isles]], Dumfries experiences a [[Oceanic climate|maritime climate]], wi cuil simmers an myld winters. It is yin o the no sae snawy locations in Scotland acause o its sheltert law-liein poseetion in the soothwast o the kintra. Fae 2 Julie 1908 the toun haudit the record for the heichest temperatur readin in Scotland, 32.8&nbsp;°C (91.0&nbsp;°F) until bein surpasst in [[Greycrook]], Borders, on 9 August 2003.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[UKMO]] |url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/ws/print.html |title=1908 temperature |accessdate=30 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103082750/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/ws/print.html |archivedate=3 November 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> {{Weather box |location = Dumfries 49m asl, 1961–1990, extremes 1951–1980 |metric first = Yes |single line = Yes |Jan record high C = 14.3 |Feb record high C = 13.3 |Mar record high C = 17.8 |Apr record high C = 19.3 |May record high C = 25.2 |Jun record high C = 28.3 |Jul record high C = 32.8 |Aug record high C = 28.6 |Sep record high C = 25.6 |Oct record high C = 22.8 |Nov record high C = 15.6 |Dec record high C = 13.9 |year record high C = 32.8 |Jan high C = 6.0 |Feb high C = 6.2 |Mar high C = 8.3 |Apr high C = 11.1 |May high C = 14.3 |Jun high C = 17.2 |Jul high C = 18.5 |Aug high C = 18.2 |Sep high C = 15.7 |Oct high C = 12.9 |Nov high C = 8.6 |Dec high C = 6.8 |year high C = 11.9 |Jan low C = 0.7 |Feb low C = 0.6 |Mar low C = 1.8 |Apr low C = 3.3 |May low C = 5.8 |Jun low C = 8.8 |Jul low C = 10.5 |Aug low C = 10.4 |Sep low C = 8.6 |Oct low C = 6.3 |Nov low C = 2.6 |Dec low C = 1.3 |year low C = 5.0 |Jan record low C = −13.9 |Feb record low C = −11.1 |Mar record low C = −12.2 |Apr record low C = −3.9 |May record low C = −2.2 |Jun record low C = 0.6 |Jul record low C = 2.8 |Aug record low C = 2.2 |Sep record low C = -1.1 |Oct record low C = -3.9 |Nov record low C = −9.0 |Dec record low C = −10.6 |year record low C = −13.9 |Jan precipitation mm = 110 |Feb precipitation mm = 76 |Mar precipitation mm = 81 |Apr precipitation mm = 53 |May precipitation mm = 72 |Jun precipitation mm = 63 |Jul precipitation mm = 71 |Aug precipitation mm = 93 |Sep precipitation mm = 104 |Oct precipitation mm = 117 |Nov precipitation mm = 100 |Dec precipitation mm = 107 |year precipitation mm = 1047 |Jan sun = 44.7 |Feb sun = 68.7 |Mar sun = 98.4 |Apr sun = 145.0 |May sun = 180.1 |Jun sun = 176.7 |Jul sun = 162.2 |Aug sun = 156.7 |Sep sun = 110.8 |Oct sun = 89.8 |Nov sun = 61.5 |Dec sun = 37.9 |year sun = 1333.5 |source 1 = [[Met Office]]<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/sites/10.html | archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20010210225728/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/sites/10.html | archivedate =10 February 2001 | title = Dumfries 1961-90 averages | accessdate = 5 November 2011 | publisher = [[Met Office]]}}</ref> |source 2 = [[ScotClim]]<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.weather.org.uk/climate/scotclim.html | title = Dumfries 1951-1980 extremes | accessdate = 5 November 2011 | publisher = [[ScotClim]]}}</ref> |date=November 2011 }} ==Geography== [[File:auld brig dumfries.jpg|thumb|Devorgilla Brig wi Auld Brig Hoose Museum at the end o the furthest span fae the camera]] [[File:Dumfries Suspension Bridge.jpg|thumb|Whitesands suspension footbridge ower the Nith]] [[File:Fountain and midsteeple.jpg|thumb|upright|The funtain an midsteeple on Dumfries High St]] [[File:1990dumfrieswhitesands.jpg|thumb|Whitesands, fae Buccleuch Street]] [[File:River Nith.jpg|thumb|River Nith]] Like the lave o [[Dumfries an Gallowa]], o Scotland's three major geographical areas Dumfries is locatit in the [[Soothren Uplands]]. The [[River Nith]] flowes throu Dumfries taewart the [[Solway Firth]] in a soothwart direction cleavin the toun intae East an Wast. At law tide, the sea recedes tae sic an extent on the shallae slopin sands o the Solway that the lenth o the Nith is stendit bi 8 mile to 70.7 mile at the maist. This maks the Nith Scotland's seivent langest river. The're several brigs crossin the river within the toun. Atween the [[Dervorguilla o Gallowa|Dervorguilla]] Brig (kenned as "The Auld Brig" an aw) an the suspension brig is a [[weir]] kenned colloquial as "The Caul". In wetter months o the year the Nith can fluid the surroondin streets. Dumfries his a thrang o suburbs includin [[Summerhill, Dumfries|Summerhill]], Summerville, [[Troqueer]], Georgetown, Cresswell, Larchfield, Calside, Lochside, Lincluden, [[Newbridge Drive, Dumfries|Newbridge Drive]], Sandside, Heathhall, [[Locharbriggs]], Noblehill, an Marchmount. [[Maxwelltoun]] tae the wast o the River Nith wis ae-time a burgh in its ain richt within the [[Kirkcoubrieshire|Stewarty o Kirkcoubrie]] until its incorporation intae Dumfries in 1938; Summerhill, [[Troqueer]], Lochside, Lincluden, and Sandside is amang ither suburbs locatit on the Maxwelltoun side o the river. [[Palmerston Park]], hame til the toun's senior fitbaw team [[Queen of the South F.C.|Queen o the Sooth F.C.]], is on Terregles Street, on the Maxwelltoun side o the river an aw. Queensberry Square an High Street is the central focal pynts o the toun an the area hosts mony o the historical, social, an commercial enterpreeses an events o Dumfries. Durin the 1990s, thir areas enjeyed various aesthetic acknawledgements fae organizations includin [[Britain in Bloom]]. ==Governance== Scots communitys grantit [[Ryal Burgh]] status bi the monarch gairdit jealous the honour an wi fushion. Ridin the Mairches maintains the tradeetion o an occasion that wis, in its day, o muckle importance. Dumfries his been a Ryal Burg syne 1186, its chairter bein grantit bi [[William the Lion|Keeng William the Lion]] in a muive that enshuirt the lealty o its ceetizens til the Monarch. Awtho faur fae the centre o pouer in Scotland, Dumfries hid obvious strategic significance sittin as it dis on the edge o [[Gallowa]] an bein the centre o control for the soothwast o Scotland. Wi the [[River Nith]] on twa sides an the Lochar Moss on anither, Dumfries wis a toun wi guid naitural defences. Consequently, it wis niver completely wawed. A carefu ee yet hit tae be keept on the clear define't boonds o the burgh, a task that hid tae be unnertakkin ilk year bi the [[Mayor|Provost]], [[bailies]], [[burgesses]], an ithers within the toun. Neebourin lairds micht try tae encroach on the toun boonds, or the Mairches as thay wis kenned, muivin thaim back 100 yaird or sae tae thair ain benefit. It hid tae be made clear tae onybody thinkin o or tryin tae encroach that they daurna dae sae. In retour for the Ryal status o the toun an the fauvour o the King, the provost an the cooncil, alang wi ither wirthy fowk hid tae be diligent in enshuirin the boonds wis strictly observed. Awtho steepit in history, Scotland's burghs remeent the fundament o the kintra's seestem o local government for centurys. Burgh status conferred on its ceetizens the richt tae elect thair ain toun cooncils, rin thair ain affairs, an raise thair ain local taxs or rates. In 1974 the burghs becam pairt o lairger destricts an regions. Thae boonds lost the significance thay wis grantit bi Ryal statute. Auncient titles like provost an bailie wis shauchelt aff or reteent anely for ceremonial purposes. Robes an cheens aften fand thair wey intae museums as a myndin o the past. Dumfries remeens a centre o government for a much muckler area nor juist the toun itsel. Bit its fowk, the Doonhamers yet reteen a pride in thair toun an distinctive identity. This is niver mair sae nor durin the week-lang Guid Nychburris Festival an its heichlicht the Ridin o the Mairches tat taks place on the third Seturday in Juin ilk year. ===Politics=== Dumfries is locatit in the [[Subdiveesions o Scotland|cooncil area]] o [[Dumfries an Gallowa]]. It is the seat o the local cooncil, whase heidquarters is locatit on the edge o the toun centre. Until 1995 Dumfries wis an aw hame til the cooncil for the local destrict o [[Nithsdale]]. Dumfries lens its name an aw til the [[Lieutenancy areas o Scotland|lieutenancy area]] o Dumfries, that is seemilar in boonds til the forgane [[Dumfriesshire]] coonty. Dumfries is situatit in the [[Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick|UK Pairlament]] constituency of [[Dumfries an Gallowa (UK Pairlament constituency)|Dumfries an Gallowa]] that is representit bi [[Alister Jack]] o the [[Scots Conservative Pairty]] For [[Scots Pairlament]] elections, Dumfries is in the [[Sooth Scotland]] electoral area an cleaved atween twa constituencys. The wastlin wairds o Abbey and North Wast Dumfries is in the constituency o [[Gallowa an Wast Dumfries (Scots Pairlament constituency)|Gallowa and Wast Dumfries]], and the eastlin wairds o Nith an Lochar is in the constituency o [[Dumfriesshire (Scots Pairlament constituency)|Dumfriesshire]]. The respecive MSPs is [[Finlay Carson]] an [[Oliver Mundell]], baith o the [[Scots Conservative Pairty]]. On the Dumfries an Gallowa cooncal, Dumfries is kivert bi fower 4-seat wairds: Abbey, Lochar, Nith, and North Wast Dumfries. North Wast Dumfries is the anely waird that alanerly kivers areas within the toun itsel, wi the tithers incorporating ootwith areas. In the 2017 cooncil election, thir wairds electit 6 [[Labour Pairty (UK)|Labour]], 5 [[Scots Conservative Pairty|Conservative]], and 4 [[Scots Naitional Pairty|SNP]] cooncillors. ==Economy== Dumfries his a lang history as a [[coonty toun]], an as the [[mercat toun]] o a surroondin rural hinterland. Dumfries is a relatively weel-aff community bit the toun centre his been exposed til the centrifugal forces that hae seen retail, business, eddicational, residential, an ither uisses gravitate taewart the toun's urban freenge.<ref>[http://www.dumgal.gov.uk/Dumgal/Documents.aspx?id=12338 DGC -Document: Dumfries Town Centre Urban Design Strategy – Part 1] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215015236/http://www.dumgal.gov.uk/Dumgal/Documents.aspx?id=12338 |date=15 February 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Dumfries & Galloway Council|date=2006-02-20|title=Document: Dumfries Town Centre Urban Design Strategy - Part 1|url=http://www.dumgal.gov.uk/Dumgal/Documents.aspx?id=12338|access-date=2026-08-09|website=www.dumgal.gov.uk|language=en}}</ref> This wis startit in the 1980s wi the biggin o the Dumfries bypass. The immediate effect o this wis as ettle't the diversion o transitin traffeck awa fae the toun centre. This brocht wi it an accompanyin reduction in economic inpit til the toun centre. The seicont effect o this his been mair pronoonce't. Sites near til the bypass hae attractit development tae utilize the bypass as a heich-speed urban hiewey withoot the bottlenecks o the toun centre and withoot the constreenin leemitit toun centre pairkin. Ina bid tae re-brisken up development in Dumfries toun centere, baith economically an in a social context, several strategys hae been propone't bi the controllin authoritys.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dumfriesregeneration.co.uk |title=MiniWeb: Regeneration & Europe – Dumfries Town Centre |publisher=Dumfriesregeneration.co.uk |date=15 August 2011 |accessdate=24 August 2011 }}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Cultur== Dumfries got its eik-name ''Queen o the Sooth'' fae David Dunbar, a local makar,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telinco.co.uk/RobertTemple/Hrkiv6.htm#t1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031105133946/http://www.telinco.co.uk/RobertTemple/Hrkiv6.htm#t1 |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 November 2003 |title=Robert Temple Bibliographical Archive |publisher=Telinco.co.uk |date=2 March 2008 |accessdate=24 August 2011 }}</ref> that in 1857 stuid in the general election. In yin o his addresses he cried Dumfries "Queen o the Sooth" and this becam synonymous wi the toun.<ref name=qoshist/><ref>{{cite web|last=Ritchie |first=Robert |url=http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/features/Best-town-nickname.5509952.jp |title="Best town nickname" The Scotsman 1st&nbsp;August&nbsp;2009 |publisher=Thescotsman.scotsman.com |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> The term ''doonhamer'' comes fae the wey that natives of Dumfries ower the years hae referred til the aera whan wirking away fae hame. The toun is aften reffered tae as "doon hame" (down home) in the [[Scots leid]]. The term ''doonhamer'' follaed, tae descrive thaim that origeenate fae Dumfries.<ref name=qoshist/> The Doonhamers is an aw the eik-name o [[Queen of the South F.C.]] that represent Dumfries an the surroondin area in the [[Scottish Football League]].<ref name=qoshist/> The creest conteens the wirds "A Lore Burne". In the history o Dumfries near to the toun wis the quaw that the Loreburn ran throu whase name becam the rallyin cry o the toun in times o attack - "A Lore Burne" meanin "til the lairie burn".<ref name=qoshist/><ref name=autogenerated3>{{cite web |url=http://www.dumfriesmuseum.demon.co.uk/frames.html |title=Dumfries and Galloway Museums and Galleries on-line |publisher=Dumfriesmuseum.demon.co.uk |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011 |archive-date=2020-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711222022/http://www.dumfriesmuseum.demon.co.uk/frames.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2017 Dumfries wis rankit the happiest place in Scotland bi [[Rightmove]].<ref name=happy>[http://www.itv.com/news/border/2017-10-11/dumfries-ranked-the-happiest-place-to-live-in-scotland/ "Dumfries ranked the happiest place to live in Scotland" www.itv.com 11 October 2017]</ref> ===Museums=== [[File:Camera Obscura, Dumfries.JPG|thumb|upright|left|[[Dumfries Museum]] an camera obscura]] Locatit on tap o a wee hill, [[Dumfries Museum]] is centre't on the 18t-century windmill that staunds abuin the toun. Includit is fossil fit-dunts left bi prehistoric reptiles, the wildlife of the Solway mosses, tuils an wappens o the earliest fowk o the region, an stane cairvins o Scotland's first Christians. On the tap fluir o the museum is a [[camera obscura]].<ref name=autogenerated3 /> sted in the control tour near Tinwald Downs, the aviation museum his an extensive indoor ootset o memorabilia that strives tae preserve [[aviation]] heritage, a hantle o it that his come via various rekivery acteevitys. Durin the Seicont Warld War, aerial navigation was taucht at Dumfries and [[Wigtoun]] an aw, an nearby [[Annan]] wis a fechter trainin unit. [[RAF Dumfries]] doobelt as an important maintenance unit an storange unit. The museum is run bi the [[Dumfries and Galloway Aviation Museum]] group an is the anely preevat avaiation museum in Scotland.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=http://www.dumfriesmuseum.demon.co.uk |title=Dumfries and Galloway Museums |publisher=Dumfriesmuseum.demon.co.uk |date=1 August 1999 |accessdate=24 August 2011 |archive-date=2020-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222132412/http://www.dumfriesmuseum.demon.co.uk/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The restore't control tour o the foregane Warld War II airfield is noo a leetit biggin. The museum is run bi volunteers an hooses a lairge and ever-expandin aircraft collection, aero ingines, and a display ootset o artefacts and personal histories relatin tae aviation, past an praisent. It is hame an aw til the Loch Doon [[Supermarine Spitfire|Spitfire]]. Baith ceevil aviation an military aviation is representit.<ref name="Dumfriesaviationmuseum.com"/> ===Theatre an Cinema=== [[File:Shakespeare St, Dumfries.jpg|thumb|The Theatre Royal in Dumfries. In the background can be seen the spire o the auld St Andrew's Cathedral: the lave of the biggin burnt doun in 1961<ref>[http://www.standrewsdumfries.org.uk/History_plus.htm St. Andrew's Catholic Church Dumfries website] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327015953/http://www.standrewsdumfries.org.uk/History_plus.htm |date=27 March 2014 }}</ref> and wis replace't wi a new kirk on the same site.]] The [[Theatre Royal, Dumfries]] wis built in 1792 an is the auldest wirkin theatre in Scotland.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.guildofplayers.co.uk/ |title=Guild of Players – Home |publisher=Guildofplayers.co.uk |date=June 2014 |accessdate=24 August 2011 |archive-date=2019-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219150241/http://www.guildofplayers.co.uk/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The theatre belangs til the Guild o Players that bocht in 1959, tharefore saufin it fae demoleetion, an is run ona volutary basis bi the members o the Guild o Players. It is fondit enteerly bi Guild membership stents and bi box-office quitances takkins. It disna praisently receive ony grant aid taewart runnin costs. In recent years the theatre his been reruift an the ootside refurbisht. It is the venue for the Guild o Players ain productions an for performances fae veesitin companies. Thir include: [[Scottish Opera]], [[TAG]], [[the Borderline]], and [[7:84]]. The [[Robert Burns Centre]] is an airt hoose cinema in Dumfries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rbcft.co.uk/ |title=Robert Burns Centre Film Theatre |publisher=Rbcft.co.uk |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> The Odeon Cinema, that shew mair mainstream picturs, closed its doors in mid-2018. ===Concert an Event Venues=== [[File:DG One, Dumfries, 2007-07-26.jpg|thumb|Construction o DG One centre in 2007]] The Loreburn Haw (whiles kenned colloquial as The Drill Haw)<ref name="culturalprofiles.org.uk">{{cite web|url=http://www.culturalprofiles.org.uk/scotland/Units/298.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-04-27 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606152912/http://www.culturalprofiles.org.uk/scotland/Units/298.html |archivedate=6 June 2011 |df=dmy }}</ref> his hostit concerts bi performers sic as [[Black Sabbath]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.black-sabbath.com/tourdates/1970.html |title=1970 Tour |publisher=Black-sabbath.com |accessdate=24 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611151759/http://www.black-sabbath.com/tourdates/1970.html |archivedate=11 June 2011 }}</ref> [[Big Country]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tour Dates 1990|url=http://www.geocities.com/SunsetStrip/Alley/2384/td-1990.html|access-date=2026-08-09|website=www.geocities.com}}</ref> [[The Proclaimers]], an [[Scottish Opera]].<ref name="culturalprofiles.org.uk"/> The haw his hostit sportin events sic as [[warstlin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wrestling101.com/101/newsitem/1154/ |title=wZw Present The 'Destruction Tour' |publisher=Wrestling101.com |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011 |archive-date=2020-02-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219085931/http://www.wrestling101.com/101/newsitem/1154/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The new DG One sport, fitness, an enterteenment centre becam the principle indoor event venue in Dumfries in 2007,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dgone.co.uk |title=MiniWeb |publisher=DG One |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011 |archive-date=2019-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101101632/http://dgone.co.uk/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> bit in October 2014, it closed acause o major defects diskivert in the biggin. Houiver, the refurbisht replenisht biggin reappent tae the public in the simmer o 2019.<ref>{{cite news|title=Dumfries leisure centre with 'unique' failings ready to reopen |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-south-scotland-48761099|accessdate=7 January 2020|work=BBC News|date=26 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The Theatre Royal his reappent an aw follaein renovation wark. ===Visual Airts=== Wi a collection o ower 400 Scots pentins, Gracefield Arts Centre hosts a changin programme o exheebeetions featurin regional, national, and internatonal airtists and craft-makkers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dumfriesmuseum.demon.co.uk/grace.html|title=Gracefield Arts centre|date=|publisher=Dumfriesmuseum.demon.co.uk|accessdate=24 August 2011|archive-date=2020-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222025418/http://www.dumfriesmuseum.demon.co.uk/grace.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dumfries Art Trail brings thegither airtists, makkers, gaileries, an craft shaps wi venues accessible aw year roond.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dumfries Art Trail|url=https://dumfriesarttrail.wordpress.com/|access-date=2026-08-09|website=Dumfries Art Trail|language=en-US}}</ref> ===Festivals=== The're a nummer o festivals that tak place ootthrou the year, maistly sted on tradeetional values. '''''Guid Nychburris''''' ([[Middle Scots leid|Middle Scots]], meanin 'guid neebours') is the main festival o the year, a ceremony that is lairgely sted on the theme o a positive community speerit. The ceremony on Guid Nychburris Day follaes a route an sequence o events laid doun in the mists o time. Formal proceedins start at 7.30 am wi the gaitherin o up tae 250 horses waitin for the courier tae arrive and annunce that the Pursuivant is on his wey, an at 8.00 am leave the Midsteeple an ride oot tae meet the Pursuivant. Thay then proceed to Ride the Mairches an Stob an Nog (merk the boond wi stabs an knags) afore retourin til the Midsteeple at 12.15 pm tae meet the Provost an then the Chairter is proclaimt tae the tounfowk o Dumfries. This is than follaed bi the crounin o the Queen o the Sooth.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.guidnychburris.co.uk |title=www.guidnychburris.co.uk |publisher=www.guidnychburris.co.uk |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822205037/http://www.guidnychburris.co.uk/ |archive-date=22 August 2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Syne 2013, Dumfries his seen the annual [[Nithraid]], a wee boat race up the Nith fae Carsethorn, celebratin the toun's historical relationship wi the river. The region is hame an aw tae a nummer o thrivin muisic festivals sic as the Eden Festival (at St Ann's near Moffat), Youthbeatz (Scotland's lairgest free youth muisic festival), the Moniave Folk Festival, Thornhill Music Festival, and Electric Fields at Drumlanrig Castle afore. [[File:Ewart Library entrance.jpg|thumb|Entrance tae the Ewart Library]] ===Leebrary=== The [[Ewart Library]] is a [[Carnegie library]], an wis appent in 1904. Carnegie donatit £10,000 taewart the buildin o the leebrary, an suggestit that it wis name't efter [[William Ewart]], forgane MP for the area, and wha wis key in the introduction o actis o Pairlament in baith England an Scotland relatit til the creaution o public leebrarys.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.scotcities.com/carnegie/renaiss.htm|title=Edwardian Renaissance Architecture in Scotland|website=www.scotcities.com|access-date=2019-07-27|archive-date=2019-09-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910163352/http://www.scotcities.com/carnegie/renaiss.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Sport== [[File:Scoreboard cropped.JPG|thumb|left|2008 Scottish Cup semi final result on the scoreboard at Hampden Park]] [[Queen of the South F.C.]] represent Dumfries an the surroondin area in the seicont level o the kintra's [[Scottish Professional Football League|perfaisonal fitbaw seestem]], the [[Scottish Championship]]. [[Palmerston Park]] on Terregles Street is the hame grund o the team. This is on the Maxwelltoun side o the River Nith. Thay raxt the 2008 Scottish Cup Final, losin 3-2 tae [[Rangers F.C.]]. [[Dumries Saints Rugby Club|Dumfries Saints Rugby Club]] is yin o Scotland's auldest rugby clubs having been admeetit til the [[Scots Rugby Union]] in 1876-7 as "Dumfries Rangers". Dumfries hame an aw tae a nummer of gowf coorses: * The Crichton Golf Club * The Dumfries and County Golf Club * The Dumfries and Galloway Golf Club O thae that wis listit anely the Dumfries and Galloway Golf Club is on the Maxwelltoun side of the River Nith. This course is clift intae twa haufs o 9 holes ilk bi the town's [[Castle Douglas]] Road. The club hoose an holes 1 tae 7 an 17 and 18 is on the side nearest tae Summerhill. Holes 8 tae 16 is on the side nearest tae Janefield. The appenin state of the [[2001 Tour o Breetain]] startit in [[Peebles]] and finisht 105.8 mile later in Dumfries. The stage wis wun bi sprent speicialist an ringin [[Tour de France]] green gansey kemp, [[Mark Cavendish]], wi his teammate leid-oot man, [[Mark Renshaw]] finishin seicont. Cavendish hid been schedule't tae be racin in the 2011 [[Vuelta a España]]. Houiver Cavendish wis yin o a nummer o riders tae reteer havin suffert in the searin Spaingie heat. This alloued Cavendish tae be a late addeetion tae the Tour o Breetain line-up in his preparation for whit wis tae be a successfu bid twa week later in the 2001 [[UCI Road World Championship]] - Men's Road Race . Cavendish in a smilin efter-race interview in Dumfries descrived the weet an windy race condeetions throu the Southern Scots stage as 'horrible'.<ref>Tour of Britain, ITV4, 7 pm Sun 11 September 2011</ref> DG One complex includes a national event-sized competeetion soumin puil. The David Keswick Athletic Centre is the principal faceelity in Dumfries for athletics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.runtrackdir.com/details.asp?track=dumfries |title=David Keswick Athletic Centre |publisher=Runtrackdir.com |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> Dumfries is hame tae [[Nithsale Amateur Rowin Club]]. The rowers skare thair clubhoose wi [[Dumfries Sub-Aqua Club]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Douglas A. Rathburn |url=http://www.oarspotter.com/blades/UK/Club/British_Club.html |title=Blades of the World: British Rowing Clubs |publisher=Oarspotter.com |date=14 July 2011 |accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dgstandard.co.uk/tags/rowing/ |title=rowing news and articles – Dumfries and Galloway Standard |publisher=Dgstandard.co.uk |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> The rowers share their clubhouse with [[Dumfries Sub-Aqua Club]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sub Aqau Club|url=http://website.lineone.net:80/~tkburnett/|access-date=2026-08-09|website=website.lineone.net}}</ref> The toun is hame an aw tae the [[Solway Sharks]] [[Ice hockey]] team. The team is praisently Northern Premier League winners. The team's hame rink is Dumfries Ice Bowl, that is kenned an aw as Scotland's anely center o ice hockey excellence, an trials for the Scottish Jr. national team is cairit oot at this venue. Dumfries Ice Bowl is hame an aw tae twa [[synchronized skeetin]] teams, [[Solway Stars]] and [[Solway Eclipse]]. In addeetion, Dumfries Ice Bowl is hame an aw tae several curliln teams, competeetions, an leagues. Junior curlin teams fae Dumfries, consistin o curlers unner the age o 21, compete raiglar in the Dutch Junion Open sted in Zoetermeer, the Netherlands. In 2007, 2008, an 2009 a Dumfries-sted team hae been the winners o the competeetion's Hogline Tropy. Dumfries hosts three outdoors [[bouls]] clubs:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bowlsclub.org/associations/lawn/GB/SBA17/247/ |title=SBA district 17 |publisher=BowlsClub.org |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011 |archive-date=2011-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812200844/http://bowlsclub.org/associations/lawn/GB/SBA17/247/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Dumfries Bowling Club]] * [[Marchmount Bowling Club]] * [[Maxwelltown Bowling Club]] Dumfries hosts cyclin organizations an cyclin vacances.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dumfriescc.org/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-05-01 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527161000/http://dumfriescc.org/ |archivedate=27 May 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dandgcycling.care4free.net/ |title=Dumfries and Galloway Cycling Group CTC Section Southwest Scotland, homepage |publisher=Dandgcycling.care4free.net |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visitdumfriesandgalloway.co.uk/cycling/ |title=Cycling holidays in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland |publisher=Visitdumfriesandgalloway.co.uk |date=30 September 2003 |accessdate=24 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819140424/http://www.visitdumfriesandgalloway.co.uk/cycling |archivedate=19 August 2011 }}</ref> ==Eddication== Dumfries haes several primary schuils, aboot yin per key destrict, and fower main seicontary schuils. Aw o thir institutions is governt bi Dumfries an Gallowa Cooncil. the seicontary schuils is; * [[Dumfries Academy]] * [[Dumfries High School]] * [[Maxwelltoun High School]] * [[St Joseph's College]] Dumfries Academy wis a [[grammar school]] until adoptin a comprehensive format in 1983. In 2013 plans for a 'super schuil' wis annunce't. Thir plans wis later dimitit in fauvour o renovatin existin schuils.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-south-scotland-25023668|title=The Dumfries 'super school' project that never took off|first=Giancarlo|last=Rinaldi|date=21 November 2013|publisher=|via=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> In 199 Scotland's first multi-institutional university campus wis estaiblisht in Dumfries, in the 85-acre Crichton estte. In order o campus presence it is host tae the [[University of the West o Scotland]] (UWS) (kenned as University o Paisley and Bell College afore), [[Dumfries and Galloway College]], and the [[Glesga Varsity|University of Glasgow]]. In its infancy yet, the campus offers a range o degree coorses in initial teacher eddication, business, computin, environmental studies, tourism, heritage, social wark, heal, social studies, nuiricin, liberal airts, an humanities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scotland.gov.uk/News/Releases/2007/08/20105300|title=Support for Crichton and South of Scotland|first=Scottish Government, St. Andrew's House, Regent Road, Edinburgh EH1 3DG Tel:0131 556 8400|last=ceu@scotland.gsi.gov.uk|date=20 August 2007|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://crichtoncampus.co.uk/ |title=Crichton University Campus Dumfries – Scotland UK |publisher=Crichtoncampus.co.uk |date=11 July 2006 |accessdate=24 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814021722/http://crichtoncampus.co.uk/ |archivedate=14 August 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In maugre o a short-leeved threit o closin tae the University o Glasgow pairt o the campus in 2006, a campaign bi students, academics, an local supporters enshuirt that the University of Glasgow remeent appen in Dumfries. The University of Glasgow, syne maintainin its proveesion in Dumfries, his lencht a new unnergraduate programme in primary teachin.<ref>{{Cite web|title=University of Glasgow :: Dumfries Campus :: Primary Education with Teaching Qualification|url=http://www.gla.ac.uk/departments/dumfriescampus/undergraduatestudy/primaryeducationwithteachingqualification/|access-date=2026-08-09|website=www.gla.ac.uk|language=en}}</ref> ==Healcare== [[Dumfries and Galloway Royal Infirmary]] is the principal seicontary care referral centre for Dumfries an Galloway region. It noo includes a maternity wing that replace't the auld Cresswell Maternity Hospital. The [[Crichton Royal Hospital]] is pairt o the Royal Infirmary complex an provides a regional psychiatric, psychological, an speicialist addictions service within Dumfries an Galloway. In 1838 [[Willam A. F Browne]] acceptit the poseetion o Physeecian Superintendant at the newly creatit Crichton. It is at the Chricton that [[Ursula Fleming]] gaint a hantle o her eddication an experience. ==Transport== [[File:Maxwelltown Railway Path, Dumfries (looking towards Hardthorn Road bridge).jpg|thumb|left|Maxwelltown Railwey Paith, Dumfries (leukin taewart Hardthorn Road brig)]] [[File:Dumfries Railway Station 2008-01-18.jpg|thumb|[[Dumfries railwey station]]]] Dumfries is linkit tae the norwart-gaun [[M74 motorwey]] at [[Beattock]] via the [[A701 road]]. The eastwart-gaun [[A75 road]] links Dumfries tae the soothwart-gaun A74 (M), leadin tae the [[M6 Motorwey]] an [[Cairl]]. The westlin-gaun A75 links Dumfries til the ferry port o [[Stranrawer]]. The [[A76 road]] connects tae [[Kilmarnock]] in [[Ayrshire]]. [[Dumfries railwey station]] is locatit on the [[Glasgow South Western Line]]. It wis awairdit Best Station Awards bi [[British Rail]] in 1986 an 1987. The train service is noo operatit bi [[Abellio ScotRail]] that provides services tae [[Glesga Central station]] an Cairl, an no sae aften services direct tae [[Newcastle upon Tyne]]. The nearest station tae Dumfries on the [[West Coast Main Line]] is 14 mile east alang the [[A709 road]] at [[Lockerbie]], an the nearest West Coast Main Line station linkin direct tae Dumfries bi rail is at Cairl. [[Maxwelltoun station]] in the Summerhill destrict o the toun wis closed alang wi the direct line tae Stranrawr via Castle Douglas as pairt o the [[Beeching cuts]] in 1965. Pairt o the disused railwey track in Dumfries wis later convertit til a cycle paith. ==Pairks== The maist significant o the pairks in Dumfries is aw within walkin distance o the toun centre: * Dock Park - locatit on the East baunk o the Nith juist til the sooth o St Michael's brig * Castledykes Park - as the name suggests on the site o a foregane castle * Mill Green (kenned an aw as Deer Park, awtho the deer that wis there hae syne been relocatit) - on the Wast baunk o the Nith conter Whitesands ==Braidcastin== Dumfries is hame tae yin o the 11 BBC studios in Scotland. [[West Sound (Dumfries an Gallowa)|West Sound FM]], pairt o the [[Bauer Media Group]], braidcasts fae Dumfries, an is an aw the main radio station for the area. Community radio station ''Alive 107.3'' braidcasts on 107.3 FM in Dumfries an online.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://media.info/radio/stations/alive-radio-1073|title=Alive Radio 107.3|publisher=|access-date=2020-02-19|archive-date=2019-10-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017190341/https://media.info/radio/stations/alive-radio-1073|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2018, Dumfries got a new radio station, ''Dumfries Community Radio''. Kenned an aw as DCR Online, it isna a tradeetional FM radio station, bit an online radio station. ==Local jurnalism== The twa local newspapers that kiver speceefic Dumfries an the surroondin area is: * ''[[Dumfries and Galloway Standard]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://icdumfries.icnetwork.co.uk/dumfriesgalloway/ |title=icDumfries – Dumfries & Galloway Standard News |publisher=Icdumfries.icnetwork.co.uk |date=11 August 2009 |accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> (estaiblisht 1843) publishin on Tysdays an Fridays * ''[[Dumfries Courier]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dumfriescourier.co.uk/ |title=Dumfries Courier – Regionwide news from your weekly newspaper |publisher=Dumfriescourier.co.uk |accessdate=24 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926073214/http://www.dumfriescourier.co.uk/ |archive-date=26 September 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> publishing on Fridays publishin on Fridays ==Airchitectural geology== [[File:Buccleuch St, Dumfries, 2007-07-26.jpg|thumb|saundstane biggins in Buccleuch Street]] The're mony biggins in Dumfries made fae saundstane o the local Locharbriggs [[Quarrel (minin)|quarrel]]. The quarrel is situatit aff the A701 on the north o Dumfries at Locharbriggs near til hte aggregates quarrel. This dimension stane quarrel is a lairge quarrel. Quarrel wirkin at Locharbriggs dates fae the 18t century, an the quarrel his been wirked continuous syne 1890.<ref name="autogeneratedquarry">{{cite web|url=http://www.stancliffe.com/uk-stone-types-and-colours/locharbriggs-red-sandstone|title=Locharbriggs Red Sandstone Suppliers|first=RJ Design|last=Associates|publisher=|access-date=2020-02-19|archive-date=2018-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306113531/http://www.stancliffe.com/uk-stone-types-and-colours/locharbriggs-red-sandstone|url-status=dead}}</ref> The're guid reserves o stane that can be howkit at several locations. On average the stane is available at deepths o 3 fit on bed awtho some lairger block are obtainable. The average lenth o a block is 4 fit bit 7 fit blocks can be obtaint. Locharbriggs is fae the New Red saundstane o the Permian age It is a middlin-graint stane rangin in colour fae dreich red tae pink. It is the saundstane uised in the [[Queen Alexandra Bridge]] in [[Sunderland]], the [[Manchester International Convention Centre]], an the base o the [[Statue o Leeberty]].<ref name=autogeneratedquarry /><gallery caption="Examples o sandstane carvins fund in Dumfries"> File:Dumfries Academy, Minerva Building, Academy St, Dumfries DG1 1DD, Detail.jpg|Minerva biggin, Dumfries Academy File:Grayfriars 1.jpg|Detail at Greyfriar's Kirk File:Grayfriars 4.jpg|Detail at Greyfriars Kirk File:Midsteeple 7.jpg|Detail at Midsteeple File:Queensberry Hotel, Dumfries 2.jpg|Detail at Queensberry hottle File:Queensberry monument dumfries 2.jpg|Ram's heid at Queensberry monument File:Greyfriars Dumfries town centre.jpg|Greyfriars Dumfries toun centre File:Carving of satyr, Dumfries.jpg|Carvin o Pan File:Dumfries Academy 2.jpg|Detail at Dumfries Academy </gallery> ==Surroondin places o interest== As the lairgest sattlement in Soothren Scotland, Dumfries is notit as a centre for veesitin surroonding places o interest.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scottishholidays.net/visit/scotland-tour-dumfries-dumfries.html |title=Dumfries Travel Guide |publisher=Scottishholidays.net |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011 |archive-date=2017-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013224911/http://www.scottishholidays.net/visit/scotland-tour-dumfries-dumfries.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The follaein is aw within easy reak: * [[Ae, Dumfries an Gallowa|Ae]] an [[Ae Forest]] * [[Caerlaverock Castle]]<ref name="autogenerated2" /> * [[Criffel]] - a hill on the Solway coast popular wi hill walkers for its views o the Soothren Scotland coastline an ootower the [[Solway Firth]] til the [[Lake District]] o [[Cumbria]]. * [[Drumlanrig Castle]]<ref name="autogenerated2" /> * [[Ecclefechan]] - birthplace o [[Thomas Carlyle]]. "The Arched House" is a tourist attraction an his been mainteent bi the [[National Trust for Scotland]] syne 1936.<ref name="autogenerated2" /> Ecclefechan is locatit at the fit o the lairge Roman fort, [[Burnswark]], that dominates the laundskip wi its flat tap. * [[Gretna Green]] an the [[Auld Smiddie]], famous for skirt-mairiages<ref name="autogenerated2" /> * [[John Paul Jones Cottage Museum]] - the tradeetional Scots cot what [[John Paul Jones]] in 1747 wis born in<ref>{{cite web |author=David Lockwood |url=http://www.jpj.demon.co.uk/jpjlife.htm |title=John Paul Jones a brief biography |publisher=Jpj.demon.co.uk |date=16 December 2010 |accessdate=24 August 2011 |archive-date=2013-06-25 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6HcxxyXwL?url=http://www.jpj.demon.co.uk/jpjlife.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Kagyu Samye Ling Monastery and Tibetan Centre]] wis the first [[Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan Buddhist]] centre tae hae been estaiblisht in the West. It is a centre within the [[Karma Kagyu]] tradeetion o Tibetan Buddhism. It is in the veelage o [[Eskdalemuir]] in the Scots Soothren Uplands<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.samyeling.org/ |title=Kagyu Samye Ling Monastery and Tibetan Centre |publisher=Samyeling.org |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> * [[Lochmaben]] wi its lochs popular wi boaters an an aw its history wi Robert the Bruce. * [[Mabie Forest]] - popular destinations for outdoor recreation suc as muntain biking an walkin * [[Moffat]] an the views nearby o the [[Devil's Beef Tub]], the [[Grey Mare's Tail]] watterfaw, an the [[A708 road]] fae Moffat past the Grey Mare's Tail tae [[St Mary's Loch]] * [[Minnyhive]] conservation veelage * [[New Abbey]] Corn Mill Museum an [[Sweetheart Abbey]]<ref name="autogenerated2" /> * [[Solway Coast]] * [[Threave Castle]] in [[Castle Douglas]], hame til the [[Clan Douglas|Douglas Clan]] o [[James Douglas, Laird o Douglas]] that fechtit wi [[Robert the Bruce]]<ref name="autogenerated2" /> * [[Twynholm]] an the [[David Coulthard]] Museum<ref name="autogenerated2" /> * [[Wanlockheid]] - Breetain's heichest veelage registert at 1,531 fit abuin sea level an the [[Lead Mining Museum]]<ref name="autogenerated2" /> ==Ither places name't Dumfries== ===Canadae=== * [[Dumfries, New Brunswick]] * [[South Dumfries Township, Ontario]] * [[North Dumfries, Ontario]] ===USA=== * [[Dumfries, Virginia]] in the US wis estaiblisht formal on land at the heid o the herbour o Quantico Creek, providit bi John Graham. He name't the toun efter his birthplace, Dumfries in Scotland * [[Dumfries, Minnesota]] * [[Dumfries, Iowa]] ===Ither=== * [[Dumfries, Bahamas|Dumfries]], [[Cat Island]], [[Bahamas]]<ref name=maphill1>{{Cite web |url=http://www.maphill.com/bahamas/cat-island/dumfries/ |title="Dumfries Maps" Maphill.com |access-date=2020-02-19 |archive-date=2020-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730051413/http://www.maphill.com/bahamas/cat-island/dumfries/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Dumfries, Grenada|Dumfries]], [[Carriacou]], [[Grenada]]<ref name="maphill2">{{Cite web |url=http://www.maphill.com/grenada/carriacou/dumfries/ |title="Dumfries Maps" maphillcom |access-date=2020-02-19 |archive-date=2020-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730035957/http://www.maphill.com/grenada/carriacou/dumfries/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Twin touns== {{flagicon|US}} &ndash; [[Annapolis, Maryland]],<ref name=moyer>{{Cite web |url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2007-07-06/news/0707060194_1_annapolis-city-council-moyer |title="Moyer to travel to Annapolis' sister cities in Europe" |access-date=2020-02-19 |archive-date=2017-08-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805222046/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2007-07-06/news/0707060194_1_annapolis-city-council-moyer |url-status=dead }}</ref> is hame til the [[United States Naval Academy]] whaur John Paul Jones lies in the crypt aneath the chaipel. {{flagicon|DE}} &ndash; [[Gifhorn]],<ref name=Gifhorn>[https://www.stadt-gifhorn.de/sv_gifhorn/Lebenswert/Partnerst%C3%A4dte/Dumfries/ "Stadt Giforn"]</ref> Germany {{flagicon|ITA}} &ndash; [[Cantù]], [[Italy]]. Dumfries an Galloway Cooncil hisna been involved in ony offeecial twinnin link atween the twa touns for some time. The bond his been mainteened throu the Freends o Cantu an the Nithsdale Twinnin Association.<ref name=cantu>[http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/local-news/italian-connection-to-dumfries-2609425 Italian connection to Dumfries]</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== {{Commons category|Dumfries}} * https://www.nationalgalleries.org/art-and-artists/artists/james-norie-senior James Norie Senior * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180514062633/http://www.dumgal.gov.uk/ Dumfries an Galloway Cooncil Wsbsteid] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091123153243/http://www.loreburne.co.uk/ www.loreburne.co.uk A Guide tae.....Dumfries] * [http://www.dumfriesmuseum.demon.co.uk/ Dumfries and Galloway Museums] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222132412/http://www.dumfriesmuseum.demon.co.uk/ |date=2020-02-22 }} * [http://ssa.nls.uk/search.cfm?search_sort_order=Film.dateRelease%2CFilm.name&search_sort_direction=ASC&search_term=dumfries&search_fields=2&search_join_type=AND&search_fuzzy=yes&videos_only=1&search_mode=Advanced&submit=Search+%3E%3E%3E National Leebrary o Scotland: Scots Screen Archaee]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}—selection of archaee picturs aboot Dumfries * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150924095611/http://www.scotlandsplaces.gov.uk/digital_volumes/book.php?book_id=555&place_id=10&p_name=Dumfriesshire Dumfries Ceevil Pairish Historical Tax Rolls in Dumfriesshire] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bBQjqwiCgNk&t=46s Video footage an history o Dumfries railwey station] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dUbEum2bCwM Video and history of the Burns Mausoleum, Dumfries.] * [https://www.visitscotland.com/destinations-maps/dumfries/see-do/ Things Tae See an Dae & Attractions in Dumfries] *[https://digital.nls.uk/chapbooks-printed-in-scotland/archive/104184943 https://digital.nls.uk/chapbooks-printed-in-scotland/archaee/104184943]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *https://www.arthur-conan-doyle.com/index.php?title=Charles_Altamont_Doyle *https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/200362756-79-high-street-county-hotel-nith-ward * {{en}} [https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Dumfries Dumfries at Wikivoyage] [[Category:Touns in Dumfries an Gallowa]] [[Category:Dumfries an Gallowa]] [[Category:Places o Scotland]] p3eolrlhksbjvfdj6jf6lpkqhq3akaa 0 145030 920634 917858 2026-08-11T06:28:48Z Thegrandtravelnerds 108868 Mendit Scots as weil as I could. 920634 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox UK place |country = Scotland |map_type= Ross and Cromarty |static_image_name= Cromarty waterfront houses.jpg |static_image_caption= Watterfront hooses in Cromarty |official_name= Cromarty |gaelic_name= Cromba | population = 672 | population_ref = ''(2022)'' |os_grid_reference= NH785675 |coordinates = {{coord|57.681|-4.035|display=inline,title}} |unitary_scotland= [[Hieland (cooncil aurie)|Hieland]] |lieutenancy_scotland= [[Ross an Cromarty]] |constituency_westminster= Caithness, Sutherland an Easter Ross |constituency_scottish_parliament= [[Skye, Lochaber an Badenoch (Scots Pairlament constituency)|Skye, Lochaber an Badenoch]] |post_town= CROMARTY |postcode_district = IV11 |postcode_area= IV |dial_code= 01381 }} '''Cromarty''' ({{lang-gd|Cromba}}, {{IPA-gd|ˈkʰɾɔumpə|IPA}}) is a toun, [[ceevil pairishes in Scotland|ceevil pairish]] an umwhile [[ryal burgh]] i [[Ross an Cromarty]], i the [[Hieland (cooncil aurie)|Hieland]] aurie o [[Scotland]]. Situaitit at the tip o the Black Isle oan the southern shore o the mou o Cromarty Firth, it is 5 miles (8km) seward o Innergordon oan the opposite coast. I the 2022 census, it haed a population o 672 fowk.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Home|url=https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/|access-date=2025-12-18|website=Scotland's Census|language=en}}</ref> == Etymology == The nem Cromarty variously derives the Gaelic ''Crom'' (Crukit), an ''bati'' (bay) or ''àrd'' (height), meaning ether the "crukit bay" or "the bend atween the heights" (Referring tae the high stanes, or Sutors, which guard the mou o the firth), and geid the title tae the Earldom o Cromartie.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Cromarty - Wikisource, the free online library|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Cromarty|access-date=2025-12-18|website=en.wikisource.org|language=en}}</ref> I 1264, its nem wis ''Crumbathyn.'' <ref>{{Cite book|last=A D|first=Mills|title=The Oxford Dictionary of British Place Names.|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1991|pages=140}}</ref> == Historie == Cromarty is a sea port, an it's economy wis closely linked tae the sea fae maist o its Historie. Fishing wis the major industry, wi salmon stations aroond the surrounding coasts, an boats gang oot tae catch herring. Ither trade wis brocht bi boat: Cromarty's connections tae surrounding touns wer maistly bi ferry, while Cromarty boats exported local hemp fibre, an brocht good suich as coal. The Cromarty Firth is an ootstanding natural herbour, an wis an important naval base i the [[Warld War I|Furst Warld War]] an the [[Warld War II|Second Warld War]]. HMS Natal blew up close tae Cromarty oan 30 December 1915 wi a substantial loss o life. Oan 26 January 1940, HMS Durham Castle, whilst being towed tae [[Scapae]], hit a mine laid bi U-Boat U-57 11 nautical miles tae the east o the toun.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-12-10|title=Durham Castle|url=https://www.scottishshipwrecks.com/durham-castle/|access-date=2025-12-18|website=Scottish Shipwrecks|language=en-GB}}</ref> Cromarty gies its name tae ane o the sea auries o the British Shipping Forecast.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shipping Forecast - BBC Weather|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/coast-and-sea/shipping-forecast|access-date=2025-12-18|website=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref>[[File:Scotia Depicta - Cromarty -Plate-.jpg|thumb|left|"Cromarty"; ''Scotia Depicta''; 1804]] Cromarty Castle wis the seat o the Urquharts, wha wer the heriditary sheriffs o Cromarty. The toun wis a [[ryal burgh]], an the ferry tae Nigg wis oan the Ryal Pilgrimage route north tae [[Tain]]. I 1513 James IV o Scotland went oan a pilgrimage tae the toun an stayed ane nicht i Cromarty Castle. Afore 1890, Cromarty served as the county toun o Cromartyshire. The site o the toun's mediaeval burgh, dating tae at least the 12th century wis identified bi local archaeologists efter winter storms i 2012 eroded sections o the shoreline. A commontie archaeology project that luiked at the roads an biggins oan the eastern edge of the toun, began i 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Medieval Cromarty ⋆ Ross and Cromarty Heritage|url=https://www.rossandcromartyheritage.org/home/black-isle-communities/cromarty/cromarty-history/cromarty-medieval-cromarty/|access-date=2025-12-18|website=Ross and Cromarty Heritage|language=en-GB}}</ref> Cromarty wis the birthplace o Sir Thomas Urquhart, the royalist sudger i the War O the Three Kinricks maist famous fae his wirk oan the furst translation o Rabelais intae Inglis.<ref name=":0" /> I the nineteenth century, Cromarty wis the birthplace an hame o Hugh Miller, a geologist, writer, journalist an key figure i the Disruption o 1843, which formed the Free Church o Scotland. == Geography == Cromarty is kent as a base fae viewing local affshore sea life. These include ane o the maist northerly groups o Bottlenose Dowphins. Cromarty, as weil as Chanonry Point juist roond the coast, is ane o the best places i Europe tae luik at the dowphins up close. The main local stane is Auld Reid Sandstane, aboot which Hugh Miller writ. Mony fossils can forby be foond i the stane alang the coast. == Governance == === UK Constituency === Cromarty is i the UK Pairlamentary constituency o Caithness, representit syne 2024 bi [[Jamie Stone (Scots politeecian)|Jamie Stone]]. Efter the 1707 [[Acts o Union 1707|Act o Union]], the pairlamentary constituency o Cromartyshire wis creatit, replacing the auld Scots Pairlament constituency o the same nem. Cromartyshire wis paired as an alternating constituency wi nereby Nairnshire, the freeholders o Cromartyshiren wid elect ane member o pairlament tae ane pairlament, wi Nairnshire's freeholders electing ane tae the next.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cromartyshire {{!}} History of Parliament Online|url=http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1690-1715/constituencies/cromartyshire|access-date=2025-12-19|website=www.historyofparliamentonline.org|archive-date=2023-11-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119090130/http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1690-1715/constituencies/cromartyshire|url-status=dead}}</ref> I 1832, Cromarty wis removit the county an became a pairlamentary burgh, combined wi [[Dingwal|Dingwall]], [[Dornach]], [[Kirkwaa]], [[Tain]] an [[Weik]] i the Northern Burghs constituency o the Hoose O Commons. Forby kent as the Weik Burghs, the constituency wis a district o Burghs an elected ane [[Member o Pairlament|MP]]. I 1918, The Northern Burghs constituency wis abolished an the Cromarty pairt wis merged intae the county constituency o Ross an Cromarty. I 1983, there wis anither boundary change an Cromarty became pairt o Ross, Cromarty an Skye (1983-1997) afore becoming pairt o Ross, Skye an Innerness Wast (1997-2005) an efter that Ross Skye an Lochaber. [[Charles Kennedy]] representit Cromarty 1983 tae 2015, whaun he wis unseatit bi Ian Blackford. In 2024, Cromarty became pairt o Caithness, Sutherland an Easter Ross. [[File:Cromartyc.jpg|thumb|The Coat O Erms o Cromarty Commonitie Cooncil.]] === Scots Pairlament Constituency === In the Scots Pairlament, Cromarty has been representit syne 2016 bi Kate Forbes, an SNP politeecian an formar Cabinet Secratary fae Finance in the Scots Government, as pairt o the Skye, Locahber an Badenoch constituency.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Skye, Lochaber and Badenoch - Scottish Parliament constituency - Election 2016 - BBC News|language=en-GB|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/politics/scotland-constituencies/S16000143|access-date=2025-12-20}}</ref> Prior tae 2011, it wis pairt o the Ross, Skye an Innerness Wast constituency. As weil as the constituency MSP, Cromarty is representit bi seven additional-member MSP's, elected across the Hielands an Islands Region. Syne the 2024 Unitit Kinrick Election (whaun [[Douglas Ross]] returnit tae the Scots Pairlament), these hae been Anna Burgess (Green),Emma Roddick (SNP), Rhoda Grant (Labour), Jamie Halcro Johnston, Edward Mountain, Tim Eagle an [[Douglas Ross]] (Conservative).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Current and previous MSPs|url=https://www.parliament.scot/msps/current-and-previous-msps|access-date=2025-12-20|website=www.parliament.scot|language=en}}</ref> ==== Local Authority ==== Cromarty is in the Hieland Cooncil aurie, the sucessor tae the Hieland region which takked the place o Ross an Cromarty in 1975. Syne the local elections in 2022, it's cooncillors fae the Black Isle ward hae been Lyndsey Johnston (SNP), Morven-May MacCallum (Liberal Democrats) an Sarah Atkin (Highland Independent).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Council|first=The Highland|title=The Highland Council - Find Councillors|url=https://www.highland.gov.uk/councillors/specificWard/9/09_black_isle|access-date=2025-12-20|website=www.highland.gov.uk|language=en|archive-date=2025-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250811153119/https://www.highland.gov.uk/councillors/specificWard/9/09_black_isle|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==== Commonitie Cooncil ==== The Cromarty and District Commonitie Cooncil consists o seven members, elected fae fower-year terms, three o these are elected annually tae the positions o Chairman, Secratary an Treasurer, as weil as twa Youth members aged atween 16-18, a minute secretary an mony Associate Members.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cromarty Live {{!}} Community Council|url=https://www.cromartylive.co.uk/commmunitycouncil|access-date=2025-12-20|website=Cromarty Live|language=en}}</ref> The cooncil wis grantit a coat o erms in 1988. It is based oan the erms o Clan Urquhart. == Architecture an Landmarks == [[File:Court House, Cromarty 01.jpg|thumb|The Courthoose in Cromarty]] Cromarty is architecturally important fae it's Georgian merchand hooses, suich as Forsyth Hoose, built bi William Forsyth, that staund within a tounscape o Georgian an Victorian fisherman's cottages in the local vernacular style. It is sometimes described as " the jewel in the croon o Scots Vernacular architecture."<ref>{{Cite web|date=1994-10-01|title=Prince views a 'jewel in the crown'|url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12670273.prince-views-a-jewel-in-the-crown/|access-date=2025-12-20|website=The Herald|language=en}}</ref> Hugh Miller's cottage, wi crow-stepped gables foond oan Church Street, is noo the anely thatched biggin in Cromarty, wi maist hooses haein switched tae slate roofs.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hugh Miller’s Birthplace|url=https://www.nts.org.uk/visit/places/hugh-millers-birthplace|access-date=2025-12-20|website=National Trust for Scotland|language=en}}</ref> Tae the east o the toun there is Cromarty Hoose, built bi George Ross in 1772 oan the site o the formar Cromarty Castle. Ross forby built mony ither weil kent biggins in Cromarty: a seven-bay brewery, aince the largest in the Hielands, o which twa bays remain (which are noo used as an arts centre); Cromarty Courthoose, noo a museum;<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cromarty Court House Museum i... {{!}} Designation {{!}} trove.scot|url=https://www.trove.scot/designation/LB23585|access-date=2025-12-20|website=www.trove.scot}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> a hemp factory, convertit intae hoosing in the 1970's; the herbour, designed bi John Smeaton; an a new chapel juist ootside the toun tae hauld services fae the Gaelic spekin wirkers wha moved tae Cromarty at that time. It wis later used bi Polish sudgers in the [[Warld War II|Second Warld War]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gaelic Chapel - c1916 - Cromarty Archive|url=https://www.thecromartyarchive.org/picture/number55/|access-date=2025-12-20|website=www.thecromartyarchive.org|language=en}}</ref> While the Gaelic Chapel is noo ruined, it is still used as the touns graveyerd, an the touns war memorial an a monument tae Hugh Miller are situatit next tae it. Ither biggins o note are the Stevenson lichthoose, built in 1846, an the East Kirk, an important example o a mediaeval kirk. It wis restored in the 2000's bi the Scots Redundant Kirks Trust.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cromarty East Church Feature Page on Undiscovered Scotland|url=https://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/cromarty/eastchurch/index.html|access-date=2025-12-20|website=www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk}}</ref> == Transport == Historically, maist travel tae Cromart wid hae been bi ship; ferries connected the toun wi Innergordon, an Cromarty's post arrived iy boat aw the wey intae the 20th century. The historic ferry atween Cromarty an Nigg wis used bi James IV o Scotland oan his regular pilgrimages tae the shrine of St Duthuc in Tain. This ryal connection is why it wis aften cried "The Kings Ferry". The route wis served bi Breetain's weeest vehicle ferry, the ''Cromarty Rose''. The ''Cromarty Rose'' wis sold in 2009 an replaced fae the 2011 season bi a new fower-car ferry cried ''The'' ''Cromarty Queen,'' which continuit the service fae 2011 tae 2014. Efter a year wi no ferry in 2015, new operators, Hieland Ferries, wer awarded the contract an services commenced that year uisin the boat the ''Renfrew Rose''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Cromarty Ferry Feature Page on Undiscovered Scotland|url=https://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/cromarty/ferry/index.html|access-date=2025-12-20|website=www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk}}</ref> The Cromarty Ferry is the ainly vehicle ferry oan the east coast o Scotland.<ref name=":1" /> == Education == Cromarty has a sma primary scule cried Cromarty Primary Scule wi aroond 50 students.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Thornton|first=Matt|title=Cromarty Primary|url=https://www.highland.gov.uk/directory_record/1463914/cromarty_primary|access-date=2025-12-20|website=www.highland.gov.uk|language=en|archive-date=2025-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250911161725/https://www.highland.gov.uk/directory_record/1463914/cromarty_primary|url-status=dead}}</ref> The University o Aberdeen Department o Zoology Lichthoose Field Station is locatit in Cromarty. == Commonitie an Culture == The samll commonitie is forby kent fae bein a hub o creative activity, wi several arts venues, local artists an a sma cinema. The Cromarty Arts Trust, which restorit several biggins in the toun, including the brewery an the stables, organises a programme o art an music events, including concerts an gigs, an annual Crime an Thrillers weekend, a harp weekend an a stone letter carving an Silver Wirkin courses, while the Cromarty Group o artists hauld an annual exhibition o their wirk.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Art Exhibitions in Cromarty|url=https://www.cromartyartstrust.org.uk/exhibitions|access-date=2025-12-20|website=www.cromartyartstrust.org.uk|archive-date=2025-12-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251208062233/http://www.cromartyartstrust.org.uk/exhibitions|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ither commonitie groups include the Cromarty Historie Society, which haulds lectures aften, an the Cromarty an Resolis Fillum Society, which holds regular fillum festivals. The Fillum Society forby operates a 35-seater cinema in the toun, which is run alang wi [[Eden Court Theatre|Eden Court]] in Innerness. It opened juist afore the UK [[COVID-19 pandemic|Covid-19 Lockdoons]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-01-31|title=Cromarty's new 35-seat cinema opens its doors|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-51325542|access-date=2025-12-20}}</ref> It is ane o the weeest cinemas in the [[Unitit Kinrick]]. In recent years, as in ither places in Scotland, coastal rowing has become a major activity, and there are three skiffs based in the toun, which tak pairt in competitions across Scotland. O these skiffs, twa o them (cried Cromba an Tess) are owned bi the Cromarty Commonitie Rowing Club, wi the third being privately owned. The Cromarty Commonitie Rowing Club hosts its ane regatta in Cromarty in the summer.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Regattas|url=https://www.cromartyrowing.com/regattas.html|access-date=2025-12-20|website=CROMARTY COMMUNITY ROWING CLUB|language=en}}</ref> == Traditional Dialeck == ''Main Article: [[Cromarty dialeck|Cromarty Dialeck]]'' The toun makkit the news in October 2012 efter Bobby Hogg, the last speaker o the local North Northern Scots dialeck, deid. <ref>{{Cite news|date=2012-10-02|title=Cromarty fisherfolk dialect's last native speaker dies|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-19802616|access-date=2025-12-20}}</ref> This wis a dialeck o Scots houiver it wis strangly influenced bi the Inglis spakken in the Naval Base at Innergordon. <ref>{{Cite web|title=BBC Radio 4 - Six O'Clock News, 02/10/2012|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01mzs9b|access-date=2025-12-20|website=BBC|language=en-GB}}</ref> The Hieland Cooncil haed makkit a booklet o traditional phrases an words the dialeck, takken fra Bobby an his brither Gordon afore they deed.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wayback Machine|url=http://www.ambaile.org.uk/en/download/files/The%20Cromarty%20Fisherfolk%20Dialect.pdf|access-date=2025-12-20|website=www.ambaile.org.uk}}</ref> == Weil Kent Fowk == * Sir Thomas Urquhart, Sudger an Writer * Hugh Miller, Writer an Geologist * [[Ian Rankin]] uses a bolt-hole in the toun * William Forsyth, Merchand * John Fraser, Sudger an Teacher * James Ross, Engineer an Businessman * David MacLean former MP fae Penrith an the Border 1983-2010 * James Thomson, surgeon in the Crimean War == References == [[Category:Ross an Cromarty]] [[Category:Scots coonty touns]] [[Category:Ryal burghs]] [[Category:Ports an herbours o Scotland]] [[Category:Shippin Forecast auries]] [[Category:Plantations (settlements or colonies)]] [[Category:Populatit places on the Black Isle]] [[Category:Places o Scotland]] <references /> {{Stub/Places o Scotland}} btdql1tnly4p3ilyvaoii7iup6xthji 0 206614 920625 917300 2026-08-11T02:46:12Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 920625 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie | name = Tom Holland | image = Tom Holland by Gage Skidmore.jpg | caption = Holland at the 2016 [[San Diego Comic-Con]] promotin ''[[Spider-Man: Homecoming]]'' | birth_name = Thomas Stanley Holland | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1996|6|1|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Lunnon]], Ingland <!--No boroughs/neighborhoods, just cities per format.--> | education = [[BRIT School]] | occupation = {{hlist|Actor|dancer}} | years_active = 2006-present | spouse = | parents = [[Dominic Holland]], Nicola Frost }} '''Thomas Stanley Holland''' (born 1 Juin 1996)<ref name=tribute>[http://www.tribute.ca/people/tom-holland/42348 Profile], tribute.ca; accessed 24 June 2015.