Wikipedia scowiki https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.14 first-letter Media Special Collogue Uiser Uiser collogue Wikipedia Wikipedia collogue File File collogue MediaWiki MediaWiki collogue Template Template collogue Help Help collogue Category Category collogue Portal Portal talk Define Define talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 20009 920668 913163 2026-08-11T23:41:51Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 920668 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Unsoorced|date=Februar 2026}} [[File:Latrans-Turkey location Adana.svg|thumb|right]] '''Adana Province''' ({{lang-tr|Adana ili }}) is a [[Provinces o Turkey|province]] o [[Turkey]] locatit in sooth-central [[Anatolie]]. Wi a population o 2,085,225, it is the fift maist populous province in Turkey. The admeenistrative seat o the province is the ceety o [[Adana]], hame tae 78% o the residents o the province. The province, geographically an as well as economically, is pairt o the [[Çukurova]] region thegither wi the [[Mersin Province|Mersin]], [[Osmaniye Province|Osmaniye]] an [[Hatay Province|Hatay]] provinces. == Geography == Adana Province haes a surface aurie o 14.030&nbsp;km². Soothren portion o the province is plain, northren section is formed o muntains. The provinces adjacent tae it are [[Mersin Province|Mersin]] tae the wast, [[Hatay Province|Hatay]] tae the sootheast, [[Osmaniye Province|Osmaniye]] tae the east, [[Kahramanmaraş Province|Kahramanmaraş]] tae the northeast, [[Kayseri Province|Kayseri]] tae the north, an [[Niğde Province|Niğde]] tae the northwast. == Freemit airtins == * [http://www.adana.gov.tr/?dil=en Adana Govrenorship] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831232006/http://www.adana.gov.tr/?dil=en |date=2023-08-31 }} * [http://www.adana.bel.tr/?dil=en Adana Metropolitan Municipality] * [http://www.pbase.com/dosseman/adana Picturs o the caipital o this province] * [http://www.adanaburada.net Adana Guide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190206075430/http://www.adanaburada.net/ |date=2019-02-06 }} * [http://www.adanacafe.net Adana News] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090712015043/http://www.adanacafe.net/ |date=2009-07-12 }} {{Destricts o Turkey|provname=Adana|sortkey=Adana}} {{Provinces o Turkey}} {{Coord|37|22|06|N|35|42|22|E|region:TR-01_type:adm1st|display=title}} [[Category:Provinces o Turkey]] [[Category:Adana Province]] [[Category:Mediterrean Region, Turkey]] 66suvnxw8h3xvgpzdjx0etslznnc7aw 0 44924 920640 920638 2026-08-11T17:11:53Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Revertit edit o ~2026-43895-10, chynged back tae last version bi JJMC89 bot 638697 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Russian town |en_name=Tarko-Sale |ru_name=Тарко-Сале |loc_name1= |loc_lang1= |image_skyline= |image_caption= |coordinates = {{coord|64|55|21|N|77|47|6|E|display=inline,title}} |map_label_position=bottom |image_coa= |coa_caption= |image_flag= |flag_caption= |anthem= |anthem_ref= |holiday= |holiday_ref= |federal_subject=[[Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug]] |federal_subject_ref= |adm_data_as_of= |adm_city_jur= |adm_city_jur_ref= |adm_ctr_of=[[Purovsky Destrict]] |adm_ctr_of_ref= |inhabloc_cat=Toun |inhabloc_cat_ref=<ref name="2010Census"/> |inhabloc_type= |inhabloc_type_ref= |mun_data_as_of= |mun_district_jur= |mun_district_jur_ref= |urban_settlement_jur= |urban_settlement_jur_ref= |mun_admctr_of1=Purovsky Municipal Destrict |mun_admctr_of1_ref= |mun_admctr_of2= |mun_admctr_of2_ref= |leader_title=Head |leader_title_ref= |leader_name= |leader_name_ref= |representative_body= |representative_body_ref= |area_of_what= |area_as_of= |area_km2= |area_km2_ref= |pop_2010census=20398 |pop_2010census_ref=<ref name="2010Census">{{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}}</ref> |pop_density= |pop_density_as_of= |pop_density_ref= |pop_latest= |pop_latest_date= |pop_latest_ref= |established_date= |established_title= |established_date_ref= |current_cat_date= |current_cat_date_ref= |prev_name1= |prev_name1_date= |prev_name1_ref= |postal_codes= |postal_codes_ref= |dialing_codes= |dialing_codes_ref= |website= |website_ref= |commonscat= |date=January 2013 }} '''Tarko-Sale''' ({{lang-ru|Та́рко-Сале́}}) is a [[teeps o inhabitit localities in Roushie|toun]] an the [[admeenistrative centre]] o [[Purovsky Destrict]] o [[Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug]], [[Roushie]], locatit on the [[Pyakupur River]] near its [[confluence]] wi the [[Ayvasedapur River|Ayvasedapur]], {{convert|560|km|sp=us}} southeast of [[Salekhard]]. Population: {{ru-census|p2014=21,151|p2002=18,517|p1989=17,400}} ==History== It wis foondit in 1932, grantit [[urban-teep dounset]] status in 1976, an toun status on 23 Mairch 2004. ==Economy an cultur== There is a museum o local lear in the toun. Roushie's lairgest unthirlt gas producer, [[Novatek]], is heidquairtered in Tarko-Sale. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug}} [[Category:Ceeties an touns in Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug]] 89ocik70rdz4aqlp46x8wfxpydtkfij 0 46528 920678 878127 2026-08-12T03:19:01Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 920678 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Jujuy | native_name = | native_name_lang = es | settlement_type = [[Provinces o Argentinae|Province]] | image_skyline = Jujuy Montage.png | image_alt = | image_caption = Clockwise frae top: [[Quebrada de Humahuaca]], [[San Salvador de Jujuy]], [[Pucará de Tilcara]], an the Hill o Seiven Colors . | image_flag = Flag of Jujuy province in Argentina.svg|border | flag_alt = | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield =Escudo_de_la_Provincia_de_Jujuy.svg | shield_alt = | nickname = | motto = | image_map = Provincia de Jujuy - localización en Argentina.svg | map_alt = | map_caption = Location o Jujuy athin Argentinae | pushpin_map = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]] | subdivision_name = [[Argentinae]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Caipital ceety|Caipital]] | subdivision_name1 = [[San Salvador de Jujuy]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Depairtments o Argentinae|Depairtments]] | subdivision_name2 = [[#Poleetical diveesion|16]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Municipalities o Argentinae|Municipalities an municipal commissions]] | subdivision_name3 = 61 | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | seat_type = | seat = | government_footnotes = | leader_party = | leader_title = [[Govrenor]] | leader_name = [[Gerardo Morales]] |leader_title1 = [[Chamber o Deputies o Argentinae|Deputies]] |leader_name1 = [[Leet o current Argentine deputies#Jujuy Province|6]] |leader_title2 = [[Senate o Argentinae|Senators]] |leader_name2 = [[Leet o current Argentine senators|3]] | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = <br />[[Provinces o Argentinae#Demografics|Ranked 20t]] | area_total_km2 = 53219 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = | population_total = 673,307 | population_as_of = 2010<ref name="INDEC">[http://200.51.91.231/censo2010/]</ref> | population_rank = [[Leet o Argentine provinces bi population|14t]] | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = ''jujeño'' | population_note = | timezone1 = [[Time in Argentinae|ART]] | utc_offset1 = −3 | timezone1_DST = <!--NO--> | utc_offset1_DST = <!--NO--> | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code_type = | area_code = | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:AR|AR-Y]] | website = {{URL|www.jujuy.gov.ar}} | footnotes = }} '''Jujuy''' ({{IPA-es|xuˈxui}}) is a [[Provinces o Argentinae|province]] o [[Argentinae]], locatit in the extreme northwast o the kintray, at the borders wi [[Chile]] an [[Bolivie]]. The anerlie neebourin Argentine province is [[Salta Province|Salta]] tae the east an sooth. ==History== Pre-Columbie indwallers, who later mixed wi the [[Inca Empire|Incas]] durin thair expansion period, practicit agricultur an domesticatit the [[guanaco]]. Thay haed huts made o mud, an erectit stane fortresses tae pertect thair veelages. An example o such fortresses is [[Pucará de Tilcara]], Pucará meanin "fortress" (wird uised for the [[Lockheed Martin Aircraft Argentina SA|Argentine combat]] aircraft [[FMA IA 58 Pucará|Pucara]] an aw). [[Image:Pucará de Tilcara 01.JPG|thumb|left|Ruins o the [[Pucará]] near Tilcara]] In 1593, a sma dounset wis erectit in the Jujuy glen bi the effort o [[Francisco de Argañaraz y Murguía]]. In spite o the attacks o the [[Calchaquí]]es an [[Omaguaca]]s aborigines, the population an activity o the veelage consolidatit an grew. At the end o the 17t century, the customs tae the [[Viceroyalty o Peru]] wis transferred frae [[Córdoba Province, Argentinae|Córdoba]] tae Jujuy. Wi the separation frae [[Peru]] an the creation o the [[Viceroyalty o the Río de la Plata]], Jujuy lost its importance an its population stairtit tae diminish. Durin the [[Mey Revolution]] an the battles for the unthirldom o the ''Unitit provinces o the Sooth'', mony confrontations teuk place in Jujuy acause the Spainyie concentratit thair forces in Peru. The fowk o Jujuy haed tae endur the [[Jujuy Exodus]], a massive evacuation wi a [[scorched yird]] policy, led bi General [[Manuel Belgrano]]. Feenally the Spainyie surrendered, but the war seriously affectit the economy o the aurie. Efter a series o internal conflicts, the province declared its autonomy frae [[Tucumán Province|Tucumán]] an [[Salta Province]]s on 18 November 1834. Jujuy stairtit a gradual process o economic an social impruivement, an at the end o the 19t century, the [[succarcane]] industrie arose. At the beginnin o the follaein century, the railwey awready connectit the province wi [[Buenos Aires]], an [[La Paz]], [[Bolivie]]. Hivy industry first arrivit in Jujuy at the haund o General [[Manuel Savio]], a presidential economic advisor who, in 1945, haed Argentinae's first modren [[steel]] mill instawed in Jujuy. In 1969, Jujuy joined ile-rich neebourin [[Salta Province]] wi the discovery o [[petroleum]] bi the state-awned [[YPF]]. ==Geografie an climate== Thare are 3 main auries in Jujuy; the [[Altiplano]], a 3,500 meters heich [[plateau]] wi peaks o 5,000 metres, covers maist o the province. The Río Grande o Jujuy cuts throu the [[Quebrada de Humahuaca]] canyon, o hichts atween 1,000 an 3,500 metres. Tae the sootheast, the [[Mountain range|sierra]]s descends tae the [[Gran Chaco]] region. [[Image:Jujuy-QuebradaDeHumahuaca-P3120148.JPG|thumb|left|Quebrada de Humahuaca.]] The vast difference in hicht an climate produces desert auries such as the Salinas Grandes [[salt mine]]s, an subtropical [[Yungas]] jungle. In spite o the different auries, the terrain o the province is mainly arid an semi-desertic, except for the ''El Ramal'' glen o the San Francisco River. Temperatur difference atween day an nicht is wider in heicher launds, an precipitations are scarce ootside the temperate aurie o the San Francisco River. The Grande River an the San Francisco River are fed bi the [[Bermejo River]]. The ''San Juan'', ''La Quiaca'', ''Yavi'' an ''Sansana'' are fed bi the [[Pilcomayo River]]. ==Economy== Jujuy's economy is moderately unnerdevelopit, yet vera diversifeed. Its 2006 economy wis an estimatit US$3 billion, or, US$4,900 per caipita (ower 40% belaw the naitional average).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.iader.org.ar/ |title=I.A.D.E.R |access-date=2013-02-21 |archive-date=2013-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221041659/http://www.iader.org.ar/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Jujuy is, despite its landwart profile, no pairticularly agrarian. Agricultur contributes aboot 10% tae ootput an the main agricultural activity is [[succarcane]]. Its processin represents mair nor hauf o the province's gross production, an 30% o the naitional succar production. The seicont agricultural activity is the [[tobacco]], cultivatit in the sootheastren glen, as a major naitional producer. Ither crops include [[bean]]s, [[citrus]] an [[tomato]]es, an ither vegetables for local consumption. Cattle an goats are raised on a sma scale, mainly for local dairies, an [[llama]]s, [[vicuña]]s an [[guanaco]]s are raised in significant nummers for [[oo]]. Manufacturin is mair prominent in Jujuy than in some neebourin provinces, addin 15% tae its economy. Jujuy is the seicont lairgest Argentine producer o [[iron]], uised bi the ''Altos Hornos Zapla'' [[Blast furnace|steel mill]]. Ither industrial activities include minin for construction material, [[petroleum]] extraction at ''Caimancito'', salt production frae ''Salinas Grandes'' salt basin, an the paper production feed bi the Jujuy's forests wi 20% o the industrial product o the province. The province haes been servit syne 1967 bi the [[Gobernador Horacio Guzmán Internaitional Airport]]. ==Tourism== [[Image:Cerro de los siete colores.jpg|thumb|Cerro de los Siete Colores, Purmamarca]] [[File:Calle de Tilcara, Jujuy, Argentina.jpg|thumb|Calle de Tilcara, Jujuy, Argentinae]] An important an still growin activity, tourism in the aurie brings a nummer o Argentine tourists (80%), tourists frae ither [[Sooth Americae|Sooth American]] kintras (12%) an [[Europe]]ans (7%). Maist tourists heid for [[San Salvador de Jujuy]] tae stairt thair sploration o the province. The Horacio Guzmán internaitional airport, 34&nbsp;km frae San Salvador, connects the province wi [[Buenos Aires]], [[Córdoba, Argentinae|Córdoba]], an some destinations in [[Bolivie]]. Apairt frae the fantastic contrast o laund colours an formations, tourists are attractit bi the strang aboriginal ruits in the cultur o Jujuy an aw. [[Aymara fowk|Aymará]] an [[Quechua fowk|Quechua]] culturs coexist in the aurie, an ruins o the [[Inca Empire|Incas]] are well conservit. Tourists who come tae Jujuy veesit the aurie o the [[Quebrada de Humahuaca]] an its [[Cerro de los Siete Colores]], [[Pucará de Tilcara]], ''Salinas Grandes'' an mony sma touns. Ither less frequent destinations include the [[Calilegua Naitional Pairk]] in the [[Yungas]] jungle, [[La Quiaca]], ''Laguna de Pozuelos'', an ''Laguna Guayatayoc''. ==Poleetical diveesion== The province is dividit intae 16 depairtments (in the [[Spainyie leid]], ''departamentos''). [[Image:Jujuy-Capital-P3110030.JPG|thumb|upright|Patio inside the Jujuy Cathedral, San Salvador de Jujuy.]] Depairtment (Caipital): # [[Cochinoca Depairtment|Cochinoca]] ([[Abra Pampa]]) # [[El Carmen Depairtment|El Carmen]] ([[El Carmen, Jujuy|El Carmen]]) # [[Doctor Manuel Belgrano Depairtment|Doctor Manuel Belgrano]] ([[San Salvador de Jujuy]]) # [[Humahuaca Depairtment|Humahuaca]] ([[Humahuaca]]) # [[Ledesma Depairtment|Ledesma]] ([[Libertador General San Martín, Jujuy|Libertador General San Martín]]) # [[Palpalá Depairtment|Palpalá]] ([[Palpalá]]) # [[Rinconada Depairtment|Rinconada]] ([[Rinconada]]) # [[San Antonio Depairtment|San Antonio]] ([[San Antonio, Jujuy]]) # [[San Pedro Depairtment, Jujuy|San Pedro]] ([[San Pedro, Jujuy|San Pedro]]) # [[Santa Bárbara Depairtment, Jujuy|Santa Bárbara]] ([[Palma Sola, Jujuy]]) # [[Santa Catalina Depairtment, Jujuy|Santa Catalina]] ([[Santa Catalina, Argentina|Santa Catalina]]) # [[Susques Depairtment|Susques]] ([[Susques]]) # [[Tilcara Depairtment|Tilcara]] ([[Tilcara]]) # [[Tumbaya Depairtment|Tumbaya]] ([[Tumbaya]]) # [[Valle Grande Depairtment|Valle Grande]] ([[Valle Grande, Argentinae|Valle Grande]]) # [[Yavi Depairtment|Yavi]] ([[La Quiaca]]) ==References== {{reflist}} {{commons category|Jujuy}} ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.jujuy.gov.ar Offeecial ''Provincia de Jujuy'' wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304015316/http://www.jujuy.gov.ar/ |date=2011-03-04 }} - {{es}} {{Provinces o Argentinae}} [[Category:Jujuy| ]] [[Category:Provinces o Argentinae]] [[Category:Wine regions o Argentinae]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1834]] p9u10fs9mgyzgygzb45s6ktjppuhndl 0 80989 920650 916899 2026-08-11T17:29:38Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 920650 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie | name = Anne Hathaway | image = Anne Hathaway- Press conference for the film "The Devil Wears Prada 2" - 55194764955 (cropped).jpg | caption = Hathaway in 2026 | birth_name = Anne Jacqueline Hathaway | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1982|11|12}} | birth_place = [[New York Ceety]], U.S. | occupation = Actress | years_active = 1999–present | works = [[Leet o Anne Hathaway performances|Fou leet]] | spouse = {{marriage|Adam Shulman|2012}} | children = 3 | awards = [[Leet o awairds an nominations received bi Anne Hathaway|Fou leet]] | signature = Anne Hathaway signature.svg }} '''Anne Jacqueline Hathaway''' (born 12 November 1982) is an American actress. Her brakthrou debut film role wis as [[Mia Thermopolis]] in the [[Disney films|Disney]] [[Comedy film|comedy]] ''[[The Princess Diaries (film)|The Princess Diaries]]'' (2001). Hathaway made a transeetion tae adult roles in box office an creetically acclaimed films sic as ''[[Brokeback Mountain]]'' (2005), ''[[The Devil Wears Prada (film)|The Devil Wears Prada]]'' (2006), as [[Jane Austen]] in ''[[Becoming Jane]]'' (2007), ''[[Rachel Getting Married]]'' (2008), ''[[Bride Wars]]'' (2009), ''[[Valentine's Day (2010 film)|Valentine's Day]]'' (2010), as the [[White Queen (Through the Looking-Glass)|White Queen]] in [[Tim Burton]]'s ''[[Alice in Wonderland (2010 film)|Alice in Wonderland]]'' (2010), ''[[Love & Other Drugs]]'' (2010), as [[DC Comics]] [[femme fatale]] [[Catwoman]] in [[Christopher Nolan]]'s ''[[The Dark Knight Rises]]'' (2012), as [[Fantine]] in [[Tom Hooper (director)|Tom Hooper]]'s ''[[Les Misérables (2012 film)|Les Misérables]]'' (2012), ''[[Interstellar (film)|Interstellar]]'' (2014), ''[[The Intern (2015 film)|The Intern]]'' (2015) an ''[[Alice Through the Looking Glass (2016 film)|Alice Through the Looking Glass]]'' (2016). {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hathaway, Anne}} [[Category:1982 births]] [[Category:20t-century American actresses]] [[Category:21st-century American actresses]] [[Category:Actresses frae New Jersey]] [[Category:Actresses frae New York Ceety]] [[Category:American film actresses]] [[Category:American fowk o French strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o German strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Erse strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Native American strynd]] [[Category:American stage actresses]] [[Category:American televeesion actresses]] [[Category:American vyce actresses]] [[Category:Best Supportin Actress BAFTA Awaird winners]] [[Category:Best Supportin Actress Gowden Globe (film) winners]] [[Category:Umwhile Roman Catholics]] [[Category:LGBT richts activists frae the Unitit States]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Brooklyn]] [[Category:Fowk frae Millburn, New Jersey]] [[Category:Primetime Emmy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Ootstaundin Performance bi a Female Actor in a Supportin Role Screen Actors Guild Awaird winners]] [[Category:Best Supportin Actress Academy Awaird winners]] [[Category:American female sangsters]] [[Category:Vassar College alumni]] [[Category:New York Varsity alumni]] [[Category:American sopranos]] [[Category:American Academy of Dramatic Arts alumni]] [[Category:American bairn actresses]] [[Category:American bairn sangsters]] [[Category:Seton Hall Preparatory Schuil alumni]] 6y5nszpgywnjlayp31vqico6c1396x4 920651 920650 2026-08-11T17:31:22Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 920651 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie | name = Anne Hathaway | image = Anne Hathaway- Press conference for the film "The Devil Wears Prada 2" - 55194764955 (cropped).jpg | caption = Hathaway in 2026 | birth_name = Anne Jacqueline Hathaway | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1982|11|12}} | birth_place = [[New York Ceety]], U.S. | occupation = Actress | years_active = | works = | spouse = {{marriage|Adam Shulman|2012}} | children = 3 | awards = [[Leet o awairds an nominations received bi Anne Hathaway|Fou leet]] | signature = Anne Hathaway signature.svg | years active = 1999–present | notable works = [[Leet o Anne Hathaway performances|Fou leet]] }} '''Anne Jacqueline Hathaway''' (born 12 November 1982) is an American actress. Her brakthrou debut film role wis as [[Mia Thermopolis]] in the [[Disney films|Disney]] [[Comedy film|comedy]] ''[[The Princess Diaries (film)|The Princess Diaries]]'' (2001). Hathaway made a transeetion tae adult roles in box office an creetically acclaimed films sic as ''[[Brokeback Mountain]]'' (2005), ''[[The Devil Wears Prada (film)|The Devil Wears Prada]]'' (2006), as [[Jane Austen]] in ''[[Becoming Jane]]'' (2007), ''[[Rachel Getting Married]]'' (2008), ''[[Bride Wars]]'' (2009), ''[[Valentine's Day (2010 film)|Valentine's Day]]'' (2010), as the [[White Queen (Through the Looking-Glass)|White Queen]] in [[Tim Burton]]'s ''[[Alice in Wonderland (2010 film)|Alice in Wonderland]]'' (2010), ''[[Love & Other Drugs]]'' (2010), as [[DC Comics]] [[femme fatale]] [[Catwoman]] in [[Christopher Nolan]]'s ''[[The Dark Knight Rises]]'' (2012), as [[Fantine]] in [[Tom Hooper (director)|Tom Hooper]]'s ''[[Les Misérables (2012 film)|Les Misérables]]'' (2012), ''[[Interstellar (film)|Interstellar]]'' (2014), ''[[The Intern (2015 film)|The Intern]]'' (2015) an ''[[Alice Through the Looking Glass (2016 film)|Alice Through the Looking Glass]]'' (2016). {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hathaway, Anne}} [[Category:1982 births]] [[Category:20t-century American actresses]] [[Category:21st-century American actresses]] [[Category:Actresses frae New Jersey]] [[Category:Actresses frae New York Ceety]] [[Category:American film actresses]] [[Category:American fowk o French strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o German strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Erse strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Native American strynd]] [[Category:American stage actresses]] [[Category:American televeesion actresses]] [[Category:American vyce actresses]] [[Category:Best Supportin Actress BAFTA Awaird winners]] [[Category:Best Supportin Actress Gowden Globe (film) winners]] [[Category:Umwhile Roman Catholics]] [[Category:LGBT richts activists frae the Unitit States]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Brooklyn]] [[Category:Fowk frae Millburn, New Jersey]] [[Category:Primetime Emmy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Ootstaundin Performance bi a Female Actor in a Supportin Role Screen Actors Guild Awaird winners]] [[Category:Best Supportin Actress Academy Awaird winners]] [[Category:American female sangsters]] [[Category:Vassar College alumni]] [[Category:New York Varsity alumni]] [[Category:American sopranos]] [[Category:American Academy of Dramatic Arts alumni]] [[Category:American bairn actresses]] [[Category:American bairn sangsters]] [[Category:Seton Hall Preparatory Schuil alumni]] rec7ay5f6fcpjh0t5qadprm5yft03j4 0 81856 920665 891975 2026-08-11T23:30:46Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Mr.Murdoch78 flittit page [[Recording Industry Association of America]] til [[Recordin Industrie Association o Americae]]: Title in Scots 891975 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:RIAA logo colored.svg|175px|thumb|Logo]] The '''Recording Industry Association of America''' or '''RIAA''' is a [[organization]] that wis creatit an paid for bi lairge record companies. It simbolises the entire recordin industry o the [[Unitit States]]. The RIAA pairticipates in the collection, [[management]] an [[Distibution (economics)|distribution]] o muisic [[license]]s an [[ryalties]] an aw. The association is responsible for [[RIAA certification|certifyin]] [[Muisic recordin sales certification|gowd an platinum albums an singles]] in the U.S. Its goals are:<ref name="RiaaAboutUs">"[http://www.riaa.com/aboutus.php Who We Are]". RIAA. Retrieved on November 11, 2008.</ref> #tae protect [[intellectual property|intellectual property richts]] warldwide an the [[First Amendment]] richts o airtists; #tae perform research aboot the muisic industry; #tae watch ower an review laws, regulations an rules that apply tae the muisic industry. == Members == The members o the RIAA are maistly record companies in the U.S. == History == The RIAA wis creatit in [[1952]] tae create technical staundarts for [[vinyl record]]s so ony record coud play on ony record player athoot difficulty. In the day's times, the RIAA's goals is tae prevent piracy o records. The RIAA says that the muisic industry luises nearly 4.2 [[billion]] U.S. [[dollar]]s a year acause o this. == References == <references/> {{authority control}} [[Category:Muisic industry associations]] l5ff0yrpml8d4f23mizikd8uwst0n5a 920667 920665 2026-08-11T23:32:21Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 920667 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:RIAA logo colored.svg|175px|thumb|Logo]] The '''Recordin Industrie Association o Americae''' or '''RIAA''' ([[Inglis leid|Inglis]]: ''Recording Industry Association of America'') is a [[organization]] that wis creatit an paid for bi lairge record companies. It simbolises the entire recordin industry o the [[Unitit States]]. The RIAA pairticipates in the collection, [[management]] an [[Distibution (economics)|distribution]] o muisic [[license]]s an [[ryalties]] an aw. The association is responsible for [[RIAA certification|certifyin]] [[Muisic recordin sales certification|gowd an platinum albums an singles]] in the U.S. Its goals are:<ref name="RiaaAboutUs">"[http://www.riaa.com/aboutus.php Who We Are]". RIAA. Retrieved on November 11, 2008.</ref> #tae protect [[intellectual property|intellectual property richts]] warldwide an the [[First Amendment]] richts o airtists; #tae perform research aboot the muisic industry; #tae watch ower an review laws, regulations an rules that apply tae the muisic industry. == Members == The members o the RIAA are maistly record companies in the U.S. == History == The RIAA wis creatit in [[1952]] tae create technical staundarts for [[vinyl record]]s so ony record coud play on ony record player athoot difficulty. In the day's times, the RIAA's goals is tae prevent piracy o records. The RIAA says that the muisic industry luises nearly 4.2 [[billion]] U.S. [[dollar]]s a year acause o this. == References == <references/> {{authority control}} [[Category:Muisic industry associations]] b1uejeiygti11v4i0ubko8ytzz18pr0 0 90345 920672 912463 2026-08-12T02:28:59Z ~2026-44155-24 135586 920672 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fixscots}} {{Infobox person | name = Misao Okawa | image = | caption = | native_name = 大川 ミサヲ | native_name_lang = ja | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth date|1898|03|05}} | birth_place = [[Kita-ku, Osaka|Tenma, Osaka]], Japan | death_date = {{death date and age|2015|04|01|1898|03|05}} | death_place = | residence = [[Higashisumiyoshi-ku, Osaka]], Japan | occupation = | known for = Oldest verified living person | parents = | spouse = Yukio Okawa (m. 1919–1931; his death) | children = 3 (2 living) | relatives={{Unbulleted list | 4 grandchilder | 6 great-grandchilder }} }} {{Nihongo|'''Misao Okawa'''|大川 ミサヲ|Ōkawa Misao|sometimes [[Romanization|romanized]] as '''Misawo Okawa'''; born March 5, 1898; died 1 Aprile 2015}}<ref name="GRG">{{cite web|title=Oldest Validated Living Supercentenarians|url=http://www.grg.org/Adams/E.HTM|publisher=[[Gerontology Research Group]]|accessdate=19 December 2012|archive-date=2007-12-01|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grg.org%2FAdams%2FE.HTM&date=2007-12-01|url-status=dead}}</ref> wis a Japanese [[supercentenarian]] who wis, at the age o 117 years, 27 days, the [[Auldest fowk|warld's auldest livin person]], holdin the title syne the daith o 116-year-auld Japanese man [[Jiroemon Kimura]] on 12 Juin 2013, until her daith on 1 Aprile 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2013-06-11/jiroemon-kimura-oldest-man-in-recorded-history-dies-at-age-116|title=Jiroemon Kimura, Oldest Man in Recorded History, Dies at 116|accessdate=12 June 2013}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{S-start}} {{S-ach|rec}} {{Succession box| before = [[Koto Okubo]] | title =[[Leet o livin supercentenarians|Auldest recognized verified livin woman]]| years = 12 Januar 2013 – 1 Aprile 2015 | after = [[Gertrude Weaver]]}} {{Succession box| before = [[Jiroemon Kimura]] | title = [[Leet o livin supercentenarians|Auldest verified livin person]] | years = 12 Juin 2013 – 1 Aprile 2015 | after = [[Gertrude Weaver]]}} {{Succession box| before = [[Jiroemon Kimura]] | title = [[Leet o Japanese supercentenarians|Auldest verified livin Japanese]] | years = 12 Juin 2013 – 1 Aprile 2015 | after = Anonymous}} {{Succession box| before = [[Tane Ikai]] | title = [[Leet o Japanese supercentenarians|Auldest Japanese person ever]] | years = 28 August 2014 – 31 August 2017 | after = [[Nabi Tajima]]}} {{S-end}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Okawa, Misao}} [[Category:1898 births]] [[Category:Japanese supercentenarians]] [[Category:Female supercentenarians]] [[Category:Fowk frae Osaka]] [[Category:2015 daiths]] 2jlf35gsnppq7mh42766p5e26c1egm8 920673 920672 2026-08-12T02:31:39Z CiphriusKane 74958 Undae revision [[Special:Diff/920672|920672]] bi [[Special:Contributions/~2026-44155-24|~2026-44155-24]] ([[User talk:~2026-44155-24|Tauk]])Nae the Inglis wiki 920673 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fixscots}} {{Infobox person | name = Misao Okawa | image = | caption = | native_name = 大川 ミサヲ | native_name_lang = ja | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth date|1898|03|05}} | birth_place = [[Kita-ku, Osaka|Tenma, Osaka]], Japan | death_date = {{death date and age|2015|04|01|1898|03|05}} | death_place = | residence = [[Higashisumiyoshi-ku, Osaka]], Japan | occupation = | known for = Auldest verified livin person | parents = | spouse = Yukio Okawa (m. 1919–1931; his daith) | children = 3 (2 livin) | relatives={{Unbulleted list | 4 grandchilder | 6 great-grandchilder }} }} {{Nihongo|'''Misao Okawa'''|大川 ミサヲ|Ōkawa Misao|sometimes [[Romanization|romanized]] as '''Misawo Okawa'''; born March 5, 1898; died 1 Aprile 2015}}<ref name="GRG">{{cite web|title=Oldest Validated Living Supercentenarians|url=http://www.grg.org/Adams/E.HTM|publisher=[[Gerontology Research Group]]|accessdate=19 December 2012|archive-date=2007-12-01|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grg.org%2FAdams%2FE.HTM&date=2007-12-01|url-status=dead}}</ref> wis a Japanese [[supercentenarian]] who wis, at the age o 117 years, 27 days, the [[Auldest fowk|warld's auldest livin person]], holdin the title syne the daith o 116-year-auld Japanese man [[Jiroemon Kimura]] on 12 Juin 2013, until her daith on 1 Aprile 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2013-06-11/jiroemon-kimura-oldest-man-in-recorded-history-dies-at-age-116|title=Jiroemon Kimura, Oldest Man in Recorded History, Dies at 116|accessdate=12 June 2013}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{S-start}} {{S-ach|rec}} {{Succession box| before = [[Koto Okubo]] | title =[[Leet o livin supercentenarians|Auldest recognized verified livin woman]]| years = 12 Januar 2013 – 1 Aprile 2015 | after = [[Gertrude Weaver]]}} {{Succession box| before = [[Jiroemon Kimura]] | title = [[Leet o livin supercentenarians|Auldest verified livin person]] | years = 12 Juin 2013 – 1 Aprile 2015 | after = [[Gertrude Weaver]]}} {{Succession box| before = [[Jiroemon Kimura]] | title = [[Leet o Japanese supercentenarians|Auldest verified livin Japanese]] | years = 12 Juin 2013 – 1 Aprile 2015 | after = Anonymous}} {{Succession box| before = [[Tane Ikai]] | title = [[Leet o Japanese supercentenarians|Auldest Japanese person ever]] | years = 28 August 2014 – 31 August 2017 | after = [[Nabi Tajima]]}} {{S-end}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Okawa, Misao}} [[Category:1898 births]] [[Category:Japanese supercentenarians]] [[Category:Female supercentenarians]] [[Category:Fowk frae Osaka]] [[Category:2015 daiths]] h7juhcu481x3xw4mgs99mn4530ws4tl 920674 920673 2026-08-12T02:34:36Z CiphriusKane 74958 920674 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fixscots}} {{Infobox person | name = Misao Okawa | image = | caption = | native_name = 大川 ミサヲ | native_name_lang = ja | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth date|1898|03|05}} | birth_place = [[Kita-ku, Osaka|Tenma, Osaka]], Japan | death_date = {{death date and age|2015|04|01|1898|03|05}} | death_place = | residence = [[Higashisumiyoshi-ku, Osaka]], Japan | occupation = | known for = Auldest verified livin person | parents = | spouse = Yukio Okawa (m. 1919–1931; his daith) | children = 3 (2 livin) | relatives={{Unbulleted list | 4 grandchilder | 6 great-grandchilder }} }} {{Nihongo|'''Misao Okawa'''|大川 ミサヲ|Ōkawa Misao|sometimes [[Romanisation|romanised]] as '''Misawo Okawa'''; born 5 Mairch 1898; dee'd 1 Aprile 2015}}<ref name="GRG">{{cite web|title=Oldest Validated Living Supercentenarians|url=http://www.grg.org/Adams/E.HTM|publisher=[[Gerontology Research Group]]|accessdate=19 December 2012|archive-date=2007-12-01|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grg.org%2FAdams%2FE.HTM&date=2007-12-01|url-status=dead}}</ref> wis a Japanese [[supercentenarian]] that wis, at the age o 117 year an 27 days, the [[Auldest fowk|warld's auldest livin person]], haudin the title sin the daith o 116-year-auld Japanese man [[Jiroemon Kimura]] on 12 Juin 2013,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2013-06-11/jiroemon-kimura-oldest-man-in-recorded-history-dies-at-age-116|title=Jiroemon Kimura, Oldest Man in Recorded History, Dies at 116|accessdate=12 June 2013}}</ref> til her daith on 1 Aprile 2015. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{S-start}} {{S-ach|rec}} {{Succession box| before = [[Koto Okubo]] | title =Auldest recognised verified livin wumman| years = 12 Januar 2013 – 1 Aprile 2015 | after = [[Gertrude Weaver]]}} {{Succession box| before = [[Jiroemon Kimura]] | title = Auldest verified livin body | years = 12 Juin 2013 – 1 Aprile 2015 | after = [[Gertrude Weaver]]}} {{Succession box| before = [[Jiroemon Kimura]] | title = Auldest verified livin Japanese | years = 12 Juin 2013 – 1 Aprile 2015 | after = Anonymous}} {{Succession box| before = [[Tane Ikai]] | title = Auldest Japanese body iver | years = 28 August 2014 – 31 August 2017 | after = [[Nabi Tajima]]}} {{S-end}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Okawa, Misao}} [[Category:1898 births]] [[Category:Japanese supercentenarians]] [[Category:Female supercentenarians]] [[Category:Fowk frae Osaka]] [[Category:2015 daiths]] 1kjagwvnshphimkhxa85383blsr8lkd 920681 920674 2026-08-12T10:41:49Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 920681 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fixscots}} {{Infobox bodie | name = Misao Okawa | image = | caption = | native_name = 大川 ミサヲ | native_name_lang = ja | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth date|1898|03|05}} | birth_place = [[Kita-ku, Osaka|Tenma, Osaka]], Japan | death_date = {{death date and age|2015|04|01|1898|03|05}} | death_place = | residence = [[Higashisumiyoshi-ku, Osaka]], Japan | occupation = | known for = Auldest verified livin person | parents = | spouse = Yukio Okawa (m. 1919–1931; his daith) | children = 3 (2 livin) | relatives={{Unbulleted list | 4 grandchilder | 6 great-grandchilder }} }} {{Nihongo|'''Misao Okawa'''|大川 ミサヲ|Ōkawa Misao|sometimes [[Romanisation|romanised]] as '''Misawo Okawa'''; born 5 Mairch 1898; dee'd 1 Aprile 2015}}<ref name="GRG">{{cite web|title=Oldest Validated Living Supercentenarians|url=http://www.grg.org/Adams/E.HTM|publisher=[[Gerontology Research Group]]|accessdate=19 December 2012|archive-date=2007-12-01|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grg.org%2FAdams%2FE.HTM&date=2007-12-01|url-status=dead}}</ref> wis a Japanese [[supercentenarian]] that wis, at the age o 117 year an 27 days, the [[Auldest fowk|warld's auldest livin person]], haudin the title sin the daith o 116-year-auld Japanese man [[Jiroemon Kimura]] on 12 Juin 2013,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2013-06-11/jiroemon-kimura-oldest-man-in-recorded-history-dies-at-age-116|title=Jiroemon Kimura, Oldest Man in Recorded History, Dies at 116|accessdate=12 June 2013}}</ref> til her daith on 1 Aprile 2015. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{S-start}} {{S-ach|rec}} {{Succession box| before = [[Koto Okubo]] | title =Auldest recognised verified livin wumman| years = 12 Januar 2013 – 1 Aprile 2015 | after = [[Gertrude Weaver]]}} {{Succession box| before = [[Jiroemon Kimura]] | title = Auldest verified livin body | years = 12 Juin 2013 – 1 Aprile 2015 | after = [[Gertrude Weaver]]}} {{Succession box| before = [[Jiroemon Kimura]] | title = Auldest verified livin Japanese | years = 12 Juin 2013 – 1 Aprile 2015 | after = Anonymous}} {{Succession box| before = [[Tane Ikai]] | title = Auldest Japanese body iver | years = 28 August 2014 – 31 August 2017 | after = [[Nabi Tajima]]}} {{S-end}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Okawa, Misao}} [[Category:1898 births]] [[Category:Japanese supercentenarians]] [[Category:Female supercentenarians]] [[Category:Fowk frae Osaka]] [[Category:2015 daiths]] 6fks9765fibf204dpgvdymsx3kpr1y6 920682 920681 2026-08-12T10:42:56Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 920682 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fixscots}} {{Infobox bodie | name = Misao Okawa | native_name = 大川 ミサヲ | native_name_lang = ja | birth_date = {{birth date|1898|03|05}} | birth_place = [[Kita-ku, Osaka|Tenma, Osaka]], Japan | death_date = {{death date and age|2015|04|01|1898|03|05}} | residence = [[Higashisumiyoshi-ku, Osaka]], Japan | known for = Auldest verified livin person | spouse = Yukio Okawa (m. 1919–1931; his daith) | children = 3 (2 livin) | relatives= {{Unbulleted list | 4 grandchilder | 6 great-grandchilder }} }} {{Nihongo|'''Misao Okawa'''|大川 ミサヲ|Ōkawa Misao|sometimes [[Romanisation|romanised]] as '''Misawo Okawa'''; born 5 Mairch 1898; dee'd 1 Aprile 2015}}<ref name="GRG">{{cite web|title=Oldest Validated Living Supercentenarians|url=http://www.grg.org/Adams/E.HTM|publisher=[[Gerontology Research Group]]|accessdate=19 December 2012|archive-date=2007-12-01|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grg.org%2FAdams%2FE.HTM&date=2007-12-01|url-status=dead}}</ref> wis a Japanese [[supercentenarian]] that wis, at the age o 117 year an 27 days, the [[Auldest fowk|warld's auldest livin person]], haudin the title sin the daith o 116-year-auld Japanese man [[Jiroemon Kimura]] on 12 Juin 2013,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2013-06-11/jiroemon-kimura-oldest-man-in-recorded-history-dies-at-age-116|title=Jiroemon Kimura, Oldest Man in Recorded History, Dies at 116|accessdate=12 June 2013}}</ref> til her daith on 1 Aprile 2015. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{S-start}} {{S-ach|rec}} {{Succession box| before = [[Koto Okubo]] | title =Auldest recognised verified livin wumman| years = 12 Januar 2013 – 1 Aprile 2015 | after = [[Gertrude Weaver]]}} {{Succession box| before = [[Jiroemon Kimura]] | title = Auldest verified livin body | years = 12 Juin 2013 – 1 Aprile 2015 | after = [[Gertrude Weaver]]}} {{Succession box| before = [[Jiroemon Kimura]] | title = Auldest verified livin Japanese | years = 12 Juin 2013 – 1 Aprile 2015 | after = Anonymous}} {{Succession box| before = [[Tane Ikai]] | title = Auldest Japanese body iver | years = 28 August 2014 – 31 August 2017 | after = [[Nabi Tajima]]}} {{S-end}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Okawa, Misao}} [[Category:1898 births]] [[Category:Japanese supercentenarians]] [[Category:Female supercentenarians]] [[Category:Fowk frae Osaka]] [[Category:2015 daiths]] fqf19bmeyknutzjixk8filmg1f69kqr 0 93293 920676 552543 2026-08-12T02:56:57Z ~2026-44055-01 135588 /* */ 920676 wikitext text/x-wiki In airticulatory phonetics, a '''consonant''' is a speech soond that is airticulatit wi complete or pairtial closur o the vocal tract. [[Category:Consonants|*]] {{Short pages monitor}}<!-- This long comment was added to the page to prevent it from being listed on Special:Shortpages. It and the accompanying monitoring template were generated via Template:Long comment. Please do not remove the monitor template without removing the comment as well.--> aq1haoe8ko6625pyaffzgcv0kv1ulwx 0 137375 920670 920592 2026-08-12T01:56:30Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 920670 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fix Scots}} {{Infobox UK place |official_name= Dumfries |country = Scotland |static_image_name=Dumfries looking east.jpg |static_image_caption= Dumfries leukin east |population= 33,280 |population_ref= <ref name=2012pop2a>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/files//statistics/population-estimates/special-area/mid-2012-settlements/2012-pop-est-sett-local-main-tab2a.pdf |title="Mid-2012 Populations Estimates for Settlements and Localities in Scotland, table 2a" National Records for Scotland. Access date = 27 October 2014 |access-date=2020-02-19 |archive-date=2019-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204064320/https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/files//statistics/population-estimates/special-area/mid-2012-settlements/2012-pop-est-sett-local-main-tab2a.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=2012pop3a>[http://gro-scotland.gov.uk/files//statistics/population-estimates/special-area/mid-2012-settlements/2012-pop-est-sett-local-main-tab3a.pdf "Mid-2012 Populations Estimates for Settlements and Localities in Scotland, table 3a" National Records for Scotland. Access date = 27 October 2014]{{Dead link|date=September 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |os_grid_reference= NX976762 |coordinates = {{coord|55.070|-3.603|display=inline,title}} |post_town= DUMFRIES |postcode_area= DG |postcode_district = DG1/2 |dial_code= 01387 |constituency_westminster=• [[Dumfries an Gallowa (UK Pairlament constituency)|Dumfries an Gallowa]]<br>([[Scots Conservatives|Con]] – [[Alister Jack]]) |gaelic_name= Dùn Phris<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.gaelicplacenames.org/databasedetails.php?id=413 | title=Gaelic Place-Names of Scotland database | publisher=[[Ainmean-Àite na h-Alba]] | accessdate=17 October 2013 | archive-date=2016-08-03 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803142610/http://www.gaelicplacenames.org/databasedetails.php?id=413 | url-status=dead }}</ref> |unitary_scotland= [[Dumfries an Gallowa]] |lieutenancy_scotland= [[Dumfriesshire|Dumfries]] |constituency_scottish_parliament=• [[Dumfriesshire (Scots Pairlament constituency)|Dumfriesshire]]<br>([[Scots Conservatives|Con]] – [[Oliver Mundell]])<br>• [[Gallowa an Wast Dumfries (Scots Pairlament constituency)|Gallowa an Wast Dumfries]]<br>([[Scots Conservatives|Con]] – [[Finlay Carson]]) }} '''Dumfries''' ({{IPA-en|dʌmˈfɹiːs|-|Dumfries.ogg}} {{respell|dum|FREESS|'}}; aiblins frae the {{lang-gd|Dùn Phris}}) is a mercat toun an umwhile [[ryal burgh]] athin the [[Dumfries an Gallowa]] cooncil area o [[Scotland]]. It is locate near the mooth o [[River Nith]] intil the [[Solway Firth]]. Dumfries is the tradeetional [[coonty toun]] o the [[Scots coonties|historic coonty]] o [[Dumfriesshire]].<ref>[http://maps.nls.uk/atlas/thomson/555.html John Thomson's Atlas of Scotland, 1832] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506195010/https://maps.nls.uk/atlas/thomson/555.html |date=2024-05-06 }} from ''National Library of Scotland'' retrieved 3 June 2013</ref> Dumfries is gien the eik-name ''Queen o the Sooth''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://qosfc.com/new_newsview.aspx?newsid=277 |title="Eva Mendes – the latest Queen of the South" 7th&nbsp;November&nbsp;2010 |publisher=Qosfc.com |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011 |archive-date=2015-02-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215171804/http://www.qosfc.com/new_newsview.aspx?newsid=277 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The eik-name is alsae the name o the toun's professional fitbaw team, [[Queen of the South F.C.]]. Fowk frae Dumfries are kent colloquially as ''Doonhamers''. ==Toponymy== There at least three theories on the etymology o the name. Ane is that the name ''Dumfries'' haes its foonds in the [[Scots Gaelic|Scottish Gaelic]] name ''Dùn Phris'', meanin "Fort o the Shaw".<ref>{{cite web |title=Parliament Scotland - Placenames - Gaelic - C-E |url=http://www.parliament.scot/Gaelic/placenamesC-E.pdf |access-date=2020-02-19 |archive-date=2020-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013215200/http://www.parliament.scot/Gaelic/placenamesC-E.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Anither ane is that it micht be sib wi Cumbric ''prēs,'' an element common in the Brythonic pairts sooth o the River Forth.<ref name="bliton">{{cite web |last1=James |first1=Alan |title=A Guide to the Place-Name Evidence |url=http://spns.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Alan_James_Brittonic_Language_in_the_Old_North_BLITON_Volume_II_Dictionary.pdf |website=SPNS - The Brittonic Language in the Old North |accessdate=25 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813011121/http://spns.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Alan_James_Brittonic_Language_in_the_Old_North_BLITON_Volume_II_Dictionary.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An as sic, Dumfries micht be the same place as ''Penprys'', the whilk is the capital o an unco land in Medievial Welsh literature, the whilk is mintioned in the ''awdl,'' "''Lament for Gwallawg''" bi [[Taliesin]].<ref name="bliton" /> This mints that the first element ''dum'' micht hae been ''pen'', meanin "summit-heid" (Welsh ''pen''). Frae the wittins o a third theory, the name is a corruption o twa [[Auld Inglis leid|Auld Inglis]] or [[Auld Norse]] wirds that mean "the freer's brae"; thaim that fauvours this idaia threaps the foondin o a religious hoose near the heid o whit is noo kent as the Friar's Vennel.<ref name="autogeneratedhist" /> Gif the name wis taen frae English or Norse, housomever, the expeckit form wad hae the elements backside-foremaist. A Celtic ruit is therefore preferred. Mairatouer, the Brittonic element ''drum'',<ref name="bliton" /> meanin "rig", an the Gaelic elements ''druim''<ref name="bliton" /> (the whilk means the same), an ''dronn'',<ref name="bliton" /> "a hump", hae aw been proponed as an explanation o the first element.<ref name="bliton" /> There is baith ae ''Dùn'' an ae ''druim'' in the toun. ==History== ===Early history=== There is nae definite record anent the time an mainer o Dumfries's foondin.<ref name=autogeneratedhist>{{cite web|url=http://www.electricscotland.com/history/dumfries/history1.htm |title=History of the Burgh of Dumfries – Chapter I |publisher=Electricscotland.com |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> Some scrievers haud that Dumfries floorisht as a place o distinction durin the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] Occupeetion o North [[Great Breetain]]. The [[Selgovae]] bade in [[Nidsdale]] at the time and micht hae biggit some military warks o a defensive naitur on or near the site o Dumfries; an it is mair nor likely that a castle o some kynd formt the nucleus o the toun. This is inferred fae the etymology o the name, that, accordin tae ae theory, is resolvable intae twa Gaelic terms, signifyin a castle or fort in the shaw or scrogs. Dumfries wis ance athin the borders o the [[Kinrick o Northumbrie]]. The destrict aroond Dumfries wis for several centurys rule't ower an deemt o muckle importance bi the invadin Romans. Mony traces o Roman presence in Dumfriesshire is tae be fund yet; cuinyies, wappens, orrals o urns, military yirdwarks, an roads bein amang the relicts left ahint bi thair lenthent bidin in this pairt o Scotland. The Caledonian breed in the sooth o Scotland wis investit wi the same richts bi an edict o [[Antoninus Pius]]. The Romanised natives received freedom (the burraes, cairns, an orrals o stane temples tae be seen in the destrict yet tell o a time whan Druidism wis the prevailin releegion) as weel as civilisation fae thair conquerors. Late in the fowert century CE, the Romans bad fareweel til the kintra.<ref name=autogeneratedhist /> Accordin til anither theory, the name is a corruption o twa wirds that mean "The Freer's Hill"; thaim that fauvour this idea ledge that [[Saunt Ringan]], bi plantin a releegious hoose near the heid o whit is noo Friars Vennel, at the end o the fowert century, becam the the virtual foonder o the burgh; houiver Rangan, sae faur as is kenned, dinna oreeginate ony monastic estaiblishments onywhaur an wis semply a meesionar. In the list o Breetish touns gien bi auncient historian [[Nennius]], the name ''Caer Peris'', that some modren antiquarians suppose tae hae been transmutit, bi change o deealect, intae Dumfries.<ref name=autogeneratedhist /> Twal o [[King Arthur|King Arthur's]] battles wis recordit bi Nennius in his ''Historia Brittonum''. The Battle o Tribuit (the 10t battle) his been suggestit as havin been mebbe near Dumfries or near the mooth o the [[River Avon]] near [[Bo'ness]]. Efter the Roman depairtur the airt aroond Dumfries haed sindry forms o veesit bi [[Pechts]], [[Anglo-Saxons]], [[Scots fowk|Scots]], an [[Norsemen]] culminatin a decisive victory for [[Giric|Giric (Gregory), King o Scots]] at whit is noo [[Lochmaben]] ower the native [[Britons]] in 890.<ref name=autogeneratedhist /> ===Mediaeval speal=== Whan, in 1069, [[Malcolm III o Scotland|Malcolm Canmore]] an [[William the Conqueror]] haudit a conference regairdin the claims o [[Edgar the Ætheling]] til the English Croun, thay met at Abernithi - a term that in the auld Breetish lied means a port at the mooth o the [[River Nith]]. It his been argied, the toun sicweys chairacterized maun hae been Dumfries; an tharefore it maun hae existit as a port in the [[Kinrick o Strathclyde]], gin no in the Roman days. Houiver, again this arguement is that the toun is situatit aicht tae nine mile fae the sea,<ref name=autogeneratedhist /> awtho the River Nith is tidal an navigable aw the wey intil the toun itsel. [[File:Lincluden Collegiate Church.jpg|thumb|Lincluden Collegiate Kirk, kenned an aw as [[Lincluden Aibey]], c.1789]] Awtho at the time 1 mile upstream an on the conter baunk o the Nith fae Dumfries, [[Lincluden Aibey]] wis foondit circa 1160. The aibey ruins is on the site o the [[bailey]] o the verra early [[Lincluden Castle]], as is thae yins o the later [[Lincluden Tower]]. This releegious hoose wis uised for various purposes, until its abandonment aroond 1700. Lincluden Aibey an its grunds is noo within the Dumfries urban conurbation boond. [[William the Lion]] grantit the chairter tae raise Dumfries til the rank o a [[ryal burgh]] in 1186. Dumfries wis verra much on the mairch durin its first 50 year as a burgh an it growed verra swith as a mercat toun an port.<ref>{{cite book|title=History of the burgh of Dumfries: with notices of Nithsdale, Annandale, and the western border|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924028091357|first=William|last=M'Dowall|publisher=Adam and Charles Black|year=1867|page=[https://archive.org/details/cu31924028091357/page/144 144]}}</ref> [[Alexander III o Scotland|Alexander III]] veesitit Dumfries in 1264 tae plan an expedeetion again the [[Isle o Man]], afore Scots bit for 180 year subjectit til the croun o [[Norawa]]. Identified wi the conquest o Man, Dumfries skare't in the weel-bein o Scotland for the next 22 year until Alexander's accidental deith brang an Augustan era in the toun's history til a snippen end.<ref name=autogeneratedhist /> A ryal castle, that no langer exists, wis built in the 13t century on the site o the praisent Castledykes Park. In the latter pairt o that century [[William Wallace]] chase't a fleein force soothwart throu the Nith dale. The English fugies met the yetts o [[Dumfries Castle]] that remained closed firm in thair presence. Wi a menyie o the toun's fowk jynin Wallace an his follaein pursuers whan thay arrived, the fleein English met thair end at Cockpool on the [[Solway Coast]]. Efter restin at [[Caerlaverock Castle]] a few mile awa fae the bluidlattin, Wallace again passt throu Dumfries on the day efter as he retourt north tae [[Sanchar]]. In the invasion o 1300, [[Edward I o Ingland|Edward I o England]] ludged a wheen o days in Juin wi the Minorite Freers o the Vennel, afore, at the heid o the than-mucklemaist invasion force tae attack Scotland, he asieged Caerlaverock Castle. Efter Caerlaverock yieldit hinderly, Edward passt throu Dumfries again as he crosst the Nith so as tae tak the invasion tae [[Gallowa]]. Wi the Scots nobility haein requeestit assistance fae the [[Haly See]] for thair cause, Edward on his retour tae Caerlaverock wis praisentit wi a missive directit tae him bi [[Pape Boniface VIII]]. Edward haudit coort in Dumfries that he greed grudgin til a parley. On 30 October, the parley soleecitit bi Boniface wis adheebitit bi Edward at Dumfries. Letters fae Edward, datit at Dumfris, wis sent tae his subordinates ootthrou Scotland, orderin thaim tae gie effect tae the treaty. The peace wis tae last until Whitsunday in the follaein year.<ref name=autogeneratedhist /> Afore becomin [[Scots monarchs|Keeng o Scots]], [[Robert the Bruce]] slaw his rival the [[John III Comyn, Laird o Badenoch|Red Comyn]] at [[Greyfriar's Kirk]] in the toun on 10 Februar 1306. His switherin aboot the fatality o his stobbin caused yin o his follaers, [[Roger de Kirkpatrick]], tae mooth the famous "A mak siccar" an feenish the Red Comyn aff. Bruce wis excommunicatit subsequent as an upshot, less for the murther nor its location. Regairdless, for the Bruce the dice wis casten at the maument in Greyfriars an sae begoud his campaign bi force for the independence o Scotland. Swuirds wis drawn bi supporters o baith sides, the buirial grund o the Monastery becomin the theatre o battle. Bruce an his pairty than attackit Dumfries Castle. The English gairison surrendert an for the third time in the day Bruce wis victorious. He wis crount King o Scotland scrimp seiven week efter. Bruce later triumpht at the [[Battle o Bannockburn]] an led Scotland tae independence. Aince Edward hid received wird o the revolution that hid startit in Dumfries, he again raised an airmy an invadit Scotland. Dumfries wis again subjectit til the control o Bruce's enemys. [[Christopher Seton|Sir Christopher Seton]] (Bruce's guid-brither) hid been capturt at [[Loch Doon]] an wis hurrit tae Dumfries tae be tried for traison in general an mair speceefic for bein praisent at the Red Comyn's killin. In 1306 an alang wi twa companions, Seton wis condammt an executit bi [[hangin]] an than [[heidin (decaptitation)]] at the site o whit is noo St Mary's Kirk. [[File:Burns Statue and Greyfriars, Dumfries.JPG|thumb|left|upright|Greyfriars Kirk an Burns Statue|alt=]] In 1659 ten weemen wis accuised o sindry acts o witchcraft bi Dumfries Kirk Session awtho the Kirk Session meenits itsel records anely nine witches. The Justiciary Coort fand thaim guilty o the several airticles o witchcraft an on 13 Apryle atween 2 pm an 4 pm thay wis takken til the Whitesands, strangelt at stakes, an thair bouks burnt til ess.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dumfriesmuseum.demon.co.uk/dumfstory09.html |title=Dumfries Museum |publisher=Dumfriesmuseum.demon.co.uk |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011 |archive-date=2020-02-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218025748/http://www.dumfriesmuseum.demon.co.uk/dumfstory09.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===18t century=== Contra the funtain in Dumfries High Street, adjacent til the praisent [[Marks & Spencer]], wis the Commercial an later the County Hotel. Awtho the latter wis demolisht in 1984-5, the oreeginal facade o the biggin wis reteenit an incorporatit intae new retail premises.[https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/200362756-79-high-street-county-hotel-nith-ward] The biggin noo hooses a Waterstanes beukshap. Room No. 6 o the hottle wis kenned as [[Charles Edward Stuart|Bonnie Prince Charlie]]'s Room an wis cairpetit appropriate in the [[Ryal Stewart tartan]]. The timmer panellin o Prince Charlie's Room wis lairgely reinstatit an pentit complete wi the ile-pentit laundskips bi Robert Norie (1720-1766)[https://www.nationalgalleries.org/art-and-artists/artists/james-norie-senior] in the owermantels at baith ends o the room an can yet be seen up the stairs as a shawroom o the beukshap.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Norie Family|url=https://archive.org/details/noriefamily0000holl|last=Holloway|first=James|publisher=National Galleries of Scotland|year=1994|isbn=0903598442|location=Edinburgh|pages=[https://archive.org/details/noriefamily0000holl/page/27 27]}}</ref> The [[Charles Edward Stuart|Young Pertender]] hid his heidquarters here durin a 3-day stey in Dumfries taewart the end o 1745. £2,000 wis demandit bi the Prince, thegither wi 1,000 brogues for his kilted [[Jacobite risin o 1745|Jacobite]] rebel airmy, that wis campin in a field no 100 yaird awa. A clatter that the [[Duke o Cumberland]] wis approachin made Bonnie Prince Charlie decide tae leave wi his airmy, wi anely £1,000 an 255 pair o shuin haein been haundit ower.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.electricscotland.com/travel/burns1.htm |title=Walks in Burns Country – Town Centre |publisher=Electricscotland.com |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> [[Robert Burns]] flittit tae Dumfriesshire in 1788 an tae Dumfries itsel in 1791, bidin there until his deith on 21 Julie 1796. The day's [[Greyfriar's Kirk]] leuks ower the location o a Burns statue that wis designt bi [[Amelia Paton Hill]], sculptit in Carrara, Italy in 1892, an wis unveilt bi futur [[Prime meenister]], [[Archibald Primrose, 5t Yerl o Rosebery]] on 6 Apryle 1882.<ref name="burnsstatue">{{cite web|url=http://www.dumgal.gov.uk/index.aspx?articleid=12973 |title=Burns Statue, Dumfries with Tam O'Shanter and Souter Johnnie statues "on tour", c 1900 |publisher=National Burns Collection |accessdate=29 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826115946/http://www.dumgal.gov.uk/index.aspx?articleid=12973 |archivedate=26 August 2014 }}</ref> The day it featurs on the 2007 series o £5 paper notes issue't bi the [[Bank of Scotland]], alangside wi the [[Brig o Doon]].<ref name="scotbanks">{{cite web|url=http://www.scotbanks.org.uk/banknotes_current_bank_of_scotland.php|title=Current Banknotes: Bank of Scotland|publisher=The Committee of Scottish Clearing Bankers|accessdate=17 October 2008}}</ref> Efter wirkin wi [[Patrick Miller o Dalswinton|Patrick Miller o Dalswintoun]], inventor [[William Symington]] ettle't tae cairy a trial oot sae as tae shaw that an ingine wad wirk on a boat withoot the boat catchin fire. The trial teuk place hinderly on Dalswintoun Loch near Dumfries on 14 October 1788. The experiment demonstratit that a steam ingine wad wirk on a boat. Symington gaed on tae become the builder o the first practical steamboat. ===20t century an ayont=== [[File:New bridge 4.jpg|thumb|Buccleuch Street Brig, Dumfries]] The first ineetial hint that [[RAF Dumfries]] wis tae be built wis made in late 1938. The site chosen hid accomodatit licht aircraft syne aboot 1914. Wark oncam quickly, an on 17 Juin 1940, the [[18 Maintenance Unit]] wis appent at Dumfries. The role o the steid durin the war encompasst trainin an aw. RAF Dumfries hid a maument o danger on 25 Mairch 1943, whan a German [[Dornier Do 217]] aircraft shot the airfield baikon up, bit rattelt shortlins efterwart. The pilot, Oberleutnant Martin Piscke wis later buiried in [[Troqueer]] Cemetery in Dumfries toun, wi fu military honours. On the nicht o 3-4 August 1943 a [[Vickers Wellington]] bomber wi ingine problems divertit tae Dumfries bit rattelt 1.5 mile short of the runwey.<ref name="Dumfriesaviationmuseum.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.dumfriesaviationmuseum.com/ |title=Dumfries and Galloway Aviation Museum |publisher=Dumfriesaviationmuseum.com |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011 |archive-date=2020-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101000522/http://www.dumfriesaviationmuseum.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> In [[Warld War II]] the feck o the [[Norse Airmy]] durin thair years o exile in Breetain conseestit o a brigade o in Dumfries.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dumfries remembers role as home to Norwegian army |author=Giancarlo Rinaldi |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-south-scotland-11685262 |newspaper on 16 =[[BBC Scotland]] |date=4 November 2010 |accessdate=28 April 2013}}</ref> When the army High Command teuk ower, the war 70 officers and aboot 760 preevats in the camp. The camp wis estaiblisht in Juin 1940 an name't ''Norwegian Reception Camp'', conseestin o some 500 men an weemen, mainly Norse that hid volunteert for war duty in Norawa durin the [[Nazi occupeetion]] in early 1940. Throu the simmer the nummer wis accresst tae aroond 1,500 unner the commaund o General [[Carl Gustav Fleischer]]. Within a wheen o miles o Dumfries is the veelages o [[Tynwald, Dumfries an Gallowa|Tynwald]], [[Torthorwald]], an [[Moosal]], that aw wis sattle't bi [[Vikings]]. Dumfries his experience't twa Boxin Day [[yirdquauks]]. This anes wis in 1979 (measurin 4.7 {{mag|l}} centred near [[Langtoon]])<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://sjg.lyellcollection.org/content/38/2/113|title=The felt effects of the Carlisle earthquake of 26 December 1979|first1=R. M. W.|last1=Musson|first2=P. H. O.|last2=Henni|date=1 December 2002|publisher=|journal=Scottish Journal of Geology|volume=38|issue=2|pages=113–125|via=sjg.lyellcollection.org|doi=10.1144/sjg38020113}}</ref> an in 2006 (centred in the Dumfries destrict measuring 3.6 {{mag|l}}).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.earthquakes.bgs.ac.uk/macroseismics/dumfries_2006_macro.htm |title=Dumfries Earthquake 26 December 2006 |work=British Geological Survey |url-status=dead |accessdate=30 January 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110309214103/http://www.earthquakes.bgs.ac.uk/macroseismics/dumfries_2006_macro.htm |archivedate=9 March 2011 }}</ref> Thare wisna ony sairious consequences in baith yins. The war an aw a yirdquauk on 16 Februar 1984<ref>Redmayne D. W., 1984. £The Dumfries earthquake of 16 February 1984£. ''BGS; Global Seismology Report'' No. 241</ref> an anither yirdquauk on 7 Juin 2010.<ref>[http://www.earthquakes.bgs.ac.uk/recent_events/20100607173319.3.html]{{dead link|date=August 2011}}</ref> ==Demographics== The National Records for Scotland mid 2012 upcastit population o Dumfries wis reportit as 33,280.<ref name=2012pop2a>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/files//statistics/population-estimates/special-area/mid-2012-settlements/2012-pop-est-sett-local-main-tab2a.pdf |title="Mid-2012 Populations Estimates for Settlements and Localities in Scotland, table 2a" National Records for Scotland. Access date = 27 October 2014 |access-date=2020-02-19 |archive-date=2019-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204064320/https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/files//statistics/population-estimates/special-area/mid-2012-settlements/2012-pop-est-sett-local-main-tab2a.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=2012pop3a>[http://gro-scotland.gov.uk/files//statistics/population-estimates/special-area/mid-2012-settlements/2012-pop-est-sett-local-main-tab3a.pdf "Mid-2012 Populations Estimates for Settlements and Localities in Scotland, table 3a" National Records for Scotland. Access date = 27 October 2014]</ref> ==Namely fowk== {{For|a list o aw folk fae Dumfries wi a Wikipedia airticle|Category:Fowk frae Dumfries}} [[File:Robert Burns House, Dumfries.jpg|left|thumb|Robert Burns Hoose in Dumfries]] [[File:Plaque of Notable Students at Dumfries Academy.jpg|thumb|upright|Plaque o namely fowk fae Dumfries Academy]] A nummer o weel-kenned fowk wis eddicatit at [[Dumfries Academy]], amang thaim [[Henry Duncan (meenister)|Henry Duncan]], meenister and foonder o the warld's first commercial saufins baunk; Sir [[James Anderson]], that caiptaint the [[SS Great Eastern]] on the [[trans-Atlantic cable]] layin vaiges in 1865 an 1866; [[J. M. Barrie]], scriever o [[Peter Pan]]; [[John Law Hume]], muisicker in the orchestra on the [[RMS Titanic]]; [[Jane Haining]], missionar for the Kirk o Scotland in Hungary; [[Alexander Knox Helm]], diplomat; [[John Laurie]], actor (Private Fraser in ''[[Dad's Army]]''); [[Christian Jane Fergusson]], airtist; Sir [[Robin Philipson]], airtist; [[John Hanson (sanger)|John Hanson]], sangster; [[Alex Graham (cairtoonist)|Alex Graham]], cairtoonist best kenned for the [[Fred Basset]] series; an [[Jock Wishart]], that in 1998 set a new warld record for circumnavigatin the globe in a pouert veshel. [[Roger White (executive)|Roger White]], CEO of saft-drinks group [[A.G. Barr]], is a local lad that gaed tae the Dumfries Academy. Follaein [[William A. F. Browne]]'s 1838 appyntment as superintendant o the Crichton Hospital, his son, [[James Crichton-Browne]], psychiatrist, neurologist, an medical psychologist, wis eddicatit at the Academy. [[William Charles Wells]], predecessor tae [[Charles Darwin]] on the theory o [[Naitural selection]] wis anither yin that wis eddicatit in Dumfries. Geologist [[Robert Harkness]] wis eddicatit in Dumfries an bade consequent in the toun. Sir [[Frank Williams (Formula One)|Frank Williams]] o F1 motor-racin fame wis eddicatit at [[St Joseph's College, Dumfries]] as wis [[Charles Forte, Baron Forte]], foonder o the leisur an hottles conglomerate Forte Group. St Joseph's wis foondit bi [[Brither Wilfrid]], the foonder o [[Celtic F.C.]]. International chairt-tappin record producer [[Calvin Harris]] is fae Dumfries. Dumfries wis the hametoun of Harris until he left in 2008. [[Ray Wilson (musicker)|Ray Wilson]], lead sangster o [[Stiltskin]] an later [[Genesis (baund)|Genesis]] wis born in Dumfries as wis the musickers [[Geoffrey Kelly]], [[Ian Carr]], an [[Emma's Imagination]] sangster [[Emma Gillespie]] is fae Dumfries. Opera sangster [[Nicky Spence]] wis born in Dumfries as wis [[Britain's Got Talent]] sangster [[Andrew Johnston (singer)|Andrew Johnston]]. [[Nigel Sinclair CBE]] is a [[Hollywood]] pictur producer. [[Michael Carter (actor)|Michael Carter]]'s actin career his seen him appear in a variety o productions rangin fae ''[[Return o the Jedi]]'' tae ''[[Rebus (TV series)|Rebus]]''. Dumfries his produce't a steidy rin o professional [[fitbaw]]ers an manager. The best-kenned fitbawers o thair era tae come fae Dumfries is aiblins [[Dave Halliday]],<ref name=qosleg>{{cite web|url=http://www.qosfc.com/Legends |title="Queens legends" on the official Queen of the South FC website |publisher=Qosfc.com |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> [[Ian Dickson (fitbawer)|Ian Dickson]],<ref name=qosleg/> [[Bobby Ancell]], [[Billy Houliston]],<ref name=qosleg/> [[Jimmy McIntosh]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://qosfc.com/new_newsview.aspx?newsid=616|title=QosFC: Jimmy McIntosh|publisher=|access-date=2020-02-19|archive-date=2015-04-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407092446/http://qosfc.com/new_newsview.aspx?newsid=616|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Willie McNaught]], an [[Ted McMinn]].<ref name=qosleg/> Halliday, Dickson, Houliston, an McMinn played for the hame toun club [[Queen of the South F.C.|Queen o the Sooth FC]] durin thair careers. [[Dominic Matteo]]<ref name = "matteo">{{cite web|url=http://qosfc.com/new_newsview.aspx?newsid=1135|title=QosFC: Dominic Matteo autobiography review|publisher=|access-date=2020-02-19|archive-date=2015-04-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407145352/http://qosfc.com/new_newsview.aspx?newsid=1135|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=autogeneratedbarry>{{cite web|url=http://qosfc.com/new_newsview.aspx?newsid=615|title=QosFC: Barry Nicholson|publisher=|access-date=2020-02-19|archive-date=2015-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629140210/http://qosfc.com/new_newsview.aspx?newsid=615|url-status=dead}}</ref> wis born in Dumfries bit flittit tae England whan he wis a young boy.<ref name=autogeneratedbarry /> [[Barry Nicholson]] lost 4-3 tae Queens playin for [[Aberdeen F.C.]] in the 2008 [[Scots Cup]] semi-feenals in maugre o scorin<ref name=qoshist>{{cite web|url=http://qosfc.com/History |title=Queen of the South club history |publisher=Qosfc.com |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> again the team he supportit as a boy. Ancell, Houliston, McNaught, an Nicholson hae representit England at unner-21 level and wis jyned bi havin duin sae in saison 2010-11 bi [[Cammy Bell]] an [[Grant Hanley]]. Matteo gaint 6 fu kaips for Scotland<ref name=autogeneratedbarry /> efter haein representit England at unner-21 level. Halliday wis owerleukit bi Scotland in fauvour o [[Hughie Gallacher]].<ref name=qosleg/> Gallacher played for The Queens bit wisna fae Dumfries. It wis as a manager raither nor a player that [[Thomas Mitchell (football manager)|Thomas Mitchell]] made his name as a multiple [[FA Cup]] winner at [[Blackburn Rovers F.C.]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://qosfc.com/Legends |title=Connections between Dumfries and Blackburn Rovers in the Queen of the South profile on Jackie Oakes |publisher=Qosfc.com |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> afore jynin Woolwich Arsenal as [[Arsenal F.C.]] wis than name't. Dumfries is an aw the hametoun o three-times [[24 Oors o Le Mans]] winner [[Allan McNish]]<ref name = "mcnish">{{cite web|url=http://qosfc.com/new_newsview.aspx?newsid=638|title=QosFC: Allan McNish (part 2)|publisher=|access-date=2020-02-19|archive-date=2014-10-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021105352/http://qosfc.com/new_newsview.aspx?newsid=638|url-status=dead}}</ref> as it wis tae [[David Leslie (racing driver)|David Leslie]].<ref name = "mcnish" /><ref name = "mcnish" /> Scotland [[rugby union]] internationalists [[Duncan Hodge]], [[Nick De Luca]], [[Craig Hamilton]], an [[Alex Dunbar]] wis born in Dumfries as wis perfaisonal gowfers [[Andrew Coltart]]<ref name=autogeneratedcoltart>{{cite web|url=http://qosfc.com/new_newsview.aspx?newsid=649|title=QosFC: Andrew Coltart|publisher=|access-date=2020-02-19|archive-date=2015-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629133946/http://qosfc.com/new_newsview.aspx?newsid=649|url-status=dead}}</ref> an [[Robert Dinwiddie (golfer)|Robert Dinwiddie]]. [[Curlin]] warld kemps [[David Murdoch]], [[Euan Byers]], an [[Craig Wilson (curler)|Craig Wilson]] wis aw born in Dumfries. Umwhile [[Dairts]] kemp [[Rab Smith]] is anither ''Doonhamer''. [[BBC]] braidcaster [[Kirsty Wark]] wis born in the toun as wis fallae braidcaster [[Stephen Jardine]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://qosfc.com/new_newsview.aspx?newsid=634|title=QosFC: Stephen Jardine|publisher=|access-date=2020-02-19|archive-date=2015-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629155509/http://qosfc.com/new_newsview.aspx?newsid=634|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Neil Oliver]] (archaeologist, historian, scriever, an braidcaster growed up in [[Ayr]] an Dumfries. Scriever an earth scientist [[Dougal Dixon]] is fae Dumfries. [[Hunter Davies]] (scriever, jurnalist, an braidcaster) bade in Dumfries for 4 year as a boy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://qosfc.com/Legends |title=Hunter Davies memories of Dumfries in the profile on Billy Houliston |publisher=Qosfc.com |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> [[James Hannay (scriever)|James Hannay]], asides bein a scriever an jurnalist spent the last 5 year o his life as the Breetish consul in [[Barcelona]]. [[John Mayne (makar)|John Mayne]] wis born in Dumfries in 1759 an contreebutit in the field o poetry. [[Warld War I]] makar [[William Hamilton (Breetish Airmy officer)|William Hamilton]] wis anither wan born in Dumfries. [[Archibald Gracie]], shippin magnate an business tycoon in the USA, wis fae Dumfries. [[John McFarlane (Breetish businessman)|John McFarlane]], CEO of Australie an New Zealand Banking Group Limited ([[ANZ]])) oreeginates fae the toun, as dis [[William (Bill) Nelson (ADFP)]] that wis an aw wi ANZ (umwhile [[AXA]], [[AMP Limited]], and [[Westpac]]) an an aw faither o [[Alice Nelson]], noo CEO of Centurion Wealth Advisors. The airchitect [[George Corson]] that wirked mainly in [[Leeds]], England, wis born in Dumfries and article't tae [[Walter Newall]] in the toun. Politeecian [[David Mundell]] wis born in Dumfries as wis [[William Dickson (Upper Canada)|William Dickson]], [[William Pattison Telford Sr.]], an [[Ambrose Blacklock]], aw that made thair merk poleetical in [[Canadae]]. Malcolm H. Wright, faither o [[Sophie B. Wright]] - New Orleans eddicator an pioneer for weemen's and childer's richts. Suffragette an feminist campaigner [[Dora Marsden]] spent the last 25 year o her life being care't for in Dumfries efter her psychological foonder. [[Ian Gibson (politician)|Dr. Ian Gibson]] is anither tae leave his merk on politeecs. [[James Edward Tait]] wis a Dumfries-born recipient o the [[Victoria Cross]]. [[William Robertson (VC)|William Robertson]] an [[Edward Spence (VC)|Edward Spence]] are ither Victoria Cross recipients. [[Robert Jenkinson, 2nt Yerl o Liverpuil]], UK Prime meenister fae 1812 tae 1827, wis quartert in Dumfries in 1796 durin his military service. [[David Haggart]] wis a Scots thief an rogue that in 1820 in his escape fae Dumfries Gaol (the site is noo occupeed bi Thomson's the Jewellers) kilt a preeson officer. He wis hangit in Edinburgh in 1821. His deectatit memoir publisht as a chapbeuk<ref>{{Cite web|title=Life of David Haggart who was executed at Edinburgh, 18th July, 1821 for the murder of the Dumfries jailor|url=https://digital.nls.uk/chapbooks-printed-in-scotland/archive/104184943|url-status=dead|access-date=2026-08-09|website=digital.nls.uk|language=en|archive-date=2024-11-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126181512/https://digital.nls.uk/chapbooks-printed-in-scotland/archive/104184943}}</ref> becam the subject o the pictur ''Sinful Davey'' starnin [[John Hurt]]. A plaque on the waw on the site o the King's Airms Hottle, noo Boots the Chemist's, records the presence there in 1829 o William Burke o the notour [[Burke an Hare murthers]]. He wis traivelin tae Ireland efter the trial; his veesit caused a near royet.