</ref> is an Inglis actor an dancer. A graduate o the [[BRIT School]] in Lunnon, he's best kent fur playin [[Spider-Man]] in the [[Marvel Cinematic Universe]] (MCU), sae far kythin or starrin in five films: ''[[Captain America: Civil War]]'' (2016), ''[[Spider-Man: Homecoming]]'' (2017), ''[[Avengers: Infinity War]]'' (2018), ''[[Avengers: Endgame]]'' (2019), an ''[[Spider-Man: Far From Home]]'' (2019). ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Holland, Tom}} [[Category:1996 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:21st-century Inglis male actors]] [[Category:BAFTA winners (fowk)]] [[Category:Best Male Newcomer Empire Award winners]] [[Category:Inglis male bairn actors]] [[Category:Inglis male film actors]] [[Category:Inglis male stage actors]] [[Category:Inglis male muisical theatre actors]] [[Category:Inglis male vyce actors]] [[Category:Inglis fowk o Erse strynd]] [[Category:Inglis fowk o Manx strynd]] [[Category:Male actors frae Lunnon]] [[Category:Fowk frae Kingston upon Thames]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at the BRIT School]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Wimbledon College]] 19vsh5327b03x3qcrlt9pdt806mdgsx 920626 920625 2026-08-11T02:49:49Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 920626 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie | name = Tom Holland | image = TomHolland-byPhilipRomano.jpg | caption = Holland in 2026 | birth_name = Thomas Stanley Holland | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1996|6|1|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Lunnon]], Ingland | occupation = Actor | years_active = 2008–present | spouse = {{Marriage|[[Zendaya]]|2026}} | father = [[Dominic Holland]] | signature = Tom Holland Signature.svg | works = See [[Leet o roles an awairds o Tom Holland|roles an awairds leet]] }} '''Thomas Stanley Holland''' (born 1 Juin 1996)<ref name=tribute>[http://www.tribute.ca/people/tom-holland/42348 Profile], tribute.ca; accessed 24 June 2015.</ref> is an Inglis actor an dancer. A graduate o the [[BRIT School]] in Lunnon, he's best kent fur playin [[Spider-Man]] in the [[Marvel Cinematic Universe]] (MCU), sae far kythin or starrin in five films: ''[[Captain America: Civil War]]'' (2016), ''[[Spider-Man: Homecoming]]'' (2017), ''[[Avengers: Infinity War]]'' (2018), ''[[Avengers: Endgame]]'' (2019), an ''[[Spider-Man: Far From Home]]'' (2019). ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Holland, Tom}} [[Category:1996 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:21st-century Inglis male actors]] [[Category:BAFTA winners (fowk)]] [[Category:Best Male Newcomer Empire Award winners]] [[Category:Inglis male bairn actors]] [[Category:Inglis male film actors]] [[Category:Inglis male stage actors]] [[Category:Inglis male muisical theatre actors]] [[Category:Inglis male vyce actors]] [[Category:Inglis fowk o Erse strynd]] [[Category:Inglis fowk o Manx strynd]] [[Category:Male actors frae Lunnon]] [[Category:Fowk frae Kingston upon Thames]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at the BRIT School]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Wimbledon College]] 8pip33gu89hbs6othkev1lcj93jelp5 920627 920626 2026-08-11T03:04:50Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Airticle impruivement 920627 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie | name = Tom Holland | image = TomHolland-byPhilipRomano.jpg | caption = Holland in 2026 | birth_name = Thomas Stanley Holland | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1996|6|1|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Lunnon]], Ingland | occupation = Actor | years_active = 2008–present | spouse = {{Marriage|[[Zendaya]]|2026}} | father = [[Dominic Holland]] | signature = Tom Holland Signature.svg | works = See [[Leet o roles an awairds o Tom Holland|roles an awairds leet]] }} '''Thomas Stanley Holland''' (born 1 Juin 1996) is a Breetish actor kent fur his wirk in a diverse reenge o genres. His accolades include a BAFTA Awaird as weel as twa Creetics' Chyce Awairds nominations. Holland's films as a leadin actor hae grossed ower $13.1 billion warldwide, makin him ane o the heichest-grossin actors o aw time. He wis featurt on the ''Forbes'' 30 Unner 30 Europe leet o 2019. Holland's career begoud at age nine whan he enrowed in a dancin cless, whaur a choreographer noticit him an arreenged fur him tae audeetion fur a role in ''Billy Elliot the Musical'' at Lunnon's Victoria Palace Theatre. Efter twa years o trainin, he secured a supportin pairt in 2008 an wis upgradit tae the title role that year, whilk he pleyed till 2010. Holland makkit his film debut in the disaster drama ''The Impossible'' (2012) as a teenage tourist trappit in a tsunami, fur that he received a Lunnon Film Creetics Raing Awaird fur Yung Breetish Performer o the Year. Efter this, Holland decidit tae pursue actin as a fou-time career, kythin in ''How I Live Now'' (2013), ''In the Heart of the Sea'' (2015) an ''The Lost City of Z'' (2016). Holland achieved internaitional recogneetion pleyin Peter Parker/Spider-Man in seiven Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) superhero films, beginnin wi ''Captain America: Civil War'' (2016). The follaein year, Holland received the BAFTA Risin Starn Awaird an becam the yungest actor tae pley a title role in an MCU film in ''Spider-Man: Homecoming'' (2017). Its sequels, ''Far From Home'' (2019), ''No Way Home'' (2021), an ''Brand New Day'' (2026) ilk grossed mair nor $1{{nbsp}}billion warldwide. ''No Way Home'' becam the heichest-grossin film o the year an aa. Holland pleyed against-teep roles in the crime dramas ''The Devil All the Time'' (2020) an ''Cherry'' (2021), an starned in the muckle-budget films ''Uncharted'' (2022) an ''The Odyssey'' (2026). Holland haes vyced roles in the animatit featurs ''Spies in Disguise'' (2019) an ''Onward'' (2020). On telly, he teuk roles in the BBC historical miniseries ''Wolf Hall'' (2015) an the Apple TV+ psychological thriller limitit series ''The Crowded Room'' (2023). He returned tae the stage starnin as ane o the title roles in the Wast End revival o ''Romeo and Juliet'' (2024). Holland is mairit tae his ''Spider-Man'' co-starn Zendaya. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Holland, Tom}} [[Category:1996 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:21st-century Inglis male actors]] [[Category:BAFTA winners (fowk)]] [[Category:Best Male Newcomer Empire Award winners]] [[Category:Inglis male bairn actors]] [[Category:Inglis male film actors]] [[Category:Inglis male stage actors]] [[Category:Inglis male muisical theatre actors]] [[Category:Inglis male vyce actors]] [[Category:Inglis fowk o Erse strynd]] [[Category:Inglis fowk o Manx strynd]] [[Category:Male actors frae Lunnon]] [[Category:Fowk frae Kingston upon Thames]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at the BRIT School]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Wimbledon College]] 6rka7jn3b39tfgopzxb7mnv1udj9krt 920628 920627 2026-08-11T03:08:50Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 920628 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie | name = Tom Holland | image = TomHolland-byPhilipRomano.jpg | caption = Holland in 2026 | birth_name = Thomas Stanley Holland | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1996|6|1|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Lunnon]], Ingland | occupation = Actor | years_active = 2008–present | spouse = {{Marriage|[[Zendaya]]|2026}} | father = [[Dominic Holland]] | signature = Tom Holland Signature.svg | works = See [[Leet o roles an awairds o Tom Holland|roles an awairds leet]] }} '''Thomas Stanley Holland''' (born 1 Juin 1996) is a Breetish actor kent fur his wirk in a diverse reenge o genres. His accolades include a BAFTA Awaird as weel as twa Creetics' Chyce Awairds nominations. Holland's films as a leadin actor hae grossed ower $13.1 billion warldwide, makin him ane o the heichest-grossin actors o aw time. He wis featurt on the ''Forbes'' 30 Unner 30 Europe leet o 2019. Holland's career begoud at age nine whan he enrowed in a dancin cless, whaur a choreographer noticit him an arreenged fur him tae audeetion fur a role in ''Billy Elliot the Musical'' at Lunnon's Victoria Palace Theatre. Efter twa years o trainin, he secured a supportin pairt in 2008 an wis upgradit tae the title role that year, whilk he pleyed till 2010. Holland makkit his film debut in the disaster drama ''The Impossible'' (2012) as a teenage tourist trappit in a tsunami, fur that he received a Lunnon Film Creetics Raing Awaird fur Yung Breetish Performer o the Year. Efter this, Holland decidit tae pursue actin as a fou-time career, kythin in ''How I Live Now'' (2013), ''In the Heart of the Sea'' (2015) an ''The Lost City of Z'' (2016). Holland achieved internaitional recogneetion pleyin Peter Parker/Spider-Man in seiven Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) superhero films, beginnin wi ''Captain America: Civil War'' (2016). The follaein year, Holland received the BAFTA Risin Starn Awaird an becam the yungest actor tae pley a title role in an MCU film in ''Spider-Man: Homecoming'' (2017). Its sequels, ''Far From Home'' (2019), ''No Way Home'' (2021), an ''Brand New Day'' (2026) ilk grossed mair nor $1{{nbsp}}billion warldwide. ''No Way Home'' becam the heichest-grossin film o the year an aa. Holland pleyed against-teep roles in the crime dramas ''The Devil All the Time'' (2020) an ''Cherry'' (2021), an starned in the muckle-budget films ''Uncharted'' (2022) an ''The Odyssey'' (2026). Holland haes vyced roles in the animatit featurs ''Spies in Disguise'' (2019) an ''Onward'' (2020). On telly, he teuk roles in the BBC historical miniseries ''Wolf Hall'' (2015) an the Apple TV+ psychological thriller limitit series ''The Crowded Room'' (2023). He returned tae the stage starnin as ane o the title roles in the Wast End revival o ''Romeo and Juliet'' (2024). Holland is mairit tae his ''Spider-Man'' co-starn Zendaya. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Holland, Tom}} [[Category:1996 births]] [[Category:21st-century Breetish male actors]] [[Category:Fowk educatit at the BRIT Schuil]] [[Category:Actors frae the Ryal Burgh o Kingston upon Thames]] [[Category:Actors wi dyslexia]] [[Category:BAFTA Risin Starn Awaird winners]] [[Category:Breetish actors wi disabeelities]] [[Category:Breetish male bairn actors]] [[Category:Breetish male film actors]] [[Category:Breetish male muisical theatre actors]] [[Category:Breetish male stage actors]] [[Category:Breetish male televeesion actors]] [[Category:Breetish male vyce actors]] [[Category:Breetish fowk o Erse strynd]] [[Category:Breetish fowk o Manx strynd]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Male actors frae Lunnon]] [[Category:Fowk educatit at Wimbledon College]] [[Category:Fowk frae Kingston upon Thames]] [[Category:Breetish fowk wi attention deficit hyperactivity ail]] 9kq8sqeecmwgeir80isbvfkulac90k8 920629 920628 2026-08-11T03:11:56Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 920629 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie | name = Tom Holland | image = TomHolland-byPhilipRomano.jpg | caption = Holland in 2026 | birth_name = Thomas Stanley Holland | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1996|6|1|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Lunnon]], Ingland | occupation = Actor | years_active = 2008–present | spouse = {{Marriage|[[Zendaya]]|2026}} | father = [[Dominic Holland]] | signature = Tom Holland Signature.svg | works = See [[Leet o roles an awairds o Tom Holland|roles an awairds leet]] }} '''Thomas Stanley Holland''' (born 1 Juin 1996) is a Breetish actor kent fur his wirk in a diverse reenge o genres. His accolades include a BAFTA Awaird as weel as twa Creetics' Chyce Awairds nominations. Holland's films as a leadin actor hae grossed ower $13.1 billion warldwide, makin him ane o the heichest-grossin actors o aw time. He wis featurt on the ''Forbes'' 30 Unner 30 Europe leet o 2019. Holland's career begoud at age nine whan he enrowed in a dancin cless, whaur a choreographer noticit him an arreenged fur him tae audeetion fur a role in ''Billy Elliot the Musical'' at Lunnon's Victoria Palace Theatre. Efter twa years o trainin, he secured a supportin pairt in 2008 an wis upgradit tae the title role that year, whilk he pleyed till 2010. Holland makkit his film debut in the disaster drama ''The Impossible'' (2012) as a teenage tourist trappit in a tsunami, fur that he received a Lunnon Film Creetics Raing Awaird fur Yung Breetish Performer o the Year. Efter this, Holland decidit tae pursue actin as a fou-time career, kythin in ''How I Live Now'' (2013), ''In the Heart of the Sea'' (2015) an ''The Lost City of Z'' (2016). Holland achieved internaitional recogneetion pleyin Peter Parker/Spider-Man in seiven Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) superhero films, beginnin wi ''Captain America: Civil War'' (2016). The follaein year, Holland received the BAFTA Risin Starn Awaird an becam the yungest actor tae pley a title role in an MCU film in ''Spider-Man: Homecoming'' (2017). Its sequels, ''Far From Home'' (2019), ''No Way Home'' (2021), an ''Brand New Day'' (2026) ilk grossed mair nor $1{{nbsp}}billion warldwide. ''No Way Home'' becam the heichest-grossin film o the year an aa. Holland pleyed against-teep roles in the crime dramas ''The Devil All the Time'' (2020) an ''Cherry'' (2021), an starned in the muckle-budget films ''Uncharted'' (2022) an ''The Odyssey'' (2026). Holland haes vyced roles in the animatit featurs ''Spies in Disguise'' (2019) an ''Onward'' (2020). On telly, he teuk roles in the BBC historical miniseries ''Wolf Hall'' (2015) an the Apple TV+ psychological thriller limitit series ''The Crowded Room'' (2023). He returned tae the stage starnin as ane o the title roles in the Wast End revival o ''Romeo and Juliet'' (2024). Holland is mairit tae his ''Spider-Man'' co-starn Zendaya. ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Fremmit airtins== * {{IMDb name|4043618}} {{Authority control}} {{Portal bar|Biographie|Ingland|Lunnon|Unitit Kinrick|Film}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Holland, Tom}} [[Category:1996 births]] [[Category:21st-century Breetish male actors]] [[Category:Fowk educatit at the BRIT Schuil]] [[Category:Actors frae the Ryal Burgh o Kingston upon Thames]] [[Category:Actors wi dyslexia]] [[Category:BAFTA Risin Starn Awaird winners]] [[Category:Breetish actors wi disabeelities]] [[Category:Breetish male bairn actors]] [[Category:Breetish male film actors]] [[Category:Breetish male muisical theatre actors]] [[Category:Breetish male stage actors]] [[Category:Breetish male televeesion actors]] [[Category:Breetish male vyce actors]] [[Category:Breetish fowk o Erse strynd]] [[Category:Breetish fowk o Manx strynd]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Male actors frae Lunnon]] [[Category:Fowk educatit at Wimbledon College]] [[Category:Fowk frae Kingston upon Thames]] [[Category:Breetish fowk wi attention deficit hyperactivity ail]] p9qonx5vee64heupt083vzew77dueo5 920630 920629 2026-08-11T03:12:24Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 920630 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie | name = Tom Holland | image = TomHolland-byPhilipRomano.jpg | caption = Holland in 2026 | birth_name = Thomas Stanley Holland | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1996|6|1|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Lunnon]], Ingland | occupation = Actor | years_active = 2008–present | spouse = {{Marriage|[[Zendaya]]|2026}} | father = [[Dominic Holland]] | signature = Tom Holland Signature.svg | works = See [[Leet o roles an awairds o Tom Holland|roles an awairds leet]] }} '''Thomas Stanley Holland''' (born 1 Juin 1996) is a Breetish actor kent fur his wirk in a diverse reenge o genres. His accolades include a BAFTA Awaird as weel as twa Creetics' Chyce Awairds nominations. Holland's films as a leadin actor hae grossed ower $13.1 billion warldwide, makin him ane o the heichest-grossin actors o aw time. He wis featurt on the ''Forbes'' 30 Unner 30 Europe leet o 2019. Holland's career begoud at age nine whan he enrowed in a dancin cless, whaur a choreographer noticit him an arreenged fur him tae audeetion fur a role in ''Billy Elliot the Musical'' at Lunnon's Victoria Palace Theatre. Efter twa years o trainin, he secured a supportin pairt in 2008 an wis upgradit tae the title role that year, whilk he pleyed till 2010. Holland makkit his film debut in the disaster drama ''The Impossible'' (2012) as a teenage tourist trappit in a tsunami, fur that he received a Lunnon Film Creetics Raing Awaird fur Yung Breetish Performer o the Year. Efter this, Holland decidit tae pursue actin as a fou-time career, kythin in ''How I Live Now'' (2013), ''In the Heart of the Sea'' (2015) an ''The Lost City of Z'' (2016). Holland achieved internaitional recogneetion pleyin Peter Parker/Spider-Man in seiven Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) superhero films, beginnin wi ''Captain America: Civil War'' (2016). The follaein year, Holland received the BAFTA Risin Starn Awaird an becam the yungest actor tae pley a title role in an MCU film in ''Spider-Man: Homecoming'' (2017). Its sequels, ''Far From Home'' (2019), ''No Way Home'' (2021), an ''Brand New Day'' (2026) ilk grossed mair nor $1{{nbsp}}billion warldwide. ''No Way Home'' becam the heichest-grossin film o the year an aa. Holland pleyed against-teep roles in the crime dramas ''The Devil All the Time'' (2020) an ''Cherry'' (2021), an starned in the muckle-budget films ''Uncharted'' (2022) an ''The Odyssey'' (2026). Holland haes vyced roles in the animatit featurs ''Spies in Disguise'' (2019) an ''Onward'' (2020). On telly, he teuk roles in the BBC historical miniseries ''Wolf Hall'' (2015) an the Apple TV+ psychological thriller limitit series ''The Crowded Room'' (2023). He returned tae the stage starnin as ane o the title roles in the Wast End revival o ''Romeo and Juliet'' (2024). Holland is mairit tae his ''Spider-Man'' co-starn Zendaya. ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Fremmit airtins== * {{IMDb name|4043618}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Holland, Tom}} [[Category:1996 births]] [[Category:21st-century Breetish male actors]] [[Category:Fowk educatit at the BRIT Schuil]] [[Category:Actors frae the Ryal Burgh o Kingston upon Thames]] [[Category:Actors wi dyslexia]] [[Category:BAFTA Risin Starn Awaird winners]] [[Category:Breetish actors wi disabeelities]] [[Category:Breetish male bairn actors]] [[Category:Breetish male film actors]] [[Category:Breetish male muisical theatre actors]] [[Category:Breetish male stage actors]] [[Category:Breetish male televeesion actors]] [[Category:Breetish male vyce actors]] [[Category:Breetish fowk o Erse strynd]] [[Category:Breetish fowk o Manx strynd]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Male actors frae Lunnon]] [[Category:Fowk educatit at Wimbledon College]] [[Category:Fowk frae Kingston upon Thames]] [[Category:Breetish fowk wi attention deficit hyperactivity ail]] gu8n42j7n10asjpchozthjnxq5yz78f 920631 920630 2026-08-11T03:17:19Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 920631 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie | name = Tom Holland | image = TomHolland-byPhilipRomano.jpg | caption = Holland in 2026 | birth_name = Thomas Stanley Holland | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1996|6|1|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Lunnon]], Ingland | occupation = Actor | spouse = {{Marriage|[[Zendaya]]|2026}} | signature = Tom Holland Signature.svg | parents = [[Dominic Holland]] | years active = 2008–present | notable works = See [[Leet o roles an awairds o Tom Holland|roles an awairds leet]] }} '''Thomas Stanley Holland''' (born 1 Juin 1996) is a Breetish actor kent fur his wirk in a diverse reenge o genres. His accolades include a BAFTA Awaird as weel as twa Creetics' Chyce Awairds nominations. Holland's films as a leadin actor hae grossed ower $13.1 billion warldwide, makin him ane o the heichest-grossin actors o aw time. He wis featurt on the ''Forbes'' 30 Unner 30 Europe leet o 2019. Holland's career begoud at age nine whan he enrowed in a dancin cless, whaur a choreographer noticit him an arreenged fur him tae audeetion fur a role in ''Billy Elliot the Musical'' at Lunnon's Victoria Palace Theatre. Efter twa years o trainin, he secured a supportin pairt in 2008 an wis upgradit tae the title role that year, whilk he pleyed till 2010. Holland makkit his film debut in the disaster drama ''The Impossible'' (2012) as a teenage tourist trappit in a tsunami, fur that he received a Lunnon Film Creetics Raing Awaird fur Yung Breetish Performer o the Year. Efter this, Holland decidit tae pursue actin as a fou-time career, kythin in ''How I Live Now'' (2013), ''In the Heart of the Sea'' (2015) an ''The Lost City of Z'' (2016). Holland achieved internaitional recogneetion pleyin Peter Parker/Spider-Man in seiven Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) superhero films, beginnin wi ''Captain America: Civil War'' (2016). The follaein year, Holland received the BAFTA Risin Starn Awaird an becam the yungest actor tae pley a title role in an MCU film in ''Spider-Man: Homecoming'' (2017). Its sequels, ''Far From Home'' (2019), ''No Way Home'' (2021), an ''Brand New Day'' (2026) ilk grossed mair nor $1{{nbsp}}billion warldwide. ''No Way Home'' becam the heichest-grossin film o the year an aa. Holland pleyed against-teep roles in the crime dramas ''The Devil All the Time'' (2020) an ''Cherry'' (2021), an starned in the muckle-budget films ''Uncharted'' (2022) an ''The Odyssey'' (2026). Holland haes vyced roles in the animatit featurs ''Spies in Disguise'' (2019) an ''Onward'' (2020). On telly, he teuk roles in the BBC historical miniseries ''Wolf Hall'' (2015) an the Apple TV+ psychological thriller limitit series ''The Crowded Room'' (2023). He returned tae the stage starnin as ane o the title roles in the Wast End revival o ''Romeo and Juliet'' (2024). Holland is mairit tae his ''Spider-Man'' co-starn Zendaya. ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Fremmit airtins== * {{IMDb name|4043618}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Holland, Tom}} [[Category:1996 births]] [[Category:21st-century Breetish male actors]] [[Category:Fowk educatit at the BRIT Schuil]] [[Category:Actors frae the Ryal Burgh o Kingston upon Thames]] [[Category:Actors wi dyslexia]] [[Category:BAFTA Risin Starn Awaird winners]] [[Category:Breetish actors wi disabeelities]] [[Category:Breetish male bairn actors]] [[Category:Breetish male film actors]] [[Category:Breetish male muisical theatre actors]] [[Category:Breetish male stage actors]] [[Category:Breetish male televeesion actors]] [[Category:Breetish male vyce actors]] [[Category:Breetish fowk o Erse strynd]] [[Category:Breetish fowk o Manx strynd]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Male actors frae Lunnon]] [[Category:Fowk educatit at Wimbledon College]] [[Category:Fowk frae Kingston upon Thames]] [[Category:Breetish fowk wi attention deficit hyperactivity ail]] d30t132kvd6amdp2cdd8vuly25mj9mv 2 228642 920639 920534 2026-08-11T11:02:54Z ListeriaBot 30924 Wikidata list updated [V2] 920639 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wikidata list |sparql=SELECT ?item ?itemLabel ?article ?P31 ?P31Label where { hint:Query hint:optimizer "None". SERVICE wikibase:mwapi { bd:serviceParam wikibase:endpoint "sco.wikipedia.org"; wikibase:api "Generator"; mwapi:generator "categorymembers"; mwapi:gcmtitle "Category:Pages that wis written by a body that haesna a guid grip on the leid" ; # specifically here mwapi:gcmprop "ids|title|type"; mwapi:gcmlimit "max". # out ?article wikibase:apiOutput mwapi:title. # en-wikipedia article / category name ?item wikibase:apiOutputItem mwapi:item. # wikidata QId for the article } filter(bound(?item)) optional {?item wdt:P31 ?P31 . } SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language "[AUTO_LANGUAGE],en". } } |columns=?item,?itemLabel,?article,?P31,?P31Label |section=131 |min_section=3 |sort=label |links=text |thumb=128 |autolist=fallback |summary=itemnumber |wdedit=yes }} == Aiberdeenshire == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q1382485' | [[Auld Deer]] | Old Deer | Auld Deer | [[veelage]] | village |- class='wd_q1017537' | [[Innerurie]] | Inverurie | Innerurie | [[toun]]<br/>small burgh | town<br/>small burgh |- class='wd_q7296039' | [[Rattra, Aiberdeenshire|Rattra]] | Rattray | Rattra, Aiberdeenshire | [[veelage]] | village |- class='wd_q7337163' | [[River Bogie]] | River Bogie | River Bogie | [[river]]<br/>burn | river<br/>stream |- class='wd_q7337341' | [[River Deveron|River Deeveron]] | River Deveron | River Deveron | [[river]] | river |- class='wd_q387736' | [[River Don|River Don, Aiberdeenshire]] | River Don | River Don | [[river]] | river |- class='wd_q2473946' | [[River Ugie]] | River Ugie | River Ugie | [[river]] | river |- class='wd_q432066' | [[River Ury]] | River Urie | River Ury | [[river]] | river |- class='wd_q2601506' | [[River Ythan]] | River Ythan | River Ythan | [[river]] | river |} == Azerbaijan == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q269680' | [[Astara Rayon]] | Astara District | Astara Rayon | district of Azerbaijan | district of Azerbaijan |- class='wd_q457513' | [[Kalbajar Rayon]] | Kalbajar District | Kalbajar Rayon | district of Azerbaijan | district of Azerbaijan |- class='wd_q688626' | [[Lerik Rayon]] | Lerik District | Lerik Rayon | district of Azerbaijan | district of Azerbaijan |- class='wd_q593872' | [[Qabala Rayon]] | Qabala District | Qabala Rayon | district of Azerbaijan | district of Azerbaijan |} == Bangkok == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q534226' | [[Bang Bon Destrict]] | Bang Bon | Bang Bon Destrict | district of Bangkok | district of Bangkok |- class='wd_q806445' | [[Bang Kapi Destrict]] | Bang Kapi | Bang Kapi Destrict | district of Bangkok | district of Bangkok |- class='wd_q806443' | [[Bang Khen Destrict]] | Bang Khen | Bang Khen Destrict | district of Bangkok | district of Bangkok |- class='wd_q806446' | [[Bang Kho Laem Destrict]] | Bang Kho Laem | Bang Kho Laem Destrict | district of Bangkok | district of Bangkok |- class='wd_q806448' | [[Bang Na Destrict]] | Bang Na | Bang Na Destrict | district of Bangkok | district of Bangkok |- class='wd_q1001823' | [[Bueng Kum Destrict]] | Bueng Kum | Bueng Kum Destrict | district of Bangkok | district of Bangkok |- class='wd_q1019598' | [[Chom Thong Destrict, Bangkok|Chom Thong Destrict]] | Chom Thong | Chom Thong Destrict, Bangkok | district of Bangkok | district of Bangkok |- class='wd_q1975222' | [[Huai Khwang Destrict]] | Huai Khwang | Huai Khwang Destrict | district of Bangkok | district of Bangkok |- class='wd_q1019432' | [[Khan Na Yao Destrict]] | Khan Na Yao | Khan Na Yao Destrict | district of Bangkok | district of Bangkok |- class='wd_q1740651' | [[Khlong Sam Wa Destrict]] | Khlong Sam Wa | Khlong Sam Wa Destrict | district of Bangkok | district of Bangkok |- class='wd_q1403340' | [[Khlong Toei Destrict]] | Khlong Toei | Khlong Toei Destrict | district of Bangkok | district of Bangkok |- class='wd_q1008352' | [[Lak Si Destrict]] | Lak Si | Lak Si Destrict | district of Bangkok | district of Bangkok |- class='wd_q999094' | [[Lat Phrao Destrict]] | Lat Phrao | Lat Phrao Destrict | district of Bangkok | district of Bangkok |- class='wd_q1936178' | [[Min Buri Destrict]] | Min Buri | Min Buri Destrict | district of Bangkok | district of Bangkok |- class='wd_q1839285' | [[Nong Chok Destrict]] | Nong Chok | Nong Chok Destrict | district of Bangkok | district of Bangkok |- class='wd_q473316' | [[Phra Khanong Destrict]] | Phra Khanong | Phra Khanong Destrict | district of Bangkok | district of Bangkok |- class='wd_q1019626' | [[Prawet Destrict]] | Prawet | Prawet Destrict | district of Bangkok | district of Bangkok |- class='wd_q1019633' | [[Rat Burana Destrict]] | Rat Burana | Rat Burana Destrict | district of Bangkok | district of Bangkok |- class='wd_q1025969' | [[Sai Mai Destrict]] | Sai Mai | Sai Mai Destrict | district of Bangkok | district of Bangkok |- class='wd_q1019420' | [[Saphan Sung Destrict]] | Saphan Sung | Saphan Sung Destrict | district of Bangkok | district of Bangkok |- class='wd_q1019611' | [[Suan Luang Destrict]] | Suan Luang | Suan Luang Destrict | district of Bangkok | district of Bangkok |- class='wd_q1972732' | [[Thung Khru Destrict]] | Thung Khru | Thung Khru Destrict | district of Bangkok | district of Bangkok |- class='wd_q1019651' | [[Yan Nawa Destrict]] | Yan Nawa | Yan Nawa Destrict | district of Bangkok | district of Bangkok |} == Californie == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q104994' | [[Los Angeles Coonty]] | Los Angeles County | Los Angeles Coonty | charter county of California | charter county of California |- class='wd_q5925' | [[Orange Coonty, Californie|Orange Coonty]] | Orange County | Orange Coonty, Californie | charter county of California | charter county of California |- class='wd_q62' | [[San Francisco]] | San Francisco | San Francisco | ceety o the Unitit States<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>sanctuary city<br/>charter ceety an coonty (Californie) | city in the United States<br/>big city<br/>sanctuary city<br/>charter city and county |} == Ceety o Edinburgh == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q4979466' | [[Brunstane]] | Brunstane | Brunstane | suburb | suburb |- class='wd_q5211552' | [[Dalmeny]] | Dalmeny | Dalmeny | [[veelage]] | village |- class='wd_q1633842' | [[Naitional Museum o Scotland]] | National Museum of Scotland | Naitional Museum o Scotland | museum | museum |- class='wd_q1547466' | [[St Giles' Cathedral]] | St Giles' Cathedral | St Giles' Cathedral | [[cathedral]] | cathedral |- class='wd_q8038444' | [[Writers' Museum]] | Writers' Museum | Writers' Museum | museum<br/>local authority museum | museum<br/>local authority museum |} == Central District == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q331078' | [[Amol]] | Amol | Amol | ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>city of Iran | big city<br/>city of Iran |- class='wd_q158928' | [[Bushehr]] | Bushehr | Bushehr | ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>city of Iran | big city<br/>city of Iran |- class='wd_q180078' | [[Kermanshah]] | Kermanshah | Kermanshah | ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>city of Iran | big city<br/>city of Iran |- class='wd_q170573' | [[Qom]] | Qom | Qom | city of Iran | city of Iran |} == Dumfries an Gallowa == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q606739' | [[Clan Agnew]] | Clan Agnew | Clan Agnew | [[Faimily|faimlie]]<br/>[[Scots clan]] | family<br/>Scottish clan |- class='wd_q652035' | [[Dumfries]] | Dumfries | Dumfries | [[toun]]<br/>large burgh | town<br/>large burgh |- class='wd_q16893264' | [[Kenmure Castle]] | Kenmure Castle | Kenmure Castle | [[castle]] | castle |- class='wd_q1853868' | [[Mull o Gallowa]] | Mull of Galloway | Mull o Gallowa | headland | headland |- class='wd_q24639097' | [[Polharrow Burn]] | Polharrow Burn | Polharrow Burn | burn | stream |- class='wd_q7333403' | [[Rigg railwey station]] | Rigg railway station | Rigg railwey station | railway station | railway station |- class='wd_q7587694' | [[St Cuthbert Wanderers F.C.]] | St. Cuthbert Wanderers F.C. | St Cuthbert Wanderers F.C. | association fitbaa club | association football club |- class='wd_q67184386' | [[St Martin an' St Ninian Catholic Church, Whithorn, Wigtownshire]] | St Martin and St Ninian Catholic Church | St Martin an' St Ninian Catholic Church, Whithorn, Wigtownshire | [[kirk]] | church building |- class='wd_q2445404' | [[Whithorn Priory]] | Whithorn Priory | Whithorn Priory | priory | priory |} == Fife == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q1016877' | [[Buckhyne|Buckhynde]] | Buckhaven | Buckhyne | [[toun]] | town |- class='wd_q937842' | [[Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews]] | The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews | Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews | golf club | golf club |- class='wd_q1011984' | [[Stramiglae]] | Strathmiglo | Stramiglae | [[veelage]] | village |} == Glasgow City == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q13495014' | [[Crosshill|Croashull]] | Crosshill | Crosshill | destrict | district |- class='wd_q1966112' | [[Cruixtoun Castle]] | Crookston Castle | Cruixtoun Castle | tower house<br/>archaeological site<br/>ringwork castle | tower house<br/>archaeological site<br/>ringwork castle |- class='wd_q506290' | [[Glesga Subway]] | Glasgow Subway | Glesga Subway | [[Rapid transit|subterranean rapid transit]] | rapid transit |- class='wd_q5600557' | [[Greater Glesga]] | Greater Glasgow | Greater Glesga | [[Urban area|urban aurie]] | urban area |- class='wd_q183161' | [[River Kelvin|Kelvin]] | River Kelvin | River Kelvin | [[river]] | river |- class='wd_q3446028' | [[Royal Conservatoire of Scotland]] | Royal Conservatoire of Scotland | Royal Conservatoire of Scotland | nan-profit organisation<br/>college or varsity schuil o muisic<br/>open-access publisher | nonprofit organization<br/>conservatory<br/>open-access publisher |- class='wd_q7592311' | [[St Aloysius' College, Glesga]] | St Aloysius' College | St Aloysius' College, Glesga | seicontary schuil<br/>nan-profit organisation<br/>Catholic school | secondary school<br/>nonprofit organization<br/>Catholic school |- class='wd_q233283' | [[West Highland Line]] | West Highland Line | West Highland Line | railway line | railway line |} == Hieland == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q2423015' | [[Argye]] | Ardgay | Argye | human settlement | human settlement |- class='wd_q1016920' | [[Dornach]] | Dornoch | Dornach | [[toun]]<br/>small burgh | town<br/>small burgh |- class='wd_q2464541' | [[Dunbeath]] | Dunbeath | Dunbeath | human settlement | human settlement |- class='wd_q1232135' | [[Far North Line]] | Far North Line | Far North Line | railway line | railway line |- class='wd_q1426707' | [[Fort George, Hieland|Fort George]] | Fort George | Fort George, Hieland | barracks<br/>fort<br/>military museum | barracks<br/>fort<br/>military museum |- class='wd_q260405' | [[Glenelg]] | Glenelg | Glenelg | human settlement | human settlement |- class='wd_q403657' | [[Great Glen]] | Great Glen | Great Glen | valley | valley |- class='wd_q160493' | [[Innerness]] | Inverness | Innerness | [[ceety]]<br/>large burgh | city<br/>large burgh |- class='wd_q939913' | [[Kyle o Lochalsh]] | Kyle of Lochalsh | Kyle o Lochalsh | [[veelage]] | village |- class='wd_q586470' | [[Kyle of Lochalsh line]] | Kyle of Lochalsh Line | Kyle of Lochalsh line | railway line<br/>ELR railway line section | railway line<br/>ELR railway line section |- class='wd_q1018747' | [[Lochinver]] | Lochinver | Lochinver | [[veelage]] | village |- class='wd_q3440681' | [[River Beauly]] | River Beauly | River Beauly | [[river]] | river |- class='wd_q7337648' | [[River Nairn]] | River Nairn | River Nairn | [[river]] | river |- class='wd_q679476' | [[Scraibster]] | Scrabster | Scraibster | human settlement | human settlement |- class='wd_q944987' | [[Shieldaig]] | Shieldaig | Shieldaig | human settlement | human settlement |- class='wd_q19720' | [[River Spey|Spey]] | River Spey | River Spey | [[river]] | river |- class='wd_q987766' | [[The Groats]] | John o' Groats | The Groats | human settlement | human settlement |} == Japan == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q127864' | [[Chūgoku region]] | Chūgoku region | Chūgoku region | region of Japan<br/>stateestical region | region of Japan<br/>statistical territorial entity |- class='wd_q48326' | [[Iwate Prefectur]] | Iwate Prefecture | Iwate Prefectur | [[prefecturs o Japan]] | prefecture of Japan |- class='wd_q160420' | [[Saga Prefectur]] | Saga Prefecture | Saga Prefectur | [[prefecturs o Japan]] | prefecture of Japan |} == Jeollabuk-do == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q50246' | [[Buan]] | Buan County | Buan | coonty o Sooth Korea | county of South Korea |- class='wd_q42074' | [[Gunsan]] | Gunsan | Gunsan | ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>city of South Korea | big city<br/>city of South Korea |- class='wd_q50242' | [[Muju]] | Muju County | Muju | coonty o Sooth Korea | county of South Korea |} == Manhattan == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q6523155' | [[Malcolm X Boulevard]] | Malcolm X Boulevard | Malcolm X Boulevard | street<br/>north-south avenue in Manhattan | street<br/>north-south avenue in Manhattan |- class='wd_q11690' | [[Wall Street]] | Wall Street | Wall Street | street | street |- class='wd_q11235' | [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]] | World Trade Center | World Trade Center (1973–2001) | building complex<br/>destroyed building or structure | building complex<br/>destroyed building or structure |} == Maricopa County == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q51686' | [[Peoria, Arizona|Peoria]] | Peoria | Peoria, Arizona | ceety o the Unitit States<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | city in the United States<br/>big city |- class='wd_q16556' | [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]] | Phoenix | Phoenix, Arizona | coonty seat<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>city in Arizona | county seat<br/>big city<br/>city in Arizona |- class='wd_q51685' | [[Tempe, Arizona|Tempe]] | Tempe | Tempe, Arizona | ceety o the Unitit States<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | city in the United States<br/>big city |} == Montgomery County == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q328941' | [[Clarksville, Tennessee|Clarksville]] | Clarksville | Clarksville, Tennessee | ceety o the Unitit States<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | city in the United States<br/>big city |- class='wd_q755844' | [[Potomac, Maryland|Potomac]] | Potomac | Potomac, Maryland | [[census-designated place]]<br/>unincorporatit commonty | census-designated place in the United States<br/>unincorporated community |- class='wd_q754646' | [[South Kensington, Maryland|South Kensington]] | South Kensington | South Kensington, Maryland | [[census-designated place]] | census-designated place in the United States |} == Moray == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q1013606' | [[Burgheid]] | Burghead | Burgheid | [[toun]]<br/>small burgh | town<br/>small burgh |- class='wd_q5015800' | [[Cabrach]] | Cabrach | Cabrach | human settlement | human settlement |- class='wd_q1969309' | [[Cullen, Moray|Cullen]] | Cullen | Cullen, Moray | [[veelage]]<br/>small burgh | village<br/>small burgh |- class='wd_q8313107' | [[River Aan]] | River Avon | River Aan | [[river]] | river |- class='wd_q7337598' | [[River Lossie]] | River Lossie | River Lossie | [[river]] | river |- class='wd_q7231712' | [[The Sloch]] | Portessie | The Sloch | [[veelage]] | village |} == New York Ceety == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q18419' | [[Brooklyn]] | Brooklyn | Brooklyn | borough o New York Ceety | borough of New York City |- class='wd_q18424' | [[Queens]] | Queens | Queens | borough o New York Ceety<br/>consolidatit ceety–coonty | borough of New York City<br/>consolidated city-county |- class='wd_q18426' | [[The Bronx]] | The Bronx | The Bronx | borough o New York Ceety<br/>consolidatit ceety–coonty | borough of New York City<br/>consolidated city-county |} == Perth an Kinross == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q5604307' | [[Greenloanin]] | Greenloaning | Greenloanin | [[veelage]] | village |- class='wd_q1773123' | [[Rannoch Muir]] | Rannoch Moor | Rannoch Muir | territory | territory |- class='wd_q1277544' | [[River Earn]] | River Earn | River Earn | [[river]] | river |- class='wd_q1259288' | [[River Tummel]] | River Tummel | River Tummel | [[river]] | river |} == Roushie == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q7730' | [[Jewish Autonomous Oblast]] | Jewish Autonomous Oblast | Jewish Autonomous Oblast | [[Federal subjects o Roushie|federal subject o Roushie]]<br/>[[Autonomous oblasts o Roushie]] | federal subject of Russia<br/>autonomous oblast of Russia |- class='wd_q649' | [[Moscow]] | Moscow | Moscow | [[Federal subjects o Roushie|federal subject o Roushie]]<br/>megacity<br/>[[Federal ceeties o Roushie]]<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>caipital o Roushie<br/>city or town<br/>largest city | federal subject of Russia<br/>megacity<br/>federal city of Russia<br/>big city<br/>capital of Russia<br/>city or town<br/>largest city |- class='wd_q6605' | [[Sakha Republic]] | Sakha | Sakha Republic | [[Republics o Roushie]]<br/>[[Federal subjects o Roushie|federal subject o Roushie]] | republic of Russia<br/>federal subject of Russia |} == Scotland == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q806432' | [[Banffshire]] | Banffshire | Banffshire | [[Lieutenancy areas o Scotland|Lieutenancy auries o Scotland]]<br/>[[Scots coonties]]<br/>registration county<br/>historic county of the United Kingdom | lieutenancy area of Scotland<br/>shire of Scotland<br/>registration county<br/>historic county of the United Kingdom |- class='wd_q627381' | [[Bank o Scotland|Bank of Scotland]] | Bank of Scotland | Bank o Scotland | [[bank]]<br/>private central bank | bank<br/>private central bank |- class='wd_q5566918' | [[Glasgow South Western Line]] | Glasgow South Western Line | Glasgow South Western Line | railway line | railway line |- class='wd_q2269514' | [[Gàidhealtachd]] | Gàidhealtachd | Gàidhealtachd | geographic region | region |- class='wd_q17582096' | [[Kirkcoubrieshire]] | Kirkcudbrightshire | Kirkcoubrieshire | [[Lieutenancy areas o Scotland|Lieutenancy auries o Scotland]]<br/>[[Scots coonties]]<br/>registration county<br/>historic county of the United Kingdom | lieutenancy area of Scotland<br/>shire of Scotland<br/>registration county<br/>historic county of the United Kingdom |- class='wd_q3007259' | [[Scots cultur]] | culture of Scotland | Scots cultur | culture of an area | culture of an area |} == Shetland == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q4936401' | [[Boddam, Shetland|Boddam]] | Boddam | Boddam, Shetland | [[veelage]] | village |- class='wd_q4979619' | [[Bruray]] | Bruray | Bruray | [[island]] | island |- class='wd_q1422297' | [[Ootsta|Out Stack]] | Out Stack | Ootsta | [[island]] | island |- class='wd_q1014090' | [[Scallowa]] | Scalloway | Scallowa | [[veelage]] | village |- class='wd_q782412' | [[Sullom Voe]] | Sullom Voe | Sullom Voe | inlet | inlet |} == Sooth Ayrshire == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q28970907' | [[Girvan Old railwey station]] | Girvan Old railway station | Girvan Old railwey station | railway station | railway station |- class='wd_q17265639' | [[Our Lady of the Assumption and St Meddan Catholic Church]] | Church of Our Lady of the Assumption and St Meddan | Our Lady of the Assumption and St Meddan Catholic Church | [[kirk]] | church building |- class='wd_q7337828' | [[River Stinchar]] | River Stinchar | River Stinchar | [[river]] | river |- class='wd_q7973560' | [[Watter o Girvan]] | Water of Girvan | Watter o Girvan | [[river]] | river |} == Unitit States == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q173' | [[Alabama]] | Alabama | Alabama | [[state o the Unitit States]] | U.S. state |- class='wd_q1384' | [[New York]] | New York | New York | [[state o the Unitit States]] | U.S. state |- class='wd_q1183' | [[Puerto Rico]] | Puerto Rico | Puerto Rico | Insular aurie<br/>commonwealth<br/>unincorporatit territory o the Unitit States<br/>poleetical diveesion<br/>territory o the Unitit States<br/>cultural region<br/>Provincial deputation in Spanish America | insular area of the United States<br/>commonwealth<br/>unincorporated territory of the United States<br/>political territorial entity<br/>territory of the United States<br/>cultural region<br/>Provincial deputation in Spanish America |- class='wd_q1456' | [[Sooth Carolina]] | South Carolina | Sooth Carolina | [[state o the Unitit States]] | U.S. state |} == Washington, D.C. == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q5303341' | [[Downtown, Washington, D.C.|Downtown]] | Downtown Washington | Downtown, Washington, D.C. | neighbourhuid<br/>central business district<br/>neighborhood of Washington, D.C. | neighborhood<br/>central business district<br/>neighborhood of Washington, D.C. |- class='wd_q1468648' | [[Georgetown (Washington, D.C.)|Georgetown]] | Georgetown | Georgetown (Washington, D.C.) | neighborhood of Washington, D.C. | neighborhood of Washington, D.C. |- class='wd_q8033060' | [[Woodley Park]] | Woodley Park | Woodley Park | neighborhood of Washington, D.C.<br/>historic district | neighborhood of Washington, D.C.<br/>historic district |} == Wast Lowden == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q810794' | [[Bathket]] | Bathgate | Bathket | [[toun]]<br/>small burgh | town<br/>small burgh |- class='wd_q1016707' | [[Blackburn, Wast Lowden|Blackburn]] | Blackburn | Blackburn, Wast Lowden | [[toun]] | town |- class='wd_q1009114' | [[Fauldhoose]] | Fauldhouse | Fauldhoose | [[veelage]] | village |} == Île-de-France == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q12543' | [[Hauts-de-Seine]] | Hauts-de-Seine | Hauts-de-Seine | [[Depairtments o Fraunce|depairtment o Fraunce]] | department of France |- class='wd_q12753' | [[Seine-et-Marne]] | Seine-et-Marne | Seine-et-Marne | [[Depairtments o Fraunce|depairtment o Fraunce]] | department of France |- class='wd_q12761' | [[Seine-Saint-Denis]] | Seine-Saint-Denis | Seine-Saint-Denis | [[Depairtments o Fraunce|depairtment o Fraunce]] | department of France |- class='wd_q12784' | [[Val-d'Oise]] | Val-d'Oise | Val-d'Oise | [[Depairtments o Fraunce|depairtment o Fraunce]] | department of France |} == Misc == {| class='wikitable sortable wd_can_edit' ! ?item ! ?itemLabel ! ?article ! ?P31 ! ?P31Label |- class='wd_q8466' | [[1. FC Kaiserslautern]] | 1. FC Kaiserslautern | 1. FC Kaiserslautern | nan-profit organisation<br/>association fitbaa club | nonprofit organization<br/>association football club |- class='wd_q7584' | [[1832]] | 1832 | 1832 | leap year<br/>leap year starting on Sunday and ending on Monday<br/>calendar year | leap year<br/>leap year starting on Sunday and ending on Monday<br/>calendar year |- class='wd_q2083' | [[1914]] | 1914 | 1914 | common year starting and ending on Thursday<br/>calendar year | common year starting and ending on Thursday<br/>calendar year |- class='wd_q1769170' | [[1985 Warld Snooker Championship]] | 1985 World Snooker Championship | 1985 Warld Snooker Championship | snooker tournament | snooker tournament |- class='wd_q1990' | [[2012]] | 2012 | 2012 | leap year<br/>leap year starting on Sunday and ending on Monday<br/>calendar year | leap year<br/>leap year starting on Sunday and ending on Monday<br/>calendar year |- class='wd_q9177257' | [[2013 Warld Snooker Championship]] | 2013 World Snooker Championship | 2013 Warld Snooker Championship | world championship<br/>snooker tournament<br/>recurring sporting event edition | world championship<br/>snooker tournament<br/>recurring sporting event edition |- class='wd_q79859' | [[2014 FIFA Warld Cup]] | 2014 FIFA World Cup | 2014 FIFA Warld Cup | sports season | sports season |- class='wd_q23365300' | [[2016 Brussels bombins]] | 2016 Brussels bombings | 2016 Brussels bombins | [[mass murther]]<br/>terrorist attack<br/>suicide bombing | mass murder<br/>terrorist attack<br/>suicide bombing |- class='wd_q65069964' | [[2019 Champion o Champions]] | 2019 Champion of Champions | 2019 Champion o Champions | snooker tournament<br/>recurring sporting event edition | snooker tournament<br/>recurring sporting event edition |- class='wd_q64341987' | [[2019 Riga Masters]] | 2019 Riga Masters | 2019 Riga Masters | snooker tournament<br/>recurring sporting event edition | snooker tournament<br/>recurring sporting event edition |- class='wd_q60796047' | [[2019 UK Championship]] | 2019 UK Championship | 2019 UK Championship | snooker tournament<br/>recurring sporting event edition | snooker tournament<br/>recurring sporting event edition |- class='wd_q66424302' | [[2019 Warld Open]] | 2019 World Open | 2019 Warld Open | snooker tournament<br/>recurring sporting event edition | snooker tournament<br/>recurring sporting event edition |- class='wd_q98073118' | [[2020 Beirut explosions]] | 2020 Beirut explosions | 2020 Beirut explosions | explosion<br/>industrial fire<br/>industrial disaster | explosion<br/>industrial fire<br/>industrial disaster |- class='wd_q67123915' | [[2020 Breetish Grand Prix]] | 2020 British Grand Prix | 2020 Breetish Grand Prix | recurring sporting event edition | recurring sporting event edition |- class='wd_q95150550' | [[2020 Championship League]] | 2020 Championship League | 2020 Championship League | snooker tournament | snooker tournament |- class='wd_q60774824' | [[2020 Masters (snooker)]] | 2020 Masters | 2020 Masters (snooker) | snooker tournament<br/>recurring sporting event edition | snooker tournament<br/>recurring sporting event edition |- class='wd_q67123908' | [[2020 Spaingie Grand Prix]] | 2020 Spanish Grand Prix | 2020 Spaingie Grand Prix | sports season<br/>postponed sports event due to the coronavirus pandemic | sports season<br/>postponed sports event due to the coronavirus pandemic |- class='wd_q22923830' | [[2020 Unitit States presidential election]] | 2020 United States presidential election | 2020 Unitit States presidential election | Unitit States presidential election | United States presidential election |- class='wd_q106086340' | [[2022–23 UEFA Champions League]] | 2022–23 UEFA Champions League | 2022–23 UEFA Champions League | edition of the UEFA Champions League | edition of the UEFA Champions League |- class='wd_q2705' | [[24 December]] | December 24 | 24 December | point in time with respect to recurrent timeframe | point in time with respect to recurrent timeframe |- class='wd_q2820' | [[26 August]] | August 26 | 26 August | point in time with respect to recurrent timeframe | point in time with respect to recurrent timeframe |- class='wd_q2931' | [[3 October]] | October 3 | 3 October | point in time with respect to recurrent timeframe | point in time with respect to recurrent timeframe |- class='wd_q2622' | [[5 Juin]] | June 5 | 5 Juin | point in time with respect to recurrent timeframe | point in time with respect to recurrent timeframe |- class='wd_q638903' | [[5 October 1910 revolution]] | 5 October 1910 revolution | 5 October 1910 revolution | [[coup d'état]] | coup d'état |- class='wd_q96088886' | [[70t Anniversary Grand Prix]] | 70th Anniversary Grand Prix | 70t Anniversary Grand Prix | Formula One Grand Prix<br/>recurring sporting event edition | Formula One Grand Prix<br/>recurring sporting event edition |- class='wd_q278872' | [[A. L. Kennedy]] | A. L. Kennedy | A. L. Kennedy | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q9513' | [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] | A. P. J. Abdul Kalam | A. P. J. Abdul Kalam | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q170315' | [[Abbottabad]] | Abbottabad | Abbottabad | [[ceety]]<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>union council of Pakistan | city<br/>big city<br/>union council of Pakistan |- class='wd_q5111' | [[Abkhaz leid]] | Abkhaz | Abkhaz leid | natural language<br/>modern language | natural language<br/>modern language |- class='wd_q273866' | [[Abolhassan Banisadr]] | Abolhassan Banisadr | Abolhassan Banisadr | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q215833' | [[Abraham Joshua Heschel]] | Abraham Joshua Heschel | Abraham Joshua Heschel | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q23357' | [[Abraham Maslow]] | Abraham Maslow | Abraham Maslow | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q2821724' | [[Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi]] | Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi | Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q289168' | [[AC Cobra]] | AC Cobra | AC Cobra | car model | car model |- class='wd_q193481' | [[AC Sparta Prague]] | AC Sparta Prague | AC Sparta Prague | association fitbaa club<br/>[[Business|buisiness]]<br/>enterprise | association football club<br/>business<br/>enterprise |- class='wd_q130955' | [[Acanthodii]] | Acanthodii | Acanthodii | fossil taxon | fossil taxon |- class='wd_q25507' | [[Accept]] | Accept | Accept | muisic baund<br/>heavy metal band | musical group<br/>heavy metal band |- class='wd_q638202' | [[Accuracy International Arctic Warfare]] | Accuracy International Arctic Warfare | Accuracy International Arctic Warfare | firearm model | firearm model |- class='wd_q158785' | [[Acer campestre]] | Q158785 | Acer campestre | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q156944' | [[Acer pseudoplatanus]] | Q156944 | Acer pseudoplatanus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q481907' | [[Acinonyx]] | Acinonyx | Acinonyx | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q38545' | [[Adana]] | Adana | Adana | [[ceety]]<br/>metropolitan municipality in Turkey<br/>large city | city<br/>metropolitan municipality in Turkey<br/>large city |- class='wd_q190154' | [[addax]] | Addax nasomaculatus | Addax | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q877127' | [[Admeenistrative diveesions o Myanmar|Admeenistrative diveesions o Burma]] | administrative territorial entity of Republic of the Union of Myanmar | Admeenistrative diveesions o Myanmar | | |- class='wd_q203323' | [[admeenistrative diveesions o Ukraine]] | administrative territorial entity of Ukraine | Admeenistrative diveesions o Ukraine | | |- class='wd_q378988' | [[Adult contemporary]] | adult contemporary music | Adult contemporary | [[muisic genre]]<br/>radio format | music genre<br/>radio format |- class='wd_q379393' | [[Advanced bylin watter reactor]] | advanced boiling water reactor | Advanced bylin watter reactor | | |- class='wd_q379573' | [[Advanced Gas-cuiled Reactor]] | advanced gas-cooled reactor | Advanced Gas-cuiled Reactor | | |- class='wd_q53093' | [[Adventure Time]] | Adventure Time | Adventure Time | animated television series | animated television series |- class='wd_q21197880' | [[Adventures in Babysitting (2016 film)]] | Adventures in Babysitting | Adventures in Babysitting (2016 film) | television film | television film |- class='wd_q49085' | [[African Americans|African American]] | African Americans | African Americans | [[ethnic group]]<br/>ethnic community<br/>ethnic group by residency | ethnic group<br/>ethnic community<br/>ethnic group by residency |- class='wd_q160042' | [[African buffalo]] | African buffalo | African buffalo | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q36557' | [[African bush elephant]] | African bush elephant | African bush elephant | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q192231' | [[African gowden cat]] | Profelis aurata | African gowden cat | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q328082' | [[Afrosoricida]] | Afrosoricida | Afrosoricida | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q27399' | [[Afrotheria]] | Afrotheria | Afrotheria | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q2059513' | [[Agarak (clachan), Syunik|Agarak (veelage)]] | Agarak (village) | Agarak (clachan), Syunik | village in Armenia | village in Armenia |- class='wd_q390456' | [[Agaricus]] | Agaricus | Agaricus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q234529' | [[Agaricus campestris]] | Agaricus campestris | Agaricus campestris | [[taxon]]<br/>edible mushroom | taxon<br/>edible mushroom |- class='wd_q327538' | [[age o consent]] | age of consent | Age o consent | | |- class='wd_q133808' | [[Agustín de Iturbide]] | Agustín I of Mexico | Agustín de Iturbide | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q46798' | [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] | Ahmed Shahe Durrani | Ahmad Shah Durrani | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q2715844' | [[aikraw]] | Lobaria scrobiculata | Aikraw | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q4697039' | [[Aileen Paterson]] | Aileen Paterson | Aileen Paterson | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q264849' | [[Aileen Wuornos]] | Aileen Wuornos | Aileen Wuornos | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q6475' | [[Airbus A320 faimily]] | Airbus A320 family | Airbus A320 faimily | aircraft faimily | aircraft family |- class='wd_q6478' | [[Airbus A330]] | Airbus A330 | Airbus A330 | aircraft faimily | aircraft family |- class='wd_q23498' | [[airchaeology]] | archaeology | Airchaeology | academic major<br/>academic discipline | academic major<br/>academic discipline |- class='wd_q1063287' | [[Airmed Forces o Saudi Arabie]] | Saudi Arabian Armed Forces | Airmed Forces o Saudi Arabie | armed forces | armed forces |- class='wd_q47059' | [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan]] | Aishwarya Rai | Aishwarya Rai Bachchan | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q169527' | [[Ajax]] | Ajax | Ajax | Wikimedia disambiguation page | Wikimedia disambiguation page |- class='wd_q506658' | [[Ajloun Govrenorate]] | Ajloun Governorate | Ajloun Govrenorate | [[Govrenorates o Jordan]] | governorate of Jordan |- class='wd_q472753' | [[Akhal-Teke]] | Akhal-Teke | Akhal-Teke | horse breed | horse breed |- class='wd_q1872285' | [[Akita]] | Akita | Akita | Wikimedia disambiguation page | Wikimedia disambiguation page |- class='wd_q485056' | [[Akmola Region|Akmola Province]] | Akmola Region | Akmola Region | [[Regions o Kazakhstan]] | region of Kazakhstan |- class='wd_q1046645' | [[Al Asimah Govrenorate (Kuwait)|Al Asimah Govrenorate]] | Capital Governorate | Al Asimah Govrenorate (Kuwait) | [[govrenorates o Kuwait]] | governorate of Kuwait |- class='wd_q32841' | [[Al Jabal al Akhdar Destrict]] | Jabal al Akhdar | Al Jabal al Akhdar Destrict | [[Destricts o Libie]] | district of Libya |- class='wd_q559599' | [[Al Stewart]] | Al Stewart | Al Stewart | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q12192963' | [[Al-Aqsa Mosque]] | Al-Aqsa Mosque | Al-Aqsa Mosque | [[mosque]]<br/>musalla<br/>congregational mosque<br/>sacred place | mosque<br/>musalla<br/>congregational mosque<br/>sacred place |- class='wd_q311336' | [[Al-Awja]] | Al-Awja | Al-Awja | human settlement | human settlement |- class='wd_q34490' | [[Al-Qaeda]] | Al-Qaeda | Al-Qaeda | terrorist organization<br/>armed organization | terrorist organization<br/>armed organization |- class='wd_q575774' | [[Al-Safira]] | Al-Safira | Al-Safira | [[ceety]]<br/>[[veelage]]<br/>populated place in Syria | city<br/>village<br/>populated place in Syria |- class='wd_q215518' | [[Aladdin (1992 Disney film)|Aladdin]] | Aladdin | Aladdin (1992 Disney film) | animatit film | animated film |- class='wd_q4707841' | [[Alan Stewart o Darnley]] | Alan Stewart of Darnley | Alan Stewart o Darnley | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q209496' | [[Alawites]] | Alawites | Alawites | sect<br/>religious group | sect<br/>religious group |- class='wd_q937' | [[Albert Einstein]] | Albert Einstein | Albert Einstein | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q35517' | [[Alces alces]] | moose | Alces alces | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q205972' | [[alcohol intoxication]] | alcohol intoxication | Alcohol intoxication | | |- class='wd_q156' | [[Alcohol|alcohols]] | alcohols | Alcohol | structural class of chemical entities | structural class of chemical entities |- class='wd_q3610674' | [[Alex Gray]] | Alex Gray | Alex Gray | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q37064' | [[Alexander Fleming]] | Alexander Fleming | Alexander Fleming | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q34286' | [[Alexander Graham Bell]] | Q34286 | Alexander Graham Bell | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q207384' | [[Alexander I o Yugoslavie]] | Alexander I of Yugoslavia | Alexander I o Yugoslavie | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q4302000' | [[Alexander Montgomerie]] | Alexander Montgomerie | Alexander Montgomerie | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q620732' | [[Alexander Tarasov]] | Alexander Tarasov | Alexander Tarasov | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q38337' | [[Alexandre Dumas]] | Alexandre Dumas | Alexandre Dumas | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q188128' | [[Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov]] | Alexei Abrikosov | Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q183372' | [[Alfred North Whitehead]] | Alfred North Whitehead | Alfred North Whitehead | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q4723711' | [[Alfredo Baquerizo Moreno, Guayas|Alfredo Baquerizo Moreno]] | Alfredo Baquerizo Moreno | Alfredo Baquerizo Moreno, Guayas | [[ceety]] | city |- class='wd_q2466508' | [[Alfredo Baquerizo Moreno Canton]] | Alfredo Baquerizo Moreno Canton | Alfredo Baquerizo Moreno Canton | canton of Ecuador | canton of Ecuador |- class='wd_q2090350' | [[Ali Dilem]] | Ali Dilem | Ali Dilem | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q468523' | [[Ali Smith]] | Ali Smith | Ali Smith | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q257106' | [[alicreesh]] | liquorice | Alicreesh | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q4727053' | [[Alison Cockburn]] | Alison Cockburn | Alison Cockburn | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q19563' | [[Alkaline yird metal]] | alkaline earth metal | Alkaline yird metal | group<br/>main group | group<br/>main group |- class='wd_q162442' | [[Prayagraj|Allahabad]] | Prayagraj | Prayagraj | [[ceety]] | city |- class='wd_q81564' | [[alpaca]] | alpaca | Alpaca | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q58430' | [[Alternator]] | alternator | Alternator | | |- class='wd_q663' | [[Alumeenium|aluminium]] | aluminium | Alumeenium | [[Chemical element|element]]<br/>[[metal]]<br/>lithophile element | chemical element<br/>metal<br/>lithophile element |- class='wd_q11081' | [[Alzheimer's tribble|Alzheimer's disease]] | Alzheimer's disease | Alzheimer's tribble | type of disease | type of disease |- class='wd_q80563' | [[Amalfi]] | Amalfi | Amalfi | comune o Italy | comune of Italy |- class='wd_q454135' | [[Amanda Sandrelli]] | Amanda Sandrelli | Amanda Sandrelli | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q213938' | [[Amanita]] | Amanita | Amanita | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q574014' | [[Amaro Pargo]] | Amaro Rodríguez Felipe | Amaro Pargo | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q10732549' | [[Amealco de Bonfil]] | Amealco de Bonfil Municipality | Amealco de Bonfil | [[Municipalities o Mexico]] | municipality of Mexico |- class='wd_q82728' | [[American bison]] | American bison | American bison | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q122783' | [[American black beir]] | American black bear | American black beir | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q228002' | [[Ammonoidea]] | Q228002 | Ammonoidea | fossil taxon | fossil taxon |- class='wd_q161568' | [[Ammophila arenaria]] | Ammophila arenaria | Ammophila arenaria | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q48403' | [[Amritsar]] | Amritsar | Amritsar | [[metropolis]] | metropolis |- class='wd_q36216' | [[An Nawfaliyah]] | Nofaliya | An Nawfaliyah | human settlement | human settlement |- class='wd_q161153' | [[Anacamptis morio]] | Anacamptis morio | Anacamptis morio | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q214264' | [[Anas]] | Anas | Anas | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q489798' | [[Andalusie horse]] | Andalusian horse | Andalusie horse | horse breed | horse breed |- class='wd_q170598' | [[Andean condor]] | Andean Condor | Andean condor | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q4756563' | [[Andrew Carruthers]] | Andrew Carruthers | Andrew Carruthers | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q60969158' | [[Halloween Howls|Andrew Gold's Halloween Howls – Fun & Scary Music]] | Andrew Gold's Halloween Howls – Fun & Scary Music | Halloween Howls | [[album]] | album |- class='wd_q472725' | [[Andrew Moray]] | Andrew Moray | Andrew Moray | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q153330' | [[Andrew Mountbatten-Windsor]] | Andrew Mountbatten-Windsor | Andrew Mountbatten-Windsor | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q506425' | [[Andrew Murray (Scots sodger)|Andrew Murray]] | Sir Andrew Murray | Andrew Murray (Scots sodger) | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q318508' | [[Andrés Manuel López Obrador]] | Andrés Manuel López Obrador | Andrés Manuel López Obrador | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q10125' | [[Andy Murray]] | Andy Murray | Andy Murray | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q4761361' | [[Andy Stewart (muisicker)|Andy Stewart]] | Andy Stewart | Andy Stewart (muisicker) | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q769218' | [[Ang Mey]] | Ang Mey | Ang Mey | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q34351359' | [[Angela Haggerty]] | Angela Haggerty | Angela Haggerty | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q219666' | [[Angelica]] | Angelica | Angelica | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q23893984' | [[Angelique Rockas]] | Angelique Rockas | Angelique Rockas | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q916' | [[Angola|Angolae]] | Angola | Angola | [[kintra]]<br/>sovereign state | country<br/>sovereign state |- class='wd_q128685' | [[Eel|Anguilliformes]] | Anguilliformes | Eel | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q355392' | [[Angus Macfadyen]] | Angus Macfadyen | Angus Macfadyen | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q729' | [[Animals|animal]] | animal | Animals | [[taxon]]<br/>organisms known by a particular common name<br/>first-order class | taxon<br/>organisms known by a particular common name<br/>first-order class |- class='wd_q180439' | [[Ankh]] | ankh | Ankh | hieroglyph<br/>crosses in heraldry | hieroglyph<br/>crosses in heraldry |- class='wd_q25522' | [[Annelid]] | Annelida | Annelid | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q2851506' | [[Annette Crosbie]] | Annette Crosbie | Annette Crosbie | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q3736616' | [[Annobón Province]] | Annobón Province | Annobón Province | [[Provinces o Equatorial Guinea]] | province of Equatorial Guinea |- class='wd_q37395' | [[Anomalocaris]] | Anomalocaris | Anomalocaris | fossil taxon | fossil taxon |- class='wd_q573246' | [[Anthony Fauci]] | Anthony Fauci | Anthony Fauci | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q192718' | [[Anthony James Leggett]] | Anthony James Leggett | Anthony James Leggett | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q143313' | [[Anthus trivialis]] | Anthus trivialis | Anthus trivialis | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q5685' | [[Anton Chekhov]] | Anton Chekhov | Anton Chekhov | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q1429' | [[Antoninus Pius]] | Antoninus Pius | Antoninus Pius | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q4351768' | [[Antti Puhakka]] | Antti Puhakka | Antti Puhakka | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q497' | [[anus]] | anus | Anus | class of anatomical entity | class of anatomical entity |- class='wd_q615767' | [[Aokigahara]] | Aokigahara | Aokigahara | [[forest]] | forest |- class='wd_q173756' | [[Apocynaceae]] | Apocynaceae | Apocynaceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q25950' | [[Apodiformes]] | Apodiformes | Apodiformes | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q148929' | [[Aquilegia vulgaris]] | columbine | Aquilegia vulgaris | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q48227' | [[Araceae]] | Araceae | Araceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q2356261' | [[Aram Asatryan]] | Aram Asatryan | Aram Asatryan | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q12084' | [[Araneomorphae]] | Q12084 | Araneomorphae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q82738' | [[Arctic tod]] | Arctic fox | Arctic tod | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q15043775' | [[Arctiidae]] | Arctiidae | Arctiidae | [[taxon]]<br/>synonym | taxon<br/>synonym |- class='wd_q414' | [[Argenteinie]] | Argentina | Argenteinie | [[kintra]]<br/>nation<br/>sovereign state<br/>confessional state<br/>country sometimes considered transcontinental | country<br/>nation<br/>sovereign state<br/>confessional state<br/>country sometimes considered transcontinental |- class='wd_q496548' | [[Argentine Fitbaw Association|Argentine Fitbaa Association]] | Argentine Football Association | Argentine Fitbaw Association | nan-profit organisation<br/>association football federation<br/>national sports governing body | nonprofit organization<br/>association football federation<br/>national sports governing body |- class='wd_q4792148' | [[Arlene Foster]] | Arlene Foster | Arlene Foster | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q15771' | [[Armavir, Armenie|Armavir]] | Armavir | Armavir, Armenie | city or town in Armenia | city or town in Armenia |- class='wd_q68880' | [[Arminius]] | Arminius | Arminius | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q77078' | [[Arnold Sommerfeld]] | Arnold Sommerfeld | Arnold Sommerfeld | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q258528' | [[Arsames]] | Arsames | Arsames | Wikimedia disambiguation page | Wikimedia disambiguation page |- class='wd_q35610' | [[Arthur Conan Doyle]] | Arthur Conan Doyle | Arthur Conan Doyle | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q80596' | [[Arthur Miller]] | Arthur Miller | Arthur Miller | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q178182' | [[Asgard]] | Asgard | Asgard | Norse mythical location | Norse mythical location |- class='wd_q528983' | [[Ashley Williams]] | Ashley Williams | Ashley Williams | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q182347' | [[Asiatic lion]] | Asiatic lion | Asiatic lion | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q124410' | [[Aisien black beir|Asie black beir]] | Ursus thibetanus | Aisien black beir | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q648422' | [[Asio]] | Asio | Asio | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q25769' | [[Asio flammeus]] | Short-eared Owl | Asio flammeus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q26229' | [[Asparagales]] | Asparagales | Asparagales | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q28367' | [[Asparagus]] | Asparagus officinalis | Asparagus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q178450' | [[Aspartic acid]] | L-aspartic acid | Aspartic acid | type of chemical entity | type of chemical entity |- class='wd_q161790' | [[Asperger syndrome]] | Asperger syndrome | Asperger syndrome | disability<br/>type of disease | disability<br/>type of disease |- class='wd_q18216' | [[Aspirin]] | aspirin | Aspirin | type of chemical entity | type of chemical entity |- class='wd_q517130' | [[Aster (genus)|Aster]] | Aster | Aster (genus) | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q25400' | [[Asteraceae]] | Asteraceae | Asteraceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q21730' | [[Asterales]] | Q21730 | Asterales | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q747502' | [[Asterids]] | Q747502 | Asterids | clade | clade |- class='wd_q157184' | [[Astragalus]] | Astragalus | Astragalus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q203263' | [[Athens, Georgie|Athens]] | Athens | Athens, Georgie | coonty seat<br/>ceety o the Unitit States<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>consolidatit ceety–coonty<br/>municipality of Georgia | county seat<br/>city in the United States<br/>big city<br/>consolidated city-county<br/>municipality of Georgia |- class='wd_q9121' | [[atom]] | atom | Atom | | |- class='wd_q23809' | [[atomic nummer]] | atomic number | Atomic nummer | | |- class='wd_q758559' | [[Auburn Hills, Michigan|Auburn Hills]] | Auburn Hills | Auburn Hills, Michigan | ceety o the Unitit States | city in the United States |- class='wd_q8018' | [[Augustinus]] | Augustine of Hippo | Augustinus | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q1136674' | [[Auld San Juan]] | Old San Juan Historic District | Auld San Juan | neighbourhuid<br/>[[Auld Toun]]<br/>fortified town<br/>historic district | neighborhood<br/>old town<br/>fortified town<br/>historic district |- class='wd_q676050' | [[Auld Toun]] | old town | Auld Toun | | |- class='wd_q182968' | [[Auld Warld pug]] | Q182968 | Auld Warld pug | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q26864' | [[Aurelia aurita]] | Aurelia aurita | Aurelia aurita | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q168903' | [[aurochs]] | aurochs | Aurochs | extinct taxon | extinct taxon |- class='wd_q28513' | [[Austrick-Hungary]] | Austria–Hungary | Austrick-Hungary | historical state | historical country |- class='wd_q6229' | [[authoritarianism]] | authoritarianism | Authoritarianism | [[poleetical seestem]]<br/>form o rule<br/>poleetical ideology | political system<br/>form of government<br/>political ideology |- class='wd_q5386' | [[auto racin]] | auto racing | Auto racin | type o sport<br/>sports discipline | type of sport<br/>sports discipline |- class='wd_q41482' | [[autopsy]] | autopsy | Autopsy | | |- class='wd_q39837' | [[Averroes]] | Averroes | Averroes | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q37153' | [[Avocado]] | Persea americana | Avocado | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q43056' | [[Axis pouers|Axis]] | Axis Powers | Axis pouers | military alliance | military alliance |- class='wd_q22718' | [[axolotl]] | axolotl | Axolotl | [[taxon]]<br/>model organism | taxon<br/>model organism |- class='wd_q186778' | [[aye-aye]] | aye-aye | Aye-aye | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q221503' | [[Az Zawiyah]] | Zawiya | Az Zawiyah | human settlement<br/>municipality of Libya | human settlement<br/>municipality of Libya |- class='wd_q3091454' | [[Azerbaijan Athletics Federation]] | Azerbaijan Athletics Federation | Azerbaijan Athletics Federation | sport govrenin body | sports governing body |- class='wd_q3741152' | [[Azerbaijan Basketbaw Federation]] | Azerbaijan Basketball Federation | Azerbaijan Basketbaw Federation | sport govrenin body | sports governing body |- class='wd_q211370' | [[Baabda Destrict]] | Baabda District | Baabda Destrict | [[Destricts o Lebanon]] | district of Lebanon |- class='wd_q10876' | [[bacteria]] | bacteria | Bacteria | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q15468' | [[Badalona]] | Badalona | Badalona | ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>municipality of Catalonia | big city<br/>municipality of Catalonia |- class='wd_q188130' | [[Baiji]] | baiji | Baiji | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q7569' | [[bairn]] | child | Bairn | population group<br/>class of human | population group<br/>class of human |- class='wd_q4412334' | [[Bakunawa]] | Bakunawa | Bakunawa | meethological serpent | mythological serpent |- class='wd_q39731' | [[Baltic states]] | Baltic states | Baltic states | geographic region<br/>triad | region<br/>triad |- class='wd_q5092' | [[Baltimore]] | Baltimore | Baltimore | independent ceety | independent city in the United States |- class='wd_q806273' | [[Bandarban Destrict]] | Bandarban District | Bandarban Destrict | district of Bangladesh | district of Bangladesh |- class='wd_q1355' | [[Bangalore]] | Bengaluru | Bangalore | [[ceety]]<br/>megacity<br/>[[metropolis]]<br/>[[global ceety]]<br/>state capital<br/>largest city | city<br/>megacity<br/>metropolis<br/>global city<br/>state capital<br/>largest city |- class='wd_q1861' | [[Bangkok]] | Bangkok | Bangkok | [[ceety]]<br/>megacity<br/>financial center<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>first-level admeenistrative diveesion<br/>special administrative area of Thailand<br/>largest city<br/>national capital | city<br/>megacity<br/>financial center<br/>big city<br/>first-level administrative division<br/>special administrative area of Thailand<br/>largest city<br/>national capital |- class='wd_q130774' | [[banner o Argentinae]] | flag of Argentina | Banner o Argentinae | national flag | national flag |- class='wd_q160872' | [[Banner o Chile]] | flag of Chile | Banner o Chile | national flag | national flag |- class='wd_q163008' | [[Banner o Cuba]] | flag of Cuba | Banner o Cuba | flag<br/>national flag | flag<br/>national flag |- class='wd_q30768' | [[Banner o East Timor]] | flag of East Timor | Banner o East Timor | national flag | national flag |- class='wd_q122482' | [[Banner o Europe]] | flag of Europe | Banner o Europe | flag design | flag design |- class='wd_q47891' | [[Banner o Finland]] | flag of Finland | Banner o Finland | national flag | national flag |- class='wd_q26491' | [[Banner o Georgie (kintra)|Banner o Georgie]] | flag of Georgia | Banner o Georgie (kintra) | national flag | national flag |- class='wd_q48160' | [[Banner o Germany]] | flag of Germany | Banner o Germany | national flag | national flag |- class='wd_q168935' | [[Banner o Malaysie]] | flag of Malaysia | Banner o Malaysie | flag<br/>national flag | flag<br/>national flag |- class='wd_q159865' | [[Banner o Morocco]] | flag of Morocco | Banner o Morocco | national flag | national flag |- class='wd_q5456793' | [[Banner o North Vietnam]] | flag of North Vietnam | Banner o North Vietnam | national flag | national flag |- class='wd_q81286' | [[Banner o Swaden]] | flag of Sweden | Banner o Swaden | national flag | national flag |- class='wd_q483774' | [[Banner o Uzbekistan]] | flag of Uzbekistan | Banner o Uzbekistan | national flag | national flag |- class='wd_q131204' | [[Banner o Vietnam]] | flag of Vietnam | Banner o Vietnam | national flag | national flag |- class='wd_q183035' | [[Banteng]] | Bos javanicus | Banteng | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q790949' | [[Bartholin's gland]] | Bartholin's gland | Bartholin's gland | class of anatomical entity | class of anatomical entity |- class='wd_q1172126' | [[Basil Spence]] | Basil Spence | Basil Spence | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q46185' | [[bass guitar]] | bass guitar | Bass guitar | type of musical instrument | type of musical instrument |- class='wd_q2575960' | [[Battle o Carham]] | Battle of Carham | Battle o Carham | [[battle]] | battle |- class='wd_q151340' | [[Battle o Fraunce]] | Battle of France | Battle o Fraunce | [[battle]] | battle |- class='wd_q179670' | [[Battle o Gaugamela]] | Battle of Gaugamela | Battle o Gaugamela | [[battle]] | battle |- class='wd_q4871281' | [[Battle o Innerurie (1308)|Battle o Innerurie]] | Battle of Inverurie | Battle o Innerurie (1308) | [[battle]] | battle |- class='wd_q127216' | [[Bauld eagle]] | Bald Eagle | Bauld eagle | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q45422' | [[baurm]] | yeast | Baurm | food ingredient<br/>organisms known by a particular common name | food ingredient<br/>organisms known by a particular common name |- class='wd_q104761' | [[Bayer 04 Leverkusen]] | Bayer 04 Leverkusen | Bayer 04 Leverkusen | association fitbaa club<br/>professional sports team | association football club<br/>professional sports team |- class='wd_q41890' | [[Bayswater]] | Bayswater | Bayswater | aurie o Lunnon | area of London |- class='wd_q179673' | [[Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)|Beauty and the Beast]] | Beauty and the Beast | Beauty and the Beast (1991 film) | animatit film | animated film |- class='wd_q81856' | [[Beaverton, Oregon|Beaverton]] | Beaverton | Beaverton, Oregon | city of Oregon | city of Oregon |- class='wd_q813884' | [[Bedford RL]] | Bedford RL | Bedford RL | truck model | truck model |- class='wd_q507235' | [[Bedford Vehicles]] | Bedford Vehicles | Bedford Vehicles | commercial vehicle manufacturer | commercial vehicle manufacturer |- class='wd_q217778' | [[Bishop's weed|beeshop's weed]] | Aegopodium podagraria | Bishop's weed | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q158617' | [[Begonia]] | Begonia | Begonia | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q956' | [[Beijing]] | Beijing | Beijing | [[ceety]]<br/>megacity<br/>[[metropolis]]<br/>[[global ceety]]<br/>national central city<br/>Direct-controlled municipality<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>national capital<br/>former national capital | city<br/>megacity<br/>metropolis<br/>global city<br/>national central city<br/>direct-administered municipality<br/>big city<br/>national capital<br/>former national capital |- class='wd_q11788' | [[beir]] | Ursidae | Beir | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q25376' | [[Beld-cuit|beld pout]] | Common Coot | Beld-cuit | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q896476' | [[Belgian horse]] | Belgian Draught | Belgian horse | horse breed | horse breed |- class='wd_q31' | [[Belgium]] | Belgium | Belgium | [[kintra]]<br/>sovereign state | country<br/>sovereign state |- class='wd_q2631905' | [[Ben & Holly's Little Kingdom]] | Ben and Holly's Little Kingdom | Ben & Holly's Little Kingdom | animated television series | animated television series |- class='wd_q342617' | [[Ben Whishaw]] | Ben Whishaw | Ben Whishaw | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q3329808' | [[Benedict Wong]] | Benedict Wong | Benedict Wong | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q80952' | [[Bengal teeger]] | Bengal tiger | Bengal teeger | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q48328' | [[Beowulf]] | Beowulf | Beowulf | epic poem | epic poem |- class='wd_q158563' | [[Berberis vulgaris]] | Berberis vulgaris | Berberis vulgaris | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q64' | [[Berlin]] | Berlin | Berlin | city-state<br/>[[metropolis]]<br/>federal caipital<br/>Hanseatic ceety<br/>[[States o Germany|state o Germany]]<br/>seat o govrenment<br/>Unitary municipality in Germany<br/>urban municipality in Germany<br/>largest city<br/>town divided by border<br/>independent city in Berlin | city-state<br/>metropolis<br/>federal capital<br/>Hanseatic city<br/>federated state of Germany<br/>seat of government<br/>Unitary municipality in Germany<br/>urban municipality in Germany<br/>largest city<br/>town divided by border<br/>independent city in Berlin |- class='wd_q961874' | [[Bernabé Ferreyra]] | Bernabé Ferreyra | Bernabé Ferreyra | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q16532287' | [[Betacoronavirus]] | Betacoronavirus | Betacoronavirus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q159532' | [[betel]] | betel | Betel | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q4164940' | [[Betta]] | Betta | Betta | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q190631' | [[Bette Midler]] | Bette Midler | Bette Midler | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q156895' | [[Betula pendula]] | Q156895 | Betula pendula | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q3707847' | [[Beukkeepin]] | bookkeeping | Beukkeepin | academic discipline | academic discipline |- class='wd_q172567' | [[Beşiktaş J.K.]] | Beşiktaş J.K. (Football) | Beşiktaş J.K. | association fitbaa club | association football club |- class='wd_q166788' | [[biathlon]] | biathlon | Biathlon | type o sport<br/>Olympic sport | type of sport<br/>Olympic sport |- class='wd_q25485' | [[big ox-ee]] | great tit | Big ox-ee | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q1124' | [[Bill Clinton]] | Bill Clinton | Bill Clinton | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q2619019' | [[Bill Nye]] | Bill Nye | Bill Nye | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q151113' | [[Billie Piper]] | Billie Piper | Billie Piper | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q5113' | [[Bird|birds]] | bird | Bird | [[taxon]]<br/>organisms known by a particular common name | taxon<br/>organisms known by a particular common name |- class='wd_q19444' | [[Birmingham City F.C.|Birmingham Ceety F.C.]] | Birmingham City F.C. | Birmingham City F.C. | association fitbaa club | association football club |- class='wd_q727096' | [[birth defect]] | congenital disorder | Birth defect | type of disease | type of disease |- class='wd_q18099' | [[bison]] | Bison | Bison | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q147096' | [[bitter oranger]] | Citrus × aurantium | Bitter oranger | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q25368' | [[Bivalvia]] | Q25368 | Bivalvia | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q147701' | [[Bixa orellana]] | Bixa orellana | Bixa orellana | [[taxon]]<br/>material | taxon<br/>material |- class='wd_q104506' | [[Björn Borg]] | Björn Borg | Björn Borg | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q879748' | [[Björn Strid]] | Björn Strid | Björn Strid | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q95036' | [[black rhinoceros]] | Diceros bicornis | Black rhinoceros | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q183339' | [[blackbuck]] | Antilope cervicapra | Blackbuck | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q6934' | [[Blagoveshchensk]] | Blagoveshchensk | Blagoveshchensk | city or town<br/>city/town in Russia | city or town<br/>city/town in Russia |- class='wd_q1290' | [[Blaise Pascal]] | Blaise Pascal | Blaise Pascal | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q217291' | [[Blanford's tod]] | Blanford's fox | Blanford's tod | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q25309' | [[Blattodea]] | Q25309 | Blattodea | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q23445' | [[Black|bleck]] | black | Black | primary colour<br/>HTML4 named color<br/>safest web colors | primary color<br/>HTML4 named color<br/>safest web colors |- class='wd_q199758' | [[Blue jay]] | Blue Jay | Blue jay | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q42196' | [[Blue whaul]] | Balaenoptera musculus | Blue whaul | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q205477' | [[blue-an-yellae macaw]] | Blue-and-yellow Macaw | Blue-an-yellae macaw | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q25404' | [[blue-bunnet]] | Eurasian blue tit | Blue-bunnet | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q27989' | [[bluebell]] | Campanula rotundifolia | Bluebell | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q853286' | [[Bluebird]] | Sialia | Bluebird | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q25709' | [[Bluiter]] | Eurasian Bittern | Bluiter | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q215388' | [[Boa constrictor]] | Boa constrictor | Boa constrictor | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q444752' | [[Boa Sr.]] | Boa Sr. | Boa Sr. | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q35872' | [[boat]] | boat | Boat | boat type<br/>wattercraft type | boat type<br/>watercraft type |- class='wd_q121615' | [[Bobby Sands]] | Bobby Sands | Bobby Sands | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q131907' | [[bobcat]] | bobcat | Bobcat | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q6394' | [[Boeing 707]] | Boeing 707 | Boeing 707 | aircraft faimily | aircraft family |- class='wd_q6387' | [[Boeing 737]] | Boeing 737 | Boeing 737 | aircraft faimily | aircraft family |- class='wd_q179' | [[Boeing 747]] | Boeing 747 | Boeing 747 | aircraft faimily | aircraft family |- class='wd_q6418' | [[Boeing 757]] | Boeing 757 | Boeing 757 | aircraft faimily | aircraft family |- class='wd_q6423' | [[Boeing 767]] | Boeing 767 | Boeing 767 | aircraft faimily | aircraft family |- class='wd_q26431' | [[bog gled]] | Western Marsh Harrier | Bog gled | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q181969' | [[Bohai Sea]] | Bohai Sea | Bohai Sea | marginal sea | marginal sea |- class='wd_q179172' | [[Bojan Krkić]] | Bojan Krkić | Bojan Krkić | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q134747' | [[Bombyx mori]] | Bombyx mori | Bombyx mori | [[taxon]]<br/>silkworm | taxon<br/>silkworm |- class='wd_q19537' | [[bonobo]] | Bonobo | Bonobo | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q207760' | [[Badock|Bonxie]] | Great Skua | Badock | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q147075' | [[borage]] | borage | Borage | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q26568' | [[Boraginaceae]] | Boraginaceae | Boraginaceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q500857' | [[Borassus flabellifer]] | Borassus flabellifer | Borassus flabellifer | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q5319' | [[borax]] | borax | Borax | type of chemical entity | type of chemical entity |- class='wd_q187045' | [[boric acid]] | orthoboric acid | Boric acid | type of chemical entity | type of chemical entity |- class='wd_q80958' | [[Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas]] | Botafogo F.R. | Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas | association fitbaa club<br/>sports club | association football club<br/>sports club |- class='wd_q184634' | [[Boudica]] | Boudica | Boudica | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q2167872' | [[Body hair|bouk hair]] | androgenic hair | Body hair | | |- class='wd_q25497' | [[bovid]] | Q25497 | Bovid | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q4979192' | [[Bovinae]] | Bovinae | Bovinae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q38496' | [[Boxer (dug)|Boxer]] | Boxer | Boxer (dug) | dog breed | dog breed |- class='wd_q205707' | [[Bradley Cooper]] | Bradley Cooper | Bradley Cooper | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q487367' | [[Braeburn]] | Braeburn | Braeburn | chance seedling<br/>apple cultivar | chance seedling<br/>apple cultivar |- class='wd_q58677' | [[Brassica]] | Brassica | Brassica | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q156888' | [[Brassicaceae]] | Brassicaceae | Brassicaceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q185086' | [[Croun dependencies|Breetish crown dependency]] | Crown Dependencies | Croun dependencies | territory | territory |- class='wd_q842438' | [[Breetish fowk]] | British | Breetish fowk | [[population]] | human population |- class='wd_q4869954' | [[Breetish monarchs]] | list of British monarchs | Breetish monarchs | Wikimedia leet airticle | Wikimedia list article |- class='wd_q39782' | [[Bress]] | brass | Bress | type of chemical entity | type of chemical entity |- class='wd_q3644573' | [[Brig o Dee (brig)|Brig o Dee]] | Bridge of Dee | Brig o Dee (brig) | road brig<br/>stone arch bridge | road bridge<br/>stone arch bridge |- class='wd_q4975727' | [[Brithers' Circle]] | Brothers’ Circle | Brithers' Circle | organized crime group | organized crime group |- class='wd_q4970755' | [[British Rail Class 22]] | British Rail Class 22 | British Rail Class 22 | locomotive class | locomotive class |- class='wd_q920223' | [[British Steel (1967–1999)|British Steel]] | British Steel | British Steel (1967–1999) | [[Business|buisiness]]<br/>enterprise | business<br/>enterprise |- class='wd_q4975856' | [[Brochtoun]] | Broughtown | Brochtoun | [[veelage]] | village |- class='wd_q156529' | [[Bromeliaceae]] | Bromeliaceae | Bromeliaceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q232278' | [[Brookesia micra]] | Brookesia micra | Brookesia micra | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q148134' | [[Bryozoa]] | Q148134 | Bryozoa | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q13580495' | [[BTS (baund)|BTS]] | BTS | BTS (baund) | muisic baund<br/>boy baund | musical group<br/>boy band |- class='wd_q850563' | [[Bubble Guppies]] | Bubble Guppies | Bubble Guppies | animated television series | animated television series |- class='wd_q639022' | [[Bufo]] | Bufo | Bufo | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q146375' | [[Bufo bufo]] | common toad | Bufo bufo | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q193250' | [[Bulawayo]] | Bulawayo | Bulawayo | [[ceety]]<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | city<br/>big city |- class='wd_q134091' | [[Bulbophyllum]] | Bulbophyllum | Bulbophyllum | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q12495' | [[Burj Khalifa]] | Burj Khalifa | Burj Khalifa | skyscraper<br/>laundmark | skyscraper<br/>architectural landmark |- class='wd_q836' | [[Myanmar|Burma]] | Myanmar | Myanmar | [[kintra]]<br/>[[republic]]<br/>sovereign state | country<br/>republic<br/>sovereign state |- class='wd_q26691' | [[burrian]] | Red-throated Diver | Burrian | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q191737' | [[buss dug]] | Speothos venaticus | Buss dug | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q45024346' | [[Bute witches]] | Bute witches | Bute witches | group o humans | group of humans |- class='wd_q30325551' | [[Butterbean's Café]] | Butterbean's Café | Butterbean's Café | animated television series | animated television series |- class='wd_q173532' | [[Byblos]] | Byblos | Byblos | [[ceety]]<br/>city-state<br/>human settlement<br/>archaeological site | city<br/>city-state<br/>human settlement<br/>archaeological site |- class='wd_q35051' | [[cabbitch]] | Brassica oleracea var. capitata | Cabbitch | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q5015361' | [[Caberfeidh]] | Caberfeidh | Caberfeidh | shinty team | shinty team |- class='wd_q4758' | [[Caecilian]] | Caecilian | Caecilian | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q91703' | [[Caenorhabditis elegans]] | Caenorhabditis elegans | Caenorhabditis elegans | [[taxon]]<br/>model organism | taxon<br/>model organism |- class='wd_q428145' | [[Caledonian Sleeper]] | Caledonian Sleeper | Caledonian Sleeper | night train<br/>named passenger train service | night train<br/>named passenger train service |- class='wd_q194314' | [[Californie condor]] | California condor | Californie condor | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q132895' | [[Callionymus lyra]] | Common dragonet | Callionymus lyra | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q147192' | [[Caltha palustris]] | Caltha palustris | Caltha palustris | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q138367' | [[Camden, New Jersey|Camden]] | Camden | Camden, New Jersey | coonty seat<br/>ceety in New Jersey | county seat<br/>city in New Jersey |- class='wd_q101815' | [[Camellia sinensis]] | Camellia sinensis | Camellia sinensis | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q155802' | [[Campanulaceae]] | Campanulaceae | Campanulaceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q13707' | [[camshaft]] | camshaft | Camshaft | | |- class='wd_q12078' | [[cancer]] | cancer | Cancer | [[Dishailth|disease]]<br/>heal problem<br/>type of disease | disease<br/>health problem<br/>type of disease |- class='wd_q5031643' | [[Candelaria, Nevada|Candelaria]] | Candelaria | Candelaria, Nevada | [[Ghaist toun]] | ghost town |- class='wd_q558181' | [[CANDU reactor]] | CANDU reactor | CANDU reactor | Nuclear reactor | nuclear reactor |- class='wd_q25324' | [[Canidae]] | Canidae | Canidae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q2845' | [[Cannabis (drog)|cannabis]] | cannabis | Cannabis (drog) | [[drog]] | drug |- class='wd_q79817' | [[Cannabis]] | Cannabis | Cannabis | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q16572' | [[Guangzhou|Canton]] | Guangzhou | Guangzhou | megacity<br/>[[metropolis]]<br/>sub-province-level diveesion<br/>prefecture-level city<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | megacity<br/>metropolis<br/>sub-province-level division<br/>prefecture-level city<br/>big city |- class='wd_q12755' | [[Canton o Jura]] | Canton of Jura | Canton o Jura | canton o Swisserland<br/>constituent state | canton of Switzerland<br/>federated state |- class='wd_q272933' | [[Cape tod]] | Vulpes chama | Cape tod | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q129059' | [[Capercailzie]] | Western Capercaillie | Capercailzie | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q179544' | [[Capetian dynasty]] | Capetian dynasty | Capetian dynasty | dynasty<br/>noble faimily | dynasty<br/>noble family |- class='wd_q172923' | [[Capra (genus)|Capra]] | Capra | Capra (genus) | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q26125' | [[Caprimulgiformes]] | Caprimulgiformes | Caprimulgiformes | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q26717' | [[Caprimulgus europaeus]] | European Nightjar | Caprimulgus europaeus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q201959' | [[Capsicum]] | Capsicum | Capsicum | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q1380' | [[Capsicum annuum]] | Capsicum annuum | Capsicum annuum | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q30847' | [[Caracal]] | caracal | Caracal | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q623' | [[Caurbon|carbon]] | carbon | Caurbon | [[Chemical element|element]]<br/>atmophile element | chemical element<br/>atmophile element |- class='wd_q158501' | [[Carex]] | Carex | Carex | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q287793' | [[Carl Reiner]] | Carl Reiner | Carl Reiner | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q158874' | [[Carlos I o Portugal]] | Carlos I of Portugal | Carlos I o Portugal | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q170419' | [[Carlos Slim]] | Carlos Slim | Carlos Slim | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q204089' | [[Carlos Valderrama]] | Carlos Valderrama | Carlos Valderrama | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q25306' | [[Carnivora]] | Carnivora | Carnivora | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q237994' | [[Carol Ann Duffy]] | Carol Ann Duffy | Carol Ann Duffy | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q207739' | [[Carole Lombard]] | Carole Lombard | Carole Lombard | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q577227' | [[Caroline Nokes]] | Caroline Nokes | Caroline Nokes | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q81' | [[carrot]] | carrot | Carrot | food crop<br/>type of vegetable | food crop<br/>type of vegetable |- class='wd_q729304' | [[Carthage, Missouri|Carthage]] | Carthage | Carthage, Missouri | coonty seat<br/>ceety o the Unitit States | county seat<br/>city in the United States |- class='wd_q111840' | [[Carwyn Jones]] | Carwyn Jones | Carwyn Jones | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q25995' | [[Caryophyllaceae]] | Caryophyllaceae | Caryophyllaceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q1046446' | [[Casa Loma]] | Casa Loma | Casa Loma | villa<br/>historic house museum | villa<br/>historic house museum |- class='wd_q83124' | [[cassava]] | cassava | Cassava | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q1049507' | [[Castle Semple Loch]] | Castle Semple Loch | Castle Semple Loch | [[loch]] | lake |- class='wd_q146' | [[cat]] | cat | Cat | organisms known by a particular common name | organisms known by a particular common name |- class='wd_q3883' | [[Catanzaro]] | Catanzaro | Catanzaro | [[ceety]]<br/>comune o Italy | city<br/>comune of Italy |- class='wd_q9943415' | [[:Category:Fermstockin]] | Category:Livestock | Category:Fermstockin | [[Wikipedia:Categorisation|Wikimedia category]] | Wikimedia category |- class='wd_q7973620' | [[:Category:Urban-teep dounsets in Roushie]] | Category:Urban-type settlements in Russia | Category:Urban-teep dounsets in Roushie | [[Wikipedia:Categorisation|Wikimedia category]] | Wikimedia category |- class='wd_q105667' | [[Catherine Ashton]] | Catherine Ashton | Catherine Ashton | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q17149' | [[Catshairk]] | Q17149 | Catshairk | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q7537' | [[cauliflouer]] | Brassica oleracea var. botrytis | Cauliflouer | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q210516' | [[Leet o ceeties in Serbie|ceety in Serbie]] | list of cities in Serbia | Leet o ceeties in Serbie | Wikimedia leet airticle | Wikimedia list article |- class='wd_q23311' | [[Ceety o Lunnon]] | City of London | Ceety o Lunnon | [[ceety]]<br/>ceremonial county of England<br/>central business district<br/>financial center<br/>unparished area<br/>district of the United Kingdom<br/>district with city status | city<br/>ceremonial county of England<br/>central business district<br/>financial center<br/>unparished area<br/>district of the United Kingdom<br/>district with city status |- class='wd_q138617' | [[Ceiba pentandra]] | Ceiba pentandra | Ceiba pentandra | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q23012379' | [[Celery]] | celery | Celery | | |- class='wd_q6002' | [[Pro12|Celtic League]] | United Rugby Championship | Pro12 | professional sports league<br/>rugby union competition | professional sports league<br/>rugby union competition |- class='wd_q498162' | [[census-designated place]] | census-designated place in the United States | Census-designated place | admeenistrative diveesion<br/>type of place | administrative territorial entity<br/>type of place |- class='wd_q929' | [[Central African Republic]] | Central African Republic | Central African Republic | [[kintra]]<br/>[[republic]]<br/>landlockt kintra<br/>sovereign state | country<br/>republic<br/>landlocked country<br/>sovereign state |- class='wd_q152283' | [[Central Pouers]] | Central Powers | Central Pouers | military alliance | military alliance |- class='wd_q504320' | [[Centurion (tank)|Centurion]] | Centurion | Centurion (tank) | combat vehicle family | combat vehicle family |- class='wd_q123252' | [[Cephalochordate|Cephalochordata]] | Cephalochordata | Cephalochordate | monotypic taxon | monotypic taxon |- class='wd_q130902' | [[Ceratosaurus]] | Ceratosaurus | Ceratosaurus | fossil taxon | fossil taxon |- class='wd_q12117' | [[cereal]] | cereal | Cereal | group or class of agricultural products | group or class of agricultural products |- class='wd_q131340' | [[chamois]] | chamois | Chamois | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q2088394' | [[Chandi]] | Chandi | Chandi | Devi<br/>form of Parvati | Devi<br/>form of Parvati |- class='wd_q451727' | [[Charles Bell]] | Charles Bell | Charles Bell | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q5686' | [[Charles Dickens]] | Charles Dickens | Charles Dickens | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q333452' | [[Charles Grant, 1st Baron Glenelg]] | Charles Grant, 1st Baron Glenelg | Charles Grant, 1st Baron Glenelg | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q80321126' | [[Charles W Gray]] | Charles W Gray | Charles W Gray | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q123026' | [[Charles Édouard Guillaume]] | Charles Édouard Guillaume | Charles Édouard Guillaume | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q37785' | [[Charlotte's Web (1973 film)|Charlotte's Web]] | Charlotte's Web | Charlotte's Web (1973 film) | animatit film | animated film |- class='wd_q45735' | [[Charlotte's Web]] | Charlotte's Web | Charlotte's Web | leeterary wirk | literary work |- class='wd_q213773' | [[Charlotte's Web (2006 film)|Charlotte's Web]] | Charlotte's Web | Charlotte's Web (2006 film) | [[film]] | film |- class='wd_q83161' | [[Charlotte's Web 2: Wilbur's Great Adventure]] | Charlotte's Web 2: Wilbur's Great Adventure | Charlotte's Web 2: Wilbur's Great Adventure | animatit film | animated film |- class='wd_q6604' | [[Charon (muin)|Charon]] | Charon | Charon (muin) | moon of Pluto | moon of Pluto |- class='wd_q38646266' | [[Chayote]] | Sicyos edulis | Chayote | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q902623' | [[ChEBI]] | ChEBI | ChEBI | ontology<br/>chemical database<br/>biological database<br/>OBO Foundry ontology<br/>ELIXIR Core Data Resource | ontology<br/>chemical database<br/>biological database<br/>OBO Foundry ontology<br/>ELIXIR Core Data Resource |- class='wd_q194422' | [[Chinee alligator|Cheenese alligator]] | Chinese alligator | Chinee alligator | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q8201' | [[Cheenese chairacter]] | Chinese characters | Cheenese chairacter | [[writin seestem]]<br/>logographic writing system<br/>natural writing system | writing system<br/>logographic writing system<br/>natural writing system |- class='wd_q10876842' | [[Cheenese cuisine]] | Chinese cuisine | Cheenese cuisine | national cuisine | national cuisine |- class='wd_q1074195' | [[Chinee goral|Cheenese goral]] | Chinese goral | Chinee goral | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q23907' | [[cheetah]] | cheetah | Cheetah | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q156807' | [[Chelidonium]] | Chelidonium majus | Chelidonium | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q1069352' | [[Chemin des Révoires]] | Chemin des Révoires | Chemin des Révoires | [[Moontain|muntain]]<br/>footpath<br/>path | mountain<br/>footpath<br/>path |- class='wd_q2795' | [[Chemnitz]] | Chemnitz | Chemnitz | major regional center<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>urban municipality in Germany<br/>urban district in Saxony | major regional center<br/>big city<br/>urban municipality in Germany<br/>urban district in Saxony |- class='wd_q181369' | [[Chen-Ning Yang]] | Chen-ning Yang | Chen-Ning Yang | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q12003' | [[Cher]] | Cher | Cher | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q192457' | [[Cherenkov radiation]] | Cherenkov radiation | Cherenkov radiation | phenomenon | phenomenon |- class='wd_q157053' | [[Chernihiv]] | Chernihiv | Chernihiv | city of regional significance of Ukraine | city of regional significance of Ukraine |- class='wd_q33273' | [[Chewa leid]] | Chewa | Chewa leid | natural language<br/>modern language | natural language<br/>modern language |- class='wd_q298' | [[Chile]] | Chile | Chile | [[kintra]]<br/>nation<br/>transcontinental country<br/>sovereign state<br/>democratic republic | country<br/>nation<br/>transcontinental country<br/>sovereign state<br/>democratic republic |- class='wd_q14081' | [[Chimborazo (volcano)|Chimborazo]] | Chimborazo | Chimborazo (volcano) | [[Moontain|muntain]]<br/>[[stratovolcano]] | mountain<br/>stratovolcano |- class='wd_q192930' | [[Chinchilla]] | Chinchilla | Chinchilla | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q5100937' | [[Chinese spirit possession]] | Chinese spirit possession | Chinese spirit possession | | |- class='wd_q10915' | [[Chordate|chordates]] | Q10915 | Chordate | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q54314' | [[Chris Hemsworth]] | Chris Hemsworth | Chris Hemsworth | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q641364' | [[Christenmas decorations]] | Christmas decoration | Christenmas decorations | | |- class='wd_q49762' | [[Christian Democratic Union (Germany)|Christian Democratic Union]] | Christian Democratic Union | Christian Democratic Union (Germany) | [[poleetical pairty]]<br/>political party in Germany<br/>fraternal party<br/>major party | political party<br/>political party in Germany<br/>fraternal party<br/>major party |- class='wd_q159694' | [[Christian Dior]] | Christian Dior | Christian Dior | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q184103' | [[Christina Ricci]] | Christina Ricci | Christina Ricci | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q5118436' | [[Chvrches]] | Chvrches | Chvrches | muisic baund | musical group |- class='wd_q130778' | [[Cicada|Cicadidae]] | Cicadidae | Cicada | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q3406' | [[Cichlid|Cichlidae]] | Cichlidae | Cichlid | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q21716' | [[Ciconiiformes]] | Ciconiiformes | Ciconiiformes | monotypic taxon | monotypic taxon |- class='wd_q43196' | [[Cincinnati]] | Cincinnati | Cincinnati | coonty seat<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>city of Ohio | county seat<br/>big city<br/>city of Ohio |- class='wd_q201831' | [[Cinclus cinclus]] | Cinclus cinclus | Cinclus cinclus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q191753' | [[Cinderella (1950 film)|Cinderella]] | Cinderella | Cinderella (1950 film) | animatit film | animated film |- class='wd_q27282' | [[Cinnamomum]] | Cinnamomum | Cinnamomum | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q163955' | [[Circaea lutetiana]] | Circaea lutetiana | Circaea lutetiana | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q341600' | [[Cirsium arvense]] | Cirsium arvense | Cirsium arvense | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q392283' | [[Cirsium dissectum]] | Cirsium dissectum | Cirsium dissectum | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q1446001' | [[Cirsium heterophyllum]] | Cirsium heterophyllum | Cirsium heterophyllum | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q21177' | [[Cirsium vulgare]] | Cirsium vulgare | Cirsium vulgare | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q199728' | [[Cisalpine Gaul]] | Cisalpine Gaul | Cisalpine Gaul | Roman province | Roman province |- class='wd_q36678' | [[Wast Bank|Cisjordan]] | West Bank | Wast Bank | geographic region | region |- class='wd_q1093495' | [[Citroën U23]] | Citroën U23 | Citroën U23 | truck model | truck model |- class='wd_q17507129' | [[Citrullus lanatus]] | watermelon | Citrullus lanatus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q81513' | [[Citrus]] | Citrus | Citrus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q26590' | [[Ciudad Juárez]] | Ciudad Juárez | Ciudad Juárez | border city<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>locality of Mexico | border city<br/>big city<br/>locality of Mexico |- class='wd_q11460' | [[Cleidin|claes]] | clothing | Cleidin | | |- class='wd_q404495' | [[Clan Broun]] | Clan Broun | Clan Broun | noble faimily | noble family |- class='wd_q1094925' | [[Clan Campbell]] | Clan Campbell | Clan Campbell | [[Scots clan]] | Scottish clan |- class='wd_q2167776' | [[Clan Douglas]] | Clan Douglas | Clan Douglas | noble faimily | noble family |- class='wd_q1094951' | [[Clan Gordon]] | Clan Gordon | Clan Gordon | [[Scots clan]] | Scottish clan |- class='wd_q247418' | [[Clan Hay]] | Clan Hay | Clan Hay | [[Scots clan]] | Scottish clan |- class='wd_q1094959' | [[Clan Lindsay]] | Clan Lindsay | Clan Lindsay | [[Scots clan]] | Scottish clan |- class='wd_q1651263' | [[Clan Stewart]] | Clan Stewart | Clan Stewart | [[Scots clan]] | Scottish clan |- class='wd_q5125614' | [[Clan Straiton]] | Clan Straiton | Clan Straiton | [[Scots clan]] | Scottish clan |- class='wd_q2978374' | [[Claude Érignac]] | Claude Érignac | Claude Érignac | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q228241' | [[Cleg]] | Tabanidae | Cleg | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q157634' | [[Clematis]] | Clematis | Clematis | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q160100' | [[Clematis vitalba]] | Clematis vitalba | Clematis vitalba | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q40003' | [[Cleopatra III o Egyp]] | Cleopatra III of Egypt | Cleopatra III o Egyp | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q635' | [[Cleopatra|Cleopatra VII]] | Cleopatra | Cleopatra | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q873072' | [[clitoris]] | clitoris | Clitoris | organ type<br/>class of anatomical entity | organ type<br/>class of anatomical entity |- class='wd_q25327' | [[Coccinellidae|Clock leddy]] | Q25327 | Coccinellidae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q36135' | [[cloodit leopard]] | clouded leopard | Cloodit leopard | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q5135110' | [[Clootie dumplin]] | clootie dumpling | Clootie dumplin | | |- class='wd_q483639' | [[Cloud computing|cloud will]] | cloud computing | Cloud computing | | |- class='wd_q211931' | [[Co-operative Pairty]] | Co-operative Party | Co-operative Pairty | [[poleetical pairty]] | political party |- class='wd_q188047' | [[Coat o airms o Lithuanie]] | Coat of arms of Lithuania | Coat o airms o Lithuanie | national coat of arms | national coat of arms |- class='wd_q159543' | [[Clock leddy|Coccinella septempunctata]] | Coccinella septempunctata | Clock leddy | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q183124' | [[Cochabamba]] | Cochabamba | Cochabamba | [[ceety]]<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | city<br/>big city |- class='wd_q159831' | [[Cochlearia anglica]] | Cochlearia anglica | Cochlearia anglica | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q855094' | [[Coenonympha pamphilus]] | Small Heath | Coenonympha pamphilus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q156354' | [[Coffea]] | Coffea | Coffea | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q8486' | [[coffee]] | coffee | Coffee | | |- class='wd_q9885' | [[Coimbatore]] | Coimbatore | Coimbatore | [[ceety]]<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | city<br/>big city |- class='wd_q17621225' | [[Colchagua (histerical province)]] | Colchagua Province | Colchagua (histerical province) | province of Chile | province of Chile |- class='wd_q388435' | [[College Park, Georgie|College Park]] | College Park | College Park, Georgie | ceety o the Unitit States<br/>municipality of Georgia | city in the United States<br/>municipality of Georgia |- class='wd_q10285' | [[Colosseum]] | Colosseum | Colosseum | stadium<br/>archaeological site<br/>Italian national museum<br/>Roman amphitheatre<br/>historical civil building museum<br/>archaeological artifact museum<br/>Museum of the Italian Ministry of Culture<br/>roman ruins | stadium<br/>archaeological site<br/>Italian national museum<br/>Roman amphitheatre<br/>historical civil building museum<br/>archaeological artifact museum<br/>Museum of the Italian Ministry of Culture<br/>roman ruins |- class='wd_q133696' | [[colour blindness]] | color blindness | Colour blindness | type of disease | type of disease |- class='wd_q182751' | [[Colubridae]] | Q182751 | Colubridae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q106922' | [[Columbus]] | Columbus | Columbus | Wikimedia disambiguation page | Wikimedia disambiguation page |- class='wd_q937876' | [[Comarques o Catalonie]] | comarca of Catalonia | Comarques o Catalonie | | |- class='wd_q909434' | [[Combustion chamber]] | combustion chamber | Combustion chamber | | |- class='wd_q860390' | [[Commer]] | Commer | Commer | automobile manufacturer<br/>[[Business|buisiness]] | automobile manufacturer<br/>business |- class='wd_q81110' | [[common cairp]] | Cyprinus carpio | Common cairp | [[taxon]]<br/>fractional spawner | taxon<br/>fractional spawner |- class='wd_q12125' | [[common cauld]] | common cold | Common cauld | type of disease<br/>symptom or sign | type of disease<br/>symptom or sign |- class='wd_q18845' | [[Common cuckoo|Common Cuckoo]] | Common Cuckoo | Common cuckoo | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q161416' | [[Common dugwid|Common Dugwid]] | Cornus sanguinea | Common dugwid | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q216815' | [[common eland]] | common eland | Common eland | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q27465' | [[Common frog]] | Rana temporaria | Common frog | [[taxon]]<br/>model organism | taxon<br/>model organism |- class='wd_q911786' | [[Common garter snake|Common Garter Snake]] | common garter snake | Common garter snake | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q586594' | [[common stingray]] | common stingray | Common stingray | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q7779' | [[Commonweel o Independent States]] | Commonwealth of Independent States | Commonweel o Independent States | intergovrenmental organization<br/>international organization<br/>commonwealth<br/>nationality for sports | intergovernmental organization<br/>international organization<br/>commonwealth<br/>nationality for sports |- class='wd_q11024' | [[communication]] | communication | Communication | social behaviour<br/>social skill<br/>academic discipline<br/>type of process<br/>type of interaction | social behavior<br/>social skill<br/>academic discipline<br/>type of process<br/>type of interaction |- class='wd_q40591' | [[Communist Manifesto|Communist Manifesto seal]] | The Communist Manifesto | Communist Manifesto | manifesto<br/>leeterary wirk | manifesto<br/>literary work |- class='wd_q130880' | [[Compsognathus]] | Compsognathus | Compsognathus | fossil taxon | fossil taxon |- class='wd_q22657' | [[concrete]] | concrete | Concrete | | |- class='wd_q147298' | [[cone cell]] | cone cell | Cone cell | cell type<br/>retinal cell | cell type<br/>retinal cell |- class='wd_q81931' | [[Confederate States o Americae]] | Confederate States of America | Confederate States o Americae | historical unrecognized state | historical unrecognized state |- class='wd_q9626' | [[Tory an Unionist Pairty|Conservative Pairty]] | Conservative Party | Tory an Unionist Pairty | [[poleetical pairty]] | political party |- class='wd_q216980' | [[Constantine P. Cavafy]] | Konstantinos P. Cavafy | Constantine P. Cavafy | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q8413' | [[Constantine the Great]] | Constantine the Great | Constantine the Great | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q26718' | [[Continental Congress]] | Continental Congress | Continental Congress | unicameral legislature | unicameral legislature |- class='wd_q192299' | [[Coonties o Norawa]] | county of Norway | Coonties o Norawa | admeenistrative diveesion | administrative territorial entity |- class='wd_q171809' | [[Coonties o Ingland|coonty o Ingland]] | county of England | Coonties o Ingland | | |- class='wd_q753' | [[Capper|copper]] | copper | Capper | [[Chemical element|element]]<br/>chalcophile element<br/>simple substance | chemical element<br/>chalcophile element<br/>simple substance |- class='wd_q484131' | [[Coraciiformes]] | Coraciiformes | Coraciiformes | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q171446' | [[coral]] | coral | Coral | organisms known by a particular common name | organisms known by a particular common name |- class='wd_q169973' | [[Coriolis force]] | Coriolis force | Coriolis force | scientific theory | scientific theory |- class='wd_q347404' | [[Cork]] | Cork | Cork | Wikimedia disambiguation page | Wikimedia disambiguation page |- class='wd_q1134583' | [[Coronaviridae]] | Coronaviridae | Coronaviridae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q84263196' | [[COVID-19|coronavirus disease 2019]] | COVID-19 | COVID-19 | type of disease | type of disease |- class='wd_q187024' | [[corsac tod]] | corsac fox | Corsac tod | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q124969' | [[Corylus avellana]] | Corylus avellana | Corylus avellana | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q48544' | [[Cosimo de' Medici]] | Cosimo de' Medici | Cosimo de' Medici | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q45382' | [[coup d'état]] | coup d'état | Coup d'état | | |- class='wd_q44299' | [[coyote]] | coyote | Coyote | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q84149' | [[Craniate]] | Q84149 | Craniate | clade | clade |- class='wd_q155938' | [[Crassulaceae]] | Crassulaceae | Crassulaceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q126256' | [[craw-nebs]] | Anthyllis vulneraria | Craw-nebs | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q111059' | [[Creetical pynt (thermodynamics)|creetical pynt]] | critical point | Creetical pynt (thermodynamics) | | |- class='wd_q1840756' | [[Crested clagbird]] | Crested Bellbird | Crested clagbird | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q26017' | [[Crex crex]] | Corn Crake | Crex crex | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q5185548' | [[Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 1980]] | Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 1980 | Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 1980 | Public General Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom | Public General Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom |- class='wd_q33666' | [[Crinoid]] | Crinoidea | Crinoid | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q11571' | [[Cristiano Ronaldo]] | Cristiano Ronaldo | Cristiano Ronaldo | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q2658232' | [[Cristina Calderón]] | Cristina Calderón | Cristina Calderón | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q134479' | [[Croatie naitional fitbaw team|Croatie naitional fitbaa team]] | Croatia men's national football team | Croatie naitional fitbaw team | men's national association football team | men's national association football team |- class='wd_q25363' | [[Crocodilia]] | Crocodilia | Crocodilia | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q43169' | [[Crocodylidae]] | Crocodile | Crocodylidae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q15212096' | [[Cruachan Dam]] | Cruachan Power Station | Cruachan Dam | pumped-storage power station | pumped-storage power station |- class='wd_q1107181' | [[cruiner]] | grey gurnard | Cruiner | [[fish]]<br/>[[taxon]]<br/>organisms known by a particular common name | fish<br/>taxon<br/>organisms known by a particular common name |- class='wd_q46135' | [[Créteil]] | Créteil | Créteil | [[ceety]]<br/>commune o Fraunce | city<br/>commune of France |- class='wd_q183364' | [[Cuculiformes]] | Cuculiformes | Cuculiformes | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q23425' | [[Cucumber]] | Cucumis sativus | Cucumber | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q148758' | [[Cucumis]] | Cucumis | Cucumis | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q5339301' | [[Cucurbita]] | Cucurbita | Cucurbita | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q8314' | [[Cucurbitaceae]] | Cucurbitaceae | Cucurbitaceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q21875' | [[Cucurbitales]] | Cucurbitales | Cucurbitales | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q19707' | [[Cuddie]] | donkey | Cuddie | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q192914' | [[Cult o personality]] | cult of personality | Cult o personality | | |- class='wd_q28598' | [[Cultural anthropologie|Cultural Antropologie]] | cultural anthropology | Cultural anthropologie | academic discipline | academic discipline |- class='wd_q132624' | [[cumin]] | Cuminum cyminum | Cumin | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q25577567' | [[Cyanobacteria]] | Cyanobacteriota | Cyanobacteria | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q161517' | [[Cycas revoluta]] | Cycas revoluta | Cycas revoluta | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q152314' | [[Cyclone Nargis]] | Cyclone Nargis | Cyclone Nargis | [[cyclone]] | cyclone |- class='wd_q30066' | [[Cyclopterus lumpus]] | Cyclopterus lumpus | Cyclopterus lumpus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q43300' | [[Cydonia oblonga]] | Cydonia oblonga | Cydonia oblonga | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q953477' | [[Cylinder block]] | cylinder block | Cylinder block | physical technological component | physical technological component |- class='wd_q164270' | [[Cymbalaria muralis]] | Cymbalaria muralis | Cymbalaria muralis | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q381584' | [[Cynoglossum officinale]] | Cynoglossum officinale | Cynoglossum officinale | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q155843' | [[Cyperaceae]] | Cyperaceae | Cyperaceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q35047' | [[Cyprinidae]] | Cyprinidae | Cyprinidae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q177879' | [[Cypriniformes]] | Q177879 | Cypriniformes | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q8209' | [[Cyrillic script]] | Cyrillic script | Cyrillic script | [[writin seestem]] | writing system |- class='wd_q964233' | [[D. E. Stevenson]] | D. E. Stevenson | D. E. Stevenson | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q238593' | [[D.C. United]] | D.C. United | D.C. United | association fitbaa club<br/>[[Fitbaw team|fitbaa team]] | association football club<br/>association football team |- class='wd_q25282' | [[Da Nang]] | Da Nang | Da Nang | [[ceety]]<br/>Municipalities o Vietnam<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | city<br/>centrally-controlled city of Vietnam<br/>big city |- class='wd_q29099' | [[Dachshund]] | dachshund | Dachshund | dog breed | dog breed |- class='wd_q161735' | [[Dactylis glomerata]] | Dactylis glomerata | Dactylis glomerata | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q494447' | [[Daewoo Espero]] | Daewoo Espero | Daewoo Espero | car model | car model |- class='wd_q494469' | [[Daewoo Magnus]] | Daewoo Magnus | Daewoo Magnus | car model | car model |- class='wd_q1151620' | [[DAF 600]] | DAF 600 | DAF 600 | car model | car model |- class='wd_q1157579' | [[Daihatsu Taft]] | Daihatsu Taft | Daihatsu Taft | car model | car model |- class='wd_q355388' | [[Dale Earnhardt, Jr.