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Broadside entitled 'Riot at Dumfries! Hares Arrival'|url=https://digital.nls.uk/broadsides/view/?id=15239|access-date=2026-08-09|website=digital.nls.uk|language=en|archive-date=2023-11-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124231120/https://digital.nls.uk/broadsides/view/?id=15239|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[John Richardson (naituralist)|John Richardson]], [[naituralist]], explorer, an naval surgeon wis born in Dumfries as wis [[John Craig (mathematician)|John Craig]], [[mathematician]], an [[James Crichton]], [[polymath]]. [[Benjamin Bell]] efter bein born in Dumfries gaed on tae become considert the first Scots scienteefic surgeon. His ieroe wis [[Joseph Bell]] that [[Arthur Conan Doyle]] his creeditit [[Sherlock Holmes]] as bein lowse sted on fae Bell's obversant mainer. Doyle's faither, airtist [[Charles Altamont Doyle]] deed in the [[The Crichton Ryal Institution]] an is buirit in the High Cemetery in Dumfries.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Charles Altamont Doyle - The Arthur Conan Doyle Encyclopedia|url=https://www.arthur-conan-doyle.com/wiki/Charles_Altamont_Doyle?title=Charles_Altamont_Doyle|access-date=2026-08-09|website=www.arthur-conan-doyle.com}}</ref> [[Thomas Peter Anderson Stuart]] left Dumfries tae gang on an foond the [[University of Sydney Medical School]]. [[John Allan Broun]]'s contreebution tae science wis his diskiverys aroond magnetism an meteorology. [[James Braid (surgeon)|James Braid]], surgeon an pioneer o [[hypnosis|hypnotism]] an [[hypnotherapy]], practice't in Dumfries fae 1825 tae 1828 in pairtnery wi William Maxwell. [[Ian Callum]] is kenspeckle't in the warld o motor ingineerin. A [[Kirk o Scotland]] meenister the Rev. John Ewart o [[Troqueer]] in [[Kirkcoubrieshire]] produce't eleiven childers that some hae made a namely merk. [[Peter Ewart]] wis an ingineer that wis influential in developin the technologys o [[turbines]] an theories o thermodynamics. His brither [[Joseph Ewart]] becam the Breetish ambassador tae [[Proushie]]. [[John Ewart]], a doctor, becam Chief Inspector o [[East Indie Company]] infirmarys in [[Indie]]. [[William Ewart]], faither of [[William Ewart (Breetish politeecian)|William Ewart]], politeecian, wis a business pairtner o Sir John Gladstones, faither o fower-times Prime meenister [[William Ewart Gladstone]]. Gladstone junior wis name't efter Ewart, his godfather. ==Climate== As wi the lave o the [[Breetish Isles]], Dumfries experiences a [[Oceanic climate|maritime climate]], wi cuil simmers an myld winters. It is yin o the no sae snawy locations in Scotland acause o its sheltert law-liein poseetion in the soothwast o the kintra. Fae 2 Julie 1908 the toun haudit the record for the heichest temperatur readin in Scotland, 32.8&nbsp;°C (91.0&nbsp;°F) until bein surpasst in [[Greycrook]], Borders, on 9 August 2003.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[UKMO]] |url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/ws/print.html |title=1908 temperature |accessdate=30 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103082750/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/ws/print.html |archivedate=3 November 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> {{Weather box |location = Dumfries 49m asl, 1961–1990, extremes 1951–1980 |metric first = Yes |single line = Yes |Jan record high C = 14.3 |Feb record high C = 13.3 |Mar record high C = 17.8 |Apr record high C = 19.3 |May record high C = 25.2 |Jun record high C = 28.3 |Jul record high C = 32.8 |Aug record high C = 28.6 |Sep record high C = 25.6 |Oct record high C = 22.8 |Nov record high C = 15.6 |Dec record high C = 13.9 |year record high C = 32.8 |Jan high C = 6.0 |Feb high C = 6.2 |Mar high C = 8.3 |Apr high C = 11.1 |May high C = 14.3 |Jun high C = 17.2 |Jul high C = 18.5 |Aug high C = 18.2 |Sep high C = 15.7 |Oct high C = 12.9 |Nov high C = 8.6 |Dec high C = 6.8 |year high C = 11.9 |Jan low C = 0.7 |Feb low C = 0.6 |Mar low C = 1.8 |Apr low C = 3.3 |May low C = 5.8 |Jun low C = 8.8 |Jul low C = 10.5 |Aug low C = 10.4 |Sep low C = 8.6 |Oct low C = 6.3 |Nov low C = 2.6 |Dec low C = 1.3 |year low C = 5.0 |Jan record low C = −13.9 |Feb record low C = −11.1 |Mar record low C = −12.2 |Apr record low C = −3.9 |May record low C = −2.2 |Jun record low C = 0.6 |Jul record low C = 2.8 |Aug record low C = 2.2 |Sep record low C = -1.1 |Oct record low C = -3.9 |Nov record low C = −9.0 |Dec record low C = −10.6 |year record low C = −13.9 |Jan precipitation mm = 110 |Feb precipitation mm = 76 |Mar precipitation mm = 81 |Apr precipitation mm = 53 |May precipitation mm = 72 |Jun precipitation mm = 63 |Jul precipitation mm = 71 |Aug precipitation mm = 93 |Sep precipitation mm = 104 |Oct precipitation mm = 117 |Nov precipitation mm = 100 |Dec precipitation mm = 107 |year precipitation mm = 1047 |Jan sun = 44.7 |Feb sun = 68.7 |Mar sun = 98.4 |Apr sun = 145.0 |May sun = 180.1 |Jun sun = 176.7 |Jul sun = 162.2 |Aug sun = 156.7 |Sep sun = 110.8 |Oct sun = 89.8 |Nov sun = 61.5 |Dec sun = 37.9 |year sun = 1333.5 |source 1 = [[Met Office]]<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/sites/10.html | archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20010210225728/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/sites/10.html | archivedate =10 February 2001 | title = Dumfries 1961-90 averages | accessdate = 5 November 2011 | publisher = [[Met Office]]}}</ref> |source 2 = [[ScotClim]]<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.weather.org.uk/climate/scotclim.html | title = Dumfries 1951-1980 extremes | accessdate = 5 November 2011 | publisher = [[ScotClim]]}}</ref> |date=November 2011 }} ==Geography== [[File:auld brig dumfries.jpg|thumb|Devorgilla Brig wi Auld Brig Hoose Museum at the end o the furthest span fae the camera]] [[File:Dumfries Suspension Bridge.jpg|thumb|Whitesands suspension footbridge ower the Nith]] [[File:Fountain and midsteeple.jpg|thumb|upright|The funtain an midsteeple on Dumfries High St]] [[File:1990dumfrieswhitesands.jpg|thumb|Whitesands, fae Buccleuch Street]] [[File:River Nith.jpg|thumb|River Nith]] Like the lave o [[Dumfries an Gallowa]], o Scotland's three major geographical areas Dumfries is locatit in the [[Soothren Uplands]]. The [[River Nith]] flowes throu Dumfries taewart the [[Solway Firth]] in a soothwart direction cleavin the toun intae East an Wast. At law tide, the sea recedes tae sic an extent on the shallae slopin sands o the Solway that the lenth o the Nith is stendit bi 8 mile to 70.7 mile at the maist. This maks the Nith Scotland's seivent langest river. The're several brigs crossin the river within the toun. Atween the [[Dervorguilla o Gallowa|Dervorguilla]] Brig (kenned as "The Auld Brig" an aw) an the suspension brig is a [[weir]] kenned colloquial as "The Caul". In wetter months o the year the Nith can fluid the surroondin streets. Dumfries his a thrang o suburbs includin [[Summerhill, Dumfries|Summerhill]], Summerville, [[Troqueer]], Georgetown, Cresswell, Larchfield, Calside, Lochside, Lincluden, [[Newbridge Drive, Dumfries|Newbridge Drive]], Sandside, Heathhall, [[Locharbriggs]], Noblehill, an Marchmount. [[Maxwelltoun]] tae the wast o the River Nith wis ae-time a burgh in its ain richt within the [[Kirkcoubrieshire|Stewarty o Kirkcoubrie]] until its incorporation intae Dumfries in 1938; Summerhill, [[Troqueer]], Lochside, Lincluden, and Sandside is amang ither suburbs locatit on the Maxwelltoun side o the river. [[Palmerston Park]], hame til the toun's senior fitbaw team [[Queen of the South F.C.|Queen o the Sooth F.C.]], is on Terregles Street, on the Maxwelltoun side o the river an aw. Queensberry Square an High Street is the central focal pynts o the toun an the area hosts mony o the historical, social, an commercial enterpreeses an events o Dumfries. Durin the 1990s, thir areas enjeyed various aesthetic acknawledgements fae organizations includin [[Britain in Bloom]]. ==Governance== Scots communitys grantit [[Ryal Burgh]] status bi the monarch gairdit jealous the honour an wi fushion. Ridin the Mairches maintains the tradeetion o an occasion that wis, in its day, o muckle importance. Dumfries his been a Ryal Burg syne 1186, its chairter bein grantit bi [[William the Lion|Keeng William the Lion]] in a muive that enshuirt the lealty o its ceetizens til the Monarch. Awtho faur fae the centre o pouer in Scotland, Dumfries hid obvious strategic significance sittin as it dis on the edge o [[Gallowa]] an bein the centre o control for the soothwast o Scotland. Wi the [[River Nith]] on twa sides an the Lochar Moss on anither, Dumfries wis a toun wi guid naitural defences. Consequently, it wis niver completely wawed. A carefu ee yet hit tae be keept on the clear define't boonds o the burgh, a task that hid tae be unnertakkin ilk year bi the [[Mayor|Provost]], [[bailies]], [[burgesses]], an ithers within the toun. Neebourin lairds micht try tae encroach on the toun boonds, or the Mairches as thay wis kenned, muivin thaim back 100 yaird or sae tae thair ain benefit. It hid tae be made clear tae onybody thinkin o or tryin tae encroach that they daurna dae sae. In retour for the Ryal status o the toun an the fauvour o the King, the provost an the cooncil, alang wi ither wirthy fowk hid tae be diligent in enshuirin the boonds wis strictly observed. Awtho steepit in history, Scotland's burghs remeent the fundament o the kintra's seestem o local government for centurys. Burgh status conferred on its ceetizens the richt tae elect thair ain toun cooncils, rin thair ain affairs, an raise thair ain local taxs or rates. In 1974 the burghs becam pairt o lairger destricts an regions. Thae boonds lost the significance thay wis grantit bi Ryal statute. Auncient titles like provost an bailie wis shauchelt aff or reteent anely for ceremonial purposes. Robes an cheens aften fand thair wey intae museums as a myndin o the past. Dumfries remeens a centre o government for a much muckler area nor juist the toun itsel. Bit its fowk, the Doonhamers yet reteen a pride in thair toun an distinctive identity. This is niver mair sae nor durin the week-lang Guid Nychburris Festival an its heichlicht the Ridin o the Mairches tat taks place on the third Seturday in Juin ilk year. ===Politics=== Dumfries is locatit in the [[Subdiveesions o Scotland|cooncil area]] o [[Dumfries an Gallowa]]. It is the seat o the local cooncil, whase heidquarters is locatit on the edge o the toun centre. Until 1995 Dumfries wis an aw hame til the cooncil for the local destrict o [[Nithsdale]]. Dumfries lens its name an aw til the [[Lieutenancy areas o Scotland|lieutenancy area]] o Dumfries, that is seemilar in boonds til the forgane [[Dumfriesshire]] coonty. Dumfries is situatit in the [[Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick|UK Pairlament]] constituency of [[Dumfries an Gallowa (UK Pairlament constituency)|Dumfries an Gallowa]] that is representit bi [[Alister Jack]] o the [[Scots Conservative Pairty]] For [[Scots Pairlament]] elections, Dumfries is in the [[Sooth Scotland]] electoral area an cleaved atween twa constituencys. The wastlin wairds o Abbey and North Wast Dumfries is in the constituency o [[Gallowa an Wast Dumfries (Scots Pairlament constituency)|Gallowa and Wast Dumfries]], and the eastlin wairds o Nith an Lochar is in the constituency o [[Dumfriesshire (Scots Pairlament constituency)|Dumfriesshire]]. The respecive MSPs is [[Finlay Carson]] an [[Oliver Mundell]], baith o the [[Scots Conservative Pairty]]. On the Dumfries an Gallowa cooncal, Dumfries is kivert bi fower 4-seat wairds: Abbey, Lochar, Nith, and North Wast Dumfries. North Wast Dumfries is the anely waird that alanerly kivers areas within the toun itsel, wi the tithers incorporating ootwith areas. In the 2017 cooncil election, thir wairds electit 6 [[Labour Pairty (UK)|Labour]], 5 [[Scots Conservative Pairty|Conservative]], and 4 [[Scots Naitional Pairty|SNP]] cooncillors. ==Economy== Dumfries his a lang history as a [[coonty toun]], an as the [[mercat toun]] o a surroondin rural hinterland. Dumfries is a relatively weel-aff community bit the toun centre his been exposed til the centrifugal forces that hae seen retail, business, eddicational, residential, an ither uisses gravitate taewart the toun's urban freenge.<ref>[http://www.dumgal.gov.uk/Dumgal/Documents.aspx?id=12338 DGC -Document: Dumfries Town Centre Urban Design Strategy – Part 1] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215015236/http://www.dumgal.gov.uk/Dumgal/Documents.aspx?id=12338 |date=15 February 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Dumfries & Galloway Council|date=2006-02-20|title=Document: Dumfries Town Centre Urban Design Strategy - Part 1|url=http://www.dumgal.gov.uk/Dumgal/Documents.aspx?id=12338|access-date=2026-08-09|website=www.dumgal.gov.uk|language=en}}</ref> This wis startit in the 1980s wi the biggin o the Dumfries bypass. The immediate effect o this wis as ettle't the diversion o transitin traffeck awa fae the toun centre. This brocht wi it an accompanyin reduction in economic inpit til the toun centre. The seicont effect o this his been mair pronoonce't. Sites near til the bypass hae attractit development tae utilize the bypass as a heich-speed urban hiewey withoot the bottlenecks o the toun centre and withoot the constreenin leemitit toun centre pairkin. Ina bid tae re-brisken up development in Dumfries toun centere, baith economically an in a social context, several strategys hae been propone't bi the controllin authoritys.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dumfriesregeneration.co.uk |title=MiniWeb: Regeneration & Europe – Dumfries Town Centre |publisher=Dumfriesregeneration.co.uk |date=15 August 2011 |accessdate=24 August 2011 }}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Cultur== Dumfries got its eik-name ''Queen o the Sooth'' fae David Dunbar, a local makar,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telinco.co.uk/RobertTemple/Hrkiv6.htm#t1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031105133946/http://www.telinco.co.uk/RobertTemple/Hrkiv6.htm#t1 |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 November 2003 |title=Robert Temple Bibliographical Archive |publisher=Telinco.co.uk |date=2 March 2008 |accessdate=24 August 2011 }}</ref> that in 1857 stuid in the general election. In yin o his addresses he cried Dumfries "Queen o the Sooth" and this becam synonymous wi the toun.<ref name=qoshist/><ref>{{cite web|last=Ritchie |first=Robert |url=http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/features/Best-town-nickname.5509952.jp |title="Best town nickname" The Scotsman 1st&nbsp;August&nbsp;2009 |publisher=Thescotsman.scotsman.com |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> The term ''doonhamer'' comes fae the wey that natives of Dumfries ower the years hae referred til the aera whan wirking away fae hame. The toun is aften reffered tae as "doon hame" (down home) in the [[Scots leid]]. The term ''doonhamer'' follaed, tae descrive thaim that origeenate fae Dumfries.<ref name=qoshist/> The Doonhamers is an aw the eik-name o [[Queen of the South F.C.]] that represent Dumfries an the surroondin area in the [[Scottish Football League]].<ref name=qoshist/> The creest conteens the wirds "A Lore Burne". In the history o Dumfries near to the toun wis the quaw that the Loreburn ran throu whase name becam the rallyin cry o the toun in times o attack - "A Lore Burne" meanin "til the lairie burn".<ref name=qoshist/><ref name=autogenerated3>{{cite web |url=http://www.dumfriesmuseum.demon.co.uk/frames.html |title=Dumfries and Galloway Museums and Galleries on-line |publisher=Dumfriesmuseum.demon.co.uk |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011 |archive-date=2020-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711222022/http://www.dumfriesmuseum.demon.co.uk/frames.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2017 Dumfries wis rankit the happiest place in Scotland bi [[Rightmove]].<ref name=happy>[http://www.itv.com/news/border/2017-10-11/dumfries-ranked-the-happiest-place-to-live-in-scotland/ "Dumfries ranked the happiest place to live in Scotland" www.itv.com 11 October 2017]</ref> ===Museums=== [[File:Camera Obscura, Dumfries.JPG|thumb|upright|left|[[Dumfries Museum]] an camera obscura]] Locatit on tap o a wee hill, [[Dumfries Museum]] is centre't on the 18t-century windmill that staunds abuin the toun. Includit is fossil fit-dunts left bi prehistoric reptiles, the wildlife of the Solway mosses, tuils an wappens o the earliest fowk o the region, an stane cairvins o Scotland's first Christians. On the tap fluir o the museum is a [[camera obscura]].<ref name=autogenerated3 /> sted in the control tour near Tinwald Downs, the aviation museum his an extensive indoor ootset o memorabilia that strives tae preserve [[aviation]] heritage, a hantle o it that his come via various rekivery acteevitys. Durin the Seicont Warld War, aerial navigation was taucht at Dumfries and [[Wigtoun]] an aw, an nearby [[Annan]] wis a fechter trainin unit. [[RAF Dumfries]] doobelt as an important maintenance unit an storange unit. The museum is run bi the [[Dumfries and Galloway Aviation Museum]] group an is the anely preevat avaiation museum in Scotland.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=http://www.dumfriesmuseum.demon.co.uk |title=Dumfries and Galloway Museums |publisher=Dumfriesmuseum.demon.co.uk |date=1 August 1999 |accessdate=24 August 2011 |archive-date=2020-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222132412/http://www.dumfriesmuseum.demon.co.uk/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The restore't control tour o the foregane Warld War II airfield is noo a leetit biggin. The museum is run bi volunteers an hooses a lairge and ever-expandin aircraft collection, aero ingines, and a display ootset o artefacts and personal histories relatin tae aviation, past an praisent. It is hame an aw til the Loch Doon [[Supermarine Spitfire|Spitfire]]. Baith ceevil aviation an military aviation is representit.<ref name="Dumfriesaviationmuseum.com"/> ===Theatre an Cinema=== [[File:Shakespeare St, Dumfries.jpg|thumb|The Theatre Royal in Dumfries. In the background can be seen the spire o the auld St Andrew's Cathedral: the lave of the biggin burnt doun in 1961<ref>[http://www.standrewsdumfries.org.uk/History_plus.htm St. Andrew's Catholic Church Dumfries website] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327015953/http://www.standrewsdumfries.org.uk/History_plus.htm |date=27 March 2014 }}</ref> and wis replace't wi a new kirk on the same site.]] The [[Theatre Royal, Dumfries]] wis built in 1792 an is the auldest wirkin theatre in Scotland.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.guildofplayers.co.uk/ |title=Guild of Players – Home |publisher=Guildofplayers.co.uk |date=June 2014 |accessdate=24 August 2011 |archive-date=2019-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219150241/http://www.guildofplayers.co.uk/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The theatre belangs til the Guild o Players that bocht in 1959, tharefore saufin it fae demoleetion, an is run ona volutary basis bi the members o the Guild o Players. It is fondit enteerly bi Guild membership stents and bi box-office quitances takkins. It disna praisently receive ony grant aid taewart runnin costs. In recent years the theatre his been reruift an the ootside refurbisht. It is the venue for the Guild o Players ain productions an for performances fae veesitin companies. Thir include: [[Scottish Opera]], [[TAG]], [[the Borderline]], and [[7:84]]. The [[Robert Burns Centre]] is an airt hoose cinema in Dumfries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rbcft.co.uk/ |title=Robert Burns Centre Film Theatre |publisher=Rbcft.co.uk |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> The Odeon Cinema, that shew mair mainstream picturs, closed its doors in mid-2018. ===Concert an Event Venues=== [[File:DG One, Dumfries, 2007-07-26.jpg|thumb|Construction o DG One centre in 2007]] The Loreburn Haw (whiles kenned colloquial as The Drill Haw)<ref name="culturalprofiles.org.uk">{{cite web|url=http://www.culturalprofiles.org.uk/scotland/Units/298.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-04-27 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606152912/http://www.culturalprofiles.org.uk/scotland/Units/298.html |archivedate=6 June 2011 |df=dmy }}</ref> his hostit concerts bi performers sic as [[Black Sabbath]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.black-sabbath.com/tourdates/1970.html |title=1970 Tour |publisher=Black-sabbath.com |accessdate=24 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611151759/http://www.black-sabbath.com/tourdates/1970.html |archivedate=11 June 2011 }}</ref> [[Big Country]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tour Dates 1990|url=http://www.geocities.com/SunsetStrip/Alley/2384/td-1990.html|access-date=2026-08-09|website=www.geocities.com}}</ref> [[The Proclaimers]], an [[Scottish Opera]].<ref name="culturalprofiles.org.uk"/> The haw his hostit sportin events sic as [[warstlin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wrestling101.com/101/newsitem/1154/ |title=wZw Present The 'Destruction Tour' |publisher=Wrestling101.com |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011 |archive-date=2020-02-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219085931/http://www.wrestling101.com/101/newsitem/1154/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The new DG One sport, fitness, an enterteenment centre becam the principle indoor event venue in Dumfries in 2007,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dgone.co.uk |title=MiniWeb |publisher=DG One |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011 |archive-date=2019-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101101632/http://dgone.co.uk/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> bit in October 2014, it closed acause o major defects diskivert in the biggin. Houiver, the refurbisht replenisht biggin reappent tae the public in the simmer o 2019.<ref>{{cite news|title=Dumfries leisure centre with 'unique' failings ready to reopen |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-south-scotland-48761099|accessdate=7 January 2020|work=BBC News|date=26 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The Theatre Royal his reappent an aw follaein renovation wark. ===Visual Airts=== Wi a collection o ower 400 Scots pentins, Gracefield Arts Centre hosts a changin programme o exheebeetions featurin regional, national, and internatonal airtists and craft-makkers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dumfriesmuseum.demon.co.uk/grace.html|title=Gracefield Arts centre|date=|publisher=Dumfriesmuseum.demon.co.uk|accessdate=24 August 2011|archive-date=2020-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222025418/http://www.dumfriesmuseum.demon.co.uk/grace.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dumfries Art Trail brings thegither airtists, makkers, gaileries, an craft shaps wi venues accessible aw year roond.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dumfries Art Trail|url=https://dumfriesarttrail.wordpress.com/|access-date=2026-08-09|website=Dumfries Art Trail|language=en-US}}</ref> ===Festivals=== The're a nummer o festivals that tak place ootthrou the year, maistly sted on tradeetional values. '''''Guid Nychburris''''' ([[Middle Scots leid|Middle Scots]], meanin 'guid neebours') is the main festival o the year, a ceremony that is lairgely sted on the theme o a positive community speerit. The ceremony on Guid Nychburris Day follaes a route an sequence o events laid doun in the mists o time. Formal proceedins start at 7.30 am wi the gaitherin o up tae 250 horses waitin for the courier tae arrive and annunce that the Pursuivant is on his wey, an at 8.00 am leave the Midsteeple an ride oot tae meet the Pursuivant. Thay then proceed to Ride the Mairches an Stob an Nog (merk the boond wi stabs an knags) afore retourin til the Midsteeple at 12.15 pm tae meet the Provost an then the Chairter is proclaimt tae the tounfowk o Dumfries. This is than follaed bi the crounin o the Queen o the Sooth.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.guidnychburris.co.uk |title=www.guidnychburris.co.uk |publisher=www.guidnychburris.co.uk |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822205037/http://www.guidnychburris.co.uk/ |archive-date=22 August 2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Syne 2013, Dumfries his seen the annual [[Nithraid]], a wee boat race up the Nith fae Carsethorn, celebratin the toun's historical relationship wi the river. The region is hame an aw tae a nummer o thrivin muisic festivals sic as the Eden Festival (at St Ann's near Moffat), Youthbeatz (Scotland's lairgest free youth muisic festival), the Moniave Folk Festival, Thornhill Music Festival, and Electric Fields at Drumlanrig Castle afore. [[File:Ewart Library entrance.jpg|thumb|Entrance tae the Ewart Library]] ===Leebrary=== The [[Ewart Library]] is a [[Carnegie library]], an wis appent in 1904. Carnegie donatit £10,000 taewart the buildin o the leebrary, an suggestit that it wis name't efter [[William Ewart]], forgane MP for the area, and wha wis key in the introduction o actis o Pairlament in baith England an Scotland relatit til the creaution o public leebrarys.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.scotcities.com/carnegie/renaiss.htm|title=Edwardian Renaissance Architecture in Scotland|website=www.scotcities.com|access-date=2019-07-27|archive-date=2019-09-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910163352/http://www.scotcities.com/carnegie/renaiss.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Sport== [[File:Scoreboard cropped.JPG|thumb|left|2008 Scottish Cup semi final result on the scoreboard at Hampden Park]] [[Queen of the South F.C.]] represent Dumfries an the surroondin area in the seicont level o the kintra's [[Scottish Professional Football League|perfaisonal fitbaw seestem]], the [[Scottish Championship]]. [[Palmerston Park]] on Terregles Street is the hame grund o the team. This is on the Maxwelltoun side o the River Nith. Thay raxt the 2008 Scottish Cup Final, losin 3-2 tae [[Rangers F.C.]]. [[Dumries Saints Rugby Club|Dumfries Saints Rugby Club]] is yin o Scotland's auldest rugby clubs having been admeetit til the [[Scots Rugby Union]] in 1876-7 as "Dumfries Rangers". Dumfries hame an aw tae a nummer of gowf coorses: * The Crichton Golf Club * The Dumfries and County Golf Club * The Dumfries and Galloway Golf Club O thae that wis listit anely the Dumfries and Galloway Golf Club is on the Maxwelltoun side of the River Nith. This course is clift intae twa haufs o 9 holes ilk bi the town's [[Castle Douglas]] Road. The club hoose an holes 1 tae 7 an 17 and 18 is on the side nearest tae Summerhill. Holes 8 tae 16 is on the side nearest tae Janefield. The appenin state of the [[2001 Tour o Breetain]] startit in [[Peebles]] and finisht 105.8 mile later in Dumfries. The stage wis wun bi sprent speicialist an ringin [[Tour de France]] green gansey kemp, [[Mark Cavendish]], wi his teammate leid-oot man, [[Mark Renshaw]] finishin seicont. Cavendish hid been schedule't tae be racin in the 2011 [[Vuelta a España]]. Houiver Cavendish wis yin o a nummer o riders tae reteer havin suffert in the searin Spaingie heat. This alloued Cavendish tae be a late addeetion tae the Tour o Breetain line-up in his preparation for whit wis tae be a successfu bid twa week later in the 2001 [[UCI Road World Championship]] - Men's Road Race . Cavendish in a smilin efter-race interview in Dumfries descrived the weet an windy race condeetions throu the Southern Scots stage as 'horrible'.<ref>Tour of Britain, ITV4, 7 pm Sun 11 September 2011</ref> DG One complex includes a national event-sized competeetion soumin puil. The David Keswick Athletic Centre is the principal faceelity in Dumfries for athletics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.runtrackdir.com/details.asp?track=dumfries |title=David Keswick Athletic Centre |publisher=Runtrackdir.com |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> Dumfries is hame tae [[Nithsale Amateur Rowin Club]]. The rowers skare thair clubhoose wi [[Dumfries Sub-Aqua Club]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Douglas A. Rathburn |url=http://www.oarspotter.com/blades/UK/Club/British_Club.html |title=Blades of the World: British Rowing Clubs |publisher=Oarspotter.com |date=14 July 2011 |accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dgstandard.co.uk/tags/rowing/ |title=rowing news and articles – Dumfries and Galloway Standard |publisher=Dgstandard.co.uk |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> The rowers share their clubhouse with [[Dumfries Sub-Aqua Club]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sub Aqau Club|url=http://website.lineone.net:80/~tkburnett/|access-date=2026-08-09|website=website.lineone.net}}</ref> The toun is hame an aw tae the [[Solway Sharks]] [[Ice hockey]] team. The team is praisently Northern Premier League winners. The team's hame rink is Dumfries Ice Bowl, that is kenned an aw as Scotland's anely center o ice hockey excellence, an trials for the Scottish Jr. national team is cairit oot at this venue. Dumfries Ice Bowl is hame an aw tae twa [[synchronized skeetin]] teams, [[Solway Stars]] and [[Solway Eclipse]]. In addeetion, Dumfries Ice Bowl is hame an aw tae several curliln teams, competeetions, an leagues. Junior curlin teams fae Dumfries, consistin o curlers unner the age o 21, compete raiglar in the Dutch Junion Open sted in Zoetermeer, the Netherlands. In 2007, 2008, an 2009 a Dumfries-sted team hae been the winners o the competeetion's Hogline Tropy. Dumfries hosts three outdoors [[bouls]] clubs:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bowlsclub.org/associations/lawn/GB/SBA17/247/ |title=SBA district 17 |publisher=BowlsClub.org |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011 |archive-date=2011-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812200844/http://bowlsclub.org/associations/lawn/GB/SBA17/247/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Dumfries Bowling Club]] * [[Marchmount Bowling Club]] * [[Maxwelltown Bowling Club]] Dumfries hosts cyclin organizations an cyclin vacances.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dumfriescc.org/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-05-01 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527161000/http://dumfriescc.org/ |archivedate=27 May 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dandgcycling.care4free.net/ |title=Dumfries and Galloway Cycling Group CTC Section Southwest Scotland, homepage |publisher=Dandgcycling.care4free.net |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visitdumfriesandgalloway.co.uk/cycling/ |title=Cycling holidays in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland |publisher=Visitdumfriesandgalloway.co.uk |date=30 September 2003 |accessdate=24 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819140424/http://www.visitdumfriesandgalloway.co.uk/cycling |archivedate=19 August 2011 }}</ref> ==Eddication== Dumfries haes several primary schuils, aboot yin per key destrict, and fower main seicontary schuils. Aw o thir institutions is governt bi Dumfries an Gallowa Cooncil. the seicontary schuils is; * [[Dumfries Academy]] * [[Dumfries High School]] * [[Maxwelltoun High School]] * [[St Joseph's College]] Dumfries Academy wis a [[grammar school]] until adoptin a comprehensive format in 1983. In 2013 plans for a 'super schuil' wis annunce't. Thir plans wis later dimitit in fauvour o renovatin existin schuils.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-south-scotland-25023668|title=The Dumfries 'super school' project that never took off|first=Giancarlo|last=Rinaldi|date=21 November 2013|publisher=|via=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> In 199 Scotland's first multi-institutional university campus wis estaiblisht in Dumfries, in the 85-acre Crichton estte. In order o campus presence it is host tae the [[University of the West o Scotland]] (UWS) (kenned as University o Paisley and Bell College afore), [[Dumfries and Galloway College]], and the [[Glesga Varsity|University of Glasgow]]. In its infancy yet, the campus offers a range o degree coorses in initial teacher eddication, business, computin, environmental studies, tourism, heritage, social wark, heal, social studies, nuiricin, liberal airts, an humanities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scotland.gov.uk/News/Releases/2007/08/20105300|title=Support for Crichton and South of Scotland|first=Scottish Government, St. Andrew's House, Regent Road, Edinburgh EH1 3DG Tel:0131 556 8400|last=ceu@scotland.gsi.gov.uk|date=20 August 2007|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://crichtoncampus.co.uk/ |title=Crichton University Campus Dumfries – Scotland UK |publisher=Crichtoncampus.co.uk |date=11 July 2006 |accessdate=24 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814021722/http://crichtoncampus.co.uk/ |archivedate=14 August 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In maugre o a short-leeved threit o closin tae the University o Glasgow pairt o the campus in 2006, a campaign bi students, academics, an local supporters enshuirt that the University of Glasgow remeent appen in Dumfries. The University of Glasgow, syne maintainin its proveesion in Dumfries, his lencht a new unnergraduate programme in primary teachin.