|Dale Earnhardt]] | Dale Earnhardt Jr. | Dale Earnhardt, Jr. | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q17504' | [[Dalmatian (dug)|Dalmatian]] | Dalmatian | Dalmatian (dug) | dog breed | dog breed |- class='wd_q328153' | [[Damanhur]] | Damanhur | Damanhur | [[ceety]]<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | city<br/>big city |- class='wd_q3766' | [[Damascus]] | Damascus | Damascus | [[ceety]]<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>auncient ceety<br/>populated place in Syria<br/>largest city<br/>national capital | city<br/>big city<br/>ancient city<br/>populated place in Syria<br/>largest city<br/>national capital |- class='wd_q189383' | [[Damietta]] | Damietta | Damietta | [[ceety]]<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | city<br/>big city |- class='wd_q1067' | [[Dante Alighieri]] | Dante Alighieri | Dante Alighieri | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q733120' | [[Darwin's rhea]] | Lesser Rhea | Darwin's rhea | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q5211618' | [[Darymple]] | Dalrymple | Darymple | [[veelage]] | village |- class='wd_q213333' | [[Dasyuromorphia]] | Dasyuromorphia | Dasyuromorphia | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q36760' | [[David IV o Georgie]] | David IV of Georgia | David IV o Georgie | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q188792' | [[David Schwimmer]] | David Schwimmer | David Schwimmer | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q430464' | [[Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn]] | Dearborn | Dearborn, Michigan | ceety o the Unitit States | city in the United States |- class='wd_q4610' | [[decapoda]] | Q4610 | Decapoda | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q191637' | [[decay product]] | decay product | Decay product | | |- class='wd_q169759' | [[Declaration o the Richts o Man an o the Ceetizen]] | Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen | Declaration o the Richts o Man an o the Ceetizen | [[document]]<br/>declaration | document<br/>declaration |- class='wd_q608613' | [[Decline o the Roman Empire]] | fall of the western Roman Empire | Decline o the Roman Empire | decadence<br/>dissolution of an administrative territorial entity | decadence<br/>dissolution of an administrative territorial entity |- class='wd_q14405' | [[Deinonychus]] | Deinonychus | Deinonychus | fossil taxon | fossil taxon |- class='wd_q215519' | [[Democratic Unionist Party|Democratic Unionist Pairty]] | Democratic Unionist Party | Democratic Unionist Party | [[poleetical pairty]] | political party |- class='wd_q130018' | [[Denali]] | Q130018 | Denali | [[Moontain|muntain]] | mountain |- class='wd_q16554' | [[Denver]] | Denver | Denver | ceety o the Unitit States<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>consolidatit ceety–coonty<br/>municipality of Colorado | city in the United States<br/>big city<br/>consolidated city-county<br/>municipality of Colorado |- class='wd_q734273' | [[Derek Riordan]] | Derek Riordan | Derek Riordan | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q1200131' | [[Derek Shulman]] | Derek Shulman | Derek Shulman | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q17278086' | [[Descendants (2015 film)|Descendants]] | Descendants | Descendants (2015 film) | television film | television film |- class='wd_q26154237' | [[Descendants 2]] | Descendants 2 | Descendants 2 | television film | television film |- class='wd_q216888' | [[Destricts o Luxembourg]] | district of Luxembourg | Destricts o Luxembourg | type of administrative division of Luxembourg | type of administrative division of Luxembourg |- class='wd_q177323' | [[developin kintra]] | developing country | Developin kintra | geographic region<br/>place | region<br/>geographic location |- class='wd_q1133406' | [[DevilDriver]] | DevilDriver | DevilDriver | muisic baund | musical group |- class='wd_q1156998' | [[Devourment]] | Devourment | Devourment | muisic baund | musical group |- class='wd_q1354' | [[Dhaka]] | Dhaka | Dhaka | admeenistrative diveesion<br/>megacity<br/>[[metropolis]]<br/>financial center<br/>largest city | administrative territorial entity<br/>megacity<br/>metropolis<br/>financial center<br/>largest city |- class='wd_q9685' | [[Diana, Princess o Wales]] | Diana, Princess of Wales | Diana, Princess o Wales | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q156099' | [[Dianthus]] | Dianthus | Dianthus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q162678' | [[Diatom|Diatomea]] | Diatomea | Diatom | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q189388' | [[didgeridoo]] | didgeridoo | Didgeridoo | type of musical instrument | type of musical instrument |- class='wd_q258115' | [[Diego Simeone]] | Diego Simeone | Diego Simeone | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q174174' | [[diesel ingine]] | diesel engine | Diesel ingine | | |- class='wd_q34336' | [[Diesel locomotive]] | diesel locomotive | Diesel locomotive | [[locomotive]] | locomotive |- class='wd_q25670' | [[Digital object identifier]] | digital object identifier | Digital object identifier | persistent identifier<br/>publication identifier | persistent identifier<br/>publication identifier |- class='wd_q157555' | [[Digitalis purpurea]] | Digitalis purpurea | Digitalis purpurea | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q216263' | [[dik-dik]] | Madoqua | Dik-dik | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q755714' | [[Dikarya]] | Dikarya | Dikarya | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q38584' | [[dingo]] | dingo | Dingo | [[taxon]]<br/>dog breed<br/>organisms known by a particular common name | taxon<br/>dog breed<br/>organisms known by a particular common name |- class='wd_q2740164' | [[Dinosauriformes]] | Q2740164 | Dinosauriformes | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q171241' | [[Diodorus Siculus]] | Diodorus Siculus | Diodorus Siculus | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q14330' | [[Diplodocus]] | Diplodocus | Diplodocus | fossil taxon | fossil taxon |- class='wd_q273071' | [[Dipodidae]] | Dipodidae | Dipodidae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q26332' | [[Diprotodontia|Diprotodont]] | Diprotodontia | Diprotodontia | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q21774' | [[Dipsacales]] | Dipsacales | Dipsacales | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q580593' | [[Dipterocarpaceae]] | Dipterocarpaceae | Dipterocarpaceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q456226' | [[Direct Rail Services]] | Direct Rail Services | Direct Rail Services | [[Business|buisiness]]<br/>Train operatin company | business<br/>train operating company |- class='wd_q2020424' | [[Dirleton]] | Dirleton | Dirleton | [[veelage]] | village |- class='wd_q12136' | [[Dishailth|disease]] | disease | Dishailth | first-order class<br/>type of condition | first-order class<br/>type of condition |- class='wd_q178837' | [[Disney Channel]] | Disney Channel | Disney Channel | specialty channel<br/>televeesion station<br/>cable channel<br/>production company | specialty channel<br/>television station<br/>cable channel<br/>production company |- class='wd_q1459069' | [[distributor]] | distributor | Distributor | device<br/>automotive part | device<br/>automotive part |- class='wd_q10244' | [[Diwali|Divali]] | Diwali | Diwali | festival<br/>[[haliday]] | festival<br/>holiday |- class='wd_q38358' | [[Doberman Pinscher]] | Dobermann | Doberman Pinscher | dog breed | dog breed |- class='wd_q202504' | [[doiterel]] | Eurasian Dotterel | Doiterel | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q58813' | [[Dokka Umarov]] | Omar Dokka | Dokka Umarov | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q14083' | [[Dollar (siller)|dollar]] | dollar | Dollar (siller) | economic term | economic term |- class='wd_q171433' | [[Dolly (sheep)|Dolly]] | Dolly the Sheep | Dolly (sheep) | ewe<br/>individual animal<br/>cloned mammal | ewe<br/>individual animal<br/>cloned mammal |- class='wd_q787' | [[Domestic pig]] | pig | Domestic pig | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q784' | [[Dominica]] | Dominica | Dominica | [[kintra]]<br/>island country<br/>sovereign state | country<br/>island country<br/>sovereign state |- class='wd_q131479' | [[Dominican Order]] | Dominican Order | Dominican Order | mendicant order<br/>organization<br/>first order | mendicant order<br/>organization<br/>first order |- class='wd_q80905' | [[Donald A. Glaser]] | Donald Arthur Glaser | Donald A. Glaser | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q22686' | [[Donald Trump]] | Donald J. Trump | Donald Trump | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q331031' | [[Dora the Explorer]] | Dora the Explorer | Dora the Explorer | animated television series | animated television series |- class='wd_q206405' | [[Douglas Osheroff]] | Douglas Osheroff | Douglas Osheroff | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q24039769' | [[Douglas Ross]] | Douglas Ross | Douglas Ross | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q13560423' | [[Dove Cameron]] | Dove Cameron | Dove Cameron | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q47715' | [[Down syndrome|Down's syndrome]] | Down syndrome | Down syndrome | disability<br/>type of disease | disability<br/>type of disease |- class='wd_q2215877' | [[Downtown Miami]] | Downtown Miami | Downtown Miami | neighbourhuid<br/>central business district | neighborhood<br/>central business district |- class='wd_q212715' | [[DragonForce]] | DragonForce | DragonForce | rock baund | rock band |- class='wd_q1629859' | [[Drax pouer station]] | Drax power station | Drax pouer station | biomass-fired power station | biomass-fired power station |- class='wd_q71516' | [[dromedary]] | Camelus dromedarius | Dromedary | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q156185' | [[Droseraceae]] | Droseraceae | Droseraceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q981816' | [[Dublin, Texas|Dublin]] | Dublin | Dublin, Texas | ceety o the Unitit States | city in the United States |- class='wd_q1722' | [[Dubrovnik]] | Dubrovnik | Dubrovnik | port ceety<br/>ceety o Croatie | port city<br/>town in Croatia |- class='wd_q129544' | [[Dugong]] | dugong | Dugong | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q4810109' | [[Dujail Massacre]] | Dujail Massacre | Dujail Massacre | massacre | massacre |- class='wd_q91818' | [[dun]] | dun | Dun | | |- class='wd_q580502' | [[Duncan Shearer]] | Duncan Shearer | Duncan Shearer | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q867610' | [[Dundee cake]] | Dundee cake | Dundee cake | | |- class='wd_q1466274' | [[Dungeness Nuclear Pouer Station]] | Dungeness Nuclear Power Station | Dungeness Nuclear Pouer Station | set of physical objects | set of physical objects |- class='wd_q651981' | [[Dáil Éireann]] | Dáil Éireann | Dáil Éireann | lawer chamber<br/>elected legislative house | lower house<br/>elected legislative house |- class='wd_q111471' | [[Dál Riata]] | Dál Riata | Dál Riata | historical state | historical country |- class='wd_q704041' | [[Eason Chan]] | Eason Chan | Eason Chan | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q792143' | [[East African oryx]] | East African oryx | East African oryx | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q16957' | [[East Germany]] | German Democratic Republic | East Germany | historical state | historical country |- class='wd_q171323' | [[East Thrace]] | East Thrace | East Thrace | geographic region | region |- class='wd_q122563' | [[Eau Claire, Wisconsin|Eau Claire]] | Eau Claire | Eau Claire, Wisconsin | coonty seat<br/>ceety o the Unitit States<br/>seicont-class ceety | county seat<br/>city in the United States<br/>second-class city |- class='wd_q156669' | [[Ebenaceae]] | Ebenaceae | Ebenaceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q51993' | [[Ebola virus disease]] | Ebola hemorrhagic fever | Ebola virus disease | type of disease | type of disease |- class='wd_q239107' | [[Edfu]] | Edfu | Edfu | [[ceety]]<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | city<br/>big city |- class='wd_q16380756' | [[Edgar Housepian]] | Edgar Housepian | Edgar Housepian | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q76749' | [[Edith Stein]] | Edith Stein | Edith Stein | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q5236' | [[Edward II o Ingland]] | Edward II of England | Edward II o Ingland | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q728039' | [[Edwyn Collins]] | Edwyn Collins | Edwyn Collins | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q2994343' | [[Economic an Social Cooncil|Eeconomic an Social Cooncil (Côte d'Ivoire)]] | Economic and Social Council (Ivory Coast) | Economic an Social Cooncil | govrenment agency | government agency |- class='wd_q154934' | [[Egbert o Wessex]] | Ecgberht | Egbert o Wessex | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q1274604' | [[EGP-6]] | EGP-6 | EGP-6 | light water graphite reactor | light water graphite reactor |- class='wd_q4117865' | [[Egyp–Turkey relations]] | Egypt–Turkey relations | Egyp–Turkey relations | bilateral relation | bilateral relation |- class='wd_q134762' | [[Eilat]] | Eilat | Eilat | emporium<br/>city council | emporium<br/>city council |- class='wd_q1111' | [[Electric chairge|electric charge]] | electric charge | Electric chairge | | |- class='wd_q189511' | [[electronic cigarette]] | electronic cigarette | Electronic cigarette | | |- class='wd_q11344' | [[Chemical element|element]] | chemical element | Chemical element | group or class of chemical substances<br/>second-order class | group or class of chemical substances<br/>second-order class |- class='wd_q232680' | [[Elena Baltacha]] | Elena Baltacha | Elena Baltacha | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q173115' | [[Elio de Angelis]] | Elio de Angelis | Elio de Angelis | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q10633' | [[Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon]] | Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother | Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q1331219' | [[Elizabeth Hamilton (writer)|Elizabeth Hamilton]] | Elizabeth Hamilton | Elizabeth Hamilton (writer) | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q130752' | [[Elizabeth o Roushie]] | Elizabeth I of Russia | Elizabeth o Roushie | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q317521' | [[Elon Musk]] | Elon Musk | Elon Musk | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q5367589' | [[Elsie Inglis]] | Elsie Inglis | Elsie Inglis | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q852573' | [[Elvenking]] | Elvenking | Elvenking | muisic baund | musical group |- class='wd_q28486' | [[Emberizidae]] | Emberizidae | Emberizidae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q201128' | [[Emblem o Turkmenistan]] | emblem of Turkmenistan | Emblem o Turkmenistan | national coat of arms | national coat of arms |- class='wd_q1263' | [[Emilia-Romagna]] | Emilia-Romagna | Emilia-Romagna | [[regions o Italy]] | region of Italy |- class='wd_q188939' | [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] | Emilio Aguinaldo | Emilio Aguinaldo | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q238445' | [[Emirate o Granada]] | Emirate of Granada | Emirate o Granada | Emirate<br/>historical state<br/>sultanate | Emirate<br/>historical country<br/>sultanate |- class='wd_q39476' | [[Emma Watson]] | Emma Watson | Emma Watson | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q9722' | [[Emperor Ruizong o Tang]] | Emperor Ruizong of Tang | Emperor Ruizong o Tang | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q93208' | [[emu]] | Emu | Emu | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q26696' | [[ennet]] | Common Eider | Ennet | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q8753' | [[Enrico Fermi]] | Enrico Fermi | Enrico Fermi | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q1447266' | [[Envigado]] | Envigado | Envigado | [[Municipalities o Colombie]] | municipality of Colombia |- class='wd_q41571' | [[epilepsy]] | epilepsy | Epilepsy | type of disease | type of disease |- class='wd_q682443' | [[Episcopal Kirk (Unitit States)|Episcopal Kirk]] | Episcopal Church | Episcopal Kirk (Unitit States) | voluntary association<br/>nan-profit organisation<br/>Christian denomination<br/>Episcopal Church | voluntary association<br/>nonprofit organization<br/>Christian denomination<br/>Episcopal Church |- class='wd_q643657' | [[EPR (nuclear reactor)|EPR]] | European Pressurized Reactor | EPR (nuclear reactor) | [[Generation III reactor]] | Generation III reactor |- class='wd_q28114' | [[Equisetum]] | Equisetum | Equisetum | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q184674' | [[erectile dysfunction]] | erectile dysfunction | Erectile dysfunction | type of disease<br/>symptom or sign | type of disease<br/>symptom or sign |- class='wd_q3056695' | [[Erlend Haraldsson]] | Erlend Haraldsson | Erlend Haraldsson | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q9123' | [[Ernest Rutherford]] | Ernest Rutherford | Ernest Rutherford | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q121973' | [[Eros]] | Eros | Eros | personification<br/>Greek primordial deities<br/>fertility deity<br/>Greek deity | personification<br/>Greek primordial deity<br/>fertility deity<br/>Greek deity |- class='wd_q25419' | [[Escherichia coli]] | Escherichia coli | Escherichia coli | [[taxon]]<br/>model organism | taxon<br/>model organism |- class='wd_q3649072' | [[Eshera]] | Eshera | Eshera | human settlement | human settlement |- class='wd_q10980893' | [[Esk]] | newt | Esk | organisms known by a particular common name | organisms known by a particular common name |- class='wd_q1015463' | [[Ettadhamen-Mnihla]] | Ettadhamen-Mnihla | Ettadhamen-Mnihla | municipality of Tunisia | municipality of Tunisia |- class='wd_q45669' | [[Eucalyptus]] | Eucalyptus | Eucalyptus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q8747' | [[Euclid]] | Euclid | Euclid | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q165468' | [[Eudicots]] | Q165468 | Eudicots | clade | clade |- class='wd_q188622' | [[Eunectes]] | Anaconda | Eunectes | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q2752642' | [[Euornithes]] | Euornithes | Euornithes | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q8919' | [[European Atomic Energy Commonty]] | European Atomic Energy Community | European Atomic Energy Commonty | organization<br/>international organization<br/>regional organization | organization<br/>international organization<br/>regional organization |- class='wd_q161549' | [[European Coal an Steel Commonty]] | European Coal and Steel Community | European Coal an Steel Commonty | regional organization | regional organization |- class='wd_q183191' | [[European Convention on Human Richts]] | European Convention on Human Rights | European Convention on Human Richts | international human rights instrument<br/>Council of Europe treaty | international human rights instrument<br/>Council of Europe treaty |- class='wd_q122880' | [[European Coort o Human Richts]] | European Court of Human Rights | European Coort o Human Richts | international court | international court |- class='wd_q26559' | [[European mink]] | Mustela lutreola | European mink | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q300955' | [[European sea sturgeon]] | European sea sturgeon | European sea sturgeon | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q612943' | [[European Tour 2012/2013 – Event 5]] | European Tour 2012/2013 – Event 5 | European Tour 2012/2013 – Event 5 | snooker tournament<br/>recurring sporting event edition | snooker tournament<br/>recurring sporting event edition |- class='wd_q458' | [[European Union]] | European Union | European Union | [[confederation]]<br/>supranational union<br/>regional organization<br/>political economic union | confederation<br/>supranational union<br/>regional organization<br/>political economic union |- class='wd_q42410' | [[Evo Morales]] | Evo Morales | Evo Morales | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q107411' | [[Eyster]] | oyster | Eyster | food ingredient<br/>organisms known by a particular common name<br/>paraphyletic group | food ingredient<br/>organisms known by a particular common name<br/>paraphyletic group |- class='wd_q21878' | [[Fabales]] | Q21878 | Fabales | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q21881' | [[Fagales]] | Q21881 | Fagales | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q5430546' | [[Fairlie, North Ayrshire|Fairlie]] | Fairlie | Fairlie, North Ayrshire | [[veelage]] | village |- class='wd_q9648' | [[Fauklan Isles|falkland islands]] | Falkland Islands | Fauklan Isles | [[Breetish Owerseas Territories|Breetish owerseas territories]] | British Overseas Territories |- class='wd_q1233836' | [[Fallopian tube]] | fallopian tube | Fallopian tube | organ type<br/>class of anatomical entity | organ type<br/>class of anatomical entity |- class='wd_q59148' | [[Famagusta Destrict]] | Famagusta District | Famagusta Destrict | [[Destricts o Cyprus]] | district of Cyprus |- class='wd_q17459' | [[Fandom (wabsteid)|Fandom]] | Fandom | Fandom (wabsteid) | wiki hosting service<br/>web hosting service<br/>MediaWiki steid | wiki hosting service<br/>web hosting service<br/>MediaWiki wiki |- class='wd_q223179' | [[Faroese fowk]] | Faroese | Faroese fowk | [[population]] | human population |- class='wd_q127980' | [[fat]] | fat | Fat | nutrient group | nutrient group |- class='wd_q321061' | [[FC Sion]] | FC Sion | FC Sion | association fitbaa club<br/>sports club | association football club<br/>sports club |- class='wd_q1640582' | [[fecht-or-flicht response]] | acute stress response | Fecht-or-flicht response | concept | concept |- class='wd_q42602' | [[Felinae]] | Felinae | Felinae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q208373' | [[female genital mittlin]] | female genital mutilation | Female genital mittlin | ritual<br/>violence against women | ritual<br/>violence against women |- class='wd_q131564' | [[fennec tod]] | Vulpes zerda | Fennec tod | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q75780' | [[Ferdinand von Zeppelin]] | Ferdinand von Zeppelin | Ferdinand von Zeppelin | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q2576842' | [[Ferrari 166 Inter]] | Ferrari 166 Inter | Ferrari 166 Inter | car model | car model |- class='wd_q3405025' | [[Ffa Coffi Pawb]] | Ffa Coffi Pawb | Ffa Coffi Pawb | muisical ensemble | musical ensemble |- class='wd_q216517' | [[Fianna Fáil]] | Fianna Fáil | Fianna Fáil | [[poleetical pairty]] | political party |- class='wd_q59798' | [[Ficus]] | Ficus | Ficus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q185674' | [[Field (pheesics)|field]] | field | Field (pheesics) | concept in physics | concept in physics |- class='wd_q253414' | [[FIFA]] | FIFA | FIFA | nan-profit organisation<br/>association football federation<br/>international sport governing body<br/>metaorganization | nonprofit organization<br/>association football federation<br/>international sport governing body<br/>metaorganization |- class='wd_q125351662' | [[FIFA Men's World Ranking]] | FIFA Men's World Rankings | FIFA Men's World Ranking | ranking | ranking |- class='wd_q599301' | [[Financial District, San Francisco|Financial District]] | Financial District | Financial District, San Francisco | neighbourhuid<br/>central business district<br/>neighborhood in San Francisco | neighborhood<br/>central business district<br/>neighborhood in San Francisco |- class='wd_q5997' | [[fine-structur constant]] | fine-structure constant | Fine-structur constant | dimensionless quantity<br/>[[Physical constant|pheesical constant]]<br/>coupling constant | dimensionless quantity<br/>physical constant<br/>coupling constant |- class='wd_q5450695' | [[Finnan haddie]] | Finnan haddie | Finnan haddie | [[fuid]] | food |- class='wd_q33328' | [[Finnic leids]] | Finnic | Finnic leids | [[Leid faimly|leid faimily]] | language family |- class='wd_q1412' | [[Finnish leid|Finnish]] | Finnish | Finnish leid | natural language<br/>modern language | natural language<br/>modern language |- class='wd_q25519942' | [[Firmicutes]] | Bacillota | Firmicutes | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q29269' | [[First Chechen War]] | First Chechen War | First Chechen War | [[war]] | war |- class='wd_q7166256' | [[First Lady o the Unitit States]] | First Lady of the United States | First Lady o the Unitit States | title<br/>poseetion | title<br/>position |- class='wd_q152' | [[fish]] | fish | Fish | grade<br/>organisms known by a particular common name<br/>paraphyletic group | grade<br/>organisms known by a particular common name<br/>paraphyletic group |- class='wd_q2736' | [[Fitba|fitbaa]] | association football | Fitba | type o sport<br/>[[habby]]<br/>Olympic sport<br/>team sport<br/>spectator sport | type of sport<br/>hobby<br/>Olympic sport<br/>team sport<br/>spectator sport |- class='wd_q242115' | [[Five Dynasties an Ten Kinricks period]] | Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period | Five Dynasties an Ten Kinricks period | decad<br/>historical state<br/>historical period<br/>Chinese dynasty<br/>group<br/>pentad | decad<br/>historical country<br/>historical period<br/>Chinese dynasty<br/>group<br/>pentad |- class='wd_q59577' | [[flatfish]] | Pleuronectiformes | Flatfish | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q5401971' | [[fleein saucer]] | flying saucer | Fleein saucer | | |- class='wd_q776670' | [[Florida panther]] | Florida panther | Florida panther | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q25314' | [[flouerin plant]] | Q25314 | Flouerin plant | clade | clade |- class='wd_q318588' | [[FN P90]] | FN P90 | FN P90 | weapon model | weapon model |- class='wd_q27671' | [[FN SCAR]] | SCAR | FN SCAR | firearm family | firearm family |- class='wd_q107027' | [[Foraminifera]] | Foraminifera | Foraminifera | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q5467258' | [[Forbes Masson]] | Forbes Masson | Forbes Masson | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q1436754' | [[Ford Comète]] | Ford Comète | Ford Comète | car model | car model |- class='wd_q3866345' | [[Ford flatheid V8 ingine]] | Ford flathead V8 engine | Ford flatheid V8 ingine | ingine faimily | engine family |- class='wd_q52628184' | [[Ford V-8]] | Ford V-8 | Ford V-8 | | |- class='wd_q1437035' | [[Ford Vedette]] | Ford Vedette | Ford Vedette | car model | car model |- class='wd_q26896' | [[foumaw]] | Northern Fulmar | Foumaw | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q148' | [[Republic o the Fowk o Cheena|Fowkrepublic o Cheenae]] | People's Republic of China | Republic o the Fowk o Cheena | [[kintra]]<br/>sovereign state | country<br/>sovereign state |- class='wd_q208258' | [[France Gall]] | France Gall | France Gall | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q450675' | [[Pape Francis|Francis]] | Pope Francis | Pape Francis | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q3046878' | [[Free Kirk o Scotland (1843–1900)|Free Kirk o Scotland]] | Free Church of Scotland | Free Kirk o Scotland (1843–1900) | Christian Church | Christian Church |- class='wd_q49220' | [[Fremont, Californie|Fremont]] | Fremont | Fremont, Californie | ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>sanctuary city<br/>city of California | big city<br/>sanctuary city<br/>city of California |- class='wd_q30971' | [[French Polynesie]] | French Polynesia | French Polynesie | French owerseas collectivity | overseas collectivity of France |- class='wd_q70802' | [[French Thrid Republic|French Third Republic]] | French Third Republic | French Thrid Republic | historical state | historical country |- class='wd_q72292' | [[Fridtjof Nansen]] | Fridtjof Nansen | Fridtjof Nansen | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q22670' | [[Friedrich Schiller]] | Friedrich Schiller | Friedrich Schiller | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q128269' | [[Frisco, Texas|Frisco]] | Frisco | Frisco, Texas | ceety o the Unitit States<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | city in the United States<br/>big city |- class='wd_q192534' | [[Fuerteventura]] | Fuerteventura | Fuerteventura | [[island]] | island |- class='wd_q853718' | [[Fun and Fancy Free]] | Fun and Fancy Free | Fun and Fancy Free | [[film]] | film |- class='wd_q34750' | [[Fuxin]] | Fuxin | Fuxin | prefecture-level city<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | prefecture-level city<br/>big city |- class='wd_q991' | [[Fyodor Dostoyevsky|Fyodor Dostoevsky]] | Fyodor Dostoyevsky | Fyodor Dostoyevsky | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q40349' | [[Gagra Destrict]] | Gagra District | Gagra Destrict | district of Abkhazia | district of Abkhazia |- class='wd_q124946' | [[gairdenin]] | gardening | Gairdenin | [[habby]]<br/>branch of agriculture | hobby<br/>branch of agriculture |- class='wd_q9307' | [[Galicie leid|Galicie]] | Galician | Galicie leid | leid<br/>modern language | language<br/>modern language |- class='wd_q309467' | [[Gallimimus]] | Gallimimus | Gallimimus | fossil taxon | fossil taxon |- class='wd_q23572' | [[Game of Thrones]] | Game of Thrones | Game of Thrones | televeesion series | television series |- class='wd_q11523' | [[gamma ray]] | gamma ray | Gamma ray | [[electromagnetic radiation]] | electromagnetic radiation |- class='wd_q8010' | [[Ganger crossin]] | pedestrian crossing | Ganger crossin | | |- class='wd_q1366959' | [[Garda Síochána]] | Garda Síochána | Garda Síochána | [[polis]]<br/>national police | police<br/>national police |- class='wd_q184586' | [[Gareth Bale]] | Gareth Bale | Gareth Bale | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q643373' | [[garfish]] | Garfish | Garfish | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q5524423' | [[Gartnait, Yerl o Mar]] | Gartnait, Earl of Mar | Gartnait, Yerl o Mar | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q182333' | [[gas constant]] | molar gas constant | Gas constant | [[Physical constant|pheesical constant]] | physical constant |- class='wd_q193470' | [[gas turbine]] | gas turbine | Gas turbine | | |- class='wd_q187138' | [[Gasherbrum I]] | Gasherbrum | Gasherbrum I | [[Moontain|muntain]] | mountain |- class='wd_q186853' | [[Gasherbrum II]] | Gasherbrum II | Gasherbrum II | [[Moontain|muntain]] | mountain |- class='wd_q174296' | [[Gaur]] | Bos gaurus | Gaur | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q9441' | [[Gautama Buddha]] | The Buddha | Gautama Buddha | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q694025' | [[GAZ-M20 Pobeda]] | GAZ-M20 Pobeda | GAZ-M20 Pobeda | car model | car model |- class='wd_q190858' | [[Gazelle|Gazella]] | Gazella | Gazelle | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q775' | [[Gelderland]] | Gelderland | Gelderland | [[Provinces o the Netherlands]] | province of the Netherlands |- class='wd_q207043' | [[Gemsbok]] | Gemsbok | Gemsbok | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q81965' | [[General Motors]] | General Motors | General Motors | automobile manufacturer<br/>public company<br/>[[Business|buisiness]] | automobile manufacturer<br/>public company<br/>business |- class='wd_q213381' | [[generation]] | generation | Generation | | |- class='wd_q976748' | [[Generation III reactor]] | Generation III reactor | Generation III reactor | nuclear reactor generation | nuclear reactor generation |- class='wd_q71' | [[Geneva]] | Geneva | Geneva | municipality o Swisserland<br/>college toun<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>cantonal caipital o Swisserland<br/>city of Switzerland | municipality of Switzerland<br/>college town<br/>big city<br/>cantonal capital of Switzerland<br/>city of Switzerland |- class='wd_q680916' | [[Gentbrugge]] | Gentbrugge | Gentbrugge | municipality section | municipality section |- class='wd_q5683' | [[Geoffrey Chaucer]] | Geoffrey Chaucer | Geoffrey Chaucer | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q136736' | [[Geographic Names Information System]] | Geographic Names Information System | Geographic Names Information System | online database<br/>geographical names database | online database<br/>geographical names database |- class='wd_q653421' | [[Geordie]] | Geordie | Geordie | [[Byleid|dialect]] | dialect |- class='wd_q9235' | [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]] | Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel | Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q5535907' | [[George (dug)|George]] | George | George (dug) | [[dug]] | dog |- class='wd_q3078573' | [[George Campbell Hay]] | George Campbell Hay | George Campbell Hay | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q5540112' | [[George H. W. Bush bowkin incident]] | George H. W. Bush vomiting incident | George H. W. Bush bowkin incident | vomitin | vomiting |- class='wd_q368519' | [[George MacDonald]] | George MacDonald | George MacDonald | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q434118' | [[George Pell]] | George Pell | George Pell | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q181677' | [[George R. R. Martin]] | George R. R. Martin | George R. R. Martin | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q269412' | [[George V]] | George V | George V | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q296898' | [[George Washington Carver]] | George Washington Carver | George Washington Carver | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q208112' | [[gerenuk]] | gerenuk | Gerenuk | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q56039' | [[German reunification]] | German reunification | German reunification | poleetical union<br/>event<br/>reunion | political union<br/>occurrence<br/>reunion |- class='wd_q42884' | [[Germans]] | Germans | Germans | nation<br/>[[population]] | nation<br/>human population |- class='wd_q183' | [[Germany]] | Germany | Germany | [[kintra]]<br/>sovereign state | country<br/>sovereign state |- class='wd_q156844' | [[Getúlio Vargas]] | Getúlio Vargas | Getúlio Vargas | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q157407' | [[Geum urbanum]] | Geum urbanum | Geum urbanum | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q22169' | [[GNU Free Documentation License|GFDL]] | GNU Free Documentation License | GNU Free Documentation License | copyleft license | copyleft license |- class='wd_q45529' | [[ghaist]] | ghost | Ghaist | | |- class='wd_q17134' | [[gharial]] | Gharial | Gharial | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q180415' | [[Ghazni Province]] | Ghazni Province | Ghazni Province | [[Provinces o Afghanistan]] | province of Afghanistan |- class='wd_q1296' | [[Ghent]] | Ghent | Ghent | municipality o Belgium<br/>carfree city<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>Belgian municipality wi ceety privileges | municipality of Belgium<br/>carfree city<br/>big city<br/>Belgian municipality with the title of city |- class='wd_q65324805' | [[Gie wey sign]] | Q65324805 | Gie wey sign | | |- class='wd_q21997528' | [[Gilderoy]] | Gilderoy | Gilderoy | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q43284' | [[Ginkgo biloba|Ginkgo]] | Ginkgo biloba | Ginkgo biloba | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q15083' | [[giraffe]] | northern giraffe | Giraffe | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q50005' | [[Giulio Andreotti]] | Giulio Andreotti | Giulio Andreotti | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q192131' | [[Giuseppe Meazza]] | Giuseppe Meazza | Giuseppe Meazza | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q2920231' | [[Givat Washington]] | Givat Washington | Givat Washington | college<br/>human settlement | college<br/>human settlement |- class='wd_q156207' | [[Gladiolus]] | Gladiolus | Gladiolus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q372311' | [[Glenn Close]] | Glenn Close | Glenn Close | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q2341962' | [[Glossary o rail transport terms]] | glossary of rail transport terms | Glossary o rail transport terms | Wikimedia leet airticle | Wikimedia list article |- class='wd_q40807' | [[God Save the King]] | God Save the King | God Save the King | [[Naitional anthem]]<br/>musical work/composition | national anthem<br/>musical work/composition |- class='wd_q2875' | [[Gone with the Wind (film)|Gone with the Wind]] | Gone with the Wind | Gone with the Wind (film) | [[film]] | film |- class='wd_q288138' | [[Gordy]] | Gordy | Gordy | [[film]] | film |- class='wd_q6025' | [[Gorno-Altaysk]] | Gorno-Altaysk | Gorno-Altaysk | city or town<br/>city/town in Russia | city or town<br/>city/town in Russia |- class='wd_q137474876' | [[Gos]] | Eurasian Goshawk | Gos | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q25287' | [[Gothenburg]] | Gothenburg | Gothenburg | ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>port ceety<br/>urban area in Sweden | big city<br/>port city<br/>urban area in Sweden |- class='wd_q7188' | [[govrenment]] | government | Govrenment | type of organization | type of organization |- class='wd_q320632' | [[Gowden taid|gowden toad]] | golden toad | Gowden taid | extinct taxon | extinct taxon |- class='wd_q123141' | [[gowdfish]] | goldfish | Gowdfish | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q5377' | [[Gowf]] | golf | Gowf | type o sport<br/>[[habby]]<br/>Olympic sport<br/>sport with racquet/stick/club | type of sport<br/>hobby<br/>Olympic sport<br/>sport with racquet/stick/club |- class='wd_q205648' | [[Granada, Nicaragua|Granada]] | Granada | Granada, Nicaragua | [[Municipalities o Nicaragua]]<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | municipality of Nicaragua<br/>big city |- class='wd_q215250' | [[gray tod]] | Gray fox | Gray tod | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q58715' | [[Great Leap Forward]] | Great Leap Forward | Great Leap Forward | campaign | campaign |- class='wd_q1768199' | [[Great Russian Encyclopedia]] | Great Russian Encyclopedia | Great Russian Encyclopedia | [[wabsteid]]<br/>national encyclopedia<br/>multi-volume work | website<br/>national encyclopedia<br/>multi-volume work |- class='wd_q199427' | [[Great white pelican|Great White Pelican]] | Great White Pelican | Great white pelican | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q179537' | [[Greek fire]] | Greek fire | Greek fire | weapon type | weapon type |- class='wd_q182062' | [[Greek War o Unthirldom]] | Greek War of Independence | Greek War o Unthirldom | war of national liberation<br/>historical period | war of national liberation<br/>historical period |- class='wd_q207347' | [[green anaconda]] | green anaconda | Green anaconda | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q420840' | [[Green bee-eater|Green Bee-eater]] | Asian Green Bee-eater | Green bee-eater | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q1544592' | [[Green Goddess]] | Q1544592 | Green Goddess | [[fire ingine]]<br/>truck model | fire engine<br/>truck model |- class='wd_q763080' | [[Greenville, Ohio|Greenville]] | Greenville | Greenville, Ohio | coonty seat<br/>ceety o the Unitit States | county seat<br/>city in the United States |- class='wd_q769' | [[Grenada]] | Grenada | Grenada | [[kintra]]<br/>island country<br/>Commonwealth realm<br/>sovereign state<br/>archipelagic state | country<br/>island country<br/>Commonwealth realm<br/>sovereign state<br/>archipelagic state |- class='wd_q3388' | [[Grossglockner]] | Grossglockner | Grossglockner | [[Moontain|muntain]]<br/>highest point | mountain<br/>highest point |- class='wd_q219565' | [[Grévy's zebra]] | Grevy's zebra | Grévy's zebra | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q422071' | [[Guar gum]] | guar gum | Guar gum | group or class of chemical entities | group or class of chemical entities |- class='wd_q206032' | [[Gucci Mane]] | Gucci Mane | Gucci Mane | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q25230' | [[Guernsey]] | Guernsey | Guernsey | [[Croun dependencies|Breetish crown dependency]]<br/>bailiwick | Crown Dependencies<br/>bailiwick |- class='wd_q56428' | [[Guernésiais]] | Guernésiais | Guernésiais | [[Byleid|dialect]]<br/>natural language<br/>modern language | dialect<br/>natural language<br/>modern language |- class='wd_q56385' | [[Gulf Arabic]] | Gulf Arabic | Gulf Arabic | [[Byleid|dialect]]<br/>natural language<br/>modern language | dialect<br/>natural language<br/>modern language |- class='wd_q654010' | [[Gulf o Khambhat]] | Gulf of Khambhat | Gulf o Khambhat | bay | bay |- class='wd_q187274' | [[Gulf o Sidra]] | Gulf of Sidra | Gulf o Sidra | bay<br/>gulf | bay<br/>gulf |- class='wd_q386777' | [[Gulripsh Destrict]] | Gulripsh District | Gulripsh Destrict | district of Abkhazia | district of Abkhazia |- class='wd_q12861' | [[gunpouder]] | gunpowder | Gunpouder | explosive material<br/>mixtur | explosive chemicals<br/>mixture |- class='wd_q844844' | [[Guy Fawkes Nicht]] | Guy Fawkes Night | Guy Fawkes Nicht | [[haliday]] | holiday |- class='wd_q734' | [[Guyana]] | Guyana | Guyana | [[kintra]]<br/>sovereign state | country<br/>sovereign state |- class='wd_q60654' | [[Gypjak]] | Gypjak | Gypjak | human settlement | human settlement |- class='wd_q202406' | [[haddock]] | haddock | Haddock | [[taxon]]<br/>food product | taxon<br/>food product |- class='wd_q609630' | [[Haflinger]] | Haflinger | Haflinger | horse breed | horse breed |- class='wd_q72818' | [[Hai Phong]] | Haiphong | Hai Phong | [[ceety]]<br/>Municipalities o Vietnam<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | city<br/>centrally-controlled city of Vietnam<br/>big city |- class='wd_q37707' | [[haiku]] | haiku | Haiku | poetic form<br/>poetry genre | poetic form<br/>poetry genre |- class='wd_q2840' | [[Haingles]] | influenza | Haingles | type of disease<br/>symptom or sign | type of disease<br/>symptom or sign |- class='wd_q2349386' | [[Hamish Henderson]] | Hamish Henderson | Hamish Henderson | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q7209' | [[Han dynasty]] | Han dynasty | Han dynasty | historical state<br/>historical period<br/>Chinese dynasty<br/>historical Chinese state | historical country<br/>historical period<br/>Chinese dynasty<br/>historical Chinese state |- class='wd_q82199' | [[Hande Yener]] | Hande Yener | Hande Yener | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q8222' | [[Hangul]] | Hangul | Hangul | syllabary<br/>phonetic transcription<br/>featural writing system<br/>constructed writing system<br/>alphabetic writing system<br/>unicase alphabet<br/>phonemic transcription | syllabary<br/>phonetic transcription<br/>featural writing system<br/>constructed writing system<br/>alphabetic writing system<br/>unicase alphabet<br/>phonemic transcription |- class='wd_q126631' | [[Hannah Montana]] | Hannah Montana | Hannah Montana | televeesion series | television series |- class='wd_q155794' | [[Hans Bethe]] | Hans Bethe | Hans Bethe | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q42908' | [[Hanseatic League]] | Hanseatic League | Hanseatic League | organization<br/>[[confederation]] | organization<br/>confederation |- class='wd_q130881' | [[Hanukkah]] | Hanukkah | Hanukkah | public holiday<br/>[[haliday]]<br/>annual event | public holiday<br/>holiday<br/>annual event |- class='wd_q82261' | [[Haplorhini|Haplorrhini]] | Q82261 | Haplorhini | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q2013262' | [[Harasta]] | Harasta | Harasta | [[ceety]]<br/>populated place in Syria | city<br/>populated place in Syria |- class='wd_q83270' | [[Haurd rock|Hard rock]] | hard rock | Haurd rock | [[muisic genre]] | music genre |- class='wd_q310260' | [[Harold Shipman]] | Harold Shipman | Harold Shipman | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q3458906' | [[Harrisburg, Oregon|Harrisburg]] | Harrisburg | Harrisburg, Oregon | city of Oregon | city of Oregon |- class='wd_q15485284' | [[Harry Stuart Goodhart-Rendel]] | Harry Stuart Goodhart-Rendel | Harry Stuart Goodhart-Rendel | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q214861' | [[Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta Internaitional Airport]] | Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport | Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta Internaitional Airport | internaitional airport<br/>airport<br/>commercial traffic aerodrome | international airport<br/>airport<br/>commercial traffic aerodrome |- class='wd_q13371' | [[Harvard Varsity]] | Harvard University | Harvard Varsity | private varsity<br/>Colonial Colleges<br/>research university<br/>private not-for-profit educational institution | private university<br/>Colonial Colleges<br/>research university<br/>private not-for-profit educational institution |- class='wd_q3128178' | [[Hassan-Taxi]] | Hassan Taxi | Hassan-Taxi | [[film]] | film |- class='wd_q8418' | [[haundbaw]] | handball | Haundbaw | [[sport]]<br/>[[gemme]]<br/>type o sport<br/>Olympic sport<br/>baw gemme | sport<br/>game<br/>type of sport<br/>Olympic sport<br/>ball game |- class='wd_q26198' | [[haver craw]] | Carrion Crow | Haver craw | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q754475' | [[Havre de Grace, Maryland|Havre de Grace]] | Havre de Grace | Havre de Grace, Maryland | ceety o the Unitit States | city in the United States |- class='wd_q16035842' | [[hearin loss]] | hearing loss | Hearin loss | heal problem | health problem |- class='wd_q4511497' | [[Heather Reid]] | Heather Reid | Heather Reid | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q155901' | [[Heckler & Koch MP5]] | Heckler & Koch MP5 | Heckler & Koch MP5 | firearm model | firearm model |- class='wd_q7064' | [[Hedonism]] | hedonism | Hedonism | [[warld view]] | world view |- class='wd_q349982' | [[Hegang]] | Hegang | Hegang | prefecture-level city<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | prefecture-level city<br/>big city |- class='wd_q48352' | [[heid o state]] | head of state | Heid o state | public offeecial<br/>type of position | public office<br/>type of position |- class='wd_q164061' | [[Helen o Troy]] | Helen of Troy | Helen o Troy | legendary progenitor<br/>mythological Greek character | legendary progenitor<br/>mythological Greek character |- class='wd_q26949' | [[Helianthus]] | Helianthus | Helianthus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q2042538' | [[Hellenic leids]] | Hellenic | Hellenic leids | [[Leid faimly|leid faimily]] | language family |- class='wd_q173821' | [[Helmand Province]] | Helmand Province | Helmand Province | [[Provinces o Afghanistan]] | province of Afghanistan |- class='wd_q41688' | [[Hendrik Lorentz]] | Hendrik Lorentz | Hendrik Lorentz | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q82445' | [[Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec]] | Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec | Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q103556' | [[Henry II, Haly Roman Emperor]] | Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor | Henry II, Haly Roman Emperor | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q60094' | [[Henry IV, Haly Roman Emperor|Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor]] | Henry IV | Henry IV, Haly Roman Emperor | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q20203290' | [[Henry John Dobson]] | Henry John Dobson | Henry John Dobson | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q187765' | [[Henry Miller]] | Henry Miller | Henry Miller | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q157661' | [[hepatitis A]] | hepatitis A | Hepatitis A | type of disease | type of disease |- class='wd_q6853' | [[hepatitis B]] | hepatitis B | Hepatitis B | type of disease | type of disease |- class='wd_q154869' | [[hepatitis C]] | hepatitis C | Hepatitis C | type of disease | type of disease |- class='wd_q71016' | [[Herbert Kroemer]] | Herbert Kroemer | Herbert Kroemer | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q152491' | [[Herzliya]] | Herzliya | Herzliya | [[ceety]] | city |- class='wd_q1588936' | [[Heysham nuclear pouer station]] | Heysham nuclear power stations | Heysham nuclear pouer station | place<br/>group | geographic location<br/>group |- class='wd_q878223' | [[Hieland]] | highland | Hieland | landscape<br/>terrain type | landscape<br/>terrain type |- class='wd_q644305' | [[Hillman Avenger]] | Hillman Avenger | Hillman Avenger | car model | car model |- class='wd_q188754' | [[Himeji Castle]] | Himeji Castle | Himeji Castle | Japanese castle<br/>hirayamajiro | Japanese castle<br/>hirayamajiro |- class='wd_q11051' | [[Hindustani leid|Hindustani]] | Hindustani | Hindustani leid | natural language<br/>modern language<br/>common language | natural language<br/>modern language<br/>common language |- class='wd_q1765322' | [[Hinkley Point A nuclear pouer station]] | Hinkley Point A nuclear power station | Hinkley Point A nuclear pouer station | [[Nuclear pouer station]] | nuclear power plant |- class='wd_q5767271' | [[Hinkley Point C nuclear pouer station]] | Hinkley Point C nuclear power station | Hinkley Point C nuclear pouer station | [[Nuclear pouer station]] | nuclear power plant |- class='wd_q11401' | [[Hip hop muisic|hip hop]] | hip-hop | Hip hop muisic | [[muisic genre]] | music genre |- class='wd_q213336' | [[Hippopotamidae]] | Hippopotamidae | Hippopotamidae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q5768716' | [[Hipódromo (Santurce)|Hipódromo]] | Hipódromo | Hipódromo (Santurce) | subbarrio of Puerto Rico | subbarrio of Puerto Rico |- class='wd_q48332' | [[Hiragana]] | hiragana | Hiragana | syllabary<br/>unicase alphabet<br/>natural writing system | syllabary<br/>unicase alphabet<br/>natural writing system |- class='wd_q309' | [[history]] | history | History | academic discipline | academic discipline |- class='wd_q188660' | [[hoatzin]] | Hoatzin | Hoatzin | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q130875' | [[Hohenstaufen]] | House of Hohenstaufen | Hohenstaufen | ryal hoose | royal house |- class='wd_q65324818' | [[Holborn Street railwey Station]] | Holborn Street railway station | Holborn Street railwey Station | former railway station | former railway station |- class='wd_q1624389' | [[Holden Statesman]] | Holden Caprice | Holden Statesman | car model | car model |- class='wd_q10259' | [[Holi]] | Holi | Holi | muisic festival<br/>spring festival | music festival<br/>spring festival |- class='wd_q1138378' | [[Hollywood Hills]] | Hollywood Hills | Hollywood Hills | district or neighborhood of Los Angeles | district or neighborhood of Los Angeles |- class='wd_q2763' | [[Holocaust]] | The Holocaust | Holocaust | racism<br/>genocide<br/>crime against humanity<br/>hate crime<br/>state crime<br/>key event<br/>ethnic violence | racism<br/>genocide<br/>crime against humanity<br/>hate crime<br/>state crime<br/>key event<br/>ethnic violence |- class='wd_q165058' | [[Holodomor]] | Holodomor | Holodomor | genocide<br/>faimin<br/>mass killings under communist regimes<br/>communist crime | genocide<br/>famine<br/>mass killings under communist regimes<br/>communist crime |- class='wd_q12548' | [[Halie Romane Rik|Holy Roman Empire]] | Holy Roman Empire | Halie Romane Rik | historical state | historical country |- class='wd_q16984765' | [[Homosexual Offences (Northern Ireland) Order 1982]] | The Homosexual Offences (Northern Ireland) Order 1982 | Homosexual Offences (Northern Ireland) Order 1982 | Order in Council<br/>UK Statutory Instrument | Order in Council<br/>UK Statutory Instrument |- class='wd_q9584' | [[Honda]] | Honda | Honda | automobile manufacturer<br/>public company<br/>motorcycle manufacturer | automobile manufacturer<br/>public company<br/>motorcycle manufacturer |- class='wd_q726' | [[Horse]] | horse | Horse | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q23558' | [[House (TV series)|House]] | House M.D. | House (TV series) | televeesion series | television series |- class='wd_q5927904' | [[Huchoun]] | Huchoun | Huchoun | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q981981' | [[Hugh MacDiarmid]] | Hugh MacDiarmid | Hugh MacDiarmid | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q25405' | [[Huidit craw|Huidit Craw]] | Hooded Crow | Huidit craw | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q38994' | [[Human Development Index]] | Human Development Index | Human Development Index | index number<br/>wellbeing index | index number<br/>wellbeing index |- class='wd_q16390' | [[Humphrey Bogart]] | Humphrey Bogart | Humphrey Bogart | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q30535' | [[huntin hawk]] | Peregrine Falcon | Huntin hawk | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q16422' | [[Hurricane Katrina]] | Hurricane Katrina | Hurricane Katrina | hurricane | hurricane |- class='wd_q2409' | [[hydrochloric acid]] | hydrochloric acid | Hydrochloric acid | aqueous solution | aqueous solution |- class='wd_q42046' | [[Hyena]] | Hyaenidae | Hyena | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q53099' | [[Hyrax]] | Hyracoidea | Hyrax | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q981993' | [[Ian Charleson]] | Ian Charleson | Ian Charleson | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q129727' | [[Ibeirien lynx|Iberie lynx]] | Iberian lynx | Ibeirien lynx | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q179503' | [[Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs]] | Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs | Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs | animatit film | animated film |- class='wd_q190910' | [[Ice Age: The Meltdown]] | Ice Age: The Meltdown | Ice Age: The Meltdown | animatit film | animated film |- class='wd_q1325808' | [[Ice creestals|ice creestal]] | ice crystal | Ice creestals | | |- class='wd_q194515' | [[Ichthyosaur|Ichthyosauria]] | Ichthyosauria | Ichthyosaur | fossil taxon | fossil taxon |- class='wd_q248339' | [[Ignition coil]] | ignition coil | Ignition coil | | |- class='wd_q221378' | [[Ile shale]] | oil shale | Ile shale | | |- class='wd_q276093' | [[IMI Galil]] | IWI Galil | IMI Galil | weapon model | weapon model |- class='wd_q132576' | [[Impala]] | impala | Impala | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q668' | [[Indie]] | India | Indie | [[kintra]]<br/>sovereign state | country<br/>sovereign state |- class='wd_q729553' | [[Indien leopard|Indie leopard]] | Indian leopard | Indien leopard | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q103817' | [[indigenous fowks]] | indigenous people | Indigenous fowks | | |- class='wd_q81096' | [[ingineer]] | engineer | Ingineer | [[profession]]<br/>[[academic degree]]<br/>poseetion | profession<br/>academic degree<br/>position |- class='wd_q81900' | [[ink-fish]] | Teuthida | Ink-fish | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q1735' | [[Innsbruck]] | Innsbruck | Innsbruck | [[ceety]]<br/>statutory city of Austria<br/>municipality o Austrick<br/>district of Austria<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>toun wi toun richts an privileges | city<br/>statutory city of Austria<br/>municipality of Austria<br/>district of Austria<br/>big city<br/>place with town rights and privileges |- class='wd_q1390' | [[Insect]] | insect | Insect | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q1869874' | [[insomnia]] | insomnia | Insomnia | type of disease<br/>symptom type | type of disease<br/>symptom type |- class='wd_q78928288' | [[Intellivision Amico]] | Intellivision Amico | Intellivision Amico | product model | product model |- class='wd_q182473' | [[Intercontinental Cup]] | Intercontinental Cup | Intercontinental Cup | international association football clubs cup<br/>defunct association football competition<br/>club world championship | international association football clubs cup<br/>defunct association football competition<br/>club world championship |- class='wd_q3476589' | [[Interrogation scene]] | interrogation scene | Interrogation scene | | |- class='wd_q6060054' | [[Inverclyde Line]] | Inverclyde Line | Inverclyde Line | railway line | railway line |- class='wd_q392110' | [[IONIS Education Group]] | IONIS Education Group | IONIS Education Group | joint-stock company | joint-stock company |- class='wd_q11135' | [[IP address]] | IP address | IP address | | |- class='wd_q114065797' | [[Iran's 2022-3 kintrawide protests|Iran's 2022 kintrawide protests]] | Mahsa Amini protests | Iran's 2022-3 kintrawide protests | rebellion<br/>demonstration<br/>[[protest]] | rebellion<br/>demonstration<br/>protest |- class='wd_q7170257' | [[Persie pop muisic|Iranian pop]] | Iranian pop | Persie pop muisic | [[muisic genre]]<br/>musical scene | music genre<br/>musical scene |- class='wd_q4165309' | [[Iraq Inquiry]] | Iraq Inquiry | Iraq Inquiry | public inquiry | public inquiry |- class='wd_q205047' | [[Iraqi Kurdistan]] | Kurdistan Region of Iraq | Iraqi Kurdistan | autonomous region<br/>Kurdish-inhabited area | autonomous region<br/>Kurdish-inhabited area |- class='wd_q273331' | [[Irrawaddy dowphin]] | Irrawaddy dolphin | Irrawaddy dowphin | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q83566' | [[Isabel Allende]] | Isabel Allende | Isabel Allende | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q45859' | [[Isabella I o Castile|Isabella o Castile]] | Isabella I of Castile | Isabella I o Castile | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q189387' | [[Ischia]] | Ischia | Ischia | volcanic island | volcanic island |- class='wd_q2429253' | [[Islamic State o Iraq an the Levant]] | Islamic State | Islamic State o Iraq an the Levant | caliphate<br/>Islamic state<br/>armed organization<br/>self-proclaimed state<br/>quasi-state | caliphate<br/>Islamic state<br/>armed organization<br/>self-proclaimed state<br/>quasi-state |- class='wd_q28065409' | [[Isle of Dogs (film)|Isle of Dogs]] | Isle of Dogs | Isle of Dogs (film) | animatit film | animated film |- class='wd_q25276' | [[isotope]] | isotope | Isotope | second-order class | second-order class |- class='wd_q42180' | [[Israel Kamakawiwoʻole]] | Israel Kamakawiwoʻole | Israel Kamakawiwoʻole | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q1674974' | [[Isuzu Piazza]] | Isuzu Piazza | Isuzu Piazza | car model | car model |- class='wd_q192786' | [[Italian cuisine]] | Italian cuisine | Italian cuisine | national cuisine | national cuisine |- class='wd_q50001' | [[Italians]] | Italians | Italians | [[population]]<br/>[[ethnic group]]<br/>[[fowk]] | human population<br/>ethnic group<br/>people |- class='wd_q174971' | [[Itō Hirobumi]] | Itō Hirobumi | Itō Hirobumi | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q49113' | [[Ivy League]] | Ivy League | Ivy League | college athletic conference | college athletic conference |- class='wd_q9773' | [[J]] | Q9773 | J | | |- class='wd_q1700920' | [[J. Michael Kosterlitz]] | J. Michael Kosterlitz | J. Michael Kosterlitz | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q167852' | [[Jabir ibn Hayyan]] | Jabir ibn Hayyan | Jabir ibn Hayyan | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q16568' | [[Jacksonville, Florida|Jacksonville]] | Jacksonville | Jacksonville, Florida | ceety o the Unitit States<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>consolidatit ceety–coonty | city in the United States<br/>big city<br/>consolidated city-county |- class='wd_q130631' | [[Jacques Derrida]] | Jacques Derrida | Jacques Derrida | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q37899' | [[Jagdterrier]] | Jagdterrier | Jagdterrier | dog breed | dog breed |- class='wd_q6122893' | [[Jaguar Land Rover]] | Jaguar Land Rover | Jaguar Land Rover | subsidiary company<br/>[[Business|buisiness]] | subsidiary company<br/>business |- class='wd_q182304' | [[Jaguarundi]] | Jaguarundi | Jaguarundi | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q9232' | [[Jainism]] | Jainism | Jainism | [[releegion]] | religion |- class='wd_q3630' | [[Jakarta]] | Jakarta | Jakarta | [[Provinces o Indonesie]]<br/>megacity<br/>[[metropolis]]<br/>[[global ceety]]<br/>Daerah Khusus<br/>largest city<br/>national capital | province of Indonesia<br/>megacity<br/>metropolis<br/>global city<br/>Daerah Khusus<br/>largest city<br/>national capital |- class='wd_q487640' | [[Jalal-Abad Region|Jalal-Abad Province]] | Jalal-Abad Region | Jalal-Abad Region | [[Regions o Kyrgyzstan]] | region of Kyrgyzstan |- class='wd_q33377' | [[Jalandhar]] | Jalandhar | Jalandhar | [[ceety]] | city |- class='wd_q277579' | [[James Dewar]] | James Dewar | James Dewar | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q648516' | [[James Douglas, Laird o Douglas]] | James Douglas, Lord of Douglas | James Douglas, Laird o Douglas | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q140393' | [[James Hunt]] | Q140393 | James Hunt | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q6882' | [[James Joyce]] | James Joyce | James Joyce | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q8962' | [[James Prescott Joule]] | James Prescott Joule | James Prescott Joule | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q184746' | [[Jane Goodall]] | Jane Goodall | Jane Goodall | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q131324' | [[Janet Jackson]] | Janet Jackson | Janet Jackson | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q213726' | [[Jankel Adler]] | Jankel Adler | Jankel Adler | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q1645980' | [[Jatt]] | Jats | Jatt | [[ethnic group]] | ethnic group |- class='wd_q229507' | [[Jayne Mansfield]] | Jayne Mansfield | Jayne Mansfield | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q246087' | [[Jbeil Destrict]] | Jbeil District | Jbeil Destrict | [[Destricts o Lebanon]] | district of Lebanon |- class='wd_q128543' | [[Jean Chrétien]] | Jean Chrétien | Jean Chrétien | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q45682' | [[Jean Sibelius]] | Jean Sibelius | Jean Sibelius | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q162708' | [[Jean-Bédel Bokassa]] | Jean-Bedel Bokassa | Jean-Bédel Bokassa | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q28180' | [[Jefferson City]] | Jefferson City | Jefferson City | [[Caipital|caipital ceety]]<br/>coonty seat<br/>ceety o the Unitit States | capital city<br/>county seat<br/>city in the United States |- class='wd_q189895' | [[Jennifer Jones (actress)|Jennifer Jones]] | Jennifer Jones | Jennifer Jones (actress) | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q291169' | [[Jeremy Corbyn]] | Jeremy Corbyn | Jeremy Corbyn | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q658527' | [[Jericho Govrenorate]] | Jericho Governorate | Jericho Govrenorate | [[Govrenorates o Palestine]] | governorate of the State of Palestine |- class='wd_q187822' | [[Jerome Isaac Friedman]] | Jerome Isaac Friedman | Jerome Isaac Friedman | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q6184230' | [[Jerry Parr]] | Jerry Parr | Jerry Parr | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q785' | [[Jersey]] | Jersey | Jersey | [[Croun dependencies|Breetish crown dependency]] | Crown Dependencies |- class='wd_q454251' | [[Jimmy Johnstone]] | Jimmy Johnstone | Jimmy Johnstone | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q165467' | [[Jimmy Page]] | Jimmy Page | Jimmy Page | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q181' | [[Jimmy Wales]] | Jimmy Wales | Jimmy Wales | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q6204319' | [[Jo Jorgensen]] | Jo Jorgensen | Jo Jorgensen | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q188793' | [[Joan Capdevila]] | Joan Capdevila | Joan Capdevila | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q4922257' | [[Joanne Missingham]] | Joanne Missingham | Joanne Missingham | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q10940' | [[jockstrap]] | jockstrap | Jockstrap | [[Cleidin|claes]] | clothing |- class='wd_q449402' | [[Jodie Whittaker]] | Jodie Whittaker | Jodie Whittaker | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q6279' | [[Joe Biden]] | Joe Biden | Joe Biden | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q5879' | [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] | Johann Wolfgang von Goethe | Johann Wolfgang von Goethe | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q324028' | [[John Crichton-Stuart, 3rd Marquess of Bute]] | John Crichton-Stuart, 3rd Marquess of Bute | John Crichton-Stuart, 3rd Marquess of Bute | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q298243' | [[John Hannah]] | John Hannah | John Hannah | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q918672' | [[John Kerr]] | John Kerr | John Kerr | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q6247276' | [[John Maxwell]] | John Maxwell | John Maxwell | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q1588306' | [[John Walker (naitural historian)|John Walker]] | John Walker | John Walker (naitural historian) | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q42775' | [[Johnny Cash]] | Johnny Cash | Johnny Cash | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q231318' | [[Johor Bahru]] | Johor Bahru | Johor Bahru | city of Malaysia | city of Malaysia |- class='wd_q855' | [[Joseph Stalin]] | Joseph Stalin | Joseph Stalin | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q213844' | [[Judith Malina]] | Judith Malina | Judith Malina | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q2986022' | [[Juistice Commandos o the Armenie Genocide]] | Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide | Juistice Commandos o the Armenie Genocide | armed organization | armed organization |- class='wd_q214028' | [[Julie Revolution]] | July Revolution | Julie Revolution | [[Revolution]] | revolution |- class='wd_q161333' | [[Juncus acutiflorus]] | Juncus acutiflorus | Juncus acutiflorus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q297838' | [[Jusepe de Ribera]] | Jusepe de Ribera | Jusepe de Ribera | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q185117' | [[Justin Mairtyr|Justin Martyr]] | Justin Martyr | Justin Mairtyr | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q951930' | [[Juviles]] | Juviles | Juviles | municipality of Spain | municipality of Spain |- class='wd_q56430' | [[Jèrriais]] | Jèrriais | Jèrriais | [[Byleid|dialect]]<br/>natural language<br/>modern language | dialect<br/>natural language<br/>modern language |- class='wd_q181227' | [[Jörmungandr]] | Jörmungandr | Jörmungandr | meethological serpent<br/>Norse meethical animal<br/>eschatological figure | mythological serpent<br/>Norse mythical animal<br/>eschatological figure |- class='wd_q29466' | [[Kaaba]] | Kaaba | Kaaba | sacred place | sacred place |- class='wd_q152659' | [[Kafr Qasim]] | Kafr Qasim | Kafr Qasim | [[ceety]]<br/>city council | city<br/>city council |- class='wd_q179570' | [[Kairouan]] | Kairouan | Kairouan | municipality of Tunisia | municipality of Tunisia |- class='wd_q179959' | [[kakapo]] | Kakapo | Kakapo | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q10853588' | [[Kamala Harris]] | Kamala Harris | Kamala Harris | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q605160' | [[Kamëz]] | Kamëz | Kamëz | [[ceety]]<br/>average city | city<br/>average city |- class='wd_q5070208' | [[kangaroo]] | kangaroo | Kangaroo | organisms known by a particular common name | organisms known by a particular common name |- class='wd_q181557' | [[Kaohsiung]] | Kaohsiung | Kaohsiung | special municipality | special municipality |- class='wd_q36121' | [[Kapampangan leid]] | Kapampangan | Kapampangan leid | leid | language |- class='wd_q192273' | [[Karelie]] | Karelia | Karelie | historical region<br/>cultural region | historical region<br/>cultural region |- class='wd_q3037' | [[Kathmandu]] | Kathmandu | Kathmandu | [[ceety]]<br/>[[municipality]]<br/>federal caipital<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>largest city | city<br/>municipality<br/>federal capital<br/>big city<br/>largest city |- class='wd_q134301' | [[Katyn massacre]] | Katyn massacre | Katyn massacre | war crime<br/>[[mass murther]]<br/>mass killings under communist regimes<br/>massacre | war crime<br/>mass murder<br/>mass killings under communist regimes<br/>massacre |- class='wd_q46702' | [[Kavajë]] | Kavajë | Kavajë | [[ceety]]<br/>human settlement<br/>small city | city<br/>human settlement<br/>small city |- class='wd_q20064322' | [[Kavurma]] | kavurma | Kavurma | cold cut | cold cut |- class='wd_q6379727' | [[Kawasaki 454 LTD]] | Kawasaki 454 LTD | Kawasaki 454 LTD | motorcycle model | motorcycle model |- class='wd_q239928' | [[Kay Bailey Hutchison]] | Kay Bailey Hutchison | Kay Bailey Hutchison | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q181598' | [[Keeng Lear]] | King Lear | Keeng Lear | dramatic work | dramatic work |- class='wd_q31747665' | [[King o Ingland|Keeng o Ingland]] | Q31747665 | King o Ingland | | |- class='wd_q378560' | [[Leest o pechtish kings|Keeng o the Pechts]] | list of kings of the Picts | Leest o pechtish kings | poseetion<br/>Wikimedia information list | position<br/>Wikimedia information list |- class='wd_q182209' | [[keeng penguin]] | King Penguin | Keeng penguin | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q564288' | [[Keeng Wu o Qin]] | King Wu of Qin | Keeng Wu o Qin | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q470072' | [[Keeng Zhou o Shang]] | King Zhou of Shang | Keeng Zhou o Shang | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q79915' | [[keeng's fisher]] | Common Kingfisher | Keeng's fisher | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q547122' | [[Keith O'Brien]] | Keith O'Brien | Keith O'Brien | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q387278' | [[Kellas cat]] | Kellas cat | Kellas cat | hybrid | hybrid |- class='wd_q294436' | [[Kelso]] | Kelso | Kelso | Wikimedia disambiguation page | Wikimedia disambiguation page |- class='wd_q868654' | [[Kelso, Washington|Kelso]] | Kelso | Kelso, Washington | ceety o the Unitit States | city in the United States |- class='wd_q3194941' | [[Kelso RFC]] | Kelso RFC | Kelso RFC | rugby union team | rugby union team |- class='wd_q298263' | [[Kenneth MacAlpin]] | Kenneth MacAlpin | Kenneth MacAlpin | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q1740370' | [[Kezia Dugdale]] | Kezia Dugdale | Kezia Dugdale | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q42034' | [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid]] | Khadija bint Khuwaylid | Khadija bint Khuwaylid | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q1429685' | [[Khagrachari Destrict]] | Khagrachari District | Khagrachari Destrict | district of Bangladesh | district of Bangladesh |- class='wd_q696241' | [[Khanate o Kokand]] | Khanate of Kokand | Khanate o Kokand | khanate<br/>historical state | khanate<br/>historical country |- class='wd_q6320' | [[Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug]] | Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug | Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug | [[Federal subjects o Roushie|federal subject o Roushie]]<br/>[[autonomous okrugs o Roushie]] | federal subject of Russia<br/>autonomous okrug of Russia |- class='wd_q310114' | [[Khartoum North]] | Khartoum North | Khartoum North | [[ceety]]<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | city<br/>big city |- class='wd_q33614' | [[Khoisan leids]] | Khoisan | Khoisan leids | [[Leid faimly|leid faimily]] | language family |- class='wd_q109092' | [[Kilkenny]] | Kilkenny | Kilkenny | [[ceety]]<br/>[[toun]]<br/>Ceremonial cities of the Republic of Ireland<br/>town council in the Republic of Ireland | city<br/>town<br/>Ceremonial cities of the Republic of Ireland<br/>town council in the Republic of Ireland |- class='wd_q329477' | [[kilometre zero]] | kilometre zero | Kilometre zero | | |- class='wd_q254630' | [[Kinkajou]] | kinkajou | Kinkajou | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q107299' | [[Kinrick o Northumbrie]] | Kingdom of Northumbria | Kinrick o Northumbrie | historical state | historical country |- class='wd_q45670' | [[Kinrick o Portugal]] | Kingdom of Portugal | Kinrick o Portugal | kingdom<br/>historical state<br/>province of the Spanish Empire<br/>colonial power | kingdom<br/>historical country<br/>province of the Spanish Empire<br/>colonial power |- class='wd_q833607' | [[Kirk's dik-dik]] | Kirk's dik-dik | Kirk's dik-dik | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q208329' | [[Kirkwaa]] | Kirkwall | Kirkwaa | [[toun]]<br/>small burgh | town<br/>small burgh |- class='wd_q83232' | [[Kiruna]] | Kiruna | Kiruna | human settlement<br/>urban area in Sweden | human settlement<br/>urban area in Sweden |- class='wd_q33583' | [[Kirundi]] | Kirundi | Kirundi | natural language<br/>modern language | natural language<br/>modern language |- class='wd_q501543' | [[Kiryat Malakhi]] | Kiryat Malachi | Kiryat Malakhi | [[ceety]] | city |- class='wd_q745751' | [[kit tod]] | kit fox | Kit tod | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q107061' | [[Kite (geometry)|kite]] | kite | Kite (geometry) | | |- class='wd_q80357904' | [[Klepetan an Malena]] | Klepetan and Malena | Klepetan an Malena | individual animal<br/>dyad<br/>animal duo | individual animal<br/>dyad<br/>animal duo |- class='wd_q36101' | [[koala]] | koala | Koala | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q211042' | [[kodkod]] | kodkod | Kodkod | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q378846' | [[koi]] | koi | Koi | organisms known by a particular common name | organisms known by a particular common name |- class='wd_q779745' | [[Koinobori]] | koinobori | Koinobori | banner (flag) | banner (flag) |- class='wd_q4504' | [[Komodo draigon]] | Komodo dragon | Komodo draigon | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q48472' | [[Konye-Urgench]] | Konye-Urgench | Konye-Urgench | [[ceety]]<br/>archaeological site | city<br/>archaeological site |- class='wd_q1579864' | [[Korowai fowk]] | Korowai people | Korowai fowk | ethnic groups in Indonesia<br/>native Indonesians | ethnic groups in Indonesia<br/>native Indonesians |- class='wd_q659042' | [[Korydallos]] | Korydallos | Korydallos | [[ceety]] | city |- class='wd_q116341' | [[Korçë]] | Korçë | Korçë | [[ceety]]<br/>[[toun]]<br/>human settlement | city<br/>town<br/>human settlement |- class='wd_q28729' | [[Kozhikode]] | Kozhikode | Kozhikode | [[ceety]]<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | city<br/>big city |- class='wd_q925042' | [[Krampus]] | Krampus | Krampus | figure used in threatening children<br/>Popanz<br/>meethical character<br/>folklore character | figure used in threatening children<br/>Q2104078<br/>mythical character<br/>folklore character |- class='wd_q152220' | [[Kurdistan Wirkers' Pairty]] | Kurdistan Workers' Party | Kurdistan Wirkers' Pairty | terrorist organization<br/>armed organization | terrorist organization<br/>armed organization |- class='wd_q1768091' | [[Kuressaare Castle]] | Kuressaare Castle | Kuressaare Castle | [[castle]] | castle |- class='wd_q15470' | [[L'Hospitalet de Llobregat]] | L'Hospitalet de Llobregat | L'Hospitalet de Llobregat | ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>municipality of Catalonia | big city<br/>municipality of Catalonia |- class='wd_q1038912' | [[La Costa Partido]] | La Costa Partido | La Costa Partido | [[municipality]]<br/>partido of Buenos Aires Province | municipality<br/>partido of Buenos Aires Province |- class='wd_q549267' | [[Laacher See]] | Laacher See | Laacher See | volcanic crater lake | volcanic crater lake |- class='wd_q9630' | [[Labour Pairty (UK)|Labour Pairty]] | Labour Party | Labour Pairty (UK) | [[poleetical pairty]] | political party |- class='wd_q36196' | [[Judaeo-Spaingie|Ladino leid]] | Judaeo-Spanish | Judaeo-Spaingie | dialect family | dialect family |- class='wd_q172284' | [[Lady and the Tramp]] | Lady and the Tramp | Lady and the Tramp | animatit film | animated film |- class='wd_q6470210' | [[Lady Grizel Baillie]] | Grizel Baillie | Lady Grizel Baillie | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q162356' | [[Lady Jane Grey]] | Lady Jane Grey | Lady Jane Grey | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q53662' | [[Laika]] | Laika | Laika | [[dug]]<br/>Soviet space dog<br/>individual animal | dog<br/>Soviet space dog<br/>individual animal |- class='wd_q12585' | [[Laitin Americae]] | Latin America | Laitin Americae | cultural region<br/>transcontinental region | cultural region<br/>transcontinental region |- class='wd_q15523' | [[Loch Como|Lake Como]] | Lake Como | Loch Como | glacial lake | glacial lake |- class='wd_q462804' | [[Lakewood, Colorado|Lakewood]] | Lakewood | Lakewood, Colorado | ceety o the Unitit States<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | city in the United States<br/>big city |- class='wd_q21742' | [[Lamiales]] | Lamiales | Lamiales | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q48780586' | [[Larry Dean (comedian)|Larry Dean]] | Larry Dean | Larry Dean (comedian) | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q185' | [[Larry Sanger]] | תווית | Larry Sanger | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q3241535' | [[Latino Moderne]] | Latino moderne | Latino Moderne | [[constructit leid]] | constructed language |- class='wd_q697175' | [[launch vehicle]] | launch vehicle | Launch vehicle | | |- class='wd_q26538' | [[Lauraceae]] | Lauraceae | Lauraceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q171892' | [[Lavandula]] | Lavandula | Lavandula | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q164321' | [[law o cosines]] | law of cosines | Law o cosines | theorem | theorem |- class='wd_q42497' | [[Lawer Austrick]] | Lower Austria | Lawer Austrick | federal state of Austria<br/>historical region | federal state of Austria<br/>historical region |- class='wd_q294144' | [[Lea Salonga]] | Lea Salonga | Lea Salonga | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q9624' | [[Leeberal Democrats (UK)|Leeberal Democrats]] | Liberal Democrats | Leeberal Democrats (UK) | [[poleetical pairty]] | political party |- class='wd_q6216' | [[leeberalism]] | liberalism | Leeberalism | [[Poleetical philosophy|poleetical filosofie]]<br/>social philosophy<br/>poleetical ideology | political philosophy<br/>social philosophy<br/>political ideology |- class='wd_q1023630' | [[leet o current heids o state an govrenment]] | List of current heads of state and government | Leet o current heids o state an govrenment | Wikimedia leet airticle | Wikimedia list article |- class='wd_q11750' | [[Leet o kintras]] | list of sovereign states | Leet o kintras | Wikimedia leet airticle | Wikimedia list article |- class='wd_q260023' | [[Leet o sovereign states an dependencies bi area|leet o sovereign states an dependencies bi aurie]] | list of countries and dependencies by area | Leet o sovereign states an dependencies bi area | Wikimedia ranked list | Wikimedia ranked list |- class='wd_q182162' | [[Leet o Swadish monarchs]] | list of Swedish monarchs | Leet o Swadish monarchs | Wikimedia leet airticle | Wikimedia list article |- class='wd_q2364801' | [[Leet o Warld Heritage Steids in Turkey]] | list of World Heritage Sites in Turkey | Leet o Warld Heritage Steids in Turkey | Wikimedia leet airticle | Wikimedia list article |- class='wd_q789447' | [[Caurie-fistit|left-haundit]] | left-handedness | Caurie-fistit | handedness | handedness |- class='wd_q186462' | [[Lemuridae]] | Lemuridae | Lemuridae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q1817577' | [[Leng Tch'e]] | Leng Tch'e | Leng Tch'e | muisic baund | musical group |- class='wd_q7243' | [[Leo Tolstoy]] | Leo Tolstoy | Leo Tolstoy | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q1728820' | [[Leo Varadkar]] | Leo Varadkar | Leo Varadkar | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q192695' | [[Leon M. Lederman]] | Leon M. Lederman | Leon M. Lederman | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q42627' | [[leopard cat]] | Prionailurus bengalensis | Leopard cat | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q93259' | [[Lesser Antilles]] | Lesser Antilles | Lesser Antilles | airchipelago | archipelago |- class='wd_q83193' | [[lettuce]] | Lactuca sativa | Lettuce | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q363778' | [[Lewis an Harris]] | Lewis and Harris | Lewis an Harris | [[island]] | island |- class='wd_q38082' | [[Lewis Carroll]] | Lewis Carroll | Lewis Carroll | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q19875108' | [[Leyland 4-tonne truck]] | Leyland 4-tonne truck | Leyland 4-tonne truck | truck model<br/>military vehicle model | truck model<br/>military vehicle model |- class='wd_q31746' | [[Lezgian leid]] | Lezgian | Lezgian leid | natural language<br/>modern language | natural language<br/>modern language |- class='wd_q1129737' | [[Lezgins]] | Lezgins | Lezgins | [[ethnic group]] | ethnic group |- class='wd_q4612907' | [[LGBT richts muivement]] | LGBTQ movements | LGBT richts muivement | social movement | social movement |- class='wd_q202435' | [[Lieutenancy areas o Scotland|Lieutenancy auries o Scotland]] | lieutenancy area of Scotland | Lieutenancy areas o Scotland | | |- class='wd_q747404' | [[Limescale]] | limescale | Limescale | | |- class='wd_q165838' | [[limnologie]] | limnology | Limnologie | special field<br/>academic major<br/>academic discipline | field of study<br/>academic major<br/>academic discipline |- class='wd_q80839' | [[lingua franca]] | lingua franca | Lingua franca | type of language | type of language |- class='wd_q8162' | [[lingueestics]] | linguistics | Lingueestics | special field<br/>field o study<br/>academic major<br/>academic discipline | field of study<br/>academic major<br/>academic discipline |- class='wd_q157896' | [[Linum catharticum]] | Linum catharticum | Linum catharticum | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q388' | [[Linux]] | Q388 | Linux | [[saftware]] | software |- class='wd_q140' | [[lion]] | lion | Lion | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q287975' | [[Liopleurodon]] | Liopleurodon | Liopleurodon | fossil taxon | fossil taxon |- class='wd_q3490' | [[Lipetsk]] | Lipetsk | Lipetsk | city or town<br/>city/town in Russia | city or town<br/>city/town in Russia |- class='wd_q11367' | [[lipid]] | lipid | Lipid | imprecise class of chemical entities | imprecise class of chemical entities |- class='wd_q18858' | [[Little whaup]] | Eurasian Whimbrel | Little whaup | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q8172269' | [[Liv and Maddie]] | Liv and Maddie | Liv and Maddie | televeesion series | television series |- class='wd_q6660222' | [[Liz Lochhead]] | Liz Lochhead | Liz Lochhead | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q203137' | [[Loch Inari]] | Lake Inari | Loch Inari | [[loch]]<br/>reservoir<br/>lake or pond | lake<br/>reservoir<br/>lake or pond |- class='wd_q7240' | [[Lockheed Martin]] | Lockheed Martin | Lockheed Martin | public company<br/>defense contractor | public company<br/>defense contractor |- class='wd_q207540' | [[Lod]] | Lod | Lod | [[ceety]]<br/>depopulated Palestinian village | city<br/>depopulated Palestinian village |- class='wd_q230493' | [[Long Beach]] | Long Beach | Long Beach | Wikimedia disambiguation page | Wikimedia disambiguation page |- class='wd_q23393' | [[Lord's Prayer]] | Lord's Prayer | Lord's Prayer | excerpt<br/>logion<br/>Christian prayer<br/>prayer in the New Testament | excerpt<br/>logion<br/>Christian prayer<br/>prayer in the New Testament |- class='wd_q177854' | [[Lorenzo de' Medici]] | Lorenzo de' Medici | Lorenzo de' Medici | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q65' | [[Los Angeles]] | Los Angeles | Los Angeles | charter ceety | charter city |- class='wd_q152463' | [[Louis the German]] | Louis the German | Louis the German | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q43668' | [[Louisville, Kentucky|Louisville]] | Louisville | Louisville, Kentucky | coonty seat<br/>ceety o the Unitit States<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>consolidatit ceety–coonty | county seat<br/>city in the United States<br/>big city<br/>consolidated city-county |- class='wd_q1358865' | [[Lucenzo]] | Lucenzo | Lucenzo | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q41805' | [[Lucia de Berk]] | Lucia de Berk | Lucia de Berk | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q47916' | [[Lucknow]] | Lucknow | Lucknow | ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>state capital<br/>largest city | big city<br/>state capital<br/>largest city |- class='wd_q9325' | [[Lufthansa]] | Lufthansa | Lufthansa | airline<br/>public company | airline<br/>public company |- class='wd_q134279' | [[Luhansk]] | Luhansk | Luhansk | city or town<br/>city in Ukraine | city or town<br/>city in Ukraine |- class='wd_q26901' | [[Luis Antonio Tagle]] | Luis Antonio Tagle | Luis Antonio Tagle | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q191634' | [[Luiz Felipe Scolari]] | Luiz Felipe Scolari | Luiz Felipe Scolari | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q1159913' | [[Luna 1]] | Luna 1 | Luna 1 | artificial satellite of the Sun<br/>artificial planet | artificial satellite of the Sun<br/>artificial planet |- class='wd_q84' | [[Lunnon]] | London | Lunnon | [[ceety]]<br/>megacity<br/>[[metropolis]]<br/>[[global ceety]]<br/>poleetical diveesion<br/>financial center<br/>largest city<br/>national capital | city<br/>megacity<br/>metropolis<br/>global city<br/>political territorial entity<br/>financial center<br/>largest city<br/>national capital |- class='wd_q187136' | [[Luoyang]] | Luoyang | Luoyang | prefecture-level city<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>former capital | prefecture-level city<br/>big city<br/>former capital |- class='wd_q212725' | [[Lupang Hinirang]] | Lupang Hinirang | Lupang Hinirang | [[Naitional anthem]] | national anthem |- class='wd_q937595' | [[Lusitano]] | Lusitano | Lusitano | horse breed | horse breed |- class='wd_q164193' | [[Lviv Oblast]] | Lviv Oblast | Lviv Oblast | oblast o Ukraine | oblast of Ukraine |- class='wd_q132687' | [[Lycalopex]] | South American foxes | Lycalopex | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q173651' | [[African wild dug|Lycaon pictus]] | African wild dog | African wild dug | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q13182' | [[lychee]] | Litchi chinensis | Lychee | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q201989' | [[Lyme disease]] | Lyme disease | Lyme disease | type of disease | type of disease |- class='wd_q677014' | [[Lynx]] | Q677014 | Lynx | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q131680' | [[Lystrosaurus]] | Lystrosaurus | Lystrosaurus | fossil taxon | fossil taxon |- class='wd_q484675' | [[Léon: The Professional]] | Léon: The Professional | Léon: The Professional | [[film]] | film |- class='wd_q3920' | [[Lüneburg]] | Lüneburg | Lüneburg | destrict caipital<br/>major regional center<br/>Hanseatic ceety<br/>college toun<br/>large independent city of Lower Saxony<br/>urban municipality in Germany<br/>Einheitsgemeinde of Lower Saxony | district capital<br/>major regional center<br/>Hanseatic city<br/>college town<br/>large independent city of Lower Saxony<br/>urban municipality in Germany<br/>Einheitsgemeinde of Lower Saxony |- class='wd_q878309' | [[Lý dynasty]] | Ly dynasty | Lý dynasty | dynasty<br/>historical state | dynasty<br/>historical country |- class='wd_q246154' | [[M (James Bond)|M]] | M | M (James Bond) | feectional human<br/>film character | fictional human<br/>film character |- class='wd_q170318' | [[M16 rifle|M16]] | M16 | M16 rifle | firearm model | firearm model |- class='wd_q310041' | [[Macadamia]] | Macadamia | Macadamia | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q405487' | [[Macanese fowk]] | Macanese | Macanese fowk | [[ethnic group]] | ethnic group |- class='wd_q360317' | [[Mackem]] | Mackem | Mackem | nickname | nickname |- class='wd_q23193' | [[Macropodidae]] | Macropodidae | Macropodidae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q174322' | [[Macropus]] | Macropus | Macropus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q188965' | [[Madame de Pompadour]] | Madame de Pompadour | Madame de Pompadour | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q3276756' | [[Magenta]] | magenta | Magenta | [[colour]]<br/>primary colour | color<br/>primary color |- class='wd_q16727932' | [[Maggie Chapman]] | Maggie Chapman | Maggie Chapman | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q172653' | [[Maggie Smith]] | Maggie Smith | Maggie Smith | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q12519' | [[Magna Carta]] | Magna Carta | Magna Carta | charter | charter |- class='wd_q1307177' | [[Magneto]] | magneto | Magneto | | |- class='wd_q120228' | [[Magnoliaceae]] | Magnoliaceae | Magnoliaceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q1137750' | [[Magnox]] | Magnox | Magnox | Generation I reactor | Generation I reactor |- class='wd_q106807' | [[Magnus Carlsen]] | Magnus Carlsen | Magnus Carlsen | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q522317' | [[Magnus Erlendsson, Yerl o Orkney]] | Magnus Erlendsson, Earl of Orkney | Magnus Erlendsson, Yerl o Orkney | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q3277252' | [[Magnus II, Yerl o Orkney]] | Magnus II, Earl of Orkney | Magnus II, Yerl o Orkney | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q1191' | [[Maharashtra]] | Maharashtra | Maharashtra | state of India | state of India |- class='wd_q26055' | [[Mairtin (bird)|mairtin]] | Common House Martin | Mairtin (bird) | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q192710' | [[Malayan tapir]] | Malayan tapir | Malayan tapir | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q833' | [[Malaysie]] | Malaysia | Malaysie | [[kintra]]<br/>sovereign state<br/>country sometimes considered transcontinental | country<br/>sovereign state<br/>country sometimes considered transcontinental |- class='wd_q15944677' | [[Malaysie–Turkey relations]] | Malaysia–Turkey relations | Malaysie–Turkey relations | bilateral relation | bilateral relation |- class='wd_q156551' | [[Malvaceae]] | Q156551 | Malvaceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q9347' | [[Malé]] | Malé | Malé | [[ceety]]<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>first-level admeenistrative diveesion<br/>largest city<br/>national capital | city<br/>big city<br/>first-level administrative division<br/>largest city<br/>national capital |- class='wd_q131038' | [[Mamenchisaurus]] | Mamenchisaurus | Mamenchisaurus | fossil taxon | fossil taxon |- class='wd_q132676' | [[Mamoudzou]] | Mamoudzou | Mamoudzou | commune o Fraunce | commune of France |- class='wd_q170070' | [[Manaslu]] | Manaslu | Manaslu | [[Moontain|muntain]] | mountain |- class='wd_q502269' | [[Manassas Park, Virginie|Manassas Park]] | Manassas Park | Manassas Park, Virginie | independent ceety | independent city in the United States |- class='wd_q40236' | [[Manaus]] | Manaus | Manaus | ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>municipality o Brazil | big city<br/>municipality of Brazil |- class='wd_q145665' | [[Manchu fowk]] | Manchu | Manchu fowk | [[ethnic group]] | ethnic group |- class='wd_q125337' | [[Mandarin oranger]] | Citrus reticulata | Mandarin oranger | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q223587' | [[Mansoura]] | Mansoura | Mansoura | [[ceety]]<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | city<br/>big city |- class='wd_q1208529' | [[manual transmission]] | manual transmission | Manual transmission | | |- class='wd_q5816' | [[Mao Zedong]] | Mao Zedong | Mao Zedong | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q167651' | [[Maoism]] | Maoism | Maoism | poleetical ideology | political ideology |- class='wd_q42292' | [[maple]] | Q42292 | Maple | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q3289612' | [[Marcelline Akinocho]] | Marcelline Akinocho | Marcelline Akinocho | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q22951255' | [[Marcus Rashford]] | Marcus Rashford | Marcus Rashford | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q202342' | [[Margaret Court]] | Margaret Court | Margaret Court | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q2415217' | [[Margaret Oliphant]] | Margaret Oliphant | Margaret Oliphant | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q7416' | [[Margaret Thatcher]] | Margaret Thatcher | Margaret Thatcher | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q192421' | [[margay]] | margay | Margay | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q11666' | [[Maria Sharapova]] | Maria Sharapova | Maria Sharapova | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q131706' | [[Maria Theresa]] | Maria Theresa of Austria | Maria Theresa | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q107041' | [[Marianne Beuchert]] | Marianne Beuchert | Marianne Beuchert | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q467538' | [[Marisol Valles Garcia]] | Marisol Valles Garcia | Marisol Valles Garcia | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q22694' | [[marjoram]] | marjoram | Marjoram | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q6766286' | [[Marjorie Housepian Dobkin]] | Marjorie Housepian Dobkin | Marjorie Housepian Dobkin | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q187927' | [[Markhor]] | Markhor | Markhor | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q25336' | [[marsupial]] | marsupial | Marsupial | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q57689' | [[Martin McGuinness]] | Martin McGuinness | Martin McGuinness | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q11820' | [[Martin Van Buren]] | Martin Van Buren | Martin Van Buren | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q642878' | [[Marvel Cinematic Universe]] | Marvel Cinematic Universe | Marvel Cinematic Universe | media franchise<br/>shared universe<br/>film franchise | media franchise<br/>shared universe<br/>film franchise |- class='wd_q3296149' | [[Mary Brunton]] | Mary Brunton | Mary Brunton | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q174662' | [[Mary McAleese]] | Mary McAleese | Mary McAleese | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q41342' | [[Mary Tyler Moore]] | Mary Tyler Moore | Mary Tyler Moore | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q11423' | [[mass]] | mass | Mass | ISQ base quantity<br/>kind of quantity | ISQ base quantity<br/>kind of quantity |- class='wd_q5676' | [[Matsuo Bashō|Matsuo Basho]] | Matsuo Bashō | Matsuo Bashō | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q131230' | [[Mauna Kea]] | Mauna Kea | Mauna Kea | [[Volcanae]]<br/>[[Moontain|muntain]] | volcano<br/>mountain |- class='wd_q159762' | [[Mauna Loa]] | Mauna Loa | Mauna Loa | shield volcano<br/>volcanic landform | shield volcano<br/>volcanic landform |- class='wd_q49747' | [[Maurice Maeterlinck]] | Maurice Maeterlinck | Maurice Maeterlinck | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q111' | [[Maurs]] | Mars | Maurs | superior planet<br/>inner planet of the Solar System | superior planet<br/>inner planet of the Solar System |- class='wd_q9021' | [[Max Planck]] | Max Planck | Max Planck | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q44319' | [[Maximilian I Joseph o Bavarie]] | Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria | Maximilian I Joseph o Bavarie | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q150726' | [[Maximilian I, Haly Roman Emperor]] | Maximilian I | Maximilian I, Haly Roman Emperor | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q25814075' | [[First May meenistry|May meenistry]] | First May ministry | First May meenistry | Cabinet of the United Kingdom | Cabinet of the United Kingdom |- class='wd_q1484' | [[Mayon Volcano]] | Mayon Volcano | Mayon Volcano | [[Moontain|muntain]]<br/>[[stratovolcano]]<br/>summit | mountain<br/>stratovolcano<br/>summit |- class='wd_q308864' | [[Mazandaran Province]] | Mazandaran Province | Mazandaran Province | [[Provinces o Iran]] | province of Iran |- class='wd_q3235204' | [[Mazda Lantis]] | Mazda Lantis | Mazda Lantis | car model | car model |- class='wd_q5253543' | [[Mazda Navajo]] | Mazda Navajo | Mazda Navajo | car model | car model |- class='wd_q482988' | [[Mazurek Dąbrowskiego]] | Poland Is Not Yet Lost | Mazurek Dąbrowskiego | [[Naitional anthem]]<br/>musical work/composition | national anthem<br/>musical work/composition |- class='wd_q201815' | [[McDonnell Douglas]] | McDonnell Douglas | McDonnell Douglas | aerospace manufacturer<br/>defense contractor<br/>umwhile entity | aerospace manufacturer<br/>defense contractor<br/>former entity |- class='wd_q151432' | [[McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II]] | McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II | McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II | aircraft faimily | aircraft family |- class='wd_q62161' | [[McDonnell Douglas MD-11]] | McDonnell Douglas MD-11 | McDonnell Douglas MD-11 | aircraft faimily | aircraft family |- class='wd_q51697' | [[McKinney, Texas|McKinney]] | McKinney | McKinney, Texas | coonty seat<br/>ceety o the Unitit States<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | county seat<br/>city in the United States<br/>big city |- class='wd_q69488' | [[MDMA]] | MDMA | MDMA | pharmaceutical product<br/>group of stereoisomers | pharmaceutical product<br/>group of stereoisomers |- class='wd_q42229' | [[Mel Gibson]] | Mel Gibson | Mel Gibson | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q432473' | [[Melania Trump]] | Melania Trump | Melania Trump | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q33349' | [[Melitopol]] | Melitopol | Melitopol | city of regional significance of Ukraine | city of regional significance of Ukraine |- class='wd_q253918' | [[Melodic daith metal]] | melodic death metal | Melodic daith metal | [[muisic genre]] | music genre |- class='wd_q47859' | [[Mentha]] | Q47859 | Mentha | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q156153' | [[Menyanthes|Menyanthes trifoliata]] | Menyanthes trifoliata | Menyanthes | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q178197' | [[Mercenar|Mercenary]] | mercenary | Mercenar | [[profession]] | profession |- class='wd_q1747363' | [[Meriden, Wast Midlands|Meriden]] | Meriden | Meriden, Wast Midlands | [[veelage]]<br/>[[Ceevil pairish|ceevil parish]] | village<br/>civil parish |- class='wd_q81102410' | [[Messier 81]] | Messier 81 | Messier 81 | active galactic nucleus<br/>astronomical radio source<br/>astrophysical X-ray source<br/>infrared source<br/>Seyfert 2 galaxy | active galactic nucleus<br/>astronomical radio source<br/>astrophysical X-ray source<br/>infrared source<br/>Seyfert 2 galaxy |- class='wd_q14026' | [[Messier 82]] | Messier 82 | Messier 82 | irregular galaxy<br/>interacting galaxy<br/>starburst galaxy<br/>edge-on galaxy<br/>luminous infrared galaxy<br/>astronomical radio source<br/>interacting galaxies | irregular galaxy<br/>interacting galaxy<br/>starburst galaxy<br/>edge-on galaxy<br/>luminous infrared galaxy<br/>astronomical radio source<br/>interacting galaxies |- class='wd_q380' | [[Meta Platforms]] | Meta | Meta Platforms | public company<br/>online service provider<br/>[[Business|buisiness]]<br/>technology company | public company<br/>online service provider<br/>business<br/>technology company |- class='wd_q283789' | [[Metal rectifier]] | metal rectifier | Metal rectifier | | |- class='wd_q15920' | [[Metallica]] | Metallica | Metallica | muisic baund | musical group |- class='wd_q14982' | [[methanol]] | methanol | Methanol | type of chemical entity | type of chemical entity |- class='wd_q179200' | [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]] | Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer | Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer | film production company<br/>[[Business|buisiness]] | film production company<br/>business |- class='wd_q16665897' | [[Metropolis o Lyon]] | Metropolis of Lyon | Metropolis o Lyon | [[metropolis]]<br/>territorial collectivity of France with special status | metropolis<br/>territorial collectivity of France with special status |- class='wd_q475678' | [[Mexican Drog War]] | Mexican drug war | Mexican Drog War | asymmetric warfare<br/>irregular warfare<br/>drug war | asymmetric warfare<br/>irregular warfare<br/>drug war |- class='wd_q174273' | [[meyflee]] | Ephemeroptera | Meyflee | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q13357' | [[Meänkieli leid]] | Meänkieli | Meänkieli leid | [[Byleid|dialect]]<br/>leid<br/>minority language<br/>modern language | dialect<br/>language<br/>minority language<br/>modern language |- class='wd_q128933' | [[Michaëlle Jean]] | Michaëlle Jean | Michaëlle Jean | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q10731' | [[Mick Foley]] | Mick Foley | Mick Foley | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q6838600' | [[Mickey Cobras]] | Mickey Cobras | Mickey Cobras | gang | gang |- class='wd_q188443' | [[Micronaition|Micronation]] | micronation | Micronaition | former or current state | former or current state |- class='wd_q46384' | [[microphone]] | microphone | Microphone | | |- class='wd_q7204' | [[Middle East]] | Middle East | Middle East | cultural region<br/>transcontinental region | cultural region<br/>transcontinental region |- class='wd_q18661' | [[Middlesbrough F.C.]] | Middlesbrough F.C. | Middlesbrough F.C. | association fitbaa club | association football club |- class='wd_q54238' | [[Middlesex Coonty, Connecticut|Middlesex Coonty]] | Middlesex County | Middlesex Coonty, Connecticut | county of Connecticut | county of Connecticut |- class='wd_q355382' | [[Midge Ure]] | Midge Ure | Midge Ure | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q24313' | [[Mike Pence]] | Mike Pence | Mike Pence | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q185572' | [[Mikel Arteta]] | Mikel Arteta | Mikel Arteta | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q30487' | [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] | Mikhail Gorbachev | Mikhail Gorbachev | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q37836' | [[Milwaukee]] | Milwaukee | Milwaukee | coonty seat<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>first-class city | county seat<br/>big city<br/>first-class city |- class='wd_q3352' | [[Miranda (muin)|Miranda]] | Miranda | Miranda (muin) | moon of Uranus<br/>regular moon | moon of Uranus<br/>regular moon |- class='wd_q5104' | [[Miranda Cosgrove]] | Miranda Cosgrove | Miranda Cosgrove | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q3818116' | [[Misao Okawa]] | Misao Okawa | Misao Okawa | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q178665' | [[Mitanni]] | Mitanni | Mitanni | kingdom<br/>historical state | kingdom<br/>historical country |- class='wd_q185126' | [[Mithridates VI o Pontus]] | Mithridates VI of Pontus | Mithridates VI o Pontus | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q183275' | [[Mitsubishi]] | Mitsubishi | Mitsubishi | corporate group<br/>conglomerate<br/>umbrella brand<br/>privately held company<br/>[[Business|buisiness]] | corporate group<br/>conglomerate<br/>umbrella brand<br/>privately held company<br/>business |- class='wd_q1939855' | [[Mitsubishi Freeca]] | Mitsubishi Freeca | Mitsubishi Freeca | car model | car model |- class='wd_q12244224' | [[Moez Kamoun]] | Moez Kamoun | Moez Kamoun | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q6892571' | [[Mohammad bin Salman]] | Mohammed bin Salman Al Saud | Mohammad bin Salman | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q310592' | [[Mohammad-Ali Rajai]] | Mohammad-Ali Rajai | Mohammad-Ali Rajai | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q11369' | [[molecule]] | molecule | Molecule | group or class of chemical entities | group or class of chemical entities |- class='wd_q3074303' | [[Momoko Kōchi]] | Momoko Kōchi | Momoko Kōchi | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q116' | [[monarch]] | monarch | Monarch | ryal or noble rank<br/>poseetion | noble title<br/>position |- class='wd_q158049' | [[Moneses]] | Moneses uniflora | Moneses | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q33750' | [[Mongolic leids]] | Mongolic | Mongolic leids | [[Leid faimly|leid faimily]] | language family |- class='wd_q9246' | [[Mongolien leid|Mongolie leid]] | Mongolian | Mongolien leid | natural language<br/>macrolanguage<br/>modern language | natural language<br/>macrolanguage<br/>modern language |- class='wd_q78961' | [[Monocotyledon|monocots]] | Q78961 | Monocotyledon | clade | clade |- class='wd_q6901674' | [[Monolit]] | Monolit | Monolit | muisic baund | musical group |- class='wd_q179678' | [[monosodium glutamate]] | monosodium L-glutamate | Monosodium glutamate | type of chemical entity | type of chemical entity |- class='wd_q21790' | [[Monotreme]] | monotreme | Monotreme | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q72303' | [[Moont Ararat]] | Mount Ararat | Moont Ararat | [[Volcanae]]<br/>[[Moontain|muntain]]<br/>[[stratovolcano]] | volcano<br/>mountain<br/>stratovolcano |- class='wd_q215471' | [[Moont Hermon]] | Mount Hermon | Moont Hermon | [[Moontain|muntain]]<br/>highest point<br/>biblical place | mountain<br/>highest point<br/>biblical place |- class='wd_q172070' | [[Moont Kenyae]] | Mount Kenya | Moont Kenyae | [[Moontain|muntain]] | mountain |- class='wd_q60967' | [[Moont Kinabalu]] | Mount Kinabalu | Moont Kinabalu | [[Moontain|muntain]]<br/>WWF ecoregion | mountain<br/>WWF ecoregion |- class='wd_q120306' | [[Moont Logan]] | Mount Logan | Moont Logan | [[Moontain|muntain]] | mountain |- class='wd_q4777' | [[Moont Roraima]] | Mount Roraima | Moont Roraima | [[Moontain|muntain]]<br/>tepui | mountain<br/>tepui |- class='wd_q18391151' | [[Moorside Nuclear Pouer Station]] | Moorside Nuclear Project | Moorside Nuclear Pouer Station | [[pouer station]] | power station |- class='wd_q1020416' | [[Morazán, El Progreso|Morazán]] | Morazán | Morazán, El Progreso | municipality of Guatemala | municipality of Guatemala |- class='wd_q3901' | [[Moroni, Comoros]] | Moroni | Moroni, Comoros | [[ceety]]<br/>federal caipital<br/>human settlement<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | city<br/>federal capital<br/>human settlement<br/>big city |- class='wd_q312131' | [[Mosasaurus]] | Mosasaurus | Mosasaurus | fossil taxon | fossil taxon |- class='wd_q20511863' | [[Moses Housepian]] | Moses Housepian | Moses Housepian | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q175117' | [[Moskva River]] | Moskva River | Moskva River | [[river]] | river |- class='wd_q188982' | [[Mount Erebus]] | Mount Erebus | Mount Erebus | [[Volcanae]]<br/>[[Moontain|muntain]] | volcano<br/>mountain |- class='wd_q405' | [[Muin]] | Moon | Muin | regular moon<br/>planetary-mass moon<br/>planetary moon | regular moon<br/>planetary-mass moon<br/>planetary moon |- class='wd_q1438673' | [[Mulguy]] | Milngavie | Mulguy | [[toun]]<br/>small burgh | town<br/>small burgh |- class='wd_q111444' | [[Mull]] | Isle of Mull | Mull | [[island]] | island |- class='wd_q612229' | [[Municipalities o Estonie]] | municipality of Estonia | Municipalities o Estonie | | |- class='wd_q3500564' | [[Municipalities o Nuevo León]] | Municipalities of Nuevo León | Municipalities o Nuevo León | Dayana | Dayana |- class='wd_q819825' | [[muntain bluebird]] | Sialia currucoides | Muntain bluebird | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q233956' | [[Muriel Spark]] | Muriel Spark | Muriel Spark | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q209341' | [[Musala]] | Musala | Musala | [[Moontain|muntain]]<br/>two-thousander<br/>ultra-prominent peak<br/>highest point<br/>main peak | mountain<br/>two-thousander<br/>ultra-prominent peak<br/>highest point<br/>main peak |- class='wd_q211848' | [[mustang]] | mustang | Mustang | horse breed | horse breed |- class='wd_q5415' | [[My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic]] | My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic | My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic | animated television series | animated television series |- class='wd_q210975' | [[Mycoplasma]] | Mycoplasma | Mycoplasma | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q41572' | [[Mykolaiv]] | Mykolaiv | Mykolaiv | city in Ukraine | city in Ukraine |- class='wd_q843892' | [[Myricaceae]] | Myricaceae | Myricaceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q839805' | [[Myrtle Beach, Sooth Carolina|Myrtle Beach]] | Myrtle Beach | Myrtle Beach, Sooth Carolina | ceety o the Unitit States | city in the United States |- class='wd_q849822' | [[Mägo de Oz]] | Mägo de Oz | Mägo de Oz | muisic baund | musical group |- class='wd_q3334874' | [[Nadia Kounda]] | Nadia Kounda | Nadia Kounda | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q932791' | [[Nae true Scotsman]] | no true Scotsman | Nae true Scotsman | | |- class='wd_q168193' | [[Najaf]] | Najaf | Najaf | [[ceety]]<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | city<br/>big city |- class='wd_q517' | [[Napoleon|Napoleon I]] | Napoleon | Napoleon | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q9174561' | [[Nardus]] | Nardus | Nardus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q217096' | [[Naruhito]] | Naruhito | Naruhito | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q159426' | [[narwhal]] | narwhal | Narwhal | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q23197' | [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]] | Nashville | Nashville, Tennessee | coonty seat<br/>ceety o the Unitit States<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>consolidatit ceety–coonty | county seat<br/>city in the United States<br/>big city<br/>consolidated city-county |- class='wd_q26334' | [[National Rail]] | National Rail | National Rail | transport network<br/>brand name | transport network<br/>brand name |- class='wd_q7184' | [[NATO]] | NATO | NATO | intergovrenmental organization<br/>international organization<br/>military alliance<br/>multinational military coalition | intergovernmental organization<br/>international organization<br/>military alliance<br/>multinational military coalition |- class='wd_q4508' | [[Navy]] | navy | Navy | militar branch | military branch |- class='wd_q37400' | [[Naypyidaw]] | Naypyidaw | Naypyidaw | [[ceety]]<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>planned national capital<br/>town in Myanmar | city<br/>big city<br/>planned national capital<br/>town in Myanmar |- class='wd_q4796' | [[Naypyidaw Union Territory]] | Naypyidaw Union Territory | Naypyidaw Union Territory | union territory of Myanmar | union territory of Myanmar |- class='wd_q683695' | [[Nazareth (baund)|Nazareth]] | Nazareth | Nazareth (baund) | rock baund | rock band |- class='wd_q75818970' | [[Neale Hanvey]] | Neale Hanvey | Neale Hanvey | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q181843' | [[necrophilia]] | necrophilia | Necrophilia | psychosexual disorder | psychosexual disorder |- class='wd_q6988888' | [[Neil M. Gunn]] | Neil M. Gunn | Neil M. Gunn | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q16528' | [[Nelumbo nucifera]] | Nelumbo nucifera | Nelumbo nucifera | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q5185' | [[nematode]] | Q5185 | Nematode | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q5186' | [[Nematomorpha]] | Nematomorpha | Nematomorpha | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q185631' | [[Nemertea]] | Nemertea | Nemertea | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q185747' | [[Nemesis (meethologie)|Nemesis]] | Nemesis | Nemesis (meethologie) | [[Oceanid|Okeanid]]<br/>Greek deity | Oceanids<br/>Greek deity |- class='wd_q153996' | [[Nena]] | Nena | Nena | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q217530' | [[Nepenthes]] | Nepenthes | Nepenthes | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q7408434' | [[Nevada City, Nevada|Nevada City]] | Nevada City | Nevada City, Nevada | [[Ghaist toun]] | ghost town |- class='wd_q207794' | [[Nevis]] | Nevis | Nevis | [[island]]<br/>constituent state<br/>first-level admeenistrative diveesion | island<br/>federated state<br/>first-level administrative division |- class='wd_q34404' | [[New Orleans]] | New Orleans | New Orleans | ceety o the Unitit States<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>consolidatit ceety–coonty | city in the United States<br/>big city<br/>consolidated city-county |- class='wd_q131364' | [[New York Knicks]] | New York Knicks | New York Knicks | basketball team | basketball team |- class='wd_q142794' | [[Neymar]] | Neymar | Neymar | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q154958' | [[Nickelodeon]] | Nickelodeon | Nickelodeon | specialty channel<br/>televeesion station<br/>cable channel | specialty channel<br/>television station<br/>cable channel |- class='wd_q30302391' | [[Nicolas van Beveren]] | Nicolas van Beveren | Nicolas van Beveren | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q80968' | [[nihilism]] | nihilism | Nihilism | doctrine | doctrine |- class='wd_q813935' | [[Nihon Shoki]] | Nihon Shoki | Nihon Shoki | historical non-fiction work | historical non-fiction work |- class='wd_q152218' | [[Nine Years' War]] | Nine Years' War | Nine Years' War | [[war]] | war |- class='wd_q50825725' | [[Ninja (streamer)|Ninja]] | Ninja | Ninja (streamer) | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q19610114' | [[Nintendo Switch]] | Q19610114 | Nintendo Switch | product model | product model |- class='wd_q83320' | [[nitric acid]] | nitric acid | Nitric acid | type of chemical entity | type of chemical entity |- class='wd_q162867' | [[nitroglycerin]] | nitroglycerin | Nitroglycerin | type of chemical entity | type of chemical entity |- class='wd_q35637' | [[Nobel Peace Prize]] | Nobel Peace Prize | Nobel Peace Prize | peace award | peace award |- class='wd_q7047857' | [[Nokhur]] | Nohur | Nokhur | human settlement | human settlement |- class='wd_q34708' | [[Norfolk (disambiguation)|Norfolk]] | Norfolk | Norfolk (disambiguation) | Wikimedia disambiguation page | Wikimedia disambiguation page |- class='wd_q40347' | [[Norman, Oklahoma|Norman]] | Norman | Norman, Oklahoma | coonty seat<br/>ceety o the Unitit States<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | county seat<br/>city in the United States<br/>big city |- class='wd_q1999640' | [[Norman Lloyd]] | Norman Lloyd | Norman Lloyd | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q160318' | [[Norodom Sihanouk]] | Norodom Sihanouk | Norodom Sihanouk | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q188779' | [[Norse fowk]] | Norwegians | Norse fowk | nation<br/>[[population]] | nation<br/>human population |- class='wd_q23086' | [[North Yorkshire]] | North Yorkshire | North Yorkshire | ceremonial county of England | ceremonial county of England |- class='wd_q190978' | [[Norlin Airlan natiounal fitba team|Northren Ireland naitional fitbaa team]] | Northern Ireland men's national association football team | Norlin Airlan natiounal fitba team | men's national association football team | men's national association football team |- class='wd_q23079' | [[Northumberland]] | Northumberland | Northumberland | ceremonial county of England<br/>non-metropolitan county<br/>unitary authority area | ceremonial county of England<br/>non-metropolitan county<br/>unitary authority area |- class='wd_q1552306' | [[Eastren esk|Notophthalmus viridescens]] | Notophthalmus viridescens | Eastren esk | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q6458' | [[Nova]] | nova | Nova | astronomical phenomenon<br/>astronomical object type | astronomical phenomenon<br/>astronomical object type |- class='wd_q11429' | [[nuclear fission]] | nuclear fission | Nuclear fission | nuclear reaction | nuclear reaction |- class='wd_q134447' | [[Nuclear pouer station]] | nuclear power plant | Nuclear pouer station | | |- class='wd_q19921' | [[nuclear winter]] | nuclear winter | Nuclear winter | scientific hypothesis | scientific hypothesis |- class='wd_q489898' | [[Nukus]] | Nukus | Nukus | [[ceety]]<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | city<br/>big city |- class='wd_q242419' | [[numbat]] | numbat | Numbat | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q2004891' | [[numerical linear algebra]] | numerical linear algebra | Numerical linear algebra | aurie o mathematics | branch of mathematics |- class='wd_q541182' | [[numerical methods for ordinary differential equations]] | numerical method for ordinary differential equations | Numerical methods for ordinary differential equations | | |- class='wd_q147030' | [[Nymphaea alba]] | Nymphaea alba | Nymphaea alba | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q375095' | [[Obligado]] | Obligado | Obligado | municipality of Paraguay | municipality of Paraguay |- class='wd_q131012' | [[Occam's razor]] | Occam's razor | Occam's razor | aphorism<br/>philosophical razor<br/>heuristic argument<br/>epigrammatic law | aphorism<br/>philosophical razor<br/>heuristic argument<br/>epigrammatic law |- class='wd_q182090' | [[oceanic climate]] | oceanic climate | Oceanic climate | category in the Köppen climate classification systems | category in the Köppen climate classification systems |- class='wd_q33261' | [[ocelot]] | ocelot | Ocelot | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q25331' | [[Odense]] | Odense | Odense | ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | big city |- class='wd_q35160' | [[Odyssey]] | Odyssey | Odyssey | leeterary wirk | literary work |- class='wd_q82037' | [[okapi]] | Okapia johnstoni | Okapi | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q34863' | [[Oklahoma City]] | Oklahoma City | Oklahoma City | coonty seat<br/>ceety o the Unitit States<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | county seat<br/>city in the United States<br/>big city |- class='wd_q1271501' | [[Old Blind Dogs]] | Old Blind Dogs | Old Blind Dogs | muisic baund | musical group |- class='wd_q183529' | [[Olimpiyskiy Naitional Sports Complex]] | Olimpiyskiy National Sports Complex | Olimpiyskiy Naitional Sports Complex | multi-purpose sports venue | multi-purpose sports venue |- class='wd_q51053' | [[Olivar]] | Olivar | Olivar | commune o Chile | commune of Chile |- class='wd_q208561' | [[olive baboon]] | olive baboon | Olive baboon | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q282385' | [[Olive ridley sea turtle]] | Lepidochelys olivacea | Olive ridley sea turtle | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q216929' | [[Oliver & Company]] | Oliver & Company | Oliver & Company | animatit film | animated film |- class='wd_q95068' | [[Olivia de Havilland]] | Olivia de Havilland | Olivia de Havilland | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q82765' | [[Olsztyn]] | Olsztyn | Olsztyn | [[ceety]]<br/>ceety wi powiat richts<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | city<br/>city with powiat rights in Poland<br/>big city |- class='wd_q19628' | [[Olympiacos F.C.]] | Olympiacos F.C. | Olympiacos F.C. | men's association football team | men's association football team |- class='wd_q2221316' | [[Ommatoiulus sabulosus]] | Ommatoiulus sabulosus | Ommatoiulus sabulosus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q5191' | [[Onychophora]] | Onychophora | Onychophora | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q4169' | [[Ooter space]] | outer space | Ooter space | geographic region | region |- class='wd_q21834' | [[opossum]] | Didelphidae | Opossum | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q2028096' | [[Orange]] | Orange | Orange | Wikimedia disambiguation page | Wikimedia disambiguation page |- class='wd_q1345321' | [[Orange Order]] | Orange Order | Orange Order | fraternal organization<br/>releegious organization | fraternal organization<br/>religious organization |- class='wd_q14420' | [[Order o the Breetish Empire|Order of the British Empire]] | Order of the British Empire | Order o the Breetish Empire | awaird<br/>chivalric order<br/>title o honor | award<br/>order of chivalry<br/>title of honor |- class='wd_q1642345' | [[Orkneyinga saga]] | Orkneyinga saga | Orkneyinga saga | leeterary wirk | literary work |- class='wd_q33864' | [[Oromo leid]] | Oromo | Oromo leid | leid<br/>macrolanguage<br/>modern language | language<br/>macrolanguage<br/>modern language |- class='wd_q1327535' | [[orpie]] | Hylotelephium telephium | Orpie | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q57751738' | [[Coronavirus|Orthocoronavirinae]] | Coronavirus | Coronavirus | [[taxon]]<br/>organisms known by a particular common name | taxon<br/>organisms known by a particular common name |- class='wd_q3333484' | [[Orthodox Christianity]] | Eastern Orthodoxy | Orthodox Christianity | Christian denomination<br/>Christian denominational family | Christian denomination<br/>Christian denominational family |- class='wd_q19497' | [[Oscar (fitbawer, born 1991)|Oscar]] | Oscar | Oscar (fitbawer, born 1991) | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q46491' | [[Osiris]] | Osiris | Osiris | Ancient Egyptian deity<br/>dying-and-rising deity<br/>naitur deity | Ancient Egyptian deity<br/>dying-and-rising deity<br/>nature deity |- class='wd_q1930' | [[Ottawa]] | Ottawa | Ottawa | federal caipital<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>single-tier municipality<br/>census subdivision in Canada<br/>census division of Canada | federal capital<br/>big city<br/>single-tier municipality<br/>census subdivision in Canada<br/>census division of Canada |- class='wd_q57065' | [[Otto Hahn]] | Otto Hahn | Otto Hahn | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q157106' | [[Ottonian dynasty]] | Ottonian dynasty | Ottonian dynasty | dynasty | dynasty |- class='wd_q209338' | [[Oxnard, Californie|Oxnard]] | Oxnard | Oxnard, Californie | ceety o the Unitit States<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | city in the United States<br/>big city |- class='wd_q107635' | [[Paektu Muntain]] | Baekdu Mountain | Paektu Muntain | [[Moontain|muntain]]<br/>[[stratovolcano]]<br/>territory<br/>sacred mountain | mountain<br/>stratovolcano<br/>territory<br/>sacred mountain |- class='wd_q11010' | [[Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick]] | Parliament of the United Kingdom | Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick | parliament<br/>bicameral legislature | parliament<br/>bicameral legislature |- class='wd_q166794' | [[Pallas's cat]] | Pallas's cat | Pallas's cat | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q4126704' | [[Common chimpanzee|Pan troglodytes]] | chimpanzee | Common chimpanzee | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q204888' | [[PAOK FC]] | PAOK FC | PAOK FC | men's association football team | men's association football team |- class='wd_q146391' | [[Papaver]] | Papaver | Papaver | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q178799' | [[Pape Benedict IX]] | Benedict IX | Pape Benedict IX | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q118081' | [[Pape Celestine V]] | Celestine V | Pape Celestine V | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q42887' | [[Pape Clement I]] | Clement I | Pape Clement I | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q170863' | [[Pape Clement VI]] | Clement VI | Pape Clement VI | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q227694' | [[Pape Gregory XII]] | Gregory XII | Pape Gregory XII | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q179702' | [[Pape John XVIII]] | John XVIII | Pape John XVIII | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q104798' | [[Pape Lando]] | Lando | Pape Lando | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q43954' | [[Pape Leo I]] | Leo I | Pape Leo I | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q132113' | [[Pape Pontian]] | Pontian | Pape Pontian | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q1317905' | [[Papilio polymnestor]] | Papilio polymnestor | Papilio polymnestor | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q274388' | [[Paracel Islands]] | Paracel Islands | Paracel Islands | airchipelago<br/>disputed territory | archipelago<br/>disputed territory |- class='wd_q733' | [[Paraguay]] | Paraguay | Paraguay | [[kintra]]<br/>sovereign state | country<br/>sovereign state |- class='wd_q663181' | [[Pararge aegeria]] | Speckled Wood | Pararge aegeria | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q205716' | [[Parazoa]] | Q205716 | Parazoa | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q167646' | [[Paris (meethologie)|Paris]] | Paris | Paris (meethologie) | mythological Greek character | mythological Greek character |- class='wd_q794866' | [[Paris in the 20th Century]] | Paris in the Twentieth Century | Paris in the 20th Century | leeterary wirk | literary work |- class='wd_q715935' | [[Park (Korean surname)|Park]] | Park | Park (Korean surname) | faimily name | family name |- class='wd_q31431' | [[Paurit|parrot]] | parrot | Paurit | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q188614' | [[parsnip]] | Pastinaca sativa | Parsnip | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q58680' | [[Pashto leid]] | Pashto | Pashto leid | natural language<br/>macrolanguage<br/>modern language | natural language<br/>macrolanguage<br/>modern language |- class='wd_q28753' | [[Passer]] | Passer | Passer | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q288419' | [[Pau FC]] | Pau Football Club | Pau FC | association fitbaa club | association football club |- class='wd_q3372291' | [[Paul an Erlend Thorfinnsson]] | Paul and Erlend Thorfinnsson | Paul an Erlend Thorfinnsson | brother duo | brother duo |- class='wd_q128529' | [[Paul Martin]] | Paul Martin | Paul Martin | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q25237' | [[pease]] | Pisum sativum | Pease | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q184624' | [[peat]] | peat | Peat | | |- class='wd_q939' | [[Pedro I o Brazil|Pedro I]] | Pedro I of Brazil | Pedro I o Brazil | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q156774' | [[Pedro II o Brazil]] | Pedro II of Brazil | Pedro II o Brazil | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q9147' | [[penguin]] | penguin | Penguin | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q58' | [[Pintle|Penis]] | penis | Pintle | [[Organ (anatomy)|organ]] | organ |- class='wd_q702220' | [[Pennsylvanie Dutch]] | Pennsylvania Dutch | Pennsylvanie Dutch | ethnographic group | ethnographic group |- class='wd_q7163723' | [[Pennsylvanie Dutch Inglis]] | Pennsylvania Dutch English | Pennsylvanie Dutch Inglis | leid | language |- class='wd_q7165456' | [[People's Alliance Pairty (Albainie)]] | People's Alliance Party | People's Alliance Pairty (Albainie) | [[poleetical pairty]] | political party |- class='wd_q1232528' | [[Percheron]] | Percheron | Percheron | horse breed | horse breed |- class='wd_q127595' | [[Perciformes]] | Q127595 | Perciformes | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q469706' | [[Percy Montgomery]] | Percy Montgomery | Percy Montgomery | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q172118' | [[Percy Williams Bridgman]] | Percy Williams Bridgman | Percy Williams Bridgman | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q45967' | [[Persephone]] | Persephone | Persephone | Greek deity | Greek deity |- class='wd_q189762' | [[Peter Carl Fabergé]] | Peter Carl Fabergé | Peter Carl Fabergé | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q2074518' | [[Peter Deuflhard]] | Peter Deuflhard | Peter Deuflhard | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q825781' | [[Peugeot 405]] | Peugeot 405 | Peugeot 405 | car model | car model |- class='wd_q13423853' | [[PewDiePie]] | PewDiePie | PewDiePie | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q104837' | [[Phase (maiter)|phase]] | phase | Phase (maiter) | | |- class='wd_q173227' | [[Physical constant|pheesical constant]] | physical constant | Physical constant | | |- class='wd_q130336' | [[phenol]] | phenol | Phenol | type of chemical entity | type of chemical entity |- class='wd_q34417' | [[Philip II o Spain]] | Philip II of Spain | Philip II o Spain | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q1817' | [[Philip the Arab]] | Philip the Arab | Philip the Arab | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q155004' | [[Philippe o Belgium]] | Philippe of Belgium | Philippe o Belgium | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q185213' | [[Philippine eagle]] | Philippine Eagle | Philippine eagle | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q652973' | [[Buford, Wyoming|PhinDeli Town Buford]] | Buford | Buford, Wyoming | unincorporatit commonty | unincorporated community |- class='wd_q217679' | [[Phineas and Ferb]] | Phineas and Ferb | Phineas and Ferb | animated television series | animated television series |- class='wd_q26913' | [[Phoca vitulina]] | Phoca vitulina | Phoca vitulina | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q164177' | [[Phoenix Suns]] | Phoenix Suns | Phoenix Suns | basketball team | basketball team |- class='wd_q23513' | [[Phong Nha-Ke Bang]] | Phong Nha–Ke Bang National Park | Phong Nha-Ke Bang | national park of Vietnam | national park of Vietnam |- class='wd_q238147' | [[Pico de Orizaba]] | Citlaltepetl | Pico de Orizaba | [[Moontain|muntain]] | mountain |- class='wd_q26764' | [[Pieris brassicae]] | Pieris brassicae | Pieris brassicae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q1064335' | [[Pig War (1859)|Pig War]] | Pig War | Pig War (1859) | [[war]]<br/>territorial dispute | war<br/>territorial dispute |- class='wd_q2756715' | [[Pimpa]] | Pimpa | Pimpa | comics character<br/>fictional dog | comics character<br/>fictional dog |- class='wd_q404116' | [[Pingdingshan]] | Pingdingshan | Pingdingshan | prefecture-level city<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | prefecture-level city<br/>big city |- class='wd_q132825' | [[Pinophyta]] | conifer | Pinophyta | [[taxon]]<br/>monotypic taxon | taxon<br/>monotypic taxon |- class='wd_q12024' | [[Pine|Pinus]] | Pinus | Pine | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q14371' | [[Pinwheel Galaxy]] | Pinwheel Galaxy | Pinwheel Galaxy | interacting galaxy | interacting galaxy |- class='wd_q156522' | [[Piperaceae]] | Piperaceae | Piperaceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q25634' | [[pirr-maw]] | Black-headed Gull | Pirr-maw | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q36071' | [[pistachio]] | Pistacia vera | Pistachio | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q45227' | [[Piston]] | piston | Piston | | |- class='wd_q1212935' | [[Efterbirth|placenta]] | placenta | Efterbirth | [[Organ (anatomy)|organ]]<br/>class of anatomical entity | organ<br/>class of anatomical entity |- class='wd_q25833' | [[Placentalia]] | Q25833 | Placentalia | clade | clade |- class='wd_q131040' | [[Placozoa]] | Placozoa | Placozoa | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q27098' | [[plaice]] | Pleuronectes platessa | Plaice | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q245305' | [[plains zebra]] | Equus quagga | Plains zebra | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q10251' | [[Plasma (pheesics)|plasma]] | plasma | Plasma (pheesics) | fundamental state o the matter<br/>classical state of matter | fundamental state of matter<br/>classical state of matter |- class='wd_q130948' | [[Plasmodium]] | Q130948 | Plasmodium | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q15343' | [[platypus]] | platypus | Platypus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q63184502' | [[PlayStation 5]] | Q63184502 | PlayStation 5 | product model | product model |- class='wd_q1290516' | [[Plymouth Breeze]] | Plymouth Breeze | Plymouth Breeze | car model | car model |- class='wd_q19520' | [[Podolsk]] | Podolsk | Podolsk | city or town<br/>city/town in Russia | city or town<br/>city/town in Russia |- class='wd_q33609' | [[polar beir]] | Ursus maritimus | Polar beir | [[taxon]]<br/>apex predator | taxon<br/>apex predator |- class='wd_q35535' | [[polis]] | police | Polis | | |- class='wd_q933402' | [[Polis box]] | police box | Polis box | | |- class='wd_q7228412' | [[Pontypool and Blaenavon Railway]] | Pontypool and Blaenavon Railway | Pontypool and Blaenavon Railway | Heritage railwey | heritage railway |- class='wd_q25356' | [[Populus]] | Populus | Populus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q125434' | [[Port Elizabeth]] | Gqeberha | Port Elizabeth | [[ceety]]<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>port ceety | city<br/>big city<br/>port city |- class='wd_q935482' | [[Port Orchard, Washington|Port Orchard]] | Port Orchard | Port Orchard, Washington | coonty seat<br/>ceety o the Unitit States | county seat<br/>city in the United States |- class='wd_q986325' | [[Port Safaga]] | Safaga | Port Safaga | [[ceety]]<br/>resort town<br/>port ceety | city<br/>resort town<br/>port city |- class='wd_q6106' | [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]] | Portland | Portland, Oregon | coonty seat<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>city of Oregon | county seat<br/>big city<br/>city of Oregon |- class='wd_q36433' | [[Porto]] | Porto | Porto | ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>municipality o Portugal | big city<br/>municipality of Portugal |- class='wd_q3799' | [[Porto-Novo]] | Porto-Novo | Porto-Novo | [[ceety]] | city |- class='wd_q200464' | [[Portuguese Empire]] | Portuguese Empire | Portuguese Empire | historical state | historical country |- class='wd_q21648810' | [[Power Rangers (film)|Pouer Rangers]] | Power Rangers | Power Rangers (film) | [[film]] | film |- class='wd_q11696' | [[Preses o the Unitit States|Preses o the Unitit States o Americae]] | President of the United States | Preses o the Unitit States | elective office | elective office |- class='wd_q377968' | [[Pressurized watter reactor]] | pressurized water reactor | Pressurized watter reactor | | |- class='wd_q951376' | [[Preston, Georgie|Preston]] | Preston | Preston, Georgie | unincorporatit commonty | unincorporated community |- class='wd_q319145' | [[Prime Meenister o Australie]] | Prime Minister of Australia | Prime Meenister o Australie | public offeecial | public office |- class='wd_q157115' | [[Primulaceae]] | Primulaceae | Primulaceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q152316' | [[Prince Harry, Duke o Sussex|Prince Harry o Wales]] | Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex | Prince Harry, Duke o Sussex | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q26337' | [[Blue shairk|Prionace glauca]] | Prionace glauca | Blue shairk | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q212405' | [[Procter & Gamble]] | Procter & Gamble | Procter & Gamble | industrial manufacturing<br/>public company<br/>[[Business|buisiness]]<br/>enterprise | industrial manufacturing<br/>public company<br/>business<br/>enterprise |- class='wd_q484344' | [[Progressive metal]] | progressive metal | Progressive metal | [[muisic genre]] | music genre |- class='wd_q273120' | [[protest]] | protest | Protest | form of event | form of event |- class='wd_q7251617' | [[Protestant Religion and Presbyterian Church Act 1707]] | Protestant Religion and Presbyterian Church Act 1707 | Protestant Religion and Presbyterian Church Act 1707 | Act of the Parliament of Scotland | Act of the Parliament of Scotland |- class='wd_q2294' | [[proton]] | proton | Proton | type of quantum particle | type of quantum particle |- class='wd_q5171' | [[Protostome|Protostomia]] | protostome | Protostome | [[taxon]]<br/>clade | taxon<br/>clade |- class='wd_q504628' | [[PIRA (Provos)|Proveesional Irish Republican Airmy]] | Provisional Irish Republican Army | PIRA (Provos) | paramilitary organization<br/>poleetical organisation | paramilitary organization<br/>political organization |- class='wd_q15119' | [[Province o Roum]] | Province of Rome | Province o Roum | former province of Italy | former province of Italy |- class='wd_q5098' | [[Provinces o Indonesie]] | province of Indonesia | Provinces o Indonesie | designation for an administrative territorial entity of a single country | designation for an administrative territorial entity of a single country |- class='wd_q841753' | [[Provinces o Iraq]] | governorate of Iraq | Provinces o Iraq | | |- class='wd_q50399' | [[Provinces o Mongolie]] | province of Mongolia | Provinces o Mongolie | | |- class='wd_q191093' | [[Provinces o Sooth Africae]] | province of South Africa | Provinces o Sooth Africae | type o admeenistrative diveesions | administrative territorial entity type |- class='wd_q134390' | [[Provinces o the Netherlands]] | province of the Netherlands | Provinces o the Netherlands | | |- class='wd_q190545' | [[Prunus]] | Prunus | Prunus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q37453' | [[Prunus armeniaca]] | Prunus armeniaca | Prunus armeniaca | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q19119' | [[pseudoscorpion]] | pseudoscorpion | Pseudoscorpion | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q166843' | [[Psidium guajava]] | Psidium guajava | Psidium guajava | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q366886' | [[psychopathy]] | psychopathy | Psychopathy | personality disorder<br/>personality type<br/>personality trait | personality disorder<br/>personality type<br/>personality trait |- class='wd_q904250' | [[Psychotria]] | Psychotria | Psychotria | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q245060' | [[Pteranodon]] | Pteranodon | Pteranodon | fossil taxon | fossil taxon |- class='wd_q848656' | [[pudú]] | Pudú | Pudú | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q270748' | [[Puma (genus)|Puma]] | Puma | Puma (genus) | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q1045888' | [[Puncak Jaya]] | Puncak Jaya | Puncak Jaya | [[Moontain|muntain]] | mountain |- class='wd_q1538' | [[Pune]] | Pune | Pune | [[ceety]] | city |- class='wd_q1797' | [[Pupienus]] | Pupienus | Pupienus | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q50415393' | [[Pushionin o Sergei an Yulia Skripal]] | poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal | Pushionin o Sergei an Yulia Skripal | attempted murder<br/>poisoning<br/>international incident | attempted murder<br/>poisoning<br/>international incident |- class='wd_q1627100' | [[Putting Pants on Philip]] | Putting Pants on Philip | Putting Pants on Philip | short film | short film |- class='wd_q18808' | [[Pyongyang]] | Pyongyang | Pyongyang | [[ceety]]<br/>direct-controlled municipality<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>first-level admeenistrative diveesion<br/>largest city | city<br/>direct-controlled municipality<br/>big city<br/>first-level administrative division<br/>largest city |- class='wd_q25307' | [[Pyot]] | Eurasian Magpie | Pyot | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q244236' | [[Qabala]] | Qabala | Qabala | [[ceety]] | city |- class='wd_q170208' | [[Quaiker|Quaker]] | Quakers | Quaiker | [[releegion]]<br/>worldview<br/>Christian denominational family | religion<br/>worldview<br/>Christian denominational family |- class='wd_q944' | [[quantum mechanics]] | quantum mechanics | Quantum mechanics | physical theory<br/>branch of mechanics | physical theory<br/>branch of mechanics |- class='wd_q2145' | [[Quebec Ceety]] | Quebec City | Quebec Ceety | ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>city or town of Quebec<br/>territory outside RCM in Quebec | big city<br/>city or town of Quebec<br/>territory outside RCM in Quebec |- class='wd_q5218' | [[Quechuan leids]] | Quechua | Quechuan leids | [[Leid faimly|leid faimily]]<br/>natural language<br/>macrolanguage<br/>modern language<br/>human language | language family<br/>natural language<br/>macrolanguage<br/>modern language<br/>human language |- class='wd_q9439' | [[Queen Victoria]] | Victoria | Queen Victoria | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q18723' | [[Queens Park Rangers F.C.