<ref>{{Cite web|title=University of Glasgow :: Dumfries Campus :: Primary Education with Teaching Qualification|url=http://www.gla.ac.uk/departments/dumfriescampus/undergraduatestudy/primaryeducationwithteachingqualification/|access-date=2026-08-09|website=www.gla.ac.uk|language=en}}</ref> ==Healcare== [[Dumfries and Galloway Royal Infirmary]] is the principal seicontary care referral centre for Dumfries an Galloway region. It noo includes a maternity wing that replace't the auld Cresswell Maternity Hospital. The [[Crichton Royal Hospital]] is pairt o the Royal Infirmary complex an provides a regional psychiatric, psychological, an speicialist addictions service within Dumfries an Galloway. In 1838 [[Willam A. F Browne]] acceptit the poseetion o Physeecian Superintendant at the newly creatit Crichton. It is at the Chricton that [[Ursula Fleming]] gaint a hantle o her eddication an experience. ==Transport== [[File:Maxwelltown Railway Path, Dumfries (looking towards Hardthorn Road bridge).jpg|thumb|left|Maxwelltown Railwey Paith, Dumfries (leukin taewart Hardthorn Road brig)]] [[File:Dumfries Railway Station 2008-01-18.jpg|thumb|[[Dumfries railwey station]]]] Dumfries is linkit tae the norwart-gaun [[M74 motorwey]] at [[Beattock]] via the [[A701 road]]. The eastwart-gaun [[A75 road]] links Dumfries tae the soothwart-gaun A74 (M), leadin tae the [[M6 Motorwey]] an [[Cairl]]. The westlin-gaun A75 links Dumfries til the ferry port o [[Stranrawer]]. The [[A76 road]] connects tae [[Kilmarnock]] in [[Ayrshire]]. [[Dumfries railwey station]] is locatit on the [[Glasgow South Western Line]]. It wis awairdit Best Station Awards bi [[British Rail]] in 1986 an 1987. The train service is noo operatit bi [[Abellio ScotRail]] that provides services tae [[Glesga Central station]] an Cairl, an no sae aften services direct tae [[Newcastle upon Tyne]]. The nearest station tae Dumfries on the [[West Coast Main Line]] is 14 mile east alang the [[A709 road]] at [[Lockerbie]], an the nearest West Coast Main Line station linkin direct tae Dumfries bi rail is at Cairl. [[Maxwelltoun station]] in the Summerhill destrict o the toun wis closed alang wi the direct line tae Stranrawr via Castle Douglas as pairt o the [[Beeching cuts]] in 1965. Pairt o the disused railwey track in Dumfries wis later convertit til a cycle paith. ==Pairks== The maist significant o the pairks in Dumfries is aw within walkin distance o the toun centre: * Dock Park - locatit on the East baunk o the Nith juist til the sooth o St Michael's brig * Castledykes Park - as the name suggests on the site o a foregane castle * Mill Green (kenned an aw as Deer Park, awtho the deer that wis there hae syne been relocatit) - on the Wast baunk o the Nith conter Whitesands ==Braidcastin== Dumfries is hame tae yin o the 11 BBC studios in Scotland. [[West Sound (Dumfries an Gallowa)|West Sound FM]], pairt o the [[Bauer Media Group]], braidcasts fae Dumfries, an is an aw the main radio station for the area. Community radio station ''Alive 107.3'' braidcasts on 107.3 FM in Dumfries an online.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://media.info/radio/stations/alive-radio-1073|title=Alive Radio 107.3|publisher=|access-date=2020-02-19|archive-date=2019-10-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017190341/https://media.info/radio/stations/alive-radio-1073|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2018, Dumfries got a new radio station, ''Dumfries Community Radio''. Kenned an aw as DCR Online, it isna a tradeetional FM radio station, bit an online radio station. ==Local jurnalism== The twa local newspapers that kiver speceefic Dumfries an the surroondin area is: * ''[[Dumfries and Galloway Standard]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://icdumfries.icnetwork.co.uk/dumfriesgalloway/ |title=icDumfries – Dumfries & Galloway Standard News |publisher=Icdumfries.icnetwork.co.uk |date=11 August 2009 |accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> (estaiblisht 1843) publishin on Tysdays an Fridays * ''[[Dumfries Courier]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dumfriescourier.co.uk/ |title=Dumfries Courier – Regionwide news from your weekly newspaper |publisher=Dumfriescourier.co.uk |accessdate=24 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926073214/http://www.dumfriescourier.co.uk/ |archive-date=26 September 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> publishing on Fridays publishin on Fridays ==Airchitectural geology== [[File:Buccleuch St, Dumfries, 2007-07-26.jpg|thumb|saundstane biggins in Buccleuch Street]] The're mony biggins in Dumfries made fae saundstane o the local Locharbriggs [[Quarrel (minin)|quarrel]]. The quarrel is situatit aff the A701 on the north o Dumfries at Locharbriggs near til hte aggregates quarrel. This dimension stane quarrel is a lairge quarrel. Quarrel wirkin at Locharbriggs dates fae the 18t century, an the quarrel his been wirked continuous syne 1890.<ref name="autogeneratedquarry">{{cite web|url=http://www.stancliffe.com/uk-stone-types-and-colours/locharbriggs-red-sandstone|title=Locharbriggs Red Sandstone Suppliers|first=RJ Design|last=Associates|publisher=|access-date=2020-02-19|archive-date=2018-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306113531/http://www.stancliffe.com/uk-stone-types-and-colours/locharbriggs-red-sandstone|url-status=dead}}</ref> The're guid reserves o stane that can be howkit at several locations. On average the stane is available at deepths o 3 fit on bed awtho some lairger block are obtainable. The average lenth o a block is 4 fit bit 7 fit blocks can be obtaint. Locharbriggs is fae the New Red saundstane o the Permian age It is a middlin-graint stane rangin in colour fae dreich red tae pink. It is the saundstane uised in the [[Queen Alexandra Bridge]] in [[Sunderland]], the [[Manchester International Convention Centre]], an the base o the [[Statue o Leeberty]].<ref name=autogeneratedquarry /><gallery caption="Examples o sandstane carvins fund in Dumfries"> File:Dumfries Academy, Minerva Building, Academy St, Dumfries DG1 1DD, Detail.jpg|Minerva biggin, Dumfries Academy File:Grayfriars 1.jpg|Detail at Greyfriar's Kirk File:Grayfriars 4.jpg|Detail at Greyfriars Kirk File:Midsteeple 7.jpg|Detail at Midsteeple File:Queensberry Hotel, Dumfries 2.jpg|Detail at Queensberry hottle File:Queensberry monument dumfries 2.jpg|Ram's heid at Queensberry monument File:Greyfriars Dumfries town centre.jpg|Greyfriars Dumfries toun centre File:Carving of satyr, Dumfries.jpg|Carvin o Pan File:Dumfries Academy 2.jpg|Detail at Dumfries Academy </gallery> ==Surroondin places o interest== As the lairgest sattlement in Soothren Scotland, Dumfries is notit as a centre for veesitin surroonding places o interest.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scottishholidays.net/visit/scotland-tour-dumfries-dumfries.html |title=Dumfries Travel Guide |publisher=Scottishholidays.net |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011 |archive-date=2017-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013224911/http://www.scottishholidays.net/visit/scotland-tour-dumfries-dumfries.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The follaein is aw within easy reak: * [[Ae, Dumfries an Gallowa|Ae]] an [[Ae Forest]] * [[Caerlaverock Castle]]<ref name="autogenerated2" /> * [[Criffel]] - a hill on the Solway coast popular wi hill walkers for its views o the Soothren Scotland coastline an ootower the [[Solway Firth]] til the [[Lake District]] o [[Cumbria]]. * [[Drumlanrig Castle]]<ref name="autogenerated2" /> * [[Ecclefechan]] - birthplace o [[Thomas Carlyle]]. "The Arched House" is a tourist attraction an his been mainteent bi the [[National Trust for Scotland]] syne 1936.<ref name="autogenerated2" /> Ecclefechan is locatit at the fit o the lairge Roman fort, [[Burnswark]], that dominates the laundskip wi its flat tap. * [[Gretna Green]] an the [[Auld Smiddie]], famous for skirt-mairiages<ref name="autogenerated2" /> * [[John Paul Jones Cottage Museum]] - the tradeetional Scots cot what [[John Paul Jones]] in 1747 wis born in<ref>{{cite web |author=David Lockwood |url=http://www.jpj.demon.co.uk/jpjlife.htm |title=John Paul Jones a brief biography |publisher=Jpj.demon.co.uk |date=16 December 2010 |accessdate=24 August 2011 |archive-date=2013-06-25 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6HcxxyXwL?url=http://www.jpj.demon.co.uk/jpjlife.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Kagyu Samye Ling Monastery and Tibetan Centre]] wis the first [[Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan Buddhist]] centre tae hae been estaiblisht in the West. It is a centre within the [[Karma Kagyu]] tradeetion o Tibetan Buddhism. It is in the veelage o [[Eskdalemuir]] in the Scots Soothren Uplands<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.samyeling.org/ |title=Kagyu Samye Ling Monastery and Tibetan Centre |publisher=Samyeling.org |date= |accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> * [[Lochmaben]] wi its lochs popular wi boaters an an aw its history wi Robert the Bruce. * [[Mabie Forest]] - popular destinations for outdoor recreation suc as muntain biking an walkin * [[Moffat]] an the views nearby o the [[Devil's Beef Tub]], the [[Grey Mare's Tail]] watterfaw, an the [[A708 road]] fae Moffat past the Grey Mare's Tail tae [[St Mary's Loch]] * [[Minnyhive]] conservation veelage * [[New Abbey]] Corn Mill Museum an [[Sweetheart Abbey]]<ref name="autogenerated2" /> * [[Solway Coast]] * [[Threave Castle]] in [[Castle Douglas]], hame til the [[Clan Douglas|Douglas Clan]] o [[James Douglas, Laird o Douglas]] that fechtit wi [[Robert the Bruce]]<ref name="autogenerated2" /> * [[Twynholm]] an the [[David Coulthard]] Museum<ref name="autogenerated2" /> * [[Wanlockheid]] - Breetain's heichest veelage registert at 1,531 fit abuin sea level an the [[Lead Mining Museum]]<ref name="autogenerated2" /> ==Ither places name't Dumfries== ===Canadae=== * [[Dumfries, New Brunswick]] * [[South Dumfries Township, Ontario]] * [[North Dumfries, Ontario]] ===USA=== * [[Dumfries, Virginia]] in the US wis estaiblisht formal on land at the heid o the herbour o Quantico Creek, providit bi John Graham. He name't the toun efter his birthplace, Dumfries in Scotland * [[Dumfries, Minnesota]] * [[Dumfries, Iowa]] ===Ither=== * [[Dumfries, Bahamas|Dumfries]], [[Cat Island]], [[Bahamas]]<ref name=maphill1>{{Cite web |url=http://www.maphill.com/bahamas/cat-island/dumfries/ |title="Dumfries Maps" Maphill.com |access-date=2020-02-19 |archive-date=2020-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730051413/http://www.maphill.com/bahamas/cat-island/dumfries/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Dumfries, Grenada|Dumfries]], [[Carriacou]], [[Grenada]]<ref name="maphill2">{{Cite web |url=http://www.maphill.com/grenada/carriacou/dumfries/ |title="Dumfries Maps" maphillcom |access-date=2020-02-19 |archive-date=2020-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730035957/http://www.maphill.com/grenada/carriacou/dumfries/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Twin touns== {{flagicon|US}} &ndash; [[Annapolis, Maryland]],<ref name=moyer>{{Cite web |url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2007-07-06/news/0707060194_1_annapolis-city-council-moyer |title="Moyer to travel to Annapolis' sister cities in Europe" |access-date=2020-02-19 |archive-date=2017-08-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805222046/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2007-07-06/news/0707060194_1_annapolis-city-council-moyer |url-status=dead }}</ref> is hame til the [[United States Naval Academy]] whaur John Paul Jones lies in the crypt aneath the chaipel. {{flagicon|DE}} &ndash; [[Gifhorn]],<ref name=Gifhorn>[https://www.stadt-gifhorn.de/sv_gifhorn/Lebenswert/Partnerst%C3%A4dte/Dumfries/ "Stadt Giforn"]</ref> Germany {{flagicon|ITA}} &ndash; [[Cantù]], [[Italy]]. Dumfries an Galloway Cooncil hisna been involved in ony offeecial twinnin link atween the twa touns for some time. The bond his been mainteened throu the Freends o Cantu an the Nithsdale Twinnin Association.<ref name=cantu>[http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/local-news/italian-connection-to-dumfries-2609425 Italian connection to Dumfries]</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== {{Commons category|Dumfries}} * https://www.nationalgalleries.org/art-and-artists/artists/james-norie-senior James Norie Senior * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180514062633/http://www.dumgal.gov.uk/ Dumfries an Galloway Cooncil Wsbsteid] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091123153243/http://www.loreburne.co.uk/ www.loreburne.co.uk A Guide tae.....Dumfries] * [http://www.dumfriesmuseum.demon.co.uk/ Dumfries and Galloway Museums] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222132412/http://www.dumfriesmuseum.demon.co.uk/ |date=2020-02-22 }} * [http://ssa.nls.uk/search.cfm?search_sort_order=Film.dateRelease%2CFilm.name&search_sort_direction=ASC&search_term=dumfries&search_fields=2&search_join_type=AND&search_fuzzy=yes&videos_only=1&search_mode=Advanced&submit=Search+%3E%3E%3E National Leebrary o Scotland: Scots Screen Archaee]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}—selection of archaee picturs aboot Dumfries * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150924095611/http://www.scotlandsplaces.gov.uk/digital_volumes/book.php?book_id=555&place_id=10&p_name=Dumfriesshire Dumfries Ceevil Pairish Historical Tax Rolls in Dumfriesshire] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bBQjqwiCgNk&t=46s Video footage an history o Dumfries railwey station] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dUbEum2bCwM Video and history of the Burns Mausoleum, Dumfries.] * [https://www.visitscotland.com/destinations-maps/dumfries/see-do/ Things Tae See an Dae & Attractions in Dumfries] *[https://digital.nls.uk/chapbooks-printed-in-scotland/archive/104184943 https://digital.nls.uk/chapbooks-printed-in-scotland/archaee/104184943]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *https://www.arthur-conan-doyle.com/index.php?title=Charles_Altamont_Doyle *https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/200362756-79-high-street-county-hotel-nith-ward * {{en}} [https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Dumfries Dumfries at Wikivoyage] [[Category:Touns in Dumfries an Gallowa]] [[Category:Dumfries an Gallowa]] [[Category:Places o Scotland]] s430qej7zfhzn9jwtbh248a72ss8krf 12 166978 920675 581431 2026-08-12T02:54:19Z ~2026-44055-01 135588 /* */ 920675 wikitext text/x-wiki Tha chairts ablo shaw hou the [[Internaitional Phonetic Alphabet]] represents pronunciations o [[Italian leid|Italian]] in Wikipaedia airticles. {| style="background: none" | style="vertical-align:top;" | {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em; text-align: center;" ! colspan="3" | [[Consonant]]s<ref>If consonants are doobled efter a vouel, they are [[gemination|geminatit]]: aw consonants mey be geminatit except for {{IPAslink|z}}. In IPA, gemination is representit bi dooblin the consonant (''fatto'' {{IPA|/ˈfatto/}}, ''mezzo'' {{IPA|/ˈmɛddzo/}}) or bi uisin the lenth merker {{angbr|{{IPA link|ː}}}}. Thare is an aa the [[sandhi]] o [[syntactic gemination]]: ''va '''v'''ia'' {{IPA|/ˌva vˈviːa/}}).</ref> |- ! [[Help:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples |- | <big>{{IPA link|b}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | '''b'''anca, ci'''b'''o |- | <big>{{IPA link|d̪|d}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | '''d'''ove, i'''d'''ra |- | <big>{{IPA link|d̪͡z̪|dz}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | '''z'''aino, a'''z'''alea, me'''zz'''o<ref name="z">{{angbr|z}} represents baith {{IPA|/ts/}} an {{IPA|/dz/}}. The airticle on [[Italian orthografie#S an Z|Italian orthografie]] explains hou thay are uised.</ref><ref name="geminated"/> |- | <big>{{IPA link|d͡ʒ|dʒ}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | '''g'''elo, '''gi'''ù, ma'''g'''ia, '''j'''udo, ga'''dg'''et<ref name="gorgia"/> |- | <big>{{IPA link|f}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | '''f'''atto, ci'''f'''ra, '''ph'''on |- | <big>{{IPA link|ɡ}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | '''g'''atto, a'''g'''ro, '''g'''lifo, '''gh'''etto |- | <big>{{IPA link|k}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | '''c'''osa, a'''c'''uto, fin'''ch'''é, '''q'''uei, '''k'''iwi<ref name="gorgia">In [[Tuscan dialect|Tuscany]] {{IPAblink|h}}, {{IPAblink|ɸ}}, {{IPAblink|θ}} an {{IPAblink|ʒ}} are the common allophones o vouel-follaein single {{IPA|/k/}}, {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/t/}} an {{IPA|/dʒ/}}.</ref> |- | <big>{{IPA link|l}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | '''l'''ato, te'''l'''a |- | <big>{{IPA link|ʎ}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | fi'''gl'''i, '''gli'''elo, ma'''gli'''a<ref name="geminated">{{IPA|/dz/}}, {{IPA|/ts/}}, {{IPA|/ʎ/}}, {{IPA|/ɲ/}} an {{IPA|/ʃ/}} are alweys [[gemination|geminatit]] efter a vouel.</ref> |- | <big>{{IPA link|m}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | '''m'''ano, a'''m'''are, i'''n'''put, a'''n'''fibio<ref name="nasal">The [[nasal consonant|nasals]] alweys [[assimilation (lingueestics)|assimilate]] thair place o airticulation tae that o the follaein consonant. Thus, the ''n'' in {{IPA|/nɡ/}} ~ {{IPA|/nk/}} is a velar {{IPAblink|ŋ}}, an the ane in {{IPA|/nf/}} ~ {{IPA|/nv/}} is the labiodental {{IPAblink|ɱ}}, but for simplicity, {{angbr|m}} is uised here. A nasal afore {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/b/}} an {{IPA|/m/}} is alweys the labial {{IPAblink|m}}.</ref> |- | <big>{{IPA link|n}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | '''n'''a'''n'''o, pu'''n'''to, pe'''n'''sare<ref name="nasal"/> |- | <big>{{IPA link|ŋ}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | u'''n'''ghia, a'''n'''che, du'''n'''que<ref name="nasal"/> |- | <big>{{IPA link|ɲ}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | '''gn'''occo, o'''gn'''i<ref name="geminated"/> |- | <big>{{IPA link|p}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | '''p'''rimo, am'''p'''io, a'''p'''ertura<ref name="gorgia"/> |- | <big>{{IPA link|r}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | '''R'''oma, quatt'''r'''o, mo'''r'''te |- | <big>{{IPA link|s̪|s}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | '''s'''ano, '''s'''cusa, pre'''s'''entire, pa'''s'''to |- | <big>{{IPA link|ʃ}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | '''sc'''ena, '''sci'''à, pe'''sc'''i, fla'''sh''', '''ch'''ic<ref name="geminated"/> |- | <big>{{IPA link|t̪|t}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | '''t'''ranne, mi'''t'''o, al'''t'''ro, '''th'''ai<ref name="gorgia"/> |- | <big>{{IPA link|t̪͡s̪|ts}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | '''z'''io, so'''zz'''o, mar'''z'''o<ref name="z" /><ref name="geminated"/> |- | <big>{{IPA link|t͡ʃ|tʃ}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | '''c'''erto, '''ci'''ao, farma'''c'''ia, '''ch'''ip |- | <big>{{IPA link|v}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | '''v'''ado, po'''v'''ero, '''w'''att |- | <big>{{IPA link|z̪|z}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | '''s'''birro, pre'''s'''entare, a'''s'''ma |- ! colspan="2" | Non-native consonants |- | <big>{{IPA link|h}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | '''h'''obby, '''h'''ertz<ref name="gorgia"/><ref>{{IPA|/h/}} is uisually dropped.</ref> |- | <big>{{IPA link|θ}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | '''Th'''atcher, Pére'''z'''<ref name="gorgia"/> |- | <big>{{IPA link|x}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | '''kh'''amsin, Ba'''ch''', '''j'''ota<ref>In Spaingie loanwirds, {{IPA|/x/}} is uisually pronoonced as {{IPAblink|h}}, {{IPAblink|k}} or dropped. In [[German leid|German]], [[Arabic]] an [[Roushie leid|Roushie]] anes, it is uisually pronoonced {{IPAblink|k}}.</ref> |- | <big>{{IPA link|ʒ}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | Fu'''j'''i, abat-'''j'''our, gara'''ge''', ca'''s'''ual<ref name="gorgia"/> |} <!---------- Vowels ----------> | style="vertical-align:top;" | {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em 2em; text-align: center;" !colspan=2| [[Vouel]]s<ref>Italian contrasts seiven [[monophthong]]s in stressed syllables. Open-mid vouels /{{IPA link|ɛ}}, {{IPA link|ɔ}}/ can appear anerly if the syllable is stressed (''cop'''e'''rto'' {{IPA|/koˈpɛrto/}}, ''qu'''o'''ta'' {{IPA|/ˈkwɔːta/}}), close-mid vouels /{{IPA link|e}}, {{IPA link|o}}/ are foond ensewhaur (''B'''o'''ccacci'''o''''' {{IPA|/bokˈkattʃo/}}, ''am'''o'''r'''e''''' {{IPA|/aˈmoːre/}}). Open an close vouels /{{IPA link|ɐ̞|a}} {{IPA link|i}} {{IPA link|u}}/ are unchynged in unstressed syllables, but wird-final unstressed {{IPA|/i/}} mey acome approximant {{IPAblink|j}} afore vouels, which is kent as [[synalepha]] (''par'''i''' età'' {{IPA|/ˌparj eˈta/}}).</ref> |- ! [[Help:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples |- | <big>{{IPA link|ɐ̞|a}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | '''a'''lto, s'''a'''r'''à''', m'''u'''st, cl'''o'''wn |- | <big>{{IPA link|e}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | v'''e'''ro, p'''e'''rch'''é''', li'''ai'''son |- | <big>{{IPA link|ɛ}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | '''e'''lica, cio'''è''', c'''a'''sh, pl'''a'''y, spr'''ea'''d |- | <big>{{IPA link|i}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | v'''i'''so, s'''ì''', z'''i'''a, f'''ee'''d, t'''ea'''m, sex'''y''' |- | <big>{{IPA link|o}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | '''o'''mbra, ott'''o''', sh'''ow''', c'''oa'''ch |- | <big>{{IPA link|ɔ}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | '''o'''tto, sar'''ò''', S'''ea'''n |- | <big>{{IPA link|u}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | '''u'''si, rag'''ù''', t'''u'''o, l'''oo'''k, t'''ou'''r |- ! colspan="2" | Non-native vouels |- | <big>{{IPA link|œ}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | viv'''eu'''r, g'''oe'''thiano, Ch'''u'''rchill<ref>Open-mid {{IPAblink|œ}} or close-mid {{IPAblink|ø}} if it is stressed but usually {{IPAblink|ø}} if it is unstressed. May be replaced by {{IPAblink|ɛ}} (stressed) or {{IPAblink|e}} (stressed or unstressed).</ref> |- | <big>{{IPA link|y}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | par'''u'''re, br'''û'''lé, F'''üh'''rer<ref>{{IPA|/y/}} is often pronounced as {{IPAblink|u}} or [{{IPA link|j}}{{IPA link|u}}].</ref> |- | colspan="2" style="border-left: #fff solid 1px; border-right: #fff solid 1px" | &nbsp; |- ! colspan="2" | [[Semivouel]]s |- ! [[Help:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples |- | <big>{{IPA link|j}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | '''i'''eri, sa'''i'''o, p'''i'''ù, '''J'''esi, '''y'''acht, n'''e'''ws |- | <big>{{IPA link|w}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | '''u'''ova, g'''u'''ado, q'''u'''i, '''w'''eek-end |- | colspan="2" style="border-left: #fff solid 1px; border-right: #fff solid 1px" | &nbsp; |- ! colspan="3" | [[IPA#Suprasegmentals|Suprasegmentals]] |- ! [[Help:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples !! Explanation |- | <big>{{IPA link|ˈ}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | Cen'''ni'''ni {{IPA|[tʃenˈniːni]}} | style="text-align:left;" | [[primary stress]] |- | <big>{{IPA link|ˌ}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | '''al'''tamente {{IPA|[ˌaltaˈmente]}} | style="text-align:left;" | [[seicontar stress]]<ref>Syne Italian haes na distinction atween hivier or lichter vouels, a defined seucontar stress, even in lang wirds, is extremely rare.</ref> |- | <big>{{IPA link|.}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | contin'''uo''' {{IPA|[konˈtiːnu.o]}} | style="text-align:left;" | [[syllabification|syllable break]] |- | <big>{{IPA link|ː}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | pr'''i'''mo {{IPA|[ˈpriːmo]}} | style="text-align:left;" | [[lang vouel]]<ref>Stressed vouels are [[vouel lenth|lang]] in non-final open syllables: ''f'''a'''to'' {{IPA|[ˈfaːto]}} ~ ''fatto'' {{IPA|[ˈfatto]}}.</ref> |} |} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==External links== *{{it}} ''[http://www.dizionario.rai.it/ Dizionario italiano multimediale e multilingue d'ortografia e di pronunzia]'' (not based on IPA) *{{it}} ''[http://www.dipionline.it/dizionario/ Dizionario di pronuncia italiana online]'' bi [[Luciano Canepari]] (based on IPA) [[Category:International Phonetic Alphabet help|Italian]] 52i9kdzwerqn9gmr3z8jblig981ibc6 920677 920675 2026-08-12T03:11:21Z CiphriusKane 74958 Undae revision [[Special:Diff/920675|920675]] bi [[Special:Contributions/~2026-44055-01|~2026-44055-01]] ([[User talk:~2026-44055-01|Tauk]])Lea as is please 920677 wikitext text/x-wiki The chairts ablo shaw hou the [[Internaitional Phonetic Alphabet]] represents pronunciations o [[Italian leid|Italian]] in Wikipaedia airticles. {| style="background: none" | style="vertical-align:top;" | {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em; text-align: center;" ! colspan="3" | [[Consonant]]s<ref>If consonants are doobled efter a vouel, they are [[gemination|geminatit]]: aw consonants mey be geminatit except for {{IPAslink|z}}. In IPA, gemination is representit bi dooblin the consonant (''fatto'' {{IPA|/ˈfatto/}}, ''mezzo'' {{IPA|/ˈmɛddzo/}}) or bi uisin the lenth merker {{angbr|{{IPA link|ː}}}}. Thare is an aa the [[sandhi]] o [[syntactic gemination]]: ''va '''v'''ia'' {{IPA|/ˌva vˈviːa/}}).</ref> |- ! [[Help:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples |- | <big>{{IPA link|b}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | '''b'''anca, ci'''b'''o |- | <big>{{IPA link|d̪|d}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | '''d'''ove, i'''d'''ra |- | <big>{{IPA link|d̪͡z̪|dz}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | '''z'''aino, a'''z'''alea, me'''zz'''o<ref name="z">{{angbr|z}} represents baith {{IPA|/ts/}} an {{IPA|/dz/}}. The airticle on [[Italian orthografie#S an Z|Italian orthografie]] explains hou thay are uised.</ref><ref name="geminated"/> |- | <big>{{IPA link|d͡ʒ|dʒ}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | '''g'''elo, '''gi'''ù, ma'''g'''ia, '''j'''udo, ga'''dg'''et<ref name="gorgia"/> |- | <big>{{IPA link|f}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | '''f'''atto, ci'''f'''ra, '''ph'''on |- | <big>{{IPA link|ɡ}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | '''g'''atto, a'''g'''ro, '''g'''lifo, '''gh'''etto |- | <big>{{IPA link|k}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | '''c'''osa, a'''c'''uto, fin'''ch'''é, '''q'''uei, '''k'''iwi<ref name="gorgia">In [[Tuscan dialect|Tuscany]] {{IPAblink|h}}, {{IPAblink|ɸ}}, {{IPAblink|θ}} an {{IPAblink|ʒ}} are the common allophones o vouel-follaein single {{IPA|/k/}}, {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/t/}} an {{IPA|/dʒ/}}.</ref> |- | <big>{{IPA link|l}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | '''l'''ato, te'''l'''a |- | <big>{{IPA link|ʎ}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | fi'''gl'''i, '''gli'''elo, ma'''gli'''a<ref name="geminated">{{IPA|/dz/}}, {{IPA|/ts/}}, {{IPA|/ʎ/}}, {{IPA|/ɲ/}} an {{IPA|/ʃ/}} are alweys [[gemination|geminatit]] efter a vouel.</ref> |- | <big>{{IPA link|m}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | '''m'''ano, a'''m'''are, i'''n'''put, a'''n'''fibio<ref name="nasal">The [[nasal consonant|nasals]] alweys [[assimilation (lingueestics)|assimilate]] thair place o airticulation tae that o the follaein consonant. Thus, the ''n'' in {{IPA|/nɡ/}} ~ {{IPA|/nk/}} is a velar {{IPAblink|ŋ}}, an the ane in {{IPA|/nf/}} ~ {{IPA|/nv/}} is the labiodental {{IPAblink|ɱ}}, but for simplicity, {{angbr|m}} is uised here. A nasal afore {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/b/}} an {{IPA|/m/}} is alweys the labial {{IPAblink|m}}.</ref> |- | <big>{{IPA link|n}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | '''n'''a'''n'''o, pu'''n'''to, pe'''n'''sare<ref name="nasal"/> |- | <big>{{IPA link|ŋ}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | u'''n'''ghia, a'''n'''che, du'''n'''que<ref name="nasal"/> |- | <big>{{IPA link|ɲ}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | '''gn'''occo, o'''gn'''i<ref name="geminated"/> |- | <big>{{IPA link|p}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | '''p'''rimo, am'''p'''io, a'''p'''ertura<ref name="gorgia"/> |- | <big>{{IPA link|r}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | '''R'''oma, quatt'''r'''o, mo'''r'''te |- | <big>{{IPA link|s̪|s}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | '''s'''ano, '''s'''cusa, pre'''s'''entire, pa'''s'''to |- | <big>{{IPA link|ʃ}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | '''sc'''ena, '''sci'''à, pe'''sc'''i, fla'''sh''', '''ch'''ic<ref name="geminated"/> |- | <big>{{IPA link|t̪|t}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | '''t'''ranne, mi'''t'''o, al'''t'''ro, '''th'''ai<ref name="gorgia"/> |- | <big>{{IPA link|t̪͡s̪|ts}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | '''z'''io, so'''zz'''o, mar'''z'''o<ref name="z" /><ref name="geminated"/> |- | <big>{{IPA link|t͡ʃ|tʃ}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | '''c'''erto, '''ci'''ao, farma'''c'''ia, '''ch'''ip |- | <big>{{IPA link|v}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | '''v'''ado, po'''v'''ero, '''w'''att |- | <big>{{IPA link|z̪|z}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | '''s'''birro, pre'''s'''entare, a'''s'''ma |- ! colspan="2" | Non-native consonants |- | <big>{{IPA link|h}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | '''h'''obby, '''h'''ertz<ref name="gorgia"/><ref>{{IPA|/h/}} is uisually dropped.</ref> |- | <big>{{IPA link|θ}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | '''Th'''atcher, Pére'''z'''<ref name="gorgia"/> |- | <big>{{IPA link|x}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | '''kh'''amsin, Ba'''ch''', '''j'''ota<ref>In Spaingie loanwirds, {{IPA|/x/}} is uisually pronoonced as {{IPAblink|h}}, {{IPAblink|k}} or dropped. In [[German leid|German]], [[Arabic]] an [[Roushie leid|Roushie]] anes, it is uisually pronoonced {{IPAblink|k}}.</ref> |- | <big>{{IPA link|ʒ}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | Fu'''j'''i, abat-'''j'''our, gara'''ge''', ca'''s'''ual<ref name="gorgia"/> |} <!---------- Vowels ----------> | style="vertical-align:top;" | {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em 2em; text-align: center;" !colspan=2| [[Vouel]]s<ref>Italian contrasts seiven [[monophthong]]s in stressed syllables. Open-mid vouels /{{IPA link|ɛ}}, {{IPA link|ɔ}}/ can appear anerly if the syllable is stressed (''cop'''e'''rto'' {{IPA|/koˈpɛrto/}}, ''qu'''o'''ta'' {{IPA|/ˈkwɔːta/}}), close-mid vouels /{{IPA link|e}}, {{IPA link|o}}/ are foond ensewhaur (''B'''o'''ccacci'''o''''' {{IPA|/bokˈkattʃo/}}, ''am'''o'''r'''e''''' {{IPA|/aˈmoːre/}}). Open an close vouels /{{IPA link|ɐ̞|a}} {{IPA link|i}} {{IPA link|u}}/ are unchynged in unstressed syllables, but wird-final unstressed {{IPA|/i/}} mey acome approximant {{IPAblink|j}} afore vouels, which is kent as [[synalepha]] (''par'''i''' età'' {{IPA|/ˌparj eˈta/}}).</ref> |- ! [[Help:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples |- | <big>{{IPA link|ɐ̞|a}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | '''a'''lto, s'''a'''r'''à''', m'''u'''st, cl'''o'''wn |- | <big>{{IPA link|e}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | v'''e'''ro, p'''e'''rch'''é''', li'''ai'''son |- | <big>{{IPA link|ɛ}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | '''e'''lica, cio'''è''', c'''a'''sh, pl'''a'''y, spr'''ea'''d |- | <big>{{IPA link|i}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | v'''i'''so, s'''ì''', z'''i'''a, f'''ee'''d, t'''ea'''m, sex'''y''' |- | <big>{{IPA link|o}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | '''o'''mbra, ott'''o''', sh'''ow''', c'''oa'''ch |- | <big>{{IPA link|ɔ}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | '''o'''tto, sar'''ò''', S'''ea'''n |- | <big>{{IPA link|u}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | '''u'''si, rag'''ù''', t'''u'''o, l'''oo'''k, t'''ou'''r |- ! colspan="2" | Non-native vouels |- | <big>{{IPA link|œ}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | viv'''eu'''r, g'''oe'''thiano, Ch'''u'''rchill<ref>Open-mid {{IPAblink|œ}} or close-mid {{IPAblink|ø}} if it is stressed but usually {{IPAblink|ø}} if it is unstressed. May be replaced by {{IPAblink|ɛ}} (stressed) or {{IPAblink|e}} (stressed or unstressed).</ref> |- | <big>{{IPA link|y}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | par'''u'''re, br'''û'''lé, F'''üh'''rer<ref>{{IPA|/y/}} is often pronounced as {{IPAblink|u}} or [{{IPA link|j}}{{IPA link|u}}].</ref> |- | colspan="2" style="border-left: #fff solid 1px; border-right: #fff solid 1px" | &nbsp; |- ! colspan="2" | [[Semivouel]]s |- ! [[Help:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples |- | <big>{{IPA link|j}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | '''i'''eri, sa'''i'''o, p'''i'''ù, '''J'''esi, '''y'''acht, n'''e'''ws |- | <big>{{IPA link|w}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | '''u'''ova, g'''u'''ado, q'''u'''i, '''w'''eek-end |- | colspan="2" style="border-left: #fff solid 1px; border-right: #fff solid 1px" | &nbsp; |- ! colspan="3" | [[IPA#Suprasegmentals|Suprasegmentals]] |- ! [[Help:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples !! Explanation |- | <big>{{IPA link|ˈ}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | Cen'''ni'''ni {{IPA|[tʃenˈniːni]}} | style="text-align:left;" | [[primary stress]] |- | <big>{{IPA link|ˌ}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | '''al'''tamente {{IPA|[ˌaltaˈmente]}} | style="text-align:left;" | [[seicontar stress]]<ref>Syne Italian haes na distinction atween hivier or lichter vouels, a defined seucontar stress, even in lang wirds, is extremely rare.</ref> |- | <big>{{IPA link|.}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | contin'''uo''' {{IPA|[konˈtiːnu.o]}} | style="text-align:left;" | [[syllabification|syllable break]] |- | <big>{{IPA link|ː}}</big> | style="text-align:left;" | pr'''i'''mo {{IPA|[ˈpriːmo]}} | style="text-align:left;" | [[lang vouel]]<ref>Stressed vouels are [[vouel lenth|lang]] in non-final open syllables: ''f'''a'''to'' {{IPA|[ˈfaːto]}} ~ ''fatto'' {{IPA|[ˈfatto]}}.</ref> |} |} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==External links== *{{it}} ''[http://www.dizionario.rai.it/ Dizionario italiano multimediale e multilingue d'ortografia e di pronunzia]'' (not based on IPA) *{{it}} ''[http://www.dipionline.it/dizionario/ Dizionario di pronuncia italiana online]'' bi [[Luciano Canepari]] (based on IPA) [[Category:International Phonetic Alphabet help|Italian]] gx3kgyo709jnlx370pc54ahil7wsfwn 0 206614 920643 920631 2026-08-11T17:13:35Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Mr.Murdoch78 flittit page [[Tom Holland (actor)]] til [[Tom Holland]] 920631 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie | name = Tom Holland | image = TomHolland-byPhilipRomano.jpg | caption = Holland in 2026 | birth_name = Thomas Stanley Holland | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1996|6|1|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Lunnon]], Ingland | occupation = Actor | spouse = {{Marriage|[[Zendaya]]|2026}} | signature = Tom Holland Signature.svg | parents = [[Dominic Holland]] | years active = 2008–present | notable works = See [[Leet o roles an awairds o Tom Holland|roles an awairds leet]] }} '''Thomas Stanley Holland''' (born 1 Juin 1996) is a Breetish actor kent fur his wirk in a diverse reenge o genres. His accolades include a BAFTA Awaird as weel as twa Creetics' Chyce Awairds nominations. Holland's films as a leadin actor hae grossed ower $13.1 billion warldwide, makin him ane o the heichest-grossin actors o aw time. He wis featurt on the ''Forbes'' 30 Unner 30 Europe leet o 2019. Holland's career begoud at age nine whan he enrowed in a dancin cless, whaur a choreographer noticit him an arreenged fur him tae audeetion fur a role in ''Billy Elliot the Musical'' at Lunnon's Victoria Palace Theatre. Efter twa years o trainin, he secured a supportin pairt in 2008 an wis upgradit tae the title role that year, whilk he pleyed till 2010. Holland makkit his film debut in the disaster drama ''The Impossible'' (2012) as a teenage tourist trappit in a tsunami, fur that he received a Lunnon Film Creetics Raing Awaird fur Yung Breetish Performer o the Year. Efter this, Holland decidit tae pursue actin as a fou-time career, kythin in ''How I Live Now'' (2013), ''In the Heart of the Sea'' (2015) an ''The Lost City of Z'' (2016). Holland achieved internaitional recogneetion pleyin Peter Parker/Spider-Man in seiven Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) superhero films, beginnin wi ''Captain America: Civil War'' (2016). The follaein year, Holland received the BAFTA Risin Starn Awaird an becam the yungest actor tae pley a title role in an MCU film in ''Spider-Man: Homecoming'' (2017). Its sequels, ''Far From Home'' (2019), ''No Way Home'' (2021), an ''Brand New Day'' (2026) ilk grossed mair nor $1{{nbsp}}billion warldwide. ''No Way Home'' becam the heichest-grossin film o the year an aa. Holland pleyed against-teep roles in the crime dramas ''The Devil All the Time'' (2020) an ''Cherry'' (2021), an starned in the muckle-budget films ''Uncharted'' (2022) an ''The Odyssey'' (2026). Holland haes vyced roles in the animatit featurs ''Spies in Disguise'' (2019) an ''Onward'' (2020). On telly, he teuk roles in the BBC historical miniseries ''Wolf Hall'' (2015) an the Apple TV+ psychological thriller limitit series ''The Crowded Room'' (2023). He returned tae the stage starnin as ane o the title roles in the Wast End revival o ''Romeo and Juliet'' (2024). Holland is mairit tae his ''Spider-Man'' co-starn Zendaya. ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Fremmit airtins== * {{IMDb name|4043618}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Holland, Tom}} [[Category:1996 births]] [[Category:21st-century Breetish male actors]] [[Category:Fowk educatit at the BRIT Schuil]] [[Category:Actors frae the Ryal Burgh o Kingston upon Thames]] [[Category:Actors wi dyslexia]] [[Category:BAFTA Risin Starn Awaird winners]] [[Category:Breetish actors wi disabeelities]] [[Category:Breetish male bairn actors]] [[Category:Breetish male film actors]] [[Category:Breetish male muisical theatre actors]] [[Category:Breetish male stage actors]] [[Category:Breetish male televeesion actors]] [[Category:Breetish male vyce actors]] [[Category:Breetish fowk o Erse strynd]] [[Category:Breetish fowk o Manx strynd]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Male actors frae Lunnon]] [[Category:Fowk educatit at Wimbledon College]] [[Category:Fowk frae Kingston upon Thames]] [[Category:Breetish fowk wi attention deficit hyperactivity ail]] d30t132kvd6amdp2cdd8vuly25mj9mv 920648 920643 2026-08-11T17:19:45Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 920648 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie | name = Tom Holland | image = TomHolland-byPhilipRomano.jpg | caption = Holland in 2026 | birth_name = Thomas Stanley Holland | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1996|6|1|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Lunnon]], Ingland | occupation = Actor | spouse = {{Marriage|[[Zendaya]]|2026}} | signature = Tom Holland Signature.svg | parents = [[Dominic Holland]] | years active = 2008–present | notable works = See [[Leet o roles an awairds o Tom Holland|roles an awairds leet]] }} '''Thomas Stanley Holland''' (born 1 Juin 1996) is a Breetish actor kent fur his wirk in a diverse reenge o genres. [[Leet o roles an awairds o Tom Holland|His accolades]] include a [[Breetish Academy Film Awairds|BAFTA Awaird]] as weel as twa [[Creetics' Chyce Awairds]] nominations. Holland's films as a leadin actor hae grossed ower $13.1 billion warldwide, makin him ane o the [[Leet o heichest-grossin actors|heichest-grossin actors o aw time]]. He wis featurt on the [[Forbes 30 Unner 30|''Forbes'' 30 Unner 30]] Europe leet o 2019. Holland's career begoud at age nine whan he enrowed in a dancin cless, whaur a choreographer noticit him an arreenged fur him tae audeetion fur a role in ''[[Billy Elliot the Musical]]'' at Lunnon's [[Victoria Pailace Theatre]]. Efter twa years o trainin, he secured a supportin pairt in 2008 an wis upgradit tae the title role that year, whilk he pleyed till 2010. Holland makkit his film debut in the disaster drama ''[[The Impossible (2012 film)|The Impossible]]'' (2012) as a teenage tourist trappit in a [[tsunami]], fur that he received a [[Lunnon Film Creetics Raing Awairds 2012|Lunnon Film Creetics Raing Awaird fur Yung Breetish Performer o the Year]]. Efter this, Holland decidit tae pursue actin as a fou-time career, kythin in ''[[How I Live Now (film)|How I Live Now]]'' (2013), ''[[In the Heart of the Sea (film)|In the Heart of the Sea]]'' (2015) an ''[[The Lost City of Z (film)|The Lost City of Z]]'' (2016). Holland achieved internaitional recogneetion pleyin Peter Parker/Spider-Man in seiven Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) superhero films, beginnin wi ''Captain America: Civil War'' (2016). The follaein year, Holland received the BAFTA Risin Starn Awaird an becam the yungest actor tae pley a title role in an MCU film in ''Spider-Man: Homecoming'' (2017). Its sequels, ''Far From Home'' (2019), ''No Way Home'' (2021), an ''Brand New Day'' (2026) ilk grossed mair nor $1{{nbsp}}billion warldwide. ''No Way Home'' becam the heichest-grossin film o the year an aa. Holland pleyed against-teep roles in the crime dramas ''The Devil All the Time'' (2020) an ''Cherry'' (2021), an starned in the muckle-budget films ''Uncharted'' (2022) an ''The Odyssey'' (2026). Holland haes vyced roles in the animatit featurs ''Spies in Disguise'' (2019) an ''Onward'' (2020). On telly, he teuk roles in the BBC historical miniseries ''Wolf Hall'' (2015) an the Apple TV+ psychological thriller limitit series ''The Crowded Room'' (2023). He returned tae the stage starnin as ane o the title roles in the Wast End revival o ''Romeo and Juliet'' (2024). Holland is mairit tae his ''Spider-Man'' co-starn Zendaya. ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Fremmit airtins== * {{IMDb name|4043618}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Holland, Tom}} [[Category:1996 births]] [[Category:21st-century Breetish male actors]] [[Category:Fowk educatit at the BRIT Schuil]] [[Category:Actors frae the Ryal Burgh o Kingston upon Thames]] [[Category:Actors wi dyslexia]] [[Category:BAFTA Risin Starn Awaird winners]] [[Category:Breetish actors wi disabeelities]] [[Category:Breetish male bairn actors]] [[Category:Breetish male film actors]] [[Category:Breetish male muisical theatre actors]] [[Category:Breetish male stage actors]] [[Category:Breetish male televeesion actors]] [[Category:Breetish male vyce actors]] [[Category:Breetish fowk o Erse strynd]] [[Category:Breetish fowk o Manx strynd]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Male actors frae Lunnon]] [[Category:Fowk educatit at Wimbledon College]] [[Category:Fowk frae Kingston upon Thames]] [[Category:Breetish fowk wi attention deficit hyperactivity ail]] gxf4d5gngcftk5g2sxexmzooepm0wfm 920649 920648 2026-08-11T17:26:41Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 920649 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie | name = Tom Holland | image = TomHolland-byPhilipRomano.jpg | caption = Holland in 2026 | birth_name = Thomas Stanley Holland | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1996|6|1|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Lunnon]], Ingland | occupation = Actor | spouse = {{Marriage|[[Zendaya]]|2026}} | signature = Tom Holland Signature.svg | parents = [[Dominic Holland]] | years active = 2008–present | notable works = See [[Leet o roles an awairds o Tom Holland|roles an awairds leet]] }} '''Thomas Stanley Holland''' (born 1 Juin 1996) is a Breetish actor kent fur his wirk in a diverse reenge o genres. [[Leet o roles an awairds o Tom Holland|His accolades]] include a [[Breetish Academy Film Awairds|BAFTA Awaird]] as weel as twa [[Creetics' Chyce Awairds]] nominations. Holland's films as a leadin actor hae grossed ower $13.1 billion warldwide, makin him ane o the [[Leet o heichest-grossin actors|heichest-grossin actors o aw time]]. He wis featurt on the [[Forbes 30 Unner 30|''Forbes'' 30 Unner 30]] Europe leet o 2019. Holland's career begoud at age nine whan he enrowed in a dancin cless, whaur a choreographer noticit him an arreenged fur him tae audeetion fur a role in ''[[Billy Elliot the Musical]]'' at Lunnon's [[Victoria Pailace Theatre]]. Efter twa years o trainin, he secured a supportin pairt in 2008 an wis upgradit tae the title role that year, whilk he pleyed till 2010. Holland makkit his film debut in the disaster drama ''[[The Impossible (2012 film)|The Impossible]]'' (2012) as a teenage tourist trappit in a [[tsunami]], fur that he received a [[Lunnon Film Creetics Raing Awairds 2012|Lunnon Film Creetics Raing Awaird fur Yung Breetish Performer o the Year]]. Efter this, Holland decidit tae pursue actin as a fou-time career, kythin in ''[[How I Live Now (film)|How I Live Now]]'' (2013), ''[[In the Heart of the Sea (film)|In the Heart of the Sea]]'' (2015) an ''[[The Lost City of Z (film)|The Lost City of Z]]'' (2016). Holland achieved internaitional recogneetion pleyin [[Peter Parker (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Peter Parker/Spider-Man]] in seiven [[Marvel Cinematic Universe]] (MCU) superhero films, beginnin wi ''[[Captain America: Civil War]]'' (2016). The follaein year, Holland received the [[BAFTA Risin Starn Awaird]] an becam the yungest actor tae pley a title role in an MCU film in ''[[Spider-Man: Homecoming]]'' (2017). Its sequels, ''[[Spider-Man: Far From Home|Far From Home]]'' (2019), ''[[Spider-Man: No Way Home|No Way Home]]'' (2021), an ''[[Spider-Man: Brand New Day|Brand New Day]]'' (2026) ilk grossed mair nor $1{{nbsp}}billion warldwide. ''No Way Home'' becam the [[2021 in film|heichest-grossin film o the year]] an aa. Holland pleyed against-[[Teepcastin|teep]] roles in the crime dramas ''[[The Devil All the Time (film)|The Devil All the Time]]'' (2020) an ''[[Cherry (2021 film)|Cherry]]'' (2021), an starned in the muckle-budget films ''[[Uncharted (film)|Uncharted]]'' (2022) an ''[[The Odyssey (2026 film)|The Odyssey]]'' (2026). Holland haes vyced roles in the animatit featurs ''[[Spies in Disguise]]'' (2019) an ''[[Onward (film)|Onward]]'' (2020). On telly, he teuk roles in the BBC historical miniseries ''[[Wolf Hall (TV series)|Wolf Hall]]'' (2015) an the [[Apple TV (streamin service)|Apple TV+]] psychological thriller limitit series ''[[The Crowded Room]]'' (2023). He returned tae the stage starnin as ane o the title roles in the Wast End revival o ''[[Romeo an Juliet]]'' (2024). Holland is mairit tae his ''Spider-Man'' co-starn [[Zendaya]]. ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Fremmit airtins== * {{IMDb name|4043618}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Holland, Tom}} [[Category:1996 births]] [[Category:21st-century Breetish male actors]] [[Category:Fowk educatit at the BRIT Schuil]] [[Category:Actors frae the Ryal Burgh o Kingston upon Thames]] [[Category:Actors wi dyslexia]] [[Category:BAFTA Risin Starn Awaird winners]] [[Category:Breetish actors wi disabeelities]] [[Category:Breetish male bairn actors]] [[Category:Breetish male film actors]] [[Category:Breetish male muisical theatre actors]] [[Category:Breetish male stage actors]] [[Category:Breetish male televeesion actors]] [[Category:Breetish male vyce actors]] [[Category:Breetish fowk o Erse strynd]] [[Category:Breetish fowk o Manx strynd]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Male actors frae Lunnon]] [[Category:Fowk educatit at Wimbledon College]] [[Category:Fowk frae Kingston upon Thames]] [[Category:Breetish fowk wi attention deficit hyperactivity ail]] fs9pdhik94mtppej1m5s78j5nejp5tb 1 206615 920645 703401 2026-08-11T17:13:35Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Mr.Murdoch78 flittit page [[Collogue:Tom Holland (actor)]] til [[Collogue:Tom Holland]] 703401 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Talkpage}} 7xco4plcjcn41xto1emhhneavs51vlb 0 206667 920669 914367 2026-08-12T00:40:13Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 920669 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Australian place | type = veelage | name = Barraba | state = NSW | image = Queen Street Barraba NSW..jpg | caption = Queen Street | image_alt = | image2 = | image2_alt = | caption2 = | elevation = 500 | coordinates = {{coord|30|22|42|S|150|36|38|E|display=inline,title}} | force_national_map = yes | pop = 1410 | pop_year = 2016 | pop_footnotes = <ref name=Census2016>{{cite web|title=2016 Census QuickStats – Barraba (State Suburb)|url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/UCL10206|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|accessdate=18 August 2018|date=6 July 2018|archive-date=2019-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018084121/https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/UCL10206|url-status=dead}}</ref> | poprank = | density = | density_footnotes = | established = 1850's | area = | area_footnotes = | timezone = [[Australie Eastren Staundart Time|AEST]] | utc = +10 | timezone-dst = [[Australie Eastren Daylicht Time|AEDT]] | utc-dst = +11 | dist1 = 477 | dir1 = NW | location1 = Sydney | dist2 = 548 | dir2 = SW | location2 = Brisbane | dist3 = 694 | dir3 = N | location3 = Canberra | dist4 = 1180 | dir4 = NE | location4 = Melbourne | dist5 = 90 | dir5 = N | location5 = Tamworth | lga = Tamworth Regional Cooncil | county = | division = | stategov = Darling | fedgov = New England | maxtemp = 24.4 | maxtemp_footnotes = | mintemp = 8.3 | mintemp_footnotes = | rainfall = 688.7 | rainfall_footnotes = | footnotes = }} '''Barraba''' is a [[veelage]] in the [[New England, New Sooth Wales|New England]] [[region]] o [[New Sooth Wales]], [[Australie]]. The veelage wis umwhile the main veelage o Barraba Shire, houiver in 1994 baith the veelage an maist o the shire wis mellt intil the Tamworth Regional Cooncil. Barraba is in the Bundarra-Barraba Important Bird Aurie that hains the habitat o the rare bird [[Regent Honeyeater]] (''Anthochaera phrygia''). Barraba is 296 mile (477 km) nor'wast fae [[Sydney]], 341 mile (548 km) soothwast fae [[Brisbane]], an 56 mile (90 km) north fae [[Tamworth, New Sooth Wales|Tamworth]] that is the nearest ceety. The Manilla River flowes aside the veelage. Barraba is on the ''Fossickers Way'' tourist road an the veelage is in the Nandewar Muntains. [[File:Regenthoneyeater.JPG|thumb|left|Regent Honeyeater (''Anthochaera phrygia'')]] ==History== The aboriginal Kamilaroi fowk bade in the destrict afore the comin o the Europeans.<ref name=SMHTraveller>{{cite news|title=Barraba|url=https://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/barraba-20040208-gdkpxv.html|work=Sydney Morning Herald Traveller |accessdate=14 November 2011|date=13 November 2008}}</ref> The first European intil the destrict wis the explorer an botanist Allan Cunningham, that arrived there in 1827.<ref name=VisitTam>{{cite web|title=Barraba|url=http://www.visittamworth.com/country-soul/heritage/barraba-2.html|work=Visit Tamworth|publisher=Tamworth Regional Council|accessdate=14 November 2011|archive-date=2011-10-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015170220/http://www.visittamworth.com/country-soul/heritage/barraba-2.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The first [[ferm]] in the destrict, ''Barraba Station'', wis establisht in aither 1837 or 1838.<ref name=SMHTraveller /><ref name=Bdateline>{{cite web|title=Barraba Dateline |url=http://barraba.com.au/barraba-dateline-65.cfm |work=Barraba NSW – The Community Website |accessdate=14 November 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317140757/http://www.barraba.com.au/barraba-dateline-65.cfm |archivedate=17 March 2012 |df= }}</ref> The site o the veelage wis mettit in 1852.<ref name=ThemhistBarraba>{{cite web|last=Boileau|first=Joanna|title=Thematic History of Nundle, Manilla and Barraba|url=http://www.tamworth.nsw.gov.au/ArticleDocuments/221/2.07.5_Thematic_History_of_Nundle_Manilla_and_Barraba_Attachment-small.pdf.aspx|publisher=Tamworth Regional Council|accessdate=14 November 2011|pages=124–125|date=February 2007|archive-date=2019-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405002055/http://www.tamworth.nsw.gov.au/ArticleDocuments/221/2.07.5_Thematic_History_of_Nundle_Manilla_and_Barraba_Attachment-small.pdf.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Throu the 1850’s the diskivery o gowd helpit the wee veelage tae growe.<ref name=ThemhistBarraba /> The first post office wis appent in 1856<ref name=POhist1>{{cite web|title=Post Office History|url=https://www.premierpostal.com/cgi-bin/wsProd.sh/Viewpocdwrapper.p?SortBy=NSW&country=|work=Post Office List – NSW|publisher=Premier Postal Auctions|accessdate=14 November 2011}}</ref> an the first schuil wis appent in 1861.<ref name=SMHTraveller /> The first [[anglicanism|Anglican]] kirk wis biggit in 1876<ref name=Bdateline /> an the first bank was appent in 1876 an aw.<ref name=Bdateline /> The first [[hottle]], ''the Commercial Hotel'', wis biggit in 1878<ref name=Bdateline /> an the coorthoose wis biggit in 1881<ref name=Bdateline />. Barraba wis proclaimt official tae be a veelage in 1885.<ref name=Bdateline /><ref name=ThemhistBarraba /> The infirmary wis biggit in 1891<ref name=Bdateline /> an the [[methodism|Methodist]] kirk wis biggit in 1898.<ref name=Bdateline /> The local newspaper, ''the Barraba Gazette'', begoud publishin in 1900.<ref name=Bdateline /> The [[Catholic Kirk|Catholic]] kirk wis biggit in 1906.<ref name=Bdateline /> The [[Rail transport|railwey]] cam tae Barraba in 1908,<ref name=SMHbarrabarail>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article15026481 |title=THE BARRABA RAILWAY. |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=22 September 1908|accessdate=15 November 2011|page=7|publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref> houiver the lest train run tae Barraba in 1983, an the railwey wis closed in 1987.<ref name=NSWrail1>{{cite web|last=Bozier|first=Rolfe|title=Barraba Branch|url=http://www.nswrail.net/lines/show.php?name=NSW:barraba|work=NSWrail.net|accessdate=15 November 2011|archive-date=2023-07-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702135653/https://www.nswrail.net/lines/show.php?name=NSW:barraba|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Connors Creek [[Dam]] wis biggit in 1933 sae as tae impruive the supply o watter til the veelage.<ref name=Bdateline /> [[File:Allan_Cunningham07.jpg|thumb|centre|Allan Cunningham]] ==Minin== ===Capper=== [[Capper]] wis diskivert at Gulf Creek in 1889 an the first mine wis establisht in 1892. Gulf Creek is 14 mile (22 km) nor'east fae Barraba. A clachan wis establisht an aw, that haed a hottle, a schuil, an a post office.<ref name=SMHTraveller /> The mine wis the mucklest capper mine in New Sooth Wales in 1901 an the clachan haed 300 residenters,<ref name=SMHgulfck>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article14399975 |title=MINING IN NEW SOUTH WALES.|newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=29 July 1901 |accessdate=15 November 2011 |page=8|publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref> houiver the mine wis closed in the 1930’s. The post office wis appent in 1897 bit it wis closed in 1966.<ref name=POhist1 /> The clachan wis abandont. [[File:Natural Copper Ore Macro 1.JPG|thumb|centre|Capper]]   ===Asbestos=== [[Asbestos]] wis mine’t fae 1919 til 1983 at Woodsreef that is 10 mile (15 km) east fae Barraba. The mine wis eikit in 1974. The mine produce’t 500,000 ton o white asbestos. The abandont mine left ahint 75,000,000 ton o waste rock an 25,000,000 ton o asbestos. The abestos heap kivers 107 acre (43 ha) an it is up till 230 fit (70 m) heich.<ref name="Woodsreef">[http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/parlment/hansart.nsf/V3Key/LA20080829019 Woodsreef Asbestos Mine Site Rehabilitation Private Members Statement, 29 August 2008.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110403060521/http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/parlment/hansart.nsf/V3Key/LA20080829019 |date=April 3, 2011 }}</ref> A televeision-report in 2008 descrived the growin concern that the asbestos coud be a halth problem tae the residenters an the veesitors.<ref name="7.30">[http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2008/s2334536.htm Abandoned asbestos mine causes community outrage]</ref> ''The Asbestos Diseases Foundation of Australia'' demandit that the mine site shoud be restored tae its naitural state. The Foundation demandit an aw that fowk shoud nae be alloud tae enter the mine site. A public road corsed the mine site till the road wis closed in 2013. The clachan at Woodsreef wis abandont. The ''Hunter-New England Health Service'' unnerteuk a clamant study aboot the halth eftercasts tae the community bit it haesna been publisht yet.<ref name="leader">[http://www.northerndailyleader.com.au/news/local/news/general/woodsreef-health-report-under-wraps/2003517.aspx?src=rss Woodsreef health report under wraps] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706110601/http://www.northerndailyleader.com.au/news/local/news/general/woodsreef-health-report-under-wraps/2003517.aspx?src=rss |date=July 6, 2011 }}</ref> <gallery> File:Woodsreef.JPG|The asbestos mine at Woodsreef File:Chrysotile 1.jpg|Asbestos File:Heat-resistant asbestos fabric.jpg |Asbestos fabric File:Early Asbestosis in a Retired Pipe Fitter.jpg|Asbestosis </gallery> ===Diatomaceous Erd=== A mine o diatomaceous erd (diatomite) wis establisht in 1982. [[File:Diatomite (diatomaceous earth) Monterey Formation at a diatomite quarry just south of Lompoc.jpg|thumb|centre|Diatomaceous erd (diatomite)]] ===Prospectin=== [[Pyrite|Pyrites]], jasp, [[garnet]], [[zeolite]], an reid, broon, an yellae [[quartz]] is fun in the destrict. A bodie can find [[fossil|fossils]] an aw. <gallery> File:2793M-pyrite2.jpg|Pyrite File:Jasper.pebble.600pix.jpg|Reid jasp File:Garnet_cut.JPG|Garnet File:ZeolitesUSGOV.jpg|Zeolite </gallery> ==Agricultur== [[kye|Beef-cattle]], Merino [[sheep]], and [[wheat]] is fermt in the destrict. <gallery> File:Img polled Herefords grazing Fall Grazing Herefords.JPG | Beef-cattle File:Gruppe Schafe.JPG | Merino sheep File:Wheat close-up.JPG | Wheat </gallery> ==Climate== Barraba experiences het an muithie simmers an the winters is cauld an dry. The heichest recordit temperatur is 41.8°C (107°F) an the lawest recordit temperatur is -9.4°C (15°F). The average yearly rainfaw is 688.7 mm (27 in) an the heichest recordit daily rainfaw is 194.3 mm (7.5 in) that fell on 25 Februar 1955.<ref name=BOMbarraba1>{{cite web|title=Climate Statistics for Barraba Post Office|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_054003_All.shtml|work=Climate statistics for Australian locations|publisher=Bureau of Meteorology|accessdate=16 November 2011}}</ref> ==The Supply o Watter== Afore the biggin o the Split Rock Dam, the veelage got its watter fae the Manilla River, Barraba Creek, an fae Connors Creek Dam. Whan thon soorces wis law, the veelage got its watter fae emergency bores.<ref name="supply">[http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/Prod/parlment/hansart.nsf/V3Key/LC20100317050 Barraba Water Supply] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628190641/http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/Prod/parlment/hansart.nsf/V3Key/LC20100317050 |date=28 June, 2011 }}</ref> <ref name="water">[http://www.abc.net.au/local/stories/2010/03/26/2857141.htm Barraba's water supply critical]</ref> The Split Rock Dam wis biggit in 1988 an a pipeline fae the dam till Barraba wis completit in 2015. [[File:SplitRockDam (5).JPG|thumb|centre|Split Rock Dam]] ==Gailerie== <gallery> File:BarrabaMainStreet.JPG|Queen Street is the main street o Barraba File:BarrabaCourtHouse.JPG|the coorthoose, Barraba File:BarrabaCommercialHotel.JPG|the Commercial Hotel, Barraba File:BarrabaAnglicanChurch.JPG|the Anglican kirk, Barraba File:BarrabaUnitingChurch.JPG|the Methodist kirk, Barraba File:BarrabaRomanCatholicChurch.JPG|the Catholic kirk, Barraba File:BarrabaClockTower.JPG|the clocktour, Barraba File:BarrabaNABBank.JPG|the first baunk, Barraba </gallery> ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== * {{en}} [https://barraba.com.au/ the local wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411112104/https://barraba.com.au/ |date=2019-04-11 }} * {{en}} [https://www.facebook.com/BarrabaNSW/ the Facebook wabsteid o Barraba] * {{en}} [http://www.frostoverbarraba.org.au/ the "Frost over Barraba" airtsfestival] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302001744/http://www.frostoverbarraba.org.au/ |date=2020-03-02 }} * {{en}} [http://www.barrabashow.com.au/ the local festival] * {{en}} [http://www.destinationtamworth.com.au/Explore/barraba fae the Tamworth Regional Cooncil wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123203107/https://www.destinationtamworth.com.au/Explore/barraba |date=2021-01-23 }} * {{en}} [http://www.fossickersway.com/barraba/.aspx fae the Fossickers Way wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305140900/http://www.fossickersway.com/barraba/.aspx |date=2021-03-05 }} * {{en}} [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IDLlCazi6aU video: Connors Creek Dam] * {{en}} [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yZMygmgyIks video: the asbestos mine at Woodsreef] * {{en}} [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5pcF4SRtKU4 video: Split Rock Dam] * {{en}} [https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Barraba Barraba at Wikivoyage] [[Category:Touns in New Sooth Wales]] hkrksqfn7bbikn8uy6ba6d2r9wnwp9j 0 222126 920680 904180 2026-08-12T09:49:52Z عادل 119734 920680 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a '''Leet o leaders o Middle Eastren an North African states'''. It conseests o the heids o state an govrenment athin the [[Arab League]], an o ither [[MENA]] kintras ootside it. <!-- The Region value should reflect in which Region of the MENA (From West to East: North Africa, the Levant, Asie Minor an the Caucasus, the Horn of Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and South Asia) the bulk of territory lies. If the Bulk of Territory lies outside of these Regions, The Region value should reflect in which Region the country's territories in the MENA lie. --> {{-}} ==Leaders o Arab League member states== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! State ! Region ! Eemage ! Leader ! Title ! In Office |- |rowspan=2|{{flag|Algerie}} |rowspan=2|[[North Africae]] |[[File:Abdelmadjid Tebboune (2023) (cropped).jpg|137x137px]] |[[Abdelmadjid Tebboune]] |[[Preses o Algerie]] | 19 December 2019 |- | |[[Abdelaziz Djerad]] |[[Prime Meenister o Algerie]] | 28 December 2019 |- |rowspan=2|{{flag|Bahrain}} |rowspan=2|[[Arabie Peninsula]] |[[File:Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa April 2016.jpg|100px]] |[[Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa]] |[[Keeng o Bahrain]] | 6 Mairch 1999 |- |[[File:Khalifa ibn Salman Al Khalifa.jpg|100px]] |[[Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa]] |[[Prime Meenister o Bahrain]] | 10 Januar 1970 |- |{{flag|Comoros}} |[[Indie Ocean]]<ref>Comoros is entirely ootside o the MENA, but is a Member o the Arab League.</ref> |[[File:Azali Assoumani 2018.jpg|100px]] |[[Azali Assoumani]] |[[Preses o the Comoros]] | 26 Mey 2016 |- |rowspan=2|{{flag|Djibouti}} |rowspan=2|[[Horn o Africae]] |[[File:Ismail Omar Guelleh 2010.jpg|100px]] |[[Ismaïl Omar Guelleh]] |[[Preses o Djibouti]] | 8 Mey 1999 |- | |[[Abdoulkader Kamil Mohamed]] |[[Prime Meenister o Djibouti]] | 1 Apryle 2013 |- |rowspan=2|{{flag|Egyp}} |rowspan=2|[[Near East]]<ref>Bulk of Territory; Aw o [[North Sinai Govrenorate|North Sinai]] and [[Sooth Sinai Govrenorate|Sooth Sinai]], as well as pairts o [[Port Said Govrenorate|Port Said]], [[Ismailia Governorate|Ismailia]] an [[Suez Govrenorate|Suez]], are in the [[Levant]] region.</ref> |[[File:Abdel Fattah el-Sisi (2) - 2023.jpg|126x126px]] |[[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]] |[[Preses o Egyp]] | 8 Juin 2014 |- |[[File:Moustafa Madbouly.jpg|117x117px]] |[[Moustafa Madbouly]] |[[Prime Meenister o Egyp]] | 14 Juin 2018 |- |rowspan=2|{{flag|Iraq}} |rowspan=2|[[Near East]] |[[File:Barham Salih portrait.jpg|100px]] |[[Barham Salih]] |[[Preses o Iraq]] | 2 October 2018 |- |[[File:Mustafa Al-Kadhimi.jpg|100px]] |[[Mustafa Al-Kadhimi]] |[[Prime Meenister o Iraq]] | 7 May 2020 |- |rowspan=2|{{flag|Jordan}} |rowspan=2|[[Levant]] |[[File:King Abdullah portrait.jpg|100px]] |[[Abdullah II o Jordan]] |[[Keeng o Jordan]] | 7 Februar 1999 |- |[[File:جلسة النواب بخصوص حادثة البحر الميت (12) (cropped).jpg|100px]] |[[Omar Razzaz]] |[[Prime Meenister o Jordan]] | 14 Juin 2018 |- |rowspan=2|{{flag|Kuwait}} |rowspan=2|[[Arabie Peninsula]] |[[File:Sheikh Sabah IV.jpg|100px]] |[[Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah]] |[[Emir o Kuwait]] | 29 Januar 2006 |- |[[File:Sabah Al-Khalid Al-Sabah 2014 (cropped).jpg|100px]] |[[Sabah Al-Khalid Al-Sabah]] |[[Prime Meenister o Kuwait]] | 19 November 2019 |- |rowspan=2|{{flag|Lebanon}} |rowspan=2|[[Levant]] |[[File:Secretary Tillerson Meets With Lebanese President Aoun (25411846517) (cropped).jpg|100px]] |[[Michel Aoun]] |[[Preses o Lebanon]] | 31 October 2016 |- |[[File:Coat of arms of Lebanon.svg|100px]] |[[Hassan Diab]] |[[Leet o prime meenisters o Lebanon|Preses o the Cooncil o Menisters<br />of Lebanon]] | 21 Januar 2020 |- |{{flag|Libie}} |rowspan=5|[[North Africae]] |[[File:Fayez al-Sarraj in Washington - 2017 (38751877521) (cropped).jpg|100px]] |[[Fayez al-Sarraj]] {{small|(Internaitionally recognised)}} |[[Leet o heids o state o Libya|Chairman o the Presidential Cooncil o Libie]] | 30 Mairch 2016 |- |rowspan=2|{{flag|Mauritanie}} |[[File:Ministers of the G5 Sahel after a council, Ouagadougou, 4 Feb 2019 (cropped).jpg|100px]] |[[Mohamed Ould Ghazouani]] |[[Preses o Mauritanie]] | 1 August 2019 |- |[[File:Seal of Mauritania (2018).svg|100px]] |[[Mohamed Ould Bilal]] |[[Prime Meenister o Mauritanie]] | 6 August 2020 |- |rowspan=2|{{flag|Morocco}} |[[File:King Mohammed VI.jpg|100px]] |[[Mohammed VI o Morocco]] |[[Keng o Morocco]] | 23 Julie 1999 |- |[[File:Saadeddine Othmani no Brasil.jpg|100px]] |[[Saadeddine Othmani]] |[[Prime Meenister o Morocco]] | 5 Apryle 2017 |- |{{flag|Oman}} |[[Arabie Peninsula]] |[[File:Haitham bin Tariq Al Said.jpg|100px]] |[[Haitham bin Tariq]] |[[Sultan o Oman]] | 11 January 2020 |- |rowspan=2|{{flag|Palestine}} |rowspan=2|[[Levant]] |[[File:Mahmoud Abbas September 2014.jpg|100px]] |[[Mahmoud Abbas]] |[[Preses o the State o Palestine]] | 8 Met 2005 |- | |[[Mohammad Shtayyeh]] |[[Prime Meenister o the State o Palestine]] | 13 Apryle 2019 |- |rowspan=2|{{flag|Qatar}} |rowspan=4|[[Arabie Peninsula]] |[[File:Sheik Tamin bin Hamad Al Thani in Argentina, 2016.jpg|100px]] |[[Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani]] |[[Emir o Qatar]] | 25 Juin 2013 |- |[[File:Steven Mnuchin and Qatari PM Sheikh Khalid Feb 2020 (cropped).jpg|100px]] |[[Khalid bin Khalifa bin Abdul Aziz Al Thani]] |[[Prime Meenister of Qatar]] | 28 Januar 2020 |- |rowspan=2|{{flag|Saudi Arabie}} |[[File:Salman bin Abdull aziz December 9, 2013.jpg|100px]] |[[Salman o Saudi Arabie]] |[[Keeng o Saudi Arabie]] | 23 January 2015 |- |[[File:Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman Al Saud - 2017.jpg|100px]] |[[Mohammad bin Salman|Mohammed Bin Salman]] |[[Croun Prince o Saudi Arabie|Deputy Prime Meenister o Saudi Arabie]] |21 June 2017 |- |rowspan=2|{{flag|Somalie}} |rowspan=2|[[Horn o Africae]] |[[File:Mohamed Abdullahi Farmajo (cropped).jpg|100px]] |[[Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed]] |[[Preses o Somalie]] | 16 Februar 2017 |- |[[File:Prime minister mahdi gulaidh khadar.jpg|100px]] |[[Mahdi Mohammed Gulaid]] |[[Prime Meenister o Somalie|Acting Prime Meenister o Somali]] | 25 Julie 2020 |- |rowspan=2|{{flag|Sudan}} |rowspan=2|[[North Africae]] |[[File:Chairman of the Sovereignty Council of Sudan Abdel Fattah Abdelrahman Burhan in October 2019 (cropped).jpg|100px]] |[[Abdel Fattah al-Burhan]] |[[Sovereignty Cooncil o Sudan|Chairman o the Sovereignty Cooncil o Sudan]] | 12 April 2019 |- |[[File:Abdalla Hamdok 2017.jpg|100px]] |[[Abdalla Hamdok]] |[[Leet o heids o govrenment o Sudan|Prime Meenister o Sudan]] | 20 August 2019 |- |rowspan=2|{{flag|Sirie}} |rowspan=2|[[Levant]] |[[File:Bashar al-Assad (cropped).jpg|100px]] |[[Bashar al-Assad]] |[[Preses o Sirie]] | 17 Julie 2000 |- |[[File:Hussein Arnous.jpg|100px]] |[[Hussein Arnous]] |[[Prime Meenister o Sirie|Actin Prime Meenister o Sirie]] | 11 Juin 2020 |- |rowspan=2|{{flag|Tunisie}} |rowspan=2|[[North Africae]] |[[File:President Kais Saïed.jpg|100px]] |[[Kais Saied]] |[[Preses o Tunisie]] | 23 October 2019 |- |[[File:Coat of arms of Tunisia.svg|100px]] |''Vacant''<!-- [[Hichem Mechichi]] or [[Fadhel Abdelkefi]] or Khayem Turki --> |[[Prime Meenister o Tunisie]] | 16 Julie 2020 |- |rowspan=2|{{flag|Unitit Arab Emirates}} |rowspan=4|[[Arabie Peninsula]] |[[File:Khalifa Bin Zayed Al Nahyan-CROPPED.jpg|100px|]] |[[Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan]] |[[Preses o the Unitit Arab Emirates]] | 3 November 2004 |- |[[File:Sheik Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum.jpg|100px]] |[[Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum]] |[[Prime Meenister o the Unitit Arab Emirates]] | 11 Februar 2006 |- |rowspan=2|{{flag|Yemen}} |[[File:Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi.jpg|100px]] |[[Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi]]* |[[Preses o Yemen]] | 27 Februar 2012 |- |[[File:Emblem of Yemen.svg|100px]] |[[Maeen Abdulmalik Saeed]]* |[[Prime Meenister o Yemen]] | 15 October 2018 |} Note: (*) means leadership is disputit. ==Leaders o Arab League non-member states== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! State ! Region ! Eemage ! Leader !Title ! In Office |- |rowspan=2|''{{flag|Abkhazie}}'' |rowspan=2|''[[Asie Minor]] an the [[Caucasus]]'' |[[File:Aslan Bzhania (2020-06-24).jpg|100px]] |''[[Aslan Bzhania]]'' |''[[Prees o Abkhazie]]'' | ''23 Apryle 2020'' |- |[[File:Alexander Ankvab - 06.10.2011 (cropped).jpg|100px]] |''[[Alexander Ankvab]]'' |''[[Prime Meenister o Abkhazie]]'' | ''24 Apryle 2020'' |- |{{flag|Afghanistan}} |[[Near East]] |[[File:President of Afghanistan, Dr. Mohammad Ashraf Ghani, at Hyderabad House, in New Delhi on September 19, 2018 (cropped).JPG|100px]] |[[Ashraf Ghani]] |[[Preses o Afghanistan]] | 29 September 2014 |- |rowspan=2|{{flag|Armenie}} |rowspan=5|[[Asie Minor]] an the [[Caucasus]] |[[File:Sarkissian armen profile.jpg|100px]] |[[Armen Sarkissian]] |[[Preses o Armenie]] | 9 Apryle 2018 |- |[[File:Cropped nikol pashinyan Kölner Rathaus 2019 by Raymond.jpg|100px]] |[[Nikol Pashinyan]] |[[Prime Meenister o Armenie]] | 8 May 2018 |- |''{{flag|Republic o Artsakh|name=Artsakh}}'' | |''[[Arayik Harutyunyan]]'' |''[[Preses o Artsakh]]'' | ''21 May 2020'' |- |rowspan=2|{{flag|Azerbaijan}} |[[File:Azerbaijani President Aliyev Participate in a Meeting With Secretary Kerry and Other Global Leaders on the Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict in Vienna (26452164084).jpg|100px]] |[[Ilham Aliyev]] |[[Preses o Azerbaijan]] | 31 October 2003 |- |[[File:Ali Asadov (2019-12-17).jpg|100px]] |[[Ali Asadov]] |[[Prime Meenister o Azerbaijan]] | 8 October 2019 |- |{{flag|Eritrea}} |rowspan=3|[[Horn o Africae]] |[[File:Isaias Afwerki in 2002.jpg|100px]] |[[Isaias Afwerki]] |[[Preses o Eritrea]] | 24 Mey 1993 |- |rowspan=2|{{flag|Ethiopie}} |[[File:Sahle-Work Zewde in 2016.jpg|100px]] |[[Sahle-Work Zewde]] |[[Preses o Ethiopie]] | 25 October 2018 |- |[[File:The state visit of Reuven Rivlin to Ethiopia, May 2018 (6810) (cropped).jpg|100px]] |[[Abiy Ahmed]] |[[Prime Meenister o Ethiopia]] | 2 Apryle 2018 |- |rowspan=2|{{flag|Georgie}} |rowspan=2|[[Asie Minor]] an the [[Caucasus]] |[[File:Salome Zurabishvili in 2018 (cropped).jpg|100px]] |[[Salome Zourabichvili]] |[[Preses o Georgie]] | 16 December 2018 |- |[[File:Giorgi Gakharia (cropped).jpg|100px]] |[[Giorgi Gakharia]] |[[Prime Meenister o Georgie]] | 8 September 2019 |- |rowspan=2|{{flag|Iran}} |rowspan=2|[[Near East]] |[[File:Ali Khamenei portrait 2019.jpg|100px]] |[[Ali Khamenei]] |[[Supreme Leader o Iran]] | 4 Juin 1989 |- |[[File:President Rouhani at Hormozgan 2018-02-28 02 (cropped).jpg|100px]] |[[Hassan Rouhani]] |[[Preses o Iran]] | 3 August 2013 |- |rowspan=2|{{flag|Israel}} |rowspan=2|[[Levant]] |[[File:President of Israel Reuven Rivlin in the Polish Senate.jpg|100px]] |[[Reuven Rivlin]] |[[Preses o Israel]] | 24 Julie 2014 |- |[[File:Benjamin Netanyahu 2012.jpg|100px]] |[[Benjamin Netanyahu]] |[[Prime Meenister o Israel]] | 31 Mairch 2009 |- |rowspan=2|''{{flag|Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic}}'' |rowspan=2|''[[North Africae]]'' | |''[[Brahim Ghali]]'' |''[[Preses o the Sahrawi Republic]]'' | ''12 Julie 2016'' |- |[[File:Buchraya Hamudi Bayun.png|100px]] |''[[Bouchraya Hammoudi Bayoun]]'' |''[[Prime Meenister o the Sahrawi Republic]]'' | ''13 Januar 2020'' |- |rowspan=2|''{{flag|Sooth Ossetie}}'' |rowspan=2|''[[Asie Minor]] an the [[Caucasus]]'' | |''[[Anatoliy Bibilov]]'' |''[[Preses o Sooth Ossetie]]'' | ''21 April 2017'' |- |[[File:Coat of arms of South Ossetia.svg|100px]] |''[[Erik Pukhayev]]'' |''[[Prime Meenister o Sooth Ossetie]]'' | ''16 May 2017'' |- |rowspan=2|''{{flag|Somaliland}}'' |rowspan=2|[[Horn o Africae]] |[[File:Muse bihi abdi.jpg|100px]] |''[[Muse Bihi Abdi]]'' |''[[Preses o Somaliland]]'' | ''13 December 2017'' |- |[[File:Abdirahman Abdallahi Ismail Saylici, Vice President of Somaliland (6409719759).jpg|100px]] |''[[Abdirahman Saylici]]'' |''[[Vice Preses o Somaliland]]'' | ''27 Julie 2010'' |- |{{flag|Turkey}} |[[Asie Minor]] an the [[Caucasus]]<ref>Bulk of Territory; [[Hatay province|Hatay]] is in the [[Levant]] region; Aw o [[Edirne Province|Edirne]], [[Tekirdağ Province|Tekirdağ]] and [[Kırklareli Province|Kırklareli]], as well as pairts o [[Çanakkale Province|Çanakkale]] an [[Istanbul Province|Istanbul]], are in the [[Balkan|Balkans]] region, an tharefore, ootside o the MENA.