|Queens Pairk Rangers F.C.]] | Queens Park Rangers F.C. | Queens Park Rangers F.C. | association fitbaa club | association football club |- class='wd_q131186' | [[queir]] | choir | Queir | type of musical group | type of musical group |- class='wd_q2900' | [[Quito]] | Quito | Quito | [[ceety]] | city |- class='wd_q742082' | [[R. R. McIan]] | R. R. McIan | R. R. McIan | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q121439' | [[raccoon]] | raccoon | Raccoon | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q570611' | [[Radegast (god)|Radegast]] | Radogost | Radegast (god) | Slavic deity | Slavic deity |- class='wd_q3332922' | [[radioactive decay]] | radioactive decay | Radioactive decay | | |- class='wd_q10132' | [[Rafael Nadal]] | Rafael Nadal | Rafael Nadal | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q388201' | [[Railwey electrification seestem]] | railway electrification system | Railwey electrification seestem | | |- class='wd_q1523' | [[Ramesses II]] | Ramesses II | Ramesses II | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q174461' | [[Ranchi]] | Ranchi | Ranchi | ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>state capital | big city<br/>state capital |- class='wd_q213356' | [[Ranunculus repens]] | Ranunculus repens | Ranunculus repens | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q190444' | [[Rare-earth element]] | rare earth element | Rare-earth element | | |- class='wd_q840849' | [[ratite]] | Struthioniformes | Ratite | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q27102' | [[Couter neb|Razorbill]] | Razorbill | Couter neb | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q9510' | [[Reality]] | reality | Reality | concept<br/>psychology concept | concept<br/>psychology concept |- class='wd_q174102' | [[refractive index]] | refractive index | Refractive index | | |- class='wd_q9794' | [[reggae]] | reggae | Reggae | [[muisic genre]] | music genre |- class='wd_q207350' | [[Rehovot]] | Rehovot | Rehovot | [[ceety]] | city |- class='wd_q79794' | [[reid deer]] | red deer | Reid deer | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q53462' | [[reid kangaroo]] | Macropus rufus | Reid kangaroo | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q41960' | [[reid panda]] | Red Panda | Reid panda | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q8332' | [[reid tod]] | red fox | Reid tod | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q232906' | [[reid-crouned crane]] | Red-crowned Crane | Reid-crouned crane | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q26545' | [[reidcoll]] | Armoracia rusticana | Reidcoll | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q27631' | [[Remembrance Day]] | Remembrance Day | Remembrance Day | public holiday | public holiday |- class='wd_q28113354' | [[Renewable Heat Incentive scandal]] | Renewable Heat Incentive scandal | Renewable Heat Incentive scandal | political scandal | political scandal |- class='wd_q9191' | [[René Descartes]] | René Descartes | René Descartes | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q3427179' | [[Renée Simonot]] | Renée Simonot | Renée Simonot | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q971' | [[Republic o the Congo]] | Republic of the Congo | Republic o the Congo | [[kintra]]<br/>sovereign state | country<br/>sovereign state |- class='wd_q181803' | [[Return o the Jedi]] | Star Wars: Episode VI – Return of the Jedi | Return o the Jedi | [[film]] | film |- class='wd_q748139' | [[Reversi]] | Othello | Reversi | solved game<br/>mind sport<br/>game on cell board | solved game<br/>mind sport<br/>game on cell board |- class='wd_q157649' | [[Sumac|Rhus]] | Rhus | Sumac | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q22691' | [[Ribes]] | Ribes | Ribes | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q42244' | [[ribosome]] | ribosome | Ribosome | cellular component | cellular component |- class='wd_q44546' | [[Ric Flair]] | Ric Flair | Ric Flair | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q151973' | [[Richard Burton]] | Richard Burton | Richard Burton | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q7326502' | [[Richard Holland]] | Richard Holland | Richard Holland | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q128799' | [[Ricky Martin]] | Q128799 | Ricky Martin | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q1771398' | [[Riffa]] | Riffa | Riffa | [[ceety]]<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | city<br/>big city |- class='wd_q185385' | [[ring-tailed lemur]] | ring-tailed lemur | Ring-tailed lemur | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q224557' | [[Rio]] | Rio | Rio | Wikimedia disambiguation page | Wikimedia disambiguation page |- class='wd_q2155445' | [[River City]] | River City | River City | televeesion series | television series |- class='wd_q19724' | [[River Mersey]] | River Mersey | River Mersey | main stem | main stem |- class='wd_q2304466' | [[River Sooth Esk]] | River South Esk | River Sooth Esk | [[river]] | river |- class='wd_q1249255' | [[Riyadh Region|Riyadh Province]] | Riyadh Province | Riyadh Region | province of Saudi Arabia | province of Saudi Arabia |- class='wd_q7339733' | [[Roamin' in the gloamin]] | Roamin' In The Gloamin' | Roamin' in the gloamin | musical work/composition | musical work/composition |- class='wd_q83338' | [[Robin Williams]] | Robin Williams | Robin Williams | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q1631437' | [[Rock-a-Doodle]] | Rock-a-Doodle | Rock-a-Doodle | [[film]] | film |- class='wd_q94893' | [[Rockstar North]] | Q94893 | Rockstar North | [[video gemme developer]] | video game developer |- class='wd_q457786' | [[Rodrigo Duterte]] | Rodrigo Duterte | Rodrigo Duterte | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q218' | [[Roumainie|Romanie]] | Romania | Roumainie | [[kintra]]<br/>[[naition state]]<br/>sovereign state | country<br/>nation state<br/>sovereign state |- class='wd_q250049' | [[Romanie mafia]] | Romanian mafia | Romanie mafia | | |- class='wd_q9960' | [[Ronald Reagan]] | Ronald Reagan | Ronald Reagan | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q7365246' | [[Ronald Ross]] | Ronald Ross | Ronald Ross | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q1525' | [[roondaboot]] | roundabout | Roondaboot | | |- class='wd_q1754320' | [[Rootes Group]] | Rootes Group | Rootes Group | brand<br/>automobile manufacturer<br/>auto racing team | brand<br/>automobile manufacturer<br/>auto racing team |- class='wd_q46299' | [[Rosaceae]] | Q46299 | Rosaceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q21895' | [[Rosales]] | Q21895 | Rosales | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q3442214' | [[Rosalie Lamorlière]] | Rosalie Lamorlière | Rosalie Lamorlière | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q7474' | [[Rosalind Franklin]] | Rosalind Franklin | Rosalind Franklin | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q208060' | [[Rose-ringed parakeet|Rose-ringed Parakeet]] | Rose-ringed Parakeet | Rose-ringed parakeet | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q295212' | [[Rosen Plevneliev]] | Rosen Plevneliev | Rosen Plevneliev | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q338878' | [[rosids]] | Rosids | Rosids | clade | clade |- class='wd_q2624680' | [[Roushie Federal State Stateestics Service]] | Federal State Statistics Service | Roushie Federal State Stateestics Service | statistical service<br/>Federal service (Russian Federation) | statistical service<br/>Federal service (Russian Federation) |- class='wd_q4120572' | [[Rowland Allanson-Winn, 5t Baron Headley]] | Rowland Allanson-Winn, 5th Baron Headley | Rowland Allanson-Winn, 5t Baron Headley | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q602740' | [[Rubus]] | Rubus | Rubus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q5849' | [[Rugby union]] | rugby union | Rugby union | type o sport<br/>team sport | type of sport<br/>team sport |- class='wd_q304290' | [[Rugrats]] | Rugrats | Rugrats | animated television series | animated television series |- class='wd_q151993' | [[Ruhr]] | Ruhr | Ruhr | conurbation<br/>[[Metropolitan area|metropolitan aurie]]<br/>functional urban area | conurbation<br/>metropolitan area<br/>functional urban area |- class='wd_q160173' | [[Ruse, Bulgarie|Ruse]] | Ruse | Ruse, Bulgarie | border city<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>municipality seat<br/>oblast seat<br/>city in Bulgaria | border city<br/>big city<br/>municipality seat<br/>oblast seat<br/>city in Bulgaria |- class='wd_q146030' | [[Rutaceae]] | Rutaceae | Rutaceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q11116' | [[Ruth Bader Ginsburg]] | Ruth Bader Ginsburg | Ruth Bader Ginsburg | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q232260' | [[Ruth Rendell]] | Ruth Rendell | Ruth Rendell | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q2727336' | [[Ryal Staundart o Scotland]] | Royal Standard of Scotland | Ryal Staundart o Scotland | royal standard | royal standard |- class='wd_q192682' | [[Ryan Reynolds]] | Ryan Reynolds | Ryan Reynolds | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q2746' | [[Ryazan]] | Ryazan | Ryazan | admeenistrative-territorial entity o Roushie<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>city or town | administrative divisions of Russia<br/>big city<br/>city or town |- class='wd_q658065' | [[Rydberg constant]] | Rydberg constant | Rydberg constant | [[Physical constant|pheesical constant]] | physical constant |- class='wd_q240051' | [[Ryoko Tani]] | Ryoko Tani | Ryoko Tani | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q29272' | [[Ryugyong Hottle|Ryugyong Hotel]] | Ryugyong Hotel | Ryugyong Hottle | skyscraper<br/>hottle<br/>mixed-use development | skyscraper<br/>hotel<br/>mixed-use development |- class='wd_q6897416' | [[Ryukyu Isles]] | Ryukyu Islands | Ryukyu Isles | island group | island group |- class='wd_q2109400' | [[Rögnvald Kali Kolsson]] | Rögnvald Kali Kolsson | Rögnvald Kali Kolsson | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q295994' | [[Rüppell's tod]] | Rüppell's fox | Rüppell's tod | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q76338' | [[Sabine Lisicki]] | Sabine Lisicki | Sabine Lisicki | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q18013' | [[Sacramento, Californie|Sacramento]] | Sacramento | Sacramento, Californie | coonty seat<br/>ceety o the Unitit States<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>charter ceety | county seat<br/>city in the United States<br/>big city<br/>charter city |- class='wd_q16049782' | [[Sadaf Taherian]] | Sadaf Taherian | Sadaf Taherian | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q188336' | [[Safed]] | Safed | Safed | [[ceety]] | city |- class='wd_q147538' | [[Define:Saft drink|saft drink]] | soft drink | Define:Saft drink | type of food or dish<br/>type of drink | type of food or dish<br/>type of drink |- class='wd_q677952' | [[Saint-Florent]] | Saint-Florent | Saint-Florent | [[veelage]]<br/>commune o Fraunce | village<br/>commune of France |- class='wd_q589980' | [[Saint-Pierre, Martinique|Saint-Pierre]] | Saint-Pierre | Saint-Pierre, Martinique | commune o Fraunce | commune of France |- class='wd_q134635' | [[Saitama]] | Saitama | Saitama | [[Ceeties o Japan|ceety o Japan]]<br/>satellite city<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>city designated by government ordinance<br/>city for international conferences and tourism<br/>educational town<br/>prefectural capital of Japan<br/>de facto national capital | city of Japan<br/>satellite city<br/>big city<br/>city designated by government ordinance<br/>city for international conferences and tourism<br/>educational town<br/>prefectural capital of Japan<br/>de facto national capital |- class='wd_q76833058' | [[Salaam Kivu International Film Festival]] | Salaam Kivu International Film Festival | Salaam Kivu International Film Festival | film festival | film festival |- class='wd_q610524' | [[Salamina, Caldas|Salamina]] | Salamina | Salamina, Caldas | [[Municipalities o Colombie]] | municipality of Colombia |- class='wd_q36050' | [[Willae|Salix]] | Salix | Willae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q23337' | [[Salt Lake City|Salt Lake Ceety]] | Salt Lake City | Salt Lake City | coonty seat<br/>ceety o the Unitit States | county seat<br/>city in the United States |- class='wd_q623222' | [[Sam & Cat]] | Sam & Cat | Sam & Cat | televeesion series | television series |- class='wd_q12150341' | [[Samanid Empire]] | Samanid Empire | Samanid Empire | historical state | historical country |- class='wd_q17422' | [[Same-sex mairiage|Same-sex mairage]] | same-sex marriage | Same-sex mairiage | legal relationship | legal relationship |- class='wd_q56463' | [[Sami leids]] | Sámi | Sami leids | [[Leid faimly|leid faimily]] | language family |- class='wd_q16193885' | [[Samia Suluhu Hassan]] | Samia Suluhu Hassan | Samia Suluhu Hassan | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q7410064' | [[Samoé]] | Samoé | Samoé | subprefecture of Guinea | subprefecture of Guinea |- class='wd_q1132747' | [[Samue]] | samue | Samue | | |- class='wd_q50139' | [[San Benedetto dei Marsi]] | San Benedetto dei Marsi | San Benedetto dei Marsi | comune o Italy | comune of Italy |- class='wd_q16553' | [[San Jose, Californie|San Jose]] | San Jose | San Jose, Californie | coonty seat<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>charter ceety | county seat<br/>big city<br/>charter city |- class='wd_q173718' | [[San José]] | San José | San José | Wikimedia disambiguation page | Wikimedia disambiguation page |- class='wd_q21010219' | [[San Juan, Nevada|San Juan]] | San Juan | San Juan, Nevada | [[Ghaist toun]] | ghost town |- class='wd_q41211' | [[San Juan, Puerto Rico]] | San Juan | San Juan, Puerto Rico | municipality of Puerto Rico<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | municipality of Puerto Rico<br/>big city |- class='wd_q2067282' | [[San Julián de los Prados]] | San Julián de los Prados | San Julián de los Prados | [[kirk]]<br/>basilica<br/>Monument (Spain) | church building<br/>basilica<br/>Monument (Spain) |- class='wd_q78980' | [[San Luis Potosí]] | San Luis Potosí | San Luis Potosí | state of Mexico | state of Mexico |- class='wd_q40791' | [[Sandra Bullock]] | Sandra Bullock | Sandra Bullock | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q12354937' | [[Santa Inés Yatzeche]] | Santa Inés Yatzeche Municipality | Santa Inés Yatzeche | [[Municipalities o Mexico]] | municipality of Mexico |- class='wd_q59669' | [[Sao Vang Airport]] | Tho Xuan Airport | Sao Vang Airport | airport<br/>commercial traffic aerodrome | airport<br/>commercial traffic aerodrome |- class='wd_q26316' | [[Sapindales]] | Q26316 | Sapindales | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q158981' | [[Sapotaceae]] | Sapotaceae | Sapotaceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q270878' | [[Sarah McLeod]] | Sarah McLeod | Sarah McLeod | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q83891' | [[Sasanian Empire]] | Sasanian Empire | Sasanian Empire | historical state | historical country |- class='wd_q131532' | [[Sassafras]] | Sassafras | Sassafras | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q2107439' | [[Satellite Beach, Florida|Satellite Beach]] | Satellite Beach | Satellite Beach, Florida | ceety o the Unitit States | city in the United States |- class='wd_q44269' | [[Saunt Nicholas]] | Saint Nicholas | Saunt Nicholas | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q11254' | [[saut]] | table salt | Saut | mixtur<br/>ingredient | mixture<br/>ingredient |- class='wd_q1135526' | [[sautie]] | common dab | Sautie | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q182599' | [[sautwatter crocodile]] | Crocodylus porosus | Sautwatter crocodile | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q7428063' | [[Save Ulster from Sodomy]] | Save Ulster from Sodomy | Save Ulster from Sodomy | political campaign | political campaign |- class='wd_q838665' | [[Saxicola rubicola]] | European Stonechat | Saxicola rubicola | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q156146' | [[Saxifraga]] | Saxifraga | Saxifraga | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q2543932' | [[Saxifragaceae]] | Saxifragaceae | Saxifragaceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q21855' | [[Saxifragales]] | Saxifragales | Saxifragales | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q1167098' | [[Scalpay, Ooter Hebrides|Scalpay]] | Scalpay | Scalpay, Ooter Hebrides | [[island]] | island |- class='wd_q2300959' | [[Scarsdale]] | Scarsdale | Scarsdale | toun o the Unitit States<br/>village of New York<br/>town of New York<br/>coterminous town-village of New York | town in the United States<br/>village of New York<br/>town of New York<br/>coterminous town-village of New York |- class='wd_q483941' | [[Schindler's List]] | Schindler's List | Schindler's List | [[film]] | film |- class='wd_q13430975' | [[Scotch ale]] | Scotch ale | Scotch ale | beer style | beer style |- class='wd_q7435638' | [[Scotland Forever!]] | Scotland Forever! | Scotland Forever! | paintin | painting |- class='wd_q18356161' | [[ScotRail]] | ScotRail | ScotRail | railway company<br/>brand | railway company<br/>brand |- class='wd_q3915671' | [[Scots Cant]] | Scottish Cant | Scots Cant | mixed language<br/>leid<br/>modern language<br/>thieves' cant | mixed language<br/>language<br/>modern language<br/>thieves' cant |- class='wd_q181634' | [[Scots fowk]] | Scottish people | Scots fowk | [[ethnic group]] | ethnic group |- class='wd_q24083592' | [[Scots Leebertarian Pairty]] | Scottish Libertarian Party | Scots Leebertarian Pairty | [[poleetical pairty]] | political party |- class='wd_q10658' | [[Scots National Pairty]] | Scottish National Party | Scots National Pairty | [[poleetical pairty]] | political party |- class='wd_q683800' | [[Scots Pairlament election, 2003|Scots pairlamentary walin]] | 2003 Scottish Parliament general election | Scots Pairlament election, 2003 | Scottish Parliament election | Scottish Parliament election |- class='wd_q7438105' | [[Scots place names in Canadae]] | Scottish place names in Canada | Scots place names in Canadae | Wikimedia leet airticle | Wikimedia list article |- class='wd_q39035' | [[Scots Tarrie]] | Scottish Terrier | Scots Tarrie | dog breed | dog breed |- class='wd_q7437788' | [[Scottish Industrial Railway Centre]] | Scottish Industrial Railway Centre | Scottish Industrial Railway Centre | Heritage railwey | heritage railway |- class='wd_q267380' | [[Scottish Oils]] | Anglo-Persian Oil Company | Scottish Oils | company<br/>[[Business|buisiness]]<br/>oil company | company<br/>business<br/>oil company |- class='wd_q37260' | [[scrievin]] | writing | Scrievin | [[habby]]<br/>skill | hobby<br/>skill |- class='wd_q159115' | [[Scrophularia nodosa]] | Scrophularia nodosa | Scrophularia nodosa | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q163865' | [[scruibie]] | scurvy | Scruibie | type of disease | type of disease |- class='wd_q35367' | [[Sea o Marmara]] | Sea of Marmara | Sea o Marmara | inland sea | adjacent sea |- class='wd_q19106' | [[sea speeder]] | Pycnogonida | Sea speeder | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q25928' | [[sea-pyot]] | Eurasian Oystercatcher | Sea-pyot | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q4573' | [[Sean Connery]] | Sean Connery | Sean Connery | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q1127591' | [[Seanad Éireann]] | Seanad Éireann | Seanad Éireann | senate<br/>elected legislative house | senate<br/>elected legislative house |- class='wd_q5083' | [[Seattle]] | Seattle | Seattle | coonty seat<br/>ceety o the Unitit States<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | county seat<br/>city in the United States<br/>big city |- class='wd_q1098925' | [[Section 28]] | Section 28 | Section 28 | clause<br/>section | clause<br/>section |- class='wd_q1063567' | [[Sellafield]] | Sellafield | Sellafield | nuclear facility<br/>[[Business|buisiness]] | nuclear facility<br/>business |- class='wd_q1939117' | [[Semanteec chynge]] | semantic change | Semanteec chynge | | |- class='wd_q9715' | [[semen]] | semen | Semen | body fluid<br/>class of anatomical entity | body fluid<br/>class of anatomical entity |- class='wd_q911008' | [[Sepang]] | Sepang District | Sepang | district of Malaysia | district of Malaysia |- class='wd_q102251' | [[Sephardi Jews]] | Sephardi Jews | Sephardi Jews | [[ethnic group]] | ethnic group |- class='wd_q1442' | [[Septimius Severus]] | Septimius Severus | Septimius Severus | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q9299' | [[Serbie leid]] | Serbian | Serbie leid | leid<br/>pluricentric language variant<br/>standard variety | language<br/>pluricentric language variant<br/>standard variety |- class='wd_q9301' | [[Serbo-Croatie|Serbo-Croatian]] | Serbo-Croatian | Serbo-Croatie | natural language<br/>macrolanguage<br/>pluricentric language<br/>modern language | natural language<br/>macrolanguage<br/>pluricentric language<br/>modern language |- class='wd_q127885' | [[Serbs]] | Serbs | Serbs | nation<br/>[[ethnic group]] | nation<br/>ethnic group |- class='wd_q7454994' | [[Sermon on the Mound]] | Sermon on the Mound | Sermon on the Mound | oration | oration |- class='wd_q51640' | [[Sermon on the Mount|Sermon on the Munt]] | Sermon on the Mount | Sermon on the Mount | sermon | sermon |- class='wd_q42699' | [[Serval]] | serval | Serval | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q2763698' | [[sesame]] | Sesamum indicum | Sesame | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q290' | [[sex]] | biological sex | Sex | medical attribute | medical attribute |- class='wd_q12198' | [[Sexually transmit tribble|sexually transmittit disease]] | sexually transmitted infection | Sexually transmit tribble | mode of transmission | mode of transmission |- class='wd_q18700' | [[shaebill]] | Shoebill | Shaebill | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q83672' | [[Shah Jahan]] | Shah Jahan | Shah Jahan | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q9535' | [[Shah Rukh Khan]] | Shah Rukh Khan | Shah Rukh Khan | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q59100' | [[Shantou]] | Shantou | Shantou | prefecture-level city<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | prefecture-level city<br/>big city |- class='wd_q191455' | [[Shapur I]] | Shapur I | Shapur I | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q234860' | [[Shapur II]] | Shapur II | Shapur II | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q482752' | [[sharia]] | sharia | Sharia | legal order<br/>form o rule<br/>academic discipline<br/>Islamic term | legal system<br/>form of government<br/>academic discipline<br/>Islamic term |- class='wd_q7368' | [[sheep]] | sheep | Sheep | organisms known by a particular common name | organisms known by a particular common name |- class='wd_q235478' | [[Shelley Duvall]] | Shelley Duvall | Shelley Duvall | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q39357' | [[Shih Tzu]] | Shih Tzu | Shih Tzu | dog breed | dog breed |- class='wd_q715710' | [[Shikra]] | Accipiter badius | Shikra | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q57410' | [[Shimon Peres]] | Shimon Peres | Shimon Peres | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q105124' | [[Shishapangma]] | Shishapangma | Shishapangma | [[Moontain|muntain]] | mountain |- class='wd_q239505' | [[Shivaji]] | Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj | Shivaji | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q131375' | [[shogi]] | shogi | Shogi | chess variant | chess variant |- class='wd_q652695' | [[shortbreid]] | shortbread | Shortbreid | | |- class='wd_q131136' | [[Shot starn]] | meteor | Shot starn | meteor shower | meteor shower |- class='wd_q549' | [[Siamese fechtin fish|Siamese fichtin fish]] | Siamese fighting fish | Siamese fechtin fish | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q1928719' | [[Side-valve ingine]] | flathead engine | Side-valve ingine | engine configuration | engine configuration |- class='wd_q190516' | [[Sika deer]] | sika deer | Sika deer | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q116209' | [[Silene]] | Silene | Silene | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q116269' | [[silicon dioxide]] | silicon dioxide | Silicon dioxide | type of chemical entity | type of chemical entity |- class='wd_q2166799' | [[Simon Mann]] | Simon Mann | Simon Mann | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q483312' | [[Singmogil]] | Singmogil | Singmogil | national day<br/>public holiday<br/>Korean anniversary days | national day<br/>public holiday<br/>Korean anniversary days |- class='wd_q191114' | [[Sita]] | Sita | Sita | Hindu deity<br/>human whose existence is disputed | Hindu deity<br/>human whose existence is disputed |- class='wd_q234597' | [[sitatunga]] | sitatunga | Sitatunga | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q55063313' | [[Sizewell C nuclear pouer station]] | Sizewell C nuclear power station | Sizewell C nuclear pouer station | [[Nuclear pouer station]] | nuclear power plant |- class='wd_q1074' | [[skin]] | skin | Skin | organ type<br/>class of anatomical entity | organ type<br/>class of anatomical entity |- class='wd_q8102' | [[slang]] | slang | Slang | register<br/>usage | register<br/>usage |- class='wd_q589187' | [[Sliders (TV series)]] | Sliders | Sliders (TV series) | televeesion series | television series |- class='wd_q25421' | [[smaw douker]] | Little Grebe | Smaw douker | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q30197' | [[snaw leopard]] | snow leopard | Snaw leopard | [[taxon]]<br/>apex predator<br/>flagship species | taxon<br/>apex predator<br/>flagship species |- class='wd_q170177' | [[White oul|snawy oul]] | Snowy Owl | White oul | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q190570' | [[sniper rifle]] | sniper rifle | Sniper rifle | weapon type | weapon type |- class='wd_q134430' | [[Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)|Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs]] | Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs | Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film) | animatit film | animated film |- class='wd_q34396' | [[Saip|soap]] | soap | Saip | cleaning product<br/>personal hygiene item | cleaning product<br/>personal hygiene item |- class='wd_q146313' | [[Sobek]] | Sobek | Sobek | Ancient Egyptian deity<br/>deity<br/>watter deity | Ancient Egyptian deity<br/>deity<br/>water deity |- class='wd_q39420' | [[Sochi]] | Sochi | Sochi | city or town<br/>city/town in Russia | city or town<br/>city/town in Russia |- class='wd_q36380' | [[Society o Jesus]] | Society of Jesus | Society o Jesus | organization<br/>Catholic order<br/>group o humans | organization<br/>Catholic order<br/>group of humans |- class='wd_q190227' | [[sodium carbonate]] | sodium carbonate | Sodium carbonate | type of chemical entity | type of chemical entity |- class='wd_q2314' | [[sodium chloride]] | sodium chloride | Sodium chloride | type of chemical entity | type of chemical entity |- class='wd_q102769' | [[sodium hydroxide]] | sodium hydroxide | Sodium hydroxide | type of chemical entity | type of chemical entity |- class='wd_q388108' | [[Sohag]] | Sohag | Sohag | [[ceety]]<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | city<br/>big city |- class='wd_q26675' | [[solan guiss]] | Northern Gannet | Solan guiss | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q21723' | [[Solanales]] | Solanales | Solanales | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q146555' | [[Solanum]] | Q146555 | Solanum | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q147707' | [[Solanum dulcamara]] | Solanum dulcamara | Solanum dulcamara | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q48440' | [[Solar radius]] | solar radius | Solar radius | unit of length | unit of length |- class='wd_q170731' | [[solubility]] | solubility | Solubility | | |- class='wd_q47539' | [[Sooth Atlantic Peace an Cooperation Zone]] | South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone | Sooth Atlantic Peace an Cooperation Zone | organization | organization |- class='wd_q475449' | [[Soothren hairy-nebbit wombat]] | southern hairy-nosed wombat | Soothren hairy-nebbit wombat | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q7354' | [[Soothren Ocean]] | Southern Ocean | Soothren Ocean | [[ocean]] | ocean |- class='wd_q157964' | [[Sorbus]] | Sorbus | Sorbus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q76593978' | [[Sores of Emmanuel]] | Sores of Emmanuel | Sores of Emmanuel | [[film]] | film |- class='wd_q12111' | [[Sorghum]] | Sorghum | Sorghum | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q105060' | [[Sosnowiec]] | Sosnowiec | Sosnowiec | [[ceety]]<br/>ceety wi powiat richts<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>urban gmina | city<br/>city with powiat rights in Poland<br/>big city<br/>urban municipality of Poland |- class='wd_q1415615' | [[Sounds of a Playground Fading]] | Sounds of a Playground Fading | Sounds of a Playground Fading | [[album]] | album |- class='wd_q62372' | [[South Jamaica, Queens|South Jamaica]] | South Jamaica | South Jamaica, Queens | neighbourhuid | neighborhood |- class='wd_q1045096' | [[South Kensington]] | South Kensington | South Kensington | aurie o Lunnon | area of London |- class='wd_q15180' | [[Soviet Union]] | Soviet Union | Soviet Union | historical state | historical country |- class='wd_q5916' | [[spaceflicht]] | spaceflight | Spaceflicht | | |- class='wd_q10859' | [[Spainish Ceevil War|Spaingie Ceevil War]] | Spanish Civil War | Spainish Ceevil War | civil war | civil war |- class='wd_q1321' | [[Spainish leid|Spainish]] | Spanish | Spainish leid | natural language<br/>leid<br/>modern language<br/>human language | natural language<br/>language<br/>modern language<br/>human language |- class='wd_q928333' | [[Spaingie immigration tae Mexico|Spainyie immigration tae Mexico]] | Spaniards in Mexico | Spaingie immigration tae Mexico | [[ethnic group]] | ethnic group |- class='wd_q193340' | [[Spark plug]] | spark plug | Spark plug | | |- class='wd_q28922' | [[sparrae]] | Passeridae | Sparrae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q160114' | [[spearimint]] | Mentha spicata | Spearimint | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q25439' | [[specht]] | Q25439 | Specht | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q11455' | [[Special relativity]] | special relativity | Special relativity | [[Physical law|pheesical law]]<br/>scientific theory | physical law<br/>scientific theory |- class='wd_q158767' | [[spelt]] | Triticum spelta | Spelt | [[taxon]]<br/>grain crop | taxon<br/>grain crop |- class='wd_q25814' | [[Spermatophyte]] | Q25814 | Spermatophyte | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q21162' | [[Spitsbergen]] | Spitsbergen | Spitsbergen | [[island]] | island |- class='wd_q2913554' | [[Frasers Group|Sports Direct]] | Frasers Group | Frasers Group | brick and mortar<br/>public company<br/>[[Business|buisiness]] | brick and mortar<br/>public company<br/>business |- class='wd_q49158' | [[Springfield, Massachusetts|Springfield]] | Springfield | Springfield, Massachusetts | coonty seat<br/>ceety o the Unitit States<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | county seat<br/>city in the United States<br/>big city |- class='wd_q25380' | [[Spur-hawk]] | Eurasian Sparrowhawk | Spur-hawk | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q170334' | [[Srebrenica massacre|Srebrenica genocide]] | Srebrenica massacre | Srebrenica massacre | genocide<br/>war crime<br/>crime against humanity<br/>massacre | genocide<br/>war crime<br/>crime against humanity<br/>massacre |- class='wd_q41963' | [[Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte]] | Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte | Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte | de jure national capital | de jure national capital |- class='wd_q3581844' | [[St James's Kirk, Liège]] | St James's Church | St James's Kirk, Liège | [[kirk]]<br/>abbey<br/>religious building | church building<br/>abbey<br/>religious building |- class='wd_q941325' | [[Stamford, New York|Stamford]] | Stamford | Stamford, New York | toun o the Unitit States<br/>town of New York | town in the United States<br/>town of New York |- class='wd_q756442' | [[Stane o Scuin]] | Stone of Scone | Stane o Scuin | stane | stone |- class='wd_q18847' | [[stank-hen]] | Common Moorhen | Stank-hen | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q250429' | [[Stap sign]] | stop sign | Stap sign | | |- class='wd_q149116' | [[Staphylococcaceae]] | Staphylococcaceae | Staphylococcaceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q462' | [[Star Wars]] | Star Wars | Star Wars | media franchise<br/>brand<br/>film franchise | media franchise<br/>brand<br/>film franchise |- class='wd_q35657' | [[state o the Unitit States]] | U.S. state | State o the Unitit States | designation for an administrative territorial entity of a single country<br/>Pentacontad | designation for an administrative territorial entity of a single country<br/>Pentacontad |- class='wd_q12483' | [[Stateestics]] | statistics | Stateestics | academic major | academic major |- class='wd_q14388' | [[Stegosaurus]] | Stegosaurus | Stegosaurus | fossil taxon | fossil taxon |- class='wd_q206' | [[Stephen Harper]] | Stephen Harper | Stephen Harper | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q76366' | [[Sterna]] | Sterna | Sterna | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q25882' | [[Stibble guiss]] | Greylag Goose | Stibble guiss | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q186212' | [[Stirling ingine]] | Stirling engine | Stirling ingine | | |- class='wd_q2232618' | [[Stirrup cup]] | stirrup cup | Stirrup cup | parting tradition | parting tradition |- class='wd_q292265' | [[Stoja|Stoja Novaković]] | Stoja Novaković | Stoja | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q2404900' | [[Stoke Dry]] | Stoke Dry | Stoke Dry | [[veelage]]<br/>[[Ceevil pairish|ceevil parish]] | village<br/>civil parish |- class='wd_q178942' | [[storm cock]] | Mistle Thrush | Storm cock | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q13158' | [[straeberry]] | strawberry | Straeberry | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q48365' | [[Strait o Magellan]] | Strait of Magellan | Strait o Magellan | strait | strait |- class='wd_q169358' | [[stratovolcano]] | stratovolcano | Stratovolcano | | |- class='wd_q140018' | [[Streptococcaceae]] | Streptococcaceae | Streptococcaceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q2746295' | [[Stuart Murdoch (muisicker)|Stuart Murdoch]] | Stuart Murdoch | Stuart Murdoch (muisicker) | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q1022' | [[Stuttgart]] | Stuttgart | Stuttgart | major regional center<br/>financial center<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>circle ceety<br/>state capital in Germany<br/>urban municipality in Germany<br/>Option municipality | major regional center<br/>financial center<br/>big city<br/>City district in Baden-Württemberg<br/>state capital in Germany<br/>urban municipality in Germany<br/>Option municipality |- class='wd_q172741' | [[Subaru]] | Subaru | Subaru | division<br/>automobile manufacturer | division<br/>automobile manufacturer |- class='wd_q11002' | [[succar]] | sugar | Succar | commodity<br/>excipient<br/>sweetener<br/>group or class of chemical substances | commodity<br/>excipient<br/>sweetener<br/>group or class of chemical substances |- class='wd_q44914' | [[Sudoku]] | sudoku | Sudoku | [[Guddock|Güdic]]<br/>[[habby]]<br/>mind sport<br/>logic puzzle | riddle<br/>hobby<br/>mind sport<br/>logic puzzle |- class='wd_q49101' | [[Suez Creesis|Suez Crisis]] | Suez Crisis | Suez Creesis | military expedition | military expedition |- class='wd_q380764' | [[Sukhothai Province]] | Sukhothai | Sukhothai Province | [[Provinces o Thailand]] | province of Thailand |- class='wd_q40811' | [[Sukhumi]] | Sokhumi | Sukhumi | [[ceety]] | city |- class='wd_q525' | [[Sun]] | Sun | Sun | G-type main-sequence starn | G-type main-sequence star |- class='wd_q275163' | [[Sunda cloodit leopard]] | Sunda clouded leopard | Sunda cloodit leopard | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q269728' | [[Sunda pangolin]] | Sunda pangolin | Sunda pangolin | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q183259' | [[Super Nintendo Entertainment System]] | Super Nintendo Entertainment System | Super Nintendo Entertainment System | electronic device model | electronic device model |- class='wd_q1065079' | [[Supporters' Shield]] | Supporters' Shield | Supporters' Shield | association football trophy or award | association football trophy or award |- class='wd_q10798' | [[Pig|Sus]] | Sus | Pig | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q3551021' | [[Sussan Taunton]] | Sussan Taunton | Sussan Taunton | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q26629' | [[Swart-back]] | Great Black-backed Gull | Swart-back | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q165141' | [[Swisserland naitional fitbaw team|Swisserland naitional fitbaa team]] | Switzerland men's national football team | Swisserland naitional fitbaw team | men's national association football team | men's national association football team |- class='wd_q7659945' | [[Sydney Goodsir Smith]] | Sydney Goodsir Smith | Sydney Goodsir Smith | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q2573367' | [[Sydney Roosters]] | Sydney Roosters | Sydney Roosters | rugby league team | rugby league team |- class='wd_q188446' | [[Sylvia atricapilla]] | Sylvia atricapilla | Sylvia atricapilla | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q207592' | [[Sylvia Kristel]] | Sylvia Kristel | Sylvia Kristel | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q212676' | [[Symon Petliura]] | Symon Petliura | Symon Petliura | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q1141086' | [[Synagogue o Besançon]] | Synagogue of Besançon | Synagogue o Besançon | [[synagogue]] | synagogue |- class='wd_q37437' | [[syntax]] | syntax | Syntax | language subsystem<br/>branch of linguistics | language subsystem<br/>branch of linguistics |- class='wd_q26736' | [[Clove|Syzygium aromaticum]] | clove | Clove | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q174' | [[São Paulo]] | São Paulo | São Paulo | [[ceety]]<br/>megacity<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>municipality o Brazil<br/>largest city | city<br/>megacity<br/>big city<br/>municipality of Brazil<br/>largest city |- class='wd_q6512' | [[Søren Kierkegaard]] | Søren Kierkegaard | Søren Kierkegaard | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q155658' | [[T-72]] | T-72 | T-72 | combat vehicle family | combat vehicle family |- class='wd_q170596' | [[T. E. Lawrence]] | T. E. Lawrence | T. E. Lawrence | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q2161' | [[Tacitus]] | Tacitus | Tacitus | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q750259' | [[Tafilah Govrenorate]] | Tafilah Governorate | Tafilah Govrenorate | [[Govrenorates o Jordan]] | governorate of Jordan |- class='wd_q7676492' | [[Taito Phillip Field]] | Taito Phillip Field | Taito Phillip Field | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q865' | [[Taiwan (kintra)|Taiwan]] | Taiwan | Taiwan (kintra) | island country<br/>sovereign state<br/>democratic republic | island country<br/>sovereign state<br/>democratic republic |- class='wd_q22502' | [[Taiwan]] | Taiwan Island | Taiwan | [[island]] | island |- class='wd_q72778' | [[Taiyuan]] | Taiyuan | Taiyuan | prefecture-level city<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | prefecture-level city<br/>big city |- class='wd_q132956' | [[Taklamakan Desert]] | Taklamakan | Taklamakan Desert | desert | desert |- class='wd_q205792' | [[Tamanrasset]] | Tamanrasset | Tamanrasset | [[ceety]]<br/>commune of Algeria | city<br/>commune of Algeria |- class='wd_q3036410' | [[Tammy Duckworth]] | Tammy Duckworth | Tammy Duckworth | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q83367' | [[Tanakh]] | Tanakh | Tanakh | biblical canon<br/>[[Haly beuk]]<br/>miscellany<br/>series | biblical canon<br/>religious text<br/>miscellany<br/>series of creative works |- class='wd_q271771' | [[Tanta]] | Tanta | Tanta | [[ceety]]<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | city<br/>big city |- class='wd_q191827' | [[Taoiseach]] | Taoiseach | Taoiseach | public offeecial | public office |- class='wd_q1642670' | [[Tarhuna]] | Tarhuna | Tarhuna | [[ceety]]<br/>municipality of Libya | city<br/>municipality of Libya |- class='wd_q233608' | [[Tarpan]] | Equus ferus ferus | Tarpan | extinct taxon | extinct taxon |- class='wd_q155814' | [[tarragon]] | tarragon | Tarragon | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q174916' | [[Tartus]] | Tartus | Tartus | [[ceety]]<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>populated place in Syria | city<br/>big city<br/>populated place in Syria |- class='wd_q134964' | [[Tasmainien deil|Tasmanie deil]] | Tasmanian devil | Tasmainien deil | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q27355' | [[Taxus]] | Taxus | Taxus | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q428606' | [[TE10]] | Soviet Railways ТЭ10 | TE10 | locomotive class | locomotive class |- class='wd_q37226' | [[teacher]] | teacher | Teacher | [[profession]]<br/>poseetion<br/>occupation | profession<br/>position<br/>occupation |- class='wd_q38954' | [[Teide]] | Teide | Teide | [[Volcanae]]<br/>active volcano<br/>laundmark | volcano<br/>active volcano<br/>architectural landmark |- class='wd_q848096' | [[telephone nummers in the Unitit Kinrick]] | telephone numbers in the United Kingdom | Telephone nummers in the Unitit Kinrick | Wikimedia leet airticle | Wikimedia list article |- class='wd_q41403' | [[Teletubbies]] | Teletubbies | Teletubbies | televeesion series | television series |- class='wd_q15416' | [[Telly programme|televeesion programme]] | television program | Telly programme | type of television program | type of television program |- class='wd_q6666976' | [[Template:Abkhazia-note]] | Template:Abkhazia note | Template:Abkhazia-note | Wikimedia template | Wikimedia template |- class='wd_q76280' | [[tench]] | tench | Tench | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q13695' | [[Tenochtitlan]] | Tenochtitlan | Tenochtitlan | city-state<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>altepetl | city-state<br/>big city<br/>altepetl |- class='wd_q36656' | [[Ter Sami leid]] | Ter Sami | Ter Sami leid | leid<br/>modern language | language<br/>modern language |- class='wd_q9384' | [[testicle]] | testicle | Testicle | organ type<br/>class of anatomical entity | organ type<br/>class of anatomical entity |- class='wd_q201701' | [[Tetraodontidae]] | Tetraodontidae | Tetraodontidae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q19159' | [[tetrapod]] | Q19159 | Tetrapod | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q25392' | [[teuchit]] | Northern Lapwing | Teuchit | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q172691' | [[Thar Desert]] | Thar Desert | Thar Desert | desert<br/>WWF ecoregion | desert<br/>WWF ecoregion |- class='wd_q113700' | [[The Avengers (TV series)|The Avengers]] | The Avengers | The Avengers (TV series) | televeesion series | television series |- class='wd_q45354' | [[The Doors]] | The Doors | The Doors | muisic baund | musical group |- class='wd_q180089' | [[The Economist]] | The Economist | The Economist | [[wabsteid]]<br/>magazine | website<br/>magazine |- class='wd_q40302' | [[The Fox and the Hound]] | The Fox and the Hound | The Fox and the Hound | animatit film | animated film |- class='wd_q7739604' | [[The High Life (1994 TV series)|The High Life]] | The High Life | The High Life (1994 TV series) | televeesion series | television series |- class='wd_q7744143' | [[The Kerry Recruit]] | The Kerry Recruit | The Kerry Recruit | musical work/composition | musical work/composition |- class='wd_q27950674' | [[The Last of Us Part II]] | Q27950674 | The Last of Us Part II | [[video gemme]] | video game |- class='wd_q36479' | [[The Lion King]] | The Lion King | The Lion King | animatit film | animated film |- class='wd_q190135' | [[The Little Mermaid (1989 film)|The Little Mermaid]] | The Little Mermaid | The Little Mermaid (1989 film) | animatit film | animated film |- class='wd_q26220165' | [[The Parsonage Garden at Nuenen]] | The Parsonage Garden at Nuenen | The Parsonage Garden at Nuenen | paintin | painting |- class='wd_q2089577' | [[The Pebble and the Penguin]] | The Pebble and the Penguin | The Pebble and the Penguin | animatit film | animated film |- class='wd_q18536' | [[The Shard]] | The Shard | The Shard | skyscraper<br/>office biggin | skyscraper<br/>office building |- class='wd_q232737' | [[The Walking Dead (TV series)|The Walking Dead]] | The Walking Dead | The Walking Dead (TV series) | televeesion series | television series |- class='wd_q1140649' | [[The Wicker Man]] | The Wicker Man | The Wicker Man | [[film]] | film |- class='wd_q21997690' | [[The Wigtown Martyrs]] | Wigton Martyrs | The Wigtown Martyrs | | |- class='wd_q156574' | [[Theaceae]] | Theaceae | Theaceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q184232' | [[Theia]] | Theia | Theia | [[Titan (meethologie)|Titan]] | titan |- class='wd_q44003' | [[Theodor Herzl]] | Theodor Herzl | Theodor Herzl | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q13195257' | [[Cauld Kail in Aberdeen|There's Ca'd Kail in Aberdeen]] | Q13195257 | Cauld Kail in Aberdeen | | |- class='wd_q264766' | [[Theresa May]] | Theresa May | Theresa May | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q9270' | [[Thimphu]] | Thimphu | Thimphu | [[ceety]]<br/>admeenistrative diveesion<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | city<br/>administrative territorial entity<br/>big city |- class='wd_q9438' | [[Thomas Aquinas]] | Thomas Aquinas | Thomas Aquinas | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q269593' | [[Thompson submachine gun]] | Thompson submachine gun | Thompson submachine gun | weapon model | weapon model |- class='wd_q42952' | [[Thor]] | Thor | Thor | thunder deity<br/>Norse deity | thunder deity<br/>Norse deity |- class='wd_q942508' | [[Thorax (insect anatomy)|thorax]] | thorax | Thorax (insect anatomy) | | |- class='wd_q719528' | [[Thorfinn the Michty]] | Thorfinn the Mighty | Thorfinn the Michty | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q1412119' | [[Threads (1984 film)]] | Threads | Threads (1984 film) | television film | television film |- class='wd_q34124' | [[Tigrinya leid|Tigrinya]] | Tigrinya | Tigrinya leid | leid<br/>modern language | language<br/>modern language |- class='wd_q124739' | [[Tijuana]] | Tijuana | Tijuana | [[ceety]]<br/>locality of Mexico<br/>city in Mexico | city<br/>locality of Mexico<br/>city in Mexico |- class='wd_q127849' | [[Tilia]] | Tilia | Tilia | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q179257' | [[Timbaland]] | Timbaland | Timbaland | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q11471' | [[time]] | time | Time | scalar pheesical quantity<br/>independent variable<br/>spatiotemporal region | scalar quantity<br/>independent variable<br/>spatiotemporal region |- class='wd_q132572' | [[Tiraspol]] | Tiraspol | Tiraspol | ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>municipality of Moldova<br/>city or town | big city<br/>municipality of Moldova<br/>city or town |- class='wd_q26956' | [[Titlin]] | Anthus pratensis | Titlin | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q376038' | [[Toco toucan|Toco Toucan]] | Toco Toucan | Toco toucan | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q8331' | [[Tod]] | fox | Tod | organisms known by a particular common name | organisms known by a particular common name |- class='wd_q205662' | [[Tokugawa shogunate]] | Tokugawa shogunate | Tokugawa shogunate | govrenment agency<br/>shogunate<br/>historical state | government agency<br/>shogunate<br/>historical country |- class='wd_q287657' | [[Tokugawa Yoshinobu]] | Tokugawa Yoshinobu | Tokugawa Yoshinobu | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q90561312' | [[Captain Tom|Tom Moore]] | Tom Moore | Captain Tom | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q263802' | [[Tom Watson (Labour politeecian)|Tom Watson]] | Tom Watson | Tom Watson (Labour politeecian) | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q41057' | [[Topeka]] | Topeka | Topeka | coonty seat<br/>ceety o the Unitit States<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | county seat<br/>city in the United States<br/>big city |- class='wd_q142349' | [[Toronto Argonauts]] | Toronto Argonauts | Toronto Argonauts | Canadian football team | Canadian football team |- class='wd_q38991' | [[Tosa (dug)]] | Tosa | Tosa (dug) | dog breed | dog breed |- class='wd_q187278' | [[Toy Story 3]] | Toy Story 3 | Toy Story 3 | animatit film | animated film |- class='wd_q243543' | [[Toyota Corolla]] | Toyota Corolla | Toyota Corolla | automobile model series | automobile model series |- class='wd_q153681' | [[Trabant]] | Trabant | Trabant | automobile model series | automobile model series |- class='wd_q351303' | [[track]] | Track | Track | Wikimedia disambiguation page | Wikimedia disambiguation page |- class='wd_q39495' | [[Tractor]] | tractor | Tractor | type of vehicle | type of vehicle |- class='wd_q7831651' | [[Tractor vapourisin ile]] | tractor vaporising oil | Tractor vapourisin ile | | |- class='wd_q907112' | [[Transnistrie]] | Transnistria | Transnistrie | landlockt kintra<br/>unitary state<br/>military occupation<br/>social state<br/>secular state<br/>occupied territory<br/>state wi leemitit recogneetion | landlocked country<br/>unitary state<br/>military occupation<br/>social state<br/>secular state<br/>occupied territory<br/>state with limited recognition |- class='wd_q1237' | [[Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol]] | Trentino-South Tyrol | Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol | autonomous region with special statute | autonomous region with special statute |- class='wd_q327362' | [[triiodothyronine]] | triiodothyronine | Triiodothyronine | type of chemical entity | type of chemical entity |- class='wd_q4140065' | [[Trinidad James]] | Trinidad James | Trinidad James | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q1568779' | [[Tripoli (disambiguation)|Tripoli]] | Tripoli | Tripoli (disambiguation) | Wikimedia disambiguation page | Wikimedia disambiguation page |- class='wd_q1363' | [[Tripura]] | Tripura | Tripura | state of India | state of India |- class='wd_q2006725' | [[Triumph Acclaim]] | Triumph Acclaim | Triumph Acclaim | car model | car model |- class='wd_q1798248' | [[Triumph TR4A]] | Triumph TR4A | Triumph TR4A | car model | car model |- class='wd_q5639' | [[trolleybus]] | trolleybus | Trolleybus | bus type | bus type |- class='wd_q408352' | [[Trump]] | Trump | Trump | Wikimedia disambiguation page | Wikimedia disambiguation page |- class='wd_q186096' | [[Tsardom o Roushie]] | Tsardom of Russia | Tsardom o Roushie | historical state | historical country |- class='wd_q462843' | [[Tu Youyou]] | Tu Youyou | Tu Youyou | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q44989' | [[Tulsa]] | Tulsa | Tulsa | coonty seat<br/>ceety o the Unitit States<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | county seat<br/>city in the United States<br/>big city |- class='wd_q165118' | [[Tunicate]] | Tunicata | Tunicate | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q3572' | [[Tunis]] | Tunis | Tunis | ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>municipality of Tunisia | big city<br/>municipality of Tunisia |- class='wd_q213827' | [[Turaco]] | Turaco | Turaco | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q212798' | [[Turbellaria]] | Turbellaria | Turbellaria | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q256' | [[Turkis leid|Turkis]] | Turkish | Turkis leid | natural language<br/>modern language | natural language<br/>modern language |- class='wd_q43022' | [[Turkis coffee]] | Turkish coffee | Turkis coffee | | |- class='wd_q874' | [[Turkmenistan]] | Turkmenistan | Turkmenistan | [[kintra]]<br/>landlockt kintra<br/>sovereign state | country<br/>landlocked country<br/>sovereign state |- class='wd_q147520' | [[Typha latifolia]] | Typha latifolia | Typha latifolia | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q27112' | [[Tytonidae]] | Tytonidae | Tytonidae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q2670398' | [[Tzoran-Kadima]] | Tzoran-Kadima | Tzoran-Kadima | human settlement | human settlement |- class='wd_q203312' | [[Uccle]] | Uccle | Uccle | municipality o Belgium | municipality of Belgium |- class='wd_q7876900' | [[Udal law]] | Udal law | Udal law | legal system | legal system |- class='wd_q10647' | [[UK Unthirldom Pairty]] | UK Independence Party | UK Unthirldom Pairty | [[poleetical pairty]] | political party |- class='wd_q52933' | [[Ulrika Eleonora, Queen o Swaden]] | Ulrika Eleonora I of Sweden | Ulrika Eleonora, Queen o Swaden | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q6511' | [[Ulysses (novelle)|Ulysses]] | Ulysses | Ulysses (novelle) | leeterary wirk | literary work |- class='wd_q27138' | [[Unaizah]] | Unaizah | Unaizah | human settlement<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers | human settlement<br/>big city |- class='wd_q208650' | [[Uniformitarianism]] | uniformitarianism | Uniformitarianism | principle<br/>philosophical theory | principle<br/>philosophical theory |- class='wd_q588834' | [[Union City, New Jersey|Union City]] | Union City | Union City, New Jersey | ceety in New Jersey | city in New Jersey |- class='wd_q1622507' | [[Unitarian Universalism]] | Unitarian Universalism | Unitarian Universalism | [[releegion]] | religion |- class='wd_q42183' | [[United States Whig Party]] | Whig Party | United States Whig Party | [[poleetical pairty]] | political party |- class='wd_q216996' | [[Unitit Naitions Convention on the Law o the Sea]] | United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea | Unitit Naitions Convention on the Law o the Sea | United Nations treaty<br/>multilateral treaty | United Nations treaty<br/>multilateral treaty |- class='wd_q30' | [[Unitit States]] | United States | Unitit States | [[kintra]]<br/>sovereign state | country<br/>sovereign state |- class='wd_q139718826' | [[Unitit States UAP files]] | United States UFO files | Unitit States UAP files | release | release |- class='wd_q168383' | [[Universal Studios]] | Universal Pictures | Universal Studios | film studio<br/>film production company | film studio<br/>film production company |- class='wd_q34113' | [[Uralic leids]] | Uralic | Uralic leids | [[Leid faimly|leid faimily]] | language family |- class='wd_q9382' | [[urinary bladder]] | urinary bladder | Urinary bladder | organ type<br/>class of anatomical entity | organ type<br/>class of anatomical entity |- class='wd_q105650' | [[urology]] | urology | Urology | medical specialty<br/>academic discipline | medical specialty<br/>academic discipline |- class='wd_q151179' | [[Ustaše]] | Ustaše | Ustaše | poleetical organisation<br/>terrorist organization | political organization<br/>terrorist organization |- class='wd_q6940' | [[UTC+07:00]] | UTC+07:00 | UTC+07:00 | time zone named for a UTC offset | time zone named for a UTC offset |- class='wd_q155644' | [[Uzi]] | Uzi | Uzi | weapon family | weapon family |- class='wd_q724736' | [[V ingine]] | V engine | V ingine | engine configuration | engine configuration |- class='wd_q134808' | [[vaccine]] | vaccine | Vaccine | remedy | remedy |- class='wd_q5079636' | [[Vaccinium]] | Vaccinium | Vaccinium | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q37587' | [[Valentine's Day]] | Valentine's Day | Valentine's Day | [[haliday]] | holiday |- class='wd_q157819' | [[Valeriana officinalis]] | Valeriana officinalis | Valeriana officinalis | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q23800' | [[Valletta]] | Valletta | Valletta | [[ceety]]<br/>local council of Malta | city<br/>local council of Malta |- class='wd_q166879' | [[Van der Waals radius]] | van der Waals radius | Van der Waals radius | physical phenomenon | physical phenomenon |- class='wd_q725493' | [[Vaquita]] | Vaquita | Vaquita | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q79980' | [[Varanasi]] | Varanasi | Varanasi | [[ceety]]<br/>holy city | city<br/>holy city |- class='wd_q192334' | [[Varsity o North Carolina at Chapel Hill]] | University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill | Varsity o North Carolina at Chapel Hill | public educational institution of the United States<br/>public research university | public educational institution of the United States<br/>public research university |- class='wd_q735505' | [[vas deferens]] | vas deferens | Vas deferens | organ type<br/>class of anatomical entity | organ type<br/>class of anatomical entity |- class='wd_q275787' | [[Vatican euro cunyies]] | Vatican euro coin | Vatican euro cunyies | coin type | coin type |- class='wd_q179734' | [[Vatnajökull]] | Vatnajökull | Vatnajökull | ice cap | ice cap |- class='wd_q181138' | [[veganism]] | veganism | Veganism | [[ideology]]<br/>lifestyle<br/>social movement<br/>epistemological viewpoint<br/>dietary restriction | ideology<br/>lifestyle<br/>social movement<br/>epistemological viewpoint<br/>dietary restriction |- class='wd_q251368' | [[Venom]] | Venom | Venom | Wikimedia disambiguation page | Wikimedia disambiguation page |- class='wd_q11699' | [[Vice Preses o the Unitit States]] | Vice President of the United States | Vice Preses o the Unitit States | vice preses<br/>president of the senate<br/>elective office | vice president<br/>president of the senate<br/>elective office |- class='wd_q119069' | [[Vicente Fernández]] | Vicente Fernández | Vicente Fernández | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q156390' | [[Victoria, Croun Princess o Swaden|Victoria, Croun Princess o Sweden]] | Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden | Victoria, Croun Princess o Swaden | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q4533' | [[Victorious]] | Victorious | Victorious | televeesion series | television series |- class='wd_q167797' | [[vicuña]] | vicuña | Vicuña | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q8740' | [[Vietnam War]] | Vietnam War | Vietnam War | proxy war | proxy war |- class='wd_q9199' | [[Vietnamese leid|Vietnamese]] | Vietnamese | Vietnamese leid | natural language<br/>modern language | natural language<br/>modern language |- class='wd_q216151' | [[Vietnamese fowk]] | Vietnamese people | Vietnamese fowk | [[ethnic group]] | ethnic group |- class='wd_q157144' | [[Vinnytsia]] | Vinnytsia | Vinnytsia | ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>city of regional significance of Ukraine<br/>city or town<br/>centre of oblast | big city<br/>city of regional significance of Ukraine<br/>city or town<br/>centre of oblast |- class='wd_q164447' | [[Viola lutea]] | Viola lutea | Viola lutea | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q156060' | [[Violaceae]] | Violaceae | Violaceae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q543788' | [[Violet Jacob]] | Violet Jacob | Violet Jacob | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q163656' | [[Viperidae]] | viper | Viperidae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q147267' | [[Virginie opossum]] | Didelphis virginiana | Virginie opossum | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q11380' | [[Vishnu]] | Vishnu | Vishnu | Hindu deity<br/>legendar figur | Hindu deity<br/>legendary figure |- class='wd_q34956' | [[vitamin]] | vitamin | Vitamin | group of chemical entities<br/>nutrient group | group of chemical entities<br/>nutrient group |- class='wd_q102217' | [[Vitebsk]] | Vitebsk | Vitebsk | ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>city of oblast subordinance | big city<br/>city of oblast subordinance |- class='wd_q191019' | [[Vitis]] | Vitis | Vitis | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q14318' | [[Vitoria-Gasteiz]] | Vitoria-Gasteiz | Vitoria-Gasteiz | municipality of Spain | municipality of Spain |- class='wd_q185864' | [[Viverridae]] | Viverridae | Viverridae | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q129429' | [[Vivien Leigh]] | Vivien Leigh | Vivien Leigh | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q380330' | [[Vlad II Dracul]] | Vlad II Dracul | Vlad II Dracul | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q83546' | [[Vladimir-Suzdal]] | Grand Principality of Vladimir | Vladimir-Suzdal | vassal state<br/>historical state | vassal state<br/>historical country |- class='wd_q10952397' | [[Vole]] | vole | Vole | 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Entertainment | Warner Bros. | film production company<br/>entertainment company | film production company<br/>entertainment company |- class='wd_q42486' | [[Warstlin]] | wrestling | Warstlin | type o sport | type of sport |- class='wd_q3566734' | [[Watsonian RFC]] | Watsonian FC | Watsonian RFC | rugby union team | rugby union team |- class='wd_q81041' | [[watter cycle]] | water cycle | Watter cycle | | |- class='wd_q1024911' | [[Welshpool]] | Welshpool | Welshpool | [[toun]]<br/>community | town<br/>community |- class='wd_q846421' | [[West Hollywood]] | West Hollywood | West Hollywood | gay village<br/>ceety o the Unitit States | gay village<br/>city in the United States |- class='wd_q3567454' | [[West of Scotland F.C.]] | West of Scotland FC | West of Scotland F.C. | rugby union club | rugby union club |- class='wd_q7986162' | [[West Park, New York|West Park]] | West Park | West Park, New York | unincorporatit commonty | unincorporated community |- class='wd_q6592290' | [[Westfield 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| [[wombat]] | Vombatidae | Wombat | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q11838775' | [[Xenaroswelliana deltaquadrant]] | Xenaroswelliana deltaquadrant | Xenaroswelliana deltaquadrant | [[taxon]] | taxon |- class='wd_q129165' | [[Xerxes I]] | Xerxes I | Xerxes I | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q158888' | [[Yamaha Motor Company]] | Yamaha Motor Company | Yamaha Motor Company | public company<br/>motorcycle manufacturer | public company<br/>motorcycle manufacturer |- class='wd_q37995' | [[Yangon]] | Yangon | Yangon | [[ceety]]<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>state capital<br/>largest city<br/>town in Myanmar | city<br/>big city<br/>state capital<br/>largest city<br/>town in Myanmar |- class='wd_q377' | [[Yanka Kupala]] | Yanka Kupala | Yanka Kupala | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q8050101' | [[Yasushi Yamaguchi]] | Yasushi Yamaguchi | Yasushi Yamaguchi | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q577' | [[year]] | year | Year | unit o time | unit of time |- class='wd_q267584' | [[Yemen Arab Republic]] | Yemen Arab Republic | Yemen Arab Republic | historical state | historical country |- class='wd_q50422' | [[Yeonje-gu]] | Yeonje District | Yeonje-gu | district of Busan | district of Busan |- class='wd_q1277359' | [[Yerl o Mar]] | Earl of Mar | Yerl o Mar | ryal or noble rank | noble title |- class='wd_q1010108' | [[Yerlston]] | Earlston | Yerlston | [[toun]]<br/>parish | town<br/>parish |- class='wd_q188120' | [[Yoichiro Nambu]] | Yoichiro Nambu | Yoichiro Nambu | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q5449' | [[Yoshkar-Ola]] | Yoshkar-Ola | Yoshkar-Ola | ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>city or town | big city<br/>city or town |- class='wd_q866' | [[YouTube]] | Q866 | YouTube | [[wabsteid]]<br/>online video platform<br/>online community<br/>video streaming service<br/>live streaming service<br/>user-generated content platform | website<br/>online video platform<br/>online community<br/>video streaming service<br/>live streaming service<br/>user-generated content platform |- class='wd_q10305' | [[Zaragoza]] | Zaragoza | Zaragoza | municipality of Spain | municipality of Spain |- class='wd_q319896' | [[Ze'ev Jabotinsky]] | Ze'ev Jabotinsky | Ze'ev Jabotinsky | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q34201' | [[Zeus]] | Zeus | Zeus | thunder deity<br/>King of the Gods<br/>Greek deity<br/>Olympian god | thunder deity<br/>King of the Gods<br/>Greek deity<br/>Olympian god |- class='wd_q197471' | [[Zhao Wei]] | Zhao Wei | Zhao Wei | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q835435' | [[Zhou dynasty (690–705)]] | Zhou dynasty (690–705) | Zhou dynasty (690–705) | historical state<br/>Chinese dynasty | historical country<br/>Chinese dynasty |- class='wd_q2392142' | [[Zifta]] | Zefta | Zifta | [[ceety]] | city |- class='wd_q890120' | [[Zimbabwe Rhodesie]] | Zimbabwe Rhodesia | Zimbabwe Rhodesie | historical unrecognized state | historical unrecognized state |- class='wd_q190077' | [[zinc oxide]] | zinc oxide | Zinc oxide | type of chemical entity | type of chemical entity |- class='wd_q43501' | [[zoo]] | zoo | Zoo | type of park | type of park |- class='wd_q35811' | [[Zoroaster]] | Zoroaster | Zoroaster | [[bodie]]<br/>religious character | human<br/>religious character |- class='wd_q210207' | [[Árpád]] | Árpád | Árpád | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q83259' | [[École Normale Supérieure]] | École Normale Supérieure | École Normale Supérieure | organization<br/>École normale supérieure | organization<br/>école normale supérieure |- class='wd_q273604' | [[École normale supérieure de Cachan]] | École normale supérieure Paris-Saclay | École normale supérieure de Cachan | heicher eddication organization<br/>eddicational institution | higher education institution<br/>educational institution |- class='wd_q293928' | [[Öckerö Municipality]] | Öckerö Municipality | Öckerö Municipality | [[Municipalities o Swaden|municipality o Swaden]] | municipality of Sweden |- class='wd_q171291' | [[Ötzi]] | Ötzi | Ötzi | [[bodie]] | human |- class='wd_q54158' | [[Łódź Voivodeship]] | Łódź Voivodeship | Łódź Voivodeship | [[Voivodeships o Poland]] | voivodeship of Poland |- class='wd_q133118' | [[Şanlıurfa]] | Şanlıurfa | Şanlıurfa | [[ceety]]<br/>ceety wi hundreds o thoosands o indwallers<br/>metropolitan municipality in Turkey | city<br/>big city<br/>metropolitan municipality in Turkey |} ---- &sum; 2304 items. {{Wikidata list end}} bmmccv7aspva1b1kf8jljrark0wl3c8 0 233022 920633 912085 2026-08-11T06:21:03Z Thegrandtravelnerds 108868 Mendit Scots 920633 wikitext text/x-wiki Kinlochshiel Shinty Club is a [[shinty]] club locatit i Balmacara, near [[Kyle o Lochalsh|Kyle O Lochalsh]], Lochalsh, Scotland. The club haes twa men's sides, a senior tema i the Premier Division an a reserve team in North Division Ane. Kinlochshiel won their furst iver senior national trophy i 2016 wi the MacAulay Cup. I 2017 they won their furst Premier Division title, becomin anely the fowrth team tae dae sae, an the second nae based i Badenoch. In 2021 they completit a club graund slam by winnin the Camanachd Cup an the MacTavish Cup fae the furst time. == Airly historie (1958-2005) == Kinlochshiel wis creatit as the result o the combinin o three clubs: Kintail, Lochalsh an Glenshiel, wha furst joinit forces in 1958.