</ref> |[[File:Recep Tayyip Erdogan 2017.jpg|100px]] |[[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] |[[Preses o Turkey]] | 28 August 2014 |} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Arab kintra leaders}} [[Category:Arab League]] c89l0678ufh3e452brqvxaknkqknfk9 0 233782 920679 920599 2026-08-12T05:50:40Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 920679 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisic genre | name = Soul | image = Ray Charles (1967).png | caption = [[Ray Charles]], ane o soul muisic's pioneers an maist influential airtists, in 1967. | stylistic_origins = {{hlist|[[Rhythm an blues]]|[[Gospel muisic|gospel]]}} | cultural_origins = Late 1950s – early 1960s, U.S. | derivatives = {{hlist|[[Funk]]|[[contemporary R&B]]|[[hip-hop]]|[[disco]]|[[post-disco]]}} | subgenres = {{hlist|[[Cinematic soul]]|[[Laitin soul]]|[[Motown (muisic style)|Motown soond]]|[[neo soul]]|[[retro-soul]]|[[quiet storm]]}} | fusiongenres = {{hlist|[[Hip-hop soul]]|[[nu jazz]]|[[pop soul]]|[[psychedelic soul]]|[[progressive soul]]|[[soul blues]]|[[soul jazz]]|[[smooth soul]]|[[swamp rock]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.liveabout.com/what-is-swamp-rock-2522008 |title=What Is Swamp Rock? A look at this Southern mix of country, funk, and soul |last=Fontenot |first=Robert |date=2019-02-24 |publisher=Liveabout |access-date=2022-11-09 |archive-date=2023-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927125939/https://www.liveabout.com/what-is-swamp-rock-2522008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} | regional_scenes = {{hlist|[[Breetish soul|Unitit Kinrick]]|[[Unitit States]]}} | local_scenes = {{hlist|[[Chicago soul|Chicago]]|[[Muisic o Detroit#R&B/Soul|Detroit]]|[[Memphis soul|Memphis]]|[[New York soul|New York Ceety]]|[[New Orleans soul|New Orleans]]|[[Northren soul|Northren Ingland]]|[[Philadelphia soul|Philadelphia]]|[[Soothren soul|Soothren Unitit States]]|[[Broun-eyed soul|West Coast]]}} | other_topics = * [[Blue-eyed soul]] * [[broun-eyed soul]] * [[Minneapolis soond]] * [[new jack swing]] * [[rare groove]] * [[slaw jam]] * [[urban contemporary muisic]] * [[Leet o soul muisickers]] * [[African-American muisic]] }} '''Soul muisic''' is a [[popular muisic]] genre that oreeginatit in [[African-American cultur|African-American]] [[African-American neebourheid|commonties]] throuoot the Unitit States in the late 1950s an early 1960s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Soul Music|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/media/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/soul-music|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-02|website=Encyclopedia.com}}</ref> Catchy rhythms, stressed bi haundclaps an extemporaneous bouk muivements, are an important hawmark o soul. Ither chairacteristics are a [[Caw an repone (muisic)|caw an repone]] atween the lead an [[Backin vocalist|backin vocalists]], an inspecially tense vocal soond, an occasional [[Muisical improvisation|improvisational]] addeetions, twirls, an auxiliary soonds. Soul muisic is kent fur reflectin African-American identity an stressin the importance o [[African-American cultur]]. Soul haes its ruits in [[Black Gospel muisic|African-American gospel muisic]] an [[rhythm an blues]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=|title=Soul music {{!}} Definition, Songs, Artists, & Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/soul-music|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-02|website=Britannica|language=en}}</ref> an primarily combines elements o gospel, [[Rhythm an blues|R&B]] an [[jazz]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Paese|first=Meagan|date=2018-02-16|title=Soul Music: Origins, Artists & the Sound That Shaped R&B|url=https://thehistoryofrockandroll.net/soul-music/|access-date=2026-08-02|website=The History of Rock and Roll Radio Show|language=en}}</ref> The genre emergit frae the pouer struggle tae increase black Americans' awareness o thair African auncestry, as a newfoond consciousness led tae the creation o muisic that boastit pride in bein black. Soul muisic becam popular fur dancin an listenin, an American record labels sic as [[Motown]], [[Atlantic Records|Atlantic]] an [[Stax Records|Stax]] wis influential in its proliferation durin the [[ceevil richts muivement]]. Soul becam popular warldwide an aa, directly influencin [[rock muisic]] an the [[muisic o Africae]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mojapelo|first=Max|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x-KW9f02oNMC&pg=PA1|title=Beyond Memory: Recording the History, Moments and Memories of South African Music|date=2008|publisher=African Minds|isbn=978-1-920299-28-6|language=en}}</ref> It haed a resurgence in the mid-tae late 1990s wi the subgenre [[neo soul]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Cochrane|first=Naima|date=2020-03-26|title=2000: A Soul Odyssey|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/rb-hip-hop/neo-soul-2000-dangelo-erykah-badu-9343438/|access-date=2026-08-02|website=Billboard|language=en-US}}</ref> that incorporatit modren production elements an [[Hip hop muisic|hip-hop]] influences. Soul muisic dominatit the U.S. [[Hat R&B/Hip-Hop Sangs|R&B chairts]] in the 1960s, an mony recordins crossed ower intae the pop chairts in the Unitit States, Unitit Kinrick, an elsewhaur. Mony prominent soul airtists, includin [[Ray Charles]], [[Sam Cooke]], [[Otis Redding]], [[James Brown]], [[Aretha Franklin]], an mony acks unner the Motown label, sic as [[the Supremes]] an [[the Temptations]],<ref name=":0" /> wur heichly influential in the genre's development an aw gained widespreid popularity durin this time. Bi 1968, the soul muisic genre haed begun tae splinter. Some soul airtists muived tae [[funk]] muisic, whiles ither sangsters an groups developit slicker, mair sophisticatit, an in some cases mair socially conscious varieties. Bi the early 1970s, soul muisic haed begun tae absorb influences frae [[psychedelic rock]] an [[Progresive rock|progressive rock]], amang ither genres, leadin tae the creation o [[psychedelic soul]] an [[progressive soul]]. Prominent soul airtists o this era include [[Marvin Gaye]], [[The Jackson 5|Jackson 5]], [[Stevie Wonder]], [[Curtis Mayfield]], [[Isaac Hayes]], [[Al Green]], an [[Bill Withers]]. [[Neo soul]], that adoptit hip-hop influences, developit aroond 1994. Ither subgenres o soul include the "[[Motown|Motown sound]]", a mair rhythmic an [[Pop muisic|pop]]-freendly style that oreeginatit frae the eponymous label; [[Soothren soul]], a drivin, energetic variety combinin R&B wi soothren gospel muisic influences; [[Memphis soul]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-06-13|title=Digging Into the Classic Soul of Stax Records|url=https://daily.bandcamp.com/lists/stax-records-bandcamp-guide|access-date=2026-08-02|website=Bandcamp Daily}}</ref> a shimmerin, sultry style; [[New Orleans soul]], that emergit frae the rhythm an blues style; [[Chicago soul]], a lichter gospel-influenced soond; an [[Philadelphia soul]], a lush [[Orchestra|orchestral]] variety wi [[doo-wop]]-inspirt vocals. == History == === Oreegins === [[File:Ray_Charles_classic_piano_pose.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Ray Charles]] pioneered the soul muisic genre durin the 1950s bi combinin blues, rhythm an blues, an gospel styles.]] Soul muisic haes its ruits in [[Tradeetional black gospel|tradeetional African-American gospel muisic]] an [[rhythm an blues]] an as the hybridisation o thair respective religious an secular styles – in baith leerical content an instrumentation – that begoud in the 1950s. The term "soul" haed been uised amang African-American muisickers tae emphasise the feelin o bein an African American in the Unitit States. Accordin tae muisicologist [[Dr. Demento|Barry Hansen]],<blockquote>Thou this hybrid produced a clutch o hits in the R&B mercat in the early 1950s, anly the maist adventurous white fans felt its impact at the time; the rest haed tae wait fur the comin o soul muisic in the 1960s tae feel the rush o [[rock an roll]] sung gospel-style.</blockquote> [[File:JamesBrown.jpg|thumb|upright|[[James Brown]] wis kent as the "Godfaither o Soul".<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Maycock|first=James|date=2003-10-29|title=James Brown: Soul Survivor|url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/james-brown-soul-survivor/532/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-02|website=PBS|language=en-US}}</ref>]] Accordin tae [[AllMusic]], "Soul muisic wis the result o the urbanisation an commercialisation o rhythm an blues in the '60s."<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=About Soul|url=https://www.allmusic.com/subgenre/soul-ma0000002865|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-02|website=[[AllMusic]]|language=en}}</ref> The phrase "soul muisic" itsel, referrin tae gospel-style muisic wi secular leerics, wis furst attestit in 1961.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Soul - Etymology, Origin & Meaning|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/soul|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-02|website=Etymonline.com|language=en-US}}</ref> The term "soul" in African-American parlance haes connotations o African-American pride an cultur. [[Gospel muisic|Gospel]] groups in the 1940s an '50s occasionally uised the term as pairt o thair names. The [[jazz]] style that oreeginatit frae gospel becam kent as [[soul jazz]]. As sangsters an arrangers begoud uisin techniques frae baith gospel an soul jazz in African-American popular muisic durin the 1960s, soul muisic gradually functioned as an umberellae term fur African-American popular muisic at the time.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Little Richard — Artist Biography|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/little-richard-mn0000824022|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-02|website=[[AllMusic]]|language=en}}</ref> [[File:Sam_Cooke_1961.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Sam Cooke]] is regardit as ane o soul muisic's "forefaithers".]] Accordin tae the Acoustic Muisic Organisation, the "furst clear evidence o soul muisic shaws up wi [[the "5" Royales]], an ex-gospel group that turned tae R&B an in [[Faye Adams]], whase "Shake A Hand" becomes an R&B staundard".<ref>{{Cite news|title=Timeline of Musical Styles & Guitar History|language=en-US|work=Acoustic Music|url=https://acousticmusic.org/research/history/timeline-of-musical-styles-guitar-history/|url-status=dead|access-date=2026-08-02|archive-date=2016-09-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915140243/https://acousticmusic.org/research/history/timeline-of-musical-styles-guitar-history/}}</ref> Important innovators whase recordins in the 1950s contreibutit tae the emergence o soul muisic includit [[Clyde McPhatter]], [[Hank Ballard]], an [[Etta James]]. [[Ray Charles]] is aften citit as popularisin the soul muisic genre wi his series o hits, stairtin wi 1954's "[[I Got a Woman]]". Sangster [[Bobby Womack]] said, "Ray wis the genius. He turned the warld ontae soul muisic." Charles wis appen in acknawledgin the influence o [[Pilgrim Travelers]] vocalist Jesse Whitaker on his singin style. [[Little Richard]], wha inspired [[Otis Redding]], an [[James Brown]] baith wur equally influential. Brown wis nicknamed the "Godfaither o Soul Muisic",<ref name=":1" /> an Richard proclaimed himsel as the "Keeng o Rockin' an Rollin', Rhythm an Blues Soulin{{'"}}, acause his muisic embodied elements o aw three, an syne he inspired airtists in aw three genre. [[Sam Cooke]] an [[Jackie Wilson]] are aften acknawledgit as soul forefaithers an aa. Cooke becam popular as the lead sangster o the gospel group [[the Soul Stirrers]], afore controversially muivin intae secular muisic. His recordin o "[[You Send Me]]" in 1957 launched a successfu [[pop muisic]] career. Furthermair, his 1962 recordin o "[[Bring It On Home to Me]]" haes been descrieved as "perhaps the furst record tae define the soul experience". Jackie Wilson, a contemporary o baith Cooke an James Brown, achieved [[Crossower muisic|crossower]] success an aa, inspecially wi his 1957 hit "[[Reet Petite]]".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-07-29|title=James Brown {{!}} Biography, Songs, Movies, & Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/James-Brown-American-singer|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-02|website=Britannica|language=en}}</ref> He even wis pairticulairly influential fur his dramatic delivery an performances. === 1960s === [[File:Solomon Burke.jpg|thumb|[[Solomon Burke]] recordit fur [[Atlantic Records]] in the 1960s.]] Hauf-marrae-wife duo [[Ike & Tina Turner]] emergit as "leadin exponents" o soul muisic in the 1960s.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Peacock|first=Tom|date=1963-02-25|title=Ike and Tina to Give with 'Soul Music'|pages=2|work=The Province|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-province-ike-and-tina-turner-at-blue/129810034/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-04}}</ref> Thair debut single "[[A Fool in Love]]" crossed ower tae the pop chairts in 1960. Thay earnt a [[Grammy Awairds|Grammy]] nomination fur thair sang "It's Gonna Work Out Fine" in 1962.<ref>{{Cite web|date=|title=Ike & Tina Turner {{!}} Artist {{!}} GRAMMY.com|url=https://www.grammy.com/artists/ike-tina-turner/13017/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-04|website=www.grammy.com|language=en-US}}</ref> Alang wi the Kings of Rhythm an the Ikettes, thay toured the [[Chitlin' Circuit]] as the Ike & Tina Turner Revue.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jeffries|first=Fran|title=Chitlin’ Circuit: Black performers’ soulful showcase during segregation|url=https://www.ajc.com/news/national/chitlin-circuit-black-performers-soulful-showcase-during-segregation/srbp9fswLEa3tsiOe5Z54M/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-04|website=The Atlanta Journal-Constitution|language=en}}</ref> Writer [[Peter Guralnick]] is amang thaim tae identify [[Solomon Burke]] as a key feegur in the emergence o soul muisic, an [[Atlantic Records]] as the key [[record label]]. Burke's early 1960s sangs, includin "[[Cry to Me]]", "[[Just Out of Reach (of My Two Open Arms)]]" an "[[Down in the Valley (Solomon Burke sang)|Down in the Valley]]" are considered clessics o the genre. Guralnick wrate: <blockquote>Soul stairtit, in a sense, wi the 1961 success o Solomon Burke's "Just Out of Reach". Ray Charles, o coorse, haed awready enjoyed enormous success (on Atlantic an aa), as haed James Brown an Sam Cooke — maistly in a pop vein. Ilk o thir sangsters, thou, coud be leukit upon as an isolatit phenomenon; it wis anly wi the comin thegither o Burke an Atlantic Records that ye coud begin tae see onything even resemblin a muivement.</blockquote> [[File:Aretha Franklin on January 20, 2009.jpg|thumb|[[Aretha Franklin]] is widely kent as the "Queen o Soul".]] [[Ben E. King]] achieved success in 1961 wi "[[Stand by Me (Ben E. King sang)|Stand by Me]]" an aa, a sang directly based on a gospel hymn. Bi the mid-1960s, the initial successes o Burke, King, an ithers haed been surpassed bi new soul sangsters, includin [[Stax Records|Stax]] airtists sic as [[Otis Redding]] an [[Wilson Pickett]], wha mainly recordit in [[Memphis, Tennessee]], an [[Muscle Shoals, Alabama]]. Accordin tae [[Jon Landau]]:<blockquote>Atween 1962 an 1964 Redding recordit a series o soul ballads chairacterised bi unabashedly sentimental leerics uisually beggin forgieness or askin a lassfreend tae come hame... He suin becam kent as "Mr. Pitiful" an earnt a reputation as the leadin performer ofsoul ballads.</blockquote> The maist important female soul sangster tae emerge wis [[Aretha Franklin]], oreeginally a gospel sangster wha begoud tae mak secular recordins in 1960 but whase career wis later revitalisit bi her recordins fur Atlantic. Her 1967 recordins, sic as "[[I Never Loved a Man (The Way I Love You)]]", "[[Respect (sang)|Respect]]" (written an oreeginally recordit bi Otis Redding), an "[[Do Right Woman, Do Right Man]]" (written bi [[Chips Moman]] an [[Dan Penn]]), wis signeeficant an commercially successfu recordins.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dobkin|first=Matt|url=http://archive.org/details/ineverlovedmanwa0000dobk|title=I Never Loved a Man the Way I Loved You: Aretha Franklin, Respect, and the Making of a Soul Music Masterpiece|date=2004|publisher=New York : St. Martin's Press|others=|isbn=978-0-312-31828-4}}</ref> Soul muisic dominatit the U.S. African-American muisic chairts in the 1960s, an mony recordins crossed ower intae the pop chairts in the U.S. Otis Redding wis a huge success at the [[Monterey Internaitional Pop Fest]] in 1967. The genre becam heichly popular in the UK an aa, whaur mony leadin acks toured in the late 1960s. "Soul" becam an umberellae term fur an increasingly wide variety o R&B-based muisic styles – frae the dance an pop-orientit acks at [[Motown|Motown Records]] in [[Detroit]], sic as [[the Temptations]], [[Marvin Gaye]] an [[Stevie Wonder]], tae "[[Soothren soul|deep soul]]" performers sic as [[Percy Sledge]] an [[James Carr (sangster)|James Carr]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Motown: The Sound that Changed America|url=https://www.motownmuseum.org/legacy/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-04|website=Motown Museum|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Percy Sledge: Artist Biography|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/percy-sledge-mn0000838195|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-04|website=[[AllMusic]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=James Carr: Artist Biography|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/james-carr-mn0000107877|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-04|website=[[AllMusic]]|language=en}}</ref> Different regions an ceeties athin the U.S., includin New York Ceety, Detroit, Chicago, [[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]], [[New Orleans]], [[Philadelphia]], an Muscle Shoals, Alabama (the hame o [[FAME Studios]] an [[Muscle Shoals Sound Studios]]) becam notit fur different subgenres o the muisic an recordin styles.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Brown|first=Mick|title=Deep Soul|url=http://s.telegraph.co.uk/graphics/projects/muscle-shoals/index.html|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-04|website=Telegraph}}</ref> Bi 1968, whiles at its peak o popularity, soul begoud tae fragment intae different subgenres. Airtists sic as James Brown an [[Sly and the Family Stone]] evolvit intae [[funk]] muisic, whiles ither sangsters sic as Marvin Gaye, Stevie Wonder, [[Curtis Mayfield]] an [[Al Green]] developit slicker, mair sophisticatit an in some cases mair poleetically conscious varieties o the genre. Houiver, soul muisic continued tae evolve, informin maist subsequent forms o R&B frae the 1970s-onwaird, wi pockets o muisickers continuin tae perform in tradeetional soul style.<ref name=":2" /> === 1970s an 1980s === [[File:Marvin Gaye (1973).png|thumb|left|[[Marvin Gaye]] shiftit tae a socially conscious soond wi his 1971 hit "[[What's Going On (sang)|What's Going On]]".]] Mitchell's [[Hi Records]] continued in the [[Stax Records|Stax]] tradeetion o the previous decade, lowsin a string o hits bi Green, [[Ann Peebles]], [[Otis Clay]], [[O. V. Wright]] an [[Syl Johnson]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Lisle|first=Andria|date=2014-06-25|title=Hi Records producer Willie Mitchell set the tone for polished Memphis soul|language=en-US|work=Wax Poetics|url=http://www.waxpoetics.com/blog/features/articles/hi-records-producer-willie-mitchell-set-tone-polished-memphis-soul/|url-status=dead|access-date=2026-08-04|archive-date=2016-10-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025111428/http://www.waxpoetics.com/blog/features/articles/hi-records-producer-willie-mitchell-set-tone-polished-memphis-soul/}}</ref> [[Bobby Womack]], wha recordit wi Chips Moman in the late 1960s, continued tae produce soul recordins in the 1970s an 1980s.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hurt|first=Edd|date=2012-08-17|title=Chips Moman: The Cream Interview|url=https://www.nashvillescene.com/music/nashvillecream/chips-moman-the-cream-interview/article_18fc4428-9a71-57fe-8dae-4efa8f0e0438.html|access-date=2026-08-04|website=Nashville Scene|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-06-14|title=Remembering Chips Moman|url=https://www.graceland.com/news/details/remembering-chips-moman/8070/|url-status=dead|access-date=2026-08-04|website=Graceland: The Home od Elvis Presley|language=en-us|archive-date=2016-10-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025113025/https://www.graceland.com/news/details/remembering-chips-moman/8070/}}</ref> In [[Detroit]], producer [[Don Davis (muisic producer)|Don Davis]] wirkit wi [[Stax Records|Stax]] airtists sic as [[Johnnie Taylor]] an [[the Dramatics]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Don Davis: Artist Biography|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/don-davis-mn0000145319|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-04|website=[[AllMusic]]|language=en}}</ref> Early 1970s recordins bi [[the Detroit Emeralds]], sic as ''[[Do Me Right (album)|Do Me Right]]'', are a link atween soul an the later [[disco]] style.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Detroit Emeralds|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/the-detroit-emeralds-mn0000244650|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-04|website=[[AllMusic]]|language=en}}</ref> [[Motown|Motown Records]] airtists sic as [[Marvin Gaye]], [[Michael Jackson]], [[Stevie Wonder]] an [[Smokey Robinson]] contreibutit tae the evolution o soul muisic, awthou thair recordins wis considered mair in a [[pop muisic]] vein nor thaim o Redding, Franklin an Carr.<ref name=":3" /> Awthou stylistically different frae clessic soul muisic, recordins bi [[Chicago]]-based airtists are aften considered pairt o the genre.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chicago Soul|url=https://www.allmusic.com/style/chicago-soul-ma0000002509|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-04|website=[[AllMusic]]|language=en}}</ref> Bi the early 1970s, soul muisic haed been influenced bi [[psychedelic rock]] an ither genres.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Psychedelic Soul|url=https://www.allmusic.com/style/psychedelic-soul-ma0000005025|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-04|website=[[AllMusic]]|language=en}}</ref> Airtists lik James Brown led soul towards funk muisic, that becam teepifee'd bi 1970s baunds lik [[Parliament-Funkadelic]] an [[the Meters]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Meters:Artist Biography|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/the-meters-mn0000402872|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-04|website=[[AllMusic]]|language=en}}</ref> Mair versatile groups sic as [[War (baund)|War]], [[Commodores|the Commodores]], an [[Earth, Wind & Fire|Earth, Wind and Fire]] becam popular aroond this time.<ref>{{Cite web|title=War: Artist Biography|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/war-mn0000191947|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-04|website=[[AllMusic]]|language=en}}</ref> Durin the 1970s, some slick an commercial [[blue-eyed soul]] acks lik Philadelphia's [[Hall & Oates]] an Oakland's [[Tower of Power]] achieved mainstream success, as did a new generation o street-corner harmony or "ceety-soul" groups sic as [[the Delfonics]] an the historically black [[Howard Varsity]]'s [[The Unifics|Unifics]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Daryl Hall & John Oates: Artist Biography|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/daryl-hall-john-oates-mn0000674887|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-04|website=[[AllMusic]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tower of Power: Artist Biography|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/tower-of-power-mn0000013393|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-04|website=[[AllMusic]]|language=en}}</ref> The syndicatit muisic/dance variety telly series ''[[Soul Train]]'', hostit bi Chicago hamespun [[Don Cornelius]], debuted in 1971.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chideya|first=Farai|date=2013-11-30|title=Soul Train and Pain: New Book Explores The Legacy of Don Cornelius' Empire|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/farai-chideya/soul-train-and-pain-new-b_b_4005370.html|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-04|website=The Huffington Post|language=en-US}}</ref> The programme providit an ootlet fur soul muisic fur seevral decades, forby spawnin a franchise that saw the creation o a record label ([[SOLAR Records|Soul Train Records]]) that distributit muisic bi [[the Whispers]], [[Carrie Lucas]], an an up-an-comin group kent as [[Shalamar]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=2015-08-12|title=It all Started with Soul Train|url=https://soultraincruise.com//news/it-all-started-with-soul-train|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-04|website=Soul Train Cruise|language=en}}</ref> Mony disputes led tae Cornelius spinnin aff the record label tae his talent beuker, [[Dick Griffey]], wha transformit the label intae [[SOLAR Records|Solar Records]], itsel a prominent soul muisic label throuoot the 1980s.<ref name=":4" /> The TV series continued tae air till 2006, awthou ither predominantly African-American muisic genres sic as hip-hop begoud owershadaein soul on the programme beginnin in the 1980s.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|title="Soul Train" creator Don Cornelius commits suicide|language=en-US|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cornelius-soultrain/soul-train-creator-don-cornelius-commits-suicide-idUSTRE8101HY20120202|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-04}}</ref> ===Beyond=== As [[disco]] an funk muisickers haed hits in the late 1970s an early 1980s, soul wint in the direction o [[quiet storm]]. Wi its relaxed tempos an saft melodies, quiet storm soul teuk influences frae [[Jazz fusion|fusion]] an [[adult contemporary]]. Some funk baunds, sic as EW&F, the Commodores an [[Con Funk Shun]] wad hae a few quiet storm tracks on thair albums. Amang the maist successfu acks in this era include Smokey Robinson, Jeffry Osbourne, [[Peabo Bryson]], [[Chaka Khan]], an [[Larry Graham]]. Efter the decline o disco an funk in the early 1980s, soul muisic becam influenced bi [[Electro (muisic)|electro muisic]]. It becam less raw an mair slickly produced, resultin in a style that is kent as [[contemporary R&B]], that soondit gey different frae the oreeginal [[rhythm an blues]] style. The Unitit States saw the development o [[Neo soul|neo-soul]] aroond 1994. == Weel-kent labels an producers == === Motown Records === [[File:LeviStubbs.jpg|thumb|left|[[Levi Stubbs]] singin lead wi the Four Tops in 1966.]] [[Berry Gordy]]'s successfu Tamla/Motown group o labels wis weel-kent fur bein African American awned, unlik maist o the earlier independent R&B labels. Weel-kent airtists unner this label wur [[Gladys Knight & the Pips]], [[the Supremes]], [[the Temptations]], [[the Miracles]], the [[Four Tops]], [[the Marvelettes]], [[Mary Wells]], [[Junior Walker|Jr. Walker & the All-Stars]], [[Stevie Wonder]], [[Marvin Gaye]], [[Tammi Terrell]], [[Martha and the Vandellas]], an [[the Jackson 5]]. Hits wis makkit uisin a quasi-industrial "[[assemmly line]]" approach. The producers an sangwriters brocht airtistic sensitivity tae the three-meenit tunes. [[Brian Holland]], [[Lamont Dozier]] an [[Eddie Holland]] wur rarely oot o the chairts fur thair wirk as [[Sangwriter|sangwriters]] an [[Record producer|record producers]] fur [[the Supremes]], the [[Four Tops]] an [[Martha and the Vandellas]]. Thay alloued important elements tae shine throu the dense muisical textur. The rhythm wis emphasised bi haundclaps or [[tambourine]]. [[Smokey Robinson]] wis anither writer an record producer wha eikit leerics tae "[[The Tracks of My Tears]]" bi his group [[the Miracles]], that wis ane o the maist important sangs o the decade. === Stax Records an Atlantic Records === Stax Records an Atlantic Records wis independent labels that produced heich-quality dance records featurin mony weel-kent sangsters o the day. Thay tendit tae hae smawer ensembles markit bi expressive gospel-tinged vocals. Bress an saxophones wis uised extensively an aa. [[Stax Records]], foondit bi siblins Estelle an James Stewart, wis the seicont maist successfu record label ahint [[Motown|Motown Records]]. Thay wis reponsible fur lowsin hits bi [[Otis Redding]], [[Wilson Pickett]], [[the Staple Singers]], an mony mair. Ahmet Ertegun, wha haed anticipatit bein a diplomat till 1944 whan his faither dee'd, foondit [[Atlantic Records]] in 1947 wi his freend [[Herb Abramson]]. Ertegun wrate mony sangs fur [[Ray Charles]] an [[the Clovers]]. He even sang [[Backin vocalist|backup vocals]] fur his airtist [[Big Joe Turner]] on the sang "[[Shake, Rattle and Roll]]". == Subgenres == === Detroit (Motown) === Dominatit bi [[Berry Gordy]]'s [[Motown|Motown Records]] empire, Detroit's soul is strangly rhythmic an influenced bi gospel muisic. The Motown soond aften includes haund [[clappin]], a pouerfu [[bassline]], [[Strings section|strings]], [[Bress section|bress]] an [[vibraphone]]. Motown Records' hoose baund wis [[the Funk Brothers]]. [[AllMusic]] cites Motown as the pioneerin label o pop-soul, a style o soul muisic wi raw vocals, but polisht production an toned-doun subjeck maiter intendit fur pop radio an [[Crossower muisic|crossower]] success.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Pop-Soul|url=https://www.allmusic.com/style/pop-soul-ma0000011870|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-10|website=[[AllMusic]]|language=en}}</ref> Airtists o this style includit [[Diana Ross]], [[the Jackson 5]], [[Stevie Wonder]], an [[Billy Preston]].<ref name=":5" /> Popular durin the 1960s, the style becam glossier durin the 1970s an led tae [[disco]].<ref name=":5" /> In the late 2000s, the style wis reveesitit bi contemporary soul sangsters sic as [[Amy Winehouse]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hermes|first=Will|author-link=Will Hermes|date=2008-10-30|title=Raphael Saadiq: The Way I See It|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/raphaelsaadiq/albums/album/22955163/review/23589128/the_way_i_see_it|url-status=dead|access-date=2026-08-10|website=[[Rolling Stone]]|archive-date=2009-08-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090802053654/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/raphaelsaadiq/albums/album/22955163/review/23589128/the_way_i_see_it}}</ref> [[Raphael Saadiq]] (speceefically his 2008 album ''[[The Way I See It]]'') an [[Solange Knowles]] (her 2008 album ''[[Sol-Angel and the Hadley St. Dreams]]''). === Deep an Soothren === [[File:Otis Redding.png|thumb|Soul sangster [[Otis Redding]] wis kent tae be an electrifyin stage presence.]] The terms "deep soul" an "Soothren soul" generally refer tae a drivin, energetic soul style combinin [[Rhythm an blues|R&B]]'s energy wi pulsatin soothren Unitit States [[gospel muisic]] soonds. [[Memphis, Tennessee]], label [[Stax Records]] nurtured a distinctive soond, that includit pittin vocals further back in the mix nor maist contemporary R&B records, uisin vibrant horn pairts in place o backgrund vocals, an a focus on the low end o the frequency spectrum. The vast feck o Stax lowses wis backit bi hoose baunds [[Booker T. & the M.G.'s]] (wi [[Booker T. Jones]], [[Steve Cropper]], [[Donald "Duck" Dunn|Duck Dunn]], an [[Al Jackson Jr.|Al Jackson]]) an [[the Memphis Horns]] (the splinter horn section o [[the Mar-Keys]], trumpeter [[Wayne Jackson (muisicker)|Wayne Jackson]] an saxophonist [[Andrew Love (muisicker)|Andrew Love]]). === Memphis === Memphis soul is a shimmerin, sultry style o soul muisic produced in the 1960s an 1970s at [[Stax Records]] an [[Hi Records]] in [[Memphis, Tennessee]]. It featurt melancholic an melodic horns, [[Hammond organ]], bass, an drums, as heard in recordins bi Hi's [[Al Green]] an Stax's [[Booker T. & the M.G.'s]]. The latter group whiles pleyed in the haurder-edgit [[Soothren soul]] style an aa. The Hi Records hoose baund ([[Hi Rhythm Section]]) an producer [[Willie Mitchell (muisicker)|Willie Mitchell]] developit a surgin soul style heard in the label's 1970s hit recordins. Some Stax recordins fit intae this style but haed thair awn unique soond. === New Orleans === The New Orleans soul scene directly cam oot o the rhythm an blues era, whan sic airtists as [[Little Richard]], [[Fats Domino]], an [[Huey "Piano" Smith]] makkit a huge impact on the pop an R&B chairts an a huge direct influence on the birth o [[funk]] muisic. The principal airchitect o Crescent Ceety's soul wis sangwriter, arranger, an producer [[Allen Toussaint]]. He wirkit wi sic airtists as [[Irma Thomas]] ("the Soul Queen o New Orleans"), Jessie Hill, [[Chris Kenner]], Benny Spellman, an [[Ernie K-Doe]] on the Minit/Instant label complex tae produce a distinctive New Orleans soul soond that generatit a passel o naitional hits. Ither weel-kent New Orleans hits cam frae Robert Parker, [[Betty Harris]], an [[Aaron Neville]]. Whiles record labels in New Orleans lairgely disappeart bi the mid-1960s, producers in the ceety continued tae record New Orleans soul airtists fur ither mainly New York Ceety an Los Angeles–based record labels—merkitly [[Lee Dorsey]] fur New York-based [[Amy Records]] an the Meters fur New York–based [[Josie Records]] an then LA-based [[Reprise Records]]. === Chicago === Chicago soul generally haed a licht gospel-influenced soond, but the lairge nummer o record labels based in the ceety tendit tae produce a mair diverse soond nor ither ceeties. [[Vee-Jay Records|Vee Jay Records]], that lastit till 1966, produced recordins bi [[Jerry Butler]], [[Betty Everett]], [[Dee Clark]], an [[Gene Chandler]]. [[Chess Records]], mainly a blues an rock an roll label, produced seevral major soul airtists, includin [[the Dells]] an [[Billy Stewart]]. [[Curtis Mayfield]] nae anly scored mony hits wi his group, [[the Impressions]], but wrate mony hit sangs fur Chicago airtists an produced hits on his awn labels fur [[the Fascinations]], [[Major Lance]], an the [[Five Stairsteps]]. === Philadelphia === Based maistly in the [[Philadelphia International Records|Philadelphia International]] record label, Philadelphia soul (or Philly soul) haed lush [[String section|string]] an [[Horn section|horn]] arreengements an [[doo-wop]]-inspirt vocals. [[Thom Bell]], an [[Gamble an Huff|Kenneth Gamble & Leon Huff]] are considered the foonders o Philadelphia soul, that produced hits fur [[Patti LaBelle]], [[the O'Jays]], [[The Intruders (baund)|the Intruders]], [[the Three Degrees]], [[the Delfonics]], [[the Stylistics]], [[Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes]], an [[The Spinners (American group)|the Spinners]]. === Progressive === [[File:BLACK SOUL SINGER ISAAC HAYES PERFORMS AT THE INTERNATIONAL AMPHITHEATER IN CHICAGO AS PART OF THE ANNUAL PUSH 'BLACK... - NARA - 556307.jpg|thumb|[[Isaac Hayes]] performin in 1973]] Bi the 1970s, African-American popular muisickers haed drawn frae the conceptual album-orientit approach o the then-burgeonin [[Progresive rock|progressive rock]] development. This progressive-soul development inspirt a newfoond sophisticatit muisicality an ambitious leericism in black pop. Amang thir muisickers wur [[Sly Stone]], [[Stevie Wonder]], [[Marvin Gaye]], [[Curtis Mayfield]], an [[George Clinton (funk muisicker)|George Clinton]]. In colloguin the progressive soul o the 1970s, Martin cites this period's albums frae Wonder (''[[Talking Book]]'', ''[[Innervisions]]'', ''[[Songs in the Key of Life]]''), [[War (baund)|War]] (''[[All Day Music]]'', ''[[The World Is a Ghetto]]'', ''[[War Live (album)|War Live]]''), an the [[Isley Brothers]] (''[[3 + 3]]''). [[Isaac Hayes]]'s 1969 recordin o "[[Walk On By]]" is considered a "clessic" o prog-soul, accordin tae ''[[City Pages]]'' jurnalist Jay Boller.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Boller|first=Jay|date=2016-11-30|title=The week's 29 best concerts: Nov. 30-Dec. 6|url=http://www.citypages.com/music/the-weeks-29-best-concerts-nov-30-dec-6/403632456|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-10|website=[[City Pages]]}}</ref> Later prog-soul muisic includes recordins bi [[Prince (muisicker)|Prince]],<ref>{{Cite news|last=Himes|first=Geoffrey|author-link=Geoffrey Himes|date=2001-10-12|title=Bilal '1st Born Second'|language=en-US|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/2001/10/12/bilal-1st-born-second-moyoi/c2bb93f3-390d-499a-9c29-1aa90fa18a3f/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-10|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> [[Peter Gabriel]], [[Meshell Ndegeocello]], [[Joi (sangster)|Joi]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Green|first=Tony|date=Mairch 2002|title=Joi: Star Kity's Revenge (Universal)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w8s9P_S6njMC&pg=PA129|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-10|website=[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]}}</ref> [[Bilal (American sangster)|Bilal]], [[Dwele]], [[Anthony David (sangster)|Anthony David]],<ref>{{Cite news|last=Lindsey|first=Craig D|date=2013-02-25|title=Bilal’s New A Love Surreal Was Inspired By Salvador Dali|work=[[The Village Voice]]|url=https://www.villagevoice.com/2013/02/25/bilals-new-a-love-surreal-was-inspired-by-salvador-dali/|url-status=dead|access-date=2026-08-10|archive-date=2023-04-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404221618/https://www.villagevoice.com/2013/02/25/bilals-new-a-love-surreal-was-inspired-by-salvador-dali/}}</ref> [[Janelle Monáe]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kot|first=Greg|author-link=Greg Kot|date=2018-04-27|title=Janelle Monae comes back down to earth on ‘Dirty Computer’|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2018/04/27/janelle-monae-comes-back-down-to-earth-on-dirty-computer/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-10|website=[[Chicago Tribune]]|language=en-US}}</ref> an the [[Soulquarians]], an experimental black-muisic collective active durin the late 1990s an early 2000s.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Cochrane|first=Naima|date=2020-03-26|title=2000: A Soul Odyssey|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/rb-hip-hop/neo-soul-2000-dangelo-erykah-badu-9343438/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-10|website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|language=en-US}}</ref> === Psychedelic === Psychedelic soul, whiles kent as "black rock", wis a blend o [[psychedelic rock]] an soul muisic in the late 1960s, that pavit the wey fur the mainstream emergence o funk muisic a few years later. Early pioneers o this subgenre o soul muisic include [[Jimi Hendrix]], [[Sly and the Family Stone]], [[Norman Whitfield]], an [[Isaac Hayes]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Psychedelic Soul|url=http://psychedmaster.org/Psychedelic%20Soul.html|url-status=dead|access-date=2026-08-10|website=|language=en|archive-date=2018-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903033337/http://psychedmaster.org/Psychedelic%20Soul.html}}</ref> Whiles psychedelic rock begoud its decline, the influence o psychedelic soul continued on an remeened prevalent throu the 1970s. === Breetish === [[File:Adele 'Adele Live 2016' - Nashville DSC04671 (30410853565).jpg|alt=|thumb|Adele performin in 2016]] In the early 1960s, smaw soul scenes begoud poppin up athort the UK. Liverpuil in pairticulair haed an established [[Black Breetish fowk|black]] commonty frae whilk airtists sic as Chants an Steve Aldo emergit an gae on tae record athin the [[Muisic o the Unitit Kinrick|Breetish muisic]] industrie. As a result, mony recordins wis commercially lowsed bi Breetish soul acks durin the 1960s that wis unable tae connect wi the mainstream mercat. Nivertheless, soul haes been a major influence on Breetish popular muisic syne the 1960s includin baunds o the [[Breetish Invasion]], maist signeeficantly [[the Beatles]]. Thare wis a haundfu o signeeficant Breetish [[blue-eyed soul]] acks, includin [[Dusty Springfield]] an [[Tom Jones]]. In the 1970s [[Carl Douglas]], [[The Real Thing (Breetish baund)|the Real Thing]] an [[Delegation (baund)|Delegation]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Disco Savvy: The Complete Disco Guide to Delegation - disco and funk|url=http://www.discosavvy.com/delegation.html|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-10|website=Discosavvy.com}}</ref> haed hits in the UK. American soul wis extremely popular amang some youth sub-culturs lik the [[Mod (subcultur)|mod]], [[Northren soul]] an modren soul muivements, but a clear genre o Breetish soul did nae emerge till the 1980s whan seevral airtists includin [[George Michael]], [[Sade (baund)|Sade]], [[Simply Red]], [[Lisa Stansfield]] an [[Soul II Soul]] enjoyed commercial success. The popularity o Breetish soul airtists in the U.S., maist merkitly [[Amy Winehouse]], [[Adele]], [[Estelle (muisickern)|Estelle]], [[Duffy (sangster)|Duffy]], [[Joss Stone]] an [[Leona Lewis]], led tae tauk o a "[[Breetish soul|Thrid Breetish Invasion]]" or "Breetish Soul Invasion" in the 2000s an 2010s. === Neo === Neo soul is a blend o 1970s soul-style vocals an instrumentation wi [[contemporar R&B]] soonds, [[Hip hop muisic|hip-hop]] beats, an poetic interludes. The style wis developit in the early tae mid-1990s, an the term wis coined in the early 1990s bi producer an [[record label]] executive [[Kedar Massenburg]]. A key element in neo-soul is a hivy dose o [[Rhodes piano|Fender Rhodes]] or [[Wurlitzer electronic piano]] "pads" ower a mellae, groovin interpley atween the drums (uisually wi a rim shot snar soond) an a muitit, deep funky bass. The Fender Rhodes piano soond gies the muisic a wairm, organic chairacter. Weel-kent airtists include [[Jill Scott (sangster)|Jill Scott]], [[Lauryn Hill]], [[Aloe Blacc]] an [[Erykah Badu]]. Newer airtists lik [[H.E.R.]] an [[SZA]] are influenced bi neo soul an aa. === Northren === Northren soul is a muisic an dance muivement that emergit in the late 1960s oot o the Breetish [[Mod (subcultur)|mod subcultur]] in [[Northren Ingland]] an the [[Midlaunds|Inglis Midlaunds]], based on a pairticulair style o soul muisic wi a hivy beat an fast tempo. The phrase ''northern soul'' wis coined bi a jurnalist [[Dave Godin]] an popularised throu his column in ''Blues and Soul'' magazine. The rare soul records wis pleyed bi DJs at [[Nichtclub|nichtclubs]], an includit obscur 1960s an early 1970s American recordins wi an uptempo beat, sic as thaim on [[Motown]] an smawer labels, nae necessarily frae the [[Northren Unitit States]]. === Nu jazz an ither influenced electronica === Mony airtists in mony genres o [[electronic muisic]] (sic as [[Hoose muisic|hoose]], [[drum an bass]], [[UK gairage]], an [[dountempo]]) are hivily influenced bi soul, an hae produced mony soul-inspirt composeetions. == See an aw == * [[Neo soul]] * [[Leet o soul muisickers]] * [[Funk]] * [[Disco]] * [[African-American muisic]] * [[Muisic o the Unitit States]] == References == {{Reflist}} == Bibliography == * Adams, Michael (2008). Review o ''Atlantic Records: The House That Ahmet Built'', bi Susan Steinberg. ''Notes'' 65 (1), pgs. 157-158. * Cummings, Tony (1975). ''The Sound of Philadelphia.'' Lunnon: Eyre Methuen. * [[Colin Escott|Escott, Colin]]. (1995). Liner notes fur ''The Essential James Carr''. Razor an Tie Records. * [[Charlie Gillett|Gillett, Charlie]] (1974). ''Making Tracks.'' New York: E. P. Dutton. * [[Peter Guralnick|Guralnick, Peter]] (1986). ''Sweet Soul Music.'' New York: Harper & Row. * Hannusch, Jeff (1985). ''I Hear You Knockin': The Sound of New Orleans Rhythm and Blues.'' Ville Platte, LA: Swallow Publications. {{ISBN|0-9614245-0-8}}. * {{cite book|editor1-last=Hoard|editor1-first=Christian|editor2-last=Brackett|editor2-first=Nathan|year=2004|title=[[The New Rolling Stone Album Guide]]|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|isbn=9780743201698}} * Hoskyns, Barney (1987). ''Say it One More Time for the Broken Hearted.'' Glesga: Fontana/Collins. * Jackson, John A. (2004). ''A House on Fire: The Rise and Fall of Philadelphia Soul.'' New York: Oxford Varsity Press. {{ISBN|0-19-514972-6}}. * {{Citation |last=Martin |first=Bill |title=Listening to the Future: The Time of Progressive Rock |year=1998 |place=Chicago |publisher=Open Court |isbn=0-8126-9368-X |author-link=Bill Martin (philosophy)}} * Miller, Jim (editor) (1976). ''The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll''. New York: Rolling Stone Press/Random House. {{ISBN|0-394-73238-3}}. Chapter on "Soul," bi Guralnick, Peter, pp.&nbsp;194–197. * Pareles, Jon. 2004. Estelle Stewart Axton, 85, A Foonder o Stax Records. ''New York Times''. 27 Februar 2004, Section A, Page 25. * Pruter, Robert (1991). ''Chicago Soul: Making Black Music Chicago-Style''. Urbana, Illinois: Varsity o Illinois Press. {{ISBN|0-252-01676-9}}. * Pruter, Robert, editor (1993). ''Blackwell Guide to Soul Recordings.'' Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd. {{ISBN|0-631-18595-X}}. * {{cite book |title=Rolling Stone 500 Greatest Songs of All Time |date=June 19, 2008 |publisher=Alfred Music |isbn=978-0739075784 |ref={{sfnref|Rolling Stone 500 Songs|2010}}}} * Walker, Don (1985). ''The Motown Story.'' New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. * Winterson, Julia, Nickol, Peter, Bricheno, Toby (2003). ''Pop Music: The Text Book'', Edition Peters. {{ISBN|1-84367-007-0}}. == Further readin == {{sister project links|d=no|wikt=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|species=no|n=no|s=no}} * Garland, Phyl (1969). ''The Sound of Soul: the History of Black Music''. New York: Pocket Books, 1971, cop. 1969. xii, 212 p.&nbsp;300 p. + [32] p. o b & w photaes. * Cole, Laurence (2010). ''Deep Soul Ballads: From Sam Cooke to Stevie Wonder.'' Libri Publishing. {{ISBN|9781907471087}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Soul Muisic}} [[Category:Soul muisic| ]] [[Category:African-American cultural history]] [[Category:African-American muisic]] [[Category:American styles o muisic]] [[Category:Cultur o the Soothren Unitit States]] [[Category:Muisical improvisation]] [[Category:Popular muisic]] [[Category:Radio formats]] [[Category:Rhythm an blues genres]] cpdi5p3d56ffb62hn2c9ukuqh70xtj2 0 233851 920671 920624 2026-08-12T02:11:05Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 920671 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Fathallah Oualalou | image = Fathallah Oualaalou en un acto organizado por FAMSI en Córdoba.jpg | caption = Fathallah Oualalou in 2010 | office = [[Meenistry o Economy an Finance (Morocco)|Meenister o Economy an Finance]] | term_start = Mairch 1998 | term_end = October 2007 | predecessor = [[Driss Jettou]] | prime_minister = [[Abderrahmane Youssoufi]]<br>[[Driss Jettou]]<br>[[Abbas El Fassi]] | successor = [[Salaheddine Mezouar]] | monarch = [[Hassan II o Morocco|Hassan II]]<br>[[Mohammed VI o Morocco|Mohammed VI]] }} '''Fathallah Oualalou''' ([[Arabic]]: فتح الله والعلو) (born 1942 in [[Rabat]])<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2006-09-27|title=M. Fathallah OUALALOU|url=http://www.mincom.gov.ma/french/minister/biographies/FathallahOualalou.htm|url-status=dead|access-date=2026-08-11|website=mincom.gov.ma|archive-date=2006-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060927221651/http://www.mincom.gov.ma/french/minister/biographies/FathallahOualalou.htm}}</ref> is a [[Morocco|Moroccan]] politeecian. He wis the mayor o [[Rabat]] frae 2009 tae 2015. He wis the [[Meenistry o Economy an Finance (Morocco)|Meenister o Economy an Finance]] o [[Morocco]] atween Mairch 1998 an October 2007. He is a memmer o the [[Socialist Union o Popular Forces]] pairty (USFP). Oualalou graduatit in economics frae the [[Mohammed V Varsity]] in Rabat, gaein on tae obteen a "Diplôme d'études supérieures" (DES) in economics in Paris in 1966. In addeetion tae his wirk as an assistant at the Mohammed V Varsity, in the 1960s he becam preses o the Union nationale des étudiants du Maroc an heid o the Confederation o Maghreb Students.<ref name=":0" /> ==References== {{reflist}} ==See an aw== * [[Politics o Morocco]] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Oualalou, Fathallah}} [[Category:Finance meenisters o Morocco]] [[Category:Economy meenisters o Morocco]] [[Category:Memmers o the Hoose o Representatives (Morocco)]] [[Category:Fowk frae Rabat]] [[Category:1942 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Socialist Union o Popular Forces politeecians]] [[Category:Mohammed V Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Moroccan economists]] [[Category:Mayors o places in Morocco]] quibu059hkq7gtjvap2fk0s7rsbtlwr 0 233854 920647 920632 2026-08-11T17:14:17Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Changed reguidal tairget fae [[Tom Holland (actor)]] til [[Tom Holland]] 920647 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Tom Holland]] 6x9nbd63bqctq81pa9xlpozep66vu1e 3 233855 920641 2026-08-11T17:12:30Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Made page wi "{{subst:uw-disruptive1}} ~~~~" 920641 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello. This is a wairnin tae let ye kent that ane or more o [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-43895-10|yer contreibutions]] didnae appear constructive an haes been revertit. Please tak some time tae familiarise yerself wi oor [[Wikipedia:Policies an guidelines|policies an guidelines]]. Ye can find information anent these at oor [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome page]]. Gin ye anly meant til mak test edits, please uise [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|the saundpit]] fur that. Gin ye think A made a mistak, or gin ye hae ony quaistens, ye can leave a message on ma tauk page. Thank you.<!-- Template:uw-disruptive1 --> [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 17:12, 11 August 2026 (UTC) 0ftj6x4jayrrlpkk80yeun1v7c7da02 920642 920641 2026-08-11T17:13:11Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 920642 wikitext text/x-wiki == August 2026 == [[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello. This is a wairnin tae let ye kent that ane or more o [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-43895-10|yer contreibutions]] didnae appear constructive an haes been revertit. Please tak some time tae familiarise yerself wi oor [[Wikipedia:Policies an guidelines|policies an guidelines]]. Ye can find information anent these at oor [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome page]]. Gin ye anly meant til mak test edits, please uise [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|the saundpit]] fur that. Gin ye think A made a mistak, or gin ye hae ony quaistens, ye can leave a message on ma tauk page. Thank you.<!-- Template:uw-disruptive1 --> [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 17:12, 11 August 2026 (UTC) 5j45vbwxxr56t6665wjfhyj8ekzbn0n 0 233856 920644 2026-08-11T17:13:35Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Mr.Murdoch78 flittit page [[Tom Holland (actor)]] til [[Tom Holland]] 920644 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Tom Holland]] 6x9nbd63bqctq81pa9xlpozep66vu1e 1 233857 920646 2026-08-11T17:13:35Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Mr.Murdoch78 flittit page [[Collogue:Tom Holland (actor)]] til [[Collogue:Tom Holland]] 920646 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Collogue:Tom Holland]] 4fafne046sqosfa14wz84cgq05gnx83 0 233858 920652 2026-08-11T19:46:37Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Made page wi "'''Fowk-pop''' is a braid muisical fusion genre that includes contemporar fowk sangs wi pop arreengements, an pop sangs wi intimate, acoustic-based fowk arreengements. Fowk-pop haes been popularised bi mainstream media in recent years. == Muisical elements == Fowk-pop incorporates the soonds o the acoustic guitar an banjo o tradeetional fowk muisic an combines it wi the mair electronic an synth beats o today's pop genre. The fowk genre is recogneesed fur its semple melodies,..." 920652 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fowk-pop''' is a braid muisical fusion genre that includes contemporar fowk sangs wi pop arreengements, an pop sangs wi intimate, acoustic-based fowk arreengements. Fowk-pop haes been popularised bi mainstream media in recent years. == Muisical elements == Fowk-pop incorporates the soonds o the acoustic guitar an banjo o tradeetional fowk muisic an combines it wi the mair electronic an synth beats o today's pop genre. The fowk genre is recogneesed fur its semple melodies, story-tellin naitur, an cultural themes an messages, whiles pop muisic is recogneesed bi a repetitive but catchy chorus an fast-pacit tempos. == History == Recordin production values creatit an unblemished style that appealed tae a mass audience, an thus led tae commercial success as measurt bi heich record sales, pairticulairly as illustratit bi hit records reakin the Tap 40 on AM radio in the Unitit States. Fowk-pop developit durin the 1960s fowk muisic an fowk rock buim. Key ensaumple o fowk-pop airtists include the Kingston Trio an Peter, Paul an Mary wi contracts wi major record labels (Capitol Records an Warner Bros. Records). katg878hcb4zotgsnuf9yo12h0vxns0 920653 920652 2026-08-11T19:57:40Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 920653 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fowk-pop''' is a braid muisical fusion genre that includes contemporar fowk sangs wi pop arreengements, an pop sangs wi intimate, acoustic-based fowk arreengements. Fowk-pop haes been popularised bi mainstream media in recent years. == Muisical elements == Fowk-pop incorporates the soonds o the acoustic guitar an banjo o tradeetional fowk muisic an combines it wi the mair electronic an synth beats o the day's pop genre. The fowk genre is recogneesed fur its semple melodies, story-tellin naitur, an cultural themes an messages, whiles pop muisic is recogneesed bi a repetitive but catchy chorus an fast-pacit tempos. == History == Recordin production values creatit an unblemished style that appealed tae a mass audience, an thus led tae commercial success as measurt bi heich record sales, pairticulairly as illustratit bi hit records reakin the Tap 40 on AM radio in the Unitit States. Fowk-pop developit durin the 1960s fowk muisic an fowk rock buim. Key ensaumple o fowk-pop airtists include the Kingston Trio an Peter, Paul an Mary wi contracts wi major record labels (Capitol Records an Warner Bros. Records). == Current == [[File:The_Eras_Tour_Folklore_Cabin.png|thumb|Taylor Swift performin the ''Folklore'' set durin The Eras Tour in Germany (2024).]]Fowk-pop nae anly conteens muisical aspecks o baith the fowk an pop muisic genres, but is recogneesed bi its popularity in mainstream media. Social media platforms sic as TikTok hae alloued airtists a lairge platform tae reak a braid audience, that haes led tae the increasin popularity o sangs an airtists that uise fowk-pop elements in thair muisic. Some risin airtists splorin the fowk-pop genre that hae appeared on the Billboard Hat 100 in the last year include Tyler Childers, Noah Kahan, Zach Bryan, an The Lumineers. Popular muisic the day conteens "inherently nostalgic properties" bi referencin either past events or aspecks o cultur reflectin the timeframe in whilk the sang is written. Taylor Swift's ''Folklore'' (2020) album haes ensaumples o fowk-pop sangs referencin aspecks o baith current an past cultur. "The Last Great American Dynasty" tells the story o Rebekah Harkness, the wumman that previously awned Swift's Rhode Island hame in the 1940s tae 1970s. == See an aw == * Fowk rock * Fowk muisic k6zg7zk8otha5naqosnz0q51mqpotmf 920654 920653 2026-08-11T19:59:30Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 920654 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisic genre | name = Folk-pop | stylistic_origins = {{hlist|[[Fowk muisic|Fowk]]|[[pop muisic|pop]]}} | cultural_origins = 1960s }} '''Fowk-pop''' is a braid muisical fusion genre that includes contemporar fowk sangs wi pop arreengements, an pop sangs wi intimate, acoustic-based fowk arreengements. Fowk-pop haes been popularised bi mainstream media in recent years. == Muisical elements == Fowk-pop incorporates the soonds o the acoustic guitar an banjo o tradeetional fowk muisic an combines it wi the mair electronic an synth beats o the day's pop genre. The fowk genre is recogneesed fur its semple melodies, story-tellin naitur, an cultural themes an messages, whiles pop muisic is recogneesed bi a repetitive but catchy chorus an fast-pacit tempos. == History == Recordin production values creatit an unblemished style that appealed tae a mass audience, an thus led tae commercial success as measurt bi heich record sales, pairticulairly as illustratit bi hit records reakin the Tap 40 on AM radio in the Unitit States. Fowk-pop developit durin the 1960s fowk muisic an fowk rock buim. Key ensaumple o fowk-pop airtists include the Kingston Trio an Peter, Paul an Mary wi contracts wi major record labels (Capitol Records an Warner Bros. Records). == Current == [[File:The_Eras_Tour_Folklore_Cabin.png|thumb|Taylor Swift performin the ''Folklore'' set durin The Eras Tour in Germany (2024).]]Fowk-pop nae anly conteens muisical aspecks o baith the fowk an pop muisic genres, but is recogneesed bi its popularity in mainstream media. Social media platforms sic as TikTok hae alloued airtists a lairge platform tae reak a braid audience, that haes led tae the increasin popularity o sangs an airtists that uise fowk-pop elements in thair muisic. Some risin airtists splorin the fowk-pop genre that hae appeared on the Billboard Hat 100 in the last year include Tyler Childers, Noah Kahan, Zach Bryan, an The Lumineers. Popular muisic the day conteens "inherently nostalgic properties" bi referencin either past events or aspecks o cultur reflectin the timeframe in whilk the sang is written. Taylor Swift's ''Folklore'' (2020) album haes ensaumples o fowk-pop sangs referencin aspecks o baith current an past cultur. "The Last Great American Dynasty" tells the story o Rebekah Harkness, the wumman that previously awned Swift's Rhode Island hame in the 1940s tae 1970s. == See an aw == * Fowk rock * Fowk muisic == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Contemporar fowk muisic]] [[Category:Fowk muisic genres|pop]] [[Category:Pop muisic genres]] [[Category:Fowk-pop| ]] aik6zjrs546074dfsbl3v5vfc5ejs8b 920655 920654 2026-08-11T20:07:22Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 920655 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisic genre | name = Folk-pop | stylistic_origins = {{hlist|[[Fowk muisic|Fowk]]|[[pop muisic|pop]]}} | cultural_origins = 1960s }} '''Fowk-pop''' is a braid [[Muisic genre|muisical fusion genre]] that includes [[Contemporar fowk muisic|contemporar fowk]] sangs wi pop arreengements, an [[Pop muisic|pop]] sangs wi intimate, [[Acoustic muisic|acoustic]]-based [[Fowk muisic|fowk]] arreengements. Fowk-pop haes been popularised bi mainstream media in recent years. == Muisical elements == Fowk-pop incorporates the soonds o the acoustic [[guitar]] an [[banjo]] o tradeetional [[fowk muisic]] an combines it wi the mair electronic an synth beats o the day's [[Pop muisic|pop]] genre. The fowk genre is recogneesed fur its semple melodies, story-tellin naitur, an cultural themes an messages, whiles pop muisic is recogneesed bi a repetitive but catchy chorus an fast-pacit tempos. == History == Recordin production values creatit an unblemished style that appealed tae a mass audience, an thus led tae commercial success as measurt bi heich record sales, pairticulairly as illustratit bi hit records reakin the [[Tap 40]] on [[AM braidcastin|AM radio]] in the Unitit States. Fowk-pop developit durin the 1960s fowk muisic an [[fowk rock]] buim. Key ensaumple o fowk-pop airtists include [[the Kingston Trio]] an [[Peter, Paul an Mary]] wi contracts wi major record labels ([[Capitol Records]] an [[Warner Records|Warner Bros. Records]]). == Current == [[File:The_Eras_Tour_Folklore_Cabin.png|thumb|[[Taylor Swift]] performin the ''[[Folklore (Taylor Swift album)|Folklore]]'' set durin [[The Eras Tour]] in Germany (2024).]]Fowk-pop nae anly conteens muisical aspecks o baith the fowk an pop muisic genres, but is recogneesed bi its popularity in mainstream media. Social media platforms sic as [[TikTok]] hae alloued airtists a lairge platform tae reak a braid audience, that haes led tae the increasin popularity o sangs an airtists that uise fowk-pop elements in thair muisic. Some risin airtists splorin the fowk-pop genre that hae appeared on the [[Billboard Hat 100|''Billboard'' Hat 100]] in the last year include [[Tyler Childers]], [[Noah Kahan]], [[Zach Bryan]], an [[The Lumineers]]. Popular muisic the day conteens "inherently nostalgic properties" bi referencin either past events or aspecks o cultur reflectin the timeframe in whilk the sang is written. [[Taylor Swift]]'s ''[[Folklore (Taylor Swift album)|Folklore]]'' (2020) album haes ensaumples o fowk-pop sangs referencin aspecks o baith current an past cultur. "[[The Last Great American Dynasty]]" tells the story o [[Rebekah Harkness]], the wumman that previously awned Swift's Rhode Island hame in the 1940s tae 1970s. == See an aw == * [[Fowk rock]] * [[Fowk muisic]] == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Contemporar fowk muisic]] [[Category:Fowk muisic genres|pop]] [[Category:Pop muisic genres]] [[Category:Fowk-pop| ]] crc943mwskgd1nbmwofm9iean8sviwy 920656 920655 2026-08-11T20:13:28Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 920656 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisic genre | name = Folk-pop | stylistic_origins = {{hlist|[[Fowk muisic|Fowk]]|[[pop muisic|pop]]}} | cultural_origins = 1960s }} '''Fowk-pop''' is a braid [[Muisic genre|muisical fusion genre]] that includes [[Contemporar fowk muisic|contemporar fowk]] sangs wi pop arreengements, an [[Pop muisic|pop]] sangs wi intimate, [[Acoustic muisic|acoustic]]-based [[Fowk muisic|fowk]] arreengements. Fowk-pop haes been popularised bi mainstream media in recent years. == Muisical elements == Fowk-pop incorporates the soonds o the acoustic [[guitar]] an [[banjo]] o tradeetional [[fowk muisic]] an combines it wi the mair electronic an synth beats o the day's [[Pop muisic|pop]] genre.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Astudillo|first=Anton|date=2021-02-23|title=Folk Music: Past and Present|url=https://medium.com/the-riff/folk-music-past-and-present-1e442fefc7ac|access-date=2026-08-11|website=The Riff|language=en}}</ref> The fowk genre is recogneesed fur its semple melodies, story-tellin naitur, an cultural themes an messages, whiles pop muisic is recogneesed bi a repetitive but catchy chorus an fast-pacit tempos.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Hilliker|first=Kaylie|date=2023-11-08|title=Folk pop music has risen in the rankings of listeners music tastes|url=https://www.arbiteronline.com/2023/11/08/folk-pop-music-has-risen-in-the-rankings-of-listeners-music-tastes/|access-date=2026-08-11|website=The Arbiter|language=en-US}}</ref> == History == Recordin production values creatit an unblemished style that appealed tae a mass audience, an thus led tae commercial success as measurt bi heich record sales, pairticulairly as illustratit bi hit records reakin the [[Tap 40]] on [[AM braidcastin|AM radio]] in the Unitit States. Fowk-pop developit durin the 1960s fowk muisic an [[fowk rock]] buim.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Folk-Pop|url=https://www.allmusic.com/style/folk-pop-ma0000005011|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-11|website=[[AllMusic]]|language=en}}</ref> Key ensaumple o fowk-pop airtists include [[the Kingston Trio]] an [[Peter, Paul an Mary]] wi contracts wi major record labels ([[Capitol Records]] an [[Warner Records|Warner Bros. Records]]). == Current == [[File:The_Eras_Tour_Folklore_Cabin.png|thumb|[[Taylor Swift]] performin the ''[[Folklore (Taylor Swift album)|Folklore]]'' set durin [[The Eras Tour]] in Germany (2024).]]Fowk-pop nae anly conteens muisical aspecks o baith the fowk an pop muisic genres, but is recogneesed bi its popularity in mainstream media.<ref name=":0" /> Social media platforms sic as [[TikTok]] hae alloued airtists a lairge platform tae reak a braid audience, that haes led tae the increasin popularity o sangs an airtists that uise fowk-pop elements in thair muisic.<ref name=":0" /> Some risin airtists splorin the fowk-pop genre that hae appeared on the [[Billboard Hat 100|''Billboard'' Hat 100]] in the last year include [[Tyler Childers]], [[Noah Kahan]], [[Zach Bryan]], an [[The Lumineers]].<ref name=":0" /> Popular muisic the day conteens "inherently nostalgic properties"<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bennett|first=Andy|last2=Janssen|first2=Susanne|date=Januar 2016|title=Popular Music, Cultural Memory, and Heritage|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-11|website=Popular Music and Society|doi=10.1080/03007766.2015.1061332}}</ref> bi referencin either past events or aspecks o cultur reflectin the timeframe in whilk the sang is written. [[Taylor Swift]]'s ''[[Folklore (Taylor Swift album)|Folklore]]'' (2020) album haes ensaumples o fowk-pop sangs referencin aspecks o baith current an past cultur. "[[The Last Great American Dynasty]]" tells the story o [[Rebekah Harkness]], the wumman that previously awned Swift's Rhode Island hame in the 1940s tae 1970s. == See an aw == * [[Fowk rock]] * [[Fowk muisic]] == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Contemporar fowk muisic]] [[Category:Fowk muisic genres|pop]] [[Category:Pop muisic genres]] [[Category:Fowk-pop| ]] 4czn2gvzp3al1soo58mk1m6rcnc6g57 920657 920656 2026-08-11T20:13:48Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 920657 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisic genre | name = Fowk-pop | stylistic_origins = {{hlist|[[Fowk muisic|Fowk]]|[[pop muisic|pop]]}} | cultural_origins = 1960s }} '''Fowk-pop''' is a braid [[Muisic genre|muisical fusion genre]] that includes [[Contemporar fowk muisic|contemporar fowk]] sangs wi pop arreengements, an [[Pop muisic|pop]] sangs wi intimate, [[Acoustic muisic|acoustic]]-based [[Fowk muisic|fowk]] arreengements. Fowk-pop haes been popularised bi mainstream media in recent years. == Muisical elements == Fowk-pop incorporates the soonds o the acoustic [[guitar]] an [[banjo]] o tradeetional [[fowk muisic]] an combines it wi the mair electronic an synth beats o the day's [[Pop muisic|pop]] genre.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Astudillo|first=Anton|date=2021-02-23|title=Folk Music: Past and Present|url=https://medium.com/the-riff/folk-music-past-and-present-1e442fefc7ac|access-date=2026-08-11|website=The Riff|language=en}}</ref> The fowk genre is recogneesed fur its semple melodies, story-tellin naitur, an cultural themes an messages, whiles pop muisic is recogneesed bi a repetitive but catchy chorus an fast-pacit tempos.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Hilliker|first=Kaylie|date=2023-11-08|title=Folk pop music has risen in the rankings of listeners music tastes|url=https://www.arbiteronline.com/2023/11/08/folk-pop-music-has-risen-in-the-rankings-of-listeners-music-tastes/|access-date=2026-08-11|website=The Arbiter|language=en-US}}</ref> == History == Recordin production values creatit an unblemished style that appealed tae a mass audience, an thus led tae commercial success as measurt bi heich record sales, pairticulairly as illustratit bi hit records reakin the [[Tap 40]] on [[AM braidcastin|AM radio]] in the Unitit States. Fowk-pop developit durin the 1960s fowk muisic an [[fowk rock]] buim.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Folk-Pop|url=https://www.allmusic.com/style/folk-pop-ma0000005011|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-11|website=[[AllMusic]]|language=en}}</ref> Key ensaumple o fowk-pop airtists include [[the Kingston Trio]] an [[Peter, Paul an Mary]] wi contracts wi major record labels ([[Capitol Records]] an [[Warner Records|Warner Bros. Records]]). == Current == [[File:The_Eras_Tour_Folklore_Cabin.png|thumb|[[Taylor Swift]] performin the ''[[Folklore (Taylor Swift album)|Folklore]]'' set durin [[The Eras Tour]] in Germany (2024).]]Fowk-pop nae anly conteens muisical aspecks o baith the fowk an pop muisic genres, but is recogneesed bi its popularity in mainstream media.<ref name=":0" /> Social media platforms sic as [[TikTok]] hae alloued airtists a lairge platform tae reak a braid audience, that haes led tae the increasin popularity o sangs an airtists that uise fowk-pop elements in thair muisic.<ref name=":0" /> Some risin airtists splorin the fowk-pop genre that hae appeared on the [[Billboard Hat 100|''Billboard'' Hat 100]] in the last year include [[Tyler Childers]], [[Noah Kahan]], [[Zach Bryan]], an [[The Lumineers]].<ref name=":0" /> Popular muisic the day conteens "inherently nostalgic properties"<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bennett|first=Andy|last2=Janssen|first2=Susanne|date=Januar 2016|title=Popular Music, Cultural Memory, and Heritage|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-11|website=Popular Music and Society|doi=10.1080/03007766.2015.1061332}}</ref> bi referencin either past events or aspecks o cultur reflectin the timeframe in whilk the sang is written. [[Taylor Swift]]'s ''[[Folklore (Taylor Swift album)|Folklore]]'' (2020) album haes ensaumples o fowk-pop sangs referencin aspecks o baith current an past cultur. "[[The Last Great American Dynasty]]" tells the story o [[Rebekah Harkness]], the wumman that previously awned Swift's Rhode Island hame in the 1940s tae 1970s. == See an aw == * [[Fowk rock]] * [[Fowk muisic]] == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Contemporar fowk muisic]] [[Category:Fowk muisic genres|pop]] [[Category:Pop muisic genres]] [[Category:Fowk-pop| ]] od3aihypdttu2igyex354s7r8m59p2q 920658 920657 2026-08-11T20:16:06Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 NOTE: This airtin haes been owersettit frae the existin Inglis Wikipaedia airtin at [[:en:Folk-pop]]; see its history fur attreibution 920658 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisic genre | name = Fowk-pop | stylistic_origins = {{hlist|[[Fowk muisic|Fowk]]|[[pop muisic|pop]]}} | cultural_origins = 1960s }} '''Fowk-pop''' is a braid [[Muisic genre|muisical fusion genre]] that includes [[Contemporar fowk muisic|contemporar fowk]] sangs wi pop arreengements, an [[Pop muisic|pop]] sangs wi intimate, [[Acoustic muisic|acoustic]]-based [[Fowk muisic|fowk]] arreengements. Fowk-pop haes been popularised bi mainstream media in recent years. == Muisical elements == Fowk-pop incorporates the soonds o the acoustic [[guitar]] an [[banjo]] o tradeetional [[fowk muisic]] an combines it wi the mair electronic an synth beats o the day's [[Pop muisic|pop]] genre.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Astudillo|first=Anton|date=2021-02-23|title=Folk Music: Past and Present|url=https://medium.com/the-riff/folk-music-past-and-present-1e442fefc7ac|access-date=2026-08-11|website=The Riff|language=en}}</ref> The fowk genre is recogneesed fur its semple melodies, story-tellin naitur, an cultural themes an messages, whiles pop muisic is recogneesed bi a repetitive but catchy chorus an fast-pacit tempos.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Hilliker|first=Kaylie|date=2023-11-08|title=Folk pop music has risen in the rankings of listeners music tastes|url=https://www.arbiteronline.com/2023/11/08/folk-pop-music-has-risen-in-the-rankings-of-listeners-music-tastes/|access-date=2026-08-11|website=The Arbiter|language=en-US}}</ref> == History == Recordin production values creatit an unblemished style that appealed tae a mass audience, an thus led tae commercial success as measurt bi heich record sales, pairticulairly as illustratit bi hit records reakin the [[Tap 40]] on [[AM braidcastin|AM radio]] in the Unitit States. Fowk-pop developit durin the 1960s fowk muisic an [[fowk rock]] buim.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Folk-Pop|url=https://www.allmusic.com/style/folk-pop-ma0000005011|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-11|website=[[AllMusic]]|language=en}}</ref> Key ensaumple o fowk-pop airtists include [[the Kingston Trio]] an [[Peter, Paul an Mary]] wi contracts wi major record labels ([[Capitol Records]] an [[Warner Records|Warner Bros. Records]]). == Current == [[File:The_Eras_Tour_Folklore_Cabin.png|thumb|[[Taylor Swift]] performin the ''[[Folklore (Taylor Swift album)|Folklore]]'' set durin [[The Eras Tour]] in Germany (2024).]]Fowk-pop nae anly conteens muisical aspecks o baith the fowk an pop muisic genres, but is recogneesed bi its popularity in mainstream media.