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Verifying…|url=https://shinty.com/kinlochshiel-shinty-club/|access-date=2026-01-18|website=shinty.com}}</ref> These teams competit fae the Conchra cup alang wi nearby Lochcarron.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Alizade|first=Mike|title=Am Baile - Kintail Shinty Team|url=http://www.ambaile.org.uk/en/item/item_photograph.jsp?item_id=130241|access-date=2026-01-18|website=www.ambaile.org.uk|language=en|archive-date=2012-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307102541/http://www.ambaile.org.uk/en/item/item_photograph.jsp?item_id=130241|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Balliemore Cup Final (3732420351).jpg|thumb|330x330px|Kinlochshiel i the Balliemore Cup final i 2009. They lost the gemme 5-1 tae Strathglass]] The club won its furst trophies in the form o the Sutherland Cup i 1962 an the Strathdearn Cup in 1975. Whilst the club haes been successfu o'er the years, a bad streak i the 1990's lead tae Kinlochshiel droppin tae the laichest division i the North an needin tae wirk their wey back up the rankings. At this time they re-established their reserve team. == Oan the up (2006-2015) == 2007 wis an awfe successfu year fae the club as they won the North Division Three an the Balliemore Cup. The club won the Balliemore cup oan the 1st o September 2007 aginst Glenurquhart i a rearanged match i Newtonmore efter the furst match wis rainit oot oan the 17t o August i Oban. I 2009 the team reachit the Balliemore Cup final fae the fifth time. They lost 5-1 tae Strathglass. The club agin reachit the Ballimore final in 2010. They won oan penalties efetr a late comeback which saw them 4-3 doon in extra time, afore forcing the gemme tae extra time wi the last hit o the ba. The final save in the shoot-oot wis controversially savit by keeper Graham Kennedy wi his heid, therefore it should hae forcit a retake, houiver as it wis unintentional it wis no a foul, houiver it wis still an unwise decision fae personal safety.<ref>{{Citation|last=HomerJenkins|title=Shinty keeper saves.mpg|date=2010-07-20|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gcRwbuSoGyc|access-date=2026-01-18}}</ref> Johnston Gill led the team tae success in North Division Ane in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BBC - Gary Innes: Newtonmore pipped at the post|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/garyinnes/2011/08/its_what_every_cup_final.html|access-date=2026-01-18|website=www.bbc.co.uk|language=en}}</ref> In 2012 they settled intae the Premiership wi wins o'er major teams Kingussie, Newtonmore an Kyles Athletic, as weil as reachin the Camanachd Cup Semi-Final which they lost tae Inverary.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-08-04|title=Shinty: Record-breaking Kinlochshiel out to make another piece of history|url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/13067975.shinty-record-breaking-kinlochshiel-make-another-piece-history/|access-date=2026-01-18|website=The Herald|language=en}}</ref> O'er the next few years, there wis a number o close calls wi relegation, houiver they secured their positon towards the end o the 2014 saison. Construction began oan Kinlochshiel's new groond in 2014. == The golden generation (2016-present) == 2016 saw the club push fae the top o the premiership, aided by the signing o Scotland international Conor Cormack frae Beauly. The club wir houiver defeated i the Camanachd Cup Semi-Fina i August l bi Newtonmore. But then i September, unner new manager Colin Fraser, Kinlochshiel defeated Inveraray 5-3 tae win the MacAulay Cup. This wis the furst senior national trophy iver won bi the club. I 2017 Kinlochshiel makked historie wi their win i the Premier Division. They were pursued bi Kyles Athletic throchoot the saison, an Kyle's had a slicht lead efter a 4-0 victory ower Kinlochshiel. houiver efter Kyles' gemme wis cancelled bi the rain, Kinlochshiel beat Oban Camanachd 2-0 to secure the title. Becomin ane o juist fower tae dae so, an ane of ainly twa frae ootwith Badenoch (The ither being Fort William) [[File:Shinty at Kirkton (geograph 1899505).jpg|thumb|Kinlochshiel pleyin at their auld groond at Kirkton.]] In 2020, Kinlochshiel's new groond opened. In 2021, Kinlochshiel pleyed Lovat in their furst Camanachd Cup final.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-09-17|title=Camanachd Cup final: Kinlochshiel ready for debut as Lovat seek third success|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/scotland/58560919|access-date=2026-01-18}}</ref> They won the match 3-1 and, efter winning the MacTavish cup aginst Kingussie 3-2 later that year, they securit a club Graund Slam. == Clash o the Ash == The Club is the ainly team tae be specifically mentionit in the lyrics o the [[Runrig]] sang, Clash o the Ash in the lines: "Tell me wha's gang tae mark the Kinlochshiel Bear He's hard as nails, quick as a flash He comes doon frae the caves Fae the clash o the ash" == References == {{Reflist}} dajbkusvbtfqi40mr336ytx69zjufna 0 233031 920637 912069 2026-08-11T06:52:51Z Theworldsnumber 120689 Makkit Scots better 920637 wikitext text/x-wiki The Graund Slam in Shinty consists o a club winnin aw fower major trophies fae which it is eligible. These are the nou, the Premier Division, the Camanachd Cup, the MacAulay Cup<ref>{{Cite web|title=Verifying…|url=https://shinty.com/the-macaulay-cup/|access-date=2026-01-19|website=shinty.com}}</ref> an either the MacTavish Cup or the Glasgae Celtic Cup, according tae whither a club is fae the North or the Sooth District. == Historie == Whaun the term "Graund Slam" first came tae be uisit i Shinty isna kent. The Graund Slam era is supposit tae begin wi the first MacAulay cup i 1947. Though baith Ballachulish an Lovat hae wan the Glasgae Celtic Cup an the MacTavish Cup respectively, this wis ootwi a Graund Slam season. Houiver Lovat wan a graund slam later in 1953. Kingussie wan three trebles oan the bounce in the 1990s fae 1997-1999. I 1996 the Premier Division wis formit, thus changing the trophy line up fae a Graund Slam.<ref>{{Cite web|last=sporteditor|date=2023-03-28|title=Shinty and Scottish Culture|url=https://glasgowguardian.co.uk/2023/03/28/shinty-and-scottish-culture/|access-date=2026-01-19|website=Glasgow Guardian|language=en-US}}</ref> == Club Slam == A club slam is whaun a club wins aw the trophies it is eligible fae ower multiple seasons. An example is [[Kinlochshiel]] wha completit the Club Slam wins i the MacTavish Cup an The Camanachd Cup in 2021, tae gae alang wi their 2016 and 2018 MacAulay Cups wins an their Premier Division win i 2017. Due tae the North an Sooth Division, ainly ane team hae wan aw 5 major trophies, this bein Lovat. They wan the MacAulay Cup, MacTavish Cup an Camanachd Cup, they wan the MacGillivery League whaun it functioned as the top league i the North, an they wan the Glasgae Celtic Society Trophy i 1950 an 1951 durin a short period whaun northern teams could enter.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Verifying…|url=https://shinty.com/the-glasgow-celtic-society-cup/|access-date=2026-01-19|website=shinty.com}}</ref> == Graund Slam Winnin Teams == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Club !Total !Years |- |Kingussie |8 |1984, 1988, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2003, 2022, 2024 |- |Newtonmore |3 |1972, 1975, 1985 |- |Lovat |1 |1953 |- |Kyles Athletic |1 |1966 |} == Soorces == tc1izxdgkk9zavwcaotbaqunv7bl3qd 0 233035 920636 912127 2026-08-11T06:50:23Z Theworldsnumber 120689 Makkit Scots better 920636 wikitext text/x-wiki Shinty is an awfe wee minortiy sport i Russia an is maistly pleyed i Krasnador, although ither places hae sma numbers o enthusiasts. == Historie o shinty i Russia afore Krasnador Camanachd == Afore the foondin o Krasnador Camanachd, shinty wis maistly unkent. Houiver, Scots merchants mae hae pleyed shinty in Russia, as hemp wis aften takken fae Russia tae supply the Scots Jute industry.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Dundee Jute Industry|url=http://www.fdca.org.uk/Dundee_Jute_Industry.html|access-date=2026-01-21|website=www.fdca.org.uk}}</ref> There is records o Sir Fitzroy MacLean (Ane o the inspirations fae James Bond) invitin Soviet diplomats tae a Shinty match in Strachur, whaur he wis patron o the district Shinty Association. Houiver, wi the birth an explosion in growth o the internet, Shinty could reach a new audience i Russia. == Krasnador Camanachd == Krasnodar Camanachd wis established i 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2014-03-07|title=Ten things you didn't know about shinty|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/scotland/26492232|access-date=2026-01-21}}</ref> I 2015 they travelled tae takk pairt in the St Andrews Sixes, whaur they competed i international fixtures, representin Russia agin English Shinty Team an US Camanachd as weil as Scottish club sides. Whilst shinty is pleyed i Krasnador i matches held atween the members o the club, oan September 11, 2016, Krasnodar traveled tae Moscow tae play shinty-hurling wi a Moscow-based hurling team. They defeatit the Moscow Kremlers 9-7. == Soorces == {{Reflist}} e687cjnl93ra2khql4g3067lh10imd8 0 233095 920635 912745 2026-08-11T06:37:27Z Thegrandtravelnerds 108868 Makkit Scots better 920635 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:MacTavish Cup.jpg|thumb|The Rose Bowl o the MacTavish Cup]] The MacTavish Cup is a knock-oot competition i the sport o Shinty. It is competit fae bi senior teams fae the North o Scotland district. It is ane o the five trophies considered tae be pairt o the [[Graund Slam (Shinty)|Graund Slam]] i the sport o Shinty.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-08-22|title=Shinty: Irrepressible Ross scores four as Kingussie clinch Macaulay Cup|url=https://www.scotsman.com/sport/shinty-irrepressible-ross-scores-four-as-kingussie-clinch-macaulay-cup-1708078|access-date=2026-02-05|website=The Scotsman|language=en}}</ref> The current holders are Kingussie. The competition is sponsored bi W M Donald The final is pleyed at the Bught Park i [[Innerness]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Competitions Overview « Shinty|url=http://www.shinty.com/shinty/understanding-shinty/competitions-overview/|access-date=2026-02-05|website=www.shinty.com|language=en}}</ref> == Historie == The trophy is a rose bowl. The trophy wis first presentit at the first final which took place i 1898 whaun it wis wan bi Skye Camanachd. The final wis televised fae the first time in 2009 oan [[BBC Alba]], whaun the final wis wan by Newtonmore. I 2010, the openin roonds o the cup were scheduled fae midweek tae relieve that backlog o fixtures. Owiver, this caused a lot o controversy an Skye Camanchd wrote a letter o complaint tae the Camanchd Association. I 2014 the MacTavish Plate wis established fae teams losing i the first roond. It wis wan bi The Fort i a 2-1 victorie o'er Skye.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2014-06-13|title=Shinty: Fort win inaugural plate ahead of Camanachd quarters|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/scotland/27838702|access-date=2026-02-05}}</ref> Ainly 5 teams hae held the trophy twa years in a row. (Innerness, Fort Augustus, Kingussie, Newtonmore an Caberfeidh) == Table o winners == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Club !Total !Years |- |Newtonmore |42 |1902, 1920, 1923, 1924, 1927, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1936, 1939, 1950, 1951, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1958, 1960, 1963, 1964, 1966, 1968, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1983, 1985, 1986, 1987, 2002, 2009, 2012, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019 |- |Kingussie |31 |1901, 1914, 1957, 1962, 1965, 1981, 1982, 1984, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025 |- |Lovat |8 |1906, 1926, 1928, 1947, 1949, 1953, 2013, 2014 |- |[[Caberfeidh]] |4 |1932, 1934, 1935, 1937 |- |Kilmallie |4 |1959, 1961, 1967, 1969 |- |Beauly |3 |1899, 1905, 1913 |- |Innerness |3 |1907, 1911, 1912 |- |Spean Bridge |3 |1922, 1925, 1933 |- |Ballachulish |3 |1938, 1948, 1952 |- |The Fort |3 |1996, 2000, 2007 |- |Fort Augustus |2 |1909, 1910 |- |[[Kinlochshiel]] |1 |2021 |- |Skye |1 |1898 |- |Laggan |1 |1900 |- |Wester Ross |1 |1908 |- |Glenurquhart |1 |2015 |} == References == {{Reflist}} q26om435icgj9my8kd9pivmbaof8v57 0 233782 920598 920529 2026-08-10T15:08:54Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 920598 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisic genre | name = Soul | image = Ray Charles (1967).png | caption = [[Ray Charles]], ane o soul muisic's pioneers an maist influential airtists, in 1967. | stylistic_origins = {{hlist|[[Rhythm an blues]]|[[Gospel muisic|gospel]]}} | cultural_origins = Late 1950s – early 1960s, U.S. | derivatives = {{hlist|[[Funk]]|[[contemporary R&B]]|[[hip-hop]]|[[disco]]|[[post-disco]]}} | subgenres = {{hlist|[[Cinematic soul]]|[[Laitin soul]]|[[Motown (muisic style)|Motown soond]]|[[neo soul]]|[[retro-soul]]|[[quiet storm]]}} | fusiongenres = {{hlist|[[Hip-hop soul]]|[[nu jazz]]|[[pop soul]]|[[psychedelic soul]]|[[progressive soul]]|[[soul blues]]|[[soul jazz]]|[[smooth soul]]|[[swamp rock]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.liveabout.com/what-is-swamp-rock-2522008 |title=What Is Swamp Rock? A look at this Southern mix of country, funk, and soul |last=Fontenot |first=Robert |date=2019-02-24 |publisher=Liveabout |access-date=2022-11-09 |archive-date=2023-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927125939/https://www.liveabout.com/what-is-swamp-rock-2522008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} | regional_scenes = {{hlist|[[Breetish soul|Unitit Kinrick]]|[[Unitit States]]}} | local_scenes = {{hlist|[[Chicago soul|Chicago]]|[[Muisic o Detroit#R&B/Soul|Detroit]]|[[Memphis soul|Memphis]]|[[New York soul|New York Ceety]]|[[New Orleans soul|New Orleans]]|[[Northren soul|Northren Ingland]]|[[Philadelphia soul|Philadelphia]]|[[Soothren soul|Soothren Unitit States]]|[[Broun-eyed soul|West Coast]]}} | other_topics = * [[Blue-eyed soul]] * [[broun-eyed soul]] * [[Minneapolis soond]] * [[new jack swing]] * [[rare groove]] * [[slaw jam]] * [[urban contemporary muisic]] * [[Leet o soul muisickers]] * [[African-American muisic]] }} '''Soul muisic''' is a [[popular muisic]] genre that oreeginatit in [[African-American cultur|African-American]] [[African-American neebourheid|commonties]] throuoot the Unitit States in the late 1950s an early 1960s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Soul Music|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/media/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/soul-music|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-02|website=Encyclopedia.com}}</ref> Catchy rhythms, stressed bi haundclaps an extemporaneous bouk muivements, are an important hawmark o soul. Ither chairacteristics are a [[Caw an repone (muisic)|caw an repone]] atween the lead an [[Backin vocalist|backin vocalists]], an inspecially tense vocal soond, an occasional [[Muisical improvisation|improvisational]] addeetions, twirls, an auxiliary soonds. Soul muisic is kent fur reflectin African-American identity an stressin the importance o [[African-American cultur]]. Soul haes its ruits in [[Black Gospel muisic|African-American gospel muisic]] an [[rhythm an blues]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=|title=Soul music {{!}} Definition, Songs, Artists, & Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/soul-music|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-02|website=Britannica|language=en}}</ref> an primarily combines elements o gospel, [[Rhythm an blues|R&B]] an [[jazz]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Paese|first=Meagan|date=2018-02-16|title=Soul Music: Origins, Artists & the Sound That Shaped R&B|url=https://thehistoryofrockandroll.net/soul-music/|access-date=2026-08-02|website=The History of Rock and Roll Radio Show|language=en}}</ref> The genre emergit frae the pouer struggle tae increase black Americans' awareness o thair African auncestry, as a newfoond consciousness led tae the creation o muisic that boastit pride in bein black. Soul muisic becam popular fur dancin an listenin, an American record labels sic as [[Motown]], [[Atlantic Records|Atlantic]] an [[Stax Records|Stax]] wis influential in its proliferation durin the [[ceevil richts muivement]]. Soul becam popular warldwide an aa, directly influencin [[rock muisic]] an the [[muisic o Africae]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mojapelo|first=Max|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x-KW9f02oNMC&pg=PA1|title=Beyond Memory: Recording the History, Moments and Memories of South African Music|date=2008|publisher=African Minds|isbn=978-1-920299-28-6|language=en}}</ref> It haed a resurgence in the mid-tae late 1990s wi the subgenre [[neo soul]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Cochrane|first=Naima|date=2020-03-26|title=2000: A Soul Odyssey|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/rb-hip-hop/neo-soul-2000-dangelo-erykah-badu-9343438/|access-date=2026-08-02|website=Billboard|language=en-US}}</ref> that incorporatit modren production elements an [[Hip hop muisic|hip-hop]] influences. Soul muisic dominatit the U.S. [[Hat R&B/Hip-Hop Sangs|R&B chairts]] in the 1960s, an mony recordins crossed ower intae the pop chairts in the Unitit States, Unitit Kinrick, an elsewhaur. Mony prominent soul airtists, includin [[Ray Charles]], [[Sam Cooke]], [[Otis Redding]], [[James Brown]], [[Aretha Franklin]], an mony acks unner the Motown label, sic as [[the Supremes]] an [[the Temptations]],<ref name=":0" /> wur heichly influential in the genre's development an aw gained widespreid popularity durin this time. Bi 1968, the soul muisic genre haed begun tae splinter. Some soul airtists muived tae [[funk]] muisic, whiles ither sangsters an groups developit slicker, mair sophisticatit, an in some cases mair socially conscious varieties. Bi the early 1970s, soul muisic haed begun tae absorb influences frae [[psychedelic rock]] an [[Progresive rock|progressive rock]], amang ither genres, leadin tae the creation o [[psychedelic soul]] an [[progressive soul]]. Prominent soul airtists o this era include [[Marvin Gaye]], [[The Jackson 5|Jackson 5]], [[Stevie Wonder]], [[Curtis Mayfield]], [[Isaac Hayes]], [[Al Green]], an [[Bill Withers]]. [[Neo soul]], that adoptit hip-hop influences, developit aroond 1994. Ither subgenres o soul include the "[[Motown|Motown sound]]", a mair rhythmic an [[Pop muisic|pop]]-freendly style that oreeginatit frae the eponymous label; [[Soothren soul]], a drivin, energetic variety combinin R&B wi soothren gospel muisic influences; [[Memphis soul]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-06-13|title=Digging Into the Classic Soul of Stax Records|url=https://daily.bandcamp.com/lists/stax-records-bandcamp-guide|access-date=2026-08-02|website=Bandcamp Daily}}</ref> a shimmerin, sultry style; [[New Orleans soul]], that emergit frae the rhythm an blues style; [[Chicago soul]], a lichter gospel-influenced soond; an [[Philadelphia soul]], a lush [[Orchestra|orchestral]] variety wi [[doo-wop]]-inspirt vocals. == History == === Oreegins === [[File:Ray_Charles_classic_piano_pose.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Ray Charles]] pioneered the soul muisic genre durin the 1950s bi combinin blues, rhythm an blues, an gospel styles.]] Soul muisic haes its ruits in [[Tradeetional black gospel|tradeetional African-American gospel muisic]] an [[rhythm an blues]] an as the hybridisation o thair respective religious an secular styles – in baith leerical content an instrumentation – that begoud in the 1950s. The term "soul" haed been uised amang African-American muisickers tae emphasise the feelin o bein an African American in the Unitit States. Accordin tae muisicologist [[Dr. Demento|Barry Hansen]],<blockquote>Thou this hybrid produced a clutch o hits in the R&B mercat in the early 1950s, anly the maist adventurous white fans felt its impact at the time; the rest haed tae wait fur the comin o soul muisic in the 1960s tae feel the rush o [[rock an roll]] sung gospel-style.</blockquote> [[File:JamesBrown.jpg|thumb|upright|[[James Brown]] wis kent as the "Godfaither o Soul".<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Maycock|first=James|date=2003-10-29|title=James Brown: Soul Survivor|url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/james-brown-soul-survivor/532/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-02|website=PBS|language=en-US}}</ref>]] Accordin tae [[AllMusic]], "Soul muisic wis the result o the urbanisation an commercialisation o rhythm an blues in the '60s."<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=About Soul|url=https://www.allmusic.com/subgenre/soul-ma0000002865|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-02|website=[[AllMusic]]|language=en}}</ref> The phrase "soul muisic" itsel, referrin tae gospel-style muisic wi secular leerics, wis furst attestit in 1961.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Soul - Etymology, Origin & Meaning|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/soul|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-02|website=Etymonline.com|language=en-US}}</ref> The term "soul" in African-American parlance haes connotations o African-American pride an cultur. [[Gospel muisic|Gospel]] groups in the 1940s an '50s occasionally uised the term as pairt o thair names. The [[jazz]] style that oreeginatit frae gospel becam kent as [[soul jazz]]. As sangsters an arrangers begoud uisin techniques frae baith gospel an soul jazz in African-American popular muisic durin the 1960s, soul muisic gradually functioned as an umberellae term fur African-American popular muisic at the time.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Little Richard — Artist Biography|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/little-richard-mn0000824022|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-02|website=[[AllMusic]]|language=en}}</ref> [[File:Sam_Cooke_1961.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Sam Cooke]] is regardit as ane o soul muisic's "forefaithers".]] Accordin tae the Acoustic Muisic Organisation, the "furst clear evidence o soul muisic shaws up wi [[the "5" Royales]], an ex-gospel group that turned tae R&B an in [[Faye Adams]], whase "Shake A Hand" becomes an R&B staundard".<ref>{{Cite news|title=Timeline of Musical Styles & Guitar History|language=en-US|work=Acoustic Music|url=https://acousticmusic.org/research/history/timeline-of-musical-styles-guitar-history/|url-status=dead|access-date=2026-08-02|archive-date=2016-09-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915140243/https://acousticmusic.org/research/history/timeline-of-musical-styles-guitar-history/}}</ref> Important innovators whase recordins in the 1950s contreibutit tae the emergence o soul muisic includit [[Clyde McPhatter]], [[Hank Ballard]], an [[Etta James]]. [[Ray Charles]] is aften citit as popularisin the soul muisic genre wi his series o hits, stairtin wi 1954's "[[I Got a Woman]]". Sangster [[Bobby Womack]] said, "Ray wis the genius. He turned the warld ontae soul muisic." Charles wis appen in acknawledgin the influence o [[Pilgrim Travelers]] vocalist Jesse Whitaker on his singin style. [[Little Richard]], wha inspired [[Otis Redding]], an [[James Brown]] baith wur equally influential. Brown wis nicknamed the "Godfaither o Soul Muisic",<ref name=":1" /> an Richard proclaimed himsel as the "Keeng o Rockin' an Rollin', Rhythm an Blues Soulin{{'"}}, acause his muisic embodied elements o aw three, an syne he inspired airtists in aw three genre. [[Sam Cooke]] an [[Jackie Wilson]] are aften acknawledgit as soul forefaithers an aa. Cooke becam popular as the lead sangster o the gospel group [[the Soul Stirrers]], afore controversially muivin intae secular muisic. His recordin o "[[You Send Me]]" in 1957 launched a successfu [[pop muisic]] career. Furthermair, his 1962 recordin o "[[Bring It On Home to Me]]" haes been descrieved as "perhaps the furst record tae define the soul experience". Jackie Wilson, a contemporary o baith Cooke an James Brown, achieved [[Crossower muisic|crossower]] success an aa, inspecially wi his 1957 hit "[[Reet Petite]]".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-07-29|title=James Brown {{!}} Biography, Songs, Movies, & Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/James-Brown-American-singer|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-02|website=Britannica|language=en}}</ref> He even wis pairticulairly influential fur his dramatic delivery an performances. === 1960s === [[File:Solomon Burke.jpg|thumb|[[Solomon Burke]] recordit fur [[Atlantic Records]] in the 1960s.]] Hauf-marrae-wife duo [[Ike & Tina Turner]] emergit as "leadin exponents" o soul muisic in the 1960s.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Peacock|first=Tom|date=1963-02-25|title=Ike and Tina to Give with 'Soul Music'|pages=2|work=The Province|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-province-ike-and-tina-turner-at-blue/129810034/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-04}}</ref> Thair debut single "[[A Fool in Love]]" crossed ower tae the pop chairts in 1960. Thay earnt a [[Grammy Awairds|Grammy]] nomination fur thair sang "It's Gonna Work Out Fine" in 1962.<ref>{{Cite web|date=|title=Ike & Tina Turner {{!}} Artist {{!}} GRAMMY.com|url=https://www.grammy.com/artists/ike-tina-turner/13017/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-04|website=www.grammy.com|language=en-US}}</ref> Alang wi the Kings of Rhythm an the Ikettes, thay toured the [[Chitlin' Circuit]] as the Ike & Tina Turner Revue.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jeffries|first=Fran|title=Chitlin’ Circuit: Black performers’ soulful showcase during segregation|url=https://www.ajc.com/news/national/chitlin-circuit-black-performers-soulful-showcase-during-segregation/srbp9fswLEa3tsiOe5Z54M/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-04|website=The Atlanta Journal-Constitution|language=en}}</ref> Writer [[Peter Guralnick]] is amang thaim tae identify [[Solomon Burke]] as a key feegur in the emergence o soul muisic, an [[Atlantic Records]] as the key [[record label]]. Burke's early 1960s sangs, includin "[[Cry to Me]]", "[[Just Out of Reach (of My Two Open Arms)]]" an "[[Down in the Valley (Solomon Burke sang)|Down in the Valley]]" are considered clessics o the genre. Guralnick wrate: <blockquote>Soul stairtit, in a sense, wi the 1961 success o Solomon Burke's "Just Out of Reach". Ray Charles, o coorse, haed awready enjoyed enormous success (on Atlantic an aa), as haed James Brown an Sam Cooke — maistly in a pop vein. Ilk o thir sangsters, thou, coud be leukit upon as an isolatit phenomenon; it wis anly wi the comin thegither o Burke an Atlantic Records that ye coud begin tae see onything even resemblin a muivement.</blockquote> [[File:Aretha Franklin on January 20, 2009.jpg|thumb|[[Aretha Franklin]] is widely kent as the "Queen o Soul".]] [[Ben E. King]] achieved success in 1961 wi "[[Stand by Me (Ben E. King sang)|Stand by Me]]" an aa, a sang directly based on a gospel hymn. Bi the mid-1960s, the initial successes o Burke, King, an ithers haed been surpassed bi new soul sangsters, includin [[Stax Records|Stax]] airtists sic as [[Otis Redding]] an [[Wilson Pickett]], wha mainly recordit in [[Memphis, Tennessee]], an [[Muscle Shoals, Alabama]]. Accordin tae [[Jon Landau]]:<blockquote>Atween 1962 an 1964 Redding recordit a series o soul ballads chairacterised bi unabashedly sentimental leerics uisually beggin forgieness or askin a lassfreend tae come hame... He suin becam kent as "Mr. Pitiful" an earnt a reputation as the leadin performer ofsoul ballads.</blockquote> The maist important female soul sangster tae emerge wis [[Aretha Franklin]], oreeginally a gospel sangster wha begoud tae mak secular recordins in 1960 but whase career wis later revitalisit bi her recordins fur Atlantic. Her 1967 recordins, sic as "[[I Never Loved a Man (The Way I Love You)]]", "[[Respect (sang)|Respect]]" (written an oreeginally recordit bi Otis Redding), an "[[Do Right Woman, Do Right Man]]" (written bi [[Chips Moman]] an [[Dan Penn]]), wis signeeficant an commercially successfu recordins.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dobkin|first=Matt|url=http://archive.org/details/ineverlovedmanwa0000dobk|title=I Never Loved a Man the Way I Loved You: Aretha Franklin, Respect, and the Making of a Soul Music Masterpiece|date=2004|publisher=New York : St. Martin's Press|others=|isbn=978-0-312-31828-4}}</ref> Soul muisic dominatit the U.S. African-American muisic chairts in the 1960s, an mony recordins crossed ower intae the pop chairts in the U.S. Otis Redding wis a huge success at the [[Monterey Internaitional Pop Fest]] in 1967. The genre becam heichly popular in the UK an aa, whaur mony leadin acks toured in the late 1960s. "Soul" becam an umberellae term fur an increasingly wide variety o R&B-based muisic styles – frae the dance an pop-orientit acks at [[Motown|Motown Records]] in [[Detroit]], sic as [[the Temptations]], [[Marvin Gaye]] an [[Stevie Wonder]], tae "[[Soothren soul|deep soul]]" performers sic as [[Percy Sledge]] an [[James Carr (sangster)|James Carr]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Motown: The Sound that Changed America|url=https://www.motownmuseum.org/legacy/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-04|website=Motown Museum|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Percy Sledge: Artist Biography|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/percy-sledge-mn0000838195|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-04|website=[[AllMusic]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=James Carr: Artist Biography|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/james-carr-mn0000107877|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-04|website=[[AllMusic]]|language=en}}</ref> Different regions an ceeties athin the U.S., includin New York Ceety, Detroit, Chicago, [[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]], [[New Orleans]], [[Philadelphia]], an Muscle Shoals, Alabama (the hame o [[FAME Studios]] an [[Muscle Shoals Sound Studios]]) becam notit fur different subgenres o the muisic an recordin styles.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Brown|first=Mick|title=Deep Soul|url=http://s.telegraph.co.uk/graphics/projects/muscle-shoals/index.html|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-04|website=Telegraph}}</ref> Bi 1968, whiles at its peak o popularity, soul begoud tae fragment intae different subgenres. Airtists sic as James Brown an [[Sly and the Family Stone]] evolvit intae [[funk]] muisic, whiles ither sangsters sic as Marvin Gaye, Stevie Wonder, [[Curtis Mayfield]] an [[Al Green]] developit slicker, mair sophisticatit an in some cases mair poleetically conscious varieties o the genre. Houiver, soul muisic continued tae evolve, informin maist subsequent forms o R&B frae the 1970s-onwaird, wi pockets o muisickers continuin tae perform in tradeetional soul style.<ref name=":2" /> === 1970s an 1980s === [[File:Marvin Gaye (1973).png|thumb|left|[[Marvin Gaye]] shiftit tae a socially conscious soond wi his 1971 hit "[[What's Going On (sang)|What's Going On]]".]] Mitchell's [[Hi Records]] continued in the [[Stax Records|Stax]] tradeetion o the previous decade, lowsin a string o hits bi Green, [[Ann Peebles]], [[Otis Clay]], [[O. V. Wright]] an [[Syl Johnson]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Lisle|first=Andria|date=2014-06-25|title=Hi Records producer Willie Mitchell set the tone for polished Memphis soul|language=en-US|work=Wax Poetics|url=http://www.waxpoetics.com/blog/features/articles/hi-records-producer-willie-mitchell-set-tone-polished-memphis-soul/|url-status=dead|access-date=2026-08-04|archive-date=2016-10-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025111428/http://www.waxpoetics.com/blog/features/articles/hi-records-producer-willie-mitchell-set-tone-polished-memphis-soul/}}</ref> [[Bobby Womack]], wha recordit wi Chips Moman in the late 1960s, continued tae produce soul recordins in the 1970s an 1980s.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hurt|first=Edd|date=2012-08-17|title=Chips Moman: The Cream Interview|url=https://www.nashvillescene.com/music/nashvillecream/chips-moman-the-cream-interview/article_18fc4428-9a71-57fe-8dae-4efa8f0e0438.html|access-date=2026-08-04|website=Nashville Scene|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-06-14|title=Remembering Chips Moman|url=https://www.graceland.com/news/details/remembering-chips-moman/8070/|url-status=dead|access-date=2026-08-04|website=Graceland: The Home od Elvis Presley|language=en-us|archive-date=2016-10-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025113025/https://www.graceland.com/news/details/remembering-chips-moman/8070/}}</ref> In [[Detroit]], producer [[Don Davis (muisic producer)|Don Davis]] wirkit wi [[Stax Records|Stax]] airtists sic as [[Johnnie Taylor]] an [[the Dramatics]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Don Davis: Artist Biography|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/don-davis-mn0000145319|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-04|website=[[AllMusic]]|language=en}}</ref> Early 1970s recordins bi [[the Detroit Emeralds]], sic as ''[[Do Me Right (album)|Do Me Right]]'', are a link atween soul an the later [[disco]] style.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Detroit Emeralds|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/the-detroit-emeralds-mn0000244650|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-04|website=[[AllMusic]]|language=en}}</ref> [[Motown|Motown Records]] airtists sic as [[Marvin Gaye]], [[Michael Jackson]], [[Stevie Wonder]] an [[Smokey Robinson]] contreibutit tae the evolution o soul muisic, awthou thair recordins wis considered mair in a [[pop muisic]] vein nor thaim o Redding, Franklin an Carr.<ref name=":3" /> Awthou stylistically different frae clessic soul muisic, recordins bi [[Chicago]]-based airtists are aften considered pairt o the genre.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chicago Soul|url=https://www.allmusic.com/style/chicago-soul-ma0000002509|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-04|website=[[AllMusic]]|language=en}}</ref> Bi the early 1970s, soul muisic haed been influenced bi [[psychedelic rock]] an ither genres.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Psychedelic Soul|url=https://www.allmusic.com/style/psychedelic-soul-ma0000005025|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-04|website=[[AllMusic]]|language=en}}</ref> Airtists lik James Brown led soul towards funk muisic, that becam teepifee'd bi 1970s baunds lik [[Parliament-Funkadelic]] an [[the Meters]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Meters:Artist Biography|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/the-meters-mn0000402872|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-04|website=[[AllMusic]]|language=en}}</ref> Mair versatile groups sic as [[War (baund)|War]], [[Commodores|the Commodores]], an [[Earth, Wind & Fire|Earth, Wind and Fire]] becam popular aroond this time.<ref>{{Cite web|title=War: Artist Biography|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/war-mn0000191947|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-04|website=[[AllMusic]]|language=en}}</ref> Durin the 1970s, some slick an commercial [[blue-eyed soul]] acks lik Philadelphia's [[Hall & Oates]] an Oakland's [[Tower of Power]] achieved mainstream success, as did a new generation o street-corner harmony or "ceety-soul" groups sic as [[the Delfonics]] an the historically black [[Howard Varsity]]'s [[The Unifics|Unifics]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Daryl Hall & John Oates: Artist Biography|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/daryl-hall-john-oates-mn0000674887|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-04|website=[[AllMusic]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tower of Power: Artist Biography|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/tower-of-power-mn0000013393|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-04|website=[[AllMusic]]|language=en}}</ref> The syndicatit muisic/dance variety telly series ''[[Soul Train]]'', hostit bi Chicago hamespun [[Don Cornelius]], debuted in 1971.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chideya|first=Farai|date=2013-11-30|title=Soul Train and Pain: New Book Explores The Legacy of Don Cornelius' Empire|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/farai-chideya/soul-train-and-pain-new-b_b_4005370.html|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-04|website=The Huffington Post|language=en-US}}</ref> The programme providit an ootlet fur soul muisic fur seevral decades, forby spawnin a franchise that saw the creation o a record label ([[SOLAR Records|Soul Train Records]]) that distributit muisic bi [[the Whispers]], [[Carrie Lucas]], an an up-an-comin group kent as [[Shalamar]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=2015-08-12|title=It all Started with Soul Train|url=https://soultraincruise.com//news/it-all-started-with-soul-train|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-04|website=Soul Train Cruise|language=en}}</ref> Mony disputes led tae Cornelius spinnin aff the record label tae his talent beuker, [[Dick Griffey]], wha transformit the label intae [[SOLAR Records|Solar Records]], itsel a prominent soul muisic label throuoot the 1980s.<ref name=":4" /> The TV series continued tae air till 2006, awthou ither predominantly African-American muisic genres sic as hip-hop begoud owershadaein soul on the programme beginnin in the 1980s.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|title="Soul Train" creator Don Cornelius commits suicide|language=en-US|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cornelius-soultrain/soul-train-creator-don-cornelius-commits-suicide-idUSTRE8101HY20120202|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-04}}</ref> ===Beyond=== As [[disco]] an funk muisickers haed hits in the late 1970s an early 1980s, soul wint in the direction o [[quiet storm]]. Wi its relaxed tempos an saft melodies, quiet storm soul teuk influences frae [[Jazz fusion|fusion]] an [[adult contemporary]]. Some funk baunds, sic as EW&F, the Commodores an [[Con Funk Shun]] wad hae a few quiet storm tracks on thair albums. Amang the maist successfu acks in this era include Smokey Robinson, Jeffry Osbourne, [[Peabo Bryson]], [[Chaka Khan]], an [[Larry Graham]]. Efter the decline o disco an funk in the early 1980s, soul muisic becam influenced bi [[Electro (muisic)|electro muisic]]. It becam less raw an mair slickly produced, resultin in a style that is kent as [[contemporary R&B]], that soondit gey different frae the oreeginal [[rhythm an blues]] style. The Unitit States saw the development o [[Neo soul|neo-soul]] aroond 1994. == Weel-kent labels an producers == === Motown Records === [[File:LeviStubbs.jpg|thumb|left|[[Levi Stubbs]] singin lead wi the Four Tops in 1966.]] [[Berry Gordy]]'s successfu Tamla/Motown group o labels wis weel-kent fur bein African American awned, unlik maist o the earlier independent R&B labels. Weel-kent airtists unner this label wur [[Gladys Knight & the Pips]], [[the Supremes]], [[the Temptations]], [[the Miracles]], the [[Four Tops]], [[the Marvelettes]], [[Mary Wells]], [[Junior Walker|Jr. Walker & the All-Stars]], [[Stevie Wonder]], [[Marvin Gaye]], [[Tammi Terrell]], [[Martha and the Vandellas]], an [[the Jackson 5]]. Hits wis makkit uisin a quasi-industrial "[[assemmly line]]" approach. The producers an sangwriters brocht airtistic sensitivity tae the three-meenit tunes. [[Brian Holland]], [[Lamont Dozier]] an [[Eddie Holland]] wur rarely oot o the chairts fur thair wirk as [[Sangwriter|sangwriters]] an [[Record producer|record producers]] fur [[the Supremes]], the [[Four Tops]] an [[Martha and the Vandellas]]. Thay alloued important elements tae shine throu the dense muisical textur. The rhythm wis emphasised bi haundclaps or [[tambourine]]. [[Smokey Robinson]] wis anither writer an record producer wha eikit leerics tae "[[The Tracks of My Tears]]" bi his group [[the Miracles]], that wis ane o the maist important sangs o the decade. === Stax Records an Atlantic Records === Stax Records an Atlantic Records wis independent labels that produced heich-quality dance records featurin mony weel-kent sangsters o the day. Thay tendit tae hae smawer ensembles markit bi expressive gospel-tinged vocals. Bress an saxophones wis uised extensively an aa. [[Stax Records]], foondit bi siblins Estelle an James Stewart, wis the seicont maist successfu record label ahint [[Motown|Motown Records]]. Thay wis reponsible fur lowsin hits bi [[Otis Redding]], [[Wilson Pickett]], [[the Staple Singers]], an mony mair. Ahmet Ertegun, wha haed anticipatit bein a diplomat till 1944 whan his faither dee'd, foondit [[Atlantic Records]] in 1947 wi his freend [[Herb Abramson]]. Ertegun wrate mony sangs fur [[Ray Charles]] an [[the Clovers]]. He even sang [[Backin vocalist|backup vocals]] fur his airtist [[Big Joe Turner]] on the sang "[[Shake, Rattle and Roll]]". == Subgenres == === Detroit (Motown) === Dominatit bi [[Berry Gordy]]'s [[Motown|Motown Records]] empire, Detroit's soul is strangly rhythmic an influenced bi gospel muisic. The Motown soond aften includes haund [[clappin]], a pouerfu [[bassline]], [[Strings section|strings]], [[Bress section|bress]] an [[vibraphone]]. Motown Records' hoose baund wis [[the Funk Brothers]]. [[AllMusic]] cites Motown as the pioneerin label o pop-soul, a style o soul muisic wi raw vocals, but polisht production an toned-doun subjeck maiter intendit fur pop radio an [[Crossower muisic|crossower]] success.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Pop-Soul|url=https://www.allmusic.com/style/pop-soul-ma0000011870|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-10|website=[[AllMusic]]|language=en}}</ref> Airtists o this style includit [[Diana Ross]], [[the Jackson 5]], [[Stevie Wonder]], an [[Billy Preston]].<ref name=":5" /> Popular durin the 1960s, the style becam glossier durin the 1970s an led tae [[disco]].<ref name=":5" /> In the late 2000s, the style wis reveesitit bi contemporary soul sangsters sic as [[Amy Winehouse]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hermes|first=Will|author-link=Will Hermes|date=2008-10-30|title=Raphael Saadiq: The Way I See It|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/raphaelsaadiq/albums/album/22955163/review/23589128/the_way_i_see_it|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-10|website=[[Rolling Stone]]}}</ref> [[Raphael Saadiq]] (speceefically his 2008 album ''[[The Way I See It]]'') an [[Solange Knowles]] (her 2008 album ''[[Sol-Angel and the Hadley St. Dreams]]''). === Deep an Soothren === [[File:Otis Redding.png|thumb|Soul sangster [[Otis Redding]] wis kent tae be an electrifyin stage presence.]] The terms "deep soul" an "Soothren soul" generally refer tae a drivin, energetic soul style combinin [[Rhythm an blues|R&B]]'s energy wi pulsatin soothren Unitit States [[gospel muisic]] soonds. [[Memphis, Tennessee]], label [[Stax Records]] nurtured a distinctive soond, that includit pittin vocals further back in the mix nor maist contemporary R&B records, uisin vibrant horn pairts in place o backgrund vocals, an a focus on the low end o the frequency spectrum. The vast feck o Stax lowses wis backit bi hoose baunds [[Booker T. & the M.G.'s]] (wi [[Booker T. Jones]], [[Steve Cropper]], [[Donald "Duck" Dunn|Duck Dunn]], an [[Al Jackson Jr.|Al Jackson]]) an [[the Memphis Horns]] (the splinter horn section o [[the Mar-Keys]], trumpeter [[Wayne Jackson (muisicker)|Wayne Jackson]] an saxophonist [[Andrew Love (muisicker)|Andrew Love]]). === Memphis === Memphis soul is a shimmerin, sultry style o soul muisic produced in the 1960s an 1970s at [[Stax Records]] an [[Hi Records]] in [[Memphis, Tennessee]]. It featurt melancholic an melodic horns, [[Hammond organ]], bass, an drums, as heard in recordins bi Hi's [[Al Green]] an Stax's [[Booker T. & the M.G.'s]]. The latter group whiles pleyed in the haurder-edgit [[Soothren soul]] style an aa. The Hi Records hoose baund ([[Hi Rhythm Section]]) an producer [[Willie Mitchell (muisicker)|Willie Mitchell]] developit a surgin soul style heard in the label's 1970s hit recordins. Some Stax recordins fit intae this style but haed thair awn unique soond. === New Orleans === The New Orleans soul scene directly cam oot o the rhythm an blues era, whan sic airtists as [[Little Richard]], [[Fats Domino]], an [[Huey "Piano" Smith]] makkit a huge impact on the pop an R&B chairts an a huge direct influence on the birth o [[funk]] muisic. The principal airchitect o Crescent Ceety's soul wis sangwriter, arranger, an producer [[Allen Toussaint]]. He wirkit wi sic airtists as [[Irma Thomas]] ("the Soul Queen o New Orleans"), Jessie Hill, [[Chris Kenner]], Benny Spellman, an [[Ernie K-Doe]] on the Minit/Instant label complex tae produce a distinctive New Orleans soul soond that generatit a passel o naitional hits. Ither weel-kent New Orleans hits cam frae Robert Parker, [[Betty Harris]], an [[Aaron Neville]]. Whiles record labels in New Orleans lairgely disappeart bi the mid-1960s, producers in the ceety continued tae record New Orleans soul airtists fur ither mainly New York Ceety an Los Angeles–based record labels—merkitly [[Lee Dorsey]] fur New York-based [[Amy Records]] an the Meters fur New York–based [[Josie Records]] an then LA-based [[Reprise Records]]. === Chicago === Chicago soul generally haed a licht gospel-influenced soond, but the lairge nummer o record labels based in the ceety tendit tae produce a mair diverse soond nor ither ceeties. [[Vee-Jay Records|Vee Jay Records]], that lastit till 1966, produced recordins bi [[Jerry Butler]], [[Betty Everett]], [[Dee Clark]], an [[Gene Chandler]]. [[Chess Records]], mainly a blues an rock an roll label, produced seevral major soul airtists, includin [[the Dells]] an [[Billy Stewart]]. [[Curtis Mayfield]] nae anly scored mony hits wi his group, [[the Impressions]], but wrate mony hit sangs fur Chicago airtists an produced hits on his awn labels fur [[the Fascinations]], [[Major Lance]], an the [[Five Stairsteps]]. === Philadelphia === Based maistly in the [[Philadelphia International Records|Philadelphia International]] record label, Philadelphia soul (or Philly soul) haed lush [[String section|string]] an [[Horn section|horn]] arreengements an [[doo-wop]]-inspirt vocals. [[Thom Bell]], an [[Gamble an Huff|Kenneth Gamble & Leon Huff]] are considered the foonders o Philadelphia soul, that produced hits fur [[Patti LaBelle]], [[the O'Jays]], [[The Intruders (baund)|the Intruders]], [[the Three Degrees]], [[the Delfonics]], [[the Stylistics]], [[Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes]], an [[The Spinners (American group)|the Spinners]]. === Progressive === [[File:BLACK SOUL SINGER ISAAC HAYES PERFORMS AT THE INTERNATIONAL AMPHITHEATER IN CHICAGO AS PART OF THE ANNUAL PUSH 'BLACK... - NARA - 556307.jpg|thumb|[[Isaac Hayes]] performin in 1973]] Bi the 1970s, African-American popular muisickers haed drawn frae the conceptual album-orientit approach o the then-burgeonin [[Progresive rock|progressive rock]] development. This progressive-soul development inspirt a newfoond sophisticatit muisicality an ambitious leericism in black pop. Amang thir muisickers wur [[Sly Stone]], [[Stevie Wonder]], [[Marvin Gaye]], [[Curtis Mayfield]], an [[George Clinton (funk muisicker)|George Clinton]]. In colloguin the progressive soul o the 1970s, Martin cites this period's albums frae Wonder (''[[Talking Book]]'', ''[[Innervisions]]'', ''[[Songs in the Key of Life]]''), [[War (baund)|War]] (''[[All Day Music]]'', ''[[The World Is a Ghetto]]'', ''[[War Live (album)|War Live]]''), an the [[Isley Brothers]] (''[[3 + 3]]''). [[Isaac Hayes]]'s 1969 recordin o "[[Walk On By]]" is considered a "clessic" o prog-soul, accordin tae ''[[City Pages]]'' jurnalist Jay Boller.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Boller|first=Jay|date=2016-11-30|title=The week's 29 best concerts: Nov. 30-Dec. 6|url=http://www.citypages.com/music/the-weeks-29-best-concerts-nov-30-dec-6/403632456|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-10|website=[[City Pages]]}}</ref> Later prog-soul muisic includes recordins bi [[Prince (muisicker)|Prince]],<ref>{{Cite news|last=Himes|first=Geoffrey|author-link=Geoffrey Himes|date=2001-10-12|title=Bilal '1st Born Second'|language=en-US|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/2001/10/12/bilal-1st-born-second-moyoi/c2bb93f3-390d-499a-9c29-1aa90fa18a3f/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-10|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> [[Peter Gabriel]], [[Meshell Ndegeocello]], [[Joi (sangster)|Joi]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Green|first=Tony|date=Mairch 2002|title=Joi: Star Kity's Revenge (Universal)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w8s9P_S6njMC&pg=PA129|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-10|website=[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]}}</ref> [[Bilal (American sangster)|Bilal]], [[Dwele]], [[Anthony David (sangster)|Anthony David]],<ref>{{Cite news|last=Lindsey|first=Craig D|date=2013-02-25|title=Bilal’s New A Love Surreal Was Inspired By Salvador Dali|work=[[The Village Voice]]|url=https://www.villagevoice.com/2013/02/25/bilals-new-a-love-surreal-was-inspired-by-salvador-dali/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-10}}</ref> [[Janelle Monáe]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kot|first=Greg|author-link=Greg Kot|date=2018-04-27|title=Janelle Monae comes back down to earth on ‘Dirty Computer’|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2018/04/27/janelle-monae-comes-back-down-to-earth-on-dirty-computer/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-10|website=[[Chicago Tribune]]|language=en-US}}</ref> an the [[Soulquarians]], an experimental black-muisic collective active durin the late 1990s an early 2000s.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Cochrane|first=Naima|date=2020-03-26|title=2000: A Soul Odyssey|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/rb-hip-hop/neo-soul-2000-dangelo-erykah-badu-9343438/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-10|website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|language=en-US}}</ref> === Psychedelic === Psychedelic soul, whiles kent as "black rock", wis a blend o [[psychedelic rock]] an soul muisic in the late 1960s, that pavit the wey fur the mainstream emergence o funk muisic a few years later. Early pioneers o this subgenre o soul muisic include [[Jimi Hendrix]], [[Sly and the Family Stone]], [[Norman Whitfield]], an [[Isaac Hayes]]. Whiles psychedelic rock begoud its decline, the influence o psychedelic soul continued on an remeened prevalent throu the 1970s. === Breetish === [[File:Adele 'Adele Live 2016' - Nashville DSC04671 (30410853565).jpg|alt=|thumb|Adele performin in 2016]] In the early 1960s, smaw soul scenes begoud poppin up athort the UK. Liverpuil in pairticulair haed an established [[Black Breetish fowk|black]] commonty frae whilk airtists sic as Chants an Steve Aldo emergit an gae on tae record athin the [[Muisic o the Unitit Kinrick|Breetish muisic]] industrie. As a result, mony recordins wis commercially lowsed bi Breetish soul acks durin the 1960s that wis unable tae connect wi the mainstream mercat. Nivertheless, soul haes been a major influence on Breetish popular muisic syne the 1960s includin baunds o the [[Breetish Invasion]], maist signeeficantly [[the Beatles]]. Thare wis a haundfu o signeeficant Breetish [[blue-eyed soul]] acks, includin [[Dusty Springfield]] an [[Tom Jones]]. In the 1970s [[Carl Douglas]], [[The Real Thing (Breetish baund)|the Real Thing]] an [[Delegation (baund)|Delegation]] haed hits in the UK. American soul wis extremely popular amang some youth sub-culturs lik the [[Mod (subcultur)|mod]], [[Northren soul]] an modren soul muivements, but a clear genre o Breetish soul did nae emerge till the 1980s whan seevral airtists includin [[George Michael]], [[Sade (baund)|Sade]], [[Simply Red]], [[Lisa Stansfield]] an [[Soul II Soul]] enjoyed commercial success. The popularity o Breetish soul airtists in the U.S., maist merkitly [[Amy Winehouse]], [[Adele]], [[Estelle (muisickern)|Estelle]], [[Duffy (sangster)|Duffy]], [[Joss Stone]] an [[Leona Lewis]], led tae tauk o a "[[Breetish soul|Thrid Breetish Invasion]]" or "Breetish Soul Invasion" in the 2000s an 2010s. === Neo === Neo soul is a blend o 1970s soul-style vocals an instrumentation wi [[contemporar R&B]] soonds, [[Hip hop muisic|hip-hop]] beats, an poetic interludes. The style wis developit in the early tae mid-1990s, an the term wis coined in the early 1990s bi producer an [[record label]] executive [[Kedar Massenburg]]. A key element in neo-soul is a hivy dose o [[Rhodes piano|Fender Rhodes]] or [[Wurlitzer electronic piano]] "pads" ower a mellae, groovin interpley atween the drums (uisually wi a rim shot snar soond) an a muitit, deep funky bass. The Fender Rhodes piano soond gies the muisic a wairm, organic chairacter. Weel-kent airtists include [[Jill Scott (sangster)|Jill Scott]], [[Lauryn Hill]], [[Aloe Blacc]] an [[Erykah Badu]]. Newer airtists lik [[H.E.R.]] an [[SZA]] are influenced bi neo soul an aa. === Northren === Northren soul is a muisic an dance muivement that emergit in the late 1960s oot o the Breetish [[Mod (subcultur)|mod subcultur]] in [[Northren Ingland]] an the [[Midlaunds|Inglis Midlaunds]], based on a pairticulair style o soul muisic wi a hivy beat an fast tempo. The phrase ''northern soul'' wis coined bi a jurnalist [[Dave Godin]] an popularised throu his column in ''Blues and Soul'' magazine. The rare soul records wis pleyed bi DJs at [[Nichtclub|nichtclubs]], an includit obscur 1960s an early 1970s American recordins wi an uptempo beat, sic as thaim on [[Motown]] an smawer labels, nae necessarily frae the [[Northren Unitit States]]. === Nu jazz an ither influenced electronica === Mony airtists in mony genres o [[electronic muisic]] (sic as [[Hoose muisic|hoose]], [[drum an bass]], [[UK gairage]], an [[dountempo]]) are hivily influenced bi soul, an hae produced mony soul-inspirt composeetions. == See an aw == * [[Neo soul]] * [[Leet o soul muisickers]] * [[Funk]] * [[Disco]] * [[African-American muisic]] * [[Muisic o the Unitit States]] == References == {{Reflist}} == Bibliography == * Adams, Michael (2008). Review o ''Atlantic Records: The House That Ahmet Built'', bi Susan Steinberg. ''Notes'' 65 (1), pgs. 157-158. * Cummings, Tony (1975). ''The Sound of Philadelphia.'' Lunnon: Eyre Methuen. * [[Colin Escott|Escott, Colin]]. (1995). Liner notes fur ''The Essential James Carr''. Razor an Tie Records. * [[Charlie Gillett|Gillett, Charlie]] (1974). ''Making Tracks.'' New York: E. P. Dutton. * [[Peter Guralnick|Guralnick, Peter]] (1986). ''Sweet Soul Music.'' New York: Harper & Row. * Hannusch, Jeff (1985). ''I Hear You Knockin': The Sound of New Orleans Rhythm and Blues.'' Ville Platte, LA: Swallow Publications. {{ISBN|0-9614245-0-8}}. * {{cite book|editor1-last=Hoard|editor1-first=Christian|editor2-last=Brackett|editor2-first=Nathan|year=2004|title=[[The New Rolling Stone Album Guide]]|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|isbn=9780743201698}} * Hoskyns, Barney (1987). ''Say it One More Time for the Broken Hearted.'' Glesga: Fontana/Collins. * Jackson, John A. (2004). ''A House on Fire: The Rise and Fall of Philadelphia Soul.'' New York: Oxford Varsity Press. {{ISBN|0-19-514972-6}}. * {{Citation |last=Martin |first=Bill |title=Listening to the Future: The Time of Progressive Rock |year=1998 |place=Chicago |publisher=Open Court |isbn=0-8126-9368-X |author-link=Bill Martin (philosophy)}} * Miller, Jim (editor) (1976). ''The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll''. New York: Rolling Stone Press/Random House. {{ISBN|0-394-73238-3}}. Chapter on "Soul," bi Guralnick, Peter, pp.&nbsp;194–197. * Pareles, Jon. 2004. Estelle Stewart Axton, 85, A Foonder o Stax Records. ''New York Times''. 27 Februar 2004, Section A, Page 25. * Pruter, Robert (1991). ''Chicago Soul: Making Black Music Chicago-Style''. Urbana, Illinois: Varsity o Illinois Press. {{ISBN|0-252-01676-9}}. * Pruter, Robert, editor (1993). ''Blackwell Guide to Soul Recordings.'' Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd. {{ISBN|0-631-18595-X}}. * {{cite book |title=Rolling Stone 500 Greatest Songs of All Time |date=June 19, 2008 |publisher=Alfred Music |isbn=978-0739075784 |ref={{sfnref|Rolling Stone 500 Songs|2010}}}} * Walker, Don (1985). ''The Motown Story.'' New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. * Winterson, Julia, Nickol, Peter, Bricheno, Toby (2003). ''Pop Music: The Text Book'', Edition Peters. {{ISBN|1-84367-007-0}}. == Further readin == {{sister project links|d=no|wikt=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|species=no|n=no|s=no}} * Garland, Phyl (1969). ''The Sound of Soul: the History of Black Music''. New York: Pocket Books, 1971, cop. 1969. xii, 212 p.