<ref name=":0" /> Social media platforms sic as [[TikTok]] hae alloued airtists a lairge platform tae reak a braid audience, that haes led tae the increasin popularity o sangs an airtists that uise fowk-pop elements in thair muisic.<ref name=":0" /> Some risin airtists splorin the fowk-pop genre that hae appeared on the [[Billboard Hat 100|''Billboard'' Hat 100]] in the last year include [[Tyler Childers]], [[Noah Kahan]], [[Zach Bryan]], an [[The Lumineers]].<ref name=":0" /> Popular muisic the day conteens "inherently nostalgic properties"<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bennett|first=Andy|last2=Janssen|first2=Susanne|date=Januar 2016|title=Popular Music, Cultural Memory, and Heritage|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent|url-status=live|access-date=2026-08-11|website=Popular Music and Society|doi=10.1080/03007766.2015.1061332}}</ref> bi referencin either past events or aspecks o cultur reflectin the timeframe in whilk the sang is written. [[Taylor Swift]]'s ''[[Folklore (Taylor Swift album)|Folklore]]'' (2020) album haes ensaumples o fowk-pop sangs referencin aspecks o baith current an past cultur. "[[The Last Great American Dynasty]]" tells the story o [[Rebekah Harkness]], the wumman that previously awned Swift's Rhode Island hame in the 1940s tae 1970s. == See an aw == * [[Fowk rock]] * [[Fowk muisic]] == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Contemporar fowk muisic]] [[Category:Fowk muisic genres|pop]] [[Category:Pop muisic genres]] [[Category:Fowk-pop| ]] 9hb0fm9m487fad6c2wka1s57tq9m836 0 233859 920659 2026-08-11T22:54:00Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Made page wi "'''Contemporar R&B''' is a popular muisic genre, oreeginatin frae African-American muisickers in the 1970s that combines rhythm an blues wi elements o pop, disco, funk, soul, jazz, blues, electronic, an hip-hop. The incorporation o disco an electronic texturs an production styles, that cam tae prominence syne the 2010s decade, brocht forth a style cried '''electro-R&B'''. The genre featurs a distinctive record production style an a smuith, lush style o vocal arreengement. El..." 920659 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Contemporar R&B''' is a popular muisic genre, oreeginatin frae African-American muisickers in the 1970s that combines rhythm an blues wi elements o pop, disco, funk, soul, jazz, blues, electronic, an hip-hop. The incorporation o disco an electronic texturs an production styles, that cam tae prominence syne the 2010s decade, brocht forth a style cried '''electro-R&B'''. The genre featurs a distinctive record production style an a smuith, lush style o vocal arreengement. Electronic influences an the uise o hip-hop or dance-inspirt beats are teepical, awtho the roughness an grit inherent in hip-hop mey be reducit an smuithed oot. Contemporar R&B vocalists aften uise melisma, an syne the mid-1980s, R&B rhythms hae been combined wi elements o hip-hop cultur an muisic, soul cultur an soul muisic. == Precursors == Accordin tae Geoffrey Himes speakin in 1989, the progressive soul muivement o the early 1970s "expandit the muisical an leerical boondaries o [R&B] in weys that haena been equaled syne". This muivement wis led bi soul sangsters, sangwriters an producers sic as Curtis Mayfield, Marvin Gaye, an Stevie Wonder. Norman Whitfield's productions at Motown, the record label o Gaye, wis forby pioneerin fur settin the soul vocals an semple heuks o earlier rhythm an blues records against strang backbeats, vocal harmonies, an orchestral soonds, aw o that thickened the textur o the muisic. Gaye's awn muisic on albums sic as ''What's Going On'' (1971) incorporatit jazz influences that led the genre intae a looser muisical direction. 7pamibf4xvpyte61euwc2vwdla4t8sr 920660 920659 2026-08-11T23:01:43Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 920660 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Contemporar R&B''' is a popular muisic genre, oreeginatin frae African-American muisickers in the 1970s that combines rhythm an blues wi elements o pop, disco, funk, soul, jazz, blues, electronic, an hip-hop. The incorporation o disco an electronic texturs an production styles, that cam tae prominence syne the 2010s decade, brocht forth a style cried '''electro-R&B'''. The genre featurs a distinctive record production style an a smuith, lush style o vocal arreengement. Electronic influences an the uise o hip-hop or dance-inspirt beats are teepical, awtho the roughness an grit inherent in hip-hop mey be reducit an smuithed oot. Contemporar R&B vocalists aften uise melisma, an syne the mid-1980s, R&B rhythms hae been combined wi elements o hip-hop cultur an muisic, soul cultur an soul muisic. == Precursors == Accordin tae Geoffrey Himes speakin in 1989, the progressive soul muivement o the early 1970s "expandit the muisical an leerical boondaries o [R&B] in weys that haena been equaled syne". This muivement wis led bi soul sangsters, sangwriters an producers sic as Curtis Mayfield, Marvin Gaye, an Stevie Wonder. Norman Whitfield's productions at Motown, the record label o Gaye, wis forby pioneerin fur settin the soul vocals an semple heuks o earlier rhythm an blues records against strang backbeats, vocal harmonies, an orchestral soonds, aw o that thickened the textur o the muisic. Gaye's awn muisic on albums sic as ''What's Going On'' (1971) incorporatit jazz influences that led the genre intae a looser muisical direction. The nearest precursor tae contemporar R&B cam at the end o the disco era in the late 1970s, whan Michael Jackson an Quincy Jones eikit mair electronic elements tae the soond o the time, creatin a smuither danceflair-freendly style. The furst result wis ''Off the Wall'' (1979), that—accordin tae Stephen Thomas Erlewine frae AllMusic—"wis a veesionary album, that foond a wey tae brak disco wide appen intae a new warld whaur the beat wis undeniable, but nae the primary focus" an "wis pairt o a colourfu tapestry o lush ballads an strings, smuith soul an pop, soft rock, an allurin funk". Richard J. Ripani wrate that Janet Jackson's ''Control'' (1986) wis "important tae the development o R&B fur seevral raisons", as she an her producers, Jimmy Jam an Terry Lewis, "craftit a new soond that fuses the rhythmic elements o funk an disco, alang wi hivy doses o synthesizers, percussion, soond effecks, an a rap muisic sensibility." Ripani wrate that "the success o "Control" led tae the incorporation o stylistic traits o rap ower the neist few years, an Janet Jackson wis tae continue tae be ane o the leaders in that development." That same year, Teddy Riley begoud producin R&B recordins that includit hip hop influences. This combination o R&B style an hip hop rhythms wis termed "new jack swing" an wis applee'd tae airtists sic as Keith Sweat, Bobby Brown, Johnny Kemp, an Bell Biv DeVoe. 2f9kpla5l87s9vvwefejth07mq6ha3p 920661 920660 2026-08-11T23:04:59Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 920661 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisic genre | name = Contemporar R&B | stylistic_origins = {{hlist|[[Rhythm an blues]]|[[Pop muisic|pop]]| [[disco]]|[[funk]]|[[Soul muisic|soul]]|[[jazz]]|[[blues]]|[[Electronic muisic|electronic]]|[[hip-hop]]}} | cultural_origins = Late 1970s an early 1980s, [[North Americae]] | instruments = : {{hlist|[[guitar]]|[[bass guitar]]|[[Keybuird instrument|keybuirds]]|[[synthesizers]]|[[electric guitar]]|[[drums]]|[[Sampler (muisical instrument)|sampler]]|[[flute]]|[[saxophone]]|[[trumpet]]|[[trombone]]|[[violin]]|[[viola]]|[[cello]]|[[Akai MPC]]|[[Roland TR-808]]|[[Hammond B3]]|[[Organ (muisic)|organ]]|[[Fender Rhodes]]|[[synth bass]]}} | derivatives = {{hlist|[[Neo soul]]|[[nu-funk]]|[[2-step gairage|2-step]]|[[alternative R&B]]|[[afroswing]]}} | subgenres = {{hlist|[[Hip-hop soul]]|[[RnBass]]}} | fusiongenres = {{hlist|[[Crunk&B]]|[[Laitin R&B]]|[[new jack swing]]|[[pluggnb]]|[[raï'n'B]]|[[rhythm & grime]]|[[snap&B]]}} }} '''Contemporar R&B''' is a popular muisic genre, oreeginatin frae African-American muisickers in the 1970s that combines rhythm an blues wi elements o pop, disco, funk, soul, jazz, blues, electronic, an hip-hop. The incorporation o disco an electronic texturs an production styles, that cam tae prominence syne the 2010s decade, brocht forth a style cried '''electro-R&B'''. The genre featurs a distinctive record production style an a smuith, lush style o vocal arreengement. Electronic influences an the uise o hip-hop or dance-inspirt beats are teepical, awtho the roughness an grit inherent in hip-hop mey be reducit an smuithed oot. Contemporar R&B vocalists aften uise melisma, an syne the mid-1980s, R&B rhythms hae been combined wi elements o hip-hop cultur an muisic, soul cultur an soul muisic. == Precursors == Accordin tae Geoffrey Himes speakin in 1989, the progressive soul muivement o the early 1970s "expandit the muisical an leerical boondaries o [R&B] in weys that haena been equaled syne". This muivement wis led bi soul sangsters, sangwriters an producers sic as Curtis Mayfield, Marvin Gaye, an Stevie Wonder. Norman Whitfield's productions at Motown, the record label o Gaye, wis forby pioneerin fur settin the soul vocals an semple heuks o earlier rhythm an blues records against strang backbeats, vocal harmonies, an orchestral soonds, aw o that thickened the textur o the muisic. Gaye's awn muisic on albums sic as ''What's Going On'' (1971) incorporatit jazz influences that led the genre intae a looser muisical direction. The nearest precursor tae contemporar R&B cam at the end o the disco era in the late 1970s, whan Michael Jackson an Quincy Jones eikit mair electronic elements tae the soond o the time, creatin a smuither danceflair-freendly style. The furst result wis ''Off the Wall'' (1979), that—accordin tae Stephen Thomas Erlewine frae AllMusic—"wis a veesionary album, that foond a wey tae brak disco wide appen intae a new warld whaur the beat wis undeniable, but nae the primary focus" an "wis pairt o a colourfu tapestry o lush ballads an strings, smuith soul an pop, soft rock, an allurin funk". Richard J. Ripani wrate that Janet Jackson's ''Control'' (1986) wis "important tae the development o R&B fur seevral raisons", as she an her producers, Jimmy Jam an Terry Lewis, "craftit a new soond that fuses the rhythmic elements o funk an disco, alang wi hivy doses o synthesizers, percussion, soond effecks, an a rap muisic sensibility." Ripani wrate that "the success o "Control" led tae the incorporation o stylistic traits o rap ower the neist few years, an Janet Jackson wis tae continue tae be ane o the leaders in that development." That same year, Teddy Riley begoud producin R&B recordins that includit hip hop influences. This combination o R&B style an hip hop rhythms wis termed "new jack swing" an wis applee'd tae airtists sic as Keith Sweat, Bobby Brown, Johnny Kemp, an Bell Biv DeVoe. hg4dqk8ys9oycfre85i5txqosrvh5fz 920662 920661 2026-08-11T23:14:20Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 920662 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisic genre | name = Contemporar R&B | stylistic_origins = {{hlist|[[Rhythm an blues]]|[[Pop muisic|pop]]| [[disco]]|[[funk]]|[[Soul muisic|soul]]|[[jazz]]|[[blues]]|[[Electronic muisic|electronic]]|[[hip-hop]]}} | cultural_origins = Late 1970s an early 1980s, [[North Americae]] | instruments = : {{hlist|[[guitar]]|[[bass guitar]]|[[Keybuird instrument|keybuirds]]|[[synthesizers]]|[[electric guitar]]|[[drums]]|[[Sampler (muisical instrument)|sampler]]|[[flute]]|[[saxophone]]|[[trumpet]]|[[trombone]]|[[violin]]|[[viola]]|[[cello]]|[[Akai MPC]]|[[Roland TR-808]]|[[Hammond B3]]|[[Organ (muisic)|organ]]|[[Fender Rhodes]]|[[synth bass]]}} | derivatives = {{hlist|[[Neo soul]]|[[nu-funk]]|[[2-step gairage|2-step]]|[[alternative R&B]]|[[afroswing]]}} | subgenres = {{hlist|[[Hip-hop soul]]|[[RnBass]]}} | fusiongenres = {{hlist|[[Crunk&B]]|[[Laitin R&B]]|[[new jack swing]]|[[pluggnb]]|[[raï'n'B]]|[[rhythm & grime]]|[[snap&B]]}} }} '''Contemporar R&B''' is a popular muisic genre, oreeginatin frae African-American muisickers in the 1970s that combines rhythm an blues wi elements o pop, disco, funk, soul, jazz, blues, electronic, an hip-hop. The incorporation o disco an electronic texturs an production styles, that cam tae prominence syne the 2010s decade, brocht forth a style cried '''electro-R&B'''. The genre featurs a distinctive record production style an a smuith, lush style o vocal arreengement. Electronic influences an the uise o hip-hop or dance-inspirt beats are teepical, awtho the roughness an grit inherent in hip-hop mey be reducit an smuithed oot. Contemporar R&B vocalists aften uise melisma, an syne the mid-1980s, R&B rhythms hae been combined wi elements o hip-hop cultur an muisic, soul cultur an soul muisic. == Precursors == Accordin tae Geoffrey Himes speakin in 1989, the progressive soul muivement o the early 1970s "expandit the muisical an leerical boondaries o [R&B] in weys that haena been equaled syne". This muivement wis led bi soul sangsters, sangwriters an producers sic as Curtis Mayfield, Marvin Gaye, an Stevie Wonder. Norman Whitfield's productions at Motown, the record label o Gaye, wis forby pioneerin fur settin the soul vocals an semple heuks o earlier rhythm an blues records against strang backbeats, vocal harmonies, an orchestral soonds, aw o that thickened the textur o the muisic. Gaye's awn muisic on albums sic as ''What's Going On'' (1971) incorporatit jazz influences that led the genre intae a looser muisical direction. The nearest precursor tae contemporar R&B cam at the end o the disco era in the late 1970s, whan Michael Jackson an Quincy Jones eikit mair electronic elements tae the soond o the time, creatin a smuither danceflair-freendly style. The furst result wis ''Off the Wall'' (1979), that—accordin tae Stephen Thomas Erlewine frae AllMusic—"wis a veesionary album, that foond a wey tae brak disco wide appen intae a new warld whaur the beat wis undeniable, but nae the primary focus" an "wis pairt o a colourfu tapestry o lush ballads an strings, smuith soul an pop, soft rock, an allurin funk". Richard J. Ripani wrate that Janet Jackson's ''Control'' (1986) wis "important tae the development o R&B fur seevral raisons", as she an her producers, Jimmy Jam an Terry Lewis, "craftit a new soond that fuses the rhythmic elements o funk an disco, alang wi hivy doses o synthesizers, percussion, soond effecks, an a rap muisic sensibility." Ripani wrate that "the success o "Control" led tae the incorporation o stylistic traits o rap ower the neist few years, an Janet Jackson wis tae continue tae be ane o the leaders in that development." That same year, Teddy Riley begoud producin R&B recordins that includit hip hop influences. This combination o R&B style an hip hop rhythms wis termed "new jack swing" an wis applee'd tae airtists sic as Keith Sweat, Bobby Brown, Johnny Kemp, an Bell Biv DeVoe. ==1990s== {{Multiple image | image1 = Michael Jackson 1984.jpg | image2 = Whitney Houston (cropped3).JPEG | width1 = 163 | width2 = 174 | footer = The [[Recordin Industrie Association o Americae]] (RIAA) certifee'd [[Michael Jackson]] an [[Whitney Houston]] as the twa best-sellin R&B airtists o the 20t century. }} Whitney Houston's ''The Bodyguard: Original Soundtrack Album'' (1992) eventually selt ower 45 million units warldwide becomin the best-sellin soondtrack o aw time. Janet Jackson's sel-titled fift studio album ''Janet'' (1993), that cam efter her multimillion-dollar contract wi Virgin Records, selt ower 14 million units warldwide. Boyz II Men an Mariah Carey recordit seevral ''Billboard'' Hat 100 No. 1 hits, includin "One Sweet Day", a collaboration atween baith acks, that becam the langest-rinnin No. 1 hit in Hat 100 history. Carey lowsed a remix o her 1995 single "Fantasy" an aa, wi Ol' Dirty Bastard as a featur, a collaboration format that wis unheard o at this pynt. Carey, Boyz II Men an TLC lowsed albums in 1994 an 1995—''Daydream'', ''II'', & ''CrazySexyCool''. In the late 1990s, neo soul, that eikit 1970s soul influences tae the hip-hop soul blend, arose, led bi airtists sic as Erykah Badu, Lauryn Hill an Maxwell. Hill an Missy Elliott further blurred the line atween R&B an hip-hop bi recordin baith styles. Beginnin in 1995, the Grammy Awairds enactit the Grammy Awaird fur Best R&B Album, wi ''II'' bi Boyz II Men becomin the furst recipient. The awaird wis later received bi TLC fur ''CrazySexyCool'' in 1996, Tony Rich fur ''Words'' in 1997, Erykah Badu fur ''Baduizm'' in 1998 an Lauryn Hill fur ''The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill'' in 1999. In 1994, Aaliyah lowsed her debut album an in 1996 she lowsed her seicont album cried "One In A Million" wi different soonds an produced bi Missy Elliott an Timbaland, unkent at that moment. At the end o 1999, ''Billboard'' magazine rankit Mariah Carey an Janet Jackson as the furst an seicont maist successfu airtists o the 1990s. Simultaneously, in the seicont hauf o the 1990s, The Neptunes an Timbaland set influential precedence on contemporar R&B an hip-hop muisic. jdl0j8cqr31re1e2u8o5r208paxi4b6 920663 920662 2026-08-11T23:16:51Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 920663 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisic genre | name = Contemporar R&B | stylistic_origins = {{hlist|[[Rhythm an blues]]|[[Pop muisic|pop]]| [[disco]]|[[funk]]|[[Soul muisic|soul]]|[[jazz]]|[[blues]]|[[Electronic muisic|electronic]]|[[hip-hop]]}} | cultural_origins = Late 1970s an early 1980s, [[North Americae]] | instruments = : {{hlist|[[guitar]]|[[bass guitar]]|[[Keybuird instrument|keybuirds]]|[[synthesizers]]|[[electric guitar]]|[[drums]]|[[Sampler (muisical instrument)|sampler]]|[[flute]]|[[saxophone]]|[[trumpet]]|[[trombone]]|[[violin]]|[[viola]]|[[cello]]|[[Akai MPC]]|[[Roland TR-808]]|[[Hammond B3]]|[[Organ (muisic)|organ]]|[[Fender Rhodes]]|[[synth bass]]}} | derivatives = {{hlist|[[Neo soul]]|[[nu-funk]]|[[2-step gairage|2-step]]|[[alternative R&B]]|[[afroswing]]}} | subgenres = {{hlist|[[Hip-hop soul]]|[[RnBass]]}} | fusiongenres = {{hlist|[[Crunk&B]]|[[Laitin R&B]]|[[new jack swing]]|[[pluggnb]]|[[raï'n'B]]|[[rhythm & grime]]|[[snap&B]]}} }} '''Contemporar R&B''' is a popular muisic genre, oreeginatin frae African-American muisickers in the 1970s that combines rhythm an blues wi elements o pop, disco, funk, soul, jazz, blues, electronic, an hip-hop. The incorporation o disco an electronic texturs an production styles, that cam tae prominence syne the 2010s decade, brocht forth a style cried '''electro-R&B'''. The genre featurs a distinctive record production style an a smuith, lush style o vocal arreengement. Electronic influences an the uise o hip-hop or dance-inspirt beats are teepical, awtho the roughness an grit inherent in hip-hop mey be reducit an smuithed oot. Contemporar R&B vocalists aften uise melisma, an syne the mid-1980s, R&B rhythms hae been combined wi elements o hip-hop cultur an muisic, soul cultur an soul muisic. == Precursors == Accordin tae Geoffrey Himes speakin in 1989, the progressive soul muivement o the early 1970s "expandit the muisical an leerical boondaries o [R&B] in weys that haena been equaled syne". This muivement wis led bi soul sangsters, sangwriters an producers sic as Curtis Mayfield, Marvin Gaye, an Stevie Wonder. Norman Whitfield's productions at Motown, the record label o Gaye, wis forby pioneerin fur settin the soul vocals an semple heuks o earlier rhythm an blues records against strang backbeats, vocal harmonies, an orchestral soonds, aw o that thickened the textur o the muisic. Gaye's awn muisic on albums sic as ''What's Going On'' (1971) incorporatit jazz influences that led the genre intae a looser muisical direction. The nearest precursor tae contemporar R&B cam at the end o the disco era in the late 1970s, whan Michael Jackson an Quincy Jones eikit mair electronic elements tae the soond o the time, creatin a smuither danceflair-freendly style. The furst result wis ''Off the Wall'' (1979), that—accordin tae Stephen Thomas Erlewine frae AllMusic—"wis a veesionary album, that foond a wey tae brak disco wide appen intae a new warld whaur the beat wis undeniable, but nae the primary focus" an "wis pairt o a colourfu tapestry o lush ballads an strings, smuith soul an pop, soft rock, an allurin funk". Richard J. Ripani wrate that Janet Jackson's ''Control'' (1986) wis "important tae the development o R&B fur seevral raisons", as she an her producers, Jimmy Jam an Terry Lewis, "craftit a new soond that fuses the rhythmic elements o funk an disco, alang wi hivy doses o synthesizers, percussion, soond effecks, an a rap muisic sensibility." Ripani wrate that "the success o "Control" led tae the incorporation o stylistic traits o rap ower the neist few years, an Janet Jackson wis tae continue tae be ane o the leaders in that development." That same year, Teddy Riley begoud producin R&B recordins that includit hip hop influences. This combination o R&B style an hip hop rhythms wis termed "new jack swing" an wis applee'd tae airtists sic as Keith Sweat, Bobby Brown, Johnny Kemp, an Bell Biv DeVoe. ==1990s== {{Multiple image | image1 = Michael Jackson 1984.jpg | image2 = Whitney Houston (cropped3).JPEG | width1 = 163 | width2 = 174 | footer = The [[Recordin Industrie Association o Americae]] (RIAA) certifee'd [[Michael Jackson]] an [[Whitney Houston]] as the twa best-sellin R&B airtists o the 20t century. }} Whitney Houston's ''The Bodyguard: Original Soundtrack Album'' (1992) eventually selt ower 45 million units warldwide becomin the best-sellin soondtrack o aw time. Janet Jackson's sel-titled fift studio album ''Janet'' (1993), that cam efter her multimillion-dollar contract wi Virgin Records, selt ower 14 million units warldwide. Boyz II Men an Mariah Carey recordit seevral ''Billboard'' Hat 100 No. 1 hits, includin "One Sweet Day", a collaboration atween baith acks, that becam the langest-rinnin No. 1 hit in Hat 100 history. Carey lowsed a remix o her 1995 single "Fantasy" an aa, wi Ol' Dirty Bastard as a featur, a collaboration format that wis unheard o at this pynt. Carey, Boyz II Men an TLC lowsed albums in 1994 an 1995—''Daydream'', ''II'', & ''CrazySexyCool''. In the late 1990s, neo soul, that eikit 1970s soul influences tae the hip-hop soul blend, arose, led bi airtists sic as Erykah Badu, Lauryn Hill an Maxwell. Hill an Missy Elliott further blurred the line atween R&B an hip-hop bi recordin baith styles. Beginnin in 1995, the Grammy Awairds enactit the Grammy Awaird fur Best R&B Album, wi ''II'' bi Boyz II Men becomin the furst recipient. The awaird wis later received bi TLC fur ''CrazySexyCool'' in 1996, Tony Rich fur ''Words'' in 1997, Erykah Badu fur ''Baduizm'' in 1998 an Lauryn Hill fur ''The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill'' in 1999. In 1994, Aaliyah lowsed her debut album an in 1996 she lowsed her seicont album cried "One In A Million" wi different soonds an produced bi Missy Elliott an Timbaland, unkent at that moment. At the end o 1999, ''Billboard'' magazine rankit Mariah Carey an Janet Jackson as the furst an seicont maist successfu airtists o the 1990s. Simultaneously, in the seicont hauf o the 1990s, The Neptunes an Timbaland set influential precedence on contemporar R&B an hip-hop muisic. ==See an aw== *[[Leet o R&B muisickers]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Further readin== *{{cite news|first=Robert|last=Christgau|author-link=Robert Christgau|title=Our Love Is the Cl––!!|date=18 November 1997|newspaper=[[The Village Voice]]|location=New York|url=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/rock/top40-97.php}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Contemporar RanB}} [[Category:Contemporar R&B| ]] [[Category:1980s in muisic]] [[Category:1990s in muisic]] [[Category:2000s in muisic]] [[Category:2010s in muisic]] [[Category:2020s in muisic]] [[Category:African-American muisic]] [[Category:American styles o muisic]] [[Category:Rhythm an blues genres]] izy578zsjhf2gtk87i1rkpvw8ar0eoz 920664 920663 2026-08-11T23:29:30Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 920664 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisic genre | name = Contemporar R&B | stylistic_origins = {{hlist|[[Rhythm an blues]]|[[Pop muisic|pop]]| [[disco]]|[[funk]]|[[Soul muisic|soul]]|[[jazz]]|[[blues]]|[[Electronic muisic|electronic]]|[[hip-hop]]}} | cultural_origins = Late 1970s an early 1980s, [[North Americae]] | instruments = : {{hlist|[[guitar]]|[[bass guitar]]|[[Keybuird instrument|keybuirds]]|[[synthesizers]]|[[electric guitar]]|[[drums]]|[[Sampler (muisical instrument)|sampler]]|[[flute]]|[[saxophone]]|[[trumpet]]|[[trombone]]|[[violin]]|[[viola]]|[[cello]]|[[Akai MPC]]|[[Roland TR-808]]|[[Hammond B3]]|[[Organ (muisic)|organ]]|[[Fender Rhodes]]|[[synth bass]]}} | derivatives = {{hlist|[[Neo soul]]|[[nu-funk]]|[[2-step gairage|2-step]]|[[alternative R&B]]|[[afroswing]]}} | subgenres = {{hlist|[[Hip-hop soul]]|[[RnBass]]}} | fusiongenres = {{hlist|[[Crunk&B]]|[[Laitin R&B]]|[[new jack swing]]|[[pluggnb]]|[[raï'n'B]]|[[rhythm & grime]]|[[snap&B]]}} }} '''Contemporar R&B''' is a popular muisic genre, oreeginatin frae African-American muisickers in the 1970s that combines rhythm an blues wi elements o pop, disco, funk, soul, jazz, blues, electronic, an hip-hop. The incorporation o disco an electronic texturs an production styles, that cam tae prominence syne the 2010s decade, brocht forth a style cried '''electro-R&B'''. The genre featurs a distinctive record production style an a smuith, lush style o vocal arreengement. Electronic influences an the uise o hip-hop or dance-inspirt beats are teepical, awtho the roughness an grit inherent in hip-hop mey be reducit an smuithed oot. Contemporar R&B vocalists aften uise melisma, an syne the mid-1980s, R&B rhythms hae been combined wi elements o hip-hop cultur an muisic, soul cultur an soul muisic. == Precursors == Accordin tae Geoffrey Himes speakin in 1989, the progressive soul muivement o the early 1970s "expandit the muisical an leerical boondaries o [R&B] in weys that haena been equaled syne". This muivement wis led bi soul sangsters, sangwriters an producers sic as Curtis Mayfield, Marvin Gaye, an Stevie Wonder. Norman Whitfield's productions at Motown, the record label o Gaye, wis forby pioneerin fur settin the soul vocals an semple heuks o earlier rhythm an blues records against strang backbeats, vocal harmonies, an orchestral soonds, aw o that thickened the textur o the muisic. Gaye's awn muisic on albums sic as ''What's Going On'' (1971) incorporatit jazz influences that led the genre intae a looser muisical direction. The nearest precursor tae contemporar R&B cam at the end o the disco era in the late 1970s, whan Michael Jackson an Quincy Jones eikit mair electronic elements tae the soond o the time, creatin a smuither danceflair-freendly style. The furst result wis ''Off the Wall'' (1979), that—accordin tae Stephen Thomas Erlewine frae AllMusic—"wis a veesionary album, that foond a wey tae brak disco wide appen intae a new warld whaur the beat wis undeniable, but nae the primary focus" an "wis pairt o a colourfu tapestry o lush ballads an strings, smuith soul an pop, soft rock, an allurin funk". Richard J. Ripani wrate that Janet Jackson's ''Control'' (1986) wis "important tae the development o R&B fur seevral raisons", as she an her producers, Jimmy Jam an Terry Lewis, "craftit a new soond that fuses the rhythmic elements o funk an disco, alang wi hivy doses o synthesizers, percussion, soond effecks, an a rap muisic sensibility." Ripani wrate that "the success o "Control" led tae the incorporation o stylistic traits o rap ower the neist few years, an Janet Jackson wis tae continue tae be ane o the leaders in that development." That same year, Teddy Riley begoud producin R&B recordins that includit hip hop influences. This combination o R&B style an hip hop rhythms wis termed "new jack swing" an wis applee'd tae airtists sic as Keith Sweat, Bobby Brown, Johnny Kemp, an Bell Biv DeVoe. ==1990s== {{Multiple image | image1 = Michael Jackson 1984.jpg | image2 = Whitney Houston (cropped3).JPEG | width1 = 163 | width2 = 174 | footer = The [[Recordin Industrie Association o Americae]] (RIAA) certifee'd [[Michael Jackson]] an [[Whitney Houston]] as the twa best-sellin R&B airtists o the 20t century. }} Whitney Houston's ''The Bodyguard: Original Soundtrack Album'' (1992) eventually selt ower 45 million units warldwide becomin the best-sellin soondtrack o aw time. Janet Jackson's sel-titled fift studio album ''Janet'' (1993), that cam efter her multimillion-dollar contract wi Virgin Records, selt ower 14 million units warldwide. Boyz II Men an Mariah Carey recordit seevral ''Billboard'' Hat 100 No. 1 hits, includin "One Sweet Day", a collaboration atween baith acks, that becam the langest-rinnin No. 1 hit in Hat 100 history. Carey lowsed a remix o her 1995 single "Fantasy" an aa, wi Ol' Dirty Bastard as a featur, a collaboration format that wis unheard o at this pynt. Carey, Boyz II Men an TLC lowsed albums in 1994 an 1995—''Daydream'', ''II'', & ''CrazySexyCool''. In the late 1990s, neo soul, that eikit 1970s soul influences tae the hip-hop soul blend, arose, led bi airtists sic as Erykah Badu, Lauryn Hill an Maxwell. Hill an Missy Elliott further blurred the line atween R&B an hip-hop bi recordin baith styles. Beginnin in 1995, the Grammy Awairds enactit the Grammy Awaird fur Best R&B Album, wi ''II'' bi Boyz II Men becomin the furst recipient. The awaird wis later received bi TLC fur ''CrazySexyCool'' in 1996, Tony Rich fur ''Words'' in 1997, Erykah Badu fur ''Baduizm'' in 1998 an Lauryn Hill fur ''The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill'' in 1999. In 1994, Aaliyah lowsed her debut album an in 1996 she lowsed her seicont album cried "One In A Million" wi different soonds an produced bi Missy Elliott an Timbaland, unkent at that moment. At the end o 1999, ''Billboard'' magazine rankit Mariah Carey an Janet Jackson as the furst an seicont maist successfu airtists o the 1990s. Simultaneously, in the seicont hauf o the 1990s, The Neptunes an Timbaland set influential precedence on contemporar R&B an hip-hop muisic. ==2000s== Writin in 2003, muisic creetic Robert Christgau descrieves modren R&B as bein "aboot textur, muid, feel—vocal an instrumental an rhythmic, airticulatit as thay'r smuished thegither". [[File:Usherraymond (300dpi).jpg|thumb|left|150px|Usher wis citit bi ''Billboard'' as the no. 1 Hat 100 airtist o the 2000s decade, wi 7 nummer-ane singles that accumulatit 42 week at the tap.]] Follaein periods o fluctuatin success, urban muisic attained commercial dominance durin the early 2000s, that featurt massive crossower success on the ''Billboard'' chairts bi R&B an hip hop airtists. [[File:Alicia Keys, Lisboa 08 c.jpg|thumb|170px|Alicia Keys rankit fift on Billboard Airtist o the Decade leet. "No One" ranks No. 6 on the ''Billboard'' Hat 100 sangs o the decade.]] In 2001, Alicia Keys lowsed "Fallin'" as her debut single, peakin at nummer ane on the ''Billboard'' Hat 100, Mainstream Tap 40 an Hat R&B/Hip-Hop Sangs chairts. It wan three Grammy Awairds in 2002, includin Sang o the Year, Best R&B Sang, an Best Female R&B Vocal Performance. It wis nominatit fur Record o the Year an aa. Beyoncé's solo studio debut album ''Dangerously in Love'' (2003) haes selt ower 5{{nbsp}}million units in the Unitit States an earnt five Grammy Awairds. Usher's ''Confessions'' (2004) selt 1.1{{nbsp}}million units in its furst week an ower 8{{nbsp}}million units in 2004, syne then it haes been certifee'd Diamond bi the Recordin Industrie Association o Americae (RIAA) an, As o 2016 haes selt ower 10{{nbsp}}million units in the US an ower 20{{nbsp}}million units warldwide. ''Confessions'' haed fower consecutive ''Billboard'' Hat 100 nummer ane singles—"Yeah!", "Burn", "Confessions Part II" an "My Boo". It wan three Grammy Awairds in 2005, includin Best Contemporar R&B Album, Best R&B Performance bi a Duo or Group wi Vocal fur "My Boo" an Best Rap/Sung Collaboration fur "Yeah!" [[File:Beyoncé Knowles GMA 2011 cropped.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Beyoncé wis named bi ''Billboard'' the maist successfu female ack o the 2000s.]] In 2004, aw 12 sang that tappit the ''Billboard'' Hat 100 wis African-American recordin airtists an accoontit fur 80% o the nummer-ane R&B hits that year. Alang wi Usher's straik o singles, Tap 40 radio an baith pop an R&B chairts wis tappit bi Outkast's "Hey Ya!", Snoop Dogg's "Drop It Like It's Hot", Terror Squad's "Lean Back" an Ciara's "Goodies". Chris Molanphy o ''The Village Voice'' later remarkit that "bi the early 2000s, urban muisic "wis" pop muisic." ==See an aw== *[[Leet o R&B muisickers]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Further readin== *{{cite news|first=Robert|last=Christgau|author-link=Robert Christgau|title=Our Love Is the Cl––!!|date=18 November 1997|newspaper=[[The Village Voice]]|location=New York|url=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/rock/top40-97.php}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Contemporar RanB}} [[Category:Contemporar R&B| ]] [[Category:1980s in muisic]] [[Category:1990s in muisic]] [[Category:2000s in muisic]] [[Category:2010s in muisic]] [[Category:2020s in muisic]] [[Category:African-American muisic]] [[Category:American styles o muisic]] [[Category:Rhythm an blues genres]] 54icve70tihdq8np4nzobinu3wsjpi8 0 233860 920666 2026-08-11T23:30:46Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Mr.Murdoch78 flittit page [[Recording Industry Association of America]] til [[Recordin Industrie Association o Americae]]: Title in Scots 920666 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Recordin Industrie Association o Americae]] g1gnz4ufqi56xvbjkxupbrn0k2dueob 3 233861 920683 2026-08-12T10:45:30Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Made page wi "{{subst:uw-english1}} ~~~~" 920683 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, I'm [[User:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]]. I wanted to let you know that I undid one or more of [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-44155-24|your recent contributions]] because you changed [[:en:Scots language|Scots]] material to the [[:en:English language|English language]] or added English material to articles. This is the Scots Wikipedia, not the [[:en:Main Page|English one]], and the language of this project is [[Scots leid|Scots]]. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on [[User_talk:Mr.Murdoch78|my talk page]]. Thanks! [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 10:45, 12 August 2026 (UTC) 66f6ti89c9jvmqvf1wbr16qb949z7se 920685 920683 2026-08-12T10:48:28Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 920685 wikitext text/x-wiki == August 2026 == [[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, I'm [[User:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]]. I wanted to let you know that I undid one or more of [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-44155-24|your recent contributions]] because you changed [[:en:Scots language|Scots]] material to the [[:en:English language|English language]] or added English material to articles. This is the Scots Wikipedia, not the [[:en:Main Page|English one]], and the language of this project is [[Scots leid|Scots]]. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on [[User_talk:Mr.Murdoch78|my talk page]]. Thanks! [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 10:45, 12 August 2026 (UTC) md3uy2wrksr6e4t01781ydrm18d2d2z 3 233862 920684 2026-08-12T10:47:32Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Walcome tae the Scots Wikipaedia ! 920684 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, عادل, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye for [[Special:Contributions/عادل|yer contribution]]. Some gibbles ye'll find uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isna. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|Hou tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 10:47, 12 August 2026 (UTC) jwh5jih5f4atoagnpc73nlfsj340siz 0 233863 920686 2026-08-12T10:49:29Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Reguidin tae [[Contemporar R&B]] 920686 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Contemporar R&B]] trqhwijrod0ixnuzbp7q2t9vx09p60m