&nbsp;300 p. + [32] p. o b & w photaes. * Cole, Laurence (2010). ''Deep Soul Ballads: From Sam Cooke to Stevie Wonder.'' Libri Publishing. {{ISBN|9781907471087}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Soul Muisic}} [[Category:Soul muisic| ]] [[Category:African-American cultural history]] [[Category:African-American muisic]] [[Category:American styles o muisic]] [[Category:Cultur o the Soothren Unitit States]] [[Category:Muisical improvisation]] [[Category:Popular muisic]] [[Category:Radio formats]] [[Category:Rhythm an blues genres]] s5g7guom7ed8xd5tybgnjz9tyj5z4fz 920599 920598 2026-08-10T15:13:39Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 920599 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisic genre | name = Soul | image = Ray Charles (1967).png | caption = [[Ray Charles]], ane o soul muisic's pioneers an maist influential airtists, in 1967. | stylistic_origins = {{hlist|[[Rhythm an blues]]|[[Gospel muisic|gospel]]}} | cultural_origins = Late 1950s – early 1960s, U.S. | derivatives = {{hlist|[[Funk]]|[[contemporary R&B]]|[[hip-hop]]|[[disco]]|[[post-disco]]}} | subgenres = {{hlist|[[Cinematic soul]]|[[Laitin soul]]|[[Motown (muisic style)|Motown soond]]|[[neo soul]]|[[retro-soul]]|[[quiet storm]]}} | fusiongenres = {{hlist|[[Hip-hop soul]]|[[nu jazz]]|[[pop soul]]|[[psychedelic soul]]|[[progressive soul]]|[[soul blues]]|[[soul jazz]]|[[smooth soul]]|[[swamp rock]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.liveabout.com/what-is-swamp-rock-2522008 |title=What Is Swamp Rock? A look at this Southern mix of country, funk, and soul |last=Fontenot |first=Robert |date=2019-02-24 |publisher=Liveabout |access-date=2022-11-09 |archive-date=2023-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927125939/https://www.liveabout.com/what-is-swamp-rock-2522008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} | regional_scenes = {{hlist|[[Breetish soul|Unitit Kinrick]]|[[Unitit States]]}} | local_scenes = {{hlist|[[Chicago soul|Chicago]]|[[Muisic o Detroit#R&B/Soul|Detroit]]|[[Memphis soul|Memphis]]|[[New York soul|New York Ceety]]|[[New Orleans soul|New Orleans]]|[[Northren soul|Northren Ingland]]|[[Philadelphia soul|Philadelphia]]|[[Soothren soul|Soothren Unitit States]]|[[Broun-eyed soul|West Coast]]}} | other_topics = * [[Blue-eyed soul]] * [[broun-eyed soul]] * [[Minneapolis soond]] * [[new jack swing]] * [[rare groove]] * [[slaw jam]] * [[urban contemporary muisic]] * [[Leet o soul muisickers]] * [[African-American muisic]] }} '''Soul muisic''' is a [[popular muisic]] genre that oreeginatit in [[African-American cultur|African-American]] [[African-American neebourheid|commonties]] throuoot the Unitit States in the late 1950s an early 1960s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Soul Music|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/media/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/soul-music|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-02|website=Encyclopedia.com}}</ref> Catchy rhythms, stressed bi haundclaps an extemporaneous bouk muivements, are an important hawmark o soul. Ither chairacteristics are a [[Caw an repone (muisic)|caw an repone]] atween the lead an [[Backin vocalist|backin vocalists]], an inspecially tense vocal soond, an occasional [[Muisical improvisation|improvisational]] addeetions, twirls, an auxiliary soonds. Soul muisic is kent fur reflectin African-American identity an stressin the importance o [[African-American cultur]]. Soul haes its ruits in [[Black Gospel muisic|African-American gospel muisic]] an [[rhythm an blues]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=|title=Soul music {{!}} Definition, Songs, Artists, & Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/soul-music|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-02|website=Britannica|language=en}}</ref> an primarily combines elements o gospel, [[Rhythm an blues|R&B]] an [[jazz]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Paese|first=Meagan|date=2018-02-16|title=Soul Music: Origins, Artists & the Sound That Shaped R&B|url=https://thehistoryofrockandroll.net/soul-music/|access-date=2026-08-02|website=The History of Rock and Roll Radio Show|language=en}}</ref> The genre emergit frae the pouer struggle tae increase black Americans' awareness o thair African auncestry, as a newfoond consciousness led tae the creation o muisic that boastit pride in bein black. Soul muisic becam popular fur dancin an listenin, an American record labels sic as [[Motown]], [[Atlantic Records|Atlantic]] an [[Stax Records|Stax]] wis influential in its proliferation durin the [[ceevil richts muivement]]. Soul becam popular warldwide an aa, directly influencin [[rock muisic]] an the [[muisic o Africae]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mojapelo|first=Max|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x-KW9f02oNMC&pg=PA1|title=Beyond Memory: Recording the History, Moments and Memories of South African Music|date=2008|publisher=African Minds|isbn=978-1-920299-28-6|language=en}}</ref> It haed a resurgence in the mid-tae late 1990s wi the subgenre [[neo soul]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Cochrane|first=Naima|date=2020-03-26|title=2000: A Soul Odyssey|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/rb-hip-hop/neo-soul-2000-dangelo-erykah-badu-9343438/|access-date=2026-08-02|website=Billboard|language=en-US}}</ref> that incorporatit modren production elements an [[Hip hop muisic|hip-hop]] influences. Soul muisic dominatit the U.S. [[Hat R&B/Hip-Hop Sangs|R&B chairts]] in the 1960s, an mony recordins crossed ower intae the pop chairts in the Unitit States, Unitit Kinrick, an elsewhaur. Mony prominent soul airtists, includin [[Ray Charles]], [[Sam Cooke]], [[Otis Redding]], [[James Brown]], [[Aretha Franklin]], an mony acks unner the Motown label, sic as [[the Supremes]] an [[the Temptations]],<ref name=":0" /> wur heichly influential in the genre's development an aw gained widespreid popularity durin this time. Bi 1968, the soul muisic genre haed begun tae splinter. Some soul airtists muived tae [[funk]] muisic, whiles ither sangsters an groups developit slicker, mair sophisticatit, an in some cases mair socially conscious varieties. Bi the early 1970s, soul muisic haed begun tae absorb influences frae [[psychedelic rock]] an [[Progresive rock|progressive rock]], amang ither genres, leadin tae the creation o [[psychedelic soul]] an [[progressive soul]]. Prominent soul airtists o this era include [[Marvin Gaye]], [[The Jackson 5|Jackson 5]], [[Stevie Wonder]], [[Curtis Mayfield]], [[Isaac Hayes]], [[Al Green]], an [[Bill Withers]]. [[Neo soul]], that adoptit hip-hop influences, developit aroond 1994. Ither subgenres o soul include the "[[Motown|Motown sound]]", a mair rhythmic an [[Pop muisic|pop]]-freendly style that oreeginatit frae the eponymous label; [[Soothren soul]], a drivin, energetic variety combinin R&B wi soothren gospel muisic influences; [[Memphis soul]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-06-13|title=Digging Into the Classic Soul of Stax Records|url=https://daily.bandcamp.com/lists/stax-records-bandcamp-guide|access-date=2026-08-02|website=Bandcamp Daily}}</ref> a shimmerin, sultry style; [[New Orleans soul]], that emergit frae the rhythm an blues style; [[Chicago soul]], a lichter gospel-influenced soond; an [[Philadelphia soul]], a lush [[Orchestra|orchestral]] variety wi [[doo-wop]]-inspirt vocals. == History == === Oreegins === [[File:Ray_Charles_classic_piano_pose.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Ray Charles]] pioneered the soul muisic genre durin the 1950s bi combinin blues, rhythm an blues, an gospel styles.]] Soul muisic haes its ruits in [[Tradeetional black gospel|tradeetional African-American gospel muisic]] an [[rhythm an blues]] an as the hybridisation o thair respective religious an secular styles – in baith leerical content an instrumentation – that begoud in the 1950s. The term "soul" haed been uised amang African-American muisickers tae emphasise the feelin o bein an African American in the Unitit States. Accordin tae muisicologist [[Dr. Demento|Barry Hansen]],<blockquote>Thou this hybrid produced a clutch o hits in the R&B mercat in the early 1950s, anly the maist adventurous white fans felt its impact at the time; the rest haed tae wait fur the comin o soul muisic in the 1960s tae feel the rush o [[rock an roll]] sung gospel-style.</blockquote> [[File:JamesBrown.jpg|thumb|upright|[[James Brown]] wis kent as the "Godfaither o Soul".<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Maycock|first=James|date=2003-10-29|title=James Brown: Soul Survivor|url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/james-brown-soul-survivor/532/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-02|website=PBS|language=en-US}}</ref>]] Accordin tae [[AllMusic]], "Soul muisic wis the result o the urbanisation an commercialisation o rhythm an blues in the '60s."<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=About Soul|url=https://www.allmusic.com/subgenre/soul-ma0000002865|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-02|website=[[AllMusic]]|language=en}}</ref> The phrase "soul muisic" itsel, referrin tae gospel-style muisic wi secular leerics, wis furst attestit in 1961.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Soul - Etymology, Origin & Meaning|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/soul|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-02|website=Etymonline.com|language=en-US}}</ref> The term "soul" in African-American parlance haes connotations o African-American pride an cultur. [[Gospel muisic|Gospel]] groups in the 1940s an '50s occasionally uised the term as pairt o thair names. The [[jazz]] style that oreeginatit frae gospel becam kent as [[soul jazz]]. As sangsters an arrangers begoud uisin techniques frae baith gospel an soul jazz in African-American popular muisic durin the 1960s, soul muisic gradually functioned as an umberellae term fur African-American popular muisic at the time.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Little Richard — Artist Biography|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/little-richard-mn0000824022|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-02|website=[[AllMusic]]|language=en}}</ref> [[File:Sam_Cooke_1961.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Sam Cooke]] is regardit as ane o soul muisic's "forefaithers".]] Accordin tae the Acoustic Muisic Organisation, the "furst clear evidence o soul muisic shaws up wi [[the "5" Royales]], an ex-gospel group that turned tae R&B an in [[Faye Adams]], whase "Shake A Hand" becomes an R&B staundard".<ref>{{Cite news|title=Timeline of Musical Styles & Guitar History|language=en-US|work=Acoustic Music|url=https://acousticmusic.org/research/history/timeline-of-musical-styles-guitar-history/|url-status=dead|access-date=2026-08-02|archive-date=2016-09-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915140243/https://acousticmusic.org/research/history/timeline-of-musical-styles-guitar-history/}}</ref> Important innovators whase recordins in the 1950s contreibutit tae the emergence o soul muisic includit [[Clyde McPhatter]], [[Hank Ballard]], an [[Etta James]]. [[Ray Charles]] is aften citit as popularisin the soul muisic genre wi his series o hits, stairtin wi 1954's "[[I Got a Woman]]". Sangster [[Bobby Womack]] said, "Ray wis the genius. He turned the warld ontae soul muisic." Charles wis appen in acknawledgin the influence o [[Pilgrim Travelers]] vocalist Jesse Whitaker on his singin style. [[Little Richard]], wha inspired [[Otis Redding]], an [[James Brown]] baith wur equally influential. Brown wis nicknamed the "Godfaither o Soul Muisic",<ref name=":1" /> an Richard proclaimed himsel as the "Keeng o Rockin' an Rollin', Rhythm an Blues Soulin{{'"}}, acause his muisic embodied elements o aw three, an syne he inspired airtists in aw three genre. [[Sam Cooke]] an [[Jackie Wilson]] are aften acknawledgit as soul forefaithers an aa. Cooke becam popular as the lead sangster o the gospel group [[the Soul Stirrers]], afore controversially muivin intae secular muisic. His recordin o "[[You Send Me]]" in 1957 launched a successfu [[pop muisic]] career. Furthermair, his 1962 recordin o "[[Bring It On Home to Me]]" haes been descrieved as "perhaps the furst record tae define the soul experience". Jackie Wilson, a contemporary o baith Cooke an James Brown, achieved [[Crossower muisic|crossower]] success an aa, inspecially wi his 1957 hit "[[Reet Petite]]".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-07-29|title=James Brown {{!}} Biography, Songs, Movies, & Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/James-Brown-American-singer|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-02|website=Britannica|language=en}}</ref> He even wis pairticulairly influential fur his dramatic delivery an performances. === 1960s === [[File:Solomon Burke.jpg|thumb|[[Solomon Burke]] recordit fur [[Atlantic Records]] in the 1960s.]] Hauf-marrae-wife duo [[Ike & Tina Turner]] emergit as "leadin exponents" o soul muisic in the 1960s.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Peacock|first=Tom|date=1963-02-25|title=Ike and Tina to Give with 'Soul Music'|pages=2|work=The Province|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-province-ike-and-tina-turner-at-blue/129810034/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-04}}</ref> Thair debut single "[[A Fool in Love]]" crossed ower tae the pop chairts in 1960. Thay earnt a [[Grammy Awairds|Grammy]] nomination fur thair sang "It's Gonna Work Out Fine" in 1962.<ref>{{Cite web|date=|title=Ike & Tina Turner {{!}} Artist {{!}} GRAMMY.com|url=https://www.grammy.com/artists/ike-tina-turner/13017/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-04|website=www.grammy.com|language=en-US}}</ref> Alang wi the Kings of Rhythm an the Ikettes, thay toured the [[Chitlin' Circuit]] as the Ike & Tina Turner Revue.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jeffries|first=Fran|title=Chitlin’ Circuit: Black performers’ soulful showcase during segregation|url=https://www.ajc.com/news/national/chitlin-circuit-black-performers-soulful-showcase-during-segregation/srbp9fswLEa3tsiOe5Z54M/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-04|website=The Atlanta Journal-Constitution|language=en}}</ref> Writer [[Peter Guralnick]] is amang thaim tae identify [[Solomon Burke]] as a key feegur in the emergence o soul muisic, an [[Atlantic Records]] as the key [[record label]]. Burke's early 1960s sangs, includin "[[Cry to Me]]", "[[Just Out of Reach (of My Two Open Arms)]]" an "[[Down in the Valley (Solomon Burke sang)|Down in the Valley]]" are considered clessics o the genre. Guralnick wrate: <blockquote>Soul stairtit, in a sense, wi the 1961 success o Solomon Burke's "Just Out of Reach". Ray Charles, o coorse, haed awready enjoyed enormous success (on Atlantic an aa), as haed James Brown an Sam Cooke — maistly in a pop vein. Ilk o thir sangsters, thou, coud be leukit upon as an isolatit phenomenon; it wis anly wi the comin thegither o Burke an Atlantic Records that ye coud begin tae see onything even resemblin a muivement.</blockquote> [[File:Aretha Franklin on January 20, 2009.jpg|thumb|[[Aretha Franklin]] is widely kent as the "Queen o Soul".]] [[Ben E. King]] achieved success in 1961 wi "[[Stand by Me (Ben E. King sang)|Stand by Me]]" an aa, a sang directly based on a gospel hymn. Bi the mid-1960s, the initial successes o Burke, King, an ithers haed been surpassed bi new soul sangsters, includin [[Stax Records|Stax]] airtists sic as [[Otis Redding]] an [[Wilson Pickett]], wha mainly recordit in [[Memphis, Tennessee]], an [[Muscle Shoals, Alabama]]. Accordin tae [[Jon Landau]]:<blockquote>Atween 1962 an 1964 Redding recordit a series o soul ballads chairacterised bi unabashedly sentimental leerics uisually beggin forgieness or askin a lassfreend tae come hame... He suin becam kent as "Mr. Pitiful" an earnt a reputation as the leadin performer ofsoul ballads.</blockquote> The maist important female soul sangster tae emerge wis [[Aretha Franklin]], oreeginally a gospel sangster wha begoud tae mak secular recordins in 1960 but whase career wis later revitalisit bi her recordins fur Atlantic. Her 1967 recordins, sic as "[[I Never Loved a Man (The Way I Love You)]]", "[[Respect (sang)|Respect]]" (written an oreeginally recordit bi Otis Redding), an "[[Do Right Woman, Do Right Man]]" (written bi [[Chips Moman]] an [[Dan Penn]]), wis signeeficant an commercially successfu recordins.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dobkin|first=Matt|url=http://archive.org/details/ineverlovedmanwa0000dobk|title=I Never Loved a Man the Way I Loved You: Aretha Franklin, Respect, and the Making of a Soul Music Masterpiece|date=2004|publisher=New York : St. Martin's Press|others=|isbn=978-0-312-31828-4}}</ref> Soul muisic dominatit the U.S. African-American muisic chairts in the 1960s, an mony recordins crossed ower intae the pop chairts in the U.S. Otis Redding wis a huge success at the [[Monterey Internaitional Pop Fest]] in 1967. The genre becam heichly popular in the UK an aa, whaur mony leadin acks toured in the late 1960s. "Soul" becam an umberellae term fur an increasingly wide variety o R&B-based muisic styles – frae the dance an pop-orientit acks at [[Motown|Motown Records]] in [[Detroit]], sic as [[the Temptations]], [[Marvin Gaye]] an [[Stevie Wonder]], tae "[[Soothren soul|deep soul]]" performers sic as [[Percy Sledge]] an [[James Carr (sangster)|James Carr]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Motown: The Sound that Changed America|url=https://www.motownmuseum.org/legacy/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-04|website=Motown Museum|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Percy Sledge: Artist Biography|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/percy-sledge-mn0000838195|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-04|website=[[AllMusic]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=James Carr: Artist Biography|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/james-carr-mn0000107877|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-04|website=[[AllMusic]]|language=en}}</ref> Different regions an ceeties athin the U.S., includin New York Ceety, Detroit, Chicago, [[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]], [[New Orleans]], [[Philadelphia]], an Muscle Shoals, Alabama (the hame o [[FAME Studios]] an [[Muscle Shoals Sound Studios]]) becam notit fur different subgenres o the muisic an recordin styles.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Brown|first=Mick|title=Deep Soul|url=http://s.telegraph.co.uk/graphics/projects/muscle-shoals/index.html|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-04|website=Telegraph}}</ref> Bi 1968, whiles at its peak o popularity, soul begoud tae fragment intae different subgenres. Airtists sic as James Brown an [[Sly and the Family Stone]] evolvit intae [[funk]] muisic, whiles ither sangsters sic as Marvin Gaye, Stevie Wonder, [[Curtis Mayfield]] an [[Al Green]] developit slicker, mair sophisticatit an in some cases mair poleetically conscious varieties o the genre. Houiver, soul muisic continued tae evolve, informin maist subsequent forms o R&B frae the 1970s-onwaird, wi pockets o muisickers continuin tae perform in tradeetional soul style.<ref name=":2" /> === 1970s an 1980s === [[File:Marvin Gaye (1973).png|thumb|left|[[Marvin Gaye]] shiftit tae a socially conscious soond wi his 1971 hit "[[What's Going On (sang)|What's Going On]]".]] Mitchell's [[Hi Records]] continued in the [[Stax Records|Stax]] tradeetion o the previous decade, lowsin a string o hits bi Green, [[Ann Peebles]], [[Otis Clay]], [[O. V. Wright]] an [[Syl Johnson]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Lisle|first=Andria|date=2014-06-25|title=Hi Records producer Willie Mitchell set the tone for polished Memphis soul|language=en-US|work=Wax Poetics|url=http://www.waxpoetics.com/blog/features/articles/hi-records-producer-willie-mitchell-set-tone-polished-memphis-soul/|url-status=dead|access-date=2026-08-04|archive-date=2016-10-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025111428/http://www.waxpoetics.com/blog/features/articles/hi-records-producer-willie-mitchell-set-tone-polished-memphis-soul/}}</ref> [[Bobby Womack]], wha recordit wi Chips Moman in the late 1960s, continued tae produce soul recordins in the 1970s an 1980s.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hurt|first=Edd|date=2012-08-17|title=Chips Moman: The Cream Interview|url=https://www.nashvillescene.com/music/nashvillecream/chips-moman-the-cream-interview/article_18fc4428-9a71-57fe-8dae-4efa8f0e0438.html|access-date=2026-08-04|website=Nashville Scene|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-06-14|title=Remembering Chips Moman|url=https://www.graceland.com/news/details/remembering-chips-moman/8070/|url-status=dead|access-date=2026-08-04|website=Graceland: The Home od Elvis Presley|language=en-us|archive-date=2016-10-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025113025/https://www.graceland.com/news/details/remembering-chips-moman/8070/}}</ref> In [[Detroit]], producer [[Don Davis (muisic producer)|Don Davis]] wirkit wi [[Stax Records|Stax]] airtists sic as [[Johnnie Taylor]] an [[the Dramatics]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Don Davis: Artist Biography|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/don-davis-mn0000145319|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-04|website=[[AllMusic]]|language=en}}</ref> Early 1970s recordins bi [[the Detroit Emeralds]], sic as ''[[Do Me Right (album)|Do Me Right]]'', are a link atween soul an the later [[disco]] style.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Detroit Emeralds|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/the-detroit-emeralds-mn0000244650|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-04|website=[[AllMusic]]|language=en}}</ref> [[Motown|Motown Records]] airtists sic as [[Marvin Gaye]], [[Michael Jackson]], [[Stevie Wonder]] an [[Smokey Robinson]] contreibutit tae the evolution o soul muisic, awthou thair recordins wis considered mair in a [[pop muisic]] vein nor thaim o Redding, Franklin an Carr.<ref name=":3" /> Awthou stylistically different frae clessic soul muisic, recordins bi [[Chicago]]-based airtists are aften considered pairt o the genre.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chicago Soul|url=https://www.allmusic.com/style/chicago-soul-ma0000002509|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-04|website=[[AllMusic]]|language=en}}</ref> Bi the early 1970s, soul muisic haed been influenced bi [[psychedelic rock]] an ither genres.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Psychedelic Soul|url=https://www.allmusic.com/style/psychedelic-soul-ma0000005025|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-04|website=[[AllMusic]]|language=en}}</ref> Airtists lik James Brown led soul towards funk muisic, that becam teepifee'd bi 1970s baunds lik [[Parliament-Funkadelic]] an [[the Meters]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Meters:Artist Biography|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/the-meters-mn0000402872|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-04|website=[[AllMusic]]|language=en}}</ref> Mair versatile groups sic as [[War (baund)|War]], [[Commodores|the Commodores]], an [[Earth, Wind & Fire|Earth, Wind and Fire]] becam popular aroond this time.<ref>{{Cite web|title=War: Artist Biography|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/war-mn0000191947|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-04|website=[[AllMusic]]|language=en}}</ref> Durin the 1970s, some slick an commercial [[blue-eyed soul]] acks lik Philadelphia's [[Hall & Oates]] an Oakland's [[Tower of Power]] achieved mainstream success, as did a new generation o street-corner harmony or "ceety-soul" groups sic as [[the Delfonics]] an the historically black [[Howard Varsity]]'s [[The Unifics|Unifics]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Daryl Hall & John Oates: Artist Biography|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/daryl-hall-john-oates-mn0000674887|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-04|website=[[AllMusic]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tower of Power: Artist Biography|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/tower-of-power-mn0000013393|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-04|website=[[AllMusic]]|language=en}}</ref> The syndicatit muisic/dance variety telly series ''[[Soul Train]]'', hostit bi Chicago hamespun [[Don Cornelius]], debuted in 1971.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chideya|first=Farai|date=2013-11-30|title=Soul Train and Pain: New Book Explores The Legacy of Don Cornelius' Empire|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/farai-chideya/soul-train-and-pain-new-b_b_4005370.html|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-04|website=The Huffington Post|language=en-US}}</ref> The programme providit an ootlet fur soul muisic fur seevral decades, forby spawnin a franchise that saw the creation o a record label ([[SOLAR Records|Soul Train Records]]) that distributit muisic bi [[the Whispers]], [[Carrie Lucas]], an an up-an-comin group kent as [[Shalamar]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=2015-08-12|title=It all Started with Soul Train|url=https://soultraincruise.com//news/it-all-started-with-soul-train|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-04|website=Soul Train Cruise|language=en}}</ref> Mony disputes led tae Cornelius spinnin aff the record label tae his talent beuker, [[Dick Griffey]], wha transformit the label intae [[SOLAR Records|Solar Records]], itsel a prominent soul muisic label throuoot the 1980s.<ref name=":4" /> The TV series continued tae air till 2006, awthou ither predominantly African-American muisic genres sic as hip-hop begoud owershadaein soul on the programme beginnin in the 1980s.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|title="Soul Train" creator Don Cornelius commits suicide|language=en-US|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cornelius-soultrain/soul-train-creator-don-cornelius-commits-suicide-idUSTRE8101HY20120202|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-04}}</ref> ===Beyond=== As [[disco]] an funk muisickers haed hits in the late 1970s an early 1980s, soul wint in the direction o [[quiet storm]]. Wi its relaxed tempos an saft melodies, quiet storm soul teuk influences frae [[Jazz fusion|fusion]] an [[adult contemporary]]. Some funk baunds, sic as EW&F, the Commodores an [[Con Funk Shun]] wad hae a few quiet storm tracks on thair albums. Amang the maist successfu acks in this era include Smokey Robinson, Jeffry Osbourne, [[Peabo Bryson]], [[Chaka Khan]], an [[Larry Graham]]. Efter the decline o disco an funk in the early 1980s, soul muisic becam influenced bi [[Electro (muisic)|electro muisic]]. It becam less raw an mair slickly produced, resultin in a style that is kent as [[contemporary R&B]], that soondit gey different frae the oreeginal [[rhythm an blues]] style. The Unitit States saw the development o [[Neo soul|neo-soul]] aroond 1994. == Weel-kent labels an producers == === Motown Records === [[File:LeviStubbs.jpg|thumb|left|[[Levi Stubbs]] singin lead wi the Four Tops in 1966.]] [[Berry Gordy]]'s successfu Tamla/Motown group o labels wis weel-kent fur bein African American awned, unlik maist o the earlier independent R&B labels. Weel-kent airtists unner this label wur [[Gladys Knight & the Pips]], [[the Supremes]], [[the Temptations]], [[the Miracles]], the [[Four Tops]], [[the Marvelettes]], [[Mary Wells]], [[Junior Walker|Jr. Walker & the All-Stars]], [[Stevie Wonder]], [[Marvin Gaye]], [[Tammi Terrell]], [[Martha and the Vandellas]], an [[the Jackson 5]]. Hits wis makkit uisin a quasi-industrial "[[assemmly line]]" approach. The producers an sangwriters brocht airtistic sensitivity tae the three-meenit tunes. [[Brian Holland]], [[Lamont Dozier]] an [[Eddie Holland]] wur rarely oot o the chairts fur thair wirk as [[Sangwriter|sangwriters]] an [[Record producer|record producers]] fur [[the Supremes]], the [[Four Tops]] an [[Martha and the Vandellas]]. Thay alloued important elements tae shine throu the dense muisical textur. The rhythm wis emphasised bi haundclaps or [[tambourine]]. [[Smokey Robinson]] wis anither writer an record producer wha eikit leerics tae "[[The Tracks of My Tears]]" bi his group [[the Miracles]], that wis ane o the maist important sangs o the decade. === Stax Records an Atlantic Records === Stax Records an Atlantic Records wis independent labels that produced heich-quality dance records featurin mony weel-kent sangsters o the day. Thay tendit tae hae smawer ensembles markit bi expressive gospel-tinged vocals. Bress an saxophones wis uised extensively an aa. [[Stax Records]], foondit bi siblins Estelle an James Stewart, wis the seicont maist successfu record label ahint [[Motown|Motown Records]]. Thay wis reponsible fur lowsin hits bi [[Otis Redding]], [[Wilson Pickett]], [[the Staple Singers]], an mony mair. Ahmet Ertegun, wha haed anticipatit bein a diplomat till 1944 whan his faither dee'd, foondit [[Atlantic Records]] in 1947 wi his freend [[Herb Abramson]]. Ertegun wrate mony sangs fur [[Ray Charles]] an [[the Clovers]]. He even sang [[Backin vocalist|backup vocals]] fur his airtist [[Big Joe Turner]] on the sang "[[Shake, Rattle and Roll]]". == Subgenres == === Detroit (Motown) === Dominatit bi [[Berry Gordy]]'s [[Motown|Motown Records]] empire, Detroit's soul is strangly rhythmic an influenced bi gospel muisic. The Motown soond aften includes haund [[clappin]], a pouerfu [[bassline]], [[Strings section|strings]], [[Bress section|bress]] an [[vibraphone]]. Motown Records' hoose baund wis [[the Funk Brothers]]. [[AllMusic]] cites Motown as the pioneerin label o pop-soul, a style o soul muisic wi raw vocals, but polisht production an toned-doun subjeck maiter intendit fur pop radio an [[Crossower muisic|crossower]] success.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Pop-Soul|url=https://www.allmusic.com/style/pop-soul-ma0000011870|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-10|website=[[AllMusic]]|language=en}}</ref> Airtists o this style includit [[Diana Ross]], [[the Jackson 5]], [[Stevie Wonder]], an [[Billy Preston]].<ref name=":5" /> Popular durin the 1960s, the style becam glossier durin the 1970s an led tae [[disco]].<ref name=":5" /> In the late 2000s, the style wis reveesitit bi contemporary soul sangsters sic as [[Amy Winehouse]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hermes|first=Will|author-link=Will Hermes|date=2008-10-30|title=Raphael Saadiq: The Way I See It|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/raphaelsaadiq/albums/album/22955163/review/23589128/the_way_i_see_it|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-10|website=[[Rolling Stone]]}}</ref> [[Raphael Saadiq]] (speceefically his 2008 album ''[[The Way I See It]]'') an [[Solange Knowles]] (her 2008 album ''[[Sol-Angel and the Hadley St. Dreams]]''). === Deep an Soothren === [[File:Otis Redding.png|thumb|Soul sangster [[Otis Redding]] wis kent tae be an electrifyin stage presence.]] The terms "deep soul" an "Soothren soul" generally refer tae a drivin, energetic soul style combinin [[Rhythm an blues|R&B]]'s energy wi pulsatin soothren Unitit States [[gospel muisic]] soonds. [[Memphis, Tennessee]], label [[Stax Records]] nurtured a distinctive soond, that includit pittin vocals further back in the mix nor maist contemporary R&B records, uisin vibrant horn pairts in place o backgrund vocals, an a focus on the low end o the frequency spectrum. The vast feck o Stax lowses wis backit bi hoose baunds [[Booker T. & the M.G.'s]] (wi [[Booker T. Jones]], [[Steve Cropper]], [[Donald "Duck" Dunn|Duck Dunn]], an [[Al Jackson Jr.|Al Jackson]]) an [[the Memphis Horns]] (the splinter horn section o [[the Mar-Keys]], trumpeter [[Wayne Jackson (muisicker)|Wayne Jackson]] an saxophonist [[Andrew Love (muisicker)|Andrew Love]]). === Memphis === Memphis soul is a shimmerin, sultry style o soul muisic produced in the 1960s an 1970s at [[Stax Records]] an [[Hi Records]] in [[Memphis, Tennessee]]. It featurt melancholic an melodic horns, [[Hammond organ]], bass, an drums, as heard in recordins bi Hi's [[Al Green]] an Stax's [[Booker T. & the M.G.'s]]. The latter group whiles pleyed in the haurder-edgit [[Soothren soul]] style an aa. The Hi Records hoose baund ([[Hi Rhythm Section]]) an producer [[Willie Mitchell (muisicker)|Willie Mitchell]] developit a surgin soul style heard in the label's 1970s hit recordins. Some Stax recordins fit intae this style but haed thair awn unique soond. === New Orleans === The New Orleans soul scene directly cam oot o the rhythm an blues era, whan sic airtists as [[Little Richard]], [[Fats Domino]], an [[Huey "Piano" Smith]] makkit a huge impact on the pop an R&B chairts an a huge direct influence on the birth o [[funk]] muisic. The principal airchitect o Crescent Ceety's soul wis sangwriter, arranger, an producer [[Allen Toussaint]]. He wirkit wi sic airtists as [[Irma Thomas]] ("the Soul Queen o New Orleans"), Jessie Hill, [[Chris Kenner]], Benny Spellman, an [[Ernie K-Doe]] on the Minit/Instant label complex tae produce a distinctive New Orleans soul soond that generatit a passel o naitional hits. Ither weel-kent New Orleans hits cam frae Robert Parker, [[Betty Harris]], an [[Aaron Neville]]. Whiles record labels in New Orleans lairgely disappeart bi the mid-1960s, producers in the ceety continued tae record New Orleans soul airtists fur ither mainly New York Ceety an Los Angeles–based record labels—merkitly [[Lee Dorsey]] fur New York-based [[Amy Records]] an the Meters fur New York–based [[Josie Records]] an then LA-based [[Reprise Records]]. === Chicago === Chicago soul generally haed a licht gospel-influenced soond, but the lairge nummer o record labels based in the ceety tendit tae produce a mair diverse soond nor ither ceeties. [[Vee-Jay Records|Vee Jay Records]], that lastit till 1966, produced recordins bi [[Jerry Butler]], [[Betty Everett]], [[Dee Clark]], an [[Gene Chandler]]. [[Chess Records]], mainly a blues an rock an roll label, produced seevral major soul airtists, includin [[the Dells]] an [[Billy Stewart]]. [[Curtis Mayfield]] nae anly scored mony hits wi his group, [[the Impressions]], but wrate mony hit sangs fur Chicago airtists an produced hits on his awn labels fur [[the Fascinations]], [[Major Lance]], an the [[Five Stairsteps]]. === Philadelphia === Based maistly in the [[Philadelphia International Records|Philadelphia International]] record label, Philadelphia soul (or Philly soul) haed lush [[String section|string]] an [[Horn section|horn]] arreengements an [[doo-wop]]-inspirt vocals. [[Thom Bell]], an [[Gamble an Huff|Kenneth Gamble & Leon Huff]] are considered the foonders o Philadelphia soul, that produced hits fur [[Patti LaBelle]], [[the O'Jays]], [[The Intruders (baund)|the Intruders]], [[the Three Degrees]], [[the Delfonics]], [[the Stylistics]], [[Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes]], an [[The Spinners (American group)|the Spinners]]. === Progressive === [[File:BLACK SOUL SINGER ISAAC HAYES PERFORMS AT THE INTERNATIONAL AMPHITHEATER IN CHICAGO AS PART OF THE ANNUAL PUSH 'BLACK... - NARA - 556307.jpg|thumb|[[Isaac Hayes]] performin in 1973]] Bi the 1970s, African-American popular muisickers haed drawn frae the conceptual album-orientit approach o the then-burgeonin [[Progresive rock|progressive rock]] development. This progressive-soul development inspirt a newfoond sophisticatit muisicality an ambitious leericism in black pop. Amang thir muisickers wur [[Sly Stone]], [[Stevie Wonder]], [[Marvin Gaye]], [[Curtis Mayfield]], an [[George Clinton (funk muisicker)|George Clinton]]. In colloguin the progressive soul o the 1970s, Martin cites this period's albums frae Wonder (''[[Talking Book]]'', ''[[Innervisions]]'', ''[[Songs in the Key of Life]]''), [[War (baund)|War]] (''[[All Day Music]]'', ''[[The World Is a Ghetto]]'', ''[[War Live (album)|War Live]]''), an the [[Isley Brothers]] (''[[3 + 3]]''). [[Isaac Hayes]]'s 1969 recordin o "[[Walk On By]]" is considered a "clessic" o prog-soul, accordin tae ''[[City Pages]]'' jurnalist Jay Boller.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Boller|first=Jay|date=2016-11-30|title=The week's 29 best concerts: Nov. 30-Dec. 6|url=http://www.citypages.com/music/the-weeks-29-best-concerts-nov-30-dec-6/403632456|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-10|website=[[City Pages]]}}</ref> Later prog-soul muisic includes recordins bi [[Prince (muisicker)|Prince]],<ref>{{Cite news|last=Himes|first=Geoffrey|author-link=Geoffrey Himes|date=2001-10-12|title=Bilal '1st Born Second'|language=en-US|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/2001/10/12/bilal-1st-born-second-moyoi/c2bb93f3-390d-499a-9c29-1aa90fa18a3f/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-10|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> [[Peter Gabriel]], [[Meshell Ndegeocello]], [[Joi (sangster)|Joi]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Green|first=Tony|date=Mairch 2002|title=Joi: Star Kity's Revenge (Universal)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w8s9P_S6njMC&pg=PA129|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-10|website=[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]}}</ref> [[Bilal (American sangster)|Bilal]], [[Dwele]], [[Anthony David (sangster)|Anthony David]],<ref>{{Cite news|last=Lindsey|first=Craig D|date=2013-02-25|title=Bilal’s New A Love Surreal Was Inspired By Salvador Dali|work=[[The Village Voice]]|url=https://www.villagevoice.com/2013/02/25/bilals-new-a-love-surreal-was-inspired-by-salvador-dali/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-10}}</ref> [[Janelle Monáe]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kot|first=Greg|author-link=Greg Kot|date=2018-04-27|title=Janelle Monae comes back down to earth on ‘Dirty Computer’|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2018/04/27/janelle-monae-comes-back-down-to-earth-on-dirty-computer/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-10|website=[[Chicago Tribune]]|language=en-US}}</ref> an the [[Soulquarians]], an experimental black-muisic collective active durin the late 1990s an early 2000s.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Cochrane|first=Naima|date=2020-03-26|title=2000: A Soul Odyssey|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/rb-hip-hop/neo-soul-2000-dangelo-erykah-badu-9343438/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-10|website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|language=en-US}}</ref> === Psychedelic === Psychedelic soul, whiles kent as "black rock", wis a blend o [[psychedelic rock]] an soul muisic in the late 1960s, that pavit the wey fur the mainstream emergence o funk muisic a few years later. Early pioneers o this subgenre o soul muisic include [[Jimi Hendrix]], [[Sly and the Family Stone]], [[Norman Whitfield]], an [[Isaac Hayes]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Psychedelic Soul|url=http://psychedmaster.org/Psychedelic%20Soul.html|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-10|website=|language=en}}</ref> Whiles psychedelic rock begoud its decline, the influence o psychedelic soul continued on an remeened prevalent throu the 1970s. === Breetish === [[File:Adele 'Adele Live 2016' - Nashville DSC04671 (30410853565).jpg|alt=|thumb|Adele performin in 2016]] In the early 1960s, smaw soul scenes begoud poppin up athort the UK. Liverpuil in pairticulair haed an established [[Black Breetish fowk|black]] commonty frae whilk airtists sic as Chants an Steve Aldo emergit an gae on tae record athin the [[Muisic o the Unitit Kinrick|Breetish muisic]] industrie. As a result, mony recordins wis commercially lowsed bi Breetish soul acks durin the 1960s that wis unable tae connect wi the mainstream mercat. Nivertheless, soul haes been a major influence on Breetish popular muisic syne the 1960s includin baunds o the [[Breetish Invasion]], maist signeeficantly [[the Beatles]]. Thare wis a haundfu o signeeficant Breetish [[blue-eyed soul]] acks, includin [[Dusty Springfield]] an [[Tom Jones]]. In the 1970s [[Carl Douglas]], [[The Real Thing (Breetish baund)|the Real Thing]] an [[Delegation (baund)|Delegation]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Disco Savvy: The Complete Disco Guide to Delegation - disco and funk|url=http://www.discosavvy.com/delegation.html|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-10|website=Discosavvy.com}}</ref> haed hits in the UK. American soul wis extremely popular amang some youth sub-culturs lik the [[Mod (subcultur)|mod]], [[Northren soul]] an modren soul muivements, but a clear genre o Breetish soul did nae emerge till the 1980s whan seevral airtists includin [[George Michael]], [[Sade (baund)|Sade]], [[Simply Red]], [[Lisa Stansfield]] an [[Soul II Soul]] enjoyed commercial success. The popularity o Breetish soul airtists in the U.S., maist merkitly [[Amy Winehouse]], [[Adele]], [[Estelle (muisickern)|Estelle]], [[Duffy (sangster)|Duffy]], [[Joss Stone]] an [[Leona Lewis]], led tae tauk o a "[[Breetish soul|Thrid Breetish Invasion]]" or "Breetish Soul Invasion" in the 2000s an 2010s. === Neo === Neo soul is a blend o 1970s soul-style vocals an instrumentation wi [[contemporar R&B]] soonds, [[Hip hop muisic|hip-hop]] beats, an poetic interludes. The style wis developit in the early tae mid-1990s, an the term wis coined in the early 1990s bi producer an [[record label]] executive [[Kedar Massenburg]]. A key element in neo-soul is a hivy dose o [[Rhodes piano|Fender Rhodes]] or [[Wurlitzer electronic piano]] "pads" ower a mellae, groovin interpley atween the drums (uisually wi a rim shot snar soond) an a muitit, deep funky bass. The Fender Rhodes piano soond gies the muisic a wairm, organic chairacter. Weel-kent airtists include [[Jill Scott (sangster)|Jill Scott]], [[Lauryn Hill]], [[Aloe Blacc]] an [[Erykah Badu]]. Newer airtists lik [[H.E.R.]] an [[SZA]] are influenced bi neo soul an aa. === Northren === Northren soul is a muisic an dance muivement that emergit in the late 1960s oot o the Breetish [[Mod (subcultur)|mod subcultur]] in [[Northren Ingland]] an the [[Midlaunds|Inglis Midlaunds]], based on a pairticulair style o soul muisic wi a hivy beat an fast tempo. The phrase ''northern soul'' wis coined bi a jurnalist [[Dave Godin]] an popularised throu his column in ''Blues and Soul'' magazine. The rare soul records wis pleyed bi DJs at [[Nichtclub|nichtclubs]], an includit obscur 1960s an early 1970s American recordins wi an uptempo beat, sic as thaim on [[Motown]] an smawer labels, nae necessarily frae the [[Northren Unitit States]]. === Nu jazz an ither influenced electronica === Mony airtists in mony genres o [[electronic muisic]] (sic as [[Hoose muisic|hoose]], [[drum an bass]], [[UK gairage]], an [[dountempo]]) are hivily influenced bi soul, an hae produced mony soul-inspirt composeetions. == See an aw == * [[Neo soul]] * [[Leet o soul muisickers]] * [[Funk]] * [[Disco]] * [[African-American muisic]] * [[Muisic o the Unitit States]] == References == {{Reflist}} == Bibliography == * Adams, Michael (2008). Review o ''Atlantic Records: The House That Ahmet Built'', bi Susan Steinberg. ''Notes'' 65 (1), pgs. 157-158. * Cummings, Tony (1975). ''The Sound of Philadelphia.'' Lunnon: Eyre Methuen. * [[Colin Escott|Escott, Colin]]. (1995). Liner notes fur ''The Essential James Carr''. Razor an Tie Records. * [[Charlie Gillett|Gillett, Charlie]] (1974). ''Making Tracks.'' New York: E. P. Dutton. * [[Peter Guralnick|Guralnick, Peter]] (1986). ''Sweet Soul Music.'' New York: Harper & Row. * Hannusch, Jeff (1985). ''I Hear You Knockin': The Sound of New Orleans Rhythm and Blues.'' Ville Platte, LA: Swallow Publications. {{ISBN|0-9614245-0-8}}. * {{cite book|editor1-last=Hoard|editor1-first=Christian|editor2-last=Brackett|editor2-first=Nathan|year=2004|title=[[The New Rolling Stone Album Guide]]|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|isbn=9780743201698}} * Hoskyns, Barney (1987). ''Say it One More Time for the Broken Hearted.'' Glesga: Fontana/Collins. * Jackson, John A. (2004). ''A House on Fire: The Rise and Fall of Philadelphia Soul.'' New York: Oxford Varsity Press. {{ISBN|0-19-514972-6}}. * {{Citation |last=Martin |first=Bill |title=Listening to the Future: The Time of Progressive Rock |year=1998 |place=Chicago |publisher=Open Court |isbn=0-8126-9368-X |author-link=Bill Martin (philosophy)}} * Miller, Jim (editor) (1976). ''The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll''. New York: Rolling Stone Press/Random House. {{ISBN|0-394-73238-3}}. Chapter on "Soul," bi Guralnick, Peter, pp.&nbsp;194–197. * Pareles, Jon. 2004. Estelle Stewart Axton, 85, A Foonder o Stax Records. ''New York Times''. 27 Februar 2004, Section A, Page 25. * Pruter, Robert (1991). ''Chicago Soul: Making Black Music Chicago-Style''. Urbana, Illinois: Varsity o Illinois Press. {{ISBN|0-252-01676-9}}. * Pruter, Robert, editor (1993). ''Blackwell Guide to Soul Recordings.'' Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd. {{ISBN|0-631-18595-X}}. * {{cite book |title=Rolling Stone 500 Greatest Songs of All Time |date=June 19, 2008 |publisher=Alfred Music |isbn=978-0739075784 |ref={{sfnref|Rolling Stone 500 Songs|2010}}}} * Walker, Don (1985). ''The Motown Story.'' New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. * Winterson, Julia, Nickol, Peter, Bricheno, Toby (2003). ''Pop Music: The Text Book'', Edition Peters. {{ISBN|1-84367-007-0}}. == Further readin == {{sister project links|d=no|wikt=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|species=no|n=no|s=no}} * Garland, Phyl (1969). ''The Sound of Soul: the History of Black Music''. New York: Pocket Books, 1971, cop. 1969. xii, 212 p.&nbsp;300 p. + [32] p. o b & w photaes. * Cole, Laurence (2010). ''Deep Soul Ballads: From Sam Cooke to Stevie Wonder.'' Libri Publishing. {{ISBN|9781907471087}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Soul Muisic}} [[Category:Soul muisic| ]] [[Category:African-American cultural history]] [[Category:African-American muisic]] [[Category:American styles o muisic]] [[Category:Cultur o the Soothren Unitit States]] [[Category:Muisical improvisation]] [[Category:Popular muisic]] [[Category:Radio formats]] [[Category:Rhythm an blues genres]] s0pv56xzryyjh3i0vebtqrmytw7na8d 3 233849 920600 2026-08-10T18:11:28Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Walcome tae the Scots Wikipaedia ! 920600 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, Jake Park, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye for [[Special:Contributions/Jake Park|yer contribution]]. Some gibbles ye'll find uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isna. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|Hou tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 18:11, 10 August 2026 (UTC) 6k8vd98pdjy2udqie1wpmq0jukhmlwg 3 233850 920603 2026-08-10T22:54:10Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Walcome tae the Scots Wikipaedia ! 920603 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, Deepfriedokra, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye for [[Special:Contributions/Deepfriedokra|yer contribution]]. Some gibbles ye'll find uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isna. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|Hou tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 22:54, 10 August 2026 (UTC) 2ifzw9mr121cykvbeai79wljpv4z4mw 0 233851 920609 2026-08-11T00:58:10Z ~2026-44052-69 135519 Made page wi "Fathallah Oualalou (Arabic: فتح الله والعلو) (born 1942 in Rabat)[1] is a Moroccan politician. He was the mayor of Rabat from 2009 to 2015. He was the Minister of Economy and Finance of Morocco between March 1998 and October 2007.[2] He is a member of the Socialist Union of Popular Forces party (USFP). Oualalou graduated in economics from the Mohammed V University in Rabat, going on to obtain a "Diplôme d'études supérieures" (DES) in economics in Paris in 196..." 920609 wikitext text/x-wiki Fathallah Oualalou (Arabic: فتح الله والعلو) (born 1942 in Rabat)[1] is a Moroccan politician. He was the mayor of Rabat from 2009 to 2015. He was the Minister of Economy and Finance of Morocco between March 1998 and October 2007.[2] He is a member of the Socialist Union of Popular Forces party (USFP). Oualalou graduated in economics from the Mohammed V University in Rabat, going on to obtain a "Diplôme d'études supérieures" (DES) in economics in Paris in 1966. In addition to his work as an assistant at the Mohammed V University, in the 1960s he became president of the Union nationale des étudiants du Maroc [fr] and head of the Confederation of Maghreb Students.[1] References "M. Fathallah Oualalou". mincom.gov.ma. 27 September 2006. Archived from the original on 27 September 2006. Retrieved 17 September 2024. MEF - Royaume du Maroc. "Nos anciens ministres". www.finances.gov.ma. See also Politics of Morocco vte Cabinet of Driss Jettou (2002–2007) Authority control databases Edit this at Wikidata 448blulmstw6bkz0evwo6nudeeg02ty 920610 920609 2026-08-11T00:59:12Z ~2026-44052-69 135519 920610 wikitext text/x-wiki Fathallah Oualalou (Arabic: فتح الله والعلو) (born 1942 in Rabat)[1] is a Moroccan politician. He was the mayor of Rabat from 2009 to 2015. He was the Minister of Economy and Finance of Morocco between March 1998 and October 2007.[2] He is a member of the Socialist Union of Popular Forces party (USFP). Oualalou graduated in economics from the Mohammed V University in Rabat, going on to obtain a "Diplôme d'études supérieures" (DES) in economics in Paris in 1966. In addition to his work as an assistant at the Mohammed V University, in the 1960s he became president of the Union nationale des étudiants du Maroc [fr] and head of the Confederation of Maghreb Students.[1] References "M. Fathallah Oualalou". mincom.gov.ma. 27 September 2006. Archived from the original on 27 September 2006. Retrieved 17 September 2024. MEF - Royaume du Maroc. "Nos anciens ministres". www.finances.gov.ma. See also Politics of Morocco vte Cabinet of Driss Jettou (2002–2007) Authority control databases Edit this at Wikidata -Sarah Barasheed 4a02i0wm5cgwptwufgmbwui31lyliom 920612 920610 2026-08-11T02:20:12Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Mendit Scots 920612 wikitext text/x-wiki Fathallah Oualalou (Arabic: فتح الله والعلو) (born 1942 in Rabat) is a Moroccan politeecian. He wis the mayor o Rabat frae 2009 tae 2015. He wis the Meenister o Economy an Finance o Morocco atween Mairch 1998 an October 2007. He is a memmer o the Socialist Union o Popular Forces pairty (USFP). Oualalou graduatit in economics frae the Mohammed V Varsity in Rabat, gaein on tae obteen a "Diplôme d'études supérieures" (DES) in economics in Paris in 1966. In addeetion tae his wirk as an assistant at the Mohammed V Varsity, in the 1960s he becam preses o the Union nationale des étudiants du Maroc an heid o the Confederation o Maghreb Students. a9si31q97q6fnusdftiu4vqtha70bzg 920620 920612 2026-08-11T02:31:57Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 920620 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Fathallah Oualalou | image = Fathallah Oualaalou en un acto organizado por FAMSI en Córdoba.jpg | caption = Fathallah Oualalou in 2010 | office = [[Meenistry o Economy an Finance (Morocco)|Meenister o Economy an Finance]] | term_start = Mairch 1998 | term_end = October 2007 | predecessor = [[Driss Jettou]] | prime_minister = [[Abderrahmane Youssoufi]]<br>[[Driss Jettou]]<br>[[Abbas El Fassi]] | successor = [[Salaheddine Mezouar]] | monarch = [[Hassan II o Morocco|Hassan II]]<br>[[Mohammed VI o Morocco|Mohammed VI]] }} Fathallah Oualalou (Arabic: فتح الله والعلو) (born 1942 in Rabat) is a Moroccan politeecian. He wis the mayor o Rabat frae 2009 tae 2015. He wis the Meenister o Economy an Finance o Morocco atween Mairch 1998 an October 2007. He is a memmer o the Socialist Union o Popular Forces pairty (USFP). Oualalou graduatit in economics frae the Mohammed V Varsity in Rabat, gaein on tae obteen a "Diplôme d'études supérieures" (DES) in economics in Paris in 1966. In addeetion tae his wirk as an assistant at the Mohammed V Varsity, in the 1960s he becam preses o the Union nationale des étudiants du Maroc an heid o the Confederation o Maghreb Students. ==References== {{reflist}} ==See an aw== * [[Politics o Morocco]] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Oualalou, Fathallah}} [[Category:Finance meenisters o Morocco]] [[Category:Economy meenisters o Morocco]] [[Category:Memmers o the Hoose o Representatives (Morocco)]] [[Category:Fowk frae Rabat]] [[Category:1942 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Socialist Union o Popular Forces politeecians]] [[Category:Mohammed V Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Moroccan economists]] [[Category:Mayors o places in Morocco]] 46r0tbxqzbu3runc7dndo9t1c0mpvwk 920621 920620 2026-08-11T02:33:58Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 920621 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Fathallah Oualalou | image = Fathallah Oualaalou en un acto organizado por FAMSI en Córdoba.jpg | caption = Fathallah Oualalou in 2010 | office = [[Meenistry o Economy an Finance (Morocco)|Meenister o Economy an Finance]] | term_start = Mairch 1998 | term_end = October 2007 | predecessor = [[Driss Jettou]] | prime_minister = [[Abderrahmane Youssoufi]]<br>[[Driss Jettou]]<br>[[Abbas El Fassi]] | successor = [[Salaheddine Mezouar]] | monarch = [[Hassan II o Morocco|Hassan II]]<br>[[Mohammed VI o Morocco|Mohammed VI]] }} Fathallah Oualalou ([[Arabic]]: فتح الله والعلو) (born 1942 in [[Rabat]]) is a [[Morocco|Moroccan]] politeecian. He wis the mayor o [[Rabat]] frae 2009 tae 2015. He wis the [[Meenistry o Economy an Finance (Morocco)|Meenister o Economy an Finance]] o [[Morocco]] atween Mairch 1998 an October 2007. He is a memmer o the [[Socialist Union o Popular Forces]] pairty (USFP). Oualalou graduatit in economics frae the [[Mohammed V Varsity]] in Rabat, gaein on tae obteen a "Diplôme d'études supérieures" (DES) in economics in Paris in 1966. In addeetion tae his wirk as an assistant at the Mohammed V Varsity, in the 1960s he becam preses o the Union nationale des étudiants du Maroc an heid o the Confederation o Maghreb Students. ==References== {{reflist}} ==See an aw== * [[Politics o Morocco]] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Oualalou, Fathallah}} [[Category:Finance meenisters o Morocco]] [[Category:Economy meenisters o Morocco]] [[Category:Memmers o the Hoose o Representatives (Morocco)]] [[Category:Fowk frae Rabat]] [[Category:1942 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Socialist Union o Popular Forces politeecians]] [[Category:Mohammed V Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Moroccan economists]] [[Category:Mayors o places in Morocco]] re3wel75mzhfa8s64avagm8o3z3t6fa 920622 920621 2026-08-11T02:37:42Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 920622 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Fathallah Oualalou | image = Fathallah Oualaalou en un acto organizado por FAMSI en Córdoba.jpg | caption = Fathallah Oualalou in 2010 | office = [[Meenistry o Economy an Finance (Morocco)|Meenister o Economy an Finance]] | term_start = Mairch 1998 | term_end = October 2007 | predecessor = [[Driss Jettou]] | prime_minister = [[Abderrahmane Youssoufi]]<br>[[Driss Jettou]]<br>[[Abbas El Fassi]] | successor = [[Salaheddine Mezouar]] | monarch = [[Hassan II o Morocco|Hassan II]]<br>[[Mohammed VI o Morocco|Mohammed VI]] }} Fathallah Oualalou ([[Arabic]]: فتح الله والعلو) (born 1942 in [[Rabat]])<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2006-09-27|title=M. Fathallah OUALALOU|url=http://www.mincom.gov.ma/french/minister/biographies/FathallahOualalou.htm|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-11|website=mincom.gov.ma}}</ref> is a [[Morocco|Moroccan]] politeecian. He wis the mayor o [[Rabat]] frae 2009 tae 2015. He wis the [[Meenistry o Economy an Finance (Morocco)|Meenister o Economy an Finance]] o [[Morocco]] atween Mairch 1998 an October 2007. He is a memmer o the [[Socialist Union o Popular Forces]] pairty (USFP). Oualalou graduatit in economics frae the [[Mohammed V Varsity]] in Rabat, gaein on tae obteen a "Diplôme d'études supérieures" (DES) in economics in Paris in 1966. In addeetion tae his wirk as an assistant at the Mohammed V Varsity, in the 1960s he becam preses o the Union nationale des étudiants du Maroc an heid o the Confederation o Maghreb Students.<ref name=":0" /> ==References== {{reflist}} ==See an aw== * [[Politics o Morocco]] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Oualalou, Fathallah}} [[Category:Finance meenisters o Morocco]] [[Category:Economy meenisters o Morocco]] [[Category:Memmers o the Hoose o Representatives (Morocco)]] [[Category:Fowk frae Rabat]] [[Category:1942 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Socialist Union o Popular Forces politeecians]] [[Category:Mohammed V Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Moroccan economists]] [[Category:Mayors o places in Morocco]] 4iyyn71esbaqmpnah6rjzwvuc7obz9c 920623 920622 2026-08-11T02:41:11Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 NOTE: This airtin haes been owersettit frae the existin Inglis Wikipaedia airtin at [[:en:Fathallah Oualalou]]; see its history fur attreibution 920623 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Fathallah Oualalou | image = Fathallah Oualaalou en un acto organizado por FAMSI en Córdoba.jpg | caption = Fathallah Oualalou in 2010 | office = [[Meenistry o Economy an Finance (Morocco)|Meenister o Economy an Finance]] | term_start = Mairch 1998 | term_end = October 2007 | predecessor = [[Driss Jettou]] | prime_minister = [[Abderrahmane Youssoufi]]<br>[[Driss Jettou]]<br>[[Abbas El Fassi]] | successor = [[Salaheddine Mezouar]] | monarch = [[Hassan II o Morocco|Hassan II]]<br>[[Mohammed VI o Morocco|Mohammed VI]] }} Fathallah Oualalou ([[Arabic]]: فتح الله والعلو) (born 1942 in [[Rabat]])<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2006-09-27|title=M. Fathallah OUALALOU|url=http://www.mincom.gov.ma/french/minister/biographies/FathallahOualalou.htm|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-11|website=mincom.gov.ma}}</ref> is a [[Morocco|Moroccan]] politeecian. He wis the mayor o [[Rabat]] frae 2009 tae 2015. He wis the [[Meenistry o Economy an Finance (Morocco)|Meenister o Economy an Finance]] o [[Morocco]] atween Mairch 1998 an October 2007. He is a memmer o the [[Socialist Union o Popular Forces]] pairty (USFP). Oualalou graduatit in economics frae the [[Mohammed V Varsity]] in Rabat, gaein on tae obteen a "Diplôme d'études supérieures" (DES) in economics in Paris in 1966. In addeetion tae his wirk as an assistant at the Mohammed V Varsity, in the 1960s he becam preses o the Union nationale des étudiants du Maroc an heid o the Confederation o Maghreb Students.<ref name=":0" /> ==References== {{reflist}} ==See an aw== * [[Politics o Morocco]] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Oualalou, Fathallah}} [[Category:Finance meenisters o Morocco]] [[Category:Economy meenisters o Morocco]] [[Category:Memmers o the Hoose o Representatives (Morocco)]] [[Category:Fowk frae Rabat]] [[Category:1942 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Socialist Union o Popular Forces politeecians]] [[Category:Mohammed V Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Moroccan economists]] [[Category:Mayors o places in Morocco]] ci3k2fs66n8ecp3aftwonqoh2nm22v3 920624 920623 2026-08-11T02:41:37Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 920624 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Fathallah Oualalou | image = Fathallah Oualaalou en un acto organizado por FAMSI en Córdoba.jpg | caption = Fathallah Oualalou in 2010 | office = [[Meenistry o Economy an Finance (Morocco)|Meenister o Economy an Finance]] | term_start = Mairch 1998 | term_end = October 2007 | predecessor = [[Driss Jettou]] | prime_minister = [[Abderrahmane Youssoufi]]<br>[[Driss Jettou]]<br>[[Abbas El Fassi]] | successor = [[Salaheddine Mezouar]] | monarch = [[Hassan II o Morocco|Hassan II]]<br>[[Mohammed VI o Morocco|Mohammed VI]] }} '''Fathallah Oualalou''' ([[Arabic]]: فتح الله والعلو) (born 1942 in [[Rabat]])<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2006-09-27|title=M. Fathallah OUALALOU|url=http://www.mincom.gov.ma/french/minister/biographies/FathallahOualalou.htm|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-11|website=mincom.gov.ma}}</ref> is a [[Morocco|Moroccan]] politeecian. He wis the mayor o [[Rabat]] frae 2009 tae 2015. He wis the [[Meenistry o Economy an Finance (Morocco)|Meenister o Economy an Finance]] o [[Morocco]] atween Mairch 1998 an October 2007. He is a memmer o the [[Socialist Union o Popular Forces]] pairty (USFP). Oualalou graduatit in economics frae the [[Mohammed V Varsity]] in Rabat, gaein on tae obteen a "Diplôme d'études supérieures" (DES) in economics in Paris in 1966. In addeetion tae his wirk as an assistant at the Mohammed V Varsity, in the 1960s he becam preses o the Union nationale des étudiants du Maroc an heid o the Confederation o Maghreb Students.<ref name=":0" /> ==References== {{reflist}} ==See an aw== * [[Politics o Morocco]] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Oualalou, Fathallah}} [[Category:Finance meenisters o Morocco]] [[Category:Economy meenisters o Morocco]] [[Category:Memmers o the Hoose o Representatives (Morocco)]] [[Category:Fowk frae Rabat]] [[Category:1942 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Socialist Union o Popular Forces politeecians]] [[Category:Mohammed V Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Moroccan economists]] [[Category:Mayors o places in Morocco]] pezljq6dz1yurur9apvei8uktowlw8b 3 233852 920613 2026-08-11T02:20:57Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Walcome tae the Scots Wikipaedia ! 920613 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, &#126;2026-44052-69, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye for [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-44052-69|yer contribution]]. Some gibbles ye'll find uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isna. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|Hou tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 02:20, 11 August 2026 (UTC) i9rgd6b4y0ddsacvcj6p9uubh2c9lze 920616 920613 2026-08-11T02:23:53Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 920616 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, &#126;2026-44052-69, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye for [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-44052-69|yer contribution]]. Some gibbles ye'll find uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isna. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|Hou tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 02:20, 11 August 2026 (UTC) == August 2026 == [[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, I'm [[User:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]]. I wanted to let you know that I undid one or more of [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-44052-69|your recent contributions]] because you changed [[:en:Scots language|Scots]] material to the [[:en:English language|English language]] or added English material to articles. This is the Scots Wikipedia, not the [[:en:Main Page|English one]], and the language of this project is [[Scots leid|Scots]]. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on [[User_talk:Mr.Murdoch78|my talk page]]. Thanks! [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 02:23, 11 August 2026 (UTC) 7o5busltohazvmwy28pqa8qzcce7a5o 3 233853 920614 2026-08-11T02:21:30Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Walcome tae the Scots Wikipaedia ! 920614 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, &#126;2026-44077-57, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye for [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-44077-57|yer contribution]]. Some gibbles ye'll find uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isna. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|Hou tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 02:21, 11 August 2026 (UTC) kyzd0w3z08hqzido813q2dtzlcm6z7v 920615 920614 2026-08-11T02:22:22Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 920615 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, &#126;2026-44077-57, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye for [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-44077-57|yer contribution]]. Some gibbles ye'll find uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isna. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|Hou tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 02:21, 11 August 2026 (UTC) == August 2026 == [[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, I'm [[User:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]]. I wanted to let you know that I undid one or more of [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-44077-57|your recent contributions]] because you changed [[:en:Scots language|Scots]] material to the [[:en:English language|English language]] or added English material to articles. This is the Scots Wikipedia, not the [[:en:Main Page|English one]], and the language of this project is [[Scots leid|Scots]]. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on [[User_talk:Mr.Murdoch78|my talk page]]. Thanks! [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 02:22, 11 August 2026 (UTC) ole91a1q0xzsy18sdjqb3xppm27xojh 0 233854 920632 2026-08-11T03:18:15Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Reguidin tae [[Tom Holland (actor)]] 920632 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Tom Holland (actor)]] j7pdjvtjq8m4ktatqvb08465zkw5nqb